PLUTARCH’S | LIVES WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY 7 5 Ui oe PERRIN bak ~ IN A VOLUMES THESEUS AND ROMULUS LYCURGUS AND NUMA SOLON AND PUBLICOLA LONDON : WILLIAM HEINEMANN NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN CO. 7 MCMXIV Nad PREFATORY NOTE AGREEMENT between the Sintenis (Teubner, 1873- 1875) and Bekker (Tauchnitz, 1855-1857) texts of the Parallel Lives has been taken as the basis for the text of the present edition. Any preference of one to the other where they differ, and any departure from both, have been indicated. All the Lives included in this volume are contained in the Codex Seitenstettensis (S), and occasional use has been made of the collations of that MS. by W. Meyer (Leipzig, 1890). Since no collations of Codex Parisinus 1676 (F*), the excellent MS. so closely related to S, have been accessible to the Editor, its readings could only be inferred here and there from the text and notes of Stephanus. No attempt has been made, naturally, to furnish either a diplomatic text or a full critical apparatus. The reading which follows the colon in the critical notes is that of the Teubner Sintenis, and also, unless otherwise stated in the note, of the Tauchnitz Bekker. PREFATORY NOTE The translation must speak for itself. Its author, like Plutarch himself, prays that he may find kindly readers, and feels reasonably confident of doing so among those who are able to appreciate the pecu- liarities of Plutarch’s Greek. All the standard trans- lations of the Lives have, of course, been carefully compared and utilized. B. PERRIN. New Haven, Connecricot, U.S.A. February, 1914. vl CONTENTS PREFATORY NOTE .......... 66.0. 8 «8 4 INTRODUCTION... .. 2.0 «2 ee ee ee ew we ek ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK LIVES . THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES. ,. THESEUS ... . ROMULUS . 2 6 6 © © © we @ ee Hw COMPARISON OF THESEUS AND ROMULUS... LYCURGUS = ¢- 3. 6% ee He wR ea we 8 NUBEA «0 55 es tm ee ae SR ORY pe Dn a Ae ene a BLS COMPARISON OF LYCURGUS AND NUMA......e.-. SOLON: . . . . «© « « © © «= © PUBLICOLA .... . COMPARISON OF SOLON AND PUBLICOLA ...... DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES .. . 577 INTRODUCTION Piutarcn’s Lire ann WriTINGs PLuTarcu was born at Chaeroneia, a small town on the northern confines of Boeotia, about the middle of the first century of our era, and toward the close of the reign of the emperor Claudius. He belonged to a family of ample means and generous culture, and was liberally educated. He studied at Athens, the most attractive university town in his day for both Greeks and Romans, and was a disciple of Ammonius of Lamptrae, a Peripatetic philosopher deeply versed in religious lore. Returning to his native town, he was soon called upon to represent it as deputy to the Roman governor of the province of Greece. That he travelled extensively over Greece, visited Asia Minor, Egypt, and Italy, and resided much at Rome, may be inferred from his writings, as most that is known about him must be inferred. At Rome, he was in charge of certain public business, so that he had not time to learn thoroughly the Latin language, as he himself con- fesses in the introduction to his Demosthenes. But Greek was the language of literary and polite 1X INTRODUCTION society at Rome, and cultivated Greeks, especially philosophers, were welcome there. As a Greek philosopher, and a populariser of Platonism, Plutarch read and lectured at Rome, much as he did in the small but select circle of his intimates and friends at home. He made and retained a large acquaintance with the prominent Romans of his day, and was familiar with the questions which most occupied the minds of men at the political centre of the world, Then, after Athenian education, generous travels, diplomatic missions, modest literary celebrity, and considerable residence at Rome, he seems to have retired to his little country home, with his books, notes, lectures, essays, and gentle philosophy, and there, in a leisure not all too much encroached upon by local magistracies and certain religious offices at neighbouring Delphi, to have elaborated the sketches of his lectures and essays, which have come down to us under the collective name of Morals, and to have composed the work on which his fame chiefly rests, —the Parallel Lives of Greeks and Romans. He lived through the reigns Nero, Domitian, and Trajan, and, leaving the world as he did about 120 a.p., must have rejoiced at the accession of Hadrian to the imperial throne. His world had grown steadily better while he lived, and was now to enjoy its second golden age. The Morals were composed, for the greater part, before the Lives, and are an invaluable prelude to and commentary on them, especially if we would x INTRODUCTION know just what manner of man the author of the Lives was. They tell us, as the Lives do not, “of the points of view, moral and religious, from which he contemplated not this man’s life or the other’s, but the whole life of men. Nor is it too much to affirm that of the two halves of Plutarch’s writings, of his Lives and his Morals, each constitutes a complement of the other; the one setting forth to us, and, so far as this was possible, from ideal points of view, what the ancient world had accomplished in the world of action, and the other what, in like manner, it had aimed at and accom- plished in the world of thought” (Trench, Plutarch, p. 90). But even in the Lives, Plutarch is far more moralist than historian. Greece, after passing under Roman sway, lost sight gradually of her great men of action, and contented herself with the glories of her men of thought. Here surely the dominant Romans could not vie with her. It was to prove that the more remote past of Greece could show its lawgivers, commanders, statesmen, patriots, and orators, as well as the nearer and therefore more impressive past of Rome, that the Parallel Lives were written. With Scipio Africanus the Elder, the greatest man of Rome, Plutarch matched Epaminondas, the greatest man of Greece. This pair, or “book,” of Lives is unfortunately lost. With Camillus, who saved Rome from the Gauls, he matched Themistocles, who saved Athens from the Persians. Then followed, as nearly x1 INTRODUCTION as the order can be determined—for the order of the Lives in our collection is not the original one, the Cimon and Lucullus, the Lycurgus and Numa, the Demosthenes and Cicero, the Pelopidas and Marcellus, the Lysander and Sulla, the Philopoemen and Flamininus, the Pericles and Fabius Maximus, the Aristides and Cato Major, and thirteen other pairs. Eighteen of the twenty-two pairs which have come down to us, close with a formal comparison of the two careers and characters. This is often fanciful and forced, abounds in contrasts rather than resemblances, and is seldom of any special historical value, although it often has great literary charm. There are also four single Lives in our collection, Artarerzes, Aratus, Galba, and Otho, and we get traces of twelve more that are now lost. One of the pairs is a double one, where, to match the two Gracchi, Plutarch selects the two reforming Spartan kings, Agis and Cleomenes. We have in all, therefore, fifty Lives by Plutarch. Manuscripts, Epirions, TRANSLATIONS, ETc. A full account of the MSS. of Plutarch must be sought in the critical editions of the Lives by Sintenis and Bekker. It will be sufficient to speak here of six. The oldest and, with one exception, the most authoritative MS., is the Codex Sangermanensis (S*), Xii INTRODUCTION in the library of the monastery of St. Germaindes- Prés, in the French Department of the Loire. Itis a parchment MS. of the Xth century, but unfortunately contains only fifteen of the Lives: Antony (last part), Pyrrhus-Marius, Aratus, Artaxerxes, Agis and Cleo- menes, Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, Lycurgus-Numa, Lysander-Sulla, and Agesilaiis-Pompey. The second oldest MS., and on the whole the most authoritative, is the Codex Seitenstettensis (S), belonging to the monastery of Seitenstetten, near Waidhofen, in Lower Austria. It is a parchment MS. of the XIth century, containing sixteen Lives : Lycurgus-Numa, Solon-Publicola, Aristides-Cato the elder, Themistocles-Camillus, Cimon-Lucullus, Peri- cles-Fabius Maximus, Nicias-Crassus, and Agesilaiis- Pompey. There are large deficiencies in the Lycurgus, Fabius, Nicias, and Crassus. It is only since 1870, and the edition of the Aristides and Cato by Hercher, that this MS. has been known to be not only the second oldest, but the best extant MS. of Plutarch. It has not been used in any special editions of Lives included in this first volume, but its readings are collected in the dissertation of W. Meyer, De codice Plutarcheo Seitenstettensi eiusque asseclis, Leipsic, 1890. Three parchment MSS. in the Bibliothéque Nationale of Paris, No. 1671 (A), of the XIIIth century, containing all the Morals and Lives, No. 1672 (C), also of the XIIIth century, containing all the Lives, and No. 1674 (D), of the XVIth century containing all the Lives, are of supreme importance, xiii INTRODUCTION and on these the texts of Sintenis and Bekker mainly rest. Of these three MSS., A and D seem to be more closely related to S*, while C partakes of the characters both of S* and S, and is often cor- rective of A and D. Another MS. in the same library, No. 1676 (F*), of the XVth century, has only more recently been recognized as the chief authority of Stephanus, and as partaking of the character of S. Its readings have not been fully published as yet, but have been used in editing the texts of special Lives, none of which, however, are included in this first volume. Other MSS. will be mentioned as they come into importance for the text of special Lives. ' The editto princeps of the Parallel Lives, 1517, “ Florentiae, in aedibus Philippi Juntae,” was based on Florentine MSS. of relatively inferior value.- The Aldine edition of the Parallel Lives, 1519, “ Venetiis, in aedibus Aldi et Andreae soceri,’’ was based on Venetiarr MSS., which were of greater excellence than the Florentine, some of them retaining their importance to the present day. The first edition of the complete works of Plutarch, 1572, Paris, 13 voll. 8vo, was edited by Henri Etienne (Stephanus), who improved the text of his pre- decessors with readings of better MSS. unknown to them, making special use of Codex Parisinus, No. 1676 (F*). The Paris edition of 1624, in two volumes folio, reproduced the text of Stephanus, and became the textus receptus. By its pages (given on the inner Xiv INTRODUCTION margin of the text of the present edition) Plutarch is cited in the Index vocum verborumque exquisitiorum in Plutarcho, which closes Wyttenbach’s great edition of the Morals (Oxford, 1830). , Critical and annotated editions of all the works of Plutarch by Reiske (Leipzig, 1774-82, 12 voll. 8vo), and of the Parallel Lives by Coraés (Paris, 1809-14, 6 voll. 8vo), were followed by the great critical. edition of the Parallel Lives by Sintenis (Leipzig, 1839-46, 4 voll. 8vo), which still remains the standard edition (Sintenis'). A minor edition of this work appeared in the Bibliotheca Teubneriana (Leipzig, 1852-55, 5 voll. 12mo, re-issued without much change in 1873-75). It shows more boldness in the correction of obvious error, and greater freedom in the admission of conjecture, than the major edition, but is the most generally accepted text of the Lives (Sintenis?). The Tauchnitz text, edited by Immanuel Bekker (Leipzig, 1855-57, 5 voll. 8vo), does not differ very much from the first minor edition of Sintenis, but has a convenient division of the chapters into sections, which has been adopted in the present text. -In 1559 appeared the French version of the Parallel Lives by Jacques Amyot, the earliest French classic recognized by the French Academy. Amyot con- sulted many MSS. unknown to the authors of the Juntine and Aldine editions, and his work has an independent philological value, aside from its great literary merits, XV INTRODUCTION It was from Amyot’s version, rather than from the original Greek, that Sir Thomas North made his version of the Lives (1579), a translation by the earliest master of great English prose from the earliest master of great French prose. Shakespeare used this version in his Cortolanus, Julius Caesar, and Antony and Cleopatra. It was the Elizabethan - Plutarch. . In Queen Anne’s time, Dryden was “ prevailed upon by his necessities’’ to head a company of translators of the Lives, and the version was called by his name (1683), although he furnished merely the Preface and the Life of Plutarch. Notwith- standing all the failings of this motley version, it supplanted that of North. The first scholar’s translation of the Lives from the original Greek into English, by the brothers John and William Langhorne, was published in 1770, and was the version most current from that time down to 1850. Compared with North’s spirited version, it is rather dull and pedantic, although much more accurate. Arthur Hugh Clough’s revision of the so-called Dryden translation, a work which occupied this gifted scholar and poet for some seven years, was published in five volumes by Little, Brown & Co., of Boston, in 1859, and reprinted in one large octavo volume in 1876 and 1880. It is probably the best extant English version of all the Lives. The best monograph on Plutarch in English js Xvi INTRODUCTION that of Archbishop Trench, which was published by the Messrs. Macmillan & Co. in 1873, and in a second edition in 1874. Ralph Waldo Emerson had already furnished a characteristic essay on Plutarch as an Introduction to Goodwin's revision of the translation of the Morals “by several hands” (Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1870, reprinted, 1889). To the edition of North’s translation of the Lives in the “Tudor Translations’’ (London, David Nutt, 1895-96), the Rt. Hon. George Wyndham furnished an Introduction of superlative power and excellence. Professor Mahaffy’s chapters on Plutarch in his Greek World under Roman Sway (Macmillan & Co., 1890, pp. 291-350 = The Stlver Age of the Greek World, Chicago and London, 1906, pp. 339-402) abound in discriminating and suggestive appreciations. Finally, mention may be made of Plutarch’s Themistocles and Aristides, newly translated, with Introduction and Notes, by Bernadotte Perrin, New York, Charles Seribner’s Sons, 1901. XVii ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK LIVES. VouuME I. (1) Theseus and Romulus. Comparison. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. Comparison. (3) Solon and Publicola. Comparison. VouuME II. (4) Theinistocles and Camillus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. Comparison. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. Comparison. VouvumeE III. (5) Pericles and Fabius Max- imus. Comparison. (14) Nicias and Crassus. Comparison. VouLumeE IV. (6) Alcibiades and Coriola- nus. Comparison. _ (12) Lysander and Sulla. Comparison. VoLuME V. (16) Agesilaus and Pompey. Comparison. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. Comparison. XVill (22) Dion and Brutus. Comparison. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. | Comparison. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. Comparison. Vouum_e VII. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. VoLuME VI. | | (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. Comparison. VouuME VIII. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. (21) Demetrius and Antony. Comparison. VoLuME IX. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Cains Gracchus. Comparison. VOLUME X. (10) Philopoemen and Fiam- ininus. Comparison. (23) Aratus. (24) Artaxerxes. (25) Galba. (26) Otho. THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES. (1) Theseus and Romulus, (2) Lycurgus and Numa. (3) Solon and Publicola. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus. (6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. (10) Philopoemen and Flamininus. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. (12) Lysander and Sulla. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. (14) Nicias and Crassus. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. (16) Agesilaus and Pompey. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. 21) Demetrius and Antony. (22) Dion and Brutus. (23) Aratus. (24) Artaxerxes. (25) Galba. (26) Otho. x1xX Digitized by Google PLUTARCH’S PARALLEL LIVES THESEUS VOL. I. B MAOYTAPXOY BIOI ITAPAAAHAOI OHZEY2 I, “Qomep év tais yeoypadiats, @ Locate Severiwv, ot totoptxol Ta diapevyovra THY yacw avtav trois eaXarors pépece TOY Wlvda- Koy mreCouvtes; aitias} Tmapaypadovoww 6 bre “Ta 5 emexetvar Dives avu8por Kal Onpraders ” h “o1nnos aidyns” H “XnvOtxov xpvos” 4 “< qréharyos TeTrn- os, obT ws épol meph rhy TOV Bicov TOY Trapan- Anhov ypapny, TOV eguxtov elKOTL hoy Kai Baot- _ MOV iaropig Tpayydray éxouery Xpovor der Dove, Tepl Trav avwotépw Karas elyev eireiv: “Ta S eT éxewva Tepatadn Kal TparyiKa, Total Kal puboypador vewovTat, Kal ovKer’ exet mio TL ovde caprjveray. émel 5é Tov Tepl Aveoupyou Tov vomolérov Kal Nopa Tow Bacthéws Aoyor éxdovres, eOoxodpev ovn av Groyas TO ‘Papiry mpocavaSivau, mwrAnolov TeV Kpovev avrov TH iotopia yeyovores, oxoTrouvTe 5é jot 1 airlas Amyot, Stephanus, Coraés, Sintenis? with C; Bekker and Nintenis! have évfss (explaining some by saying). Paris Editio: a. 1624, 1 PLUTARCH’S PARALLEL LIVES THESEUS I. Just as geographers, O Socius Senecio,! crowd on to the outer edges of their maps the parts of the earth which elude their knowledge, with explanatory notes that “ What lies beyond is sandy desert without water and full of wild beasts,” or “ blind marsh,” or ‘«< Scythian cold,” or “frozen sea,’ so in the writing of my Parallel Lives, now that I have traversed those periods of time which are accessible to probable reasoning and which afford basis for a history dealing with facts, I might well say of the earlier periods: ‘ What lies beyond is full of marvels and unreality, the land of poets and fabulists, of doubt and ob- security.” But after publishing my account of Lycurgus the lawgiver and Numa the king, I thought 1 might not unreasonably go back still farther to Romulus, now that my history had brought me near his times. And as I asked myself, 1 One of the many friends whom Plutarch made during his residence at Rome. He was four times consul between the years 98 and 107 B.c. Plutarch addresses him also at the opening of the Memosthenes and the Dron, thus dedicating to him these ‘‘ books.” | 3 B 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tor@de dwti (kar Aioytnov) Tis Eup Byoerat;' tiv’ avtiraEw t@be; Tis Pepeyyvos; * épaivero TOV TOY KaXoV Kal daoldipwv olKLoT Hy “AOnvav avTiaTioat Kal mapaBanreiv TO TA zpl Ths aviKnTov kal peyarodofou ‘Payins, ein ev ou npty éxxaBatpouevov oye TO pvdades vTra- Kodaat kal rAaBeiv iotopias dy, Orrou & av avdaddas Tob aBavov Tmepippovi; kal a) béxnra THhv ™ pos TO €LKOS pikw, evyvapovay aK poaTav Senoopeda Kal mpaws Thy apyatoroyiay mpoode- NOMEVWY. II. "Edoxee & oby 0 Onaers TH ‘Pamir Kara ToAhas évapporre omovoTnTas: apo ee yap ® aveyyuo Kal axotiw yevopevor Sofav Exyov éx Oeav yeryovevat, "Auda o aiyunrd, To ye 69 Kal ipev adrravtes, kal peta Tov. duvatod TO ouvetoy ExovTEs. TrOAEwY 5¢ tav eripavertatwr o pev Extioe THY ‘Pawpmny, ¢ l ) e \ \ a o de cuvmnice Tas AOhvas:. aprayn b€ yuvarkav éxatépp mpoceati. ovdétepos dé Svatuyiav Tepl \ b aA } oa b) ni n 5 4 tAXAa \ TA OlKELA Kal véyeow eyryevi Stehuyev, AAAA Kal a / / va “a TeAevTw@VTES apphotepot A€yovTat Tois éavTav w~ 4 A . mMpoaKpovoar ToALTaLs, el TL TOV HKioTa Tpayt- 1 Seven against Thebes, 435, rode gwrl wéure— cls tvothoerat; 2 Ibid. 395f. rly dvrirdters rgde; rls Mpolrov muddy KAnHOpwy AvoeYTwY MpooTareEiy PEepéyyuos; 8 Coraés, Bekker, and Cobet, with ©, after Reiske; buow per. 4 THESEUS “ With such a warrior” (as Aeschylus says) “who will dare to fight ?”’ “ Whom shall I set against him? Who is com- petent?”’ it seemed to me that I must make the founder of lovely and famous Athens the counterpart and parallel to the father of invincible and glorious Rome. May I therefore succeed in purifying Fable, making her submit to reason and take on the sem- blance of History. But where she obstinately dis- dains to make herself credible, and refuses to admit any element of probability, I shall pray for kindly readers, and such as receive with indulgence the tales of antiquity. II. It seemed to me, then, that many resemblances made Theseus a fit parallel to Romulus. For both were of uncertain and obscure parentage, and got the reputation of descent from gods ; “ Both were also warriors, as surely the whole world knoweth,” and with their strength, combined sagacity. Of the world’s two most illustrious cities, moreover, Rome and Athens, Romulus founded the one, and Theseus made a metropolis of the other, and each resorted to the rape of women. - Besides, neither escaped domestic misfortunes and the resentful anger of kin- dred, but even in their last days both are said to have come into collision with their own fellow-citizens, 1 Jliad vii, 281, of Aias Telamon and Hector. PLUTARCR’S LIVES KOS elphoOar SoxovvTwv Sherds éort mpos adn- Oevav. IIT. Oncéws 76 pév ratp@ov yévos els EpeyOéa Kal tovs mpwrtovs avroyOovas dvnxa, Te Sé entp@@ Tleromidns jv. Ilétoyr yap ov xpn- patov ANGEL padrrov } Traidov péeytcroy iayuce trav év IleXotovyycm Bactdéwv, oddas pev éxddpuevos Ouyarépas ois dpiotots, moAXous dé tais ToAecw viods éyxaTaoTelipas apXovTas: wy els yevopevos IlitOevs, 0 Onoéws madmmos, Tod pev ov peyarnv thy Tpottnviov @xice, doEav dé paddoTa TayTwr ws avip AOyLos ey Tots TOTE Kal aopwtatos érxyev. Hy bé THs codias éxeivns ToLavuTn Tis, ws éorxev, dda Kal Svvapus, ola xpnadpevos ‘Haiodos evdoxkiue padiota tepl Tas év tois “Epyos yuoporoyias. xal play ye ToUTwY éxetynv Aéyovae IurOéws elvat, Mia Obs & avdpl dirp cipnuévos apxtos Err. ToUTo pev otv Kal “AptotoréAns 6 dtdocodgos eipnxev, 0 & Euperidns, tov ‘Immovvroyv dyvod IlirOéws rraisevpa mpocearav, éudaiver thy rept rov IIirOéa S0Eav. , Alive? 68 raidwv Seopévm tiv TlvOtayv avedeiv Néyouot Tov Opvrovpevoy ypnopov, SraKedevo- péevnv undead yuvarckt ovyyevéoOar mplv édOeiv eis “AOnvas, ov mdavu dé rodto dpdlew evdnrws 6 ‘THESEUS if there is any aid to the truth in what seems to have been told with the least poetic exaggeration. III. The lineage of Theseus, on the father’s side, goes back to Erechtheus and the first children of the soil; on the mother’s side, to Pelops. For Pelops was the strongest of the kings in Peloponnesus quite as much on account of the number of his children as the amount of. his wealth. He gave many daughters in marriage to men of highest rank, and scattered many sons among the cities as their rulers. One of these, named Pittheus, the grand- father of Theseus, founded the little city of Troezen, and had the highest repute as a man versed in the lore of his times and of the greatest wisdom. Now the wisdom of that day had some. such form and force as that for which Hesiod was famous, especially in the sententious maxims of his ‘“ Works and Days.” One of these maxims is ascribed to Pittheus, namely :— “Payment pledged to a man who is dear must be ample and certain.” } At any rate, this is what Aristotle the philosopher says, and Euripides, when he has Hippolytus addressed as “nursling of the pure and holy Pit- theus,”’ shows what the world thought of Pittheus. Now Aegeus, king of Athens, desiring to have children, is said to have received from the Pythian priestess the celebrated oracle in which she bade him to have intercourse with no woman until he came to Athens. But Aegeus thought the words of the command somewhat obscure, and therefore turned 1 Verse 370. 2 Fragment, 556. 3 Hippolytus, 11. PLUTARCH’S LIVES Soxovcav: SOev eis Tpotlfiva rapebarv avexot- A A A A A \ a 4 vooto Iliret tiv tod Oeod havnv ottws éyovcay: "Ackod tov mpovxyovta Toda, péya héptare Nawr, pn AVoNS Tply Sjpwov “AOnvéwy cicagixéc bac: a Qa ? / He so > +. A @ SAXov Ott vonaoas o litOevs, Erreuev avtov 7 / a IO. f \ \ Suntratnce TH AlOpa avyyevécOar. ovvedOov 5é a x4 a , Kat yvovs éxelvos OTe TH IlitOéws Ovyatpt cuy- yévyove, kal Kveww avTiv UTrovonaas, atrédiTre Eidos Kal médtka Kpvras vTro Tétpay peyadyny, évTos éyovcay KowdoTnTa cuppétpas éewreptrapySdavov- cay Ta Keipeva. dpdcas Sé€ mpos povny éxetvny, \ 4 en > ’ a“ lA Kal StaxeXevodpevos, av vios é& avTod yévnrat, kal AaBwv avdpoes jrtkiav Svvatos 7 THY méfpay dvaotThoat Kal Uderelv TA KaTareapOévtu, Tép- Tey mpos avtov éxovta taita pndevos €idoros, GXX ws éveote padiota AavOavovta mdytas (laxupas yap édedoixer tovs Iladdavtibas, ém- 4 bd A \ \ \ J , Bovrevovras atte nal da thy araidiav Kxata- dpovobvtas' joav Sé wevTjxoyra aides ex Tlad\Aavros yeyovotes), ane. IV. Texovons 6€ tis AlOpas viov, of pev evOds ’ a / 4 \ \ A ovopacOjvat Oncéa Aéyovar 1a THY TOV yvwpl- 4 A e \ cf ? 4 ad opatov Oéow, of 8& batepov 'AOnvnot traiba Oepévov Tod Aiyéws avtov. Tpedouevov é w7ro 8 THESEUS aside to Troezen and communicated to Pittheus the words of the god, which ran as follows :— “Loose not the wine-skin’s jutting neck, great chief of the people, Until thou shalt have come once more to the city of Athens.” ! . This dark saying Pittheus apparently understood, and persuaded him, or beguiled him, to have inter- course with his daughter Aethra. Aegeus did so, and then learning that it was the daughter of Pittheus with whom he had consorted, and suspecting that she was with child by him, he left a sword and a pair of sandals hidden under a great rock, which had a hollow in it just large enough to receive these objects. He told the princess alone about this, and | bade her, if a son should be born to her from him, and if, when he came to man’s estate, he should be able to lift up the rock and take away what had been left under it, to send that son to him with the tokens, in all secrecy, and concealing his journey as much as possible from everybody; for he was ‘mightily in fear of the sons of Pallas,2.who were plotting against him, and who despised him on account of his childlessness ; and they were fifty in number, these sons of Pallas. Then he went away. — IV. When Aethra gave birth to a son, he was at once named Theseus, as some say, because the tokens for his recognition had been placed 3 in hiding ; but others say that it was afterwards at Athens, when Aegeus acknowledged®.him as hisson. He was reared 1 Cf. Euripides, Medea, 674, 676 (Kirchhoff). 2 His brother. 3 It is impossible to reproduce in English the play on the Greek words. _ 9 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tov IlitOéws émictarny exyew xat madaywyov bd 4 @ A A > ” a dvona Kovvidav, 6 péxpe viv ’AOnvaior pa TpoTEpov nuépa TaV Onoeiwy Kxpiov évayivovar, pepvnpévoe kal Tiw@vtTes TorvD Sixadtepoy 7 Lwraviwva tin@ot cat Tlappdouov, eixovay @n- céws ypadeis Kal mAdoTAS yevopéevous. —V."E@ous &€ dvtos éte TOTe Tovs petaBai- vovtas é« maidwy éXOovtas eis Aedhods airapyxe- Oat TO Oe@ Tis Kopns, AOE pev eis AedrAhods € , \ , > 9 > A \ , v 0 Onoevs, Kai Torey amr auvTov thv Oncetay Err vov ovopatecOar A€youcty, éxeipato Sé Ths Kepa- a N , , 4 vA dl \ ARs Ta mpocGev povov, aoTEep “Opnpos Edn TOUS “ABavras nat TovTO THs Koupas TO yévos Bnaonts avopnacbn Sv’ éxetvov. Oi Sé “ABavtes éxeipavto mp@tot TOY TpoTrOV a ? e % , A e 54 tovrov ovy wm “ApadBov didayOertes, ws Evcoe vopitovaw, ovdé Mucovs Cnrwaavtes, XX’ GvTes ToNeptkol Kat ayyéuayxol, Kal paduota on TavTey eis xelpas wOcicBar Tots evavtiows peuadnxoTes, @s paptupel Kat Apytroxos €v TovTots: Ov trot wodAN eri roka tTavuvccetat ovdé Oaperat odevdovat, evT’ av dn paXov “Apns cuvayn b] , Ul \ A wv w év medio, Erhéwy 5é ToAVaTOVOY EaceETas Epryor: TauTns yap Keivor Saipoves Eroe WAYS ’ 9 Ld o Searrotat EvBotas Soupixdutot. 10 THESEUS by Pittheus, as they say, and had an overseer and tutor named Connidas. To this man, even down to the present time, the Athenians sacrifice a ram on the day before the festival of Theseus, remembering him and honouring him with far greater justice than they honour Silanio and Parrhasius, who merely painted and maulded likenesses of Theseus. V. Since it was still a custom at that time for youth who were coming of age to go to Delphi and sacrifice some of their hair to the god, Theseus went to Delphi for this purpose, and they say there is a place there which still to this day is called the Theseia from him. But he sheared only the fore part of his head, just as Homer! said the Abantes did, and this kind of tonsure was called Theseis after him. Now the Abantes were the first to cut their hair in this manner, not under instruction from the Arabians, as some suppose, nor yet in emulation of the Mysians, but because they were war-like men and close fighters, who had learned beyond all other men to force their way into close quarters with their enemies. Archilochus is witness to this in the fol- lowing words :— “Not many bows indeed will be stretched tight, nor frequent slings Be whirled, when Ares joins men in the moil of . war Upon the plain, but swords will do their mournful work ; For this is the warfare wherein those men are expert Who lord it over Euboea and are famous with the spear.’ ? 1 Iliad, ii. 542. 2 Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Gr.', ii. p. 383. II PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 Saws ovv py Mapexorev €x TOV TpLxeoy “avTt- Agypey ToS TONE MLOLS dmekelpavTo. TOUTO Be apenet cal “AdéEavdpov tov Maxedova évver- cavTd pact _mpoortagat TOUS oTparnyois Evpeiv Ta ryévera Tey Makxedovar, Os AaBny ravTnv ev Tais paxars obaav TpoxepoTarny. VI. Tov pév ody &dXov Xpovov ExpuTTTeV Ai6pa THY arnOuny Tov Onoéws yeveow’ jv Sé Noyos ume tov Uuir0éws 6adobels os é€x Tocedavos Texvwein. Hocebdava yap Tposknveot oéSovTau SeahepovTws, Kat Oeos obTOs éoTty avTtois mrotov- Xs, o Kal KapTr@v amapxovrat Kal TplaLvay 2 emrianjov EXovee Tov vopiawaros. érrel 6é petpa- KLOV OY, dpa TH To} o@paTos poun duepawver aXKnY Kat ppovnua pera yoo kal TUvET EWS BéBavov, ottws avrov uJ AiOpa Tpos THD TET pay Tpocayaryovoa, Kal ppacaca Tept TS yevéoews Tarn bes, éxéhevoev Upereiy Ta Tat ppa ovpBora 3 Kal mhetv Els AOivas. o O€ THY pev wéTpav vmébv Kal padicas avewse, relp 6 aréyva, KaiTrep ovans aapanretas Kat Seopevary Tob Te Tantov Kat Tis PNT pos. Narerrov yap ay meth TmopeverOa THY €S AOijvas od0v, ovdéev Bépos cadapov ovee axivévvov wd AnoT@Vv Kal xKa- Koupyov éxouc av. 4 ‘O yap én Xpovos EKELVOS HveyKev av pwrrous Kerpav pev epryues Kal ToO@V TAXETL Kal TOLaATWY popars, Qs Eouren, umenpueis Kat axaparous, 7 pos ovdev O€ Th pice Xp@wEvous émuetkes ovdé @PEALWOD, ann’ DBpe Te Yaipovtas vrepnpdve, Kal amodavovTas THS Suva pews @LOTNTL Kal mixpia, Kal T@ Kpateivy Te Kai BudlecBae Kal 12 . THESEUS. : Therefore, in order that they might not give their enemies a hold by their hair, they cut it off. And Alexander of Maeedon doubtless understood. this when, as they say, he ordered his generals to have the beards of their Macedonians shaved, since these afforded the readiest hold in battle. VI. During the rest of the time, then, Aethra kept his true birth concealed from Theseus, and a report was spread abroad by Pittheus that he was begotten by Poseidon. For Poseidon is highly hon- oured by the people of Troezen, and he is the patron god of their city ; to him they offer first fruits in sacrifice, and. they have his trident as an. emblem on their coinage. But when, in his young manhood, Theseus displayed, along with his vigour of body, prowess also, and a firm ‘spirit united with intelli- gence and sagatity, then Aethra brought him. to.the rock, told him the truth about his birth, and bade him take away his father’s tokens and go by sea to Athens. Theseus put his shoulder to the rock and easily raised it up, but he refused to make his journey by sea, although safety lay in that course, and his grandfather and his mother begged him to take it. For it was difficult to make the journey to Athens by land, since no part of it was clear nor yet without peril from robbers and miscreants. For verily that age produced men who, in work of hand: and speed of foot and vigour of body, were extraordinary .and indefatigable, but they applied their. powers to nothing that was fitting or useful. Nay rather, they exulted in monstrous insolence, and reaped from their strength a harvest of cruelty and bitterness, mastering and forcing and destroying everything that came in their path. And as for 13 PLUTARCH’S LIVES SiabOelpey To Tapatrimroyv, abd é Kal dixato- acuvnv Kat Td icov kal To dirdvOpwror, ws aroApla tov abixeiy kal poB@ Tov abixcicBar TOUS TOAXOUS etraLvodYTas, OvdSéY OlopévoUs TpOC- 5 nxewv tols mréov exe Suvapévos. TovTav “Hpaxrfs tos péev éFexomte xal avnper treptiov, ot S€ AavOdvovtes exeivou Taptovros em@Tno coy Kal avedvovto Kal TapnueNodvTO TaTELVa WpaT- rovres. émel dé ‘“Hpaxrjs éxpnoato Tumpopa, kal xreivas “Iditov ets Avdiay amipe xal ovxvov éxet ypovov edovrNeve trap’ "Oudarn, Sixnv tod gdovou tavTnv émidels abt@, ToTe Ta pev Avdwv Tpadybata ToNAHy éoxev eipnynv Kal adeav: év S€ tots wept tv ‘EAXdba ToTrots adOrs eEnvOncav ai xaxias Kal aveppdynoav, obdevds miefodvTos ovde KaTElpyovTos. 6 "Hv ovtv oréOptos wopeia ois “AOnvae welj Babdifovow éx TleXotrovynjcov: cal trav kaxovpywov Exactov éEnyouvpevos IlitOevs orroios eln xal otrota Spen mept trovs Eévous, éreibe Tov @noéa xopibecOar Sta Oaddtrys. tov 5é TddvaL peév, WS orxe, NeEANOOTSS Sréxarey 4 Soka ths “Hpaxdéous dperfs, xal amdeiotov éxeivou AOyov elxe, Kal mpoOuvpoTatos axpoaThs éyiveTo Tav Sunyoupéven éxeivov olos ein, padtoTta 66 TOV avTov éwpaxoTwv Kal mwpdttovTt Kal AéyorTs 7 Tpootetuxnkoreav' Tote O€ TavtTdtTacw Hy dhavepos wetrovOas Strep VaTEpov Kpovols TWoAXois OcurotoKxAns érrade, cal elev ws Kabevdery avtov ovx én TO MiAdriddou tpotravoy ottws éxeiv@ tov ‘Hpaxréovs Oavpdfovt: thy aperny, Kal 14 ; i. THESEUS | reverence and righteousness, justice and humanity, they thought that most men praised these qualities for lack of courage to do wrong and for fear of being wronged, and considered them no concern of men who were strong enough to get the upper hand. Some of these creatures Heracles cut off and destroyed as he went about, but some escaped his notice as he passed by, crouching down and shrink- ing back, and were overlooked in their abjectness. And when Heracles met with calamity and, after the slaying of Iphitus, removed into Lydia and for a long time did slave's service there in the house of Omphale, then Lydia indeed obtained great peace and security; but in the regions of Hellas the old villainies burst forth and broke out anew, there being none to rebuke and none to restrain them. The journey was therefore a perilous one for travellers by land from Peloponnesus to Athens, and Pittheus, by describing each of the miscreants at length, what sort of a monster he was, and what deeds he wrought upon strangers, tried to persuade Theseus to make his journey by sea. But he, as it would seem, had long since been secretly fired by the glorious valour of Heracles, and made the greatest account of that hero, and was a most eager listener to those who told what manner of man he was, and above all to those who had seen him and been present at some deed or speech of his. And it is altogether plain that he then experienced what Themistocles many generations afterwards experienced, when he said that he could not sleep for the trophy of Miltiades.} In like manner Theseus admired the valour of Hera- cles, until by night his dreams were of the hero's 1 Cf. Themistocles, iii. 3. 15 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES viKTwp dvEeLpos Hoav ai moakes, Kal pel” nuéepav éEjyev avtov o Chros Kal avnpéOile tTavTa Tpar- Tetv Stavoovpevov. VII. ’Ervyyavov 6€ cal yévous Kxotvwvodvtes é& dveliav évtes. AlOpa pév yap hv Iitéws Duyarnp, "ArKunvy 6é Avowdixns, Avowdien 6&é cat TirOeds aderpol yeyovéres e& ‘Irrmodapeias Kal [edorros. Secvov ovv érrotetto Kal ovK dvexTov éxelvov pev ert Tous TavTaxod Tovnpovs Badi- Sovra Kadaipew yhv Kali Oararray, auTov de Tous éumod@v aD dous amrobibipdc Kew, TOV Mev AOYE wal do&n marépa: KaTaiexXvvov dua Oardrrns ouy7 Kourlopevos, TD dé 6 évTe mpoo pépwv yepe- cpata rédtia Kal Eipos avaipaxTov, ovw &pyots evOvs aryabois Kal mpatear Tapéxov éupari Xapaxtnpa THS evryevetas. TOLOUT@ hpovn ware Kal TOLOVTOLS oyeo pois éEwpunoev, ws adtKyo wy peev ovdéva, Tous bé wmrdpyovtas Bias apuvov- HEVOS. VIII. Kai mparov peev ev TH ‘Em daupia Tepe- dyntnv, STAM Xa uevov Kopuvy Kat bud TOUTO Kopuvyrqy érrimarovpevor, aTrTOMEvOV avtod Kal KONUVOVTA mpodryety cupPadov d dméx Teer" nabets dé TH Kopuvy haBov d7rov em ovnaa.To Kat dueTtéree Xpapevos, Gomep 0 “Hpakhijs 7 déppare Tov NéovTos. éxeivep poev ovv emidergis Vv popoupevor nAticou TO peryeBos Onpiov Kparnoeey, odT0s dé THY Kopuvny émedeixvuen 7 HTTHwevnV fey utr avrod, pet avrov: be anrtntov ovcav. "Ey 8 'lo8u@ ivw tov Titvonaumnrny @.TpoTe 16 THESEUS achievements, and by day his ardour led him along and spurred him on in his purpose to achieve the like. VII. And besides, they were kinsmen, being sons of cousins-german. For Aethra was daughter of Pittheus, as Alemene was of Lysidice, and Lysidice and Pittheus were brother and sister, children of Hippodameia and Pelops. Accordingly, he thought it a dreadful and unendurable thing that his famous cousin should go out against the wicked everywhere and purge land and sea of them, while he himself ran away from the struggles which lay in his path, disgracing his reputed father! by journeying like a fugitive over the sea, and bringing to his real father as proofs of his birth only sandals and a sword un- stained with blood, instead of at once offering noble deeds and achievements as the manifest mark of his noble birth. In sucha spirit and with such thoughts he set out, determined to do no man any wrong, but . to punish those who offered him violence. VIII. And so in the first place, in Epidauria, when Periphetes, who used a club as his weapon and on - this account was called Club-bearer, laid hold of him and tried to stop his progress, he grappled with him and slew him. And being pleased with the club, he took it and made it his weapon and continued to use it, just as Heracles did with the lion’s skin. That hero wore the skin to prove how great a wild beast he had mastered, and so Theseus carried the club to show that although it had been vanquished by him, in his own hands it was invincible. On the Isthmus, too, he slew Sinis the Pine-bender 1 Cf. chapter vi. 1. 17 VOL. I. C PLUTARCH’S LIVES AX \ > ? , dé @ 3 4 2 Tous avypel, ToOVTH OLvepOerpev auTOS, OV peLE- 3 la AETNKWS OVO EiOtapévos, érideiEas 5é THY aperrV bt xal téyvns mepleote Kal pedretns amdons. 9 be A Di Py 4 \ , @ 4 nv O€ TM LAtvloe KaANOTH Kal peyloTn Cuyatnp, dvoya Ilepiyovvn. tavtnvy tod Tatpos avnpn- / “A Ig / oN € UA e b pévov duyovoay éCnter treptiwnvy o Onaevs: 7 5 bd 4 b a / v N els ToTrov ameNOovca AoXpnv exXovTa todAAHY oTopyny te wAEioTHy Kal doddpayov, axadKas Tavu Kal TaLdLKas WoTep aicBavopévav Seouevn mpocevyeto pe Spxv, av caowoly avTny Kat amrokpuywat, undéemote Aupaveta Oat pndé KavCELD. avaxanoupévou b6€ tov @ncéws Kal riotw s- SOVTOS, OS ETLpEAHTETAL KAA@S avTHS Kal ovdey adiucnoet, mponrGe Kal TO pev Once avyyevo- 4 , wv oo a \ A b 4 peevn MerXaverrtrov érexe, Aniovet d€ tT Evputov a 4 / Tov Oiyardtéws Dotepoyv cuv@exnae, Onaéws Sovtos. > \ / A , J v éx d€ MeXavizrrrov tov Oncéws yevopevos “Iwkos "Opvite tis ets Kapiav dtoxias petéoyev’ Or J 4 \ ? 4 / é / wkidais nat Iwkiot matpiov Katéotn pyte »¥ 9 / / \ 4 3 \ axavOay acdhapayou pnte ororBny Kaiew, adrAa céBecOar nal Tipav. TX. ‘H &€ Kpoppvwvia cis, Hv Pasay mpoc- wvopatov, ov padrov Hv Onpiov, aNAA paxtpov A e A Kal yareTov xpatnOjvar. TavTny od0v mdpepyor, @s pn Soxoin mdvta Tpos avayKny tovetv, vio- oTas avelde, kal dua tav pev avOporav Tois Tovnpois apuvomevov olouevos ety tov ayaov a , mpoopépecOar, Tav dé Onpiwv Kal mpoemryxer- potvta Tots yevvaios payecOar nat dSsaxivdv- 18 \ THESEUS in the very manner in which many men had been — destroyed by himself, and lie did this without practice or even acquaintance with the monster’s device, but showing that valour is superior to all device and practice. Now Sinis had a very beautiful and stately daughter, named Perigune. This daughter took to flight when her father was killed, and Theseus went about in search of her. But she had gone off into a place which abounded greatly in shrubs and rushes and wild asparagus, and with exceeding innocence and childish simplicity was supplicating these plants, as if they understood her, and vowing that if they would hide and save her, she would never trample them down nor burn them. When, however, Theseus called upon her and gave her a pledge that he would treat her honourably and do her no wrong, she came forth, and after consorting with Theseus, bore him Melanippus, and afterwards lived with Deioneus, son of Eurytus the Oechalian, to whom Theseus gave her. From Melanippus the son of Theseus, Ioxus was born, who took part with Ornytus in leading a colony into Caria ; whence it is ancestral usage with the Ioxids, men and women, not to burn either the asparagus-thorn or the rush, but to revere and honour them. IX. Now the Crommyonian sow, which they called Phaea, was no insignificant creature, but fierce and hard to master. This sow he went out of his way to encounter and slay, that he might not be thought to perform all his exploits under compulsion, and at the same time because he thought that while the brave man ought to attack villainous men only in self defence, he should seek occasion to risk his life in battle with the nobler beasts. However, some say 9 PLUTARCH’S LIVES veverv. eyiot 5€ ghact thv Paray AnoTpisa ryevéoOat yuvaixa govxny Kal axodaaTop, av- To00t Katoucodoay év Kpopprvart, cov 6€ é érrovopa- aOeicav bia TO 700s Kai Tov Biov eita wo Oncéws atrobavety. X. LKelpwova dé T™ po Tijs Meyapixiis aveine piipas Kata TOV TETPOV, OS pev 0 ToAus AOYOS AnotevovTa TOUS TapLovTas, Os & évioe Aéyouowy DBpe Kat Tpuph mporeivovTa T@ TOOE Tos Eévors Kat KehevovTa vimreLy, cia NaktiCovTa Kal aTro- 2 Potvta vittovtas eis thy OddatTav. ot 6é Me- yapobev suyypadeis, O“oae Th dipun Badifovres Kal TO TOAD V pov, Kara tpovidny, mone- povvTes, ovTE iBprorny ouTE AnoTHy ryervyovevat Tov YKeilpwovd pacw, GNA Anata jev KohaaTHy, arab ov dé Kal Sixatwv oietov \av0pav Kal pirov. Alaxoy Te yap “ENA veov oLwTaTov vopiter Gan, Kat Kuxpéa THpas Jeay exe "AOnvnoe Tov Larapivior, Thy 6é IInréws kat Tedapdvos ape- 3 THY vm ovdevos ayvoeiabar. XKeipwva Toivuy Kuypéws pev ryever Gar yauBpov, Aiaxod 5é trev- Oepor, IInréws oe kat Tedapovos Ta TOD, e& "Evdnidos yeryovoroy THS EKceipeovos kat Xapt- Kdods Ouyat pos. oUKOUD ele 0s elvat TO KaKtore TOUS aptarous els KoLWwviav yévous enGeiv, Ta péyiota Kal Tipi@tTata AapBavortas Kat &1- Sovtas. aN Oncéa pac ovx OTE TO TPWTOV éBddibev ets "AOnvas, GND’ vo TEpov "EXevoiva Te NaBeiv Meyapéwy éyovTar, 7 0,pa.k POUT a[LEvOV Avoxréa TOV apxovra, Kal LKeipwova aT OKTEVAL. TavTA pep ovY EXEL TOLAUTAS avTLNOYias. 20 THESEUS — that Phaea was a female robber, a woman of mur- derous and unbridled spirit, who dwelt in Crommyon, was called Sow because of her life and manners, and was afterwards slain by Theseus. . X. He.also slew Sciron on the borders of Megara, by hurling him down the cliffs. Sciron robbed the passers by, according to the prevalent tradi- tion; but as some say, he would insolently and wantonly thrust out his feet to strangers and bid them wash them, and then, while they were washing them, kick them off into the sea. Megarian writers, however, taking issue with current report, and, as_ Simonides! expresses it, “waging war with an- tiquity,’”’ say that Sciron was neither a violent man nor a robber, but a chastiser of robbers, and a kinsman and friend of good and just men. For Aeacus, they say, is regarded as the most righteous of Hellenes, and Cychreus the Salaminian has divine honours at Athens, and the virtues of Peleus and Telamon are known to all men. Well, then, Sciron was a son-in-law of Cychreus, father-in-law of Aeacus, and grandfather of Peleus and Telamon, who were the sons of Endeis, daughter of Sciron and Chariclo. It is not likely, then, they say, that the best of men made family alliances with the basest, receiving and giving the greatest and most valuable pledges. It was not, they say, when Theseus first journeyed to Athens, but afterwards, that he captured Eleusis from the Megarians, having circumvented Diocles its ruler, and slew Sciron. Such, then, are the contradictions in which these matters are involved. 1 Fragment 193 (Bergk). 21 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XI. "Ey dé "EXevoive Kepxtova tov é& ’Ap- Kadias KaTaTaXaicas avethe’ Kal puLKpoYv mpo- rXGa A 4 b °K a1 \ Il , eOav Aapdorny év “Epived! tov Ipoxpovorny, dvayxdoas auTov amicovy Tois KALYTHpaLY WaoTeEp tous Eévous éxeivos. émpatte &€ tabta pupov- ‘\ € / \ \ bd a 9 pevos Tov Hpakdéa. Kail yap éxeivos ols érreBov- , NeVETO TPOTTOLS apUVYdpEvOS TOS TMpoETLXEL- povvras, €0vce tov Bovorpw Kal xaterddatce a \ Tov ‘Avtaiov cai tov Kuixvov Kxatepovopdynoe N \ / A \ \ ? , Kat tov Téppepov ouppntas thy Kxeharnv arreé- N \ xrevev. ad ov dn Kal To Tepuéperov Kaxov Gvo- pacOjvat N€eyovet’ Taiwy yap, @s EoLke, TH a \ b 4 e / > , Keparn tovs évtvyydvovtas o Téppepos dman- : \ Avev. ovTw® 5 Kal Onoevs Kortalov Tovs ‘ 3 A \ bd / \ movnpovs emeenOev, ols péev éBialovto Tovs ” e 3 9 4 / 2 \ a GdXous, ut’ éxetvou KataBiatopmevovs, év 5é Tois TpoTrols THS EavT@v abdexias ta Sixava TdoyYovTas. XII. Tpoiovte 6€ atte xat yevouévm kata tov Kndicov, avdpes éx tod Dutaridav yévous ATAVTHOAVTES nod avtTo TpOTOL, Kal Seomeévou cabapOjvan, TOUS VEVOMLE HEVOLS ayvioavres Kal perdixva Ovucavtes eiotiacay oiKot, wndevos Tpd- TEpov avT@ prravOparrov ad” odov EVTUXOVTOS. “Hyepa pev ovv oyd0n Néyerat Kpoviou pnvos, Ov -vuY ‘ExarouBardva Kanovet, water beir. katedOav é eis THY TOLD evpe Ta TE Kowa Tapaxis peora Kab Stxoppocrns, Kal Ta Tepl tov Aiyéa Kal Tov oixov idta voootvta. Mrédera 1 "Epweg@ with Coraés, after Pausanias, i. 38, 5: “Eppet, a correction by Palmerius of the MSS. ‘Epyidyn. 22 ° THESEUS XI. In Eleusis, moreover, he out-wrestled Cercyon the Arcadian and killed him; and going on a little farther, at Erineiis, he killed Damastes, surnamed Procrustes, by compelling him to make his own body fit his bed, as he had been wont to do with those of strangers. And he did this in imitation of Heracles. For that hero punished those who offered him violence in the manner in which they had plotted to serve him, and therefore sacrificed Busiris, wrestled Antaeus to death, slew Cycnus in single combat, and killed Termerus by dashing in his skull. It is from him, indeed, as they say, that the name “ Termerian mischief’? comes, for Termerus, as it would seem, used to kill those who encountered him by dashing his head against theirs. Thus Theseus also went on his way chastising the wicked, who were visited with the same violence from him which they were visiting upon others, and suffered justice after the manner of their own injustice. XII. As he went forward on his journey and came to the river Cephisus, he was met by men of the race of the Phytalidae, who greeted him first, and when he asked to be purified from bloodshed, cleansed him with the customary rites, made pro- pitiatory sacrifices, and feasted him at their house. This was the first kindness which he met with on his journey. It was, then, on the eighth day of the month Cronius, now called Hecatombaeon, that he is said to have arrived at Athens. And when he entered the city, he found public affairs full of confusion and dissension, and the private affairs of Aegeus and his household in a distressing condition. Tor Medea, PLUTARCH’S LIVES- yap éx KopivOou guyotca, pappaxas vroaxyopmévn a b / 9 lA > / A > A Ths atexvias amadddfeav Aiyéa, ovviv avt@. A A “A mpoatcbouevn 5é mept tod @ncéws aitny, Tod dé Aivéws ayvoobytos, dvtos 5€ wpecButépou Kat goBovpévou mravra bia thy oTdaty, Ereroev avTov ¢ / e a / > a ’ \ as Eévov éEctiavtTa dhappydKos avereiv. €AO@v s € ‘ > \ ” > > / obv o Onoevs éml to apiotov ovx édoxipace , e / a / 9 4 dpaley avtov, doris ein, mpotepos, éxeivm Se Bovropevos apynyv avevpécews trapacyeiv, kpeav TAPAKELLEVOY OTATaMEVvOS THY padYaLpay, ws TauTn Témver, edeixvuey éxelvo. Ttaxv Sé cata- \ e > 4 \ \ 4 A , pabav o Alyets, THY mev KUALKA TOU happaKoU / \ \ e\ ’ / ’ / \ kaTéBare, Tov 5€ viov avaxpivas nomaleto, Kat cuvayayav Tovs TodiTas éyvwpifev, Hdéws Sexo- pévous bia THY avipayabiav. réyeras Sé Tis KUNLKOS Tecovans exxvOnVvaL TO padppaKov Grou fe) 9 4 \ / , b 3 A vov ev Aerduvip to Tepippaxtov éativ, évtavda e > \ v \ \ € A \ \ of yap 6 Aéyevs wer, cal Tov ‘Epunv rov impos &w a ¢ A A > 3 > A Tov iepov KaXovow én’ Aivéws TvXaLs. XIII. Oc 6€ Wadrravridar rpotepov pév Hrmifov avtol thy Bactreiav xabéEew Aiyéws atéxvou , q TereuTnoavTos: émrel dé Onoevs amedeixyOn da- Soxos, yareras hépovtes et Bacirever pev Aivyeds Oeros yevopevos Tlavdtou Kal pndev ’EpeyOeibars mpoonkwv, Bacirevoes © 0 Onoeds marsv Ernrvs jv Kat Eévos, eis tmrodcnov KabiotayTo. «Kal 24 THESEUS who had fled thither from Corinth, and promised by her sorceries to relieve Aegeus of his childlessness, was living with him. She learned about Theseus in advance, and since Aegeus was ignorant of him, and was well on in years and afraid of everything because of the faction in the city; she persuaded him to entertain Theseus as a stranger guest, and take him off by poison. Theseus, accordingly, on coming to the banquet, thought best not to tell in advance who he was, but wishing®to give his father a clue to the discovery, when the meats were served, he drew his sword, as if minded to carve with this, and brought it to the notice of his father. Aegeus speedily perceived it, dashed down the proffered cup of poison, and after questioning his son, embraced him, and formally recognized him before an assembly of the citizens, who received him gladly because of his manly valour. And it is said that as the cup fell, the poison was spilled where now is the enclo- sure in the Delphinium,! for that is where the house of Aegeus stood, and the Hermes to the east of the sanctuary is called the Hermes at Aegeus’s gate. XIII. Now the sons of Pallas had before this themselves hoped to gain possession of the kingdom when Aegeus died childless. But when Theseus was declared successor to the throne, exasperated that Aegeus should be king although he was only an adopted son of Pandion and in no way related to the family of Erechtheus, and again that Theseus should be prospective king although he was an immigrant and a stranger, they went to war. And dividing 1 The site of this sanctuary of the Delphinian Apollo is conjectured to have been somewhere to the east of the Olympieum. 29 PLUTARCH’S LIVES SseXovtes EéauTous ob pev eppavears 2pnrroev 6 éywpouv. éml To dotu peta TOD matpds, of Se Tapynrrot xpthpaytes éavtous evi pevor, @S d:y 00 ev értOna opevor Tols Umevavtion. mv be Knpv& pet avtav, avap “Ayvovatos, évopa Aeas. ovTos €Ejyyerke TO Onoe? ta BeBovrevpéva Trois Ilavvavridais. o 5é éEaidrns émimec@v rots évedpevovat mavtas diéerpev. ot 5é peta Tod IldAXavros mudopevor Steardpnoav. é« tovTov gact To Tladrnvéwv Sim mpos tov ‘Ayvouciov émiyapiay pn elvar, pndé xnpuTtecOar ov- Tiy@plov Tap avtois “’Axovete NE@’” pLocodar yap Ttovvoua Sia THY Tpodociay Tov avdpos. XIV. “O d€ @naevs évepyds elvar Bovropuevos, dpa b€ kal Snuaywyar, éEnrAOev eri tov Mapa- QOwviov Tadpov, ovK dAiya TPdyyaTa TOIS OiKOvGE tThv Tetpatodw tapéyovta’ Kal yetpwodpevos éredeiEato Cavta dia Tov dateos éXaoas, eita TH "ArmodAdou te Acrdivip Kxatébvcer. 7 8é ‘ExddAn kal 1oO wept avtny pvOorcynua Tov Eevicpod Kxal tis vmodoyis Eouxe pn wdons dpotpeiy adnOeias. EOvov yap “Exadnjota) of méprE Siow acuvovtes “Exdrw Art, nal thy ‘ExaAny étipev, Exarivny vroxopilopevor Sia 76 Kaxeivny véov dvta Kouidy tov Onoéa EeviLovcay aomacacBat mpexButiKas Kal dirodppovetcOar 1 ‘ExaAnow the correction of Coraés ; ‘ExaAjotoy, 26 THESEUS themselves into two bands, one of these marched openly against the city from Sphettus with their father; the other hid themselves at Gargettus and lay in ambush there, intending to attack their enemies from two sides. But there was a herald with them, a man of Agnus, by name Leos. This man reported to Theseus the designs of the Pallan- tidae. Theseus then fell suddenly upon the party lying in ambush, and slew them all. Thereupon the party with Pallas dispersed. This is the reason, they say, why the township of Pallene has no inter- marriage .with the township of Agnus, and why it will not even allow heralds to make their customary proclamation there of “Akouete leoi” (Hear, ye people !). For they hate the word on account of the treachery of the man Leos. XIV. But Theseus, desiring to be at work, and at the same time courting the favour of the people, went out against the Marathonian bull, which was doing no small mischief to the inhabitants of the Tetrapolis.1_ After he had mastered it, he made a display of driving it alive through the city, and then sacrificed it to the Delphinian Apollo. Now the story of Hecale and her receiving and enter- taining Theseus on this expedition seems not to be devoid of all truth. For the people of the townships round about used to assemble and _ saérifice the Hecalesia to Zeus Hecalus, and they paid honours to Hecale, calling her by the diminutive name of Hecaline, because she too, when entertaining Theseus, in spite of the fact that he was quite a youth, caressed him as elderly people do, and called 1 An early name for a district of Attica comprising Marathon and three other adjacent townships. 27 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 e a > \ \ ” XN 3 TotovTols UmoKopicpois. eet Sé€ evEaTO ev e A bd A A of. 4 2A \ 4 vrép avtov Te Ari, BadiCovtos emi tHhv paxny, el ows trapayévoto, Ovcev, améBave Sé tply 9 a 9 6 a ” a > / 3 \ éxelvov érraveNelv, ExxXe Tas elpnuevas aporBas THs pirokevias tov Oncéws KedeVcaVTOS, OS Diroyopos taTopnKev. 5) , 2 ° : / ‘ XV. ’Odiyo S€ tortepov eov éx Kpnrns ro Tpitov ot tov dacuov amd£ovtes. STL pév ovV "Avépoyem mept thy ’Attixny amobavetv Ser dofavtos, 6 te Mivws moddAa Kaka ~TroAELOV eipyateto Tovs avOpwrovs Kai TO Sdatpoviov ¥ \ 4 3 , \ 4 EpOetpe THY Yopav (agopia te yap Kal vocos > 4 \ \ > 7s e / \ évéaoxnwe TOAAN Kal avédvoay ot ToTapmoi), Kat Tod Yeov mpootdtavtos tNacapévois Tov Mivw kat diadrAayetoe AwHyoTEY TO pHVILA Kal TOY Kaxov écecOar Travrav, émiknpvKevodpevo. Kal denBévres erroincavto auvOnjKas ooTte Tréutrew bv b 4 > A bY \ riO€ e a \ Oé évvéa éTav Sacpov niOéous érra Kal trapbévous TOTAUTAS, OMOAOYODaLY Ol TrELTTOL TOV OVYypa- / \ \ a bd 4 4 e 2 héwy: Tovs dé maidas eis Kpnrnv xoptlopévous 6 bev Tpayixwtatos pvOos atropaives tov Miva- tavpov év T@ AaBupivOe dadbecipew, 7 TAAVW- peévous avtovs kal tuxeiv éEodov pn Suvapévous éxet xatabvncKev, tov d€ Miveravpov, domep Kvpuridns pyot, - Lvppextov eidos xatropwrsov Bpéhos yeyovévat, Kal Tavpou pepixyOat cat Bpotrod Sirrn dices. 28 THESEUS him affectionately by such diminutive names. And since she vowed, when the hero was going to his battle with the bull, that she would sacrifice to Zeus if he came back safe, but died before his return, she obtained the above mentioned honours as a return for her hospitality at the command of Theseus, as Philo- chorus has written. XV. Not long afterwards there came from Crete for the third time the collectors of the tribute. Now as to this tribute, most writers agree that because Androgeos was thought to have been treacherously killed within the confines of Attica, not only did Minos harass the inhabitants of that country greatly in war,! but Heaven also laid it waste, for barrenness and pestilence smote it sorely, and its rivers dried up; also that when their god assured them in his commands that if they appeased Minos and became reconciled to him, the wrath of Heaven would abate and there would be an end of their miseries, they sent heralds and made their supplication and entered into an agreement to send him every nine years a tribute of seven youths and as many maidens. And the most dramatic version of the story declares that these young men and women, on being brought to Crete, were destroyed by the Minotaur in the Laby- rinth, or else wandered about at their own will and, being unable to find an exit, perished there; and that the Minotaur, as Euripides says, was | ‘A mingled form and hybrid birth of monstrous shape,” and that “ Two different natures, man and bull, were joined in him.” 2 1 Cf. Plato, Laws, p. 706. 2 Nauck, T'rag. Graec. Frag.?, p. 680. 29 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XVI. Birdyxopos 5 Snow ov tavTa suyxwpew rr AR > € 4 Kpjras, ddrd Aéyerv Ste ppoupa pev Hv 0 AaBv- \ \ a puvOos, ovdey Exwv Kaxdyv AXX H TO py Staduyely \ , 3, OA de e Mi >. 3 Tous gvAattouévous, ayava b€ 0 Mivws én "Avdpoyem yupvixov éroies kat tos mraidas abda A A 26 ,) / > lo A tv Tois vikaow édidou téws ev te AaBupivbe duratropevous: évixa 5é Tovs MmpoTépous ayavas A / 0 péytoTov wap avT@ Sduvdpevos Tote Kal a a \ \ atpatnyav, dvoua Taipos, avnp ovK émverens Kal Hpepos TOV TpOTrOV, GANA Kal. Tots Tracol TeV "AOnvaiwy wrepnddvws xal yYaret@s Tpoc- depopevos. “Aptotorédrns 56 Kal avdtos ey TH Bottiaiwy oditeia Sidds Cori ov vopitwr bd a \ ny) ee. \ A / 2 \ avatpetcBar tovs waidas bird Tov Miva, adra Onrevovtas év TH Kpntn xataynpdoKxev: kat rote a 4 Kpjras evynv tradaay atrodidevtas avOp@Tav arapynv eis Aedrhovs aroctédrev, Tots dé TeuTromevors avamxOévtas éxyovous éxelvav ouv- A e \ > 2 é \ / e ‘ eEeXOeiy: ws 5€ otk Hoav (xavol tpépewv éEaurovs avToOt, mpatov pev eis “Itadtavy Siamepdoat Kakel Katotkeiy tept tHv “lamruyiav, éxetOev &é 9 >] , wn \ “A avdis ets Opannv KoptcOjvar Kal xrAnOnvar Bottiaiovs: 516 tas Kopas tav Borriaiwy Ovoiav \ , 2 7 § cc™ > 9 f >» Tia Tehovaas erradey’ “ lwpev ets AOnvas. "BR \ v \ t \ J , OLKE Yap OVTwWS YadeTrOD Elvat PwvnVY exoVTN moder Kat potcay aexOdverbar. Kal yap 6 Mivas del dseréres xaxds axovwv xal rodopo- a an pevos év Tots Attixots Oeatpots, Kal ode ‘Haiobos 30 THESEUS XVI. Philochorus, however, says that the Cretans do not admit this, but declare that the Labyrinth was a dungeon, with no other inconvenience than that its prisoners could not escape; and that Minos instituted funeral games in honour of Androgeos, and as prizes for the victors, gave these Athenian youth, who were in the meantime imprisoned in the Labyrinth ; and that the victor in the first games was the man who had the greatest power at that time under Minos, and was his general, Taurus by name, who was not reasonable and gentle in his disposition, but treated the Athenian youth with arrogance and cruelty. And Aristotle himself also, in his “ Constitution of Bottiaea,’’! clearly does not think that these youths were put to death by Minos, but that they spent the rest of their lives as slaves in Crete. And he says that the Cretans once, in fulfilment of an ancient vow, sent an offering of their first-born to Delphi, and that some descendants of those Athenians were among the victims, and went forth with them; and that when they were unable to support themselves there, they first crossed over into Italy and dwelt in that country round about Iapygia, and from there journeyed again into Thrace and were called Bottiaeans; and that this was the reason why the maidens of Bottiaea, in per- forming a certain sacrifice, sing as an accompaniment : “To Athens let us go!” And verily it seems to be a grievous thing for a man to be at enmity with a city which has a language and a literature. For Minos was always abused and reviled in the Attic theatres, and it did not avail him either that Hesiod 2 called him “ most 1 Not extant. 2 In some passage not extant. 31 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avrov avnce ‘ ‘Bacthevtatov” ovTe” “Opnpos:-‘ ‘ oapt- oTHy Avs” Tpogaryopevaas, aXr eT LK PATHS AVTES ot Tpayexol TONY aro TOU oyelou Kal THS oKNUHS abotiav autob KarecKébac ay WS xarerod Kal Buatov ryevopuevon. KQUT Ot gaat TOV pev Miva Bactréa kat vowoberny, Sicacrny dé TOV ‘Paéa- pavduy elvat Kai dvAaKa TOV wplopévwy UT éxeivou ducaiwv. XVII. "Evel 8 ovv Kadicev 0 xpovos Tov TpiTov Sacpov, Kat Tapexey &dee Tovs Tarépas émt Tov KAAjpov ols Hoav niBeor aides, av0us avepvovTo TO Aiyet 61a Borat 7 pos TOUS Twohitas, ddupopevous Kal ayavaxtovyTas OTL TAVT@V aiTLos QV exeivos, ovoev pépos Eyer THS Konda ews fL0V0S, GNX’ emt vob Kat Fev tarot THY apxny TETOLN- pévos avTous meptopg yenoiov épnyous Kal amabas dmoherTropevous. TAUT 7, qvia TOV Oncea, Kal SiKa@v pa apenrerv, GANA Kowwovety THS TUXNS TOS ToAiTALS, émédcoxen € éauTov avev KAnpov mpocenOaw. Kal Tots pev Grows TO Té ppovnpa. Oavpacror epavy Kal TO SnporiKoy Hyanneay, 0 O€ Aiyeus, € €7ret Sedpevos Kal KabiKeTEvWD a per a- WeloTOV EW@PA Kal apeTaTpETTTOV, ATrEKAT|PWOE TOUS GAXous Traidas. ‘EdAadviKos bé gnaw ov Tous AaxXovTas aro Krpou Kal Tas Aaxovoas ex Tre MITEL THV TOALY, avrov dé Tov Mivo Taparywwowevov exréyerOat Kab TOV Oncea TavTov ehea Oar Tp@Tov emt Tols opta Beiow: apo wevov & elvac thy pep vabv ‘AOnvaious TApeXely, éuBavtas be wrely ovV avT@ Tovs HiPéovs pndév Srrrov apniov émiepo- THESEUS : royal,’ or that Homer? styled him “a confidant. of Zeus,” but the tragic poets prevailed, and from platform and stage showered obloquy down upon him, as a man of cruelty and violence. And yet they say that Minos was a king and lawgiver, and that Rhadamanthus was a judge under him, and a guardian of the principles of justice defined by him. XVII. Accordingly, when the time came for the third tribute, and it was necessary for the fathers who had youthful sons to present them for the lot, fresh accusations against Aegeus arose among the people, who were full of sorrow and vexation that he who was the cause of all their trouble alone had no share in the punishment, but devolved the kingdom upon a bastard and foreign son, and suffered them to be left destitute and bereft of legitimate children. These things troubled Theseus, who, thinking it right not to disregard but to share in the fortune of his fellow-citizens, came forward and offered himself independently of the lot. The citizens admired his noble courage and were delighted with his public spirit, and Aegeus, when he saw that his son was not to be won over or turned from his purpose by prayers and entreaties, cast the lots for the rest of the youths. Hellanicus, however, says that the city did not send its young men and maidens by lot, but that Minos himself used to come and pick them out, and that he now pitched upon Theseus first of all, follow- ing the terms agreed upon. And he says the agree- ment was that the Athenians should furnish the ship, and that the youths should embark and sail 1 Odyssey, xix. 179. 33 VOL. I. D 4 : PLUTARCH’S LIVES pévous, Grrodopévou S¢ tod Muvwravpov répas Every THY TroLvry. IIporepov pév ovv ovdepia owtnpias édmris vréxerto’ 60 Kal péXav totiov Eyovcar, ws ert cuupopa mrpodnrw, THY vadv ereptrov: Tote 5é ToD @ncéws Tov Tatépa Oappuvovtos Kal peyarn- yopovvTos ws yetpwoetat TOY Mivwraupor, Ewxev Erepov iotiov evKov TO KuBepyynty, KEedevoas troatpépovta awlouevov Tov Oncéws erradpacbar TO AevKov, ef O€ pn, TO péAave TEV Kal AaTrOTn- paiver To Talos. ‘O 8 2upovidns ov NevKOV gnaw elvat 76 Soev tro tod Aiyéws, GAAa “ hotvixeov ioriov iyp@ wedhupyévoyv mpivov avOe. éptOddrov*” Kai TovTO THS TwTNplas avTaV TroLnoacdbat onpetov. éxvBépva dé trav vaiv ’Apapovddas Déperdos, OS once Yepwvidns. PidoxXopos d€ Tapa YKipou pnotv ex 2arapivos TOV Oncéa AaBeiy xuBep- yHTHV pev Navoioor, mpwpea Oé Paiaxa, Ln- dé7r@ TOTE TOY “AOnvatav Tpoa eX ovT ov 7 Qa- AdtTTy Kal yap elvat TOV niBewv éva MevécOnv Sxlpou Buyatpibobv. paptupel dé TovTos np@a NavovOoou kat Paiaxos eto apevou Oncéws Pa- APO TpoOs T@ TOU Lipou é tep@,' Kal rHv éoprny Ta KuBepynod pact exelvous Terela Oa. XVHI. Tevouévou 8¢ Tob KApov maparhaBeov TOUS AaxovTas ) Oncevs éx TOU mpuTavelou, Kal maperOarv Ets Acrpinor, eOnnev virép avTov TO "AmoAAwVE THY ikeTnpiav. mv d5é KAdSOS aro 1 jep@ bracketed by Bekker (near that of Scirus). 34 THESEUS with him carrying no warlike weapon, and that if the Minotaur was killed the penalty should cease. On the two former occasions, then, no hope of safety was entertained, and therefore they sent the ship with a black sail, convinced that their youth were going to certain destruction ; but now Theseus encouraged his father and loudly boasted that he would master the Minotaur, so that he gave the pilot another sail, a white one, ordering him, if he returned with Theseus safe, to hoist the white sail, but otherwise to sail with the black one, and so indicate the affliction. Simonides, however, says! that the sail given by Aegeus was not white, but ‘‘a scarlet sail dyed with the tender flower of luxuriant holm-oak,” and that he made this a token of their safety. Moreover, the pilot of the ship was Phereclus, son of Amarsyas, as Simonides says; but Philochorus says that The- seus got from Scirus of Salamis Nausithoiis for his pilot, and Phaeax for his look-out man, the Athenians at that time not yet being addicted to the sea, and that Scirus did him this favour because one of the chosen youths, Menesthes, was his daughter’s son. And there is evidence for this in the memorial chapels for Nausithoiis and Phaeax which Theseus built at Phalerum near the temple of Scirus, and they say that the festival of the Cyber- nesia, or Pilot’s Festival, is celebrated in their honour. XVIII. When the lot was cast, Theseus took those upon whom it fell from the. prytaneium and went to the Delphinium, where he dedicated to Apollo in their behalf his suppliant’s badge. This 1 Fragment 54 (Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graect, iii.‘ p. 413). 35 p2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THS tepas édalas, épim RAeve@ KaTectempévos. evEduevos bé€ xatéBawev Extn penvos ém Oa- Aacgoav taotapévov Movvuxiavos, 7 Kal viv ere Tas Kopas Téwrovaow iNacopévas eis Aerdiviov. AeyeTar dé auT@ Tov pev év Acrdois dverety Geov “Adpoditny xabnyepova troveicBar Kai Trapa- anrely auvéutropov, Ovovtse 6€ mpos Oaraoon THV alya OnXeray ovoay avToudtas tpayov yevéobar: 5:0 Kal KareicOar tHv Oeov ’Emitpayiav. XIX. *Esrel 68 watémrevcev eis Kpnrny, ws bev ob TodXOl ypdadovar Kal adovat, Tapa TIS "Apiddvns épacbeians To Aivov AaBwv, Kal 4b:- SayGels ws Erte tod AaBupivOov tods Ediypors SreEeNOciv, améxtevve tov Muvetavpov al arré- wrevoe THY ‘Apiadyny dvarxaBov kal tors Hi- Oéovs. Depexvdns 5é nal ta édddn trav Kpn- Tixav veav gnaw eéexxoyrac tov @naéa, Thy Siwkw adarpovpevov. Anpuov dé xa rov Tadpov dvaipeOfRvai dno. tov tod Mivw otpatnyov, év TO Auer. Svavavpayobvta tod Oncéws éx- mréovtos. ws 5é Piroxopos iotopyKe, TOV ayaova tov Mivw auvteAobvtos, éridofos dy aravtas Taw vinjoew, 6 Tavpos épOovetto. xal yap 4 Sivauis avtod dia tov tpoTrov Hv émraxOns, Kar SiaBorny elyey ws TH Ilaciupdn wAnoidfov. 816 Kal tod Onoéws aktoivtos aywvicacba. cuve- xapnoev 0 Mivas. ous 5é dvtos ev Kpyry Gedc Oar nai Tas yuvaixas, Apiadvn tapovea pos 36 8 THESEUS .- . was a bough from the sacred olive-tree, wreathed with white wool. Having made his vows and prayers, he went down to the sea on the sixth day ot the month Munychion, on which day even now the Athenians still send their maidens to the Delphinium to propitiate the god. And it is reported that the god at Delphi commanded him in an oracle to make Aphrodite his guide, and invite her to attend him on his journey, and that as he sacrificed the usual she- goat to her by the sea-shore, it became a he-goat (“ tragos’’) all at once, for which reason the goddess has the surname Epitragia. XIX. When he reached Crete on his voyage, most historians and poets tell us that he got from Ariadne, who had fallen in love with him, the famous thread, and that having been instructed by her how to make his way through the intricacies of the Labyrinth, he slew the Minotaur and sailed off with Ariadne and the youth. And Pherecydes says that Theseus also staved in the bottoms of the Cretan ships, thus depriving them of the power to pursue. And Demon says also that Taurus, the general of Minos, was killed ina naval battle in the harbour as Theseus was sailing out. But as Philochorus tells the story,} Minos was holding the funeral games, and Taurus was expected to conquer all his competitors in them, as he had done before, and was grudged his success, For his disposition made his power hateful, and he was accused of too great intimacy with Pasiphaé. Therefore when Theseus asked the privilege of entering the lists, it was. granted him by Minos. And since it was the custom in Crete for women to view the games, Ariadne was present, and was 1 Cf. chapter xvi. 1. 37 on PLUTARCH’S LIVES Te Thy ov é£erAdyn Tob Oncéws Kxal thy GOAnow eavpace mrdvtwv Kparncayvtos. Habeis 5é xal 0 Mivws pddtota Tov Tavpou Kataradat- aOévtos xat mpomnraxtobévtos, amédwxe TO @ncet tovs maidas Kal advice TH TWodeL TOV dao Lov. [dims 5€ ras Kal repittas 6 KretSnyos amrmy- yetre mepl tovTwv, dvwbév rofev apEduevos, Srt Soya Kowov Hv “EAAnvov pnoepiav éxrdeiv Tpinpn pndapolev avdipav mévte wreiovas Seyo- pévny: tov Oé apyovta THs Apyots "ldcova povov mepit@retv! é£eipyovta tis Oaratrns ta dy- ornpia. Aaddrov 8 rrol@ duyovtos els AOnvas, Mivos rapa ta Soypata paxpais vavol d:oKxev UTS Yetpwavos els Yuxedtav amnvéyOn xaxei xaté- atpewe tov Biov. émet &€ Aeveariwv o vids avTov TorNemKas Eywv pos Tors "AOnvaious éreuwev, éxdidovae Aaidarov avT@ Kxerevwov 7} Tovs Tatdas armoxteveiy ameiav ods édXaBev ounpovs 6 Mivas, TovT@ peyv atrexpivato wpdws 0 Oncevs, TAPALTOUMEVOS averiov évta Aaidadov Kakeiv@ KaTa yévos TMpoonKovTa, pmTtpos dvTa Meporns ths “EpeyOéws, avtos 8€ vavrnyiav éreBareTo, Thy pev ev Qupattadav avToO. pa- kpav tis Eevixns od00, rhv dé Sia TlerOéws ev Tportnv, Bovrdpevos rAavOdvev. ryevopévav Se éroipov é&érvevoe tov te Aaidarov éxwv cal gduydbas éx Kpyrns xabnyeuovas: ovdevds 8é ) wepimAciy Sintenis and Bekker assume a lacuna after this word. A Bodleian MS. (B4) has rpihpe: wAfpe: dvdpav ixavay (with a trireme fully manned). . 33 THESEUS smitten with the appearance of Theseus, as well as filled with admiration for his athletic prowess, when he conquered all his opponents. Minos also was delighted with him, especially because he conquered Taurus in wrestling and disgraced him, and there- fore gave back the youths to Theseus, besides remitting its tribute to the city. Cleidemus, however, gives a rather peculiar and ambitious account of these matters, beginning a great way back. There was, he says, a general Hellenic decree that no trireme should sail from any port with a larger crew than five men, and the only exception was Jason, the commander of the Argo, who sailed about scouring the sea of pirates. Now when Daedalus fled from Crete in a merchant- vessel to Athens, Minos, contrary to the decrees, pursued him with his ships of war, and was driven from his course by a tempest to Sicily, where he ended his life.) And when Deucalion, his son, who was on hostile terms with the Athenians, sent to them a demand that they deliver up Daedalus to him, and threatened, if they refused, to put to death the youth whom Minos had received from them as hostages, Theseus made him a gentle reply, declining to surrender Daedalus, who was his kinsman and cousin, being the son of Merope, the daughter of Erechtheus. But privately he set himself to building a fleet, part of it at home in the township of Thymoetadae, far from the public road, and part of it under the direction of Pittheus in Troezen, wishing his purpose to remain concealed. When his ships were ready, he set sail, taking Daedalus and exiles from Crete as his guides, and since none 1 Cf. Herodotus, vii. 170; Diodorus, iv. 79. 39 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpoeldoTos, GAAa vavs girAias olopévwy Tov Kpnrav mpocdépecOar, tod Aipévos Kpatnoas cal amoBas ébOacev eis tHv Kvwoodv taped- Gov: Kal pdadynv év mvrdas tod AaBupivOov cuvaryyas améxtewe tov Aeveadiwva Kai Tovs Sopudopous. év 5é Trois mpdypacet THs “Apiaddvns yevouevns, omeltapevos Tmpos avuTHY TOUS TE niOéous avédaBe Kal didiav éroince tos ’AOn- vaiots mpos tovs Kpfras, ouocavtas pndérrote Toveuou KatapEeu. XX. TloArod b€ AOyor Kal wept tovtwyv ért éyovrac kal repli TAS "Apiadyns, ovdév oporo- ryoupevov &yovres. ob wey yap andyfacbai pac avTny amonrerpbeic av td ToD Oncéus, ot Se eis Ndé£ov v6 vavtav Kopicbeicay Oivapw Te iepet tov Atovicov avvoixeiv, atrorkepOjvar 5é Tod Oncéws ép@vtos Erépas: | Aewvos yap puv étecpev Epws Iavomnidos Aiyans. A A \ 3 A ‘H a) Il / TOUTO yap TO ETos Ex TWY Kiatodou lletataTpator éFereiv dno ‘Hpéas 0 Meyapevs, domep ad md- 3 a ? \ e / , \ uv éwParety ets THY Opnpov véxviay To Oncéa Ilecpiodv te Pew aptdeixera Téxva, yapifouevov ’AOPnvaios Evior Sé Kal texeiv éx Onoéws ‘Apedouny Oivotriwva Kab Lrdpudov Ov cat o Xios “lev éorl rept THS éavtod Tatpibas Neyo" Try rote Onaeidns Exticev Olvorriov. 40 THESEUS of the Cretans knew of his design, but thought the approaching ships to be friendly, Theseus made himself master of the harbour, disembarked his men, and got to Gnossus before his enemies were aware of his approach. Then joining battle with them at the gate of the Labyrinth, he slew Deucalion and his body-guard. And since Ariadne was now at the head of affairs, he made a truce with her, received back the youthful hostages, and established friend- ship between the Athenians and the Cretans, who took oath never to begin hostilities. XX. There are many other stories about these matters, and also about Ariadne, but they do not agree at all. Some say that she hung herself because she was abandoned by Theseus; others that she was conveyed to Naxos by sailors and there lived with Oenarus the priest of Dionysus, and that she was abandoned by Theseus because he loved another woman :— “‘ Dreadful indeed was his passion for Aigle child of Panopeus.”’ ! This verse Peisistratus expunged from the poems of Hesiod, according to Hereas the Megarian, just as, on the other hand, he inserted into the Inferno of Homer the verse :— “Theseus, Peirithous, illustrious children of Heaven,” ? and all to gratify the Athenians. Moreover, some say that Ariadne actually had sons by Theseus, Oenopion and Staphylus, and among these is Ion of Chios, who says of his own native city :— “¢ This, once, Theseus’s son founded, Oenopion.”’ 3 1 Cf. Athenaeus, p. 587 a. 2 Odyssey, xi. 631. 3 Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Gr. ii.’ p. 254. PLUTARCH’S LIVES “A & éorly evpnuotata Trav pv0orocyoupévoy, mavres ws érros eitrety ba ordpatos éxyovatyv. doy S€ tiva trept TovTwy Adyov éxdédwxe Tacwy e939 4 ‘\ \ , e \ o Apadovotos. tov yap Oncéa dyoly vo yxe- A ? U4 b] , \ > 4 pavos eis Kuzpoy éFeveyOévra cal rnv "Apiddynv éyxvov éyovta, pavrws 8 Svaxetpévny bd Tod , \ A Pd A L4 oN carovu kal Svadopodaay, éxBiBdoa povny, avTov 5¢ 1@ mAol@ BonOodvra madw eis TO wéXdyos amd THs yhs pPépecOat. Tas odv éyxwpiovs yu- vaixas thy ’Apiddvyny dvadaBeiv cal qweptétrey A 9 \ A 4 ? abvpovoay él TH povece, Kal ypdupata TA- a ’ Led oTa Tpoahépery, @S TOD Oncéws ypddorros auth, kat wept THv @diva auprovetvy Kal BonOety: arro- Oavodcav 8é& Odvrar pn Texodcav. émedovta dé tov @noéa Kai wepidvrov yevopuevov Tots pev éyxwplos amronttreiy ypjpata, cuvtdeavta Ovew a 3 4 , \ ? , e , Th Apiddvn, dv0 5 pexpovs avéptavticKous idpu- cacbat, Tov pev apyupovv, Tov dé yarxKodv. év 5é 1H Ovola tod Topmuatov pnvos ioTapevov 4 a) Seurépa Kataxdivopevoy tia taV veavicxwY POeyyecOar Kal rrovety arrep wdivovaa. yuvaixes- carey 88 7d ddoos "Apabovaious, év & tov tadov Secxvuovaw, Apiddyvns 'Adpoditns. Kat Nakiwv 6€ tives idiws iotopodat Svo Mivewas yevéoBat cal S00’ Apidévas, av THY pév Aicvicw yaunOijvai dacw ev Nakp cal rovs mept Yradurov texelv, thy 5é vewrépay dpra- a e \ a , ? a ? oOeicav vio Tov Oncews Kal arroradUeicay eis Nadfov édOeiv, Kai tpopdov pet avtns dvopua 42 THESEUS Now the most auspicious of these legendary tales are in the mouths of all men, as I may say; but a very peculiar account of these matters is published by Paeon the Amathusian. He says that Theseus, driven out of his course by a storm to Cyprus, and having with him Ariadne, who was big with child and in sore sickness and distress from the tossing of the sea, set her on shore alone, but that he himself, while trying to succour the ship, was borne out to sea again. The women of the island, accordingly, took Ariadne into their care, and tried to comfort her in the discouragement caused by her loneliness, brought her forged letters purporting to have been written to her by Theseus, ministered to her aid during the pangs of travail, and gave her burial when she died before her child was born. Paeon says further that Theseus came back, and was greatly afflicted, and left a sum of money with the people of the island, enjoining them to sacrifice to Ariadne, and caused two little statuettes to be set up in her honour, one of silver, and one of bronze. He says also that at the sacrifice in her honour on the second day of the month Gorpiaeus, one of their young men lies down and imitates the cries and gestures of women in travail; and that they call the grove in which they show her tomb, the grove of Ariadne Aphrodite. . Some of the Naxians also have a story of their own, that there were two Minoses and two Ariadnes, one of whom, they say, was married to Dionysus in Naxos and bore him Staphylus and his brother, and the other, of a later time, having been carried off by Theseus and then abandoned by him, came to Naxos, accompanied by a nurse named Corcyne, 43 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kopxvvnv, Hs SeixvucOar tdpov. amobaveiv Se kal tnv ’Apiddyvnv avrob. wal ripds eye ody opoias TH mpotépa. TH wey yap Hdopévous xal maivovtas éoptdtew, tas 8€ tavtn Spwpévas Oucias elvar mrévOer tw Kal otuyvoTnt. pe- pry wevas. XXT. Ex 6€ tHs Kpyrns amomdéwv els AfjXov katéoxe: kal T@ Oe@ Bvdcas nal dvabels To adpodiatov & trapa tis “Apiadyns édraBev, éxo- pevoe peta tav nidéwy yopeiay ty ere viv émi- tereivy Andlouvs Réyovor, piunua tov év TH AaBupiv0e trepidodwv cai dueFddmr, &v rive pub p@ maparrdfes xal avediers Exovte ytyvopévny. kareitat S€ TO yévos TovTO Ths yopelas w7ro Anriwy yépavos, was totopet Arxaiapyos. éxo- pevaoe 5é rept tov Kepatava Bapor, éx Kxepdrav cUYNppLOG Mévoy EvwWVUpLwWY aTravTwY. TronoaLr Sé cal ayava pact avtov év Ando, Kal Trois vix@oe TOTe Tpa@Tov wT éxeivou poivika SoOjnvar. XXII. TH 8 “Artixg mpocdhepopévwy éxra- OécOat pev adrov, éxrabécOar dé tov xuBepynrny t1d yapas érdpacBa 76 iotiov Sb THY cwtnplav avt@ayv éder yvopimov tO Alyet yevéoOar Tov 5é dmoyvovta pirat Kata THY WéTpas éavTov cal SiadOaphvar. xatamrevoas S€ 0 Onoevs €Ove pev autos as éxmrrAéwv Oucias evEato Tots Oeots Padrnpol, cnpuxa 5€ améoreire THs cwTN- pias ayyeXov eis Gotu. ovtos évéruyey ddupopé- VOLS TE TOAKNOLS THY TOD Bactréws ‘TeAEUTHVY Kal Yaipovat, Ss EeiKos, ETEpaLs Kal didrodppoveicBat 44 THESEUS whose tomb they show; and that this Ariadne also died there, and has honours paid her unlike those of the former, for the festival of the first Ariadne is celebrated with mirth and revels, but the sacrifices performed in honour of the second are attended with sorrow and mourning. XXI. On his voyage from Crete, Theseus put in at Delos, and having sacrificed to the god and dedi- cated in his temple the image of Aphrodite which he had received from Ariadne, he danced with his youths a dance which they say is still performed by the Delians, being an imitation of the circling passages in the Labyrinth, and consisting of certain rhythmic involutions and evolutions. This kind of dance, as Dicaearchus tells us, is called by the Delians The Crane, and Theseus danced it round the altar called Keraton, which is constructed of horns (“kerata”’) taken entirely from the left side of the head. They say that he also instituted athletic contests in Delos, and that the custom was then begun by him of giving a palm to the victors. XXII. It is said, moreover, that as they drew nigh the coast of Attica, Theseus himself forgot, and his pilot forgot, such was their joy and exultation, to hoist the sail which was to have been the token of their safety to Aegeus, who therefore, in despair, threw himself down from the rock and was dashed in pieces. But Theseus, putting in to shore, sacrificed in person the sacrifices which he had vowed to the gods at Phalerum when he set sail, and then dispatched a herald to the city to announce his safe return. The messenger found many of the people bewailing the death of their king, and others full of joy at his tidings, as was natural, and eager to welcome him 45 PLUTARCH’S LIVES “ 4 Kal orepavody autov én) tH cwrnpla mpoOdpos 2 ° A Q @ 4 5 , QN oval. TOUS pev ov oTepavous OCEexYopEVOS TO xnpvxetoy avéotepev, éeravenOwv Sé éri Oa- a“ lA Aacoay ovTw TeTrolnpévoy aTrovoas TOV Onoéws ” , \ ’ A a , Ew meptéperve, 7) BovAopevos THY Ovotav tapd- Far. yevopévav S¢ tay orrovdav amnyyetke THY tov Aiyéws tereutnv. of 5€ crv xravOpo Kal 4 OopuBo amevdovres avéBatvov eis THv qWoNs». @ \ “a 3 “ > rd ce 60ev cai viv év toils w@ayodopios atepavova bau A > N a, 4 > QA >} a pév ov TOV KnpuKa AEyovoLY, ANAA TO KNPUKELOD, émupwveiy dé éy tais omovdais, "EXeded, ‘Tov, "lov, Tous Tapovtas: MY TO pév oTrEvdoVTES ava- ghovety kai tatwvilovtes ciwOact, ro Sé éxtA7> Eews Kal Tapayis €oTt. @apas 5é€ tov matépa, to *ArodAdwove THY evynyv amredidov TH EBSopnn Tod Tvaveyridvos pnvos totapévouv’ tavtn yap avéBnoapv eis aatu cwlévtes. 1 pev ovv ¬s TAY oonpiov éye- 4 \ , 9 \ ? > A tas yiverOar dia TO owbévtas avTovs eis TavTO ouppitar Ta weptovta TeV octtiovy Kal play xUTpav Kony eEYrnoavtas ouveotiabnvar xa ouyxatapayeiy aAArAos. Thy 5é eipect@vny éxpépovot xrAdbov édaias epip pev aveoteupévor, WOTTEP TOTE THY txeTNpiay, TayTobaTray S€ aya- Trew Katapypatwv dia TO AREAL THY adopiar, é€mr ddovtes: 46 10 THESEUS and crown him with garlands for his good news. The garlands, then, he accepted, and twined them about his herald’s staff, and on returning to the sea- shore, finding that Theseus had not yet made his libations to the gods, remained outside the sacred precincts, not wishing to disturb the sacrifice. But when the libations were made, he announced the death of Aegeus. Thereupon, with tumultuous lamentation, they went up in haste to the city. Whence it is, they say, that to this day, at the festival of the Oschophoria,! it is not the herald that is crowned, but his herald’s staff, and those who are present at the libations cry out: “Eleleu! Tou! Jou!” the first of which cries is the exclamation of eager haste and triumph, the second of consternation and confusion. After burying his father, Theseus paid his vows to Apollo on the seventh day of the month Pyanep- sion; for on that day they had come back to the city in safety. Now the custom of boiling all sorts of pulse on that day is said to have arisen from the fact that the youths who were brought safely back by Theseus put what was left of their provisions into one mess, boiled it in one common pot, feasted upon it, and ate it all up together. At that feast they also carry the so-called “eiresione,” which is a bough of olive wreathed with wool, such as Theseus used at the time of his supplication, and laden with all sorts of fruit-offerings, to signify that scarcity was at an end, and as they go they sing :— 1 A vintage festival, during which branches of the vine with grapes upon them (éexor) were borne in procession from Athens to Phalerum. See chapter xxiii. 2. 47 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Eipeciovn cica pepe Kai Tiovas aprous Kal péde ev KOTUAN Kai EXavov atonoac bat Kai KvrALx’ evCwpov, ws av peOvovca xabevin. KaiTOL TAUTA TIVES emt Tots ‘Hpaxdreidats yiver Oat , 4 s e XN “a > Aéyouowy, ovTws Statpehopevors UO Tov AOn- vaiwy: ot Sé WrELovEs WS TpoEipNTat. XXIII. To 5€ wAotov ev & peta toY HiDéwy €rdrevoe Kal Tad éowOn, THY TplaxoVvTopoY, aX pL trav Anpntpiov tov Padrnpéws ypovev Sivepv- AatTov of "AOnvaio, Ta pev Taraa tov EvroV tpatpovuvTes, GAXa b€ éuBaddovtes toxupa Kal TULTNYVUVTES OUTWS WaTE Kat ToIs Ptdooddorts eis Tov ayEopevoy Adyov apudidoFovpevoy trapd- Serypua TO WAOLOY Elval, TOY MeV WS TO AUTO, TOY 5¢ @s ov TO aUTO Siapévot NEYorTOV. 2 “Ayovot & xal THY TOV waxXOdopiwy éopTHY O@ncéws KatacTHcavTos. ov yap amdcas avrov éfayayely tas Aayovoas ToTe Trapbévous, ara a , 4 4 a Ttav avvnbwv veavicxwv dvo Onrudavets peéev opOjvat Kal veapots, avdpwdes b€ tas yruxas cal m poO uous, AouTpois Te Oeppois Kai oxtatpadiacs kat tTais Tept Kopnv Kat AeLoTnTa Kal xXporav arorpais cal Koopnoecw ws Eotw éEadrdkavra A 4 \ \ a N Kopin, Kal diddkavta gwvnv nal oyjpa xa 48 THESEUS ‘“‘ Kiresione for us brings figs and bread of the richest, Brings us honey in pots and oil to rub off from the body, Strong wine too in a beaker, that one may go to bed mellow.” Some writers, however, say that these rites are in memory of the Heracleidae,| who were maintained in this manner by the Athenians; but most put the matter as I have done. | XXIII. The ship on which Theseus sailed with the youths and returned in safety, the thirty-oared galley, was preserved by the Athenians down to the time of Demetrius Phalereus.2, They took away the old timbers from time to time, and put new and sound ones in their places, so that the vessel became a standing illustration for the philosophers in the mooted question of growth, some declaring that it remained the same, others that it was not the same vessel. It was Theseus who instituted also the Athenian festival of the Oschophoria. For it is said that he did not take away with him all the maidens on whom the lot fell at that time, but picked out two young men of his acquaintance who had fresh and girlish faces, but eager and manly spirits, and changed their out- ward appearance almost entirely by giving them warm baths and keeping them out of the sun, by arranging their hair, and by smoothing their skin and beauti- 1 On the death of Heracles, his children, to escape the wrath of the tyrant Eurystheus, came as suppliants to Athens, bearing branches in their hands. See the Heracletdae of Euripides. . 2 Regent of Athens for Cassander of Macedon, 317-307 B.c. Cf. Plato, Phaedo, p. 58. 49 VOL, I. 'E PLUTARCH’S LIVES Badbiouv ws &t partiota rapbévors opovodabar rat pndev daivecOar Stadépovtas, éuBareiy ets tov Tov traplévwv apOpov Kat Sradabeiy amaytas: 3 \ ? A > / A ‘ érret 6€ érravnAOev, avTov Te TomTevoaL Kal TOUS veaviaxous OUTWS apuTexopévous ws viv dytré- é \ > \ lA lA \ YovTat Tovs aaxovs Pépovtes. épovor 5é Aro- viow wat ’Apiddvy xaptCopuevor dea Tov pdOor, 7 a a * PJ , 9 A MarAXov Ott cuyKxomlopuévns omwpas érravyndOor: ai Sé Semvodopot waparapPavovta Kat Kowe- vodot THs Ovoias aTroptpovpevar Tas pmTépas éxel(vov TOV AaYOVTMOY: érrepoiTwy yap avTots ova Kal citia Kopitovaas Kal pd0or AéyorTas Sia TO Kdkelvas evOvpias &vexa nal Twapnyopias U f a ‘7 a 2 \ pvOous SreEcévat tots tract. tadta pev ovv cat Anpov iotopncev. &é&npéln 5é cad répevos adro, kal tovs amo THY TapacyovTwy Tov Sacpor # v 3 , e A nw ’ 4 oixwv érakev els Ovoiay avT@ redrely atropopas: kat THs Oucias émrepeXodvTO Purarldat, Oncéws atrodovtos avtois auorBny ths pirokevias. XXIV. Mera 6€ tryv Aiyéws rerXeuTHV péya Kal \ ” ? A , / Oavpacrov épyov eis voiby Badépuevos cuvmexice \ a Tous thy AtriKny Kxatotxovvras eis ev dotu, Kal pias merews Era Sipwov arrépyve, Téws omopddas bvtas Kal dvcavakdyTous TMpos TO KOLVOY TdVTODV 5° THESEUS fying their complexions with unguents; he also taught them to imitate maidens as closely as possible in their speech, their dress, and their gait, and to leave no difference that could be observed, and then enrolled them among the maidens who were going to Crete, and was undiscovered by any. And when he was come back, he himself and these two young men headed a procession, arrayed as those are now arrayed who carry the vine-branches. They carry these in honour of Dionysus and Ariadne, and because of their part in the story; or rather, because they came back home at the time of the vintage. And the women called Deipnophoroi, or supper-carriers, take part in the procession and share in the sacrifice, in imitation of the mothers of the young men and maidens on whom the lot fell, for these kept coming with bread and meat, for their children. And tales are told at this festival, because these mothers, for the sake of comforting and encouraging their chil- dren, spun out tales for them. At any rate, these details are to be found in the history of Demon. Furthermore, a sacred precinct was also set apart for Theseus, and he ordered the members of the fami- lies which had furnished the tribute to the Minotaur to make contributions towards a sacrifice to himself. This sacrifice was superintended by the Phytalidae, and Theseus thus repaid them for their hospitality.! XXIV. After the death of Aegeus, Theseus conceived a wonderful design, and settled all the residents of Attica in one city, thus making one people of one city out of those who up to that time had been scattered about and were not easily called together for the common interests of all, nay, they 1 Cf. chapter xii. 1. 51 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aupdépov, ote & Ste nat Siahepopévovs AdANAOLS 2 xal Todepodvtas. emiov ovv avérreOe Kata i Kal yevn, Tav pev idtwTav Kal TevynTov - evoeyouéevov TAXYDY THY TapaKAnolv avTOD, Tots Sé Suvatois aBacirevtov woditeiav mpotetvwv kat Snpoxpariay av’T@ povoy apyovtTs Torémov kal vopov dvrAaxt xpnoopéevny, trav bé addrAdwv 3 wapéEovcav amacw “icopopiav. Ttovs pev 3 a ” € \ / ? “ 5 / Tavta érebev, ot Sé tHv Sdvapw adtov dedioTes peyarnv ovcav Hon Kal Thy ToApav, éBovAovTO mevOopevor wadrov 1 Bralopevoe Tadra ovyxKwpelv. Katadvoas ovv Ta Trap éxdoTols MpuvTaveia Kal Bovrevrynpia xa apyds, ev b€ moinoas aract kowov évrad0a mputaveiov Kal PBovdeuvTyHprov ea le) cf \ mM” / 4 ? 4 Strov viv iputTat TO dotu, THYV Te TOALY ’AOHVas , mpoonyopevae xal Ilavabyvara Ovoiav éroince / ” \ / a 4 | ? 4 xownv. Ovce bé nal Meroimia rH extn emt béxa tod ‘ExatopBatavos, iv ére viv Oudover. A , bd / 4 e / kat tv Bacirelay adeis, dorwep Mpmoroynoe, Suexdoper THY TodtTElav amd Deady apydopmevos: Ke yap avT@ xpnouos ex Acrhav pavtevopéve TEept THS TONEWS" 5 Aéyeidn Onoed, It7Onidos exyove xovpys, TOAAALS TOL TrOALETaL TATHP Ewos eyKaTéeOnKe Téppata Kal KNwoTHpas év vueTéep@ TTOALEO PH. GANA ov yn TL ALnY TreTTOVnpevos evdoOt Oumov Bovreverv’ aoxds yap év olduate rovtoTopevc et. 1 icopoiplay. rovs wey with Coraés and Bekker: lcopo:play, TOUS péy. 52 THESEUS sometimes actually quarrelled and fought with each other. He visited them, then, and tried to win them over to his project township by township and clan by clan. The common folk and the poor quickly answered to his summons; to the powerful he promised government without a king and a democracy, in which he should only be commander in war and guardian of the laws, while in all else everyone should be on an equal footing. Some he readily persuaded to this course, and others, fearing his power, which was already great, and his boldness, chose to be persuaded rather than forced to agree to it. Accordingly, after doing away with the town- halls and council-chambers and magistracies in the several communities, and after building a common town-hall and council-chamber for all on the ground where the upper town of the present day stands, he named the city Athens, and instituted a Panathenaic festival. He instituted also the Metoecia, or Festival of Settlement, on the sixteenth day of the month Hecatombaeon, and this is still celebrated. Then, laying aside the royal power, as he had agreed, he proceeded to arrange the government, and that too with the sanction of the gods. For an oracle came to him from Delphi, in answer to his enquiries about the city, as follows :— “ Theseus, offspring of Aegeus, son of the daughter of Pittheus, Many indeed the cities to which my father has given Bounds and future fates within your citadel’s confines. Therefore be not dismayed, but with firm and confident spirit Counsel only; the bladder will traverse the sea and its surges.” 53 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tovro Sé kal LiBvrAXrav torepov atrootopatioat Tpos THY TOALY (aTOpovaLY, dvapbeyEapévnv’ "Aokds Batrifn: Sivas 5é rou od Depts eoriv. XXV. "Ere 5é warrov avkfjoa: thy Tod Bov- Adpmevos éxdrer Tavtas él toils taots, Kab TO “ Acdp tre mavtes Xe@” Kypvyua Onoéws yeve- a8at fact mavdnpiav tia Kabtatadvtos. ov pny dtaxtov ovdé pemeypéevnv weptetdev Uo wANGOUS émrixvbévtos axpitou yevouéevny thy Snpoxpariay, GANA MpO@TOS atroxpivas ywpls evrarpidas Kal yewpmopous Kal Snusovpyovs, evtrarpisars §€ yive- axe Ta Ocia Kal rapéxev apyovtas amrodous cal vopwv ddacKdXovs elvar Kal ociwv Kal iepav bd 4 a ¥ / e ? éEnyntds, Tois adNots TorITALS WoTrEp Ets toov xatéatnae, S0&n pév edtrarpidav, xpeia 88 yew- popwv, ANGE. Sé Snuscovpyav trepéyey Soxovv- tov. OT dé mpaTos aTéKALVE TIPOS TOV BYAOV, WS 3 , / IEA \ a ” Aptorotédns baci, cal ddbjxe To povapxelv, ore paptupeiy cal “Opunpos ev vedv Katardoyp povous "AOnvaiovs Sipov mpocayopevaas. "Exowe 5€ xal voutopa, Bovv éyxapatas, dd XN , A “a \ , tov Mapa8wmov tadpov, } 81a Tov Mivw otpatn- yov, } Tpos yewpyiav Tovs TodiTas TapaKanrov. > 9% 93 4 , \ e¢ / \ lA am’ éxeivou 5é dace 76 ExaTtopBotov Kal To Sexd- Botov ovopacOjvar. mpooxtnaduevos 5 TH 'At- Tuxh THY Meyapixny BeBaiws, tiv Opuroupéevyny 54 THESEUS And this oracle they say the Sibyl afterwards ee to the city, when she cried :— “Bladder may be submerged ; but its sinking will not be permitted.” XXV. Desiring still further to enlarge the city, he invited all men thither on equal terms, and the phrase “Come hither all ye people,’ they say was a proclamation of Theseus when he established a people, as it were, of all sorts and conditions. How- ever, he did not suffer his democracy to become | disordered or confused from an indiscriminate mul- titude streaming into it, but was the first to separate the people into noblemen and husbandmen and handicraftsmen. To the noblemen he committed the care of religious rites, the supply of magistrates, the teaching of the laws, and the interpretation of the will of Heaven, and for the rest of the citizens he established a balance of privilege, the noblemen being thought to excel in dignity, the husbandmen in usefulness, and the handicraftsmen in numbers. And that he was the first to show a leaning towards the multitude, as Aristotle says, and gave up his absolute rule, seems to be the testimony of Homer | also, in the Catalogue of Ships,! where he speaks of the Athenians alone as a “ people.” He also coined money, and stamped it with the effigy of an ox, either in remembrance of the Mara- thonian bull, or of Taurus, the general of Minos, or because he would invite the citizens to agriculture. From this coinage, they say, “ten oxen” and “a hundred oxen” came to he used as terms of valuation. navn attached the territory of Megara securely to 1 Jad, ii, 547. 55 PLUTARCH’S LIVES év "loOu@ ornrnv eorncer, emuyparypas 76 Svopifov ériypappa tiv yopav Svc) tpimérpors, dv eppate To! ev pos éw Ta& ody Tedomrévynoos, ddr’ "Iwvia: 701 8é apes éomépav Tad éort TeXorovvnaos, ove lovia. Kal Tov ayava Tpatos One Kata Cirov ‘Hpa- Kréous, ws bt éxeivoy ‘Oddpria tO Ati, eal be avrov “IcOua te Tocesdave dirotipnOels dyew tovs “EAXnvas. o yap éml Mertxépty teOels av- TOOL vuKtos edpato, TeAETHS ExoV pardov H Oéas kal tavnyupicpod taf. evo. 5é dacw én Sxelpwre ta “IoOma teOjvar, tod Onoéws ado- atoupeévov Tov hovov bia THY avyyévetav’ UKelpwva yap viov elvas KavnOov cat ‘Huoyns tis Tet0éws. of 8€ Liv, od Xketpwva, cal Tov ayava TeOHvac 51a, tovTov bd Onoéws, ov bu’ exeivov. érakev ovv xa Suwpicato mpos tots Kopwbiovs ’AOnvaiwv Tots adixvoupévors etl ta “loOpwa mapéyey Tpo- eSpiav dcov av toTov éricyn xatatetacbev 7d THs Oewpidos vews iatiov, as ‘EdAdviKos Kal “Avdpov o ‘Adtkapvaceds ioropnkacwy. 1 7d wey, 7d de with Coraés, after Reiske : 7a per, ra 3¢. 56 THESEUS Attica, he set up that famous pillar on the Isthmus, and carved upon it the inscription giving the terri- torial boundaries. It consisted of two trimeters, of which the one towards the east declared :— ‘“‘ Here is not Peloponnesus, but Ionia ;’ and the one towards the west :— “ Here is the Peloponnesus, not Ionia.” He also instituted the games here, in emulation of Heracles, being ambitious that as the Hellenes, by that hero's appointment, celebrated Olympian games in honour of Zeus,so by his own appointment they should celebrate Isthmian games in honour of Poseidon. For the games already instituted there in honour of Melicertes were celebrated in the night, and had the form of a religious rite rather than of a spectacle and public assembly. But some say that the Isthmian games were instituted in memory of Sciron, and that Theseus thus made expiation for his murder, because of the relationship between them ; for Sciron was a son of Canethus and Henioche, who was the daughter of Pittheus. And others have it that Sinis, not Sciron, was their son, and that it was in his honour rather that the games were instituted by Theseus. However that may be, Theseus made a formal agreement with the Corinthians that they should furnish Athenian visitors to the Isthmian games with a place of honour as large as could be covered by the sail of the state galley which brought them thither, when it was stretched to its full extent. So Hellanicus and Andron of Halicarnassus tell us. 57 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXVI. Bis dé Tov ™OvT OV émdevoe Tov Kib-eu- VoV, WS pev Piroyxo os | Kal tives aAXot Aéyoust, ped” ‘Hpaxdeous émt tas ‘Apatovas cvaTparev- cas, Kal yépas? ’Avriomny éda Bev" ot dé relovs, av éott Kal Pepextdys cat “EXddvixos kal “Hpo- dwpos, Uarepov pacw “Hpaxdéous idtoo TONOV mrevoa. Tov Oncéa xa THY "Apatova ra Bety aixydrwror, miavertepa eyorTes. ovdels yap aNAOS loTOpnTAL TAY per’ avTov oTparevadyT@y "A palova AaBeiv aiyuarwtov. Biwv dé cal tav- THY Tapaxpovd duevov obxer Oar AaBovra: pucer yap ovaas tas “Apalovas prrdv6pous ouTe puyeiv TOV Oncéa mpoa BddAovta 7) xopa, GvAa Kal Eévia TéprreLly* TOV O€ THV xopitoucav épBivac Tapakanrely els TO WAotovy éwBdons 5é ava- NOnvat. Mevexparns bé€ Ts, totopiav mept Nixaias THs év Biduvia qodews EXOEOWKOS, Oncea dnaot THY *Avreomny éXovTa diatpivrat epi TOUTOUS TOUS TOTrOUS" Tuyyavery dé cveTpaTevovTas auT@ Tpeis veavia Kous e& "AOnvav adedgous aAApAwY, Ko- vewv kat Qoavra Kat Zonoeva. ToUTOv obv épav- Ta TNS "Avriomns Kal havOavovta TOUS a&Nous eEevmely mpos éva, THY oun bor: éxeivou dé Trepl TOUT@Y eVTUXOVTOS 7) ’AvrioTy, ‘THY pep meipav ioxupas amotpinpas Bat, To 6€ mparywa cappovas dua Kab Tmpdws éveyxely Kal Tpos Tov Oncéa pen KaTnyophca.. Tob dé Lodoevros @s aTréyvo pl- ravtos é éauTov els TOT pov Tia «al Siap Oapevros, pe vauayer ToTe THY aitiav Kal Td TaBos Tod 1 yépas with Cobet ; yépas apioretov MSS., Coraés, Bekker ; yépas apiorecov. 58 THESEUS XXVI. He also made a voyage into the Euxine Sea, as Philochorus and sundry others say, on a campaign with Heracles against the Amazons, and received Antiope as a reward of his valour; but the majority of writers, including Pherecydes, Hellanicus, and Herodorus, say that Theseus made this voyage on his own account, after the time of Heracles, and took the Amazon captive; and this is the more probable story. For it is not recorded that any one else among those who shared his expedition took an Amazon captive. And Bion says that even this Amazon he took and carried off by means of a strata- gem. The Amazons, he says, were naturally friendly to men, and did not fly from Theseus when he touched upon their coasts, but actually sent him presents, and he invited the one who brought them to come on board his ship; she came on board, and he put out to sea. And a certain Menecrates, who published a history of the Bithynian city of Nicaea, says that Theseus, with Antiope on board his ship, spent some time in those parts, and that there chanced to be with him on this expedition three young men of Athens who were brothers, Euneos, Thoas, and Solois. This last, he says, fell in love with Antiope unbeknown to the rest, and revealed his secret to one of his intimate friends. That friend made overtures to Antiope, who positively repulsed the attempt upon her, but treated the matter with discretion and gentleness, and made no denunciation to Theseus. Then Solois, in despair, threw himself into a river and drowned himself, and Theseus, when he learned the fate of 59 PLUTARCH’S LIVES veavioxou Tov Oncéa Bapéws éveyxeiv, ral Svodo- pobvra Noytov Te mudoxpya tov dveveryneiv Tpos éavtov: elvat yap avTe m poo Terary pevov év Aed- gots v7re Ths IIvOias, 6tay éml Eévns dviabh pa MoTa Kal TepiivTros yévNTaL, TodLW exEl KTICAL Kal TOV apd avtov Twas HyEenovas KaTAaXuTrElY. éx O€ TOUTOU THY meV TOALY, HY ExTLCEV, ATO TOU Geod TluOorodv mpocayopevaoat, Yorevta Sé Tov TANTioV TOTAmOV ETL Tih TOU VeavioKoV. KaTa- Autrely O€ Kal TOs abeAhOvS avTod, olov émictd- Tas Kat vopobéras, cal aouv avtois “Eppov avdpa tov “AOnvnow ettratpidav: ad’ ov Kal Tomov ‘Epuov Kadely oixiay tots Iv0oronitas, otk op0as thy Sevrépay cvAdAaBnv Teptotavtas Kal tnv do€av eri Geov aro Hpwos petatiOévtas. XXVIII. Hpodaci pév ovv tavrny o tav "Apalovey jorepos Exye: haivetar dé 7) adrov avToo unde ryuvatxetov yevéoOat TO epyov. ov yap ay év doret KATETTPATOTESEVTaY oude 77 payny cuviyav €v YpP@ rept THY Tlyuca kat to Mov- GELOY, Eb f4)) Kpatovoat THS Xeopas adeas he) monet TpooguEav. ef Uev odv, OS EdAdvixos ¢ iotopnkKe, T@ Kippepir@ Boonopy: wayevtt diaBacas TEpt- HrGov, € épyov €oti wioTevoas: TO O€ &Y 7H Todt ayedov autas évotpatoTredevoas papTuperTas Kai TOS OvOHaG’ TOY TOTwY Kai Tais Oneass TOV WEoovTMY. TloAuy dé Xpovov Sxvos nv Kai pedAAHTES ap horépas THS eTixErpjcews: TéAOs 56€ @noevs cata 60 THESEUS the young man, and what had caused it, was grievously disturbed, and in his distress called to mind a certain oracle which he had once received at Delphi. For it had there been enjoined upon him by the Pythian priestess that when, in a strange land, he should be sorest vexed and full of sorrow, he should found a city there, and leave some of his followers to govern it. For this cause he founded a city there, and called it, from the Pythian god, Pythopolis, and the adjacent river, Solois, in honour of the young man. And he left there the brothers of Solois, to be the city's presidents and law-givers, and with them Hermus, one of the noblemen of Athens. From him also the Pythopolitans call a place in the city the House of Hermes, incorrectly changing + the second syllable, and transferring the honour from a hero to a god. XXVIL Well, then, such were the grounds for the war of the Amazons, which seems to have been no trivial nor womanish enterprise for Theseus. For they would not have pitched their camp within the city, nor fought hand to hand battles in the neigh- gourhood of the Pynx and the Museum, had they not mastered the surrounding country and approached the city with impunity. Whether, now, as Hellanicus writes, they came round by the Cimmerian Bosporus, which they crossed on the ice, may be doubted ; but the fact that they encamped almost in the heart of the city is attested both by the names of the localities there and by the graves of those who fell in battle. Now for a long time there was hesitation and delay on both sides in making the attack, but finally 1 Literally, giving it the circumflex accent. 61 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tt NOyov TO DoB@ ochayiacdpevos ovvippev avtais. 1 pév otv pdyn Bondpopsmvos éyévero penvos éf' 4 Ta Bondpoma péxpt viv "AOnvaior Ovovowv. iotoper 5é Kretdnpyos, éEaxpiBody ta xa’ &xacta Bovropevos, TO pev evovUpOY TOY "Apaloven xépas emriotpépev mpos TO viv Kadov- pevov "Apatoverov, To Se Se€i@ mpos tHv Ivica cata THY Xpvoav hee. payerbas Sé pos TodTO tous “AOnvaiouvs amo tod Movceiov tais ’Apa- Coo. ouptecovtas, nal tddovs TaV WeorovTwv wept THY wAaTEelaY elvat THY Pépovoay emi Tas 13 mUnas mapa dO Xarxwdovros Hp@ov, As viv Tlecpaixds ovopdfovor. xal ravtn pev éxBiacd7- vat péxype tov Kopevidwv xal troywphoa: tats yuvarkiv, amo bé Taddadiov wat "Apdntrod Kal Avxeiou mpoaRarovtas doacbat 76 SeFtov adtav adypt tod otpatorédouv Kal TodAds xataBanelv. TerapT@ 6é pv cuvdynKxas ryevea dau 51a Ths ‘Lmraronurns: ‘Inrrronorqy yap ovTos ovoyates THY T® Onoei svvorxodcav, ovn Avteowny. "Evot 5€ dace peta tod Onoéws payxopevny meceity THY avOpwrov bro ModAmadias daxovte- aletcav, cal THY oTHANY THY Tapa TO THS ‘OdUp- mlas iepov érl tavtn KeicOat, nal Gavpactoy ovK Eoriv érl Tm paypacw ovTw manatots mravacbas THY t ia ropiay, emel Kal Tas TeTpopévas gdacl tay "Apatovev bn’ ’Avtidmns eis Xadxida Adbpa SiatreupOecicas Ttuyydvew émipedreias, cal tadh- val twas éxet wept To viv Apaloveroy cadovpevoy. 62 ~, THESEUS Theseus, after sacrificing to Fear, in obedience to an oracle, joined battle with the women. This battle, then, was fought on the day of the month Boédromion on which, down to the present time, the Athenians celebrate the Boédromia. Cleidemus, who wishes to be minute, writes that the left wing of the Amazons extended to what is now’ called the Amazoneum, and that with their left they touched the Pnyx at Chrysa; that with this left wing the Athenians fought, engaging the Amazons from the Museum, and that the graves of those who fell are on either side of the street which leads to the gate by the chapel of Chalcodon, which is now called the Peiraic gate. Here, he says, the Athenians were routed and driven back by the women as far as the shrine of the Eumenides, but those who attacked the invaders from the Palladium and Ardettus and the Lyceum, drove their right wing back as far as to their camp, and slew many of them. And after three months, he says, a treaty of peace was made through the agency of Hippolyta; for Hippolyta is the name which Cleidemus gives to the Amazon whom Theseus married, not Antiope. But some say that the woman was slain with a javelin by Molpadia, while fighting at Theseus’s side, and that the pillar which stands by the sanctuary of Olympian Earth was set up in her memory. And it is not astonishing that history, when dealing with events of such great antiquity, should wander in uncertainty, indeed, we are also told that the wounded Amazons were secretly sent away to Chalcis by Antiope, and were nursed there, and some were buried there, near what is now called the Amazoneum. But that the war ended in a 63 Oo PLUTARCH’S LIVES GANA TOD ye TOV TOAEMOY Eis OTTOVSAS TEXEUTIHTAL papruptov éotw % Te TOU TOTOU KAHoLS TOU Tapa 70 Onociov, dvirep ‘Opxapoctov Karovow, 7} TE ywwopéevn tarat Ovoia tais "Apatooe mpd Trav Onceiwv. Secxvdovor & nat Meyapeis ’Auato- vov Onknv wap avrtois, éml tov carovpevov ‘Pody Badifovow é& ayopas, Grov 7d “PopBoedés. NéyeTas O€ xal wept Xarpwverav érépas atrobaveiv, kal radfvat tapa To pevpatiov § madar pév, as Gorxe, Meppwdav, Aluwv S¢ viv Karetrar tept ov év t@ Anpoabévous Bio yéypattat. paivovras 5é pnde Geocariav dmpaypovas ai’ Apafoves dved- Godcat: tddor yap avtav és Kal viv Seixvuvtac mept THY ZKoTovaaiav Kal Tas Kuvds xepandas. XXVIII.'Taita péev otv adk&ta pvnpns rept tov "Apalovwv. iv yap o tis Onaonidos mourns "Apalover éravdotacw yéypade, Onoet yapobv- Tt Daidpav tHs Avtiomns émitiOepevns Kal TOV pet autis Apalovev ayvvopévov kal Kteivovtos avtas “Hpardéous, mepipavas gouxe pvOm Kal TAdopate. tHS dé Avtiomns amobavovons éynpe Paispayv, Eywv viov ‘Immodvtov €€ Avtidmrys, os 5é Tlivdapés dyot, Anuoddvra. ras 88 rep) tavrny kal Toy vioy auted dvatuyias, émel pundey avtt- 64 THESEUS solemn treaty is attested not only by the naming of the place adjoining the Theseum, which is called Horcomosium,! but also by the sacrifice which, in ancient times, was offered to the Amazons before the festival of Theseus. And the Megarians, too, show a place in their country where Amazons were buried, on the way from the market-place to the place called Khus,? where the Rhomboid? stands. And it is said, likewise, that others of them died near Chaeroneia, and were buried on the banks of the little stream which, in ancient times, as it seems, was called Thermodon, but nowadays, Haemon ; concerning which names I have written in my Life of Demosthenes.2 It appears also that not even Thessaly was traversed by the Amazons without opposition, for Amazonian graves are to this day shown in the vicinity of Scotussa and Cynoscephalae. XXVIII. So much, then, is worthy of mention regarding the Amazons. For the “ Insurrection of the Amazons,” written by the author of the Theseid, telling how, when Theseus married Phaedra, Antiope and the Amazons who fought to avenge her attacked him, and were slain by Heracles, has every appear- ance of fable and invention. Theseus did, indeed, marry Phaedra, but this was after the death of Antiope, and he had a son by Antiope, Hippolytus, or, as Pindar says, Demophoén. As for the calami- ties which befell Phaedra and the son of Theseus by Antiope, since there is no conflict here between 1 From the oaths of ratification. 2 “Stream,” because water from the mountains above the city once flowed this way. Pausanias, i. xli. 2, The ‘* Rhomboid ” may have been an irregular mound. 3 Chapter xix. 4 In a passage not extant. 65 VOL, I. F PLUTARCH’S LIVES TINTEL TAPA TOV LOTOPLK@Y TOLS TPAYLKOLS, OUTWS Exe Oeréov ws éxeivor TETOLNKAGLW ATraVTES. XXIX. Eliot pévrot Adyou rept yapwov @ncéws Kal Erepot, thy oxnynv StaTrepevyortes, OTE apKXas evyvapovas ote evTUYEls TeheUTAS ExXOoVTES. Kal yap "Avako twa Tpottnviav dprdcar réyeTtat, Kal Liv amoxteivas nat Kepxvova cuvyyevécOar Bia tais Ovyatpdow adtay ynyar 6é xa Tepi- Bovav thy Aiavtos pntépa cal DepéBorav adOis car “lorny rhv “Idixréous: nab did tov AlyAns Epwra THs Ilavorréws, domep elpnrar, Hv Apiad- yns amorenpey aitiavrar wn Kadyv yevérOar pnde Tpémrovoay: émi waor Sé tHhv ‘EXévns dprayny ToNeuwou pev euTrAnocas THv Artixny, avT@ 6é els guyny Kal dreOpov terevtioar mepl av GdAlyov UoTEpoV EipnoeTat. TloAA ap dé téTe Tois apiators GOAwv yevopévwv ‘Hpodwpos pév ovdevos olerar tov Onoéa peta- axelv, adda povois AawiBais Ths KevTavpopa- xias Erepor 8é Kal peta "Idaovos év Korxous yeveoOar nal Meredypm cuvetenciy tov Kdmpov: Kal Osa TovTO Trapotpiav elvar thy “OvK dvev Oncéws’” adtov pévtos pndevos cuppdyov Sen- Oévta todrovs Kal Kadovs AOAous KaTepydoa- oat, kal tov “"AXXos obtos “HpardHs” Noyov én’ éxeivou xpatnoat. avuverpake 5é nat "Adpaor@ THY avaipesty Tov Uo TH Kadpeia tecdvror, 66 ‘ ~ THESEUS historians and tragic poets, we must suppose that they happened as represented by the poets uniformly. XXIX. There are, however, other stories also about marriages of Theseus which were neither honourable in their beginnings nor fortunate in their endings, but these have not been dramatised. For instance, he is said to have carried off Anaxo, a maiden of Troezen, and after slaying Sinis and Cercyon to have ravished their daughters; also to have married Periboea, the mother of Aias, and Phereboea after- wards, and Iope, the daughter of Iphicles; and because of his passion for Aegle, the daughter of Panopeus, as I have already said,! he is accused of the desertion of Ariadne, which was not honourable nor even decent; and finally, his rape of Helen is said to have filled Attica with war, and to have brought about at last his banishment and death, of which things I shall speak a little later. Of the many exploits performed in those days by the bravest men, Herodorus thinks that Theseus took part in none, except that he aided the Lapithae in their war with the Centaurs; but others say that he was not only with Jason at Colchis,? but helped Meleager to slay the Calydonian boar, and that hence arose the proverb “Not without Theseus’’; that he himself, however, without asking for any ally, per- formed many glorious exploits, and that the phrase ‘Lo! another Heracles” became current with refer- ence to him. He also aided Adrastus in recovering for burial the bodies of those who had fallen before the walls of the Cadmeia,? not by mastering the 1 Chapter xx. 1. 2 In quest of the yolden fleece. 5 The citadel of Thebes. 07 F 2 i an PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovy ws Kvpiridns éroincey ev tpaymoia, uayy tov OnBaiwv xpatynoas, adda Teicas Kal oTe- odpevos: o0Tw@ yap oi TrEtoTOL Aéyovct: Pido- yopos 6& cal omrovdas Tepl vexpov dvatpécews yevéoBar mpwras éxeivas. Ste dé “Hpaxrjs wpd- Tos amédwxe vexpovs Tois Trodepioss, év Tois Tept “Hpaknréous yéypattar. tadal dé tev péev ToA- Nov év ‘EnXevOepais Seixvuvtar, Trav Sé Hryewoveov mept ‘EXevciva, kal tovto Onoéws ’Adpadore@ Yapicapévov. Katapaptupovar 5é trav KvpeTridou ‘Ixetidwy ot Aloyvrov *Enevaivior, dv ols Kat TavTa Néywr o Onaevs TweTrointat. XXX. Thy &€ wpos TeepiOovv gdirtav todtov TOV TpOTTOV aUT@ yevécOar Néyouot. SdEav elyev emi pan kali avdpeia peyiotny: Bovdopevos ovv o IlespiOous éFeréyEar nat AaBety Sedtrecpay, nrdcato Bots éx Mapabavos aitod, cat mvGo- pevos Oloxey peta TOV OTAWY Exeivov OvK Epuryer, ann’ dvaatpepas aM VINO ED. as dé eldev dire- pos Tov €tepov Kal 70 KAaNXOS €Oavpace kab tH TOhmaY nyaaOn, paxns pev Eaxovto, TletpiOous 5€ mpotepos THV befcay mporeivas éxéXevoev avTov ryeverOau SuxcaatTny Tov Oncéa THS Bondacias: éx@y yap upebew iv av opion Stxny exeivos” @ncevs 5é cai id Sixny ap jer avT@ Kal /T pou- KaNetTo pidov elvat Kal ovppayov’ éromnoayto dé ray pidiay évopKov.— "Ex 6€ tovTou yapav o TlecpiBous Aniddpear, éden0n Tod Onoéws eAOeiv Kai THY Ywpav ioTo- 68 THESEUS | Thebans in battle, as Euripides has it in his tragedy,} but by persuading them to a truce; for so most writers say, and Philochorus adds that this was the first truce ever made for recovering the bodies of those slain in battle, although in the accounts of Heracles it is written that Heracles was the first to give back their dead to his enemies. And the graves of the greater part of those who fell before Thebes are shown at Eleutherae, and those of the com- manders near Eleusis, and this last burial was a favour which Theseus showed to Adrastus. The account of Euripides in his “Suppliants’’? is disproved by that of Aeschylus in his “ Eleusinians,” ? where Theseus is made to relate the matter as above. XXX. The friendship of Peirithoiis and Theseus is said to have come about in the following manner. Theseus had a very great reputation for strength and bravery, and Peirithoiis was desirous of making test and proof of it. Accordingly, he drove Theseus’s cattle away from Marathon, and when he learned that their owner was pursuing him in arms, he did not fly, but turned back and met him. When, how- ever, each beheld the other with astonishment at his beauty and admiration of his daring, they refrained from battle, and Peirithoiis, stretching out his hand the first, bade Theseus himself be judge of his robbery, for he would willingly submit to any penalty which the other might assign. Then Theseus not only remitted his penalty, but invited him to be a friend and brother in arms; whereupon they ratified their friendship with oaths. After this, when Peirithoiis was about to marry Deidameia, he asked Theseus to come to the wedding, 1 Suppliants, 653 ff. 7 Verses 1213 ff. 3 Not extant. 69 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ’ phoar Kal auyyevécOar trots Aamidats. étunyyave 5é xal tovs Kevtavpous xexdnxas emt 16 Setrvov. ws O€ noéAyawvov DBpe Kal peOvovtes ovK arrei- YOVTO TOV yuUvaLKa@V, éeTpaTOVTO pos auuvay ot Aamidau: Kal tovs péev extevayv avTov, TOUS dé modéum Kpatnoavtes botepov éFéBadov ex THs Yapas, ToD Oncéws adtois cuppayopévow Kal ouptrodepoovTos. “‘Hpddwpos S¢ tadta mpaxOjvat dnolv ovy oUTwS, GANA TOD TrONg“OU GUVETTWTOS 70n tov @ncéa BonOotvta tots AawiOais Twapa- yevéoOar, xal Tote mpa@tov dwer yvwpicat Tov ‘Hpaxnréa, trounodpevoy Epyov évruxeivy avT@ Tepl Tpayiva wemavpévm mrdvns Hon kal aOr\wvr- yevéoOar dé pera, TuLns Kal prroppos vvns Kal TOAA@Y erraivev apporépors THY évrevgiv. ov BV GAG paddov av Tis Mpoaxor Tois TOANEKLS évtuxely autovs aAdndOLs (aoTopovot Kal THY punow ‘Hparre yevéoOat Onoéws ctrovddoavtos Kal Tov Tpo THS puncews KaBappov ws Seopévep dua twas mpdkes aBovrAntovs. XXXI. "Hén Sé revrnxovta Ern yeyoves, as now ‘EdAavixos, Erpake Ta tmepl thy ‘“Edévny, ov Kal’ wpav. SOev as 89 pwéytotov érravopBov- pevol TOUTO TeV éeyKAnudTwv, eviot R€yovety ovK auToy dpirdcat tiv ‘Edévnv, added “Ida kat Avyxéws dptacavtov trapaxatadnny Xa- Bovra tnypeiv cal px wpolecOas Tots Avocxovpois atrattovow: 4 vy Aia Tuvdapew rrapaddvtos 7° THESEUS and see the country, and become acquainted with the Lapithae. Now he had invited the Centaurs also to the wedding feast. And when these were flown with insolence and wine, and laid hands upon the women, the Lapithae took vengeance upon them. Some of them they slew upon the spot, the rest they after- wards overcame in war and expelled from the country, Theseus fighting with them at the banquet and in the war. Herodorus, howeyer, says that this was not how it happened, but that the war was already in progress when Theseus came to the aid of the Lapithae ; and that on his way thither he had his first sight of Heracles, having made it his business to seek him out at Trachis, where the hero was already resting from his wandering and labours; and he says the interview passed with mutual expressions of honour, friendliness, and generous praise. Notwith- standing, one might better side with those historians who say that the heroes had frequent interviews with one another, and that it was at the instigation of Theseus that Heracles was initiated into the mysteries at Eleusis, and purified before his initiation, when he requested it on account of sundry rash acts. XXXI. Theseus was already fifty years old, accord- ing to Hellanicus, when he took part in the rape of Helen, who was not of marriageable age. Wherefore some writers, thinking to correct this heaviest accusation against him, say that he did not carry off Helen himself, but that when Idas and Lynceus had carried her off, he received her in charge and watched over her and would not surrender her to the Dioscuri! when they demanded her; or, if you will believe it, that her own father, Tyndareiis, 1 Castor and Pollux, her brothers. 7 i PLUTARCH’S LIVES avtov, poBnbévtos "Evapadopov tov ‘Imrmoxdwr- Tos éTt vytriay ovcav Bialopevov tiv ‘EXévny NaBeiv. ta Sé elxora Kal mreliatovs eyovta paptupas ToradTa éotwy. "HrGov peév eis Lardprynv dudotepor Kat tiv , > e lo) b] , > , 4 xopny év iep@ “Aptéutdos “Opbias yopevovcay e 4 4 A \ 4 9 A apracavtes Epuyov tov O€ TeupOévtwy em tH Siwéwy od troppatépw Teyéas érraxodovOnodavrov, > O°f ’ ’ i. , év adeia yevouevoe cal dteXOovtes thv IleXorov- vpnoov étonoavto ouvOiKas, Tov pév NaAXOVTA KAnpw THV “EXévny Exew yuvaixa, cvpmpdtrecy dé Oatép@ yduov Gdrov. ert tavtass 5é KANpov- pévwv tais oporoyiais EXaye Onaevs: Kal wapa- AaRov tHv Twaplévov oitTw ydpwov @pav &yovaay eis "“Adidvas éxouice: Kal thy pntépa KatacTHoas ’ > an is LS y , 5 pet avutis Adidve mapédwxer dvte diro, dta- Kedevoapevos guratrew Kai ANavOdvew Tovs ad- > \ \ , \ e 4 > 7 hous. avtos dé [letpiO@ tyv brrovpyiav atrob.bous, eis “Hrretpov ovvarrednunoer ert tHv “Aidiavews Ouyatépa tod ModXooc ay Bactréws, d5 TH yuvarne Depcedovny dvopa Oéuevos, Kopny 6é 7H Ovyarpi, T@ 5é xuvl. KépBepov, éexédeve tovT@ SrapayecOar Tovs pywpévous THY Taida Kal NaBeiv TOY Kpat- gavta. Tous pevtor trept Tov IlecpiOovv od pyn- oTipas Hew, AAN apracopévous truvOavopevos ouvéraBe: Kal tov péev Tletpidovv ev0vs nddvice 51a Tod Kuvos, Tov b€ Oncéa xabeipEas épirartrev. XXXII. "Ev 5 1@ ypovm tovtm MeveaOeds o Ilete® tod "Opvéws tov ‘EpexOéws mpatos, as gaci, avOpwrwv ériOéuevos TO Snpaywryety Kat 72 15 THESEUS entrusted her to Theseus, for fear of Enarsphorus, the son of Hippocoén, who sought to take Helen by force while she was yet a child. But the most probable account, and that which has the most witnesses in its favour, is as follows. Theseus and Peirithoiis went to Sparta in company, seized the girl as she was dancing in the temple of Artemis Orthia, and fled away with her. Their pursuers followed them no farther than Tegea, and so the two friends, when they had passed through Peloponnesus and were out of danger, made a com- pact with one another that the one on whom the lot fell should have Helen to wife, but should assist the other in getting another wife. With this mutual understanding they cast lots, and Theseus won, and taking the maiden, who was not yet ripe for marriage, conveyed her to Aphidnae. Here he made his mother a companion of the girl, and committed both to Aphidnus, a friend of his, with strict orders to guard them in complete secrecy. Then he himself, to return the service of Peirithoiis, journeyed with him to Epirus, in quest of the daughter of Aidoneus the king of the Molossians. This man called his wife Phersephone, his daughter Cora, and his dog Cerberus, with which beast he ordered that all suitors of his daughter should fight, promising her to him that should overcome it. However, when he learned that Peirithotis and his friend were come not to woo, but to steal away his daughter, he seized them both. Peirithoiis he put out of the way at once by means of the dog, but Theseus he kept in close confinement. XXXII. Meanwhile Menestheus, the son of Peteos, grandson of Orneus, and great-grandson of Erech- theus, the first of men, as they say, to affect popularity 73 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpos Yapiy ByAw StaréyerOar, tos te Svvarovs cuvictn Kal mapwtuve, waddat Bapuvopévous Tov Oncéa cal vouifovtas dpynv cal Bacireiay adn- pnuévov éxdotov tay cata Sipov evrratpioay, eis év dotu ovvetpEavta TravtTas UIrNnKoos xpncbat Kat SovrAors, Tovs Te TOAAOUS SueTdpatTe Kal SéBar- dev, Ws Gvap érXeVOEpias opavTas, py Sé atreate- pnuévous tatpiowv Kat iepav, 6tTas avtTl ToNN@Y kal ayabav cal yvnoiwv Bactréwv mpos &va Se- orotny érnduv cal Edvoy amoBNéTwot. TavTa 5¢ avtov mpayuarevopévov peyadny pomny 0 T0- AEM“OS THO vewTEpiau@ TpoaéOynxe, TOV Tuvdapidav 9 , e \ C4 \ e A 4 éreNOovtwv: ot dé Kal drws haclv bro TovTOU areca Oévras éNGeiv. To peév ody mp@tov ovbdéev 7SixouY, ANN amrynToUY Q ’ , “y t A 9 ” Thy aderXonv. amroxpwapévwy S€ TaV ev aoTeEL pynte Exew pte yivwoKey Gtrov KaTanéNeLTTTAL, mpos TOAELoY ETrpdtrovTo. ppater dé avtois 'Axd- Snpuos 7oOnwévos 6 57 tive TpOT@ THY ev ’Adidvacs tA 9 A (nd 9 l4 “A A Kpinpiv autns. Oey exeivm te tial Carte Tapa tav Tuvdapioav éyévovto, cal trodAdAdKs DaTeEpov eis tTHy "Artixny éuBarovtes Aaxedaipoviot Kat TATA OM0d THY KwpaV Té“voTEs, THS Axadnpelas 9 , A N b ) VA € 4 atreiyovto 61a Tov "Axddnuov. o 6é@ Aixaiapyos "Exedyjuou! dynol cat MapdOov cvotpatevedytwv 1 *"Exedquou with Coraés, Sintenis!, and Bekker, after Xylander : ’Exé€uov. 74 THESEUS and ingratiate himself with the multitude, stirred up and embittered the chief men in Athens. These had long been hostile to Theseus, and thought that he had robbed each one of the country nobles of his royal office,! and then shut them all up in a single city, where he treated them as subjects and slaves. The common people also he threw into commotion by his reproaches. They thought they had a vision of liberty, he said, but in reality they had been robbed of their native homes and religions in order that, in the place of many good kings of their own blood, they might look obediently to one master who was an immigrant and an alien. While he was thus busying himself, the Tyndaridae* came up against the city, and the war greatly furthered his seditious schemes ; indeed, some writers say outright that he persuaded the invaders to come. At first, then, they did no harm, but simply demanded back their sister. When, however, the people of the city replied that they neither had the girl nor knew where she had been left, they resorted to war. But Academus, who had learned in some way or other of her concealment at Aphidnae, told them about it. For this reason he was honoured during his life by the Tyndaridae, and often after- wards when the Lacedaemonians invaded Attica and laid waste all the country round about, they spared the Academy,’? for the sake of Academus. But Dicaearchus says that Echedemus and Marathus of . 1 Cf. chapter xxiv. 1-3. 2 Or Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux. 3 A shady precinct near the river Cephissus, about a mile N.W. of Athens. Here Plato and his disciples taught. See Plutarch’s Cimon, xiii. 8. 75 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tore Tois Tuvdapidass é€& "Apxadias, ad od peév "Eyednulay mpocayopevOqvar thy viv *Axadn- pecav, ad’ ov 5é Mapadava tov Sipov, émidovtos €aUTOVY Exovciws KaTa TL NoyLtoy shayidcacbat Tpo THS TapaTateus. "Edfovres ody eri tas “Adidvas cal payy Kpatnoavtes é€eihov TO Ywpiov. évTad0d dact kal "AXuKoy wecely Tov XKeipwvos viov, TUaTpa- Tevopevov TOTE TOIs AtocKovpois, ad’ ov Kal TOTrOY THs Meyapixns “AXvKov xaretobar Tov c@partos évraghévros. “Hpéas 8 brd Onoéws avrod rept "Adidvas aio0aveiy tov “AXuKoy iotopnKe, Kal paptupta tauvtl ta émn Tapéxetar wept Tov "AXUKou- ) Tov év evpyxopp Trot Adidvy papvapevov Onoerds “EXévns Even’ jvKdpoto KTELVED. Od pny eKxos adtod Oncéws TapovTos GA@vat TH Te pntépa Kal tas “Adidvas. . XXXII. "Eyopuévwv 8 ody trav ’Adidvaev cat ” b v 4 +4 \ lol e Tov év aoret dSedtoTwr, éTrecce Tov ShHpov o Meve- abevs SéyecOar tH Tore Kal dirodpoveicbat \ VA e J na: , e€ 4 tous Tuvdapidas, as wove Onoet Bias brdpEavete TodemouvTas, Tov b€ GAAwWY eEvEpyéTas GVTAS avOpatrwyv Kai cwTipas. éeuaptipe: S¢ adT@ Kal Ta Tap éxeivwr ovdev yap nkiwcav andavtwv Kpatovvres GAN 7H punOjvat, pndev Hrrov ‘Hpa- KNéoUS TH TOAEL TpooHKOVTES. Kal TOUTO Ov. 76 16 THESEUS Arcadia were in the army of the T'yndaridae at that time, from the first of whom the present Academy was named Echedemia, and from the other, the township of Marathon, since in accordance with some oracle he voluntarily gave himself to be sacri- ficed in front of the line of battle. To Aphidnae, then, they came, won a pitched battle, and stormed the town. Here they say that among others Alycus, the son of Sciron, who was at that time in the army of the Dioscuri, was slain, and that from him a place in Megara where he was buried is called Alycus. But Hereas writes that Alyeus was slain at Aphidnae by Theseus himself, and cites in proof these verses about Alycus :— “whom once in the plain of Aphidnae, Where he was fighting, Theseus, ravisher of fair- haired Helen, Slew.” However, it is not likely that Theseus himself was present when both his mother and Aphidnae were captured. XXXIII. At any rate, Aphidnae was taken and the city of Athens was full of fear, but Menestheus persuaded its people to receive the Tyndaridae into the city and show them all manner of kindness, since they were waging war upon Theseus alone, who had committed the first act of violence, but were benefactors and saviours of the rest of mankind. And their behaviour confirmed his assurances, for although they were masters of everything, they demanded only an initiation into the mysteries, since they were no less closely allied to the city than Heracles. This privilege was accordingly granted 77 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e aA b a b) / / a“ umnpEev avtois, “Adidvov trouncapévou taidas, os TIvdtos “Hpaxréa: cal tipas icoBéovs éoxor, “Avaxes mpooayopevOevtes, 7 Sta Tas yevouévas avoxas } dua tHv éripérerav Kal xndenoviay Tod pndéva xaxas Tadeivy otpatias tocavtTns évdov ovonS’ avaKkas yap Eéxew Tos émipedopévous 7} guAaTrovtas oTtody: Kal Tovs PRactreis iows pA \ le) a 3 e avaxtas 61a TovTO KadovaL. cial dé ot A€yorTeEs d:a thy Tov dotépwy éemipdverav “Avaxas dvopd- Cecbat 7O yap avw tovs ’AtTiKO’s aveKas dvo- pate, cal avéxabev 76 avolev. XXXIV. Ai@pav &é trav Onoéws pnrépa yevo- pévny aixpdrdwtov atraxOjvat Néyouvaw eis Naxe- Saipova, xaxeiOev eis Tpoiay pera “Enrévys: cat a ¢f ig ae , , paptupety “Ounpov, ErecOar TH ‘EXévn hdpevov: AlOpnv IlttOjos Ouyatpa KrXupévnv te Bowmiy. Oi dé xai tovto To ros StaBddAXover Kal THY mept Movviyou pv0oroyiav, bv éx Anuopavtos Aaodixns xpipa texovons év “Trip auverOpéyrar thv AlOpay Aéyovow. idiov 5é Twa Kal Tapyr- Aaypévov SrAwWS RAoyor o “Iotpos ev TH TpLoKat- Sexatn tav "Artixav avadéper trept AiOpas, as éviwv Aeyovtwy “AréEavdpov péev tov Idpuw év Beccaria! ir’ ’AxirAXrws Kal Tlatpoxrov payn KpaTnOnvar mapa tov Xmepxetov, “Extopa sé tnv Tpotfnviov mod dAaBovta Saprdcat Kal 1 roy Mdpw év @ecoadrla, with Bekker: roy év @eaaarlg Tidpuv. 78 THESEUS them, after they had been adopted by Aphidnus, as Pylius had adopted Heracles. They also obtained honours like those paid to gods, and were addressed as “ Anakes,” either on account of their stopping hostilities, or because of their diligent care that no one should be injured, although there was such a large army within the city; for the phrase “anakos echein” is used of such as care for, or guard any- thing, and perhaps it is for this reason that kings are called “ Anaktes.” ' There are also those who say that the Tyndaridae were called “ Anakes”’ because of the appearance of their twin stars in the heavens, since the Athenians use “anekas”’ and “ anekathen ” for “ano” and “anothen,” signifying above or on high. XXXIV. They say that Aethra, the mother or Theseus, who was taken captive at Aphidnae, was carried away to Lacedaemon, and from thence to Troy with Helen, and that Homer! bears witness to this when he mentions as followers of Helen :— “ Aethra of Pittheus born, and Clymene large-eyed and lovely.” But some reject this verse of Homer's, as well as the legend of Munychus, who was born in secret to Laodice from Demophoon, and whom Aethra helped to rear in Ilium. But a very peculiar and wholly divergent story about Aethra is given by Ister in the thirteenth book of his “Attic History.”” Some write, he says, that Alexander (Paris) was overcome in battle by Achilles and Patroclus in Thessaly, along the banks of the Spercheius, but that Hector took and plundered the city of Troezen, and carried 1 Thad, iii. 144. PLUTARCH’S LIVES anv Ai@pay dmadyew éxet KatarepOeioav. adrAa TOUTO wey EvEL TTONANY Adorytay. XXXV. ’Aidwvéws 5€ tod Modroccod Eevt- Covros ‘Hpaxréa xal trav rept tov Onoéa Kal TlecpiOovv cata tiynv prnoOévtos, & Te Tpd- Eovres HAOov Kal & dwpabéytes Erabov, Bapéws nveyxev 0 ‘Hpaxndijs, tod pev atrodwdoTos aboews, tov dé amoAAvpévov. xal trepi TleepiOov peév ovdév @eto Toijoey mA€ov éyKada@v, Tov Sé @noéa wapytetto Kal yadpw nkiov tavtny ait@ SoOjvar. cuyxywpnocavtos 5é Tod ‘Aidwréws, Av- Oels 6 Onoevs évravnrdOe pev eis tas "AOnvas, ovdémw Tavrdtact tav ditov avTod Kexpatn- pévwv, Kal doa oTHpye Teu“évn MpoTEpoy avT@ THs Toews eFeXovons amavta Kabsépwoe TO ‘Hpaxnrel al rpoonydpevoev avtl Onceiwr ‘Hpd- KNELA, TANY Tecoadpwov, ws Piroyopos toTopyKev. avOis! S€ BovAdcpevos ws mpotepov apyew Kal xaOnyetaOat Tov TroALTEvpaTos Els oTdoELS évE- mece Kal tapaxyds, ods peév atrédure pcovvTas avrov etpioxwv To pn poBeto0a TH picety Tpoc- etAngdotas, év 5€ Te SHuw woru To depOap- pévov opav Kal OeparrevesBat Bovropevov aytt TOU TOLELY OLWITTH TO TpOTTATTOMEVOY. EMLYELP@V owv BialecOar xatednuaywyeitro nal Kateota- oateto. Kal TéXos atroyvous Ta TPaypaTa TOUS pev traidas eis EvBoray vre&éreure mpos 'EXe- dynvopa tov Xadrxwdovtos, avtos bé Tapynrrot kata tav "AOnvaiwy apas Oéuevos, ov viv éort 7) Kadovpevov Aparnptoy, eis YKipov éFérdevcev, 1 ads Coraés, after Reiske : ed@vs (at once). 80 THESEUS away Aethra, who had been left there. This, how- ever, is very doubtful. XXXV. Now while Heracles was the guest of Aidoneus the Molossian, the king incidentally spoke of the adventure of Theseus and Peirithoiis, telling what they had come there to do, and what they had suffered when they were found out. Heracles was greatly distressed by the inglorious death of the one, and by the impending death of the other. As for Peirithoiis, he thought it useless to complain, but he begged for the release of Theseus, and demanded that this favour be granted him. Aidoneus yielded to his prayers, Theseus was set free, and returned to Athens, where his friends were not yet altogether overwhelmed. All the sacred precincts which the city had previously set apart for himself, he now dedicated to Heracles, and called them Heracleia instead of Theseia, four only excepted, as Philo- chorus writes. But when he desired to rule again as before, and to direct the state, he became involved in factions and disturbances; he found that those who hated him when he went away, had now added to their hatred contempt, and he saw that a large part of the people were corrupted, and wished to be cajoled into service instead of doing silently what they were told to do. Attempting, then, to force his wishes upon them, he was overpowered by demagogues and factions, and finally, despairing of his cause, he sent his children away privately into Euboea, to Elephenor, the son of Chalcodon, while he himself, after invoking curses upon the Athenians at Gargettus, where there is to this day the place called Araterion,! sailed away to the island of Scyros, 1 That is, the place of prayer, or cursing. 81 vol. |. G PLUTARCH’S LIVES avons aUT@ mpos Tovs éexel dirias, ws weTO, Kal Yopiov év TH vnom tatpwwv. éBacireve Se Avxoundys tote TOY LKupiwy. mpos TovTov ody 3 4 bd , \ 2 \ bd A e apixopevos eCnret Tovs aypous atovaBely, ws avToO: xatounowv: evior 5€ hace trapaxanely avtov BonOety emi tovs "AOnvatous. o dé Avxo- unons, elte Seicas thv S0€av rob avdpes, elte TO MeveoOet yapifopuevos, ert ta axpa Ths yopas dvayaywv avtov, ws éxetOev érideiEwv tous aypovs, @ae KaTa Tov TeTpav Kal bvépOecper. ” 9 b » @ A ra , \ eviot 8 ad éavtod mrecely hace cparévta, petra Setmrvov, Motrep ciwber, wepitatovvTa. Kal Tapav- tixa pev ovdels Exyev avtod Aoyov ovdéva TEOvN- KOTOS, GAAa tav pev *AOnvaiwv éBacirevoe MevecOevs, of S€ maides iStwrevovres 'EXepyvopu / > 9 a \ 4 cuveotpatevoay eis “Idtov. éxet d€ MeverBéws amobavovtos émaveNOovtes avrot thy Bactrelay avexoicavto. xpovows 8 dorepov ‘AOnvaious Gra Te Tapéotycey as Aowa Tinav Oncéa, nal tav év Mapadar mpos Mydous payopévwn okay b) 5] 4 , 4 J 4 A \ ovK oriryor Pdopa Oncéws ev dros Kabopav po autTa@v él tovs BapBdpous depopevoy. XXXVI. Mera d€ ta Mydixd Daidwvos dp- YovTos pavTevouevots Tots "AOnvaiots avetrev % IIvia ta Onoéws avaraBelv dota nal Oepévous ? / ? e@ a 4 évtiwws trap avtots guddtrew. hv dé cal ra- Beiv aropia Kal yvavar tov tdpov amkia nat yaneTroTnTe Tay évotcovvTwy AodoTwy. ov pny 82 17 THESEUS where the people were friendly to him, as he thought, and where he had ancestral estates. Now Lycomedes was at that time king of Scyros. To him therefore Theseus applied with the request that his lands should be restored to him, since he was going to dwell there, though some say that he asked his aid against the Athenians. But Lycomedes, either because he feared a man of such fame, or as a favour to Menestheus, led him up to the high places of the land, on pretence of showing him from thence his lands, threw him down the cliffs, and killed him. Some, however, say that he slipped and fell down of himself while walking there after supper, as was his custom. At the time no one made any account of his death, but Menestheus reigned as king at Athens, while the sons of Theseus, as men of private station, accompanied Elephenor on the expedition to Ilium ; but after Menestheus died there, they came back by themselves and: recovered their kingdom. In after times, however, the Athenians were moved to honour Theseus as a demigod, especially by the fact that many of those who fought at Marathon against the Medes thought they saw an apparition of Theseus in arms rushing on in front of them against the Barbarians.! XXXVI. And after the Median wars, in the archonship of Phaedo,? when the Athenians were consulting the oracle at Delphi, they were told by the Pythian priestess to take up the bones of Theseus, give them honourable burial at Athens, and guard them there. But it was difficult to find the grave and take up the bones, because of the inhospitable and savage nature of the Dolopians, 1 Cf. Pausanias, i. 15, 4. 2 476-475 B.c. 83 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aia Kipov éXov Hv vicov, ws év Tois sept éxeivou yéypatrrat, Kal piroripovmevos éEavev- pety, adeToo tTiva Torov Bovvoedy KoTToVTOS, OS pact, TH oTopate nal S:acrérXrovtos Tois dbvvEe Jela tTivt TUX TUpdpovncas avéoxarper. eEppéOn 5é Onn Te peyaddov cepaTos aixpn Te WapaKet- pérn yarn cal Eldos. xopcbévrwv && rovTwv e_sN , ? A / € e vo Kipwvos émt tis tpinpovs, jnoOévtes of "AOnvaioe woumais te Aapmrpais edéEavto Kal Ovolas Gorep avtov érravepyopevoy eis TO dorTu. Kal xetrar pev ev péon TH Woret Tapa TO vov yupvdotov, gots Sé hvkipov oixéraus Kal tact Tols Tamewwotépars Kal Sedtoce KpEiTTOVaS, WS KAL Tov @ncéws tmpootarixod Tivos xa BonOnrixod , 4 , yevopevov Kal mpocdexouevou pirav0parras Tas Tav tatewotépwy Sejoes. Ouvciay Sé Trorovow avT@ Thy peyiatny oydon Ilvaveyriavos, ev 7 peta Tov niOéwv ex Kpnrns éravariev. od pny GAA Kal Talis Arras Gydoats Tim@ow avTor, 7 Sid 70 rp@tov ex Tporkivos aducéoOar rH oySon nA @¢ A e e 4 4 e tod ‘ExatopBaiavos, ws totopnxe Asodwpos o mepinyntns, ) voultovres éTrépov padgXov éxeivep mpoonrey tov apiOuoyv todtov éx Tlocedavos yeyovévat reyopevm. Kal yap Togeadova sais 84 THESEUS who then inhabited the island. However, Cimon took the island, as I have related in his Life,! and being ambitious to discover the grave of Theseus, saw an eagle in a place where there was the semblance of a mound, pecking, as they say, and tearing up the ground with his talons. By some divine ordering he comprehended the meaning of this and dug there, and there was found a coffin of a man of extraordinary size, a bronze spear lying by its side, and a sword. When these relics were brought home on his trireme by Cimon, the Athenians were delighted, and received them with splendid processions and sacrifices, as though Theseus himself were returning to his city. And now he lies buried in the heart of the city, near the present gymnasium,’ and his tomb is a sanctuary and place of refuge for runaway slaves and all men of low estate who are afraid of men in power, since Theseus was a champion and helper of such during his life, and graciously received the supplications of the poor and needy. The chief sacrifice which the -Athenians make in his honour comes on the eighth day of the month Pyanepsion, the day on which he came back from Crete with the youths. But they honour him also on the eighth day of the other months, either because he came to Athens in’ the first place, from Troezen, on the eighth day of the month Hecatombaeon, as Diodorus the Topographer states, or because they consider this number more appropriate for him than any other since he was said to be a son of Poseidon.® For they pay honours to Poseidon on the eighth day 1 Chapter viii. 3-6. 2 The nasium of Ptolemy. Pausanias, i. 17, 2. 3 Cf. chapter vi. 1. 85 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dydoats TLL@GLY. 1 yap Oydoas KUBos am’ apriouv TpOTOS ovoa Kal Tov Mpwrov TeTpaywvou S- wracia, TO wovepov Kal duoKivytoy oixetov exer THs ToD Oeov Suvapews, by dodareov Kal yatjyoyov ™ pocovop.dtopev. | 86 THESEUS of every month. The number eight, as the first cube of an even number and the double of the first square, fitly represents the steadfast and immovable power of this god, to whom we give the epithets of Securer and Earth-stayer. 87 ~ ROMULUS POMYAO2Z I To péya tH “Popuns Gvopa. Kat bof dua mayroy avOpamwy KEeXwpnos ad’ dbrov nat oe nv airiay Th TWoNet yeyovev, ovx @pworoynras Tapa Tos cuyypahetory, arr’ Ot pev Heracyous éml wretoTa THs oixouperns mravnbévras av- Oporreyv TE Thelo TOY KpaTnoavras, aurode Kar- OuKfoat, Kal dia THY ev tois SrrA0Ls pouny obTas ovoudoat THV moNW, ot O€ Tpoias aNt- TKOMEVNS Stapuyovrtas évious Kal mAotwy émitv- xovras a) TVEUHAT OV Th Tuppnvig poo trecety epopévous, Kal wept Tov OvpBpu TOTa pov opps cacOar' tais b€ yuvarkiv aura dmropoupévats non Kal ducavacxerovoars Tpos THV Oddaccay vroGéc Oat piay, u) Kat ryever mpovyew Kat ppovety eddxee partota, Pon Gvoua, KaTamphoar ta whola’ mpaxdevros 5é rovTou T p@Tov pev aya- VaKTELV TOUS avépas, éqrevta be’ avdryeny iSpuv- Oévras epi To HadAdvrvov, @s oMYy@ Xpovep Kpelt Tov édmidos é emparror, arabs TE TreLpwmevoe @pas Kal Sexouévor aUTOUS TOV mpocoiKay, anAnv TE TEND amrovewely 7 ‘Popn kal Thy mony an avrns, os aitias, T poo aryopevewy, e& éxeivou Te Trapapévery Aéyouce TO TOUS OUYYEVEIS go 1 ROMULUS 1. From whom, and for what reason the great name of Rome, so famous among mankind, was given to that city, writers are not agreed. Some say that the Pelasgians, after wandering over most of the habitable earth and subduing most of mankind, settled down on that site, and that from their strength in war they called their city Rome. Others say that at the taking of Troy some of its people escaped, found sailing vessels, were driven by storms upon the coast of Tuscany, and came to anchor in the river Tiber; that here, while their women were perplexed and distressed at thought of the sea, one of them, who was held to be of superior . birth and the greatest understanding, and whose name was Roma, proposed that they should burn the ships! ; that when this was done, the men were angry at first, but afterwards, when they had settled of necessity on the Palatine, seeing themselves ina little while more prosperous than they had hoped, since they found the country good and the neigh- bours made them welcome, they paid high honours to Roma, and actually named the city after her, since she had been the occasion of their founding it. And from that time on, they say, it has been 1 Cf. Aeneid, v. 604-699. OI PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tas yuvaixas Kal oixetovs avdpas acmalecOat Tots oTopact Kat yap éxelvas, Ste Ta Troia Katémpnoav, ovtws aomdtecOar Kat dirodpo- veioOat tous avdpas, Seopévas avTav Kal wapac- Toupévas Ti opyny. II. “AAAo. 5é “Pépny, “Itadrod Ouyarépa xal Aevxapias, ot 5é, Tnrépov tov ‘Hpaxndéous, Awveia yapnbeioav, ot & ’Acxaviov tod Aiveiov, Aéyovot Tovvoua Oécba TH TOAE ot Sé “Po- pavov, Odvacéws traida nal Kipens, oixicas rip moAw* ot 5€ ‘Papmov éx Tpotas oro Acopjdous amocTanévra TOV "Hyaliovos, ot 6eé ‘Papcv Aartivey TUpavvor, éxBadovra ‘Tuppnvous TOUS elg Avdiav péev é« @errarias, éx 6é€ Avébias eis ItaXiav mapayevopévovs. ov pnv ovd oi ‘Po- TadLay Tapayevouevous. ov pn w pudov T@ StxatoTaT@m TOY AOyov arropaivovres em @vULOV THS TrodEWs opohoyotcr epi Tov yévous avTov. ot pev yap Aivetou Kal AckiGéas THS PopRavros viov ovTa VAT LOV els ‘Iradlav comoOnvar, Kab TOV adehpov avtou ‘Pamov: év dé T@ TOTAL TANMBUpAYTE TOV Geo oxapov SiapGapevrer, éy @ 5¢é Hoav ot maives els pa AaKnVv atroxAwOévTos GxOnv aTpéua, owbevtas* anpoadoxntws,” ovopacbfvar ‘Pepnv. ot 5é ‘Popny Ouyatépa tis Tpwados éxelvns Aative 7 Tndeudyxou yapnGeioar Texety Tov ‘PwuvrAor ot de Aiwuday THY Aiveiou xal NaBwias’ "Apet auyyevopevny ot 5¢ pv0@dn TavTdrace Teph Tis 1 gw0evras MSS., Coraés, Sintenis!, and Bekker: caévros. 2 axpocdoxhrws after this word, Bekker assumes a in the text, Q2 ROMULUS customary for the women to salute their kinsmen and husbands with a kiss; for those women, after they ‘had burned the ships, made use of such tender salutations as they supplicated their husbands and sought to appease their wrath. II. Others again say that the Roma who gave her name to the city was a daughter of Italus and Leucaria, or, in another account, of Telephus the son of Heracles; and that she was married to Aeneas, or, in another version, to Ascanius the son of Aeneas. Some tell us that it was Romanus, a son of Odysseus and Circe, who colonized the city ; others that it was Romus, who was sent from Troy by Diomedes the son of Emathion ; and others still that it was Romis, tyrant of the Latins, after he had driven out the Tuscans, wha passed from Thessaly into Lydia, and from Lydia into Italy. Moreover, even those writers who declare, in accordance with the most authentic tradition, that it was Romulus who gave his name to the city, do not agree about his lineage. For some say that he was a son of Aeneas and Dexithea the daughter of Phorbas, and was brought to Italy in his infancy, along with his brother Romus ; that the rest of the vessels were destroyed in the swollen river, but the one in which the boys were was gently directed to a grassy bank, where they were unex- pectedly saved, and the place was called Roma from them. Others say it was Roma, a daughter of the Trojan woman I have mentioned, who was wedded to Latinus the son of Telemachus and bore him Romulus; others that Aemilia, the daughter of Aeneas and Lavinia, bore him to Mars; and others still rehearse what is altogether fabulous concerning his 93 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yevéoews dueEiacr. Tapyetio yap *AdBavev RBacikel Trapavoywtatm Kal porate ddcpa Sarwoviov olxor yevécBar- parrdv yap ex THs éotias dvacyxeiv Kal Siapéver eri words Huépas: elvat dé TnOvos ev Tuppnvia ypnornpiov, ad od KopicOjvar Te Tapyetip ypnopov vote oup- pitas TO Paopatt trapOévov: ececOar yap éf& avths tmaida Krevotatoy apeth Kal Toyn Kal poun Stadépovta. ppdoavtos odv Td pdvTevpa tod Tapyetiou pug tav Ovyatépwv Kal ouy- yevésOar T@ Parr@ tpocrdEavros, abtiv pev amraki@oat, Oepdrravay &é eloréprar, ov &e Tapxérvov, as éyvw, yadeTas dépovta cvrAXNaBety pev audortépas él Oavaro, tHv 8 ‘Eoriay iSevra Kata Tovs Umvovs arayopevovoay avT@ Tov govov, iorovy twa mapeyyvica, tals Kopacs ipaive dedeuévais, as Gray éEugdyvwot, Tore SoOnoouévas mpos yapmov. éxeivas pev ovv 8: nuepas upatvew, érépas dé wietwp tod Tap- NETLOU KENEVOVTOS avanvELY TOV iotov. ek Se TOD parrod ths Oeparraividos Texovons bidupua, Sodvai rut Tepatiw tov Tapyétiov averely xerdevoarvra. Tov 6€ Oetvat pépovta tod motapod mdnolov elra AvKatvay pev emiportav pactov évdidobcap, dpviOas b€ mavrodarols Wopicnata Kxopilovras évTiévar tois Bpépeoty, dypu od Bovkorov iSovra cal Oavpdoavta ToApijoat mpoceNeiy xa dve- AéoGar Ta radia. toadtns 8 THs cwrnplas avrois yevoperns, éxtpadévras ériBécba rH Tapxetip xal xpatijcat. raira pev otv IIpo- 19 94 ROMULUS origin. For instance, they say that Tarchetius, king of the Albans, who was most lawless and cruel, was visited with a strange phantom in his house, namely, a phallus rising out of the hearth and remain- ing there many days. Now there was an oracle of Tethys in Tuscany, from which there was brought to Tarchetius a response that a virgin must have inter- course with this phantom, and she should bear a son most illustrious for his valour, and of surpassing good fortune and strength. Tarchetius, accordingly, told the prophecy to one of his daughters, and bade her consort with the phantom ; but she disdained to do so, and sent a handmaid in to it. When Tarchetius learned of this, he was wroth, and seized both the © maidens, purposing to put them to death. But the goddess Hestia appeared to him in his sleep and for- bade him the murder. He therefore imposed upon the maidens the weaving of a certain web in their imprisonment, assuring them that when they had finished the weaving of it, they should then be given in marriage. By day, then, these maidens wove, but by night other maidens, at the command. of Tarche- tius, unravelled their web. And when the handmaid became the mother of twin children by the phantom, Tarchetius gave them to a certain Teratius with orders to destroy them. This man, however, carried them to the river-side and laid them down there. Then a she-wolf visited the babes and gave them suck, while all sorts of birds brought morsels of food and put them into their mouths, until a cow-herd spied them, conquered his amazement, ventured to come to them, and took the children home with him. Thus they were saved, and when they were grown up, they set upon Tarchetius and overcame him. 95 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pabiwy tis iotoplay ‘Itadixny ovuvretaypévos eLpnKe. TIT. Tod b€ ariotev &yovtos Noyou padtota Kal TAELTTOUS PLAPTUPAS TA MEV KUPLOTATA TPOTOS Eis Tovs "EdAnvas éFédwxe AroxrAns LemrapyOu0s, & kal DPdBros o Tlixtwp év trois wrelorots éarnKo- Ud / \ 7 4 NovOnxe. yeyovacr S€ Kal tept TovTwy Erepat Stadopais tuir@ Oé eimeiv ToLovTOs €oTt. TOVaT Aivetov yeyovotwy év “AXBn Bacidéwy eis ader- govs dvo, Nountopa nal ’Apovruov, 7 Siadoyy A ’ / \ , \ 4 4 Kadyjxev. "Apovdriov 6é veipavros ta mavta dixa, " a QK / \ / \ 3 / 7H 6€ Baciheia Ta Ypnwata Kal Tov é« Tpoias Komobevta xpuoov avtiOévtos, efreTo THY Bact- Aetav o Nopuntwp. éxov ovv o ’ApovrXos Ta Xpyyata Kat mréov am’ avtav Suvdpevos Tod Nountopos, thy te Bactrciav adeireto padias, kal hoBovpevos éx THS Ovyatpos avTod yevérOar matdas tépecav THS “Eotias améderEev, dryapov Kat mapBévov del Biwcouevnv. tavtny of pev Trap, ot de “Péay, of 58 YrAoviav dvopdlover. gpwparar dé er’ ov ToAVY Ypovoyv Kvodca Tapa TOV Kabe- orata Tals ‘Kotiaot vopov. Kal TO pev aviKerta N un > A @e- lal v4 s b ) AY pn wabeiy avtny 9 ToD Bacidéws Ovyarnp "AvOw mapyTnoato, Senfeica Tov matpos: etpxOn dé cat lartav elyev aveTripixTov, OTwS un AGGoOL TexovVTA \ ? 4 +4 \ vA A e A tov Apovdov. étexe 5é dv0 taidas vmepdueis A e peyeOes Kal KaddrAXa. Sv 6 Kat waGdXov o ’ApovALos poBnbeis éxéXevoev avtovs vmrnpétny AaRovta CA “A wv Us > pipar. tovtov émot DavotvrAov ovopdlecbas 96 ROMULUS At any rate, this is what a certain Promathion says, who compiled a history of Italy. III. But the story which has the widest credence and the greatest number of vouchers was _ first published among the Greeks, in its principal details, by Diocles of Peparethus, and Fabius Pictor follows him in most points. Here again there are variations in the story, but its general outline is as follows. The descendants of Aeneas reigned as kings in Alba, and the succession devolved at length upon two brothers, Numitor and Amulius.!- Amulius divided the whole inheritance into two parts, setting the treasures and the gold which had been brought from Troy over against the kingdom, and Numitor chose the kingdom. Amulius, then, in possession of the treasure, and made more powerful by it than Nu- mitor, easily took the kingdom away from his brother, and fearing lest that brother’s daughter should have children, made her a priestess of Vesta, bound to live unwedded and a virgin all her days. Her name is variously given as Ilia, or Rhea, or Silvia. Not long after this, she was discovered to be with child, contrary to the established law for the Vestals.? She did not, however, suffer the capital punishment which was her due, because the king’s daughter, Antho, interceded successfully in her behalf, but she was kept in solitary confinement, that she might not be delivered without the knowledge of Amulius. Delivered she was of two boys, and their size and beauty were more than human. Wherefore Amulius was all the more afraid, and ordered a servant to take the boys and cast them away. This servant’s name was Faustulus, according to some, but others 1 Cf. Livy, i. 3. 2 Of. Livy, i. 4, 1-5. 97 VOL. I. H w PLUTARCH’S LIVES Néyovoty, of 8 ov TOUTOV, GAXA TOV avEdOpEVOV. évOépevos odv eis oxadny Ta Bpédn, xatéBn pév eri TOV ToTapoV ws pirrwr, idwy Sé KaTLOVTA TOAA@ pevpats cal tpayvvopevov Ederce mpocenOelv, ey- yus 5€ THs GyOns Katadels amrndddoceTo. TOU Sé ToTapov KaTakAUlovros 7 TANLMUpA THY oKAadNY itroAaBovca Kal peTewpicaca Tpaws KaTHVEYKEY eis yopiov émiexas padOaxov, 6 viv Kepparov Kadovot, Tara d€ Teppavov, as Eotxev, bre Kat TOUS abEeAHous yeppavovs ovoudlovarv. IV. "Hv &€ waAnoiov épiveds, bv ‘Pwptvarov éxdrour, 7 da Tov ‘PwpvAoy, ws of ToAXNOl vopi- Cova, 7 1a TO TA pnpvKopeva Tov Openpator éxel Sia tHhv oxrdv éevdsdlerv, ) pdrtota bia Tov Tov Bpepav Onracpov, 6te thy Te Ondyv podpav avopatov oi Tadatot, Kai Oeov Tia THs éextpopis TOV VyTiOV emipeeio Gar Soxovaav ovoudtovat ‘Poupediay, kal Ovovow adth vnddda, cal yara Tois tepois ema mévdovaw. évtatOa 8 ois Bpédec KELpEVOLS THY Te AUKaLvaY iaTopobat Onraloperny, Kal Spvoxoddnrny Tia mapeivat ouvextpepovTa Kat purdrrovta. vouiferar & "A pews ¢ tepa ta ta tov dé Spvoxohdrrny al StadepovTws Aativot oéBovtas al Top@ay" dev ovxX ietota Tictw éaxev 7 Texovoa Ta Bpédn Texely && "A pews pdoKovaa. Kaltot TobTo male avtny éEanarnOeioay Aéyouaty, UmO TOU ‘Apovrtiou SrarapbevevOeioar é év Ordos emrihavéy- TOS aUTH Kal cvvapTdcayTos. 95 ~ ROMULUS. give this name to the man who took the boys up. Obeying the king’s orders, the servant put the babes into a trough and went down towards the river, purposing to cast them in; but when he saw that the stream was much swollen and violent, he was afraid to go close up to it, and setting his burden down near the bank, went his way. Then the over- flow of the swollen river took and bore up the trough, floating it gently along, and carried it down to a fairly smooth spot which is now called Kermalus, but formerly Germanus, perhaps because brothers are called “ germani.” 1V. Now there was a wild fig-tree hard by, which they called Ruminalis, either from Romulus, as is generally thought, or because cud-chewing, or rumt- nating, animals spent the noon-tide there for the sake of the shade, or best of all, from the suckling of the babes there; for the ancient Romans called the teat “ ruma,” and a certain goddess, who is thought to preside over the rearing of young children, is still called Rumilia, in sacrificing to whom no wine is used, and libations of milk are poured over her victims. Here, then, the babes lay, and the she-wolt of story here gave them suck,! and a woodpecker came to help in feeding them and to watch over them. Now these creatures are considered sacred to Mars, and the woodpecker is held in especial veneration and honour by the Latins, and this was the chief reason why the mother was believed when she declared that Mars was the father of her babes. And yet it is said that she was deceived into doing this, and was really deflowered by Amulius himself, who came to her in armour and ravished her. 1 Cf. Livy, i. 4, 6-7. 99 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Oi 5é rotvoya ths tpodod bu’ aupeBoriav émi TO pvOades ExtpoTny TH Pun Tapacyely. ov- Tas yap éxddouy ot Aativot tov Te Onpiwv Tas AvKaivas, KaL TOY yuvaLKav Tas ératpovaas: Elvat 5é roravtny Ty PavotvAou yuvaixa Tod TA Bpé- dn Opépavtos,”"Axxav Aapevtiay dvoua. tavry dé cad Ovovewy oi ‘Pwpaiol, cab yoas éripéper Tov "Ampirdrlou pnvos adtH!o Tod” Apews tepedts, Kat Aapevtiav Kadodot thy éopTny. V. ‘Erépav 8& tipaor Aapevtiay é& aitias TotauTyns. o vewKxopos tov ‘Hpaxdéous davor, ws osxev, VIO axXONS, MpovHero mpos Tov Oedv SiaxuBeverv, vremo@v Ste vixrjoas pev avros ekee Tt mapa Tov Oeod ypnorov, nrtnOels 8& 7H De@ tpatetav adOovov tapéEer Kai yuvaixa Kadnv cuvavatravaopevnv. éml TovToss Tas peyv Uirép Tod Oeod riOeis, Tas & brép avTod wWhdous, avedayvn vikepevos. evovvbereiy 5é Bovrdpuevos kat Stxarov éppévery trois optoOeior, Seimvov re T@ Oc@ trapecxevace, kai trv Aapevtiay ovcay wpaiay, oiTw Sé émidbavh, picOwodpevos, eictia- oev ev TO LEp@, KALYHY UTOCTOpécas, Kal peTa TO delrrvov cuveipEev, ws 57) Tov Oeod E€ovtos aurnpy. kal pévtor nal Tov Oeov évruyeiy DéyeTat TH yuvatxt kal Kerctoar Badbifev Ewhev érd riv ayopav Kai Tov aTavTncavTa Tp@TOY aoTraca- pérnv toeicbar pirov. amnvtncey ovv avrTn TOV TOMTOY avNp NAtKias TE TOppw HKeY Kai 1 ab7i bracketed in Sintenis?, to avoid the hiatus. 100 ROMULUS But some say that the name of the children’s nurse, by its ambiguity, deflected the story into the realm of the fabulous. For the Latins not only called she-wolves “lupae,’ but also women of loose character, and such a woman was the wife of Faustulus, the foster-father of the infants, Acca Larentia by name. Yet the Romans sacrifice also to her, and in the month of April the priest of Mars pours libations tn her honour, and the festival is called Larentalia. V. They pay honours also to another Larentia, for the following reason. The keeper of the temple of Hercules, being at a loss for something to do, as it seems, proposed to the god a game of dice, with the understanding that if he won it himself, he should get some valuable present from the god ; .but if he lost, he would furnish the god with a bounteous repast and a lovely woman to keep him company for the night. On these terms the dice were thrown, first for the god, then for himself, when it appeared that he had lost. Wishing to keep faith, and thinking it right to abide by the contract, he pre- pared a banquet for the god, and engaging Larentia, who was then in the bloom of her beauty, but not yet famous,' he feasted her in the temple, where he had spread a couch, and after the supper locked her in, assured of course that the god would take pos- session of her. And verily it is said that the god did visit the woman, and bade her go early in the morning to the forum, salute the first man who met her, and make him her friend. She was met, accordingly, by one of the citizens who was well on in years and possessed of considerable property, but 1 In Morals, p. 273 a, she is called a public courtezan. 101 Gr PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ b / e , wv \ N cuvethoxas ovotay ixavyny, amas bé Kal BeBro- Kos dvev yvvatkos, Gvoua Tappovrios. | obtos éyva tiv Aapevtiay Kal nydirnoe, Kal TeXMeUTOV b lA 4 3 \ é A i “A amédure KXnpovopov él aWodrdois Kal Kadois KThpacw, Ov éxeivn TA TrEioTA TH SHuw KaTA SvaOrjxas ewKe. Aéyetas S& adtny evdokov odaav aN N A A bd a. , #5n Kal Ocodiry vousrloperny, adpavh yevérOar mepl todToy Tov ToOTOV év @. Kal THY TpoTEpay A a) fe) e éxeivnv Aapevtiay xeicOar. Kxareitar d€ viv o rémos ByNaupov, ott Tov moTtapod moNNAKLs imrepeomevov SieTreparodyTo TopOpetows Kata TOb- To TO ywpiov eis ayopay. thy Sé ropO pear Anvatovpay Kadodow. énot S€é réyovae THY eis Tov immodpopov hépovoay e& dyopas tapodov totlow KaTaTetavyivat Tovs THY Oéav Trapée- lel ‘ on 2 ve Q yovras, évTeDOev apxouevovs: pwpaiati de To iotiov BHdov dvopdfover, Sia tadta pev exer ripas 9 Sevtépa Aapevtia tape ‘Pwpaios. | VI. Ta 8é Bpépn Pavortiros ’ApovdAiov ou- , : > 4 dopBos aveiiero AaOwy arravtas, ws 8 Mot gact Tov eixdTav exopevor padrov, eidotos TOU a ; , Nopjropos nat ouyyopynyodvros tpopas xpupa Tois Tpépovcr. Kal ypappata RéyovTar Kal = , e a 3 ‘ / Tadra pavOavey oi traides eis TaBtovs Kope- abévres, Baa yp TOUS ED yeyovotas. KdnOjvat , A A a e Sé cab TovTOUs amd THS Ondjs iaTopotcr ‘Pwpvrov v ¢ A of A Ww \ 4 cal ‘Papov, dtu Onralovtes GPOnoav to Anpiov. 4) pev ovv ev Tois owpacw edyévera Kal vnTioV dvrwy ebvOvs éFéhaive peyéOa Kal idéa Thy duow abfdpevor Sé Ovpoedeis oav aphorepor Kal . , . ape dvdpedses xal ppovnpata mpos Ta awwopeva 102 ROMULUS - childless, and Unmarried all his life, by name Tarrutius. This man took Larentia to his bed and loved her well, and at his death left her heir to many and fair possessions, most of which she bequeathed to the people. And it is said that when she was now famous and regarded as the beloved of a god, she disappeared at the spot where the former Larentia also lies buried: This spot is now called Velabrum, because when the river overflowed, as it often did, they used to cross it at about this point in ferry-boats, to go to the forum, ard their word for ferry is’ “velatura.” But some say that it is so- called because from that point on, the street leading to the Hippodrome! from the forum is covered over with sails by the givers of a public spectacle, and the Roman word for sail is “velum.”’ It is for these reasons that honours are paid to this second Larentia amongst the Romans. VI. As for the babes, they were taken up and reared by Faustulus, a swineherd of Amulius, and no man knew of it; or, as some say with a closer approach to probability, Numitor did know of it, and secretly aided the foster-parents in their task. And it is said that the boys were taken to Gabii to learn letters and the other branches of knowledge which are meet for those of noble birth. Moreover, we are told that they were named, from “ruma,” the Latin word for teat,2 Romulus and Romus (or Remus), because they were seen sucking the wild beast. Well, the noble size and beauty of their bodies, even when they were infants, betokened their natural disposition ; and when they grew up, they were both of them courageous and manly, with spirits which 1 That is, the Circus Maximus. 2 Cf. chapter iv. 1. 103 PLUTARCH'’§ LIVES dewa Kai Today dws dvextAneToY ExovTEs’ o 6¢ “Pwptros yooun te xpycOar padrrov édoxe Kat TomTiKny exe avveoty, év Tats Tepl vomas Kal Kuynyias mpos Tovs yerTMavTas éeryuklats TOAANY EAUTOU TAPEXWY KATAVONALW ryE“ovLKOD padrgov 7 weiOapyixod gpicet yeyovoTtos. S40 TO peVv OpopvAos 7 TatrevoTépols TMpordireis joav, émistdras dé cat duomevs Bacidixovs Kat AYENAPYAS, WS pander avT@Y apeTH Siapépovras, Umepd povoby Tes ouT ares éppovtilov ovTe hes eXpOvTo dé Staitars Kat SiatptBais éNev- epiows, ov THY oXOnY édevOéptov mYOUpevor Kal THY amroviay, adda yupvaowd Kal Onpas Kat Spopous xa TO Apotas apuvacbas Kat Kr@TTAS éhaiy Kat Bias éfereobau TOUS dOdLKOUpEVOUS. joav 61) dia TadTa meptBonTor. Vil. Tevopeévns 5é Tivos pos TOUS Noyijropos Bouxonous TOUS ‘Apoviiou Ssagopiis kat Booxn- parov éAdoews, OvK avacxopevoL TUyKOMTOVTL pev avrovs Kal TpeTrovTa, amroréuvavrat bé tis Aetas aouyyyy. dyavaxtobvTos dé Tod Nopnropos aAuya@povv- auvivyov 8é Kal Tpoa ed€XovTo Toddovs pev amopous, moAXous 8é SovAous, Opdcous aqro- OTATLKOY Kal ppoviparas apxKas évd.dovres. Tob dé Papvrov poy Twa Ouotay daroT pam opevov (cal yap hv prob urns Kat pavTixos), ot TOU Nopnropas Borijpes TP ‘Papp pet odLywr Babi- Core TPoaTUXoVTEs euadXovTo. Kat yevopevay mrAnyav Kat TpaUbaTOY év apporépors expaTnoay ot tov Nopntopos nai avvédaBov Cavra Tov 104 ROMULUS courted apparent danger, and a daring which nothing could terrify. But Romulus seemed to exercise his judgement more, and to have political sagacity, while in his intercourse with their neighbours in matters pertaining to herding and hunting, he gave them the impression that he was born to command rather than to ebey. With their equals or inferiors . they were therefore on friendly terms, but they looked down upon the overseers, bailiffs, and chief herdsmen of the king, believing them to be no better men than themselves, and disregarded both their threats and their anger. They also applied them- selves to generous occupations and pursuits, not esteeming sloth and idleness generous, but rather bodily exercise, hunting, running, driving off robbers, capturing thieves, and rescuing the oppressed from | violence. For these things, indeed, they were famous far and near. VII. When a quarrel arose between the herdsmen of Numitor and Amulius,! and some of the latter's cattle were driven off, the brothers would not suffer it, but fell upon the robbers, put them to flight, and intercepted most of the booty. To the displeasure of Numitor they gave little heed, but collected and took into their company many needy men and many slaves, exhibiting thus the beginnings of seditious boldness ‘and temper. But once when Romulus was busily engaged in some sacrifice, being fond of sacrifices and of divination, the herdsmen of Numitor fell in with Remus as he was walking with few com- panions, and a battle ensued. After blows and wounds given and received on both sides, the herdsmen of Numitor prevailed and took Remus prisoner, whe was 1 Cf. Livy, i. 5, 3 ff. 105 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘Popov. davaxOévtos oty avtou 7 pos, Tov Noun- Topa Kal Karmyopnbevros, AUTOS Mev OVK exddace, xarer ov dvta Sedims tov adeAdov, eAOa@v Sé mpos éxeivoy édetTo Tuxely Sinns, derpos a @v Kai xabuBpiopévos vo olxeTav éxetvov. Bacidéws 3 dvtos. cuvayavaxtovvrwy 5é Tay év “AXBn Kai Sewa macyew oiopévwy tov avdpa rap afiav, evmGels ) “Apov\aos avT@ Tapadidwar To Nopn- Tope Tov Papov 6 Te Bobhorro xpnoacbar. IlapadaPov dé é éxeivos, as Kev olxape, Oaupd- Cwv pév ato TOU cwpaTos TOY veavioxov weEp- pépovra peryeec Kal poun mavTas, evopéay d€ Tw TpotwnTg TO Oappartov Kal irapov Ths poxis 4 adovAwtov Kal amabes iro TOV TapovT@v, Eprya dé avtov kal wpdfes Guora Ttois Bretropévors axovov, TO b€ péytoTtov, ws Eouxe, Oeod cupra- povros Kat ouverrevOivovTos apxyas peydhoy 7 pay- ~paToy, am TO pevos émrtvota kal TOXN THIS ady- Oelas, avéxpiver dats ein wat bras yévotro, pov Te mpgela kat giravOpar@ Bréupare 5 miotw avT@ per’ érmidos evdsbovs. o be Gappav Ereyer: “ANN obdev arroxpvouat ve wa yap elvau boxets ‘A povdiou Baowrixwrepas.. aKovels yap Kal avaxpivess mpiv v7 Kohatery: o S _axpitous teb(Stoar. 7 pOoTEpov fev EavTovs oLKEeTOV Bact- AéEws DavotvArov Kat Aapevrias nro rapeba, Tak das (éopev dé didupor), ryevopevos dé év aitia Tpos oé Kai 61a Bodais Ka. Tots mepi puxis ayaa, dxovonev peydda mepl éavtdy’ e b¢ 6 TloTd, Kpivery Eouxe voV Oo Kivduvos. yoval pév 1906 ~., ROMULUS then carried before Numitor and denounced. Numitor himself did not punish his prisoner, because he was in fear of his brother Amulius, who was severe, but went to Amulius and asked for justice, since he was his brother, and had been insulted by the royal servants. The people of Alba, too, were incensed, and thought that Numitor had been undeservedly outraged. Amulius was therefore induced to hand Remus over to Numitor himself, to treat him as he saw fit. : When Numitor came home, after getting Remus into his hands, he was amazed at the young man’s com- plete superiority in stature and strength of body, and perceiving by his countenance that the boldness and vigour of his soul were unsubdued and unharmed by his present circumstances, and hearing that his acts and deeds corresponded with his looks, but chiefly, as it wonld seem, because a divinity was aiding and assisting in the inauguration of great events, he grasped the truth by a happy conjecture, and asked him who he was and what were the circumstances of his birth, while his gentle voice and kindly look inspired the youth with confidence and hope. Then Remus boldly said: “Indeed, I will hide nothing from thee ; for thou seemest to be more like a king- than Amulius; thou hearest and weighest before punishing, but he surrenders men without a trial. Formerly we believed ourselves (my twin brother and I) children of Faustulus and Larentia, servants of the king; but since being accused and slandered before thee and brought in peril of our lives, we hear great things concerning ourselves; whether they are true or not, our present danger is likely to decide. Our birth is said to have been secret, and 107 q PLUTARCH'’S LIVES yap pov amoppnror Aéyovtar, tpopat Sé Kal TiOnvicets arora@repat veoyvav, ols éppidnpev olwvois Kat Onpioss, UTO TOUVTWY TpEpopmeEvoL, pagre AvKaLYNS wal Spvoxoddmrov pouiopacw, ev oKxady Tit Kélmevot Tapa TOY peyay ToTAapoY. éote © 1) oxddyn xal oolerat, yarxois urroke- oLACt 1pa ppd ory apvdpov eyxexaparypevery, & ryévour’ dv tows borepov avopedi YyVO pio para TOOLS ToKevow NOY drohopevov.” ‘O pev otv Nounrop & te Trav oon TOUT@Y Kat Tpos THY Ow eixalwy TOV Ypovoy, oUK EpEevye Thy édrida caivovaay, adr’ édportiley Gras TH Ouyatpi epi tovtwy Kpida cuyyevopevos dpd- oevev’ efpoupetro yap Ett KapTepas. VIII. ‘O 8 PavaotirAos axotoas tHv TE avA- Apo Tov ‘Popov Kai thy mapddoow, TOV pev ‘Paptrov ngiov Bon Geir, TOTE Tapes bdd£as mepl Tis yeverews’ 7 poTepov bé UmyviTTETo Kat mapedn hou ToqovTov dcov T pooéxovTas en pix ov ppoveiv’ avros O€ THY oxadny Kopiley exeoper pos TOV N omnropa, omovons Kat d€ous perros ay dia TOY Katpov. browiay ovv trois mepl Tas ee Ppovpois, Tob Baorréws Ta pexon, Kai pepevos | Ur avToY Kai _Tapatropevos rept Tas amroxpicets, ovx éEdade thy cKapny Th xAa- pudip TeptkadumTov. yw 8€ tus év avrois amo TUXNS Tov Ta Tala piyrar AaBovtov Kat yeyo- voTO@D mrept TH Exdeow. ovTOs ideav THY aKadny TOTE, KAL YYWPLoaS TH KATATKEVT Kal TOs ypap- 1 Spopwpevos corrected by Bekker to eres (quealioned). 108 ™~ ROMULUS our nursing and nurture as infants stranger: still. We were cast out to birds of prey and wild beasts, only to be nourished by them,—by the dugs of a she-wolf and the morsels of a woodpecker, as we lay in a. little trough by the side of the great river. The trough still exists and is kept safe, and its brenze girdles are engraved with letters now almost effaced, which may perhaps hereafter prove unavailing tokens of recognition for our parents, when we are dead and gone.” Then Numitor, hearing these words, and conjec- turing the time which had elapsed from the young man’s looks, welcomed the hope that flattered him, and thought how he might talk with his daughter eoncerning these matters in a secret interview ; for she was still kept in the closest custody. VIII. But Faustulus, on hearing that Remus had been seized and delivered up to Numitor, called upon Romulus to go to his aid, and then told him clearly the particulars of their birth; before this also he had hinted at the matter darkly, and revealed enough to give them ambitious thoughts when they dwelt upon it. He himself took the trough and went to see Numitor, full of anxious fear lest he might not be in season. Naturally enough, the guards at the king’s gate were suspicious of him, and when he was scrutinized by them and made confused replies to their questions, he was found to be concealing the trough in his cloak. Now by chance there was among the guards one of those who had taken the boys to cast them into the river, and were concerned in their exposure. This man, now seeing the trough, and recognizing it by its 109 PLUTARCH'S LIVES pacty, éruxev UTrovota Tou éyTos Kal ov Tapy- pédnoer, ANNO ppdoas TO mpaypa TO Bacvret KaTéaTnoev els EXeyyov. év be modhais Kal pe- yaraus dvayKals 0 _Pavarvros ovr anTTnTov éavrov Suepvrakev ovte TavTdmacwy exBrac Geis, awleabat pe @LoroynTe TOUS maidas, elvat 8 drrwbev Ths “AXBnS Epn véwovtas: autos 6é TodTO Tpos THY Tiiav pépov Badifery, TOANAKLS idety kai Ouyeiy ém’ édrridt BeBarotépa tay Téxvov mobjcacay. “Orep ouv. oi TapaTToOpEvor Kal pera déous 4 mpos opyny T parrovrTes OTLOUV ET LELKOS wdaxXovat, TUVETTETE Tabeiv TOV “Apoudov. avipa yap adn TE Xpyoroy kai trou N ourropos dirov v0 arov- bis éreppe, Starrv0écOar Tob Nopjropos Ke- Nevoas et Tis HKoL NOYOS Eis avdrov Drrép | TeV Taliov ws TEPLYEVOMEVOD. ddixopevos ovv Oo avOpwiros, Kat Jeacdpevos Soov ova Tov ‘Pa- prov ev meptBonais Kal prop pocwvars Tob Nopn- TOPOS, THV TE TiaTLD toxupay émoinge THS exridos cal Tapexehevaato TOV mpayparav dféws avre- AapBdvecOar, Kal ouviy autos 76n Kal ouve- Tparrev. 0 6 Kaipos ove BovAopevors oxvety Tapeixer. O yap ‘Pepvnros eyyus qv non, Kal pos avTov eeOeov OvK oduryor TOV TOMTOY pices Kal poBy Tov "ApovAiou. TloAAny dé Kal. our auT@ Sivapuy nYE oudAEAOX LG MEV NY eis. éxa- TooTvas: éxaaTns O€ avinp adyyeiro Xoprou Kat Dns aryKarioa KOVT@ TEpiKerpevny avexov pa- vida TavTas Aarivot Karovatv am’ éxeivou &e Kal viv év tols orpatevpact trovTovs pave- Trapiovs ovouafovow. aya S€ Tov péev “Papmov ITO ~ ROMULUS make and inscription, conceived a suspicion of the truth, and without any delay told the matter to the king,and brought the man before him to be examined. In these dire and pressing straits, Faustulus did not entirely hold his own, nor yet was his secret wholly forced from him. He admitted that the boys were alive and well, but said they lived at a distance from Alba as herdsmen; he himself was carrying the trough to Ilia, who had often yearned to see and handle it, in confirmation of her hope for her children. As, then, men naturally fare who are con- founded, and act with fear or in a passion, so it fell out that Amulius fared. For he sent in all haste an excellent man and a friend of Numitor’s, with orders to learn from Numitor whether any report had come to him of the children’s being alive. When, accordingly, the man was come, and beheld Remus almost in the affectionate embraces of Numitor, he confirmed them in their confident hope, and entreated them to proceed at once to action, promptly joining their party himself and furthering their cause. And the opportunity admitted of no delay, even had they wished it; for Romulus was now close at hand, and many of the citizens who hated and feared Amulius were running forth to join him.. He was also leading a large force with him, divided into companies of a hundred men, each company headed by a man who bore aloft a handful of hay and shrubs tied round a pole (the Latin word for handful is “manipulus,” and hence in their armies they still call the men in such companies “ manipulares.”’). And when Remus incited the IT! PLUFARCH’S LIVES Tovs évros aduotavros, tod $8 ‘PwuiXouv mpocd- yovros &Ewhev, ore mpdEas obdey 6 TYpAVVOS otre Bovievoas cwrnpiov édutd, Sta TO atropety kai tapatrecbar, catarndbels améBaver. "Ov ta wreiota cat rod PaBiou Xéyovros Kal tov IlerapnOiov Aroxréovs, bs Sone? mparos éxdovvar ‘Papuns xticw, Drortov pev éviots éati TO Spapatixoy Kal mwrAacpaT@des, ov Set 58 am- oTely THY TUXNY OpavTas olwy TrolnpaTtov Sn- puoupyos éott, Kal ta “Pwpaiwy rpdypata Aey- Compévous ws ove av éevtaiv0a tpouBn Suvdpeos, pn Oeiav tia apynv AaBovra Kal pmdev péya pnde rapadoEoy éyovcay. IX. ’Apovatov b€ atoBavevtos nal trav mpay- patwv KatactavTwy, “AXBny pev odt’ oiKxeivy py apxovres oT apxev éBovrovto Tod pntpoTatopos Lavros, atrodovtes 5é tiv aryepoviav éxelvp nat rH pentpl Teuas mperovaas, éyvwoay oixely Kad” éavtous, Tod év ols ywpios é& apyns éverpa- dnocay xticavtes: attn yap evmpetecotatn TeV aittay eat. Fw S tows dvaycaiov, oietav Kal amoatatav Toray nOpoic péevwv pos aUTOUs, F KaTarvOjvat tayvtamact TovTwyv Siactapiytev 7 ouvouxeiy idta pet adtav. Ste yap ove n€louvy of tHv “AXBnvy otxobvtes avaptyvivat Tovs atro- otdtas éavtois ovde mpocdéxyecOat ToriTas, é57- Awoe TPw@TOY pev TO TEept Tas yuVaiKas Epryop, ovx UBper TorpunOev, adra Ou’ dvdyeny, éxovoteoy I12 ROMULUS citizens within the city to revolt, and at the same time Romulus attacked from without, the tyrant, without taking a single step or making any plan for his own safety, from sheer perplexity and confusion, was seized and put to death. Although most of these particulars are related by Fabius and Diocles of Peparethus, who seems to have been the first to publish a “ Founding of Rome,” some are suspicious of their fictitious and fabulous quality ; but we should not be incredulous when we see what a poet fortune sometimes is, and when we reflect that the Roman state would not have attained: to its present power, had it not been of a divine origin, and one which was attended by great marvels. IX. Amulius being now dead, and matters settled in the city, the brothers were neither willing to live in Alba, unless as its rulers, nor to be its rulers while their grandfather was alive. Having therefore restored the government to him and paid _ fitting honours to their mother, they resolved to dwell by themselves, and to found a city in the region where, at the first, they were nourished and sustained ; } this surely seems a most fitting reason for their course. But perhaps it was necessary, now that many slaves and fugitives were gathered about them, either to disperse these and have no following at all, or else to dwell apart with them. For that the residents of Alba would not consent to give the fugitives the privilege of intermarriage with them, nor even receive them as fellow-citizens, is clear, in the first place, from the rape of the Sabine women,? which was not a deed of wanton daring, but one of necessity, owing to the lack of marriages by consent ; 1 Cf. Livy, i. 6, 3 f. 2 See chapter xiv. VOL. 1. 1 a | PLUTARCH’S LIVES ] , , : > / \ > \ e 4 dropig yipov: eriuncay yap abtas iprdcavtes TEPLTTOS. EElrTa THS MorAEWS THY TpwTNY (ra a e , 4 a) > iOpvatv NapBavovens, icpov tt PvEtpov Tots ade- oTapévors KaTacKkevacaytes, 6 Beov *Acudraiov Tpoonyopevov, edéyovto tdvtas, ovte SeaTroTals SodAov ovte Ota ypHoTas ovT apxYovot avdpo- Uj ? 4 b] \ lA , dovov éxdiddvtes, GAA pavTevpate tmUOOKpHoTH n a A oe , , o mao. BeBatodv thy davriav ddcKovtes, WaTE TAnOvoar TAYD THY TOALY: érrEl TAS Ye TPwWTAS e / / a / \ / 4 -€OTLAS NEYOUVGL TOV XtALWY jun TrELOVaS yever Oat. TavTa pev ovv DaTeEpor. e / \ v3 \ : ‘ > A Oppnoact 5€ mpos Tov cuvoiKiapoyv avTois < a evOus Hv Siagopa tept tov téTrov. “Pwpyvros pev ovv THY Kanrovpéevnv ‘Pounv Kxovadparny, direp éotl teTpadywvov, extice, Kal éxeivov éBovdeTO monivey tov toTrov, ‘Papmos 5& ywpiov te Tod > , 4 A é > 9 “ A > , A Bevtivou kaptepov, 6 ot éxeivoy pev wvopacn e ? “a , ¢ , “A Pepwvioy, viv dé “Peyvaptov xadreirar. avvde- , de \ ” v > / ro) pévoy 5é thy épiv Gpuctv aicios BpaRevoa Kral , 4 [4 a ¢ , KabeCopévwv ywpis, € dact tO ‘Pong, SirAa- , ne 4 aA A cious be 7 Pwoptr@ mpopavijvar yorras. ot &é A b a A A Tov pev “P@pov arnOas ideiv, revoacOar dé tov “Pwpvrov éMovros 5€ tod ‘Pemov, tote Tovs daHdexa TO ‘Paopwr@ havhvar, 66 nat viv pddtota xpnabas yuri “Pwpaious oiwrlopévous. ‘Hpodwpos 6é o ovrixos toropet nal tov ‘Hpa- Kea Xaipe yurros emi mpd&e dhavévros. éore év yap aBNaBéctarov Cowy ara dev 6 peev yap a éotarov & avtov, pndev ov 114 23 ROMULUS for they certainly honoured the women, when they had carried them off, beyond measure. And in the second place; when their city was first founded, they made a sanctuary of refuge for all fugitives! which they called the sanctuary of the God of Asylum. There they received all who came, delivering none up, neither slave to masters, nor debtor to creditors, nor murderer to magistrates, but declaring it to be in obedience to an oracle from Delphi that they made the asylum secure for all men. Therefore the city was soon full of people, for they say that the first houses numbered no more than a thousand. This, however, was later. But when they set out to establish their city, a dispute at once arose concerning the site. Romulus, accordingly, built Roma Quadrata (which means square), and wished to have the city on that site ; but Remus laid out a strong precinct on the Aventine hill, which was named from him Remonium, but now is called Rignarium. Agreeing to settle their quarrel by the flight of birds of omen,? and taking their seats on the ground apart from one another, six vultures, they say, were seen by Remus, and twice that number by Romulus. Some, however, say that whereas Remus truly saw his six, Romulus lied about his twelve, but that when Remus came to him, then he did see the twelve. Hence it is that at the present time also the Romans chiefly regard vultures when they take auguries from the flight of birds. Herodorus Ponticus relates that Hercules also was glad to see a vulture present itself when he was upon an exploit. For it is the least harmful 1 Cf. Livy, i. 8, 5f. 2 Cf. Livy, i. 7, 1. 115 PLUTARCH’S LIVES / A 4, bl 4 ¥ ameipovaty 1 putTevovor % vésovoty avOpwrot aivopevov, tpéderas Sé awd vexpov cwpator, > / 2 399\ IO , \ arroxtivyvat & ovdév ovdé Nupaivetar ruxny exo, mrnvoss 5€ Ota cuyyévetay ovbe vexpois Tpogeaty. detol 6€ Kai yNadxes Kal iépaxes CavtTa KomTOVGL ig 4 4 , > 3 Ta opodvra Kal dovevovor: Kaito. cat At- oyvNov "OpuiBos opts TAS av ayvetor dayav; 7 ért Tada pev ev OPOarpois, ws Eros eltreiv, ava- otpépetar nal mapéyee Sta rravtos alcOnacy éavrav: o 6é yu amdvioy éott Oéapa Kal veoo- a ; A 9 e , ” J , > aois yuTros ov padiws iopey évreruynKoTeEs, GANA nal mapéoyev éviots atorov irovoav, &oOerv avtrovs ad’ érépas Tivos yAs KaTtaipev évrabOa, TO oTrdvLov Kal p11) TUVEXES, olov ot wavrets afvov- ow elvat TO un KaTa pvawv pnd ad’ avrod, TouTTH Sé Oeia harvopevov. § \ 8 v \ 2 / e epr X. Eet 0 éyvw thy atratnv o ‘Papos, éya- : a e AETratve, Kal TOU “Pwpyvrov Tadpov opvTToVTOS 7 TO Tetyos Euedre KuKAOVTOaL, TA pev eyrevale la) al > ‘ tay épyov, tots 5 éumodwy éyéveto. tédros Se e ae a SeadAOpevoy avtov ol ev avtTov Pwpyvtrov TaTda- Favtos, of S¢ Tav étaipwv tiwds Kédepos, evrad0a 2 qeceiv Néyouow. émece Se kal Pavotinros dv TH payn cat Wreorivos, bv aderpov dvra Davord- Nou auverOpéevrar Tovs mept Tov Pwpmvrov ictopov- ov. o pev ovyv Kérep eis Tuppnviay petéotn nat an’ éxeivou tovs taxeis of “‘Papaio: nat d&ets 4 3 UU \ Iw 4 KéNepas ovoualovaor «at Koivtrov MéredXopr, Sri 116 a. ROMULUS of all creatures, injures no grain, fruit-tree, or cattle, and lives on carrion. But it does not kill or maltreat anything that has life, and as for birds, it will not touch them even when they are dead, since they are of its own species. But eagles, owls, and hawks smite their own kind when. alive, and kill them. And yet, in the words of Aeschylus :—! “ How shall a bird that preys on fellow bird be clean?” Besides, other birds are, so to speak, always in our eyes, and let themselves be seen continually; but the vulture is a rare sight, and it is not easy to come upon a vulture’s young, nay, some men have been led into a strange suspicion that the birds come from some other and foreign land to visit us here, so rare and intermittent is their appearance, which soothsayers think should be true of what does not present itself naturally, nor spontaneously, but by a divine sending. X. When Remus knew of the deceit, he was enraged,? and as Romulus was digging a trench where his city’s wall was to run, he ridiculed some parts of the work, and obstructed others. At last, when he leaped across it, he was smitten (by Romulus himself, as some say; according to others, by Celer, one of his companions), and fell dead there. Faustulus also fell in the battle, as well as Pleistinus, who was a brother of Faustulus, and assisted him in rearing Romulus and Remus. Celer, at any rate, betook himself to Tuscany, and from him ‘the Romans call such as are swift and speedy, “celeres.’’ Quintus Metellus, for instance, when his father died, 1 Suppliants, 226 (Dindorf). 2 Cf. Livy, i. 7, 2. 117 Ww PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov TaTpos aTOPavEYTOS ayava povowaxyov npé- pats orlyass érroinae, Oavpdcavres TO TAaYOS THS TapacKkeuns KéXepa ™ poomyopevoay. XI. ‘O & “‘Paopvaros év tH “Pepowvia ! bdypas Tov ‘Pa@pov opod eal TOUS Tpopeis, prite THY mokw, é« Tuppnrias petatwepdpevos avdpas tepots trae Oecpots Kal ypdppaow tdynyoupevous ef \ 4 ef b ” , Exaota Kal d:ddoKxovtas wotrep év TeAXETH. BOO- pos yap wpuyn tmept TO viv Kopitiov xuxdXortepys, amapyai te Tdvtwv, boos vouw pev ws Kadots eypavto, duce 5 ws avaryxaios, ametéOnoay ? a \ ? we a. évtav0a. Kai Tédos, €& Hs adixtro yHs Exactos odiynv Kopilwv potpav, EBaddov eis tadTa Kat auvepiyvuov. Karodor S€ tov BoOpov TodTov @ Kal Tov GXvpTrOY ovopaTe podvdoy. Elta waTrEp , , , \ 4 e o KUKNOY KéVTP@ Trepléeypayayv THY TOA. oO 8 > \ > \ > / A of: e 4 aikioTns éuBadrwov apotpw yarknv dw, UnofevEas dé Boiv dppeva Kxai OnreLav, adtos peéev emdryet , Ww nw A 4 ~ b TepteXauvey avtrAakxa Badetay trois Téppact, trav § e , ” b] , A > 2 , ‘ ETropevov Epyov éativ, as avictnat BwXous TO dpotpov Katactpépev cicw, Kal pnoepiav eo Weplopav exTpeTopevnv. TH péev OvY ypauUH TO Tetyos adopitovat Kat KadeiTas KaTa ovyKoTi mapnptov, olov dmiabev TEeiyous 7) PETA TELKOS" ef \ 4 b] “ A \ 7 Strov dé TuAnv éuBareiv Stavoobvrar, thy dvw éEeXovtes kal TO dpotpov vTepOévtes Sidrerppa 1 ‘Pexwvlz Coraés and Bekker, with UC: ‘Peuopl:. 118 ROMULUS took only a few days to provide gladiatorial contests in his honour, and the people were so amazed at his speed in preparing them that they gave him the surname of Celer. XI. Romulus buried Remus, together with his foster-fathers, in the Remonia,! and then set himself to building his city, after summoning from Tuscany men who prescribed all the details in accordance with certain sacred ordinances and writings, and taught them to him as ina religious rite. A circular trench was dug around what is now the Comitium,? and in this were deposited first-fruits of all things the use of which was sanctioned by custom as good and by nature as necessary ; and finally, every man brought a small portion of the soil of his native land, and these were cast in among the first-fruits and mingled with them. They call this trench, as they do the heavens, by the name of “mundus.” Then, taking this as a centre, they marked out the city in a circle round it. And the founder, having shod a plough with a brazen ploughshare, and having yoked to it a bull and a cow, himself drove a deep furrow round the boundary lines, while those who followed after him had to turn the clods, which the plough threw up, inwards towards the city, and suffer no clod to lie turned outwards. With this line they mark out the course of the wall, and it is called, by contraction, “ pomerium,” that is “ post murum,” behind or next the wall. And where they purposed to put in a gate, there they took the share out of the ground, lifted the plough over, and left a vacant 1 See chapter ix. 4. : 2 A space adjoining the forum where the people met in assembly. The mundus, or augural centre of the city, was really on the Palatine. 119 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES Totovow. O0ev array TO TelXos _tepov 7 TOW TUNGY vouifovar tas dé TUAAS tepas vouitovras ovK HV a avev devo darpovias Ta pev SéxerOat, Ta 8 arroméwretv TOY dvaryKaiov ral pn cabapev. XII. “Ore pev ov » KTicts TIPE PG yévoltto TH po évbexa, Kanavoay Matwv opohoyetra Kal THY pep TAUTHY éoptatovar ‘Popaior, yevé- OrLov THs mar pisos ovowatovtes. év apxh 8, as pacw, ovdey Ep puxov éOvov, anna kabapay Kat AVQLLALKTOY @OVTO Seiy TH mar pioe THY em@ovupOY TIS Yyeverews copThy pudarrew. ov pay ada, Kal 7 po Tips KTLTEWS Bornpixy TEs Rv avrots éoptn Kare TAUTNY THv nuépav, Kal Ilapiina mpoon- ‘yopevov avTay. Nob bv pep ow ovdev at ‘Popaixat voupnviat ™ pos TAs ‘EXAqvixas omohayoupevov éxovosv: éxetyny be TV Hpepar, 7 7 THY TOA oO “PwmUroS exten, aT peKh Tpraxdoa _ TuxXely Aéyovot’ Kar avvodov exNELT TLENY év ava yevéoOar ocedquns ™ pos HpALov, ny etdévar Kat (Avtipa ov olovrat, tov Tniov emomroLor, ETeL TPLTW Ths Exrys oAUEL- Td60s gupmecodoay. ev dé Tos KaTa Bappova TOV prroaogov Xpovors, avdpa ‘Popatov €v toro- pia BtBdaxwratov, 7 HV Tapourtos eTaipos avrod, didrocopos _peD dros Kal pabnpariros, anTo- HEVOS dé THs mept Tov qTivaKa peBodou Jewpias évexa xal dona év auth TEPLTTOS elvat. TOUTED m povBarev 0 Bdppov avaryaryetv THY "Popvdov yeverty els mpepay Kat @pav, €k TOV heyoueveoy aTOTEhEs MATODY mepl TOV avdpa. ToLnag aevov TOV avANOYLT MOV, WOTTEP AL TMV YyewpeTpLKaY Udn- 120 ROMULUS space. And this is the reason why they regard all the wall as sacred except the gates; but if they held the gates sacred, it would not be possible, with- out religious scruples, to bring into and send out of the city things which are necessary, and yet unclean. XII. Now it is agreed that the city was founded on the twenty-first of April, and this day the Romans celebrate with a festival, calling it the birthday of their country. And at first, as it is said, they sacrificed no living creature at that festival, but thought they ought to keep it pure and without stain of blood, since it commemorated the birth of their country. However, even before the founding of the city, they had a pastoral festival on that day, and called it Parilia. At the present time, indeed, there is no agree- ment between the Roman and Greek months, but they say that the day on which Romulus founded his city was precisely the thirtieth of the month, and that on that day there was a conjunction of the sun and moon, with an eclipse, which they think was the one seen by Antimachus, the epic poet of Teos, in the third year of the sixth Olympiad.! And in the times of Varro the philosopher, a Roman who was most deeply versed in history, there lived Tarutius, a companion of his, who, besides being a philosopher and a mathematician, had applied himself to the art of casting nativities, in order to indulge a speculative turn of mind, and was thought to excel in it. To this man Varro gave the problem of fixing the day and hour of the birth of Romulus, making his deductions from the conjunctions of events reported in the man’s life, just as the solutions of 1 754 B.C, . 12! PLUTARCH’S LIVES yobvrat TpoBAnudTov avadvces: THs yap avTis Jewpias elvat ypovey te NaPRdvtas avOpedtrov yeveoews Blov mpoerrrety cal Bip So0évte Onpedi- 5 cat xpovov. énoinoey odv TO mpocTaxOev Oo Tapovtios, nal tad te wdOn nal ta epya Tov avépos émidov Kxal xpovov Sans Kxal tporov TeNeUTHS Kal TavTa Ta ToLavTa cuveis, ed para teOappynKotes Kal avdpeiws atrepyvato THv péev év TH pntpl yeyovévar tod “‘Pwuvrou cvAAN- Yu eres mpwtm tHS Seutépds GAuvpmiddos, év pnvi wat Abyumrtiovs Xotdx, tpitn wal eixdor, tpitns @pas, Kal” hv o Aros e&éAcTrE TravTEAaS" Thy & éupavn vyéveow ev pnvi Oov0, hyépa G mpwrn pet eixdda, wept fALov avaToAds. KTE- cOnvar Sé rHv ‘Pépny tr’ adtod rh évarn Pap- pov pnvos iorapévov, petakd devrépas @pas Kal tpitns’ émel cal Twédews TUYNY, Motrep av- Opwrov, Kuptov eyew olovtar xpovov, ex THs TpPOTNS YyEevéTewS TIPOS TAS TOY aaTépwy éerroKas Jewpovpevoy. aAAa TattTa pev tows Kal Ta totavTa Te Eévm Kal wepitT@ mpocakerar panr- ov » Sia TO pvOwdes evoxAnTEL TOUS évTUYXd- YOVTAS AUTOLS. XIII. KrucPetons o€ ths wodews Tp@tov pev Scov hw ev nrLKia TAHOOS eis cvvTaypata oTpa- tiotixa Steitev: Exactov Sé€ avvtayya mtrelov Tpioxiriov hv Kal tTptaxoctwy imméewv. éxrHOn 5é Aeyewv TH Aoyddas elvar Tovs payipsovs ex wavTwv. éretta Tois péev aArAros expHto Shum Kal qrotmovnXous @voundaOn To WARS: Exatov Se Tous apiatous amédeEe Bovrevtds, Kal avrous 122 “——, ROMULUS geometrical problems are derived; for the same science, he said, must be capable not only of fore- telling a man’s life when the time of his birth is known, but also, from the given facts of his life, of hunting out the time of his birth. This task, then, Tarutius performed, and when he had taken a survey of the man’s experiences and achievements, and had brought together the time of his life, the manner of his death, and all such details, he very courageously and bravely declared that Romulus. was conceived in his mother’s womb in the first year of the second Olympiad,! in the month Choeac of the Egyptian calendar, on the twenty-third day, and in the third hour, when the sun was totally eclipsed; and that he was born in the month Thoth, on the twenty- first day, at sun-rise ; and that Rome was founded by him on the ninth day of the month Phar- muthi, between the second and third hour: for it is thought that a city’s fortune, as well as that of a man, has a decisive time, which may be known by the position of the stars at its very origin. These and similar speculations will perhaps attract readers by their novelty and extravagance, rather than offend them by their fabulous character. XII. When the city was built, in the first place, Romulus divided all the multitude that were of age to bear arms into military companies, each company consisting of three thousand footmen and three hun- dred horsemen. Such a company was called a legion,’ because the warlike were selected out of all. In the second place, he treated the remainder as a people, and this multitude was called “populus” ; a hundred of them, who were the most eminent, he 1 772 B.C. 123 PLUTARCH’S LIVES peév tratpixious, TO 6¢ avaoTHMA TEVaTOY Tpoanyo; 2 pevoev. O pev ovv GEVaTOS aTpEKaS ‘yEepovatay onpaives twatpitious 5é tovs Bovrevtas KANn- Ojnvar réyovow of pev STL wWaidwy yvnoiwy ta- Tépes Hoav, of 5é padXrAov ws avdTovs ExovTas éavta@v atrodei~tar tTatépas, OTEep ov ToANOIS virqpEe TOY TPWTwY Es THY TrOoALY GUPpEoYTwY' ot 5€ amo THS TaTpwreias. ovTw yap éexdrovy THY TMpoctaciay Kal Kadovow aypt viv, oLopevor Ildtpwva tiva trav ovv Evdvip@ wapayevopévon, xndepovecov TOV Drrodeea Tépwy 6Yra Kat BonOn- TLKOD, arp’ auTov TO Tpdarypare TAUT AY TV ™poon- yopiav arromuTreiy. padora & ap ts TUYXaVvOE TOU elKOTOS, él vopiou tov Pwpvrov afvobvra TOUS TpwTOous Kat duvatwTarous TAT PLKH xnde- povia Kat ppovtide TPOTHKELY ériperneioOa TOV TATELVOTEDWY, dua d€ tovs addous biddoKxovra pn Sedrévar pnd ax Ger Bau Tais TOV KPELTTOVOY Tipais, anna xpia Gar Mey evvoias Kab vouiCovtas Kat T poaaryopevorTas Tarepas, oUTWS Ovop"acal. Kat yap axypt viv TOUS ev TVYKAITO TEAOUYTAS Ot pev éEwOev avdpas nryEHovas Karovow, avrol dé ‘Papaior TATE PAS TVYYEYPAUPEVOS, TO pé- yeoroy pev akiwopa Kal Tiny, Heora b¢ pOovov éxovre pepevor TOV ovoparor. éy apyn pev ovy TraTEépas AaVTOUS [oOvo?, Uarepov dé mAELovey mpocavahapBavopevar, TmaTépas ouyyeypapipe- VOUS Tm poonyopevaay. cal TOUTO bev ty dvopa TELVOTENOY AUT@ THS T pos TO SnpworeKov TOU Bovreutixod Siagopas: érépors S€ tovs Suvatovs 124 25 ROMULUS appointed to be councillors, calling the individuals themselves “ patricians,”’ and their body a “ senate.”’ Now the word “senate” means literally a Council of Elders, and the councillors were called “ patricians,” as some say, because they were fathers of lawful childrag!; or rather, according to others, because they could tell who their own fathers were, which not many could do of those who first streamed into the city ; according to others still, from “ patronage,” which was their word for the protection of inferiors, and is so to this day; and they suppose that a certain Patron, one of those who came to Italy with Evander, was a protector and defender of the poor and needy, and left his own name in the word which designates such activity. But the most reasonable opinion for any one to hold is that Romulus thought it the duty of the foremost and most influential citizens to watch over the more lowly with fatherly care and concern, while he taught the multitude not to fear their superiors nor be vexed at their honours, but to exercise goodwill towards them, considering them and addressing them as fathers, whence their name of Patricii. For down to the present time foreign peoples call the members of their senate “chief men,” but the Romans themselves call them “conscript fathers,” using that name which has the greatest dignity and honour, and awakens the least envy. At first, then, they called them simply “fathers, but later, when more had been added to their number, they addressed them as “conscript fathers.” By this more imposing title Romulus distinguished the senate from the commonalty, and in other ways, too, he separated the nobles from the 1 Cf, Livy, i. 8, 7. 125 PLUTARCH’S LIVES J \ A A 4: 4 ? 4, amd TOY TroAA@Y Sinper, TaTpwvas dvopatwr, 5 \ / 2 / \ 4 4 dmep éoti Tpoardatas, éxeivous b€ KXrievtas, SrEep €otl weAdtas dua Sé mpos aAAHAOVS OavpactTiHy 4 9 A \ , , e / evvotay autos Kal peydrwv Sixaiov ordpEovcay éveTroingeyv. ovTo mev yap éényntds te Tay. voul- pov Kai mpooraras dixatopévors cupBovrovs Te TavTwov Kal KNOe“ovas EavTovs TapeElyov, éxetvot 5é tovTous éGepdtrevov ov povoy Tis@yvTes, GAA cal trevopévors Ouyatépas cuvexdidovtes nal ypéa GuvexTivovTes. KaTapapTupelv Te WeAaTOU TpoT- TaTHY, 7) TpoTTaToU TEAATHV, OVTE VOLOS OvOEls ¥ v 2 , ef 4 a) M: ovte apyov nvayxalev. tortepov dé, TOY aNrOV Sixaiwy pevovtayv, To NapBdavey xXpynpata tovs duvatovs mapa tav TaTevotépwy aiaypov évo- picbn Kal ayevvés. Tadta pév ovv TeEpt TOUTOY. \ \ XIV. Terdprm S€ pnvi peta tHv Kticww, os @PaBios iotopet, TO Tepl tTHy dptayny érormnOn TOY yuvatKov. Kal Aéyoucr pev Eno Tov ‘Po- pvrAov avTov tH hvoe gdtAoTrOAELOV GyTa, Kat metrerapévov éx Tivwy apa Noyiwy Ste THY “Pomnv méTpwrat Toreuors tpehopéevny Kat avouevny yevésOat peyiotnv, Bias tardpkat mpos rtovs LaBtvous: ovdé yap Todds, AANA TPLdKOVTA povas wapBévous NaBely adrov, are 67 ToAEmoV A a 4 , A \ > > 7+ HadXoY H ydpov Seopevov. todto Sé ovK eiKos* GANA THY Mev TOALY Op@DV éTroiKwY EOds éumiTAA- pévynv, @v OdLyot yuvaixas elyov, of 5é€ ToAXol 126 ROMULUS multitude, calling the one “ patrons,” that is to say, protectors, and the other “clients,” that is to say, dependants. At the same time he inspired both classes with an astonishing goodwill towards each other, and one which became the basis of important rights and privileges. For the patrons advised their clients in matters of custom, and represented them in courts of justice, in short, were their counsellors and friends in all things; while the clients were devoted to their patrons, not only holding them in honour, but actually, in cases of poverty, helping them to dower their daughters and pay their debts. And there was neither any law nor any magistrate that could compel a patron to bear witness against a client, or a client againt a patron. But in later times, while all other rights and privileges remained in force, the taking of money by those of high degree from the more lowly was held to be disgraceful and ungenerous. So much, then, on these topics. XIV. It was in the fourth month after the founding of the city, as Fabius writes, that the rape of the Sabine women was perpetrated.1. And some say that Romulus himself, being naturally fond of war, and being persuaded by sundry oracles, too, that it was the destiny of Rome to be nourished and increased by wars till she became the greatest of cities, thereby merely began unprovoked hostilities against the Sabines; for he did not take many maidens, but thirty only, since what he wanted was war rather than marriages. But this is not likely. On the contrary, seeing his city filling up at once with aliens, few of whom had wives, while the greater part of them, being a mixed rabble of needy 1 Cf. Livy, i. 9. 127 3 cr PLUTARCH’S LIVES U ’ 3 , \ > A Ww e puyades €E amropwv nai adavav daytes virepew- pavro Kal mpocedok@vto p11) cuppevety BeBaiws, / \ \ \ 4 \ érmivwv Sé€ mpos tovs YaBivovs tporov tiva auyKkpdcews Kal Kolvwvias apyny avTois TO adi- KNLA TOLNTELY TMEpwoamevols TAS yUvatKas, éTre- xelpnoe TO Epy@ Tovde TOV TpOTFOV. Avedo0n oyos UT’ avtod mpa@tov ws Oeot Twos aveupnKkot Bwpov vireo ys Kexpuppévov. avopatoyv 5& tov Oedv Kavoov, elite Bovratov wv 4 \ ¥ A \ UA GvTa (Kwycidkloy yap éTL viv TO oupPBovrLOV Kadovdot, Kal Tovs bardtous KwvcotAas, oloy mpo- Y] 4 fe) \ e \ Bovnous), etre trmiov Tlocede. xal yap o Bwpos éy TO peifov. tev immodpopwry éotiv, adavis Tov &AXov xpovov, év Sé Tols immxois ayaou ? , e 4 Q A dvakadurTopevos. of S€ Kal br(ws dhacl Tod Bovrevpatos atoppyntou Kal adavovds 6vtTos v1o- yelov oux adroywos T@ Oe@ Bawpov yevéoOar xe- / e b] > 4 / \ Kpuppévov. ws 8 avedavn, Ovolay te Naprpay ér avTt@ kal ayava cal Oéav én Karayyerias émerénet Travnyupixny. Kal Toddod pev avOpwrrat auvnrOov, autos Se mpovedOnto peta TaV api- oTwY aroupyide Kexoopnpévos. Hv S€ Tov KaLpod THS emuyeipnoews oupBorov éEavactavta THv aGNoupyida mrv—ar Kail meptBarécOar mdreyv. M” @ 4 a 2 A exovtes ovv Eighn TrodXol wpoceixyov avTo, Kat fe) / TOU onpeov yevouévov orracdpevar Ta Eidn Kat \ a e /, peta Bors oppnoarvtes fptraloy tas Bvyatépas tav YaPRivwv, avtovs 8 devyovtas eclwy Kat 128 7” ROMULUS and obscure persons, were looked down upon and expected to have no strong cohesion; and hoping to. make the outrage an occasion for some sort of blending and fellowship with the Sabines after their women had been kindly entreated, he set his hand | to the task, and in the following manner. First a report was spread abroad by him that he had discovered an altar of a certain god hidden underground. They called this god Consus, and he was either a god of counsel (for “ consilium”’ is still their word for counsel, and they call their chief magistrates “consuls,” that is to say, counsellors), or an equestrian Neptune. For the altar is in the Circus Maximus, and is invisible at all other times, but at the chariot-races it is uncovered. Some, however, simply say that since counsel is secret and unseen, it is not unreasonable that an altar to the god of counsel should be hidden underground.! Now when this altar was discovered, Romulus appointed by proclamation a splendid sacrifice upon it, with games, and a spectacle open to all people. And many were the people who came together, while he himself sat in front, among his chief men, clad in purple. The signal that the time had come for the onslaught was to be his rising and folding his cloak and then throwing it round him again. Armed with swords, then, many of his followers kept their eyes intently upon him, and when the signal was given, drew their swords, rushed in with shouts, and ravished away the daughters of the Sabines, but permitted and encouraged the men 1 The altar was kept buried in the earth to signify the secret processes of nature in the production of crops and vegetation. For Consus was an ancient Italian god of agriculture. 129 VOL. I. K PLUTARCH’S LIVES 6 waplecay. apracOnva 5é hac ot pév Tpta- xovra povas, ad ov Kxal tas dparpias ovopa- aOjvar, Ovarrépios Sé "Avtias érra Kal eixoot xal wevtaxocias, IdoBas 6é tpeis Kal dySoryKovta kal é€axocias rapOévous: 5 péytoTov jv aTro- AOynua TO ‘PwpvA@: yuvaina yap ov dAaBelv arn’ 7 play, ‘Epatriay, Staradodcav avtovs, ate 8m py we? BBpews pnd adsxlas éXNOovtas él thy aprrayynv, add\ja ouppi~ac cal ovvayayeiy ets TAUTO TA Yyevn Tals peyioTals avdayKats Stavon- 7 Oévtas. tHv 8 “Epowdiav of pév ‘Ootirov yhpat Aéyovowy, avdpa “Pwpaiwy éridpavéctatov, ot &é avrov ‘Pwpvrov, xal yevéoOat nal traidas ava, piav pev Ovyarépa IIpipav, tH taker tis yevé- sews oUTW TpocayopevOciaay, Eva & vidov povor, dv "AcAALov pev évelvos amo THs yevouevns AOpot- sews Um avTod TOY TOoNTOY wvopacev, oi daotepov "ABidNov. ddAA TadTa pev ioTOpar Znvoboros o Tporkywos modrrgods exer Tovs avTiNéyovTas. XV. *Ev 6& tois dpwdfovcr tas trapOévors TOTE Tuxely héyouar TOY OvK eT ipavay Twas GyovTas Kopnv TO TE KdNNEL TOAD Kal TO meyer Stagpépovoay. éret & amavravtes Evie TeV KpetTTovwy émexelpovy adpatpeicOar, Boayv tovs ayovtas a Taracip Kopuifaev aityy, dvdpl vé 2 pév, evdoxipm Sé nal ypnot@: Todt’ ody axov- cavtas evdnpety Kal Kpotety érawobvtas, évious dé xal Tapaxodovbely avacrpéavtas evvoia cat 130 ROMULUS themselves to escape. Some say that only thirty maidens were seized, and that from these the Curiae 1 were named; but Valerius Antias puts the number at five hundred and twenty-seven, and Juba at six hundred and eighty-three, all maidens. And this was the strongest defence which Romulus could make, namely, that they took only one married woman, Hersilia, and her by mistake, since they did not commit the rape out of wantonness, nor even with a desire to do mischief, but with the fixed pur- pose of uniting and blending the two peoples in the strongest bonds. As for this Hersilia, some say that she was married to Hostilius, a most eminent Roman, and others, to Romulus himself, and that she also bore him children: one daughter, Prima, so called from the order of birth, and one son only, whom Romulus named Aollius, from the great concourse? of citizens under him, but later ages Avillius. However, Zenodotus of Troezen, who gives us this account, is contradicted by many. XV. Among those who ravished away the maidens at that time, it chanced, they say, that certain men of meaner sort were dragging along a damsel who far surpassed the rest in beauty and stature ; and when some men ef superior rank met them and tried to rob them of their prize, they cried out that they were conducting the girl to Talasius, a young man, but one of excellent repute. The other party, then, on hearing this, shouted and clapped their hands in approval, and some of them actually turned back 1 The thirty divisions into which the three ancient Roman tribes were divided for political and ceremonial purposes. Cf. Livy, i. 13, 6 f. 2 A Greek etymology, connecting the name with aodAdAfs, an throngs. 131 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yapitt ToD Taraciov, peta Bons Tovvopa Pbery- / 9 > hs 87 N T 4 ¥ A e youeévous. ad ov on Toy TaXaowov axpt viv, ws "“EAAnves tov ‘Tyévacov, érradover “Pwpaiot rois yao Kal yap evtvyia gaci ypnoacbar rept THY yuvaixa Tov Taddovov. 4 LéEtTios 5€ YArAas o Kapyndovos, ovte pov- cov ovTe Yapitwy éridens avnp, Edreyeyv Huty Gre THS aprayns cwwOnua Thy dovny EwKe TavTHY oO “e@ , ¢ ¢ A , I19/ e Pwpvros. amavtes otv tov Tadrdovoyv éBowy ot Tas TrapOévous xopivoytes: Kal 1a TodTO Tos ya- pots Tapapéver TO E005. of b€ TWAEloTOL vopitov- ov, wy nal “loBas éoti, tapdxAnow elvar Kar mTapakérevory eis direpyiay Kal tadaciav, orm g ~ e a > lA la) > A tote tots EAAnvixots ovopace tav ‘ItadiKcov émixeyupévov. ef 5 TodTO pn A€yeTaL KAKOS, GAN éyp@vto ‘Pwyaio: Tore TH GvopaTe THs Tadacias, xaddrep jets, érépay ay tts aitiay eixdoee TLavwtépay. érrel yap of SaBivor pos \ € 4 4... , b] tous Pwpaious roreunoavtes Siunr\rAdynoar, éyé- vovto cvvOjKat Tept TOV yuvatKkav, STws pNndev ” 4 A b 4 A \ \ ‘4 aNAO Epyov Tots avdpdow 7 Ta Tept THY TAAAGiaY UToUpy@ol. Tapéuewev ovv Kal Tos avOts ya- povat Tous didovtas 4 maparéutrovtas 4 Sdws TapovTas, avadwvety Tov Tadrdotov peta Tradias, paptupopévous ws er’ ovdev AdXO Hrrovpynpa THs yuvaixos 7 TaXaclav eicayomévns. Siapéver Sé 4 A ‘ A a, > \ 9 4? e HA A HEXpL vUY TO THY vUEpHY auUTnY ad avuUTHS py e , \ IQA > \ 4 9 p uTepBaivey tov ovdov els TO dSwpudtiov, aXXr aipomevny cladéperBar, dia TO Kai ToTE KomcOH- 132 ROMULUS and accompanied them, out of good will and favour to Talasius, shouting his name as they went along. Hence, indeed, down to the present time, Talasius is the nuptial cry of the Romans, as Hymenaeus is of the Greeks; for they say that Talasius was fortunate in his wife. But Sextius Sulla, the Carthaginian, a man who lacks neither learning nor charm, told me_ that Talasius was the word which Romulus gave as a watchword for the rape. All those, therefore, who took the maidens away, shouted “ Talasius !’’ and on this account the custom now prevails at mar- riages. But most writers are of the opinion—and Juba is one of them—that the cry is an exhor- tation and incitement to industry and “ talasia,” as the Greeks aall spinning, Italian words having not yet at that time entirely submerged the Greek. Now if this is right, and the Romans did at that time use the word “talasia’’ for spinning, as we do, then a more credible reason for the custom might be conjectured as follows. When the Sabines, after their war against the Romans, were reconciled with them, it was agreed that their women should perform no other tasks for their husbands than those which were connected with spinning. It was customary, therefore, at subsequent marriages, for those who gave the bride away, or escorted her to her new home, or simply looked on, to cry “Talasius !”’ merrily, in testimony that the woman was led home for no other task than that of spinning. And it continues to be a custom down to the present time that the bride shall not of herself cross the threshold into her new home, but be lifted up and carried in, because the Sabine women were carried in 133 PLUTARCH’S LIVES vat Bracbeioas,"y1 eicerOeiv.' Evo bé Aéyouce Kal TO THY KOuNY THS yapoupévyns atyun Sea- xpivesOat Sopatiov cvpBodov elvat Tov peTa WAXNS Kal TONELLKAS TOV Tp@TOV yamov yevéerOat: trepl av émimnéoy év Tois Aitiots epnKkaper. ? 4 \ @ e @ \ \ > ErorpunOn pév ody 4 aptayn mepl THY oKTH- , e 4 a 4 4 f KaLdEKaTHY Huépav Tov TOTE pev YeETLALOV puNVOS, Avyovotou 8 viv, ev % tHhv tov Kwvoadiov éopTny ayovatv. XVI. Of 5é ZaBivor worrol perv joav Kai TONE MLKOL, KOpas Sé M@KOUY ATELYiC TOUS, WS TpOC- jKov avtois péya dpoveiy cal py poBeicbas AaxeSatpoviwy aroikos oto. ov pny ard OpavTes avToUS évdedepévous pEeyarOLs Ounpevpact, Kat Sedcotes Trept Tav Ouyatépwv, mpéc Bes arré- OTELNAY ETTLELKT Kal péTPLA TPOKGAOUpPEVOL, TOY e 4 > / , > a a, Pwpvroy atrodovta Tas Kopas avtois Kal AvVCav- Ta 70 THs Bias Epyov, eita teBot Kal voy mpatrew Tots yéveore didiav Kal oixetoTnTAa. TOD Sé ‘Pwytrov Tas pevy Kopas py mWpotepévor, Tapakadodvtos 8 Thy Kowvwviay déyecBat Tovs SaBivous, of pev dAXot BovAevopevor kab trapa- aoxevalopevoe StétptBov, “Axpwv dé Bactreds Kevyytav, avnp Ovpoedns nat Sewods év rots TONELLKOLS, TA TE TP@TA TOApHnpaTa TOD Pwpd- Nou oe’ Utrovpias elye, Kal T@ mpayOévte trept Tas yuvaixas 67 poBepov Hryovmevos TacL elvat Kat OUK avEKTOV, eb pn KoAATOEin, Tpoc~avéoTyn THE Tokéum Kal peTa TorArARS exper Suvdpews em’ 1 uh eloerdeivy bracketed by Bekker. 134 oT ROMULUS by force, and did not go in of their own accord. And some say also that the custom of parting the bride’s hair with the head of a spear is a reminder that the first marriage was attended with war and fighting ; on which topic I have spoken more fully in my “ Roman Questions.” ! Leaving such matters aside, the rape was com- mitted on the eighteenth day of the month once called Sextilis, but now, August, on which day the festival of the Consualia ? is celebrated. XVI. Now the Sabines were a numerous and war- like people, and dwelt in unwalled villages, thinking that it behoved them, since they were Lacedae- monian colonists, to be bold and fearless. Neverthe- less, seeing themselves bound by precious hostages, and fearing for their daughters, they sent ambassa- dors with reasonable and moderate demands, namely, that Romulus should give back to them their maidens, disavow his deed of violence, and then, by persua- sion and legal enactment, establish a friendly re- | lationship between the two peoples. But Romulus would not surrender the maidens, and demanded that the Sabines should allow community of mar- riage with the Romans, whereupon they all held long deliberations and made extensive preparations for war. But there was one exception. Acron, king of the Caeninenses, a man of courageous spirit and skilled in war, had been suspicious of the daring deeds of Romulus from the beginning, and now that this violence had been done the women, thinking him a menace to all peoples, and intolerable unless chastised, at once rose up in arms, and with a great 1 Morals, p. 285 c (Question 87). 2 A harvest festival, named: from Consus. See chapter xiv. 3. 135 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 avtov: xal-o ‘Pwpiros én’ éxeivov. yevouevor & év Owes xal xatidovtes ANANAOUS TPOvKAXNODYTO payecOat, THY oTpatevpdtwy év Tois SToLs atpexovvTwyv. evédpevos otv o ‘Pwpvros, e xpaTnoee Kal KataBdro., T@ Aut dépwy avaln- cely AUTOS TA OWAG TOD avipos, aUTOY TE KaTA- Barre. xparnoas Kal tpémeras TO oTparevpa paxns yevopevns, aipet S¢ eal thy Tod: ov pny nolanoe Tovs éyxaTaArndOévtas, GAN 4 Tas oixias éxéXevoe KaedXovtas axorovbeiv eis “‘Paduny, ws monitas emt rois tlaous écopévous. Tovtou pev obv ovx dati 6 Te padrov nignoce THY ‘Poyny, adel 7 poamovova ay éautn kal ovp- vépquoay ov Kpatnceev: o dé “Pawpvnros, as. dv padsota Thy evyny TO TE Aut Keyapiopévnv cal Trois Todas iSeiv emitepTry Tapdoxor oKeyd- | pevos, él otpatotédsou Spiv Eteyev UreppeyéOn, Kal Suesoppwcey WaoTrEp TpOTTALOY, Kal TOY OTAWwY tov “Axpwvos éxaotov év taker trepinppoce Kal Karnptncey: avros bé thy pev eoOtTa Trept- eCwcato, Sadvy Sé dotépato thy Kepadny kope- cav. .uro\aBov b€ Te Sefig@ TO TpOTALOY Bum mpocepedopepov opov, éBddilev eEapywv émi- wixiov tTasavos év Sirdoes érropern TH oTparia, Sexopmeveoy TOV TOMTOV peta xapas xal Oadpua- TOS. 1%) pev ovv Tom TOV abdis Pptdp Bev apynv kal Cnrov mapécxe tO S5é tpotatoy ava- aN ROMULUS force advanced against him.! Romulus also marched out to meet him. But when they were face to face and had surveyed each other, they challenged mutually to single combat before battle, while their armies remained quiet under arms. Romulus, then, after making a vow that if he should conquer and overthrow his adversary, he would carry home the man’s armour and dedicate it in person to Jupiter, not only conquered and overthrew him, but also routed his army in the battle which followed, and took his city as well. To the captured citizens, however, he did no harm beyond ordering them to tear down their dwellings and accompany him to Rome, where, he promised them, they should be citizens on equal terms with the rest. Now this, more than anything else, was what gave increase to Rome: she always united and incor- porated with herself those whom she conquered. But Romulus, after considering how he might perform his vow in a manner most acceptable to Jupiter and accompany the performance with a spectacle most pleasing to the citizens, cut down a monstrous oak that grew in the camp, hewed it into the shape of a trophy, and fitted and fastened to it the armour of Acron, each piece in its due order. Then he himself, girding his raiment about him and wreathing his flowing locks with laurel, set the trophy on his right shoulder, where it was held erect, and began a triumphal march, leading off in a paean of victory which his army sang as it followed under arms, and being received by the citizens with joyful amazement. This procession was the origin and model of all subsequent , triumphs, and the 1 Cf. Livy, i. 10. 137 er 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Onua Peperpiov Aros érrwvopdcOn. 16 yap TrA- Ear hepipe ‘Pwpaios xadrodow: evEato ¢ wAnEae 7 Tov dvdpa kal xataBareiy: oripia 5¢ ta cKdda, gnot Bdppwv, xabors kal thv meptovoiay dep ANéyovet. wiBavwrepov & av tis eltror Sta Thy mpakiv: Oirovs yap dovoyalerat TO épyov. av- toupy@ 5€ apioteias oTpaTny@ oTpaTnyov dave- Dovte Séb0Tar KaGtépwors omripior. Kal tpiot povors tovtov tuyely umapke ‘Po- paios Hyepoot, mpate “Papvr\., Kxtelvaytt Tov Kevvntny “Axpwva, Sevrépm Kopynrtio Koocg, Tuppnvoy dverovte Torovpmov, émt maar Se Kravdie Maprédr@, Bpitroydprov xpatnoavti Taratav Baoiréws. Koooos peév otv nal Map- KerXroS On TeOpitrmos Eeionravvoy avTol Ta tpoTa:a épovte: ‘Pwpvrov & ove opbas dno dppat. yxpnoacGa, Atovictos. Tapxuvov yap tatopovat tov Anpapatov tov Bactréwv pero eis TOUTO TO oYHpa Kal Tov byxov éEapar Tovs OptdpBovs: Erepor S€ mpawrov éd’ Apparos Oprap- Bedoat Tomrdixorav. tod dé ‘Pwpvtr0ov ras eixo- vas opay értiy év ‘Pan tas tpomaropopous melas aTacas. XVII. Meta dé trav Kevivntayv addwow ere tev adAwv LaBivwv év tapackevais évtwv, cvvéatn- cay ot Didnvnv xai Kpovorouvpépiov xai *Avé- pvay oiKxodrtes él rods ‘Pwpaious: nal payns ee ROMULUS trophy was styled a dedication to Jupiter Feretrius, so named from the Roman word “ ferire,” to sméte ; for Romulus vowed to smite his foe and overthrow him. And such spoils were called “ opima,” because as Varro says, “ opes”’ is the Roman word for richness ; but it would be more plausible to say that they were so called from the deed of valour involved, since “ opus” is the Roman word for deed or exploit. And only to a general who with his own hand has per- formed the exploit of slaying an opposing general, has the privilege of dedicating the “ spolia opima ” been granted. Furthermore, only three Roman leaders have at- tained this honour: Romulus first, for slaying Acron the Caeninensian ; next, Cornelius Cossus, for killing Tolumnius the Tuscan ;! and lastly, Claudius Mar- cellus, for overpowering Britomartus, king of the Gauls.? Cossus indeed, and Marcellus, already used a four-horse chariot for their entrance into the city, carrying the trophies themselves, but Dionysius ® is incorrect in saying that Romulus used a chariot. For it is matter of history that Tarquin, the son of Demaratus, was first of the kings to lift triumphs up to such pomp and ceremony, although others say that Publicola was first to celebrate a triumph riding on a chariot. And the statues of Romulus bearing the trophies are, as may be seen in Rome, all on foot. XVII. After the capture of the Cuaeninensians, while the rest of the Sabines were still busy with their preparations, the people of Fidenae, Crustu- merium, and Antemnae banded together against the 1 In 436 B.c., according to Livy, iv. 19, 1-5. 2 In 222 B.c. See Plutarch’s Marcellus, vii. 3 Antiq. Rom. ii. 34. 4 Cf. Publicola, ix. 5. 139 PLUTARCH’S LIVES / e 4 e / VA / € yevoperns ntTnOévtes omoiws, Tas Te TONES Po- PUA® TraphKay édely Kal thy yopav SacacIat kal petouicas odas avtovs eis ‘Pounv. o &é ¢ , \ \ ” / oy fs Pwpvros THY pev AAANY KaTEVELLE YMOPAY TOIS jonitas, donv 8 elyov of TeV npTacuévwr TmapQévwv Tatépes, avTous Eye exeivous elacev. "Eml rovrows Bapéws pépovtes oi Aowtrrol La- Bivoc Tariov dodeiEavtes otpatnyov émrt tiv ‘p , bY 4 9 de PY , 5 e / apny éotpatevaav Hv 5€é dvampocodos 7 Tors, éyovca mpoBdAnpua to viv Kamitodov, ev @ ghpoupa xaberornxe: nal Taprrnios hryepov avris, bd \ of. , € 4 / > / ovxt Taprnia trapBévos, ws évior Néyovow, evHnOn Tov ‘Pwpvrov amodexvuovtes’ adda Ouydrnp 7 Taprnia tod apyovtos ovca trpovdwxe toils Da- Bivois, émOupjoaca TOV xpvo ov Bpaxovirrnpey ovs elde TEpiKelpevors, Kal nTNOE puobov THS 7 po- Socias a popoien € év Tas aptotepais yepot. ourde- pévou b€ Tov Tartiov, vixtwp avoi~aca mUAnY pilav 256 ‘\ > 4 td LA 9 e 4 é6éEato tovs YaBivous. ov povos odv, ws Eorxer, "Avtiryovos pn mpodsdovtas pév direiv, 7podedw- xotas b€ puceiv, ovde Kaioap, eimav émi too @paxos ‘Powuntadxov, perety pev mpodociay, ™po- Sorny dé poet GANG KOLVOY TL TOUTO 7 aBos éoti ™pos Tavs Trovnpovs Tois Seopévots avTav, Oamep tov Kat _Xonais éviwy Onpiov Séovrar tH yap xpetav bre hap Bavovowy dayaTavres, exPaipovar THY KaKiav oTav TUX WOE. TOUTO Kat TWpos THY Taprniav tote mabe@v o Tdtios éxédevoe pepmyn- 140 28 ROMULUS Romans,! and in a battle which ensued, they were likewise defeated, and surrendered to Romulus their cities to be seized, their territory to be divided, and themselves to be transported to Rome. Romulus distributed among the citizens all the territory thus acquired, excepting that which belonged to the parents of the ravished maidens ; this he suffered its owners to keep for themselves. At this the rest of the Sabines were enraged, and after appointing Tatius their general, marched upon Rome. The city was difficult of access, having as its fortress the present Capitol, on which a guard had been stationed, with Tarpeius as its captain,— not Tarpeia, a maiden, as some say, thereby making Romulus a simpleton. But Tarpeia, a daughter of the commander, betrayed the citadel to the Sabines, having set her heart on the golden armlets which she saw them wearing, and she asked as payment for her treachery that which they wore on their left arms. Tatius agreed to this, whereupon she opened one of the gates by night and let the Sabines in. Antigonus was not alone, then, in saying that he loved men who offered to betray, but hated those who had betrayed ; nor yet Caesar, in saying of the Thracian Rhoemetalces, that he loved treachery but hated a traitor; but this is a very general feeling towards the base on the part of those who need their services, just as they need certain wild creatures for their venom and gall; for while they feel the need of them, they put up with them, but abhor their vileness when they have obtained from them what they want. This, too, was the feeling which Tatius then had towards Tarpeia, when he ordered 1 Cf, Livy, i. 11. 141 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , aA e a \ / \ pévouvs TOV Gporoyt@v Tovs LaBivous jndevos avth POoveivy wy év tails apiotepais Exovot. Kal mpa@tos dua tov Bpaxroviotnpa THs ‘KeErpos A a. \ ‘ > / , \ TepieA@v Kal Tov Ovpeoy étréppie. travtwv &é avTo TotovvTtwy BadrAomevn TE TO Ypve@ xal kataxwobcioa toils Oupeois wird mrHOovs Kal , > / es \ \ fe Bdpous améBavev. éddw 8é kal Tapmnios mpo- Soaias tro “Pwptrou diwxGeis, ws “loBas gpyol TdrBayv Yovrrixcoy ioropeiv. tov & adda wepi Taprnias Aeyovtwr amiPavor pév eto ot Tatiou Ouyatépa tod ryemovos Tav LaBivwv oveay av- THv, “Pwoptr@ Sé Bia suvoixotcay, iotopodvTes A a , tadta Toinoat Kal tadeiy vmrép Tov TraTpos wv kai ’Avtiyovds éott. pvros 8 oO wantHs Kal mavramac. Anpel py LaPivors oidpevos, adra KeAtois tHv Taprniav mpodobva: ro Kamita@dtov 9 ray > A fe) 4 , A épacBeicav avtav tov Bacidéws. Déyer dé TaUTAa’ ‘H & ayyod Tdpresa twrapal KamitoXuov altos vaiovaa ‘Pons érrero TEevyoréTts, KeAtov 7) orépEaca yaundta Néxtpa yevéc Oar TKNTTOVKO, TATépwY oUK épirake Sopous. Kal met Oriya trepl THS TeNEUTAS Thy & ov’ &p Boioi re xal &Ovea pupia Kerrav 4 e / 9 \ 54 4 Xnpapevor pel\Opwv évros EBevto I1ddou: ef > 9 4 > 4 ? \ A dara 5 émimpoBarovtes dpepavéwy aro Yetpav xovpn él atuyepy Koopoy &bevto povov. 142 ROMULUS his Sabines, mindful of their agreement, not to begrudge the girl anything they wore on their left arms. And he was first to take from his arm not only his armlet, but at the same time his shield, and cast them upon her. All his men followed his _ example, and the girl was smitten by the gold and buried under the shields, and died from the number and weight of them. And Tarpeius also was con- victed of treason when prosecuted by Romulus, as, according to Juba, Sulpicius Galba relates. Of those who write differently about Tarpeia, they are worthy of no belief at all who say that she was a daughter of Tatius, the leader of the Sabines, and was living w;th Romulus under compulsion, and acted and suffered as she did, at her father’s behest; of these, Antigonus is one. And Simylus the poet is alto- gether dbsurd in supposing that Tarpeia betrayed the Capitol, not to the Sabines, but to the Gauls, because she had fallen in love with their king. These are his words :— “And Tarpeia, who dwelt hard by the Rapitotian steep, Became the destroyer of the walls of Rome; She longed to be the wedded wife of the Gallic chieftain, - And betrayed the homes of her fathers.”’ And a little after, speaking of her death : — “ Her the Boii and the myriad tribes of Gauls Did not, exulting, cast amid the currents of the oO 4 But hurled the shields from their belligerent arms Upon the hateful maid, and made their orna- ment her doom.” 143 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XVIII. Tis pévros Taprnias éxel tagelans 0 Ogos avopalero Taprnios, axpt ov Tapeuviov Bactréws Act tov tomov Kabrepobvros a dua Te Ta Aeinrava peTnvexOn Kal ToUvopa TAS Taprnias éFéXurre. mAnv Tétpav tt vov ev 78 Karitworip Taprniav Karovow, ad Hs éppintovy tous KaKoupyous. ’E opevns dé Tis axpas Ue TOV ZaPivor, 6 6 Te ‘Popvros um opyyiis Els ayn avrous 7 povKa- retro, Kal ) Tarios eOdppet, Kaptepay, et Bta- aOeiev, dvaxwpnaww opay avtois Umdpxovaay. 0 yap petakd toTOs, év o CUM IT TELY EuedXop, UTO TOAN@Y hopov TELEX OWEVOS ayava pev ee édoxer Kal Xander ov ve Svaxwpias apporé pots mapeEey, guyas bé Kal dia£ets ép oTEV@ Bpa- xelas. eTUXE dé Tob TOTALOV ALLVATAVTOS OV TrOA- ais mpoTepov HEPALS, éyrataneneth Gat TEA pa Badu Kal TUprov év TOTOLS émuméedous KATA THY vov ovoay aryopay" 50ev ovK Hv dypec ‘™podnror, ovo" evpvAaxTor, adXrAwWS be Xander ov Kal Umounov. emt TovTO Tois LaPivors drretpig Pepouevors EvTU- xXnea ylyverat. Koupteos yap avnp emupavyps, b0€n kal ppovnpare yadpos, trarov EXeov TON Tpo TOY GAdwv éx@pee’ deFapévou dé Tob Bapa- Opov Tov tmmov aypl pev TLVOS émetpaTo TANT Kal TAPAKENEUG EL NP@pevos efedavvey, as iv apnxavon, €acas Tov im ov éauTOV éawtev. 6 pev ovv romos Ob. éxetvoy ert viv Kovptios AdxKos dvopateras: puratdpevor dé TOV Kivduvov of 2a- Bivoe paxny Kaptepay éuaxéravTo Kpiow ov NaBodcay, Kaito TOAAOY TrecovT?, év ols HY Kal 144 ROMULUS XVIII. However, Tarpeia was buried there, and the hill was called from her Tarpeius, until King Tarquin dedicated the place to Jupiter, when her bones were removed and the name of Tarpeia died out, except that a cliff on the Capitol is still called the Tarpeian Rock, from which they hurl male- factors. _ The citadel thus occupied by the Sabines,? Romulus angrily challenged them to battle, and Tatius was bold enough to accept, since he saw that the Sabines, if worsted, had a strong place of retreat. For the intervening space, in which they were to join battle, being surrounded by many hills, seemed to impose upon both parties a sharp and grievous contest, owing to the difficulties of the field, where flight and pursuit must be narrowly confined and short. It happened, too, since the river had overflowed not many days before, that a deep and blind slime had been left in the valley where the forum is now. Wherefore it was not apparent to the eye, nor yet easy to avoid, and besides it was soft beneath the surface and dangerous. On to this the Sabines were ignorantly rushing, when a piece of good fortune be- fell them. Curtius, a conspicuous man among them, eager for glory and high aan was advancing on horseback far in front of the rest, when his horse sank in the gulf of mud. For some time he tried to drive him out, with blows and cries of encourage- ment, but since: it was impossible, he abandoned his horse and saved himself. Accordingly, the place to this day is‘called from him “lacus Curtius.” But the Sabines, having avoided this peril, fought a sturdy fight, and one which was indecisive, although 1 Cf. Livy, i. 12. 145 VOL. I. L PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5 ‘Ootinos. todrov “Epoirtias dvdpa nat wamrov 29 ‘OoriAtov tov petra Nopav Bactrevoavtos ye- véaOat rAéyovotv. avOis 8€ ToAAaY ayovery év Bpaxet ovvictapévar, os eixds, vos paddoTa TOD TeAeuTAiou pynpovevovowy, ev @ “Paptrov THY Keparyy tArAnyévTOS NO@ Kal Teceiv odio SE7- aavtos Tod 7 avtéxew ddepévov Tots LaBivoss, évédwxay of ‘Pwpaio. cal puyh mpos To TlaXdteov 6 éy@povy éEwfovpevos tov émimédov. 76n 5é o “Pwpvros ex THs TANyHAS advahépwy éBovreTO pév eis Ta StrAa Ywpeiv Tois Pevryovor évaytins, Kar péya Bowv iotacba: nai payecOas Trapexdarer. ToAAns 5é€ THS guvyns avT@ reptyeopevns Kal pndevos avactpépery toApa@vTos, avatelvas els ovpavoy tas xeipas evEato TH Act othoat rd aotpdtevpa Kal Td Popaiwy mpdypatra tecovTa 7 py teptidely, GAN dpOacat. ‘yevopévns 5é Tis evyns, aides te TOD Bactréws Eaxe TrordXovs Kal Bapoos éx petaBorns tapéotn trois pevryovaey. ésTnoav ovv mpa@tov o8 viv o tov Ards Tov Yraropos téputat vews, by éemictacioy dy Tes épunvevoeev’ elta auvactioaytes wad Ewoay oTiaw Tous LaBivous émt thy viv “Pyyav mpoc- ayopevopéevny Kai To THS “Eotias iepov. XIX. ’Evtadda 8 avtovs dorep && trapyis payecOar tapacKxevalopévous erréoye Servov idety Péapa nal Aoyou KpeitTwY ois. ai yap HpTra- opevat Ovyatépes TOV LaBivwv whOnoav adrra- obev ddAXat peta Bors Kal orXoAVYypod Sia Thy OmAwv hepopevar Kal Tov vexpav, WaTrep ex Oeod ROMULUS many fell, among whom was Hostilius. This man, they say, was husband of Hersilia! and grandfather to the Hostilius who was king after Numa. After- wards many conflicts raged within a short time, as might be expected, but one is most memorable, namely the last, in which Romulus was hit on the head with a stone and almost fell to the ground, abandon- ing his resistance to the Sabines. The Romans thereupon gave way and began to fly to the Palatine, now that they were repulsed from the plain. But presently Romulus, recovering from his blow, wished to stem the tide of fugitives and renew the battle, and called upon them with a loud voice to stand and fight. But as the waves of flight encompassed him and no man dared to face about, he stretched his hands towards heaven and prayed Jupiter to stay his army and not suffer the Roman cause to fall, but to restore it. No sooner was his prayer ended than many stopped out of reverence for their king, and courage returned to the fugitives. They made their first stand, then, where now is the temple of Jupiter Stator, which epithet might be interpreted as Stayer. Then they closed their ranks again and drove the Sabines back to where the so-called Regia? now stands, and the temple of Vesta. | XIX. Here, as they were preparing to renew the battle, they were checked by a sight that was wonderful to behold and a spectacle that passes description.2 The ravished daughters of the Sabines were seen rushing from every direction, with shouts and lamentations, through the armed men and the 1 Cf. chapter xiv. 6 f. 2 In historical times, the house of the Pontifex Maximus. See Numa, xiv. 1. 3 Cf. Livy, i. 13. 147 L 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KaTOYOL, TpOS TE TOS avdpas avTaY Kal TOUS Tatépas, ai pev tradia Kopitovoat vymia mpos tais ayxddats, ai S€ THY KOpNVY TpoicxXopevat NeAupEeVnY, Taga 5 avaxadovpevat Tos PiATa- ToOls ‘ovouaot mote pey Tovs YaBivous, rote Se \ e / ; a) 4 ® > , tovs ‘Pwpaious. érexrdaOnoav otv apdotepot, kal Séoxov avtais évy péowm Katacthvat THs mapatakews: cal kXavO pos dpa bua wdvtwv éyo- 7 9 / \ oy \ pet, Kal TOADS olxTOS Hv Tpos TE THY OLY Kal ‘\ , a > e \ 4 TOUS AOyous éTt pAAXov, cis ixeciav Kal dénory éx Sixatoroyias xal tappynoias TeXevtavtas. “Ti A ” “ea \ 4 \ > , yap (€pacav) vpds dSevoy 1 AUTNpOV Eépyacd- peval, Ta pey Hon TreTOvOapev, Ta b& TaaKXopLEV TOY CXETAiwY KaKaV; HpTacOnyey bTO TOV VOY éyovrav Bia Kal trapavipws, apracbeica & npernonuev on’ adeXdav Kal tatépwv xal oi- Kelwy “povoy TocoUTOY Saos Huas mpos TA eyO- oTa Kepdcas Tais peyiota avdyKats, TeTOinKe yov urép tov Biacapévwy Kal rrapavounoartwy Sedsévar payopévoy cat xralev OvnoKdvtwv. ov yap nAOeTE TLLwpHaorTeEs Huiy TapOévors odvaaLS 2 N\ \ b A ¥) \ a > A ) a él Tovs adtxodyTas, GAA viv avdpay aTroonate yaperas kal téxvwy pntépas, oixtpotépav Bon- Jevav éxelvys tis apedeias’ Kal mpodoctas Bon- Oobvres july tats dOdats. TovadTa peéev nyatn- Onuev bd TovTwr, ToLadTa Sé bh tpayv édeov- > b v > / > J 4 peOa. Kal yap ei 8 addnv aitiay éudyeobe, mavoacbar &.” pas mevOepods yeyovotas Kai 148 ROMULUS dead bodies, as if in a frenzy of possession, up to their husbands and their fathers, some carrying oung children in their arms, some veiled in their dishevelled hair, and all calling with the most endearing names now upon the Sabines and now upon the Romans. So then both armies were moved to compassion, and drew apart to give the women place between the lines of battle; sorrow ran through all the ranks, and abundant pity was stirred by the sight of the women, and still more by their words, which began with argument and reproach, and ended with supplication and entreaty. “Wherein, pray (they said), have we done you wrong or harm, that we must suffer in the past, and must still suffer now, such cruel evils? We were violently and lawlessly ravished away by those to whom we now belong, but though thus ravished, we were neglected by our brethren and fathers and kinsmen until time had united us by the strongest ties with those whom we had most hated, and made us now fear for those who had treated us with violence and lawlessness, when they go to battle, and mourn for them when they are slain. For ye did not come to avenge us upon our ravishers while we were still maidens, but now ye would tear wives from their husbands and mothers from their children, and the succour wherewith ye would now succour us, wretched women that we are, is more pitiful than your former neglect and abandonment of us. Such is the love which we have here enjoyed, such the compassion shown to us by you. Even if ye were fighting on other grounds, it were meet that ye should cease for our sakes, now that ye are become fathers-in-law and grandsires and have 149 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ > , v. > n >] e \ 5 Twammous Kal oikelovs OvTas éxyphy. et 8 wrrép Nav O TOAELOS éoTL, Kopicacbe Huas peta yap Bpov kal téxvwyv cal atrodote huiv watépas , 4 a Kai obKeLous, unde apérAnabe Traidas nal avdpas. LXETEVOPEV UPAS fy) TAALY aiyparwrToL yevér Oat.” Totadta moda tis “Epotdias mpoaryopev- , \ a v 4 b , ovens Kal Tov dANwv Seopéevworv, éeoTreicOnoav 9 A \ A ? 4 ee , e 6 dvoxat Kai avvAdov ets Noyous ot nyEpoves. at dé yuvaixes ev TovT@ Tois Tatpdot Kal Tois tO “A \ # 5 (o] A \ / 1 aderdois tous avdpas mpoonyov Kal ta Téxva, mpocépepoy te tpodyny kal trotov Tots Seopévors, Kal Tovs TeTpwpévous eOepdmevov olkace Kopi- Covoar Kal Twapelyoyv opav apyovaas pev avtas TOU olxov, mpocéxovtas dé Tovs avdpas avrais 7 kal per evvoias tiny amacay véuovtas. éx TovTouv ouyTidevtat THY pev yuvatxav Tas Bovdo- pévas cuvotkeiy trois Exovow, Womep cipnras, \ * TaVTOS Epyou Kal Taons NaTpElas TANY TAaXacias > 4 > a \ A \ 4 e 4, adepevas oixety b€ Kowwn THY TOdLV ‘Pwpaious kat LaBivous, nat KareicOar pev “Pdynv én ; € ‘Pwpvrg thy mod, Kupitas 5€ “Pwpaious adnavras ént +H Tartiov tatpisd:, Bacidevery dé Kown Kal otparnyeivy daphorépovs. Srrov 6é a A 4 a Travta avvéJevto péexpt viv Kopitioy xaretrac: Koptpe yap ‘Pwpaioe to cuvedOeivy Karovor. XX. Autractacbeions S€ THs TOAEWS, ExaToV pev éx LaBivwrv twarpixioe mpooxateréyOnoar, ai 1 +4 réxva Coraés and Bekker, after Reiske: réxva. 150 ™. ROMULUS family ties among your enemies. If, however, the war is on our behalf, carry us away with your sons-in- law and their children, and so restore to us our fathers and kindred, but do not rob us of our children and husbands. Let us not, we beseech you, become prisoners of war again.’ Many such appeals were made by H ersilia, and the other women added their entreaties, until a truce was made and the leaders held a confer- ence. Meanwhile the women brought their hus- bands and their children and presented them to their fathers and brothers; they also carried food and drink to those that wanted, and bore the wounded to their homes for tender nursing; here they also made it evident that they were mistresses of their own households, and that their husbands were attentive to them and showed them all honour with good will. Thereupon agreements were made that such women as wished to do so might continue to live with their husbands, exempt, as aforesaid,! from all labour and all drudgery except spinning; also that the city should be inhabited by Romans and Sabines in common; and that the city should be called Rome, from Romulus, but all its citizens Quirites, from the native city of Tatius?; and that Romulus and Tatius should be joint kings and leaders of the army. The place where these agreements were made is to this day called Comitium, from the Roman word “ conire,’”’ or “ coire,’ to come together. XX. The city thus doubled in its numbers, a hundred of the Sabines were added by election to the Patricii,s and the legions were enlarged 1 Cf. chapter xv. 4. =? Cures, a Sabine town. * Cf. chapter xiii. 1. 15% PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé Aevewves éyévovro metov pev éEaxioxyidonr, imméwy 5é éEaxooiwy. uras bé Tpeis KaTAaCT TH CavTes @vOmacay Tovs pev aro ‘Pwpmvrovu ‘Pap- vyvons, tovs &€ amd Tariou Tatinvons: tpitous 5¢ Aouxepyvons Sa TO adoos, ets 6 Todo KaTa- guyovtes, GovAias Sedopévns, ToD modtTedvparos petécyov' Ta 5 Adon AovKous dvoudlovow. st 8 joav ai dural tocaitat, rotvoua paptupet: tpiBous yap éte viv tas pudas Kadovol, Kat tptBovvous tovs ghuddpyous. éxdotn Sé dvrAn déxa hparpias elyev, &s Evsot Neyouoey errwvipous elvat éxeivoy tav yuvatkav. todto Sé Soxel weddos elvat: rodXNal yap éyovoww amd yopiov Tas mpoonyopias. adda pevToL TOANG tals yu- vaitly eis Tewhy améSwxay, dv Kal tadTa corey: éFictacbar pev od00 Badifovaaus, aiax pov 58 pndéva pndev eirreiy trapovons yuvacxos, pnd OPOjvar yupvov, 4 Sixny hevyew mapa: trois émt Tov povixay Kabeotaat, hopeiv dé Kal tovs Tai- das avrov THY Kadoupéevny BodAXav amo Tov g XMATOS» Guotov Troudorvyt, mepud¢pparov TL al mepeTroppupor. *BBoudeborre dé. of Baornreis OvK ‘ebOds ey Kow@ per addprov, aXN’ éxdtepos 7 POTE pov idta pera Tov éxaTov, Elta oUTMS «Eis TAUTOV dmavras ouviyov. ret 5¢ Tdteos pev Srrov viv o tis Movirns vacs éorte, ‘Paopvros oe Tapa Tovs Neryosuévous Babpous Kars axths.! oboe 5€ eicl 1 xadjjs daris @ corruption of Kdxov? Cf. Diodorus, iv. 152 ROMULUS to six thousand footmen and six hundred horse- men. The people, too, were arranged in three bodies, the first called Ramnenses, from Romulus ; the second Tatienses, from Tatius; and the third Lucerenses, from the grove into which many betook themselves for refuge, when a general asylum was offered,? and then became citizens. Now the Roman word for grove is “lucus.” ‘That these bodies were three in number, their very name testifies, for to this day they call them éribes, and their chief officers, trtbunes. And each tribe had ten phratries, or brotherhoods, which, as some say, were named after the thirty Sabine women;* but this seems to be false, since many of them bear the names of places. However, they did make many other concessions to the women, to do them honour, some of which are as follow: to give them the right of way when walking; not to utter any indecent word in the presence of a woman; that no man should be seen naked by them, or else that he be liable to prosecution before the judges of homicide ; and that their children should wear a sort of neck- lace, the “ bulla,” so called from its shape (which was that of a bubble), and a robe bordered with purple. The two kings did not at once hold council in common with one another, but each at first sat with his own hundred councillors apart, then afterwards they united them all into one body, as at the present time. Tatius dwelt where now is the temple of Moneta, and Romulus beside the so-called Steps of Fair Shore ; ;* these are near the descent into the ! Cf. chapter xiii. 1. 2 Cf. chapter ix. 3. = 3 Cf. chapter xiv. 6. | 4 The Greek text is probably corrupt. The ‘‘scalae Caci,” or Steps of Cacus, must be meant. 153 PLUTARCH’S LIVES > \ e 4 ‘ 4 9 wept THv eis Tov immddpopov Tov peyay éx Ila- Natlov xatdBacw. évtadOa &é nal rnv Kpa- verav Epacay TV iepay yeyovévat, uvOodXoyouvTES @ 4 e ¢ 4 e A , J OTL Treipw@pevos 0 ‘Pwuvros avTov AOYYXNY axov- tiaetev aro TOU. Aoveytivoy to EvaTov éyovoay , 4 a > le > 4 Kpaveias' xatadvons dé THs alypAs eis Baos, 9 U4 . bY 4 “ avaoTdacai pev ovdels metpwpévwoy TONY ” Q A 4 4 e a , 9 taxvaoe, TO O€ EvAOv EateEev 7 yn Cwdutos ovca, A 3, A } > , kal Bracrovs avyxe Kal otérexos evpeéryebes A > e kpaveias GOpee. Ttodto 8 of peta ‘Pwmvrov @s Ov TL TOY aylwrdtwv lep@v huArattovtes Kat oeBopevot TEpleTELYLGaY. 6T@~ 5é Wpoctovte So- \ \ , b : Eee un Oarepov civas pndé yAwpov, adr’ olov 9 a ‘ / e A a atpogeiy cai Pbivew, o pev evOus Eppale kpauryn A 9 td A Tois Wpootuyyavovet, ot 8, wormep eutTrpnou@ D ‘ bdwp,' Kal é- BonOodvres, éBowv vdwp, p| Kal ouv Tpeyov mavrayolev ayyeia wAnpn KopivovTes éml rov torov. Tatov dé Kaicapos, ds act, tas avaBaces émiaxevdlovtos Kal TOV TEXYVLTOV 4 4 es, meptopuTTovTwY Ta TANnciov, EXaGov ai pita caxwleioa Traytamact Kal to puTov éwapavOn. XXI. Mavas peév ody oi LaBivor rots ‘Popaiov é5éEavro, «al trepl avtav boa Kados elyey ey Te Nopa Bip yéypamrar: Oupeois 5¢ Trois éxeivwy o e “‘Pwywros éxypnoato, xal petéBare Tov omALo pov aA A > éavtod te Kal Tov “Pwopaiwr, ApyoNcds tTpote- pov aomidas dopovvtwy. éoprav dé Kal Ouovay dAAHAow petelyov, as pev Hye TA evn wpoTEepov oux avenrortes, etépas 5€ Oeuevor Katvdas, WY 7 TE tav Matpwvariov éorti, So0eica tais yuvackiv 1 §$3wp, JSwp with two Bodleian MSS. (B%>) : 83wp. 154 ROMULUS Circus Maximus from the Palatine. There also, it is said, grew the sacred cornel-tree, of which the following tale is told. Romulus, once, in trial of his strength, cast thither from the Aventine hill a spear, the shaft of which was made of cornel-wood ; the head of the spear sank deep into the ground, and no one had strength to pull it up, though many tried, but the earth, which was fertile, cherished the wooden shaft, and sent up shoots from it, and pro- duced a cornel-trunk of good size. Those who came after Romulus preserved this with religious care as one of the most sacred objects, and walled it in. And if any visitor thought that it was not green nor flourishing, but likely to wither away and die, he immediately proclaimed it loudly to all he met, and these, as though helping to save a house on fire, would cry “Water! Water!” and run _ together from all sides carrying full buckets to the place. But when Caius Caesar, as they say, was repairing the steps about the enclosure, and the workmen dug here and there in the neighbourhood, the roots were inadvertently destroyed and the tree withered away. XXI. The Sabines, then, adopted the Roman months, about which I have written sufficiently in my Life of Numa.! Romulus, on the other hand, made use of their oblong shields, and changed his own armour and that of the Romans, who before that carried round shields of the Argive pattern. Feasts and sacrifices they shared with one another, not discarding any which the two peoples had observed before, but instituting other new ones. One of these is the Matronalia, which was bestowed upon the women to commemorate their putting a 1 Chapters xviii. and xix. 155 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éml TH Tov TONe“oU KaTadUcE, Kal » Tov Kap- pevtariov. trav dé Kappévray olovrai tives peoi- pay elvat xupiav avOpworev yevécews: S10 Kal ‘Thao avTny ai pnrépes. ot S€ THY Tod Evdy- Spov tov ’Apxddos yuvaixa, pavtixny tiva Kat horBactinny éupétpov Xpnopav yevouévnv, Kap- pévrav étrovopacOnvar (Ta yap ern Kapmuva a N / 1 be 4 4 > A kadovar) Nixoorpatn! &€ Av dvopa Kvptov avr. \ a \ ¢ a \ , Kat TovTO pev oporoyetrar’ thy 5é Kappévray éo. wiPavw@tepov adepynvevovaw olov éorepy- pévny vou, dia Tas ev tois évOovotacpols Trapa- dpoctvas. TO pev yap orépecOar Kapype, pevtep Sé tov vovdv dvoudfovor. wept &€ tov Hapidiov mpocipntat. ta dé Aovmepxdda TO pev ypovm Sofecev dy elvar xaOdpora: Sparas yap éy yuépats dmoppact TOU PeBpovapiou paves, Ov xalapovov dv tis épunvevoee, cal tHv npépay éxetynv To qmadatov éxadrouv DeSpdrnv: tobvopa 5é Tihs e A e Q\ 4 , A a QA €opTHs EAAnuioTL onuaiver AvKcawa, wai Sonet dia ra , ? 99 lA 2 ” \ TOUTO TapTdAaLos amr Apeddeov elvat TOY TrEpL Evavdpov. GAG TOTO pev KOLO éote’ SvVaTAL yap a0 THS AvKalvns ryevyovevas Tovvopa. Kat yap apYopevous THs Trepidpopijs tous AoviépKous ope- pev évted0ev Oro Tov “‘Popdrov cxreOivat ANéyou- ot, Ta dé Spmpeva thy aitiav rove SuctoTacTov apdttovet yap alyas, celta petpaxiwy dvoty amo 1 Nuxoorpdrn Coraés and Bekker with the MSS. : Nuxo- orparn after Stephanus. 156 31 - ROMULUS stop to the war; and another is the Carmentalia. This Carmenta is thought by some to be a Fate presiding over human birth,and for this reason she is honoured by mothers. Others, however, say that the wife of Evander the Arcadian,! who was a prophetess and inspired to utter oracles in verse, was therefore surnamed Carmenta, since “ carmina”’ is their word for verses, her own proper name being Nicostrate. As to her own name there is general agreement, but some more probably interpret Carmenta as meaning bereft of mind, because of her ecstasies under inspiration, since “ carere”’ is the Roman word for to be bereft, and “mens” for mind. . Of the Parilia I have spoken before.? . As for the Lupercalia, judging .by the time of its celebration, it would seem to be a feast of purification, for it is observed on the inauspicious days ° of the month of February, which name can be interpreted, to. mean purification, and the very day of the feast was anciently called Febrata. But the name of the festival has the meaning of the Greek “ Lycaea,” or feast of wolves, which makes it seem of great antiquity and derived from the Arcadians in the following of Evander.‘ Indeed, this meaning of the name is commonly accepted ; for it can be con- nected with the she-wolf of story. And besides, we see that the Luperci® begin their course around the city at that point where Romulus is said to have been exposed. However, the actual cere- monies of the festival are such that’ the reason’ for the name. is hard to guess. For the priests slaughtér 1 Cf. Plutarch’s Roman Questions, 56 (Morals, p. 278 b, c), and Livy, i. 7, 8 2 Chapter xii. 1. 7 3 «* Dies nefasti.” 4 Cf. Livy, i. 5, 1-2. , 5 Priests of Faunus, the Roman Pan. 157 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yévous mpocaxGévtwy avtois, oi- pev npayyern ’ A , , @ » 9 payaipa tov petwrrou Ouyydvovat, érepot 5° atro- 4 bf ? wv 4 o pattovow evOus, époy BeBpeypévoy yadXaxte 5 mpoopépovtes. yeray bé Set Ta perpuxia peTa THY 6 7 ? , 9 \ , Q , A 2 A atropakw. éx € TovTov Ta déppata TOY aiyav katarepovtes SvaGéovor év repilwopact yupvol, Tois oxuTeat Tov éutrodwy taiovtes. ai & év e 4 a 9 4 \ , @ , : HrLKLG yUvaiKes ov hevyovat TO TatecBat, vouifov- gat wpos evtoKiay Kal Kuinow auvepyeiv. idsov 5é THs EopTns To Kab xvva Ove Tods AovTrépKous. Bovras 5é tis aitias puOddes ev érexyetous \ fa) id - A > v4 A ~ > Tept TaV Pwpaixav avaypadar, dyol tov ’Apov- € ; ae a Aiov Tovs Trept Tov Pwyvrov Kpatnoavtas éAOeiv Spopm peta yapas emt tov Torey év & vywios 9 b A 4 \ e ‘ , ova avtois 1) NUKaiva Onriv dTrécyxe, Kal pipnpa n ‘ tov te dSpopou tiv éoptny ayerOat, Kal Tpéxew TOUS GO Yyévous TOUS "Eptrodious tumrovras, Srrws ToTe Pdayay Exovtes éE “AXBns EPcov ‘Pwpvaros 75é “Pépos. wal To pev Eidos nuayuévoy mpoodépecOar Ta peror@ Too Tore dovov Kat xwdvvou avpBoror, thv dé a Tod ydXaxtos arroxdbapow bTopynpa THS TpoPHs avTav eivat. Tdios 5 Axidsos iatopet mpo HS KTicews Ta Opéupata tev tepl Tov ‘Pwpvrov adpavn yevéerOar' tovs 5€ re Davy mpocev£éapévous éxdpapetiy yusvous ert thy Crrn- ow, STws vrd TOU idp@Tos py EevoydoivTo: Kal 158 as ROMULUS goats, and then, after two youths of noble birth have been brought to them, some of them touch their foreheads with a bloody knife, and others wipe the stain off at once with wool dipped in milk. The youths must laugh after their foreheads are wiped. After this they cut the goats’ skins into strips and run about, with nothing on but a girdle, striking all who meet them with the thongs,! and young married women do not try to avoid their blows, fancying that they promote conception and easy child-birth. A peculiarity of the festival is that the Luperci sacrifice a dog also. A certain Butas, who wrote fabulous explanations of Roman customs in elegiac verse, says that Romulus and Remus, after their victory over Amulius, ran exultantly to the spot where, when they were babes, the she-wolf gave them suck, and that the festival is conducted in imitation of this action, and that the two youths of noble birth run “ Smiting all those whom they meet, as once with brandished weapons, Down from Alba’s heights, Remus and Romulus ran. And that the bloody sword is applied to their fore- heads as a symbol of the peril and slaughter of that day, while the cleansing of their foreheads with milk is in remembrance of the nourishment which the babes received. But Caius Acilius writes that before the founding of the city Romulus and his brother once lost their flocks, and after praying to Faunus, ran forth in quest of them naked, that they might not be impeded by sweat; and that this is the reason why 1 Cf. Phutarch’s Antony, xii. 1. 159 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sud TooTO yupvors TepuTpeXery TOUS Aourépxous. Tov 5€ KUva hain Tis av, Et pev 4 Ovoia xabappos 8 date, OvecIar cabapaip Kpwpévav avT@ Kai yap "EAAnves év Te TOUS KkaBapators oKUAAKAS expe- povot Kal mohhaxod Xpovrar TOUS eyopevoes Tmepia Kvaakco pois” et O€ Th AuKaivy YaptoTHpra TAvTA Kal Tpopeta Kal cwTnpia ‘Pwpidov TENOU- ow, OUK ATOTTAS O Kbov opdttetal' vUKOLS yap €oTe TOAEMLOS’ EL #1) vy Ata KonageTat TO S@ov &s Tapevoyoby tous Aoviépxous Otay srept- Oéwar. XXII. Aéyerat Sé cal thy Tmept TO Wup aye- oteiav ‘Pwpvrov KATAOTHO GL TPOTEV, aTrOoEL- Eavra mapOevovs lepas. ‘Eoteddas ™ poo aryopevo- pévas. oi 88 TodTo pev eis Nopav avadépovor, ta & adda TOV ‘Peoptrov OcoaeRh StadepovTas, ére O€ payrixov ia Topovar ryever Gar, nal popeiv emt pavTtkh TO Kadovpevoy hitvoy, éare bE Kear won papsos, 7 Ta TALVOLa nabeCopuevous én’ 2 olwvav Siaypddew. todto 8 év Hadati¢p gu- NaTTOMEVOY adavia Oivat mept ta Kearrixa tH ToAEWS GAOVoNS ElTAa pevTOL TOD | BapBdpwy extrecavtwv evpeOjvar kata tTéppas Babeias arra- Oés bd TOU TUpos ev TaoL TOis AANOLS aTTOhW- oot Kal SrepOappevors. | 3 "EOnxe dé Kal vopous TLVaS, OV a podpos peev éotw 6 yuvaxt pn 8.8005 GTTONELTELY dv6pa, yuvaixa Se didovs éxBddrew! ert pappareia Kal 1 éxBdddAew Bekker, after Corads: éxBareiy. 160 NS ROMULUS the Luperci run about naked. If the sacrifice is a purification, one might say that the dog is sacri- ficed as being a suitable victim for such rites, since the Greeks, in their rites of purification, carry forth puppies for burial, and in many places make use of the rites called “ periskuJakismoi ;”1 and if these rites are performed in grateful remembrance of the she-wolf that nourished and preserved Romu- lus, it is not without reason that the dog is slain, since it is an enemy to wolves, unless, indeed, the animal is thus punished for annoying the Luperci when they run about. XXII. It is said also that Romulus first introduced the consecration of fire, and appointed holy virgins to guard it, called Vestals. Others attribute this institution to Numa,? although admitting that Romulus was in other ways eminently religious, and they say further that he was a diviner, and carried for purposes of divination the so-called “ lituus,” a crooked staff with which those who take auguries from the flight of birds mark out the regions of the heavens. This staff, which was carefully preserved on the Palatine, is said to have disappeared when the city was taken at the time of the Gallic invasion; after- wards, however, when the Barbarians had been expelled, it was found under deep ashes unharmed by the fire, although everything about it was com- pletely destroyed.’ He also enacted certain laws, and among them one of severity, which forbids a wife to leave her husband, but permits a husband to put away his wife ? Sacrifices where puppies were killed and carried about. 2 See Numa, chapters ix. and x. 3 Cf. Camillus, xxxii. 4-5. 161 VOL. I. M PLUTARCH’S LIVES TéKVOV UroBonF * Kal pouxevOeicar ei o adds 32 TLS dmoméuyrarto, TAS ovaias avTod TO peév Tihs yuvarnds elvat, To Se Tis Ajpntpos lepdv KeNEVwV" Tov & a7ro80pevov yuvaira Over Gar xPoviots Oeois. iov dé To pndepiay Sixny Kata TAT POKTOVOY opicavra Tac av avdpopoviar TAT pOKTOvIAY 7 poo- euTetv, @S TOUTOU pev évtos évaryods, éxeivov dé abuvatou. kal pex pe Xpoverr ToAN@y okey op0as dmoyvavat THY TOWAUT AY adixiav ovoeis yap eSpace ToLOUTOV OvdEV éV Poun axedov € era éEaxootov Sraryevopevar, aNNG T PWTOS META TOV “AvviBrarov TONE MOV taropetras Aevxwos "Oottos TAT POKTOVOS yevéoOar. tadra pev ody ixava mept TOUTMD. XXHI. "Eret de ELT TY rhs Tatiou Bactreias, oixeiol Tues avTovd Kal ouyyevels mpéaBeow a amo Aavpévtov Badifovor els ‘Poyny évTuxovTes Kad od6p, émexelpour apaipeio Bar Ta Xpnpara Bia, Kal pn) Tpotewévous, AAN a LUYOMEvoUs dveldov. epyov dé devvod ToApnbévtos, 0 pev “Pwpvros evdvs Seiy Beto KorAadlecOat Tovs adicnoavras, o 6é€ Ta aTLOS é£éxpove Kal mapiyye. Kat TOUTO pbvor avtois Umiptev aitiov éudavods Srapopas: Ta 5 adAXa _kataxoo pobvTes EAUTOUS as &u pa Miata KOLVOS eXpaYTO Kat pel? opovotas Tots m™ paypagwy. ot 6€ TOV dvypnyevov olKetot, mdons éFerpryopevor Sixns yop wou Sia tov Tatiov, atro- KTEVvYYOVE LY aQuTov év AaBwig Ovovra peta ‘Po- prov tpootecovtes, Tov 8 “Pwptrov ws Sixacov 1 én) dapyaxela xal réxvwv broBodG with Cobet: éml gap pakela réxvwy } KAeidav broBorg (for poisoning his children or counterfeiting his keys). 162 ROMULUS for using poisons, for substituting children, and for adultery ; but if a man for any other reason sends his wife away, the law prescribes that half his substance shall belong to his wife, and the other half be con- secrate to Ceres; and whosoever puts away his wife, shall make a sacrifice to the gods of the lower world. It is also a peculiar thing that Romulus ordained no penalty for parricides, but called all murder parricide, looking upon one as abominable, and upon the other as impossible. And for many ages his judgement of such a crime seemed to have been right, for no one did any such deed at Rome for almost six hundred years; but after the war with Hannibal, Lucius Hostius is reported to have been the first parricide. So much, then, may suffice concerning these matters. XXIII. In the fifth year of the reign of Tatius, some retainers and kinsmen of his, falling in with ambassadors from Laurentum on their way to Rome, attempted to rob them of their money,! and when they would not stand and deliver, slew them. It was a bold and dreadful crime, and Romulus thought its perpetrators ought to be punished at once, but ‘Tatius tried to put off and turn aside the course of justice. This was the sole occasion of open variance between them; in all other matters they acted in the utmost concert and administered affairs with unanimity. The friends of the slain ambassadors, shut out as they were from all lawful redress, through the efforts of Tatius, fell upon him as he was sacri- ficing with Romulus at Lavinium, and killed him, but escorted Romulus on his way with loud praises of his 1 Of. Livy, i. 14, 1-3. 163 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 dySpa T pouTrepypay ep npoovres. o 5€ To pev odpa tov Tatiov xopicas évripes Bawe, cai KetTaL TEpt TO KaXovpEevoy ‘AppuXovaTpLoy év ’"Aovertive, TAS 5é Sixns Tov dovov taytaracw npérAnoev. evo. b€ TaYv ouyypadéwy iotopovct Thy pev Tov Tov Aaupevtioy poBnOeicar éxds- Sovas Tovs avtoyetpas Tatiou, tov dé “Pwpvrov 4 adewvat, dncavta povov dovm rAerAvaAat. TovTO 5é Aoyov pay twa Twapécye nai wrowiay ws AO MEVO YEYOVEY AUT@ TO TOV GUVapYOYTOS aTTad- Aayivat, Tov S€ Tpaypatwv ovdev Suerdpaker, oudé dSuectaciace zovs LaBivous, GAN of pev EvVOLa TH TPOS autov, ot b€ poe THs Suvdapews, ot S ws Ge@ ypwpevot eis Tacav evvoay,' Bav- pavovres SceréXouv. 5 "Edavpalov b€ ToAXO Kai TOV €XTOS avd parry TOV ‘Peopurov: ot be T pOyEvér TEpot Aativot Te Wavtes avt@ pilav emotnaavTo Kat oUpma iav. Prdijvas dé elvev, dotuyeltova Tis. ‘Pans Toy, OS Bev Evuol pact, éEaipyns Tous im7méas méppas Kat Kedevoas UTOTEMELY TOV Tudo TOUS OTpO- puyyas, eita emipaveis avTos am poo bon nTws" 6 érepoe ce A€yovet Tportépous EKELVOUS éuBadovtas eAdcaaGai TE Nelav xal KabvBpicat worda THY X@pav Kai TO mpodaTevov, evédpas dé rov “Po- puro Gépevor autos Kat d.apGeipavta TOANOUS AaBety thy Tord. od pny aveirev OvdE KaTE- oxawev, adda “Pwpaiwy éroinoev artrotxiay, 1 ypapevan eis tacar ebvoiav MSS., Coraés ; Bekker corrects to xowpevory eis way edpever (hecause heaven favoured him in all his undertakings. ) 164 ROMULUS justice. Romulus brought the body of Tatius home and gave it honourable burial, and it lies near the so-called Armilustrium, on the Aventine hill; but he took no steps whatsoever to bring his murderers to justice. And some historians write that the city of Laurentum, in terror, delivered up the murderers of Tatius, but that Romulus let them go, saying that murder had been requited with murder. This led some to say and suspect that he was glad to be rid of his colleague, but it caused no disturbance in the government, nor did it lead the Sabines into faction, nay, some through the good-will they had for him, others through their fear of his power, and others because they regarded him as a benevolent god, all continued to hold him in reverence to the end. Romulus was held in reverence also by many foreign peoples, and the earlier Latins sent ambas- sadors and established friendship and alliance with him. Fidenae, a neighbouring city to Rome, he took,! as some say, by sending his horsemen of a sudden with orders to cut away the pivots of the gates, and then appearing himself unexpectedly ; but others say that the men of Fidenae first made an incursion, driving off booty and devastating the territory and outskirts of the city, and that Romulus set an ambush for them, killed many of them, and took their city. He did not, however, destroy or raze it to the ground, but made it a colony of Rome, and sent thither _ 7 CEé. Livy, i. 14, 4-11. 165 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dia XLMous Kal WevTaKogliovs atrooTeiAas obKnN- Topas eLdots ‘AmpthrAaes. XXIV. ’Ex tovtov orpos cumimret, Javatous pev aipyidious avO pwr ous dvev voowv emupepeor, GTO PEVOS bé Kal KapTrav aopiats kat Open- parov aryoviats. Ban 5é kal ctayoow aivatos n TOMS, @OTE TONANY Mpoayeved Oat Tots avary- Kaiots mabect Sera darpovian. émrel 5€ kal Tots TO Aavpevtov OLKODG LY dpova cuveBawver, 78 Tav- TaTacw édoxe. Tov emit Tatia TUyKEXUMEVOY bu- Kaley ei TE TOES mpeo Beat povevdeicr pynvipa dac- pooviov apporepas ehavvewv TAS TOAELS. exbo0 év- TOV Sé trav hovéwy Kal Koha Bevtay Tap’ apdo- TEpots, ehapnaev érrd7jrAws Ta deuva: Kal i xaappois O ‘Pepvros iyvice Tas Tones, ods Ett viv iato- povowy émt THs Depevtivnys TUANS ovvrTedeto Bau. Hpiv dé Ana TOV AoLpov éneBevro Kapépvoe 33 ‘Pepatoss Kal catédpapov THY YOpav, ws abv- VaTov dpover bat dua 70 mdbos. evOus obv 0 ‘Papiros eo Tpatevaev én avTous Kal ayn Kpatnoas eEaxtoytdious am ex TeLve® ral THY T ONLY EXWV, TOUS peV Hploess TOV TEpLyEVOMEVOY els ‘Popny éEdxice, TOV 5 UrropevovTov oumda- aious ex ‘Pwopns KaToKioey eis THY Kapepiav LeEtiAias Kaddvédais. TocovToY auTe TeEpiny TOALTOV éxxaidena, érn axedov OLKODVYTL THY “Pepny. év S€ Tots ddXots Aad vpots kal XadKovv EXOMLGE TeO purrmov éx Kapeptas: TOUTO b¢ ave- oTnoev év TO lep@ Tod ‘Hdaiotov, roincdpmevos éavtov vmo Nixns orepavovpevor. XXYV. Otro de povvupevors Tots Tpaypacty ot pev acbevéctepo. TaV T pogorKey uTredvovTo 166 ROMULUS twenty-five hundred colonists, on the Ides of April. XXIV. After this, a plague fell upon the land, bringing sudden death without previous sickness upon the people, and afflicting the crops with un- fruitfulness and the cattle with barrenness. There was a rain of blood also in the city, so that many superstitious. fears were added to their unavoidable sufferings. And when similar calamities visited the people of Laurentum, all agreed at once that it was the miscarriage of justice for the death of Tatius and the slain ambassadors which brought the wrath of heaven down upon both cities. The murderers, therefore, were delifered up on both sides and punished, and the mischief visibly abated. Romulus also purified the cities with lustral rites, which they say are celebrated to this day at the Ferentine gate. But before the pestilence had ceased, the people of Cameria attacked the Romans and overran their territory, thinking them incapable of defending themselves by reason of their distress. Romulus therefore at once marched against them, overcame them in battle, and killed six thousand of them. He also took their city, transplanted half of the sur- vivors to Rome, and sent to Cameria as colonists from Rome twice the number he had left there, and this on the first of August. So many citizens had he to spare after dwelling in Rome less than sixteen years. Among other spoils he brought also a bronze four-horse chariot from Cameria, and dedicated it in the temple of Vulcan. For it he had a statue made of himself, with a figure of Victory crowning him. XXV. The Roman state thus gathering strength, its weaker neighbours submitted to it, and were 167 PLUTARCH’S LIVES kal tuyydvovtes abeias jydtav: ot b€ duvarot Sedsdtes Kat POovodvtes ov wovTo deiv Tepiopar, Grn’ évicotacOar TH avéjoe Kal Kodovew Tov ‘Pwpvrov. mpatoe & Tuppnvav Odnios, ywpav KEKTNMEVOL TOAAHY Kal TOALY pEyadANY OlKODYTES, apynv érotnoavto tmodkeuou Didjvas araiteiv, @S Tpoonkovaay avtots. To 5 ovK abdixov hv povov, GANA Kalb yedolov, STL KivSuvEevoVeL TOTE Kal moNepmoupévols ov TpocapvvavtTes, ANN éd- cavres atronéa bar TOUS dvépas, oixtas Kal viv aTrauToley aNAwY exovTo. , caduBpra Gevres ov vTO TOD ‘Papvrov € év Tals dmoxpiceat Siva SietXov éautous, Kal TO pev eméxervte TH Dednvav otpa- Tevpatt, T@ b€ pos ‘PwpvrAov amnvTwY. TpOsS pev ovv Didnvais Seoxysdious “Pwpaiwy Kxpatn- cavtes amréxtewav, vd ‘Pwpvrou 5é wKnOévtes Umép oKxTaktaxtrtous amwéBarov. adOis 5 epi Didnuvnv epayécavto: nat TO pév mretoTov Epyov avtov ‘Pwpurou yevéo Oat, Téxvyy Te peTAa TOAMNS macav émidecEapevov poun Te Kal Trodwxeia TOAD Sofavtos avd pwrivns pelt Tove KexpioOan, TWAVTES oporoyobat: to 8 tm éeviwv Aeryopevov Kopueop pudadés eat, paiddov dé ddws artarov, bre pupiov Kal TeTpaxta tdiwy mea ovToy vmep- nutoets joav ods avros dia xeupl “Pwpvros é- KTELVEV, OTOV ‘YE Kal Meoorjriot Kou xpjoacbar doxovar rept "Aptotopévous AéyovTes ws Tpls exaToupovea Ovoevev amd Aaxedatpoviov. Tevopevns 8& tis tpomis, adels pevyev Tous 168 ROMULUS satisfied to be let alone ; but the powerful ones, out of fear and jealousy, thought they ought not to tolerate, but resist and check the growing power of Romulus. And of the Tuscans, the people of Veii, who possessed much territory and dwelt in a great city, were the first to begin war! with a demand for Fidenae, which they said belonged to them. Now this was not only unjust, it was actually ridiculous, that they, who had not come to the aid of the people of Fidenae when they were in the perils of war, but suffered them to perish, then demanded their houses and land from those who had come into - possession of them. Accordingly, Romulus gave them contemptuous answers, upon which they divided themselves into two armies, attacked Fidenae with one, and confronted Romulus with the other. Before Fidenae, then, they overpowered two thousand Romans and slew them ; but they were defeated by Romulus with a loss of eight thousand men. Once more a battle was fought near Fidenae, and here all agree that the victory was chiefly due to Romulus himself, who displayed every possible combination of skill and bravery, and seemed endowed with strength and swiftness far beyond the lot of man. But there is a statement made by some writers which is alto- gether fabulous, nay rather, wholly incredible, name- ly, that of the fourteen thousand Tuscans who fell in this battle, more than half were slain by Romulus with his own hand ; for even the Messenians seem to have been boastfully extravagant in saying that Aristomenes thrice offered sacrifice for a hundred Lacedaemonian enemies slain. After the rout of the enemy, Romulus suffered the 1 Cf, Livy, i. 15, 1-5. 169 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TepLovTas O ‘Pwpvnros, én aurny éya@pel THY Tony: of & ovK nvérxXovTo peyadns cuppopas yevouerns, GNA denGevres Oporoyiay eTOLT Avro Kal piriay els eT ExaTov, “Y@pay TE TONY ™ poe wevor Tis éavTa, hy Lemreum dyvov xanob- ol, Omrep éotiv EMTapopLoy, kal TOV Tapa TOV TOTApov exaTavres ddornyiovr, Kal TevTHKovTA TOV apioToV Ounpous eyxerplo avres, eO pid u- Bevoe 5€ Kal amo tovtwy eidois OxroSpiass, adAous TE TOANOUS aly pwadwrous eXov Kal TOV nryepova TOV Ovniwr, avopa mpeaBurny, ad poves So€avta cal rap BALKLaY aTreipws Tots mpaywace Kexphaar. 610 Kal voy étt Ovovtes eT iviKia, yépovra pev dyovor be aryopas ets Kamrirodtov ev TepiToppupe, BodAXav avT@ trabuenv aypav- TES, Knpurret & o Knpu& Lapbravous @vious. Tuppavol yap aTrOUKOL Lapdiavav rAéyovtat, Tup- pynvirn S€ modus ot Ovnior. XXVI. Todrov éryarov ToheLOV O ‘Popvros émoheunaen. el’, 6 TONAL, parXov dé wry OMyov maa xovoe mares ot peyaArats cal Tapa- Aoryos apbévtes evtuyxiais eis S¥vauww Kal Gycor, ove abros Stépuye mabetv, arr’ exteOappnKas TOUS mpdypact kat Bapurépo ppovnpare V pw- pevos, efiatato Tov Snuottxov, Kat mapydNatrev els povapxiay érayOn kal AvTOvCAaY amo ToD TX MATOS Tp@TOV @ Katerxnuarilev éavuTov. droupyi pev yp évedvero xeTava, Kal THBevvov époper TepiT oppupov, év Opovm & avakhite Kad nuevos expnpareber. joav oe mepl aurov adel TOY véwv ot Kadovpevor Kédepes, azro THS Tepit Tas UToupyias OEUTNTOS. éBadsbov Se mpoc- 170 34 ROMULUS survivors to escape, and moved upon their city itself. But they could not hold out after so great a reverse, and suing for peace, made a treaty of friendship for a hundred years, giving up a large portion of their territory, called Septempagium, or the Seven - Districts, abandoning their salt-works along the river, and delivering up fifty of their chief men as hostages. _ Romulus also celebrated a triumph for this victory on the Ides of October, having in his train, besides many other captives, the leader of the. Veientes, an elderly man, who seems to have conducted the campaign unwisely, and without the experience to-be expected of his years. Wherefore to this very day, in offering a sacrifice for victory, they lead an old man through the forum to the Capitol, wearing a boy’s toga with a bulla attached to it, while the herald cries: “ Sardians for sale!’’ For the Tuscans are said to be colonists from Sardis, and Veii is a Tuscan city. XXVI. This was the last war waged by Romulus. Afterwards, like many, nay, like almost all men who have been lifted by great and unexpected strokes of good fortune to power and dignity, even he was em- boldened by his achievements to take on a haughtier bearing, to renounce his popular ways, and to change to the ways of a monarch, which were made hateful and vexatious first by the state which he assumed. For he dressed in a scarlet tunic, and wore over it a toga bordered with purple, and sat on a recumbent throne when he gave audience. And he had always about him some young men called Celeres, from their swiftness in doing service.!_ Others, too, went Cf. chapter x. 2; and Livy, i. 15, 8. r71 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Gev érepor Baxrnpiars aveipyovtes tov SyAov, e 4 \ e lA C4 a bd 4 A Umelwopmévor S€ idvras, WoTE Guvdelv EvOUS ods mT poo Tagete. To 8€ djcae Aarivos wddat pev ALyGpe, viv Sé addiyape karovow: SOev of te paBdodyor ALKTO- pets, at re paBdo. RBdxvrAa Kxarodvrat, Sia TO “ 4 4 > A , xphoOar tote Baxtnpias. eixos 5é ALKTw@pELS évtewévou tov Kama viv dvoudtecOar, mpo- Tepov ALTwpELS, EAANUGTL 5é NerTOUpyods dyTas. Anitov yap TO Synudotov éte viv "EXAnves xal Aaov TO TWAHOOS cvouatovow. XXVIII. *Evel 5€ tod awdarrov Nopntopos év "ANBy TeXevTHCAYTOS, AVT@ BactrEvelv TpoaHKor, eis pécov 2Onxe tiv Tmodtteiav Snpaywyav, ral b 3 \ > 4 LA a bd Kat éviavTov amredeixvuey apyovta Tots ’ANBa- vois, édidake nal tors év ‘Pon Suvatovs aBaci- NeuToy CnTely Kal avTOVvomov TroNTELaY, apxo- pévous év péper wal dpyovtas. ovdé yap ot KANOUMEVOL TATPiKLOL TPAYpaTwWY pETELYOV, GAN dvopa kal cxXjpa Trepiny evtipov avtois, Eovs eve- a a , > / 9 A : K& £arXov H yvouns aOporfopeévors eis TO Boudev- THpLOV. Elta aLYH MpoaTaTTOVTOS HKpOwYTO: Kar T® MWpoTepoe TO Sedoypevov éexeivp mvubécOar TaV TOANOY TAEOY EXOVTES ATNAAATTOVTO. Kai TaANA \ ? / a a \ / pev hv édXatrova: tis Sé ys THv Sopixrnrov 172 ROMULUS before him with staves, keeping off the populace, and they were girt with thongs, with which to bind at once those whom he ordered to be bound. To bind, in the Latin language, was formerly “ ligare,” though now it is “alligare’’ ; whence the wand-bearers are called “ lictores,” and the wands ~ themselves “ bacula,’ from the use, in the time of Romulus, of “ bakteriai,’”” which is the Greek word for staves. But it is likely that the “ec” in the word “ lictores,’ as now used, has been added, and that the word was formerly “litores,’’ which is the Greek ‘‘leitourgoi,” meaning public servants. For the Greeks still call a public hall “leiton,’ and the people “laos.” } XXVII. But when his grandfather Numitor died in Alba, and its throne devolved upon Romulus, he courted the favour of the people by putting the government in their hands, and appointed an annual ruler for the Albans. In this way he taught the influential men at Rome.also to seek after a form of government which was independent and without a king, where all in turn were subjects and rulers. For by this time not even the so-called patricians had any share in the administration of affairs, but a name and garb of honour was all that was left them, and they assembled in their council-chamber more from custom than for giving advice. Once there, they listened in silence to the commands of the king, and went away with this advantage only over the multitude, that they learned earlier what he had decreed. The rest of his proceedings were of lesser importance ; but when of his own motion merely 1 For this assumed use of Greek words by the Romans. cf. chapter xv. 3. 173 PLUTARCH’S LIVES autos ép éavtod Sacdyevos Tois orTpatiorass, kal Tovs ounpous tots Ovntots arrodovs, obte mevaBévtwrv ovte Bovroucvor éxeivov, Soke Ko- pod Thy yepovciay mpomnraxivew. SOev ets uTowiay kal diaBorny évérece Taparoyus ada- viobévtos avTov pet’ odLyov xpovov. ndhavicOn 5é vavais ‘lovrlats, os viv ovoudlovow, ws bé rote, Kuvtidiats, ovdéev eirety BéBatov ovdé oporoyovpevov TrubécOat mepi TIS TeNEUTHS aTrO- MuTra, arr’ a TOV xpovov, @S mpoeipn Ta. Sparat yap ert viv poa TH TOTE TADEL TOMA KATA THY nuépav éexeiynv. Ov det b€ Oavydlew THY doddevay, dtrov zen- TLWVOS ‘Ad picavod pera Seimrvoy olxot TeNEUTY- TAaVTOS, OUK éoxe ior ove ENeyXov ) Tpomos Tis TehEuTAS, GX of pev AUTOMATOS dvTa pues voowdn Kapety Aéyouow, o 6 avrov ud’ éavtod papparors amroBavetv, ot 8& tovs éxOpous THY avaTrvony atroNaBeiv avTod VUKT Mp TapeLamed ov- Tas. Kaitou Lenriov é ExerTO ver pos eudavns tdety Taot, Kab TO cya mapeixe mraow Opwpevov brrowiav Tia Tov mdaGovs Kal KaTavonoty: ‘Pwyvdou dé adve HETANAAEAVTOS ovTe pé os adn TWPATOS oure Aeifpavoy éaOfjros. ann ot pey elxatov € Ev T@ jbep@ TOU ‘H¢aiorou tous Bov- heuTas émavactavtas avT@ kal SiapGeipavras, velmavTas TO capa Kal HE pos éxacTov évO éwevov Els Tov KodTOV éeveyxeiy: erepor 6° olovTay pnte év T@ lep@ Tov ‘Hdaiorou pnre povev TOV Bovdev- TOV ‘TapovTay yevér Gar TOV apavic pov, ana Tuxeiv pev &Ew Tepi TO KadovpEvoy avyos éNoS 174 ROMULUS he divided the territory acquired in war among his soldiers, and gave back their hostages to the Veientes, without the consent or wish of the patricians, he was thought to be insulting their senate outright. Wherefore suspicion and calumny fell upon that body when he disappeared unaccount- ably a short time after. He disappeared on the Nones of July, as they now call the month, then Quintilis, leaving no certain account nor even any generally accepted tradition of his death, aside from the date of it, which I have just given. For on that day many ceremonies are still performed which bear a likeness to what then came to pass. Nor need we wonder at this uncertainty, since although Scipio Africanus died at home after dinner, there is no convincing proof of the manner of his end, but some say that he passed away naturally, being of a sickly habit, some that he died of poison administered bv his own hand, and some that his enemies broke into his house at night and smothered him. And yet Scipio's dead body lay exposed for all to see, and all who beheld it formed therefrom some suspicion and conjecture of what had happened to it; whereas Romulus disappeared sud- denly, and no portion of his body or fragment of his clothing remained to be seen. But some conjectured that the senators, convened in the temple of Vulcan, fell upon him and slew him, then cut his body in pieces, put each a portion into the folds of his robe, and so carried it away. Others think that it was neither in the temple of Vulcan nor when the senators alone were present that he disappeared, but that he was holding an assembly of the people 175 PLUTARCH’S LIVES exxAnotiay ayovra Tov ‘Pwutrov, apyw é Oavya- oTa Kal Kpeitrova AOdyou mepl Tov aépa 7a0n yever Oa Kal petaBoras dmiarous: TOD pev yap mAtov TO POS emeduTreiy, vuxtra 66 KaTacxely, ov mpgeiav, ovee Hovxov, ara Bpovras Te devas Kal TVvOas avewov Cahny ehauvovTay mavrayobev Eéyouocay: év bé TOUT TOV pév ToNvY OxXAOV axedacbevra puyeiv, TOUS 6é duvatous ovat papi vat per aAmhov- émrel 5° | eAngev 7 ” TApAaX?) xal TO bas eFéraprpe Kal Tov TOBY els TAUTO maduy TUVEPXOMEVCOV onrnas nv tov Baciréos kat 1000s, ovx éav Tovs Suvatovs éFeTralew ovde ToAUTpaymovely, GNAA Tipay TwapaKxereverOa mace Kai céBec0ar Paopvaror, a> aynptracpévov eis Deovs nal Oeov evpevny yevnodpevov avrois éx YpNnaToU Baciréws. TOUS ev ovv TroAXOUS TAd- Ta mecOopevous kal yatpovras anardar rea Bat per énaridcoy ayabev TpooKuvodvras: eivat O€ Tivas ot TO TMpaypa mixpes Kal duc pevas éferéy- novres eTaparrov TOUS TAaTpLKLoUs Kal b¢BadarAov, @S aBenrepa TOV SF pov avarreiBovtas, avrous &é Tov Baciréws avToxerpas dvTas. XXVIII. Odtws otv 1 advipa trav martpixiov ryéver 1 p@TOV, 0¢e TE Soxtpw@tarov, aure TE ‘Papvrp Tistov Kal ouvnOn, TOY ar “AXBns eT OLKMD, "TovAcov IIpoxdov, eis aryopay Tpoen- Oovra? kal TOY ayunt aT ov évopKov lepay ayd- pevov eimeiy ev maow ws odov avT@ Babdifovre ‘Pwpvros €€ évaytias mpocimy pavein, KaXos pev ! oftws ouv Coraés, following Stephanus and C, has ofrws oby Tapartouévwy (hile such disorder prevailed). 2 wpoerdOdvra MSS., Coraés, Nintenis!: waperddvra. 176 35 ROMULUS outside the city near the so-called Goat’s Marsh,! when suddenly strange and unaccountable disorders with incredible changes filled the air; the light of the sun failed, and night came down upon them, not with peace and quiet, but with awful peals of thunder and furious blasts driving rain from every quarter, during which the multitude dispersed and fled, but the nobles gathered closely together ; and when the storm had ceased, and the sun shone out, and the multitude, now gathered together again in the same place as before, anxiously sought for their king, the nobles would not suffer them to inquire into his disappearance nor busy themselves about it, but exhorted them all to honour and revere Romulus, since he had been caught up into heaven, and was to be a benevolent god for them instead of a good king. The multitude, accord- ingly, believing this and rejoicing in it, went away to worship him with good hopes of his favour ; but there were some, it is said, who tested the matter in a bitter and hostile spirit, and confounded the patricians with the accusation of imposing a silly tale upon the people, and of being themselves the murderers of the king. XXVIII. At this pass, then, it is said that one of the patricians, a man of noblest birth, and of the most reputable character, a trusted and intimate friend also of Romulus himself, and one of the _ colonists from Alba, Julius Proculus by name,? went into the forum and solemnly swore by the most sacred emblems before all the people that, as he was travelling on the road, he had seen Romulus coming 1 Cf, Livy, i. 16, 1-4, 2 Cf. Livy, i. 16, 5-8. (177 VOL. I. N PLUTARCH’S LIVES opO7vat Kat peyas, @S OUTOTE mpoabev, Grows de Aap pois Kal préyourr KEKOT UNLEVOS. aUTOS ev ov exTrrayels ™ pos THY pw “<"O Bacired,” pavar, “rt on madov t dvavon Gels mwas pev éy aiTiats adixous Kal movnpais, Tacay dé THY TON opphavny év pupio révOer mpohehouTras; ” ” éxetvov 6 anoxpivacGat, " Beois édokev, @ Tlpoxne, TOC OV- TOV meas yevea bat per’ avOpwrov Xpovor, exeiDev évTas,' Kal T ONLY én apxh Kat 60&n peylorn KTiaavtas avis oixeiy oupavov. aNXa xaipe, Kat ppate ‘Peopators é6Tt cwppoovvny pert’ avdpeias doxobvtes emi mAcioTov avOpwmivns adpifovras Suvdpews. eyo dé tyiv evpevns écopar Saipeov Kupivos.” tavta miota pev eivat tots “Papaiots éSoxer Sta Tov TpoTrOV TOD AéyovTos Kal Sia Tov Spxov' ov pnv adrdrd}a Kal Satpowov te ovv- epavracbat 7a0os Guovoyv évOovotacn@: pndéra yap avrTeteiv, GAA Tacav Jrovorav cal da- Bodny adéevtas ebyer Oa ee kat Oeoxwrv- Tely exelvov. “Eouce ev ovv Tadta Tois Ud’ ‘EAAjvev mept TE *Aptotéov tov [Ipoxovyncieu xat Kreopjdous TOU “AotuTahaséws pudoroyoupéevors. "Apia téay pev yap ev Tee Kvapelep TeMeUTH Tal dact, kat TO oOLa PETLOVT@Y avtov Tav dirwv adaves oixe- oar: eye dé Twas evO0s é& atroénpulas 7 HKOvTAaS evruxely ‘Apia tég Thy emt K pot@vos TOpEvoperen: Kr«<02.98 bé, popn Kai peyeder TOMATOS vmep- gva yevopevov EUTANKTOV Te TO TpOTre Kat Havxor évta, Toda dpav Biaa, Kat TéXos ev 1 éxeidev Svras MSS., Coraés, Sintenis!?, and Bekker ; Sintenis? transposes to follow otpaydy. 175 ROMULUS to meet him, fair and stately to the eye as never before, and arrayed in bright and shining armour. He himself, then, affrighted at the sight, had said: “O King, what possessed thee, or what purpose hadst thou, that thou hast left us patricians a prey to unjust and wicked accusations, and the whole city sorrowing without end at the loss of its father? ’’ Whereupon Romulus had replied : “ It was the pleasure of the gods, O Proculus, from whom I came, that I should be with mankind only a short time, and that after founding a city destined to be the greatest on earth for empire and glory, I should dwell again in heaven. So farewell, and tell the Romans that if they practise self-restraint, and add to it valour, they will reach the utmost heights of human power. And I will be your propitious deity, Quirinus.”’ These things seemed to the Romans worthy of belief, from the character of the man who related them, and from the oath which he had taken; moreover, some influence from heaven also,-akin to inspiration, laid hold upon their emotions, for no man contradicted Proculus, but all put aside suspicion and calumny and prayed to Quirinus, and honoured him as a god. Now this is like the fables which the Greeks tell about Aristeas of Proconnesus! and Cleomedes of Astypaleia.2_ For they say that Aristeas died in a fuller’s shop, and that when his friends came to fetch away his body, it had vanished out of sight ; and presently certain travellers returning from abroad said they had met Aristeas journeying towards Croton. Cleomedes also, who was of gigantic strength and stature, of uncontrolled temper, and like a mad man, is said to have done many deeds 1 Cf, Herodotus, iv. 14 f. 2 Cf. Pausanias, ix. 6 ff. 179 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , oA \ ¢€ , Q Tie StdacKareio waidwv tov vepeldovta tiv opodiay Kiova wataktavta TH yerpl KrAdoat pécov Kal Thy otéyny KataBarely. atrodopéver b€ TeV maidwv Siwxopevoy eis xiBwrov Kataduyety peyaAny, Kal TO Ta KaTaKNELcavTAa ouUVeYeLY 9 a 4 3 4 A 4 A évTOS, @CTE aTooTaca, pn SuvacGat ToAXOUS ood Bialouévous: Kxatacyicavtas Sé THY KiBo- Tov ote Cavra Tov avOpwiroy evpety ovTE vExpov. A , éxtrAayévtas ovv atrooteiNat Oeompotrovs eis Aeros, ols thy Tlu@tav eirrety: "Eayatos npowv Kreopndns “Actutanarevs. Néyerar 5€ Kat Tov "AXxunvns éxxoplopéerns : \ 54 S / \ “~ ‘4 vexpov Gdnrov yevécOar, AiOov dé havyvar Ket- oN a , Vo \ a feevoy él THS KNLYNS. Kal OXNWS TTOAAa ToOLAUTA le) \ \ > N , pvOorXo0yotver, twapa TO eixos éxOerdlovres Ta Ovnta tis hicews apa Tots Betots. ’Atroyavar uev odv Tavtdtract THy OedtnTa THS apeTns avoowov Kal ayevvés, ovpav@e be pu- yvuew ynv dBértepov. éatéov ody, éxopmévois TIS acdhanreias, cata Tivdapov, ws capa pev Tavtwv Ererat Oavat@ treptabevel, \ A \ Cwov 8 re Reimetat ai@vos eldwAov' TO yap €oTL “OvoV ex Oeav. 4 \ 9 a ? a > » > , Hees yap éxeiOev, exet & dvetow, ov peta oo- b b ] 2\ a lA , > patos, aAN €av oTt parXiotTa o@paTos aTrad- Aayn Kal draxp.On nai yévntar xaOapov Twavta- Tact kal doapKov Kai ayvov. Ain yap wuyy 180 ROMULUS of violence, and finally, in a school for boys, he smote with his fist the pillar which supported the roof, broke it in two, and brought down the house. The boys were killed, and Aristeas, being pursued, took refuge in a great chest, closed the lid down, and held it so fast that many men with their united strength could not pull it up; but when they broke the chest to pieces, the man was not to be found, alive or dead. In their dismay, then, they sent messengers to consult the oracle at Delphi, and the Pythian priestess gave them this answer :— “ Last of the heroes he, Cleomedes, Astypalaean.” It is said also that the body of Alemene disappeared, as they were carrying her forth for burial, and a stone was seen lying on the bier instead. In short, many such fables are told by writers who improbably ascribe divinity to the mortal features in human nature, as well as to the divine. At any rate, to reject entirely the divinity of human virtue, were impious and base; but to mix heaven with earth is foolish. Let us therefore take the safe course and grant, with Pindar,! that “Our bodies all must follow death’s supreme behest, But something living still survives, an image of life, for this alone Comes from the gods.” Yes, it comes from them, and to them it returns, not with its body, but only when it is most completely separated and set free from the body, and becomes altogether pure, fleshless, and undefiled. For “a dry 1 Fragment 131, Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Gr. i.* p. 427. 181 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aptatn,' Kad ‘Hpdxrertov, WO TEP dorpaTn yé- gous Siarrrapevy Tou TOMATO. » O¢ copate mepuppern Kat TepiTrAEws o@paTos, olov avau- places éuBpOns Kat omexrwdns, ducéEarros € EOTL kal dvcavaxoptatos. ovdév ovv Set Ta co"ara TOV ayad ay cvvavar eure ‘mapa pow els ov- pavov, adr Tas apeTas Kal Tas puxas mavra- Tac oer Bau Kara puow Kal Sinny Geta € éx pev avOpomov ELS peas, éx & Tpoov eis Saipovas, éx dé Satpovar, a dv TéXeov doTep EV TENETH cabap- Oact Kai oowwbacw dmav amopuyovca TO Ovnrov Kat mabnrixor, ov pomp TOAEWS, arr’ arnbeva xat Kata, Tov eiKoTa Aoyou ets Deovs dvapépea Bau, TO KaAMOTOV Kal paKkapLoTaToV TéXOS aTroAaBovaas. XXIX. Tray dé ryevoperny éravuuiay TO ‘Po- pvr TOV Kupivov ot mev "EvudAvov 7 poo a'yopev- ovotv' ot oe monty,” bre Kal TOUS ToMTAS Kupiras avopatov: ot b€ Thy aixyny h to Sopu Tous TANALOUS Kp ovopatery, Kal Kupiribos “Hpas dyarpa Kane én’ ai wis iSpupévor, év dé Th ‘Pavia Sopu cabSpupévov “Apea Tm poo aryop- evely, Kal Sopare Tous ev TOAEUOLS apis revovTas yepaipew: @S ovY apnioy Tia TOY "Pepvrov V) aiXmnT ny Oeov ovopac Ofvat Kupivov. iepov pep obp GQUTOU KATETKEVATHEVOY év T@ fa TQ Kv- piva Tpocayopevopevep be éxeivov, 7 o nea 7 1) weTnrraken, 6 Nov guy kanerras, wal vavat Kampartivac 61a ro Ovewv eis TO THs aiyos EXos éx 1 Ain yap Wuxh aplorn Bekker: airn yap puxh Enph xal dplorn. 2 of 3¢ woAlrny, Sr: Coraés and Bekker, with two Bodleian MSS. (B®): of 3€ 871. 182 36 ROMULUS ° soul is best,” according to Heracleitus,' and it flies from the body as lightning flashes from a cloud. But the soul which is contaminated with body, and sur- feited with body, like a damp and heavy exhalation, is slow to release itself and slow to rise towards its source. We must not, therefore, violate nature by sending the bodies of good men with their souls to heaven, but implicitly believe that their virtues and their souls, in accordance with nature and divine Justice, ascend from men to heroes, from heroes to demi-gods, and from demi-gods, after they have been made pure and holy, as in the final rites of initiation, and have freed themselves from mortality and sense, to gods, not by civic law, but in very truth and according to right reason, thus achieving the fairest and most blessed consummation. XXIX. To the surname of Quirinus bestowed on Romulus, some give the meaning of Mars, others that of Citizen, because the citizens were called Quirites; but others say that the ancients called the spear-head (or the whole spear) “ quiris,”’ and gave the epithet Quiritis to the Juno whose statue leans upon a spear, and the name Mars to a spear consecrated in the Regia, and a spear as a prize to those who performed great exploits in war ; and that Romulus was therefore called Quirinus as a martial, or spear-nielding, god. However that may be, a temple in his honour is built on the hill called Quirinalis after him, and the day on which he vanished is called People’s Flight, and Capra- tine Nones, because they go out of the city and 1 Fragment 74 (Bywater, Heracliti Hphesit reliquiae, p. 30). 183 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Modkews KATLOVTAaS: THY yap abya xd pay évopa- fovow. efcovres dé 7 pos Thv Ouciay TONG TOV eriyopiov OvopwaT ov POEyyovTat peta Boje, olov Mapxou, Aovxiov, Tailov, [WOUPEVOL THY TOTE Tpomny kal avakXnow addAgnrwv peta S€ovs Kal Tapax is. "Evioe wévtot TO ) pene TovTo dact pn puyis, arr’ ere: ews elvat Kal amoudis, els altiav TOLAUT DY avahépovtes Tov Aoyov. érrel Kedrol tiv “Peony KxataraBovres éSexpouc Inaav vo Kapidrov kal de aa Béverav n onus ovKeTL pa- Siws € éauTny avehauBaver, eo Tpdrevoay er’ auTny TorRol TOV Aarive, dpxovra AtBvov Tloorov- pov éxovres. OUTOS be xadicas TOV a7 par ov ou mpoaw THS ‘Poyns errewTre KnpuKa, BovrecBar A€éyoov TOUS Aarivous éxdTrovoay non THY Ta- Natav oiKeloTnTa Kal ouryyeveray exCwmrupno a, Katwais adbts dvaxpalévtov ériyapias TeV yevan. av obv Téprpoct map0evous TE TUXVAaS Kal yuvainav Tas avavopous, elonuny éxecOat cal pudiay autois, os Umnpte Tpos LaBivous 7 po- Tepov éK TOV opotev. TAaPTA aKova artes ot ‘Pw- paior Tov Te TodEpoV epoBotvto cat THY Tapda- docu TOY yuvatkav ovder aixparwaias emrveticé- oTEpoy exe évopuitov. atropovat 8 avtois Oepa- Trawva BDirortis, ws 8 ior Aéyouat," Tovréra xandou- pévn, ocuveBovreuce pnderepa Tmovely, arra Xpnca- pévous dorm Siaduyeiv & awa TOV TONE Lov Kal Thy éEounpevow. ay 8 6 S0X0s abtny te THY Pirrw- rida Kal ov auth Jeparrawvidas evmpeTreis KOT UNTAVTAS WS erevOépas doc rethat pos TOUS modeptous’ elra vixctwp tHv Dirwrtida mupaov 184 ™!, ROMULUS sacrifice at the Goat’s Marsh; and “ capra ” is their word for she-goat. And as they go forth to the sacrifice, they shout out many local names, like Marcus, Lucius, and Caius, in imitation of the way in which, on the day when Romulus disappeared, they called upon one another in fear and confusion. Some, however, say that this imitation is not one of flight, but of haste and eagerness, and explain it as referring to the following occasion. After the Gauls had captured Rome and been driven out by Camillus, and when the city was still too weak to recover itself readily, an expedition was made against it by many of the Latins, under the command of Livius Postumius. This general stationed his army not far from Rome, and sent a herald with the message that the Latins wished to renew their ancient relationship and affinity with the Romans, by fresh intermarriages between the two peoples. If, therefore, the Romans would send them a goodly number of virgins and their widows, they should have peace and friendship, such as they had formerly made with the Sabines on the like terms. On hear- ing this message, the Romans hesitated between going to war, which they feared, and the surrender of their women, which they thought no more desir- able than to have them captured. But while they were in this perplexity, a serving-maid called Philotis (or, as some say, Tutola) advised them to do neither, but by the use of a stratagem to escape alike the war and the giving of hostages. Now the stratagem was this, that they should send to the enemy Philotis herself, and with her other comely serving-maids arrayed like free-born women; then in the night Philotis was to display a signal-fire, at which the 185 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dapat, Tous. 5é ‘Peopaious ere Oetv pera, TOV OTrhwv kal xpnoacbat KOULWLEVOLS Tots Tone Lots. Taira & édparo mera Gevtay TOV Aativor: Kal Tov Tupaov averxev 7) Piroris & eK TLVOS épveod, TEepiayovca TpPOKANUppace Kat TapatreTaa pact OrrvaOev, @OTE TOS TONE LLOLS doparoy elvat TO Pas, Tots dé ‘Popaiors aT dénnov. as ovy érretoov, evOus eEne- aap erreryopevor wal d1a tH émerEtv adAnrous Teépt Tas TUAAS GVAKANODVTES TOAAGKIS. éumred ovres dé Tots | Trohepots ampoadoxnTas Kal MpaTnoavTes, emrcvikvov _a&youat Thv éoptny. Kat Karparivas fev at vavat Kadovyras dia Tov épiveov Kam pl- g@ixov vo ‘“Pwpaiov ovopalouevor, éotiaoe é Tas yuvaixas é&o, cuKhs Krabols axralouevas. at 6 Deparracvides ayeipovat weptiovcar Kal 3 maifovot, ela mArnyais Kar Borais AMGwv ypav- TAL 7 pos G\AnAas, ws Kal TOTE Tols ‘Peopators TO, ParyeVvowevart kal cwvayovirdpevar Haxopevors. Tadr’ otv! ToARol mpootevTat TOV ovyypa- péov, ara Kal To pel! muepay xphicGar rH avaxhycet TOV OvopaTav Kal To pos TO EXOS TO THS airyos ws éml Ouvciav? BadiCovras éoure T@ Tporépe oye mpoariGec Bau _baddop, él pny vn Aia tis avtis myeépas év Xpovors érépors d.pupo- Tépa T wda0n auvérvye yevéoOa. Aéyerar dé ‘Pwpddos Técaapa pev érn xal TEVTKOVTA rye- yovas, dydoov Sé€ Baciretwv exeivo nal Tpla- xoorov €€ avOparrwv adaviaOjvat. 1 ody with Cobet : ov (by few). 2 @valavy with Coraés (as in xxix. 2): O@dAarray (sea), 186 od ( ROMULUS Romans were to come in arms and deal with their enemies while asleep. This was done, with the approval of the Latins, and Philotis displayed the signal-fire from a certain wild fig-tree, screening it behind with coverlets and draperies, so that its light was unseen by the enemy, but visible to the Romans. When, accordingly, they beheld it, they sallied forth at once in great haste, and because of their haste calling upon one another many times at the gates. They fell upon their enemies when they least expected it and mastered them, and now celebrate this festival in memory of their victory. And the Nones on which it falls are called Capratine from the mild fig-tree, the Roman name for which is “ caprificus,’ and they feast the women outside the city in booths made of fig-tree boughs. Then the serving-maids run about in companies and play, after which they strike and throw stones at one anotber, in token that on that earlier day they assisted the Romans and shared with them in their battle.! These details are accepted by many historians, but their calling out one another's names in the day time, and their marching out to the Goat’s Marsh as for sacrifice, seem to be more consonant with the former story, unless, to be sure, both actions happened to take place on the same day in different periods. Romulus is said to have been fifty-four years of age, and in the thirty-eighth year of his reign when he disappeared from among men. : 1 Cf. Camillus, xxxiii. 187 PLUTARCH’S LIVES @®HSEQS KAI POMYAOY SYIPKPLSI5 I.“A pev ody adk&ia pvnuns mvbécOar Tepl ‘Pwptrov cal Oncéws cupBeéBnxev npiv, tadT dott. gaiverar 5¢ mpatov o pev ex mpoatpécews, ovdevos avayxdlovtos, adr’ éFov dbdeds ev Tpor- Chve Baorrevery SiabdeEdpevov apynv ove adofor, autos ad’ éavtod peydrwv opexOeis: o Sé Sov- Nelas Puy} twapovons Kal tiuwpias emipepopevns, éexeivo To Tov IAdtwvos, ateyvas vo Séous av- dpelos yevopevos, cal po8@ Tod ta écyata mabey émt to Spav peydra & dvdyenv traparyevo- pevos. émerta tovTou pev épyov éatl TO péytorov dverety va tov “AXBns Tvpavvov, éxeivou Se mdpepya Kal mpodywves oav o LKelpwv, o Lives, o IIpoxpovorns, 0 Kopurnrns, ods dvaipov cat Koralwov amnratte thy ‘EAAdba Sevev tupdvvev mpl dots eat) yiwecKev Tovs UT’ avTod awlo- pévous. Kal TO pev Taphy ampaypoves Kopl- CecOat ba Oardrrns abdixoupéevm pndev vo tev AnoTav, ‘Pwytry@ & ov waphy ph wpdypata éyew ’Apovriou Cavros. péya S€ rovTov Texun- ptov o pev yap ovdev avtos abdixovpevos Mppnoev virép adAAwy éml Tovs tovnpovs, of 5S Scov avrot KAKOS ovK EracyoY UTO TOU TUPaYVOU, TEpLEwpwV adicodvta mavtas. Kal piv eb péya TO TpwOFvar 188 COMPARISON OF THESEUS AND ROMULUS COMPARISON OF THESEUS AND ROMULUS I. Sucu, then, are the memorable things about Romulus and Theseus which I have been able to learn. And it appears, first of all, that Theseus, of his own choice, when no one compelled him, but when it was possible for him to reign without fear at Troezen as heir to no inglorious realm, of his own accord reached out after great achievements ; whereas Romulus, to escape present servitude and impending punishment, became simply “ courageous out of fear,’ as Plato phrases it,! and through the dread of extreme penalties proceeded to perform great exploits under compulsion. In the second place, the chief deed of Romulus was the slaying of a single tyrant of Alba; whereas for mere by-adven- tures and preliminary struggles Theseus had Sciron, Sinis, Procrustes, and Corynetes, by slaying and chastising whom he freed Greece from dreadful tyrants before those who were saved by him knew who he was. Theseus might have travelled to Athens by sea without any trouble, and suffering no outrage at the hands of those robbers; whereas - Romulus could not be without trouble while Amulius lived. And there is strong proof of this; for Theseus, although he had suffered no wrong at their hands himself, sallied out in behalf of others . against those miscreants; while Romulus and Remus, as long as they themselves were not harmed by the tyrant, suffered him to wrong everybody else. And surely, if it was a great thing for Romulus 1 Phaedo, p. 68 a. 189 PLUTARCH’S LIVES payopevov LaBivors cal dvedeivy “Axpwva kat A lol 4 TOAA@Y paYn KpaThoat Tworepiwy, ToUTOLs pev gate Tols Epyous KevTavpopayiay Kal Ta mMpos "Apatovas wapaBaneiv: 6 8 éroApunoe! Onoeds \ N \ , v \ , 4 mept tov Kpntixoy dacpov, ete tii Onpiw Bopay, ral 9 elite mpochaypa tois ’Avdpdyew tddots, e108", 6 xoupoTatoy eat. TOV AEyopévwv, NaTpEvELY Trap avdpdcww vuBptotais Kal dvopevéow axren da- Tpelav Kal atimov émLdovs EauTOV, Exovaiws pETa mapQévwrv TrEvaas Kal Traidwy véwv, ovK Av eltroL Tis NAiKNS éoTl TOAMNS peyarodpoavyys 7H b.- , Katoauvns wept TO Kotvov TOOov dons Kat apeTis. @at Eworye haivetas py KAaK@s \ , C4 \ n arya Gavydaler e¢ wn tTavtTes ovTM Kal TradaL duetéOnaoav: e & éxeivn povn tovr émaler, eixo- TWS éywrye hainv av avTny dktépactov Oe@ ‘yeryo- vévat, prroxarov cal dirdyabov Kai TaY apiotav ENWTLKNY OvaAD. | II. "Apdotépwy towvy tH hice ToAUTIAeY yeyovotwv, ovdétepos Stepvrake tov BactArKov tpotrov: é&éotn dé Kal petéBare petaBorgrny o pev Snpotixnv, o Sé€ TupavyiKny, TavTOVY an 1% 8 érdédunoe Coraés and Sintenis would begin the second chapter here. 190 COMPARISON OF THESEUS AND ROMULUS to be wounded in a battle with the Sabines, and to slay Acron, and to conquer many enemies in battle, with these exploits we may compare, on the part of Theseus, his battle with the Centaurs and his campaign against the Amazons; but as for the daring which he showed about the Cretan tribute, whether that was food for some mon- ster, or a sacrifice on the tomb of Androgeos, or whether—and this is the mildest form of the story— he offered himself for inglorious and dishonourable servitude among insolent and cruel men when he volunteered to sail away with maidens and young boys, words cannot depict such courage, magna- nimity, righteous zeal for the common good, or yearning for glory and virtue. It is therefore my opinion that the philosophers! give an excellent definition of love when they call it “a ministration of the gods for the care and preservation of the young.”’ For Ariadne’s love seems to have been, more than anything else, a god’s work, and a device whereby Theseus should be saved. And we should not blame her for loving him, but rather wonder that all men and women were not thus affected towards him ; and if she alone felt this passion, 1 should say, for my part, that she was properly worthy of a god’s love, since she was fond of virtue, fond of goodness, and a lover of the highest qualities in man. II. Although Theseus and Romulus were both statesmen by nature, neither maintained to the end the true character of a king, but both deviated from it and underwent a change, the former in the direction of democracy, the latter in the direction of tyranny, making thus the same mistake through opposite 1 Polemon, as cited in Morals, p. 780 d. 191 PLUTARCH’S LIVES évavtiov madav dpaprovtes. Set yap Tov ap- yovTa awle mpa@Ttov avTny Thy apxnv: owleras 8 ovy Hrtov amexopévn tov pn MpoonKovtTos 4 Meptexopwéevn Tov wpoonxovtos. o & évdidovs 7 émitelvav ov péver Bactreds ovdé apxywv, GAN 7h Snuaywyos 7) Seamdtrns yiyvopuevos, éurrotet TO pucely xatadpoveiy Tots apxopmévors. ov puny GX’ éxetvo péev éreixeias Soxel nal diravOpw- mias elvat, TovTo dé gdidavTias apapTnpa Kal VANETOTHTOS. III. Ei 8€ b¢2 nal ta dvotuynPévta pon Tavta- Tact TocicOat Saipovos, GAX 7OtKas Kai rraOn- TUKaS onreiy év avtois Siapopas, Oupod pev ao- yia Tou Kal TAXOS exovons aBovnrov opyis pyre Tes éxeivov év Tots TpOos TOV aderpov amodvéro pare TOUTOV év Tots pos TOV vioV' u] dé KWhoaca. TOV Super apxn PaXXov Tapattetrat Tov wire peiSovos aitias domep UTrO TANYAS. Kare wT Epas avaTpaTévra. ‘Papwhe pev yap éx BovAjs Kal oKepens mept KOWav cumpepov Tay Siapopas Yye- vowevns oux av nkiwoé tis abva THY dudvotay év THALKOUTD made ryevéa Bau Oncéa 5€ T1pos TOV vior, a mapmay odiryou TOY évtwv Statredpev- yaw, Epws Kal CnroTuTia Kal diaBorat yuvac- KOS éapnhay. & dé pettov corey, O pev ‘Pamirou Oupos els épyov efemece Kal m pat ovKx evTUXES éxovcay téhos, 7 O€ Oncéws opyy péxpt Aoryou Kal Bracdnuias Kal katapas mpeaBuTixhs Tponnrle, Ta o adr paiveras 7H TOXD Xpijoa- aOat 70 perpuKtov. WATE TAUTAS Mev AV TLS aTO- Soin TH Onoei Tas Wyqous. 192. 38 COMPARISON OF THESEUS AND ROMULUS affections. For the ruler must preserve first of all the realm itself, and this is preserved no less by refraining from what is unbecoming than by cleaving to what is becoming. But he who remits or extends his authority is no longer a king or a ruler; he becomes either a demagogue or a despot, and im- plants hatred or contempt in the hearts of his subjects. However, the first error seems to arise from kindliness and humanity; the second from selfishness and severity. III. Again, if the misfortunes of men are not to be attributed altogether to fortune, but to the dif- ferent habits and passions which will be found underlying them, then no one shall acquit Romulus of unreasoning anger or hasty and senseless wrath in dealing with his brother, nor Theseus in dealing with his son, although the cause which stirred his anger leads us to be more lenient towards the one who was overthrown by a stronger provocation, as by a heavier blow. For since the difference between Romulus and his brother arose from a deliberate investigation of the common welfare, there could have been no good reason for his flying into such a passion; while Theseus was impelled to wrong his son by love, jealousy, and a woman’s slanders, the overmastering power of which very few men have escaped. And what is of greater weight, the anger of Romulus vented itself in action and a deed of most unfortunate issue; whereas the wrath of Theseus got no farther than words of abuse and an old man’s curse, and the rest of the youth’s calamities seem to have been due to fortune. On these counts, therefore, one would give his vote of preference to Theseus. . 193 VOL. I. oO PLUTARCH’S LIVES IV. ’Exeitvm 5€ mpa@tov pév trdpye péya TO pixpotatas AaBeiy dpyas éml ta mpdypara. Sodvor yap 8) Kal cudopBav traides dvouato- Hevor, mply édrevOepor yevécOat, Tavtas Odéryou dely nrevOépwoav Aativous, evi yxpovp TeV KaNACTMY dvopadTwov aya TuyxovTes, goveis éyOpav xal cwtnpes oixeiwy cal Bacrrels eOvav Kal oiictal moAEewv, ov peTotxictai, xabdmep Hv 0 Oncevs, éx TwoANoV auvTibels Kal ouVOLKO- Souav &v oixntnpiov, dvatpay Sé todas ToAES éravipovs Bacttéwv nal Hpwwv taratav. “Po- poros 6€ tadra peéev totepov dpa, tovs Tore- plovs avaykdlov ta oixeta xataRddXovtas Kal adavifovtas trois veuxnxoot mpoovéueoOat TO 5é mp@tov ov petatibels od avEwv thy bTdp- xovoav, adda trowv €€ ovy bTapxovTwy Kal KT@pEVOS EavT@ YOpay opmod, TaTpida, BactreLav, rYEVN, YaMOUS, OlKELOTNTAS, avnper pev ovdéva Ode am@Advev, evepyéter Se Tovs eF doixwy nal ave- otiwy Shuov éOérovras elvat nal moditas. Xy- otras S€ Kal KaKovpyous ovK amréxTevev, GAN €Ovn mpoonyayeto TroAéu@ Kal ToneLs KATES T pe- wrato Kal Baotreis eO piapBevoe Kal 7 nryepovas. Vv. Kal TO. wey ‘Popov mos appro Rntov- pevov exer TOV auroxerpa, Kat TO TAéloTOV els érépous Tis aitias Tpémovel! TV 6e pnrépa ScodAupergy gr woe Teptpavars, Kal TOV TAT TOV axreas SovrAevovta xal Gripes eis TOD Aiveiov Opovov éxaOice. Kal toda pe EX@Y evepye- tnoev, EBrAave dé avrov ovdé dxwv. thy &e 194 COMPARISON OF THESEUS AND ROMULUS IV. But Romulus has, in the first place, this great superiority, that he rose to eminence from the smallest beginnings. For he and his brother were reputed to be slaves and sons of swineherds, and yet they not only made themselves free, but freed first almost all the Latins, enjoying at one and the same time such most honourable titles as slayers of their foes, saviours of their kindred and friends, kings of races and peoples, founders of cities; not trans- planters, as Theseus was, who put together and consolidated one dwelling-place out of many, but demolished many cities bearing the names of ancient kings and heroes: Romulus, it is true, did this later, compelling his enemies to tear down and obliterate their dwellings and enrol themselves among their conquerors ; but at first, not by removing or enlarg- ing a city which already existed, but by creating one from nothing, and by acquiring for himself at once territory, country, kingdom, clans, marriages and relationships, he ruined no one and killed no one, but was a benefactor of men without homes and hearths, who wished instead to be a people and citizens of a common city. Robbers and miscreants, it is true, he did not slay, but he subdued nations in war, laid cities low, and triumphed over kings and commanders. V. Besides, there is dispute as to who actually slew Remus, and most of the blame for the deed is put upon others than Romulus; but Romulus did unquestionably save his mother from destruction, and he set his grandfather, who was living in inglorious and dishonourable subjection, upon the throne of Aeneas. Moreover, he did him many favours of his own accord, and did him no harm, not even inadver- 195 PLUTARCH’S LIVES O@ncéws ANOnv Kal apérerav THs wept Td torlov évToNAs ports Av olpas paxpa Ti TrapaLTnoe Kal év pabvpos Stxactais aitiay atodpuyeiv matpoxtovias: 6 &) Kal cuvidev tis *ATTiKOS avnp @s TayydAerov dott BovrAopévols atroroyeto Gat, mwrdtre Tov Aivéa Tis vews mpoohepopévns U7r0 omovons avatpéyovTa mpos THY aKxpoTrody Béas é&vexa xal opaddopevov KataTrecey, woTrep oTTAa- Sav Epnuov, ) tHv él Odratrav odoyv omeddovTe pn Tapovens Twos Oeparreias. VI. Kal pay ta wept tas dpmayas trav y- VaLK@V HpapTnpéeva Onoci péev evoxnpovos evded mpopacews yéyove. mpa@Ttov pey Ste ToAAdKLS: hprace yap Apiddvnv nat ’Avridanyv nal ’AvaEo tv Tpottnviav, él macats 5é tv “Enévnp, TAPHKMAKWS OUK akpdlovcaY, GAA vyTiay Kal dwpov avros @pav éxav On ydpov teratdcbat Kal vopipwy: ereta bcd tTHv aitiayy ov yap akiwrepai ye madoTool trav ‘AOnvnow ’Epe- NOnidwv Kai Kexporidwv ai Tpolnviev xal Aandvev nal *Apalovwy avéyyvor Ouyartépes Hoav. adrdd\a Tadta pev vowiavy eyes mTpos bBpw Kal nal’ ndovnvy wempaxGat. Poudros 5é mp@tov peév oxtaxociwr drLyov aptOu@ Seovaas aprdcas, ov mdoas, GANG plav, os acu, ‘Epottav édaBe, tas & adrras Sréverue ois ayabois! trav todtTaV Ererta TH peTa Tadta TLuUn Kal ayarrnoe. Kal Sinacootvyn TH Tepl Tas yuvaixas améderEe tiv Biay éxeivnv Kai tiv 1 &yaGors MSS. and edd. : dyduors (unmarried). 196 39 COMPARISON OF THESEUS AND ROMULUS tently. Theseus, on the contrary, for his forgetfulness and neglect of the command about the sail, can hardly, I think, escape the charge of parricide, be the plea of his advocate ever so long and his judges ever so lenient. Indeed, a certain Attic writer, conscious that would-be defenders of Theseus have a difficult task, feigns that Aegeus, on the approach of the ship, ran up to the acropolis in his eager- ness to catch sight of her, and stumbled and fell down the cliff; as though he were without a re- tinue, or was hurrying down to the sea without any servants. VI. Furthermore, the transgressions of Theseus in his rapes of women admit of no plausible excuse. This is true, first, because there were so many ; for he carried off Ariadne, Antiope, Anaxo of Troezen, and at last Helen, when he was past his prime and she had not reached her prime, but was an unripe child, while he was already of an age too great for even lawful wedlock. It is true, secondly, because of the reason for them; for the daughters of Troezenians and Laconians and Amazons were not betrothed to him, and were no worthier, surely, to be the mothers of his children than the daughters of Erechtheus and Cecrops at Athens. But one may suspect that these deeds of his were done in lustful wantonness. Romulus, on the other hand, in the first place, although he carried off nearly eight hundred women, took them not all to wife, but only one, as they say, Hersilia, and distributed the rest among the best of the citizens. And in the second place, by the subsequent honour, love, and righteous treatment given to these women, he made it clear that his 197 PLUTARCH’S LIVES adiuciay KddAdoTov Epyov Kal ToALTLKMTATOV Ets Kowwviay yevouéevnv. o0Tw ocuvéusEev AXANAOLS kal auvennke Ta yévn, Kal Tapéoxe THyHY THs eis avOis evvoias Kal duvdpews Tois mpdypacey. aidots é nat hirtas al BeBarorntos, iy eipya- gato wept Tovs yapous, 0 Xpovos éotl papTus. év yap éreot Tptdxovta Kal dvaxociols ote avnp eTOAUNTE yUVaLKOS OUTE YUYN Kolvwviav avdpos éyxaTanitretV, XX wotrep ev" EAAnow ot cpodpa TEPLTTOL TOY TP@TOV EXOVaLY ELTELY TATPOKTOVOY Hh pntpopovov, o0tw ‘Pwpaior mdvtes toacw Ott KapBirsos Yropios amenéuyyato yuvaixa mpo- Tos, aTratdiav aitiacdpevos. 7@ Sé Tocov’TP Ypove oUmpapTUpEr Kal Ta Epya. Kal yap apyis éxowwvnoav oi Bacideis, kal modtTelas Ta yévn dua THY emiyapiav éxetynv: aro 6€ TOV Oncéws ya- pov AOnvators hirsxov ev ovdev ovde KoLvwYLKOV umnpEe mpos ovdéva aupBoratov, éyOpar bé Kai ToNepoL Kat hovot TodTaY Kal TédAos ‘Adidvas amovécat Kal ports Um’ olxTov THY TrOAELiOD, mpocxuvyncavtas Kal Oeovs avertrovtas, fy Tra- Ociv & Tpaes Erafov bd ’AréEavdpov. 1) wévToe entnp 7 Oncéws ove exiwdvvevoev, arr Erade ta THS ‘ExaBns, éyxataXitrovtos Kal mpoeuévou TOU Taidos, elye fy WéTAATTAL TA THS alypa- Awaias, @s eer ye Kal TovTO Wevddos Elvat Kai Ta TAELCTA TOV AAXwWV. éTrel Kal Ta. TEpt TOU Geiov pvOoroyovpeva TOAAnVY Toes Stadhopay. 198 COMPARISON OF THESEUS AND ROMULUS deed of violence and injustice was a most honourable achievement, and one most adapted to promote political partnership. In this way he intermixed and blended the two peoples with one another, and supplied his state with a flowing fountain of strength and good will for the time to come. And to the modesty, tenderness, and stability which he imparted to the marriage relation, time is witness. For in two hundred and thirty years no man ventured to leave his wife, nor any woman her husband; but, just as the very curious among the Greeks can name the first parricide or matricide, so the Romans all know that Spurius Carvilius was the first to put away his wife, accusing her of barrenness. And the immediate results of his act, as well as the long lapse of time, witness in favour of Romulus. For the two kings shared the government in common, and the two peoples the rights and duties of citizen- ship, because of that intermarriage ; whereas from the marriages of Theseus the Athenians got no new friends at all, nor even any community of enter- prise whatsoever, but enmities, wars, slaughters of citizens, and at last the loss of Aphidnae, and an escape from the fate which Troy suffered by reason of Alexander, only because their enemies took compassion on them when they called upon them worshipfully as gods. However, the mother of Theseus was not only in danger, but actually suf- fered the fate of Hecuba when she was deserted and abandoned by her son, unless, indeed, the tale of her captivity is fictitious, and it may well be false, as well as most of the other stories. For example, the tales told of divine intervention in their lives are in great contrast; for Romulus was 199 PLUTARCH’S LIVES “‘Papir@ pev yap ) cwrnpia peta TOANHS brnpFe Oecd evpeveias, o 8 Aived So0els ypnopos, amé- xecOat yuvarxos éml Eévns, eoxev arropaivev Tapa yvounv Oedv yeyovévat tv Oncéos TEKVWOLD. 200 COMPARISON OF THESEUS AND ROMULUS preserved by the signal favour of the gods, while the oracle given to Aegeus, forbidding him to ap- proach a woman while in a foreign land, seems to indicate that the birth of Theseus was not agreeable to the will of the gods. 201 LYCURGUS AYKOYPTO2 I. Tlepi Avxovpyou tod vouobérou xaforou peév ovdey éotw eitrety avaudicByntnTov, ob ye Kat yévos Kal atrodnuia Kal TeXevTH Kal Tpos Atracty Wept TOUS Vvo“oUs avTOD Kal THY TrONTELAY mpayywateta Ssahopous éoxnKev iotopias, hxiora 5é of ypovor xa’ obs yéyovev o dvnp oporoyouvras. ot pev yap ‘Idite cuvarpdoa Kal cvvds:abeivar N 9 \ 3 , VA > ‘ Aa thv Oduptriaxny éxexerpiay Néyovoly avTOV, OV dott wal ’AptototérAns o pirccodos, TEexunptov 4 A 9 , 4 wv mpooghépwv tov ‘Ondvytriace dtoxov év @ Tovvopa 2 tov Auxovpyou Stacwlerar xatayeypappévov’ ot 5é tais Suaboyais tov év Yraptn BeBacirevKo- Tov avaneyopuevot TOY Ypovov, HaTEep Epatoobévns 9 a + DJ 4 ww 4 kal “ArroAXobwpos, ovK orALyoLS ETeot peo BUTEpoY 9 ? 4 ry , b , i, atropaivovat tHs mpatns ‘Oduprridbdos. Tipacos 5¢ dtrovoei, Suety ev Yardptn yeyovotwv Aveovpywv ov KATA Tov aUTOV YpOVOY, TE éTépw TAs apdoiv , \ s 5) nA , mpdakes dia thy Sofav avaxeicOar Kal Tov ye mpecButepov ov troppw trav ‘Op-rpou yeyovévat a » \ 9 ww 9 “~ @e 4 xpovewy, vio. dé xal Kat’ ov évtvyety ‘Onno. 204 ~, LYCURGUS I. Concerninea Lycurgus the lawgiver, in general, nothing can be said which is not disputed, since indeed there are different accounts of his birth, his travels, his death, and above all, of his work as law- maker and statesman ; and there is least agreement among historians as to the times in which the man lived. Some say that he flourished at the same time with Iphitus, and in concert with him established the Olympic truce. Among these is Aristotle the philosopher, and he alleges as proof the discus at Olympia on which an inscription preserves the name of Lycurgus.' But those who compute the time by the successions of kings at Sparta, like Eratosthenes and Apollodorus, prove that Lycurgus was many years earlier than the first Olympiad.2,— And Timaeus con- jectures that there were two Lycurgus at Sparta, at different times, and that to one of them the achievements of both were ascribed, owing to his greater fame ; he thinks also that the elder of the two lived not far from the times of Homer, and some assert that he actually met Homer face to face. 1 As joining with Iphitus in founding, or reviving, the Olympic games, in 776 B.c., the date assigned to the first onied victory. Cf. Pausanias, v. 4, 5f.; 20, 1. A stay of hostilities waa observed all over Greece during the festival. 2 776-73 B.C. 205 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 didwor 5é cal Bevoparv trrovoiay apyaiotyntos év 40 ols tov avdpa déyer yeyovévat Kata tTovs ‘Hpa- , / \ \ ¢€ a , Kreldas. yéver pev yap ‘Hpaxrcidar 82 7rovbev 9 \ ie , a 9 4 / £ qoav Kal ol vewtato Tav évy Yardptn Bacidéwy, o 5é doune BovAopévw tos mwpwtouvs éxeivous Kal 4 e 4 9 vA e , auveyyus ‘Hpaxréous ovopalev “Hpaxreidas. Ov phy adda Kaitrep odtws TeTAAYNpEeVNS TIS toTopias, Tetpacouela Tois Bpayutdtas Exovaty dvtiroylas 7) yvwpiuwrTatovs paptupas émopevoe TOV Yyeypaypéevwv wept Too avdpos atrodovvar THY 5 4 9° 1 , e AY b 4 dunynow. érret cal! Yipwvidyns o tromntns ovK Kvvopou Aéyet tov Aveodpyov mratpos, adda IIpu- tavidos Kal tov Aveotipyov xal tov E’vopor, ot dé? mreloTtot oyeddv ovy oUTwW yeveadoyodaty, > / \ a 3 ‘ / 4 adda TIpoxréous pév rod "Apiratodypov yevéobar , 4 \ J A 4 \ 4 Ldov, Yoov dé Evpuravra, tovrou dé Iputavey, éx toutou O¢ Evvoyov, Evvopov be Tovvdéerny éx mpoTépas yuvaixos, Avxodpyov 5é€ vewrepov éx Atwvdoons, ws Avevtuyidas iotopnkev, Extov pév ato IIpoxnéous, évdéxatov 68 ad’ “Hpaxdéovs. II. Tav &€ rpoyovay abtod pddorta pev eGav- peaadn Xoos, éf’ ob Kal tods etAwTas érotncavTo SovAous of 2rapridrat Kal yopav mpocexTycavTo \ 9 / ? 2 , VN TONAnY “Apkddwy atroremopevot. éyetar 5é TOV 1 éwe) xal Sintenis would begin the second chapter here, assuming also a lacuna in the text preceding. 2 of 8 with Bekker: oi. 206 Mm LYCURGUS Xenophon, also,' makes an impression of simplicity in the passage where he says that Lycurgus lived in the time of the Heracleidae. For in lineage, of course, the latest of the Spartan kings were also Heracleidae ; but Xenophon apparently wishes to use the name Heracleidae of the first and more immedi- ate descendants of Heracles, so famous in story. However, although the history of these times is such a maze, I shall try, in presenting my narrative, to follow those authors who are least contradicted, ‘or who have the most notable witnesses for what they have written about the man. For instance, Simonides the poet says that Lycurgus was not the son of Eunomus, but that both Lycurgus and Eunomus were sons of Prytanis; whereas most writers give a different genealogy, as follows: Aristodemus begat Procles, Procles begat Soiis, Soiis begat Eurypon, and he begat Prytanis, from whom sprang Funomus, and from Eunomus Polydectes by a first wife, and Lycurgus, who was a younger son by a second wife, Dionassa, as Dieutychidas has written, making Lycurgus sixth from Procles, and eleventh from Heracles.” II. Of these ancestors of Lycurgus, Soiis was most famous, under whom the Spartans made the Helots their slaves, and acquired by conquest from the Arcadians a large additional tract of land. It is also 1 Reip. Lac. x. 8.‘ yeurgus is said to have lived in the times of the Heracleidae.’ 2 Aristodemus, from whose twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles the elder and younger royal lines at Sparta (the Agids and Eurypontids) were descended, was the son of Aristomachus, the son of Cleodaeus, the son of Hyllus, the son of Heracles. See Pausanias, iii. 1-10; Herodotus, vii. 204 and viii. 131. 207 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Loov vy ywpi~ yarer@ nal dvvdpm trodMopKovupe- vov to KnXe:topiov, ouoroyjoa tHv Sopterntov yqv avtois adnoesv, ei tlot Kal avtos Kal of per’ avTov TayvTes ato THS TANGLOY TNYyIS. yevouevwv 5é tay opxiwv! cuvayayovta tous pel” éavtod diddvae TH pty TriovtTe THY Bactrelav: ovdevds be KaptTepynoavTos, GANA TavT@V TLOVT@Y, AUTOY ert Tao. KkataBdayta Kal Teptppavdapevov Ett THY TrO- Aeioy twaporvtwy dedOetv Kal THY yopay KaTa- axel, OS pn TavT@OV TLOVTOV. 7AXAG Kaitrep él TovTos OavydlovtTes avTov ovK amo TtovToU THY oixiay, GAA TOD TaLdds avTov wpoonyspevoav Evputawytidas, Ste Soxet m@patos Kvpuray To adyav povapyixov avelvas TIS Baotrelas, Snuaywyav cai yaptGopevos Tols trov- Nois. ex b€ THs TovavTNS avécews TOD pev Sjpwou Opacuvopévov, tav 5 totepov Bacidéwy Ta pmev amrexOavouéevov te BidlecOas Tovs ToAXNOvs, TA 5é arpds yapuv 7 Se dcOéveray bTropepopmévov, avo- pla kal atakia catéoye thy Yraprny él wordy xpovoy' ud hs Kal tov matépa tod Auxovpyou Bacirevovta cuvéBn TereuTHcat. StrepvKwv yap aypipayiav tid, payerpich xomide wrnyels arré- Gave, t® wpecButépw madi IlodvdéeTn Kata- Nere@v THY BactreElav. III. ’Avroavovros 5é «al tovtou per’ dAlyor — xpovoy ee Bacirevev, ws mavTes @ovTo, TOY Avxotpyov> al mpiv ye rnv yuvatca tod abed- god havepay yevérOat xvovoav éBacirevev. érret 1 dpxtwv with Bekker and Cobet: dpxlwy dnoA0y:a@y. 208 LYCURGUS related of this Soiis that when he was besieged by the Cleitorians in a rough and waterless place, he agreed to surrender to them the land which he had conquered if he himself and all his men with him should drink from the adjacent spring. After the oaths to this agreement were taken, he assembled his men and offered his kingdom to the one who should not drink; no one of them, however, could forbear, but all of them drank, whereupon Soiis him- self went down last of all to the water, sprinkled his face merely, while the enemy were still at hand to see, and then marched away and retained his ter- ritory, on the plea that all had not drunk. But although on these grounds he was held in great admiration, his royal line was not named from him, but were called Eurypontids from his son, because Eurypon appears to have been the first king to relax the excessive absolutism of his sway, seeking favour and popularity with the multitude. But in consequence of such relaxation the people grew bold, and succeeding kings were some of them hated for trying to force their way with the multitude, and some were brought low by their desire for favour or through weakness, so that lawlessness and confusion prevailed at Sparta for a long time; and it was ow- ing to this that the father of Lycurgus, a reigning king, lost his life. For as he was trying to separate some rioters, he was stabbed to death with a butcher’s knife, leaving the kingdom to his elder son, Polydectes. III. Polydectes also died soon afterwards, and then, as was generally thought, the kingdom de- volved upon Lycurgus; and until his brother's wife was known to be with child, he was king. But as soon 209 VOL. I. P PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé todTo tTdytaTa yobeTo, tTHv pev Ractrgéiav amrépyve TOD Tratdos ovcav, avmep appyny yévntat, Thy 5é apxnyv avtTos ws émitporros Stet7re. TovS Sé trav dpdavav Bacidéwv émitpotovs Aaxedat- 2 povio. mpodixouvs! wvopatov. ws Sé 1 yurn mpooémeume xpvpa Kal Rdyous érrotetto, Bov- Nopévn StapBetpar to Bpépos él tO cuvornetv exeivp Bactrdevovts tis Yrdprns, To pev BOs auTis éuionoe, mpos dé Tov NOYyov avTov ovK avreitrev, GAN érrawveiv Kat dSéyecOar mpoatrotov- pevos, ovx égn Seely auBricKovcay avTny Kal dappaxevopévny SvarvupaiverOar ro capa Kat Kivduvevery’ avT@ yap peAnoew Grras evOus éx- 3 modav éxta. TO yevvynOév. otdtw 5é Trapayayov axpe Tob TOKOU THY avOpwrov, as nabero TiKTOU- gay, eloémeue trapédpovs ais wbdiow avTiis kal pvAaxas, ols jv Tpoctetaypévoy, dav pev ORAv Tex Of; mapabovvas Tals yuvasgiv, dav Se é dppev, kouicas mpos ¢auTov 6 Tu dy tUxn mpdr- Tov. éTUYXE dé Seurrvoivtos avrod pera TOY apxovTwy atroxunféey appev’ Kal Taphoay ot vir7- 4 pérat TO Taddptov avT@ Kopifovtes. o 5é deEd- HEVOS, WS AéyEeTAaL, Kal TpPds TOUS TrapoYTasS eiTreOY, “ Baowreds tuiy yéeyover, @ LwapTiatat,” KaTéxrL- vev év TH Baoitixh xopa cal Xaplraov ovopace 51a TO Tovs TWavTas elvat TepLyapeis, ayapévous avtTov TO dpovnua Kal thy Sixarcorcvyvny. éBaci- Nevoe S€ phvas oxTw@ TO cvuTrav. Av Se Kal TaAXa TepiBrETTOS LTO TOY TONTHYV, Kal TeéELo- 1 gpodtkovs with most MSS. and edd.: mwpodicws with A (corrected), the Doric form. 210 7k, LYCURGUS as he learned of this, he declared that the kingdom belonged to her offspring, if it should be male, and himself administered the government only as guardian. Now the guardians of fatherless kings are called “ prodikoi’’ by the Lacedaemonians. Presently, however, the woman made secret over- tures to him, proposing to destroy her unborn babe on condition that he would marry her when he was a king of Sparta; and although he detested her character, he did not reject her proposition, but pretended to approve and accept it. He told her, however, that she need not use drugs to produce a miscarriage, thereby injuring her health and en- dangering her life, for he would see to it himself that as soon as her child was born it should be put out of the way. In this manner he managed to bring the woman to her full time, and when he learned that she was in labour, he sent attendants and watchers for her delivery, with orders, if a girl should be born, to hand it over to the women, but if a boy, to bring it to him, no matter what he was doing. And it came to pass that as he was at supper with the chief magistrates, a male child was born, and his servants brought the little boy to him. He took it in his arms, as we are told, and said to those who were at table with him, “ A king is born unto you, O men of Sparta;”’ then he laid it down in the royal seat and named it Charilaiis, or People’s Joy, because all present were filled with joy, admiring as they did his lofty spirit and _ his righteousness. And so he was king only eight months in all. But on other accounts also he was revered by his fellow-citizens, and more than 211 PLUTARCH’S LIVES | ves éyévovTo TOY ws éemitpoT@ Bacréws cal Ba- ‘ > 4 ” , e > » ‘\ airuxny éEovaiay éxovte weOopéver oi 51° apethy MpocéxYovTes avT@ Kal trovety COédovTes EToL MWS TO TPOTTATTOMEVOD. "Hy 8€ te nal 16 POovody cal mpos thy abEnow 6vT. vém Tetp@pevoy evictac0al, pmddtoTa pep ot auryyevets Kal oixetos THS TOD BactXéws pnTpos e A , UBpicbas Soxovons, o 5é dderpos adtis Aewvidas Kat Opacitepov tote TO AvKovpyp dodopnGeis, vreitev ws ebdeln cadas pédAXAovTa Baclrevery > 7 ef ‘ \ f avtov, wmovotay did0vs Kal mpoxatarapPBavev A Q A ” 4 A S:aBorn Tov AvKovpyor, et te cupBain to Bacr- a A , le) Nel mabeiv, ws ewuBeBourevxoTta. TotovTor Sé Ties Aoyot Kal Tapa THs yuvaiKos éEedoitwr: éf ols Bapéws hépwv Kal Sedorxas TO adnrov, éyum uyely arrodnuia thy vrdvotay, Kal TwavN- OFjvat péxpis Av o adergidods ev nAtkia yevopevos mPae BEX PU e gob ALE YEvOES Texvocn diddoxov THs Bacinelas. IV. Odtws amdpas mp@tov pev ets Kpnrny apixeto: Kai Tas avToOs TodTElas KaTavoncas A s Kal avyyevopevos Tois mpwrtevovor xata do€ap dvipaot, Ta ev eCnrwoe xal wapéd\aBe Tey vopwv, a> olxade petoiowy Kal ypnodpevos, Erte 5S av Kxateppovncev. &va Sé tav vomlopévor > a “A \ A 4 , éxet copay Kat oditix@v yapiTt Kal ditia 4 > / > \ 4 4 meioas améoterev eis THY Yraptnv, OdrnTa, Tointyny pev SoxodvTa AUpLKaVY pEA@V Kal TTpd- oxXna Thy TéxyNny TavTHY TeTroLnpEévoV, Epyp Sé admep ol xpdticton Tav vopolerav Stampatto- 212 LYCURGUS those who obeyed him because he was guardian of the king and had royal power in his hands, were those who clave to him for his virtues and were ready and willing to do his bidding. ‘ There was a party, however, which envied him and sought to impede the growing power of so young a man, especially the kinsmen and friends of the queen-mother, who thought she had been treated _with insolence. Her brother, Leonidas, actually railed at Lycurgus once quite boldly, assuring him that he knew well that Lycurgus would one day be king, thereby promoting suspicion and paving the way for the accusation, in case any thing happened to the king, that he had plotted against his life. Some such talk was set in circulation by the queen-mother also, in consequence of which Lycurgus was sorely troubled and fearful of what might be in store for him. He therefore determined to avoid suspicion by travelling abroad, and _ to continue his wanderings until his nephew should come of age and beget a son to succeed him on the throne. IV. With this purpose, he set sail, and came first to Crete. Here he studied the various forms of government and made the acquaintance of their most distinguished men. Of some things he heartily approved, and adopted some of their laws, that he might carry them home with him and put them in use; for some things he had only contempt. One of the men regarded there as wise statesmen was Thales, whom Lycurgus persuaded, out of favour and friendship, to .go on a mission to Sparta. Now Thales passed as a lyric poet, and screened himself behind this art, but in reality he did the work of 213 PLUTARCH’S LIVES / 2 pevov. Aoyor yap Hoav at @dal pos evTreiPerav 4 a kal opovotay avakAnttkol, dia perov dua xa pvOpav morv TO KOomov éyovTwY Kal KaTaoTa- f. 4 TLKOV, @V aKpowpevot KaTeTpaivovto AEANOOTAS ° \ »# N a A , a a ta 70n nat cuvmeKxeodvto Te Ento TOY Kadov éx THs émtywpialovans ToTe mpos GAANHXOUS a 4 XOP I A p f KkaxoOupias, wate TpoTroy Tia T@ AvKovpy@ TpooovoTrovety THY Traidevoly AUT@V ExELVvoV. a re) 4 3 ‘Amo dé THs Kpnrns 0 Auxodpyos él ’Aciav émrevoe, BovrAcpevos, ws AéyeTat, Tais Kpntixais diaitats, evtedéaw ovaais Kal avornpais, Tas > \ / \ , ad ? N Iwvixas modvtedeias nal Tpudas, @oTEp LaTpos cwHpaciw vylewols UrovAa Kal vorwdn, TapaBa- A n 4 AwVv atrobewphcat tHv Stapopay tav PBiwv xal 4 TOV ToNTEL@V. éxet S€ Kal Tots ‘Omnpou trotn- A le) ° a pac évTvy@v wpaTov, ws EolKe, Tapa ToS , an éxyovors tois KpeopvAouv Siatnpovpévots, Kat KaTlowv év avtois THS Wpos HOovyY Kal axpaciay A \ StatpuBhs TO wWodsTixoy Kal travdevtTLKOVY ovK éXdttTovos aftov amovdns avapmepiypévov, eypa- rato mpo8vpws Kal cvvnyayev ws Sedpo Koma. qv yap tis non Sdka Tav éra@v auavpda Trapa a ¢ > / \ > \ S Ul tois “EXAnow, exéxtnvto Sé ov TroAXOl pépn TLV, omopdony THS Toincews, ws eTvxXeE, Svahepopéevns: yvopiunv 5€ adtnv cal pddtoTta TpwTOS erroince Avxovpyos. b J, \ \ ‘ e \ > 4 Q 5 , , l4 éuBarXovow avTh tHv tov édopav Svvapmey, erect Tou padioTa TpldKovTa Kal éxaTov peta Avxodp- yov mpaTtwy tav mept "EXaTtov épopwy xatacta- 2 Oévrwyv émt @eorourov Bacidevovtos: bv Kat gacw bro THs éavtod yuvasKos overdsfopevov os éXdTTwo TapadwacovtTa Tois Tato THY Bactréiav } 9 a mapédaBe, “Meilw pév ovv,’ ettreiv, “dow ypoviw - , 9 A ” \ » > le) Tépav. TO yap dytt TO ayav amoBandovdoa peTa le) , A tov POovou Siépuye tov xivduvov, date wn TAabely 224 LYCURGUS ground that it was perverting and changing the motion contrary to the best interests of the state. And they were. actually able to persuade the city that the god authorized this addition to the rhetra, as Tyrtaeus reminds us in these verses :— ' Phoebus Apollo's the mandate was which they brought from Pytho, Voicing the will of the god, nor were his words unfulfilled : Sway in the council and honours divine belong to the princes ‘ Under whose care has been set Sparta’s city of charm ; Second to them are the elders, and next come the men of the people Duly confirming by vote unperverted decrees.” VII. Although Lycurgus thus tempered his civil polity, nevertheless the oligarchical element in it was still unmixed and dominant, and his successors, seeing it “swelling and foaming,’ as Plato says,} ‘imposed as it were a curb upon it, namely, the power of the ephors.” It was about a hundred and thirty years after Lycurgus that the first ephors, Elatus and his colleagues, were appointed, in the reign of Theopompus. This king, they say, on being reviled by his wife because the royal power, when he handed it over to his sons, would be less than when he received it, said: “ Nay, but greater, in that it will last longer.” And in fact, by renouncing excessive claims and freeing itself from jealous hate, royalty at Sparta escaped its perils, so that the Spartan kings did not experience the fate which the 1 Laws, p. 692 a. 225 VOL. I. Q PLUTARCH’S LIVES & Mecomviot xat ’Apyetot tovs trap avtois Ba- airels eSpacav, pndev évdodvar pnde yartaoa ths éEovolas émt To Snuotixov eOedXnoavtas. 5 cat padr.tota tTHy AuKovpyou codiay Kal mpovotay érroince havepay eis Tas Meconviwr xal ’Apyelwv, auyyevav Kal yetover, Snuwv cal Baciiéov ord- oes Kal KaxkoToNTElas adopaow, of THY iowv am’ apyis tetuynnores, ev 66 TO KAHp@ Kal Tréov éyew éKxetvav dofartes, ov émt mov ypovory evdaipovncav, adr’ BBpe. pev Trav Bactréwv, ov« 3 4 \ A Ww A VA evrrevOeia Sé TOY byAwY, TA KADETTaTA cUYTApa- 4 a a) e > A 9 a Eavres GecEav Gri Ociov Hv ws adnOas evTvynpa Tols Lwapriatats Oo THY ToNLTELaY appoodpEVvos kal Kepdoas Tap avtois. tabta pev ovv DoTepov. VIII. Aevrepoy d€ trav Avxovpyou todTevpd- Tov Kal veavixwratov 6 THS ys avabacpos éoTe. Sewis yap ovons advwparias Kal ToNA@Y aKTn- Hovey Kal arropav éripepopéevwv TH TOA, TOD Se mwrovTOU TavTaTacLW Eis OAiyoUS TUVEppUNKOTOS, bBpww nai POovov cal Kaxovpytay nal tpudnv cat Ta Tovtay ére mpecRutepa Kai peitw voonpara WoNTelas, TAOVTOV Kal Treviav, éFeXavvwV, cuve- 4 @ 9 / Tee THY Xwpav arracay eis pécov Olvtas ef apx7ns avaddcacbai, cat Civ pet’ AAAHAOY Atrav- Tas opareis xal icoxAnpous Tois Biows yevopuevous, TO O€ TPWTEiOY ApETH mETLOVTAS, WS GANS érép~ \ (4 > wv “n 9 9 4 Mpos Etepov ovK ovans Stadopas ovdé avicoTnTos, 226 LYCURGUS Messenians and Argives inflicted upon their kings, who were unwilling to yield at all or remit their power in favour of the people. And this brings into the clearest light the wisdom and foresight of Lycurgus, when we contrast the factions and mis- government of the peoples and kings of Messenia and Argos, who were kinsmen and neighbours of the Spartans. They were on an equality with the Spartans in the beginning, and in the allotment of territory were thought to be even better off than they, and yet their prosperity did not last long, but what with the insolent temper of their kings and the unreasonableness of their peoples, their established institutions were confounded, and they made it clear that it was in very truth a divine blessing which the Spartans had enjoyed in the man who framed and tempered their civil polity for them. These events, however, were of later date. VIII. A second, and a very bold political measure of Lycurgus, in his redistribution of the land. For there was a dreadful inequality in this regard, the city was heavily burdened with indigent and help- less people, and wealth was wholly concentrated in the hands of a few. Determined, therefore, to banish insolence and envy and crime and luxury, and those yet more deep-seated and afflictive dis- eases of the state, poverty and wealth, he persuaded his fellow-citizens to make one parcel of all their territory and divide it up anew, and to live with one another on a basis of entire uniformity and equality in the means of subsistence, seeking pre- éminence through virtue alone, assured that there was no other difference or inequality between man 227 Q 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mrny bony aicypayv royos opife: kal Karov ET aLVos. "Emayov 5€ TO AOyo TO Epyov Evetwe THY jeV GAAnv ois teptotxots Aaxwvixny TpLopupious xAnpous, THY Sé eis TO dot THY YrdpTnY cuvTeE- Notcay evakioytAlovs: ToTovTOL yap éyévorTo KNApor Yraptiatav: éevoe S€ dace tov pev Av- xovpyov éEaxioxidlous velwat, tpioxerdtovs Se peTa Tadta tpocGecivar IloAvdwpov: ot 8€ Tous pev yuicets TOY evaxicxtriwy TodTOY, Tovs fe hpicers Auxovpyov. o dé KARpos HY éxdotou ToaovTos wate arropopay dépev dvdpi pev éEBSo- pncovra KplOdv pedipvous, yuvakl dé SHdexa, Kal Tav vypOv KapTra@v dvadoyws TO TAGs. apkécey yap @eTO ToTOUTOY avTois, THs Tpohys mpos eveFiay Kal vryeiay ixavins, dddov bé pu7- Sevds Senoopevors. Néyeras & avrov vortepov TOTE Ypove TH Xepay Srepxopevov é& drrobnias apte TeBe pio pevny, OpavTa TOUS Twpovs mapan- Anrous Kat opanels, pevdiacat, Kal etrety T pos TOUS TapovTas os 4» Aaxouny paiverar naca TONNY aderpav elvas veworl VEVEMNMEVOD. IX. ’Emeye:pnoas 5é «al 7a, émuTha Scaspeiv, 67WS TaVTaTracL, éFédou TO avicov Kal aved- panrov, evel Karem as e@pa mpoadexopuévous TY QVTUKPUS adatpeow, érépa mepiTprOev o6@ Kal KaTeToMTEvaaTo THY ev TOUTOLS | wheovefiav. ‘Tp@rtov pep yap dxupwcas ita vopec pa pu- cobv Kal apryupoby joe xphiod al T@ atdnp@ ampocérake: xal tovrm d€ amd todXoU otabpod 228 LYCURGUS and man than that which was established by blame for base actions and praise for good ones. Suiting the deed to the word, he distributed the rest of the Laconian land among the “ perioeci,” or free provincials, in thirty thousand lots, and that which belonged to the city of Sparta, in nine thousand lots, to as many genuine Spartans. But some say that Lycurgus distributed only six thousand lots among the Spartans, and that three thousand were afterwards added by Polydorus; others still, that Polydorus added half of the nine thousand to the half distributed by Lycurgus. The lot of each was large enough to produce annually seventy bushels of barley for a man and twelve for his wife, with a proportionate amount of wine and oil. Lycurgus thought that a lot of this size would be sufficient for them, since they needed sustenance enough to pro- mote vigour and health of body, and nothing else. And it is said that on returning from a journey some time afterwards, as he traversed the land just after the harvest, and saw the heaps of grain standing parallel and equal to one another, he smiled, and said to them that were by: “ All Laconia looks like a family estate newly divided among many brothers.” IX. Next, he undertook to divide up their movable property also, in order that every vestige of uneven- ness and inequality might be removed ; and when he saw that they could not bear to have it taken from them directly, he took another course, and overcame their avarice by political devices. In the first place, he withdrew all gold and silver money from currency, and ordained the use of iron money only. Then to a great weight and mass of this he gave a trifling. 229 PLUTARCH’S LIVES kat éyxouv Suvayw orLynv edexer, dare béxa pVav aporBny an oOnxns TE peyarns éy otKia SeicOat Kxal Levyous dyovTos. TOUTOU de Kupe- Dévros é&érecev adiaenpareov yen TOANA THS Aaxedaipovos. Tis yap v1] KET TEL cweddev i] Sapodoxeiv v7] amroarepely H apirdavev 6 pare KaTaxpirar Suvatov Hv pnre Kent ho Oa Cndwrar, GAXa pnde Kataxowat AvarTenes: oFer yap, ws NéyeTa, Star vpou atS7pou TO TTOpCo LAL Kaga- aBéoas adeideTo THY els TaNANa xpelav Kat v- vapy, adpavobs Kal Suaépyou ‘yevopuevov. Mera 6€ tovTO TaY axXpnoTey Kat Tepioo ay ETFOLELTO TEXVOY Eevndaciav. émehAov é grou Kai pndevos eEeXavvortos at TwoAXal T@ Kow@ vopic- pare ouvecrreccio bat, bidBeaw TOV Epyav ouK eXov- TOV. TO yap atdnpodbv a ary arytpov ovK HY T pos TOUS GNXovs * "EXAnvas odd’ elye TL KATAYENMOMEVOD, DOTE ovee mpiacOat Te TaV Eevixe Kat po- TKD Dmriipxev, ovd eioemNet papros EUTOpPLKOS els TOUS Acpevas, ovoe erréBawe Ths AMaxwvixhs ov copiarns hoyon, ov paves GrYUPTLKOS, oux ETALPOV Tpopevs, ou Xpvo ay Tess OUK apyupav Kaddwmig waTwv Snuwoupyos, are on vopic paros ovK 6vTOS. AANA OUTMS arrepnpwbeia a Kara px pov v) Tpugy TOV Swmupouvtav Kai Tpepovt@y autn de QuTns évapaivero Kal Tdetov ovdev 7 Hv Tots TONG KEKTNMEVOLS, oOoV OvK exovons ELS peérov Tis ev- Topias, arr éyxar@nodopn pevns Kat apyovons. d10 Kal Ta Tpoxetpa TOV TKEVaY Kal avayKxaia Taira, KAwripes Kal Sippot xal tparelaz, Ben- TloTa Trap avtois édnutoupyeito, Kal KoOwy o 230 45 LYCURGUS value, so that ten minas’ worth! required a large store-room in the house, and a yoke of cattle to transport it. When this money obtained currency, many sorts of iniquity went into exile from Lacedaemon. For who would steal, or receive as a bribe, or rob, or plunder that which could neither be concealed, nor possessed with satisfaction, nay, nor even cut to pieces with any profit? For vinegar was used, as we are told, to quench the red-hot iron, robbing it of its temper and making it worthless for any other purpose, when once it had become brittle and hard to work. In the next place, he banished the unnecessary and superfluous arts. And even without such banish- ment most of them would have departed with the old coinage, since there was no sale for their pro- ducts. For the iron money could not be carried into the rest of Greece, nor had it any value there, but was rather held in ridicule. It was not possible, therefore, to buy any foreign wares or bric-a-brac ; no merchant-seamen brought freight into their harbours; no rhetoric teacher set foot on Laconian soil, no vagabond soothsayer, no keeper of harlots, no gold- or silver-smith, since there was no money there. But luxury, thus gradually deprived of that which stimulated and supported it, died away of itself, and men of large possessions had no advantage over the poor, because their wealth found no public outlet, but had to be stored up at home in idleness. In this way it came about that such common and necessary utensils as bedsteads, chairs, and tables were most excellently made among them, and the Laconian “kothon,” or drinking-cup, was in very high repute “1 About £40, or $200. 231 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aaxwvixds evdoxipet pdrduora mpos Tas oTpareias, 5 ds gyot Kprtias. Ta yap dvarykains Tivopeva. TOV vdatov Kab dvowmobvra Thy dw aexpur- TeTO TH Kpoa, Kat Tou Gonrepots T POT KOTTOVTOS évtos Kal Tpoataxopevov Tots apBoot, cadapw- TEpov émrnaiate T@ oT Omar TO TLVOMEVOY. aittos 5é Kal ToUTwY Oo vopoberns: annrdary Wevor yap at Snpsoupyol TOV axpnotwy éy Trois davayKaiots em edeLKVUYTO THY KaddTEx via. X. "Ere 56 parrov ériBécbar rF Tpupy Kal TOV Cinrov aperérbat Tou TAoUtOU Savondeis, 7a TO TpuToV modiTeupa Kal Kaddto TOV CTE, THY TOV cvoottioy KatacKeuny, wore Sevmveiv per’ aXAn- hov ouveevTas éml xowvots xal retaypévots drypors ral oitioss, olxoe dé un StactacOar KataKrduvévras eis OTPWOLVAS ToduTeeis Kal Tpamelas, Xepal Snpoupya@v Kal paryetporv UTO OKOTOS, WoTrEp 2 adndaya Coa, TLALVOMEVOUS, kal Siapdeipovras dpa rots nOear Ta To"aTa, ™ pos macay er Oupiav averpeva Kal wrANo horny, paKpav pev Drrvev, Oep- pay dé AovTpwY, TOAAS dé jouxias «al TpoTrov TLVa, voonhelas caOnpepwns Seouerny. péya pev ouv Kal TOUTO 7, petfov Sé ro Tov mAOvTOY anrov, as onor Geoppacros, Kal dimhourov amepya- cacGat Th KOLOTNTL TOV Seiya Kal Th TWepi 3 THY Slarray EVTEAEIA. ‘Yphals yap ovK Ay ovde aTroNAVa Ls OVdE pis Gres i eriderkis THS TODS TapacKenijs, él To aro Selrvov Te TEVNTe TOU mXovatou Babilovtos: dare Tobro 57) TO Opudov- pevoy éy povn TeV U0 TOV HAtov TOAEOV TH Ladptn Breve Oar, ruprov 6vra Tov wrovTov Kal 232 mY LYCURGUS for usefulness among soldiers in active service, as Critias tells us. For its colour concealed the dis- agreeable appearance of the water which they were — often compelled to drink, and its curving lips caught the muddy sediment and held it inside, so that only the purer part reached the mouth of the drinker. For all this they had to thank their lawgiver ; since their artisans were now freed from useless tasks, and displayed the beauty of their workmanship in objects of constant and necessary use. | X. With a view to attack luxury still more and remove the thirst for wealth, he introduced his third and most exquisite political device, namely, the institution of common messes, so that they might eat with one another in companies, of common and specified foods, and not take their meals at home, reclining on costly couches at costly tables, deliver- ing themselves into the hands of servants and \. cooks to be fattened in the dark, like voracious animals, and ruining not only their characters but ‘ also their bodies, by surrendering them to every desire and all sorts of surfeit, which call for long sleeps, hot baths, abundant rest, and, as it were, daily nursing and tending. This was surely a great achievement, but it was a still greater one to make wealth “an object of no desire,’ as Theophrastus says, and even “unwealth,”! by this community of meals and simplicity of diet. For the rich man could neither use nor enjoy nor even see or display his abundant means, when he went to the same meal as the poor man; so that it was in Sparta alone, of all the cities under the sun, that men could have that far-famed sight, a Plutus blind, and lying as lifeless 1 Cf. Morals, p. 527 b. 235 ae PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kelpevov @omep ypadny arpvyoy Kal axivyrov. ovde yap oixot mpodertyncavtas éEqv Badbilew éml Ta avociTia TWemAnpwpévous, GAN eripeNras of Nowtrol TapaduAatrovtTes TOY un TivovTa unde éoOiovra pet’ avtav éxaxilov ws axpath Kai Tpos THY Kowny arroparaxiCopevoy Siartav. XI. Avd cal parrord dact r@ Avxotpye mpos TOUTO TO ToAiTevya yadrerovs yevéoBat Tos evmopous, Kal cuotavras én avtov aOpoous Ka- taBoav Kal ayavaxreiy: TEAOS 5¢ BadAcpevos vo TOAN@Y éEérrese TIS aryopas Spoue. Kart Tous pep adddous pacer cus Lepov KaTapvyay: els 5€ Tis veavioxos, GAXwWS pev ouK apuys, ous dé Kal Oupoecdys, "Adnavdpos, emuxeipevos Kat St@Kwv emia TpapevTos avTov TH Baxrnpia Ta- Tatas Tov od0arpov efexorpev. O pev ovv Av- Koupyos ovdéy évdous 70s TO 7abos, adda ores évavt los &ecEe Tots ToALTaLs TO 7 poo wmov nh paary - pévov Kal SepOapperny THY oypuy" aides 5é 1roAAT ral KaThpera TOUS iSovras é Exyvev, WOTE mrapasov- vat Tov ”AXxav6 pov auT@ Ka T porréurpar péexpe Tis oixias _guvayavaxrobvtTas. 6 é Auxodpyos exelvous MeV eTralveras apie, Tov 5é “Adcavépov elaaryayeov oixade KaKov pev oudéey ovr eroinoey ovr elarev, anarndakas 5é Tous ouvnders t omnpéras Kat Oeparrevtipas éxeivov éxéhevoev varnpereiy. 0 6€ ovK op aryevuns emotes TO TpooTaTT opeEvoy own, Kat Tapapevoy apa TO Avkovpyo Kat ouvdrarrapevos év 7@ Katavoev THY WpaoTnra ral To amabés avtov Tis yuxiis Kal TO repl Thv Siattay avoTnpoyv Kal TO TpOS TOUS TOVOUS 234 LYCURGUS and motionless as a picture. For the rich could not even dine beforehand at home and then go to the common mess with full stomachs, but the rest kept careful watch of him who did not eat and drink with them, and reviled him as a weakling, and one too effeminate for the common diet. XI. It was due, therefore, to this last political device above all, that the wealthy citizens were incensed against Lycurgus, and banding together against him, denounced him publicly with angry shouts and cries ; finally many pelted him with stones, so that he ran from the market-place. He succeeded in reaching sanctuary before the rest laid hands on him ; but one young man, Alcander, otherwise no mean nature, but hasty and passionate, pressed hard upon him, and as he turned about, smote him with his staff and put out one of his eyes. Lycurgus, however, was far from yielding in consequence of this calamity, but confronted his countrymen, and showed them his face besmeared with blood and _ his eye destroyed. Whereupon they were so filled with shame and sorrow at the sight, that they placed Aleander in his hands, and conducted him to his house with sympathetic indignation. Lycurgus com- mended them for their conduct, and dismissed them, but took Alcander into the house with him, where he did the youth no harm by word or deed, but after sending away his customary servants and attendants, ordered him to minister to his wants. The youth, who was of a noble disposition, did as he was com- manded, without any words, and abiding thus with Lycurgus, and sharing his daily life, he came to know the gentleness of the man, the calmness of his spirit, the rigid simplicity of his habits, and _ his 235 PLUTARCH’S LIVES # > f A , \ axapmrov, autos te devas dteréOn rept tov dvdpa, kal pos tous avv7Bes Kal dirous édeyev e 9 \ 2909 2n 7 e a 9 \ @s ov oKAnpos ovd avOddns o Auxodpyos, ddXa povos Huepos Kal mrpaos éott Tols GAXOLS. OvTMH fev ovv OUTOS ExexOAAoTO Kal TOLAUTHY UTrecynKEL Sixnv, éx movnpod véov nal avOdbdous éuperéota- TOS avnp Kal cwdhpovikwTatos yevomevos. Tod 5é waOovs vrrouvnpa AvKodpyos idpicato Tijs 3 A e 4 A b] A 4 AY AOnvas tepov, hv Omririrw Tpoanyopevae’ TOUS yap opOarpovs omTirovs of THde Awpteis Kadov- aw. éyiot pevtoe tov AuKotpyov, ov cat Ato- axopions éotiv o aurtetaypévos Thy Aaxowvixiy TWorTELav, TANYHVvar wév hacwv, ov TUdrAWOHvac Sé tov ofOarpov, adda Kal TO iepov TH Oe THs > 4 / e 4 \ , aKETEWS YaptoTnpiovy iopvcacGar. TO pévToL dépew Baxtnpiav éxxrnaidlovres of Yrapriaras peTa THY cuudopay éexetynv arréuabov. XII. Ta 8&€ avocitia Kpijres pév avdpeia, AaneSarponot 6 piditia mpocayopevouaty, ere as dirias nal diroppocvvns trapyovTwv, ayrt Tov X TO & AapBavovtes, elite ws Tpos evTéXELaV Kai phedo ouvelifovtwy. ovdév S€ Korver Kai Tov mpatov éEwev émineioBat oi @o7rep éviot ghacw, éditiwy, Tapa tHv diaitav Kal THY eOmdnv Neyopévwv. cuvnpyovto Sé ava TevTexai- Sexa xal Bpayet tovrwy édXarTous 7 WAéetous. pepe 5é Exacros KaTa pHva THY cvoCiTwY Ardi- Tov pédtvov, olvouv Yoas OKT, TUpod TrévTE pas; ovKoY Huivaia mévre, mpos b€ TovTOLS Eis OYro- yiav puxpov TL Kolton vopiopatos. GAXws 236 46 LYCURGUS unwearied industry. He thus became a devoted follower of Lycurgus, and used to tell his intimates and friends that the man was not harsh nor self-willed, as he had supposed, but the mildest and gentlest of them all. Such, then, was the chastisement of this young man, and such the penalty laid upon him, namely, to become, instead of a wild and impetuous youth, a most decorous and discreet man. Lycurgus, moreover, in memory of his misfortune, built a temple to Athena Optilitis, so called from “ optilus,” which is the local Doric word for eye. Some writers, however, of whom one is Dioscorides, who wrote a treatise on the Spartan civil polity, say that although Lyeurgus was struck in the eye, his eye was not blinded, but he built the temple to the goddess as a thank-offering for its healing. Be that as it may, the Spartan practice of carrying staves into their assemblies was abandoned after this unfortunate accident. XII. As for the public messes, the Cretans call them “andreia,’ but the Lacedaemonians, “ phiditia,’’ either because they are conducive to friendship and friendliness, “phiditia’’ being equivalent to “ philitia ”’ ; or because they accustom men to sim- plicity and thrift, for which their word is “ pheido.” But it is quite possible, as some say, that the first letter of the word “phiditia” has been added to it, making “ phiditia” out of “ editia,’ which refers merely to meals and eating. They met in companies of fifteen, a few more or less, and each one of the mess-mates contributed monthly a bushel of barley- meal, eight gallons of wine, five- pounds of cheese, two and a half pounds of figs, and in addition to this, - a very small sum of money for such relishes as flesh and fish. Besides this, whenever any one made a 237 PLUTARCH’S LIVES kal Oicas tis amapynv Kal Onpedoas pépos emeprpev els TO auocitiov. efhy yap oixot Se- mvew omote Ouoas Tis 7} cup Ov Ovpioele, TOUS 5é GAXous edeu trapeivar. nal péxpt ye ToAXNOD Tas cuccitnoes axptiBas SuepvAatrov. “Arytdos youv tod Baciréws, ws érravnOev amo TIS oTpa- Telas KatateToNeunxws "AOnvaious, Bovdopévou qwapa TH yuvatnl Seumrvety cal petatrepropévou Tas peploas, ovK Ereuyay of Todéuapyxet, TOU dé peO” jyépav wm’ opyns pn Ovoavros fv eéee Ouciav, étnpimaoay avrov. ° Eis 6¢€ ra avacitia Kai Traides ehoitwy, doTrEep eis SibacKxarcia owhpoovvns ayopuevot, Kal NOyov HKPO@VTO ToALTLK@V Kal TradeuTas édEvBepias émpwv, adtot Te traivew eiOifovto Kal oxwmrrety dvev Bwporoytas cal oxwrropevor pn Svoyepai- ve. apodpa yap édoxee xal todto Aaxwvixov elvat, cK@ppatos avéyerOa: pn Phépovra Sé éERvy mapaitetcOat, Kal 0 oxamtwv érémautTo. TOV 8 eiovdvtwv exedory SelEas ) mpeaBvraros Tas Oupas, “Ata tottwy,” dnoiv, ‘ ‘Ew Aaryos OUK exTTOpEveTal. | SoxipaterOas dé Tov Bovdopevov Tov guaatTiov peTacyely ovTw pact. hae TOV auccitwy &xacTos atroparydadiav eis THY YeElpa, Tou StaKxovou Pépovtos aryyetov él Tis Keparis, éBarne ow h cabdrep piov, O pep Sontpdfov amas, 0 8 éxxcpivev opodpa Th ye Tueaas. n yap Temes weVN THY TIS TETPNMEVNS éyer Sv- vas. Kav piay etpwot ToLtavrny, od mpocdé- 2338 LYCURGUS sacrifice of first fruits, or brought home game from the hunt, he sent a portion to his mess. For when- ever any one was belated by a sacrifice or the chase, he was allowed to sup at home, but the rest had to be at the mess. For a long time this custom of eating at common mess-tables was rigidly observed. For instance, when King Agis, on returning from an expedition in which he had been victorious over the Athenians, wished to sup at home with his wife, and sent for his rations, the polemarchs! refused to send them to him; and when on the following day his anger led him to omit the customary sacrifice, they laid a fine upon him. Boys also used to come to these public messes, as if they were attending schools of sobriety; there they would listen to political discussions and see instructive models of liberal breeding. There they themselves also became accustomed to sport and jest without scurrility, and to endure jesting without displeasure. Indeed, it seems to have been especially characteristic of a Spartan to endure jesting; but if any one could not bear up under it, he had only to ask it, and the jester ceased. As each one came in, the eldest of the company pointed to the door and said to him: ‘Through that door no word goes forth outside.” And they say that a candidate for membership in one of these messes underwent the following ordeal. Each of the mess-mates took in his hand a bit of soft bread, and when a servant came along with a bowl upon his head, then they cast it into this without a word, like a ballot, leaving it just as it was if he approved of the candidate, but if he disapproved, squeezing it tight in his hand first. For the flattened piece 1 At Sparta, military commanders under the kings, 239 -PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ b a 4 4 € Novra. Tov émetotovTa, BovAduevot mdavras 1)50- , ? , a \ \ e? ? pévous GAAHAOLS auvElvat. TOV 5€ oUTwWS aTrO- Soxipacbévra nexabdiabar Aéyouce Kaddeyos yap KaneiTaL TO ayyeloy eis 0 Tas arrouaydaNas épSdrrovat. tov Sé ov evdokiper pardiotra >) ? n e 4 4 ef , jap avrois o péras Cwuos, Wore wnde xpeadiou SeicBat tovs mpeaButépovs, GrAXA tTrapaywpely Trois veavioxots, avtovs bé€ ToD Cwpod Katayxeo- pévous éotiaoOar. Aéyetas 5é tia Tov Tlovrina@v Bactrtéwv Evexa Tod Swpod nal mwpiacda Aaxw- ViKOV paryetpov’ elra yevodpevoy dvaxepavat: cat \ U b] a. 66 70 fe) a 5 A N TOV pedryespov evrrety Bactned, rovtov Set tov Copov ev tr@ Evpwra Neroupévous érowaoba.” muovtes 5é petpiws amiace Siya Napmddos. ov yap éeats pos pas Badilev, ote TavTny ovTeE ” eas cd 1fA/ , \ GAAnv odor, Gras €OilwvTa. aKotous Kal vuKToS evOapoas nal adeds odevew. Ta pev oY cUGCL- Tea ToLauTny exer THEW. XIII. Nopouvs 5é yeypappévovs o Avcodpyos ovx EOnxev, AAA pla TOV KadouULevwV pPnTPaY éoTi avTn. Ta pev yap KUplwTaTa Kal péyLoTa mpos evdatpoviay modews Kal apetyy, év ois nOcow eto nal tais aywyais TeV ToduTaV éyxatectoryermpeva, péverv axivnta Kail BéBaca, éxovta THY mpoaiperw Seapov tayuporepoy Tis avayKns, hv ) Twaidevats éutrotel Tots véots, vopo- Oérou Sidbeow atrepyalopwévn tept Exactov av- Tov. Ta dé pixpa Kal ypnuatina cupBoraa Kal e 240 a 4 LYCURGUS of bread had the force of a perforated, or negative, ballot. And if one such is found in the bowl, the candidate is not admitted to the mess, because they wish all its members to be congenial. The candi- date thus rejected is said to have been “ caddished,” for “ caddichus’’ 1 is the name of the bow! into which they cast the pieces of bread. Of their dishes, the black broth is held in the highest esteem, so that the elderly men do not even ask for a bit of meat, but leave it for the young men, while they themselves have the broth poured out for their meals. And it is said that one of the kings of Pontus actually bought a Spartan cook for the sake of having this broth, and then, when he tasted it, disliked it; whereupon the cook said: ‘¢© King, those who relish this broth must first have bathed in the river Eurotas.” After drinking mod- erately, they go off home without a torch; for they are not allowed to walk with a light, either on this or any other occasion, that they may accustom them- selves to marching boldly and without fear in the darkness of night. Such, then, is the fashion of their common messes. XIII. None of his laws were put into writing by Lycurgus, indeed, one of the so-called “rhetras”’ forbids it. For he thought that if the most import- ant and binding principles which conduce to the prosperity and virtue of a city were implanted in the habits and training of its citizens, they would remain unchanged and secure, having a stronger bond than compulsion in the fixed purposes imparted to the young by education, which performs the office of a law-giver for every one of them. And as for minor 1 Or ‘‘caddos,” from which the verb in the Greek text is formed. 241 VOL, I. R PLUTARCH’S LIVES peraminrovtTa Tats ypelats GAoTE GANS, BEATLOV Hv pn KatarauBavew eyypaddos avdyKxais pnde axuwnros ecw, arr éav él TOV KaLlpOv, Tpoc- Bécers NapBavovta Kal adatpécets, as dv ot memadevpéevor Soxisdowot. TO yap srov Kart mTav THS vopobecias Epyov eis Hv Tatdeiav aviyre. Mia peév ovv TOV pnTpav jv, WoTep eipytat, n xpd ) syypadots. étépa b€ mdduy Hn xXpholat vopols eyypadots. eETéep KaTQ THs TonuTEnEias, Smres oixia Taoa THY peev apopay amo TENEKEWS elpyac wevny EXI Tas 6é Oupas aTro T ptovos povov kal pndevos TOV addeov épyanrelwy. O7rep yap Uorepov "Erapewvevday el mel Aéyouaw éml THs éavTov Tpamelns, MS TO TovoTov dpiorov ov Xwpet T podoaiar, ToUTO m pe- TOS évonoe Avxoipyos, @S olKia ToLavTn Tpupyy ov Xwpel Kal TONUTEAELAP, oud éorw ovdels oUTMS ametpoxanos cal dvonros @oTe els olxiav aderr Kal Onmorueny elo pepery Krivas apyuporobas Kat oTpwEYas ddoupyets Kat xpucas KUMCaS Kal TAVv TOUTOLS err opevny TOAUTEAELAY, GAN dvarynn ouv- appolecOar Kai cuveEopotody TH peév oixla THY KALYnD, Th be Khivy THY éoOijra, tautn dé TH anu Nopnyiav Kat KATA KUT. ex 66 TauTns THS oundeias gdaci cat Acwruytidny rov mpea Bu- TEpov év KopivOo Ser voivTa, kal Jeacdpevoy THS oTéyns Tov olxou THY KaTao KeuTy TONUTEMT Kat datvopatixny, épwrncat Tov Eévoy et tetpaywva wap avtois Ta Eva puerar. Tptrny dé p pnt pav Stapynpovetovet Tov Avnoup- you, THY KwAVOVoaY él TOvS avTOUS ToAEmLLOUS 242 LYCURGUS matters, such as business contracts, and cases where the needs vary from time to time, it was better, as he thought, not to hamper them by written constraints or fixed usages, but to suffer them, as occasion de- manded, to receive such modifications as educated men should determine. Indeed, he assigned the function of law-making wholly and entirely to education. One of his rhetras accordingly, as I have said, prohibited the use of written laws. Another was directed against extravagance, ordaining that every house should have its roof fashioned by the axe, and its doors by the saw only, and by no other tool. For, as in later times Epaminondas is reported to have said at his own table, that such a meal did not comport with treachery, so Lycurgus was the first to see clearly that such a house does not comport with luxury and extravagance. Nor is any man so vulgar and senseless as to introduce into a simple and common house silver-footed couches, purple coverlets, gold drinking-cups, and all the extravagance which goes along with these, but one must of necessity adapt and proportion his couch to his house, his coverlets to his couch, and to this the rest of his supplies and equip- ment. It was because he was used to this simplicity that Leotychides the Elder, as we are told, when he was dining in Corinth, and saw the roof of the house adorned with costly panellings, asked his host if trees grew square in that country. | A third rhetra of Lycurgus is mentioned, which forbids making frequent expeditions against the same 243 R 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES roddraKis! otpateverv, iva phy) ToAAaKLs apuve- coat cvved Cbpevot TOAEULKOL YEVOVTAL. Kat TOUTO ye paduoTa katnyopovaw "Aynaotdaou Tov Bact- réws Barepov, as Tals cuvexéoe Kal mukvais els Tv Bowwtiav éuBorats Kal otpateias Tovs On- Balous dvtimddovs ols Aaxedatpoviows Kata- ceevgcavtos. So Kal TeTpwpévov avTov id@v >A yrar«idas, “ Kard,” en, 7a Sidacnddua Tapa @nBalov arorapBaves, un Bovropévous avrous pnde eldotas payer Oar Sud£as.” Tad pev odv ToL- aita vopoberipaTa pitpas wvopacer, @s Tapa rob Beod xoprtopeva® Kal xpnopous ovTa. XIV. Tas 88 rasdeias, fv méyeorov nyeiTo TOU vopobétou Kal KadddoTov gpyov elvat, troppwlev dpxopevos evOvs dreakgmrel TH Tepl TOUS Yyapous nal Tas yevécets. ov yap, WS "AptatoTéeAns pyoty, émiyerpjoas cwppovitew Tas yuvaixas, éravaato un KpaTOv THs TOMAS dvéoews Kal yuvatkoxpa- rias Sid Tas ToANAS oTpaTelas THY avdpav, év als jvayxdfovto Kupias dmoneltre éxeivas, Kal Sid TodTO paAXov TOD TpoTnKOVTOS autas €Oepa- revov Kal Searroivas mpoonyopevov’ GNA Kat roiTwy THy eévdexouerny émupederay ETT OLNTaTO. Ta pév ye THpATA TOV TrapOévav Spopots Kal médais Kad Borais Sicxwy Kal axovTiov due7r0vn- cev, o> } TE TOV yevvopevar pilwors isxupay év laxupois capacw dpyiv aBotca Bdactdvor 1 wodAdxts inserted before orparevew to agree with Morals, p. 227; mwodeulous oTparevely. 2 xouiCéueva Cobet, adopting the conjecture of Sintenis* : youiCopeva (were believed to come). 244 LYCURGUS enemies, in order not to accustom such enemies to frequent defence of themselves, which would make them warlike. And this was the special grievance which they had against King Agesilaiis in later times, namely, that by his continual and frequent incursions and expeditions into Boeotia he rendered the Thebans a match for the Lacedaemonians. And therefore, when Antalcidas saw the king wounded, he said: “This is a fine tuition-fee which thou art getting from the Thebans, for teaching them how to fight, when they did not wish to do it, and did not know how.” Such ordinances as these were called “rhetras”’ by Lycurgus, implying that they came from the god and were oracles. XIV. In the ‘matter of education, which he regarded as the greatest and noblest task of the law-giver, he began at the very source, by carefully regulating marriages and births. For it is not true that, as Aristotle says,! he tried to bring the women under proper restraint, but desisted, because he could not overcome the great licence and power which the women enjoyed on account of the many expeditions in which their husbands were engaged. During these the men were indeed obliged to leave their wives in sole control at home, and for this reason paid them greater deference than was their due, and gave them the title of Mistress. But even to the women Lycurgus paid all possible atten- tion. He made the maidens exercise their bodies in running, wrestling, casting the discus, and hurling the javelin, in order that the fruit of their wombs might have vigorous root in vigorous bodies and come to better maturity, and that they themselves 1 Pol. ii. 6, 8. 245 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Béxrvov, avrai Te pera, poyns ToUS TOKOUS varo- pévovoat Kanéis dpa kat padies ayovifouvro ™ pos Tas wdivas. apedwv dé Opinpw Kar oKiaTpapiay Kal Onrurnta macav ovdev HT TOV eifice TOY KOpov Tas KOpas yupvds TE Topmrevely Kal T pos iepois teow dpxeicBar Kal ddew Tov veo Trapov- Twv Kal Dewpevary. Eote 6€ 6 ore Kat CKO ULATA héyouras mpos &kacTov eUXPHTTOS émehapBa- VOvTO TOV Gpapravouever: Kal wad els TOUS a€ious QuTo@V eyeapia per * gos TET OLN LEVaL Sief- loved, prdoripiay modAny Kat bnrov éveolouy Tos veavioxols. 0 yap éyxopiacdels én’ avdpa- ya0ia Kal KrEwos év Tais rapt évous yeyovas amher peyahuvopuevos tmd tov emaivev' ai Se pera malas Kal oxoppdrov dA€es ovdev ap- BrorEpac Tov pera amovdins vouernwatov hoav, are 87 mpos THY Béav opod Tois Gros Tortracs Kal Tov Bactéwv xal TOV yepovT@Y cuptTropevo- peeve. H &€ yvpvwots TOV mapbévov oudev aia x pov in aidovs pév Trapovons, axpagias 5é atrovons, ng éOug pov aden} cal CijAov eveFias everpyatero, Kal hpovnpatos TO Oidu Ta,peryevev ovK ayevvois, @s pndev HTTOV avT@ Kal aperijs Kal pirorimias perovciay ovcap. o0ev avuTais Kal eye empeu kat dpovety ola Kal mepl Topryods ¢ loropytat THS Aewvidou yuvares. elrovans yap TLVOS, @S Cote, Eévns Tm pos AUTH ws “ Movar TeV dvipay a apxere vpels ai Adxawat, “ Movat ydp,” én, “ tixtopev dv6pas.” XV. "Hy peév ody xal radra TapoppynriKa T POs yapov' Aéyw &€ Tas woutas TeV TapOévor Kal 246 7: 48 LYCURGUS might.come with vigour to the fulness of their times, and struggle successfully and easily with the pangs of child-birth. He freed them from softness and delicacy and all effeminacy by accustoming the maidens no less than the youths to wear tunics only in processions, and at certain festivals to dance and sing when the young men were present as spectators. There they sometimes even mocked and railed good- naturedly at any youth who had misbehaved himself ; and again they would sing the praises of those who had shown themselves worthy, and so inspire the young men with great ambition and ardour. For he who was thus extolled for his valour and held in honour among the maidens, went away exalted by their praises ; while the sting of their playful raillery was no less sharp than that of serious admonitions, especially as the kings and senators, together with +the rest of the citizens, were all present at the spectacle. | Nor was there anything disgraceful in this scant clothing of the maidens, for modesty attended them, and wantonness was banished; nay, rather, it pro- duced in them habits of simplicity and an ardent desire for health and beauty of body. It gave also to woman-kind a taste of Jofty sentiment, for they felt that they too had a place in the arena of bravery and ambition. Wherefore they were led to think and speak as Gorgo, the wife of Leonidas, is said to have done. When some foreign woman, as it would seem, said to her: “ You Spartan women are the only ones who rule their men,” she answered: “ Yes, we are the only ones that give birth to men.” XV. Moreover, there were incentives to marriage in these things,—I mean such things as the appear- 247 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tas amrobuces Kal TOs ayavas ev des TAY véw?, 9 A bd a” 9 9 a a ayopevwv ov yewpeTpixais, GAN epwTtiKais, as \ dnow o TlAdtwv, avdayxaiss ov pny adda Kal atipiav tia wpoaéOnKxe Tots aydpots. elpyorTo yap év rats yupvorradiass THs Béas: tov 5 ye- pavos of wey Apyovres avTovs éxédevov ev KUKAW yupvous meptievar THY ayopdy, oi Sé treptiovtes 2 9 e A 9g / 4 e , MOOV eis AUTOVS @ONVY TWA TeTrOLNnMEeNY, ws Sixata Tdoyxolev, Tt TOis vomots aTreLOovar TeuHs dé Kal Deparreias fv véow mpecButépors Trapetxyov, éoré- pnvro. dOev cal ro pos AcpxvaArtdav pnbev ovdeis éucupato, Kaimrep evdoKiuov. dvta oTpatnyov. értovtTs yap avT@ TOV vewTépwy Tis Edpas ovy umetfev, eltrav, “ Ovde yap enol od tov tretEovra yeyévyneas.” "Eydpuouv b€é 6: aprayis, ob puxpas ovde 2? \ , > \ \ > 4 Q d@pous MTpos yapov, adda Kal axpalovoas Kal memetpous. THY 5& aptracdbelcav 7 vupdedtpLa Kadoupévn taparaBodoa, tTHv pev Keparny év “A lA ¢ , de ? 5 / t e } 4 XPP Tepréxerpev, ipwatip Se avdpei xat brrodjua- ow évoxevdcaca Katéxdivev eri oTtBaba povny dvev dwrtos. 6 dé vupdios ov peOvav ovdé Opv- TTOMEVOS, GAAA vndwv, woTrep aei, SedecTIVNKAS év Trois diditiow, TapercelOav Edve THY Cwvny Kal 248 LYCURGUS ance of the maidens without much clothing in pro- cessions and athletic contests where young men were looking on, for these were drawn on by necessity, “ not geometrical, but the sort of necessity which lovers know,’ as Plato says.!. Nor was this all; Lycurgus also put a kind of public stigma upon confirmed bachelors. They were excluded from the sight of the young men and maidens at their exercises, and in winter the magistrates ordered them to march round the market-place in their tunics only, and as they marched, they sang a certain song about them- selves, and its burden was that they were justly punished for disobeying the laws. Besides this, they were deprived of the honour and gracious attentions which the young men habitually paid to their elders. Therefore there was no one to find fault with what was said to Dercyllidas, reputable general though he was. As he entered a company, namely, one of the younger men would not offer him his seat, but said : “Indeed, thou hast begotten no son who will one day give his seat to me.” For their marriages the women were carried off by. force, not when they were small and unfit for wedlock, but when they were in full bloom and wholly ripe. After the woman was thus carried off, the bride’s-maid, so called, took her in charge, cut her hair off close to the head, put a man’s cloak and sandals on her, and laid her down on a pallet, on the floor, alone, in the dark. Then the bride-groom, not flown with wine nor enfeebled by excesses, but composed and sober, after supping at his public mess- table as usual, slipped stealthily into the room where the bride lay, loosed her virgin’s zone, and bore her 1 Republic, p. 458 d. 249 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 peTyveycev apadpevos él thy KrAlvny. ocuvd.aTpi- was 5& ypovov od modvy atTnEL KoopLws ovTreEp 97 N 4 os a a ” eiw0er TO TpoTepov, Kabevdnowy peta THY AXrOV véwv. Kal TO Rotrov ovTwS éErpaTTeE, TOs pe HrALKL@TAaLS TUVdnMEpevwY Kal cUVAVaTraVOpLEVOS, mpos Se rv vupdny Kpuda pet evrAaBelas portov, aicyuvopevos xa Sedorxas pn tis alcBorto Tov évdov, Gua Kal ris vipdyns emitexvopévns ral ouveuvTropovens Strws av év Kaip@ Kal NavOavovTes 5 adANAoLS TUpTropEvoLVTO. Kal TOUTO EmpaTToV OUK ewer d , 9 > a \ A OAiryov Ypovov, GAN wWoTe Kal Tratdas yevécOat éviots amply és pépav OedcacOar Tas éavToy yuvaixas. 1 &€ rotavtTn avvodos od povoy éyxpa- , 4 ¥ 9 \ a telas Kal cwhpocvyns aoKnots hv, ada Tots TE TwMpact yovimous Kal T@ Pirely del Katvovs Kai mpooghatous Hyev él Thy kowwviay, ov Siaxopeis ovd é&itirous Tais avédnv Kowwvias, GAN det TL Aeinpavoy xal brréxxavya wo0ov nal ydpttos évatroXelrovras ANNALS. , a 4 > / IRA \ 6 Tooavrny Sé Tois yapots ériatyncas aide Kai 49 4 9 2¢/ \ A \ Taki, ovdey Hrrov éE€éBare tHhv nxevnv nal yvu- vaixwdn Enrortutiav, év Kadk@ Katactyaas UBpu pev kal avakiav wacayv elpyew ao Tod ydpou, / A aA maidwv b€ nal Trexvacews Kowvaveivy trois atioss, KaTayeX@vTas Tov @s auixta Kal aKowarnta 7 Tavra petiovrwy odhayais Kal modéuos. e&jv pev yap avdpl mpecButépm véas yuvatxos, et 57 TWa TOV KaAXNOV Kal ayabav aordcatto véwv Kal Soxtpdoeev, eicayayely map avtny Kal mA1- cavta yevvaiov. oméppatos idstov avrois son- 250 ™., LYCURGUS in his arms to the marriage-bed. Then, after spend- ing a short time with his bride, he went away composedly to his usual quarters, there to sleep with the other young men. And so he continued to do from that time on, spending his days with his com- rades, and sleeping with them at night, but visiting his bride by stealth and with every precaution, full of dread and fear lest any of her household should be aware of his visits, his bride also contriving and conspiring with him that they might have stolen interviews as occasion offered. And this they did not for a short time only, but long enough for some of them to become fathers before they had looked upon their own wives by daylight. Such interviews not only brought into exercise self-restraint and moderation, but united husbands and wives when their bodies were full of creative energy and their affections new and fresh, not when they were sated | and dulled by unrestricted intercourse ; and there was always left behind in their hearts some residual spark of mutual longing and delight. After giving marriage such traits of reserve and decorum, he none the less freed men from the empty and womanish passion of jealous possession, by mak- ing it honourable for them, while keeping the marriage relation free from all wanton irregularities, to share with other worthy men in the begetting of children, laughing to scorn those who regard such common privileges as intolerable, and resort to murder and war rather than grant them. For example, an elderly man with a young wife, if he looked with favour and esteem on some fair and noble young man, might introduce him to her, and — adopt her offspring by such a noble father as his 251 10 PLUTARCH’S LIVES cacBa To yevvnBév. ée&qv Sé wadw avdpl ypn- oT@, Ta evTéxvwY TWa Kal cwdpdvwy Oavpa- gavtt yuvaicav érépm yeyaunuéevny, Teicat TOV dvipa auverbetv, Baotep ev Ywopa KaANKAapTT P 4 , , P x pa 9 4 p ° gutevovta Kal trovovpevov traidas ayabovs, aya- Oav opaimous Kal ovyyevets Ecopévous. mpaTov pev yap ovx idiovs nyeiro TaV TaTépwv Tovs a 3 \ A 4 e A maidas, GANA KoLovs THS WoAEws 0 AvKovpyos, 54 b ? a / 2 2 3 a > / d0ev ovK EK TOY TUYOVTWY, GAN’ ex TOY apioTwY b 4 4 2 A v éBovreTo yeyovotas elvat rods troditas. erecta TOAAnY aBerTEpiay Kal Tohov évewpa Tots repli TatTa Tov GAXwv vomobeTH pact, of KUvas péev Kal (tmmous 1rd Tos Kpatictos TAY OYELwY 4 , / A fo ‘ BuBalover yapite weiBovres 4 puocO@ Tovs Ku- / \ a fe) plous, tas 8é yuvaixas éyxrccadpuevoe poupodaory, “A 4 “A é& avtayv povev tixrey akvobytes, Kav adpoves @ @ot, Kav TaphrLKes, Kav voowbels, MS OUXL TPw- A a“ 4 ToLS TOS KEKTNMEVOLS Kal TpehoveL TaY Taidwr ywopévwy tovnpav, éav éx tmovnpav yévwvrat, kal touvavtiov ypnotady, dv tovavTns TYUXwoe yevéoews. Tatra € odTws mpaTTopeva Hvcltkas KQi TOMTLKOS TOTE TOTOUTOY aTrEtXE THS VoTEpoV Neyouévns yevérOat wepl Tas yuvaixas evyepeias C4 a @oTe SdwS ATLoTOV elvaL TO THS potxelas Trap’ a , autois. Kal Noyos arropynpoveveras Tepada Tevos . Saraptidtov tev odddpa Tada.av, bs épwrnbels varo Eévou ti mdaxovow oi povyol wap’ avrois, 252 LYCURGUS own. And again, a worthy man who admired some woman for the fine children that she bore her husband and the modesty of her behaviour as a wife, might enjoy her favours, if her husband would con- sent, thus planting, as it were, in a soil of beautiful fruitage, and begetting for himself noble sons, who would have the blood of noble men in their veins. For in the first place, Lycurgus did not regard sons as the peculiar property of their fathers, but rather as the common property of the state, and therefore would not have his citizens spring from random parentage, but from the best there was. In the second place, he saw much folly and vanity in what other peoples enacted for the regulation of these matters; in the breeding of dogs and horses they insist on having the best sires which money or favour can secure, but they keep their wives under lock and key, demanding that they have children by none but themselves, even though they be foolish, or infirm, or diseased ; as though children of bad stock did not show their badness to those first who possessed and reared them, and children of good stock, contrariwise, their goodness. The freedom which thus prevailed at that time in marriage relations was aimed at physical and political well- being, and was far removed from the licentiousness which was afterwards attributed to their women, so much so that adultery was wholly unknown among them. And a saying is reported of one Geradas,! a Spartan of very ancient type, who, on being asked by a stranger what the punishment for adulterers was among them, answered : “ Stranger, 1 The name is Geradatas in Morals, p. 228 c (Apophtheg. Lacon. 20). 253 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 oc? / OQ \ , ‘ > © an 99 ervey: “"O, Eéve, ovdels yiveras poryos Trap’ Hiv. éxetvov 5 vrodaBovtos, “’Edav otv yévntat;” ‘““Tavdpov,’ ébn o Vepddas, “ éxtiver péyav, 55 e 4 \ Sh > N “ 3 4 4, 99 utepxuas TO Tavyetov aro Tov Kipwta mierat. Oavpdoavtos & éxeivou cat dnoavros: “las dé A , n a 99 a e , av yévorto Bovs TnAtKovTOS;” yeddoas o Iepddas, A > bf “las 8 dv,” én, “év Yadpty povyos yévouro;” TavTa pév ovv ioTopnTas Trepl TOY yapov. XVI. To dé yervnBev ov Hv Kvpios o yeryncas Tpéperv, arr edepe AaRwv eis TOTov Tua NéE- oxnv Karovpevov, ev & KaOnpevoe TOV purAETOY ot mpecRutato: KatapadovTes TO TratddpLiov, Ee pev evtrayes ein kal pwparéov, tpéperv éxédevor, KANpoy avTe@ Tav evaxicytNiwv TpocveipayvTes: et & dyevvés xat apuophov, amémeptrov eis tas Aeyouévas “Amrobétas, mapa Taiyerov Bapabpo- 4 el A 5n Tomov, ws ovTe avt@ Chv dpuevov bv! ove A , \ \ “a 3 \ 3 bd A \ TH WONEL TO Hy Kahos evbus €€ apxis mpos 4 QV a evefiav Kal pouny. TepuKos. b0ev ovee vdarte Ta Bpédn, arr’ oive meptéhovov at yuvaines, dgavov Tia Toltovpevat THs Kpdoews aura. NéyeTar yap efictacbar Ta éM@iAnTTiKa Kal vo- addn mpos TOV axpatov amoo paxedibovra, Ta & vylewva Haddov oropovebar Kal kpatuverbat THY eEw. Wy dé rept TAS Tpopovs CTLMEAELE TLS PETE Téyyns, @oT avev omapyavev éxtpehovoas Ta Bpepn Tois péreoe Kat Tots eldeouv éhevOépta Towel, ére 66 eUKona Tas Svairass Kal adowuxya kat dBauBh cKotov Kai mpos épnyiay adoBa Kat ' by supplied by van Herwerden: &ewoy obre. 254 LYCURGUS there is no adulterer among us.” “Suppose, then,” replied the stranger, “there should be one.” “A bull,’’ said Geradas, “ would be his forfeit, a bull so large that it could stretch over Mount Taygetus and drink from the river Eurotas.”” Then the stranger was astonished and said : “ But how could there be a bull so large?”’ To which Geradas replied, with a smile: «But how could there be an adulterer in Sparta?” Such, then, are the accounts we find of their marriages. XVI. Offspring was not reared at the will of the father, but was taken and carried by him to a place called Lesche, where the elders of the_ tribes officially examined the infant, and if it was well- built and sturdy, they ordered the father to rear it, and assigned it one of the nine thousand lots of land; but if it was ill-born and deformed, they sent it to the so-called Apothetae, a chasm-like place at the foot of Mount Taygetus, in the conviction that the life of that which nature had not well equipped at the very beginning for health and strength, was of no advantage either to itself or the state. On the same principle, the women used to bathe their new-born babes not with water, but with wine, thus making a sort of test of their con- stitutions. For it is said that epileptic and sickly infants are thrown into convulsions by the strong wine and loose their senses, while the healthy ones are rather tempered by it, like steel, and given a firm habit of body. Their nurses, too, exercised great care and skill; they reared infants without swaddling-bands, and thus left their limbs and figures free to develop; besides, they taught them to be contented and happy, not dainty about their food, nor fearful of the dark, nor afraid to be left alone, 255 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dtretpa SvoKxoArlas dwyevvods Kal KravOpupiopar. 5:0 kal tev éEwbev evior tois téxvots Aakwvinas éwvotvtTo titOas' Kat tyv ye tov ‘AOnvaiov "ArKBidinv titOevcacay ’Apicrav ioropovat yeyovéva, Adxavvav. "AANA TovT@ pév, as TIAdtov dynoi, Zwrupov éréotnoe tradaywyov Ilepixrjs, ovdéy te TeV adrwv Stahépovta SovrAwv tovs 5¢ Yraptiatav qatdas ovn él wvntois ovdé picOiows érotnoato mavdaywyots o AuKoipyos, ovd é&qv éxdore tTpépew ovdé tadevery ws éBovrAeTO TOY vid», GvNa wavtTas evOds émraeteis yevopévous trapa- AapBavwv avtros eis ayédas Katedoyile, xal guvyopous Tro@y Kal cuvTpopous per GAAHAWY el0ile cuprraivery Kat cucyordtew. dpyovra & avrois wapiorato THs ayéAns Tov TE Ppoveiv Siadépovta Kal Ovpoedéctatoy ev Te paxerOar kal mpos TovToy adewpwv Kal mpoordtrorTos nkpo@vTo Kat KorNdlovtTos éxaptépovy, BaoTE THY madetay elvat peréTnv evtreieias. émeaKorrouy 5é ot mpecButepos maifovtas avtovs, nal ra TAArAa pdyas Tivas éuBdarXovtes del nab dido- veixias, ov trapépyws KatewavOavov omoids éott Thy dvow Exactos avTav mpdos TO ToApav Kal pn huyopayeiv ev rais apidrats. ['paupara peév ody &vexa tis ypelas éwavOavov: 7 8 adAn aca Tratdcia Wpds TO apxYecOar Karas éylvero kal Kaptepety TrovotvtTa Kal wiKav payo- pevov. 610 ea THS NAtKias mWpoepYopuevns érré- TELVOY AUTOY THY AoKnoL, év YP@ TE KElpoVvTES 256 50 LYCURGUS nor given to contemptible peevishness and whim- pering. This is the reason why foreigners sometimes bought Spartan nurses for their children. Amycla, for instance, the nurse of. the Athenian Alcibiades, is said to have been a Spartan.! And yet Alcibiades, as Plato says,? had for a tutor, set over him by Pericles, one Zopyrus, who was just acommon slave. But Lycurgus would not put the sons of Spartans in charge of purchased or hired tutors, nor was it lawful for every father to rear or train his son as he pleased, but as soon as they were seven years old, Lycurgus ordered them all to be taken by the state and enrolled in companies, where they were put under the same discipline and nurture, and so became accustomed to share one another’s sports and studies. The boy who excelled in judgement and was most courageous in fighting, was made captain of his company; on him the rest all kept their eyes, obeying his orders, and submitting to his punishments, so that their boyish training was a practice of obedience. Besides, the elderly men used to watch their sports, and by ever and anon egging them on to mimic battles and disputes, learned accurately how each one of them was naturally dis- posed when it was a question of boldness and aggres- siveness in their struggles. Of reading and writing, they learned only enough to serve their turn; all the rest of their training was calculated to make them obey commands well, en- dure hardships, and conquer in battle. Therefore, as they grew in age, their bodily exercise was increased ; their heads were close-clipped, and they 1 Cf. Alcibiades i. 2. 2 Alcibiades i. p. 122 b. 257 VOL. I. Ss PLUTARCH’S LIVES kai Badilev avutrodntous wailew re yusvovs ws TOA TONAG cuvedilovtes. yevopevas 5é Swdexaereis dvev yit@vos Hbn ScerérXovy, ev ipariov eis Tov éviavtov NapBavoytes, avypnpot Ta oopata Kal AouTpav Kal dreLupadtov aetpor WANY OrjgLYaS nuépas Tlvas Tov eviavTov THS ToLavTnS pidNapy- Opwrias pereixov. éxadevdov Sé ood Kat ¢tdnv Kal dye érl atiBddwv, ds avtois ovvepdpour, Tov Tapa Tov Eiporay TepuKoTos KaAd“oU TA dxpa tais xepoiy avev oidypov xataxdacavtes. éy 06 TO YELw~@Ve TOVS RAeEyopuevous AUKOpOVvAaS umeBdArXrovto Kal KaTepiyvucay Tais ortBaot, Oepyavrixoy éxev Te THS BANS Soxovons. XVII. "H8y &Sé rots tyAKovTOIsS épactal Trav evdoxipwv véwy ovvaveatpépovro: Kal mpocetyov ot mpecBurepor, Kal warXov émrihocravrTes cis TA yupvaota, kal paxopévos Kal ox@mrovoly AddA}- NOUS TapaTuyyXdvovTes, OV Tapépyws, GAAA TPO- Tov Twa Mayes oLopevor Tavrwv Kab mrarépes elvau Kal matdaywyol wal dpxovres, OOTE pare KaLpov amoneim ea Oat pare \@piov épnpov Tou vouderovvTos TOV apapravovra Kal xoralovtos. ov pny adda Kal Tmabovopos ex TOV KANOY wal ayabar avdpay étarrero, Kal Kar’ dyéhas avtol mpolaTavTo TOV Aeyoueéveov elpeveoy ael Toy ow- ppovérraroy Kal payimeraror. elpevas dé xa- ovat Tous eros HON Sevrepov éx maidiov yeyouve- Tas, pedrelpevas be TOV matdeov TOUS mpea Burd- TOUS. OUTOS OV O Elpny, elkoat éTn yeryoves, dpxes Te TOV UIroTeTaypévwy ev Taig payals, kal Kat 258 LYCURGUS were accustomed to going bare-foot, and to playing for the most part without clothes. When they were twelve years old, they no longer had tunics to wear, received one cloak a year, had hard, dry flesh, and knew little of baths and ointments; only on certain days of the year, and few at that, did they indulge in such amenities. They slept together, in troops and companies, on pallet-beds which they collected for themselves, breaking off with their hands—no knives allowed—the tops of the rushes which grew along the river Eurotas. In the winter-time, they added to the stuff of these pallets the so-called “lycophon,” or ¢thestle-down, which was thought to have warmth in it. XVII. When the boys reached this age, they were favoured with the society of lovers from among the reputable young men. The elderly men also kept close watch of them, coming more frequently to their places of exercise, and observing their contests of strength and wit, not cursorily, but with the idea that they were all in a sense the fathers and tutors and governors of all the boys. In this way, at every fit- ting time and in every place, the boy who went wrong had someone to admonish and chastise him. Nor was this all; one of the noblest and best men of the city was appointed paedonome, or inspector of the boys, and under his directions the boys, in their several companies, put themselves under the com- mand of the most prudent and warlike of the so- called Eirens. This was the name given to those who had been for two years out of the class of boys, and Melleirens, or Would-be Eirens, was the name for the oldest of the boys. This eiren, then, a youth of twenty years, commands his subordinates in their 259 s 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES | 3 olxov omnpétais xphras mpos To Seitvov. éart- tdocet 8é trois péev abdpois Evra éperv, tots 5é puxpotépos AdxYava. Kal Pépovar KAE€rTOVTES, oi pev él Tovs Kntous Babifovres, oi dé els Ta Tov avopav avocitia T ApELa pEOVTES ev para mavoupyws Kal wepurayuevas: av 8 ad, ToA- Aas AauBave: TANyas TH wdortuyt, pabvuws Soxav KAérTev nal atéyvas. KAémTovot 5é Kal Tov oitiwy 6 TL av aut en pavOavoytes evpuas émitiPecOat Tois Kabevddovow 4 padvpws pudadr- Tovot. te bé arovte Enuia wAnyal Kal TO Te- viv. yAioxpoy yap avtois éort Seirvov, Sires 5: avTav apvvopevoe thy évderav avayxalwovrar ToApay Kal mavoupyety. Kat rovro pev pyov tis OdXLyooLTias’ Tapépyov 5é dace thy TOV cwopdtwv aiktnow. dépetas yap eis pnKos, Stay TO Tvedpa pH TOAAnY OXF SiatpiBnv Kal doyodiay bro mAnOovs tpodys eis BaOos nal wAdtos mueCouevov, GAN dvw Ba- Sify Sta Koudotynta, ToD awpatos exAUTws Kar padiws érudidovtos. To 8 avto TodTo Kal Kadovs Soxei troveiy: ai yap ioxval Kal Sidxevot wadrov &€eus bmaxovover mpos tHv SudpOpwowv, ai Se oyx@ders xab moAvTpoda: dia Bapos avtiBai- youow, woTrEp auere Kal Tov dv Te Kvew Kabat- popévay yuvarcay ioxyva péy, everdn dé Kal yra- gupa yiveras ta Bpépn, Sia thy édadpornta ths Ans Kparovpévns padrov bd Tod TuTObYTOS. GANA yap 7 wey aitia ToD aupBaivovTos ev péow apoxeicOw oxortrety. XVIII. Obtw 82 Krérrrovet Tedpovticpévs oi maides, WoTE Aéyeral Tis dn TKUpVOY Ado- 260 51 LYCURGUS mimic battles, and in doors makes them serve him at ~~ his meals. He commissions the larger ones to fetch wood, and the smaller ones potherbs. And they steal _ what they fetch, some of them entering the gardens, and others creeping right slyly and cautiously into the public messes of the men ; but if a boy is caught stealing, he is soundly flogged, as a careless and un- skilful thief. They steal, too, whatever food they can, and learn to be adept in setting upon people when asleep or off their guard. But the boy who is caught gets a flogging and must go hungry. For the meals allowed them are scanty, in order that they may take into their own hands the fight against hunger, and so be forced into boldness and cunning. This is the main object of their spare diet; a secondary one is to make them grow tall. For it contributes to height of stature when the vitality is not impeded and hindered by a mass of nourish- ment which forces it into thickness and width, but ascends of its own lightness, and when the body grows freely and easily. The same thing seems also to conduce to beauty of form; for lean and meagre habits yield more readily to the force of articulation, whereas the gross and over-fed are so heavy as to resist it. Just so, we may be sure, women who take physic while they are pregnant, bear children which are lean, it may be, but well-shaped and fine, because the lightness of the parent matter makes it more susceptible to moulding. However, the reason for this I must leave for others to investigate. XVIII. The boys make such a serious matter of their stealing, that one of them, as the story goes, 261 PLUTARCH’S LIVES MEKOS KeKNOPers wa T® TpiBeoviep TEpiaTehrop, oma pagaopevos bao ToD Onpiov THV yaorépa Tois Ovvke Kat Tots ddovoun, vmép Tob Aabety é eyKapte- pov amo0avely. Kai rodTro pmév ovdé aro Trav vov épynBov amiotov écti, dv TodXovs er) Tov Bopod ris "OpOias éwpdxapev évarroOvicKovtas Tats WANyals. Aemvnoas &€ 0 elpny KATAKELMEVOS 7@ pep doa. wpocérake tov Taidwr, TO Se eparnud. Tt mpoiBane mehpovtiapévns Seopevov amroxpicews: olor, 6 Satis aptaros év Tots avipaaw, q Toba, Tis » tobde wpakis. éx -rovTov de xal kpivey Ta Kara Kab modu parypovely ev0us é& apxyns Oi- fovro mepl rév TOMTADY. TO yap éparnGerra, Tis moritns ayabds, } Tis ob EvdoKLMOS, aropeiv Tob arroxpivacGau, vwOpas érotodvTo Kai T pos d.perny adtNoTipov apuxiis onpeiov. ee. 5é hv ar oKpiow kal) wet aittas elvat rat atrobeiEews eis Bpaydv tia oun y LenS oyov Kal ovvTopov o éé TANMMENDS aTroK pLvawevos éxodatero Sirypa Aap Paver v0 Tob elpevos eis TOV avrixetpa.. TOANEaKLS 68 Kal m pea BuTépwv TapovToV kat OvT@Y oO Elpnv éxorate TOUS maidas, am oderEw see éb pera Aoyou Kal Os dei xoraer. Kat KoraSov pev ouK exwveTo, TOV be Taiowv arenr- Oovrev evOuvas breixe, eb TPAXUTEpOV tov déov- TOS éretiunoev 7) Tovvaytioy ene eaves Kat aTOVOS. "Exovvevouy dé of épacral Tots Tratol Tis d0kns én’ audotepa: Kat Néyetai mote trades év TH 1 thy awdxpiow nat Coraés, Sintenis!, and Bekker, with the MSS. : xal rhy dwdxpiory. 262 LYCURGUS who was carrying concealed under his cloak a young fox which he had stolen, suffered the animal to tear out his bowels with its teeth and claws, and died rather than have his theft detected. And even this story gains credence from what their youths now endure, many of whom I have seen expiring under the lash at the altar of Artemis Orthia. The eiren, as he reclined after supper, would order one of the boys to sing a song, and to another would put a question requiring a careful and deliberate answer, as, for instance, “ Who is the best man in the city?” or, “ What thinkest thou of this man’s conduct?” In this way the boys were accustomed to pass right judgements and interest themselves at the very outset in the conduct of the citizens. For if one of them was asked who was a good citizen, or who an infamous one, and had no answer to make, he was judged to have a torpid spirit, and one that would not aspire to excellence. And the answer must not only have reasons and proof given for it, but also be couched in very brief and concise language, and the one who gave a faulty answer was punished with a bite in the thumb from the eiren. Often-times, too, the eiren punished the boys in the presence of the elders and magistrates, thus show- ing whether his punishments were reasonable and proper or not. While he was punishing them, he suffered no restraint, but after the boys were gone, he was brought to an account if his punish- ments were harsher than was necessary, or, on the other hand, too mild and gentle. The boys’ lovers also shared with them in their honour or disgrace ; and it is said that one of them 263 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a @ A > a / A paxec0ar dovnv ayevyn mpoeuévov CnuwOjvat Tov é€pacTHy vd Tov apyovTwov. ovTw Se Tov épav éyxexpiuévov map’ avtois, wate Kal Trav map0évwy Epav Tas Karas Kal ayabas yuvaixas, TO GVTEPAY OUK Hv, GAA paAXov apynv erroobyTo didtas pos GAAjAOUS Of TOV avTav épacbérTes, kal SsetéXovuy Kowh arovddlovres Strws aptaTov ATEpyaoaLvTo TOV épwpeEvov. XIX. ’Edidacxov dé tovs.waidas Kai rAOy@ XphcOat wixpiav eyovre pemrypméevny yapite Kat Tony amd Bpaxevas rAéEews avafewpnaw. TO pev yap aLdnpody voutopa puxpay exew érroinoey aro TOAD atabpyod Svvaytv o AuKotpyos, os elpntat, TO 5é TOU AOYou vopLopa TovvavTioV aT’ evTeXods Kal driyns AéEEwWs eis TOANHY Kal TTre- pittny Kateoxevace Sidvotav, TH TOAAH oLwmTyH Tous, Taidas aop0eypartixovs Kal memabdevpe- vous Tpos Tas aTroKpioes UNXaveOpevos. Ws yap TO OTrépua TOV TpPOS TAS TUVOVGLAS aKOAdOTwY dyovov @$ Ta ToANa Kal axaprov éoriv, obTwsS #) TpOs TO AaAElY akpacia Kevov TOV Oyo TroLel 2 Kat avontov. "Ayis pev ovv o BactrEus, cxo- mrovros "Attixod Twos tas Aaxwixds paxaipas els THY puKpOTNTa, Kal NéyovrTos OTL padiws abras ot Oavpatotool Katamivovow év tots Oedtpo.s, “Kal nv padsota,” elrev, ‘“npeis epicvovpeda Trois ey xerprotors TOY Tokeuov éyw 5é Kal Tov Aoyov opa tov Aaxwvixov Bpayov pev elvat So0- KobvTa, pddora 6€ TOY TpaypaTrawv édpicvovpevor, kal tis Stavotas amrTopevov TOV Axpowpmevov. 3 Kal yap o Aveotpyos avros Bpaxvroyos 52 264 LYCURGUS was once fined by the magistrates because his favourite boy had let an ungenerous cry escape him while he was fighting. Moreover, though this sort of love was so approved among them that even the maideps found lovers in good and noble women, still, there was no jealous rivalry in it, but those who fixed their affections on the same boys made this rather a foundation for friendship with one another, and persevered in common efforts to make their loved one as noble as possible. XIX. The boys were also taught to use a discourse which combined pungency with grace, and condensed much observation into a few words. His iron money, indeed, Lycurgus made of large weight and small value, as I have observed,! but the current coin of discourse he adapted to the expression of deep and abundant meaning with simple and brief diction, by contriving that the general habit of silence should make the boys sententious and correct in their answers. For as sexual incontinence generally pro- duces unfruitfulness and sterility, so intemperance in talking makes discourse empty and vapid. King Agis, accordingly, when a certain Athenian decried the Spartan swords for being so short, and said that jugglers on the stage easily swallowed them, replied: “ And yet we certainly reach our enemies with these daggers.’ And I observe that although the speech also of the Spartans seems short, yet it certainly reaches the point, and arrests the thought of the listener. And indeed Lycurgus himself seems to have been 1 Chapter ix. 1. 265 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TIS G0LKE yevéoOar al anopbeyparixos, et det Texpaiped Oat Tois amopynpovevpact’ olov éote TO Tepl TAS ToMuTEeLas T™ pos TOV afvobvra qroveiy Sypoxpatiay é év TH monet: « Svyap, " én, “ T PWTOS év TH olKia cou Tolngov Snpoxpatiav.” kal Tept TOY Ovovay 7 pos TOV 7 vO omevov dia Tt paKpas ovTw Kal evTenets érakev, “Iva oz) TOTE, épn, “ Tysdvtes TO Oetov Siadimrwper.” Kai Trept TOV aOrnparov, TavTa pova Th) K@AUVTaVTOS ayoviterOat Tovs mohiTas év ols elp ovK ava- TetveTa. pépovrat é avrob kat * eT lo TON@Y amoxpicers TOLADTAL TIPOS TOUS TrOALTAS. TAS ay Toe piov Epodov areEoipeda ; «Ap mraxol pe- vynTe Kal pn pécdwv & GT Epos Jatépw epare Typev.” Kal wad mept TOY Tevxavr “ Ovn av ‘eln arei- XLaros Tors TIS dvSperat," Kat ov TrLvOors éorepavorar.” Tepe pev ovv TovTwY Kal TOV TOLOVT@Y ETLTTOAWY OUTE aTLOTHOAL Padioy ovTE TirTEvT AL. XX. This 82 Tpos Ta paKN TaVv NOyov Sia- Borys Setypara, TovavTa, TOV arropbeyparov éoti. Newvidas O Baowreds aKaipws TLVOS mept Tpary- paren ovK aXpnoT@D StarexGevros, °O, Eéve,” elrrev, “ oun év dort. xpén TH S€ovre.” Xaptraos de 0 ddergibods : rod Auxovpyou mepl THs dAUYOTNTOS avTou TeV YO pov epwrnbeis, elev @S Of OYOLS pa Xpw@pevoe Toddois ovde vowwv Séovrat ToAhav. “Apxeoapioas dé pepbopevov TLD ‘Exataiov Tov copia Thy drt Taparnpeels eis TO gucaitiov ovder Exeryev, ““O eldas,” edn, “\oryov Kal Kalpov oldev.” & b€ tTav mixpav Edny atropynpovevpatwYy ovK &ydpecor Cobet ; avdpelors, 266 LYCURGUS short and sententious in his speech, if we may judge from his recorded sayings; that, for instance, on forms of government, to one who demanded the establishment of democracy in the city: “Go thou,” said he, “ and first establish democracy in thy house- hold.” That, again, to one who inquired why he ordained such small and inexpensive sacrifices : ‘‘ That we may never omit,” said he, “ to honour the gods.” Again, in the matter of athletic contests, he allowed the citizens to engage only in those where there was no stretching forth of hands.! There are also handed down similar answers which he made by letter to his fellow-citizens. When they asked how they could ward off an invasion of enemies, he answered : “ By remaining poor, and by not desiring to be greater the one than .the other.’”’ And when they asked about fortifying their city, he answered : “A city will be well fortified which is surrounded by brave men and not by bricks.” Now regarding these and similar letters, belief and scepticism are alike difficult. XX. Of their aversion to long speeches, the following apophthegms are proof. King Leonidas, when a certain one discoursed with him out of all season on matters of great concern, said: “ My friend, the matter urges, but not the time.”” Char- ilaiis, the nephew of Lycurgus, when asked why his uncle had made so few laws, answered : “ Men of few words need few laws.” Archidamidas, when certain ones found fault with Hecataeus the Sophist for saying nothing after being admitted to their public mess, answered: “He who knows how, knows also when to speak.” Instances of the pungent sayings 1 After the manner of men begging their conquerors to spare their lives. 267 ey PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 a a > 3 / ? apoipety yapiTos, Toladr éori. Anpuadparos av- Opwirov tovnpod KoTTovTos avTOY aKatpots épw- / } 57; “A 4 >] “a ce Ti typac. Kal dn TodTO ToANaKLS épwravTos, “ Tis ww nw 99 v7 cof \ > , 99 dpiotos {rraptiatav; épn: ““O tiv avopototratos. 9 , > 4 “A \ 9 4 e Ayis 6é, érawotvtav tay tovs "Hréiouvs ws Karas ta ‘Oddprria cal Stcaiws dyovtas, “ Kar 4 / 99 66 b lal A b] 3 ” 4 Ti peya, én, “’Hretoe rroodvte 8s’ érav aévre Gpépa ud Xpdpevor Ta Sixacootve;” @cozroputros ‘ 7 > ‘ 4 Sé &évou-tivds evvorav évderxvupévov, Kar pa- e \ ” e a 4 Ul TKOVTOS WS Tapa TOLS aUTOU TrONTAaLs diLoNAKwY Kaneirat, “ Kaddwov! hv rot,” eltrev, “ w Eéve, htro- / a 99 A \ oe , monitav Kareioba.” Trkeoravak &¢ 6 Taveaviou, ¢ > 6g / \ 5 / > “ pytopos "AOnvaiov tovs Aaxedatpoviovs apadets atroxanrobvtos, “’OpOds,” Edn, “réyets* pwovor yap e 4 ” ye \ 9 FAAdvwv appes ovdev Kaxov pepuabjxapev Tap A 9 > , tpav.” “Apyidapuidas 8 mpos tov muvOopevoy A ” mocot clot Lrapriarat, ‘‘Ixavoi,” elev, ‘““w Eéve, TOUS KAKOUS ATrepuKELY.” Ww \ \ a \ a ? 4 aD Kore 5€ cat trois pera rradas elpnuévous vr avTav texunpacba Tov eOicpov. eiOilovto yap pndérote ypiobar TH Aoyw Tapépyws, pnde agpiévar havnv Hris ovK apas yé Tas ele TLVOS e lel ewpias akiav Sidvowav. o péev yap axodoas ToD pupoupévov tHy dayndova mapaKxadovpevos, cA > Lal >> ed ce OCU” VA 99 e de > \ uTas, é€dn, “axovxa tHvas.” o Sé avayvors TO éTiypapupa TooTO: 2 Bewuyras wore tovade rupavvida yadxeos "Apns elhe> Leduvodvtos S audi trvras EOavor, 1 «dAdAcov Cobet, van Herwerden; cf. xpetcoov Morals, p. 22le: Kardyv (tt were well). 268 LYCURGUS not devoid of grace, of which I spoke,! are the following. Demaratus, when a troublesome fellow was pestering him with ill-timed questions, and especially with the oft repeated query who was the best of the Spartans, answered at last: “He who is least like thee.’’ And Agis, when certain ones were praising the Eleians for their just and honourable conduct of the Olympic games, said: “ And what great matter is it for the Eleians to practise righte- ousness one day in five years?’’ And Theopompus, when a stranger kept saying, as he showed him kindness, that in his own city he was called a lover of Sparta, remarked: “ My good Sir, it were better for thee to be called a lover of thine own city.” And Pleistoanax, the son of Pausanias, when an Athenian orator declared that the Lacedaemonians had no learning, said : “True, we are indeed the only Hellenes who have learned no evil from you.”’ And Archidamus, when some one asked him how many Spartans there were, replied : “ Enough, good Sir, to keep evil men away.” And even from their jests it is possible to judge of their character. For it was their wont never to talk at random, and to let slip no speech which had not have some thought or other worth serious attention. For instance, when one of them was invited to hear a man imitate the nightingale, he said: “I have heard the bird herself.’’ And another, on reading the epitaph :— } “Tyranny’s fires they were trying to quench when panoplied Ares Slew them ; Selinus looked down from her gates on their death,” 1 Chapter xix. 1. 269 PLUTA RCH’S LIVES “Aixaiws,” elie, “ teOvdaxavti Tol avdpes: Be yap adéuev Say avtay Kkataxadpev. veavioxos be \ \ 2 / > A , b pos Tov éTayyeAAopevoy avT@ Swoew arex- Tpvovas atroOvncKovras év TO payer Oar, “My ov ye,” elarev, “arr Sos pot TOY ATroKTevoyvTav év TO , 9” y EX» 7) , payecOar. repos Sé tis iddy ey atroxwophae Gaxevovras ert Sippav avOparous, “My yévorto,” 3 2 a / ” > ¢ eltrev, “évtadda xabicas dOev ovn Extw UTeEava- orhvat mpecButépw.” TO wey ody TaY atrodpbey- patov eldos Hv toodTov Mate Kal Aéyety Tivas > ? ’ (cd aA 4 > . A a \ OUK ATOTTWS OTL MAaNAOY EgTL TO PLrAOTOdELY 7 TO diroyupvacteiy Naxwviter. XXI. ‘H 8@ wepi tas pdas cat Ta péAn Tail- Sevots ody Arrov éotrovddlero THs ev Tols NOyous ev&nrias xal xaBapiotntos, GAAA Kal Ta pwédXy xévtpov elyev eyeptixoy Oupod Kal wapactatixoy opis évOovarwdous Kal mpaypatixns, Kal 4» r€E«s > ” 4 a mw aherns nab AOpuvrrros éml wpdypact cepvois kal nOomrotois. emavoe yap Hoav ws Ta TOANA tav teOvnxotwy brép THS Lmdprns evdatpovrito- pévov, Kal ~royou THY TpEeTavTwY, wS aNyELvoV Kal Kaxodaipova Biovvtwv Biov, érayyedia te xal peyarauvyia Tpos apeTHy TpéTovaa Tais HALKLALS" av évexa Selypuartos ov yelpov éotw & tt trpo- evéyxac0ar. tTpiav yap Yopav Kata Tas Tpeis HrAtKiasS GUVLoTapéVvoDV év Tais Eoprais, 6 pev TOV - yepovTwy apyopevos AOEv" "Appes Tox Hues AXetpor veavias. 270 53 LYCURGUS said: “ The men deserved to die; they should have let the fires burn out entirely.” And a youth, when some one promised to give him game-cocks that would die fighting, said, “ Don’t do that, but give me some of the kind that kill fighting.” Another, seeing men seated on stools in a privy, said : “ May I never sit where I cannot give place to an elder.” The character of their apophthegms, then, was such as to justify the remark that love of wisdom rather than love of bodily exercise was the special characteristic of a Spartan. XXI. Nor was their training in music and poetry -any less serious a concern than the emulous purity of their speech, nay, their very songs had a stimulus that roused the spirit and awoke enthusiastic and effectual effort; the style of them was simple and unaffected, and their themes were serious and edifying. They were for the most part praises ot men who had died for Sparta, calling them blessed and happy; censure of men who had played the coward, picturing their grievous and _ ill-starred life ; and such promises and boasts of valour as befitted the different ages. Ot the last, it may not be amiss to cite one, by way of illustration. They had three choirs at their festivals, corresponding to the three ages, and the choir of old men would sing first :-— “We once did deeds of prowess and were strong young men.” 271 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 0 6¢ Tay akpalovTwy dpeBomevos éreyev" "Appes S€ 9° eipév: al dé As, avydodeo.) o O€ TpiTos 6 TOV Traidwr “Appes 56 y' éooopecOa ToAA®@ Kappoves. "“Orws S€é av tis émioryiocas toils Aaxewrixois Tommpact, av ett Kal nuds ena SverwlbeTo, rat \ > 4 e \ ? 4 9 “A Tous euBatnpious puOuovs avaraBor, ols éypavro mpos Tov avrov émdyovtes Tois moAeplots, ov KAk@S HYynoalto Kal Tov Tépmavdpov nal Tov llivdapov tiv davdpeiav tH povoikn ovvartety. O pev yap ovTws Tremoinxe wept Tov Aaxedat- poviwr: "Ev? aixpa te véwv OarrAeu Kal podoa Aiyera cab dixa evpvayua — — Tlivdapos 8€ pyoww: "EvOa Bovral yepovtwv Kai véov sal er aptoTevovTt aiypal kal yopoi Kal Mota «al ayrala. Movoixwrdtovs yap aya Kxal trodeuKwrarous arodaivovatv avtovs: “Péwes? yap dvta ta aiddpw Td Kad@S KI- Oapiadev, ws 0 Aaxwvixos rotnrns cipnxe. Kal yap év tais paxais mpocOvero tais Movaais o peered avapimyycKov, ws gorxe, THS Tratdelas Kal TeV 1 giydocdeo Cobet, as in Morals, pp. 238 b, 544 e, and S (first hand): weipay AaBé (come take a try). 2 ‘péwe: Scaliger’s correction of épwe. Cf. Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Gr. iii.4 p. 51 (Aleman, Frag. 35). 272 LYCURGUS Then the choir of young men would respond :— “We are so now, and if you wish, behold and see.”’ And then the third choir, that of the boys, would sing :— ‘““We shall be sometime mightier men by far than both.” In short, if one studies the poetry of Sparta, of which some specimens were still extant in my time, and makes himself familiar with the marching songs which they used, to the accompaniment of the flute, when charging upon their foes, he will conclude that Terpander and Pindar were right in associating valour with music. The former writes thus of the Lacedaemonians :— “ Flourish there both the spear of the brave and the Muse’s clear message, Justice, too, walks the broad streets ef And Pindar says :—! “There are councils of Elders, And young men’s conquering spears, And dances, the Muse, and joyousness.” The Spartans are thus showr to be at the same time most musical and most warlike ; ‘In equal poise to match the sword hangs the sweet art of the harpist,” as their poet says. For just before their battles, the king sacrificed to the Muses, reminding his warriors, as it would seem, of their training, and of the firm 1 Fragment 199, Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Gr. i.‘ p. 448. 273 VOL. 1. T 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kpioewr, iva Oot Tpoxerpor mapa Ta Sewa xa AGyou TLVOS akias tmapéywou tas mpakeas trav waxopméevon. XXII. Tore dé Kal ToS véous Ta oKdnpoTara TIS aryory7s emavievTes, OUK éx@AVOV Kadhoni- CecOas rept Kounv cal Kocpov OrAwV Kal ipatiov, xaiporres, damep trots, yaupiace Kal ppuatto- pévors 7 pos TOUS aryavas. 510 Kopavres evOus ex THs Tov édnBwv nrLKias, paduiota mepl TOUS xuvduvous eepamevov THY Kony Merrapay Te dai- verOar Kar Siaxexpiperny, am opynpovevovTés Twa wal Avuxotpyou NOvyov mrepl THS KOUNS, ott - TOUS pev kadovs evIrpeTreaTEPOUS mote, Tovs Sé aic- Xpovs poBepwrépovs. expavTo 5é xal ryupva- oios paraxwrépors Tapa Tas aTpareias, Kat TI GdAnv Siarray ovrx obte KeKodao wevny ov” bmev- Buvov Tots veous Tapeixov, Gare povots avO para éxetvous THs els TOV TOAELOV aoKHoEwS dvadTavatY elvat Tov Todepov. 76n dé cuvTeTary pens THS parayyos auTay Kal TOV ToAEpLooy TapovTwy,® ) Bactrevs aya tTHv Te Xtwatpay eopayiatero Kat orepavovelas mapnyyedre Tao Kat Tovs avrnTas abrciy éxédeve TO Kao ropevov pédos: dua 5 eEnpxev éuBarnpiou mrativos, dare oEumyny dpa Kal KATATANKTLKHY Thv orp elvat, pv0p@ TE Wpos TOV avrov éuBasvovrev Ka pare d:a- oT Ao 1a jWowovuvTwy é€v TH parayyt pate TAL puxais GopuBoupever, ara Tpaas kal thapas vm0 Tov pehous ayouévey ért tov Kivdvvoyv. ove yap oBov ovte Oupov éyyiverOat mreovalovra 1 xapévrwy MSS., Coraés, Sintenis!, and Bekker: épdévrep (sn the sight of ), with Xenophon, Retp. Lac. xiii. 8. 274 LYCURGUS decisions they had made, in order that they might be prompt to face the dread issue, and might perform such martial deeds as would be worthy of some record.! XXII. In time of war, too, they relaxed the severity of the young men’s discipline, and permitted them to beautify their hair and ornament their arms and clothing, rejoicing to see them, like horses, prance and neigh for the contest. Therefore they wore their hair long as soon as they ceased to be youths, and particularly in times of danger they took pains to have it glossy and well-combed, remember- ing a certain saying of Lycurgus, that a fine head of hair made the handsome more comely still, and the ugly more terrible. Their bodily exercises, too, were less rigorous during their campaigns, and in other ways their young warriors were allowed a regimen which was less curtailed and rigid, so that they were the only men in the world with whom war brought a respite in the training for war. And when at last they were drawn up in battle array and the enemy was at hand, the king sacrificed the customary she- goat, commanded all the warriors to set garlands upon their heads, and ordered the pipers to pipe the strains of the hymn to Castor; then he himself led off in a marching paean, and it was a sight equally grand and terrifying when they marched in step with the rhythm of the flute, without any gap in their line of battle, and with no confusion in their souls, but calmly and cheerfully moving with the strains of their hymn into the deadly fight. Neither fear nor excessive fury is likely to possess men so disposed, 1 The Greek of this sentence is obscure, and the translation doubtful. 275 T 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tois oUTW StaKxetpévots etkos éotiv, AAN evoTtabes dpdvnua pet’ érmidos nat Opdcovs, ws Tod Oeod TUMLTAPOVTOS. | "Exper 6€ 0 Bactrevs él TOUS Tohepious eXov pe éavtob arepaviTny ayava VEVLKNKOTA. Kat gdact yé Tiva XenpaT ov ToAAov év ’'OdXvp- mous dudopevwv avT@ iT SeEdpevor, andra TOAD Tovey KaTaTranaicavTa TOV avrayavar yy, OS TLS elev avTo@, “Ti cou TrEov, @ Adxawv, yéyove did a / ) / , ‘6 \ a THs viens ; pavat pedidoavta, Tipo Tou Bace- News TET AY UEVOS paxoduat Tots Troheptous.” Tpe- papevor dé Kal VK TO AYTES édiwxov daov éxBe- Ba wocac bar TO vinnpa Th puyy TOV ) TONE MLO, elra evOus avexXw@povy, UTE syevvatov obte “EXXnviKov Hyoupevor KOT TEL Kal povevery aroheyouévous cal TAPAKEXwpHKOTAS. Hv dé ov povov xaXov TobTo Kal b weryarowuxov, adda Kal Xprorpov. eldoTes yap ot Haxopmevor 7 pos auTous OTL TOUS i code ega dvatpovat, peidovrar Sé tav évdvdovtwy, Tov pévelv TO pevryery nryouvTo AvatTehéa TEpor. XXIII. Avtov &€ tov Avkoipyov ‘Imaias pev ) copia TNs TONEMLKOTATOV dnote yevéoOat nai TONY éuTretpov OTPATELED, Prroc réepavos de Kal THY KaT ovrNapLOUS TOV iar éooy Stavounv Avxovpyw mpoctiOnow: elvar 5& Tov ovAapor, @S éxeivos TUvEes THEY, imméwy TEVTHKOVTA wrI- Bos ev TeTpayove oY MATE TET AY EVO. o 8 Darnpevs Anprtptos, ovde mas aypdpevov qWone- purijs mpatews € €V elonvy KataaThoaa ae THV 10- urelay. cote bé nal THs ‘Odupmianis € exexerplas v) émivoua T™paov Kal pos etpnyny oixei@s EYOVTOS avipos elvat. Kaito. daci tives, ws “Epperros 276 ™ 54 LYCURGUS but rather a firm purpose full of hope and courage, believing as they do that Heaven is their ally. The king marched against the enemy in close companionship with one who had been crowned victor in the great games. And they tell of a certain Spartan who refused to be bought off from a contest at Olympia by large sums of money, and after a long struggle outwrestled his antagonist. When some one said to him then: “ What advantage, O Spartan, hast thou got from thy victory?” he answered, with a smile: “I shall stand in front of my king when I fight our enemies.” When they had conquered and routed an enemy, they pursued him far enough to make their victory secure by his flight, and then at once retired, thinking it ignoble and unworthy of a Hellene to hew men to pieces who had given up the fight and abandoned the field. And this was not only a noble and magnanimous policy, but it was also useful. For their antagonists, knowing that they slew those who resisted them, but showed mercy to those who yielded to them, were apt to think flight more advantageous than resistance. XXIII. Hippias the Sophist says that Lycurgus himself was very well versed in war and took part in many campaigns, and Philostephanus attributes to him the arrangement of the Spartan cavalry by “‘oulamoi,” explaining that the “oulamos,” as con- stituted by him, was a troop of fifty horsemen in a square formation. But Demetrius the Phalerean says he engaged in no warlike undertakings, and established his constitution in a time of peace. And indeed the design of the Olympic truce would seem to bespeak a man of gentleness, and predisposed to peace. And yet there are some who say, as 277 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pvnpovever, tov Avxodpyov od mpocéyety ovde xowwveiv év apy toils mept tov “Iditov, adda Tuyxavey addrAjgws eridnuodvta Kal Oewpevor: axovaa, Sé dwviy dowep avOpwrov Tivos é£o- micOev éeritipa@vTos aut@ Kal Oaupdlovtos bre TOUS TOALTAS OU TIPOTPETTETAL KOLVMVELY THS TAVN- yupews: as S¢ peractpadévros ovdapyod pavepos 6 dOeyEduevos Fv, Oelov Hrynodpevov, oTw Tpos tov “Id¢itov tpatrécOas Kal ovvdtaxocpnoavta Thv éoptnyv évdokotépav Kal BeBaotépay Kara- oTHOAL. XXIV. ‘H 6&é radeia pexpt Tov évndixwv b1é- Telvev. ovodels yap Hv adetpevos ws EBovrETO Cv, arr’ olov év otpatrotédm TH wore Kal Slarrav éyovres wpiopéevny cal dvatpiBny mepl Ta Kowa, Kal Sdrws vopivovtes ovY AUTOV, GANA THS TaTpi- 50s elvar SveréXovuv, eb poy TL TpaTTe Erepov Ein T pos TET ay UEvOY, émiaKxoTrouvTes TOUS Traioas, Kal diddoxovtés TL TOV XpNnoiwov h pavOdvovTes 2 avtol mapa tav mpecButépwv. Kat yap & Te TOUTO TOV KaXOV HY Kal paxapiwv & TapecKevace Tots éavTov TodiTats o AUKOvpyos, apJovia vyxo- Afjs, ols téyvns pev Grpacbat Bavavoov To wWapd- TAaVv OUK éeiro, Xenpatiopod Sé cuvaywyny éyovtos épywon Kal mpaypuatelay ovd’ otioby eet, dua To KouldH Tov TrAODTOY AlnrAOV yeyovéevat Kal 3 dtipov. ot dé etrwres avtois eipydtovtTo THY yy, atropopav thy eipnuévny TeXovVTEs. emridnuav Sé tis “AOnynoe Sixactnpiov dvtwv, cal tuOdpevos tiva Slknv apyias adAnkota Babifew adupodvra 278 | ™, : LYCURGUS Hermippus reminds us, that at the outset Lycurgus had nothing whatever to do with Iphitus and his enterprise, but happened to come that way by chance, and be a spectator at the games; that he heard behind him, however, what seemed to be a human voice, chiding him and expressing amazement that he did not urge his fellow-citizens to take. part in the great festival ; and since, on turning round, he did not see the speaker anywhere, he concluded that the voice was from heaven, and therefore betook himself to Iphitus, and assisted him in giving the festival a more notable arrangement and a more enduring basis. XXIV. The training of the Spartans lasted into the years of full maturity. No man was allowed to live as he pleased, but in their city, as in a military encampment, they always had a prescribed regimen and employment in public service, considering that they belonged entirely to their country and not to themselves, watching over the boys, if no other duty was laid upon them, and either teaching them some useful thing, or learning it themselves from their elders. For one of the noble and blessed privileges which Lycurgus provided for his fellow-citizens, was abundance of leisure, since he forbade their engaging in any mechanical art whatsoever, and as for money- making, with its laborious efforts to amass wealth, there was no need of it at all, since wealth awakened no envy and brought no honour. Besides, the Helots tilled their ground for them, and paid them the produce mentioned above.! Therefore it was that one of them who was sojourning at Athens when the courts were in session, and learned that a certain } Chapter viii. 4. 279 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal TpoTreumTopuevov Ure TOV ditwv cvvayGouévev xal Bapéws hepovrwr, édeito SetEar Tovs cupTrap- oVvTaS aUT@ Tis éoTLV Oo THY EdXevOEpias) EaXwKOS Sixnv. oftw Sovromperes Hyotvto THY TEpl TAS Téyvas Kal Tov xXpnuatiopov dcyoriav. Sdixat 5é, ws eixos, éFéNTTOV Gua TO voplopuaTl, pHTE mreovetias pte amropias avTois trapovens, ico- tntos 6é év evrropia Kal pacravns de edrérerav yeyevnévns. yopoi 8& cat Bariar cab ebwyiac kat SiatpiBal epi te Onpas Kal yupvdowa nat Neayas Tov aTavta yYpovoy éerrexwpialov, STE pp OTPATEVOMEVOL TUYOLED. , XXV. Of pév ye vewtepor TpidKovra eT@V TO mapadmav ov KxaréBatwvov eis ayopav, ddra bia TOV auyyevav Kal TOV épacT@Y éroLodVTO TAS dvayxatas olxovopias. Tois Sé mpeaRutépois ainxpov nv suvexas opacbat trepi tabra Satpi- Bovotv, adra pt) TO TrELoTOY TIS Nuepas Tepl TA yupvdowa Kal Tas Kahoupévas Noxas dvaorpé- decbar. Kal yap eis TavTas auMmorTeEs érrlEeLKas eoxoralov per GAANAWY, OVSEVvOS pepYNnpevOL TOV ™pos Xpnuaticpov h xXpeiav ayopaioy ouvte- NovvTwy: GAAA TO WrElaoTOVY Hv THs TowavTns SwatpiBns epyov éraweiv te TOY KadOV, } TOY aioxpav vpéyew, pera trardids Kal yédwros, éda- ppas wmohépovtos eis vovOeciav nal SvopAworr. ovde yap avTos Hv akpdtws avotnpos o Av- Kovpryos* a\XAa Kal To ToD TéXwtos ayadpariov éxeivov iSpvcacbat XwaiBios iotopel, THY Tat- Sav Wotep Hdvoepa Tov wovou Kal Ths Suairns I ércvdeplas, Sintenis? with Coraés, after Bryan; éaev- Gepfavy MSS., Sintenis!, and Bekker. 280 55 LYCURGUS Athenian had been fined for idleness and was going home in great distress of mind and attended on his way by sympathetic and sorrowing friends, begged the bystanders to show him the man who had been fined for living like a freeman. So servile a thing did they regard the devotion to the mechanical arts and to money-making. And law-suits, of course, vanished from among them with their gold and silver coinage, for they knew neither greed nor want, but equality in well-being was established there, and easy living based on simple wants. Choral dances and feasts and festivals and hunting and bodily exercise and social converse occupied their whole time, when they were not on a military expedition. XXV. Those who were under thirty years of age did not go into the market-place at all, but had their household wants supplied at the hands of their kinsfolk and lovers. And it was disreputable for the elderly men to be continually seen loitering there, instead of spending the greater part of the day in the places of exercise and the so-called “leschai.””+ For if they gathered in these, they spent their time suitably with one another, making no allusions to the problems of money-making or of exchange, nay, they were chiefly occupied there in praising some noble action or censuring some base one, with jesting and laughter which made the path to instruction and correction easy and natural. For not even Lycurgus himself was immoderately severe ; indeed, Sosibius tells us that he actually dedicated a little statue of Laughter, and introduced season- able jesting into their drinking parties and like 1 Places where men assembled for conversation. 281 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éuBarovra KaTd Katpov eis TA ouptroota Kal Tas TOLAVTAS SiarpiBas. To 5é Grov elOibe rods roritas pn Bovr\ecOar pndée errioracOat Kat’ idiay bnv, adr’ Bomep Tas HEAT TAS T@ KOW@ oupdvels SvTas ael Kal pet’ GNAnN@V Ethoupéevovs Tepl Tov apxovTa, pLAKPOD Sev eFeotatas éavtav tbr’ évOovotacpod Kal dirotiuias, GAouvs elvar THs watpidos: ws éort eal gavais tiow avTav dr ofewphaat thy Sea- yowav. oO pep yap HaiSdpyros OuK eryxepubels els TOUS Tplaxoatous amrnes pana, pardpos, domep aipwy tt Bedtiovas abtod Tpiaoatous y) moALS evel Todvnpatibas dé 0 mpeo Bevov TOs TOUS Baciréws oT paTHyous pe?” (ETEPOV, épouévwv av- TaY ToTepov LOig TapEeray 7} Snpocta mreppérres, elrrev, “Alka TiX@per, Snpocia, aixa amoruv- wpev, dia.” 7 de Bpacidov payrnp ‘Apytheavis, @S adixopevol TLVES ELS Aaxedaipova Tov &&f "Apdurrorews elanOXov Tos auTny, TpoOTnTEv €L KAAS O Bpacidas améOave «at Tas Lrdpras akiws peyahuvovtov Sé éxeivov Tov dvbpa war AeyovTov @S ovK ever ToLOUTOV adDov a Lmdprn: “M7 Néyere,” elev, ‘@ .Eévou Kados pev yap qv Kal arya os ) Bpacibas, Todos 5é dvdpas Aaxedaipov é éxel THVOU Kdppovas.” XXVI. Tous de yepovtas avTos Hev, WS elpnTat, katéotTnoe TO mp@rov éx TGV petaaxovToV Tob Bovretparos: Uarepov 6é avtl Tob TEhevTOYTOS érake Kabioravat TOV dpto tov apeTh xpidevra trav biep éEixovta &rn yeyovstav. Kad péyrortos 282 ~~ LYCURGUS diversions, to sweeten, as it were, their hardships and meagre fare. In a word, he trained his fellow-citizens to have neither the wish nor the ability to live for them- selves; but like bees they were to make themselves always integral parts of the whole community, clustering together about their leader, almost beside themselves with enthusiasm and noble ambition, and to belong wholly to their country. This idea can_ - be traced also in some of their utterances. For instance, Paedaretus, when he failed to be chosen among the three hundred best men, went away with a very glad countenance, as if rejoicing that the city had three hundred better men than himself. And again, Polycratidas, one of an embassy to the generals of the Persian king, on being asked by them whether the embassy was there in a private or a public capacity, replied: “ If we succeed, in a public capacity ; if we fail, in a private.” Again, Argileonis, the mother of Brasidas, when some Amphipolitans who had come to Sparta paid her a visit, asked them if Brasidas had died nobly and in a manner worthy of Sparta. Then they greatly extolled the man and said that Sparta had not such another, to which she answered: “Say not so, Strangers; Brasidas was noble and brave, but Sparta has many better men than he.” XXVI. The senators were at first appointed by Lyeurgus himself, as I have said,! from those who shared his counsels; but afterwards he arranged that any vacancy caused by death should be filled by the man elected as most deserving out of those above sixty years of age. And of all the contests in 1 Chapter v. 7 f. 283 PLUTARCH’S LIVES band Lal 3 > , b) , ze > N édoxet Tov év avOpwrrots aywvwy ovTos elvat Kal 4 TEPLUAYNTOTATOS’ ov yap év Taxyéot TAXLOTOV oO. > > a 9 , > > b] > @ “” ovd €V LaXUpoOlsS LaXUpOTAaTOV, AAN ev ayalots Kal a@ppoow apictov Kai cwdpovéctatov edee A a \ , \ xcpi0évta vixntypiov éxew HS apeThs da Biov TO a i a , , TULTAY, WS ElTrEely, KPaTOS ev TH TOALTELA, KUPLOV dvta Kal Oavadtov Kal atipias Kal dros TaV , peyiotwv. éyivero Sé 4 Kpiots Tovde TOY TpOTTOV. / éxxrnotas aOporcbeions avdpes aiperol Kabeip- yvuvto wAnciov eis olknua, THY péev drYpLv OVX A , op@vTes ovde op@pevot, THY 5é KpavynY povoy a a dxovovtes éxxdAnotatovrwv. Bon yap ws TaAXda e “A Kal Tovs autdrwpévous Expivory, OVX opod TaVTwY, e \ fol > , \ el GNX’ ExdoTOV KATA KANpoV ELoayopévou Kal TLWTH Ssatropevoyévov thy éxxrAnoiav. éxovrTes ovv ot KaTdadKnreroTot ypaypateta, Kal” Exactov émecy- paivovto THS Kpavyns TO pméyeDos, ovK eidortes St@ yévolto, TANY OTL Tp@TOS 7} SevTEpos H TpiTos h otoctocouv ein tav cicayouevwv. stm dé TAELOTH yévorTo Kal peyioTn, TOUTOY avNyopEvoD. e o 5€ otefavwodpevos Tepinet TOUS Oeovs: eltovToO dé modXol véor Cndodvres Tov avdpa Kal pweyadv- vovTes, woANai Te yuvatxes éyxoptdtovoar be won \ 9 \ \ \ Bi 9 5 1q PONS THY apeTny Kal Tov Biov evdatpovilovaac. A 4 nw a tov de émitndeiwy Exactos avT@ Seimvov tapa- TUOeis EXevyev OTL) TWodls TAVTH Tia TH TPATEL \ Y \ > \ : 4 a Me a P \ Z a meptehOav O€ es TO TVGCiTLOV anne’ Kal Ta meV adr éyivero cuvvynbws, Sevtépas 5é pepidos avtae 284 56 LYCURGUS the world this would seem to have been the greatest and the most hotly disputed. For it was not the swiftest of the swift, nor the strongest of the strong, but the best and wisest of the good and wise who was to be elected, and have for the rest of his life, as a victor’s prize for excellence, what I may call the supreme power in the state, lord as he was of life and death, honour and dishonour, and all the greatest issues of life. The election was made in the following manner. An assembly of the people having been convened, chosen men were shut up in a room near by so that they could neither see nor be seen, but only hear the shouts of the assembly. For as in other matters, so here, the cries of the assembly decided between the competitors. These did not appear in a body, but each one was introduced separately, as the lot fell, and passed silently through the assembly. Then the secluded judges, who had writing-tablets with them, recorded in each case the loudness of the shouting, not knowing for whom it was given, but only that he was introduced first, second, or third, and soon. Whoever was greeted with the most and loudest shouting, him they declared elected. The victor then set a wreath upon his head and visited in order the temples of the gods. He was followed by great numbers of young men, who praised and extolled him, as well as by many women, who celebrated his excellence in songs, and dwelt on the happiness of his life. Each of his relations and friends set a repast before him, saying: “The city honours thee with this table.” When he had finished ‘his circuit, he went off to his mess-table. Here he fared in other ways as usual, but a second portion of food was set before him, 285 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mapateBelons épvrattev apapevos: Kal peta TO Sefrrvoy emi tais Ovpass Tod idetiou Tav oixetwv TWAPOVTOV YUVALKOY, tv padiota TUYYdvoL TLLOY mpocexanreito, kal Sidovs THv potpay Ereyey Ott TavTny autos AaBwv apioteiov éxeivyn Sidwour, @ote Kaxelyny Enroupévny iro THY ANNWY TpO- méprreabar yuvatcov. XXVII. Kai pov «at ra mepl TAS Tapas apiora, drexoopnoev aurois.” ™ pérrov pev yap GVEN@V derordatpoviav dnacav évy Th monet Pane tovs vexpovs, cal wAnoioy exe TA pYT- para TOY iepov ovK éx@XVaE, TUYTPOhOUS TrOL@V tais Totavtats OwWeot nal auvnfets tous véous, @aoTe yn TapattredOar nd oppwoeiv tov Odvartov @> plaivovta Tovs drpapévous vexpod capatos H 51a tabav SteNovtas. erecta ouvOdrrew ovdev elacev, GAA ev dowixids Kal pvrAdos édNaias Oévres TO copa TepleaTeNov. emuypayras dé Tovvowa Oarpavras ov« éfhv tod vexpod, TrIY avdpos éy TONE Lap Kal yuvarkos TOY lepev aTro- Javovtwv. Xpovov 5é mévOous odiryov Mpocwpicer, nmepas évoexa: Th dé Swbexary Oicavtas éder Anuntpe Aveu To mdOos. ovdev yap ag apryov ovde a eLevov, adrnra moot KaTepiryyue TOUS avaryKators aperis tia Chrov h KaKias Sa Bodny- Kal KaTemUKYOU mapaderyparov wAnse: = THV Tod, ols avarykaiov WV évruyxdvovtas del xal out pepopevous dryerOa Kat catacynpatives bat iovTas TMpos TO KAXOD. 1 airots Coraés and Bekker, after Bryan: abrés (himeel/). 286 LYCURGUS which he took and put by. After the supper was over, the women who were related to him being now assembled at the door of the mess-hall, he called to him the one whom he most esteemed and gave her the portion he had saved, saying that he had received it as a meed of excellence, and as such gave it to her. Upon this, she too was lauded by the rest of the women and escorted by them to her home. XXVII. Furthermore, Lycurgus made most ex- cellent regulations in the matter of their burials. To begin with, he did away with all superstitious terror by allowing them to bury their dead within the city, and to have memorials of them near the sacred places, thus making the youth familiar with such sights and accustomed to them, so that they were not confounded by them, and had no horror of death as polluting those who touched a corpse or walked among graves. In the second place, he permitted nothing to be buried with the dead; they simply covered the body with a scarlet robe and olive leaves when they laid it away. To inscribe the name of the dead upon the tomb was ‘not allowed, unless it were that of a man who had fallen in war, or that of a woman who had died in sacred office. He set apart only a short time for mourning, eleven days; on the twelfth, they were to sacrifice to Demeter and cease their sorrowing. Indeed, nothing was left untouched and neglected, but with all the necessary details of life he blended some commendation of virtue or rebuke of vice; and he filled the city full of good examples, whose continual presence and society must of necessity exercise a controlling and moulding influence upon those who were walking the path of honour. 287 PLUTARCH’S LIVES “Odev ovS atrodypeiv Bwxe trois BovNopévots kal mrAavacOat, Eevixa cuvdyovtas 7On Kal pipn- para Biwy amraiSevTov Kat TONTEVLATOV dia- popu. adda Kat TOUS a porCopevous én ovdevt XPNTipem al “Tapeta peovras els Thy TONY ann- NAVVEV, OVY, WS @ovnvdidns gnet, debias pa THS TOMTELAS pinral yevovTat Kal Tpos aper ay Te XPHoLpwov éxpudwory, GAG. waddov Omras pn bibdoKaror Kaxod Tivos wmdp—wow. apa yap Eevous cOMacW avaryKn Aoyous émerarevas Eévous* Aovyor be Kawol Kpioets KaLvas emu épovary. ef @v avayKny man Toa pvecOar kal mpoarperecs amqbovoas T pos THV cabertaoav TONLTELAY, damep dppoviay. 616 parXov @eTO Yphvar pu- NaTTELW THY Tohy Straws nO av OvK avaTrdnaOn- oeTaL Tovnpav } capudtwr vocepav eéFwlev em ELoLOVTOV. XXVIII. "Ev pév odv TovtTots ovdéy éotuV adixias iyvos ovdé reovefias, fy éykadovoty évsoe TOUS Aveovpyov YOLOLS, os iKaVvaS EYovoL Pos avdpevay, evoe@s dé mpos Suxavocvvny. ” bé kahoupeévn KpuTtéia Tap avrois, el ye bn TOTO TOV Avkovpyou TOM TEVPATOY & éor, Ws ‘Aptororénns ioTopnKe, TAvTHY av ein Kal TG TWAdteve meph THS ToneTelas Kal TOU avdpos éverpyacpevy bofav. Hv 6é TowauTn’ TOV véwy ot apyovTes da Xpovov Tous paMora voov éxyeuv Soxovyras els THY Xepay adds eérreprrop, éyovras eyxetpio.a Kat Tpopny avayKatay, ado dé ovdév: ot O€ pel? neEpay pev els dauvdrrous Siacre:popevoe TOTOUS, aTréeKpUTrTOY éauvToUs Kal 288 LYCURGUS This was the reason why he did not permit them to live abroad at their pleasure and wander in strange lands, assuming foreign habits and imitating the lives of peoples who were without training and lived under different forms of government. Nay more, he actually drove away from the city the multitudes which streamed in there for no useful purpose, not because he feared they might become imitators of his form of government and learn useful lessons in virtue, as Thucydides says,! but rather that they might not become in any wise teachers of evil. For along with strange people; strange doctrines must come in; and novel doctrines bring novel decisions, from which there must arise many feelings and resolutions which destroy the harmony of the existing political order. Therefore he thought it more necessary to keep bad manners and customs from invading and filling the city than it was to keep out infectious diseases. XXVIII. Now in all this there is no trace of injustice or arrogance, which some attribute to the laws of Lycurgus, declaring them efficacious in producing valour, but defective in producing righte- ousness. The so-called “krupteia,” or secret service, of the Spartans, if this be really one of the institutions of Lycurgus, as Aristotle says it was, may have given Plato also? this opinion of the man and his civil polity. This secret service was of the following nature, The magistrates from time to time sent out into the country at large the most discreet of the young warriors, equipped only with daggers and such supplies as were necessary. In the day time they seattered into obscure and out of the way places, 1 In the Funeral Oration of Pericles, ii. 39, 1. 2 Laws, p. 630 d. 289 VOL. I. | U PLUTARCH’S LIVES averravovro, vuxtwp 5& Katdvres eig Tag odovs TOV ELAWTOV TOV ANoKOpeEvoy aTréchaTToY. TON- Nats 8 Kal toils dypots! émretropevopevor tors poparewtdrovs nal xpatiorovs avTay avypovv. daomep Kal @ovevdtdns év trois TeXotovynotaxots istopet tovs én’ avdpeta mpoxpiOévtas bred TeV Lraptiatav orepavocacbar pev ws édrevOépous yeyovotas Kal tepiedbeity ta TeV Oedv iepa, pixpov S& borepov aravtas adaveis yevécOar, mrelovas } SiaxXtdLous 6vTas, @S unTe Tapayphpa unre Daotepov yew Twa rAéyev Stw* TpdOT]E SiePOdpnoav. ‘Apiotorérns 5é pardiota dyot cal rovs épopous, Otay eis THY apYhy KaTacTaCL m@p@tov, Tos elAwot KataryyédreLy TrOAEpOY, Strws evayes 7 TO avendety. Kal raddra 6 tpayéws mpooepépovto xai oKAnpas avdtois, Oote Kal tive avayKdalortes ToXvy aKpaton eis TA GvaciTia TrapEonyov, ért- Secxvipevoe TO peOverv olov éate Tots véols. Kab @odas éxédevov adewy Kal yopelas yopeverv ayevvels Kal Katayerdaorous, atréxerOar 5é trav édevOépowr. 5:6 nai dacw totepov év tH OnBaiwv eis tHv Aaxovixny otpateia tos adtoKxopévous etXwtas KENEVOMEVOUS ASew ta Teprrdvépou nat “AXKtpavos kal Srévdovtos tov Adxwvos mapateicOai, ha- oKxovtas ovK eOédew TOVs SeatTroTUVOUS. WaTE TOUS Néyovtas, év Aaxedaipou Kal tov érevOepov pa- Mata édevMepoy elvar Kai Tov SovrAov pddoTA 1 rots &ypots MSS. (incl. 8): robs d&ypobs after Coraés. 2 8rqm Cohet, cf. Thuc. iv. 80, 4: r¢. 290 57 LYCURGUS where they hid themselves and lay quiet; but in the night they came down into the highways and killed every Helot whom they caught. Oftentimes, too, they actually traversed the fields where Helots were working and slew the sturdiest and best of them. So, too, Thucydides, in his history of the Peloponnesian war,! tells us that the Helots who had been judged by the Spartans to be superior in bravery, set wreaths upon their heads in token of their emancipation, and visited the temples of the gods in procession, but a little while afterwards all disappeared, more than two thousand of them, in such a way that no man was able to say, either then or afterwards, how they came by their deaths. And Aristotle in particular says also that the ephors, as soon as they came into office, made formal declaration of war upon the Helots, in order that there might be no impiety in slaying them. And in other ways also they were harsh and cruel to the Helots. For instance, they would force them to drink too much strong wine, and then introduce them into their public messes, to show the young men what a thing drunkenness was. They also ordered them to sing songs and dance dances that were low and ridiculous, but to let the nobler kind alone. And therefore in later times, they say, when the Thebans made their expedition into Laconia,? they ordered the Helots whom they captured to sing the songs of Terpander, Aleman, and Spendon the Spartan ; but they declined to do so, on the plea that their masters did not allow it, thus proving the correctness of the saying: “In Sparta the freeman is more a freeman than anywhere else in the world, 1 iv. 80. 2 Under Epaminondas, 369 B.c. 291 vu 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sotrov, ov havrAws teewpynxévar tHv Stapoparv. 6 Tas pév ody ToLaUTAaS YadeTOTHTAS DoTEpoY éy- yevéoOat, Trois Sraptidtass vopito, paddtoTta peta TOV péyav cetopov, ® avveTriOéabat ToOvs ethwTas peta Meconviwy iotopodot, cai mreioTa KaKad THY x@pav épydcacbar Kai péytotov TH TodeEL mepiaThoat Kivduvov. ov yap av éywrye rpocbetny Avxovpy@ piapov ob tw THS KpUTTEtas Epyov amo Ths GdAns avToD mpaoTtntos Kal Sixatoovvns TEXPALPOpMEVvOS TOV TpoTTOY, @ Kal TO Satpomoy eTréepwapTupnae. XXIX. KatesAnupévwv Sé trois eOropots Hdn TOV KUpLwTatev bm avtTov, Kal THs TodtTELas éxteOpappevns ixavas Kal duvapévns héperv éav- tv nal colev & éavtis, dotep o TWAdtov dnolv érl TO Koop@ yevomév Kal xuvnOévte THv mpeTny Kivnow evppavOjvar tov Oeov, otTwS ayacbels Kal dyamnoas TO THS vopobertas Kan- Nos Kal péyeOos év epye ryevoperns cai 06@ Baébk- Covons, érreOupnaer, os avuotov é& avopwomivns mpovoias, ab uvatov avr HD amohurrety Kab aKivytov 2 eis TO péddov. cUvaryaryov ovv imavras els ex KAnoiay, Ta péev adra peTpioos exew épn Kat ixavers T pos evdaiuoviay Kal apeTny Tis TONEDS, & 6€ KUpL@ratov cots Kal péytorov ovx dy éfe- veryKety ™ pOTEpov T POs avrous i) xXpycacIa Te Jeg. Setv ovv éxeivous éupévery Tots Kabertaat vopors Kal pn dev adddo ew pndée peraxerecy Ews émdavecw éx Aeddav avtos: érravenOov yap 6 tt 292 LYCURGUS and the slave more a slave.’’ However, in my opinion, such cruelties were first practised by the Spartans in later times, particularly after the great earthquake,! when the MHelots and Messenians together rose up against them, wrought the widest devastation in their territory, and brought their city into the greatest peril. I certainly cannot ascribe to Lycurgus so abominable a measure as the “ krup- teia,”’ judging of his character from his mildness and justice in all other instances. To this the voice of the god also bore witness.” XXIX. When his principal institutions were at last firmly fixed in the customs of the people, and his civil polity had sufficient growth and strength to support and preserve itself, just as Plato says 3 that Deity was rejoiced to see His universe come into being and make its first motion, so Lycurgus was filled with joyful satisfaction in the magnitude and beauty of his system of laws, now that it was in operation and moving along its pathway. He therefore ardently desired, so far as human forethought could accomplish the task, to make it immortal, and let it go down unchanged to future ages. Accordingly, he assembled the whole people, and told them that the provisions already made were sufficiently adapted to promote the prosperity and virtue of the state, but that something of the greatest weight and importance remained, which he could not lay before them until he had consulted the god at Delphi. They must therefore abide by the established laws and make no change nor alteration in them until he came back from Delphi in person ; 1 464-B.c. Cf. Plutarch’s Cimon, xvi. 2 See chapter v. 3. 3 Timaeus, p. 37 c. 293 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 dv T@ Be@ SoxH Toinoev. oporoyouvTwv 8 Tav- Tov cal KedXevovtwv Badbiterv, Spxous AaBov Tapa tov Bacthéwy cal Tav yepovTwy, ereita Tapa TOV AANWV TOMTOD, eupevery Kal ypnoecOat TH 4 / h e xabeot@an TodtTela péxpis av érravédOn o Av- Kovpyos, amnpev eis Aerdous. Ilaparyevopevos S5é mpds TO pavretov Kal te Oe@ Ovcas, npwTnoev ef KAwS OF Vopor Kal ixa- VaS Tpos evdatpoviay Kal apeTny TOAEWS KElpeEvot TuyXavovew. arroxpivapévou bé Tod Geod Kal Tovs , a a , 4 vomous KaXWS KetcOat Kal rhv rod évdoEoTaTHY pe ie ‘ Stapevety tH Avxovpyou Xpaperny wonLTEla, TO / > pedvrevpa ypayrdpuevos eis Yrdptny améorenev. > A A a 4 V4 \ / autos 6¢ t@ Oe@ wad Ovaas Kal Tovs Pirous aoracdpevos Kal Tov viov, éyvw pnKéte Tots , ? a \ @ > “ a ToniTas adetvar Tov Spxov, avtov S€ KaTaddcat tov Biov éxovaias, iALKlas yeyovas év-} Kad Brody Ett kal wetmravaba Bovropévors w@paiov éott, cal TaV Tepl avToY ixavas pos Eevdatpoviay Exe 5o- KovVTMY. éTEAEUTNOEY OVV ATrOKApPTEpHaAS, HYyoU- HEVvOS YpHval TOV ToNTiKaY avdpav pnde Tov Odvatov atonitevtov elvar pndé apyov Td Tob Biov rédos, adr’ ev aperis pepids cal mapakews yevopevov. auT@ te yap ékeipyacpévw Ta Kar- MoTa THY TEeXEUTHY WS AXNODS erLTEAELwoD elvat THS evdatmovias, Kal Tois moAitats @yv dua Tod / 4 a“ ? A 4 \ Biou wapeckevace Karav cal ayabayv dvrara Tov Odvarov atonrcipey, opwpoxooe ypnoGat TH To- ALTELa PEK pLS Av Exeivos émravénOy. Kal ov dieyev- 294 58 LYCURGUS then he would do whatsoever the god thought best. When they all agreed to this and bade him set out on his journey, he exacted an oath from the kings and the senators, and afterwards from the rest of the citizens, that they would abide by the established polity and observe it until Lycurgus should come back ; then he set out for Delphi. On reaching the oracle, he sacrificed to the god, and asked if the laws which he had established were good, and sufficient to promote acity’s prosperity and virtue. Apollo answered that the laws which he had established were good, and that the city would continue to be held in highest honour while it kept to the polity of Lycurgus. This oracle Lycurgus wrote down, and sent it to Sparta. But for his own part, he sacrificed again to the god, took affectionate leave of his friends and of his son, and resolved never to release his fellow-citizens from their oath, but of his own accord to put an end to his life where he was. He had reached an age in which life was not yet a burden, and death no longer a terror; when he and his friends, moreover, appeared to be sufficiently prosperous and happy. He therefore abstained from food till he died, considering that even the death of a statesman should be of service to the state, and the ending of his life not void of effect, but recognized as a virtuous deed. As for himself, since he had wrought out fully the noblest tasks, the end of life would actually be a consummation of his good for- tune and happiness ; and as for his fellow-citizens, he would make his death the guardian, as it were, of all the blessings he had secured for them during his life, since they had sworn to observe and maintain his polity until he should return. And he was not 295 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Oy TOV hoyiopdv: tocodTov én porreva ev 7 TOALS THS ‘Edd d805 evvouig Kat 8éEn, x Xpovov ero TEVTAKOT LOY TOUS Avnotpyou Xpnoapevn vopoes, ous dexatecadpav Bactréwv per éxeivov ELS “Ay TOV “Apxvddpou yevopeveoy ov6els € exivnoen. 1 yap TOV epopav KATACTAGLS OUK avETIs ide GAN éritacts TIS moAtTelas, Kal Soxovoa T pos Tob Sjuou yeyovévat oodpotépay éroinae THV aploToKpaTiav. XXX. “Ayéos dé Bacidevovros eloeppin vo- pio wa Wp@Tov eis THY Lrdptyy, Kal peta TOU VOMiC LATOS Treovetia Kal TNOUTOU Cijdos éréBn bia Avcavépor, & Os autos @V aVAdAWTOS VITO xen paTov, évéeTTAnae TH mat piba pido AovTias Kat Tpupiys, Xpuaov al dpyupov éx Tov TOoNe“OU KaT- aryaryov Kal TOUS AvKovpyou KATATONTEVG due- Os vopous. ov em LK paTOUVT@Y _TpoTepov ov 10- AEws n Lrdprn ToMTELAY, arr avbpos acKnTou Kal copod Biov éxouca, HarXov 0, WaTreEp oe mounTat TOV ‘Hpaxdea pvdoroyoiar déppa Kat EvXov é éxovra THY orouperny émemopever Gat, Ko- Aalovra TOUS Tapavopous Kal Onpradders Tupav- vous, ots TOS ATO oKUTaANS pas ai Tpi- Bevos apXxouvea THs “EXddbos éxovons nal Bov- NoL“EVNS, KaTéhve Tas adiKxous duvaceias at Tupavvioas €yv Tots TONTEVLAC L, Kat TONELOUS éBpaBeve nal otdoes Katémave, ToANAKLS OVS aoTrioa Kivjoaca pilav, arn éva, Téwrpaca mpeo Bevtnp, @ TavTeEs evOus émoiovv TO 7 poo- TACT OpMEvO?, dorep at pedooat pavevros nYye- HOv0s, TUVTpPEXOVTES Kal KaTaxoopovpevot. Toc OUTOY TEpLnV Evvomias TH TONE Kal dixatocurns. 296 . LYCURGUS * deceived in his expectations, so long did his city have the first rank in Hellas for good government and reputation, observing as she did for five hundred years the laws of Lycurgus, in which no one of the fourteen kings who followed him made any change, down to Agis the son of Archidamus. For the institution of the ephors did not weaken, but rather strengthened the civil polity, and though it was thought to have been done in the interests of the people, it really made the aristocracy more powerful. XXX. But in the reign of Agis, gold and silver money first flowed into Sparta, and with money, greed and a desire for wealth prevailed through the agency of Lysander, who, though incorruptible him- self, filled his country with the love of riches and with luxury, by bringing home gold and silver from the war, and thus subverting the laws of Lycurgus. While these remained in force, Sparta led the life, not of a city under a constitution, but of an individual man under training and full of wisdom. Nay rather, as the poets weave their tales of Heracles, how with his club and lion’s skin he traversed the world chas- tising lawless and savage tyrants, so we may say that Sparta, simply with the dispatch-staff and cloak of her envoys, kept Hellas in willing and glad obedience, put down illegal oligarchies and tyrannies in the different states, arbitrated wars, and quelled seditions, often without so much as moving a single shield, but merely sending one ambassador, whose commands all at once obeyed, just as bees, when their leader appears, swarm together and array themselves about him. Such a surplus fund of good government and Justice did the city enjoy. 297 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES "“Odev &ywye Oavpdfw ta AeyovTwV ws Apyxe- Oa. pev WOecar, dpyew 8é ov HiotavTo Aaxe- Saipoviot, kat tov @eondpurov tod Bacihéws éraivouvtwy doyov, 6s, elrovtos Tivos cwHlerOaL Thv Laraptnv Sa tos Bacirels apxexovs yeyo- - potas, “Maa nop,” elie, “dia tous moXitas Tret- Oapyx-xovs Gytas’” ov yap axovew Uropévovet TOY ™poorareiy 1 Suva evan, eed ” mea ta paOn- pa pév €otiy ToD apyovTos | (éurrovel yap 0 KAN@S dywv To karas ErecOar: nat KaOdrrep immxis TeXUNS atroTékeopa tTpdov immov Kal weOnveoy mapacyeiv, ovtw PBacitixyns émiotnuns Epyov avOpwrows evreiOerav évepydcacbat), Aaxedat- povioe Sé ovK evrreiOerav, Grr ériOvpiay everpyd- fovro tois adXaLs TOV apyecOa Kai braKxovew avtois. rovv yap ov vais ovdé ypnuata tap’ avta@y ovdé omditas téumovtes, GANA &va Yrrap- Ul € , \ , > “ _TuaTny Hyewova’ Kai ANaBovtes expa@vTo peta a , a / “ Tiyuns Kat Séous, womwep Turtwr@m Xxetuaras Kal Bpacida Xarxdeis, Avodvdpp 6é wal Karrx- xpatida kal ’Aynoitkd@ mavtes ot thv ‘Actay oixovvtTes “EXAnves, Tous pev avdpas dppootas kat gwhpovotas tev éxactayov Snuwv «al apxyovTwyv ovoydloytes, mpos 5€ ovuracay TH Tov Yraptiatav Tow woTrep Tralbaywyov 7 duddocKxadov evoynpovos Biov Kal teraypéevns i > 4 > 4 morTelas atroBNeTrovtes. ets 6 Kal YTpatovexos émucxawat Soxet, peta trabsas vopolerav xal kerevov AOnvaious ayerv pvotypia Kal Tomas, » , ? a e , “ Hnreiovs 8 aywvo0eteiv, as KadANOTA TODTO motovvtas, Aaxedaipmoviouvs 5é, av ayuaptdvwoww 1 tov &pxovros with S: &pxovros. 298 LYCURGUS Wherefore, I for one am amazed at those who declare that the Lacedaemonians knew how to obey, but did not understand how to command, and quote with approval the story of King Theopompus, who, when some one said that Sparta was safe and secure because her kings knew how to command, replied : “ Nay, rather because her citizens know how to obey.” For men will not consent to obey those who have not the ability to rule, but obedience is a lesson to be learned from a commander. For a good leader makes good followers, and just as the final attainment of the art of horsemanship is to make a horse gentle and tractable, so it is the task of the science of government to implant obedience in men. And the Lacedaemonians implanted in the rest of the Greeks not only a willingness to obey, but a desire to’ be their followers and subjects. People did not send requests to them for ships, or money, or hoplites, but for a single Spartan com- mander ; and when they got him, they treated him with honour and reverence, as the Sicilians treated Gylippus; the Chalcidians, Brasidas; and all the Greeks resident in Asia, Lysander, Callicratidas, and Agesilaiis. These men, wherever they came, were styled regulators and chasteners of peoples and magistrates, and the city of Sparta from which they came was regarded as a teacher of well-ordered . private life and settled civil polity. To this position of Sparta Stratonicus would seem to have mockingly alluded when, in jest, he proposed a law that the Athenians should conduct mysteries and processions, and that the Eleians should preside at games, since herein lay their special excellence, but that the Lacedaemonians should be cudgelled if the others 299 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovrot, dépecOar. xal tovto pev elpnrar yap Tov yerolou: ’Avricbévns 5é 0 Lwxpatixos amo Ths év Aevxtpots payns 6pav tors @nBaious péya ppovodvtas, ovdév avtovs én Siadéperv Tatoapiwv éml TH cuvyKoWat Tov Tadaywyov yaupiovrav. XXXI. Ov phy tobto ye TH Aveovpy@ xepa- Aatov HY ToTe, TAEOTwWY THyYOUMLEeVNY ATrONLTTELY TV TOA’ GAN @aoTep Eévds avdpos Biw Kar Torews SAns vouilwv evdaipoviay an’ apetis eyyiverOat Kal opovoias THs mpds avTnv, mpos tovTo ouvétake xal cuynppocev, dTras édevOépsot Kai avtdpKeas yevouevot kal cwdpovotytes emt TrElaTov Ypovoy S:aTeA@or. TavTnv cal IIAdtwv éxaBe THs todtelas brobeow Kal Aroyévns Kat Zyvov cal mavres Soot te wept tovTeY émiyetpy- cavtes evmrety érratvovvTat, ypdupata Kal Aoyous GTONTOVTES OVO. O 5é OV ypdppaTa Kal NOyous, GN Epyw TodTElay apyipntov eis has TpoEveyKd- Hevos, Kal Tois avitapKTov elvat THY Neyouéevny wept Tov codov didbeoww trrokapBdvovow émdel- Eas ONnV THY Tod dirocopodaar, eixoTws UrreEp- jpe 7H S0En tTovs mwmote TodTevoapevous ev tois"EXAnat. 80 Strep eal AptotoréAns éXaTTO- vas cyxelv hynot Tiuas } TpoajKov hv avtov yew év Aaxedaipou, xaimep éxovta tas peyloras. lepoy Te yap éotw avTou, Kal Ovovor nal’ éxa- oTov éviauTov ws Dem. Néyeras bé Kal TOY Nerpa- vov avTovd Kxoptobévtwy oixade xepauvov eis Tov 300 ." 59 LYCURGUS did amiss.1 This was a joke; but Antisthenes the Socratic, when he saw the Thebans in high feather after the battle of Leuctra,? said in all seriousness that they were just like little boys strutting about because they had thrashed their tutor. XXXI. It was not, however, the chief design of Lycurgus then to leave his city in command over a great many others, but he thought that the happiness of an entire city, like that of a single individual, depended on the prevalence of virtue and concord within its own borders. The aim, therefore, of all his arrangements and adjustments was to make his people free-minded, self-sufficing, and moderate in all their ways, and to keep them so as long as possible. His design for a civil polity was adopted by Plato, Diogenes, Zeno, and by all those who have won approval for their treatises on this subject, although they left behind them only writings and words. Lycurgus, on the other hand, produced not writings and words, but an actual polity which was beyond imitation, and because he gave, to those who maintain that the much talked of natural disposition to wisdom exists only in theory, an example of an entire city given to the love of wisdom, his fame rightly transcended that of all who ever founded polities among the Greeks. Therefore Aristotle says that the honours paid him in Sparta were less than he deserved, although he enjoys the highest honours there. For he has a temple, and sacrifices are Offered to him yearly as to a god. It is also said that when his remains were brought home, his 1 Cf. chapter xviii. 4. 2 In 371 B.c., when the Thebans under Epaminondas broke the supremacy of Sparta. 301 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tadov Kataoka’ tovto 5é ov padiws érépm Twit Tav émipavav wry Evpetidn cuptrecety Batepov, TekeuvTHoavts Kal rahévts THs Maxedov- tas wept ApéQovcav. @ote arrodoynpa Kal pap- TUpLOV péya elvas TOS dyaT@at Tov EvpeTiény To pov@m oupmeceiy avT@ peta TereuvTyV! a2 TO Jeodircotate Kai oolwTdt@ MpoTEpoy cuvéTrEceE. Tereuticas 5€ tov Aveotpyov ot péev év Kippa Néyouaw, "AmrorAroGeus Se ets "Ade xopscbévra, Tipatos 8€ cat "Apioto£evos év Kpntn xataBia- cavra: Kal tadpov ’Apiotokevos avtot Seixvuabat dnow wo Kpnrav tis Uepyapias steph tiv Eevixnv obov. vidov 5é Aéyetar povoyevh KxaTtadt- weiv Avtiwpov: ov TeXeuTHoaVYTOS GTéKVOU TO yéVvOS éEérurrev. ot & éEraipor nal oixetor Svadoxynv tiva kat ovvodov él moAXovs ypovous Stapecvacav KaréoTnoayv, Kai Tas huépas év als auvnpyovto Avtoupyiéas mpoonyopevoav. *Apiaotoxparns 8é 0 ‘Immdpyov dyna -tovs Eévous tod Aveovpyou TerevTncavtTos év Kpytn xadocat 70 copa Kat Staomreipas thy Téppav eis THY OdraTTAaV, avToOD SenGévros xal duvdrdakapyévou pn wote apa tav Nerdy es Aaxedaipova xoptcOévtwr, ws erray- HKOVTOS AUTOD Kal THY OpkKay EAUpLEVOV, pETA- Bdarwot thy TodTElav. TavTa pév odv Trept TOU Avxoupyou. 1 The words xal yevéoOa: following reAevr}y are deleted by Bekker and Sintenis? (in critical notes). 302 LYCURGUS tomb was struck by lightning, and that this hardly happened to any other eminent man after him except Euripides, who died and was buried at Arethusa in Macedonia. The lovers of Euripides therefore regard it as a great testimony in his favour that he alone experienced after death what had earlier befallen a man who was most holy and beloved of the gods. Some say that Lycurgus died in Cirrha; Apollo- themis, that he was brought to Elis and died there ; Timaeus and Aristoxenus, that he ended his days in Crete; and Aristoxenus adds that his tomb is shown by the Cretans in the district of Pergamus, near the public highway. It is also said that he left an only son, Antiorus, on whose death without issue, the family became extinct. His friends and relations, however, instituted a periodical assembly in his memory, which continued to be held for many ages, and they called the days on which they came together, Lycurgidae. Aristocrates the son of Hip- parchus says that the friends of Lycurgus, after his death in Crete, burned his body and scattered the ashes into the sea, and that this was done at his request, and because he wished to prevent his remains from ever being carried to Sparta, lest the people there should change his polity, on the plea ‘ that he had come back, and that they were therefore released from their oaths. This, then, is what I have to say about Lycurgus. 393 NUMA VOL. I. NOMA2 I. “Eore 58 wal rept trav Nowa tod Baotdéws xpovov, Kad’ obs yéyove, veavixr Siapopd, Kaitrep é& apxis eis TovTOY KaTtayecOaL TOY oTEUpaTwV axpiBas Soxovvtwv. addr Krwdc0s Tes ev EAeyy—p Ypovov (oUTw yap Tws éruyéyparrtat 76 BuBAiov) ioxupiverar Tas pev apxaias éxelvas avaypagas év tots KeArixots wdbeot tis ToAews nhavica., Tas 5é viv datvopévas ove adNO@s cuyKetaOar be’ avdpav yaptfouévwr tioly eis TA Tp@ta yevn Kal Tovs émipavertatous oixous 退 ov mpoonKovTwry eta Bialopévois. Neyouevou & ody as Nopas yévor- to IIvOayopov cuviOns, ot pev drAws a€todcr pndev ‘EAAnunis maidevoews Nowa pereivar, Kabarrep } pice Suvatov Kal avtdpKn yeverBar mpos apetiy 7 Bertiove TluOayopou BapBapp twi tHv Tov Bacikéws arrobodvar traidevowv: ot Se IIvOayopay pév ore yevéoOar, Toav Nopa ypdvev opod Te trévte yeveais atroAeTropevoy, IlvOayopav 5é rov Sraptidtny Orvprria verrxnnota atadcov éml ris éexxadexdtns ‘Ondvputridoos, Hs érec tpite Nopas eis tov Baotreiay xatéotn, tAaVnOEevTA wept THY Itadiav ouyyevécOa TH Nowa nal ovr- 306 60 NUMA I. Tuere is likewise! a vigorous dispute about the time at which King Numa lived, although from the beginning down to him the genealogies seem to be made out accurately. But a certain Clodius, in a book entitled “An Examination of Chronology,” insists that the ancient records were lost when the city was sacked by the Gauls,? and that those which are now exhibited as such were forged, their compilers wishing to gratify the pride of certain persons by inserting their names among the first families and the most illustrious houses, where they had no cause to appear. Accordingly, when it is said that Numa was an intimate friend of Pytha- goras, some deny utterly that Numa had any Greek culture, holding either that he was naturally capable of attaining excellence by his own efforts, or that the culture of the king was due to some Barbarian superior to Pythagoras. Others say that Pythagoras the philosopher lived as many as five generations after Numa, but that there was another Pythagoras, the Spartan, who was Olympic victor in the foot-race for the sixteenth Olympiad 3 (in the third year of which Numa was made king), and that in his wanderings about Italy he made the ac- quaintance of Numa, and helped him arrange the 1 Cf. Lycurgus, i. 1-3. 2 390 B.c. Cf. Camillus, xix.—xxix. 3 657-654 B.C. 3°7 x 2 ec) PLUTARCH’S LIVES Staxoopioar thy woNTelav, BOev ovK OrALya Tots “Pwpaixois émirndevpact tav Aakwvixay avape- pixOas TIvOayopou bidaEavtos. adXws 5é Nopas yévos pev Hv éx LaBivwv, LaBivor 5& BovrAovrar AaxeSaipoviwy éavtovs atroixous yeyovévat. ods peyv odv ypovous éFaxpiBaoar yYaderov éort, Kal pariota Tous é« tay 'Odvptriovixay avayouévous, av THv avaypadny ope dhacw ‘Trmiav éxdodvar tov ’Hrelov, am’ ovdevos oppmpevov avayxatou ampos wiorw: & 8 raperndapev jpyets afta Aoyou wept Nopa, SiéEcuev apyny oixetay da- Bovres. II. “ESSopov évnavrov 7 ‘Paun nal rpraxocrov dn ‘Pwptrov Baoidevovros wxeito: wéurrn &e iorapévov pnvos, hv viv juépav vovas Karmpa- tivas KanXovdot, Buciay tiva Snuoterh mpd THs morews 0 ‘Pwpuvros Ove rept TO Kadovpevov Aiyos éXos, kal raphy te Bourn cal rod Sypov To wrelaTov. éEaidyns Se peydAns Trepl Tov aépa TpoT hs yevouerns Kal véhous eri THY yhv épetoar- Tos dua trvevuate cal Carn, TOV pev Arov Susrov éxtrAayevta auvéBn guyety xal oxedacbjva., tov 5é€ “Pwptrov adavn yevéoOa, xal pre avrov érs unre cdma teOynKoros evpeORvat, ya- erny 5é tw’ wrovotay GrpacGat TeV TatpiKion, kal pujvat dAoyov év te Shum Kat adTav ws mara. Bapuvopuevoe TO BactrevecOar Kal pera- OThoat TO KpdTos Eis avTovs OédNovTes avérotev tov Baothéa. Kal ydp édoxes tpayvrepov dn mpocpépes Oar cal wovapyixwrepov avTois. adda Taurny pev thy vtowiayv eOepdmevov eis Oeay 308 NUMA government of the city, whence it came about that many Spartan customs were mingled with the Roman, as Pythagoras taught them to Numa. And at all events, Numa was of Sabine descent, and the Sabines will have it that they were colonists from Lacedaemon, Chronology, however, is hard to fix, and especially that which is based on the names of victors in the Olympic games, the list of which is said to have been published at a late period by Hippias of Elis, who had no fully authoritative basis for his work. I shall therefore begin at a convenient point, and relate the noteworthy facts which I have found in the life of Numa. II. For thirty-seven years, now, Rome had been built and Romulus had been its king; and on the fifth of the month of July, which day they now call the Capratine Nones, Romulus was offering a public sacrifice outside the city at the so-called Goat’s Marsh,*in the presence of the senate and most of the people. Suddenly there was a great commotion in the air, and a cloud descended upon the earth bringing with it blasts of wind and rain. The throng of common folk were terrified and fled in all directions, but Romulus disappeared, and was never found again either alive or dead. Upon this a grievous suspicion attached itself to the patricians, and an accusing story was current among the people to the effect that they had long been weary of kingly rule, and desired to transfer the power to themselves, and had therefore made away with the king. And indeed it had been noticed for some time that he treated them with greater harshness and arrogance. This suspicion the patricians sought to remove by ascribing divine honours to Romulus, 399 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Timas avdyovtes ws ov TeOvnxota Tov ‘Pwpvror, GANA KpelTTOVos bvTa poipas: Kal IIpoxdos, avnp éridavys, Stwpocato ‘Pwyvrov idelv eis odpavov ouy Tots SirAOLs avadepopevoy, Kat having axotcas xeXevovros avTov ovopaterBat Kupivoy. ‘Erépa 5€ tapayy xal ordow xatedduBave Thy TOAW vTrép TOU péAXOVTOS aTrodeYOnoerOat Baciréws, obra TeV érndrvdwv Koutdy Tois Tpw- TOKS oUyKEXpapévwv WoriTats, GAN ETL TOU Te Ssuov woANa Kupalvovtos év éauvt@ Kal tov matpixiwoy év vrowiats é« tov Siaddpov pos GAAnNOUS SvTwWV. OV pnV arANA Bacirever Bat pev edoxes traci, Hptoav Sé nab Séotnoayv ovx uirép avdpos povov, dAXd Kal yévous, omorepov mapébes Tov Hryemova. Kat yap ot peta ‘Popvrov MPATOL Tuvoikicayres THY TOMY OK avaTKXETOV énotobvTo Trodews Kal ywpas Tovs YaBiveus pe- radaBovras dpyew BidlecOar trav ert taira SeEapévwv, nal tois YaBivors Fv tis evyvopwv Novos, érreb Tatiov rod Bacihéws avtay arro- Bavovros ove eotaciacay mpos ‘Pwpvrov, adr elacav adpyew povov, adOis aktovvrwy Tov ap- xovTa iyever Oar Tap auTa@v. ovTe yap éK Ta- TEwWOTEpwY KpElTTOTL mpooyevécOal, Kal Tpoaye- vomevot ANGE te pacat Kal mpoayayeiv eis akiwpa qodews éxeivous pel’ Eavtav. vmép pev ovv TovTwy éatraciatov. "Orws 5€ yun ovyyvow éx Tis avapxias 7 oTdols aTrepydoeTat, peTewpou Tov ToNLTEU- patos dévtos, érakay of twatpixiot, TevtjKovra 61 310 oe NUMA on the ground that he was not dead, but blessed with a better lot. And Proculus, a man of eminence, took oath that he had seen Romulus ascending to heaven in full armour, and had heard his voice com- manding that he be called Quirinus.! The city was now beset with fresh disturbance and faction over the king to be appointed in his stead, for the new comers were not yet altogether blended with the original citizens, but the commonalty was still like a surging sea, and the patricians full of jealousy towards one another on account of their different nationalities. It is indeed true that it was the pleasure of all to have a king, but they wrangled and quarrelled, not only about the man who should be their leader, but also about the tribe which should furnish him. For those who had built the city with Romulus at the outset thought it intolerable that the Sabines, after getting a share in the city and its territory, should insist on ruling those who had received them into such privileges ; and the Sabines, since on the death of their king Tatius they had raised no faction against Romulus, but suffered him to rule alone, had a reasonable ground for demanding that now the ruler should come from them. They would not admit that they had added themselves as inferiors to superiors, but held rather that their addition had brought the strength of numbers and advanced both parties alike to the dignity of a city. On these questions, then, they were divided into factions. But in order that their factions might not produce utter confusion from the absence of all authority, now that the administration of affairs was suspended, . Cf. Romulus, xxvii. 3—xxviii. 3. 311 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e@ A v 3 A 4 b] a kal éxarov dvtTwy avTayv, Exaorov év pépet Tots BacirtKots Tapacnpots Koo povpevov Ovewv TE Tots Geois Ta vevomicpéva Kal ypnpativew && pév Opas THS vuctos, && 5é THs Huépas. Kai yap 7 Stavopy TOV Katp@V ExaTépov Tpos ioOTNTA KANaS ExeLV éSdxet Tois apxovet, cal mpds Tov SHuoy 7H peTa- A) “A b] , 3 A \ 4 , e la Born tis éEovcias adaipety tov POovov, opavrTa THS aUTHS Hyépas Kal vuKTos Tov av’rov idstoTnv éx Bactrtéws yiwomuevov. to € oxRMA TODTO TIS apyis wecoBacireiav ‘Pwyaior carovow. III. "ANA Kxaivrep oTw TordTIKa@S Kal dveE- maxOas adnyeicbas Soxodvtes, vrovoiats Kat GopvBos meptémimrov, ws peOrotavtes eis OrL- yapxiavy Ta tpaypata Kal dtatravdaywyobvres év adhicw avtois thy troditeiav, BacieverOar \ 9 2f/ > 4 / > / dé ovx éOédovev. €x TovTOV cuvéByoay audorepat pos GAANAaS al oTdoEs, BaoTE THY ETépav ex a es 9 a / 4 \ a THS éTépas amrodeiEas Bactdéa> partota yap av ovTws év TE TH Tapovte travoacOar THy ptdo- / \ 9 , N 9 , vetxiav, kal Tov amrodeyOevta mpos auotépous icov yevérOat, Tos pev ws EXopévOUS ayaTrOVTA, rots Sé€ evvouvy dvTa dtd aovuyyéveray. émiTpe- wavrwv b€ mporépats Tots ‘Pwpaios tav LaBivev THhv aipeciv, &oke wadrrov édécOat YaBivov av- Tous atrodetEavtas 7} Tapacyeiv Popaiov éxeivwv éXopéevwov. Kat Bovrevadpuevar xaP éavtovs arro- Secxviiovow éx LaBivov Nopuav Wopridsov, dvdpa Tov pev eis “Paunv ar@xicpévov ov yevdpevon, 312 NUMA it was arranged by the senators, who were one hundred and fifty in number,! that each of them in his turn should assume the insignia of royalty, make the customary sacrifices to the gods, and transact public business, for the space of six hours by day and six hours by night. This distribution of times seemed well adapted to secure equality between the two factions, and the transfer of power likely to remove all jealousy on the part of the people, when they saw the same man, in the course of a single day and night, become king and then a private citizen again. This form of government the Romans call “ interregnum.” III. But although in this way the senators were thought to rule constitutionally and without oppression, they roused suspicions and clamorous charges that they had changed the form of govern- ment toan oligarchy, and were holding the state in tutelage among themselves, and were unwilling to be ruled by a king. Therefore it was agreed by both factions that one should appoint a king from the other. This was thought the best way to end their prevailing partisanship, and the king thus appointed would be equally well-disposed to both parties, being gracious to the one as his electors, and friendly to the other because of his kinship with them. Then, as the Sabines gave the Romans their option in the matter, it seemed to them better to have a Sabine king of their own nomination, than to have a Roman made king by the Sabines. They took counsel, therefore, among themselves, and nominated Numa Pompilius from among the Sabines, a man who had not joined the emigrants to Rome, 1 Cf. Romulus, xx. 1. 313 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yvopyiov & ottw 8’ aperiy dvta macw ote TOV éEXopevwv TpoOumoTEpoY dvopacGévros avo déEacdat tors LaBivous. Ppdcavtes ov TH Syup Ta Sedoypeva, mpéoBers éexméwrrovot mpos Tov dvdpa Kowh Tovs mpwrevovtas am apuotépav, jew Senoouévovs xa traparaBelv thv Bact- relay. "Hy &€ aodews pev o Nopas émidavois év LaBivors ths Kupewv, ad Fs nal Kupiras ‘Pwpuaios ofas avrovs Gua tois avaxpabetor LaBivors mpoonyopevoay, vies dé Tlopumwvos,} avipos evdoxipov, treccdpwy aberdav vewraros: MEpg dé yeyovwas kata 5 twa Ociav tiynv év 4 Tnv “Pouny éxticav ot trept ‘Pwyvrov avn 5é éoTt mpd Sexawas xaravdov Maloy. dices dé Tpos Tacav apetny ev KEexpapévos TO 4005, Ere bGAXov aurov éEnuépwoe did Traidelas Kal KaKo- mwabeias kal pirocodgias,? od povov Ta AoLdopov-" peva wdOn Tihs Wuyi, G\Ad wal THY evddone- povoay év tois BapBdpos Biav Kal mreoveFiay éxtrodw@y troinadpevos, avdpelay S¢ adnO7 THY bd NOyou trav émiusuav év avT@ xdbeipEw myov- pevos. éx 5 rovTov tracav olxobev dua tpudyy Kat TroduTéeNeav é€eAavver, travtl 5é moditn Kal Eév yphoOar trapéxwv éavtov dpeuTrrov Sixac- Thv kal avpBovrov, autos 8 éavt@ cyordlovtt xpwpevos ovdey pos HduTraeias Kal Tropiopous, adr\a Oeparreiay Oedv xat Oewpiav Bh Noryou duceds Te a’tav nal duvdpews, dvopa péya Kal 1 Tiduxwvos a correction of Nouzrwvlov by Sintenis? (critical notes), adopted by Bekker, and now confirmed by S. 2 nal pidogoplas omitted by Bekker, with C. 314 NUMA but was so universally celebrated for his virtues that, when he was nominated, the Sabines accepted him with even greater readiness than those who had chosen him. Accordingly, after making their decision known to the people, the leading senators of both parties were sent as ambassadors to Numa, begging him to come and assume the royal power. Numa belonged to a conspicuous city of the Sabines called Cures, from which the Romans, together with the incorporated Sabines, took the joint name of Quirites. He was a son of Pompon, an illustrious man, and was the youngest of four brothers. He was born, moreover, by some divine felicity, on the very day when Rome was founded by Romulus, that is, the twenty-first day of April! By natural temperament he was inclined to the practice of every virtue, and he had subdued himself still more by discipline, endurance of hardships, and the study of wisdom. He had thus put away from himself not only the infamous passions of the soul, but also that violence and rapacity which are in such high repute among Barbarians, believing that true bravery consis- ted in the subjugation of one’s passions by reason. On this account he banished from his house all luxury and extravagance, and while citizen and stranger alike found in him a faultless judge and counsellor, he devoted his hours of privacy and leisure, not to enjoyments and money-making, but to the service of the gods, and the rational contemplation of their nature and power. In consequence he had a great 1 Cf, Romulus, xii. 1. 315 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sofav elyev, Bote cal Tdtiov rov év ‘“Popn cupBactrevoavta ‘Pwpiro, wads adT@ Ovyatpos ovons Tatias, romoacbar yapBpov éxeivov. ov pny érnpOn ye TO yao petoixicacbar pos Tov mevOepov, GAN avTov Teptémav TaTépa ynpatov évy LaBivos vréuevev, dua Kal ths Tarias éNope- yns THY TOD avdpos LdtwrevovTos Haovylav mpo Ths év ‘Payn dca tov tratépa tins Kal Sofns. airy bev odv A€éyeTat TpiTw Kal Sexdtw pera Tov yapov éres TeAcEuTHOAL. IV. ‘O 8€ Nopds éxXeitrwv ras ev doter d:a- TpiBas aypaunelv Ta TOAA Kal TrAavaCBAat povos HOerev, év adocot Oewv nal rAetpwowy iepois Kal TOoTraLs epypuots tolovmevos tHy Siattav. dev ovY HatoTa THY apxynv o epi THS Ocas EraPe Noyos, ws apa Nopas éxeivos ove adnpovia tivr Wuys «al wravn tov peta avOpwmwy atronré- Noutre Blov, GAAA GEeuvoTépas yeryeupéevos optrAcas Kai yduov Oeiwv n€wwpévos, "Hyepla Saipovr cuvav épocn Kal cvvdiart@pevos, evdaipwv dvip kal ta Ocia Tmemvupévos yéyovev. OTL pev ovv TavTa Todos TOV Tavu TadaLtav pvOwY Eoxer, obs of Dpuyes te mept “Attew cal BiOvvol crept ‘Hpodetrou nal trepi “Evdupimvos "Apeddes ardor Te Tept GAAwY evdatwovay by Tw Kal Jeopirav yevéoOar Soxovvtwy taparaBorvtes nydtnoar, ovx Gdnrov éott. Kat tov Noyov Evet Tov Oeor, ov dirsmmov ovdé piropwy, adr(a PiravOpwrrov dvTa, Tots Stamhepovtws ayabois eOérXew ouveivas, kal un Svoxepaivery unde aripate avdpos ociov 316 62 NUMA name and fame, so that Tatius, the royal colleague of Romulus at Rome, made him the husband of his only daughter, Tatia. He was not, however, so exalted by his marriage as to go to dwell with his royal father-in-law, but remained among the Sabines min- istering to his aged father. Tatia, too, preferred the quiet life which her husband led as a private citizen to the honour and fame which she had enjoyed at Rome because of her father. But she died, as we are told, in the thirteenth year after her marriage. IV. Then Numa, forsaking the ways of city folk, determined to live for the most part in country places, and to wander there alone, passing his days in groves of the gods, sacred meadows, and solitudes. This, more than anything else, gave rise to the story about his goddess. It was not, so the story ran, from any distress or aberration of spirit that he for- sook the ways of men, but he had tasted the joy of more august companionship and had been honoured with a celestial marriage ; the goddess Egeria loved him and bestowed herself upon him, and it was his communion with her that gave him a life of blessed- ness and a wisdom more than human. However, that this story resembles many of the very ancient tales which the Phrygians have received and cherished con- cerning Attis, the Bithynians concerning Herodotus, the Arcadians concerning Endymion, and other peoples concerning other mortals who were thought to have achieved a life of blessedness in the love of the gods, is quite evident. And there is some reason in supposing that Deity, who is not a lover of horses or birds, but a lover of men, should be willing to consort with men of superlative goodness, and should not dislike or disdain the company of a wise and holy 317 PLUTARCH’S LIVES cat ow@dppovos omtrdiav. a Sé xal ceparos > f ‘ og 3 7 a N 7 avOpwirivov cai @pas é€oti tis Oe@ nai Saipors Kowovia Kai yapis, épyov dn Kai tovto wero Orvat. Kaitot Soxodaw ot« amiOdves Aiydrrcot Srat- peiy ws yuvatki pev ovx advvatoy mvevpa wW1- otdcat Oeod xai Twas évtexeiy apyas yevécens, avipt € ovK« éote cvppsEss mrpds Oeov ovde opsria ceopatos. ayvoovor Sé€ Ste TO payvipevoy @ piryvuTar THY tony avTatrodiéwot Kowwviay. ov nv adrAa didiav ye mpos avOpwrov civar Oe@ ‘ ? 4 s 4 \ Ld Kat Tov él TavTn Aeyopevoy Epwra Kai huopevov eis émripéderay Oovs Kal apetis, wpérov av etn. > ray e 4 , ' N Kal ov mAnppEAOVCLY of Tov PdpBavta Kal Tov ‘TadnsOov xai rov “Adunrov épwpévous °Arrod- Awvos yeyovéva, pvOoroyovrTes, MaTrep av Kar Tov Xxuwvov ‘Iamodvtov, @ 89 nab hac, e 4 4 4 ? l4 wn” oodnis Tuyot StaTTAéwy eis Kippay é« Lexvdvos, tThv TIvOtav, olov ataOavopévov tod Beod Kai Xaipovtos, amroGearrivey trode TO Np@ov Kai 8 av@’ ‘Immodvrowo didov napa es ada Baiver. IIwvdapov dé cai trav perov cpactiy yevécOar tov lava puOoroyovow. adamédwxe Sé tTiva Tiny \ 9 / € , , kat Apyrroy@ xal “Hodd@ trerevtycace 51a Tas Movoas 76 datpovmov. Yohoxret 5é nal Cavrs 318 NUMA man. But that an immortal god should take carnal pleasure in a mortal body and its beauty, this, surely, is hard to believe. And yet the Aegyptians make a distinction here which is thought plausible, namely, that while a woman can be approached by a divine spirit and made pregnant, there is no such thing as carnal intercourse and communion between a man and a divinity. But they lose sight of the fact that in- tercourse is a reciprocal matter, and that both parties to it enter into a like communion. However, that a god should have affection for a man, and a so-called love which is based upon affection, and takes the form of solicitude for his character and _ his virtue, is fit and proper. And therefore it is no mistake when the ancient poets tell their tales of the love Apollo bore Phorbas, Hyacinthus, and Admetus, as well as the Sicyonian Hippolytus also, of whom it is said, that, as often as he set out to sail from Sicyon to Cirrha, the Pythian priestess, as though the god knew of his coming and rejoiced thereat, chanted this prophetic verse :— “Lo, once more doth beloved Hippolytus hither make voyage.” There is a legend, too, that Pan became enamoured of Pindar and his verses. And the divine powers bestowed signal honour on Archilochus and Hesiod after their deaths, for the sake of the Muses.! Again, 1 The Delphian oracle pronounced a curse on the man who killed Archilochus, because ‘‘ he had slain the servant of the Muses.” And the same oracle told the people of Orcho- menus, when a plague had fallen upon them, that ‘‘ the only remedy was to bring back the bones of Hesiod from the land of Naupactus to the land of Orchomenus.” 319 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tov "AoxArntiov émiEevaOjvat ANoyos éotl 1roAXa péxps Sedpo Stacwlwv Texunpta, Kal TeXMevTHOAYTL Tuxely Tapys adXros Geos, ws AéyeTaL, Tapéoyev. dpa ovv adk&wv éott, tadta acuyyxwpovvras émt rovTwv, amare e Larevew cat Mive cat Zo- poaotpn Kxat Nowa xal Avxotpym Bactreias xuBepvact Kal odttelas Staxocpobcw - eis TO avro époita Td Satpoviov, TovToLs pev EiKos eo Te Kat orovddlovtas Oeovs omsreiy eri didacKaria cal trapaivéces trav BeXTictwY, Trointais 5é Kat AupiKois puvupilovary, elmep apa, ypjoOa trai- Covras; et 5é Aéyee Tis GAXWS, Kata BaxyvarLdyp, “Tnateta xédevOos.” ovdé yap a&tepos Noyos exer Tt hairov, dv mepi Avxovpyou cal Nowa xai TOLOUTWY aAXwWY avdpav AéyovoLy, ws SUTKdbexTa kal dvodpecta TANHOn yetpovmevor Kal peydras émipepovres Tais ToAtTElLats KalwoTOMAS, Mpoce- mwomocavto tTHv amo tov Oeod Sokav, avtois éxei- vows Wpos ods eax npatiCovto owTHpLov ovaav. V. "AAAA yap Eros Hn StatedXobvTs TO Nowa TecoapakooTov AKov amo ‘Pauns ot mpéoBes TapaxadovvtTes eri THY Bactrelav. tovs dé do- yous étrotnoato IIpoxXos Kai OvédXeoos, oY Irpo- Tepov etidokos Hv o Sipos aipnoecOat Tov Erepov Baotréa, IlpoxrAm péev trav ‘“PwpvrAgov rAawy, Overéow 5€ trav Tatiov padtora mpocexovTwv. oro: pev otv Bpaxéa SueréxOnoav, olopevos TO 320 NUMA there is a story, still well attested, that Sophocles, during his life, was blessed with the friendship of Aesculapius, and that when he died, another deity procured him fitting burial.) Is it worth while, then, if we concede these instances of divine favour, to dis- believe that Zaleucus, Minos, Zoroaster, Numa, and Lycurgus, who piloted kingdoms and formulated constitutions, had frequent audience of the Deity? Is it not likely, rather, that the gods are in earnest when they hold converse with such men as these, in order to instruct and advise them in the highest and best way, but use poets and warbling singers, if at all, for their own diversion? However, if any one is otherwise minded, I say with Bacchylides, “ Broad is the way.” 2 Indeed there is no absurdity in the other account which is given of Lycurgus and Numa and their like, namely, that since they were managing headstrong and captious multitudes, and introducing great innovations in modes of government, they pretended to get a sanction from the god, which sanction was the salvation of the very ones against whom it was contrived. | V. But to resume the story, Numa was already completing his fortieth year when the embassy came from Rome inviting him to take the throne. The speakers were Proculus and Velesus, one or the other of whom the people was expected to choose as their king, Proculus being the favourite of the people of Romulus, and Velesus of the people of Tatius. These speakers, then, were brief, supposing 1 Dionysus is said to have appeared to Lysander and ordered him to allow Sophocles to be buried in the tomb of his fathers, on the road to Deceleia, then occupied by the - Lacedaemonian army. See Pausanias, i. 21, 1, with Frazer’s note. * Fragment 29 (Jebb, Bacchylides, p. 423). 321 VOL. I. 3 ¥ 2 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ' Nopad thy cuvtvyiay aotalopéevp yeyovévar hv 5 ov ptxpov, ws Gotxev, Epyov, GANA Kal AdyoV ToNAoY Kal Sejoews TO Teicat Kal peTacTHoas yveuny avdpos év jovxyia nat epnvn BeBuwxoros els GPX TOAEwWS TPOTrOY TWA Kal yeyernpévns } Tokéum Kal ovvnuEnpévyns. Edeyev ody TOD TE jTatpos avTov tapovTos xal Mapxiov, tav ouy- yevav évos, os “Ildca pév avOparrivou Blov pera- Bor} cdarepov: 6 6 pit’ dedi Te TOY ixavev NTE pe“TTOY éoTL TMV TrapovTwY, TOUTOY OvdEeY GXXO WAnVY dvota petaxocper Kal peOiotnow éx tav avynOwv: ols Kav eb pundev Erepov mpocein, T@ BeBatorép@ Stadéper trav adyjrwv. arr ovde adnra Ta THS Bacirelas Tois “Pwytrouv Texpat- popévw trabjpacuy, ws Tovnpay pey autos éXaBe SoEav émuBouvredoat TH cuvapyovtTs Tati, Tovn- pav dé Tols opmoripors mepteTroincey ws avnpn- pévos um avtav. xaitot “Paptrov pev odtor maida Oedv vpvovor dyuats, Kal tpodyv Twa Satpoviov avtov Kal owtnpiav amiocToyv Ett vy- qiov Néyovatv’ émol 5é cal yévos Ovnrov éote cat tTpop7 Kal tmaidevoits vm’ avOpaTav dv ovK aryvoeite yeyernuévyn: ta & érrawovpeva Tod TpOd- tou Bacthevew Toppw pédrovTos avdpds, Havxia TE TONAT Kal StaTpLBy EPL AOYOUS aITpayp_ovas, 6 te Seuvos ovTos Kal ovvtpodos eipnyns Epws Kal mpaynatwv ato\éuwov Kal avOpanev ém Tin Oewv Kai pirodpocvvats eis TO avTO GuP- tovTwy, Ta b€ adrAa Kal éavTodrs yewpyouvTaV 4 1 yeyevnuévns Bekker has -yeyerynuévns (born), after Corada, 322 63 NUMA that Numa would welcome his good fortune. It was, however, no slight task, but one requiring much argument and entreaty, to persuade and induce a. man who had lived in peace and quiet, to accept the government of a city which owed its existence and growth, in a fashion, to war. His reply, therefore, in the presence of his father and one of his kinsmen named Marcius, was as follows. ‘ Every change in a man’s life is perilous; but when a man knows no lack, and has no fault to find with his present lot, nothing short of madness can change his purposes and remove him from his wonted course of life, which, even though it have no other advantage, is at least fixed and secure, and therefore better than one which is all uncertain. But the lot of one who becomes your king cannot even be called uncertain, judging from the experience of Romulus, since he himself was accused of basely plotting against his colleague Tatius, and involved the patricians in the charge of having basely put their king out of the way. And yet those who bring these accusations laud Romulus as a child of the gods, and tell how he was preserved in an incredible way and fed in a miraculous manner when he was still an infant. But I am of mortal birth, and I was nourished and trained by men whom you know. Moreover, the very traits in my disposition which are commended, are far from mark- ing a man destined to be a king, namely, my great love of retirement, my devotion to studies ineonsistent with the usual activities of men, and my well-known strong and inveterate love of peace, of unwarlike occupations, and of men who come together only for the worship of the gods and for friendly inter- course, but who otherwise live by themselves as 323 y 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5 vewovtwv. vupiv dé, w Pwpaior, wodXods péev tows aBourntous aonéAoutre TroAguOUS “Pwpiros, ols >) *y e 4 J , } aA , avTepeioovTos 7 TodLs éutretpov Seitar Bacidéas \ ’ , ‘ \ , \ Kat axpalovtos: wodAn Sé nal cuvnbea kal 0 , PS > > , , a 5 , \ yO€ mpoOupia Ss’ evtuxiay yéyove TO SHue, Kal ovdéva rnéeANOev abEecOat nat xpateiv étépwv BouvrAdpevos, 4 \ , A ” b , , , @aTe Kal yédXws av ein Tapa, Oepatrevovtos eos, \ la “ , \ \ , >] 4 kar dixnv tipav, Biav bé€ nal Torenov éyOaipew S:6doKovtTos TOMY oOTpaTnAaTOV padrov H Bact- Aéws Seouévyv.” VI. Totodrots Adyous adhootovpévou thy Bact- Nelav TOD avdpos, of Te ‘Pwpaios Tacay érrotobyto \ 5 n \ , ‘ a amovony avttBorovvtTes Kal Seopevor pn odas A / avOus eis oTdoww éuBanrely Kai Todepov éuhvrcov, , 4 ovK OvTos éTépou Trpos by auoTEepat curyvEdcovGLY ai otdoes, 6 Te TaTHp Kal 60 Mdpxios éxetywv petaotavtwy idia mpocketpevor Tov Nopuay &res- 2 Oov déyeoOar péya wai Octov Swpov. “Ei 5é avtos ” 4 VA 9 > 4 v , ? ote TOVTOU én St avTdpKecay ote So-ay ap- ys nal Svvacteias éfjAwKas Kpetooova THY am 9 le) 4 9 > e , n Q dpeths Exwv, GAN UTrnpeciay ye Geod To Bact- / e / ” > 7 \ > 2a Neveu Hyoupevos, Os ye aviarnos Kal ode eG n > wn“ ketcOar Kal apyeiy thy év col tooavrny Stxaco- 4 \ Le) \ > , \ > lé auvnv, bn pheirye pnde arrodidpacKke thy apyny, b \ 4 4 “A , ®e avdpi dpovipm mpaktewv Kadov cal peydr\ov ov- aav ywpav, év 7 Kal Oeparreias Oew@v peyador pe- jets elot Kat Tpos evoéBaay avOpwrarv npuepo- gels pdota Kal TayloTa peTAaKoopoUpPEVWY WITd 324 NUMA tillers of the soil or herdsmen. Whereas, unto you, O Romans, whether you want them or not, Romulus has bequeathed many wars, and to make head against these the city needs a king with a warrior’s experi- ence and strength. Besides, the people has become much accustomed to war, and eager for it because of their successes, and no one is blind to their desire for growth by conquest. I should therefore become a laughing-stock if I sought to serve the gods, and taught men to honour justice and hate violence and war, in a city which desires a leader of its armies rather than a. king.” VI. With such words did Numa decline the kingdom. Then the Romans put forth every effort to meet his objections, and begged him not to plunge them again into faction and civil war, since there was none other on whom both parties could unite. His father also and Marcius, when the envoys had withdrawn, beset him privately, and tried to persuade him to accept so great a gift or the gods. “Even though,” they said, ‘‘ thou neither desirest wealth for thyself, because thou hast enough, nor covetest the fame which comes from authority and power, because thou hast the greater fame which comes from virtue, yet consider that the work of a true king is a service rendered to God, who now rouses up and refuses to leave dormant and inactive the great righteousness which is within thee. Do not, therefore, avoid nor flee from this office, which a wise man will regard as a field for great and noble actions, where the gods are honoured with magnificent worship, and the hearts of men are easily and quickly softened and inclined towards piety, through the moulding influence of their ruler. This people 325 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a A 2 4 ” v 3 Tod KpaTouvTos. ovTot Kal Tdttoy éatepEav érn- , 4 Avy wyeudva, Kal THY “Papdrov prnunv artro- Ocodat tals Tiats. tis dé oldev eb Kal vix@vTe Sime tmoAéguou Kopos éotl, kal pweotot OprapBwv , A / kab Aapipwv yeyovores tryeuova mpdov Kal dicns étaipov ér’ ebvopia xa eipyvy moBotow; e dé d7 a \ “A Kal TavrTdTacw axpaTas Eyovot Kal paviKas \ / 2? >. oN A ? , N Mpos ToAepwov, ap ovxit BeATLov adrAaXooE THY Opunv avTav tpémewv, Sia yerpos ExovTa Tas e 7 a \ , \ a / ” hvias, TH Se watpidc Kal TavTl TS LaBivwv Ever , ey ae \ / \ os ? , avVvoed Lov evvolas Kal didias pos TOAW aKpa- Covcav nai duvarny yevérbar;” TovTos mpoany, as Aéyerat, onueid Te ypnoTa Kat orovdy TeV a“ a € ? U \ A TodTov Kal CHros, ws ervOovTo THY mpeaBelar, Seoudvor Badifew kat mapadapBavev thy Baot- Nelav eri Kowwvia Kal cvyKpace TOV TOALTOV." 4 a“ a VII. ‘Qs otv éé80xr0, Gvaas tois Jeots mpo- a ’ \ ‘Pp , 6 , de e \ \ © Aryev eis THY ‘Pounv. amnvra dé n BovdAn Kai o Siuos gpwtt Oavpact@ Tov avdpos, evpyptat Te mpérovcat yuvaikav éyivovto Kat Ovatar apos iepois kal yapa tdavrwv, domep ob Bactréa Tis Toews, AMAA Bactreiav Sexopévyns. errel Se ets e “ THY ayopay KaTéaTHAAY, O pev Tais Opars éxeivass \ \ , >/ ~ cuvetrdnyos pecoBactrevs Xroptos Overtios Yij- gov éédwxe Tols Toditais Kal TavTes HvEeyKay, mpoohepopévwv 8 avt@ tov Baothtsxwv Trapa- onpov émiryev Kxerevoas épy SeiaOar Kai Beov \ , 3 os bd a : N thy Bactrelay éuredovvtos avT@. taparaBov 1 yoArray MSS. and edd., including Sintenis}. Bekker corrects to xéAewy (cities), and is followed by Sintenis ?. 326 64 NUMA loved Tatius, though he was a foreign prince, and they pay divine honours to the memory of Romulus. And who knows but that the people, even though victorious, is sated with war, and, now that it is glutted with triumphs and spoils, is desirous of a gentle prince, who is a friend of justice, and will lead them in the paths of order and peace? But if, indeed, they are altogether intemperate and mad in their desire for war, then were it not better that thou, holding the reins of government in thy hand, shouldst turn their eager course another way, and that thy native city and the whole Sabine nation should have in thee a bond of goodwill and friend- ship with a vigorous and powerful city?” These appeals were strengthened, we are told, by auspicious omens and by the zealous ardour of his fellow- citizens, who, when they learned of the embassy from Rome, begged him to return with it and assume the royal power there, in order to unite and blend together the citizens. VII. Numa therefore decided to yield, and after sacrificing to the gods, set out for Rome. The senate and people met him on his way, filled with a wondrous love of the man ; women welcomed him with fitting cries of joy; sacrifices were offered in the temples, and joy was universal, as if the city were receiving, not a king, but a kingdom. When they were come down into the forum, Spurius Vettius, whose lot it was to be “interrex’’! at that hour, called for a vote of the citizens, and all voted for Numa. But when the insignia of royalty were brought to him, he bade the people pause, and said his authority must first be ratified by Heaven. Then 1 Cf, chapter ii. 7. 327 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé pavrets Kal iepeis avéBawev eis.7to Karre- todov' Tapryiov avto Aogov ot Tote ‘Pwpaior mpoonyopevov. évtadda TaV pdyTewv Oo Tpw- TevwY TOV peVv els weanpBpiay Tpérpas eyKxexadup- pévov, autos dé Tapactas éEoricbev Kal rH Seka THs Keharys épamropevos avTov xaTev—aTo, Kal TepleckoTe. TA Tapa TaV Oeav ev oiwvois 7 oupBoros mpopavopeva, Tavtayooe Tas dypess Twepipépwv. ayn Se amiotos év TANCE ToTOUT@ THY ayopay KaTelye KapadoxovyTwv Kal cuvaiw- poupévoy TO péAXovTL, péypt ov mpovipdvnoav dpviles ayabot Kal Se€ol érrétperay.' obtw Se THv Baciiuxny avartaBov écOfra KatéBawe Nopuds eis TO TAHOOS amo THs axpas. Tote Sé kat doval Kai SeEtwoers Hoav ws evocBéotatov cal Oeopiréotatoyv Seyopuévav. TlaparaBov S& thy apynv mp@tov peyv TO TOY Tpiakootwy ovoTN LA. duéAucen, ods ‘Popdros éXwv del mept TO copa Kédepas mpoanyopevaer, Strep éott Taxeis: obTE yap aTrLOTELY TLoTEVOVOLY ovte Bacirever amiotovvtwv n€bov. Sevrepov dé Tois ovow iepedot Atos nal “Apews tpitoy ‘PwuvAov mpooxatéotnoev, dv Prduwa Kupr- yaXLov wvopacev. éxddovy dé Kal TOUS Tpoyeve- atépovs PrAdpiwas aro TOV TrEpiKpaviwy TirwVy ods epi Tais Keharais dopovar, mirapévas Twas 6YTas, @S taTopoval, TOY ‘EAANVEKaV ovo- HATwV TOTE MAAAOY 7) viv Tois AaTivots dvaKeKpa- pévwv. Kal yap as épdpovy ot tepeis Naivas o 1 «al deftol erérpepay with S: «al detcol nal exer, evar. 328 NUMA taking with him the augurs and priests, he ascended the Capitol, which the Romans of that time called the Tarpeian Hill. There the chief of the augurs turned the veiled head of Numa towards the south, while he himself, standing behind him, and laying the right hand on his head, prayed aloud, and turned his eyes in all directions to observe whatever birds or other omens might be sent from the gods. Then an incredible silence fell upon the vast multitude in the forum, who watched in eager suspense for the issue, until at last auspicious birds appeared and approached the scene on the right. Then Numa put on his royal robes and went down from the citadel to the multitude, where he was received with glad cries of welcome as the most pious of men and most beloved of the gods. His first measure on assuming the government was to disband the body of three hundred men that Romulus always kept about his person, and called “Celeres”’ (that is, swift ones); for he would not consent to distrust those who trusted him, nor to reign over those who distrusted him. His second measure was to add to the two priests of Jupiter and Mars a third priest of Romulus, whom he called _ the Flamen Quirinalis. Now before this time the Romans called their priests “flamines,’ from the close-fitting “ piloi,”’ or caps, which they wear upon their heads, and which have the longer name of “ pilamenai,” as we are told, there being more Greek words mingled with the Latin at that time than now.’ Thus also the name “laena,’ which the Romans 1 Cf. Romulus, xxvi. 2. 2 Cf. Romulus, xv. 3. Plutarch does not. hesitate to derive the Latin ‘ flainines” from the doubtful Greek ‘ pilamenai.” 329 NU) PLUTARCH’S LIVES , a“ "loBas xXAaivas dyolp elvat, cal Tov brnperotvta T@ leper tod Atos audiOary maida réyecOar Kaprr0ov, os cal tov “Epuny otras eveot tev “EAAjvav Kdyirrov! did ths Staxovias ipoon- ryopevop. VIII. Taira 5é 6 Nopas én’ edvoia cal yapite tov Snwou tTodTevodpevos evOds erreyeipes THY Wow, WaoTep aldnpov, ex oKANpasS Kal Tode- pukns padaxwtépav trojoa, Kat StKxarotépav. atexvas yap iv WAdtwv droxarei preypai- vovoay TOMY éxelvyn TOT Fv, avcTaca pev EvOUS eE apxiis TOAMD Toph kat Tapapore Opacurnts Tov Opacutdtor Kal PAX woTaTov éxel Tavta- XoGev woapévov, tais Sé rodndais oTparelass Kat TOUS Tuvex ere Toréuos TeopH NXpnoapévn Kal avénoe THS Suvdpews, cal xabarep Ta KaTarn- yvupeva TH celecOar padov édpaterar, pov- vua Gat Soxovea Sia TOV KwvOovov. ottw 57 peTéwpov Kal TeTpaxypevov S7jwov ob puxpas ode pavrns oldpevos elvat Tparypareas peTaxerpl- cacbar Kal peTaxooufoat TOs elpnuny, emnya- yeTo THY amo Tav Oeav Bondeav, TQ ev TONG Ouoiacs kat Toprrais ar Xopetats, &s avros apyiare Kat KATETTNTEV, dpa ocepvotnts bia- yoyny érixapiy Kal prravOpwmov noovny éxou- cass, Snparyoryav Kat Tacevav TO Bupoetdes Kai pthomrorepov" gore 8 Ste nat poBous TWAS aTra'y- yehdov Tapa tov Oeod nal pacpata Satpovery GAXoKoTa Kal dwvas ovK evpeveis, eSovrAOV Kat , KdpiAAov deleted by Bekker; corrected to KabdpiAoy by Sintenis 2, 339° ~ NUMA give to the priestly mantle, Juba says is the same as the Greek “chlaina”’ ; and that the name Camillus, . which the Romans give to the boy with both parents living who attends upon the priest of Jupiter, is the same as that which some of the Greeks give to Hermes, from his office of attendant. VIII. After taking such measures to secure the goodwill and favour of the people, Numa straight- way attempted to soften the city, as iron is softened in the fire, and change its harsh and warlike temper into one of greater gentleness and justice. For if a city was ever in what Plato calls! a “feverish”’ state, Rome certainly was at that time. It was brought into being at the very outset by the excessive daring and reckless courage of the boldest and most warlike spirits, who forced their way thither from all parts, and in its many expeditions and its continuous wars it found nourishment and increase of its power; and just as what. is planted in the earth gets a firmer seat the more it is shaken, so Rome seemed to be made strong by its very perils. And therefore Numa, judging it to be no slight or trivial undertaking to mollify and newly fashion for peace so presumptuous and stubborn a people, called in the gods to aid and assist him. It was for the most part by sacrifices, processions, and religious dances, which he himself appointed and conducted, and which mingled with their solemnity a diversion full of charm and a beneficent pleasure, that he won the people’s favour and tamed their fierce and warlike tempers. At times, also, by heralding to them vague terrors from the god, strange apparitions of divine beings and threatening voices, he would subdue and humble 1 Cf. Lycurgus, v. 6. 33! PLUTARCH’S LIVES A > \ lA b) fe) e N TaTrEeHy Errove, THY Otavotay avTav vireo Serorbat- f > ? \ 4 , v @e povias. €& wv nal partota RAoyov Eoxev 7 copia nal 7 traidevots Tov avdpos, as IvOayopa 4 7 / A —P . e 2 , Y pe TUYYEYOVOTOS. péya yap Rv pépos, ws ExEiv@ TAS girocodias, cal ToUT@ THs woNtTElas 1 Trept TO Oetov aytoteta! wai deatpiB)). Réyerar Se Kal tov éEwOev dyxov Kai oxnpatiopoy amo TIS auvtns Ilv@ayopa Stavotas meptBaréobar. Kat yap éxeivos detov Te Soxet pabvat, dwvais Tiow EMLOTHOAS KAL KaTAYaYyoV UVITEepLITTamEVOV, TOV TE pnpov bTodjvar ypucobv ‘Odvprriace Statropevo- fevos THY Tavyyuplyy GAXas Te TEpaTw@bers pN- \ 2 a“ \ / 3 / 2)? xavas avtov Kal mpdteas avayyédXovaw, ed’ als \ / e , ” kat Tipwv o PrALdotos Eypare: Iluéayopnv Sé yontras aroxdivovt’ émi d0€as Onpn én’ avOpwrwr, ceuvnyopins daptaTny: t@ Se Nowa Spapa Oeds Tivos 4} vipdys dpeias Epws Rv Kal cuvovoia mpos avTov atroppnros, @oTrep elpntat, nal Kowal peta Movodv s&a- TptBai. Ta yap WAéioTa TOV pavTevpdtwD eis Movcas avijyye, coi play Motoav idtas cal Stadepovtws édidake céBeobat tots “Pwpaious, Taxitay mpocayopevoas, oloy crwmnrAny 7 évear’ Strep elvat Soxet Thv IvOayoperov aropvnpovev- ovtos éxepvOiav cal Tima@vTos. ” \ \ \ \ “ b) 4- Eort 6€ xal ta rept Trav adidpupatrov vopo- Oetnpata travraracw aderoa tav IIv@aydpou 1 Gyiorela Bryan’s correction, after Amyot, adopted by Coraés and Bekker: ayxtorela (relationship). - 332 65 NUMA their minds by means of superstitious fears. This was the chief reason why Numa’s wisdom and culture were said to have been due to his intimacy with Pythagoras ; for in the philosophy of the one, and in the civil polity of the other, religious services and occupations have a large place. It is said also that the solemnity of his outward demeanour was adopted by him because he shared the feelings of Pythagoras about it. That philosopher, indeed, is thought to have tamed an eagle, which he stopped by certain cries of his, and brought down from his lofty flight ; also to have disclosed his golden thigh as he passed through the assembled throngs at Olympia. And we have reports of other devices and performances of his which savoured of the marvellous, regarding which Timon the Phliasian wrote :— « Down to a juggler’s level he sinks with his cheating devices, Laying his nets for men, Pythagoras, lover of bombast.” In like manner Numa’s fiction was the love which a certain goddess or mountain nymph bore him, and her secret meetings with him, as already mentioned,! and his familiar converse with the Muses. For he ascribed the greater part of his oracular teachings to the Muses, and he taught the Romans to pay especial honours to one Muse in particular, whom he called Tacita, that is, the silent, or speechless one ; thereby perhaps handing on and honouring the Pythagorean precept of silence. Furthermore, his ordinances concerning images are altogether in harmony with the doctrines of Chapter iv. 1-2. 333 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Soyparov. ouTe yap € jleuaee aio Onrov 7 a aranrov, dopartov | dé nal axtictov! cat vonrov vieddp- Bavev elvat To mpa@tov, ovTds Te SexmAvOEV avOpwrroedh Kai Swopophov eixova Oeod ‘Pwpai- ous vopiterv. ovd Hv wap avTots ovte ypamrov 8 ovTe mAaoTOV eldos Oeod mpoTepov, GAXr ev éxatov éBdounKovta Tols mpwros ereot vaous fev oixodopovpevoe Kal Kadidbdas iepas iotavtes, dyarpa 5é ovdéy Eupopdpov trocovpevor dierédovp, @> oUTE Savoy apopolody TA BeNTiova TOIS YEelpootY ovTE epamrer Gar Geov Suvatov addws a vonoes. Kopdh bé xal Ta, tev Ovaray EXT AL THS v0a- yopurtis aytateias: GvaipaKToL yap hoav ai ye moAnat, be ardirou Kal orovens Kat TOV EvTE- NETTATwWY TreETrOLNMEVaL. 9 Xwpis 5é rovtwr étépors EEwOev erraywvilovrat Texpnplous ot Tov dvdpa T® avdpl cuvorKerouvres. av év pév éotw tt Mv Garyopav ‘Popatoc ™) troMteig Tpoo éyparpay, @S loTopnKev ’Eniyappos o KO MLKOS éy TLL hoy 7 pos "Avtnvopa yeypap- péve@, Tadacos avnp Kal TIS vOayopuxijs bta- TpLBAS peTeayNKwS* eTepov 5é OTe Tea oadpav vid Bactrhet Nowa yevouévov éva Mayepxov emt 72 10 IlvOaryopov rash T poo nyopevaen. an éxeivou dé «at tov Aipirdiwy olor avapeyBévra Trois TAT ptxiols ovopac Ofvat pacvy, OVTOS UmoKkopilo- pévou Tob Bacthews THY év Tots: hoyous Tod avdpos aipudav Kat yapw. auto d aKnkoapev TONN@V év ‘Papun dteEcovtwy Ste ypnopod rote ‘Pwpaios 1 &xrioroy Sintenis! with AC, followed by Bekker: axhparov (unmixed). 334 NUMA Pythagoras. For that philosopher maintained that the first principle of being was beyond sense or feeling, was invisible and uncreated, and discernible only by the mind. And in like manner Numa forbade the Romans to revere an image of God which had the form of man or beast. Nor was there among them in this earlier time any painted or graven likeness of Deity, but while for the first hundred and seventy years they were continually building temples and establishing sacred shrines, they made no statues in bodily form for them, con- vinced that it was impious to liken higher things to lower, and that it was impossible to apprehend Deity except by the intellect. Their sacrifices, too, were altogether appropriate to the Pythagorean worship ; for most of them involved no bloodshed, but were made with flour, drink-offerings, and the least costly gifts. And apart from these things, other external proofs are urged to show that the two men were acquainted with each other. One of these is that Pythagoras was enrolled as a citizen of Rome. This fact is recorded by Epicharmus the comic poet, in a certain treatise which he dedicated to Antenor ; and Epichar- mus was an ancient, and belonged to the school of Pythagoras. Another proof is that one of the four sons born to king Numa was named Mamercus, after the son of Pythagoras. And from him they say that the patrician family of the Aemilii took its name, Aemilius being the endearing name which the king gave him for the grace and ninsomeness of his speech. Moreover, I myself have heard many people at Rome recount how, when an oracle once commanded the 335 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 yevouévou Tov Ppovimwtatoyv Kal Tov avdpELoTaToV ¢ , ‘S , oy ea v 24 EXAnvev idpvoacbat wap’ avtois, Eotnoay eri A b] A >) / a“ v4 LY A > THS ayopas exovas yadrxas dvo, Thy pev Ar«e- , A , nr N 9 Biddov, tay bé IlvOayopov. tavtra pév ov 9 / M” \ \ \ A 5 \ audisBntnoes exovtTa TroNNas Kal TO KivEelY 01a paxpotépwy Kai To TictovcBar! petpaxtwdous éotl diroverkias. A \ \ \ “A > 4 A f IX. Nopd dé Kal Thy Ta apxtepewy, obs Ifovti- gixas Kandodot, diatakw Kal catadotacw atrod60- acl, Kal pact avTov Eva TOUTwWY TOY TPATOV yeyo- , aA \ \ / € \ 4 véevat. KexdAHobat dé tovs Ilovtigiwas of pev Ott Tovs Jeous Oeparrevovar Suvatovs Kal Kupious atray- Twy dvTas’ o yap duvatos b7r6 ‘Pwpaiwy ovopaterat mwoTnys: Etepor 5€ hace wpos vrreEaipeoty ryeryo- vévat Tovvopa Tay SuvaTav, @s Tod vopobéTou Tas Suvatas émitedely tepoupyias Tous iepels KEedev- “A \ ? ty a b] ovtos, av b€ 4 TL KwAUUA pelCov, ov sUKOpar- “A e \ a , ‘ , ToUVTOS. ot S€ TAELOTOL UadLOTA Kad TO yeA@pLEVvOY le) bd , 4 € 2d) 3 > “A TGV ovopaTov Soxipatovow, @S ovoEey ann 4 ‘yehupotratovs Tovs avdpas emicdnbevtas a amo TOV TOLoUpEvoy Teph THY yéhupay iepar, ayaTatov 4 Kal TadaotTatwv SyTwy: TovTEew yap ot Aarivos THY yepupay dvopdfova ty. elvas perros Kab THY THpHoW avrijs Kal THY emiaKkeuny, @oTEp ado Tt TOV AKU} TOV Kal maT pov Lepov, Tporjcovaay Tots tepedow. ov yap Deperor, GAN éwdpatov Hryeta Bar ‘Pwpaious THY KaTadvow Tis Evrivns yepupas. Néyerar b€ Kai TO Tapmav dvev otdypov 1 microvcGat a correction of Reiske’s, accepted by Coraés and Bekker: morevea@at (believe). 336 66 NUMA Romans to erect in their city monuments to the wisest and the bravest of the Greeks, they set up in the forum two statues in bronze, one of Alcibiades, and one of Pythagoras. However, since the matter of Numa’s acquaintance with Pythagoras is involved in much dispute, to discuss it at greater length, and to win belief for it, would savour of youthful contentiousness. IX. To Numa is also ascribed the institution of that order of high priests who are called Pontifices, and he himself is said to have been the first of them. According to some they are called Pontifices because employed in the service of the gods, who are powerful and supreme over all the world; and “‘potens ” is the Roman word for powerful. Others say that the namie was meant to distinguish between possible and impossible functions ; the lawgiver en- joining upon these priests the performance of such sacred offices only as were possible, and finding no fault with them if any serious obstacle prevented. But most writers give an absurd explanation of the name ; Pontifices means, they say, nothing more nor less than bridge-builders, from the sacrifices which they performed at the bridge over the Tiber, sacrifices of the greatest antiquity and the most sacred character ; for “ pons” is the Latin word for bridge. They say, moreover, that the custody and maintenance of the bridge, like all the other inviolable and ancestral rites, attached to the priesthood, for the Romans held the demolition of the wooden bridge to be not only unlawful, but actually sacrilegious. It is also said 1 According to the elder Pliny (N.H. xxxiv. 12), these statues stood in the comitium at Rome from the time of the Samnite wars (343-290 B.c.). down to that of Sulla (138-78 B.c.). 337 VOL. I. Z PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kata Sn TL AOYyLov cuyyeyoupacbar Sia TeV EvAwv. 17 Sé ALOivn TroAXOIs DoTEpoy éFeLpyacOn xpovots vm Aiptdiou TapsevovTos. ov pv aGdAAa Kal thy Evrivny trav Nowa ypovwy atrodeitres Oat Aéyouo.v, vO Mapkiov trod Nopa Ouyarpidod Bactrevovtos atrorencoOetcar. ‘O 8€ péytotos Tay Hovtipixwy olov éEnynrod Kab mpoqnroy, pardov 5é iepopdvtov raEw etrdn- yev, od povoy) tay Snpocia Spapévov emripedov- pevos, AANA Kal Tovs idia OvovTas émioKoTray Kat K@AUwY TrapexBaivey TA vevouiopéva, Kal b1da- axwyv Stov Tes SéoiTo mpos Oewy Tiny 7 Tapat- tho. ny 6 Kal TOY Lep@y TrapOévwr erricKoTros, as “Eotidéas mpocayopevovor. Nowd yap 67 «al Thv tav “Eotiadov mrapbevev Kabiépwow Kal dws THY TEpl TO TP TO aOdvaroy, 7) purdrrovew abrat, Oeparreiav Te Kal TOMY arobiboacw, elTe as kabapay Kat ap0aprov THhVv TOU TUPOS | ovata dxnpatous Kal apudvrous mapaTieuévov Topacw, elTe TO GkapTrov Kat dryovov Th mapGevia oup- OLKELODVTOS. é7reL TOL THS "EAA dS os Sarov wip ao BeoTov eoTlD, @s vuoi Kal ‘AOhnow, ov mapbévor, yuvaires dé TET AV MEVaL ydpov éxovar 3 THY émrypéhevay™ éav oé vo TUXNS Tivos éxALtn, Kadamep "AOnyvnot pev emt Tis ‘Apts tives Aeyerau Tupavvidos amooBecOjvat tov iepov AUYVOV, €V Acrdois dé Tob yaov karan pnodéevros v7ro M7jéor, Tept dé Ta McOpidartixa kal TOV éupvrdcov “Pwyaiwy modepov dua TO Bopp ro 1 ywdvov with most MSS. (including S) and edd. : pdveov. 338 NUMA that it was built entirely without iron and fastened together with wooden pins in obedience to an oracle. The stone bridge was constructed at a much later period, when Aemilius was quaestor.!_ However, it is said that the wooden bridge also was later than the time of Numa, and was completed by Ancus Marcius, the grandson of Numa by his daughter, when he was king. The chief of the Pontifices, the Pontifex Maximus, had the duty of expounding and interpreting the divine will, or rather of directing sacred rites, not only being in charge of public ceremonies, but also watching over private sacrifices and preventing any departure from established custom, as well as teaching whatever was requisite for the worship or propitiation of the gods. He was also overseer of the holy virgins called Vestals; for to Numa is ascribed the consecra- tion of the Vestal virgins, and in general the worship and care of the perpetual fire entrusted to their charge. It was either because he thought the nature of fire pure and uncorrupted, and therefore entrusted it to chaste and undefiled persons, or because he thought of it as unfruitful and barren, and therefore associated it with virginity. Since wherever in Greece a perpetual fire is kept, as at Delphi and Athens, it is committed to the charge, not of virgins, but of widows past the age of marriage. And if by any chance it goes out, as at Athens during the tyranny of Aristion? the sacred lamp is said to have been extinguished, and at Delphi when the temple was burned by the Medes, and as during the Mithridatic and the Roman civil wars the altar was demolished 1 179 B.C. 2 88-86 B.c. Cf. Lucullus, xix. 6; Sulla, xiii. 3. 339 z2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES nA 3 , Ww 5 A 9 \ e. , A mip npavicbn, ov dact deliv amro ETépov TupOS évaverOar, xavvov §€ troveity Kal véov, cvamrrovTas > \ a ey / 4 \ \ > / amo Tov nAiov droya KaBapav Kai apiavrov. 2 / 4 a , éEdmrovat 5é padtota tos oxadeios, & KaTa- / > \ A > A b] oxevdleTas ev ATO AEUpas toooKedods GpOoyw- vlov Tpiyevou KotAaLvoueva, cuvvever 8° eis ev ex Ths Twepipepetas Kévtpov. Stav ovv Oéow evavriay rdByn mpds Tov HALOV, OoTe Tas avyds TavTa- 4 b 4 > , \ 4 xo0ev avaxorrropévas abpoilecOar Kai cuprré- KkecOat Tepi TO Kévtpov, avTov Te Staxpiver Tov 9 / , \ , / dépa AeTTTUVOLEVOY, Kal TA Kovdorata Kal Enpo- Tata Tov mpooTiBenévwv o€éws avantes xata Thv avtTéperctv, copa Kal mAnyHY Wupwdn Tijs avyis NaBovons. Evor pev ovv ovdev bro TeV [o) > A tepav trap0évwy adr f TO aoBeotov éxeivo ppoupeicOar rip vouifovow: enor Se eival twa acw abéata Tois AdAaLS (epa KpUTrTopeva, Tept av boa Kal mv@écOar cal ppacas Oemsrov ev Te Kapirrou Bio yéypar ras. X. Lp@rov pév ov tira Nowa xadsepwOjnvar Aéyouot Teyaviay nal Bepnviav, Sevtepov Se Kavovaniay cal Taprntav: totepov dé YepBiov duo mpocbévtos adXas TH aplOu@ Sratnpeio Oar! péxpt TOY XpovwY TOUTwY TO TAOS. wpicOn Se tais iepais trapOévors bard tov Bactdéws aryvela TplaKxovTaétis, ev 7 THY yey TrpwTyy Sexaetiav a xpy Spay pavOavover, tiv 8&8 péony & pepadjnact Spaou, tThv dé tpitnv érépas avtal ddacKovew. elra dveita: tH BovrAopévn peta Tov ypovoy Tod- 1 B:arnpeio Oa the correction of Coraés, adopted by Bekker : d:arnpjoa. 340 NUMA and the fire extinguished, then they say it must not be kindled again from other fire, but made fresh and new, by lighting a pure and unpolluted flame from the rays of the sun. And this they usually effect by means of metallic mirrors, the concavity of. which is made to follow the sides of an isosceles rectangular triangle, and which converge from their circum- ference to a single point in the centre. When, there- fore, these are placed opposite the sun, so that its rays, as they fall upon them from all sides, are collected and concentrated at the centre, the air itself is rarefied there, and very light and dry substances placed there quickly blaze up from its resistance, the sun’s rays now acquiring the substance and force of fire. Some, moreover, are of the opinion that nothing but this perpetual fire is guarded by the sacred virgins; while some say that certain sacred objects, which none others may behold, are kept in concealment by them. What may lawfully be learned and told about these things, I have written in my Life of Camillus.! X. In the beginning, then, they say that Gegania and Verenia were consecrated to this office by Numa, who subsequently added to them Canuleia and Tarpeia; that at a later time two others were added by Servius, making the number which has continued to the present time. It was ordained by the king that the sacred virgins should vow them- selves to chastity for thirty years; during the first decade they are to learn their duties, during the second to perform the duties they have learned, and during the third to teach others these duties. Then, the thirty years being now passed, any one who 1 Chapter xx. 3-6. 341 i] co oO PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov Hon Kal yauou petartauBavew Kal mpos ére- pov tparrécOar Biov, aradndayelon Ths lepoupyias. Aéyovra Se od ToAral TavTHY dotracacOar THV dderay, ovde adorracapévats ypnota mpaypata guvTuxely, GdAa peTavoig Kal KaTnheia cvvodaat Tov Aowtrov Biov éuBareiv tas adras ets Sercordac- poviay, woTe méxpt ynpws Kal Oavdrou datereiy éyxaptepovoas Kal mapVevevopévas. Tiuas S¢ peydras arédmxev avtais, ov éote nad 70 dtabécOar Savtos éFeivar watpds Kal Tad- Na Mpatrew avev wpootdtov Siayovcas, WoTeEp ai tpimaives. paBdovyobvra: 8é rpoiotcar Kav aryopuéve tiv mpos Oavarov abroudtas ovyTiyw- ow, ove avaipeitar. Sei Se drropoca: tHv Trap- Oévov axovcovov Kal tuyalay nab ox éberirndes yeyovévat THY amrdvrnow. o dé tredOwv Koutto- pévov bro 7d hopetov amobvncKke. Koddacts 8e TOY pev GAXov auaptnudtwv mrAnyal tais wap- Oévors, Tod peyiotou Tovrigixos cordlovtos éotiv 6te Kal yupyny thy wAnpEAHoacay, GOovns év TadwoKkim Tapatevopevns: 1 dé THY Tapeviav Katatcxvvaca aca KaTopuTTeTat Tapa THY KondAiyny ANeyowéevny truNnv: év 4 Tis eoTL évTos THs TWOAEwWS OPpYS yewdns Trapatelvovca Toppa: Karetrar 6€ youa Staréeto tH Aativor. évraida KatacKkevalerat Katayevos olxos ov péyas, éyov avebev xatdBactv. xKetrar 5 év adtd Kxrlvn te Umeotpwpéevn Kal AVYVOS KaLtopeEvoS, aTapYal TE Tay mpos To CHv avayxatwv Bpayelat Teves, olov aptos, vowp év aryyeiw, yada, édXalov, woTrEp agpoctovpévay 76 7 Aum SiafOeipery copa tails peylotats KaOtepwpévov dyioteiats. avuTnv sé 342 ™~ 67 NUMA wishes has liberty to marry and adopt a different mode of life, after laying down her sacred office. We are told, however, that few have welcomed the indulgence, and that those who did so were not happy, but were a prey to repentance and dejection for the rest of their lives, thereby inspiring the rest with superstitious fears, so that until old age and death they remained steadfast in their virginity. But Numa bestowed great privileges upon them, such as the right to make a will during the life time of their fathers, and to transact and manage their other affairs without a guardian, like the mothers of three children. When they appear_in public, the fasces are carried before them, and if they ac- cidentally meet a criminal on his way to execution, his life is spared; but the virgin must make oath that the meeting was involuntary and fortuitous, and not of design. He who passes under the litter on which they are borne, is put to death. For their minor offences the virgins are punished with stripes, the Pontifex Maximus sometimes scourging the culprit on her bare flesh, in a dark place, with a curtain interposed. But she that has broken her vow of chastity is buried alive near the Colline gate. Here a little ridge of earth extends for some distance along the inside of the city-wall ; the Latin word for it is “agger.”’ Under it a small chamber is con- structed, with steps leading down from above. In this are placed a couch with its coverings, a lighted lamp, and very small portions of the necessaries of life, such as bread, a bow] of water, milk, and oil, as though they would thereby absolve themselves from the charge of destroying by hunger a life which had been consecrated to the highest services of religion. 343 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Thy Kodatopevny eis hopetov évOépevor Kal xata- oteyacayvtes &Ewbev Kal ratadaBortes imac, os pndé hovny éEdxovatov yevéoOat, Kopifover 80’ aryopas. é€iotavtat 6é TavTes clwTh Kal Tapa- méptrovew AapOoyyot pera Tivos Seuns Katndeias: ovde dativ érepov Oéapa Ppixtorepov, odd Hyépav ) TOALS GAANY ayer oTUyvoTépay éxeiyns. StTav 5é apos tov Tomov KouscOH TO hopeiov, of pep umnpétat Tovs Seapovs éEéXvoap, o é TAY lepéwv &Eapyos evyds Tivas atroppyrous trounadpevos Kal yetpas avateivas Oeois mpd THs avayKns, cEdye ouvyKexaduppevny kal KaBiotnow éml KrALpaxos els TO Olxnpa KaTw hepovons. eita avTos pep amoTpémeTat peTa THY AArAWY iepéww Tis Se kataBdons 4 Te KAipaE avatpetrar Kal Kata- KpUTTETAL TO OlKNUA YIS TOANS avwbev emripopou- pevns, @aTe iaomedov TO NOLTO Xopare yever Oat TOV TOTOV. OUTW MEY ai Tpoeuevar THY lepay Trap- Geviay xoralovrat. XI. Nopas dé Aéyeras Kal:To THs ‘Eorias i lepov eyRUKALOD mepBaréa bat 7@ da Béorp Tupt $pov- ay, [ATOLL OU PEVOS ob TO oxXTpma THS ys as Eortias ovaons, ANA Tob otpmavtos Koo wou, ov pécov ot Tvdaryoprxot TO TU ipicbar vopilovat, kal TovTO ‘Eotiav Karodar Kal povdsa: Thv be yi ouTe dxivnTov ovte éy perw THS Tmepupopas ovoar, adda KUKX@ mept TO 7uUp aiwpouperny ou TOV TEMLOTAT OV ovdé TOY TpWTwWY TOU KOopOU poptov Uma pew. tadta 6€ Kal I\drevd pace mpeaButny yevouevov Sravevonjabas trepl tH ys 344 NUMA Then the culprit herself is placed on a litter, over which coverings are thrown and fastened down with cords so that not even a cry can be heard from within, and carried through the forum. All the people there silently make way for the litter, and follow it without uttering a sound, in a terrible depression ot soul. No other spectacle is more appalling, nor does any other day bring more gloom to the city than this. When the litter reaches its destination, the attendants unfasten the cords of the coverings. Then the high-priest, after stretching his hands toward heaven and uttering certain mysterious prayers before the fatal act, brings forth the culprit, who is closely veiled, and places her on the steps leading down into the chamber. After this he turns away his face, as do the rest of the priests, and when she has gone down, the steps are taken up, and great quantities of earth are thrown into the entrance to the chamber, hiding it away, and making the place level with the rest of the mound. Such is the punishment of those who, break their vow of virginity. XI. Furthermore, it is said that Numa built the temple of Vesta, where the perpetual fire was kept, of a circular form, not in imitation of the shape of the earth, believing Vesta to be the earth, but of the entire universe, at the centre of which the Pythago- reans place the element of fire, and call it Vesta and Unit. And they hold that the earth is ueither motionless nor situated in the centre of sur- rounding space, but that it revolves in a circle about the central fire, not being one of the most important, nor even one of the primary elements of the universe. This is the conception, we are told, which Plato also, in his old age, had of the earth, namely that it is 345 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ws év érépa yapa Kabeataons, thy 5é péony Kal Kuptwrarny érépm Tevl KpEeiTTOVL TpOaHKovaay. XII. Ot 8 Hovridines nai ta rept tas tapas 4 a Ul > eo) a Ul matpua Tos xpnfovow adnyovvrat, Nowa 86a- Eavros pndevy nyetoOar piacpa tov ToLlovTmY, anra nal Tovs exe? Oeovs céBecOar Tots vevout- opévols, WS TA KUPLMTATA TOV hpeTéepwv UTrobEexo- pevous: eEatpéras Sé THY tpocayopevoyéevny Ac- Birwvav, éricxotrov tav tept Tovs OvnoKovtas ooiwy Gedy ovoar, elte Ilepoehovny elite parXdor, e e , € 4 e 4 @s ot AOylwrato: ‘Pwpyaiwy wrodcapPSdvoverr, 9 9 a > na UA n Adpobitny, od xaxas eis pias Svvayuy Oeod ra mept Tas yevéoess Kal Tas TeXEUTAS avd ToVTEs. >A \ \ , » ¢ /, \ , autos 5 cal ta TwévOn Kal’ nrALKias Kal xpovous érakev' olov maida pn mevOeciv vewrepoy TpLEeTodvs, \ Ud “~ e 4 pmde mpecBurepov mrelovas phvas ov éBiwoev évavrav peypt tov Séxa, nai tweparrépw pnoe- play nrAtkiav, GAAA Tod paxpotdtov wévOous , ® a > @ s “povov etvas Sexaunuviaiov, ép Scov xal ynpev- ovel ai tav atoPavoytwy yuvaixes. 1 Sé mpo- Tepov yapnOeioa Body éyxvpova xaréOvev éexeivou vomobernoavros. TloAAds 8 wal addrXas Nowa xaradetEavtos iepwavvas ért Svetv pyvnoOycopat, THs Te Ladiov Kal THs TOV Dittaréwv, al pdadrdtota THY evoé- Beav rod avdpds éudaivovow. of pev yap Dirtareis eipnvopvracés tives dvres, ws 8 pol Soxei, xal tovvopa AaBovres aro THS Tpadkews, 346 7, 68 NUMA established in a secondary space, and that the central and sovereign space is reserved for some other and nobler body. XI1. The Pontifices also explain and direct the ancestral rites of burial for those who desire it, and they were taught by Numa not to regard any such offices as a pollution, but to honour the gods below also with the customary rites, since they receive into their keeping the most sovereign part of us, and par- ticularly the goddess called Libitina, who presides over the solemn services for the dead, whether she is Proserpina, or, as the most learned Romans maintain, Venus ; thereby not inaptly connecting man’s birth and death with the power of one and the same god- dess. Numa himself also regulated the periods of mourning according to ages. For instance, over a child of less than three years there was to be no mourning at all; over one older than that, the mourning was not to last more months than it had lived years, up to ten ; and no age was to be mourned longer than that, but ten months was the period set for the longest mourning.! This is also the period during which women who have lost their husbands remain in widowhood, and she who took another husband before this term was out, was obliged by the laws of Numa to sacrifice a cow with calf. Numa also established many other orders of priest- hood, of which I shall mention two, besides, those of the Salii and the Fetiales, which more than any others give evidence of the man’s reverent piety. The Fetiales were guardians of peace, so to speak, and in my opinion took their name from their office, which was to put a stop to disputes by oral conference, or 1 Cf. chapter xix. 1. 347 PLUTARCH’S LIVES NOy@ Ta velKn KaTéravoY, ovK éaYTEs OTPATEvELY mpotepoy 4 tmacav éAmida Siens daroKxomhvat. Kal yap eipnynv “EdAnves xarovdotw Stav oye, pn Bia, mpos addjdrAovs Ypwopevor AVTwaL ht Stadopds. of S¢ ‘Pwpyaiwy Pittareis troANaxKts pev EBabdiCov ws rods adscodvTas avrot mretOovres evyvapoveiy» ayvepovovyvtay S€ paprupdpevor Jeovs, cat xarevEdwevot trodda Kal Seva Kal” attav avrol «al tis marpidos ef pn Stiaios éreElacty, o0Tw KaTHYyyéAXOV AUTOS TOY TrOELOY. kwAvovtav d€ TovTwv 1 wy auvaivotvTwr, ovTE orpatiwrn Oeuitov ovte Bactrct ‘Pwopaiwy Srra Kively, GANA Tapa TovTwv ede THY apyny Tod mwonépou SeEdpevoy ws Suxaiov Tov apyovta, TOTE oKotrew wept Tov cupdépovtos. RéyeTae 5é Kal to KeAtixov éxeivo maQos tH mode yevéoOat ToUT@Y TaV lepéwy Trapavopnbévtov. "Ervyov pev yap ot BdapBapot Kndovoivous moNtopKouvres’ éméupOn 5é apecBevtis PdBros "ApBovoros eis TO orparoredoy Starvoes mpdkov vrép TaY ToNLopKoupévav. ANaBav Se arroxpi- oes ovK émiecKeis Kal mépas oxely abT@ Thy mpecBelay oldpevos, éveavtevoato mpo Tav KXov- civwv Stra AaBov mpoxartécac0ar Tov apioted- ovra Tav BapRdpwv. Ta pev ovv THs paxns evTuxetto Kal KataBadwv éoxvrevoe TOV avdpa: yvwpioavtes 5é ot Kedtol méurovow ets ‘Payny Knpuxa tov DaBiou Katnyopobvtes ws éxaotrovdov Kal amiorov Kal axatayyeNTtov éFevnvoyoros Ipods auTous Todenov. évTav0a thy pevy avyKANTOY ot Ditiareis Ereov exdidovar tov dvdpa rois 348 ‘NUMA parley!; and they would not suffer a hostile expedition to be made before every hope of getting justice had been cat off. For the Greeks call it peace when two parties settle their quarrels by mutual conference, and not by violence. And the Roman Fetiales often went to those who were doing them a wrong and made personal appeals for fair treatment ; but if the unfair treatment continued, they called the gods to witness, invoked many dreadful evils upon themselves and their country in case they resorted to hostilities unjustly, and so declared war upon them. But if they forbade it or withheld their consent, neither soldier nor king of Rome could lawfully take up arms. War had to begin with their verdict that it was just, and the ruler, on receiving this verdict, must then de- liberate on the proper way to wage it. And it is said that the dreadful disaster which the city ex- perienced at the hands of the Gauls was in conse- quence of the illegal treatment of these priests. For when the Barbarians were besieging Clusium, Fabius Ambustus was sent from Rome to their camp to bring about a cessation of hostilities on behalf of the besieged. But on receiving an unseemly answer, he thought his office of ambassador was at an end, and committed the youthful folly of taking up arms for the Clusians and challenging the bravest of the Barbarians to single combat. Fabius fought suc- cessfully, unhorsed his adversary, and stripped him of his armour. But when the Gauls discovered who he was, they sent a herald to Rome denouncing Fabius for violating a truce, breaking his oath, and fighting against them before war was formally declared. At Rome the Fetiales tried to persuade the senate to 1 Connecting the name with fateri, fari, to speak. 349 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kedrois, catahuyav 5é éxeivos eis Tovs ToANOUS kal TO Sum amovddlovtse xpnoduevos Srexpov- gato Thy dinnv. jer Cdrkyou 5é émedOovtes oi Kearot tv ‘Péuny trv tod Kamit@ndiou Sdte- mopOncav. adda taiTa pev ev Tois wept Ka- pirrov paAXov axptBodtar. * XIII. Tovs 8 Zariovs lepeis ee rTocavtTns AéyeTat svoTncacbar Tpopdacews. ETos sySoov avtov Bacirevovtos otuwdns voros TeEpLtiovca thy “Itadiav éotpoBnoe cai tHv “Popunv.. abv- povvtwy d€ Ttav avOpwrwv iotopeitar Yariv mTéATHVY EF Ovpavod Katadepomévny eis tas Nowa meceiy yxeipas. emt 5€ avTH Oavydaotoy twa AOyov A€yerOas vUTO TOD Baciréws, dv ’Hyepias te kal Tov Movoawy mrubécbat. 1d pev yap mov qKew él owtnpia THS ToAEws, Kal Sety avTo hpoupeiabar yevouévwy adrwv Evdexa Kal oxjpa kat péyeOos Kai popdny éxeivp tapatAncior, Smws atopov ein TO KAéTITN St Gpototnta Tod Stomretovs eémituyety: ere be ypnvat Movcais Kabtep@aat TO xwptov éxeivo Kal Tovs Tept avTo ANetm@vas, Sov Ta ToAAA Hoitacat cuvdcaTpi- Bovow avt@. thy && myynv 1) Katdpder Td yapiov, wp iepov atrodeiEar tais ‘Eotiace wap- Gévors, STws AapBavovaa Kal’ Hyépay dyvifwor kal paivwot TO avdKTopov. TovTos pev ovD paptuphoa Aeyover Kal Ta THs vooov Tapa- Nphua Tavodueva, thy dé wéXTHY TpOOEeVTOS avTov Kal KeAEvoaVTOS apirAAaCIaL TOUS TEeXviTAS bmép THS opotoTnTos, TOUS péy ANXouS atrEesTrEtD, Overovptoy 5¢ Mapovptoy &va tav axpov dnpu- oupyav ovtws édixécOar ths éeudhepeias, Kat 35° NUMA deliver Fabius into the hands of the Gauls, but he took refuge with the multitude, and through the favour of the populace evaded his punishment. After a little, therefore, the Gauls came up and sacked Rome, with the exception of the Capitol. But this story is more fully given in my Life of Camillus. XIII. The priesthood of the Salii Numa is said to have been established for the following reason. In the eighth year (of his reign a pestilence, which traversed Italy, distracted Rome also. The story goes that while the people were disheartened by this, a bronze buckler fell from heaven, which came into the hands of Numa, and a wonderful account of it was given by the king, which he learned from Egeria and the Muses. The buckler came, he said, for the salvation of the city, and must be carefully preserved by making eleven others of like fashion, size, and shape, in order that the resemblance between them might make it difficult for a thief to distinguish the one that fell from heaven. He said further that the spot where it fell, and the adjacent meadows, where the Muses usually had converse with him, must be consecrated to them; and that the spring which watered the spot should be declared holy water for the use of the Vestal virgins, who should daily sprinkle and purify their temple with it. Moreover, they say that the truth of all this was attested by the immediate cessation of the pestilence. When Numa showed the buckler to the artificers and bade them do their best to make others like it, they all declined, except Veturius Mamurius, a most excellent workman, who was so happy in his imitation of it, and made all the eleven so exactly 1 Chapters xvii.—xxii. 351 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KaTacKevical Tudaas opoias, wate pnd avrov ére tov Nopav Siaywooxev. tovtwy oby gv- Nanas wal duditorous amédeacke tovs Yadrious bepets. Dadrsos Se exAHOncay, ody, ws Eveot pvOoroxvovcr, YaucOpaxos avdpos 4} Mavtivéws, dvoua Larlov, mpwtouv thy évoTrALoy éxdidaEavtos Spxnow, dAAA paAXov ato THs opyncews avTis, GATiKhs ovons, hy bTopyodyrat Statropevopevor THY TOMY, STav Tas iepas TéATAS avartaBoow éy t@ Maptip pnvi, potvixods pev evdedupévor xitavicxovs, pitpats 5 yarxais érelwopévor mAaTElaLs Kal Kpadvn Karka hopodvtes, éyyerpe- Siow; Sé puxpots Ta GtrAa Kpovovtes. 1 5¢ AAAH THS Opxnoews Todav Epyov éaTi: KiwovvTaL yap EM LTEPTEAS, EXuypovs Tivas Kat petaBords épv puvdu@ TaX0s Eyovtt kal quKvornta ee papns kal xovgotnros dtrodibovtes. Avtas ‘bé tas méAtas dyxvdLa Kadrodot Sa 70 oXHMa KUKAOS yap oUK EoTLY Ode aTrodidwour, @s wéXTH, THY mepupeperay, Gdn’ ex Topiyy exe ypappis édexoesdobs, Hs ai Kepaiar kawmas éxov- cat Kal cuverriaTpEpovaat TH TUKVOTHT 7 pos ? adAjhas ayKUAOY TO OYA TroLodaLY 7 Sd Tov aryKxava rept ov mepupepovrat. TadrTa 1p O "ToBas elpnne yn OMEVOS eFedAnvioat ToUvoua. Swvarto 8 dv ris avéxabev hopas 7 p@TOv em avu- poy yeyovévat, Kal Tis aKETEWS tov vorouvTay, Kal TIS TOV |, AUX MOY AUTEWS, ere dé THs TOV Sewvav avacyécews, Kal’ 8 Kal rovs Acooxovpous 352 _ 69 NUMA like it, that not even Numa himself could distinguish them. For the watch and care of these bucklers, then, he appointed the priesthood of the Salii. Now the Salii were so named, not, as some tell the tale, from a man of Samothrace or Mantinea, named Salius, who first taught the dance in armour; but rather from the leaping! which characterized the dance it- self. This dance they perform when they carry the sacred bucklers through the streets of the city in the month of March, clad in purple tunics, girt with broad belts of bronze, wearing bronze helmets on their heads, and carrying small daggers with which they strike the shields. But the dance is chiefly a matter of step; for they move gracefully, and execute with vigour and agility certain shifting convolutions, in quick and oft-recurring rhythm. The bucklers themselves are called “ ancilia,”’ from their shape; for this is not round, nor yet completely oval, like that of the regular shield, but has a curving indentation, the arms of which are bent back and united with each other at top and .bottom ; this makes the shape “ancylon,” the Greek for curved. Or, they are named from the elbow on which they are carried, which, in Greek, is “ ankon.”’ This is what Juba says, who is bent on deriving the name from the Greek But the name may come from the Greek ‘“anekathen,’ inasmuch as_ the original shield fell from on high; or from “akesis,” because it healed those who were sick of the plague ; or from “ auchmon lysis,’’ because it put an end to the drought ; or, further, from “anaschesis,” because it brought a cessation of calamities, just as Castor and Pollux were called Anakes by the Athenians; if, 1 The Latin ‘‘ salire,” to leap. 353 VOL. I. A A PLUTARCH’S LIVES “Avaxas AOnvaio: tpoanyopevoay, ef ye Set mrpos thy ‘EXAnuinny Suddextov éEdryerv Tovvopa. Toa 5& Mapoupio réyouar piaBov yeverOar Tijs téyuns exeivns pvijpny tia bv @dis bro TOV Lariwv dua tH Tuppixn Statrepatvopévyns. ot Sé ov Ovetovptov Mapotpiov elvai pact tov aéddo- pevov, GAXA oveTépeu pepopiapy, Srrep éorti, tra- Aatay pynny. XIV. ’Emel 5€ dsexoopnoe tas tepwovvas, édet- pato TAnciov Tov THS Eotias tepod tv Kadov- péevny “Pyyiav, olov te Bacineov oixnpa> cal Td ~ mrEloTov avToOt Tov ypovov SvétprBev iepoupyav i) Siudoxwy Tovs iepeis 7) Mpos evvoia Twi Tov Oeiwy mpos avTov oxordfwv. oixiav 8 elyev érépav wept tov Kupivov odor, hs ete viv Tov Tomov émudecxvuovow. éy &€ Talis mpotroptrais Kal ddwS TOY lepéav Tals Toptrais Tporryoovro Knnpunes ava THY Tod éduvveW xehevovTes Kal Ta épya KkaTamravovTes. os yap hac. tous Hvdayopixods ovx éay éx trapodov mpooxuvelp Kal m pooevxeo Gat Tots Oeois, GAX oixobev evOvs éml TOUTO youn Taper Kevac pévous Badifer, OUT ws @ETO _Nopas Xpivar Tous ToAiTas pHTE axovey TUT@Y Ociwv pare opav év Tapépyp av AMENDS, adda oXOAIY dryovras amo TOY arreol Kal mpooéXovTas Thy Sidvovay ws mpdter peylory Th mepl THY evoéBevar, popov Te Kal TaTayov kal orevaypar, Kal dca Toadra Tois avayKatots cal Bavavoots tovos Eretat, kaOapas tas odo0us Tais iepoupyiats tapéxovtas. av ixvos Te méxpe 354 NUMA that is, we are bound to derive the name from the Greek. . We are told that Mamertius was rewarded for his wonderful art by having his name mentioned in a song which the Salii sing as they perform their war- dance. Some, however, say that the song does not commemorate Veturius Mamurius, but “ veterem memoriam,’ that is to say, ancient remembrance. XIV. After Numa had thus established and regulated the priestly orders, he built, near the temple of Vesta, the so-called Regia, or royal house. Here he passed most of his time, performing sacred functions, or teaching the priests, or engaged in the quiet contemplation of divine things. He also had another house on the Quirinal hill, the site of which is still pointed out. At all public and solemn processions of the priests, heralds were sent on before through the city, bidding the people make holiday, and putting a stop to all labour. For, just as it is said that the Pythagoreans do not allow men to worship and pray to their gods cursorily and by the way, but would have them go from their homes directly to this office, with their minds prepared for it, so Numa thought that his citizens ought neither to hear nor see any divine service while they were occupied with other matters and therefore unable to pay attention. They should rather be free from all distractions and devote their thoughts to the religious ceremony as a matter of the highest importance. They should also rid their streets of noise and clatter and clamour, and all such accom- paniments of menial and manual labour, and clear them for the sacred ceremonies. And the Romans still preserve some traces of this earlier feeling. 355 > es bo rl: * = roa PLUTARCH’S LIVES yov Stacwlovtes, Stay apywv mpos spycww i) Ov- ciats StatpiBn, Bow@aot ““Ox aye’ onpaiver 5é 1) duovn “Tovtto mpacce, auvetiatpépovca xal KaTaKoo Lovaa TOUS TporTUyYavoyTas. "Hy 6€ cal Tov aAdNwY Tapayyehparwv avTod aorrd Tois IlvOayopucois éotxota. ws yap éxei- vot wapnvovy émrt yoivixos py Kabncba, Kal paxaipa mip wn oxareverr, cal BadlCovras eis aTroonpias pn petactpéperOar, Kal Tols peév ovpaviots Treptaca Ove, dptia 6é Tois yOovioss, @v éxadotov tv Sidvotay amexpUTTovTO Tpos Tous ToANous, o’Tws Evia Tov Nowa tratpiov amoppntov éyer Tov Aoryov: olov To pun orévdey Oeois && auTréd\ov atyuntrov pnde Ovew atep adpitwv’ Kal TO mpocKuvety treptorpepopévous Kal TO KaOjob8a. TpocKvyncaytas. Ta mev ody mpata dvo thy yns éEnuépwow eorxe Siddoney, @> poptov evaeBelas ovaav 1 dé Treptatpody) TAY T poo KUvOUYTOY AeyeTar pev aTroplunars elvat THS Tod KOopov a parca b0£eve 6 ay pad dov O TpoaKuvan, émel impos éw ‘TOY Lep@v Breer ovtev avTréoTpamTTat TAS avaToNas, peTaBarrELw EavTOV évraida nal weptotpéedpev emt tov Oeov, KvKrov TOY Kal TUVATT@OV THY ETLTEAELWOLY THS EVYTIS 8.’ audoty: et wn vy Aia trois AiyuTrriots tpoyxots aivitrerait Tt kal di8doKe: TapamAnotov ) peta- Born Tod oxHpatos, ws ovdevds éEoT@TOS TOV avOpwrivav, aX Stes av otpéhyn Kat averXitry tov Biov nuav o Oeos, ayatrav nal déyecOa T poanKov. 70 dé | KabelerIar TpocKvyyncavTas olwvicpov elvat Aéyoucr ToD PBeRatoTnTa ‘ais 356 Me. 70 NUMA When a magistrate is busy taking auspices or sacri- ficing, the people cry “Hoc age,’ which means ‘‘ Mind this,” and helps to make the bystanders attentive and orderly. Many of his other precepts also resembled those of the Pythagoreans. For instance, the Pythagoreans said: ‘“ Don’t use a quart-measure as a seat”; «‘ Don't poke the fire with a sword’; ““ When you set out for foreign parts, don’t turn back” ; and “To the celestial gods sacrifice an even number, but an odd number to the terrestrial” ; and the meaning of all these precepts they would keep hidden from the vulgar. Soin some of Numa’s rules the meaning is hidden ; as, for instance, “ Don’t offer to the gods wine from unpruned vines”; “ Don’t make a sacrifice without meal’; “Turn round as you worship’; and “Sit down after worship.” The first two rules would seem to teach that the sub- jection of the earth is a part of religion; and the worshippers’ turning round is said to be an imitation of the rotary motion of the universe; but I would rather think that the worshipper who enters a temple, since temples face the east and the Sun, has his back towards the sunrise, and therefore turns himself half round in that direction, and then wheels fully round to face the god of the temple, thus making a complete circle, and linking the fulfilment of his prayer with both deities; unless, indeed, this change of posture, like the Aegyptian wheels, darkly hints and teaches that there is no stability in human affairs, but that we must accept contentedly whatever twists and turns our lives may receive from the Deity. And as for the sitting down after worship, we are told that it is an augury of the 357 Ww PLUTARCH’S LIVES evyais xal Stapovny trois dyabois érruyiverOat. Aéyouor Oe Kal mpatewy Svopta pov elvat hy avdtavatw* @S ovV TH mporépa mpageu Tépas emuTBevras nab ec Bar a a tots Ocois, Wa éTépas ma duy apynv Tap exeLvov AdBwor. duva- Tat 6é Kal TOUTO TOis Eipnuevols oponroyery, e0t- CovTos as TOU vonoGérou ru) mroveia Oat TAS TpOs TO Oeiov évrevéets ev aaxorig Kab Tapepyos olov omevdovTas, aX’ Stay Xpovoy Exwpev Kal oYOATY diryopev. XV. ’Ex &¢é Tijs TOLAUTNS mardaryuryias mpos TO Qeiov odtas 7 modus eyeyover vElpon 7S Kat KkataTtapRnuévn THhv Tov Noa Suvapmey, OOTE pvbous coixoTas THY aromiav Aoyous Trapa- dexerGau, Kal vopiter pndev amriotov elvar pnde apayxavov éxelvov BovdnBevtos. MeyeTat youv WoTe KaNéaas emt THY Tpamevav OUK ddLyous TOY TOMTOD, oKEUNn TE patra Kal Setrvov evredres Tavu mpobéc bat Kal Onworixov™ dpEapévov dé Seumveiv euBarov Aoyov ws 7 Oeds a ouvEerTLV Hot 7 pos avTov, aidvidsov emdetEa Tov TE OLKOV exT@ WaT OY TANPN TOAUTEA@Y Kal Tas tpamélas oor Te TayToOaTT@V Kal TapacKevts darpirovs yenouoas. macav oe brrepBeBAnxev aromiay TO umép THS TOD Atos optdias ia Topovpevov. pudoroyovar yap els tov ASevtivoy Aogov ouT® HEpos 6vTa Tis TOAEWS OVE gUvOLKOUpEVO?, Grr’ éexovTa mnyas Te daypireis év avT@ xal vatras oKtepas, porray dv0 Saipovas, IItxov xai Paivor ols Ta pev Gd\XAa Latipwv dv tus } Tlavev yéves TporerKdaere, Suva pet 6é pappaxwy Kat Secvornte THs wept Ta Bela yonteias A€éyovTar TavTa Tos 358 NUMA acceptance of the worshipper’s prayers and the duration of his blessings. We are also told, that, as different acts are separated by an interval of rest, so the worshipper, having completed one act, sits down in the presence of the gods, in order that he may begin another with their blessing. But this, too, can be brought into agreement with what was said above : the lawgiver is trying to accustom us not to make our petitions to the Deity when we are busied with other matters and in a hurry, as it were, but when we have time and are at leisure. XV. By such training and schooling in religious matters the city became so tractable, and stood in such awe of Numa’s power, that they accepted his stories, though fabulously strange, and thought nothing incredible or impossible which he wished them to believe or do. At any rate, the story goes that he once invited a large number of the citizens to his table, and set before them mean dishes and a very simple repast; but just as they began to eat, he surprised them by saying that the goddess with whom he consorted was come to visit him, and lo, on a sudden, the room was full of costly beakers and the tables were laden with all sorts of meats and abundant furniture. But nothing can be so strange as what is told about his conversation with Jupiter. When the Aventine hill—so runs the tale-——was not yet a part of the city nor even inhabited, but abounded in springs and shady dells, two demi-gods, Picus and Faunus, made it their haunt. In other ways these divinities might be likened to Satyrs or Pans, but they are said to have used powerful drugs and practised clever incantations, and to have traversed 359 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ip? ‘EdAjvev T pocaryopevdetaw Tdatots Aaxrv- Rots codpslopevot mepriévas Th ‘Iraniav. TOUTOUS pact xepdcacbat TOV Nopay, olve Kal péALTe KepacavTa THV Kenny a’ HS emivov cv7bus. Anpbevras dé Todas pev idéas Tpémea Gat Kat perexdver Ga THY avTav vow, adrOKoTa pdc- pare Kat poBepa THS Orews mpoBarXouevous: érrel dé é éyvocay EANWKOTES loxupay Kal apuxrov ado, adda TE mpodeoriaat TOANG TOV ped- AovToV Kab Tov él Tous Kepauvois éxdidakau Kabappor, OS ToLelTat peXpe vov Sta Kpoppvwy Kal Tpryov Kat pavidwv. evtor dé ov Tous Oaipovds pacww vmrobécOat Tov cabappor, ann éxeivous pev Katayayeiv tov Aia Hayevoaytas, TOV 6é Jeov opry-Sopevov T@ Noa MpooTacaey @S Ven yeverOar TOV eaBappov Keparais: UTro- haBovros dé Tob Nopa, ‘ * KPOMpLBOD ; " eltrety, “ vO pare” Tov &€ avOus ExT péTrOVvTA TO TOU T por TayLaros Secvov émepeo bat, “OpiEiv;” aTro- Kpwapevov be Tou Atos, * ‘ €uapuxors,” eraryaryeiv tov Nopav, “ pacvicr ;” Tatra every UTO THS "Hyepias Sedtdaypévov. Kal tov pev Oeov aer- Beiv thew yevopevov, TOV be TOTrOV "Triacov an éxeivou mpocaryopevOhvas Kal Tov caBappov ote cuvrercio Gat. Tavra pev otv Ta pvOwdyn kal yeXota THY Tov TOTEe avOpwrov émidetxvUTat didfecw mpos TO Oeiov, Hv o eOtapos avrTois éveroingen. autoy S€ Tov _Nopay ovTw daoly els 70 Octov aynptio bat Tats eMrriaw, adore wal Mpocayyedias avT@ OTE YEVO LEVIS OS émép- yon TroAéutol, perdtdcas Kal etrety’ “Kya oe Adw a 39 360 e NUMA Italy playing the same tricks as the so-called Idaean Dactyli! of the Greeks. These demi-gods Numa is said to have caught, by mixing wine and honey with the water of the spring from which they were wont to drink. When captured, they dropped their own forms and assumed many different shapes, presenting hideous and dreadful appearances. But when they perceived that they were fast caught and could not escape, they foretold to Numa many things that would come to pass, and taught him besides the charm against thunder and lightning, which is still practised with onions, hair, and sprats. Some, however, say that it was not the imps themselves who imparted the charm, but that they called Jupiter down from heaven by their magic, and that this deity angrily told Numa that he must charm thunder and lightning with “heads.” “Of onions?’’ asked Numa, filling out the phrase. “Of men,” said Jupiter. Thereupon Numa, trying once: more to avert the horror of the prescription, asked, “with hair?’’ “ Nay,’ answered Jupiter, “with living—” “sprats?’’ added Numa, as he had béen taught by Egeria to say. Then the god returned to heaven in a gracious mood,—“ hileos,”’ as the Greeks say,—and the place was called I[licium from this circumstance ; and that is the way the charm was perfected. These stories, fabulous and ridiculous as they are, show us the attitude which the men of that time, from force of custom, took towards the gods. And Numa himself, as they say, had such implicit confidence in the gods, that once, when a message was brought to him that enemies were coming up against the city, he smiled and said : «* But I am sacrificing.” 1 Fabulous gnomes associated with the Mount Ida of Phrygia and Crete. 391 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XVI. IIp@rov 8€ dace xai Iiotews nai Tép- povos lepov idpvcacbar. Kat thy pev Iiore Spxov atrodetEas “Pwpaios péyrorov, © ypwpevot péxpt viv StateXovow: o b€ Téppwv Spos av tis ein, nat Ovovow avdt@ Snpocia Kal dia Kata TOUS TOY aypav Trepltoptapous, viv peyv Eurpvya, TO Tanatoy 5€ avaiwaktos nv 4 Ovoia, Nowa gfirocopycavtos ws xpn Tov Sptov Oeov etpyvns diraxa Kal Sixacoovvns paprv évTa povov xaGapov elvau. Soxet 6€ nal 6Aws obTos opiaat THY xepav o Bacrreds, ‘Popvrov pay Bovdn- Bévros eFoporoynoacGat T@ péTp~ TOD oixeiou THY adaiperuy TOU ddNorplou Secpov yap eivas THs Suvdews Tov Gpov, av pudarrytat, pa puraTTopevov dé TIS abixias EXeyyov. ov pay ov6e 7 nv Saxprras Xewpa, Th monet KaT apxas, adnre THY TOAHY aXe I POCEKTNHTATO ‘Papuros: Kal TaUTnY Tacav oO Nopas Sreverpe TOLS drropots TOV TOMTOY, as avdrynny THS adixias apaipav THY amopiay, Kat Tpémowv ert ryewpyiav Tov Sijpov apa Th YoOpa ouveEnpepovpevon. ovdev yap ado TOV émurndevpdrav obras épwra Sprmuy elpnyns épyaterat Kat TAX UY @S 0 a1r0 yis Bios, év : Kal THs TONE mK TS evTohpias TO pev Urreppaxn- TLKOV TOU oixetov Srapever Kal Tapert, TO 5é ets aduciay Kal weovefiav _GVELPEVOV EXKEKOTTTAL. 510 Kal THY yewpyiav o Nopas oloy el onus pidtpov éupitas Tos TodiTads Kal paddov as nor ovev 7 TAOUTOTTOLOV ayanrncas TEXUNY, ets HEpn TV X@pay Sueinev, & a \Taryous mT poonyopeuce, kat nal éxaotov émiaKxotrous érake wal rept- 362 71 NUMA XVI. He was also the first, they say, to build temples to Faith and Terminus; and he taught the Romans their most solemn oath by Faith, which they still continue to use. Terminus signifies boundary, and to this god they make public and private sacri- fices where their fields are set off by boundaries; of living victims nowadays, but anciently the sacrifice was a bloodless one, since Numa reasoned that the god of boundaries was a guardian of peace and a witness of just dealing, and should therefore be clear from slaughter. And itis quite apparent that it was this king who set bounds to the territory of the city, for Romulus was unwilling to acknowledge, by measuring off his own, how much he had taken away from others. He knew that a boundary, if observed, fetters lawless power; and if not observed, convicts of injustice. . And indeed the city’s territory was not extensive at first, but Romulus acquired most of it later with the spear. All this was distributed by Numa among the indigent citizens. He wished to remove the destitution which drives men to wrong- doing, and to turn the people to agriculture, that they might be subdued and softened along with the soil they tilled. For there is no other occupation which produces so keen and quick a relish for peace . as that of a farmer’s life, where so much of the warrior’s daring as prompts a man to fight for his own, is always preserved, while the warrior’s licence to in- dulge in rapacity and injustice is extirpated. Numa, therefore, administering agriculture to his citizens as a sort of peace-potion, and well pleased with the art as fostering character rather than wealth, divided the city’s territory into districts, to which he gave the name of “pagi,’ and in each of them he set 363 PLUTARCH’S LIVES modous. éots 8 Gre xal avtos ehopdv Kat TEKMALPOMEVOS ATO TAY Epywy TOUS TpPOTrOUS TOV TOMT@V Tovs pev els TLLaAS Kal TioTELs avizye, rous 6 pabvpous eal apereis éyor cal caxilwv éowdpovite. XVII. Tov 8¢ drAXwv avrod ToNtTevpaTav 7 kata téxvas Siavoyn tov mrnOovs pddtoTa Oavydterar. THs yap rodews ex Suey yevar, @omrep elpntat, cuvertavar Soxovons, dueat@ons dé parrov Kal pndevi tpoTr@ pas yevécOar Bov- Aopevns unde olov éEaretpar thy érepornra Kal Siagopdy, dAAA auyKpovcets atravaTous Kal di- NovetKias TOY pEpav éxovons, dtavonBels Srt eal TOV copdtwv Ta dvoe Svopikta Kal oxAnpa xarabpavovres Kat Siarpovvtes dvapeyvvovewr, UTO puLKpOTNTOS GAAHAOLS TUUBaivovTa paAdXoP, éyve Kararepelv Topas mrciovas TO cUpTay Ti} Bos" éx dé Tovrwy es érépas éuBadrov Suaopas THY TpwTny éxeivnv Kal peyddyv adavicat Tats éXatTocw évdsactrapeicayv. jv b& 7 Stavopi Kata Tas Téyvas, aVANTOY, YpYaoYOwY, TEKTO- vov, Badéwv, oxvToTopwv, cxvTobewav, yadxéwv, Kepapéwv. tas dé Noutras Téyvas els TAUTO oUP- ayayov év aitav éx racav anédeake cvoTnpa. Kotvwvias S€ Kat auvodouvs Kal Jeav Tias «arro- Sous éxdotp yéves mpeTovcas, TOTEe TpPwTOV &ex THS TWoAews aveiAe TO AEeyerOat Kal vopiterbat Tovs pev LaBivous, tovs 5é “Pwpyatouvs, cal tovs 364 NUMA overseers and patrols. But sometimes he would inspect them in person, and judging of the charac- ters of the citizens from the condition of their farms, would advance some to positions of honour and trust ; while others, who were indolent and careless, he would chide and reproach, and so try to make them sensible. XVII. But of all his measures, the one most admired was his distribution of the people into groups according to their trades or arts. For the city was supposed to consist of two tribes, as has been said,! although it had no consistency, but was rather divided into two tribes, and utterly refused to become united, or to blot out its diversities and differences. On the contrary, it was filled with ceaseless collisions and contentions between its component parts. Numa, therefore, aware that hard substances which will not readily mingle may be crushed and pulverized, and then more easily mix and mingle with each other, owing to the smallness of their particles, determined to divide the entire body of the people into a greater number of divisions, and so, by merging it in other distinctions, to obliterate the original and great dis- tinction, which would be lost among the lesser ones. He distributed them, accordingly, by arts and trades, into musicians, goldsmiths, carpenters, dyers, leather- workers, curriers, braziers, and potters. The remain- ing trades he grouped together, and made one body out of all who belonged to them. He also appointed social gatherings and public assemblies and rites of worship befitting each body. And thus, at last, he banished from the city the practice of speaking and thinking of some citizens as Sabines, and of others 1 Chapter ii. 4 f. 365 PLUTARCH’S LIVES peev Tariou, tovs &é ‘Pwuvrou moXitas, OoTE THY Scat EUV evappootiay Kai avait travtwv ye- véoOat pos wavtas. ‘Exracveiras dé TOY TOMTLKGY avtTov Kal 70 jept TOV VOmLoV SopB oa tov dL60vTa Tos mar pa- ob TOUS naidas Tim pda KEL, brreFehopevou TOUS yeyapnnoras, et TOU ‘TAT pos emaivobvTos Kal KENEVOVTOS 0 yapos YEvOLTO. Secvov yap nryetTo Thv ws edEvOep@ yeyaunpévny yuvaixa SovrA@ CUVOLKELD. XVIII. “Hyato dé cal ths mepl Tov ovpavov mpayuateias ovTE ax piBors ovTE TavTaTracww Bewpntas. ‘Popvrou yap Bacidevovtos ano- yous eXp@vTo Tots pnot Kal aTaKTws, TOUS pev ovce ELKO LY TPEPOV, tous 6€ TévTe Kal TpidKovTa, tous 6é€ rELovenvy oyelopevot, THS 6e yevopmerns dveparias mept THY cedquny kat Tov HALOV évvotay OvK ExovTes, arn’ ev purarrovtes povor, Ores efneovta, Kat Tpraxoa tov Tepe Oo éviauTos éo Tat. Nopas 5é 76 Tapadhary pa THS dvaparias npepav evdexa vive Bar Aoyelopevos, @S Tou pep cEANVaKoD TpiaKkoctas TEVTNKOVTA Téooapas EYOVTOS 7HEpas, Tov 6é ndvaxod Tplaxoatas éEn- KOVTa TEVTE, TAs évoexa TAUTAS npépas durAa- oratov emnyare map évavTov ert t@ DeBSpov- api@ pnvi tov euBorcpov, t vTO ‘Popatov Mepen- Sivov kaovpevor, eleoge kal dvoty nMEp@y ovra. Kal TOUTO per auTe TO lapa Ths avwpadrias pet- Covey cuerrev i laparov Sejoer Gat. Merexivnoe dé Kal THY Tae TOV pnvev Tov yap ! Mapriop T™ pwTov dvta TpiTov érake, 7 pa@Tov dé Tov ‘lavovdpior, os av évdéxatos ért “‘Pwpdrouv, 366 NUMA as Romans; or of some as subjects of Tatius, and others of Romulus, so that his division resulted in a harmonious blending of them all together. Praise is also given to that measure of his whereby the law permitting fathers to sell their sons was amended. He made an exception of married sons, provided they had married with the consent and approval of their fathers. For he thought it a hard thing that a woman who had married a man whom she thought free, should find herself living with a slave. XVIII. He applied himself, also, to the adjustment of the calendar, not with exactness, and yet not alto- gether without careful observation. For during the reign of Romulus, they had been irrational and irre- gular in their fixing of the months, reckoning some at less than twenty days, some at thirty-five, and some at more; they had no idea of the inequality in the annual motions of the sun and moon, but held to this principle only, that the year should consist of three hundred and sixty days. But Numa, estimat- ing the extent of the inequality at eleven days, since the lunar year had three hundred and fifty-four days, but the solar year three hundred and sixty-five, doubled these eleven days, and every other year in- serted after the month of February the intercalary month called Mercedinus by the Romans, which consisted of twenty-twodays. This correction of the inequality which he made was destined to require other and greater corrections in the future. He also changed the order of the months. March, which had been first, he made the third month, and January, which had beenthe eleventh under Romulus, 367 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Swdéxatos 5é Kal TedXevTaios 0 DeBSpovdpios, © a lA A dé 9 “ N vov dSevtépm ypavrat. toddol Sé etow ot Kat mpooteOfvat tovtous umd Nowa rovs pvas dé- youvat, Tov Te ‘lavovdptov Kal rov DPeBpovdprov, é& apyns 5& ypnoOat Séxa povov els TOV éviauTor, ws évio. Tv BapRdpwr tpici, Kal tov ‘EAAHvoY "Apxdbes pev récoapary, && 5 "Axapvaves, Aiyu- mriow dé pnviaios Hv o éviauTos, Elita TeTpa- unvos, @ gact. 616 Kal vewratny ywpav oi- KouvtTes apyatotato: Soxotow elvac Kal wrHOos aunxavov érav él tats yeveadoyiats Katadépov- aw, dre 81 Tovs pHvas eis érov apiO pov TiOémevor. XIX. ‘Pwpaior 5é drt peév Séxa penvas eis Tov éviautov étattov, ov dwdexa, Texpnptov 7 Tod TeXeuTaiov Tpocnyopia: SéxaTov yap avTov aypt vov Kadovow: ote 5é Tov Mdptiov wperov, 7 Takis: Tov yap aw éxeivov téumtTov éxddovy , 4 \ \ oe N a wv TéuTTov: éxtoy Oé Tov éxTov Kal Tov AAW é&ijs opoiws Exaotov, émel tov “lavovdpiov xat Tov WeBpovapiov mpo tod Maprtiov tiOepévoss cuvéBatvey avtois Tov elpnuévoy phva méuTrtov pev dvoudterv, EBdopov Sé apiOpety. adArws Se / 9 \ 4 wv A kal Noyor elye Tov Maptiov “Ape xabtepwpévor e \ a e¢ , A b A , umd Tov “PwrvAOU Tpe@TOV ovopudler Bat: Sevtepov dé rov ‘AmpidXov, éra@vupov oyta tHs ‘Adpodi- 4 A A a Tns, év @ Ovovai te TH Oe@ Kai Tals Kadrdvdats ai yuvaixes éotepavwpévat pupoivn Rovorta. tives dé ov dia THY Adpoditny tov ’AmpirXov 368 NUMA he made the first month ; February, which had been twelfth and last, thus became the second month, as now. Butthere are many who say that these months of January and February were added to the calendar by Numa, and that at the outset the Romans had only ten months in their year, as some Barbarians have three, and as, among the Greeks, the Arcadians have four, and the Acarnanians six; the Aegyptian year had at first only a single month in it, afterwards four, as weare told. And therefore, though they in- habit a very recent country,! they have the credit of - being a very ancient people, and load their genealo- gies with a prodigious number of years, since they really count their months as so many years. XIX. That the Romans had at first only ten months in their year, and not twelve, is proved by the name of their last month; for they still call it December, or the tenth month. And that March used to be their first month, is proved by the sequence of months after it; for the fifth month after it used to be called Quintilis, the sixth Sextilis, and so on with the rest. Therefore, when they placed January and February before March, they were guilty of naming the above-mentioned month Quintilis, or fifth, but counting it seventh. And _ besides, it was reasonable that March, which is consecrate to Mars, should be put in the first place by Romulus, and April in the second place, since this month is named after Aphrodite. In it they sacrificed to this goddess, and on its first day the women bathe with myrtle garlands on their heads. Some, how- ever, say that April, with its smooth “p,” cannot 1 Perhaps as formed by the deposits of the Nile (Herod. ii. 5 and 9). 369 VOL. I. B B PLUTARCH’S LIVES hac, arr daotep Exet Totvopa Wirov, Ampir- Nov KexAHoOat TOV pHva THs éaptyAs Mpas axpa- Covons avolyovta kal avaxadXuTTovta Ttovs Bra- oTovs THY duT@Y TOUTO yap } yA@TTA onpaiver. tav & épeEns tov pev Maiov canrodow amo Maias: “Epyun yap avépwra:: tov bé ‘Jovviov amo tijs a 3 e lA S ? 4 Hpas. etol dé tives of TovVTOUS HALKias ETM@VUpLOUS elvat éyortes mpeaButépas Kal vewtépas: paiw- pecs yap ol mpecBvTEpor Tap aUTOLS, LOUIL@peEts dé of vEwTE pot Kaovvrat. tav o¢ NoiTaY ExaaTov ato THS Tafews, BoTep apiOpovvTes, wvouatov méuTrov, Extov, EBdopuov, dySoov, évarov, S€xaTov: elra o Téurros amo Kaloapos tov xataywvca- pévou Tloprniov ‘lovvsos: o 5 Extos Abryouaros amo tov Sevtépov pev aptavros, LeBaotod &é émixrnOévtas, wvoudcOn. rovs bé éde&js! Ao- peTLavos eloeTroinge Tais avTOD Tpocwvupiats ov TodUy Ypovov, GAAA Tas aUTaV dvadaBorTes Tadw éxeivou adayévtos o pev EBSopuos, o 8e é 800s Kahodvran. povor & ob tereutaio: Svo THY amo THS Tafews KAHoW, dotrep Exyov e€ ap iiss duepurafay. av S€ vd Nopwa mpooreBévtar 7} peTarte- Devteo o 9 pep PeBpovdpros olov xabdpavos & QV TLS ein’ Kab yap 7 reEes € éyytota TobTo onpaiver, Kal TOUS Pocr0Is evayifover Tote kal THY T@Y AouTrep- KanL@v éopTny els, Ta TOAAA cadappe@ ™ poceot- Kutav Terovow: o be T p@Tos ‘lavoudptos amo tov "lavov. Soxet dé por tov Mdprtiov o Nopas 1 épetiis Bekker adds 8vo. NUMA be derived from Aphrodite, with its rough “ ph,” but that this month of high spring time is called April because it opens and discloses the buds and shoots in vegetation, this being the meaning of the word “aperio.” The next month in order is called May, from Maia, the mother of Mercury, to whom it is sacred ; and June is so named from Juno. There are some, however, who say that these months get their name from an age, older and younger; for ‘‘majores’’ is their name for the elder, “ juniores” for the younger men. Each of the remaining months they named from its arithmetical position in the list, the fifth Quintilis, the sixth Sextilis, and so on with September, October, November, and December. Afterwards the fifth month was named Julius, from Julius Caesar, the conqueror of Pompey; and the sixth month Augustus, from the second Caesar, who was given that title. The seventh and eighth months bore for a short time the names Germanicus and Domitianus, which the emperor Domitian gave them ; but when he was slain, they resumed their old names of September and October. Only the last two months, November and December, preserved the names derived from their position in the list just as they were at the outset. Of the months which were added or transposed by Numa, February must have something to do with purification, for this is nearest to the meaning of the word, and in this month they make offerings to the dead and celebrate the festival of the Lupercalia, which, in most of its features, resembles a puri- fication.! The first month, January, is so named from Janus. And I think that March, which is 1 Cf. Romalus, xxi. 4-8. 371 BB 2 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES émavupov dyta tod “Apews éx TIS Mpoéedpias petractinaat, Bovdopevos éy tTravtl THS TrOAEMLKTS Suvdpews tmpotipacOar Thy TomTLIKHY. oO yap "lavos év tots wavy wadaois ete Saipwy etre Bacirevs yevopevos tmodtTixds Kal KoLvwVLKOS éK tov Onpi@dovs nal aypiov éyeTar petaBanreiv Thy Staitay. Kat da TovTO MraTTOVELY avToV apopem poo wor, as érépav €€ érépas T@ Bie trepi- TOLTAVTA THY poppiy cal dudbecry. XX. "Eore 88 adtod Kai vews év ‘Payn biGupos, & Ov TORE LOU mUdnY Kanroiar, vopiletat yap dve@y Oar pev auTov éray 7 TONE LOS, KeKrei- cOat dé elpnvns yevoperns. 7) Sy Nader ov Hv Kat TTAVLWS” ‘yevopevon, det Tue TULTNPTHMEVNS To0- AED THS Wyepovias, dia péryeBos Tois KUKAw TEPLKEX UMEVOLS yévert BapBapors avrepedovons. wry étri ye TOU eBaotob Kaicapos éxreia On cadedovTos "Avtovov Kal 7 pOTEpov vmatev- OVTOD | zMdpxou “AtiAtou kat Titov ManddrAilou ‘povov ov Todvy: Elta evOvs avewyOn Trodépmov TuppayevTos. aXn’ ert ye THs Nopa Bactheias ovdeuliav nuépav avemypévos wh0n, tpia Sé Kal TETTAPAKOVTA ETH TUVEXY@S EpEelve KEKNELO LEVOS" ottas éEnpnto TAVTENOS a Tou Tone wou Kal mavrayobev. ou yap povov 0 ‘Pwpaior 7 TipEpworo Kal KATEKEKNANTO TH Sixacoobvn Kal Tpaornte TOU Bacvréws Ojpos, andra Kal Tas KUKI TONES, Gomep. avpas TLVOS éxeiOev 7 Mvevpatos byvervod pépovros, apxn petaBorjAs éaBe Kar 7 000s elaeppun TdvTas euvopias Kal eipnyns Kat viv gutTevery Kat téxva tpépav ev aovyia «al 372 nd 3 NUMA named from Mars, was moved by Numa from its place at the head of the months because he wished in every case that martial influences should yield precedence to civil and political. For this Janus, in remote antiquity, whether he was a demi-god or a king, was a patron of civil and social order, and is said to have lifted human life out of its bestial and savage state. For. this reason he is represented with two faces, implying that he brought men’s lives out of one sort and{condition into another. XX. He also has a temple at Rome with double doors, which they call the gates of war; for the temple always stands open in time of war, but is closed when peace has come. The latter was a difficult matter, and it rarely happened, since the realm was always engaged in some war, as its in- creasing size brought it into collision with the barbarous nations which encompassed it round about. But in the time of Augustus Caesar it was closed, after he had overthrown Antony; and before that, when Marcus Atilius and Titus Manlius were consuls, it was closed a short time ; then war broke out again at once, and it was opened. During the reign of Numa, however, it was not seen open for a single day, but remained shut for the space of forty-three years together, so complete and universal was the cessation of war. For not only was the Roman people softened and charmed by the righteousness and mildness of their king, but also the cities round about, as if some cooling breeze or salubrious wind -were wafted upon them from Rome, began to ex- perience a change of temper, and all of them were filled with longing desire to have good government, to be at peace, to till the earth, to rear their children 373 4 Crt PLUTARCH’S LIVES aéBecba Oeovs. éoprai 5é nal Padiatr cal Trap > AY, 5) A a7 \ ? 4 e GAANNOUS AdEwsS loVT@Y Kal avapyLyVUpLEeVwY UTO- 6 \ \ 7 \ b / A oxai Kai diroppocvvar thv ItaNav Kxatetyxov, olov éx mnyns THs Nowa codias Tov KaXOv Kal Sixaiwy émevopedvtTwy cis Atravtas Kal duaxeo- wévns THS TWepl éxelvov yarnvns: @aoTEe Kal Tas TountiKas UTepBoras évdeiy pos THY TOTE KAaTA- s ctacw réyoucw: “Ev dé odapodérors troprrakw aidav dpayvav épya:” Kal, “evpos dSdpvatar éyyed TE AoyywTa Eided T apdyKkea, yYadrKeav Sé ovKéTt carmiyyov KTUTOS, OVS TUAGTAL peEXiI- dpwv drrvos ato Brehpdpwv.” ote yap TONELOS oUTE OTdaLs OUTE vEewTEpiauoS Tepl ToNTELaY e , “A J 3 \ 299 > 9 istopnta: Nowa Bactrevovtos: od pny ovd er 2 \ 9 a 4 A / A > avtov éxeivoyv éyOpa tis POovos 7 bu Epwra Bactreias ériBovrAy Kal cvatacis avdpav, adr v , A / , A elte hoBos Oey mpoxndecOar Soxovvtwy Tod avdpes elite THS apeTis aidas elite Satpoveos! TUXYN, Taons Kaxias GOukTov ém’ éxeivov Kal \ 4 \ / > 9 4 xabapov Stapurdtrovea tov Biov, evapyes €&n- veyxe Tapaderyua Kal Texpnptoy THS TXatwvenns dwvis, iv Botepov éxeivos ovK orgLyos ypovots ryevopevos éTOAPNoEV adelvat Trepl TroALTELAS, WS o “A pia KaxOv TadAa Kal Avots avOpwrrots éeoTiv, Ex TLVOS Toxns Oeias eis TavTO Stavota girocdpy Baciitxny cuptecotcay Svvapw éyxpatn Kat bmepdéEtov THS KaKias THY apETHY KaTATTHCAL. e “ Maxdpios pev yap avtos” 0 cwdpwv ws adr- 1 Saiudéos Bryan’s correction, adopted by Coraés and Bekker : dafuovos. 374 NUMA in quiet, and to worship the gods. Festivals and feasts, hospitalities and friendly converse between people who visited one another promiscuously and without fear,—these prevailed throughout Italy, while honour and justice flowed into all hearts from the wisdom of Numa, as from a fountain, and the calm serenity of his spirit diffused itself abroad. Thus even the hyperboles of the poets fall short of picturing the state of man in those days: “ And on the iron-bound shield-handles lie the tawney spiders’ webs’’; and, “rust now subdues the sharp-pointed spears and two-edged swords; no longer is the blast of brazen trumpets heard, nor are the eyelids robbed of delicious sleep.”! For there is no _ record either of war, or faction, or political revolution while Numa was king. Nay more, no hatred or jealousy was felt towards his person, nor did ambition lead men to plot and conspire against his throne. On the contrary, either fear of the gods, who seemed to have him in their especial care, or reverence for his virtue, or a mar- vellous felicity, which in his days kept life free from the taint of every vice, and pure, made him a manifest illustration and confirmation of the saying which Plato,? many generations later, ventured to utter regarding government, namely, that human ills would only then cease and disappear when, by some divine felicity, the power of a king should be united in one person with the insight of a philosopher, thereby establishing virtue in control and mastery over vice. ‘* Blessed,’ indeed, is such a wise man 1 A free citation, apparently from memory, of Bacchylides, Fragment 13 (Bergk). See Jebb’s Bacchylides, p. 411. 2 Republic, p. 487 e. 375 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES Os, “ waxdprot dé ot cvri Koo TaV éx Tou ow po- 8 vobvTos TTOMATOS lovey hoyov.” Taxa yap ovoe avaryicns TLVOS bel mpos TOUS TOANOUS OVE ATrED- ris, avtot dé THY aperny év evdnr@ mapadely pate Kal Aap pe TO Biw tod apxovTos opavres, EXOU- oiws coppovoic Kat cumpeTaaxnparivovrar mpos Tov év piri xa opovoig TH 7 pos avrous peta Sucacoaurys Kal HET PLOTNTOS appove ' Kal padprov Biov, év A) 70 KAAALO TOV amraons Toh Telas TERS éoti, kal Baciuxdraros anrdavTev 0 ToUTov Tov Biov Kat tavTny thy Stdbeow Tots bmnxoots évepydcacbar Suvdpevos. taita pév ovv Nopas traytés madXov paiveras TUVEWpPaKar. X XI. Tept dé TmaiSwy avTov Kal yapov ayi- Aoytal yeyovact Tots taToptKols. ot wey yap ovUTE ydpov aAXov 7 Tov Tatias AaBelv avTov ove matdos érépov ryevéo Oar TaTépa may pods Ouya- T pos Tlopmedtas héyouow ot o€ 7 pos TAUTH téc- capas viovs avaypddovaow avrod, Toumeva, I]tvov, Kadrov, Madpepxoy, av éxacTov otkou diadoxny cal yévous évtipou KaTanaTrely, elvat yap amo pep ToD Tloumavos TOUS Toprevious, amo dé Uivou rovs [wapious, amo &é Kaarrov TOUS Kaaroupvious, amo Oé Mazépxov tous Ma- pepKious, ols dua TovTO Kal "Piyyas yever Pau Tapwvuucov, Strep earl Bacrdéas. TpiTot dé eiow ob TOUTOV pev KaTnyopoovTes: @S xaptlopevoy Tots yevert Kal mpoatiHevray ovK adnO7 OTe para THs ao Nopa diadoxys, THY dé Tlopmedtay OUK €K Tatias yeyovévar Néyovtes, GAN’ FE évépas yuvas- U 1 Gudpova MSS. and edd.: dxtbuova (waveless, serene), after Wyttenbach. 376 74 NUMA “in himself, and blessed, too, are those who hear the words of wisdom issuing from his lips.””} For possibly there is no need of any compulsion or menace in dealing with the multitude, but when they see with their own eyes a conspicuous and shining example of virtue in the life of their ruler, they will of their own accord walk in wisdom’s ways, and unite with him in conforming themselves to a blameless and blessed life of friendship and mutual concord, attended by righteousness and temperance. Such a life is the noblest end of all government, and he is most a king who can inculcate such a life and such a disposition in his subjects. This, then, as it appears, Numa was preeminent in discerning. XXI. As regards his marriages and offspring, his- torians are at variance. Some say that he had no other wife than Tatia, and no other child than one daughter, Pompilia. Others ascribe to him four sons besides, Pompon, Pinus, Calpus, and Mamercus, each one of whom was the founder of an honourable family. From Pompon the Pomponii are descended, from Pinus the Pinarii, from Calpus the Calpurnii, and from Mamercus the Mamercii, who for this reason had also the surname of Reges, .or Kings. But there is a third class of writers who accuse the former of paying court to these great families by forging for them lines of descent from Numa, and they say that Pompilia was not the daughter of Tatia, but of Lucretia, another wife whom Numa 1 Cf. Plato, Laws, p. 7lle. 377 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 «0s, hv 45n Bactrevwv éynue, Aovapntias’ mav- tes 5 ov oporoyovas thy LloumaAiav Mapkio yaunOjvar. trais 8¢ hv o Mdpxuos éxeivou Map- xiov tod Nouay wapopynoavtos émi thv Baci- Nelav’ Kal yap cuppet@enoer eis ‘Popny ato Kal Tis cuyKANTOU peTéaxe TLU@PEVOS, KaL PETA tHv Nopa tereutny ‘Oortirdtw mept THs Bactdeias eis Gyava KaTaoTas Kal nTTNOEls aTrexapTtépyoer. o 6é vids avTod Mdpxios éyov tHv Topmediav Katépevev év ‘Pan cal Mapxuov “Ayxov éyévyn- cev, 5 peta TurdXgov ‘Oaotiniov éBacinrevae. 4 TOUTOV, ws A€yeTaL, TeEVTAETH KaTaduTToV Oo Nopds éreXevTH EV, Ov TaXelas OVO aiduidtov yevopnévns avT@ THs TENEUTHS, GAAA KATA pUKpdv UTO ynpPwsS Kal vooou padakys aropapacvopuevos, aS loTopnKe Iletowv. érerevtynce ypdvoy ov TOADY TOS oySonxovta TpoaBiwcas. XXIF. Zndrwrov 8 adtod nai T@ Tade— Tov Biov émroinoay ot Te cUppaxor Kal diror Sipo, cvvEr- Oovres eri tas tapas dua Snpocias emipopais cal otepavors, of Te TaTpixtot TO AéYos apapevot, Kal ouptrapovtes ot TOV Oewy iepeis Kal trapa- méutovTes, 00 GAAOS Gyros avapemypévav Kal yuvatcav Kal traidwy ovy as Bactdéws tadais Ynpatovd Trapovtes, GAN WS TVA THY hirTATwY Exa- oTos év axpy Biov mrodovpevov Sarto, pet’ ob w0- 2 ys nal KravOpav érropevor. tmupl pév ovv ovK éSocav Tov vexpov AVTOU KWAVGAVTOS, WS AéyeTaL, Svo 5é troinodpevor ALGivas copods vTTO Td "IdvoK- Dov EOnxav, Thy pev éETépav Exoveay TO COpma, THY dé Erépav Tas iepas BiBXous &s éyparpato pévavtos, 378 NUMA married after he became king. However, all are agreed that Pompilia was married to Marcius. Now this Marcius was a son of the Marcius who induced Numa to accept the throne.1_ That Marcius accom- panied Numa to Rome, and there was honoured with membership in the Senate. After Numa’s death, he competed for the throne with Hostilius, and being defeated, starved himself to death. But his son Marcius, the husband of Pompilia, remained at Rome, and begat Ancus Marcius, who succeeded Tullus Hostilius in the kingdom. This Ancus Marcius is said to have been only five years old when Numa died, not a speedy nor a sudden death, but wasting away gradually from old age and a mild disorder, as Piso writes. He was something over eighty years old when he died. | ; ' XXII. His obsequies were as much to be envied as his life. The peoples which were in alliance and friendship with Rome assembled at the rites with public offerings and crowns; the senators carried his bier, the priests of the gods served as its escort, and the rest of the people, including women and chil- dren, followed with groans and lamentations, not as though they were attending the funeral of an aged king, but as though each one of them was burying some dearest relation taken away in the flower of life. They did not burn his body, because, as it is said, he forbade it; but they made two stone coffins and buried them under the Janiculum. One of these held his body, and the other the sacred books which he had written out with his own hand, as the Greek . 1 Cf. chapter vi. 379 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES @otep of TOV ‘EdAqvov vopobérar TOUS cupBes, éxdibdfas dé Tous tepels ere Sav Ta yeypappeva Kal mavroy &iv te Kal yvounv évepyacdpevos avrots, éxéXevce cuvrapivar peTa TOV ToLaATOS, as ov Karas év 7 ypappact ppovpovpévey TOV amroppytav. Aoyioup pace pndé tovs Tu@ayopixovs ELS ypagiy caraTiOecOas Ta oup- Taybata, penny dé Kal maibevow avT@v aypa- pov ep mrovety Tois afious. Kal THS ye Tept Tas aT opous Kal appirous heyouevas ev yewpeT pia peOodous Tparypareas ™pos Twa TOY dvatior exdo0eions, epacay emuonpaive TO Sarpoviov peyaro Tot Kal KOLV@ KAK@ THY ryeryer meray Tapavopiay Kal daéBevav éme&epxopevov. OOTE ouyyvayny EX ELV TONAHy Tots els 70 auto Tv0a- ope Nopay hiroTipovupévars ovvayey emt Towav- TALs opoLoTnaw. Oi Se rept "Avtiay toropovat SoHbexa pey eivat BiBrous ‘epopavtixds, badexa dé adras ‘EA- AnviKas ptroa ogous Tas eis THY cOpoV ouvTeei- cas. TETPAKOGLOY 6€ trov dtayevonévwv éeTav bratot pev Raoav Ilomdtos Kopyndtos Kal M dpkos Batftos: éuBpewv dé peyd dav emimes OvT@Y Kal Xoparos TeplpparyeVvTos eFewoe TAS copous TO pedpa: Kal TOV emeOnpatov amoTed OvT@Y " pev érépa Kev TavTamacw On Kal pépos ovdev ovde Aelpavov éxouca TOU THUATOS, ey dé TH erépg TOV Ypapparov evpeD evry dvayvavat plev aura héyera TletiAsos ouparnyay TOTE, apos O€ THY avyKANTOV Kopioat,) pn Soxety adT@ Oemerov elvat Néywr nde Savoy Extrvata ToAddois TA YyeE- 1 xouloa: Coraés, Sintenis!, and Bekker, with C: bpufieas. 380 NUMA lawgivers their tablets. But since, while he was still living, he had taught the priests the written contents of the books, and had inculcated in their hearts the scope and meaning of them all, he com- manded that they should be buried with his body, convinced that such mysteries ought not to be en- trusted to the care of lifeless documents. This is the reason, we are told, why the Pythagoreans also do not entrust their precepts to writing, but implant the memory and practice of them in living disciples worthy to receive them. And when their treatment of the abstruse and mysterious processes of geometry had been divulged to a certain unworthy person, they said the gods threatened to punish such lawless- ness and impiety with some signal and wide-spread calamity. Therefore we may well be indulgent with those who are eager to prove, on the basis of so many resemblances between them, that Numa was acquainted with Pythagoras. Antias, however, writes that it was twelve pontifical books, and twelve others of Greek philosophy, which were placed in the coffin. And about four hundred years afterwards, when Publius Cornelius and Marcus Baebius were consuls, heavy rains fell, and the tor- rent of water tore away the earth and dislodged the cofins. When their lids had fallen off, one coffin was seen to be entirely empty, without any trace whatever of the body, but in the other the writings were found. These Petilius, who was then praetor, is said to have read, and then brought to the senate, declaring that, in his opinion, it was not lawful or proper that the 381 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ypappéera yeverOar' 810 wal xomtcbeioas eis TO Kopitiov tas BiBdous Kxaraxajvac. Tlaot pév odv ereras tots dexaiors Kal dyabois avdpdat peileov 0 KaToTriy al peta THY TENEUT HY éqrawvos, TOU POovov qo \“povoy ovK én bavros, évioy dé Kal mpoaTroOyna KovTos® ov pny adr éxelvou ye THD dofav ai tav totepov Bactréwv 75 TUYaL Lapmporépay émoingay. mévre yap yevo- péveov per’ QvTOV oO bev ErxXaTos exTrec@v (Ths apxiis ev puyf KaTeynpace, Tay b€ Tecodpwr ovodeis KaTa puowy érehevTncer, GNX’ ol Mev TpEIs emreBovrevd eves éopaynaay, ‘Oarindtos d€ Tvrdos, Os peta Nopav éBacineuce, Kal Ta WwreloTa TOV éxelvou Kkarav, év dé TpwrTots Kal pddora THY qWept TO Deiov evddevay, emixrevdoas Kal Kabv- Bploas OS dpyoroiov Kal yuvarnady, T pos TONe- poov érpewe TOUS ToNtTas, oud" auros EVEMELVE TOLS VeaVLEevLAGL TOUTOLS, adn’ vro vooou Xareris Kal qTodutTpotov Thy yvoOunv adNaca opevos els derowdarpoviay évédwaxev vibes Tl TH Kara Nopav evoeBeig ™poankove ay, ére O€ paddov évetroinge Tots ddRovs TO TotovTov 1d0os, ws NEeyETAL, KaTA- prexGels brro xepauvav. eee AYKOYPLPOY KAI NOMA SYTKPIZI13 I, "AXX’ eel tov Noa nai Avukovpyou dtedn- AvGapev Bio», exicet Leva apoir, rh xal Vane ov epyov, ovx amoxvntéoy avvayayeiv tas Stadopas. al COMPARISON OF LYCURGUS AND NUMA writings should be published abroad. The books were therefore carried to the comitium and burned. It is true, indeed, of all just and good men, that they are praised more after they have left the world than before, since envy does not long survive them, and some even see it die before them; but in Numa’s case the misfortunes of the kings who followed him made his fame shine all the brighter. For of the five who came after him, the last was dethroned and grew old in exile, and of the other four, not one died a natural death. Three of them were conspired against and slain; and Tullus Hostilius, who reigned next after Numa, and who mocked and derided most of his virtues, and above all his devotion to religion, declaring that it made men idle and effeminate, turned the minds of the citizens to war. He himself, however, did not abide by his pre- sumptuous folly, but was converted by a grievous and complicated disease, and gave himself over to a superstition which was far removed from the piety of Numa. His subjects, too, were even more affected with superstition, as we are told, when he died by a stroke of lightning. COMPARISON OF LYCURGUS AND NUMA I. Now that we have recounted the lives of Numa and Lycurgus, and both lie clearly before us, we must attempt, even though the task be difficult, to assemble and put together their points of difference. 383 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e U A ai pev yap Kowworntes éripaivovtas Tais mpdéecwy, olov 7» cwhpociyn. Trav dvipav, 4 evoéBea, TO TONLTLKOV, TO TWALSEUTLKOY, TO plaY apynY Tapa Tav Peay audorépovs AaBeiv THs vopobecias: ” \ 997 e , n a / ? v a Ttav dé idta éxatépov kadro@v mparov dor. Nopa \ e ‘, a , 4 \ . pev » tmrapddy us tis Bactrelas, Auveovpye@ Sé 7) / e \ \ > 2 A e ‘ mapddoow. o pev yap ov aitrav éraBev, o 5é éywv amédwxe. Kal Tov pev Erepoe xuptov avTav Katéstycav idioTnv cal Eévoy évra, o 5é autos e_N ? ” ? / 2 4 on \ \ avTov idiwwotnv ex Baorréws érroinge.. Kado pev ow To Ktncac0at Sixatocvvy tHv Bactreiar, karov d€ TO TpoTiunoat THY Sixatocvyny Tis Bacireias. 9 yap apety Tov péev odTws EvdoEov / oe / ? A \ \ Kkatéatnoey wate Bactreias akiwbjva, rov sé , oUTw péyav éroincey Wate PBaagtrelas Kata- ppovicat. Ul , Acutepov Toiwvy, ere wad dmep appovirol Upas, O pev exhehupergy Kal Tpupacar eT éTELVE Thy {rdaptyy, o Sé THs ‘Pans To chodpov avijxe Kal ovyTovov, Mev Xarerorns Tov épyov T@ AvKoupy@ mpocertty. ov yap Owparas exdvvat Kal Eign TOUS ToONLTAS catabéa bat érrevOev, GANG Xpucov Kai dpyupov adpeivar Kal oTpwpvas éx- Banreiv trodvuteAeis Kal tpanélas, oveé Tavaape- vous Torkéuwv éoptalew Kai Ove, adrAa Seirrva kal wotous édoayras év Tots Sr Ao1s Kat Tais e Tahatat pars Siarroveia Gat kal aoKe. OOev o pev ds’ evvoias Kat TEAS anavrTa metOcov én pager, o 6 xuvduvevwy Kai Baddopevos poyis émexpd- TNOEV. 384 COMPARISON OF LYCURGUS AND NUMA For their points of likeness are obvious from their careers: their wise moderatien, their piety, their talent for governing and educating, and their both deriving their laws from a divine source. But each also performed noble deeds peculiar to himself. To begin with, Numa accepted, but Lycurgus resigned, a kingdom. One got it without asking for it, the other had it and gave it up. One was made by others their sovereign, though a private person and a stranger ; the other made himself a private person, though he was a king. It was a noble thing, of course, to’ win a kingdom by righteousness ; but it was also a noble thing to set righteousness above a kingdom. For it was virtue which rendered the one so famous as to be judged worthy of a kingdom, and virtue, too, which made the other so great as to scorn a kingdom. | In the second place, then, it is granted that, just as musicians tune their lyres, so Lycurgus tightened the strings at Sparta, which he found relaxed with luxury, and Numa loosened the strings at Rome, where the tones were sharp and high ; but the task was more difficult in the case of Lycurgus. For his efforts were to persuade the citizens, not to take off their breast-plates and lay aside their swords, but to cast away gold and silver, and abandon costly couches and tables; not to cease from wars and hold festivals and sacrifices, but to give up feasting and drinking and practise laboriously as soldiers and athletes. Wherefore the one accomplished all his ends by persuasion, through the good-will and honour in which his people held him; but the other had to risk his life and suffer wounds, and scarcely then prevailed. 385 VOL. I. c c PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘ “Hyepos pévrot Kal prravi pwrros 7 tou Nopa podca apos etpnyny exal Sixaroobyny peJappo- capévov Kal KaTaT paivartos 4 ax ara Kat Svamripwv nOav TOUS TOAITaS, et de Kal TO mept tovs Kitwtas dvayKacet TUS Teas els THY Avxovpyov Oéc Gas TOMTELAY, G@ WOT ATO epyov rat Tapavopwrarov, paxp@ tin tov Nopav eddn- VEKWTEPOD ryeyovevar vowobérny prj oper, és ye Kal TOUS @pororynwevous SovAous evyevoe TLMAS érevépas, ev trois Kpovious éotido Oar peta tov SeaTroTav GVA WE [try LEVOUS Cicas. Kal yap TodTo TOV Nopa matpiov év elvat Aéyouow, eri Tas TOV éTnTiWY aTrohavaEts KapTrav TOUS cuvepyous TraparauBavovros. evioe b€ TodTO UTopynya TIS Kpowxis éxeivns icovopias aTmooaleabat pudo- Aoyotauy, @S pndevos SovAou pnde Searrorov, mavrwv &é oUyyevay Kal ¢ tootipev vopclopeveny. II."Odws 6é paivovrar T pos THY avrdpxetav apporepot Kal gappoovny opLotes dryovres Ta TrIOy, Tov Se Gddwov apeTov o pev THY avdpeiav MGAXOv, 0 € THY Stxatoovvny HyaTnKa@s: Ei Ln VT Aia dua THY Drone: pévny TOV TONLTEV PAT OV éxaTépou dvow 7 ouvn dear, ovy opotay oveap, dvojoias der TapacKeviys. OvUTE yap Nopas bud devAiay KaTéhuae TO Tonepely, Grn’ éml Te BY adixetv, ove Avunodpyos els ddiciav KATETKEVATE TOE MLKOUS, GAN’ varép Tod pwn adiKeio Oat. Tas ovy umepBodas apatpoiytes audorepor Kal Tas évdcias avatrAnpobvres TOV UmapxovtTov Tepl TOUS monitas, nvayxdalovTo peydArats yphoOar peta- BoXais. 386 76 COMPARISON OF LYCURGUS AND NUMA Numa’'s muse, however, was gentle and humane, and he converted his people to peace and righteous- ness, and softened their violent and fiery tempers, And if we must ascribe to the administration of Lycurgus the treatment of the Helots, a most savage and lawless practice, we shall own that Numa was far more Hellenic as a lawgiver, since he gave acknowledged slaves a taste of the dignity of freedom, by making it the custom for them to feast in the company of their masters during the Saturnalia.! For this too was one of the institutions of Numa, as we are told, who thereby admitted to the enjoyment of the yearly fruits of the earth those who had helped to produce them. Some, however, fancy that this custom was a reminder of the equality which characterized the famous Saturnian age, when there was neither slave nor master, but all were regarded as kinsmen and equals. II. In general, both alike manifestly strove to lead their peoples to independence and sobriety ; but as regards the other virtues, the one set his affections more on bravery, the other on righteousness ; unless, indeed, the different natures or usages on which the government of each was based required different provisions. For it was not out of cowardice that Numa put a stop to the waging of war, but to prevent the commission of injustice ; neither was it to promote the commission of injustice that Lycurgus made his people warlike, but that they might not suffer injustice. Accordingly, in removing the ex- cesses and supplying the deficiencies of their citizens, both were forced to make great innovations. 1 A mid-winter harvest festival in honour of Saturnus. 387 cc 2 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kad pny tis te Ssaradkews wal ris Svatpéocews TOV TOATEULAGTWY OYALKH pey aKpaTwWS 1) TOU Nowa cal Oeparevtixnn tov awdOous, éx ypvao- Yowv cal avdANT@Y Kal oKVTOTOMOY CUMpLYH TLVa Kal TaptroiKtXov atodaivoytos Shuov, avotnpa 5é 4 Avxovpyetos Kat adpiotoxpatinn, Tas ev Bavavoous atroxabaipovoa réyvas eis olxeTav Kal HeToixwy yeipas avtovs dé Tovs troAitas eis THY dotiéa kal td Sopy auvdyouca, Todémou yetpo- téyvas xal Oepdrovras “Apews dvtas, ddXo Se ovdev eiddTas ovdée pereT@vTas 4 TeiOecOat Tots apxovet Kal Kpareiy tay Trodepiov. Ovdée ya yenpatilerOar trois édevOépors eEjv, a édev- Gepo. wavteda@s kal xa0drak wow, adr’ hy 7H Tepl Ta Kpnpata KatacKevn Sedopévn Sovdrots kal Eiiwow, dowep 7 wept TO Setrvoy nal dro Ssaxovia. Nopads dé€ ovdéy Stéxpive Ttotovror, GANA Tas pev oTpaTiwTixas Eravce Treovetias, Tov 5é GAAov ovK exddrAUTE KpNnpaTLa LOY, Ove TTY TotavTny KaTecTopecey avwopartav, ddAdgAa Kal TOUT Mpoigvar pmexXpt TravTos epHKe, Kal Trevias Tors aOpolouevns kal wUioppeovans «is THY mod nuéernae, Séov evOds ev apxy, pwndéTo TOAAHS pyoe peyaAns avicoTnTos ovaNS, GAN Erte trois Biow opardav Kxal mapatAnciwv svrwr, évoThvas mpos Thy TreoveEiav, WaTep AuKodpryos, kal purdtacbar tas at’ aitis BrAdBas, od puxpas yevouévas, GAAA ToV mreioTov Kal peyiotey Kakov, doa ovvnvéxOn, orréppa Kal apyny tapa- ayovcas. o dé THS YRS avadacpos ovTEe TOY Avxoipyov, éuol Soxetv, motel vpextov yevopevos ote tov Nopay pry yevoyevos. TE pev yap pay 388 COMPARISON OF LYCURGUS AND NUMA And surely, as regards the arrangement and classification of the citizens under their respective governments, Numa’s was strongly popular and inclined to favour the masses, resulting in a pro- miscuous and variegated commonalty of goldsmiths, mausicians, and leather-workers ; but that of Lycurgus was rigid and aristocratic, relegating the mechanical arts into the hands of slaves and aliens, but confining the citizens themselves to the use of the shield and the spear, so that they were artificers of war and servants of Ares, but knew and cared for nothing else than to obey their commanders and master their enemies. For freemen were not even permitted to transact business, that they might be entirely and forever free, but the whole apparatus of business was turned over to slaves and Helots, just like the pre- paration and serving of their meals. Numa, on the contrary, made no such distinctions, but, while he put a stop to military rapacity, he prohibited no other gainful occupation. Nor did he reduce the great inequalities resulting therefrom, but left the acquisition of wealth wholly unrestricted, and paid no attention to the great increase of poverty and its gradual influx into the city. And yet it was his duty at the very outset, while as yet there was no general or great disparity of means, but people still lived on much the same plane, to make a stand against rapacity, as Lycurgus did, and take measures of precaution against its mischiefs ; for these were not trifling, but furnished the seed and source of the most and greatest evils of after times. But as regards the redistribution of the land, Lycurgus, in my opinion, is not to be censured for making it, nor Numa for not making it. In the one case, the re- 389 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kai Kpnrida tis TwoALTelas 4 icoTns adtn Tap- éaxe, Tov 5& mpooddrov THs KANpovyias ovans ovdey Hrreyey GANov éuParew avadacpov ovdé Kively THY TPWTNVY vé“uNnoLVY, wS EiKOS éoTL, KaTA yapav pévovaav. III. Tijs 5é rept rods ydpous cal ras Texvocess Kotvwvias TO abnrétuTov opOas Kal trodTLKaS éutrotobytes audotepot toils avdpdow ov Kata wav els toto auvnvéyOncayv, addr’ 0 “Pwpaios pev dvnp ixavas éxwv tratdotpodias, vp’ érépou dé meicbels Seouévov téxvwv, é&ictato Tis yuvarros, éxdoc0ar = xal petexdoc0ar KUpLos UTdpxor, o be Adxov, olxot Ths yuvatKos ovons Tap auT@ Kal TOU Yyapmou pEvOVTOS ert trav é& apxis uxaiwv, petedioov TO mreloavTe This Kolvwvias Eels TéXVWOLD. Todol 86, domep elpntalt, Kal mapaxadovytes etonyov é& av av édoxouy padora maidas everdeis xal dryabovs ryevéa ar. tis ody 7 Stdxprots Tav eOtoperv; jj TavTa pep laxupa kal axpatos amdbea pos yapeTny Kal 7a TapdatrovTa kal KatakatovTa CnroTuTiats Tovs ToAAOUs, exelva dé damep alaxuvopern atudia TUS, TapaxdAvAuppa THY ey- yunv epednopmeéry al To Svacxaptépnrov éEopmo- oryouuevn THS Kovevias ; "Ere 6€ waddov 1) teph Tas map8évous pudacn Katéatarrat T@ Nopa Tos TO Ofy Kat Koa jt0v" " 8€ TOU Avxoupyou TavTaTaciw avamentapéevn Kal aOnrus ovoa Tois TounTais eyov Taper xX nKe. daivounpldas te yap avtas amoxanovaw, os 390 COMPARISON OF LYCURGUS AND NUMA sulting equality was the foundation and base of his polity ; but in the other, since the allotment of lands was recent, there was no urgent reason for introduc- ing another division, or for disturbing the first assign- ment, which probably was still in force. > III. With regard to community in marriage and parentage, though both, by a sound policy, inculcated in husbands a freedom from selfish jealousy, still, their methods were not entirely alike. The Roman husband, if he had a sufficient number of children to rear, and another, who lacked children, could per- suade him to the step, relinquished his wife to him, having the power of surrendering her entirely, or only for a season ; but the Spartan, while his wife remained in his house, and the marriage retained its original rights and obligations, might allow any one who gained his consent to share his wife for the purpose of getting children by her.. And many husbands, as we have said,! would actually invite into their homes men whom they thought most likely to procure them handsome and noble children. What, then, is the difference between the two customs? We may say, perhaps, that the Spartan implies a complete indiffer- ence to the wife, and to the jealous emotions which confound and consume the hearts of most men; while the Roman, as if with shame-faced modesty, makes a veil of the new betrothal, and concedes that community of wives is really insupportable. Still further, Numa’s watchful care of young maidens was more conducive to feminine decorum ; but the treatment of them by Lycurgus, being entirely unconfined and unfeminine, has given oc- casion to the poets. They call them “ phainomerides,”’ 1 Lycurgus,. xv. 7. 391 PLUTARCH’S LIVES “TBuxos, cal avdpopavets Notdopodow, ws Evpt- midns, Néyou" Al ovv véotow éEepnpuodcry' Sopovs yupvotot pnpots Kal TémAOLS avEtpevous. A aA n al J 4 7T@ yap vTt TOU TapHEVLKOD YLT@VOS ai TwTépuyes 77 > 4 4 2 > 9 , OUK Roay cuveppappévar KaTwbev, GAN aveTTTUC- govto Kal cuvaveyvpvovv Srov év te BadbiCev 4 Tov pnpov. Kal cadhéotata TO yivopeooy elpnKe Lodoxrs ev Tovtoss’ Kal tav véoptov, as ér’ doroXos yuT@v Oupaiov appt -enpov aTvaceTat, Epusovar. 5 610 xal Opacvtepar AéyovTat yevéoOat Kal mpos avtTovs mpwtoyv dvdpwdes. tors avdpas, are 87 TOV pev OikwY apYovoat Kata Kparos, év Sé Tois Snmocios mpaypact Kal yvauns petadrapBavov- gat Kal Tappncias mept Tav peyiotwr. o dé Nowas tais yapetais to pev akiopa cal rip- Tiny éTnpnae Tpos Tovs avdpas, hv elyov dro € i , \ e 4 Qa Pwptrov Oeparrevopevas Sa THY aprayny, aida dé todd éeréctncev avtais Kal TodvT payyoou- ynv ageire xalyndew edidake cai ctwray ciOicen, ” \ > , \ 4 -f A olvov péev atrexouevas TO Taptav, Aoy@ S€ pndé e le) ? , bd ‘ ¥ imép Tov advayxaiwy avdpos advev ypwpévas. 6 Aéyeras yobv ote yuvatKkos eitrovans Sixny idiay éy ayopa téuyar thy avyKAnTov ets Oeod, rruv- 1 eepnuovorw adapted from étepnuotoa (leaving their homes). 392 COMPARISON OF LYCURGUS AND NUMA hare-thighed (so Ibycus), and revile them as mad after men. Thus Euripides says ! :— “ They leave their homes to mingle with the youths ; Their thighs are naked, flying free their robes.” For in fact the flaps of the tunic worn by their maidens were not sewn together below the waist, but would fly back and lay bare the whole thigh as they walked. popnoces pictures the thing very clearly in these words ? : « And that young maid, whose tunic, still unsewn, Lays bare her gleaming thigh Between its folds, Hermione.” And so their women, it is said, were too bold, putting on men’s airs with their husbands even, to begin with, since they ruled their houses absolutely, and besides, on public occasions, taking part in de- bate and the freest speech on the most important subjects. But Numa, while carefully preserving to the matrons that dignified and honourable relation to their husbands which was bestowed on them by Romulus,’ when he tried by kindly usage to efface the memory of the violence done them, nevertheless enjoined great modesty upon them, forbade them all busy intermeddling, taught them sobriety, and accustomed them to be silent ; wine they were to re- frain from entirely, and were not to speak, even on the most necessary topics, unless their husbands were with them. At any rate, it is said that when a woman once pleaded her own cause in the forum, the senate sent to inquire of an oracle what the event might 1 Andromache, 587 f. raeaaae slightly adapted. 2 Fragment 788 (Nauck). f. Romulus, xix. 6. 393 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Javopévny tivos dpa Th ode onpetor ein TO yeyE- ynpévov. kal rhs adds evrreOcias Kal mpadtynTOsS AUTOV MéyA TEKUNPLOY ) LYNN TOV YELPOVOY. WS yap wap npiv ot toropixol ypddovat tovs mpe- Tous % povov éudvrov épyacapévous 7 Todeun- cavras adedpols 7 TaTpos avToYepas 7} pNTpOS 7 yevopévous, ottw “Pwpaior pvnpovevovow st Tp@Tos pev aretéurparo yuvaixa Yropios Kap- / Q e , , ¥ , Birtos, peta tiv Papyns xtiow éreot TpidxovTa kal Staxoaiors ovdevos ToLovTOU yeyovoTos, TPATH dé yuvn [lwaplov @araia rotvopa SinvéyOn mpos e ¢ a , / éxupav avtTas Teyaviay Tapxvviov ZovrépBov Bactrevovtos. oftw Karas Kal Koopiws TeTay- péva TA TOY ydpwv hv VTO TOD vouobérou. IV. Ty 5 GAAn tav TrapPévwr aywyn Kal Ta mepl tas éxddcets Ouoroyel, ToD pev Auxovpyou mwemeipous Kal opywoas vupdevorTos, OTws H TE e 4 / 4 A , / 9 opria, Seopévns dn THS PioEews, YapiTos 7 kal didias apyn paddrov H picovs cal poBov mapa dvow Bialopévwr, cal Ta copata popny 4 \ \ \ / ’ \ 2 Qa éyn mpos TO Tas KUnTELS avahépery Kal Tas w6i- e > 3 2Q\ yw / \ “ vas, ws én ovdev GAO yapoupevovy 7) TO THs Texvacews Epyov, TaV 5é ‘Pwpyatwy Swdexaetets cad vewrépas éxdiSdvtTwy: otto yap av uddioTa kal 76 c@pa Kal To 7005 KaBapov Kal GOtKTOv eri 270 yapnobvte yiverOar. SHrov ovv Ste TO pey 394 ™~ COMPARISON OF LYCURGUS AND NUMA portend for the city. And for their usual gentle- ness and readiness to obey, there is strong evidence in the specific mention made of those who were less amenable. For just as our Greek historians record the names of those who first slew kinsfolk, or made war on their brothers, or were parricides, or matricides, so the Romans make record of the fact that Spurius Carvilius was the first to divorce his wife, two hundred and thirty years after the founding of Rome, ' there being no precedent for it; also that the wife of Pinarius, Thalaea by name, was the first woman to quarrel with her own mother-in-law, Gegania, in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus. In such fitting and proper manner were marriages regulated by their lawgiver. IV. Further, the practice of the two peoples in the matter of giving their young maids in marriage conforms to their education of them in general. Lycurgus made them brides only when they were fully ripe and eager for it, in order that intercourse with a husband, coming at a time when nature craved it, might produce a kindly love, instead of the timorous hate that follows unnatural compulsion ; also that their bodies might be vigorous enough to en- dure the strain of conception and child-birth, con- vinced as he was that marriage had no other end than the production of children. The Romans, on the other hand, gave their maidens in marriage when they were twelve years old, or even younger. In this way more than any other, it was thought, both their bodies and their dispositions would be pure and undefiled when their husbands took control of them. It is clear, therefore, that one practice regarded nature more, with children in view; the other re- 395 PLUTARCH’S LIVES puotcw@repov mpos Tékvwciw, TO 8é al ™pos oupBiwaty. "AdAG pn éemictaciats Te Taidwy Kal cuvarye- a“ f Aacpois Kal Tradaywyiats Kal Kotvwviats, Tepi TE Seirva Kal yupvdow Kal Tatdsas avTov éupenrei- A 4 ais Kat dtaxoopnoeow, ovdév TL TOD MpooTUXOVTOS / V4 \ . A € “ vonobétov BeAtiova tov Nopav o Aveodpryos amodeixvucty, éml tais. Tov Tatépwy trounad- pevov émiOvpiars 7) yYpelars Tas TOY véwy ayo- yas, elte tus épyatnyv ys BovNoto Tovey Tov eN ¥ N aA f 4 A > 4 uiov cite vauTTnyou 7) YadKéa SiddoKew 7 avANTHD, a b] \ a / 3 + b] > a @oTTep OV pos Ev Tédos Odeldovtas éEF apy7s Ww \ f a ” ? > ayesOar xai ovvettiatpépecar tois HOecww, GAX olov ets vabv émiBdtas Erepov é& érépas AKovta Npelas Kal mpoatpécews ev Tois KivduvoLs povov go8@ tov idiov cuvictacOat mpos TO KoLvor, v7 \ N > e_eN “ 4 dAdAws 5€ TO Kal’ avTov cKoTrety Exactoy. Kal a \ n > ¥ > a , TOUS pev TONAOIS OVK aktoy éyxareiy vopobéTats édNeltrovow 7H dv’ ayvorav } OV acOéverav- avSpl 5é cop@ Bacireiav waparaBovts Sypov vewarl cuvoTapévov Kal mpos pndey avtuTetvovtos, Tept Ti TPWTOV! Hv aTrovddcat TpoaHKov } Traidwv éx- \ \ , v e A 4 A Tpopny Kai véwv aoxnoty, Stews pn Stadpopoe pnde Tapaywdets yévowTo Tois HOecw, ANN eis & tt A fo! , Kowov apeThs iyvos evOds && apyis wraTTOpEvot \ 4 , > s a QA ld Kal TuToupevor cupPaivotey GNAHXOLS; O 87 TpOS \ a \ / , ] , A TE TA ANAA Kal GwWTHpPlay vopnwv wpedrynoe TOV A e a“ 4 Avxodpyov. xpos yap hv 0 TaY 6pxwv hoBos, eb 1 wp@rov Bekker corrects to xpérepoy. 396 78 COMPARISON OF LYCURGUS AND NUMA garded more the formation of character, with married life in view. But surely, by his careful attention to boys, by their collection into companies, their discipline and constant association, and by his painstaking arrange- ments for their meals and bodily exercise and sports, Lycurgus proves that Numa was no more than an ordinary lawgiver. For Numa left the bringing up of youths to, the wishes or necessities of their fathers. A father might, if he wished, make his son a tiller of the soil, or a shipwright, or might teach him to be a smith or a flute-player, as if it were not important that all of them should be trained with one and the same end in view from the outset, and have their dispositions formed alike; but rather as if they were like passengers on a ship, each coming with a different object and purpose, and each therefore uniting with the rest for the common good only in times of peril, through fear of private loss, but otherwise consulting only his own _ interests. Now, it is not worth while to censure the common run of legislators, who fail through ignorance or weakness. But when a wise man had consented to be king over a people newly constituted and pliant to his every wish, what should have been his first care, unless it was the rearing of boys and the training of youths so that there might be no con- fusing differences in their characters, but that they might be moulded and fashioned from the very outset so as to walk harmoniously together in the same path of virtue? This, indeed, was what helped Lycurgus to secure, among other things, the stability and permanence of his laws. The Spartans touk oaths to maintain these laws, it is true, but 397 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ P \ aA 6 , t fol > fol z ‘y £5 1 pn d1a THS TaLdeias Kal THs aywyhs olov avédevce A a 4 Tots HOeot THY TALSwY TOUS VOpOUS, Kal TUV@KELWCE aA A A A , Th TpopH Tov Cnrov THs TONTELAS, MOTE TEVTAKO- ciwy é€TOV THEW Ypovoy TA KUpLwTaTa Kal aA A , 4 n péylota Stapetvar THs vopoOecias, waoTrep Badis A , ° axpatovu Kal ioxyupas Kcabawapévns. N A be ed 5 f aA , > oa O€ OTep Hv TéXOS THS TodtTElas, ev > , ld \ e , e , > A etpnvyn Kal dirla tHv “Pauny vrapyev, evOds \ , ouvebédiTre’ Kal peTa THV TEXEUTHY ExEivoU TOV ’ , “A appiOupov oixov, dv KexXeropévov avTos cuvetyer, WoTEP OVTWS Ev AUT@ TUacEevwr KabetpypévoV TOV Todenov, €& audotépwv dvaTreTdaavTes aipatos \ A \ b] , > / Or Kal vexpav tnv Itadtav evéerrdnoav: Kal ovdé I~ 7 , e / \ / s OMyov ypovoy 7 KadXrLoTH Kal SiKaLoTdTn KaTa- aTacts éuewev, &te dn Kal TO cuvdeTixoy ev avTh, THY TALoelay, OVK EXoUCA. 99 “Ti obv, pynoe tis, “oun emi tro BédXtLOv 4 ‘Pawn pone Tots ToNEuLKOIS ;” épwray épernua paxpas atroxpicews Seduevoy impos avOparrous \ Ber > x 4 \ eo] \ e 4 70 Bédtiov év TrAOUT@ Kal TpUpH Kat Wpyepovia aA “A \ fal PaAXovy 7} ocwTnpia Kal TpaoTHT. Kat TH peta , “a oN Sixaroovvns avtapKeta Tiepévous. ov pny adrG \ A 7 /, a \ kat tovto Avxovpym ov Soket BonOeiv, ro “Pwpaious péev thv él Nowa xatdotacw é€anrra- Eavtas émidodvat Tois mpayyace tocovTov, Aaxe- Saipoviovs b€ dua Te wpatov éexBhnvar Thy Avxovpyouv diataki, é« peyiotwv tatretvoTdrous 4 ‘ lal e , e 4 3 yevéoOat kal tHhv tav “EXXAnveY nyepoviay atro- 1 avéSevoe Bekker adopts Reiske’s correction to évédeuce. 398 COMPARISON OF LYCURGUS AND NUMA this would have availed little had he not, by means of his training and education of the boys, infused his laws, as it were, into their characters, and made the emulous love of his government an integral part of their rearing. The result was that for more than five hundred years the sovereign and fundamental features of his legislation remained in force, like a strong and penetrating dye. But that which was the end and aim of Numa’s government, namely, the continuance of peace and friendship between Rome and other nations, straight- way vanished from the earth with him. After his death the double doors of the temple! which he had kept continuously closed, as if he really had war caged- and confined there, were thrown wide open, and Italy was filled with the Blood of the slain. Thus not even for a little time did the beautiful edifice of justice which he had reared remain stand- ing, because it lacked the cement of education. “What, then!’’ some one will say, “was not Rome advanced and bettered by her wars?” That is a question which will need a long answer, if I am to satisfy men who hold that betterment consists in wealth, luxury and empire, rather than in safety, gentleness, and that independence which is attended by righteousness. However, it will be thought, I suppose, to favour the superior claims of Lycurgus, that, whereas the Romans increased in power as they did after abandoning the institutions of Numa’s time, the Lacedaemonians, on the other hand, just as soon as they forsook the precepts of Lycurgus, sank from the highest to the lowest place, lost their supremacy over the Greeks, and were in danger of 1 Cf. Numa, xx. 1. 399 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Badovtas xivduvedcat wepi dvactdcews. éxeivo pévtoe TO Nowa péya xal Oeiov ws arOas e 4 \ f 4 A imapxel, To Eévp te petaréumrrTm yevécOat Kai mwavra TrevOot petaRanreiv, Kal KpaTHoat TroAEws bd 4 , a 4 , ovT@ oupTeTrVvevKUiAas, unTE GTA@Y SenOévTa pHTE , / e A ? “N A = \ Bias tevos, ws Auxotpyos émt Tov Shpov Hye Tous dpiotous, addAa aodia Kal Sixatocvvn mdvtas 4 mTpocayayouevov Kal cuvappocavta. 400 COMPARISON OF LYCURGUS AND NUMA utter destruction. Nevertheless, this remains a great feature in Numa’s career, and one really divine, that he was a stranger, and yet was summoned to the throne, where he changed the whole nature of the state by force of persuasion alone, and mastered a city which was not yet in sympathy with his views ; and that he accomplished this without appeal to arms or any violence (unlike Lycurgus, who led the nobles in arms against the commons), but by his wisdom and justice won the hearts of al] the citizens and brought them into harmony. 401 VOL. 1. DD Digitized by Google SOLON bp D 2 ZOAQN I. Aidvpos 0 ypapparcos év TH jept Tov akovwv TV YoOAWVOS avtiypadh T pos ‘Agkhared- onv PrroKr€ous Tivos TEOELKE heEw, év % Tov LorAwva TaTpds Evgopiovos aTropaives Tapa Tip TV aAXOV d0fay, dooL pépynvrae LorAwvos. "EEncearidou yap avtov amayres oparas ryeryo- vévat héeyouow, av6pos ovcig MeV, Os, pace, cal Suvdper _Héoov TOV TouTaVv, oixlas 5é TPATNS Kara, yevos" ny yap Kodpiéys avexabev. Thy dé pntépa Tov YoAwvos ‘Hpaxdeidns 0 Tlovtixos ta Topet TAS Tetovotparou pT pos aveyriay ye- veo Sau. Kal g@iria TO TPw@ToV my autois TON] pev da THY Tuy yEvEray, Torn de dua THY 79 evuiay kal @pav, ws évtot pac, EPWTLKAS TOV Tetciotpatov aamatopevov TOU Lohwvos. 50 ev UaTepon, OS EouKen, els Svadopav aura év TH ToNTEia KATAGTAYTOV ovdév iverywev n &9pa oKdmpov ovo dry prov ma0os, ada Trapépervev éxelva Ta Sixaca Tais uyais, cal rapepvrate, Tudopeva Aiov trupos ért S@oav droya, THY epeorucny prjuny Kal Xap. Ste 5é pos Tous KaXous ovK Hy exupos O Lowy oud "Epore Ga paréos “ avravactiva: TUKTHS Ores és yYetpas, | 1 “Epwrt pév vuv Sorts avtavloraras wbnrns dws és xeipas, ob KarAds ppove’l. (Sophocles, Trachtiniae, 441 f.) 404 SOLON I. Dipymus the grammarian, in his reply to Asclepiades on Solon’s tables of law, mentions a remark of one Philocles, in which it is stated that Solon’s father was Euphorion, contrary to the opinion of all others who have written about Solon. For they all unite in saying that he was a son of Execestides, a man of moderate wealth and influence in the city, but a member of its foremost family, being descended from Codrus. Solon’s mother, according to Heracleides Ponticus, was a cousin of the mother of Peisistratus. And the two men were at first great friends, largely because of their kinship, and largely because of the youthful beauty of Peisistratus, with whom, as some say, Solon was passionately in love. And this may be the reason why, in later years, when they were at variance about matters of state, their enmity did not bring with it any harsh or savage feelings, but their former amenities lingered in their spirits, and preserved there, ‘smouldering with a lingering flame of Zeus-sent fire,” 1 the grateful memory of their love. And that Solon was not proof against beauty in a youth, and made not so bold with Love as “to confront him like a boxer, hand to hand,’ may be inferred from his 1 Euripides, Bacchae, 8. 405 PLUTARCH’S LIVES exe TE TOV ToinudTwv avTov AaBeiv Ear, Kal vopov eypare Staryopevovta SotAov un Enparor- deiy pndé tradepacteiv, eis THY TOV KAaXOV pepida Kal ceuvav émitndevydtwrv tiOéwevos TO Tpaypa, Kal TpoTrov Twa TOs akious mpoKanov- 4 pevos Ov Tors avakiovs amndavuye. Reyetar dé cat Ileeciatparos épactns Xdppou yevécOar, cat TO ayadpa tov "Epwros év “Axadnueia xabee- pacar, Stov TO TWUp dvatrTovaw ot THY lepay Naprdada dcabéovres. II. ‘O & oby Yorwv tv ovciav tov watpos éXaTrw@cavtos cis piiavipwrias Twds, Os Pnow "Eppcrimos, kal ydpitas, ovx dv amopnocas Tov Bovropévwv érrapxeiv, aidovpevos S¢ NauRaveww map érépwv é& oixias yeyovas eiOccpévns érépors Bonbeiv, dpunce véos dv ere mpos éptropiav. KatTou aay éviou troAvuTrerpias Evexa parrAov Kal iatoplas } ypnpatiopod TAaVvNnOAVaL TOV LorwVva. 2 aopias pév yap mv oporoyoupévas epactys, 6s ye kal mpecButepos wy Edeye “ynpdaoKev aiel TOAAG SiOacKopevos’ | wAovTov 8 ovn Oavpater, ANNA Kal Pnowv dpoiws WrovTEiv @ Te® aronvs apyupds éott kal pean Kab ys Tupop opov media larrou @ nytovoi Te, Kal @ ova TadTa wWapeoTt, yaoTpt Te Kal TEUpH Kal Troclv dBpa Tabeip, Tasos T HOE yUVALKOS, ErHY Kal TAUT abixnrat, Bn, cvv & apn yivetat appodia. : a pea 8’ aie) woAAG Sidacxduevos. Fragment 18 (Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Gr. ii.* p. 47). 3%lodv rot xAovrovow Srp wodds Upyupds ori, K.7.A., Fragment 24 (Bergk), verses 1-6. 406 SOLON poems. He also wrote a law forbidding a slave to practise gymnastics or have a boy lover, thus putting the matter in the category of honourable and dignified practices, and in a way inciting the worthy to that which he forbade the unworthy. And it is said that Peisistratus also had a boy lover, Charmus, and that he dedicated the statue of Love in the Academy, where the runners in the sacred torch race light their torches. II. Solon, then, after his father had impaired his estate in sundry benevolent charities, as Hermippus tells us, might have found friends enough who were willing to aid him. But he was ashamed to take from others, since he belonged to a family which had always helped others, aud therefore, while still a young man, embarked in commerce. And yet some say that he travelled to get experience and learning rather than to make money. For he was admittedly a lover of wisdom, since even when he was well on in years he would say that he “ grew old ever learning many things’; and he was not an admirer of wealth, but actually says that two men are alike wealthy of whom one “much silver hath, And gold, and wide domains of wheat-bearing soil, Horses and mules; while to the other only enough belongs | To give him comfort of food, and clothes, and shoes, Enjoyment of child and blooming wife, when these too come, And only years commensurate therewith are his.” 407 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 GAN évépwbe Aéyer: Xpryata & ipeipw pev yew, adixws 5é se- macbar oux €BéXw: Tavtws datepov HAGE Sinn. xkwrver 5é ovdév TOV ayaboy Kal ToNTLKOY avipa UATE TOV TepliTTaV THY KTHoW éy oToVdn Ti- OecOar pnte THS xpelas TaVY avayKxaiwy Kal ixavav Katadpoveiv. év Sé tois tote ypovols, kal ‘Haiodov, Epyov ovdév jv dvetdsos, obs TéXVN Stadhopav epepev, eurropia dé nal dofav elyev oixecoupévn Ta BapBapixd xal mpokevodca du- Alas Bactiéwv cal tpaypdtoyv éumetpous troLov- 4 ca ToAKoV. évior Sé Kal ToXEwY olxictal ye- yovact peyarov, as cal Maccarias paris umo KeAtav tev mept tov ‘Podavoy ayarnbeis. kat @arjy Sé daa europa xpycacbar Kai ‘Immoxpatny tov paOnpatexov, cal TIAdtam ths atroénpias épodsov éXaiou Tivos év Aiyirr@ b:d- Deaw yevécOar. III. To 3 ody evddravov 76 Yorwv Kal wypov mpos THY Siattay, Kal Td hoptiKw@Tepov 7 didoco- hwotepov év Tois Tounpact Scatucobai qepl TaDV nOovav, Tov éumopiKoy olovtat Biov mpoate- TpipOat: modrgovs yap exovta xivdvvous Kal peyadous avTatatety madwv evtTradelas Tivas Kal 2 amodavoas. Str 8 abtov évy TH THY TevnToD pepid. paddov Th TaV TAOVaiwY éraTTe, SHAGY éotiy éx TOUTMV IIorAol yap wAOUTEDOL KaKoi, dyabol Sé 7é- vovTat' GX Hueis avtots ov Siaperropucla — 408 SOLON However, in another place he says :—+ ‘Wealth I desire to have; but wrongfully to get it, I do not wish. Justice, even if slow, is sure.” And there is no reason why a good statesman should either set his heart too much on the acquisition of superfluous wealth, or despise unduly the use of what is necessary and convenient. In those earlier times, to use the words of Hesiod,? “ work was ino disgrace,’ nor did a trade bring with it social inferi- ority, and the calling ofa merchant was actually held in honour, since it gave him familiarity with foreign parts, friendships with foreign kings, and a large experience in affairs. Some merchants were actually founders of great cities, as Protis, who was beloved by the Gauls along the Rhone, was of Marseilles. Thales is said to have engaged in trade, as well as Hippocrates the mathematician ; and Plato defrayed’ the expenses of his sojourn there by the sale of oil in Egypt. III. Accordingly, if Solon’s way of living was expensive and profuse, and if, in his poems, he speaks of pleasure with more freedom than becomes a philosopher, this is thought to be due to his mercantile life; he encountered many and great dangers, and sought his reward therefor in sundry luxuries and enjoyments. But that he classed himself among the poor rather than the rich, is clear from these verses :—* _ “ For often evil men are rich, and good men poor ; But we will not exchange with them 1 Fragment 13 (Bergk), verses 7 f. 2 Works and Days, 311. 3 Fragment 15 (Bergk). 409 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THS aGpeTns Tov TwAODTOV: émel TO pev Eutredov alei, ypnuata 5 avOpwrwv addoTe AdNos ExeL. TH S€ trounce. Kat apyds pey eis ovdév dkvov aovons, adda Tailwy éowxe tmporxpnaacbar Kal tjapdywv éavtov év Te ayoralew DoTepov dé Kal yuoopas evérewe gdtdocdpous xal Tar TOALTLK@Y TOAAG GuyKaTémAEKe TOLS Trotnacty, ovy loropias &vexev Kal pvnuns, aA atroroyt- MOVs Te TOV TETTpAayLevwY EXovTa Kal TpoTpo- Tas éviaxod Kal vovOecias kal émumrdn ers mpos tovs "A@nvaiovs. vor Sé daciv Ste Kat Tors vomous émexeipnoey evteivas eis eros eEeverxety, Kai Stapynuovevovaor THY apyny oUTws Exoucay: Tlpara peév edyapecOa Ait Kpovién Bacirji Oecpois toicde TUyny dyabnv Kal Kidos omde- oat. Pirocodias 5é Tod HOtKod pddtoTa TO TOALTL- OV, BOTWEP OF TWAELTTOL THY. COPOV, HyaTIGEV. év 6€ Tois huatKois aTAovs dott ALay Kal apyaios, w@s OnXov éx ToUTwWY "Ex vedérns mérerat xeovos pévos nde yardlns: Bpovrn & éx Naprpas yiverar doreporijs. é& dvéuwv 5 Odracoa tapaccerat: hy S€é tes QvTny | Bn KWH, TavT@v éotl SixacoTaTn. Kal Orws eotxey } @drsw povov aodia Tore Tepartépw THS xXpelas éfixécOas TH Oewpig’ Tots 410 80 SOLON Our virtue for their wealth, since one abides alway, While riches change their owners every day.” And he seems to have composed his poetry at first with no serious end in view, but as amusement and diversion in his hours of leisure. Then later, he put philosophic maxims into verse, and interwove many political teachings in his poems, not simply to record and transmit them, but because they contained justifications of his acts, and sometimes exhortations, admonitions, and rebukes for the Athenians. Some say, too, that he attempted to reduce his laws to heroic verse before he published them, and they give us this introduction to them :— ‘First let us offer prayers to Zeus, the royal son of Cronus, That he may give these laws of ours success and fame.” ! In philosophy, he cultivated chiefly the domain of political ethics, like most of the wise men of the time; and in physics, he is very simple and anti- quated, as is clear from the following verses :— ‘From clouds come sweeping snow and hail, And thunder follows on the lightning’s flash. By winds the sea is lashed to storm, but if it be Unvexed, it is of all things most amenable.” 2 And in general, it would seem that Thales was the only wise man of the time who carried his speculations beyond the realm of the practical ; the 1 Fragment 31 (Bergk). 2 Fragment 9, verses 1-2; and fragment 12 (Bergk). AII PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé GNAOLS AITO THS TOMTLKAS apEeTHS TOUVOMA THS copias umnpee. IV. TevécOar 58 pet’ aXdrjdAwv & te Aeddois opod AéyovTas Kal mdduv ev KopivO@, Iepedvdpou aUANOYOY Tia KOLVOY avTaY Kal cULTocLOY KatacKkevdcavtos. étt dé paddop eis akiwpa Kal dofav avtovs Katéatncev 4 TOU TpiTrodos Trepiodos kal 51a Tavtwv avaxvKrnots Kal avOvrreEts pet’ evpevelas piroTipouv yevouéevn. Kgwv ydp, os gact, catayovtwy caynyny, cal Edvov éx Mery- \ , v \ v Tov mptapévwv Tov Borov ova davepoy dvta, Npucods épavn Tpitrovs Edxopevos, Sy AéyouaLY ‘EXévnv mréovcav éx Tpolas avtoO: Kxadeivar Npnood Tos avayvnoOeicay Tadaov. yevo- pévns 8€ tots E€vous mpa@tov dvtidoyias Tpos TOUS ddiéas wept tov Tpitrodos, elta TaY ToAEwY » \ 4 avabdcEapévwv thv Stapopav aype toXéwou Tpo- erOodcay, avetreyv audortépas 7) Uv0la te codw- TaTw Tov Tpitoba atrodobyva. Kal mpa@Tov pév b) 4 \ A > I. e 4 ameotaAn mpos @aryv eis MidAnrov, éxovotws tov Kody évi Swpoupévwy éxetym tmept od mpos admavtas o“ov MiAnacious érrovtéunoayv. Odrew 5é Biavta copatepoyv atrodalyvovtos avtod mpos 2 a >» , > @ ’ , \ exetvov Kev’ am éxeivou 8 avOus atreaTtaXn pos wv e , 9 oN bd G\XNov ws copwtepov. Elta Teptiov Kal dava- 4 (4 > fo) \ 4 J , Teutropevos oUTws él @arjv to Sevrepov adi- , ? , > , \ KeTO, Kal TéXos eis @nBas é« Murnrov Kromwoels a? 4 > / 4 T@ 'Iopnvip Amod\d\wv xarepoOn. 412 SOLON rest! got the name of wisdom from their excellence as statesmen. IV. They are all said to have met together at Delphi, and again in Corinth, where Periander arranged something like a joint conference for. them, and a banquet. But what contributed still more to their honour and fame was the circuit which the tripod made among them, its passing round through all their hands, and their mutual declination of it, with generous expressions of good will. Some Coans, as the story goes, were dragging in a net, and some strangers from Miletus bought the catch as yet unseen. It proved to contain a golden tripod which Helen, on her voyage from Troy, is said to have thrown in there, when she called to mind a certain ancient oracle. First the strangers had a dispute with the fishermen about the tripod, and then their cities took up the quarrel and went at last to war, whereupon the Pythian priestess of Apollo told both parties in an oracle that the tripod must be given to the wisest man. So in the first place it was sent to Thales at Miletus, the Coans willingly bestowing upon him alone that for which they had waged war against all the Milesians together. But Thales declared that Bias was a wiser man than he, and the tripod was sent to Bias. From Bias, in his turn, it was dispatched to another, as wiser than he. So it went the rounds and was sent away by each in turn, until at last it came to Thales for the second time. Finally, it was carried from Miletus to Thebes and dedicated to Ismenian Apollo. 1 The names usually given in the list of the Seven Wise Men are: Bias of Priene, Chilon of Sparta, Cleobulus of Lindus, Periander of Corinth, Pittacus of Mitylene, Solon of Athens, and Thales of Miletus. See chapter xii. 4. 413 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES @codpactos 5€ dyot, mpa@tov pev eis Upinvny Biavte tov tpitroda treuhOjvat, Sedtepov 8 eis MiAntov @aryq Biavtos aroréupavtos: ottTw dé da wWavtwv wad eis Biavra weptedOetv, TéXOs Se eis AeAdhovs atrootadjvar. tadta pev ovv bd TreLovav TEOpvANTAL, TAHY StL TO S@pov avtl Tod Tpimobos ot pev pidrAnv Vro Kpoicou reupOeicar, of 5é mornptov BaOuxdéous atroduTrovtos eivas Néyou tv. V. "I8ia 8 "Avaydpoews te pds Yorwva Kal madwv @drew auvovciav twa Kal oyous ava- ypadovar TOLoUTOUS. ‘Avdyapory Mev ets "AOivas paciv emi THY Lodwvos oixiav éXOovta KOT'TELY, Kal éeyeuv QS Eevos & av apixrat didiay Towa OuEevos Kal Eeviav 7 pos auTov. amrokpivapevov dé Tov Lorwvos ws olor Bédtiov ears toreicOar girdias, “Ouvxody,” pavar tov Ava apo, “abros av ovKot ov Toingal purdiav Kal Eeviav T pos nas.” ovTw 67 Oavpacavta Thy ayxivoway TOU / avO pos TOV LoAwva, béEacbac prrogpoves, kal xpovoy Tia KaTac Ely Tap auT@, 769 Ta onpoowa mpaTTovTa Kal gup- TATTOMEVOY TOUS VOMOUS. TOV obv “Avdyapoty muOopevov KaTayeday THs Tpayyareias Tov yoAw- vos, olopevou ypaupacty eg few Tas adixias Kat mwreovetias TOY TONTOV, a pndev TOV apayvieoy Siapépery, GNX’ ws éxetva TOUS pev da Geveis kal NET TOUS TOV GAL KoMevoV xabéEev, & vo be TOV duvaTa@v Kat Tova tov S:appaynoe Oar. Tov dé LorAwva mpos TavTa hac evmety Tt Kal oup- Onxas dvOpwrot hurattovew, as ovdetépm Avat- 414 81 SOLON Theophrastus, however, says that the tripod was sent in the first place to Bias at Priene, and in the second place to Thales at Miletus, at the instance of Bias, and so passed through the hands of all the wise men until it came round again to Bias, and finally was sent to Delphi. These, then, are the more common versions of the tale. But some say that the gift thus passed from hand to hand was not the tripod now seen at Delphi, but a bowl sent there by Croesus; and others that it was a beaker left there by Bathycles. V. In particular we are told of private intercourse between Solon and Anacharsis, and between Solon and Thales, of which the following accounts are given.! Anacharsis came to Athens, knocked at Solon’s door, and said that he was a stranger who had come to make ties of friendship and hospitality with him. On Solon’s replying that it was better to make one’s friendships at home, “ Well then,’ said Anacharsis, ‘do thou, who art at home, make me thy friend and guest.’’ So Solon, admiring the man’s ready wit, received him graciously and kept him with him some time. This was when he was already engaged in public affairs and compiling his laws. Anacharsis, accordingly, on learning what Solon was about, laughed at him for thinking that he could check the injustice and rapacity of the citizens by written laws, which were just like spiders’ webs; they would hold the weak and delicate who might be caught in their meshes, but would be torn in pieces by the rich and powerful. To this Solon is said to have answered that men keep their agree- ments with each other when neither party profits by 1 In chapters. v. and vi. 415 an ee era PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tedés éott TrapaBaivey tav Oepévwv: Kal Tors yomous avTos oUTwS dpyokeTas TOis TOAITALS WaTE mwaot Tov Tapavopev BéXTLov émidetEat TO Stxato- ‘a 9 le e > 4 ” mpayeiv. aAAa TavTa pev ws Avadyapors eixalev adméBn wadrov } nat érrrida tod Yorwvos. edn 5é xaxeivo Oavydfav o ‘Avdyapous éxxdrAnoia Tapayevouevos, STL Aéyouor pev of cohol Tap "EdAnaot, xpivovas 5é ot apabeis. VI. IIpos @arjv 8 eis Midrntov éOovta tov id 4 [14 4 \ \ Dorwva Oavpdter Gti ydpou Kal wardorrotlas 76 mapdtay nuédnke. Kal tov Badrfv tore pev A , 9 > ‘4 e tA ciwthoat, Siaditrovta & ddrkyas Hpépas avdpa mapackevaca. §£évov, aptiws rev ddoxovta Sexataiov €€ ’AOnvav. uOopévov 8 tod o- Novos ef 64 Te Katvov év tats AOnvats, dediday- pévov & yp Aéyerv Tov avVOpwrrov, “ OvSEér,” eimrety, ‘* &repov, et un vy Aia veavioxou Tivds Hv éxpopa 2 xal mpovTEeutrev ) TOALS. Hv yap vids, ws épa- cay, avdpos évddEou Kal mpwtevovtos apeTn TaY TOMT@Y ov Taphy Oé, GAN arrodnyueiy Epacay avrov Hon TodvY Xpovov.” ‘“Os dvaTuXNS exeivos,” ddvat Tov Yorwva. “‘tiva b€ wvopatov avtov;” ““Hrovaa,” ddvat, “tovvoya, tov avOpwror, “AN ov pynuoved@: TAY OTL TOAVS AOYOS Hy av- fe) / UA 39 oe \ 2 e VA tov aodias Kal dixatocvuns.” odTw by Kal’ Exdorny aT OKptow i poBw Tpocayopevov Tov Yorwva kal TéXos 4On cuvTeTapaypévov avTov vToBdad- Lew Todvopa TH Eéve, ruvOavopevov yp) Yorwvos 3.0 TteOynkas vids @voudtero. gpyaavtos dé Tod avOpoTov, Tov pev opunoat Talew THY Kepadny @ a , a) kal Tada Trovety Kal réyerw A cupBaiver Tots 416 *, SOLON the breaking of them, and he was adapting his laws to the citizens in such a manner as to make it clear to all that the practice of justice was more advanta- geous than the transgression of the laws. But the results justified the conjecture of Anacharsis rather than the hopes of Solon. It was Anacharsis, too, who said, after attending a session of the assembly, that he was amazed to find that among the Greeks, the wise men pleaded causes, but the fools decided them. VI. On his visit to Thales at Miletus, Solon is said to have expressed astonishment that his host was wholly indifferent to marriage and the getting of children. At the time Thales made no answer, but a few days afterwards he contrived to have a stranger say that he was just arrived after a ten days’ journey from Athens. When Solon asked what news there was at Athens, the man, who was under instructions what to say, answered: “None other than the funeral of a young man, who was followed to the grave by the whole city. For he was the son, as I was told, of an honoured citizen who excelled all others in virtue; he was not at the funeral of his son; they told me that he had been travelling abroad for a long time.” ‘“O the miserable man!” said Solon; “pray, what was his name?” “I heard the name,’ the man said, “but I cannot recall it; only there was great talk of his wisdom and justice.’’ Thus every answer heightened Solon’s - fears, and at last, in great distress of soul, he told his name to the stranger and asked him if it was Solon’s son that was dead. The man said it was; whereupon Solon began to beat his head and to do and say everything else that betokens a transport of 417 VOL. I. EE PLUTARCH’S LIVES mepiTadovar, Tov dé @arnv éemtrdaBopevoy avtov Kal yeddoavta, “Tadrd tot,” davat, “a Yorgwv, éue ydpou Kal tratboTalas adiotnow, & Kal ce KaTEpElTreL TOV Eppwyevertatov. adda Oappe TaY AOyww Evena TOUTWY’ Ov yap cioty addAnOeis.” TadTA pev ovv “Eppirros iotopeiv pnot Udrarcov, bs épacke tHv Atowtou Wuyny éyetv. VII. “Aromros &€ wal ayewns 0 Te Poy Tis 9 a \ a e \ af 4 amoPonijs THY KTHOW oY YpH Tpoiepevos ODT | yap ay TUS OU TrovTov, ov dofav, ov codiav aryamna eve Taparyevowerny, Sedias atépec Oar. Kai yap aperiy, as KThpa peilov ovder oud 78.0v, éErorapevny vm vor wy Kal dapudxwv opa@pev" aut Te Barz ) ynpavee Wéov ovdev els ao- Bia, el py Kal pirov KT How Epuye Kal oixetoy Kal mat ploos. GNA Kat waida Gerav gaye OLN GfLEVOS avros TOD THS aberois, ay dace, KvBto Gov. éxovons yap Te Tis puxis ayann- TUKOD év éauTh Kal mepucuias, & Oomep ata Oavec Oar al Stavocia Bar Kal pynpovevew, ovTw Kal purely, evdverat TL TOUT® Kal ‘Tpoapverat TOV exTOs ols oiKetov ovdéev EOTW, Kal Kab amep oiKov 7 X@pav yunoiwv Epnwov Siadoxyer, : TO pedoaropyor anNO- Tplor Kal voGou jwatoes 1 Jepdrovtes elo ouKe- odpevor Kat xataraBovtes Gps TO ptreiv TO ppovrivey nat Sedrévar rrepl auTav everroina ay. oor ious ay avOparous aTEppoTtépa ™m pvoet mept yapou Kal yevécews tratdwv Saeryos ous, elta Tovs avtovs éml tratoly oixotpiBov 7 1 Opéu- pact Tahrkaxev vor ovar Kal OvicKover Tapa- Tetvopevous 700m Kai dwvas ayevveis adrévtas. 418 a 82 SOLON grief. But Thales took him by the hand and said, with a smile, “ This it is, O Solon, which keeps me from marriage and the getting of children; it overwhelms even thee, who art the most stout- hearted of men. But be not dismayed at_ this story, for it is not true.” Such, at any rate, accord- ing to Hermippus, is the story of Pataecus, who used to boast that he had Aesop’s soul. VII. However, it is irrational and ignoble to renounce the acquisition of what we want for fear of losing it ; for on this principle a man cannot be grati- fied by the possession of wealth, or honour, or wisdom, for fear he may be deprived of them. Indeed, even virtue, the most valuable and pleasing possession in the world, is often banished by sickness and drugs. And Thales himself, though unmarried, was never- theless not wholly free from apprehension, unless he also avoided having friends, or relations, or country. On the contrary, he had a son by his own adoption, as we are told, Cybisthus, his sister’s son. For the soul has in itself a capacity for affection, and loves just as naturally as it perceives, understands, and remembers. It clothes itself in this capacity, and attaches itself to those who are not akin to it, and just as if it were a house or an estate that lacks lawful heirs, this craving for affection is entered and occupied by alien and illegitimate children, or retainers, who, along with love for them, inspire anxiety and fear in their. behalf. So that you will find men of a somewhat rugged nature who argue against marriage and the begetting of children, and then, when children of their servants, or offspring of their concubines fall sick and die, these same men are racked with sorrow and lament abjectly. Some, too, 419 EE 2 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES v N A 4 \ rf 9 A no. 5é Kal Kuvav OavaT@ Kal irTov aLtaxpas ral dBiobrws bard Avans StetéOnoav. GAN Erepoi a bd \ 9 ; f.. IQA 4 ye twaidas ayabovs amoBaddvres ovdév émafov \ 3Q? 3 4 > , > \ 4 Sewvov ovd' érroincay aicypov, GAXA Kai ypwpevot T@ KOT Bip cata doyov Suetédecav. acévera yap, ov« edvota, AUTas atrepdvTous émayeTat Kal poBovs dvOp@ros davacKytos bro AOyou mpos Tux, ols ovd’ améXavats éyyivetat Tod ToBov- pévov TrapovtTos, ToD péddovTos woivas ael Kab Tpdpmous Kal ayavas, eb oTEpicovTaL, TapeXoVvTOS > a a) \ / , \ 4 abrois. oe be pare mevia mpos Xpyudtov mreppaxGas atépnow pare agiria a pos pirov dtoBorny pnt daraidia mpos téxvav Odvaror, GANA TH Roytoue pos Twavra. Kal TavTa pév, > év TO TWapovTt, TAELOVA THV LKAVOV. VIII. ’Evrei 8 paxpov twa Kal Svoxepi Trode- a , pov of év dates mept THS Dadapwiwv vncov Meya- pedoe trodepoovtes ébéxapov, Kal vopov éOevro unre ypdrpar twa pnt’ eltreiy adOis as XpH THY modu avtitoetac0ar THS Larapivos, } Oavare a , / \ LO , e , tnpsodcbar, Bapéws pépwv tiv adofiav o Lorowr, a“ ean “~ Kal Tov véwy Opa@v Tordovs Seopévous apyis émt Tov TréAEmov, avTOVS dé ut OappovvTas apkacBas Sud Tov vopov, éoxyn ato pev Exotacw TdV do- A U A ytouav, Kal Noyos eis THY TOW ex THS oiKtas §ue5d0n Trapaxwnytixas eyew adtov, édeyela Se kpvda auvbels cal pedeTnoas wate Aéyewv aro aropatos, eterndnoey eis THY ayopay adv / , wv \ fe) aminidvov mrepiOéuevos. OXAov dé Todo cuvdpa- 1 weppdxGa: Bekker and Cobet, after Bryan: weravoda (be delivered from). 420 SOLON at the death even of dogs and horses, have been plunged into shameful and intolerable grief. But. others have borne the loss of noble sons without terrible sorrow or unworthy conduct, and have con- formed the. rest of their lives to the dictates of reason. For it is weakness, not kindness, that brings men into endless pains and terrors when they are not trained by reason to endure the assaults of fortune. Such men do not even enjoy what they long for when they get it, but are filled with con- tinual pangs, tremors, and struggles by the fear of future loss. However, we must be fortified not by poverty against deprivation of worldly goods, nor by friendlessness against loss of friends, nor by child- lessness against death of children, but by reason against all adversities. This, under present circum- stances, is more than enough on this head. VIII. Once when the Athenians were tired out with a war which they were waging against the Megarians for the island of Salamis, they made a law that no one in future, on pain of death, should move, in writing or orally, that the city take up its contention for Salamis. Solon could not endure the disgrace of this, and when he saw that many of the young men wanted steps taken to bring on the war, but did not dare to take those steps themselves on account of the law, he pretended to be out of his head, and a report was given out to the city by his family that he showed signs of madness. He then secretly composed some elegiac verses, and after rehearsing them so that he could say them by rote, he sallied out into the market-place of a sudden, with a cap upon his head. After a large crowd had 421 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , , ane p - / /, 9 INA wovros avaBas éri Tov tov KnpuKos ANiOov ev wdF dueERAOE THv EXeyelav, hs eatw apyn’ Autos xijpv& 7AOov ad’ iveptis Yarapivos, Koa mov emréwy @dIv avT ayopns Oémevos. ” \ TovTo TO Troinua Yarapmls éreyéyparrar Kal / oTivoy éxarov ETL, YapltévTwS Tavu TreTroLnmEeVvoOV. tote 6€ dobévtos aitod cal trav iw Tod Lorwvos apkapévwv erraweiv, padiota Sé Tod Tlesorotpatov trois tmrodTais éyxedevopévov xat qWapopyavros wetcOnvar Te AéyovTL, AVCaYTES Tov vopov avis HartovrTo Tod ToAé“ov, TpogTn- odpevor TOV Yowva. , na nw Ta pev ovv Snpwdn trav reyopévmv tolavT 3 / iid 4 > UA A éotiv, Stet mrevaas eri Kwrtdda peta tov 4 \ \ 3 4 4 Ileeccaotpdtov, nat xatarkaBwv avTods wacas Tas yuvaixas tH Anuntpe thv mdtpiov Buciav éritedovoas, reper avdpa micTov els Yadapiva TpooToLovpevoy AVTOMOAOY Elva, KEAEVOVTA TOUS Mevyapeis, e& BovrAovra, tav ’AOnvaiwy tas pe- A A b] 4 b > “ tas NaBety yuvainas, éml Kwrrabda pet’ avtod a \ , e de Oé : e M mrely THY TAXLOTHVY. WS O€ TreLaVEVTES Of Meya- pets dvdpas é&érreprav ev Ta Trol@ kal KaTeidev id An ry , 0 LoOAwY TO WAoloy éEXaUYOLEVOY ATO THS VvIjCOU, TAS pev yuvaixas éxtrobwyv amedOely exérevae, Tov dé vewTépwr Tors pndérrw yevermvtas évdv- a / pact Kal pitpats Kat virodnpact Tots exetvov ‘ , V4 \ oxevacapévous Kat AaBovtas éyyerpidva KpuTTTA waive xab yopevery mpocérate rpos TH Oardoon, a \ péxpis av atroBa@ow ot Twohéuot Kal yévntae TO Totov vIroxeipiov. odTw 67 TOUTWY TPATTOLEVOY, 422 SOLON collected there, he got upon the herald’s stone and recited the poem which begins :— “ Behold in me a herald come from lovely Salamis, With a song in ordered verse instead of a harangue.”’ ! This poem is entitled “Salamis,” and contains a hundred very graceful verses. When Solon had sung it, his friends began to praise him, and Peisistratus in particular urged and incited the citizens to obey his words. They therefore repealed the law and renewed the war, putting Solon in command of it. The popular account of his campaign is as follows. Having sailed to Cape Colias with Peisistratus, he found all the women of the city there, performing the customary sacrifice to Demeter. He therefore sent a trusty .man to Salamis, who pretended to be a deserter, and bade the Megarians, if they wished to capture the principal women of Athens, to sail to Colias with him as fast as they could. The Megarians were persuaded by him, and sent off some men in his ship. But when Solon saw the vessel sailing back from the island, he ordered the women to withdraw, and directed those of the younger men who were still beardless, arraying themselves in the garments, head-bands, and sandals which the women had worn, and carrying concealed daggers, to sport and dance on the sea shore until the enemy had disembarked and the vessel was in their power. This being done as he directed, the 1 Only six more verses are preserved (Fragments 1-3, Bergk). They contain reproaches of the Athenians for abandoning Salamis, and an exhortation to go and fight for it. 423 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ¢ wrraxOévres of Meyapeis rH dye Kal mpocpi- Eaves éyyus, éEerndwv as él yuvaixas, apurro- MevoL Tpos GAANAOUS,! Bote pndéva Sraduryety, GANA Tavras atroNécOat, Kal THY ViCoV émiTNEV- cavtas evOvds exe Tos "AOnvatous. . IX. “Adore 9 gdacty ov’ TovTov TOY TpoTrOY yevécOat THY KaTadnY iy, GANA TpaTov pev avT@ tov ev Aerdois Oedv ypiicac: "Apxnyous xwpas Ovaiais Hpwas evoixous trtaco, Tovs KoATrals "Acwrias audixcarvrret, of POipevoe Sépxovrat és nédcov Svvovta: rov d&€ Yorwva StawrAevoavta vuKros Eis THY vioov éevreuciv aopayia Ilepepyjym xat Kuypet Tois Hpwatv. elta Tapa tav AOnvaiwy éerovras AaBeiy mevraxoaious, Sdypartos yevoyévou tov- tous, dv KaTacyYa@ot THY vacoVv, Kupious elvat Tod morTevpatos. avaxOévta Sé ovyvais dddow dpa Tptaxovtopouv ouptapatreovans tbpoppi- cacbat TH Yadrapive kata ynAnv Twa pos THY EdBoav? aroBXérovaeav. mudopévous S€é rovs év Larapive Meyapeis &x Tivos dypuns ovdev BéRarov, avrovs pev eis TA SAA OopuBovpevous Baditerv, vaiv 8 amootetNat xatacKeouévny TOV ToXe- plov: Hs éyyus éXOovons xpatnoat Tov Yor(wva kal xabetpEat Tos Meyapeis. éuiBdoas 8é trav "AOnvaiwy tovs Kpatiotous KeNevoavrTa reiv éml THY TOALY, ws dv évdéynTat wddoTa KpvIrrovTas 1 &AAfAous Sintenis and Bekker assume here a lacuna in the text, where such details were given as are found in Polyaenus, Strategemata, i. 20. 2 EtBoay Sintenis suggests Nloaay (cf. xii. 3). 424 83 SOLON Megarians were lured on by what they saw, beached their vessel, and leapt out to attack women, as they supposed, vying with one another in speed. The result was that not a man of them escaped, but all were slain, and the Athenians at once set sail and took possession of the island. IX. Others, however, say that the island was not taken in this way, but that Solon first received thi. oracle from the god at Delphi : — “The tutelary heroes of the land where once they lived, with sacred rites Propitiate, whom the Asopian plain now hides in its bosom ; There they lie buried with their faces toward the setting sun.” Thereupon Solon sailed by night to the island and made sacrifices to the heroes Periphemus and Cychreus. Then he took five hundred Athenian volunteers, a decree having been made that these - should be supreme in the government of the island if they took it, and setting sail with a number of fishing boats convoyed by a thirty-oared ship, he anchored off the island of Salamis, at a point of land looking towards Euboea. But the Megarians in the city of Salamis, hearing only an uncertain report of what had happened, armed themselves hurriedly and set out for the place, at the same time dispatching a ship to spy out the enemy. This ship came near and was captured by Solon, who put her crew in confinement. Then he manned her with the best of his Athenians, and ordered them to sail against the city, keeping themselves as much 425 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éautovs: dua 5é tovs aAXous AOnvalous avara- Bovra weln cupdépecOar trois Meyapetou Kai THS paxns ett cuvertoons POdcat Tovs aro THs yews KaTaXaBovtas THY TOALY. ww \ fe] , 4 \ \ , Eorxe 6€ TO AOYM TOVT@ Kai Ta Spwpeva paptupety. vats yap tis “Attixy mpocémXer TLWT TO TP@TOV, Elta Kpavyh.Kal adaraypo / > \ 4 bd / mpoagepouéevwy els avnp evorrros é€addopevos \ a x4 \ bd N 10 12 ” peta Bons be tmpos axpov To Yxupadsov é« yAs 4 / \ a 9 , ‘ mpocghepopévois. mArnoiov dé tod ‘Evvadiouv To iepov éoTw tdpvcapévouv Lorwvos. evinnoe yap \ 4 \ @ \ 4 > tous Meyapéas, nal Scot pn ScepOapnoav év TH paXy, Tavtas UTOaTIOVSOUS adnKev. X. Ov phy adda tov Meyapéwy émipevovtov \ \ \ ce) 9 a / To\Na Kaka Kal SpavtTes ev T@ Totem Kal Tacyovtes, étoincavto Aaxedapoviovs d1adda- KTas Kal Sixactas. ot pev ov ToAXNOL TO DorAwu , 4 A e 4 Ld cuvaywvicacbar Aéyovot. tHv ‘Opunpov Sokav: > / \ > \ ” > fe) li“ éuBadovta yap avrov émos es veav KaTadoyov éri ths diene avayvovar Alas & é« Ladapivos dyev Svoxaidexa vias, atnae 8 aywv ty A@Onvaiwy ictavto parayyes. avtol & ’A@nvaioe tadta ev olovtar drvapiay elvat, Tov b€ Yorkwvd dhacw amobdeiEae tots b- a rd a \ ) 4 wv Kactais ott Diratos cai Evpuvoaxns, Alavtos viol, "AOnvnot trodtTelas petadaBovtes tapé- 1 Xxipddiov after this word Sintenis and Bekker assume a lacuna in the text. 426 SOLON concealed as was feasible. At the same time, with the rest of his Athenians, he engaged the Megarians on land, and while the fight was still raging, the crew of the ship succeeded in capturing the city. "Now there seems to be a confirmation of this story in certain ceremonies afterwards established. Namely, an Attic ship would approach the island in silence at first, then its crew would make an onset with shouts and cries, and one man in full armour would leap out with a shout of triumph and run to the promontory of Sciradium to inform those who were attacking by land. Hard by that place is the temple of Enyalius! which was erected by Solon. For he conquered the Megarians, and all who were not slain in the battle were released on parole. X. Notwithstanding all this, the Megarians per- sisted in their opposition, and both sides inflicted and suffered many injuries in the war, so that finally they made the Lacedaemonians arbiters and judges of the strife. Accordingly, most writers say that the fame of Homer favoured the contention of Solon ; for after himself inserting a verse into the Catalogue of Ships, he read the passage at the trial thus :— «« Ajax from Salamis brought twelve ships, And bringing, stationed them near the Athenian hosts.” 2 The Athenians themselves, however, think this an idle tale, and say that Solon proved to the judges that Philaeus and Eurysaces, the sons of Ajax, became citizens of Athens, made over their island | 1 Ares. 2 Iliad, ii. 557 f. 427 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Socayv tHv vaoov avtois, Kal KkaT@Knoav o peéev év Bpavpou tis “Attixys, 0 5é év Medity: Kat Sjuov éravupov Piraiov trav Diraidav Eyovouv, e¢ * ’ v \ a 9 , 60ev tw Ileciotpatos. ére dé parrov éFeréyEar \ A , >] , tous Meyapéas BovAcdpevov ioyupicacBae rept TOV VEKPOY @S OVX Sy TpoTOY Eéxetvor BaTrTOVEL KexndeupLevov, GAN bv avToi. Odmtovotr 5é Me- yapeis mpos &w Tovs vexpovs aotpépovtes, ‘AOn- a \ N e lA € VA \ e A vaio. 5é mpos éotrépav. “Hpéas dé 0 Meyapeus épiotapevos déyer kal Meyapeis mpos éotrépav TETPAL EVA TH THOpATA TOV vexpav TiOévaL’ Kal peitov éte TovTov, piav Exactov AOnvaiwy exe Onxnv, Meyapéwy 5é Kal tpets Kal téooapas év a A “a / , a pod KxeicOat. Te pévTos Yorove Kal vOcKovs twas BonOjoat Aéyovet Ypnopous, ev ols a Beds "laoviay thy Ladapiva mpoonyopevoe. TavTny Thy Sixny édixacay Lraptiatav mévre avipes, Kpttoraidas, "Apouddpetos, ‘Tyrnxidas, ’Avaki- Nas, Kreopévns. XI. "Hdn pév otv Kal dio tovtwv évdokos Av 0 YoAwV Kal péyas. eOavydobn 5é wai dte- BonOn padrrov év tois “EAAnow eltr@v birép tov iepov tov év Aeddois, ws yp BonOetv nal pr meptopav Kippaiovs uBpifovtas eis 76 pavreion, 9 \ / e A a “ a aANG Tpocapuvey UTrép ToD Beod Aedsois. ret- abévtes yap um’ éxeivou mpos TOY TOAELOY @pun- cap ot Apdixtioves, as ANXNOL TE papTUpOder Kal "Apiotorérns ev tH Tov IIvOtoviKov avaypady 428 SOLON to them, and took up their residence in Attica, one at Brauron, and the other at Melité; and they have a township named after Philaeus, namely Philaidae, to which Peisistratus belonged. They say, too, that Solon, wishing to refute the claims of the Megarians still further, made the point that the dead on the island of Salamis were not buried after the Megarian, but after the Athenian fashion. For the Megarians bury their dead facing the east, but the Athenians facing the west. However, Hereas the Megarian denies this, and says that the Megarians also turn the faces of their dead to the west. And what is still more important than this, he says that the Athenians use one tomb for each body, whereas the Megarians (like the early inhabitants of Salamis) place three or four bodies in one tomb. However, they say that Solon was further supported by sundry Pythian oracles, in which the god spoke of Salamis as Ionian. This case was decided by five Spartans, Critolaidas, Amompharetus, Hypsechidas, Anaxilas, and Cleomenes. XI. These events, then, presently made Solon famous and powerful. But he was even more admired and celebrated among the Greeks for what he said in behalf of the temple at Delphi, namely, that the Greeks must come to its relief, and not suffer the people of Cirrha to outrage the oracle, but aid the Delphians in maintaining the honour of the god. For it was by his persuasion that the Amphictyons! undertook the war, as Aristotle, among others, testifies, in his list of the victors at the Pythian games, 1 The twelve peoples who had as coinmon sanctuaries the temple of Apollo at Delphi and the temple of Demeter at Anthela, near Thermopylae. 429 N PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 Yorwve THY yvounv avatibeis. ov pévTot oTpa- 84 THYyOS éml TovTOV amedeixXOn TOV TrOAELOV, OS Aéyerv Hnoly”Epysmos EvavOn tov Yapsov- ote yap Aioyivns o pntwp Tobit eipnKxev, év TE ToIS Acrkdhov vropvnpacw “Adkpaiwv, od orp, "AOnvaiwy otpatTnyos avayéypaTrrat. XII. To 8 KuvAwvecov dyos 45n pév éx trodAod duetdparte THv moALv, €€ ob TOs TUYWmOTAS TOD Kvrwvos ixerevovtas tHv Oedv Meyaxdys 0 apyov éml Sixn xatedeiv Erecoev’ éEdxypavtas 5é tod Gdous Kpoxny KXwoTHV Kal TAaUTHS EXOMEVOUS, WS éyévovto mepl tas ceyvas Beds xataPaivovtes, avToudTws THS KpOKNS payeions, @punoe ava- AauBdvev o Meyarrns nal ot cuvdpyovtes, ws THs Oeod THY ixeciav atroNeyopévns’ Kal Tovs meV éw xatédXevoay, of 5é toils Bwpots mpoaduyovtes aneopdynaav: povot & adetOnoay oi Tas yuvai- 2 Kas avTov ixerevoavtes. é€x TovTov dé KANOevTES évayels éutcodvto: kal trav Kudovelwy of trept- = yevopevoe TdALY Haoav ioxupol, Kal otacidlovTes del Suetédouv mpds tods amd Tod Meyaxdéous. éy dé T@ TOTE Ypovm THS oTdcews aKpnV Ra- Botvons partota Kal tod Sypov dtactdvtos, 75n Sofav éxywv o YorAwy TapHdrAOev eis pécov aya tois apiotas tav "AOnvaiwy, cal deopevos Kat diddcKwy éretce TOUvs evayeis Neyopévous Sixnv 430 SOLON where he ascribes the measure to Solon. He was not, however, appointed general for this war, as Evanthes the Samian says (according to Hermippus), for Aeschines the orator makes no such statement,} and in the records of Delphi it is stated that Alcmaeon, and not Solon, commanded the Athenians. XII. Now the Cylonian pollution had for a long time agitated the city, ever since Megacles the archon had persuaded Cylon and his fellow-con- spirators, who had taken sanctuary in the temple of Athena, to come down and stand their trial.2. They fastened a braided thread to the image of the _ goddess and kept hold of it, but when they reached the shrine of the Erinyes on their way down, the thread broke of its own accord, upon which Megacles and _ his: fellow-archons rushed to seize them, on the plea that the goddess refused them the rights ot suppliants. Those who were outside of sacred pre- cincts were stoned to death, and those who took refuge at the altars were slaughtered there; only those were spared who made supplication to the wives of the archons. Therefore the archons were called polluted men and were held in execration. The survivors of the followers of -Cylon also re- covered strength, and were forever at variance with the descendants of Megacles. At this particular time the quarrel was at its height and the people divided between the two factions. Solon, therefore, being now in high repute, interposed between them, along with the noblest of the Athenians, and by his entreaties and injunctions persuaded the men who were held to be polluted to submit to a trial, and to 1 In his speech Against Ctesiphon, § 109. 2 About 6363.c. Cf. Herod. v. 71; ‘hue. i. 126. 431 PLUTARCH’S LIVES irocyeiy Kal xpiOjvar Tpiaxociov apiotivdny Sixativtav. Mupavos dé tod Prvéws xatnyo- podvtos éddwaoay of advdpes, Kal petéctnoay ot tavres: tov & amoOavovtwy Tovs vexpovs avo- 4 9¢s e \ \ 4 7 putavtes éFéppupay umép tous Opouvs. TavTats Sé tais tapaxais cal Meyapéwv cuveTriPepévov amnéBarov te Nicaray ot AOnvatos cal Yarapivos ékérecov adOius. Kat goBot Teves éx Setrordac- povias dua nal ddopata Kateiye THY TON, Ot Te pdvres ayn Kal pLacpovs Seopévous xabappov mpopatverOat Sia TOV lepev 7ryopevoy. a \ 4 > a 2 4 Oitw 6) petdmeprtos avtois jKev ex Kpnrns "Exripevidns 0 Paictios, dv EBdopov ev tois codois KataptOpovow Eviot TOV ov Tpoctepévwv Tov TlepiavSpov. édoxer S€ tus elvat Oeopirns Kat \ \ \ a \ > \ \ copes Tept Ta Ocia tHhv évOovovactiKny Kal Te- Neotixny codiav, 66 nal waida vuppys svopa Baarns cat Kovpnta véov avtov ot tote avOpwrot / \ \ \ a > / , mpoanyopevuv. €\Oov dé Kal TO BoAwM yYpnoa- pevos dito TOAAa TpoocuTElpyacato Kal mTpow- , > a A 7 N ? Somoinaey adr@ Tis vopobecias. Kal yap evota- A > Nets eroinoe Tas tepoupyias Kal mept Ta wévOn , f \ »AN ? V4 N mpaotépous, Ovaias tivas evOrs avauitas mpos Ta Kon, Kal TO oKANPOY aderov Kat TO BapBa- pixov w ouvelxyorvTo WpoTepov ai WreEioTas yu- vaixes. TO dé péytoTov, (Aacpots Teas Kai xad- appois xai (Spvcect xatopytacas Kai xaooww- 432 SOLON abide by the-decision of three hundred jurors selected from the nobility. Myron of Phlya conducted the prosecution, and the family of Megacles was found guilty. Those who were alive were banished, and the bodies of the dead were dug up and cast forth beyond the borders of the country. During these disturbances the Megarians also attacked the Athen- ians, who lost Nisaea, and were driven out of Salamis once more. The city was also visited with super- stitious fears and strange appearances, and the seers declared that their sacrifices indicated pollutions and defilements which demanded expiation. Under these circumstances they summoned to their aid from Crete Epimenides of Phaestus, who is reckoned as the seventh Wise Man by some of those who refuse Periander a place in the list.1 He was reputed to be a man beloved of the gods, and endowed with a mystical and heaven-sent wisdom in religious matters. Therefore the men of his time said that he was the son of a nymph named Balte, and called him a new Cures.2,- On coming to Athens he made Solon his friend, assisted him in many ways, and paved the way for his legislation. For he made the Athenians decorous and careful in their religious services, and milder in their rites of mourning, by attaching certain sacrifices immediately to their funeral ceremonies, and by taking away the harsh and barbaric practices in which their women had usually indulged up to that time. Most important of all, by sundry rites of propitiation and purification, and by sacred foundations, he hallowed and conse- 1 See note on iii. 5, and cf. Aristotle. Const. of Athens, i. 2 The Curetes were Cretan priests of Idaean Zeus, who took their name from the demi-gods to whose care Rhea was said to have committed the infant Zeus. 433 VOL. I, FF PLUTARCH’S LIVES A / e 4 a f \ A cas THY TOMY UTTHKOOY Tov Sixaiov Kal padrov evTretOn mpos opovoray KaTéoTnae. RéyeTar Sé \ / ION N \ \ Thv Movvvyiav idov xat Kxatapabov todvy , A \Vpovoy, ElTEely POS TOUS TapoYTas WS TUpAdY éoTs TOU péAXOVTOS aVvOpwTros: éxpayeiy yap av "AOnvaious Tois avTa@y ddovcwy, et Tpondecav boa THY TOMY avidoeL TO Ywpiov. Gpovov 5é Ti Kai Oarjy cixdoat Néyovow KEedeVTAL yap auToV év Tut ToT THS MeAdnoias pPavrA@ Kal Tapopwopévp TeXeuvTycavTa Oeivar, mpoeiT@V WS ayopd ToTE tovtTo Midnociwy éotar To ywpiov. *Eripevidyns pév ov partota Oavpacbeis, xal ypnpata &e- Sovtwy ToANG Kal Timas peyddas Tov AOnvaiwr, QV A \ ed \ A e n 4 ? A ovdeyv 7 OarXov aro THS Lepas éXalas aiTnadpevos Kat NaBov anr7nnrlev. XIII. Oi & ’A@nvaios tHs KuXwveiou tetrav- pévns Tapayns Kal peOcotoHTwv, Baotrep elpynraz, TOV evayOv, THY TadaLay avlis oTdow brép THS f bd / a 4 mTodTelas eatacialoy, doas 7» ywpa d:adhopas A a / elyev, eis TOTavTA pépn THS TOAEWS StacTaoNs. Hv yap To pev Tov Ataxpiwv yévos SnpoxpatiKe- TAaTOV, oALyapyLKw@TaToV dé TO THY Iledséwy- Tpi- tot © ot Ildpadoe pécov twa xa pepeypévov aipovpevos ToALTeias TpOTOY, éuTobwYv HRoav Kat Sex@dvov Tovs ETépous KpaThoat. ToTe bé€ THS TOV TEVHTWVY TPOS TOUS TAOVGLOUS avwuaias Bomwep > \ / 4 9 “ e ‘ akpnv XaBovons TavTaTacw éeTiaparas 7 TOMS duéxerto, Kal povws dv édoxer xatacthHvat xat 434 85 P SOLON crated the city, and brought it to be observant of justice and more easily inclined to unanimity. It is said that when he had seen Munychia! and con- sidered it for some time, he remarked to the by- standers that man was indeed blind to the future ; for if the Athenians only knew what mischiefs the place would bring upon their city, they would devour it with their own teeth. A similar insight into futurity is ascribed to Thales. They say that he gave directions for his burial in an obscure and neglected quarter of the city’s territory, predicting that it would one day be the market-place of Miletus. Well then, Epimenides was vastly admired by the Athenians, who offered him much money and large honours; but he asked for nothing more than a branch of the sacred olive-tree, with which he returned home. XIII. But the Athenians, now that the Cylonian disturbance was over and the polluted persons ban- ished, as described,” relapsed into their old disputes about the form of government, the city being divided into as many parties as there were diversities in its territory. The Hill-men favoured an extreme democracy ; the Plain-men an extreme oligarchy ; the Shore-men formed a third party,? which pre- ferred an intermediate and mixed form of govern- ment, was opposed to the other two, and prevented either from gaining the ascendancy. At that time, too, the disparity between the rich and the poor had culminated, as it were, and the city was in an alto- gether perilous condition ; it seemed as if the only 1 The acropolis of the Peiraeus, strategically commanding not only that peninsula, but also Athens itself. It was often garrisoned by conquerors of Athens. 2 Chapter xii. 3. 3 Cf. Aristotle, Const. of Athens, xiii. 4. 435 ic? | ] bo PLUTARCH’S LIVES mavoacOar tapattopéevn tupavvidos yevopevns. amas pev yap o Shpos hv vTdxpews THY Trov- ciwy. yap éyewpyouv éxecivors Exta TaV Ye- VOMEVOY TEAOUVTES, EXTNMOPLOL TpPOTaryopEevopLEVOL kal Onres, } ypéa AapPavovtes em) Tois Topaciy ayeytyor tos SavelCovow jhoav, ot pev avrod Sovrevovtes, of & éml tiv Eévnv mimpacKnopevot. ToANol O€ Kal Traidas idious nvayxdlovto Tw. (ovdels yap vouos exwrAve) cal THY TOAW hevryety dua. THY YareTTOTHTA Tov SaveaTtav. ot Se Teéi- oTot Kal pwyarewrTato: cvrvicotayTo Kal Tapexd- Nouv GAAHAOUS 1) Treptopav, aAX’ éEXouévous &va mpootdtny advdpa muatov aperécOas rovs virep- nuépovs Kal thy yhv avabdcacOa Kal dros PETAOTHOAL THY TONTELAD. XIV. ’Evrat0a 8) trav’ AOnvalwy of dpovipe- TATOL TUVOPAYTES TOY LOAwWVA LOVOY paMLoTA TOY apapTnuateav éxrds bvtTa, Kal pte Tos TWAOVAtOLS KotvwvoovTa Tis adixlas ponte tails tay Tevntwv avayKais évexopuevov, édéovto Tois KoLVvOIS TrpOTEN- Oeiy kal xatarratoa Tas Svadopds. Kaitot Pavias o AéoBuos avdtov iotopet Tov YorAwva, Ypnodpevov aTraTy Tpos auotépous eri cwtnpia THS TOAEWS, vrocyéc0at Kpida Tots pev aTropois THY véewNory, Tos O€ xpnuaTtixois BeBaiwow tav cuvpBoraiwv. GN’ avTos o LorAwy oxvav dnot TO TPa@TOV arba- cOat THS TodtTelas, Kal SeSorcas TeV pev THY eh eimiblan tov 5¢ thy bTepnpaviav. npéOn é dpyewv peta DirouBpotov opod nab dsadrraxTys Kal vonobérns, SeFapnévwr mpoOvpws adtov ws pev 436 SOLON way to settle its disorders and stop its turmoils was to establishatyranny. All the common people were in debt tothe rich. For they either tilled their lands for them, paying them a sixth of the increase (whence they were called Hectemorioi and Thetes), or else they pledged their persons for debts and could be seized by their creditors, some becoming slaves at home, and others being sold into foreign countries. Many, too, were forced to sell their own children (for there was no law against it), or go into exile, because of the cruelty of the money-lenders. But the most and sturdiest of them began to band together and exhort one another not to submit to their wrongs, but to choose a trusty man as their leader, set free the condemned debtors, divide the land anew, and make an entire change in the form of government. XIV. At this point, the wisest of the Athenians cast their eyes upon Solon. They saw that he was the one man least implicated in the errors of the time ; that he was neither associated with the rich in their injustice, nor involved in the necessities of the poor. They therefore besought him to come forward publicly and put an end to the prevailing dissensions. And yet Phanias the Lesbian writes that Solon of his own accord played atrick upon both parties in order to save the city, and secretly promised to the poor the distribution of Jand which they desired, and to the rich, validation of their securities. But Solon himself says that he entered public life reluctantly, and fearing one party’s greed and the other party’s arrogance.!_ However, he was chosen archon? to succeed Philombrotus, and made mediator and legislator for the crisis, the rich 1 Cf. Aristotle, Const. of Athens, y. 3. 2 594 B.c. 437 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ” A la e \ A , eUTropov TOV TAOVGiMY, ws Se YNoTOY TOV TeEV1- / 3 a 4 Tov. rAéyeTat 5é Kal dwv) Tis avTOd TEepipepopevn MPOTEPOV, ELTOVTOS WS TO loov TOAELOP OV TrOLEl, Kal Tois KTnpaTLKOIS apéoKey Kal TOiS AGKTHMOCL, Tav pev akia Kal apeTn, TV Sé péTp@ Kal aprOu@ To icov éev mpocdoxavtTwv’ dOev én’ édrridos peyarns éxatépwv yevouévwv ot mpoiotdpevor A , A TpocéKelvTo TH Yorwov tupavvida mpokevodvtes / a kal avareiOovtes evToApoTepov arracGar THs 4 b a 4 \ “ TONEWS EYKPATH yevopuevov. Todd bé Kal TOY 51a, pécov ToNTOY, THY UITO AOyou Kal vopou petaBorny opavtes épyodn Kal yarerny ovoay, oun épevyov &va Tov Sixardtatov Kal ppovipwra- Tov émisTHaat Tos Tpaypacw. évior 5€ haat Kal pavteiav yevéoOar T@ Yorwve TlvOo0t torav- TH" *Hoo péonv kata via xuBepyntiptoy & Epyov ” edOUver: modXob TOL "AOnvaiwy émixoupot. padota bé of cuvnbers éexaxtCov et dia Tovvopa Sutwreita: THv povapylav, OaTrEp OvK apEeTH TOU AaBovtos evOs Av Bactretay yevopervny, xal yeyevnuévny ampotepov pev EvBoetor Tuvvar- dav, viv oe MetvAnvaiows Iittaxov npnpévors TUpavvov. Tovrav ovdév eFéxpouce TOV Lodwva TIS avTOU Tpoarpésews, advra Tpos peév tovs dirous elrrev, as Aeyera, KaXov peév eivat THY tupavvida x«ptov, OvK Exew Sé amroBacw, pos S& Daxov év roils Tompacs ypapwv’ 438 SOLON accepting him readily because he was well-to-do, and the poor because he was honest. _It is also said that a certain utterance of his which was current ‘before his election, to the effect that equality bred no war, pleased both the men of substance and those who had none ; the former expecting to have equality based on worth and excellence, the latter” on measure and count. Therefore both parties were in high hopes, and their chief men persistently recommended a tyranny to Solon, and tried to persuade him to seize the city all the more confidently now that he had it completely in his power. Many citizens, too, who belonged to neither party, seeing that it would be a laborious and difficult matter to effect a change by means of argument and law, were not reluctant to have one man, the justest and wisest of all, put at the head of the state. Furthermore, some say that Solon got an oracle at Pytho which ran as follows :— | ‘Take thy seat amidships, the pilot’s task is thine ; Perform it ; many in Athens are thine allies.” And above all, his familiar friends chid him for being averse to absolute power because of the name of tyranny, as if the virtues of him who seized it would not at once make it a lawful sovereignty. Kuboea (they argued) had formerly found this true of Tynnondas, and so had the Mitylenaeans, now that they had chosen Pittacus to be their tyrant. None of these things shook Solon from _ his resolution. To his friends he said, as we are told, that a tyranny was a lovely place, but there was no way down from it. And in his poems he writes to Phocus :— 439 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ei b€ yfjs (bnaiv) épecoauny 86 maTpioos, Tupavvioos 5é cal Bins apecdixyou ov Kabmpduny pudvas Kal Kataoxvvas Kréos, ovdey aideduat wAgov yap @be uixjoew Soxéw mwavtas avO parrous. 5Oev evdnrov Sti Kal po THS vopoOecias peyd- 6 Any Soap elyev. & 5é huyovros avdtod THY Tupav- vida ToAAOL KaTayed@vTes Edeyov, yéypadev OUTwWS° Ovx épu YorAwv Babidpav ovdé Bovrnes avnp- écOXa yap Oeod Sid0vtos avbtos ovn édéEaTo. TepiBarwv & aypav ayacbels ovx éréctracev péya dixtuov, Ovpovd 0 apapth nal gpevav arro- oparels. nOeXov! ydp Kev Kpatynoas, wAOvTOY adOovov - NaBov cat tupavyetoas AOnvav podvor nuépay piar, aoKos' dotepov SeddpOar xatrirerpipOas yévos. XV. Tadta tovs modXdovs Kal davrous rept avTovd memoinxe NéyovTas. ov mV aTwcdpeEvos ye THY TUpavvida Tov TpadTaToY ex pHoaTo TpOTrOY TOls Tpdypact, ovdé paraxas OVS UTretKwy Tots Suvapévols ovde mpos ndovnv Tav édXopévwv eto HOedov, aoxds Bergk, with the better MSS, : 4GcAcv, airds (he (Solon) wowd have been willing ; himself). 440 SOLON “ And if,” he says, “I spared my land, My native land, and unto tyranny and violence implacable Did not set hand, polluting and disgracing my fair -fame, I’m not ashamed ; in this way rather shall my name be set above That of all other men.” ! From this it is clear that even before his legislation he was in high repute. And as for the ridicule which many heaped upon him for refusing the tyranny, he has written as follows ;— ‘“¢ Solen was a shallow thinker and a man of counsel void ; When the gods would give him blessings, of his own will he refused. When his net was full of fish, amazed, he would not pull it in, _All for lack of spirit, and because he was bereft ot sense. I had certainly been willing, for the power, and boundless wealth, And to be tyrant over Athens no more. than a single day, Then to have a poueh flayed from me, and my lineage blotted out.” ? XV. Thus he represents the multitude and men of low degree as speaking of him. However, though he rejected the tyranny, he did not administer affairs in the mildest possible manner, nor in the enactment of his laws did he show a feeble spirit, nor make concessions to the powerful, nor consult the pleasure 1 Fragment 32 (Bergk). 2 Fragment 33 (Bergk). 441 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ Ld 9 > @ \ C4 9 2 > , TOUS VOMLOUS* ANN 7) MEV APLOTOV HV, OUK ET ITYATVEV ‘ iatpelav ovde xawvoropuiav, poBnOels yn ouyyéas mavrdrace Kal tapakas Thy wodw acbevéatepos yévntat Tov KatacThcat mddtv Kal cuvappo- \ \ A \ \ 4, bd cacbat mpos TO apictov: & 5é Kal réyor HALLE meopévots nal mpocdywyv davayxny bropévovet XpnoacBat, tadr’ Erpattev, Os dno avTos, ‘Opod Binv te cai Sixny cuvappocas.! d0ev Botepov epwrnGels ci Tovs apiotous *AOn- vatows vopous éyparpev, “ "Ov adv,” en, “ mpoaedé- Eavto Tovs apiotous. “A 8 oby of vewtepor Tovs “AOnvaiouvs Aéyoucr Tas TOY TpaypaTtwy Svaxepeias Gvopact xpnorois Kal diravOperros émixadvTrrovtas aotelws vio- xopilecOat, Tas pév Tropvas étaipas, Tovs 5é do- povs ovrtakes, dudaxas 5€ tas ppouvpas Tov modewv, oixnua dé TO SeopwrTnpioy Kadovvtas, TpwTov YOAwVoS HV, Ss CoLKE, TOPLT PA THY TOV NV pEeav atroxoT Ny cecadyOeay ovopacavTos. TovTO yap eToincato mpwToy TodiTevpa, ypa\as Ta bev uTdpyovta TaVv ypeav aveioBat, mpos Sé TO Noutrov éeml Tols cwopact undéva Saveilerv. Kaitot tives éyparpay, wy éativ Avdpotiwy, ovx atroxoTa YVPEOV, GAAA TOKwWY peTPLOTNTL KovgicOEévTas aya- THoaL TOUS TévNTAS, Kal cetcadyOeay ovoydoat TO ptravOpwrevpa tTovTO Kal THY Gua TOUT ryevomevny TOY Te MET PWV emavEnow Kal Tob vop- TUATOS TlunY. ExaToYv yap éTroince Spaypav THY 1 Fragment 36, verse 14 (Bergk); verse 16 of the longer fragment now found in Aristotle’s Const. of Athens, chapter xii. 4, where we have xpdre:: vduov, Blny re KTA, 442 SOLON of his electors. Nay, where a condition was as good as it could well be, he applied no remedy, and intro- duced no innovation, fearing lest, after utterly con- fusing and confounding the city, he should be too weak to establish it again and recompose it for the best. But those things wherein he hoped to find them open to persuasion or submissive to compulsion, these he did, ‘‘Combining both force and justice together,” as he says himself. Therefore when he was after- wards asked if he had enacted the best laws for the Athenians, he replied, “The best they would receive.” | Now later writers observe that the ancient Athenians used to cover up the ugliness of things with auspicious and kindly terms, giving them polite and endearing names. Thus they called harlots “ companions,’ taxes “contributions,” the garrison of a city its “guard,” and the prison a “chamber.” But Solon was the first, it would seem, to use this device, when he called his cancelling of debts a “disburdenment.” For the first of his public measures was an enactment that existing debts should be remitted, and that in future no one should lend money on the person of a borrower. Some writers, however, and Androtion is one of them, affirm that the poor were relieved not by a can- celling of debts, but by a reduction of the interest upon them, and showed their satisfaction by giving the name of “ disburdenment’”’ to this act of humanity, and to the augmentation of measures and the pur- chasing power of money which accompanied it.! For 1 See Aristotle, Const. of Athens, x. 1, with Sandys’ note. 443 or PLUTARCH’S LIVES pvav mpotepov éBdounxovta Kal tprdv ovcar, dor aptOu@ pev icov, dvvaye 8 edattov ato- diSovTwr, aderciaOar péev Tovs exTivovtas peydra, pndev S¢ BrarrecGar tovs Koptlopévouvs. ot dé mTrEloTOL TdvTWY opod dace TaV cupBodraiwy dvaipeciy yevécOas THY ceroadxOerav, Kal TovToLs ouvgde: adXov TA Tounpata. Lewvuverar yap Lorwy ev TovToLs OTL THS Te TpOUTrOKELpLEeVNS YAS “Opous aveiie ToANAXH TETNYyOTAS mpoabev 5é SovrAevovaa, viv érevbépa: Kal TOY aywyipwv Tpds apyupLov yeyovoTwv ToXt- TOV TOUS wey avyyayev aro Eévns, yAdooay ovxér’ Arricny iévtas, @s dv TOAAAYH TAAVwWLEVOUS: \ > 9 709 3 A 4 bd 4 tous © évOdd’ avrod SovAinv aetkéa Exyovras érevOépovs dyol mrorjoag. IIpaypa 8 avta cupmecety Néyetas TdavTev dviapotatov amo THs mpdkews éexeivns. as yap appnoev aviévat TA ypéa Kal Noyous apLoTtovTas éfnre. xal mpémovcay apynv, éxowwcato Tav dirwv ols padicta motevwv Kal ypwpevos 2 lA a ‘ S éruyyave, Tois mept Kovwva nal KrYreviav rai ‘Immovcov, Stu ynv pev ov pédreEL Kiveiv, Ypeav Sé movely atroxomras eyvaxev. of 5é mporaPovtes 3 \ 4 > 4 : \ bd 4 evOvs cal d0acavtes ebaveicavTo suyvov apyupior 444 87 SOLON he made the mina to consist of a hundred drachmas, which before had contained only seventy-three, so that by paying the same amount of money, but money of a lesser value, those who had debts to dis- charge were greatly benefited, and those who accepted such payments were no losers. But most writers agree that the “disburdenment’”’ was a removal of all debt, and with such the poems of Solon are more in accord. For in these he proudly boasts that from the mortgaged lands ‘‘ He took away the record-stones that everywhere were planted ; Before, Earth was in bondage, now she is free.”’! And of the citizens whose persons had been seized for debt, some he brought back from foreign lands, “uttering no longer Attic speech, So long and far their wretched wanderings ; And some who here at home in shameful servitude Were held "’? he says he set free. This undertaking is said to have involved him in the most vexatious experience of his life. For when he had set out to abolish debts, and was trying to find fitting arguments and a suitable occasion for the step, he told some of his most trusted and intimate friends, namely, Conon, Cleinias, and Hipponicus, that he was not going to meddle, with the land, but had determined to cancel debts. They immediately took advantage of this confidence and anticipated 1 Fragment 36, verses 4 f. (Bergk), with adaptation from the first person ; verses 6f. in Aristotle’s citation. 2 Fragment 36, verses 9-12 (Bergk); verses 11-14 in Aristotle. 445 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a“ / 4 , Tapa TOV TOVGiwY Kal peyddas TUVEWYHCAYTO ywpas. elta Tod Soypatos é&evexOévtos Ta pev KTHpaTa KapTovpeEvol, TA 5é ypnpata Tots Savel- > 3 , ? > 9 \ / Tac ovK atrodtoovtes, eis aitiay Tov Yorwva 4 \ / a 3 4 peyarny cal dtaBornv, woTEp ov cuvadiKovpevor, J \ “ , t] “A a@yrXa cuvabsixovvta, Kxatéotnoav. adAQ TOTO \ 9 \ 4 \ a 4 , pev evOvS EXVON TO EyxAnpa TOIS TréVTE TANAaVTOLS" tocavTa yap evpéOn Saveilwv, cal tradta mpatos apne kata Tov vopov. Evot dé mevTexaidexa Néyovotv, wv Kat IloAvenros 0 “Podsds éott. Tovs pévtTot Pirovs avTod ypewxoTridas KadodvTES dueTéAEcav. XVI. "Hpeoe & odderépots, GAN edrvrrnce Kat ToOvs TAOUGLOUS GVENoY TA TULBOdaLa, Kal LaANOV Ett TOUS TrévnTas, STL YRS avadacpov OvK éeTroinaeY éXticaciw avtois, ovdé tTaytdracw, woTeEp oO A e a Avodpyos, ouarovs tots Biots nal tcous xarté- > ? 2 aA \ e A > >) oTnoev. GAN exeivos pty évdéxatos dv ad ‘Hpaxréous cal BeBacirevxeas etn TroAdNa TIS / Aaxedaipovos, akiopa péya xal didrous Kal Sivayiv ols eyyw Karas Tepl Tis odLTElas e an ba \ la a) Aa a uTnpeTovcav elye, Kal Bia paddrov H trecOoi XpnoTapevos, Bote Kal Tov oPOarpov éxxoTrvas, KATELPYAaTATO TO péyLoTOY Eis TwWTNPiAY TrOAEWS Kal opovoay, pndéva Tévynta pnode AOVGLOV Elvat A a > ‘4 be 4 \ > 9 é TWY TOALTOY’ 2ONWY OE TOUTOU peV OUK EdLKETO Th TodTea Snuotixos ay Kal péoos, évdeéorepov dé THs umapxovons Suvdyews ovdev émpatker, 446 SOLON Solon’s decree by borrowing large sums from the wealthy and buying up great estates. Then, when the decree was published, they enjoyed the use of their properties, but refused to pay the moneys due their creditors. This brought Solon into great con- demnation and odium, as if he had not been imposed upon with the rest, but were a party to the im- position.! However, this charge was at once dis- sipated by his well-known sacrifice of five talents. For it was found that he had lent so much, and he was the first to remit this‘debt in accordance with his law. Some say that the sum was fifteen talents, and among them is Polyzelus the Rhodian. But his friends were ever after called “‘ chreocopidae,”’ or debt- cutters. XVI. He pleased neither party, however; the rich were vexed because he took away their secur- ities for debt, and the poor still more, because he did not re-distribute the land, as they had expected, nor make all men equal and alike in their way of living, as Lycurgus did. But Lycurgus was eleventh in descent from Heracles, and had been king in Lacedaemon for many years. He therefore had great authority, many friends, and power to support his reforms in the commonwealth. He also employed force rather than persuasion, insomuch that he actually lost his eye thereby,? and most effectually guaranteed the safety and unanimity of the city by making all its citizens neither poor nor rich. Solon, on the contrary, could not secure this feature in his commonwealth, since he was a man of the people and of modest station; yet he in no wise 1 Cf. Aristotle, Const. of Athens, vi. 2 Cf. Lycurgus, xi. 447 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e , DJ 4 le) 4 ‘\ , Opu@pevos ex ovou Tov BovrceoOat nat mroTEeveELY auT@ Tovs Toditas. Ott 8 ov mpocéxpouce Tots mrelcTos érepa mpocdoxjnoaci, avTos elpnKxe TEpPt AUTOY, WS a , A Xatva pév tor’ éppdaavto, viv 5é pou yorov- pevot a e le! o rNokov oPOarpois opwat.wavtes Wate Sniov. xaitor gnoly ws, el tug Aros Exe THY aUTHV Suvapey, Ovn dv xatéoye Sipov, od8’ érravcaro, api avrapdtas, twiap é€eiNev yadda.) Tayv pévrot rod cupdépovtos aicbopuevor nat a 29Q/ e “A A > 4 4 Tas tdias avTav peppers adévtes COvody Te Kown, ceccadyYOerav tHv Ovciay ovopdoartes, Kat \ 4 a , \ \ Tov YorAwva THS Toditeias StopAwrnv Kal vopo- / Oérny améderEayv, od Ta pév, TA 8 ovyi, travra 8° oparas éemitpéravtes, apyds, éxxAnotas, Sixa- , , ° / ; 4 fi , atypia, BovAds, Kal tipnpa tovTev éxdorou e Kal apiOuov Kal Katpov opicat, AvovTa Kab gu- NdTTOVTA T@Y UTapxovTwY Kal KaBecT@Twy 6 TE doxoin. XVII. Hpatov pév ody trovs Apdxovtos vopous dveibe ANY Tov hoviKxav amavtas, Sua Thy A 4 YareroTnTa Kal TO péyeOos Tay éTiTibioy. pia yap Gdiyou Sety Atraciy @pioro ToiS dpapTavovae 1 So the verses are now more correctly found in Aristotle (Const. of Athens, xii. 5, Sandys). 448 SOLON acted short of his real power, relying as he did only on the wishes of the citizens and their confidence in him. Nevertheless he gave offence to the greater part of them, who expected different results, as he himself says of them in the lines :— “Then they had extravagant thoughts of me, but now, incensed, All look askance at me, as if I were their foe.” And yet had any other man, he says, acquired the same power, “ He had not held the people down, nor made an end Until he had confounded all, and skimmed the cream.” Soon, however, they perceived the advantages of his measure, ceased from their private fault-finding, and offered a public sacrifice, which they called Seisactheia, or Disburdenment. They also appoint- ed Solon to reform the constitution and make new laws, laying no restrictions whatever upon him, but putting everything into his hands, magistracies, assemblies, courts-of-law, and councils. He was to fix the property qualification for each of these, their numbers, and their times of meeting, abrogating and maintaining existing institutions at his pleasure. XVII. In the first place, then, he repealed the laws of Draco, all except those concerning homicide,” because they were too severe and their penalties too heavy. For one penalty was assigned to almost all transgressions, namely death, so that even those 1 Fragment 34 (Bergk) ; now verses 4f. of a fragment of nine verses cited by Aristotle (Const. of Athens, xii. 3). 2 Cf. Aristotle, op. cit. vii. 1. 7 449 VOL 1. G@G PLUTARCH’S LIVES tnuia Odvatos, @aoTe Kal Tovs apyias adovTas ) V4 \ \ / amoOyvnoxeyv, Kat Ttovs Adyava KréeYavTas 4F OTwpayv opoiws KorAdtecOat Tois iepoovrots Kal 2 avdpodovors. 510 Anpadns Sortepov evdoxipun- ; > AN ef ’ o ? \ LA gev eima@y OTe dt’ aipatos, ov dua pédXavos, \ , e / ” 9 \ > 9 A Tous vouous 0 Apdxwy éyparyev. adtos 8 éxeivos, A , 4 a 4 a> dao, épwrapevos Sid Ti Tois TrELTTOLS adicnuace Enuiav érake Oavatov, amexpivato Ta 4 ” 4 A 4 bev pupa tavrns akia vopilew, Tots 5é peyarous oun eyew petfova. XVIII. Aevrepov 8¢ Yorwy ras pev dapyxas anTdoas, @oTEp Hoav, Tois evmopois amroNctTreEty Bovdopevos, THY & aAXAnY pikat rrodsTelay, Hs oO Sjmos ov petetyer, EXaPe Ta Tiunpata TaY TrOX- Tav, Kal Tovs pev évy Enpois opod Kat wypois péTpa tevtaxdo.a Trotobvras mpawtous érake Kal TWEVTAKOTLOMEdiLVOUS Tpoanyopevoe SevTépous S5é 88 Tovs tmmov tpépev Suvapévovs 4 pétpa trovety 2 tTplaxocta’ Kal tovTous immdéba TedobyTas éxa- Nouv’ Cevyirar S of Tov TpiTov TibnpaTOS wVO- pacOnaayp, ols pétpov jv cvvaydorépwr Svaxociwy. ot 5é Nowrrol waves éxarobvTo OTes, ols ovdeuiav ¥ ” bd , b \ A Ul apxew Eaxev apyjv, Ada TO cuverxrAnodlew kat Sucale povov petetyov Ths rodttelas. 6 9 > \ \ 9 / ef ‘ kar apyas pev ovdév, totepov Se trappéeyebes épavn’ Ta yap mreioTa Tav Stapopey évémirrev els tous Oucactas. Kal yap boca Talis apyxais érafe xpivery, opoiws xal epi éxeivwy eis TO 45° e i, SOLON convicted of idleness were put to death, and those who stole salad or fruit received the same punish- ment as those who committed sacrilege or murder. Therefore Demades, in later times, made a hit when he said that Draco’s laws were written not with ink, but blood. And Draco himself, they say, being asked why he made death the penalty for most offences, replied that in his opinion the lesser ones deserved it, and for the greater ones no heavier penalty could be found. XVIII. In the second place, wishing to leave all the magistracies in the hands of the well-to-do, as they were, but to give the common people a share in the rest of the government, of which they had hitherto been deprived, Solon made an appraisement of the property of the citizens... Those who enjoyed a yearly increase of five hundred measures (wet and dry), he placed in the first class, and called them Pentakosiomedimnoi ; the second class was com- posed of those who were able to keep a horse, or had a yearly increase of three hundred measures, and they were called Hippada Telountes, since they paid a Knight's tar; the members of the third class, whose yearly increase amounted to two hundred measures (wet and dry together), were called Zeugitai. All the rest were called Thetes ; they were not allowed to hold any office, but took part in the administration only as members of the assembly and as jurors. This last privilege seemed at first of no moment, but afterwards proved to be of the very highest importance, since most disputes finally came into the hands of these jurors. For even in cases which Solon assigned to the magistrates 1 Cf. Aristotle, Const. of Athens, vii. 3f. 451 Ga 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sucaotynpiov éepécers EdwKe Tois PBovropévos. Aéyerat 5€ Kal Tovs vopovs acadéotepoy ypdwas Kal Todas avtidnpes exovtas av&joar tH Tov SicactTynpioy ioxyiv un Suvapévous yap be Tov vopwy SiarvOjvat rept ov Svepépovto, ouvé- Bawev det SetcOar Stxactav Kai wav aye audisByntnua mpos éxeivous, TpdToy Tia TOV vouwv Kupiovs dvtas. émeonpaiverac 8 adtos atte THy akiwaow odTws Anup péev yap &wxa Tocov Kpatos Socov aTrapKel, ” vw > 3 \ w 9% 9 Ul TLLHS OUT adEedXwy ovT’ eTropeEapevos’ ot & elyov Sivapw Kal Ypnuacu joa ayntol, Kal Tots éppacdunv pndév devxes Eyerv. ” 5 > \ \ 4 9 A éeoTny 0 apdiBadwv Kpatepov odKxos apydote- po.oe: vray & ov elac’ ovderépous adixws. "Ere pévTot padXov oiopevos Seip érrapKety TH TaY TOAAMY doOevea, TavTt NaBeiv Sixny vrép Tov KaK@s TreTOVOOTOS éwxKe. Kal yap TANYEVvTOS érépov cal Bracbévros 4 PraBévtos eEnv TH Suvapévp xat Bovropévm ypddecOar tov abu- xoovta Kal Siwxerv, 6p0as eOiLovros Tov vopobéTou TOUS TroAlTas M@oTEp Evos pépn cw@paTtos! ouvat- cOdvecOat Kal cuvadryeivy addAHXOLS. TOUT@O 5é TO vou@ cupdwvodvta AOyov avTod Stapynpovevov- 1 pépn odpuatos (or caparos pépn) Coraés and Bekker, after Xylander: évds mépous. 452 SOLON for decision, he allowed also an appeal to a popular court when any one desired it. Besides, it is said that his laws were obscurely and ambiguously worded on purpose to enhance the power of the popular courts.’ For since parties to a controversy could not get satisfaction from the laws, the result was that they always wanted jurors to decide it, and every dispute was laid before them, so that they were in a manner masters of the laws. And he himself claims the credit for this in the following words :— “For to the common people I gave so much power as is sufficient, Neither robbing them of dignity, nor giving them too much ; . And those who had power, and were marvellously rich, Even for these I contrived that they suffered no harm. | I stood with a mighty shield in front of both classes, And suffered neither of them to prevail unjustly.” ! Moreover, thinking it his duty to make still further provision for the weakness of the multitude, he gave every citizen the privilege of entering suit in behalf of one who had suffered wrong. If a man was assaulted, and suffered violence or injury, it was the privilege of any one who had the ability and the inclination, to indict the wrong-doer and prosecute him. The law-giver in this way rightly accustomed the citizens, as members of one body, to feel and sympathize with one another's wrongs. And we are told of a saying of his which is consonant with this 1 Fragment 5 (Bergk); Aristotle, Const. of Athens, xii. 1; cf. also ix. 1 f. 453 “PLUTARCH’S LIVES ow. épwtnfels ydp, os eorxev, Aris otKxetrar lel b , KdAMoTa TOY TOdEwY, “ “Exeivn,” eitrev, ‘ev 7 TOV AdiKOULEVwWY OVY HTTOV ob pn adLKOvUMEVOL a@poBdAXovtat Kal Kordfovat Tous adtxobvras.” Ul \ \ > > 4 4 XIX. Luorno dpevos dé Ty & Apeip Tayo “A > 3 Bovrny é« tov Kat émauTov apyovtar, hs Sia \ a ” “eo Cha To adptat Kal adtos peteiver, Ere 8 opav Tov “A fe) / n a n Sjpuov oldodvtTa Kal Opacvvopevoy TH TAY Kpcav / N adécet, Sevtépav mpooxatéverme BovArAnv, aro urns éexdortns, TeTTAdpwv ovoay, éExatov avdpas 4 “ émireEdpevos, obs mpoBovrevey Erake Tov Snuou « \ \ IA J / > > 4 Kat pndév éav ampoBovrAevTov ets éexxAnolav bf , \ 9 ” \ > , elopépecOar. tHvy 8 avw Bovrnv éricKoToy / \ / “A / > Ul >) Tavtwv Kal dvraxa ToV vopwv éxaBicer, ot0- pevos éttl duct Bovrais womep ayKxvpats oppod- b] , \ , ” A a Gav HTTOY év GadXw THY TrOALY EveaOaL Kal WadXOV aT pemovvtTa Tov Ofjpov trapéeev. Oi pev odv treiotos thy é& "Apeiov mayou / ef ¥ do / , Bourn, WOTED ELPpNTaL, LOANWVA ovetncac bai ” ” a“ \ gacts kal paptupeiy avtois doxet padtota TO } le) \ , 4 8 9 4 pndayod tov Apaxovra Réyew pnd’. dvopatery "Apeotrayitas, GANA Tois eétas adel draréyecBar le) A e w Tept Tov hovxov. o dé Tpiexaldéxatos aFwv le) A , Tov LYorwvos Tov Sydoov exer THY vopwY odTwS a f > f ud avTois ovopace yeypaypévov. “ Atipwv daot ” > \ H ( ¥ > / atipot oav mpiv LYorwva apEar, émitipovs, elvat wANnV doou €& Apeiov mayou 7h Soot éx Tey — a SOLON law. Being asked, namely, what city was best to live in, “ That city,” he replied, “in which those who are not wronged, no less than those who are wronged, exert themselves to punish the wrong- doers.” XIX. After he had established the council of the Areiopagus, consisting of those who had been archons year by year (and he himself was a member of this body, since he-had_been archon), he observed that the common people were uneasy and bold in consequence of their release from debt, and therefore established another council besides, consisting of four hundred men, one hundred chosen from each of the four tribes. These were to deliberate on public matters before the people did, and were not to allow any matter to come before the popular assembly without such previous deliberation. Then he made the upper council a general overseer in the state, and guardian of the laws, thinking that the city with its two councils, riding as it were at double anchor, would be less tossed by the surges, and would keep its populace in greater quiet. Now most writers say that the council of the Areiopagus, as I have stated, was established by Solon. And their view seems to be _ strongly supported by the fact that Draco nowhere makes any mention whatsoever of Areiopagites, but always addresses himself to. the “ephetai’’ in cases of homicide. Yet Solon’s thirteenth table contains the eighth of his laws recorded in these very words: “As many of the disfranchised as were made such before the archonship of Solon, shall be restored to their rights and franchises, except such as were 1 Of. Aristotle, Const. of Athens, viii. 4. 455 PLUTARCH’S LIVES v éderav 7 éx mputaveiov xatadicacGévtes bTr0 tov Baciriéov éml hove h chayaiow 7 ént / 4 @ ¢ \ > 4 @ bd A Tupavvids epevyov Ste 0 Oecpos epavn 6be.” tadta 57) TaALY WS TPO THS LoAwvos apyAs Kal vopo- Oecias thy é& "Apeiov mdyou BovAny odcav évoeixvuTat. tives yap oav of mpo Yorwvos éy "Apeim mayo xatadicacOévtes, ci mpatos Zorwy edwxe TH €& ’Apetov mayou BovAR 70 / ? \ \ , lA V4 > , n Kpiverv; ev pn vy Ata yéyove tis acahea Tov / “a 4 @ A e 4 9 9? ypaumatos n exdeufris, WaTE TOUS NAWKOTAS ET aitiats als xpivovor viv ot “Apeotayira: xai b / , 4 e N > 4 4 épérar kal mputdves, Ste 0 Oecpos epavn Ge, pévery atipous, TOV GAXwY emiTipwY yevopévar. TavTa pev ovv xa autos émioxorTet. XX. Tav & addrAXAwY avdTodD vouwv tdtos pev paddtota Kal mapdbokos 6 KeXevwv aAtipov elvar Tov év oTdcet pnodetépas pepioos yevopevov. Bov- rNeTas 8’, ws Eotxe, un aTADaS pnd avatcOnTws éyewy mpos TO Kowwov, ev dodgaret Oéyevov ta oixela Kal TH ph ovvadryely pnde cuvvoceiv TH maTpios KaddAwilopevov, GAN avToOev Tois Ta Bertiow kal Sicarorepa mpadtrovas tpocbépevoy, ouyxivouvevery Kal Bonbetv, wadrXov 4 treptpeverv ‘axwbvves Ta TOV KpatovvTwY. aToTros bé Soxel a e a“ “a Kal yeAXotos o TH émixAnpw Sid0vs, av 0 KpaTaV 4 Kal KUpLOS YyEeyoVM@s KATA TOV VOpoY av’TOS pn) duvatos 7 WAnoidlev, wTo TaV éyytoTa TOD 456 oo’ 89 SOLON condemned by the Areiopagus, or by the ephetai, or in the prytaneium by the kings, on charges of murder or homicide, or of seeking to establish a tyranny, and were in exile when this law was published.” This surely proves to the contrary that the council of the Areiopagus was in existence before the archonship and legislation of Solon. For how could men have been condemned in the Areiopagus before the time of Solon, if Solon was the first to give the council of the Areiopagus its jurisdiction? Perhaps, indeed, there is some obscurity in the document, or some omission, and the meaning is that those who had been convicted on charges within the cognizance of those who were Areiopagites and ephetai and prytanes when the law was published, should remain dis- franchised, while those convicted on all-other charges should recover their rights and franchises. This question, however, my reader must decide for himself. XX. Among his other laws there is a very peculiar and surprising one which ordains that he shall be disfranchised who, in time of faction, takes neither side.!_ He wishes, probably, that a man should not be insensible or indifferent to the common weal, arranging his private affairs securely and glorying in the fact that he has no share in the distempers and distresses of his country, but should rather espouse promptly the better and more righteous cause, share its perils and give it his aid, instead of waiting in safety to see which cause prevails. That law, too, seems absurd and ridiculous, which permits an heiress, in case the man under whose power and au- thority she is placed by law is himself unable to con- sort with her, to be married by one of his next of kin. ° 1 Cf. Aristotle, Const. of Athens, viii. 5. 457 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avdpos omvecOar. xal toito 8 dp0as éyew Tivés hace mpds Tovs pH Suvapévovs cuveivat, ypnuatoyv 8 évexa NapBavovtas émiKAnpovs Kal TO vopw xataBialopévovs THY hvaw. opavTes yap @ BovrActae tHv érixdrAnpov cuvotcay 7 mT poncovtTar Tov yapov h pet’ aloxurvns KabéEovat, dirotrrAoutias kal bBpews Sixnv Scdovtes. ed 5 éyes wal ro py Tao, add. TeV oUYyyEevOV Tou avd pos @ Bovnera SuaréyerOau Thy emixhy- pov, ores olxeiov 7) Kal peTéexov TOD yevous 70 TLKTOMEVOV. els tovto b¢ ovvtedet wal Oo THY vouonv TH vuppig cuyKabetpyvuc bas paprou kvdeviou KaTatpayovoay, xal To Tpls éxdorov pnVvos éytuyy ave TAVT OS Th émiKAnp@ Tov AaBorta. Kal yap et un ryévouvro maides, anna, Tin TLS avd pos adrn 7 pos owdpova yuvaixa, Kat Sa a TOANA TOV curdreyouevey € éxaa ToTe Svaxepav adatpoica, kal tais Sstadopais ouK éHoa TavTaTacly dmoatpaphvar. Tov 5 ado yapov ageine Tas pepvds, i indrva Tpla Kal onxevn pixpod vopic patos aka Kedevoas, Etepov bé pndev eee THV Yanouperny. ov yap éBovnero po oopov ovd' wmov elvas Tov yapov, GX’ érl. TEKVOTEL Kab xapere Kat perornte yiver Bau Tov avdpos Kal yuvarkos TUYOLKLG LOD. O pep yap Atovictos, ak.ovens TIS pnt pos avtob S00 vat Tie TOY TOMTOY ™ pos yapov, épn Tovs pev Tis TONEWS VOLOUS NEAUKEVAL TUPAYVOY, TOvs dé ths hicews ovK elvar duvaros BidlecOae yd- pous vupeparyory av Tap mp exiay" év b€ Tais moreat Thv atakiay tavTny ov Soréov, ovee TepromrTéov 458 SOLON Some, however, say that this was a wise provision against those who are unable to perform the duties of a husband, and yet, for the sake of their property, marry heiresses, and so under cover of law, do violence to nature. For when they see that the heiress can consort with whom she pleases, they will either desist from such a marriage, or make it to their shame, and be punished for their avarice and insolence. It is a wise provision, too, that the heiress may not choose her consort at large, but only from the kinsmen of her husband, that her offspring may be of his family and lineage. Conformable to this, also, is the requirement that the bride eat a quince and be shut up in a chamber with the bride- groom; and that the husband of an heiress shall approach her thrice a month without fail. For even though they have no children, still, this is a mark of esteem and affection which a man should pay to a chaste wife; it removes many of the annoyances which develop in all such cases, and prevents their being altogether estranged by their differences. In all other marriages he prohibited dowries; the bride was to bring with her three changes of raiment, household stuff of small value, and nothing else. For he did not wish that marriage should be a matter of profit or price, but that man and wife should dwell together for the delights of love and the getting of children. Dionysius, indeed, when his mother asked him to give her in marriage to one of his citizens, said that, although he had broken the laws of the city by being its tyrant, he could not outrage the laws of nature by giving in marriage where age forbade. And so our cities should not allow this irregularity, nor tolerate unions which age forbids 459 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ae@pous Kal axyapttous émumAoKds Kal pndev Epryov yapnrdov éxyovoas pnbe TéXNOS. GAAA yéporTe véav ayopéevm hain tis dv éupedras dpywov f vouobérns TO pos Toy PiroKxtT ATHY’ EV your ws yapelv Eves Tddas, xa véov év Swpatim mrovcias mperBuridos, @omep ot mWépouxes, aTO auvovcias TayYuVopEvoy éEaveuvpwv petoixices mpos tapBévoy vuipdny avépos Seopévnv. tadra peév ovv trept TovTwr. XXI. ’Emawveirat 88 tod Lédwvos Kal o Kwrdwv vouos Tov TeOvnKoTa KaKa@s ayopeverv. Kal yap Satov Tous peOeoTwTAas lepovs vopilerv, Kal Sixatoy anvréyerOat TaY ovY UTapxoVTwY, Kal ToALTLKOY adatpeiy ths éxOpas to alésov. (avra 8é xaKas Ayer exw@AvTE Tpos lepois Kal StxacrTypiots Kal apyeious xal Oewpias ovons daydvwv' 4 Tpels Spaxpas TO idtwty, dv0 & adAas atrotivery eis TO Snucotov érake. TO yap pndayod xpately opyns amatdsevtov Kal dxodractov: To 5é mavtayxov yaretrov, éviows 5¢ abivatov: Set 88 mpos To Suva- Tov ypdpecOar Tov vopov, eb BovrAeTAL Ypnoipws Odiryous, GAAG pq) ToAAOUS axXpHoTwWS KoAdCeLD. Eidoxipnoe 5é xnav TO Trepl SiaOnxav vope mpotepov yap ov é&qv, GAN ev 7 yéver ToD teOvnxotos eer TA XpHpata Kal Tov olKov Kata- péverv, 6 & @& BovdrgeTai tis émitpépas, ef pH 460 ™, 90 SOLON and love does not invite, which do not fulfil the function of marriage, and defeat its object. Nay, to an old man who is marrying a young wife, any worthy magistrate or lawgiver might say what is said to Philoctetes!: “Indeed, poor wretch, thou art in fine state for marrying !”’ And if he discovers a young man in the house of a rich and elderly woman, waxing fat, like a* cock- partridge, in her service, he will remove him and give him to some marriageable maid that wants a husband. Thus much, then, on this head. XXI. Praise is given also to that law of Solon which forbids speaking ill of the dead. For it is piety to regard the deceased as sacred, justice to spare the absent, and good policy to rob hatred of its perpetuity. He also forbade speaking ill of the living in temples, courts-of-law, public offices, and at festivals ; the transgressor must pay three drachmas to the person injured, and two more into the public treasury. For never to master one’s anger is a mark of intemperance and lack of training; but always to do so is difficult, and for some, impossible. And a law must regard the possibilities in the case, if its maker wishes to punish a few to some purpose, and not many to no purpose. He was highly esteemed also for his law con- cerning wills. Before his time, no will could be made, but the entire estate of the deceased must remain in his family. Whereas he, by permitting a 1 In a play of this name, of uncertain authorship. See Nauck, J'rag. Graec. Frag.*, p. 841. Plutarch cites two entire verses in Morals, p. 789 a. 461 PLUTARCH’S LIVES maises elev avT@, Sodvat TA avTov, didiav TE ouyyevelas éeTiunoe padXAov Kal ydpw avdyens, Kal T& Xpnpata KTHpaTAa TOY éxovTwY éToinceD. > \ b] / 4, O- @ A \ 4 ov pny avédnv ye Tardy ovd atA@s Tas doces épfxev, GAN et p27 voowy Evexey ) hapydKay 7 Secpa@v! 7) avdyxn xatacyebels 7 yuvatkl 1O0- pevos,? ed tavu Kal mpoonKkovTas TO TetcOjvat Tapa To BéXtTLc Tov ovdey Hryovpevos TOD Brac Ojvat Stadépev, dAN Eis TAVTO THY ATAaTHY TH avayKy Kal T@ Trove Thy Hoovnv Oéuevos, ws OVX HTTOV éxoTnoat Noyio pov avOpatrou dvvapévoy. "Eréotnoe 5é€ nal tais é€odars TaY yuvatKav kal tois mévOeot Kal tais éoprais voxov arreip- N ” 9 a b lA \ yovra To ataxtov Kal axo\acTov: é€tévar pev e / “ \ / ” 4 iwatiov TpLav un TA€oY EXoVaaY KErEVCAS, Unde Bpwrov 7 mwortav mretovos 7 oBodrod depopevny, , , / , pndsé xdvnta mnyvaiou peifova, poe voctwp mopeverOae ANY apdkn Kourlopévny AVYVOU Tpo- daivovtos. “Apuyas 5€ xottopévov nal 76 Opn- a , \ \ 4 Mv ? ” veiy tretompéva Kal TO KwKveLY Addov ev Tapais eTépwy adeirev. évayitey d€ Bodv ovx« elacer, Oe Gé 4 e (4 nn > > ovde cuvTiévar mrA€oY ipatiwy TpLav, oVvd én adXot pla pujpata Badivery ywpls éexxopsdys. av Ta TAEtTTA Kal TOIS HuETépols VomoLS aTrnYyOpEU- Tat’ mpookertar 5é€ Tois nuetépors Cnpovcbar 1 8ecua» Bekker adopts Schaefer’s correction to deopg. 2 wiOduevos Cobet : wesOduevos. 462 SOLON man who had no children to give his property to whom he wished, ranked friendship above kinship, and favour above necessity, and made a man’s possessions his own property. On the other hand, he did not permit all manner of gifts without re- striction or restraint, but only those which were not made under the influence of sickness, or drugs, or imprisonment, or when a man was the victim of compulsion or yielded to the persuasions of his wife. He thought, very rightly and properly, that being persuaded into wrong was no better than being forced into it, and he placed deceit and compulsion, gratification and affliction, in one and the same category, believing that both were alike able to pervert a man’s reason. He also subjected the public appearances of the women, their mourning and their festivals, to a law which did away with disorder and licence. When they went out, they were, not to wear more than three garments, they were not to carry more than an obol’s worth of food or drink, nor a pannier more than a cubit high, and they were not to travel about by night unless they rode in a waggon with a lamp to light their way. Laceration of the flesh by mourners, and the use of set lamentations, and the bewailing of any one at the funeral. ceremonies of another, he forbade. The sacrifice of an ox at the grave was not permitted, nor the burial with the dead of more than three changes of raiment, nor the visiting of other tombs than those of their own family, except at the time of interment. Most of these practices are also forbidden by our laws, but ours contain the additional proviso that such 463 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOUS TA TOLAUTA TOLODYTAS UTS TAY yUVaLKOVOLOD, @s avavdpos Kal yuvatxwbdect Tots Trept Ta TévOH mdaQect kal auaptnuacw éveyopévous. XXII. “Opa@y &€ 76 pév Gotu miwAdpevoy av- Oparrwv det ocuppeovTwy ravtayobev ém adeias eis THY Arricny, ta 5é rrEloTa THIS Yopas ayevy7, cal padra, Tovs 5é ypwpévous TH Gardrry pndev eiwOoras eicayew Tois pndév Exovow avtidovvat, Mpos Tas Téxyvas Etpere ToS TroNdiTas, Kal vopuov éyparrev vid Tpépery Tov tratépa pn dudaEdpevov TéXVNY erravayKes py elvat. TO pev yap AuKovpy@ kal ody oixovyT. KaBapav Gyrov Eevxod Kxai YoOpav KexTnpéevo TloAXotor rrorAnv, dts troaols S€é mreiova,} b b , . \ A e “ , kat Eupimidnv, cat To péytorov, etNwTeKod mAN- Gous, 6 BéXtvov Hv pn cyorAdlav, ddrAw TprBopevov wel Kal Tovody TaTetvoicOat, TepiKeyupéevov TH Aaxebaipou, Karas elyev acyoméav émitovev \ 4 9 4 \ / kat Bavatowv araddakavra tovs Tod tas ouve- yew €v Tois STrAaLS, play TEeXVNY TAUTHDY expavOd- vovtTas Kai doKxodvtas: Lorwy 5é Trois wpadypace TOUS VomoUS “aAAOV } TA TpdypaTa Tos vOLOLS n ec Aan A TpocapLolwry, Kal THs Ywpas THY PvatW Opav Tots yewpyovdar yAloxpws StapKovcay, apyov Sé Kal cxYokactTHy OyXov ov Suvapévny rpépey, Tais réyvats akiwmpa mepteOnne, nal thy éE *Apetouv mayou BovAnv érakev émicxoreiy BOev Exactos ” a 9 7) \ \ b ‘\ Xa EVEL TA ETLTNOELA, KAL TOUS apyous KoAaCeLD. 1 Following Nauck (7'rag. Graec. Frag.?, p. 680): woAAots, Tocoiase. 464 SOLON offenders shall be punished by the board ot censors for women, because they indulge in unmanly and effeminate extravagances of sorrow when they mourn. XXII. Observing that the city was getting full of people who were constantly streaming into Attica from all quarters for greater security of living, and that most of the country was unfruitful and worth- less, and that seafaring men are not wont to import goods for those who have nothing to give them in exchange, he turned the attention of the citizens to the arts of manufacture, and enacted a law that no son who had not been taught a trade should be com- pelled to support his father. It was well enough for Lycurgus, whose city was free from swarms of strangers, and whose country was, in the words of Euripides, ‘‘For many large, for twice as many more than large,” and because, above all, that country was flooded with a multitude of Helots, whom it was better not to leave in idleness, but to keep down by continual hardships and toil,—it was well enough for him to set his citizens free from laborious and mechanical occupations and confine their thoughts to arms, giving them this one trade to learn and practice. But Solon, adapting his laws to the situation, rather than the situation to his laws, and observing that | the land could give but a mere subsistence to those who tilled it, and was incapable of supporting an unoccupied and leisured multitude, gave dignity to all the trades, and ordered the council of the Areio- pagus to examine into every man’s means of liveli- hood, and chastise those who had no occupation. 465 VOL. I. H H 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES "Exeivo & 45n chodporepov, 1rd pndé trois &€& éraipas yevopévois emdvaryKes elvat Tovs TaTépas / e ¢ , € / e a e tpépetv, ws “Hpaxretédns toropncev o Iovtixos. o yap év yadu@ Tapopwv TO Kadov ov TéxvwY Evexa d7jrXOS eoTLV, GAN’ HOoVAS ayopevos yuvaiKa, TOV Te pioOov amréyel, Kal Tappnoiay abT@ pos Tovs YEVOMEVOUS OVK aTroAéAOLTTED, Ols AUTO TO yevérBas qWemoinkev OVvEtoos. XXIII. “Orws 68 mreotny Exe atotiay ot mepl TOV yuvatKav vowot TE Yorwve Soxodce. povyov pev yap avedciy tO AaBovte Sédwxev- 2\ > e / / “ \ ° éav & aprdacn tis éXevOépay yuvaixa Kal Bra- ontat, Cnuiay éxatov Spaypas érake: «ay mpo- aywyevn, Spaxypas eixoot, TANV doar Tepacpévws TwrobvTal, Aéywv 57 Tas Eétaipas. avTat yap 2 a a \ \ / a ” éudavas gort@ot mpos Tovs Svdovtas. ért 8 ove Ouyatépas tore od7 aderdas didwor, wANY A \ A / ? \ dv pn AdBn tapOévov avdpt auryyeyevnuevnv. to § avTo Tpaypa Tote pév TiKxpa@s Kal atrapat- , 4 \ 3 bd / \ / THT@s KonaCeLW, Tore 5 evKoros cal maivovta, T poo Ttpov onuiay THY Tuxobcay opifovra, aXoryov éoTe TAY ef 11) oravilovros Tore Tov vopla patos év TH TONEL peydras emotes TAS apryupicas Cnpias TO dvomd proton. els ey ye Ta Tlunpata TOY duciav Aoyiverat 7 poBartov xal Spaypnyv avi pedipvov To 8 “IoO wa viKnoavTt Spaxpas ératev éxaTov Si8oc8a., ™@ S ‘Odtpmea TevTakooias: AvKov Oé 7 kopicayTe mévTe Spaxpas EOWKE, Avawd€ea dé play, Ov gow o Parnpers Anynrpros TO pev Boos eivat, TO dé mpoRdtou Tiny. as yap 466 91 SOLON But that provision of his was yet more severe, which, as Heracleides Ponticus informs us, relieved the sons who were born out of wedlock from the necessity of supporting their fathers at all. For he that avoids the honourable state of marriage, clearly takes a woman to himself not for the sake of children, but of pleasure ; and he has his reward, in that he robs himself of all right to upbraid his sons for neglecting him, since he has made their very existence a reproach ' to them. XXIII. But in general, Solon’s laws concerning women seem very absurd. For instance, he per- mitted an adulterer caught in the act to be killed ; but if a man committed rape upon a free woman, he was merely to be fined a hundred drachmas ; and if he gained his end by persuasion, twenty drachmas, unless it were with one of those who sell themselves openly, meaning of course. the courtesans. For these go openly to those who offer them their price. Still further, no man is allowed to sell a daughter or a sister, unless he find that she is no longer a virgin. But to punish the same offence now severely and inexorably, and now mildly and pleasantly, making the penalty a slight fine, is unreasonable; unless money was scarce in the city at that time, and the difficulty of procuring it made these monetary punish- ments heavy. In the valuations of sacrificial offerings, at any rate, a sheep and a bushel of grain are reckoned at a drachma; the victor in the Isthmian games was to be paid a hundred drachmas, and the Olympic victor five hundred ; the man who brought in a wolf, was given five drachmas, and for a wolf’s whelp, one; the former sum, according to Demetrius the Phalerian, was the price of an ox, the latter that of 467 HH 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éy 7@ éxxaidexat@ tov akovev opite tLmdas TOV Exxpitav tepetwv, eixos pev elvat ToAAaTaCIas, addrAws O€ Kakeival TpOS Tas VvoV evTEAEIS Elo~>D. apyaiov &€ tots "AOnvators 16 Tonrepety ois Ul 4 4 a a , 54 AvKols, BeXTiova vépew yewpyely Ywpav Exover. wal tas gudas eloly ot AdyovTes OvK aTTO TOY “Iwvos vidv, AXX ato TOY yevar, els & SinpEOnoav ot Bio. To Tp@tov, wvoudobar, TO wey payepwov ‘Orditas, 76 8 épyatixov "Epyddes: Suey Se Tav rNoTav Tedéovtas péev Tovs yewpyous, Alyt- xopets dé TOUS él vopais Kal mpoBateias da- TpiBovras. 9 \ \ ” w a 9 ? / Evel 5€ pos Bdwp ote woTapois eotiy devdors ovTe Aipvats ticly ot adOovos myyais 4% 4 4 > > e a) a Yapa dtapnns, GAN of WrEtoTor Ppéace trointois €Ypa@vTo, vouov &yparrev, Strou pév eos Snpoctov ppéap evros immixod, ypjacOar TovT@: TOS imm- A 4 lA , ad xov dtdoTnpa tecodpwv jv atadiwv: Sov Sé TrElov atéyet, Cntety bdwp ldLov- éay Se opvEavres opyuav béxa BdOos tap’ éavtois py edpwot, ToTe AapBdavev Tapa tod yeltovos é€dyour Udpiav Sis éExaotns nuépas wANpodvtas: aropia yap @eto Seiv Bonbeiv, ovx apylay éhodiakerv. @ A , ‘y~> 9 , ‘\ apice 5é kal dute@v pétpa par éutreipws, TOVs ¥. 4 9 > a , 4 péev adAO Te huTevovtas ev ayp@ wévte mddas 468 SOLON a sheep. For although the prices which Solon fixes in his sixteenth table are for choice victims, and naturally many times as great as those for ordinary ones, still, even these are low in comparison with present prices. Now the Athenians were from of old. great enemies of wolves, since their country was better for pasturage than for tillage. And there are those who say that their four tribes were originally named, not from the sons of Ion, but from the classes into which occupations were divided ; thus the warriors were called Hoplitai, the craftsmen Ergadeis ; and of the remaining two, the farmers were called Geleontes, the shepherds and herdsmen Aigikoreis.1 Since the country was not supplied with water by ever-flowing rivers, or lakes, or copious springs, but most of the inhabitants used wells which had been dug, he made a law that where there was a public well within a “ hippikon,”’ a distance of four furlongs, that should be used, but where the distance was greater than this, people must try to get water of their own; if, however, after digging to a depth of ten fathoms on their own land, they could not get water, then they might take it from a neighbour's well, filling a five gallon jar twice a day; for he thought it his duty to aid the needy, not to provision the idle. He also showed great experience in the limits which he set to the planting of trees; no one could set out a tree in a field within five feet of his 1 This is strained etymology to explain the ancient tribal names of Hopletes, Argadeis, Geleontes, and Aigikoreis, which are derived, in Herodotus v. 66, from the names of the four sons of Ion. The first has nothing to do with ‘‘ hopla,” arms; nor the second with ‘‘ergon,” work; nor the third with ‘‘ ge,” earth ; nor the fourth with ‘‘aix,” goat. 469 PLUTARCH’S LIVES améyew tod yeitovos Kerevaas, Tovs dé cuKhD h édaiav évvéa. tToppwrépw yap é&ixveitas tavta tals pitas, Kal od maou yertta Tois gutois aos, adda Kal Tpodny taparpeitar cal Brarroveav éviows atroppony adinar. Bo- Opous dé Kal taddpous tov BovAdpevov éexédXeuvcev optoceyv, bcov éuBdrAr\gc Bdbos, adiordpevov HKos TaNXNOTpioU: Kal peltcoaV opHnvn KafioTa- pevov atréxe tay ud’ érépov mpotrepov idpupévov jooas Tplakoctous. XXIV. Tay 5€é yiwvonéver b:a0eow rr pos Eévous éXaiov povoy édbwxev, GAdra © é€dyew éx@druCE’ Kal kata tov éEayovtTwy apas Tov apxovrTa trot- eicGar mpocérakev, éxtivey avTov éxaTov Spaxpas els TO Snpdovov. nal mpotos akov éotly 0 TOoUTOY TEepléxwY TOY vopoV. oOvK av ovv TLS Hpjoarto TAavTENWS aTiOavous TOUS deyovTas (6Tt Kal avewv éEaywyn TO Tadatoy ateipnto, Kal To daivew evderxvdpevov tous é&dyovtas KrAnOHvat cucoparteiv. eyparbe dé cal BrAABns TET PAaTrOOWY vopor, € év @ Kal kuva SaxovTa Tapa- Sodvat Kenrever Khoup TpuTnyet dedeuévov' TO pev évO vpnpa xaprev 7 pos aopanecay. Tlapéyer & amopiav Kai o TOV OnwoTrovyT oy vOUOS, OTL yevec Oar ToNiTars ov didwar TAY Tois pevryovot devpuyia THY éavT@v y) maveo Tiots “AGnvate perorerbopévors éml TEX. touto &é morhjoai pacuy avrov ovx obTwS dmehauvovra Tovs GAXOus ws KaTaKaXovpevov AOjvate TovTOUS émt BeBaiom to peOéEaw Tis Todteias, Kal aya 470 SOLON neighbour’s field, or, in case it was a fig-tree or an olive-tree, within nine. For these reach out farther with their roots, and injure some trees by their proximity, taking away their nourishment, and emitting an exhalation which is sometimes noxious. He that would dig a pit or a trench, must dig it at the distance of its own depth from his neighbour's ; and he that would set out hives of bees, must put them three hundred feet away from those which another had already installed. XXIV. Of the products of the soil, he allowed oil only to be sold abroad, but forbade the exportation of others; and if any did so export, the archon was to pronounce curses upon them, or else himself pay a hundred drachmas into the public treasury. His first table is the one which contains this law. One cannot, therefore, wholly disbelieve those who say that the exportation of figs also was anciently for- bidden, and that the one who showed up, or pointed out such exporters, was called a “sycophant,” or fig-shower. He also enacted a law concerning injuries received from beasts, according to which a dog that had bitten anybody must be delivered up with a wooden collar three cubits long fastened to it; a happy device this for promoting safety. But the law concerning naturalized citizens is of doubtful character. He permitted only those to be made citizens who were permanently exiled from their own country, or who removed to Athens with their entire families to ply a trade. This he did, as we are told, not so much to drive away other foreigners, as to invite these particular ones to Athens with the full assurance of becoming citizens ; he also thought that reliance could be placed both 471 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mustous vopivovta Tovs pev amroBeBAnKOTAS THY éavtav Sia Thy avayKny, tors & aroXeXolTrOTAS Sia tiv yvounv. idiov b€ tod Yorwvos Kal ro mept THs év Snpocim aitncews, Sep avrTos mapacttely KéKAnKe. TOV yap avTov ovK eG aiteiaOat wodAdKs, av 5€ S Kabynnre py Bov- AnTat, KorAdLEL, TO pev NyovUpevos mTAEoveeiay, TO 5 vmrepowiay tov Koweav. XXV. 'Ioydy b€ toils vopows maow eis éxatov éyiautous &duxe> Kal Kateypddynaay eis Evrtivous adEovas év mratcios Teptéxovat otpepopévous, ov étt Kal’ npas év IIputaveip Neiava pixpa Stecwlero: Kal mpoonyopevOnaay, ws ’Aptotoré- Ans dyoi, KipBew. Kal Kparivos o xwpuxos elpnné tov’ II pos tod YoAwvos nal Apaxovtos olat viv ppvyovaty Hn Tas KaYpuS Tols KUpBectv. évior 6€ gacw idiws év ols iepa nal Ouaia mepiexovTar, xupBes, afovas §€ tovs daAXous 9 4 \ \ 2 w @ e \ a@vopdcbat., Kowvov péev odv @pmvuev Spxov 4 Boudry \ A \ a / tov Oeopolerav év ayopa mpos Te riOw, xata- gdarilwv, et te TapaBain Ta Oecparv, avdpidvra Npuaoby tcopéetpntov! avabijcew ev Acrdois.} 1 loomerpnroy and év AeAgois are not in the text of Aristotle. 472 SOLON on these who had been forced to abandon their own country, and on those who had left it with a fixed pur- pose. Characteristic of Solon also was his regulation of the practice of eating at the public table in the townhall, for which his word was “ parasitein.”}_ The | same person was not allowed to eat there often, but if one whose duty it was to eat there refused, he was punished. Solon thought the conduct of the first grasping ; that of the second, contemptuous of the public interests. | XXV. All his laws were to have force for a hundred years, and they were written on “ axones,’ or wooden tablets, which revolved with the oblong frames containing them. Slight remnants of these were still preserved in the Prytaneium when I was at Athens, and they were called, according to Aristotle,? “ kurbeis.”” Cratinus, also, the comic poet, somewhere says :— “‘ By Solon, and by Draco too I make mine oath, Whose kurbeis now are used to parch our barley- corns.’ 8 | | But some say that only those tablets which relate to sacred rites and sacrifices are properly called “ kur- beis,’ and the rest are called “axones.” However that may be, the council took a joint oath to ratify the laws of Solon, and each of the “ thesmothetai,” or guardians of the statutes, swore separately at the herald’s stone in the market-place, vowing that if he transgressed the statutes in any way, he would dedicate at Delphi a golden statue of commensurate worth. 1 Hence, with scornful meaning, the word parasite. 2 Cf. Const. of Athena, vii. 1, with Sandys’ notes. 3 Kock, Com. Att. Frag. i. p. 94. 473 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Suvidov $& tod unvds THY avwpariay, Kal THY Kivnoww THS aerHvns ovTe Svomévm TH rio TAVTWS OUT avigXoVTL TUUPEPOMevNV, ANAA TOD- AdKls THS aUTAS Huépas nal KaTadapSdvovacav Kal mapepxYopévny tov HrLov, avTny pev erake TauTnv évnv kal véav KareicOar, TO pev po guvodou popiov avThAs TH Tavopevp pyri, TO 5é AotTrOv dn TH apYopéevp TpoanKeEy Nyoupevos, Tp@Tos, ws Eotxev, OpOds axovacas ‘Opunpov Ré- yovTos, Tod pev POivovtos pnvos, tod § torapévovo, thv & éde&fs juépay voupnvlav éxdreoe. Tas 5 an’ etxados ov mpoatiOels, GAN’ adatpav Kal 9 s 4 A fo 4 ev avarvov, womep TA PATA THS TEANVNS Ewpa, pexX pe Tpraxdb0os npiO uncer. _ 9 la! / 3 / wn Ered 5¢ tav vouwrv eiceveyOévtwy eviot TH , 3 @€ Ul , e VA 3 Lowy «ad éexdorny mpocjecay nyépay, éTrat- voovtes 7 Wéyovtes 4) cuuRovrevovres éwBdrrety Trois yeypappévors 6 TL TUYOLEY 4 aharpely, TAei- ato. & hoayv of muvOavopevot nal avaxpivoytes xal xeXevovtes avtov Sires éxaotTov éye Kat \ - 4 ? 4 mpos fy xetrar Sedvoray érexdiddoKey kal cadn- vitey, opav Ste tTadTa Kal TO mpaTTeLY aToToOV kal TO pH mpdrrew émidOovov, Grws Sé tails atropias UTexorhvat BovAodpevos nal Staduryety 474 SOLON Observing the irregularity of the month, and that the motion of the moon does not always coincide with the rising and setting of the sun, but that often she overtakes and passes the sun on the same day, he ordered that. day to be called the Old and New, assigning the portion of it which preceded the conjunction to the expiring month, and the remaining portion to the month that was just beginning. He was thus the first, as it would seem, to understand Homer’s verse,! which speaks of a day when ‘This month is waning, and the next is setting in,” and the day following this he called the first of the month. After the twentieth he did not count the days by adding them to twenty, but by subtracting them from thirty, on a descending scale, like the waning of the moon.? No sooner were the laws of Solon put into operation than some would come to him every day with praise or censure of them, or with advice to insert some- thing into the documents, or take something out. Very numerous, too, were those who came to him with inquiries and questions about them, urging him to teach and make clear to them the meaning and purpose of each several item. He saw that to do this was out of the question, and that not to do it would bring odium upon him, and wishing to be wholly rid of these perplexities and to escape from 1 Odyssey, xiv. 162=xix. 307, of the day when Odysseus would return to Ithaca. 2 Thus the twenty-first was called the tenth, the twenty- second the ninth, and so on, ‘‘of the waning month.” The twenty-ninth was the second of the waning month, the thirtieth the Old and New. 475 PLUTARCH’S LIVES To dvadpectov cal diraitiov tav TrodsTav (Epy- pace yap év peyados waow dobety yadeTor, @> autos elpnke), TMpocynya THs wAdYyS THY vauxrAnpiav Torna dpevos eFeT Neue, SexaeTH Tapa tav "AOnvaiwv amodnpiav aitnadpevos. Hnrmube yap ev Te xpove TOUT®@ Kal TOS VO"oLS avToUs ! éceaOar auvnbecs. XXXVI. [[parov péev obv es Aiyurrrov adixeto Kat duét pier, ws avdtos dyct, Nelaovu éml mpoyono. KavwBidos éyyibev axtis. ypovov dé tTiva Kal tois wept Vévwduv tov ‘Hrov- Tonitny cal Layyw rov Lalrnv, Noywrdrors ovat TaV iepéwv, cuvedidocddyge: trap’ dv Kal tov “AtXavtixov axovaas Royov, as TIXdtov dnaiv, érexeipnoe Sid trotipatos éEeveyxeiv eis tous “EAXAnvas. émetta mrevoas eis Kuoarpov nyannOn Stapepovtas vo PiroxvTpov Tivds TOY éxet Bacidewv, b5 elyev ov peyddnv TOLD, @xiapévnv wd Anpodavtos tod Oncéws, rept tov Knrdptov torapov év xwpiors oxyupois pen, Grrws Se Svoyvepéos Kal gavrAo1s Kerpéevny. éretcev ovY avTOY 6 LorAwY UToKELpevou Kadov medtou petaverta THY TOA HoLova Kal petLova KatacKkevacat. Kal Tapwv émepednOn rod cuv- ovKtc ov, Kal cuvdtexoopnoe pds te Staywyny dpiora Kal wpos aodddXeav, WoTE ToAXOVS pev oentopas Te DiroxuTrpm avvedGeiv, Cyraoat Se Tovs adXous Bacidéas: 510 nab TH Yorove tippy 1 rots véuots abrovs after MSS. cited by Stephanus ; Bekker has rovs vdéuous abrois, the conjecture of Stephanus (the laws would he familiar to them). | 4x6 93 SOLON the captiousness and censoriousness of the citizens (for “in great affairs,’ as he says himself, “ it is difficult to please all’’), he made his ownership of a vessel an excuse for foreign travel, and set sail, after obtaining from the Athenians leave of absence for ten years. In this time he hoped they would be accustomed to his laws. XXVI. In the first place, then, he went to Egypt,? and lived, as he himself says,® “Where Nile pours forth his floods, near the Canobic shore.”’ He also spent some time in studies with Psenophis of Heliopolis and Sonchis of Sais, who were very learned priests. From these, as Plato says,‘ he heard the story of the lost Atlantis, and tried to introduce it in a poetical form to the Greeks.° Next he sailed to Cyprus, and was greatly beloved of Philocyprus, one of the kings of the island. This prince had a small city, founded by Demophon, the son of Theseus, and lying near the river Clarius, in a position which was strong, but otherwise incom- inodious and sorry. Solon therefore persuaded him to remove the city to the fair plain which lay below it, and make it more spacious and pleasant. He also remained and took charge of the new city’s con- solidation, and helped to arrange it in the best possible manner both for convenience of living and for safety. The result was that many colonists flocked to Philocyprus, and he was the envy of the other kings. He therefore paid Solon the honour of 1 Fragment 7 (Bergk). 2 Cf. Aristotle, Const. of Athens, xi. 1. 3 Fragment 28 (Bergk). 4 Timueus, p. 22 a. 5 Cf. chapters xxxi. 3; xxxii. Lf. 477 PLUTARCH’S LIVES amoéibous Aimeiay THY TONY KaXoOUpévnY TrpO- 4 tepov am éxeivov Yorovs mpoonydopevoe. Kal avros S€ péuvntat Tov auvoLKLcpov' Tpoaayo- pevoas yap év tails éXeyetars tov DiddxvT por, Nov 6€ (dnot) od pév Yorlorot Tworvv ypovov év0ad’ avacowyv , , ’ Los e 7 THVOE TOALY VALOLS Kal YévOS UpéTE pov" > \ > \ A n n > A 4 avrap éue Edv vyt Bon Kreis amo vnoov aoxnOy méutrot Kimpis toorépavos: b A 2 9 \ a) , A n 9 4 oixiop@ & él rede ydpw Kal Kddos o7ralor b \ \ 4 yO? 9 e éaOXov xal vootov tratpid’ és jmetépny. XXVII. Thy dé mpos Kpotcov évrevEw avtod Soxodow mot Tois ypovoits ws tmeTNACHEéVHY éreyyew. éeym 5é Aoyor Evdokov ottTw Kai To- govTous paptupas éyovta, Kai, 6 petlov éote, TpeTovTa TO YOArAwvos HOer Kal ths éxelvou pe- yanroppootyns Kal cogias aktov, ob por Soxm@ ™ ponoea Gat Npovixois Tiat Leyopevors Kavoow, ods pupioe dtopOodvtes aypt onpepov eis ovdév avTots omoXoyoupevoy SvvaYTaL KaTaCTHGAaL TAs 2 avtiroyias. Tov 8 ody Yorwva hacwy cis Dapdeus SenOévtt tH Kpoiow tapayevopuevov, trabety te TapaTAnaLoy avopi Yepoaiw KaTLovy Tp@Tov eat Oarattav. éxeivos Te yap op@v adrov éE adAXrov ToTapoy weTo THY OddNaccay civat, Kal TO Lodwve Thy .avrAnv Svatropevopévm nal Toros opwvte Tav Bacidttkov Kexoopnpévous ToAVTEAS, Kal 478 SOLON naming the new city after him, and called it Soli; its name had been Aipeia. Solon himself also makes mention of this consolidation. In his elegies, namely, he addresses Philocyprus, and says} :— “Now mayest thou long time be lord and master for the Solii here, Dwelling in this city thyself, and thy family after thee ; But may I and my swift ship, as we leave this storied isle, Be brought upon our way in safety by Cypris of the violet crown. 2a Upon this settlement of thine may she bestow favour and glory ; And upon me an auspicious return to my father- land.” | XXVII. As for his interview with Croesus, some think to prove by chronology that it is fictitious. But when a story is so famous and so well-attested, and, what is more to the point, when it comports so well with the character of Solon, and is so worthy of his magnanimity and wisdom, I do not propose. to reject it out of deference to any chronological canons, so called, which thousands are to this day revising, without being able to bring their contradictions into any general agreement. So then, they say that Solon, on visiting Sardis at the invitation of Croesus,” had much the same experience as an inland man who goes down for the first time to the sea. For just as such a man thinks each successive river that he sees to be the sea, so Solon, as he passed through the court and beheld many of the king’s retainers in 1 Fragment 19 (Bergk). 2 Cf. Herodotus, i. 30-33. 479 PLUTARCH’S LIVES coBobyras éy dyA@ mpoTropm ay Kat Sopupepar, Exaatos éddxet Kpoicos elvai, péxpl mpos auTov HYOn, Tav Scov év riOots, év Badais écOAros, ev Téxvats Ypvdod wept Kdopov éxmpetrés Exew 7 mepittov % Endrwrov edoxer treptxeipevov, ws 87 Géapa cepvotatov odOein Kal TotxtdwtarTov. ével 8 0 Yorwv avtixpus Katactas ovr éradev ovdey ovT’ eltre pos THY dypiy WY 0 Kpotcos mpoc- edoxnoev, GAG Kal SHros HY Tots ED Ppovodar Ths atrepoxadias Kal pixpompetreias KaTadpovar, éxéhevoev aur@ TOUS Té Onoavpovs avotEa TOV Nenuatwov, Kat Hv adAny dryovtas émidetEa pndev Seomevep KaTacKeuny Kat TONUTENELAY. 7 pKet yap avros év éauT@ Tov TpoTrou KaTavong tv mapacyeiy. as 8 ouv avis AXON ryerOVOS amdy- tov Oearns, porna ev avrov 0 Kpotcos ei tia oidev av pwrrav avToo _paKaplorepov. amopnva- pévov O€ TOD Lorwvos 4 ore olde TédAov avrob Tont- THY, Kal SteFeA Govt os 571 xpnoros avnp 6 TEédAog yevouevos Kal waidas evdoxipous KaTadit@v Kat Biov ovdevos évdedi TOV avaryKaiov, éTeAEUTN TED evdotas dpiorevoas vTep THS TAT pLOOs, Hon pev aGddOKOTOS eddxer elvat 7 Kpoio@ Ka GrypouKos, él pn 7 pos apy vpov TOU poe xpuatov THS evdas- povias ToveiTat THV avapeT pyar, GArAa Snpo- TLKOU wal tStwTov Biov Kal Odvatov av8 pwrrov padrov 7 7 ToTaUThY ayaT on Sivapuy Kal apxny. ov pny adda madev NpwOrnoey avuToV eb peTa Téd\Xov addov éyveoKev avO parrav evdatpoveote- pov. wdduww && Tod Zorwvos elm 6vTOS evdévar Kré0Bev xat Bitwva, diradérpous xai pidopn- 480 SOLON costly apparel and moving proudly amid a throng of couriers and armed guards, thought each in turn to be Croesus, until he was brought to the king him- self, who was decked out with everything in the way of precious stones, dyed raiment, and wrought gold that men deem remarkable, or extravagant, or enviable, in order that he might present a most august and gorgeous spectacle. But when Solon, in this presence, neither showed any astonishment at what he saw, nor made any such comments upon it as Croesus had expected, but actually made it clear to all discerning eyes that he despised such vulgarity and pettiness, the king ordered his treasure chambers to be thrown open for the guest, and that he should be led about to behold the rest of his sumptuous equipments. Of this there was no need, for the man himself sufficed to give Solon an understanding of his character. However, when Solon had seen every- thing and had been conducted back again, Croesus asked him if he had ever known a happier man than he. Solon said he had, and that the man was Tellus, a fellow-citizen of his own; Tellus, he went on to say, had proved himself an honest man, had left reputable sons behind him, and had closed a life which knew no serious want with a glorious display of valour in behalf of his country. Croesus at once judged Solon to be a strange and uncouth fellow, since he did not make an abundance of gold and silver his measure of happiness, but admired the life and death of an ordinary private man inore than all this display of power and sovereignty. Notwithstanding, he asked him again whether, next to Tellus, he knew any other man more fortunate than he. Again Solon said he did, naming Cleobis and Bito, men surpass- 481 VOL. 1. 11 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , ” \ \ 4 “ Topas Stadepovtws avépas, of THY pnTepa TeV Boar Bpaduvovtwy brodivres abtol Te Cuy@ THs ig 4 > / \ \ a e @ \ > dpakns éxéusrcav mpos TO TAS ”“Hpas lepov evdac- povitopévny Um6 TOY TOMTOY Kal Yaipovaay, eita Oicavres Kal moves ovK ete pel” Hyuépav avéoTn- cav, @dAd TeOvnKdtes avadyh Kal GruTov érl S6En toca’ty Odvarov BPOncav, ““Hyas 6é,” elrev Sn mpos dpynv 6 Kpoiaos, “eis ovdéva / b , > N > , bo] \ e TiOns evdarpovwev apiOpov avOpwerov; Kat o , v UA s > \ ww SdrAwv ovtTe KorXaxevery BovrAopevos avTOV oUTE mepattépw mapokivev, “"Eddqow,” elev, “ @ Bactred Avdav, mpds te TaAAG peTpios exe O beds wxe, cal codias tivds AOapaods, ws ore, \ } lo > x n Oe x “” e \ Kal Snuotixhs, ov Baciduxys ovdé NapTpas, vTrO PETPLOTNTOS Hiv péeTerTLV, 1) TUXALs OpOca Tay- rodaTrais xpwpevov det tov Biov, ovK €@ Tots a > a A a ? LA mapovaw ayabois péya ppovetv, ovdé Oavpdlerv avépos evtuyiay petaBorjs xpovov eéxoucav. érevou yap éxdot@ Trotirov é& adjdov TO péddov: ? b ? / e 6 & eis Tédos 6 Saipwv eto tiv evrpagiav, rovTov evdaipova vopifouev. 0 5é Cavtos Ete Kat xuvduvevovtos ev TO Bim paxaptopos, @aTrEp > , aywvilopévou Knpvypa Kal arépavos, éotiv aBéBatos Kat dxupos.” Tair eirav 6 Yodwv ? 8 dindXdtTeTO AUTIHTAS péV, OV vovOeTHaas SéE tov Kpoicov. XXVIII. ‘O 8€ Aoyorrods Aicwios, éruyxave 482 94 SOLON ing all others in brotherly love and in dutiful affection towards their mother; for once, he said, when the car in which she was riding was delayed by the oxen, they took the yoke upon their own shoulders and brought their mother to the temple of Hera, where her countrymen called her a happy woman and her heart was rejoiced; then, after sacrifice and feasting, they laid themselves to rest, and never rose again, but were found to have died a painless and tranquil death with so great honour fresh upon them. ‘“ What!” said Croesus, who by this time was angered, “dost thou not count us among happy men at all?’’ Then Solon, who was unwilling to flatter him and did not wish to exasperate him further, said: “O king of Lydia, as the Deity has given us Greeks all other blessings in moderation, so our moderation gives us a kind of wisdom which is timid, in all likelihood, and fit for common people, not one which is kingly and splendid. This wisdom, such as it is, observing that human life is ever subject to all sorts of vicissitudes, forbids us to be puffed up by the good things we have, or to admire a man’s felicity while there is still time for it to change. For the future which is advancing upon every one is varied and uncertain, but when the Deity bestows prosperity on a man up to the end, that man we consider happy ; to pronounce any one happy, however, while he is still living and running the risks of life, is like proclaiming an athlete victorious and crowning him while he is still contending for the prize; the verdict is insecure and without authority.’’ When he had said this, Solon departed, leaving Croesus vexed, but none the wiser for it. XXVIII. Now it so happened that Aesop, the 483 112 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 4 V4 N Ag \ / yap eis Ldpdes petamepymros yeyovws vTo Kpot- gov Kal Tiw@pevos, HYOéTOn TS Yorwve pundewtas tuxovTe piravOpwrias: Kal mpotpémwv avtov, «7 Sorov,” edn, “tots Baciredor Set as Heota } ws AdioTa opsrciv.” Kai o Lodwv, “Ma Al,” elev, “ANN Os Haetota } was apiota.” Téte péev odv 6 Kpoicos ottw tod Yorwvos kateppovyncer” érrel 5¢ Kip cupBarov éxpar7On paxyn, Kal THY TOA amaddege, Kai COV arovs avtos emedrNe xatatipmpacbar, nal yevopévns mupas aveBtBdcOn Sedeyevos Oewpévwov Lepoav amdvrev cal Kuipouv rapovtos, éf’ dcov éEtxvetro xa duvatos hv TH hovn POcyEduevos aveBonoe rpis, “’O, Zorwv.” Oavydoas ovv o Kipos éreprpe rovs épnaopévous batts avOpwrwv 4 Oe@v ovTos éotiv 6 YoAwv, Sv év Tvyats! aTopols povoy dvanaretrat. Kal o Kpoiaos oddév amoxpua- pevos elev Sti “ Tav map’ “EdAnot coda els odtos Av o avnp, Sv éyo peTeTeradunv ovK dxotcait tt Bovropevos ovde pabeiv av évdens Aunv, GN ws 87 wor OeatHs yévorto Kal paptus atios Ths evdatpovias éxeivns, iv amoBadeiv dpa pettov hv Kaxov } AaBeiv dyaOdv. Aoyos yap Hv nat Sé6£a taya0ov Tapovans’ ai pwetaBoral S€ por aiths eis 7aOn Seva nal ocupopas avnxéatous doyw TeXeuT@oL. Kal Tat’ éxeivos Oo dp éx TOY TOTE TH VUV TEKpALpopmeEVos, exéAevEe TO TéXOS TOD Biov cxoreiv xal pn Opacuvopevov aBeBators trovotats UBpitew.” eet 8 Todt’ avnvéyOn mpos tov Kidpov, ate 8%) copwtepos dv tod Kpoicov xai 1 gv rbxa:s Coraés, Cobet, and 8: rixais. 484 SOLON writer of fables, was in Sardis, having been summoned thither by Croesus, and receiving much honour at his hands. He was distressed that Solon met with no kindly treatment, and said to him by way of advice: ““O Solon, our converse with kings should be either as rare, or as pleasing asis possible.” ‘No, indeed !”’ said Solon, “ but either as rare or as beneficial as is possible.” At this time, then, Croesus held Solon in a contempt like this; but afterwards he encountered Cyrus, was defeated in battle, lost his city, was taken alive and condemned to be burnt ; and then, as he lay bound upon the pyre in the sight of all the Persians and of Cyrus himself, with all the reach and power of which his voice was capable, he called out thrice :! “O Solon!” Cyrus, then, astonished at this, sent men to ask him what man or god this Solon was on whom alone he called in his extremity. And Croesus, without any concealment, said : “This man was one of the sages of Greece, and I sent for him, not with any desire to hear or learn the things of which I stood in need, but in order that he might behold, and, when he left me, bear testimony to the happiness I then enjoyed, the loss of which I now see to be a greater evil than its possession was a good. For when it was mine, the good I derived from it was matter of report and men’s opinion, but its departure from me issues in terrible sufferings and irreparable calamities which arereal. And that man, conjecturing this future from what he then saw, bade me look to the end of my life, and not let insecure conjectures embolden me to be proud and insolent.’”” When this was reported to Cyrus, since he was a wiser man than Croesus, and 1 Cf. Herodotus, i. 86. 485 i) PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov Ayo TOD Yorwvos loyupov év TH Trapadely- pate Brérrav, ov povoyv adjxe tov Kpoicov, arava kal tinav éf” Scov en Sretérece: Kal SoFav éxxyev 0 Lorwv él roy Tov pev aoHaas, TOV SE matoevoas Tav BactNewv. XXIX. Of & év dore: wadw éotaciavov aro- Snuodvtos Tov YOAwvos: Kal TpoELaTHKEL TOV [ev Tledséwv Aveotpyos, trav 6 Tapddwv Meyaxr7s o Ardxpaiwvos, Tecictpatos 8¢ trav Ataxpiov, év ols jv o Ontixos bys Kal padoTa TOs mov- cious axXGouevos' date xpyjoOar pev Ete TOUS VOMOLS THY TrOALY, HON Se TpadypaTa vew@TEpa TT poc- Soxav nal wodety dtravtas étépay xatdotaow, ovx ltaov érrifovtas, ddXa mréov eEaw ev TH petaBorr Kal Kpatnoceay Tavtatace Tov Siadpepo- peéevov. obTw 5¢ TOY Tpaypdatav éxovTwv o Lowy mapayevopevos eis Tas AOnvas, aidé pév elye kal Tiny Tapa Tracy, év 5é xow@ réyew Kal mpdo- cev opoiws ovK ér Hy Suvatos obdé mpdOupos vo ynpws, GAN’ éevruyxdvwv idSia Tols mpoecTHat THY oTacewy avipdaow éretpato Sradvew Kal ovvap- pore, paduota tov Ilecurtpdtov mpocéyew Soxodvtos avT@. Kal yap aipvrov TL Kal mpoc- dires elyev ev TO SiaréyerOar, xal BonOntexos hv tows Tévnot Kal mpos TAS ExOpas eruerkys Kal pétpios. & &¢ dices uy mpochy avTa, Kal TradTa ptpovpevos émioteveTo padXov Tav exYovTwWY, wS evriaBns kal Kooptos avnp Kal padiora 87 TO ior ayaTa@v, Kat Svoxepaivev el tis Ta TaporTa 486 95 SOLON saw the word of Solon confirmed in the example before him, he not only released Croesus, but actually held him in honour as long as he lived. And thus Solon had the reputation of saving one king and instructing another by means of a single saying. XXIX. But the people of Athens were again divided into factions while Solon was away. The Plain-men were headed by Lycurgus ; the Shore-men by Megacles the son of Alemaeon, and the Hill-men by Peisistratus.!. Among the last was the multitude of Thetes, who were the bitter enemies of the rich. As a consequence, though the city still observed the new laws, yet all were already expecting a revolution and desirous of a different form of government, not in hopes of an equality, but each party thinking to be bettered by the change, and to get the entire mastery of its opponents. Such was the state of affairs when Solon returned to Athens. He was revered and honoured by all, but owing to his years he no longer had the strength or the ardour to speak and act in public as before. He did, however, confer privately with the chiefs of the opposing factions, endeavouring to reconcile and harmonize them, and Peisistratus seemed to pay him more heed than the others. For Peisistratus had an insinuating and agree- able quality in his address, he was ready to help the poor, and was reasonable and moderate in his enmities. Even those virtues which nature had denied him were imitated by him so successfully that he won more confidence than those who actually possessed them. He was thought to be a cautious and order-loving man, one that prized equality above all things, and would take it ill if any one disturbed the existing 1 Cf. Aristotle, Const. of Athens, xiii. 4. 487 PLUTARCH’S LIVES xiwvoin Kal vewTépwy opéyotto: tovToas yap &&n- TATA TOUS TOANOUS. Oo 5é LorAwv Tayv TO OOS épwpacey avtov Kai tHv émiBovAnv TpaeTos éyxateioev? ov pny éuionoev, GA érEetpato mpavve Kal vovleteiv, Kal pos avTov é Kat ™pos éTépous ws el Tus €£€éXoL TO pedon pwr ov auTou THS vox Kat thy émiOupiav idoatto THS Tupay- vidos,lovx grt addrXos edpuéoTepos)apos apeTHy ovde BeAtiwv Tronritns. "Apxopévoy Sé¢ trav wept Béomw nbn THVv Tpaywdiay xiweiv, nat Sta THY KawoTnta TOUS WoAXOus ayovTos Tov mwpaypatos, ove § ets dusrrav évaywouvov éEnypévov, dvcet Gurynxoos @v xal gdirouabns o Yortwy, ert padrrov ev ynpa oyoAyH cal mraéiad Kat vy Ata motos cal povoixy mapanéunrowv éautov, Cbedcato Tov BéoT avTov oroxpivopevov, womep EO0s Hv Tots maXdacois. peta dé tTHv Oéav mpocayopevoas avTov npwTNcEV €f ToTOvTwY EvavTiov OvK aloyUvEeTaL THALKAUTA wevddopuevos. dyoavtos 5é trod Oéaridos py Secvov elvat TO peta tradias Aéyew TA ToLladTa Kai Tpaooey, opodpa TH Baxrnpig THY viv O Lohwv marifas: ‘Taxy pevrot THY Tratduay, "én, “ Tav- THY erawobvtes odTw Kal TYL@vTES EUpTToper ev TOUS cvpPoraiors.” XXX. ’Enel &é KaTaTp@cas auTos €auTov o Ilevciotpatos Hxev ets aryopay érri Cevryous KOpl- Copevos, Kal Trapwfvve tov Shyov ws Sa tH jwomTEelay vo Tay éyOpav émtBeBovrcupéevos, 488 SOLON order and attempted a change. On these points, indeed, he completely deceived most people. But Solon quickly detected his real character, and was ‘the first to perceive his secret designs. He did not, however, treat him as an enemy, but tried to soften and mould him by his instructions. He actually said to him and to others that if the desire for pre- eminence could but be banished from his soul, and his eager passion for the tyranny be cured, no other man would be more naturally disposed to virtue, or a better citizen. Thespis was now beginning to develop tragedy, and the attempt attracted most people because of its novelty, although it was not yet made a matter of competitive contest. Solon, therefore, who was naturally fond of hearing and learning anything new, and who in his old age more than ever before in- dulged himself in leisurely amusement, yes, and in wine and song, went to see Thespis act in his own play, as the custom of the ancient poets was. After the spectacle, he accosted Thespis, and asked him if he was not ashamed to tell such lies in the presence of so many people. Thespis answered that there _ was no harm in talking and acting that way in play, whereupon Solon smote the ground sharply with his staff and said: “Soon, however, if we give play of this sort so much praise and honour, we shall find it in our solemn contracts.” XXX. Now when Peisistratus, after inflicting a wound upon himself,! came into the market-place riding in a chariot, and tried to exasperate the populace with the charge that his enemies had plotted against his life on account of his political 1 Cf. Herodotus, i. 59; Aristotle,Const. of Athens, xiv. 1. 489 PLUTARCH’S LIVES kal qroAXous elyev ayavaxrovvtas kal Bowrtas, mpoceOwy éyyus o Yorwv xab tapactas, “ Ov Karas,” elrev, “@ wat ‘Iamoxpdtous, broxpivyn Tov ‘Opunpexov "OSvacéa: tadta yap rrovets Tovs ToNTas Tapaxpovopevos ols éxeivos TOUS TroNE- 2 plous éEnrdtnoev, aixiadpevos éavtov.” éx TOUTOU TO pev TAHOOS Hv Eroimov vrreppayety tov Ie- oiaTpatou, Kal cuvadOev eis exxdXnotav o SHyos. ’"Apiotavos 8€ ypdyavtos dtrws 500a01 trevtiKovTa xopuvnpopo. TO Ileovotpatp gvdrAann Tov ow- patos, avreitev 0 YOAwWY avactdas Kal TONNE dueEnAOey Guota rovras ols da TeV Troipatwv / : : ryeypader i Ly ff OAS y : Eis yap yA@ooav opate Kai eis Emn atpvrou av6pos. vpay & els wév Exactos adwrexos lyvert Baiver, ovptracw © viv yadvos éverts voos. 3 opav 5é rovs péev TévnTas wpunpévous xa iferOau T@ Llecovotpat@ xal OopuBodytas, Tous 5é mXov- atous amroéubpacKovtas Kal amrodeih@vtas, ar- nrOev eirav Ste TaV pEev eats GopwTEpos, TaY Se avdperorepos: copuarepos Mev TOV LN TUVLEYTODY TO mpatTouevoy, avdpecorepos 5é¢ tay cumdvTwv péy, évavtiova Oar Sé 1H Tupavvids hoBoupévwv. To dé pigicpa Kupwaas o Sipos ovde rept Tod mAHOous éTt TaY Kopuynpopwy Sieptxporoyetro mpos Tov Tleraiotpatov, arr Scous éBovrero Tpéhovra Kal cuvayovta pavep@s Trepiewpa, méexpt THY aKpo- Tow KaTéa xe. 4 Yevopévou 5€ tovtov nal ris wodews ovrTa- 490 i, SOLON opinions, and many of them greeted the charge with angry cries, Solon drew near and accosted him, saying: “O son of Hippocrates, thou art playing the Homeric Odysseus badly; for when he dis- figured himself it was to deceive his enemies,! but thou doest it to mislead thy fellow-citizens.’’ After this the multitude was ready to fight for Peisistratus, and a general assembly of the people was held. Here Ariston made a motion that Peisi- stratus be allowed a body-guard of fifty club-bearers, but Solon formally opposed it, and said many things which were like what he has written in his poems :— ‘Ye have regard indeed to the speech and words of a wily man. Yet every one of you walks with the steps of a fox, And in you all dwells an empty mind.” ? But when he saw that the poor were tumultuously bent on gratifying Peisistratus, while the rich were fearfully slinking away from any conflict with him, he left the assembly, saying that he was wiser than the one party, and braver than the other; wiser than those who did not understand what was being done, and braver than those who, though they understood it, were nevertheless afraid to oppose the tyranny.? So the people passed the decree, and then held Peisistratus to no strict account of the number of his club-bearers, but suffered him to keep and lead about in public as many as he wished, until at last he seized the acropolis. When this had been done, and the city was in an 1 Odyssey, iv. 244-264. 2 Fragment 11 (Bergk), verses 7, 5, and 6. Plutarch has changed the order; Bekker and Cobet restore it. 3 Cf. Aristotle, Const. of Athens, xiv. 2. 491 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES paxOetons, o pév Meyarrtjs edvOis edpuye pera TOV GrAXwv ’Adkpatwvidov, o Sé Lordwv 7dy pev 9 ’ , \ \ a > 9 iv aopodpa yépwr Kai tovs BonPodvras ovK elxev, Suws dé mwpondev eis ayopav nal SiehéyOn pos ToUs TroMiTas, Ta pev Kaxilwv thy aBouNay av- A , \ LA wv Tov Kal paraxiav, ta S€ rapokivwy ért Kal 5 japaxaroy pn mpoécbar thy edevOepiay: Ste xal 4 TO pynpovevomevoy Eltrevy, WS TPwNY eV HV ev- papéotepoy avutTois TO KwAVTAaL THY TUpavvida cuvicTtapevny, viv dé petlov €ote Kal NawTpoTeEpov éxxowat Kat avedetvy cuvertacav On Kal medu- kutav. ovdevos S€ tpocéyovtos adt@ Sia Tov I 3 fo > \ > Sf ‘ e “~ doBov annrdOev eis tHY olxiay thy éavTov, Kal AaBov ta Gtrra Kal mpd TaY Oupav Oéuevos eis N 4 ac? \ 4 39 9 ce ° ‘ tov otevwov, “ Kot pév, etmrev, “as SuvuTtov 6 Av BeBonOnrar TH TmaTpid: Kal Tots vopots.” Kal NO ; \ e , 9 A n ‘4 tA TO AoLTOV Havyiav Hye, kal TaY dirwov hevyev Tapawovvtwy ov mpowetxyev, AAG Troinpata ypd- > , a 3 , gov wvetoife Tots “AOnvaiors: Ki &é rerrovOate Avypa Su’ bpetépny Kaxornra, pn TL Ocois TovTwY pny érrapdépere. avtol yap TovTous nuéjoate pupata Sovtes, \ “ A ” 4, cal dua Tavta Kaxny Eoxete SovrAoTUYHD. XXXI. Emi tovros 5€ roAX@v vovberovvTwr avTov ws amoJavovpevov vo TOU Tupavvov, Kat 492 96 SOLON uproar, Megacles! straightway fled, with the rest ot the Alcmaeonidae. But Solon, although he was now a very old man, and had none to support him, went nevertheless into the market-place and reasoned with the citizens, partly blaming their folly and weakness, and partly encouraging them still and exhorting them not to abandon their liberty. Then it was, too, that he uttered the famous saying, that earlier it had been easier for them to hinder the tyranny, while it was in preparation ; but now it was a greater and more glorious task to uproot and destroy it when it had been already planted and was grown. No one had the courage to side with him, however, and so he retired to his own house, took his arms, and placed them in the street in front of his door, saying : “I have done all I can to help my country and its laws.” 2 From that time on he lived in quiet retirement, and when his friends urged him to fly, he paid no heed to them, but kept on writing poems, in which he heaped reproaches on the Athe- nians :— | “If now ye suffer grievously through cowardice all your own, Cherish no wrath against the gods for this, For ye yourselves increased the usurper’s power by giving him a guard, And therefore are ye now in base subjection.” 3 XXXI. In view of this, many warned him that the tyrant would put him to death, and asked him on 1 Grandson of the Megacles who brought the taint of pollution upon the family (chapter xii. 1-3). He had been allowed to return from banishment. . 2 It was for others now to dothe same. Cf. Aristotle, Const. of Athens, xiv. 2. 3 Fragment 11 (Bergk), verses 1-4. 493 - PLUTARCH’S LIVES muvOavopévwy tive miatevwy oUTwWS aTrovoEtTat, “T@ yipa, elev. ov pv add’ oO Iletciotpatos éyKpaTyns yevouevos TY mpayuatwv ovTws é€e- Oepamevoe Tov YorAwva, Tiuav nal dtdodpovov- pevos Kal peratreuropmevos, WoTe Kal avuBovrov elvat Kal ToAXA TOV Tpaccopévwy erraweiv. \ 9 v4 \ , , “A kal yap épvAattTe Tovs mrELTTOUS VvOLOVS TOU LoAwvoS, Eupévov Tp@Tos autos Kal ToOUs didous ? 4 @ a 9 avayxdatwv os ye nal dovov mpookAnbels exs Apeoy wayov, 75n Tupavvay, atnvrnce Koo pLiws amroXoynaopevos, 0 5é KaTHyopos ovY UarNnKoUCE’ kal vopous autos erépous éypawev, my éote Kal e ‘ , > f 0 Tous mnpwbevtas ev Toren Snpooia TpéperBat Kerevwov. Ttovto b€ dnaow ‘Hpaxrgetdns xal mpo- tepov émt Qepoinap mnpwhévte tod Yorwvos Wndicapévov pipnoacbar tov Ileciorpatov. ws 5é @eoppactos iotopnxe, nal Tov THs apylas , b 4 9 4 vouov ov Yorwyv eOnxev, adda Tlevciorparos, & thy te ywpay évepyotépay Kal THY TONY npepatoTépay eTroincev. ‘O S€ YorAwv drdpevos peyddrAns Tis rept tov ‘AtNavtixdy Aoyov } pvOov mpaypareias, dv Senxovce tav Tepl Xdiv Aoyiwy mpoonKoyTa trois ‘AOnvaiou, éFéxapev, ov 80 doxoriar, as TlAdrwv dyciv, ddrXd parrov bd ynpws, poBn- Gels 10 péyeBos Tihs ypadis. émel oxor‘s SOLON what he relied that he was so lost to all sense, to which he answered, “My old age.” However, when Peisistratus had become master of the situation, he paid such court to Solon by honouring him, showing him kindness, and inviting him to his palace, that Solon actually became his counsellorand approved of many of his acts. For he retained most of Solon’s laws, observing them first himself, and compelling his friends to do so. For instance, he was summoned before the Areiopagus on a charge of murder, when he was already tyrant, and presented himself there to make his defence in due form, but his accuser did not put in an appearance. He also made other laws himself, one of which provides that those who are maimed in war shall be maintained at the public charge. But Heracleides says that even before that Solon had caused a decree to be passed to this effect in the case of Thersippus, who had been so maimed, and that Peisistratus was following his example. Moreover, Theophrastus writes that the law against idleness, in consequence of which the country became more productive and the city more tranquil, was not made by Solon, but by Peisis- tratus. Now Solon, after beginning his great work on the story or fable of the lost Atlantis, which, as he had heard from the learned men of Sais,! particularly concerned the Athenians, abandoned it, not for lack of leisure, as Plato says, but rather because of his old age, fearing the magnitude of the task. For 1 Cf. chapter xxvi.1. There is no trace of any such work of Solon’s, and the attribution of it to him is prebably a play of Plato’s fancy. 495 PLUTARCH’S LIVES nw o ¢ ye Teptove tay avToU pnvuovoly at TOLAVTAL 4 dwvat: Tnpdoxo 8 aiel rod SidacKopevos: Kal, | "Epya &&¢ Kumpoyevots viv po pira wal Aro- vucou cat Movoéwr, & tina’ avdpdow evppoovvas. XXXII. ‘Os 8 yopas carijs ados o WAdtwv Epnuov, avT@ 8 Tas Kata ovyyéverav TpoaKor, éFepydcacba: Kal Staxoopijcar pidotipovpevos tiv Atravticny vToOecw, mpoOvpa pev peyara xai mepiBdrous Kal avras TH apy weptéOnxev, ola Adyos ovdels AAAs Eoyev ode pUO0s ovdE , 9 \ \ 3 ul , wn“ moinats, owe dé apEayevos mpoxatédvoe Tov 4 \ , id A % , \ Epyov tov PBiov, 0om padAXov eEvppaiver TA YE- A 4 aA a > a ypappéva, TocovT@ padNov Tois azrohetpOeiow duidoas. as yap 4 mods Tov ’"AOnvaiwy To "Orvuutieiov, otTws 7 IIvdtwvos copia ov "Arvavtixoy év ToAXols Kadois udvov Epyov ate- Aes Eoryneev. : ’EmeBiwce S&S ody 6 Lorwv apEapévov rod Ilewototpdtov tupavveiv, as pev “Hpaxreidns o Tlovtixos (oropet, auxvov xpévov, as 6€ Pavias ¢ 3 4 4 5 a 2 A > \ a 6 "Epéctos, éAdttova dvoiv érav. emit Kwpiouv yey yap jptato rupavveiy Ilevsiotpatos, é¢' ‘Hyeotpdtov 5é Lorwva pyow o Pavias aro- 496 97 SOLON N that he had abundant leisure, such verses as these testify :— ode | ‘¢ But I grow old ever learning many things ; and again, ‘¢ But now the works of the Cyprus-born goddess are dear to my soul, Of Dionysus, too, and the Muses, which impart delights to men.” ® XXXII. Plato, ambitious to elaborate and adorn the subject of the lost Atlantis, as if it were the soil of a fair estate unoccupied, but appropriately his by virtue of some kinship with Solon,®? began the work by laying out great porches, enclosures, and court- yards, such as no story, tale, or poesy ever had before. But he was late in beginning, and ended his life before his work. Therefore the greater our delight in what he actually wrote, the greater is our distress in view of what he left undone. For as the Olympieium in the city of Athens, so the tale of the lost Atlantis in the wisdom of Plato is the only one among many beautiful works to remain unfinished. Well, then, Solon lived on after Peisistratus had made himself tyrant, as Heracleides Ponticus states, a long time ; but as Phanias of Eresos says, less than two years. For it was in the archonship of Comeas ® that Peisistratus began his tyranny, and Phanias says that Solon died in the archonship of Hegestratus, 1 Cf. chapter ii. 2. 2 Fragment 26 (Bergk). 3 Plato mentions the relationship of Critias, his maternal uncle, with Solon (Charmides, 4¢ 155 a). 4 Plato’s Critias is a splendid fragment. ° 561-60 B.o, — 497 vo. 1. K K PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 Oavely tov peta Keopiav adptavtos. 4 Sé dia- omopa Kxataxav0évros abdtod ths téppas mept Thy Sarapivtor vioov gore pev Sid THY aToTiay aniOavos Tavtdtact Kal pvOwdns, avayéypartat 8 bird te GAdXwv avdpav afioroyev Kal 'Apicto- TéXous TOU dirocogou. 498 SOLON the successor of Comeas. The story that his body was burned and his ashes scattered on the island of Salamis is strange enough to be altogether incredible and fabulous, and yet it is given by noteworthy authors, and even by Aristotle the philosopher. 499 Digitized by Google PUBLICOLA ITOITAIKOAA2 I. Totovre 8) yevopéve re Yorww tov Tommd- xoAav wapaRddropev, @ TOvTO pev Bortepoy o ‘Popaiwy Siuos éEedpev ert ripen Totvoua, mpo tod 5é Tlomdsos Ovarnépios Exaretro, OvadXepiou Soxav aroyovos elvat Tov Tadatav avdpos aitiw- Tadtov yevopévou ‘Pwyaiovs xal YaBivous é« Torepiov eva yevécOar Shuovy o yap padtora tous Bacireis els tavTo Treicas cuvedOetvy Kar SiadrAdEas exeivos éort. tovtm 8) Kata yévos mpoonkwy o Ovarrépios, ws pact, BactNevopéerns pev ere ths ‘Papuns éenidavys tv 80a AOyov Kal TroOvTOY, OY TO pev GpOas Kal pera mappnotas del ypwpevos trép tov Sixaiwyv, ad’ ov §é Trois Seopévoes édevdepios kal diravOpares érapKarv, dijhos. hv evOUs, e yévorro Snpoxpatla, mpw- TEVTD. "Enrel 8¢ Tapvviov LovmepBov obre AaBovra THY apxnv KaN@s, GAN avocias Kal Tapavoues, ouTE NPw@pevov auth Baoirixas, ann’ UBpifovra Kal TupavvoivTa, pov ) Siuos ral Bapuvopevos, apynv atoatacews ékaBe to Aovepntias mdbos aurny éml tT BracOjvac Siepyacapévns, Kat Aevxios Bpovros GTTOMEVOS TOV TpayyaTov 502 PUBLICOLA | I. Sucn was Solon, and with him we compare Publicola, to whom the Roman people gave this surname later as a mark of honour. Before that he was called Publius Valerius, and was reputed to be a decendant of that ancient Valerius who was most instrumental in making the Romans and the Sabines one people instead of enemies ; for it was he more than anyone else that persuaded their kings to come together, and settled their differences. Such being his lineage, Valerius, as we are told, while Rome was still a kingdom, was conspicuous for his eloquence and wealth, always employing the one with integrity and boldness in the service of justice, while with the other he gave liberal and kindly aid to the poor and needy. It was therefore clear that, should Rome become a democracy, he would at once be one of its foremost men. Now Tarquinius Superbus had not acquired his power honourably, but by the violation of divine and human laws; nor did he exercise it in kingly fashion, but after the manner of an insolent and haughty tyrant. The people therefore hated him, resented his oppressions, and found occasion for revolt in the fate of Lucretia, who made away with herself after violence had been done to her. Lucius Brutus, engaging in the revolution, came to 593 PLUTARCH’S LIVES . THs petaBoris ert mparov HAGE tov Ovarrépiov Kal Xpnodpevos avt@ mpoOvpotatp ocuveteBare \ a / \ ? 4) e oF ” TOUS Baaireis, pepe pev ei okos hv o Shuos Eva Xerporovyceny avtt Tov Bactréos oTparnyor, Houxiay aye o Ovarrépios, WS 7? Bpovto pAAXOV Apyew mpoojKoy Hyewove THs édevOepias yeyevnuevo: Svaxepatvouévov bé Tod THs povap- xias ovdpatos, Kal Soxodvtos av ddutrorepov Tov Syuov pepicOetoav vTopetvar thy apxnv Kal dvo mpoBadropévou kal KadovvTos, eAmifwv pera Tov Bpodrov aipeOjcecOar Kal cvvuTratevcew Sunjpap- rev. 7pé0n yap axovtt T@ Bpovtp avvdpyov dvtl tov OvadrAepiou Tapxivios Koddarivos, o Aovxpntias avip, ovdév apeth Ovardrepiov da- / > bd e / \ 4 dhépwv, adr’ ot Suvatol Sediores tovs Bactrels Ere TONAG metpavras tEwOev Kai paddooovtras TH / > 4 \ 9 4 9 A 9 N TOoALV, EB0UAOVTO TOV EVTOVMTATOV AVTOLS éx0 pov exew sTpaTnyov ws ovy Upyaopevor. II. ’Ayavaxtav otv o Odardrépios, ef pn muoTeverar TavTa wpaTTew &vexa THS tTraTpisos, dre pndev idia xaxov U0 THY TUpdvvar TétroVbe, Ths Te BovAns amréaTy Kal Tas cuYNnyopias atreiTeE kal TO TpdtTeW Ta KoLWa mavTedas éeEéX«TreD, @ote Kal AOdyov Tois ToANOIS Tapacyeiv Kat , / A > 9 A dpovrTida, poBovpévors yn Se dpynyv wpocbéuevos Tois Bactredow avatpéeyn Ta mpdypata Kal THY Tow emicharas Eyovoay. eet dé Kal apos 504 98 PUBLICOLA Valerius first of all, and with his most zealous assist- ance drove out the kings.1 Then, as long as the people was likely to elect one-man as their com- mander in place of the king, Valerius acquiesced, thinking it more fitting that Brutus should have the office, because he had led the way to freedom. But the very name of monarchy was odious to the people, who thought that it would be less vexatious to submit to an authority which was divided, and therefore proposed and demanded that two men should be elected to the highest office. Then Valerius, who hoped that he would be chosen next to Brutus, and would be consul with him, was disappointed. For against the wishes of Brutus, Tarquinius Collatinus, the husband of Lucretia, was elected as his colleague,” instead of Valerius. He was a man. of no greater excellence than Valerius, but the influential citizens were afraid of the kings, who were still putting forth many efforts outside, and trying to appease resentment inside the city, and they therefore desired to have as their commander the most pronounced enemy of the royal family, believing that he would make no concessions to them. II. Valerius, accordingly, vexed that his desire to do his utmost for his country should be doubted, merely because he had received no private injury at the hands of the tyrants, withdrew from the senate, gave up his practice as an advocate, and abandoned entirely his public activities. This caused anxious remark among the multitude. They feared lest, in his wrath, he should attach himself to the royal exiles, and subvert the established order of the city, which was in a dangerous pass. But when Brutus, 1 Cf. Livy, i. 58f.; ii, 2, 11. 2 Cf. Livy, i. 60, 4. 5°5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES érépous tivds trowiay éywv 6 Bpodtos éBovAeTo 51a aodaylwy opxecar thy Bovrny Kal mmpoetrrev npépav, kataBas pdra daidpos els ayopav o Ovarrépios, al patos opooas pndev évdadceu pnd wdbynoecOar Tapxuviows, adrdXra trodepjoerv Kata Kpatos omép ths édevOepias, nSovyy Te TH BovrH wat Odpoos aya toils apyovot tapécyer. evVOds 8 Kxal ta epya tov Spxov éBeBaiov. mpecBers yap Heov amd Tapxvviov ypdppata Kopivovres érraywya rod Syuov Kal AoOyous eme- evKels, ols pdduora TOUS ToAXous @ovTo dia- pOeipery, NEyOLEVOLS mapa Bactréws aderrévae TO ppovnpa Kat peTpiov deta Bar Soxobvros. TOUTOUS els 70 mrAOos olopéveoy deity TOV irareov mpoaryaryety oux elacev 0 Ovarrépios, GX’ évértn cal Svexorva ev av Opdrrots mévnae cal Bapuvo- [éEVOLS padrov THs Tupavvidos TOV TOAELOY APKas ral Tpopac ets VE@TEPLT LOY éyyevéo Oar. III. Mera &€ ravra m peo Bets HOV Erepot Tis TE Bactretas adiatacbat Kat TohepoovTa Tav- caa Ba TOV Tapxvviov AéyouTes, amraitety 8é Ta Xpnpata wal Tas ovaias avT@® Kal pirors Kat oixelors, ad’ ov Sia Biworovrar petryovres. érrixdw- pévov oé JTOMBY | Kai padoTa TOU Kodnartivov guvaryopevovTos, aTpeT TOS OV avnp al Tpaxus opyny O Bpobros éFé5papev eis aryopayv, mpodoTny amoKkahay Tov cuvapxovTa, ToAémou Kat Tupay- vidos adopyas xaprlopevor ols Secvov ay GyTws épodia puyas Yvngicacba., ouvveOovrav Sé Tov TONTaY TpaTos idsarns avip elrrev év Snug ToTE 506 PUBLICOLA who had his suspicions of certain others also, desired the senators to take a sacrificial oath, and set a day for the ceremony, Valerius went down with a glad countenance into the forum, and was the first to take oath that he would make no submission or concession to the Tarquins, but would fight with all his might in defence of freedom. This pleased the senate and inspired the.consuls with courage. And his. actions speedily confirmed his oath. For envoys came from Tarquin bringing letters calculated to seduce the people, and specious words by which they thought the multitude were most likely to be corrupted, coming as they did from a king who seemed to have humbled himself, and to ask only moderate terms. These envoys the consuls thought should be brought before the assembled people, but Valerius would not suffer it. He was unalterably opposed to giving poor men, who considered war a greater burden than tyranny, occasions and excuses for revolution. III. After this, other envoys came announcing that Tarquin abdicated his throne and ceased to wage war upon the city, but demanded for himself, his friends, and his kinsmen, their moneys and effects, wherewith to maintain themselves in exile. Many were inclined to grant this favour, and Collatinus in particular joined in advocating it, but Brutus, a man of harsh and unyielding temper, ran forth into the forum and denounced his colleague as a traitor, because he would bestow the means for waging war and maintaining tyranny on men to whom it were a terrible mistake to vote even a bare subsistence in exile. And when an assembly of the citizens was held, the first to speak among them 1 Cf. Livy, ii. 3, 5. 5°97 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Taios Muvovetos, T@ te Bpovtm Siaxerevopevos kal tois “Pwpyaiots tmapawav opav Stes ta Xpyuatra pet avTav dvta todepoin mpos Tous Tupdvvous padrdov 7H pert’ exeivwv mpos avtous. ov nv arr éboke rots ‘Pwpatos thy érevOepiav éyovow, vméep ts erronepour, pn wpoécGas thy etpryny évexa XPnpdrorv, aX quver Barely Ka TavTa TOUS Tupdvvors. "Hv 8 dpa Tapxuvio ee pev éAdytoros ToVY XpnudTwv, » 8 aTaitnots dua Teipa Tov Sypou Kal KataoKxevn mpodocias. Kal trait’ émparrov ot mpéaRets vmropévovres emt TH TaD Xpnudtoyv mpopdoe, TA pev amodidocbat, ra Se gurdtrev, ta 8 atroréureyv pdoxovtes, axpt od SidpOerpav oixovs 800 Tav KadOv Kayabov vouitopéevwv, tov "AxvAX wv tpeis exovta Bov- ANevTas Kat d¥0 Tov OviteXNiwv. ovToL Tapes joav amo pntrépwy adedpidot Kodrdarivov tod UTatevovTos, idia S& OviredrLous érépa mpos Bpodrov olxeLoTns UMHApyYev. aderpny ‘yap avTav O Bpodros elxe kat traidas é& aurijs Thelovas: av dv0 Tovs év Haukia ouyyeveis ovtas dpa Kal curnders of Ovitérd01 T paanyaryovTo | Kal ouve- mecay év Th OT obocia yevéoOar kat Kar ops £avtas éavtovs eis yévos peya TO TOV Tapkvvicr Kat BacidtKas éXribas amradhayiyat THS TOU Tar pos aBedrepias «al Karem orntos: Xanero- TnTa pay TO ara paitnrov avTov mpos TOUS movnpouvs deyoures, tH 8 aBeATEpia tpooTan- 508 PUBLICOLA was Caius Minucius, a private man, who exhorted Brutus and advised the Romans to see to it that the treasures fought with them against the tyrants, rather than with the tyrants against them. However, the Romans decided that, since they had the liberty for which they were at war, they would not sacrifice peace for the sake of wealth, but cast this also out along with the tyrants.! Now the wealth, of course, was of very slight consequence to Tarquin, but the demand for it was at once a test of the people’s disposition and a means of instigating treachery among them. And it was with this that the envoys busied themselves, making the property merely a pretext for remaining in the city, and saying that they were selling part of it, and reserving part, and sending part of it away. At last they succeeded in corrupting two of the noble families of Rome, that of the Aquillii, which had three senators, and that of the Vitellii, which had two. All these, by the mother’s side, were nephews of Collatinus the consul, and besides, the Vitellii were related in another manner to Brutus. For Brutus had married a sister of theirs, and she had borne him several sons. ‘Two of these, who had come to manhood, and avere their near kindred and close companions, the Vitellii won over and persuaded to join the plot for betraying the city, to ally them- selves with the great family and the royal ex- pectations of the Tarquins, and rid themselves of the stupidity and cruelty of their father. For they gave the name of cruelty to that father’s inexorable treatment of criminals, and as for his stupidity, he had for a long time, as it appears, feigned and 1 Cf. Livy, ii. 4, 3. 509 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pare kal Tapaxadvppate TONY ypovov, ws EoLKe, xpnodpevos dopadeias Evexa pos Tovs TUpdv- vous, ovd Uvatepov épuyev avrhs THY érwvupiay. IV. ‘Os & ody cuveretaOn Ta petpdxia Kat trois “AkuAXots eis Adyous 7AOEv, SpKov opooas péyav edoke tact Kal Sevov, avOpwrov oda- yévros émometoavras alua xal tov omddyxXvov Oiyovtas. émd Tovrots eis THY AxudAX ov oixiav auvnrOov. jw & o olxos, év & tadta Spdocuw éuedrov, olov elxos, Umépnuos xal oxoTw@dns. éxabev ody avtovs oixérns Gvopa Ovwvdineos évdov xataxpias éavtov, ov Kxat’ émiBovAnv h wpoaicOnciv tiva Tod péAXovTOS, GAN’ dow av éruxe kal mpociodew autos peta otrovdns OPOfvar HoBnOels bmréoTn, ANdpvaxa Keywévyny mpd avrod Totnodpevos, MoTe Kal TOY TpaTTOpévov Beatis yevécOar nal Trav Bovrevpatov érnKoos. édofe 8 avtois tovs vrdtous avaipety, cal TavTa Sndovcas ypavaytes émuatoAas pos Tov TapKu- viov ébwKkay Tots. wpéaBeat* Kal yap @Kouv avto- 61, trav “AxuvrArAgov Eévor yeyovores, cal tOoTEe TH ovvapocia Tapiaav. ‘Os 8€ tatta mpdEavtes arndrXdynoap, trek- eXbav o Oduvdixtos AAOpa, ypHnoacbat ois mMpoometovaty ovxK elyev, ANN Hrropetro, Secvov Hey aryoUpEVos, WaTrEp HV, Wpos Tatépa Bpodroy viay éEaytota Karyyopety 7 mpos Oetov adergpidov tov KodrAarivoy, idsorny 5é “Pwpaiwry ovdéva vo- 510 99 PUBLICOLA assumed this, to insure his safety from the cruel designs of the tyrants, and afterwards the surname of Brutus, which had been given him for it, ‘clung to him. IV. When, accordingly, the youths had been per- suaded and held conference with the Aquillii, it was decided that all the conspirators should swear a great and dreadful oath, pouring in libation the blood of a slain man, and touching his entrails. For this purpose they met at the house of the Aquillii1 Now the room in which the ceremony was to be held was, as was natural, dark and somewhat desolate. Without their knowing it, therefore, a slave named Vindicius had concealed himself therein, not with design, or with any inkling of what was to happen there; he merely chanced to be there, and when they came in with anxious haste, he was afraid to be seen by them, and hid himself behind a chest that lay there, so that he saw what they did, and heard what they resolved upon. Their decision was to kill the con- suls, and when they had written letters to Tarquin to this effect, they gave them to his envoys, who were living there as guests of the Aquillii, and were then present at the conspiracy. Their business transacted, the conspirators de- parted, and then Vindicius stole secretly away from the house. He knew not what use to make of what had befallen him, but was at a loss, considering it a dreadful thing, as it really was, to arraign the sons of Brutus before their father, or the nephews of Collatinus before their uncle, on the most abominable charges, and yet believing that no Roman in a private station could be entrusted with such im- 1 At the house of the Vitellii, according to Livy, ii. 4, 5. 511 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 pigeov ey éyryvov aTroppytav THALKOUTOD. Tav ad pardov 7 dvvaros dy novyiav aryety, édauve- pevos be Te guverooTt TOU T paywaros, Hpynoe Twos Wpos TOV Ovarnrépiov, padsora TOUS Kovvots kal giravOpwrros* enayGels tod avd pos, 6re maou ebm poaodos hv trois Seopévos, Kal THY oixiay adel mapetyev avepymevny, Kar oryou ou- Sevds ovde Xpetav ameppimrer TOV TATELVOD. V. ‘Qs ody aveBn mpos avuTov o Ouvuvdixzos Kal cateire mata, Mapxov te Tob aerpob Tap- avTos avT@ povov Kal THs yuvatcds, extrharyels eat detcas o Ovarréptos ovKETL 7 ponKato Tov av pwrrov, GNA Katakhelaas eis TO olxnua cal praca THY éavTod yuvaixa Tais Oupas eTLOTN- oas, TOV pev aderpov éxédevoe Hv BactiKny érauNy TeploxovTa, Ta ypaupara AaBeiv, av Suvarov 7, tal rovs oixétas Tapapudarrety auros dé meXATO@Y Te TOANOY Kal pirwv del meph aurov OvT@y Kal Gepametas TUXVIS, éBadife mpos THY olktav TOV "AxvAXwY ovK évdov dvtTwv. 2 S20 pndevos av T poo Soxijaavtos QT aMEVOS dia Oupav é emeTuyx.avel Tots ypdppace KELUEVOLS Grrov KATEAVOV oi mpéeaBes. tavta 8 avtov mpdr- TOVTOS ot “AxvAdLoe dpoyp ™ pogepépovro, xal mept TAS Oupas ouppitavres eCnrouy ah Grog Tas émiatoAas. of & TipUvOVTO, Kal Ta (para meptBanrovres avréy Tots TpaxnArols UO Bias Kal pores a0ovpevor ral adobyres dua TOV oTEveOT BY eis THY ayopay évéBadov. ta 8 avta al tepl THY éraviw aya tHv Bactdixny éyivero, Tro) Mapxou ypappdrov érépwv év tois oxevect xopslopéevor 1 piAavOpéxas Bekker supplies rpéwors, after Porson. 512 PUBLICOLA portant secrets. The last thing that he could do, however, was to hold his peace, and driven on by his knowledge of the affair, he made his way somehow to Valerius, attracted especially by the affable and kindly ways of the man.! For he was easily ac- cessible to all the needy, always kept open house, and never refused to hear or help one of the lowly. V. Accordingly, when Vindicius came to him and told him the whole story, in the presence of his brother Marcus only, and of his wife, Valerius was _ struck with consternation and fear, and would not now let the man go, but shut him up in a room and set his own wife to guard the door. Then he ordered his brother to surround the royal residence, seize the letters, if possible, and take the servants into custody. He himself, with the numerous clients and friends who were always about him, and with a large company of retainers, went to the house of the Aquillii, who were not at home. Therefore, to the surprise of everybody, he forced the door, and came upon the letters lying in the quarters where the envoys were lodging. Meantime the Aquillii came up in hot haste, joined battle at the door, and sought to take away the letters. But Valerius and his party resisted the attack, threw their togas about their opponents’ necks, and after much struggling on both sides, at last succeeded in pushing them through the streets into the forum. The same success was had at the royal residence, where Marcus laid hands on other letters which were to be conveyed away in the baggage, seized as many 1 Vindicius laid the matter before the consuls, according to Livy, ii. 4, 6. 513 VOL. 1. LL PLUTARCH’S LIVES érihauBavopévov, cal Tov BacidtKav Goous du. vatos Hv EXKxovTos eis THY dyopav. VI. "Emel &€ tov OopuBov xatémavoay ot bra- ToL Kal TOU Ovadrcpiou KeXevaavTos ex TIS OLKiAS 6 Ovuvdixcos mponyOn, cal yevouévns Katnyopias aveyvocOn ta ypdupata cal mpos ovdéy éroApn- gav avreiteiy ot avdpes, hv pev xatnhea Kat olwT) TaY AdAdwv, oriyor 5é BovAdpevor TO Bpovtw yapitecOar guyns éeuéeuvnvto. Kai te wal KodnXarivos avrois érxmidos émetxois évedidou dedaxpupevos nal Ovarréptos oiwrav. o Se Bpodros ovopact) trav vidy éxdrepov TpocEeTroy, “Aye, @ Tite,” elev, “dye, ® TeBepte, ti ovx atrovoyeloOe mpos THY KaTnyopiav;”’ ws & ovdev amexpivavto Tpls épwrnbévtes, oTwWS TpPOS TOUS Umnpétas atrootpewras TO TpdcwTroy, “ “Tyéerepov Hon, elie, ‘To NotTrov épyov.” of dé evOds avrAAaBovres Tovs veavioxous Trepleppyyvuoy Ta iwaTia, Tas yelpas amiyov omicw, paBdots éEawov Ta cw@pata, TOV pev AAdNwY ov duva- péevav mpocopav ovde xaptepovvrdy, éxeivov &é NeyeTas pnte Tas drypets aTrayayely adAdNaYXoCE par olxrm te Tpepa THS Tepl TO TpoTwToY opyns kal Baputnros, ddd Sevov évopay Koda- Couévois Tots tatoly axpt ob KaTateivavTes av- tovs én rovdadpos tmeréxer Tas Keharas aré- Koay. ottw dé Tovs aAXous ert TH cUvdpxovTt Townodapevos wet éEavactas, épyov elpyac évos ovr émavety Bovropévors akiws ovTe rpéyeuv épixtov. 7) yap apetis typos eis dmrdbeav éEéotnoe tTHy wuyny, maOous péyeOos eis dvanr- 514 100 PUBLICOLA of the king’s people as he could, and haled them to the forum. VI. When the consuls had quieted the tumult, Valerius ordered Vindicius to be brought from his house, the denunciation was made, the letters were read aloud, and the accused had no courage to reply. Most of the people held their peace for very sorrow, but a few spoke of exile as a penalty, wishing to do Brutus a kindness. They were also somewhat encouraged to hope by the tears of Collatinus and the silence of Valerius. But Brutus, calling each of his sons by name, said: “Come, Titus, come Tiberius, why do ye not defend yourselves against this denunciation?’”’ But when they made no answer, though he put his question to them thrice, he turned to the lictors and said: “It is yours now to do the rest.’’ These straightway seized the young men, tore off their togas, bound their hands behind their backs, and scourged their bodies with their rods. The rest could not endure to look upon the sight, but it is said that the father neither turned his gaze away, nor allowed any pity to soften the stern wrath that sat upon his countenance, but watched the dreadful punishment of his. sons until the lictors threw them on the ground and cut off their heads with the axe. Then he rose and went away, after committing the other culprits to the judgement of his colleague.!| He had done a deed which it is difficult for one either to praise or blame sufficiently. For either the loftiness of his virtue made his spirit incapable of suffering, or else the magnitude of his 1 With this account, compare Livy, ii. 5, 5-9. Brutus looked on ‘“eminente animo patrio inter publicae poenae ministerium.” 515 LL 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , 3Q7 \ \ bmNS ? , ynoiav. ovdétepov b€ pxpov ovd dvOpwrnuivor, b >] Aa “a a “a 4 \ nm 4 arr % Ociov H Onpiddes. Sixasov 5é TH Sok a > \ \ / Cg a A A Tov avdpos thy Kpiow ErecOat parrov Hh THY apeTny aagbeveia Tov Kpivovtos amiateicbar. “Pw- A Q 9 le! bd w e 4 patios yap ov tocovTov Epyov olovras ‘Pwpmvrov 4 a 4 A ¢ , yeveoOat THS TOAEWS THY WpuatY, Boov Bpovtou THY KTLOLY THS WOALTELAS KaL KaTaOTACLD. VII. ‘Os & oty arndOev é& ayopas rote, mov \ , ” 2 \ , N \ pev xYpovoy extAnkis eiye Kal Pplen Kai own mavras éml tots Siatrempayyévors’ mpos S€ TH KodAativov padaxiav Kai pérrAnow aveddppnoay of “AxvAdLol, Kal ypovoy nkiovy NaBovtes aro- NoynoacGar, cat tov Ovuwdixcoy avtois arroédo- Ojnvat SodAov bvTa, Kal pn Tapa Trois KaTNYyopoLs elvat. Bovdropévov bé€ tTadta aovyywpelv Kal Stadrvovtos ert FouTos THY exxAnoiay, 0 OvadrE- plos ovTe Tov avOpwrov olos Tr Ww adelvar Ta mept avTov 6XA@ KaTApEpLypévoy, oUTE TOV Srpov ela mpoéuevov Tovs mpodotas aTeNbeiv. Tédos 5é a , b \ \ “a 9 a Tois c@paciw émiBadrwv Tas Yelpas Eemexadeito tov Bpotrov, cat tov Koddarivoy éBoa Sewa molelv, ef TH ouVvapyYovTt Tratdopovias avayxny m poo pivrdpevos avtos oleras deity Kataxapileo Gas a , ~ tais yuvatEl tovs mpodotas Kal trodepious TIS matpioos. ayavaxtobytos S€ tod wmdrouv Kai 4 ’ 4 \ > , e A KeNEVOVTOS amayecOar Tov Owuvdixcov, ot pev tnnpérat Siwoapevoe Tov dYAOv Hwrtovto Tov avOpwtou Kal tous adatpovpévovs EtuTrtoy, ot 516 PUBLICOLA | suffering made it insensible to pain. In neither case was his act a trivial one, or natural to a man, but either god-like or brutish. However, it is right that our verdict should accord with the reputation of the man, rather than that his virtue should be dis- credited through weakness in the judge. For the Romans think that the work of Romulus in building the city was not so great as that of Brutus in founding and establishing its form of government. VII. After Brutus had left the forum at this time, for a long while consternation, horror, and silence prevailed among all who remained, as they thought of what had been done. But soon the weakness and hesitation of Collatinus gave the Aquillii fresh courage ; they demanded time in which to make their defence, and the surrender of Vindicius to them, since he was their slave, and ought not to be in the hands of their accusers. Collatinus was willing to grant this request, and was about to dissolve the assembly with this understanding ; but Valerius was neither able to surrender the slave, who had mingled with the throng about him, nor would he suffer the people to release the traitors and withdraw. So at last he seized the persons of the Aquillii and summoned Brutus to the scene, crying aloud that Collatinus was acting shamefully in laying upon his colleague the necessity of killing his own sons, and then thinking it necessary for himself to bestow upon their wives the lives of his country’s betrayers and foes. The consul was indignant at this, and ordered that Vindicius should be taken away, whereupon the lictors pushed their way through the crowd, seized the man, and beat those who tried to rescue him. Then Valerius and his 517 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé hidos Tov OvadXepiov mpoéoTncay cpvvopevoe: cal o djpos éBoa Kedevwv trapeivar tov Bpodtov. HKev ovv avOis Vrootpéas: Kal yevopéervns avT@ aiwwmns elev Ste Tois péev viots avTos aTroxXpav jy StxaoTys, Tept dé TaY GAdwv TOS ToNiTALS érevOépors odar Widov Sidwor: rAeyérw SE oO Bovropevos Kal weOérw Tov Sjpov. ovKEeTE péevTot Noyor eSénoev, GAA THS Whpov Sobeions macars € 4 >] 4 anrovtes érrerexiaOnoav. ‘O d€ KodAartivos Av pév, as Eorxev, év vrowia Tiwi Kal dla cuyyévecav TOV Baciréwpr, nx 9orro & avtod cai T@ Sevtépw TaV Ovoudtwv, apoctov- pevor Tov Tapxuviov. as Se kal tadta cuveBn, TavramTact mpocKkpovaas apnKe THv apyny ExOV Kal TS Todews wTeEHAOev. odtw 8 wdadw apXatpecav yevoyéevwov vrratos amedetyOn Rap- mpas o Ovarrépios, akiavy dtoxkaBov tis Tpo- Oupias yap Hs otopevos te Seiv arroNadoat \ b 4 9 A “ > 4 tov Ovuvdixrov éyyndicato mparov atredevOepov 9 nm 9 € , 4, 4 4 éxeivov év ‘Payn yevéoOar troditny nat dépev Wipov i BovrAoto ppatpia mpocveynOévta. ois & dAdo drerevOépors ord nal pera Toru ypovov éEovatav Whdou Snpaywyav ewer ”Ar- mos: 4 O€ wavTeAns amercvBépwors aypt vov > ld J > 9 nw (4 \ owvodixta Réyerac & éxetvov, @s act, Tov Ovuvdixcov. VIII. "Ex tovrov ta pév xpnpata tav Bact- Adwv Suaptraca. Tois “Pwpaios Edwxav, thy Sé 518 PUBLICOLA friends stood forth in the man’s defence, while the people shouted for Brutus to come. He turned back, therefore, and came, and when silence had been made for him, said that for his sons, he himself sufficed as judge, but he would leave the fate of the other traitors to the votes of the citizens, who were free, and any one who wished might speak and try to persuade the people. However, by this time there was no need of oratory, but a vote was taken which unanimously ‘condemned the men, and they were beheaded. Collatinus, as it would seem, was already under some suspicion on account of his relationship to the royal family, and the second of his names also was hateful to the people, who loathed the sound of Tar- quin. But after these recent events, he saw that he was altogether obnoxious, and therefore resigned his office and withdrew secretly from the city.1 A new election was consequently held, and Valerius was triumphantly declared consul, thus receiving a worthy reward for his zeal. In this reward he thought that Vindicius ought to share, and therefore had a decree passed which made him, first of all freedmen, a citizen of Rome, and entitled him to vote with any curia in which he chose to be enrolled. Other freedmen received the right of suffrage in much later times from Appius,? who thus courted popularity. And from this Vindicius, as they say, a rfect manumission is to this day called “ vindicta.”’ 3 VIII. After this, the property of the royal family was given to the Romans to plunder, and their house 1 Cf. Livy, ii. 2, 3-10. ; ape Claudius Caecus, censor in 312 B.c. 8 Cf. Livy, ii. 5, 10, 319 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oixiay Katécxayav Kal thy eravduv tod 8 b , 4 \ ef > f/f UA Apeiov tediov To HOvotov éxéxtnto Tapxumnos, kal TtovTo TO Oe@ KaOtépwoav. Ervye 5é TeOe- piopevoy aptt, Kal Ketpévwv Ett TOV SpayyaTov > v 5 a tr “~ Dy, “ @ 5 \ \ ovx @ovto Seiv aroadv ovdé ypijcOar Sa tH 4 9 \ / ay / \ Kabtépwow, ara avvdpapovTes ehdpovy Tas 9 4 > \ , e >) (4 ‘ auadrXas eis Tov ToTayov. as 8 aitas Kai Ta 4 / > / > \ , dévdpa Komrovtes evéBaddov, apyov TravTdtace TO Xwpiov avévtes TO Oe@ nai axaprov. wOov- pévov Sé€ woddN@v ém addANdOLS Kal aOpdwv e / e Cc a > \ , b) > @ dirqyayer 0 pods ov ToNUV TOTOV, AX’ Grrov Ta mpara ouvevexDévra Kal qmepiTmecovTa Tots ore penis bréorn, TOY errupepopevov 5:€E050v ovK éyovTwy, GAN évicyopevwy Kal TepiTrAEKOpEVOD, , e 4 3 \ \ cf > érxdpBavev n ovpmntis taxvv Kat piCworv av€avo- pévnv rd TOU pevpatos. idvy Te yap émnyaye 4 a TOAAHY, 1) TpociaTapevn Tpodny Trapeiyey apa \ , (/ 4 > ? a, Kal KoAAnoL, ai Te TWANYyal oddOV OvK érroiou)Y, a\r\a paracas méCovcar cvvyravvoy eis TavTO TavTa Kal ouveT Nar TOV. vo 6é peyeBous Kal TTATEWS ErEpov | avTo peéyeOos éxtato Kal Xopav avadexopevny 74 wheiota TOV bro Tob moTapou KaTapepopevov. tobT0 voy vijo os éotw iepa Kara THV Tod, exer Sé vaovs Oedy Kal trept- mdtous, Kareirat Se hovy th Aativoy Méon Suoiv yepupav. "Eviot 6€ Tovro cupreceiy toTopobaty oux, dTe Tapeuviou KadiepwOn TO mrediov, adda Xpovors batepov GAAO Ywpiov opopoiy éxeive Tapxuvias 520 101 PUBLICOLA and palace were razed to the ground. But the pleasantest part of the field of Mars, which had belonged to Tarquin, was dedicated to that god. Now it chanced that it had just been reaped, and the grain still lay upon the ground; but since the field had been consecrated, they thought it not right to thresh it or use it in any way. They therefore with one accord carried the sheaves to the river and cast them in. In like manner also they cast in the trees which had been cut, and left the place wholly untilled and barren for the god of war. The quantities of stuff thus heaped together were not borne along by the current very far, but the advanced portions stopped and | accumulated at the shallows which they encountered. The portions that followed these could not get through them, but impinged upon them and blended inextricably with them, and the aggregation was made increasingly firm and fast by the action of the stream. For this brought along great quantities of mud, the addition of which increased the size and cohesion of the mass. And besides, the impacts of the current were not rude, but with a gentle pres- sure pushed and moulded everything together. Owing to its size and position the mass acquired fresh size, and an extent sufficient to receive most of what was brought down by the river. It is now a sacred island over against the city, containing temples of the gods and covered walks,! and is called in the Latin tongue “ Inter duos pontes.” Some, however, say that this did not happen when the field of Tarquin was consecrated, but in later times, when Tarquinia devoted another field adjacent Cf. Livy, ii. 5, 1-4. 52 T PLUTARCH’S LIVES b) 4 e \ / 4 9 es avetons. 1 Sé€ Tapxuvia mapOévos jy iépea, , A e c \ > \ UU pia tav ‘“Eotiadwy, éoye Sé teyuds avtl tovTou peydras, ev als qv xal TO paptupiay avtis SéxecOar povns yuvainav. 70 8 é€eivar yapeioOau Wndicapévov ov mpocedé~ato. Kal tadta pev ovTw yevéoOar pv0oroyodct. IX. Tapxvmoy 5é tyv éx wpodocias amoyvorra a > a b 4 29 / \ f THS apxis avaddry uy édéEavto Tuppnvol pod vpes Kal peyarn duvdper carhyov. avreEnyov &€é tous “Pwpaious of brrato., cal Trapétakav év ywpiols e ~ 2 \ \ w 1 Ww \ A 9 4 iepois, @Y TO pev “Apotov! adaos, TO 5é Aicovevov NELL@VA TpoTayopevovaty. apyYopevwy 5é avTav cuvayew eis yetpas ~Appwv o Tapxvviou mais cal Bpovtos o ‘Pwpaiwyv tratos ov Kata TtHyNV > A 4 > 3 e ’ Ww \ GAAHAOLS TWepiTEecovTEs, ANN UT ExXOGoUsS Kal opyns, 0 pev ws éml TUpavvoy Kal TodémLov TIS Tatpioos, 0 dé THS puyHs apuvvopevos, Opynocay @e , la) ef n \ “A A “ ouoce Tots trons. Oup@ 5é padrXA(OV H AoyLoU@ mpoopigavres nheidnoav avTav kal cvvarrébavov > / 4 \ a“ , a S GdAnros. ovTw Sé Setvod yevopévou tov mWpod- yovos oux éoyev 0 aywv TédOS errLEeLKéaTEpoD, > \ \ / ” \ , e ara Kai Spdcavtes ica xal trafovtes ot ot parol SiexpiOnoav bro yEt“avos. "Hy ovv év atropots 0 Ovadréptos, ovK cides TO THS MAXNS TEpas, AAG TOUS OTPATLOTAS CpaVv Tois pev aUT@V vexpois AOvpodVTAs, éTaLpopevous 5é toils TOY TrodEpioy: odTwWS axKpLTos HY Kal 1 “Apotov Amyot, Coraés, Bekker, after Livy’s silva Araa (ii. 7, 2) : Odpoor. 522 PUBLICOLA to this. Now Tarquinia was a holy virgin, one of the Vestals, and received great honours for this act, among which was this, that of all women her testi- mony alone should be received. The people also voted her permission to marry, but she did not avail herself of it. This is how the thing happened, as the tale runs. IX. But Tarquin, despairing of attempts to regain his throne Dy treachery, was eagerly welcomed by the Tuscans,! who set out to restore him with a great force. The consuls led the Romans out to meet them, and arrayed their forces in certain sacred precincts, one of which was called the Arsian grove, the other the Aesuvian meadow. When the engage- ment began, Aruns the son of Tarquin and Brutus the Roman consul encountered each other. It was not by chance, but both were driven on by hatred and wrath, the one to attack a tyrant and foe of his country, the other to avenge himself on the author of his exile. They urged their horses to the combat, but since they engaged with fury rather than calcu- lation, they were reckless of themselves, and fell by one another’s hands. The battle which had such a dreadful beginning, ended no less disastrously ; the armies, after inflicting and suffering equal losses, were separated by a tempest. . Valerius was therefore in perplexity, not knowing what the issue of the battle was, but seeing his soldiers as much disheartened by their own losses as they were encouraged by those of their enemies. So undistinguishable and equal was the slaughter on a Fie people of Veii and Tarquinii, according to Livy, ii. 6, 4f. 2 According to Livy (ii. 7, 1), the Tuscans departed in terror after the battle. 923 «J PLUTARCH’S LIVES TApPGAANAOS VIO TWAROovs o hovos. ov pwHV arr éxatépois éyyllev opm@pmeva Ta oixeia padXov éBeBaiov tiv Array fh tHv vincny eixalo- peva TA TOV TrOAEpIoV. émedovans Se vuKTOS olav eikds oUTM pepaynpévols, Kal yevouevwr év novxla Tav otpatoTrédwr, NEeyovar cero OFvat TO addoos, ex & avtod davinv éxrecety peyaddnv dpdalovear ws évi wreiovs év TH waxy TeOVaKact Tuppnvav 4 ‘Popaiov. qv 8 dpa Ociov te ro hOeyEduevov' evOUs Te yap UT adTov Tois pev araddfar wapéotn péya wal Oapparéov, ot Sé Tuppnvol mepipoBot yevopevoe nal ouvtrapa- yOévres e&érrecov éx tod otpatorédov Kal dee- omapnaay oi mreloTo: Tous 5é cataderpOévras Odiyw mevraxicytriwy éddacous émedOovtes el- Nov ot ‘Pwpaior, nal radrXrAa Sinptracay. oi Sé vexpol SiaprOunOevres evpéOnoayv tpiaxdctoe pev él ytrlious Kal pupiows ot TaV TodEpiov, of Se ‘Pwpatov rap va tocobtot. Tavtny thy paynv réyovar yevéo Oar po pas caravdav Maptiwv. éOpiduBevoe & ar avtis Ovarrépios eicerdoas teOpitir@ TPATOS UTaTwD. Kal TO Tpayya ceuynv Kal peyaroTpenh tapé- axev dy, ov étipOovoy ovd avdcacayv, ws Gviot Aéyovuol, TOUS op@vTas’ ov yap ay éaxe CiAov tocovTov ovdé irotimiay es ern Tap- moira Stapévovcav. amedé-avto 5€ Tov Ovad- ANepiov Kal Tas eis TOV GUVapXYOVTAa TLLAsS, als éxxopiCopevov xal Oamrdpevov éxoopnce xa Noyov er avT@ SteENrAGev émitdduov, bs obtws U0 ‘Pwpaiwv nyatrnOn cal rocavtTny éxye Ydpwv 524 102 PUBLICOLA both sides. Each army, however, was more convinced of defeat by the near sight of its own dead, than it could be of victory by conjecturing those of the enemy. But when such a night came on as must needs follow such a battle, and both camps were quiet, they say that the grove was shaken, and a loud voice issued from it declaring that the Tuscans had lost one man more in the battle than the Romans. The utterance was.manifestly from some god,! for at once the Romans were inspired by it to -loud shouts of courage, while the Tuscans were panic-stricken, abandoned their camp in confusion, and were for the most part dispersed. As for those that remained, a little less than five thousand in number, the Romans fell upon them, took them prisoners, and plundered the camp. And when the dead on both sides were numbered, those of the enemy were found to be eleven thousand and three hundred, and those of the Romans as many less one. It is said that this battle was fought on the last day of February. Valerius celebrated a triumph for it, being the first consul to drive into the city on a four-horse chariot. And the proceeding afforded a spectacle which was imposing and magnificent, not odious and offensive to the spectators, as some say ; otherwise it would not have been continued with such ardour and emulation for countless years. The people were also pleased with the honours which Valerius bestowed upon his colleague at the funeral ceremonies. He even delivered a funeral oration in his honour, which was so admired by the Romans and won such favour that from that time on, when 1 Silvanus, as Livy tells the tale (ii. 7, 2). 525 PLUTARCH’S LIVES @aoTe Waat Tois ayabois Kal peydros Uirapyetv é& éxeivov TeXeuTHCacW UTO TAY apioTaV éyKo- pudlecOar. Réyetas Sé kal Tov “EAAnUiKOY ére- tahiwy éxeivos yevérOar mpecButepos, elye pi Kal TOTO YoAwVOs éotw, ws ’Avaktméevns 6 pyTwp iaTopnKev. X. "ANAG be’ exetva warrov FYOovTo T@ Ovar- epi Kxal mpocéxpovov, Ste Bpodtos pév, Sv mat épa THS edevbepias évoputev 0 Sfjpos, OUK ngl@ce povos apxew, adda Kal mTp@Tov avuT@ cuvapxovra 1 pOdelAETO Kal devtepov® “« Oiroat é, : épacay, “els abtov &travta TUVEVEYKGLEVOS ovK EoTL THS Bpovrou KANpOVvopjLos Umateias wndev auT@ TpoanKovans, arra Tis Tapevviov TUpav- vidos. Kaito. Ti Set AOYM pev Bpodrov ¢ eyKW pLLa- Gel, é Epyy dé pipeto Oar Tapxvvoy, uno paBdors onod Tao ats Kal TWeNEKECL kaTvovTa pLovov ef olxias TocaUvTns TO peyeBos 6 Sony ov Kadecire TH tov. Bacihews;” Kat yap GVTWS O Ovarndéptos @KEL TPAYLK@TEPOV UTEP THY Kadoupernyv Ovediay oixiap emrix pepa.pevny 7H aryopa Kal xalopacav é& Dypous anavta, dvompéaodov dé medaoat Kal Naren ny éFwev, dare KataBaivovtos avtov To ox Twa. PET Ew pov elvat Kal Bacthuxoy THS TWwpo- TOLTHS TOV OyKoV. baov obv év apg Kat ™ pary- pao peyddots ayabov ny exenv @Ta Tappnoiay avtl Kohaxeias T poo téweva Kat oyous arnbeis, edecEev. axovcas yap OTL Tots Todos dpapta- vey edoKel TOV pirov dueELovT@v, ovK epedovel- ANGE, ovo NYAVAKTHGEDY, anrxra Tayv ToXNous 526 PUBLICOLA their great and good men died, encomiums were pronounced upon them by the most distinguished citizens. And this funeral oration of his is said to have been earlier than any among the Greeks, unless Anaximenes the orator is right in saying that the custom originated with Solon. X. But that which the rather displeased and offended the people in Valerius was this. Brutus, whom they regarded as the father of their liberties, would not consent to rule alone, but once and again chose a colleague to rule with him. “ But this Valerius,’ they said, “in concentrating all power upon himself, is not a successor to the consulate of Brutus, to which he has no right, but to the tyranny of Tarquin. Yet why should he extol Brutus in words, while in deeds he imitates Tarquin, descending to the forum alone, escorted by all the rods and axes together, from a house no less stately than the royal house which he demolished?” For, as a matter of fact, Valerius was living in a very splendid house on the so-called Velia.1 It hung high over the forum, commanded a view of all that passed there, and was surrounded by steeps and hard to get at, so that when he came down from it the spectacle was a lofty one, and the pomp of his ' procession worthy of a king. Accordingly, Valerius showed what a good thing it is for men in power and high station to have ears which are open to frankness and truth instead of flattery. For when he heard from his friends, who spared him no detail, that he was thought by the multitude to be transgressing, he was not obstinate nor exasperated, but quickly got together a large force of workmen, and while it 1 An eminence of the Palatine hill. 527 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ / ” \ ww cuvayaywy Texvitas éTt vuKTOS ovans KatéBanre Thy oixiay Kal Katécxawev eis Eadhos tracay, bid e 4 \ e , ec oa \ a@ate wed nuépay tovs “Pwpaiovs opdvras Kat cuvictapévous Tov pev avdpos ayamrav Kal Oav- pate Hv peyaroppocuynv, axOecOar Se Tijs oixias Kal qoOeiy to péyeOos nal TO KddXos, @otrep avOpwrrov, dua POovov ov Sixaiws xata- , a \ w C4 ? , ANeAupevns, TOV S€ apyovtos, WoTEp aveoTiou, map érépots oixodvtos. édéyovTo yap ot pirot tov Ovarrépiov axpt ov torov Edwxev o Sihyos avT@ Kal KaTecKevacey oixiay éxeivns peTpLo- Tépay, Orrov vov tepov éotivy Ovixas ToTas Gvopa- Copevov. BovAdpevos 5é 7 povoyv éavTov, dda Kal TH apynv avtl gdoBepas yetponOn Kal mpoodirAy a a a : 4 / ? ; moleivy Tots TOANOIS, TOUS TE TEAéKELS ATréXUCE fa) es > , \ e sf 9 b] , tav padBdwv, autds te Tas paBSous els éxxAnoiav \ e “a a lA 4 Taptwv udnce TO Syum Kal KatéxdLWe, péya Tot@v TO Tpoaxnpa THS Snwoxpatias. Kal TovTO péxpe viv Sradpvradtrovery ot dpxovres. éXadvOave 5é TOUS ToAXOUS OvY EaUTOV, WS @OVTO, TOLaY , 3 \ “ a A / 4, TaTre.vov, adda Tov POovoyv TH peTpLoTHTL TavTY a UA e han A caBatp@v Kal Kod\ovwv, avT@ Sé€ mpoatilels To- covtov péyeOos Suvdpews Ecov ddaipeiv édoxe Tis éEovaias, vrrobvopévou pel? ndovis abt@ Tov 528 PUBLICOLA was still night tore the house down, and razed it all to the ground. In the morning, therefore, the Romans saw what had happened, and came flocking together. They were moved to love and admiration by the man’s magnanimity, but were distressed for the house, and mourned for its stately beauty, as if it had been human, now that envy had unjustly compassed its destruction. They were also distressed for their ruler, who, like a homeless man, was now sharing the homes of others. For Valerius was received into the houses of his friends until the people gave him a site and built him a house, ot more modest dimensions than the one he had lived in before, where now stands the temple of Vica Pota,} so-called. Wishing now to make not only himself but also the government, instead of formidable, submissive and agreeable to the multitude, he removed the axes from the lictors’ rods, and when he came into the assembly, inclined and lowered the rods them- selves to the people, emphasizing the majesty of the democracy. This custom the consuls observe to this day. And before the multitude were aware of it, he had succeeded, not by humbling himself, as they thought, but by checking and removing their envious feelings through such moderation on his part, in add- ing to his real influence over them just as much as he had seemed to take away from his authority, and the people submitted to him with pleasure and bore his 1 Victress Possessor, a name of the goddess of victory, whose temple was at the foot of the Velia (Livy, ii. 7, 12). According to Livy, Valerius was building the house on the Velia, but in order to allay the people’s jealousy, brought the materials to the foot of the hill, and built the house there. 529 VOL. I. M M PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sypov nal dépovtos éxovoiws. wate cat Tomwdu- KoAaY avnyopevoev BUTOY onpaiver 5é Todbvoma Snuoxndy Kat tovTo padXrov itoyvoce TaV ap- yalwv dvoudtav, @ Kal npeis xpnoopeBa Tov ANotTrov Biov Tov avdpos ictopovrtes. XI. ‘Yrateiay pev yap axe petiévar xal mapayyédrev tois BovAopévors: mpo Se THs KaTacTdcEws TOU suVdpxoVTOS ovK «EidMsS TOP , > \ bd 4 ig \ 4 ‘vero Opevor, arrAa Seduas avrim pag UTO pGavov TLVOS h aryvoias, expycaro Th povapxia mpos Ta KadmoTAa «al peyeata TOV TOALTEULAT WD. Tp@Tov pev yap dveTAjpoce THY Bovdny OAL- yavdpotcar éreOynKeay yap of pev vd Tap- xuviov T™ poTepov, oi dé evayxos € év TH paxn. TOUS 5 eyrypadevTas tm’ avtod Aéyovoty ExaTov wal éfjkovta Técoapas ever Ba. peta be Tatra VOLOUS éypa eV, ov pddiota per t laxupous érroinge TOUS TOANOUS O TOY SHyoyv ao TwV UTaTeY TO pevryovte | dixny émixaretcOas did0vs" Sevrepos O TOUS apxny avaraBovtas, iv o Onpos ovK edwxer, atroOvnao Kew Kedevorv" TplTOS dé pera TOUTOUS, Os éBon Once TOUS TEVNGLV, @ TA TEAN TOV TrokuTay adeire Kat 7 poOvporepov dmrtecOar TOV épyacvéy érroinaev amravras. o 8é ypagpels KaTa TOV ameBourtav TOLS vrdrous _OUxX HTTOV eookeE Snpo- TUKOS élvat, Kal mpos TOV TOMMY paddov 7 duvatav yeypap Ga. Cnpiav yap arreOeias erage oa TéEVTE KAL duelv mpoBatwv akiav. Hv 6e TUN mpoBdrou pev oBorol déxa, Boos dé éxarov, ovT® vopic pate Xpopevery TON ToTE Pwpaior, 530 ™™/. PUBLICOLA yoke willingly. They therefore called him Publicola,! a name which signifies people-cherisher. This name prevailed over the older names which he had borne, and it is the name which I shall use for him in the remainder of this Life. XI. For he permitted any who wished to enter the lists and sue for the consulship. But before the installation of his colleague, not knowing who he would be, but fearing an opposition due to some jealousy or ignorance, he used his sole authority for the enactment of his best and most important measures. In the first place, he filled up the senate, which was much reduced in numbers; for some had long before been put to death by Tarquin, and others had recently fallen in the battle with the Tuscans. Those who were enrolled in this body by him amounted, they say, to a hundred and sixty-four. After this he enacted several laws, one of which especially strengthened the position of the commons by allowing a defendant to appeal to the people from the judgement of the consuls. A second made it a capital offence to assume a magistracy which the people had not bestowed. A third, following these, came to the relief of the poor; it lifted the taxes from the citizens, so that all engaged more zealously in manufactures and commerce. And the one which was enacted against disobedience to the consuls was thought to be no less popular in its character, and to be in the interest of the many rather than of the powerful. For the fine which it imposed on disobedience was only the worth of five oxen and two sheep. Now the value of a sheep was ten obols, and that of an ox, a hundred, for the Romans at 1 Cf. Livy, ii. 8, 1. 531 M M 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES adda poBateias Kal Krnvotpopiars evOnvovvtar. 510 Kal Tas ovcias aypt viv aro TaY mpoBdaTwY MEKOUNA KAaNODGL, Kal TOY vopiopdTwY Tots manraotdtos Body éreydpattoy mpoBatov 7 abv. éridevto Sé nal mwasoly abtrav YvtrAXovs kat BovBovrAKous cal Kampapiovs ovopata nal Tlopxiovs: xdmpas pev tas alyas, moprous 8é TOUS Yoipous ovoualorTes. XII. Odtw S€é wept tadta Snpotixds yevdpevos vomobérns Kal méeT pos, ev TE wy wetpio! THy Tipw- play wirepétewvev. eyparre yap vouov dvev Kpicews xteivat Sidovta Tov BovNomevoy Tupavveiv: KTEi- vavra 5é dovov xabapov éroincer, e Tapdoyotto Tov ddiKnpatos Tous édéyXoUS. eémEel yap ov Suvatoy émixelpovvta THALKOUTOLS AaUeiv AatravTas, ovx advvatov &€ TO pr) AaOovTa TOD KpLOjAvaL POdcar KpettTova yevopevoy, ty dvaipel TO adi- nua Kpiow, mporafely éwxe TO Svvapévm cata Tov adixovvTos. 2 "Ennvédn 8 nal Sia tov tapevtixoy vopovr. émel yap see ypnpata mpos Tov TodEpmOV cice- veyKely ATO TOV OVTLMY TOUS TOALTAS, OUT AUTOS dyacbat THs oixovopias ovTE TOvs dirous édcat BovXopevos ob8 Gras eis olxov ids@ Tou trapedOely Snpoca ypnuata, Tapueioy pev aéderEe Tov TOD Kpdvov vaov, © péxypt viv xpwpevor StatedXodar, tapias S€ To Shum Svo Tav véwy Edwxev arro- 3 Sei~ar: nal amedetxOnoay ot mpatot ovmdsos 1 évy rE wh perplp with Coraés: év rg perply. 53? i PUBLICOLA that time did not use much coined money, but their wealth consisted in flocks and herds. Therefore to this day they call their substance “ peculium,’ from “pecus,” cattle ; and their oldest coins are stamped with the figure of an ox, a sheep, or a hog. And they actually gave their own sons such surnames as Suillius, Bubulcus, Caprarius, and Porcius; the last two from “capra”’ and “porcus,” their words for goat and pig.! XII. But although in these particulars he showed himself a popular and moderate lawgiver, in the case of an immoderate offence he made the penalty severe. For he enacted a law by which any one who sought to make himself tyrant might be slain without trial, and the slayer should be free from blood-guiltiness if he produced proofs of the crinfe. For although it is impossible for one who attempts so great a task to escape all notice, it is not impossible for him to do so long enough to make himself too powerful to be brought to trial, which trial his very crime precludes. He therefore gave any one who was able to do so the privilege of anticipating the culprit’s trial. He also received praise for his law concerning the public treasury. When it was necessary for the citizens to contribute from their substance means for carrying on the war, he was unwilling to assume the administration of it himself, or to allow his friends to do so, or, indeed, to have the public moneys brought into any private house. He therefore made the temple of Saturn a treasury, as it is to this day, and gave the people the privilege of appointing two young men as quaestors, or treasurers. The first to 1 The first two from forms of ‘‘ sus,” swine, and “‘ bos,” oz. 533 “ he PLUTARCH’S LIVES Overovptos kal Muvodcios Mdpxos xal ypypatra auvnyOn ToAAd. TpioKxaidexa yap jamreypaxpavro pupiades, oppavois maiol Kal ynpas yuvackiv aveDetans TIS elapopas. Tabra dé Siovkjoas amederEev éauT@ ocuvdp- xovra TOV Aouxpyrtias TwaTépa Aouxpiriov, @ THS NYE MOVLKWTEPAS efrardpevos OvTL mpeo Butépe TaLEWsS mapedwoxe TOUS Kaoupevous paonns: al TOUTO Sve wervev Els aS TO m peo Betov an’ éxeivou Tois ‘YeparTepous pudrarropevon. émet 5 oAiryass TMépas Dorepov ered eUTAT EV O Aouxpyrtios, Wad dpxatpec vay yevopmeveov npeOn Mad pros ‘Opdreos, Kal TuvApxXe TP Tlowdcxdr@ Tov UroderTropevov Xpovov Tov évavtod. XIII. Tapxuviou « dé ‘Pwpaious Sevrepov TOE pov éy Tuppyvia KLVOUVTOS péeya onpetov NeyeTat ryevéer Oar: Bacinedwv yap ért xal TOV VE@V ToD Kamitwriov Ards exov ) Tapevvios cov ome oUyTETEhEd UEVO?, ere payreias ryevomerns elt’ av- TO bofay GdXAws, Gpya Kata Kopudny émiorhjoat KEPa{LeouV eFeduxe Tuppyvots tTiow €& Ovniwy Snpsoupyots, eit’ odtyov totepov ékérece THis apr is. tav 6é Tuppnvav SiaTreT ac pévov TO TO pummov éuBarovrav eis KapLVOD, ovx éralev a T poo jKel Tdaoyvew mnrov év Tupl, aruxvova Gas Kal ouritavery, exTNKOmerns THS Uyporntos, adn ebay kai @dnoe Kal peyeBos é éaxev apa pouy Kal TKANPOTNTL TOTOUTOY WATE pores eFarpeOnjvas THY opodyy atrocKkevacapévoy THS Kauivou nat TaY TOLXwY TmepiarpebevTov. os ov éddxeu Tots pavTect Ociov elvat onpeiov evTuytas Kal Suvd- pews tap’ ols écovto To TéOpiTmov, Eyvwoav ot 534 PUBLICOLA be thus appointed were Publius Veturius and Marcus Minucius, and large sums of money were collected. For one hundred and thirty thousand names were on the assessment lists, orphans and widows being excused from the contribution.! This matter regulated, he caused Lucretius, the father of Lucretia, to be appointed his colleague in the consulship.?2, To him he yielded the precedence, as the elder man, and committed to him the so- called “ fasces,’’ a privilege of seniority which has continued from that day to this. But Lucretius died a few days afterwards, and in a new election Marcus Horatius was chosen consul, and shared the office with Publicola for the remainder of the year. , XIII. While Tarquin was stirring up in Tuscany another war against the Romans, a thing of great portent is said to have happened. When Tarquin was still king, and had all but completed the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, either in consequence of an oracle, or else of his own good pleasure, he com- missioned certain Tuscan craftsmen of Veii to place upon its roof a chariot of terra cotta. Soon after this he was driven from his throne. The Tuscans, however, modelled the chariot and put it in a furnace for firing, but the clay did not contract and shrink in the fire, as it usually does, when its moisture evaporates. Instead of this, it expanded and swelled and took on such size, strength, and hardness, that it could with difficulty be removed, even after the roof of the furnace had been taken off and its sides torn away. To the seers, accordingly, this seemed a divine portent of prosperity and power for those who should possess the chariot, and the 1 Cf. Camillus, ii. 2. 2 Cf. Livy, ii. 8, 1-4. 535 PLUTARCH’S LIVES . Ovnior uy wpoécbar trois ‘Pwpalows atrastoveor, Kal amexpivavto tovto Tapxuviois, od trois Tap- xuvious éxBarodat mpoanKew. ortyats 8 Sotepov nuépars Roay lrmay ayaves avtois. Kal TA ev adr Béav cal crovdny ciwOviav wapetxe, To 5é vixnoav TtéOpimmov o pev jvioxyos é€EnNauve TOU immodpopov ayédnv ecrehavwpévos, ot Sé tarot mronGévtes am’ ovdeutds éudavods mpopdcews, GdAa Kata Te Satpovioy 7 TUYNY ‘tevTO TapTi Taye. pos THY ‘Pwyaiwy modu, éyovTes TOV nvioxov, @s ovdeyv hv epyov avtod xatatetvoyTos ovde TapnyopobvTos, GAN Hptracto, Sovta TH pupn Kal gepopevov, adypr od TH Kamitwor\io mpoopigavtes éFéBadov avtov évtav0a Tapa tHhv muAnv jv viv “Patovpévay xadovdot. ‘yevouévou dé rovtou Oavydoavtes of Ovnios cai PoBnOévres érétpeway atrodobvar 76 Gpua Tots TexviTass. XIV. Tov 8 vewv tot Kamitwdiov Atos eb- Eato pév avabnoav Tapxivos o Anpaparov TONE MOV LaBivors, geodounae dé Tapxivios 0 LovepBos vids dv Hh viwvos Tov evEapévou: Kavepdoat dé ov« epOacer, adda pax pov amre- AeimeTo Tob TEXOS éyeuv ore Tapxvveos efémumrev. as obp arreipyaoro TEACWS Kal TOV TpvgnKxovTa Koo HOV ameiyen, qv Te LomdcorAa purorepia mpos THY Kabtépworr. épBovovr $8 ‘moddol TOD duvatav, Kal mYXOGovTo tais pev dddaus Tipais HTTOv, as vopoberay Kal oTpAT YOY éx ™poon- KOVTOV éoxe” Tavrny 8 ovcay GddoTpiav ovK @ovto Seiy ait@ mpocyevécOat, eat Tov “Opatciov 536 104 PUBLICOLA people of Veii determined not to give it up. When the Romans asked for it, they were told that it belonged to the Tarquins, not to those who had expelled the Tarquins. But a few days afterwards there were chariot races at Veii. Here the usual exciting spectacles were witnessed, but when the charioteer, with his garland on his head, was quietly driving his victorious chariot out of the race-course, his horses took a sudden fright, upon no apparent occasion, but either by some divine ordering or by merest chance, and dashed off at the top of their speed towards Rome, charioteer and all. It was of no use for him to rein them in or try to calm them with his voice; he was whirled helplessly along until they reached the Capitol and threw him out there, at the gate now called Ratumena. The Veientines were amazed and terrified at this occur- rence, and permitted the workmen to deliver their chariot. XIV. The temple of Jupiter Capitolinus had been vowed by Tarquin, the son of Demaratus, when he was at war with the Sabines, but it was actually built by Tarquinius Superbus, the son, or grandson, of him who vowed it. He did not, however, get so far as to consecrate it, but was driven out before it was quite completed. Accordingly, now that it was completely finished and had received all the orna- ments that belonged to it, Publicola was ambitious to consecrate it. But this excited the jealousy ot many of the nobility. They could better brook his other honours, to which, as legislator and military commander, he had a rightful claim. But this one they thought he ought not to have, since it was more appropriate for others, and therefore they 537 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpoeTpétmovTo Kal twapwetvvoyv aytiroeiocbas TIS cablepwocews. yevonévns ody +e TlomArKod@ otpateias avayxaias, Wndirdpevo, Tov ‘Opdtiov KkaQtepody avizyov eis TO Katut@dov, os ovK dv éxelvov mepuyevopevot mapovtos. évioe Sé dact K\ipwm Tov UTdTwy Aayely Exeivoy él THY oTpaTelay dxovta, TovTov dé éml thy Kabsé- pwow. é€eote 5é mepl tovTwy ws eoyev etxd- few tois mpaxOeior tmepl tH Kadiépwory. eidois ou Lenreupiass, 7) ourtuyyavet Tept THY Tav- oédnvov paduora Tov Merayerryavos, aun pot- opeéveov amdadytov eis TO Kamirwor, O pep ‘Oparos TLWOT AS yevouérns Ta Tt adda Spdcas kat tov Oupav arpdpevos, GoTrEp Gos éotiv, émep 0 eyyero TAS VEVO[LLO MEAS émrl TH cabrepwmoct gwvas' o 8 ‘abedpos rod Tlomduxdda Mdpnos éx moNAOU Tapa, Tas Oupas dpertas kal Tapagu- AdTTwWY TOY Kaupon, ©°O, orate,’ ’ elrrev, “6 VLOS gov TéOvyker € ev TO atpatoTedyp vooyjaas.” TOUTO mavras nviace Tovs aKovoavTas: o 8 ‘Oparios oudey S:atapax eis, ann’ A Toc oUTOV povov elm ov, es ‘Pinpate Tolvuy O7roL _Bovreade TOV vex pov, cya yap ov mpociepat TO mévOos,” émé- pave THY Aoumrny Kabrépwory. nv &€ TO ™poany- eA pevov ovK arnOés, aX’ o Mapxos Os amr0- oT Hoey TOV Oparvov éevoaro. aupacTes ouv 0 avnp THS evoTadeias, elite THY anarny év Karp Bpaxei ouveidev cite marevdels 0 AOdyos ovK éxiynoev avtov. XV. “Eouxe 5é xal wept tov Sevrepov vacv 538 PUBLICOLA encouraged and incited Horatius to claim the privilege ot consecrating the temple. At a time, then, when Publicola was necessarily absent on military service, they got a vote passed that Horatius should perform the consecration, and conducted him up to the Capitol, feeling that they could not have gained their point had Publicola been in the city. Some, however, say that Publicola was designated by lot, against his inclination, for the expedition, and Horatius for the consecration.! And it is possible to infer how the matter stood between them from what happened at the conse- cration. It was the Ides of September, a day which nearly coincides with the full moon of the Attic month Metageitnion ; the people were all assembled on the Capitol, silence had been proclaimed, and Horatius, after performing the other ceremonies and laying hold upon the door of the temple, as the custom is, was pronouncing the usual words of con- secration. But just then Marcus, the brother of Publicola, who had long been standing by the door and was watching his opportunity, said : “O Consul, thy son lies dead of sickness in the camp.” This distressed all who heard it; But Horatius, not at all disturbed, merely said: “ Cast forth the dead then whither ye please, for I take no mourning upon me,” and finished his consecration. Now the announce- ment was not true, but Marcus thought by his falsehood to deter Horatius from his duty. _Wonder- ful, therefore, was the firm poise of the man, whether he at once saw through the deceit, or believed the story without letting it overcome him.! XV. A similar fortune seems to have attended the 1 Cf. Livy, ii. 8, 6-8. 539 PLUTARCH’S LIVES opoia TUYN yeveo Oar TIS Kablepwoews. TOV peV yap TpaTov, ws elpntat, Tapxuviov KatacKeua- aavtos, “Opatiov 8 xadtepwoavtos, év ois éudvaAtors monéuors Op amwawdece: Tov Se Sev- Tepov avéotnce pev YAras, éreypaddn S€ 77H xabtepoaet Katovros XvANA TpoaTroPavovtTos. rovtou 5é madwy ev Tais kara OvitérAXov ordoect S:apOapévtos tov tpirov TH mpos TaAAA Kal A Ul bY , 9 \ b] tobTo xXpyoduevos edrroTpuig Over meavavos é& apyis axype tédovs avayayav, émeide yevouevor kat POerpopevov pet’ Grlyov ovK émretdev, aXXNa ToaovTov evtvyia LArav waphrAOev oov exeivov ev THS adiepwcews tov Epyou, rodroyv bé TIS dvatpécews TpoaTroBavetv. aya yap T@ TErEV- thoat Ovectectavov éverrpyaOn To Kamiteéduov. ‘O &€ tétapros ovtos tbo Aopetiavod Kai auvetertaOn Kai xabtepwOn. Réyerac S€ Tap- xuviov els Tous Oepedtous avadadcat Aitpas ap- yuplouv Tetpakiopupias: toutou Sé Tod Kal’ pas Tov peytotoyv év ‘Poun tov idtwrixov trotTov éxroyicOévTa TO THS Ypvawcews pn TErAdoaL dy avdvdwopa, wréeov 4H Sicytdiov cal pupiwv ta- AdvTwv yevouevov. of dé Kioves éx Tov Tlevte- Ajow éTunOncavy Aifov, KdAMoTaA TH Tayet TpOs TO [LKOS Exovtes: eldopuev yap avrous ’AG- ynow. év 5é “Pwoyn wrAnyévtes adOis Kai avakv- abévtes ov TocovToy éoxov yradupias dcop aToecav cuppetpias kal! rod Kadov, dtdxevoe 1 «al supplied by Bekker. after G. Hermann: oupperplas Tov Kadov (the symmetry of their beauty). 540 105 PUBLICOLA dedication of the second temple. The first, as I have said, was built by Tarquin, but consecrated by Horatius; this was destroyed by fire during the civil wars.!| The second temple was built by Sulla, but Catulus was commissioned to consecrate it,? after the death of Sulla. This temple, too was destroyed, during the troublous times of Vitellius,’ and Vespas- ian began and completely finished the third, with the good fortune that attended him in all his under- takings. He lived to see it completed, and did not live to see it destroyed, as it was soon after ; and in dying before his work was destroyed he was just so much more fortunate than Sulla, who died before his was consecrated. For upon the death of Vespasian . the Capitol was burned.‘ The fourth temple, which is now standing on the same site as the others, was both completed and consecrated by Domitian. It is said that Tarquin expended upon its foundations forty thousand pounds of silver. But the greatest wealth now attributed " to any private citizen of Rome would not pay the cost of the gilding alone of the present temple, which was more than twelve thousand talents.> Its pillars are of Pentelic marble,® and their thickness was once most happily proportioned to their length ; for we saw them at Athens. But when they were recut and scraped at Rome, they did not gain as much in polish as they lost in symmetry and beauty, 1 83 B.C. 2 69 B.C. 3 69 A.D. * 80 A.D. 5 For purposes of comparison a talent may be reckoned as worth £250, or $1200. 8 Pentelé was an Attic deme on the N.E. edge of the Athenian plain, near which excellent marble was quarried from the mountain. This was called Brilessus in earlier times then Pentelicus. 541 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ \ 4 e A 4 “ 5 Kat Nayapot davevtes. o pévtot Gavpacas Tov KamitwXiov tiv ToduTéAELay, eb play eldev ev > / a“ A \ oiKig Aopersavod oroay 0] Bacidoeny i) Badra- velov 7 TadXaKkiowy Siaitav, olov éott TO NeEyo- \ \ pevoy ’"Enrtydppou mpos tov dowtov, - Ov piravOpwros TU y éso" eyes vécov: xaipes dd0us, TovovToyv ay tL mpos Aopetiavov eimeiy mponyOn: “Ovn edoeBys odde gidotimos TY oat: execs vooov' Xaipers KaTouxobopar, aotep o Midas éxeivos, AtwavTa aot Xpued wal MOwa Bovdo- PeEVvOS yiver Oa.” Taira bev ov mrept TOUTWDV. XVI. ‘O & Ta KUvLOS pera TV peyddny payny év Kal tov viov aTr@rere Hovopayy- cavra Bpovro, KaTapuyov els TO Knyovotov ixérevoe Adpav Hlopcivay, avbpa Kai dSvvapev peytorny éxovTa TOY "Tranicov Bactréwr Kal oKOvYTAa YpnoToV eva Kal b pudorepor o 8 bmé- TXETO BonOnceuw. Kar Tpe@Tov poev erreppev ELS ‘Poyny KedEVOV b¢ ecQat Tov Tapxvviov- as ov UTRKOVTaY ot Popaior, KaTaryyelas: avrots TOAEMOV Kal xpovov év @ Kal ToTrov eis Ov émendev 2 euBareiv, adtKero PETA TONKS Suvdwews. IIo- mLKOAaS e npeOn pev are@v bratos TO Sevtepov, Kal ou aur Tiros Aouxpyrios: éravehOov de els “Pony rat Bovdopevos T@ ppovnuart ™ p@TOV vrepBarérOat TOV Tlopoivay, exTile TOMY 2- ‘yALoupiay mn mya tov GvTOS avTov. Kal Tes- Yicas peydrols avadwpaciw éEmtaxocious érrot- 542 PUBLICOLA and they now look too slender and thin. However, if anyone who is amazed at the costliness of the Capitol had seen a single colonnade in the palace of Domitian, or a basiiica, or a bath, or the apart- ments for his concubines, then, as Epicharmus says to the spendthrift, “<’Tis not beneficent thou art; thou art diseased ; thy mania is to give,” so he would have been moved to say to Domitian: «°Tis not pious, nor nobly ambitious that thou art ; thou art diseased; thy mania is to build; like the famous Midas, thou desirest that every thing become gold and stone at thy touch.” So much, then, on this head. XVI. But to return to Tarquin, after the great battle in which he lost his son in a duel with Brutus, he fled for refuge to Clusium, and became a suppliant of Lars Porsena, the most powerful king in Italy, who was thought also to be aman of worth and noble ambitions. He promised Tarquin his aid and assist- ance. So in the first place he sent to Rome and ordered them to receive Tarquin as their king. Then when the Romans refused, he declared war upon them; proclaimed the time and place of his attack, and marched thither with a great force.! Publicola was chosen consul for the second time, in his absence, and Titus Lucretius as his colleague. Returning, therefore, to Rome, and wishing, in the first place, to surpass Porsena in the loftiness of his spirit, he built the city of Sigliuria, although his adversary was al- ready near at hand. After he had fortified it at great expense, he sent to it a colony of seven hundred 1 Cf. Livy, ii. 9. 543 PLUTARCH’S LIVES xovs amréctetrev, WS padlws dépwv al abeas Tov médeu“ov. ov pv aGdAA TpooBorArns dkeias TO reixet yevouéevns eEewoOncav ot puvdaKes v7r0 tov Iopciva, cal dhevyovtes ddiyou acuvererTa- cavto Tovs Todeuious eis THY TOA. EhON Se mpo tav mudav éxBonOncas o Ilomdxodas, kai paxynv cuvarpas Tapa Tov ToTapoy avTeiye TA2- ber Bralopévors Tots ToAdepiows, AXpt OU Tpavpac~L veavixols TepiTrec@v atrexopiaOn popadyy éx THS payns. 70 8 abto kal Aovepytiov Tov cuvap- xovTos avre@ madovros abupia Tots Poopatoes évérrene, Kal huyn mpos THY TodLY éawlov Eau- tovs. @O0oupévar Sé TV ToAEuion Sia THS Evdt- yns yedupas éxivdvvevcev 7 “Paun kata xpdtos aN@vat. mpatos dé Koxdos ‘Opdrios Kat ovv aire Si0 Tay éemipavestdtav dvdpav, “Eppivios cai Adpxuos, advtéatnoay rept thy EvAtvnv yédv- pav. 0 & ‘Opdtios tov KoxAsov érwvipiov éoyev éy rodkéu@ Tov oupdtwv Odtepov éexKoreis’ ws 8S nor Néyover, ba cipotnta THs puvos évdedu- xvias ote pndev elvar 70 Siopivoy Ta Supata Kal tas oppis cuyxexicba, Kixrwma Bovdo- pevor Kadely avTov of ToAXOl THS yAWTTAS OM- aBawvovons éexpatncev bd wANGovs Koxdcov xa- NeloOat. ovTos éEcTw@S TpPd TIS yepurpas HuUvETO Tous Trodeuious, aypt ov Sréxoway of adv avT@ KatoTiv thy yépupav. ovTw dé peta TOV OTrwY adels éavtov els Tov Totapov amevntato, Kal mpockuke TH mwépav bxOn Sopate Tuppnuike BeBAnpévos tov yroutov. o Sé TlomAKodas Thy dpetnv Oavpdoas adtixa pév eionyjoato “Po- 106 544 PUBLICOLA men, indicating that he had no concern or fear about the war. However, a sharp assault was made upon its wall by Porsena, and its garrison was driven out. They fled to Rome, where the pursuing enem almost followed them into the city. But Publicola promptly sallied out to their aid in front of the gate, joined battle by the river side with the enemy, who pressed on in great numbers, and held out against them until he was desperately wounded and carried bodily out of the battle. The same fate overtook Lucretius, his colleague, also, so that dismay fell upon the Romans, and they fled for safety towards the city. But as the enemy were forcing their way onto the wooden bridge, Rome was in danger of being taken by storm. Horatius Cocles,! however, first, and with him two of the most illustrious men of the city, Herminius and Lartius, defended the wooden bridge against them. Horatius had been given his surname of Cocles because he had lost one of his eyes in the wars. Some, however, say that his nose was flat and sunken, so that there was nothing to separate his eyes, and his eye-brows ran together, and that for this reason the multitude wished to call him Cyclops, but by a slip of the tongue the name of Cocles became generally prevalent instead. This Cocles, standing at the head of the bridge, kept the enemy back until his companions had cut the bridge in two behind him. Then, all accoutred as he was, he plunged into the river and swam across to the other side, in spite of a wound in the buttocks from a Tuscan spear. Publicola, out of admiration for his valour, proposed that every Roman should at once 1 The exploit of Horatius is much more dramatically narrated by Livy (ii. 10). 545 VOL. I. N N PLUTARCH’S LIVES paious atravras, donv Exaotos €v Type pa. Tpopy avi do Ke, dobvat oUvELaEveyKOVTAS, emeita TiS Xepas hy aves Tepiapooeler éy TPEPQ. T pos 6é TOUTOLS eiKOva Karty éornoav aure’ év T@ Lep@ TOU “H¢aiorou, THY yevouerny é€x TOD Tpav- paros TH avdpl Yw@XOTHTA pETA TLLAS Tapnyo- pouvtes. XVII. "Enrenetpévou dé Tlopoiva Th woAEL Kal ALpLOs iymrero TOV ‘Powpaicor, xal Tuppyvar & ETEPOS oTpatos avTos Kal” avrov Els THY Xwpay évéBanre. Tlomduxodas dé TO Tplrov UiraTevo Tlopowva pe ar pewav kal durdttav rHv médw weTo Seiv avréxery, Tois Oé Tuppnvois emeEnrve Kar oupBa- Nov €T peparo Kal mevraciaxtdious auto aveire. To ay mept Movxuov elpnTar pev vd TOAD Kal Sapopws, ex Téov bé 7 D padiora Tia TEvET AL Kal nuiv. mv avyp els Tacav apetnv ayabos, év 5é€ Tots woNeutxots apiotos: émtBovrAevwv bé Tov Tlopcivay dvedeiv rrapeanbev els 76 otparto- qeoov Tuppyvida popav eoOijra xal pov Vpo- pEvos opola. TrepiehOav dé TO Biya Tov Baot- Aéws KaleCopévon, Kat Tapas pep avTov OUK eldws, épécdar S€ mepi avtob bedias, dv w7HOn pddiota TOV curyxabelouevov éxeivov elvat oTa- GadpEevos TO Eidos ATEKTELVED. em TOUT® dé currnpdeis avexptvero" Kai Tivos éoxapidos md éxovans peddovTe TO Tlopoiva Ove KEXOMLO [é- yn, birepoxXav THY SeFtay Xeipa Kalomévns Tis gapKos ela TnKeL T™pos TOV Tlopcivay arroPrérav iTaL@ Kal ATPETTH TO TpoTHOTM, méexpL Ov Bav- 1 airg bracketed in Sintenis? because of the hiatus following. 546 PUBLICOLA contribute for him as much provision as each con- sumed in a day, and that afterwards he should be given as much land as he could plough round in a day. Besides this, they set up a bronze statue of him in the temple of Vulcan, to console him with honour for the lameness consequent upon his wound. XVII. While Porsena was closely investing the city, a famine afflicted the Romans,! and another Tuscan army on its own account invaded their terri- tory. Publicola, who was now consul for the third time, thought that Porsena must be met by a quiet and watchful resistance within the city; but he sallied out upon the other Tuscan army, engaged it, routed it, and slew five thousand of them. The story of Mucius has been often and variously told, but I must give it as it seems most credible to me.?_ He was a man endowed with every virtue, but most excellent in war. Designing to kill Porsena, he stole into his camp, wearing a Tuscan habit, and using a speech tocorrespond. After walking around the tribunal where the king was sitting with others, -not knowing him certainly, and fearing to inquire about him, he drew his sword and slew that one of the group whom he thought most likely to be the king. Upon this he was seized, and was being questioned, when a sort of pan containing live coals was brought to Porsena, who was about to offer sacrifice. Mucius held his right hand over the flames and, while the flesh was burning, stood looking at Porsena with a bold and _ steadfast countenance, until the king was overcome with 1 Cf. Livy, ii. 12, 1. 2 Plutarch’s version is far less coherent and dramatic than Livy’s (ii. 12). 547 a2 v4 bo PLUTARCH’S LIVES padcas adijxev adtov xal to Eldos dodcdovs v 2 ‘ fe) / e A > 4 a@pe~ev amo tod Bnyatos: o Sé THY ev@vupov , 23Q7 \ \ a _f | ee mpoteivas édéEato. xal Sa todTd dacw avTa yevéoOat tov Yxatorav érixAnow, Step eat Aawv. épn dé tov doBov rod Tlopciva vew- KNK@S NTTaTOaL THS apeTHs, eal yapiTe pwnvvew & pos dvayxny ovK av éEnyopevae. “ Tptaxocror \ e / b>] ” ce A b] \ 3 4 yap ‘Pwpaiwr,” edn, “thy adrnv éeuol yveuny éyovres €v TO oTpaToTéd@ Go TAAVOVTAL KaLpov 3 a > A \ / \ A émiTnpoovtres' éyw dé KAnpY Aayov Kal mpo- emiyetpnoas ovK axGouat tH TUYn, Siapmaptev avdpos ayabobd Kal dirov padXov % qodeuiouv ‘p / ? / 99 50° e jaf , wpatos elvat mpérovtos.” tad™’ o Topacivas + 4 > / \ \ V4 oe axovaas émiarevoe kal mpos Tas dsadvoes Hdtov gxxev, ov TocodTo, pot doxel, PoBw TeV TpLaKo- 4 sd > \ 4 ciwv, cov ayacbels nal Oavpdoas Tro dpovnpa Kal THY apeTny TOY ‘Pwpaiwr. Todtov tov dvdpa Moverov opod tte wavtwy Kal {xatorav carovvtwv "AOnvodwpos o {dvdwvos év t@ mpos "Oxraoviay trav Kaicapos aderpiy cal Orpiryovov avoudobar pnoiv. XVIII. ‘O pévror TMordcxdras avros, ody oftw 4 \ 4 \ e 4 moréuov ovta tov Ilopcivay Bapvy nyovpevos ws GEvov woddod TH TroAE hirov yevécOat cal oUppaxov, ovx epevryer er’ avtov dixn xpiOnvas mpos Tapxivov, adr éOdpper kal mpovcanreiro 548 PUBLICOLA admiration and released him, and handed him back his sword, reaching it down to him from the tribunal. Mucius stretched out his left hand and took it (on which account, they say, he received the surname of Scaevola, which means Left-handed). Then he said that although he had conquered the fear which Porsena inspired, he was vanquished by the nobility which he displayed, and would reveal out of gratitude what he would not have disclosed under compulsion. ‘Three hundred Romans, then,” said he, “ with the same resolution as mine, are now prowling about in thy camp and watching their opportunity. I was chosen by lot to make the first attempt upon thee, and I am not distressed at what has happened, so noble is the man whom I failed to kill, and so worthy to be a friend rather than an enemy of the Romans.” On hearing this, Porsena believed it to be true, and felt more inclined to come to terms, not so much, I suppose, through fear of the three hundred, as out of wondering admiration for the lofty spirit and bravery of the Romans.} All other writers agree in giving this Mucius the surname of Scaevola, but Athenodorus, the son of Sandon, in his book addressed to Octavia, the sister of Augustus Caesar, says that his surname was Pos- tumus. XVIII. Publicola himself, moreover, thinking that Porsena would be more valuable as a friend and ally of the city than he was dangerous as its enemy, did not shrink from making the king an arbitrator in his dispute with Tarquin,! but often boldly challenged 1 According to Livy (ii. 13, 1-5), Porsena was so terrified by the disclosures of Mucius, that he made propositions of peace to the Romans. 549 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mova os éFedéyEov Kdxiotov avipav Kat 4 Sixaiws abaipeévra Thy apynv. aTroxptvapevou $8 rod Tapxvuviou tpaxvtepov, ovdéva troreta bar 4 Sicacthy, Axiota dé Tlopcivay, e ocvppaxos e dy petaBdrrxcTat, Svaxepdvas Kal KaTayvous oO A \ v Tlopaivas, dua 5¢ rod maidds “Appovtos Seouévou , eu a e / , kat orovoatovtos umép tov Pwpaiwv, Katedu- gato Tov qwodepov éFtoTapévors HS amreTé“ovTo ths Tuppnvidos xwpas Kal tovs atxpadwrous dtroméutovat, Komlouévors 5é Tovs avTopodous. él rovtots opnpous edwxav éF evrrarploay Trept- tropdupous Séxa Kxal tapOévovs tocavTas, ov Av xat Womducora Ouydtnp Ovarrepia. XIX. Lpartopévev 8 rovtwy rod te Tlopciva TATAY HON THY TOAEMLK]VY GAVELKOTOS TapacKeunY Sia triotiv, ai wapOévor tov “Pwpaiwy nat7dOov 3 \ wv ‘ 4 ” él Noutpov eva bn pnvoedyns tus OXON TreEpt- 4 \ \ e , 4 BdadXovca TOV ToTapov jnovxiav pddioTa Kal yadnvny Tov Kvparos trapetyer. ws 8 ovTE Twa dvraxny é®pwv odte Tapwovtas GdrAwWS 7 Stamdéovtas, opunyv éoyov dtrovntacBat mpos fe) 4 peda ToAv Kal divas Babelas. Evior 5€ act / >A ” , / 4 piav avtav, dvoua Knrotriav, trm@ dueFeracat TOV Topov, éyKeXevopevny Tais AANaLS veovaats Kai tapabappivovaav. émel S¢ cwOeicat mpos tov TlomAxoray hxov, odx Oavpacev od Hyd- 9 ’ 9 4 ied M4 4 > mnoev, GAN nvidOn, Gre Ilopciva xaxiwv ép miote. havelrat, kal TO TOAMnLa TAY TrapOéveY 55° 10: PUBLICOLA Tarquin to do so, confident of proving that he was the basest of men and justly deprived of his king- dom. And when Tarquin gave him a rough answer, saying that he would make no man his judge, least of all Porsena, seeing that he was swerving from his alliance with him, Porsena was displeased and per- ceived the weakness of his cause. His son Aruns also pleaded earnestly with him in behalf of the Romans. Consequently, he put an end to his war against them, on condition that they gave up the territory of Tuscany which they had taken, sent back their prisoners of war, and received back their deserters. In confirmation of these conditions, the Romans gave as hostages ten young men from their noblest families, and as many maidens, of whom Valeria, a daughter of Publicola, was one. XIX. After these stipulations had been carried out, and when Porsena had already remitted all his ~ warlike preparations through his confidence in the treaty, these Roman maidens went down to the river to bathe, at a place where the curving bank formed a bay and kept the water especially still and free from waves. As they saw no guard near, nor any one else passing by or crossing the stream, they were seized with a desire to swim away, notwith- standing the depth and whirl of the strong current. And some say that one of them, named Cloelia, crossed the stream on horseback, exhorting and encouraging the rest as they swam. But when they were come in safety to Publicola, he bestowed no admiration or affection upon them, but was distressed because he would be thought less true to his word than Porsena, and because the daring exploit of the maidens would be called a base fraud on the part of , 551 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aitiay é€e. xaxovpynpa ‘Pwpaiwy yeyovevat. 516 cudAAaBwv avtas mddw amréoretNe Tpos TOY Ilopoivay. tadra 8 of rept rov Tapxinov mpo- arcOopevor, Kat xabicavtes évéSpay trois dryovat TAS Taidas, ev TE Trepiiy éméOevto mXeloves OvTes. éxeivov dé 6pws dpuvopéven, y TlowAtxora. Ouyarnp Ovarrxcpia da péowy opuncaca Tey paxopévwy amépuye, Kat Tpeis Ties oixéTas /, ” > 4 “ > LA cuvosextrecovtes Eowlov auvTnyv. trav 8 addwv OvK axivdvvws avapemtypévov Tois paxopéevots, wa ” e 4 eX bd aiGopevos “Appwv o Ilopaciva vids oféws apoce- BonOnce, Kal gduyns yevopévns TeV TroNeuoV mepteTroinae Tous ‘Pwpatous. ‘Os 5€ ras mrapOévovs Komtcbeiacas o Topcivas elde, THY KatapEapévny tis mpdkews nal trapa- 4 vad ¥ 3¢g0/ bd , \ Kedevoapevny tais adrais efnrer. axovaoas dé TO dvopa THS KXovrdias mpocéBrewev avtny trem Kat haidp@ Te WpocwT@, Kal KeXevoas (larov axOnvar tav Baoiiikay Kexoopnpévov evTrpEeTTas éSwpynoato. TovTO TroLovYTAaL papTUpLoY of wovny thv Knrourtav réyovtes ira SuekeAdoat Tov motayov. of & ov dacw, GAXL Tihoat TO avdpases adtis Tov Tuppnvov. avdxertar dé thy e \ CAN , > 4 b) \ iepav odov Tropevopévors eis Iladdtiov avdpias avTns édirios, dv tives ov THs KXotdlas, adda THs Ovadrepias eivar Aéyovowy. ‘O 8€ Tlopcivas Sdiadrayels trois “Pwpaiots 552 ‘ PUBLICOLA the Romans. He seized them, therefore, and sent them back again to Porsena. But Tarquin and his men got timely intelligence of this, set an ambush for the convoy of the maidens, and attacked them in superior numbers as they passed along. The party attacked defended themselves, nevertheless, and Valeria, the daughter of Publicola, darted through the combatants and fled, and with the help of three attendants who broke through the crowd with her, made good her escape. The rest of the maidens were mingled with the combatants and in peril of their lives. But Aruns, the son of Porsena, learning of the affair, came with all speed to their assistance, put their enemies to flight, and rescued the Romans. When Porsena saw the maidens thus brought back, he asked for the one who had begun the: enterprise and encouraged the rest in it. And when he heard Cloelia named as the one, he looked upon her with a gracious and beaming countenance, and ordering one of the royal horses to be brought, all fittingly caparisoned, he made her a present of it. Those who say that Cloelia, and Cloelia alone, crossed the river on horseback, produce this fact in evidence. Others dispute the inference, and say that the Tuscan merely honoured in this way the maiden’s courage. But an equestrian statue of her stands by the Via Sacra, as you go to the Palatine, though some say it represents not Cloelia, but Valeria.} Porsena, thus reconciled with the Romans, gave 1 According to Livy, who gives a very different version of the Cloelia episode (ii. 13, 6-11), the maidens were incited by the example of Mucius to their display of courage, in memory of which the Romans erected at the top of the Via Sacra an equestrian statue, ‘‘ virgo insidens equo.” on0 PLUTARCH’S LIVES GAAnV Te éEavToD wroAAHY peyahoppoo vyny éqe- deiEaTo TH trode, Kal Ta SAA TOVs Tuppyvods avaraBeiv Kerevoas, dAXNo Sé pndév, GX’ éxrei- Tew TOV Yapaka citov Te TOAAOD Kal YpnUadToV éuovta TavTobaTav, tapédwxe tots “Pwpaiors. bs kal nal? Huds ert twdovvtes ta Sypdota Tpa@ta KnpuTtovar Ta Ilopciva xphpata, Tun T@ avopl Tis Xa pias didvov év TH pvnpn Sa- guArdtrovres. etaotrnces 5é Kal yarxods avdpias avrov Tapa TO BovreuTHpLov, atrrovs Kal ap- Naixos TH épyacia. XX. Mera 8 taidta YaBivov éuBadrovrwv > A , C4 ? , 4 els THY ywpav Uiratos pev arredetyOn Madpxos Ovarrépios, aderAgpos Tlomduxdra, nat Woorov- pos TovBeptos. Tpatropévoy d€ trav peyiotov yvoun Kal tapovola TlomduKora dvol padyats peydrais 0 Mapros éevixnoev, dv év Th Sevtrépa undéva “Popalwvy dmoBarkov tpicytdovs én Hupiou TOV Todelov dvetre. Kal yépas Eoyev Ett tois OpuduBors oixiav avT@ yevér Oat Snpocioss avaropacw év Iladatip. tav 8 GAdNwv TOTE Oupav claw THs oiKias eis TO KAELCtOY avoLyo- Mévev, éxeivns povns THs olxias éroincay éxTos atrdayecbar tiv avreov, ws 81) KATA TO TUYXO- PHA Ths Tins del tod Snpwociov mpocerTi- AapBavor. jDas & ‘EAXnuixds mporepov obras éyew amacas €youcw, ao TaV Koppdiav AapBavortes, Ste KomrTova. kal opotot tas avtav Ouvpas Evdobev Ob Wpotévar wédAovTes, Oras alaBnats €Ew yévorto | TWapepxyopuévors 7 Wpoeotaot Kal py Kata- PUBLICOLA the city many proofs of his magnanimity. In particular, he ordered his Tuscan soldiers, when they evacuated their camp, to take with them their arms only, and nothing else, leaving it full of abundant provisions and all sorts of valuables, which he turned over to the Romans. Therefore it is that down to this very day, when there is a sale of public property, Porsena’s goods are cried first, and thus the man’s kindness is honoured with perpetual remembrance. Moreover, a bronze statue of him used to stand near the senate-house, of simple and archaic work- manship.! XX. After this, when the Sabines invaded the Roman territory, Marcus Valerius, a brother of Publicola, was made consul, and with him Postumius Tubertus. Inasmuch as the most important steps were taken with the advice and assistance of Publicola, Marcus was victorious in two great battles, and in the second of them, without losing a single Roman, slew thirteen thousand of the enemy.? Besides his triumphs, he also obtained the honour of a house built for him at the public charge on the Palatine. And whereas the doors of other houses at that time opened inwards into the vestibule, they made the outer door of his house, and of his alone, to open outwards, in order that by this concession he might be constantly partaking of public honour. They say that all Greek doors used to open outwards in this way, and the conclusion is drawn from their comedies, where those who are about to go out of a house beat noisily on the inside of their own doors, in order that persons passing by or standing in front of them may hear, and not be 1 Cf. Livy, ii. 14, 1-4. 2 Cf. Livy, ii. 16, 1. 555 PLUTARCH’S LIVES AapRdvowTo wpoiovoas Tais KNELTLaoLWY eis ‘TOV OTEVWTOV. XXI. Te & é&fs ree wddw bmareve Lomd- KoAaS TO TéTapToy' Hv dé wpoadoxia Trodéuov SaBivev nal Aativov cuvmotapévwv. Kai tus dpa Seodatpovia THs Toews FYyaTo* Tacas yap ai xvotoat Tote yuvaixes éEéBadXov avamnpa, kal Téros ovdeuia yéveots Exyev. BOev ex TaV LuBurArcLwv o TlowAKoras ikacdpevos TO "Acdy Kai Twas ayovas tudoxpnotovs avadaBov kal tais éXmiot mpos TO Oetov ndiova KataoTycas Thy Tok, Hon Tos am avOparav dhoBepois mpoceixye. peyddrn yap édaiveto xatacKevy Ta Torepiov Kal cvoTacts. "Hv ody “Ammeos Kiadaos év SaBivoss, avnp xonpuact te Suvatos Kal ca@patos pan pos arkny émipavys, aperns 5& SoEn padota xal AOyou SewvoTntt tmpwrevov. 6 bé tact cuvpBaive Tois peydros ov Siepuye rabeiv, GX éfOoveiro: Kal Tots P0ovovew aitiay Tmapéoxe KaTaTAaveD Tov Todepov avkev ta “Pwpaior, érl rupavvids kat SovrAwoet THS TraTpidos. atcOopevos Sé Tous 104 Noyous TovTous BovrAopéev@ TO TANOEL AEyopEevous, kal mpooxpovovta Tots todepoTroLois Kal oTpa- a e 4 bd a \ , e TlwTiKols EauToV, epoBeito THY Kpiatv. éTatpelay dé cal dvvapiv dirov Kal oixeiwy Exwv dyv- 556 PUBLICOLA taken by surprise when the doors open out into the street. XXI. In the following year Publicola was consul again, for the fourth time, when there was expec- tation of a war with the Sabines and Latins com- bined.! At the same time also a sort of superstitious terror seized upon the city because all the women who were pregnant were delivered of imperfect offspring, and all births were premature. Wherefore, by direction of the Sibylline books, Publicola made propitiatory sacrifices to Pluto, and renewed certain games that had been recommended by Apollo, and after he had thus made the city more cheerful in its hopes and expectations from the gods, he turned his attention to what it feared from men. For their enemies were plainly making great preparations and a powerful league against them. Now there was among the Sabines one Appius Clausus,? a man whose wealth made him powerful, as his personal prowess made him illustrious, but who was most eminent for his lofty character and for his great eloquence. He could not, however, escape the fate of all great men, but was an object of jealous hate, and when he tried to stop the war, those who hated him charged him with trying to increase the power of Rome, with a view to making himself tyrant and master of his own country. Perceiving that the multitude gave a ready ear to these stories, and that he himself was obnoxious to the war party and the military, he feared the issue, but with a large and powerful coterie of friends and 1 Livy gives a very brief account of this war (ii. 16, 2-6). > Attius Clausus among the Sabines, Appius Claudius among the Romans, according to Livy, ii, 16, 4. 557 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yovaoay Tepi avtov éotaciale. Kal TovT hv Tov morépov dStatpuBy Kal pédrAAnows Tots YaBivocs. Tadr’ otv o Ilowdxoras ov povov eidévae movoupevos épyov, adda Kal xively nal couvek- oppayv Thy otaow, elyev avdpas émitndeious of T@ Kravom diedkéyovto trap avrov toladTa, ws o Tlomdexoras avipa oe ypnotov éyra Kai Sixacov ovdevt Kax@ Setv olerat Tovs ceavtod troAitas dpvveo Gar, Kaimep adicovpevor" et dé Bovnoto cate éauToy petacThvar Kai duyely tovs pu- gobvTas, brodegerat oe Snpooia Kal toi THS TE ons ApEeTnS aFios Kal THS ‘Peopate apm pornTos. TaUTA TOAAGKES dvacKonovyTt TO Kravow Béd- TLOTA TOV dvaryKaiwy épaivero, Kai TOvS pirous cupTrapaKkarayv, éxeivwv Te Tohous opoiars cuvavarreDovrwr, TEVTAKLT XUMLOUS oixous ava- oTnoas pera Taidwv Kal yuvarKan, Gmrep yy év LaBivors a8 opuBov pddata xat Biov mpaov Kal xadeoT@ros oixeiov, eis “Popny Frye, m poewdéros tov Ilomdxoda kal Sexopevov prrodpovas Kal mpoOvuws éml mace Sixaiors. TOUS pev yap olxous ev0vs dvéuige T@ TWOALTEUPATL, Kal _X@pav GT évelpLev exdaT@ dvetv EO perv mept TOV "Avi- ava. TOTALOY, T@ O€ Kravow EO pa Tévre Kal elKool vis eOwxev, avrov 5€ TH BovrAq 7 pooe- paren, apxXnv trodstTetas AapBavovra TAUTHD, PX Pw MEVOS éuppovas avebpapev Eis TO mT pe@rov t/ pa Kal Ouvapey éoxe peyadny, Kal Yévos ‘vos dpavporepov év “Pwyun to KrXavdior ad’ xaréALTre. XII. Ta 6€ YaBivwy odtw Stax pllévra TO PUBLICOLA kinsmen to defend him, continued his opposition. This made the Sabines put off and delay the war. Publicola, accordingly, making it his business not only to know about these matters, but also to foment and promote the faction, kept some of his followers employed in bringing to Clausus from him such messages as this: “ Publicola thinks thee too worthy and just a man to inflict any evil upon thy fellow citizens in self-defence, even though thou art wronged by them. But if thou wishest, for thine own safety, to change thine allegiance and flee from those who hate thee, he will receive thee with public and private honours which are worthy of thine own excellence and the splendour of Rome.”’” On repeated consideration of the matter, this course seemed to Clausus the best that was open to him ; he therefore summoned his friends, who in like manner persuaded many more, to join him, and taking five thousand families from their homes, wives and children in- cluded, the most peaceful folk among the Sabines, of gentle and sedate lives, he led them to Rome. Publicola knew beforehand of their coming, and gave them an eager and a kindly welcome, admitting them to all rights and privileges. For he at once incorporated the families in the Roman state, and gave each one two acres of land on the river Anio. To Clausus, however, he gave twenty-five acres of land, and enrolled him among the senators. This was the beginning of a political power which he used so wisely that he mounted to the highest dignity and acquired great influence. The Claudian family, which is descended from him, is no less illustrious than any in Rome. XXII. Though the schism among the Sabines was 559 °2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES HETOLKLOL@ TaV avdpov, ovK elacay ot Snpayo- youvres atpeunoat Kai KataoThvat, oyeTNa- Covres ef KAatoos & rapwy ovn éreoe Stampad- Eerar ghuyas yevopevos kal trodéptos, py Sovvas Sixnv “Pwpaiovs av wuBpifovow. adpavres ovv oTpaT@ peydrw rept Didjvas catnurAcavto, Kai Tiva oxov Gépevor mpo THIS ‘Payns ev Ywpiots auvnpepéct kab Kxoidors SioyxtrLous omrritas, Eyer- Nov ap mpepg pavepars odiryous immevat etav €Xav- vel. eipnrto o avrois, dtav TH TOnEt ‘Tporend- Two, Umopevyen & EWS eu Barwa els THY évédpay TOUS Tmoheptous® Tav@’ o TlomAsKodas avd npepov mud Opuevos wap avropodov Taxv dunppocato 7 pos TavTa Kal Ovéverpe Tn Suvapev. Tlocrovpsos pev yap BanBos o yapApes avTOU TpLoYLALOLS omAiTaLs éomépas ére Tm poe ory kal Kata- AaBwv Tous axpohopovs, up ols evn dpevov ot Lafivor, _mapepvrarrer: 6 dé guvapxav Aov- Kpnttos EXwv TO oupérarror €v TH monet Kat yevvacoratov eran Tos eabvover THY Aeiay immevow é1t erpeiv, autos &é€ THY aXAnv ava- rAaBov ae KuKh@ mepin Oe TOUS Tone uous. Kal Kara TUXnY OpiyANS Babetas emimerovans, mept o Opov awa Tloorovpsos | TE TOUS éved pev- oVvTas euBonoas éBanev amo TOV dx pov, Kat Tots TpoimnacapEevors ephce Tos Tepl autov o Aov- xpntios, cat TlomAcKoAas mpoaéBane Tois oT pato- médots TOY TONELiWV. TaVTY pe, ovyv éKaKovTo Ta Xa Biveov Kal SepOeipero Tous & évraida und dpuvopevous, anrXra pevyovras, ev0us éxTetvoyv oat ‘Pwpaiot, THs éXrridos autos OheO prorarns ryevo- 560 109 PUBLICOLA thus removed by the emigration of these men, their popular leaders would not suffer them to settle down into quiet, but complained bitterly that Clausus, by becoming an exile and an enemy, should bring to pass what he could not effect by his per- suasions at home, namely, that Rome pay no penalty for her outrages. Setting out, therefore, with a large army, they encamped near Fidenae, and placed two thousand men-at-arms in ambush just outside of Rome in wooded hollows. Their intention was that a few of their horsemen, as soon as it was day, should boldly ravage the country. But these had been ordered, whenever they approached the city and were attacked, to retire gradually until they had drawn the enemy into the ambuscade. That very day Publicola learned of this plan from deserters, and took measures accordingly, dividing up his forces. Postumius Balbus, his son-in-law, while it was yet evening, went out with three thousand men- at-arms, occupied the hills under which the Sabines were lying in ambush, and kept the enemy under observation ; Lucretius, his colleague, retaining in the city the lightest armed and most impetuous troops, was ordered to attack the enemy’s horsemen as they ravaged the country; he himself took the rest of the army and encircled the enemy in their camp. Favoured by a heavy fog, at break of day Postumius, with loud shouts, fell upon the ambuscade from the heights, while Lucretius hurled his troops upon the horsemen when they rode towards the city, and Publicola attacked the camp of the enemy. At all points, then, the Sabines were worsted and undone. Wherever they were, they made no defence, but fled, and the Romans straightway slew them. The 561 VOL. I. 0 0 PLUTARCH’S LIVES / , \ of \ e / e pévns. cablecOar yap oidpevor Tovs érépovs ot Erepot TH pdxecOar Kal pévety ov mpoceixor, GX of pev ex TaV épupdtwv pos Tors évedpeu- ovtas, of dé TadLv ws éxeivous Eis TO OTPATO- medov Oéovtes évavtion hevyouow évémiTTOv pos ods épevyov Kal BonBetas Seopévors ods AmLCOY > a / \ \ \ / 3 / avtots BonOncev. To dé wn TavTas aToAécOat \ / > \ 5 4 \ € Tovs YaBivouvs, addAa Kal TrepiyevéoOar TLvas 7 Didnvatav mods eyyds ovca Trapéoxe, Kal / a > ra) ‘5 “Mm en / padtoTa TOS Ex THY TTPATOTTECW?, 60 nALoKeEToO, Suexrrimtovatv. door dé Didnvav dinpaptov Sec- POdpnoav t Cavres arn yOnoav bT16 TaV NaBovT@v. XXIII. Todto 16 catopOwpa ‘Pwpaior, xaitrep > , @¢ la 4 >] 4 \ etwOores atract Tots peyarous émipnpilerv TO dat- povov, évos Epyov nyouvto Tod oTpatnyov yeyo- vévat. Kal TOY pEe“aYnuevwv TPOTOV HY aKovELV 4 \ \ \ > nA Ld 3 6Tt Ywrovs Kal Tudrovs auTois Kal povoy ov Kabeip~Eas Tovs trodepiovs LlomAunddXas Trapédwxe xphoBat tois Eiheow. éppw@cOn Sé kal ypnpacw e A 9 aA tA \ A ? 4 o Ojpos éx TOV Nahvpwv cal TOV atyparorTov. ‘O 6€ TlowAndras tov te OpiawBov ayayav Kal Tois pet avToy aroderyGetow bmdtols Tapa- \ \ / > \ > 4 e a 4 Sovs THY TrOALY evOds éredeUTnCEV, wS epsxToY éorty avOp@mons partota Tos vEevopucpévots Ka- ois nal ayabois, Tov éavtov Blov éxTEeNerdoas. e \ a 4 OA ? aA “A > , o 5€ SiHpyos dotrep oddéy eis Covta Tov akiwv TETOLNKWS, GANA Tacay Opelrdwy apt, éyrndi- / aA \ A e caro Snuocia tadjvat TO o@pa, Kal TeTapTy- poptoy éxactov émi Tih ouverceveyxerv. ai Sé 562 PUBLICOLA very hopes they placed in one another proved most fatal to them. For each party, supposing that the other was safe, had no thought of holding their ground and fighting, but those in the camp ran towards those in the .ambuscade, while these, on their part, ran to those in the camp, so that fugitives encountered fugitives, and found those needing succour from whom they expected succour them- selves. And all the Sabines would have perished, had not the neighbouring city of Fidenae afforded a refuge to some, especially to those who fled from the camp when it was captured. All who did not gain this city were either slain or brought back to Rome as prisoners. XXIII. This success the Romans, although they were wont to attribute all such great events to the influence of the gods, considered to be the work of their general alone. And the first thing his soldiers were heard to say was that Publicola had delivered their enemies into their hands lame, blind, and all but imprisoned, to be dispatched by their ‘swords. Great wealth also accrued to the people from the spoils and prisoners. - But Publicola, immediately after celebrating his triumph and handing the city over to the consuls appointed to succeed him, died. So far as it can possibly be achieved by men who are regarded as honourable and good, he had brought his life to pertection. The people, as if they had done nothing to show their esteem for him while he was alive, but owed him every homage, decreed that his body should be buried at the public charge, and that every man should contribute a quadrans towards the honour. The women also, by private agreement 563 0 o 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yuvaires, idta 7 pos auras cupppovycacat, dveTrév- Onoav é évavtov bdov én 7 avopl mév0os evr ipov cal SnrwrTov. érahn b¢ kal obTws TOY TONLTODV Yapirapeveav évTos do reas Tapa THv KaNov- pévnv Overlay, dore Kal yéver mavtTl Ths Tapys peteivan. viv be Oamreras peev ovdels TOY are yévous, KomicavTes bé TOV Vex pov éxet xatati- Pevras Kal 646d TLS upevnv Aa Bev 8cov om7- veyKev, elta dvatpeirar, papTupopevos ye TO eFeivar, peiderBar dé THs Tins, cal Tov vexpov ovTws aTroKopifovaty. ZOAQNO® KAI MOMAIKOAA SYTKPISIS I. "Ap’ ody icov Tt méept TavTny THY ouyKpiow vmdpxer cal py Tmayy cup BeBnnos érépa TOY avaryeypappevor, Tov &repov yeryovevar men TAY Tou éTépou, Tov &repoy se paprvv; bpa Y ap ip O Lodwy ebnveyne mept evdatpovias aTropacty q pos Kpoicov, WS TlomAuKona parrov 7 Tédrr@ 2 Tm poonKet: TéAXou pev yap, Ov elrre yeyovévas paxapioTarov 62’ evmoTmiay «al aperny Kal ev- TeKViAY, OUT auros év Tots Tounpao w {os av6pos ayabod doyov éxxev ovTe Taides ob’ apxy Tes eis So-av HOev: TlomAtKoras be kal Cov émpo- tevoe Suvaper nal Sdn Se apetnv “Popaior, cat 1 “In the following year, Agrippa Menemus and P. Postumius being consuls, P. Valerius, by universal consent the foremost Roman in the arts of war and peace, died, in the height of his glory, but so poor that means to aie his 564 “te, COMPARISON OF SOLON AND PUBLICOLA amongst themselves, mourned a whole year for him, with a mourning which was honourable and enviable.} He was buried, too, by express vote of the citizens, within the city, near the so-called Velia,? and all his family were to have privilege of burial there. Now, however, none of the family is actually buried there, but the body is carried thither and set down, and some one takes a burning torch and holds it under the bier for an instant, and then takes it away, attesting by this act that the deceased has the right of burial there, but relinquishes the honour. After this the body is borne away. COMPARISON OF SOLON AND PUBLICOLA I. TuereE is, then, something peculiar in this comparison, and something that has not been true of any other thus far, namely, that the second imitated the first, and the first bore witness for the second. For it must be plain that the verdict concern- ing happiness which Solon pronounced to Croesus, is more applicable to Publicola than to Tellus. Tellus, whom Solon pronounced the most blessed man he knew, because of his fortunate lot, his virtue, and his goodly offspring, was not celebrated in Solon’s poems as a good man, nor did his children or any magistracy of his achieve a reputation ; whereas Publicola, while he lived, was foremost among the Romans in in- funeral expenses were lacking. He was therefore buried at the public charge, and the matrons mourned for him as they had done for Brutus” (Livy, ii. 16, 7). 2 See chapter x. 2. 565 PLUTARCH’S LIVES teOvnxotos éy tois émupaveotatos yévert wal oTéupact &re Kad’ nuads Tlomdxccvat cat’ Meo- odvae cal Ovarrépioe be érav é€axoclwv Tis evryevetas THY So-ay avadépovar. xat TédrXos pev UTO TOV ToNELiwvy ws avnp ayabds ev Takes pévoy nal paxopevos xatéotpewe: TlomdKdras 5é rods pév todepious xrelvas, 6 Tov TrEecety eVTUXET TEPOY cor, Thv 8é mrarpida, ViKOOaY émid@v ov aurov dpxovra Kat otparnyovvTa, Tomnbets be kat OptapBevoas éTUXE THs SnXov- pens bard Zor@vos rat paxaptfoperns TEMEUTIS. ére toivuy ols ™ pos Mipveppov aytecreav trept yYpovou Cwns émumepaornke, Mndé por akravatos Odvatros podrot, adda pirouse \ BA \ 4 Tomcat Oavwov addyea Kal orovayds, evdaipova TOV Tlowhuxoday avbpa motel. Tedev- 119 THOaS yap ov pirous ovd oixetots povor, andra, Th monet Taon, puptdor Trodaais, ddxpva Kal a 00ov Kal KaTHpeay éd’ auT@ Tapéaxev" ai yap ‘Po- paiwy yuvaines énévOnoav avToY @oTEp viOV q adehpov 7} TaTépa KoLvoV amoBarovoas. “ Xprp- pata © ipeipw per exew,” prov o 0 Lodo, - adixas dé€ memacbat ovK eBého,” Os otans emcovans: IlowAccora 8 Drhpxev ov povov a KAaKOS hourei, anrra Kal Kaas avanio Kes eb Tovovyrt Tous Seopévovs. war’ et copaTatos amdvrwy o Lory, evdarpoverTatos o Tom dicoras. a yap ebéato trav ayabav éxeivos as péytota Kai 566 “ COMPARISON OF SOLON AND PUBLICOLA fluence and repute for virtue, and since his death the most illustrious family lines of our own day, like the Publicolae, the Messalae, and the Valerii, have for six hundred years ascribed the glory of their noble birth to him. Tellus, moreover, though he kept his post and fought like a brave man, died at the hands of his enemies ; whereas Publicola slew his enemies, which is a better fortune than to be slain by them, saw his country victorious through his efforts as consul and general, and enjoyed honours and triumphs before he came to the end which Solon pronounced so enviable and blest. Still further, what Solon says to Mimnermus,! in arguing with him on the proper duration of human life, “ May not an unlamented death be mine, but unto friends Let me be cause, when dead, for sorrow and for sighing,’’ argues Publicola a happy man. For when he died, his loss filled not only friends and kindred, but the entire city, numbering many tens of thousands, with weeping and yearning and sorrow. For the women of Rome mourned for him as though they had lost a son, or a brother, or a common father. “ Wealth I desire to have,” says Solon, “ but wrong- fully to get it, I do not wish,” ? believing that punishment would follow. And Publicola’s wealth was not only not ill got, but also nobly spent in benefactions to the needy. So that if Solon was the wisest, Publicola was the most happy of men, since what Solon prayed for as the greatest and 1 Fragment 21 (Bergk). 2 See Solon, ii. 3. 567 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KaAMoTa, TadTa Kal KtrnoacOas IloTdLKOXe Kal gurAdtar ypwopév pwéxpe TéeXous varnpEev. II. Odtwm pév 6 Yorwv nexdopunne tov Tlownu- KoNaY, TOY Lorwva 8 av mddv éxeivos ev TH jwomtTela Trapaberypdtwy KdddLcTOY avdpt Ko- apouvtTs Snuoxpatiay Oéuevos: Ths py yap apyis \ b \ > a a Ww Toy dykov aedov evpevy Tact Kal adUTOY KaT- éotnoe, vopots 5€ TodXols expnoato TAY éxeivou. Kal yap apxovTwy Katactacews Kupiovs érotnce ‘\ 4 \ a 4 4 wn TOUS TroANOUS, Kal Tots hevyouar Stixny erixaret- ‘ a a e s \ 4 aba tov Sipov, dorrep 6 LorAwv Todvs SixacTas, éwxe. Kat Bovrny pev érépav ove éroincer, @otep 6 Lorwv, tTHv 8 odcav niEncev apoyo pexpod Sitrdaciacas. Te TOY Tamloy emt ToIs Xpnpace Katdotacis éxeiOev ArAOev, Straws oO dpywv pnt el xpnoros dot aaxyoNiay én pos Ta peilo, pyr eb padros ddoppads Tod abdiceiv HadXrov, Kal Tov mpodkewy nal Tov yYpnpaToV KupLoS yevouevos. Td 5€ pLcoTupavvoy éy Te 4 ‘ > 4, > , Hlom\wodg apodporepor. él yap TUS emixerpoun a \ e \ Tupavvely, o pev arovtse THv Sixnv éruiTiOnow, o 5é Kal wpo THs Kpicews avereiy bidwor. cemvu- , A , > ra J, Cd \ vopuévou 8€ Tod LoAwvos GpOas Kal Sixaiws Sts Kal TaY Tpaypdatwv avT@ Sidovtwv tupavvely Kal THV TOMT@V OVK aKOVaiws Sexouevwv arreimev, ovY HTTov UTapye Karov TO [lowALKorAg TO AaBovta Tupavuikny apxnv totjoa Snpotixwrépay Kal und ols é&qv éyovra xpjcacba. Kat todTo S 568 COMPARISON OF SOLON AND PUBLICOLA fairest of blessings, these Publicola was privileged to win and continue to enjoy until the end. II. Thus did Solon enhance the fame of Publicola. And Publicola, too, in his political activities, enhanced the fame of Solon, by making him the fairest of examples for one who was arranging a democracy. For he took away the arrogant powers of the consul- ship and made it gracious and acceptable to all, and he adopted many of Solon’s laws. For instance, he put the appointment of their rulers in the power of the people, and gave defendants the right of ap- pealing to the people, as Solon to the jurors. He did not, indeed, create a new senate, as Solon did, but he increased the one already existing to almost double its numbers. And his appointment of ' quaestors over the public moneys had a like origin. Its purpose was that the consul, if a worthy officer, might not be without leisure for his more important duties, and, if unworthy, might not have greater opportunities for injustice by having both the ad- ministration and the treasury in his hands. Hatred of tyranny was more intense in Publicola than in Solon. For in case any one attempted to usurp the power, by Solon’s law he could be punished only after conviction, whereas Publicola made it lawful to kill him before any trial. Moreover, though Solon rightly and justly plumes himself on rejecting absolute power even when circumstances offered it to him and his fellow-citizens were willing that he should take it, it redounds no less to the honour of Publicola that, when he had received a tyrannical power, he made it more democratic, and did not use even the prerogatives which were his by right of possession. And of the wisdom of such a course 569 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Zorne ouvideiv mpoTepos O YorAwv, bre Shyos ay a v ; \ e 4 4 OS dy dptota ouv yepoverouy érrolTo, , / b] 4 4 pnte Ainv avebels ute TLeCopmevos. III. "[8cov 88 rod LorAwvos 4 TV Ypedv aveots, H pdruora thy érevOepiav éBeBaiwae Tois TodLTaLs. oddey yap shedos vopwv icotnTa TapexovTaD, hy adarpeira TA Ypéa Tors mévnTas. GAN Grou pdruota xpiicOar tH édevdepig Soxovar, Sov- Nevovet padiota Tois TAovatols, ev TO Sixalerv kal dpyew Kal Neyer emetatTopevor Kal UTnpeE- Toovtes. TovTou dé peilov, OTL Tdon KpEewVv aTrO- KoTh oTdcews éropevns, éxeivn povn, KadaTep dappaxe rapaBor pév, iaxup@ Sé ypnodpevos eixaipws, kal THy odcay oTdow édvae, TH Tept abrov dpeth kal S0En Ths TOU mpdypatos abokias xat SiaBorrs Twepeyevopevos. Tis 8 8Ans TrodTelas TH wey apX Naptpo- Tepos 6 Low: Hryjoato yap Kal ob« nxodrovOnce, cai nal’ abrév, od peO’ Erépwr, Errpake TA TrELTTA Kal péylota Tov KoLWWaV: TO Tér\E Sé aTEpOS ebtuyyns Kal Cnrwrds. THY pev yap Lorwvos moNtTelav autos émeide YorAwv xatadrvOeicav, 7 S¢ Tlomucdra péype tev éeupudiwy Todewov Svepirakev ev xoopp THY TOMY O pev Yap apa T@ OécOar Tors vopous admoduTav év Evra Kat a/° COMPARISON OF SOLON AND PUBLICOLA Solon seems to have been conscious even before Publicola, when he says} that a people “then will yield the best obedience to its guides When it is neither humoured nor oppressed too much.” III. Peculiar to Solon was his remission of debts, and by this means especially he confirmed the liberties of the citizens. For equality under the laws is of no avail if the poor are robbed of it by their debts. Nay, in the very places where they are supposed to exercise their liberties most, there they are most in subjection to the rich, since in the courts of justice, the offices of state, and in public debates, they are under their orders and do them service. And what is of greater moment here, though sedition always follows an abolition of debts, in this case alone, by employing opportunely, as it were, a dangerous but powerful medicine, Solon actually put an end to the sedition that was already rife, for his own virtue and high repute prevailed over the ill-repute and odium of the measure. As regards their political careers in general, Solon’s was more brilliant in the beginning. For he led the way and followed no man, and it was alone and without colleagues that he effected the © most and greatest of his public measures. But in the ending, the other was more fortunate and enviable. For Solon lived to see with his own eyes the dissolution of his polity, while that of Publicola preserved order in the city down to the civil wars. Solon, as soon as he had made his laws, left them 1 Fragment 6 (Bergk) ; cf. Aristotle, Const. of Athens, xii. 2. 571 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ypdppacw épnpovs tod BonBovvtos @yer atiav éx trav “AOnvav, o 8 pévav kal apywv Kai qrodTevopevos tSpuce Kal KatécTnaev eis aopanes Thy morstelav. ete 8 exeivm pev ovdé pédXovtTa koddoat mpoatcbopévm Llevctatpatov vmiptev, GAN Hr7HOn ovvictapévns THS TUpavvidos’ obTOS S¢ Bactreiav icxtovoav ex TOBY Xpovev Sy Kal xpatodaay é&éBare xal xatédvoev, apeTnv pev iconv cal mpoaipecw opoiay mapacyopevos, Tuyn Se Kal Svuvdper tedectoupy@ mpos THV dpeTny Kpnodpevos. IV. Tov pévroe rorepixav Yorwve pev ovdé Ta mpos Meyapeis Aatyayos o IIkatareds pepap- rupnkev, @aomrep Hyueis SueAnrAVOapev’ TlomALKodas 5é Tods peyiotous ayavas avTos Kal paxopevos Kal otpatnyav Kxatepbwoe. xal pny ere mpos Tas TodTLKas mpdkes o pev ev Tmadias Tove TpoT@ Kal mpooroinua pavias avadaBov, vrep Sarapivos épdv mpojrAGev: o & avtobev dvap- piipas Tov mepl TOV peyloTwy Kivduvoy éravéoTy te Tapxvvios xal tHv mpodociay épwpace cal Tov KcodkacOjvat Kal pn Staduyeiv Tovs Tovnpous aitiwTatos yevopuevos ov TA capaTa povoy TaV tupavvwv é&éBare THs modews, GAA Kal Tas éxmidas é&éxowev. odtw Sé€ Tots Seyopévors mpaypacw ayova xal Ovyov Kai avtitakw éppwuévws nal atevas amavtnoas, éTt BéAXtLOv éypynoato Tois omtdtas atoNéwou Kal meWois 572 111 COMPARISON OF SOLON AND PUBLICOLA inscribed on wooden tables and destitute of a defender, and departed from Athens; whereas Publicola, by remaining in the city, serving as consul, and busying himself with public affairs. firmly and safely established his form of government. And further, though Solon knew beforehand of the designs of Peisistratus, he was not able to hinder them, but yielded to his tyranny in its incipfency ; whereas Publicola subverted and drove out a kingly power which was strong with the might which many ages bring. Thus, while exhibiting virtues equal to Solon’s, and a purpose identical with his, he enjoyed a good fortune and an efficacious power which supplemented his virtues. IV. When we consider their military careers, moreover, Daimachus of Plataea does not allow Solon even the conduct of the war against the Megarians, as we have described it ; 1 but Publicola, fighting and commanding in person, brought the greatest struggles to a successful issue. And still further, comparing their political activities, Solon, in play, so to speak, and counterfeiting madness, went forth to plead for the recovery of Salamis ; but Publicola, without any subterfuges, ran the greatest risks, set himself in opposition to the party of the Tarquins, and detected their treachery. Then, after being mainly instru- mental in the capture and punishment of the traitors, he not only drove the tyrants themselves from the city, but extirpated their very-hopes of return. And if he thus sturdily and resolutely confronted situations which called for active and spirited opposition, still better did he deal with those which required peaceable intercourse and gentle Solon, viii. ; cf. Aristotle, Const. of Athens, xiv. 1. 573 PLUTARCH’S LIVES umerxovans deopevots, Topoivar apayov avdpa Kal PoBepov EM pedors Tpocayayouevos Kai peTta- OTNTAS ELS prdiav. Kairor dycer tus evtaida TOV pev Lodwva mpoemevors avaraPety "AOnvaior Larapiva, TOV b¢ IlomAucorayv As EKEKTNYTO ‘Peopaior Xepas amoaT Hvar. dei 5é mpos Tovs UToKeLpevous Kat poUs TAs m pagers Gecopeiv. TOLKLNOS yap ay O TONTLKOS @ TpoT~ TaV OvT wy éxaotoyv evAn- m@TOVv éoTL petaxerpiceras,} Kar pépous: apécet ToAAAKLS EcwWCE TO may Kal mixpav amoaTas petCover eTUXED, @omep éxeivos o avip | TOTE THS pep aor pias Yapas amrocTas écwoe THY éauTov BeBaiws adracar, ois 8 Hy peya. THY TrOALY Siapurd£at T POTEKTHTATO TO TOY TOMLopKOUYT@Y oT patomedor, émeTpewas dé 7 Todepio Sixaoth yevéodar, Kat | TE PLY EVOMEVOS Th din, mpooéha Bev baa Sovtas ayannrov ip yiKnoar' wal yap TOV WOAEMLOV SLéEdUGE Kal THY TapacKeuny TOU WONKE- pou Katéhitrev avrois ova mor aperijs Kal Karoxayabias, iy 0 apxov wumép amravter eveTroinoey avT@. 1 peraxesploera: with two Paris MSS., Coraés, and Bekker: peraxetpload@a:. 574 COMPARISON OF SOLON AND PUBLICOLA persuasion, as when he tactfully won over Porsena, an invincible and formidable foe, and made him a friend of Rome. But here, perhaps, some one will say that Solon won back Salamis for the Athenians when they had given it up, whereas Publicola relinquished territory which the Romans had acquired. But we must view men’s actions in the light of the times which call them forth.. The subtle statesman will handle each - issue that arises in the most feasible manner, and often saves the whole by relinquishing a part, and by yielding small advantages secures greater ones. And so Publicola, in that instance, by yielding the territory which belonged to others, saved all that was assuredly his own, and procured besides, for those who were hard put to it to save their city, the camp of their besiegers with all its stores. He made his adversary judge in the controversy, won his case, and received besides what his people would gladly have. given for the victory. For Porsena put a stop to the war, and left the Romans all his provisions for carrying it on, owing to the confidence in their virtue and nobility with which their consul had inspired him. 575 Digitized by Google A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES A Abantes, 11, a people of Euboea in the Homeric period. Adrastus, 67, king of Argos, and leader of ‘the “Seven against Thebes.”’ Acilius, Caius, 159, interpreter in the Roman senate for the Athenian embassy of 155 B.C. (Cato Major, xxii. 4), author of a history of Rome from the earliest to his own time. Aeacus, 21, a mythical king of Aegina, after death one of the judges in Hades. Agnus, 27, an Attic township N.E. of Athens. Alba, 97, a very ancient town of Latium, on the Alban lake, some twelve miles 8.E. of Rome. Alcman, 291, a Lydian of Sardis, who came in his youth to Sparta, and became the founder of Dorian lyric poetry. He flourished in the eee half of the seventh century B Alcmene i7, “wife of Amphitryon of Thebes, and mother of Heracles by Zeus Avachars. 415, a Scythian, who travelled extensively in pursuit of knowledge (Herod. iv. 76 f). Anaximenes, the orator, 527, of Lampsacus, a upil of Diogenes the Cynic, act ve at Athens as rhetorician and historian in the latter half of the fourth century B.C. Androgeos, 29, son of Minos the king of Crete. Andron of Halicarnassus, 57, a genealogical writer of the fourth century B.C. PLUT.—VOL. I. Androtion, ia active in the political life of Athens from 376 to 346 B.c. In old age and exile he wrote an Aithis, or History of Attica, which was "much read. Antias, Valerius, 131, 381, a Roman historian who flourished in the ue art of the first century B.C. s history extended from the sarllent times down to those of Sulla, and was much used by both Livy and Plutarch. Antigonus, 141, probably’ the general of Alexander who was afterwards king of Asia, surnamed the One-eyed. Antigonus, 143, author of a History of Italy, in "Greek, probably in the latter part of the third century B.C. Antimachus, of Teos, 121, an early epic poet. Two poems of the epic cycle, the Thebais, and the Epigoni, went under his name. Antiathencs the Socratic, 301, a pupil of Gorgias and friend’ of Socrates. Apanae 75, an ancient Attic wnship, about fifteen miles v W. of Athens. Apollodorus, 205, a learned gram- marian of Athens in the latter part of the second century B.c. A treatise of hison mythology, the Bibliotheca, has come down to us. Apollothemis, 303, mentioned only her Arcniloetius, 11, 319, of Paros, one of the earliest Ionian lyric poets, flourishing in 650 B.o. Ardettus, 63, a hill in the S.E. suburbs of Athens. Ariadne, 37, daughter of Minos and Pasiphai, of Crete 577 DICTIONARY OF Aristocrates, 217, 303, known only as the author of an antiquarian and historical work on Sparta, abet of the early Roman dutomanes, 169, the Messenian hero of the second war between Messenia and Sparta (685-668 B.O.). Aristoxenus, 308, of Tarentum, a Greek writer on philosophy and music, a pupil of Aristotle flourishing in 380 B.o. Parte of his works on Harmony and Rhythm have come down to us. Athenodorus, son of Sandon, 549, © of Tarsus, a Stoic philosopher long resident at Rome, and much esteemed by Augustus. B Bion, 59, of Proconnesus, a com- piler of mythical history, of uncertain date, not earlier than the fourth century B.0O. Boédromion, the third month in the Attic calendar, corresponding nearly to our September. Brasidas, 283, the greatest Spartan hero of the Peloponnesian war. His death at Amphipolis is described by Thucydides in v. 10. Brauron, 429, an ancient city on the eastern coast of Attica. Busiris, 23, a mythical Egyptian king, who sacrificed all foreigners that entered his country. Butas, 159, probably the freedman of Cato the Younger (Plutarch, Cato Minor, ixx.), known as a writer only from this mention of work. C Cameria, 167, an ancient city of Latium, the site of which is - unknown. Cephisus, 23, a river flowing through e plain west of Athens. “haeroneia, 65, a town on the northern confines of Boeotia. iB PROPER NAMES Chalcis, 63, the chief town of Kuboea, on the straits of the Euripus. , 63, ap ntly a district of Athens at the foot of the Pnyx hill; but there are no other allusions to it. Cirrha, 429, a town on the Corin- thian pult, serving as the sea- port of Delphi. Cleidemus, 39, 63, the oldest annalist of Athens, circa 420-350 B.C. Clodius, 307, a Roman chrono- grapher, otherwise unknown. Codrus, 405, the last king of Athens, who, according to tradition, sacrificed himself for his country. Colchis, 67, a district on the eastern shore of the Euxine sea. Colias, Cape, 423, about three miles to the south-east of the ancient harbour of Phalerum. Creopny int 215, one of the earliest epic poets of Greece, said to have been a native of Chios, and a relative of Homer. The epic poem Oechalia was attributed to m. Crommyon, Crommyonia, 19, a village and district on the Isthmus of Corinth. Cychreus, 21, a mythical king of Salamis, receiving hero worship. Cycnus, 23, a mythical son of Ares, slain by Heracles in Thessaly. D Daedalus, 39, the mythical ‘ cun- oe artificer’’ of Athens, who took refuge with king Minos of Crete, for whom he built the Labyrinth. He was the father of Icarus. Dalmachus of Plataea, 573, a Greek historian active in the latter of the fourth century B.O., author of a work on India. Deidameia, 69, wife of Peirithoiis, commonly called Hippodameia. Deinon, 37, 51, one of annalists of Athens, contemporary with Philochorus (306-260 B.C.). DICTIONARY OF Demades, 451, a prominent orator and statesman at Athens in the times of Philip, Alexander, and Antipater; a member of the Macedonian party. Demetrius the Phalerean, 277, 467, regent at Athens for Cassander 317-307 B.C., a voluminous writer on history, politics, poetry, and philosophy. Dicaearchus, 45, a celebrated Peri- patetic philosopher, a disciple of Aristotle and a friend of Theo- phrastus. Didymus, 405, the _ celebrated Alexandrian grammarian, of the time of Augustus. Dieutychidas, 207, perhaps Dieu- chidas is meant, a Megarian chronicler, of the fourth century B.C. Diocles of Peparethus, 97, 113, an otherwise almost unknown Greek writer, whom Plutarch regards as a source for Fabius Pictor. Diodorus the Topographer (or Periegete), 85, was probably an Athenian, and flourished at and after the time of Alexander the Great (330-300 B.c.). He wrote a work on the townships of Attica, and one on its monu- ments. Diogenes, 301, probably Diogenes the Babylonian is meant, the head of the Stoic school at Athens, and one of the Athenian embassy to Rome in 155 B.c. He wrote a treatise on Laws. Dionysius, 459, the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse 405-367 B.c. Dionysius, 139, of Halicarnassus, went to Rome about 29 B.c., where he remained for twenty- two years, collecting materials for his great work on the anti- quities and history of Rome. Dioscorides (or Dioscurides), 237, a pupil of Isocrates, writing in the latter part of the fourth century B.C. 449, one of the ‘“‘ thes- mothetai,’ or six legislative archons at Athens, in 621 B.c. PROPER NAMES E Eleusis, 21, a city some twelve miles west of Athens, the seat of the celebrated mysteries. Eleutherae, 69, a mountain fastness between Eleusis and Boeotia. Epicharmus the comic poet, 335, 542, born on the island of Cos, about 540 B.c., but early taken to Megara in Sicily, and from 484 to 450 B.c. one of the orna- ments of the court of Hiero of Syracuse. Epidauria, 17, between Troezen, on the N.E. cost of Peloponnesus, and the Isthmus of Corinth. Eratosthenes, 205, of Cyrene, 276-196 B.C., a learned geographer and mathematician, for many years librarian at Alexandria. Erechtheus, 39, a mythical king of Athens. Eurytus, 19, a mythical king of the Thessalian city of Oechalia. Evander, 125, the reputed leader of a colony from Arcadia into Italy, some sixty years before the Trojan war. G Gabii, 103, one of the oldest cities of Latium, about twelve miles 8.E. of Rome ; probably an earlier colony from Alba than Rome. Gargettus, 27, an Attic township N.E, of Athens. ‘ Gymnosophists, 217, the naked philosophers of India. See Plu- tarch’s Alexander, lxiv. H Hecataeus the Sophist, 267, of Abdera, a learned philosopher, critic, and grammarian, contem- porary with the first Ptolemy (324-283 B.C.). Hecatombaeon, the first month of the Attic calendar, corresponding nearly to our July. 579 DICTIONARY OF Hellanicus, 33, of Lesbos, the greatest of the Greek chroniclers, 480-395 (?) B.O. Heracleides Ponticus, 405, 467, so called from his birth in Heracleia of Pontus, a pupil of Plato and Aristotle, and a learned and voluminous writer on almost all ssible subjects. Cicero thought m superstitious and uncritical. Heracleitus, 183, of Ephesus, a philosopher of the Ionian school, who flourished in the latter part of the sixth century B.c. Hereas the Megarian, 41, 77, 429, known only through Plutarch’s citations. Hermippus, 279, 407, of Smyrna, a distinguished philosopher and pegeunel, active in the second half of the third century B.c. Herodorus, 59, of MHeracleia in Pontus, flourished in the latter half of the sixth century B.C., and was the author of an extended work on the mythology and wor- ship of Heracles. Hippias the Sophist, 277, 309, a native of Elis, and a contem- porary of Socrates. Two dia- logues of Plato bear his name. Hippocrates, 409, of Chios, a Pythagorean philosopher, flourish- ing in the middle of the fifth century B.C., and chiefly famous as a mathematician. Hippodameia, 17, daughter of Oenomaiis, and wife of Pelops. I Idas, 71, a Messenian hero, in- separable from his brother, the keen-eyed Lynceus, with whom he took part in the Argonautic expedition and the Calydonian boar hunt. Ides, the fifteenth day of the Roman month (the thirteenth of March, May, July, and October). Ion of Chios 41, a popular poet at Athens between 452 and 421 B.C., also author of a prose work entitled ‘* Sojourns,” in which he 580 PROPER NAMES recounted his experiences with famous men of the day. Ister, 79, of Cyrene, a Greek his- torian flourishing between 250 and 230 B.O. J Juba, 131, 331, 353, Juba I., king of Mauritania. e lived from 50 B.C. to about 20 aA.D., was educated at Rome, and became a learned and voluminous writer. Among his works was a History of Rome. L Lapithae, 67, a mountain tribe of Thessaly. Laurentum, 165, the ancient capital of Latium, on the sea-coast, about sixteen miles 8.W. of Rome. Lavinium, 163, an ancient city of Latium, about seventeen miles S.W. of Rome. Lyceium, 63, in historic times a gymnasium in the eastern suburbs of Athens. Lynceus, 71, see Idas. M Mantinea, 353, one of the most ancient and powerful towns in Arcadia. Melicertes, 57, a legendary per- sonage, son of Athamas and Ino and, after his death by drowning, a beneficent sea deity. Melité, 429, a deme, or ward, of the a of Athens, comprising the hill-region west of the acropolis. Menecrates, 59, otherwise unknown. Metellus, Quintus, 117, probably the consul of 60 B.c. father had been consul in 93 B.o. Molpadia, 63, an Amazon who was said to have slain Antiope. She was herself slain by Theseus, and her tomb was shown at Athens (Pausanias, i. 2, 1). DICTIONARY OF Munychion, the tenth month of the Attic calendar, corresponding nearly to our April. Museum, 63, one of three hills to the S.W. of the acropolis at Athens. N Naxos, 41, the largest of the Cy- clades islands, half way between Attica and Asia Minor. Nones, the ninth day of the Roman month (the seventh of March, May, July, and October). O Oechalia, 19, see Eurytus. Omphalé, 15, a mythical queen of Lydia. P Paeon the Amathusian, 43, other- wise unknown. Palladium, 63, a sacred precinct, evidently near Ardettus, in the S.E. suburbs of Athens. In historical times the ‘‘ ephetai ”’ sat here to try cases of involun- tary homicide. Pallené, 27, an Attic township N.E. of Athens. Parrhasius, 11, a celebrated painter, a native of Ephesus, but resident at Athens, flourishing in 400 B.c. Pasiphat, 37, wife of Minos, and mother of Ariadne and the Minotaur. Pataecus, 419, otherwise unknown. Peirithoiis, 41, king of the Lapithae, a mountain tribe of Thessaly. Peisistratus, 41, became tyrant of Athens in 560 B.c. Peleus, 21, mythical king of the Myrmidons of Thessaly, father of Achilles. Pelops, 17, a mythical king of Elis in Peloponnesus, husband of Hippodameia. Periander, 413, tyrant of Corinth 625-585 B.c., one of the Seven Wise Men. PROPER NAMES Phalerum, 35, the ancient harbour of Athens, before Themistocles fortified Peiraeus. Phanias the Lesbian, 437, of Eresos the most distinguished pupil of Aristotle after Theophrastus, a prouns writer on philosophy and istory, an historical romancer. Pherecydes, 37, of Leros, one of the Greek logographers, who lived at Athens, and died about 400 B.O. Philochorus, 29, 35, the most celebrated writer on the anti- quities of Athens, 306-260 B.o. Philostephanus, 277, of Cyrene, an Alexandrian historian and geographer, who was flourishing in 250 B.c. Phlya, 433, a township in the eastern part of Attica. Pictor, Fabius, 97, 113, the earliest Roman annalist, flourishing in the latter part of the third century B.C. Plutus, 233, the god of wealth. Pnyx, 61, that one of the three hills to the 8.W. of the acropolis of Athens on which the people’s assembly was held. Polyzelus the Rhodian, 447, an historian of uncertain date. Promathion, 97, otherwise unknown. Pyanepsion, the fourth month of the Attic calendar, corresponding nearly to our October. R Rhadamanthus, 33, a brother of Minos king of Crete, and like him a judge in the under world. 8 Samothrace, 353, a large island in the northern Aegean sea, about forty miles south of the Thracian coast. Scyros, 81, an island east of Euboea. Selinus, 269, a Greek city on the southern coast of Sicily. 581 DICTIONARY OF Silanio, 11, a famous Athenian statuary in bronze, flourishing in 320 B.C. Simonides, 21, 35, of Ceos, the greatest lyric poet of Greece, 556~467 B.C. Simylus the poet, 143, otherwise unknown. Sosibius, 281, a distinguished Lacedaemonian grammarian, flourishing about 250 B.o. Spendon the Spartan, 291, otherwise unknown. Sphaerus, 221, a Stoic philosopher who lived at Alexandria and Sparta, and flourished early in the third century B.0. ; Sphettus, 27, a township in the _ eastern part of Attica. Stratonicus, 299, probably the famous Athenian musician of the time of Alexander the Great. Sulla, Sextius, the Carthaginian, 133, otherwise unknown. T Tegea, 73, an ancient city in southern Arcadia. Telamon, 21, a mythical king of euamls, son of Aeacus, father of ias. Termerus, 23, a mythical highway- man slain by Heracles. erpander, 291, of Lesbos, father of Greek music and lyric poetry, who taught at Sparta during the seventh century B.C. Thales, 409, 411, 417, of Miletus, the most celebrated Ionian philosopher, one of the Seven Wise Men, flourishing in the sixth century B.C. PROPER NAMES Thales (or Thaletas), 213, a Cretan musician and poet, who was flourishing about 680 B.c. Timaeus, 205, 303, of Tauromenium, a famous historian of Sicily, 352-256 B.O. Timon the Phliasian, 333, a native of Phlius in N.E. Peloponnesus, composed satirical poems on earlier and current systems of philosophy (320-230 B.c.). Trachis, 71, a city of Malis, com- manding the approach to Ther- mopylae. Troezen, 7, a city on the N.E. coast of Peloponnesus. Tyrtaeus, 225, a poet who flourished at Sparta during the second Messenian war (685-668 B.C.). V Valerias, 131, see Antias. Varro, 121, M. Terentius, ‘‘ the most learned of the Romans,” an intimate friend of Cicero, whose political principles he shared (116-28 B.C.). Veii, 169, an ancient and powerful city of Etruria, about twelve miles north of Rome. Z Zeno, 301, probably the Stoic philosopher meant, who taught at Athens in the third century B.c., and wrote on law and government. Zenodotus of Troezen, 131, referred to by Dionysius Hal. (ii. 49) as author of a history of Umbria. PLUTARCH’S " LIVES WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY BERNADOTTE PERRIN IN TEN VOLUMES I] THEMISTOCLES AND CAMILLUS ARISTIDES AND CATO MAJOR CIMON AND LUCULLUS LONDON : WILLIAM HEINEMANN NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN CO. MCMXIV Sy @eaqave 307636 « © wes . . . . had . . + _ oer * s ry . * ri ie PREFATORY NOTE As in the first volume of this series, agreement between the Sintenis (Teubner, 1873-1875) and Bekker (Tauchnitz, 1855-1857) texts of the Parallel Lives has been taken as the basis for the text. Any preference of one to the other where they differ, and any departure from both, have been in- dicated. The more important ameliorations of the text which have been secured by collations of Codex Parisinus 1676 (F*) and Codex Seitenstettensis (S), have been introduced. The relative importance of these MSS. is explained in the Introduction to the first volume. No attempt has been made, naturally, to furnish either a diplomatic text or a full critical apparatus. The reading which follows the colon in the critical notes is that of the Teubner Sintenis, and also, unless otherwise stated in the note, of the Tauchnitz Bekker. Among editions of special Lives included in this volume should be noted that of Fuhr, Themistokles und Pertkles, Berlin, 1880, in the Haupt-Sauppe V PREFATORY NOTE series of annotated texts; that of Blass, Themistokles und Perikles, Leipzig, 1883, in the Teubner series of annotated texts ; and the same editor’s Aristides und Cato, Leipzig, 1898, in the same series. All these editions bring F* and S into rightful prominence as a basis for the text. This has been done also by Holden, in his edition of the Themistocles (Macmillan, 1892). The translations of the Themistocles, Aristides, and Cimon have already appeared in my “ Plutarch’s Themistocles and Aristides’ (New York, 1901), and *‘ Plutarch’s Cimon and Pericles” (New York, 1910), and are reproduced here (with only slight changes) by the generous consent of the publishers, the Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. The translations of the Camillus, Cato, and Lucullus appear here for the first time. All the standard translations of the Lives have been carefully compared aud utilised, including that of the Lucullus by Professor Long. B. PERRIN. New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. February, 1914. vi CONTENTS PAGE PREFATORY NOTE Vv THEMISTOCLES : 4 1 CAMILLUS Oa cto 8 93 ARISTIDES ........ Me ois es Zale Sten ee Se - 2ZOG MARCUS CATO . wala Se ie vie te: Rds SUE COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES AND CATO ... .... 384 CIMON: 6:5 52 po Se Be OS pote & @ ee ee. 08 LUCULLUS 469 COMPARISON OF CIMON AND LUCULLUS ....... 610 DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES . 623 Vii ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK LIVES. VoutuME I, (1) Theseus and Romulus. Comparison. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. Comparison. (3) Solon and Publicola. Comparison. Vouume II. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. Comparison. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. Comparison. VouvuMeE III. (5) Pericles and Fabius Max- imus. Comparison. (14) Nicias and Crassus. Comparison. VoutumME IV. (6) Alcibiades and Coriola- nus. Comparison. (12) Lysander and Sulla. Comparison. VoLUME V. (16) Agesilaus and Pompey. Comparison. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. Comparison. Vili | i ! VoLuME VI. (22) Dion and Brutus. Comparison. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. Comparison. _ (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. Comparison. VotumME VII. _ (17) Alexander and Julius Cuesar. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. Comparison. VouumeE VIIL. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. (21) Demetrius and’ Antony. Comparison. VoLumE IX. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Cains Gracchus. Comparison. VoLuME X. (10) Philopoemen and Flam- ininus. Comparison. (23) Aratus. (24) Artaxerxes. (25) Galba. (26) Otho. THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES. (1) Theseus and Romulus. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. (3) Solon and Publicola. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus. (6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. (10) Philopoemen and Flamininus. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. (12) Lysander and Sulla. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. (14) Nicias and Crassus. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. (16) Agesilaus and Pompey. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius . Gracchus. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. (21) Demetrius and Antony. (22) Dion and Brutus. (23) Aratus. (24) Artaxerxes. (25) Galba. (26) Otho. Digitized by Google VOL. II. THEMISTOCLES OEMISTOKAH? I. @epwioronre? Sé Ta pev ex yévous duavportepa mpos Soka trjpye tatpos yap iv NeoxXéous ov Tov ayav érupavav "AOnvnot, Ppeappiov tar Sipwv ex ths Aeovtidos puArs, vobos 5é mpos UNTpos, ws Néyovaw "ABporovov @pnioca yuvy yévos' adda TexécOau Tov peyav "EAdnoiv dns Bepeotorréa. Pavias pévtor THY pnTépa TOV Bewotoxréovs ov @patrayv, adra Kapivny, ob8 ‘ABporovov dvopa, arn. Evréprnv avaypage. NedvOns S€ cai wok avutTn HS Kapias ‘AXtKapvacooy tpoc- TtOnot. Awd Kai Trav vodwy eis Kuvocapyes ovvTedovr- tov (todTo & éotly wm muA@Y yupvdotov ‘Hpa- KNEOUS, érrel KaKELVOS OUK HY yunatos év Deois, AX’ évetxeTo vobecia Sia thy pntépa Ovntiy ovcav) éres0é tivas 0 BewotoxAns tov ev yeyovoTwv / , veavioxwy xataBaivoytas eis to Kuvocapyes , A areipesOar pet avrod. Kal TovTov yevopévou Paris I Kdition, a. 1624, 7 1120 THEMISTOCLES I. In the case of Themistdcles;! his family was too obscure to further his reputation. - His father was Neocles,—no very conspicuous man at Athens,—a Phrearrhian by deme, of the tribe Leontis; and on his mother’s side he was an alien, as her spay testifies :-— «“ Abrotonon was I, and a woman of Thrace age I brought forth That great light of the Greeks,—know! ’twas Themistocles.”’ ? Phanias, however, writes that the mother of Themistocles was not a Thracian, but a Carian woman, and that her name was not Abrotonon, but Euterpe. And Neanthes actually adds the name of her city in Caria,—Halicarnassus. It was for the reason given, and because the aliens were wont to frequent Cynosarges,—this is a place outside the gates, a gymnasium of Heracles; for he too was not a legitimate god, but had something alien about him, from the fact that his mother was a mortal,—that Themistocles sought to induce certain well-born youths to go out to Cynosarges and exercise with him ; and by his success in this bit of cunning 1 It is probable that one or more introductory paragraphs of this biography have been lost. ? Athenaeus, xiii. p. 576. 3 B 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Soxet travovpywas tov tav voOwy Kal yynciwy Ssopta ov aveneiv. 3 “Ore peVTOL too Aveomdav yévous perelxe Ojos éotte TO "yap Prvjoe TEE TIPLOY, direp Rv Aviopidev xowov, eumpynobev vmo tay Bap- Bapwv avros émeaxetace weal ‘ypadais éxécpnoer, @> Biypwvidns toropyreev. * Il. “Ere 6€ rraty: dv oporoyeirae popas peoros elvat, Kal TH pev-pucer ouveros, TH 5é Tpoaipéc er peya hom paryuoy ‘Kal TON TUKOS. éy yap Tais avécest-jeai axXorais a7To Tov pabnudtwv yevo- pevos ovg “eratev ovd’ eppadiper, xadatep o8 AeLTrO: TaLdes, GAN’ edpiaxero doyous TWWas MedrE- _ 2 Tay Kal TUVTATTOLEVOS mpos éavtov. joav 8 oi -. héyou xatnyopla twos a cuvnyopia TOY Taidwv. SOev ciw@Ber rNéyerw pds avtov o SuddoKados ws “ Ovdev on, Tai, ov pixpov, GArAA péya TaV’TOS ayabov i) Kaxov.” érel cal Tov Tradevoewr TAs péev nOorrotovs 4 Tpos ndovyY TiVa Kal yapLD éxevOéprov arrovdalopévas oxvnpas Kal armpo- Ovpws eEepavOave, rav 8é eis cvverw 4 pak Aeyouevev SiHros Hv Urepopwv! rap’ HArckiay, ws TH pvc TiaTEvov. 3 "Oey borepov év tais édXevOepiows Kal aoreiats Aeyouévars StatpiBais ward tav Tetadedc0at Soxovvtwy ydevalouevos jvayxalero optiKw- i apuvecOat, Neywv, Tt AUpay pev appoca- 1 $xepopav Sintenis® with the best MSS.; Sintenis' and Bekker have ovx ixepopav, showed attentiveness. 4 = THEMISTOCLES he is thought to have removed the distinction between aliens and legitimates. However, it is clear that he was connected with the family of the Lycomidae, for he caused the chapel shrine at Phlya, which belonged to the Lycomidae, and had been burned by the Barba- rians, to be restored at his own costs and adorned with frescoes, as Simonides has stated. II. However lowly his birth, it is agreed on all hands that while yet a boy he was impetuous, by nature sagacious, and by election enterprising and prone to public life. In times of relaxation and leisure, when absolved from his lessons, he would not play nor indulge his ease, as the rest of the boys did, but would be found composing and rehearsing to himself mock speeches. These speeches would be in accusation or defence of some boy or other. Wherefore his teacher was wont to say to him: “My boy, thou wilt be nothing insignificant, but some- thing great, of a surety, either for good or evil.”’ Moreover, when he was set to study, those branches which aimed at the formation of character, or ministered to any gratification or grace of a liberal sort, he would learn reluctantly and sluggishly ; and to all that was said for the cultivation of sagacity or practical efficiency, he clearly showed an indifference far beyond his years, as though he put his confidence in his natural gifts alone. Thus it came about that, in after life, at entertain- ments of a so-called liberal and polite nature, when he was taunted by men of reputed culture, he was forced to defend himself rather rudely, saying that PLUTARCH’S LIVES o0at Kai petaxetpicacbat spadrnptov OUK ént- oTaTal, mohwy dé pixpay kat adokov maparaBav évdoEov Kal peyadnv amepyacacba. Katou LTnoipBporos "Avafayopo te Staxovoar Tov Ocwurrondéa gnat Ka mep\Médocov) orovdacat TOV puaorKon, ovK ev TOV VOV ATTOMEVOS Tlepiexre? yap, Ss woAv vewtepos Fv Beyoro- xr€ous, MéNacos pev avTectparHnyet TOALOpKOUVTE Lapious, ‘Avafayopas dé ouvdser pre. MaAnov ody ay Tus 7 pogexor ToS Mrnoudirou TOV OcwicroKréEa Tou Ppeappiov norny yeve- aOat Réyouowv, ovTeE propos OVTOS ouTe TOV puoi KrAnPévtwv prrocopar, ara THY TOTE} Kahouperny codiap, ovo ay 5é dewornta 7roX- Ticny Kal Spactipiov cuverw, emit Oevpa Te- TolnMevou Kal dcacwlovros GoTep aiperw €K diadoyns amo Yorwvos: tv ot peTa Taira Sicavixais pi€avtes Téxvats Kal peTaryaryovTes amo TaY mpdkewy THY agKNoL éml TOUS ayous, cogioral mpoanyopevOnaay. TOUT®@ pev OvV HON TOALTEVOMEVOS émdnatater. "Ev b¢ Tais TpOTats THS VEOTHTOS oppais avo- panos nv Kat dot dbunros, aTe TH puces Kad aurny NPwpevos dvev ovyou cal tratdeias én’ apdorepa peyaras TOLOUMEVY peraBoras Tey emriTndevpar ov Kat TOAAKLS eLrorapevy Tos TO VELpor, os DoTepov avros @ponroyet, Kal Tous TPAXUTATOUS TONOUS apioTous larqrous yiver Bar pacKkov, drav 7S. Tpoonker TUXWCL maideias Kal 6 Kataptucews. & Sé TovTwy ée~apta@ow évtot Sinynpara wAatrovtes, atroxnpukiv pev vid TOU 1 hv rére Fuhr and Blass with S: rh», 6 THEMISTOCLES tuning the lyre and handling the harp were no accom- plishments of his, but rather taking in hand a city that was small and inglorious and making it glorious and great. And yet Stesimbrotus says that Themistocles was a pupil of Anaxagoras, and a disciple of Melissus the physicist; but he is careless in his chronology. Jt was Pericles, a much younger man _ than Themistocles, whom Melissus opposed at the siege of Samos,! and with whom Anaxagoras was intimate. Rather, then, might one side with those who say that Themistocles was a disciple of Mnesiphilus the Phrearrhian, a man who was neither a rhetorician nor one of the so-called physical philosophers, but a cultivator of what was then called sophia, or wisdom, although it was really nothing more than cleverness in politics and practical sagacity. Mnesiphilus received this sophza, and handed it down, as though it were the doctrine of a sect, in unbroken tradition frgm Solon. His successors blended it with forensic atts, and shifted its application from public affairs to language, and were dubbed “ sophists.” It was this man, then, to whom Themistocles resorted at the very beginning of his public life. But in the first essays of his youth he was uneven and unstable, since he gave his natural impulses free course, which, without due address and training, rush to violent extremes in the objects of their pursuit, and often degenerate; as he himself in later life con- fessed, when he said that even the wildest colts made very good horses, if only they got the proper breaking and training. What some story-makers add to this, however, to the effect that his father disinherited him, and his mother took her 1 440 B,c, PLUTARCH’S LIVES matpos avrTod, Oavarov 5é Tihs pnrpds éxovovov émri TH TOU Tatoos aTiia TeptAvToU ryevoperns, doxet cateypedobat Kal TovvayTiov etal ot AéyovTes, 67 Tov Ta! Kowa mpd Tew amoT peTrav QuTOV o TAaTIp émedeixvue Tpos TH ardrry Tas Taharas _ Tpunpers pplmpevas ral Tapopwpévas, OS 80 Kal T pos TOUS Snparywryous, 6 Stay aypno rot’ paivovrar, TOV TOAh@v o0lws EXovTo. III. Tayv pévros Kal VEAVLKWS éouev Gxpao bat TOU Oeprcroxdéovs Ta TOALTUKG Tpaypara Kat opodpa uD Tpos Sofav opyn Kpario a. bc) ip evOus €& ap cis Too Tpwrevely eplewevos rapes bpiotaro Te $ ™mpos TOUS duvapévous éy TH Todt Kal TpwrEevovTas amex Geias, pdriora 88 "Apt- oreidny TOV Avotpayxov, THD évaytiav ael Topevd- pevov * auT@. kairo. Soxei TavTaTacty ) [pos TOUTOV éxOpa perpaxradny raBeiv apxny: npaaOn- gay yap auorepor Tod Kahov Lryctree, Keiov TO ‘yévos ovTOs, WS *Apiatov ) prrocogos ior6- pyneev. éx 6& TovToU due éovy Kal mepl Ta Snpoova oracatovres. ou py GX’ h TeV Biov Kal TOV TpoTroy avopolorns Eotkev avtijoas THY dua opay. T pdos yap av pices Kat Kahoxarya.- OvKos TOV TpOTrOV O "Aptarelons, Kal ToheTevo- pevos ov pos Xap ovde T pos d0Ear, ANN’ aro TOU Bedtiorov peta aopanrelas Kal Sixacoa urns, nvayKalero TO Ocpioronret Tov Onpov em TONG KivoorTe Kab peydras émipépovte Kawvoropias évavtrovabar TOANAKLS, EVLOTALEVOS AUTOD TrpOS Thy avenowv. 1 rov ra Fuhr and Blass with FaS: ra. ? wopevéuevov with Bekker and the MSS.: wopevduevos. 8 113 THEMISTOCLES own life for very grief at her son’s ill-fame, this I think is false. And, in just the opposite vein, there are some who say that his father fondly tried to divert him from public life, pointing out to him old triremes on the sea-shore, all wrecked and neglected, and intimating that the people treated their leaders in like fashion when these were past service. III. Speedily, however, as it seems, and while he was still in all the ardour of youth, public affairs laid their grasp upon Themistocles, and his impulse to win reputation got strong mastery over him. Wherefore, from the very beginning, in his desire to be first, he boldly encountered the enmity of men who had power and were already first in the city, especially that of Aristides the son of Lysimachus, who was always his opponent. And yet it is thought that his enmity with this man had an altogether puerile beginning. They were both lovers of the beautiful Stesilaiis, a native of Ceos, as Ariston the philosopher has recorded, and thenceforward they continued to be rivals in public life also. However, the dissimilarity in their lives and characters is likely to have increased their variance. Aristides was gentle by nature, and 4 conservative in character. He engaged in public life, not to win favour or reputation, but to secure the best results consistent with safety and righteous- ness, and so he was compelled, since Themistocles stirred the people up to many novel enterprises and introduced great innovations, to oppose him often, and to take a firm stand against his increasing influence. 3 - PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aéyeras yap otrw trapddopos mpos Sdd€av 9 4 iA e \ , > elvat nal mpdtewy peyarXov vid didotipias épa- oTNS, @oTE véos dv ett THs év Mapadave paxns \ \ Ld lA a 4 mpos tous BapBapous yevouévns Kal THs Medtia- Sov atpatnyias SiaBonbeions civvovs opacbat Ta TWOAAA pos EAVT@ Kal Tas voKTAS aypuTVeELY Kal Tovs WOTOUS Tapaiteia Oat TOvs cuVNnOeEts, Kal A€yety pos TOUS épwTavTas Kal Oavpafovtas THY \ \ , V4 e 4 oN > dept Tov Biov peraBornvy, ws Kxabevderv avrov ove A) \ a M x 10 , e \ \ én TO Tov Mudrtiddouv tpomaov. ot pev yap aot Tépas Govto Tov ToAépov THY ev Mapabau Tav BapBdpwv Arrav elvat, MemoroxrAns Se apxiy pelovwv ayavar, éd’ ods éavtov bTrép THs 6Ans “EXAdSos HrAEhe Kai THY Tod HoKEL Top- pwev étt! rrpocdoxav TO péddov. IV. Kai wrporov pév tv Aavpewtixny 7 pocodov 9 \ A b] 4 4 ” 9 / amTO TOV apyupeiwy petddAd\gwv EB0s éxYovTwWY b , A 4 > na ] 4 A@nvaiwv sdvavéuecOat, povos eimety érodpyoe mapedOwv eis tov Shyov, ws xph THY Stavouny édoavras éx TOV YpnudTwY ToUTwY KaTaTKEvAd- , bP] \ N \ > V4 t cac0at tTpinpes eri Tov mpos Aiytynras TroAepLov. HKpale yap ovtos év TH ‘EAAdL pddAtota Kal KaTetyov ot vnot@tat? mANOEL veav THY Oarac- cav. % Kal pdov DewioroxrANs ovvérercev, ov Aapeiov ovdé Ilépcas (uaxpav yap Roav ovros 1 7: Fuhr and Blass with FS: 45n. ? ynot@rot Fuhr and Blass with FS; Alywijrat, 19 THEMISTOCLES It is said, indeed, that Themistocles was so carried away by his desire for reputation, and such an ambitious lover of great deeds, that though he was still a young man when the battle with the Barbar- ians at Marathon ! was fought and the generalship of Miltiades was in everybody’s mouth, he was seen thereafter to be wrapped in his own thoughts for the most part, and was sleepless o’ nights, and refused invitations to his customary drinking parties, a eee ee Miltiades would not suffer him to sleep. the rest of his countrymen thought that the defeat ; the Barbarians at Marathon was the end of the war; bat Themistocles thought it to be only the beginning of greater contests, and for these he anointed himself, as it were, to be the champion of all Hellas, and put his city into training, because, while it was yet afar off, he expected the evil that was to come. IV. And so, in the first place, whereas the Athe- nians were wont to divide up among themselves the revenue coming from the silver mines at Laureium, he, and he alone, dared to come before the people with a motion that this division be given up, and that with these moneys triremes be constructed. for the war against Aegina.? This was the fiercest war then troubling Hellas, and the islanders controlled the sea, owing to the number of their ships. Wherefore all the more easily did Themistocles carry his point, not by trying to terrify the citizens with dreadful pictures of Darius or the Persians— 1 490 B.C, ? 484-483 B.c, II ™~ PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aéyerar yap obtw mapddopos mpos So€av elvat Kat eats payday bird didoTipias épa- oTNs, @ote véos MY ETL THS ev Mapadane pans Ipos TOUS BapBapous yevomerns Kal TIS Maria dou oTparnyias Sia BonGetons TUVVOUS _Sphetat, TQ TOAKG 7 pos éauT@ Kal Tas VUKTAS ayp whe Kal TOUS TOTOUS Trapatteia bat TOUS oun de Ss Neveu 7 pos TOUS EpOTEnP TANS Kal Gavpator rept tov Biov petaBornv, as Kkabevdew av’ én TO To Mudtiadov T pom aay, J of ddXot Tépas Govto TOD TOAgmoU THY EV: Tov BapBapwv Ajrtav eivat, ep apxiy pecLovay ayover, é ods OAns “EXXAdSos HrErhe Kal THY pwbev Ett! rpocdoxav TO peAXO IV. Kai por pev THY Naup avo TOV apyupelwv MeETa. Ve "A@nvaior diavéueo Oat, a \ ’ \ A an TmapedOwv eis tov Stor, €dcavTas €K TOV KpHEe \ cacbat Tpinpecs emt TOP ” \ a > nKuwale yap ovTOS &y KATELYOV Ol YNOL@TaAL gav. % Kal paov Aapetov ovdé és 1 27: Fuhr ane 9 2 ynowra Fub 19 It is away by . ambitio still a ians at Milti nere > = d Lx ™ cS “28 * THEMISTOCLES indeed, that Dhemistocles was so carried desire fo ation, and such an f gree at though he was whe with the Barbar- he generalship of uth, he yas seen ) nh or ix vil that e Athe- \~@ PLUTARCH’S LIVES kat déos ov mavu BéBatov was adiEopevoe trapet- 9 ld b] A N > 4 9 aA A yov) ériceiwy, ANAA TH pos Aiyiwwytas opy7y Kal S A A b) 4 > 4 pudovernig TOV TOM TOD dmoxpnedpevos evxaipws > e fa) él THv TapacKeunv. éxaToY yap aTro TOV XpN- peatov éxeivov érrounOnocav tpinpers, als! Kal mpos FépEnv évavydynaav. "Ex 5 tovTouv Kara puixpov UTaywv Kal Kata- BiBdalov thy modw pos thy Odrdaccay, ws TA mela pev ovde Tois opopors akvoudyous dovras, th S amo tav vedv adxq cal tos BapBdpovs apvvacbar kal tis ‘EXAdbos dpyew Suvapévovs, 9 \ J e A a e , aQvTt movipwv oTrrALToY, Ws drnow o IINatwr, vav- Batas nal Badartiovs érroince, cal SdvaBornv kal aitod mapécxev, ws apa BemoroxAANs To Sopu cal thy dowida tay ToNTOV TApENOMEVOS 9 e f \ , / \ > ] els umnpéotoy Kal Kwrny auvértere TOV AOn- / a ¥ \ A / vaiwy Sipov. émpake Sé ravta Mudriddov Kpatnoas avTthéyovtos, ws latopet Yrnoip- Bpotos. Ei pév 82) tTHv axpiBevav cat To xabapdv Tod mwoXiTevpatos EBAaWev 7} wy TavTa mpdkas, EoTw dirocopwrepov éemicxotreiy: Ste 5é 4) TOTE THTN- pia tots “EAXnow é« ths Oaraoons virijpee Kal \ b 4 4 2 J VA e 4 Thy AOnvaiwy ror avis avéctncay ai TpLinpets 3 a 4 > \ b \ b] , éxeivat, Td T adda Kal FlépEns avros euaptupnyce. THS yap webixns Suvapews GOpavaTtou Stapevov- ons Epuye META THY TOV vEOV HTTAY, WS OUK OV akwpayos, cat MapdSowov éeurrodov elvat Trois 1 fs Fuhr and Blass with S: at, 12 THEMISTOCLES these were too far away and inspired no very serious fear of their coming, but by making opportune use of the bitter jealousy which they cherished toward Aegina in order to secure the armament he desired. The result was that with those moneys they built a hundred triremes, with —__ which they actually fought at Salamis! against Xerxes. And after this, by luring the city on gradually and turning its progress toward the sea, urging that with their infantry they were no match even for their nearest neighbours, but that with the power they would get from their ships they could not only repel the Barbarians but also take the lead in Hellas, he nmrade them, instead of “ steadfast hoplites ’—to quote Plato’s words,” sea-tossed mariners, and brought down upon himself this accusation: ‘“ Themistocles robbed his fellow-citizens of spear and shield, and degraded the people of Athens to the rowing- ~- pad and the oar.” And this he accomplished in triumph over the public saponin of Miltiades, as Stesimbrotus relates. Now, whether by accomplishing this he did injury to the integrity and purity of public life or not, let the philosopher rather investigate. But that the salvation which the Hellenes achieved at that time came from the sea, and that it was those very tri- remes which restored again the fallen city of Athens, Xerxes himself bore witness, not to speak of other proofs. For though his infantry remained intact, he took to flight after the defeat of his ships, because he thought he was not a match for the Hellenes, and he left Mardonius behind, as it seems to me, ( i 480 B.C. 2 Laws, iv. p. 706. a 13 PLUTARCH’S LIVES “EdAgoe Tis diaEecs ParXov 7 Sovreoaspevoy avTous, @S éuol Soxel, KaTEALTTED. V. Xwvtovoy 5é€ avbtov yeyovévas ypnuatiotny 114 e / /, > , \ \ of pév tives hace be érevOeproTnta: Kai yap / ” \ \ ? a \ \ hiroOurny bvta Kai Napmpov ev Taig Tepl TOUS 4 4 b 4 5 a @ 4 e oe Eévous Samrdvats adOovou deicPat yopnytas: ot dé ToUvvavTioy yALOYpOTHTA TOAATY Kal pLKPOKOYLay le) Lo) , KATHYOpOvaLY, @S Kal TA TEuTrOpEva TAY edwoi- le / 2 pov mwrovvtos. ere dé Diridyns o immorpodos ? e.» 9 A A by 4 ? I airnOels tm’ avtov ma@Xov ovK &mxev, HITELANTE THY olKiay av’Tovd Tayv Tonoey Sovpetov imo), aimEdpevos éyxAnpata avyyenxa Kai dixas TO avOpwmr@ pos oiKElous TLvas Tapakeu. A 4 4 e / 4 >” TH 6 ptroTipia wavtas vrepéBarev, WoT Ett \ ¢ , pev véos Ov Kal adavns ’Emixréa tov €& ‘Epysovns A 4 e \ “ > / Kupiatny otrovdalopevoy vio tav *AOnvalor exduTraphoar pedeTay Trap’ avT@, prroTLpmovpeEvos qoAAovs THY oiKiay Enreiv Kal houTay pos avTov. 3 es 8 ‘Oduptriav €Mav cai StaptArdpg@pevos TO Ki A 5 a \ N \ \ ¥. iuwve rept OElTTVa Kal OKNVAaS Kal THY aXANHY AapTpOTHTA Kal TapacKeunY, ovK HperKe TIS "EAAnow. éxeivp pev yap byte véw kal an tA ” A * la) oixias peyadns wovto Seiy Ta ToLadTa cuyyYwpeEly: e \ / , 4 > N “ > o b€ pnTw yvapipos ,yeyovws, GrAXa Soxav é& , . ovy vTapxXovTwy Kal wap daéiav éraipecbar 4 mpoowdrtoKxavey draloveiav. évixnoe Sé Kal Nopnyav tpaywoots, peyurnv dn TOTE aroVdnY 4 A A kal dirotyslav Tod ayavos éxovtos, Kal tivaxa 14 THEMISTOCLES rather to obstruct their pursuit than to subdue them. V. Some say that Themistocles was an eager money-maker because of his liberality ; for since he was fond of entertaining, and lavished money splendidly on his guests, he required a generous budget. Others, on the contrary, denounce his great stinginess and parsimony, claiming that he used to sell the very food sent in to him as a gift. When Philides the horse-breeder was asked by him . for a colt and would not give it, Themistocles threat- ened speedily to make his house a wooden horse ; thereby darkly intimating that he would stir up accusations against him in his own family, and lawsuits between the man and those of his own household. In his ambition he surpassed all men. For instance, while he was still young and obscure, he prevailed upon Epicles of Hermione, a harpist who was eagerly sought after by the Athenians, to practise at his house, because he was ambitious that many should seek out his dwelling and come often to see him. Again, on going to Olympia, he tried to rival Cimon in his banquets and booths and other brilliant appointments, so that he displeased the Hellenes. For Cimon was young and of a great house, and they thought they must allow him in such extrava- gances; but Themistocles had not yet become famous, and was thought to be seeking to elevate himself unduly without adequate means, and so was charged with ostentation. And still again, as choregus,.or theatrical manager, he won a victory with tragedies, although even at that early time this contest was conducted with great eagerness and ES PLUTARCH’S LIVES THS vinns avéOnnxe ToLavTny éeruypadny EyovTa: “ @euiotoxrAHs Ppedppros éexopryer, Ppvwyos edidacker, "Adeipavtos jpyev.” Ov piv adda Tois ToAXOs évyppoTTe, TovTO pev éxdoTOV TOY TONTO@Y TOvVO“A AéywV aTrO oTopatos, ToUTO dé KpiTnVY aopary mepl Ta cuuBoraa Tapéyov éavTov, Mate Tov Kal mTpos Lepovidny tov Keiov eireiv, airovpevoy te tav OU peTpiwy Tap avTov oTpaTnyouVTOS, Ms OvT éxeivos av ryévouro TOUTS ayabos adav Tapa péXos ovT autos aoTetos dpyov Tapa. vopov xapilopevos. wanrw oé TOTE Tov Ytpovidnv éme- cxworTwv édeye vodv ouK exe, KopivOious bev hotdopobyTa peyadny oixobyTas TOMW, avrTov b¢ qotovpevoy eikovas oTAS otros aisxpov THY Oxpev. avEopevos dé xal ois tronnois apec Kav TEXNOS Kater Tas lace kal petéatnoe é€oorpa- xicOévta Tov ‘Apia reidny. VI. "Hén 6e tov Mydou xataBaivovros ém THY “EAAdoa Kal TOV "AOnvatov Bovdevopévoy Tept atparnyoo, TOUS pev adrouvs éxovTas eKarivat THS orparnyias Aéyouow éxtmemAnypévous TOV xivduvov, "Enrecvdny dé TOV Evdnpisov, dn- parycoryov évra Setvov bev elrreiy, paraxov dé THv puxny Kar XONwaT ov ATTova, TIS apyxiis épier Dau Kal Kparia ety émidofov elvat TH Xet- porovia. TOY ovv @cwiorondéa Seioavta, BN 7a, mparywara StapGapeln TayraTrace Ths Wryepovias eis éxelvov éumerovons, Xpipace Thy piroripiay éEwvncacbat trapa tod ’EKmixvéous. 16 THEMISTOCLES ambition, and set up a tablet commemorating his victory with the following inscription: “Themis- tocles the Phrearrhian was Choregus; Phrynichus was Poet ; Adeimantus was Archon.” ! However, he was on good terms with the common folk, partly because he could call off-hand the name of every citizen, and partly because he rendered the service of a safe and impartial arbitrator in cases of private obligation and settlement out of court; and so he once said to Simonides of Ceos, who had made an improper request from him when he was magis- trate : “ You would not be a good poet if you should sing contrary to the measure; nor I a clever magis- trate if I should show favour contrary to the law.” And once again he banteringly said to Simonides that it was nonsense for him to abuse the Corinthians, who dwelt in a great and fair city, while he had portrait figures made of himself, who was of such an ugly countenance. And so he grew in power, and pleased the common folk, and finally headed a success- ful faction and got Aristides removed by ostracism.? VI. At last, when the Mede was descending upon Hellas and the Athenians were deliberating who should be their general, all the rest, they say, voluntarily renounced their claims to the generalship, so panic-stricken were they at the danger; but Epicydes, the son of Euphemides, a popular leader who was powerful in speech but effeminate in spirit and open to bribes, set out to get the office, and was likely to prevail in the election; so Themis- tocles, fearing lest matters should go to utter ruin in case the leadership fell to such a man, bribed and bought off the ambition of Epicydes. 1 476 B.C. 2 483-482 B.c. _ = 17 VOL. II, -_ ~ PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 "Emauvetras 8 avtod cal 76 rept Tov diyNwr Tov Epyov év tots meupOeiow vio Bacidéws eri vis kal bdatos aitnow. éppnvéa yap dvta avdXa- Bav Sia wWnhdicpatos drréxtewev Ott wvny ‘EAAnvida BapBapots wpoctdypacw érodrApnoe 3 xXpnoa. ere S& Kal 1rd wept “ApOmoy Tov ZLereirnv: Beptoroxréovs yap eiaovtos kai tod- Tov eis TOUS atipmous Kal Taidas avTod Kal yévos évéyparvav, Ste tov éx Mydwv ypuady eis tovs “RAAnvas éxopice. péytorov Sé rdvtwy To KaTa- ADaat ToS “EXAnVLKOdS TroAg“oUs Kal StadrAdEar Tas ToAes GAAHAAaLS, TeicavTa Tas eyOpas Sia Toy TWoAcuov avaBaréc0at apos 6 Kal Xeirewv Tov 'Apxdda pardora cuvaywvicacbar Néyouct. VII. HapakaBav 8& rHv dpynv ed0ds perv €mexeipes TOvsS Troditas éuBiBdley eis Tas TpLN- 115 pets, Kal tTHv wodw ereOev éxdtTrOVTAS WS Tpo- cwtadtTw HS “EXAddos amavtay 1r@ BapBdp@ kata Oddratrav. évotapévwv 5€ trod\rAwv &€§&n- yare TONY oTpatiay eis TA Téurn pera Aaxe- Satyoviov, ws avtoO. mpoxwduvevocovtwy THs 2 @ertarias otrw Tore pdilev Soxovons: érret & dveywpnoav éxetOev ampaxto Kal Berrarov Bactret mpocyevopevwy eunoile Ta péexpt Botw- tias, wadArov On TH OcprctoKxrAe? mpocetyov oi "AOnvaios wept THs Oardoons, Kal méutreTat peTa veav ém Aptepicvoy Ta orevd purdéwv. "EvOa 69 Tov pev “EXXAjvov EvpuBiddny nar 18 THEMISTOCLES Praise is given to his treatment of the linguist in the company of those who were sent by the King to demand earth and water as tokens of submission : this interpreter he caused to be arrested, and had him put to death by special decree, because he dared to prostitute the speech of Hellas to Barbarian stipulations. Also to his treatment of Arthmius of Zeleia: on motion of Themistocles this man was entered on the list of the disfranchised, with his children and his family, because he brought the gold of the Medes and offered it to the Hellenes. But the greatest of all his achievements was his putting a stop to Hellenic wars, and reconciling Hellenic cities with one another, persuading them to_postpone their mutial hatreds because a the foreign war. To which end, they say, Cheileos the Arcadian most seconded his efforts. | VII. On assuming the command, he straightway went to work to embark the citizens on their tri- remes, and tried to persuade them to leave their city behind them and go as far as possible away from Hellas to meet the Barbarians by sea. But many opposed this plan, and so he led forth a large army to the vale of Tempe, along with the Lacedaemonians, in order to make a stand there in defence of Thessaly, which was not yet at that time supposed to be medis- ing. But soon the army came back from this position without accomplishing anything, the Thessalians went over to the side of the King, and everything was medising as far as Boeotia, so that at last the Athenians were more kindly disposed to the naval policy of Themistocles, and he was sent with a fleet to Artemisium, to watch the narrows. It was at this place that the Hellenes urged 19 c 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES AaxeSaipoviovs AyetoOar KedXevovtav, tav 8 ‘AOnvatov, Ste wANOEL TOV vEeaVv cUpmavTas opLov Tl Tous @AXous bmepeBadnor, OUK afvovyTwv ETEPOLS érea Oat,” cuviday TOV xivduvoy 0 Beut- TTOKAAS avros TE THY apxny TO EvpuBiddy TapHKe Kal KATET PAVE TOUS "AOnvaious, UTLTX- VOUHEVOS, ay avdpes aryadot yév@vTat q@pos Tov TOAEMLOV, ExOvTas avTois Tapé-eLy Eis TA OUTTA metOopevous TOUS “EXAnvas. dioTrep Soxet Tips cwTNpLAs aiTLaTaros yevéoOas TH ‘EdAdor Kat pdduara TOUS "AOnvatous “Tpoaryaryety Els dofay, OS avdpeta fev TOV TONELLOY, evyvapocuvn é TOV TULMAX wy TEplryEVOMEVOS. "Esrel S€ traits “Agerais TOU BapBapcxod aTodov Tm poo piEavtos extraryels O EvpuBiddns TOV KaTa oTOMAa vEeav TO mrHO0s, adrras Se muvOavopevos Siaxocias t brrép Lxed0ov mepitreiv, éBovreTo THY TayloTny elow THS ‘Edd dbos Kopia Gels dxpac Gat IleXorrovynacov Kal Tov meCov orpaTtov Tais vavot mpooTreptBarécbat, TAVTATACLW am poopaxov TyoUpEvos THY KaTa Gararray adKny Bacrrews, Seto avrTes ol EuBoeis, T,) opas ot “EAXnves Tpo- @YTAL, ne TO OeprrroKret SeAeyovTo, Tleda- yovta perc Xenpareov TOAK@Y meurpartes. a AaBov éxeivos, ws ‘Hpddotos taropnxe, Tots trepl tov EvpuBiddnv exer. ‘Evavtvoupévov 5 avT@ padvara TOV TOT OY “ApxeTérous, os ny pev éml Tis lepas VEOS T pe Npapxos, oux éyov € yYenpata Tots vaurars xopnyety éomevdev anomredoat, mapwEuvev ere PadXoY 0 DeptoroxARHs Tors Tpinpitas émr autor, 20 THEMISTOCLES Eurybiades and the Lacedaemonians to take the lead, but the Athenians, since in the number of their ships they surpassed all the rest put together, disdained to follow others,—a peril which Themistocles at once comprehended. He surrendered his own command to Eurybiades, and tried to mollify the Athenians with the promise that if they would show themselves brave men in the war, he would induce the Hellenes to yield a willing obedience to them thereafter. - Wherefore he is thought to have been the man most instrumental in achieving the salvation of Hellas, and foremost in leading the Athenians up to the high repute of surpassing their foes in valour and their allies in magnanimity. Now Eurybiades, on the arrival of the Barbarian armament at Aphetae, was terrified at:the number of ships that faced him, and, learning that two hundred ships more were sailing around above Sciathus to cut off his retreat, desired to proceed by the shortest route down into Hellas, to get into touch with Pelo- ponnesus and encompass his fleet with his infantry forces there, because he thought the power of the King altogether invincible by sea. Therefore the Euboeans, fearing lest the Hellenes abandon them to their fate, held secret conference with Themisto- ‘cles, and sent Pelagon to him with large sums of money. This money he took, as Herodotus relates,! and gave to Eurybiades. Meeting with most opposition among his fellow- citizens from Architeles, who was captain on the sacred state galley, and who, because he had no money to pay the wages of his sailors, was eager to sail off home, Themistocles incited his crew all the 1 viii. 5. 21 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 6 woTeE TO Selirvoy apTradcat auydpamovtTas. Tod "Apxetérous abupovvtos él tovT@ Kal Bapéws dhépovtos, eioérreprev 0 OewiorokArANs pos avrov év xiotn Selmrvov aptov Kal xpeav, UTrobels Kato tadavtov apyupiov Kai KerXevoas avTov te Set- mvely ev TH TapovTe Kar pel? npepav emipednOhvat Tay TpinpiT@y eb be pH, xataBojoew avrod _ pos TOUS Tapdvtas! ws ExovTos apyuptov Tapa TOV TOAELLoY. TadTa perv ovv Pavias o AéoBros el pnKev. VIII. Ai dé yevopevas tore mpos tas ToY BapBdpov vads trepi Ta oteva payat Kpiow pév eis Ta ONG peydrnv ovK ETroinoav, TH Sé Teipa péytota tous “EAAnvas ovynoay, bro TeV épyov mapa Tovs Kivduvous d:5axOévtas, ws odtE TANON ve@v ovTe KOgpOL Kal AapTpoTHTEs emTLojnpwV oUTE Kpavyal Koume@ders 7) BadpRapot trataves éxovot TL Sewov avdpaou emiaTapévors eis yelpas iévat kal payecBar ToAp@ow, adrAa Set TaD TOLOUTWY KaATappovodvTas em avTa Ta THpaTa dépecOat kal mpos éxeiva SiaywvilecOar ocup- 2mraxevras. 6 67 Kal Ilivéapos ov Kakas Goce ouvid@y él tas év ‘Aptewicio payns evTrety" "OO: raises "APavaiwr éBdrovro paevvav Kpnmtd édrevOepias* apy yap évtws Tov wav To Oappery. "Eote 5é€ tis EvBoias 76 ‘’Aptepiovov trrép thv ‘Eoriatay airyiados eis Bopéay avarrerta- pévos, avtiteivee 8 avT@ pddota THs v7 1 wapévras Fuhr and Blass with F4S: zoAiras. 22 THEMISTOCLES more against him, so that they made a rush upon him and snatched away his dinner. Then, while Architeles was feeling dejected and indignant over this, Themistocles sent him a dinner of bread and meat in a box at the bottom of which he had put a talent of silver, and bade him dine without delay, and on the morrow satisfy his crew; otherwise he said he would denounce him publicly as the receiver of money from the enemy. At any rate, such is the story of Phanias the Lesbian. VIII. The battles which were fought at that time with the ships of ‘the Barbarians in the narrows were not decisive of the main issue, it is true, but they were of the greatest service to the Hellenes in giving them experience, since they were thus taught by actual achievements in the face of danger that riei- ther multitudes of ships nor brilliantly decorated figure-heads nor boastful shouts or barbarous battle- hymns have any terror for men who know how to come to close quarters and dare to fight there; but that they must despise all such things, rush upon the very persons of their foes, grapple with them, and fight it out to the bitter end. Of this Pindar seems to have been well aware when he said of the battle of Artemisium :— ‘Where Athenians’ valiant sons set in radiance eternal Liberty's corner-stone.’’! For verily the foundation of victory is courage. Artemisium is a part of Euboea above Hestiaea, —a sea-beach stretching away to the north,—and just about opposite to it lies Olizon, in the territory 1 Bergk, Frag. 77. e 23 PLUTARCH’S LIVES DiroxTyTH yevouévns yopas ‘Orlov. Eyer 5é vaoy ov péyay ‘Aptréutdos érixAnow Ipoong@as, cal Sévdpa aepl avT@ wéduxe Kal orhrat KUKA@ niOov AevKod tTemynyacw: o Sé NOS TH xeEupl TptiBopevos Kal xpoay Kal dopnv xpoxifovaav avabidwaw. év md S€ TOV oTndov édeyeloy Hy TOOE yeypappéevov’ Tlavrodarav avipav yeveas 'Acias aro yw@pas qaides "AOnvaiwy T@dé ToT év TEeNayer 4 4 > \ \ v vavpayin Saydoarres, rel oTpatos @AETO Mydwr, onpata TadT ecav wapOéve Apréusc.. Setxvutar O€ THS AKTHS TOTOS Ev TOAAH TH repre Ovi Kxovw redpwdn Kat pédrawav éx Bdbous avadtoovs, BomEep TupixavoTov, év & Ta vavayta Kal vexpovs xadoat Soxovdor. IX. Tav pévroe wept OepporvrAas eis Td "Aprepiovoy amayyerdovtwv! trudpevor Acw- viday te xetoOar Kai xpateiv HépEnv rev cata yiv wapoderv, elow tis ‘EXdXddos5 dvexopivlorto, t@v ‘AOnvaiwy éml aot tetaypévov 8. apetrny Kal péya Tots rem parypevors dpovovyvTwv. Tapa wréwov 6€ THY KXwpaYv oO Bepsorowryjs, rep KaT apo ets dvaryeatas kal KaTaguyas éwpa Trois moreuios, evexdpatTe Kata ToV NOwY eripavi ypdppata, ToUs pev EvpioKwY aro TUYNS, TOVs & 1 gwayyeAAdvrwy Fuhr and Blass with F8S : dxayyer0évrwr. 24 116 THEMISTOCLES once subject to Philoctetes. It has a small temple _ of Artemis surnamed Proseoea, which is surrounded by trees and enclosed by upright slabs of white marble. This stone, when you rub it with your hand, gives off the colour and the odour of saffron. On one of these slabs the following elegy was inscribed :— ‘ Nations of all sorts of men from Asia’s boundaries coming, Sons of the Athenians once, here on this arm of the sea, Whelmed in a battle of ships, and the host of the Medes was destroyed ; These are the tokens thereof, built for the Maid Artemis.” 1 And a place is pointed out on the shore, with sea sand all about it, which supplies from its depths a dark ashen powder, apparently the product of fire, and here they are thought to have burned their wrecks and dead bodies. IX. However, when they learned by messengers from Thermopylae to Artemisium that Leonidas was slain and that Xerxes was master of the pass, they withdrew further down into Hellas, the Athenians bringing up the extreme rear because of their valour, and greatly elated by their achievements. As Themistocles sailed along the coasts, wherever he saw places at which the enemy must necessarily put in for shelter and supplies, he inscribed con- spicuous writings on stones, some of which he found to his hand there by chance, and some he himself caused to be set near the inviting anchorages and 1 Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graect, iii.4 p. 480. 25 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES avros totas mepl Ta vavrAoxa Kal Tras Hdpelas, ériaknttov “Iwor dia TOV ypappdtov, ci pev olov te, petatdeacOat mpos avtovs warépas évTas Kal mpoxwouvevovtas uTép THs éxelvwv érevOepias, ef 5é py, xaxodv to BapBapixoy év tais paxyats Kal ovvtapdttew. tadta § Ar- muceyv ) petacotnoey tovs “Iwvas 7 tapdakeuv UTomToTépous Tois BapBapors yevopévous. ElépEou dé dia tis Awpidos dvobev éuBa- Aovtos eis THY Paxida Kal Ta TOV Poxéewy adorn a 6 A € vf TUpTONOUYTOS ov mpoonuvvay ot “EKAXnVes, 4 a > ] 4 A > ‘ 4 Kaitrep Trav AOnvaiwyv Sgouévwr ets THY Botwriav amavrioat mpo THs “ATTUKAS, MoTEp aUTOL KaTa Odratray én ’Aptrepiavov éBonOncav. ndevos 5’ vmaxovovtos avtois, dAAa THs LeXotrovyncov Tepteyouevwv Kal mwacav évros ‘loOpod thy Sivayuv @punpévwv ocvvayerv, Kat Staterytfovtav A > A > 4 > 4 fu \ tov IcOpuov ets OddXattav éx OaratTNs, awa pev ? A , bd ‘\ b ] , 4 copy? TtHS tpodocias elye tovs ‘APnvaious, dua 5é ducOupia cal xatnhera pepovwpévovs. pa- vecbat pev yap ov Stevooivto puptdor otpatod tocavrais: 5 8 Hv povov dvayxaiov év TO Trapor- \ 4 9 / ? A “ 4 e Tl, THY Todkw adevtas eupvvat tais vavoipr, ot a ” e 4 , a ToAXol NANETWS NKOVOV, WS LNTE VLKNS Seoevoe pyte owrnpiav émictdpevot Oe@v te icpa Kal TAaTépwv npia mpoiepevwv. X. “EvOa 67 QeptoroxAs atropav trois avOpw- Tivos Aoytapols TpocdyerOat Ta TWAHOOS, WoTEP 26 THEMISTOCLES watering places. In these writings he solemnly enjoined upon the Ionians, if it were possible, to come over to the side of the Athenians, who were their ancestors, and who were risking all in behalf of their freedom ; but if they could not do this, to damage the Barbarian cause in battle, and bring confusion among them. By this means he hoped either to fetch the Ionians over to his side, or to confound them by bringing the Barbarians into suspicion of them. Although Xerxes had made a raid up through Doris into Phocis, and was burning the cities of the Phocians, the Hellenes gave them no succour. The Athenians, it is true, begged them to go up into Boeotia against the enemy, and make a stand there in defence of Attica, as they themselves had gone up by sea to Artemisium in defence of others. But no one listened to their appeals. All clung fast to the Peloponnesus, and were eager to collect all the forces inside the Isthmus, and went to running a wall through the Isthmus from sea to sea. Then the Athenians were seized alike with rage at this betrayal, and with sullen dejection at their utter isolation. Of fighting alone with an army of so many myriads they could not seriously think ; and as for the only thing left them todo in their emergency, namely, to give up their city and stick to their ships, most of them were distressed at the thought, saying that they neither wanted victory nor understood what safety could mean if they abandoned to the enemy the shrines of their gods and the sepulchres of their fathers. X. Then indeed it was that Themistocles, despair- ing of bringing the multitude over to his views by 27 PLUTARCH’S LIVES év Tpaywodia pnxavnv dpas, onpeta Saoria Kal Npnopous éeripyev avtois: onpetov pev NapBaveov To Tov Spdxovtos, bs ahavyns éxeivats Tais Huépats ex TOU onKod Soxel yevéoOat Kal Tas Kal” ypépay avT@ mpoTiepévas atrapyas cdpi- > 4 e e A b] V4 ? aKovTes axpavoTtous ot tepets, eEnyyeddXov ets TOUS TOANOUS, TOU MeuwsaToKrEous Aoyov S6ovTos, @S atroNéAotrre THY Todw 7 Oeos vdnyoupévy N =i 4 > a wn de ” mpos thy OdXNaTTay avTois. TH OE YPNTWO TAAL eOnpayeye, Nyov pundev Addo SnrovcIa EvAwov teixos h TAS vabs: 810 Kal THY Larapiva Oeiav, ovyt Sewny ovdé cxeTAlav Karely Tov Oeor, @s evTUYnpaTos peyddou Tois “EXAnow érro- yupov éocopévnv. Kpatnoas 5€ TH yvoun Wr- diopa ypdder, THv péev Tod Trapaxatabéabar 7H “AOnva tH “AOnvdav pedeovon, tors 8 év nrtkia Tavras éuBaivey eis tas Tpinpers, raidas dé nai yuvaixas kal avdpdtroéa cate exactov ¢ s— , \ a / as Suvatov. Kupwbévtos 5é tod Wndiopatos ot TrEtoToL TaY "AOnvaiwy vmeEeevTO yeveas } Kat yuvaixas eis Tporliva, dirotiuws mavu tov Tpovtnvior vrodexopévav Kxal yap tpépev en- , , Waa, \ eos , gdisavro Snpuocia, S00 GBorovs Exdot@ Sidovtes, Kat THs OTwpas AapBavew tovs traidas éFeivat 1 yeveds Madvig’s correction, adopted by Blass: yovéas parents, 28 117 THEMISTOCLES any human reasonings, set up machinery, as it were, to introduce the gods to them, as a_ theatrical manager would for a tragedy, and brought to bear upon them signs from heaven and oracles. As a sign from heaven he took the behaviour of the serpent, which is held to have disappeared about that time from the sacred enclosure on the Acropolis. When the priests found that the daily offerings made to it were left whole and untouched, they proclaimed to the multitude,—Themistocles putting the story into their mouths,—that the goddess had abandoned her city and was showing them their way to the sea. Moreover, with the well-known oracle! he tried again to win the people over to his views, saying that its “wooden wall’ meant nothing else than their fleet; and that the god in this oracle called Salamis “ divine,” not “ dreadful ” nor “cruel,” for the very reason that the island would sometime give its name to a great piece of good fortune for the Hellenes. At last his opinion prevailed, and so he introduced a bill providing that the city be entrusted for safe keeping “ to Athena the patroness of Athens,’ but that all the men of military age embark on the triremes, after finding for their children, wives, and servants, such safety as each best could. Upon the passage of this bill, most of: the Athenians bestowed their children and. wives in Troezen, where the Troe- zenians very eagerly welcomed them. They actually voted to support them at the public cost, allowing two obols daily to each family, and td permit the boys to pluck of. the vintage fruit everywhere, and 1 Herod., vii. 141. -PLUTARCH’S: LIVES mavraxober, Ere & vrrép avta@v didacKdnaots Tedely pucOovs. 70 dé Wydtopa Nixayopas éyparpev. Ovk dvtwv Sé Synpociwy ypnudtar trois ’*AOn- vaio, "ApiotorérAns péev dnote tHv é€& ’Apeiov qmayou BovvAnv tropicacay oxTw Spaxpas éxdoT@ TOV oTpaTevopévwy aitiwtatny yevéoOar Tov TAnpwOnva. tas Tpenpets, Kre’dnuos dé Kal TovUTO TOU BepiotoKréovs Troveirat oTpaTHYNmA. cataBawovtov yap eis Tepacad trav ‘AOnvaiwy, gnaw atrorécOa. to Topyovevov amd rhs Oeov Tov aydApatos: Tov ow BeptoTtoKrAéa Tpoc- jotovpevoy Cnteiv Kal Suepevvopevoy aravta Xpnudtov dvevpioxery mAROos év tais arro- oKEVaIS ATOKEKPULULEVOV, MV Els pécOV KoOpLo- Oévrwv evrropnoat tous éuBaivovtas eis Tas vais epodiov. "Exareovons 5€ THS ToAEwWS TOIS Mev OLKTOV TO Oéapa, tois 5é Oaipa Tis TOAMNS TapeElye, yeveds ev GAN TpoTreuTrOvTMY, avTaV 8 aKap- TTWY POS oipwyas Kal Sdxpva yovewv Kal meptBoras Statrepwvtw@v els THY viTOV. KaiToL TONAOL péev 1a yHpas VITOAELTOMEVOL TOV TOAMLTOV EXeov elyov: Hy Sé€ Tis Kal do TOV huépwr Kal acuvtpopav Cowy emixioca yAvKvOuUpia, per a@puyhs xal modov cvprapabeovtwv éuBaivovar Tois éavTay tpopedorv. év ols iatopettar Kvwv ElavOinmov tov Iepixdéovs matpos ovK ava- TXOpEvos THY am’ avTOD povwow évarécbat TH Jarartn Kal TH Tpinpes Tapavnyopevos extrec ety 30 THEMISTOCLES besides to hire teachers for them. The bill was introduced by a man whose name was Nicagoras. Since the Athenians had no public moneys in hand, it was the Senate of Areiopagus, according to Aristotle, which provided each of the men who embarked with eight drachmas, and so was most instrumental in man- ning the triremes; but Cleidemus represents this too as the result of an artifice of Themistocles. He says that when the Athenians were going down to the Piraeus and abandoning their city, the Gorgon’s head was lost from the image of the goddess; and,then Themistocles, pretending to search for it, and ransacking everything, thereby discovered an abundance of money hidden away in the baggage, which had only to be confiscated, and the crews of the ships were well provided with rations and wages. When the entire city was thus putting out to sea, the sight provoked pity in some, and in others astonishment at the hardihood of the step; for they were sending off their families in one direction, while they themselves, unmoved by the lamentations and tears and embraces of their loved ones, were crossing over to the island where the enemy was to be fought. Besides, many who were left behind on account of their great age invited pity also, and much affecting fondness was shown by the tame domestic animals, which ran along with yearning cries of distress by the side of their masters as they embarked. A story is told of one of these, the dog of Xanthippus the father of Pericles, how he could not endure to be abandoned by his master, and so sprang into the sea, swam across the strait by the side of his master’s trireme, 31 PLUTARCH’S LIVES els THY Larapiva Kal ATOOUvLNCAS aTroPaveiV evOus: od Kal TO Serxvipevoy axpt vov Kal Kadov- N a 4 9 / pevov Kuvos ofa tadov eivar Néyovat. XI. Tatra te 67 peydda to Bemsorondéous, kal Tovs ToAdiTas aicBopevos moOobvras *Ap.- 4 \ , \ > 9» A a lA ateionv cat Sed.otas, wn 8 opynv to BapBdpo mpoobels éauTov avatpéyyn Ta Tpaypata TIS e 4 b] 4 \ \ A 4 EAAdbos (€Ewotpdxiato yap wpo Tov TroAémou katactactacbeis vmod @epsotoxdéous), ypade Wnpiopa, Tois éml ypovm peOcotaow ekeivar “ 4 A , \ LA lel KkateNOovdat mpatrew Kal réyew Ta BédXtioTa TH “EAAdos pera TOV GdXOV TOMTOD. EvpuBidbdou Sé thy pév nyepoviay tav veav V4 \ a 4 > ges A éyovtos bia TO THS Yrdprns akiwpa, paraxod dé mepl tov Kivduvoy dvtos, aipew d5é Bovropévou \ a ? ee. , 4 = sN \ \ Kal maAety emt tov IoOpuov,- Gtrov Kai to Tefov 4 A V4 € A nOpooro trav ledorovynciwv, 0 BemoroKrAHs avréxeyev' Ste Kal TA pvnpovevopeva AeXORVvaAL act. Tod yap EvpuB8iddou mpos avrov e- movtos: “QO. @epiorowXes, ev Tols ayaot Tovs mpoctaviarapeévous parrifover, “Nal,” elev 0 @ecwtorokrys, ‘ ddAa Tous arronepbevras ov arepavovary.” émrapapévou 5é THY Baxrnpiav Os TaTa£ovTos, o 0 BemoroxrARs Eby: “ aragov ev, dxovaoy 66.” Oaupacavros dé THY TpgoTnTa Tov EvpuBidéov Kat deyew KehevaavTos, O pev emia tonr7Hs aviyryev aurov émi Tov ovyov. ei - movtos O€ TLVOS, WS aYnp amrodts ovK Oopbds didacKe Tovs éxovtas éyxataditrely Kal mpoécbat 32 THEMISTOCLES and staggered out on Salamis, only to faint and die straightway. They say -that the spot which is pointed out to this day as “ Dog’s Mound” is his tomb. XI. These were surely great achievements of Themistocles, but there was a greater still to come. When he saw that the citizens yearned for Aristides, and feared lest out of wrath he might join himself to the Barbarian and so subvert the cause of Hellas,—he had been ostracized before the war in consequence of political defeat at the hands of Themistocles,!—he introduced a bill providing that those who had been removed for a time be permitted to return home and devote their best powers to the service of Hellas along with the other citizens. When Eurybiades, who had the command of the fleet on account of the superior claims of Sparta, but who was faint-hearted in time of danger, wished to hoist sail and make for the Isthmus, where the infantry also of the Peloponnesians had been assem- bled, it was Themistocles who spoke against it, and it was then, they say, that these memorable sayings of his were uttered. When Eurybiades said to him, “‘ Themistocles, at the games those who start too soon get a caning,” “ Yes,’ said Themistocles, “ but those who lag behind get no crown.” And when Eurybiades lifted up his staff as though to smite him, Themistocles said: “Smite, but hear me.” Then Eurybiades was struck with admiration at his calm- ness, and bade him speak, and Themistocles tried to ‘bring him back to his own position. But on a certain one saying that a man without a city had no business to advise men who still had cities of their own 1 Cf. chap. v. fin. 33 VOL, II. D PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ 4 ¢ aA ? , A Tas qwatpibas, 0 BewotoxrARs émictpéevras Tov oyou: ““Hyeis rot,” eltrev, “aw poxOnpée, Tas pév > 7&7 A / , b] > oikias Kal Ta Telyn KaTaNEdOiTTApEV, OVK ati- ovvtes ayuywv Evexa Sovreverv, Tors 8 nyiv ” ae A ¢ / e t gore peyiotn tav “EdAnvidar, ai diaxdcvat Tpinpets, at vov pev vpiv wapectact Bonbol awtecbar d& avTav Bovropévars, ef & arite | Sevtepov nas mpodortes, avtixa tevoetat Ts ‘EX- Anvev "AOnvaiovs cal tod édXevbépav Kal yopav ov YElpova KEexTNpEvovs Hs améBadov. Tadta Tov Wepiaroxréous ettrovtos évvoia nal déos éxye tov EvpuBiddnv trav ’A@nvaiwv, un odds aro- Neirrovres olxovTar. Tod 8 *Eperptéws rretpwo- pévou TL N€yeLY Trpos avTov, “"H ydp,” én, “ Kal bmiv tept mror€uov tis eore AOYOS, of KaGdTEp ai revides pdyatpay pev eyere, xapdiay dé ovn éyete; | XII. Aéyerar 8 tro tivwy tov pev Beporo- KNéa Tepi tovTwY amo TOU KaTAaCTpwLATOS avodev Ths vews StaréyeoOa, yradna 5 odOjvar dtatretopévny amo Se€las TOY veav Kal Tois Kapxnaiors émixabilovcar: 616 8 Kal pddwora mpooéberro TH yawn kal maperxevdlovTo vav- paxnoovTes. ANN ETE TMV TroAEMIWY O TE aoTodos TH ’AtrtiKH Kata tO Padnpixov tpoc- hepopevos tovs mméprE artréxpuwev aiytanrous, avros te Bacirev’s peta tov Telod atpatov cataBas émit tHv Odrattav GOpovs BhOn, TaY dé Suvdpewv opod yevopévor, éfeppinaay OL TOD. @cutotoxr€ovs AOyo: Tov ‘EAANVoY Kal ware e évramtawwov ot IleXomrovynctos mpos tov loOuov, 34 118 THEMISTOCLES to abandon and betray them, Themistocles addressed his speech with emphasis to him, saying: “ It is true, thou wretch, that we have left behind us our houses and our city walls, not deeming it meet for the sake of such lifeless things to be in subjection; but we still have a city, the greatest in Hellas, our two hundred triremes, which now are ready to aid you if you choose to be saved by them; but if you go off and betray us for the second time, straightway many a Hellene will learn that the Athenians have won for themselves a city that is free and a territory that is far better than the one they cast aside.” When Themistocles said this, Eurybiades began to reflect, and was seized with fear lest the Athenians go away and abandon him. And again, when the Eretrian tried to argue somewhat against him, “ Aha!”’ said he, “what argument can ye make about war, who, like the cuttle-fish, have a long pouch in the place where your heart ought tobe?” XII. Some tell the story that while Themistocles was thus speaking from off the deck of his ship, an — owl was seen to fly through the fleet from the right and alight in his rigging; wherefore his hearers espoused his opinion most eagerly and prepared to do battle with their ships. But soon the enemy’s armament beset. the coast of Attica down to the haven of Phalerum, so as to hide from view the neighbouring shores ; then the King in person with his infantry came down to the sea, so that he could be seen with all his hosts; and presently, in view of this junction of hostile forces, the words of Themis- tocles ebbed out of the minds of the Hellenes, and the Peloponnesians again turned their eyes wistfully towards the Isthmus and were vexed if any one spake 35 p 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES el Tus AXXO TL ASyOL YaNeTralvovTes, eSoKxer Sé THS VUKTOS ATrOXwWpELY Kal TrapnyyéAXETO TODS TOS xuBepyyntats, &vOa bn Bapéws dépwv o Bepw- OTOKANS, €6 THY ATO TOU TOTTOU Kal TOV aTEVaV 4 4 eem t mpoenevoe BonOerav ot “EXXAnves StadrvOnoovtat Kata trodes, EBovreveTo Kal avuvetiOes tHv Tepl Tov Yixivvov mpaypatetav. 3? de A \ , 4 e / > U Hv 6€ ro pev yéver Tépons 0 Sixevvos, atypa- AwTOS, EvVOUS bE TO BeworoKrAE: Kai TOV Téxv@DV avToo tTaidaywyos. Sv éximéutres mpos Tov ElépEnv xpuda, xerevoas Névyerv, STs OeptoToKANS o tav "AOnvatwy otparnyds aipovpevos Ta Ba- athéws eEayyédAes TpwTos avT@ Tovs “EAAnvas atrob.ubpacKovtas, Kali SiaxedeveTar un Tapetvar guyciv avtots, AAN é€v @ TapattrovTar TaY Telav \ ” > VA \ aA \ : xwpis ovTes émiBécbar Kai StapOeipas THY vavTe- \ } , fe) S ) e od , e b) > b) S knv dvvamw. tadta dS o BépEns ws at evvotas Nereypéeva SeEdpevos oOn, Kal rédros eEvOus éFépepe mpos Tovs nyeuovas TOY vew@v, Tas peV v a bd e , 4 b] GdAAas mAnpoov Kxal’ novyiav, Staxocias 4§ b 4 4 A \ , 9 avaxléevras dn meptBarécbat Tov Tropoy ev KiKr@ travta Kal Siala@ocat Tas vicous, Sirs éxpuryot unoels TOV TroNELiov. Tovtwyv dé mpatropévor 'Aptotetdns o Avot- pedxov mpw@tos atcbopevos HKev ert THY oKnYnDv Tov @euiotoxdéous, ovK dv Piros, ddAArAa Kal be éxeivoy éeEwotpakia pévos, WoTrEep ElpnTat TpoEA- Oovre b€ TH Oewmtoronrc? dodler rv Kverworv. o O€ THv Te AAANV KaXrOKayabiavy Tod avdpos 36 THEMISTOCLES of any other course; nay, they actually decided to withdraw from their position in the night, and orders for the voyage were issued to the pilots. Such was the crisis when Themistocles, distressed to think that the Hellenes should abandon the advantages to be had from the narrowness of the straits where they lay united, and break up into detachments by cities, planned and concocted the famous affair of Sicinnus. This Sicinnus was of Persian stock, a prisoner of war, but devoted to Themistocles, and the paeda- gogue of his children. This man was sent to Xerxes secretly with orders to say : “ Themistocles the Athe- nian general elects the King’s cause, and is the first one to announce to him that the Hellenes are trying to slip away, and urgently bids him not to suffer them to escape, but, while they are in confusion and separated from their infantry, to set upon them and destroy their naval power.” Xerxes received this as the message of one who wished him well, and was delighted, and at once issued positive orders to the captains of his ships to man the main body of the fleet at their leisure, but with two hundred ships to put out to sea at once, and-encompass the strait round about on every side, including the islands in their line of blockade, that not one of the enemy might escape. While this was going on, Aristides the son of Lysimachus, who was the first to perceive it, came to the tent of Themistocles, who was no friend of his, nay, through whom he had even been ostracized, as I have said ; and when Themistocles came forth from the tent, Aristides told him how the enemy sur- rounded them. Themistocles, knowing the tried nobility of the man, and filled with admiration for 37 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES 20 \ a 4 4 9 4 4 eldws Kal THS TOTE Tapovaias aydpevos Réyer Ta ep Tov Yixwvov avtT@ Kal mrapexdrer TOV “EdXAnvev cuverrtrapBavecOar Kal cuprpobupei- aOat wiotiv EXovTa padrrov, Stas év TOIS TTEVOIS 7 vaupaynowo. o ev ovv Aprotetdns érraivécas \ \ v > U Tov @eptotoxrAéa tovs AdrdrOUS emNEL oTpa- THyous Kal Tpinpdpxous émt THY paxnv Tapo- 4 ” > of > 4 9 , 4 Evvwv. ért & dpws anicrovvtay édavn Tyvia Tpinpns avToporos, ns évavapye Ilavaitios, amayyé\Xovca THY KUKNwWOW, Bote Kal Jup@ tous “EXAnvas opujoat peta THS avayKns pos Tov Kivduvov. XIII. “Apa & nyépa BépEns pév dvw xabijoto Tov oToXoy éerromTevor Kal THY TapaTakty, ws ‘N f , e \ VN ¢ 4 e pev Pavodnuos dyow, iiép to “Hpdxreov, 7 Bpayet mopm Sueipyerar tis “AtreKhs vicos, os 8 ‘Axecrodapos, év peBopio tis Meyapisos uTép TOV Kadoupévwv Kepatwv, xpvacovv Sidpov Oéuevos Kal ypapupateis oddov’s Tapactn- TUpEVOS, BY Epyov hy atroypapecOas TA KaTA THY payny TpatTopeva. 2 Q@eptoroxrc? 5é rapa tHv vavapyida Tpinpn ofaytalouevp tpels tpoonyOncav aixpdrwror, KdAdaToL pev LoécOat THY driv, ecOHor 5é Kal Npvc@ Kexoopnpévor Sratrpera@s. édéyovTo 5é U4 “ % a / bd io avéatnns traides eivac THs Bacitréws aderdijs \ A 4 ON > / e kat Aptavxtov. tovtous toov Evdpaytidns o pavts, os aya pev avéNaprpev ex TOV lepav péeya Kal tepipaves wip, aya dé mrappos ex 119 38 THEMISTOCLES his coming at that time, told him all about the Sicinnus matter, and besought him to join in this desperate attempt to keep the Hellenes where they | were,—admitting that he had the greater credit with them,—in order that they might make their sea-fight in the narrows. Aristides, accordingly, after bestowing praise upon Themistocles for his stratagem, went round to the other generals and trierarchs inciting them on to battle. And while they were still incredulous in spite of all, a Tenian trireme appeared, a deserter from the enemy, in command of Panaetius, and told how the enemy | surrounded them, so that with a courage born of | necessity the Hellenes set out to confront the danger. — XIII. At break of day, Xerxes was seated on a high place and overlooking the disposition of his armament. This place was, according to Phanode- mus, above the Heracleium, where only a narrow passage separates the island from Attica ; but accord- ing to Acestodorus, it was in the border-land of Megara, above the so-called “Horns.” Here a gilded throne had been set for him at his command, and many secretaries stationed near at hand, whose. task it was to make due record of all that was done in the battle. ° | But Themistocles was sacrificing alongside the admiral’s trireme. There three prisoners of war were brought to him, of visage most beautiful to behold, conspicuously adorned with raiment and with gold. They were said to be the sons of Sandaucé, the King’s sister, and Artayctus. When Euphran- tides the seer caught sight of them, since at one and that same moment a great and glaring flame shot up from the sacrificial victims and a sneeze gave forth 39 PLUTARCH’S LIVES —beEtav eonunve, Tov @emsotrokrAéa deEiwodpevos éxéXevoe TOV veavioxwy Katap~acOar Kal xabe- pedoat trdvtas wpnothn Avoviom mpocevédpevov: ovTw yap Gua owtnpiav te Kal vicny EcecOa tois "EAXAnow. éxtrayévTos 5é Tod Bemoro- KNéOUS OS Méeya TO pavTevpa Kai Sewvov, olov elmbev dv peydrous ayaou Kal Tpayyact yanre- A “ 9 A 4 a “a >) Ul TOL, PANNOY EX TWY TrapadoywY 7H TaV EvOYoV Thy cwrnpiav érmilovres of ToAAOL Tov Oedy ama KOLWH KaTEKAaXOUYTO PwVy Kal TOUS aiypwadWToUS To Bwu@ Tpocayayortes HUdyKacay, WS O LaVTIS 4 a a éxéXNevoe, THY Ouciav cuvTeXeoOnva. TadTa pev ovv avnp gdirtocopos Kal ypappdtav ovK atretpos iatopixav Pavias o Aéa Bios ecipnxe. XIV. lept 5 rod wAnOovs trav BapBapixav A 9 SS e ‘ e A 20 \ \ veav Atayvros 0 TronTIs @s av eidws kal dcaBe- Bavovpevos év tpaywdia Ilépcars Neyer Tata FiépEn 5é, nal yap olda, yuduas pév Fv ? 2 1 nO e S e , 4 @y rye WANHCGoS* al O UTépKouTaL TAXEL € \ \ = e A b eo Ww 4 éxatov Ols Haav érrTa 0 oS exer NOYos. TeV S “ArriKey éxaTov oySorKovTa TO TrIOos ovowy éxuaTn TOVS ato TOD KATATTPOLATOS paxopéevous oxToKxaidera elyev, Ov TofoTaL Téc- capes Roar, ot Nortrot 8° omhirat. Aoxet e ovK yr rov ev TOV Kalpov o ®ep- TTOKNAS Tov ToTov auvidwy Kar puratas 1) ~=«‘TpoTepov dV TUTTO poUS KaTacTHoat Tas BapBapixais tas tpinpes, 4) THY EelwOviay 1 Sy» Frye Fuhr and Blass with Aeschylus: vey 7d. 40 THEMISTOCLES its good omen on the right, he clasped Themistocles by the hand and bade him consecrate the youths, and sacrifice them all to Dionysus Carnivorous, with prayers of supplication ; for on this wise would the Hellenes have a saving victory. Themistocles was terrified, feeling that the word of the seer was mon- strous and shocking; but the multitude, who, as is wont to be the case in great struggles and severe crises, looked for safety rather from unreasonable than from reasonable measures, invoked the god with one voice, dragged the prisoners to the altar, and compelled the fulfilment of the sacrifice, as the seer commanded. At any rate, this is what Phanias the Lesbian says, and he was a philosopher, and well acquainted with historical literature. XIV. As regards the number of the Barbarian ships, Aeschylus the poet, in his tragedy of “ The Persians,’ as though from personal and_ positive knowledge, says this :— “ But Xerxes, and I surely know, had a thousand ships : In number under him ; those of surpassing speed Were twice ve score beside and seven ; so stands the count.” The Attic ships were one hundred and eighty in number, and each had eighteen men to fight upon the decks, of whom four were archers and the rest men-at-arnis. Themistocles is thought to have divined the best time for fighting with no less success than the best place, inasmuch as he took care not to send his tri- remes bow on against the Barbarian vessels until the 1 Verses 341-343 (Dindorf). 41 PLUTARCH’S LIVES @pav trapayevéoOar, TO mTvedpa Raptrpoy €x merayous del Kal kopa bia TOV oTEVOY KaTa- youoay: 0 Tas pév ‘EXAniKas ovK EBXaTTE Vads aNtTevels OVaas Kal TaTreLvoTépas, Tas 5€ BapBa- pixas Tais Te Tpvpuvals aveoTwaas Kal ToOiS KaTA- oTpopaciw wopohous xal Bapeias éemipepopéevas Exparrg€ mpoomintov Kal tapedidov mrayias tois “EdAnow o€éws mpoodpepopévars Kal T@ Oemsoronhet ™pooéXovaw, ws opavTs. pdduora TO 7 ULpépon, Kat OTL Kat éxeivov O FépEov vavapxos ‘Aprapérns vaoy éyov peyddny Gomep amo Tevxyous érokeve kal neovriter, avnp arabes OV Kal Tov Bacirtéws ade oy TrOnD KPaTia TOs Te Kal Sixaroratos. ToUTOV yey ovv “Apewvias 0 Aexehevs Kat LZwKArHs o o HWasavtevs! opod THEOVTES, Os at vies avtim pepot mpoonecova as Kab ouve- pelracar Tois Narkopacty ever xeOnaar, emu- Baivovta THS avTa@V Tplnpous UToaTtavTes Kal tois ddépact TUMTOVTES els TH Odraocav é&é- Banrov- kal TO o@pa per addov diacepspevov vavaryiov "Aptepicia yvwpicaca mpos HépEnv avijveyKer. XV. Ep b¢ TOUT@ TOU ary @VOS dvTos das pev exrdprpar péya Aéyoueww "Endevowoben, Xov dé kal dovny ro Opidovor | Katee medtov ax pe Garatrns, « WS dvOparey o omov TONA@V TOV puUCTI- ov éEayovtTev “laxxov. éx be Tob wAnOous TOV POeyyopeveov KaTa pxpov amo vis avade- popevov vEpos eofev avOrs Umovoa rely Kal KaTa- OKHTTEW Els TAS TpLpErs. ETEpor b€ dadcpaTta 1 Ta:avieds correction of Blass; Medieds, 42. THEMISTOCLES hour of the day had come which always brought the breeze fresh from the sea and a_ swell rolling through the strait. This breeze wrought no harm to the Hellenic ships, since they lay low in the water and were rather small; but for the Barbarian ships, with their towering sterns and lofty decks and sluggish movements in getting under way, it was fatal, since it smote them and slewed them round broadside to the Hellenes, who set upon them sharply, keeping their eyes on Themistocles, because they thought he saw best what was to be done, and because confronting him was the admiral of Xerxes, Ariamenes, with a great ship, and just as if he were on a city-wall he kept shooting arrows and javelins, —brave man that he was, by far the strongest and justest of the King’s brothers. It was upon him that Ameinias the Deceleian and Socles the Paeanian bore down,—they being together on one ship,—and as the two ships struck each other bow on, crashed together, and hung fast by their bronze beaks, he tried to board their trireme ; but they faced him, smote him with their spears, and hurled him into the sea. His body, as it drifted about with other wreckage, was recognised by Artemisia, who had it carried to Xerxes. XV. At this stage of the struggle they say that a great light flamed out from Eleusis, and an echoing cry filled the Thriasian plain down to the sea, as of multitudes of men together conducting the mystic Iacchus in procession. Then out of the shouting throng a cloud seemed to lift itself slowly from the earth, pass out seawards, and settle down upon the triremes. Others fancied they saw apparitions and 43 PLUTARCH'S LIVES cal cidwra Kxabopav edoEav évorrAwv dvdpav at’ Alyivns Tas yelpas aveyovtav po Tov ‘EXNnveKaV tpinpav: ods elxafov Aiaxidas elvas twapaKexdn- pévous evyais mrpo THs waxns él thy BonOerav. IIpatos pev ovv AapBaver vadv Aveopnons, dvnp “A@nvaios tpinpapxav, Ws Ta Tapdonpa mepixowas avéOnxev "ArrorAXNwvL Sadvnpopm Prv- jow. ot & dAdo tois BapBdpos eEioovpevor TO THOS EY OTEV@ KATA MEPS ™ poo pepopevous Kal TmepimimrovTas GdAgrows érpévrayTo, HEXpL deins avriaxovtas, @s elpnKe Zupaovidys, THY Kadnv éxeivnv Kat meptBontov apdpevoe vixny, hs 000 “EXdnow otte BapBdpos évddvov Epyov elpyactat Aaptrportepor, avopela pev Kal mpoOvpia KOWh TOV vavpaynodyTwv, yvoun Sé Kal Sewvo- Tht. TH! Oepsorrodeovs. XVI. Mera de THY vaupayiay FépEns pev Ere Ovpopaxav ™mpos THY dmorevgw errexeipet bt youdtov émdye to melov Tois "EdAgow ets Larapiva, euppatas TOV 61a péoov qopov" Bemis - TOKAAS 5 GTrOTrELPHMEVOS ‘Apioreidou hoy yepny érrovetto Ave TO Cedypa Talis vavolv emimrdevoavTas es ‘EAAjoTovtop, «"Orrws,” épn, “ THY "Aciayv év tH Evporn AdBopev.” Pa Sct hie dé ToD *Apioteidou Kal AéyovTos “ Nov pep Tpupavre TO BapBape TET ONE ae, dy 6é KATAKAELS 0 LEV els THY “EAAada Kal KaTacTnowper eis avdyKnv vd Séous avopa / / / > / / ; THALKOUTM@Y SuVaLEwV KUPLOV, OUKETL Kadnpevos 1 Sevdryrs 7H Fuhr and Blass with S: dendryt:. 44 120 THEMISTOCLES shapes of armed men coming from Aegina with their hands stretched out to protect the Hellenic triremes. These, they conjectured, were the Aeacidae, who had been prayerfully invoked before the battle to come to their aid.! Now the first man to capture an enemy’s ship was L s, an Athenian captain, who cut off its gure-head and dedicated it to Apollo the Laurel- bearer at Phlya. Then the rest, put on an equality in numbers with their foes, because the Barbarians had to attack them by detachments in the narrow strait and so ran foul of one another, routed them, though they resisted till the evening drew on, and thus “ bore away,” as Simonides says,? “ that fair and notorious victory, than which no more brilliant ex- ploit was ever performed upon the sea, either by Hellenes or Barbarians, through the manly valour and common ardour of all who fought their ships, ~ but through the clever judgment of Themistocles.”’ XVI. After the sea-fight, Xerxes, still furious at his failure, undertook to carry moles out into the sea on which he could lead his infantry across to Salamis against the Hellenes, damming up the intervening strait. But Themistocles, merely by way of sound- ing Aristides, proposed, as though he were in earnest, to sail with the fleet to the Hellespont and break the span of boats there, “in order,’ said he, “that we may capture Asia in Europe.” Aristides, however, was displeased with the scheme and said : “ Now indeed the Barbarian with whom we have fought consults his ease and pleasure, but should we shut up in Hellas and bring under fearful compul- sion a man who is lord of such vast forces, he will 1 Herod. viii.64. 2 Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graeci, iii.‘ p. 423. 45 PLUTARCH’S LIVES bTo oKxitdts ypvon Oedoetac thy paynyv éd’ novxias, GAAA TavTa TOAM@Y Kal Tadcw avTOS mapav dia Tov Kivdvvov érravopOa@ceTat Ta Trapel- péva cat Bovrevoetas BérXtLov vrép TeV Grav: ov THY ovaay ovv, épn, “det yédupav, @ Bep- OTOKNELS, NUAS Avatpeiv, GAN érépay, elqep. olov Te, WpockatacKevacavtas éxBarelv dia TaXOUS Tov avOpwrov é€x tHS Evpamns.” “ Ovxodr,” eltrev 0 Geprorowrgs, “ei Soxel TadTa ouppepern, apa GKOTTELY Kal pnxavac bat mdyTas Teas, Sirws amadXNaynoeTat THY TaxioTny éK Ts “EXAd6os.” "Errel bé tata, eoke, Té MTEL TLYA TOV Bacthe- KO@V evvouxon éy Tools atypadrorors avevpan, ‘Apvaxnv dvopa, ppatew Bacthet Kehevoas, OTe Tots per ° "EAAgoe dédoxTau T@ VAUTLK@ KEK paTn- KOTaS avarrhetv els tov ‘EAAjhorovtov: él 75 Cedypa cal AVELY THY yepupay, Oemio trond hs 6 | KNOOMEVOS Bactréos mrapawvei o7revoety éqrt Thy éautod Odratrav Kai mepacoda an, pex pts avros éprrovel Twas SiatprBas TOUS TUMpayoLs Kal peddyjoets Tpos THD diwEw. tai’ o BapBapos dxovoas Kal rYEVOMEVOS mepipoBos ba Taxus émovetTo THY avaxapnaw. Kat meipav 1 @ep- a TOKNEOUS cat "Apioreidov ppovnc es éy Mapdovi TapegVeEV, Eltye TOANOTTHLOPLM THS Fépfov Suvd- pews dtaywvic dpevor Thararaow eélg TOV rept TOV OXwWY KivduvOY KartéaTno ay. XVIT. TloAvewy prev odv tHv Aiyivntav apcared- cat dnow “Hpodotos, @ewotonre: 86, Kaitrep 46 THEMISTOCLES no longer sit under a golden parasol to view the spectacle of the battle at his ease, but he will, dare all things, and, superintending everything i in person, because of his. peril, will rectify his previous remiss- ness and take better counsel for the highest issues thus at stake. We must not, then,” said he, “ tear down the bridge that is already there, Themistocles, nay rather, we must build another alongside it, if that be possible, and cast the fellow out of Europe in a hurry.” “ Well, then,” said Themistocles, “ if that is what is thought for the best, it is high time for us all to be studying and inventing a way. to get him out of Hellas by the speediest route.” As soon as this policy had been adopted, he sent a certain royal eunuch whom he discovered among the prisoners of war, by name Arnaces, with orders to tell the King that the Hellenes had decided, since their fleet now controlled the sea, to sail up into the Hellespont, where the strait was spanned, and destroy the bridge; but that Themistocles, out of regard for the King, urged him to hasten into home waters and fetch his forces across; he himself, he said, would cause the allies all sorts of delays and postponements in their pursuit. No sooner did the Barbarian hear this than he was seized with ex- ceeding fear and speedily began his retreat. This thoughtful prudence on the part of Themistocles and Aristides was afterwards justified by the campaign with Mardonius, since, although they fought at Plataea with the merest fraction of the armies of Xerxes, they yet staked their all upon the issue. XVII. Among the cities, now, Herodotus! says that Aegina bore away the prize of valour; but 1 viii. 93. 47 PLUTARCH’S LIVES axovtes vid Oovov, TO Tpwtetov atrédocav aavres. érel yap dvaxwpyoavres els Tov "IcOpuov ao tov Bwpov THY Wapov epepov ot oTpaThyot, mparov fev Exactos éavrToy aré- gaivev apeth, Sevtepov bé pel Eavtdy Bemorto- Kréa. Aaxedatpovioe 8 eis THY Yrdptnv avrov Katayayovres EvpuBiady pév avdpeias, éxeive 5é codias apiotetoy ESocav Oadrdod arédhavor, Kal TOV KaTa THY TOMY apudtTwY TO TpwreEevoy édwpncavto Kal TptaKkocious THY véwy TrouTrOUs aypt tav GSpwv avvekérrepyrav. déyerar' 8 ‘Odruprriov trav épeEjs ayouévwv Kal taper- Povtos eis TO otddsov Tov BMeutatroxrAé€ous, apenrn- cavTas TOV aywvicT@V Tovs TrapovTas SANV THY nuepay éxetvov OeaaOar nal trois Eévous émidec- kvvew aya Oavpalovras Kat xpotovrvtas, WoTE Kal avuTov noOevta pos Tovs hirous oporoyhoat Tov KapTrov atéyew Tov vTép ths “EAXabos auT@ Tovnbévrav. XVIII. Kal yap hv tH hice dirotiporaros, ef Set TexpaipecOar Sia TeV aTropynpovevopevov. aipebels yap vavapyxos uTO THS TONEWS ovdey ovTe TaY idiwy ovTE THY KOLVOY KATA pMépos é éexpn- parecer, aX’ emaveBadnero 1 160 mpoorimroy els THD nyépav é exelyny, eal’ iy EXT ECV Epuednen, iy” ood troddAa T™ paTTov mpaypara Kal TavTO- Sarrois avOpwrras omtra@v péyas elvat Soxh Kab meta Tov duvacOas. 1 GAN’ éwaveBdAdAero Fuhr and Blass with FaS: a&aad way aveBdAAero every duty. 48 _ THEMISTOCLES among individuals, all virtually awarded the first place to Themistocles, though their envy made them unwilling to do this directly. For when the generals withdrew to the Isthmus and solemnly voted on this question, taking their ballots from the very altar of the god there, each one declared for himself as first in valour, but for Themistocles as second after him- self. Then the Lacedaemonians brought him down to Sparta, and while they gave Eurybiades the prize for valour, to him they gave one for wisdom,—a crown of olive in each case,—and they presented him with the best chariot there was in the city, and sent three hundred picked youth along with him to serve as his escort to the boundary. And it is said that when the next Olympic festival was celebrated, and Themistocles entered the stadium, the audience neglected the contestants all day long to gaze on him, and pointed him out with admiring applause to visiting strangers, so that he too was delighted, and confessed to his friends that he was now reaping in full measure the harvest of his toils in behalf of Hellas. XVIII. And indeed he was by nature very fond of honour, if we may judge from his memorable sayings and doings. When, for example, the city had chosen him to be admiral, he would not perform any public or private business at its proper time, but would postpone the immediate duty to the day on which he was to set sail, in order that then, because he did many things all at once and had meetings with all sorts of men, he might be thought to be some great personage and very powerful. 49 VOL. II. E PLUTARCH’S LIVES A A A ‘\ > , > A 2 Toav &€ vexpav tos éxmecovtTas émicKxoTav mapa thv OdraTTav, ws clde TrEpiKELpevous Wwédta ypvod Kal otpeTTovs, avTos pep mapnrve, to 8 Erropévm hiro Sei~as elev? 121 fe) A a “°Avedov cavT@ av yap ovK el BemoroKArRs. \ 4 a A / > / mpos S€ TLva TOV KaXOY yeyovoTer, AvTiparny, UTepnpdves av’T@ Kexpnuévoy TpoTepov, VaTEpov 5é Oepatrevovta Sa thy SoFav, "OD perpaxiov,” elrrev, “oye pév, audotepor & aya voov éox- 99 \ > , b A > A 3 xkapev.” Edevye O€ Tovs "AOnvaious ov Tina avTov ovdé Oavpalev, arr’ Borep TraTAdvm yetpato- \ pévous pev Urotpéxew xivduvevovtas, evdias 6é Tept AUTOVS yevomevns TiANELY Kal KOAOVELY. TOV \ / \ 9 AN > ¢ e b 5 > ¢_.N 5é Yepipiov mpos avrov elirovtos, ws ov di abrov géxynne Sofav, adda Sia tHv Tod, “’AdnOFR revels,” elrrev, “GAN ovT av éyw Lepighios ov 3 , 54 wv \ % a ” éyevouny évdokos, ovte ov 'AOnvaios. e 4 / A a e 4 , 4 ‘Erépouv dé tevos Tav otparnyav, ws &oké 1 Ypnoimoy SvatreTpaxOar TH TOAEL, Opacuvopéevon © mpos Tov @ewtotonréa xat tas éavtod tails b 4 / ’ / ” a éxelvou mpateoiww avtirapaBaAdXovtos, pn 7H e a \ e M4 > / 4 e b , éopTH THY voTepaiav épicar Aéyovaay, ws exEeivn Hey aoyotav Te peor? Kal KoTraodys éotiv, ev attn 5é tavres arod\avovet TOY TapecKeva- opéevay sxXordlovtes: THY O éopTHy pos TadT’ etrrety: “"’AdnOH DNéyerss GAN Ewod pr) yevouevns erry, % 6 2 A , % cet ov ovux av jada: Kapov Towvuy, edn, “ TOTE \ , lo’ @ A e ~ 99 \ eN 5 py) yevopévov, tov ay hre viv byeis;” Tov dé viov 50 | 'THEMISTOCLES Surveying once the dead bodies of the Barbarians which had been cast up along the sea, he saw that they were decked with golden bracelets and collars, and yet passed on by them himself, while to a friend who followed he pointed them out and said: “ Help thyself, thou art not Themistocles.” Again, to one who had once been a beauty, Antiphates, and who had at that time treated him disdainfully, but after- wards courted him because of the reputation he had got, “ Young man,” said he, “’tis late, ’tis true, but both of us have come to our senses.” Also he used to say of the Athenians that they did not really honour and admire him for himself, but treated him for all the world like a plane-tree, running under his branches for shelter when it stormed, but when they had fair weather all about them, plucking and docking him. And when he was told by the Seriphian that it was not due to himself that he had got reputation, but to his city, “ True,’ said he, ‘but neither should I, had I been a Seriphian, have achieved reputation, nor wouldst thou, hadst thou been an Athenian.” Again, when one of his fellow-generals who thought he had done some vast service to the city, grew bold with Themistocles, and began to compare his own services with his, “ With the Festival-day,’ said he, ‘the Day After once began a contention, saying : ‘Thou art full of occupations and wearisome, but when I come, all enjoy at their leisure what has been richly provided beforehand’; to which the Festival-day replied: ‘True, but had I not come - first, thou hadst not come at all.’ So now,” said he, _ ‘‘ had I not come at that day of Salamis, where would thou and thy colleagues be now?” Of his son, who 51 E 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES évtpupavta TH wntpi Kal bv éxeiynv avtoe oKxo- mrov édeye wreloTov Tav ‘EAAnvev Svvacbau' ”~ ‘ \ e > A 9 la Tots pev yap “EXXnow émitdtrew *AOnvaious, ) A ra , s > 7 2 a de \ > / / nvaiots & avtov, avr@ 5é thy éxeivou pnrépa, TH wntpt & éexeivov? idios dé tis ev waor Bovro- pevos elvas Ywpioy pév TimpdoKey éxédeve KnpUT- Tew, Ste Kal yeiTova ypnotov exer Tav sé pvopévwv avtov tHy Ouyarépa Tov emuetKh tov wAovaiov tpoxpivas épyn bnteiv avdpa yenudtwv ’ a a i ’ / ? \ ° Seouevov padrov h ypnuata avdpos. év pév ovv tois atropOéypact ToLovTos TLS Hy. XIX. Tevopevos 8 aro tev mpdkewr éxeivov evOus emexetpes THY TOALY avoiKodopety Kal TEéL- vite, was pev iotopes @edrropros, ypnpacs meioas pn évavtiwOjnvar Tovs épdpous, ws 8 ot WAELTTOL, TapaKkpovoapevos. Ke pev yap es 4 LrdptTny Svoua mpecBetas ériypayrdpevos: éyxa- NovvTwy dé THY Yraptiatav, Ste TexxXilovor TO dotu, xat Ilodvdpyou Kxatnyopodvros émitndes 3 > # bd 4 5) a \ , é& Alyivns aroctadévtos, Hpvetto Kal méutrey > 2 > 9 , \ , Pv) \ éxéXevev els "AOnvas Tovs KaTovpopévous, Gua pev éuBdrXdov TO TEXLTL@ xXpovoy éx THs S:atpLBis, apa 5é BovAopevos avr’ avtTod Tovs TreuTrOmevous a? brrapxew tots “A@nvaiow. 6 cal cvvéBy: yvovrTes \ e , \ > \ bp] 2Q7 yap ot Aaxedaipovioe TO dAnOés ovK HdiKNTAY QUTOV, GAN adnrws Yarerraivortes atrémeuwav. ty de , \ Ca) , A K tovtov Tov Ilepara xateoxevale, rHv a > 4 \ 4 TaYV Apévwony evdvlav Katavoncas Kal THY TrOALY 52 THEMISTOCLES lorded it over his mother, and through her over himself, he said, jestingly, that the boy was the most powerful of all the Hellenes ; for the Hellenes were commanded by the Athenians, the Athenians by ¥ himself, himself by the boy’s mother, and the mother by her boy. Again, with the desire to be somewhat peculiar in all that he did, when he offered a certain estate for sale, he bade proclamation to be made that it had an excellent neighbour into the bargain. Of two suitors for his daughter’s hand, he chose the likely man in preference to the rich man, shying that he wanted a man without money rather than money without a man. Such were his striking sayings. XIX. After the great’ achievements now described, he straightway undertook to rebuild and fortify the + city, — as Theopompus relates, by bribing the Spartan Ephors not to oppose the project; but as the majority say, by hoodwinking them. He came with this object to Sparta, ostensibly on an embassy, and when the Spartans brought up the charge that the Athenians were fortifying their city, and Poly- archus was sent expressly from Aegina with the same accusation, he denied that it was so, and bade them send men to Athens to see for themselves, not only because this delay would secure time for the building of the wall, but also because he wished the Athenians to hold these envoys as hostages for his own person. And this was what actually happened. When the Lacedaemonians found out the truth they did him no harm, but concealed their displeasure and sent him away. After this he equipped the Piraeus, because he had noticed the favourable shape of its harbours, and 53 PLUTARCH’S LIVES SAnv apuotrouevos mpos THY OddNaTTay, Kal TpoTrov Tia Tos Tadaois Bacrcdot Tov 'AOn- vaiwy aVTiTroALTEVopEvOS. éKElvOL ev yap, WS NeyeTal, Tpayywatevopevol TOUS ToALTaS aTro- omacat THs Oardtrns nat cuveicas Shy py WréovTAas, GANA THY Yopav Hurevovras, Tov Trepl tis "AOnvas déS0cav Aoxyov, as éepicavta rept THS yepas Tov Tlocada SelEaca tHY popiav Tots Sixactais évixnoe. @epiotronrAns 5 ovy, ws "Aptotopavns 0 KwpiKds Aéyer, TH TodeL TOV Ilevpaca mpoceuager, aA Thy mow é&n ve TOU Ilerpacas kal TH yay TAS Oararrns: d0ev kat Tov Shor nvénce KATA TOV aplorey Kat Opacous évérAnoev, eis valTas Kal KéAevoTasS kat kuBepyntas THs Suvdpews adixopévys. 510 kal to Bhya to év IIvunl retrounuévov aot atroBrétrew mpos tv Odr\accav borepoy ot TpLadKovTa mpos THY Ywpav atréoTperay, olopmevot Thy pev Kata OdraTTay apynyv yéveow elvat Snuoxpatias, drvyapyia 8 Frrov sSvoxepaivery TOUS yewprobvTas. XX. Bags cease b€ Kal petlov tt mept THS VAUTLKTS evonOn Suvduews. érrel yap 0 TOV ‘EAArvev OTOAOS eee FiépEou KaTihpev Ets Tayacas ral dueyeipale, Snunyopav év rots "AOnvators épn Tiva mpatw Eyer Opedtpov pev avTois Ka TwTIpLOV, amoppytov 5é ampos Tous TONAOUS. trav 0 "AOnvatwy 'Apioteidyn ppdcat Hov@ KedevovTwy, Kay éexelvos S0xiudon Tepat- 54 12: THEMISTOCLES wished to attach the whole city to the sea; thus in a certain manner counteracting the policies of the ancient Athenian kings. For they, as it is said, in their efforts to draw the citizens away from the sea and accustom them to live not by navigation*but by agriculture, disseminated the story about Athena, how when Poseidon was contending with her for possession of the country, she displayed the sacred olive-tree of the Acropolis to the judges, and so won the day. But Themistocles did not, as Aristophanes ! the comic poet says, “knead the Piraeus on to the city,’ nay, he fastened the city to the Piraeus, and the land to the sea. And so it was that he increased the privileges of the common people as | against the nobles, and filled them with boldness, since the controlling power came now into the hands of skippers and boatswains and pilots. Therefore it was, too, that the bema in Pnyx, which had stood so as to look off toward the sea, was afterwards turned by the thirty tyrants so as to look inland, because they thought that maritime empire was the mother of democracy, and that oligarchy was less distasteful to tillers of the soil. XX. But Themistocles cherished yet greater de- signs even for securing the naval supremacy. When the fleet of the Hellenes, after the departure of Xerxes, had put in at Pagasae and was wintering there, he made a harangue before the Athenians, in ' which he said that he had a certain scheme in mind which would be useful and salutary for them, but which could not be broached in public. So the Athenians bade him impart it to Aristides alone, and if he should approve of it, to put it into execution. 1 Knights, 815. 55 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yew, 6 pev QeusotoxrAns éppace tO 'Apioretdn, To vewptov éumpjoat Siavociobat tay “EAN Hvov: 0 8 ’ApicteiSns eis tov Sipuov trapedOav Ep Tijs apatens, iv Stavocirar mpatrew 6 MewsctonAgs, pndepiay elvar unte AvoLTEACTTEéEpaY AT’ adiKo- Tépav. of wey ody "AOnvaio: da tabta Tavoa- Oat TO QepioroKnrA€? mpocératav. "Ev &€ tots ’"Apdixtvovixois avvedpiow TaY AaxeSatpoviwy cianyoupévar, Straws aeipywvrTat ths “Apdixtvovias at pn cuppaynoacar Kata TOU M7jdou Tones, hoBnGets, un Oerrarovs nat "A pyetous, ére 6e OnBaious éxBadovtes TOU cuvedptou TAVTENOS emiKpAaTT WoL TOV pnpov Kal yernrac TO Soxoby éxeivors, CuvelTre Tals ‘TWONECt Kad peTeOnne TAS Yepas TOV TudaYyopwP, bidakas, @S Tpidxovra al pia povas TONELS elo ly at petacxodcar Tod Tohéwou, Kal TOUT@Y ai wXelovs tTavTatace pexpa Sevvov ovv, eb THs aAAns “EXAdSos exatrovdov yevopévns él Tais peyloras Sualy H tpiot TONET LY értat TO auvédptov. ék TOUTOU pev ovv padiora Tos ote sa T™poaéxpouce 520 Kal TOV Kipeva Mpohyov tails tuais, avtimanrov év TH ToNTEla T® Oewotokret cabioraytes. XXI. "Hv b€ «al rots cuppdyors eax Ons TepiT ew Te TAS vagous Kar Xpnparilouevos am auTev’ ola Kal mpos “Avdptous _apybptov aitobvrd pyc avrov Hpddoros elirety TE Kal axovoa. Sdvo0 yap Wwe Edn Jeovs Kopilov, Tle0e® xat Biav ot & édpacav eivat Kxat rap’ 56 THEMISTOCLES Themistocles accordingly told Aristides that he purposed to burn the fleet of the Hellenes where it lay ; but Aristides addressed the people, and said of the scheme which Themistocles purposed to carry out, that none could be either more advantageous or moresiniquitous. The Athenians therefore ordered Themistocles to give it up. At the Amphictyonic or Holy Alliance conven- tions, the Lacedaemonians introduced motions that all cities be excluded from the Alliance which had not taken part in fighting against the Mede. So Themistocles, fearing lest, if they should succeed in excluding the Thessalians and the Argives and the Thebans too from the convention, they would control the votes completely and carry through their own wishes, spoke in behalf of the protesting cities, and changed the sentiments of the delegates by showing that only thirty-one cities had taken part in the war, and that the most of these were altogether small ; it would be intolerable, then, if the rest of Hellas should be excluded and the convention be at the mercy of the two or three largest cities. It was for this reason particularly that he became obnoxious to the Lacedaemonians, and they therefore tried to advance Cimon in public favour, making him the political rival of Themistocles. XXI. He made himself hateful to the allies also, by sailing round to the islands and trying to exact ‘money from them. When, for instance, he demanded money of the Andrians, Herodotus! says he made a speech to them and got reply as follows: he said he came escorting two gods, Persuasion and Compulsion ; and they replied that they already had two great 1 viii, 111. 57 | a , amd PLUTARCH’S LIVES autos Beovs peydrous Svo, Teviay nal ’Arropiav, 2 ud av KworvecIar Sodvar ypnpuata éxeive Xpipara éxeivy. VA > ] ee l4 \ b] a Tipoxpéwv & o “Podsos perorrotes ev aopatt Kka@dmretat wiKpotepov tod BepsortoKréouvs, ws A \ > \ 4 4 / addous pev el ypnwace puydbas StaTrpakapévov kateNOeiv, avtov dé Eévoyv dvta Kat dirov mpoe- 4 > 3 4 lA > ce peevou 80 apyvpiov. Réyer 8 ov Tas" "ANN ef tuye Tlavoaviay } Kal reye BavOur- Tov aiveis h tuye Aeutuyiéay, éyw 8 ’Apsoteidav érratvéw 4 se aA > 99 A avop iepav amr’ “APavav éNOeiv Eva AG@oTov: érrel OemotroKrAH HxOape Aare, 3 evotav, adixov, mpodotav, bs TipoxpéovTa Ecivov govt ? / A \ > ” apyuptots oxuBarsxTotct Teta Gels ov KaTayeEv els Tratpav "laXvoopr, AaBov Sé tpl’ apyupiov taddXavrT’ éBa Tréwv Eis dA€O pop, A \ 4 tO, \ S Pd Py , Tovs pev KaTdyov adixws, Tors 8 éxduoKor, tous O€ Kaivwr, 9 / e , 9 a 9 , apyupiwy wromAews, ‘IcPuot & érravdoKeve yerXolws uxpa xpéa Trapéyov: e > v \ °¢ A ot & jAoOov Kniyovto pn @pav Bewsotokrcds f : yeveo Oa. 4 modv 8 doedyeotépa kal avarreTTTapévn padXov eis TOV Beworoxréa Bracdnpia Kéypntay peta 53 THEMISTOCLES gods, Penury and Powerlessness, who hindered them from giving him money. Timoereon, the lyric poet of Rhodes, assailed Themistocles very bitterly in a song, to the effect that for bribes he had secured the restoration of other exiles, but had abandoned him, though a host and a friend, and all for money. The song runs thus ! :— “Come, if thou praisest Pausanias, or if Xan- thippus, Or if Leotychidas, then I shall praise Aristides, The one best man of all Who came from sacred Athens; since Leto loathes Themistocles, “ The liar, cheat, and traitor, who, though Timocreon was his host, By knavish moneys was induced not to bring him back Into his native Ialysus, But took three talents of silver and went cruising off,— to perdition, “ Restoring some exiles unjustly, chasing some away, and slaying some, Gorged with moneys; yet at the Isthmus he played ridiculous host with the stale meats set before his guests ; Who ate thereof and prayed Heaven ‘no happy return of the day for Themistocles !’”’ Much more wanton and extravagant was the raillery which Timocreon indulged in against Themistocles 1 No attempt is made in the translations of Timocreon to imitate the metre of the original. 59 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THY duyny avTod Kal thy KaTadixny o Timoxpéwy dopa wounoas, ov éoTw apxy’ Modtca rovde tov péX€Os Kréos av’ “EXXavas TiOet, @s éotxos Kal dSixatov. Aéyeras 8 6 Tipoxpéwy ert pndiope vyetv cuyKkatayngicapévov tod Bepwiotoxkréovs. ws otv 6 BemoronArAys aitiay éoxe pndiver, tadT’ érroinaev eis avTov’ Ovx dpa Tipoxpéwv potvos Mydotow opkia- TOMEL, GXN évti KadXoe 579 Tovnpot odK éyo pova xOXoupts* évti Kal adda adAowTreEKES. ) XXII. "Hédn Sé cal trav TrodTaY Sia TO PO0- vely Hdéws Tas SuaBoras Tpoctepevwy nvayKaleTo Avanpos elvas Tov avTobd mpdkewy troAdadKis év TO Snu@ pvnpovevov: xal mpos tors dvayepai- voyvtas “Ti xomliate, etvev, “UTO TOV avToV ToAAaKS ED TaaxoVTEs;” Hviace b€ TOvS TOA- Novs Kal To THS “Apréusdos lepov eiodpevos, iv "AptaroBovAnyv pév mpoonydpevoev, ws aptota Th TWode Kal tots “EAAnot RovrAcvadpevos, TAN- otov dé Ths oixias KaTeo Kevarey éy Medity 76 iepov, ov viv Ta odpara TOY _Javaroupévey oi Srpcot mpoBddrovor Kat Ta tudtia Kal Tovs Spoxous Tav amayyoyévwv kal KabaipeDévtov éxpépovow. éxevto b€ Kai Tod Oeuiatoxréous 60 1 THEMISTOCLES after the latter’s own exile and condemnation. Then he composed the song beginning :— “O Muse, grant that this song Be famed throughout all Hellas, As it is meet and just.” It is said that Timocreon was sent into exile on a charge of Medising, and that Themistocles concurred in the vote of condemnation. - Accordingly, when Themistocles also was accused of Medising, Timo- creon composed these lines upon him :— “Not Timocreon alone, then, made compacts with the Medes, But there are other wretches too; not I alone am brushless, There are other foxes too.” XXII. And at last, when even his fellow-citizens were led by their jealousy of his greatness to welcome such slanders against him, he was forced to allude to his own achievements when he addressed the Assembly, till he became tiresome thereby, and he once said to the malcontents: “ Why are ye vexed that the same men should often benefit you?” He offended the multitude also by building the temple of Artemis, whom he surnamed Aristoboulé, or Best Counsellor, intimating thus that it was he who had given the best counsel to the city and to the Hellenes. This temple he established near his house in Melité, where now the public officers cast out the bodies of those who have been put to death, and carry forth the garments and the nooses of those who have dispatched themselves by hanging. A portrait-statue of Themistocles stood in this . 61 ia ra “a PLUTARCH’S LIVES etxoviov év TH va@ THS ‘AptatoBovAns ere Kab! nas’ Kat gaivetai tis od THY Wuynv povor, aAAA Kal Thy Ow Npwikds yevopmevos. Tov peév ovv éEootpaxtopov éronoavto Kat avTOD KoNOvVOVYTES TO dEiwmpa Kal TiY brepoyny, oomep elwbecav éri mdvtwv, ods govTo TH Suvdyer Bapeis Kal mpos toornta Snpoxparucny aouppeTpous eivat. KodacLs yap ovK Hv o é€o- oTpakiopos, GAAA Tapapmv0ia POovov xa Kov- giopos nSopévov TO Tatrevovv Tovs UrEepexXovTAas kal tyy Svopéveray eis tavTny TH aTipav aTOTVEOVTOS. XXIII. ’Exiecovtos 8¢ tis troNews avTod Kal S:atptBovros év “Apyet ta trept Tlavoaviay cvp- mecovTa Kat éxeivov mapéoye Tois éxOpots adopyds. o &8€ ypaypapevos avtov mpodocias AewBorns my 0 "AAKpatavos ‘Aypavnioer, apa TUVETTALTLO LEVEY TOV Lmapriarav. o yap Ilav- cavias TpaTTo | éxeiva, 57 Ta Tepl THY mpodogtay TpoTepov pev amexpomTeTo TOV Oewicroxhéa, Kaltrep évTa pidov as 6 eldev éxtremrwxota THis mohTeias Kal pépovra Yaretras eOdponcev ért THY KoWoviay TOY TpaTToMevav mTapaxanety, ypdppata! rod Bactréws émr Werxyupevos auT@ Kal trapokvvwr emt TOUS “EAAnvas @s Tovnpovs Kal axaplorous. ) be THY ev dénow @rerpixparo tod Havoaviov Kal THY Kowwviay 6rXws atreiTrarto, mpos ovdéva bé Tovs AOyous eEnveryxev ovde KaTeE- pnvuce thy mpakw, elre twavcecOar mpocdoxav 1 ypdéupara Fuhr and Blass with F988: ra ypdupara. 62 THEMISTOCLES temple of Aristoboulé down to my time, from which he appears to have been a man not only of heroic spirit, but also of heroic presence. Well then, they visited him with ostracism,! curtailing his dignity and pre-eminence, as they were wont to do in the case‘ of all whom they thought to have oppressive power, and to be incom- mensurate with true democratic equality. For | ostracism was not a penalty, but a way of pacifying } . and alleviating that jealousy which delights to . humble the eminent, breathing out its malice into this disfranchisement. we XXIII. After he had been thus banished from "7 the city, and while he was sojourning at Argos, ’ circumstances connected with the death of Pausanias gave his enemies at Athens ground for proceeding against him. The one who actually brought in the indictment against him for treason was Leobotes the son of Alemeon, of the deme Agraulé, but the Spartans supported him in the accusation. Pau- sanias, while engaged in his grand scheme of treachery, at first kept it concealed from Them- istocles ; but when he saw him thus banished from his state and in great bitterness of spirit, he made bold to invite him into partnership in his own under- takings, showing him a letter he had received from the King, and inciting him against the Hellenes as ‘a base and thankless people. Themistocles rejected the solicitation of Pausanias, and utterly refused the ' proffered partnership; and yet he disclosed the propositions to no one, nor did he even give informa- tion of the treacherous scheme, because he expected either that Pausanias would give it up of his own 1 About 472 B.c. 63 PLUTARCH’S LIVES b , yw 9 v7 fol 7 A avtov, eit addNws Katadavn yevyoecBat auv ovdevrl AOYioU@ WpaypaTwv atoTwY Kal Tapa- Borwv opeyopevov. Otto 8) tod Tavoaviov Gavatwbévtos émt- aoTo\at tives davevpeBeicat Kal ypdupata trepl 4 > e 4 > / \ , TovTwy els UiroWiav évéBarov Tov MeuwotoKrEa’ kat xateBowy péev adtod Aaxedatpovior, KaTnyo- povv & ot POovodvtes TAY TOALT@Y, OV TraporToS, | ’ \ \ , b / i“ , GANA Ota YypaypaT@v arrodoyoupévov padoTa Tais Mpotépats Katyyopiats. duaBaddopevos yap iro TOV eéxOpav pos TOUS TrodiTas eypader, aS dpyew pev aet Cnrav, apyecOar 5é py TepuKas \ , > M” lA e N pnde Bovropevos, ove av tote BapBapows avrov ovde troAepiots! amroddcGat pera THs “EXXaébos. ov nV GAG cuprrecaOels UO TOY KaTHYyOpoUYT@Y 0 Ojos eee? avopas, ols eipyto ourdap Savery Kal avaryewv? avrTov xpiOnaopevov € €v Tots “EAXAnowv. XXIV. [poarcOopevos & éxetvos ets Képxupav Suevrépacev, ovans avT@ Tpos THY TOALY EvEpyectas. Tevopuevos yap avtav xpitns mpos Kopi0ious 2 4 / W \ v v éXOvT@Y Suagopdy, EXvoe THY ExXOpay eixoct TddavTa Kpivas TOUS Kopi ious xataBanreiv Kab Aevndda Kown ve pel apcporé pw aTroLKov. éxelOev & els "Hrrecpov epuye’ Kal SiwKopevos UTrO Tov ‘AOnvatoy Kal TOV AaxeSarpoviev eppirpev aurov eis édmridas yaneTras kal dm opous KaTapuyov 99 “Adpntov, bs Baotheds pév jv Mondorrar, Sen els dé te Tov AOnvaiwy nal rpoTnraxiabels bd Tod 1 girdy obdé woAeulors Fuhr and Blass with F@S: xal wode- plows abrdy. 2 dvdyew Fuhr and Blass with S: &yew. 64 THEMISTOCLES accord, or that in some other way he would be found out, since he was so irrationally grasping after such strange and desperate objects. And so it was that, when Pausanias had been put to death, certain letters and documents regarding these matters were discovered which cast suspicion on Themistocles. The Lacedaemonians cried him down, and his envious fellow-citizens denounced him, though he was not present to plead his cause, but defended himself in writing, making particular use of earlier accusations brought against him. Since - he was once slanderously accused by his enemies before his fellow-citizens—so he wrote, as one who ever sought to rule, but had no natural bent nor even the desire to be ruled, he could never have sold himself with Hellas to Barbarians, much less to foemen. The people, however, were overpersuaded by his accusers, and sent men with orders to arrest him and bring him up in custody to stand trial before a Congress of Hellenes. XXIV. But he heard of this in advance, and crossed over to Corcyra, where he had been recog- nized as a public benefactor of the city. For he had served as arbiter in a dispute between them and the Corinthians, and settled the quarrel by deciding that the Corinthians should pay an indemnity of twenty talents, and administer Leucas as a common colony of both cities. Thence he fled to Epirus, and being pursued by theAthenians and Lacedaemonians, he threw himself upon grievous and desperate chances of escape by taking refuge with Admetus, who was king of the Molossians, and who, since he had once asked some favour of the Athenians and 65 VOL. II. F PLUTARCH’S LIVES @euioctoxdéous, OT Hxpavey ev 7H Trodstea, bv opyis elyev avtov det Kal dHros Hv, et AdBor, TLmo@pnodmevos. ev Se TH TOTE TUXYN MAAXoY Oo BemictoxrAns PoBnbes cuyyev nal mpoadatov POovov opyns madras xal Bacidixys, TavTy dépov vmréOnxev éavtov, ixérns tod “Adpunrov KataoTas tdvov Tiva Kal TapnrAXNaypEevoY TpOTrOY. éYwv yap. avTod Tov viov éyta taida mpos THY éotiay wpocémece, TavTny peyloTny Kal povny ayedov dvavtippntov hyoupévav ixeciay Tov Modcocay. évioe pev otv DOiav thy yuvaixa tod Bactréws rAéyovow brobéc Oat TO OeptotoKArc? TO ixérevpa TovTo Kal Tov viov éml tiny éoTiav kabicas per avtov: tives 8 avrov tov” Adpntor, @> adootwaaito mpos Tovs StwKovtas tv avaykny, Sv iv ovk éxdidwot Tov avdpa, Siabetvar Kal ovvtpaywdjoat THY. ixeciav. "Exet & avt@ tiv yuvaica nal tovs traidas éxxréwas x trav “AOnvav "Emrixcparns 6’ Ayapvevs amréotethev: Ov él TovT@ Kipwv dorepov Kpivas avatwoev, as ictope: YryncipSportos. elt’ ovK 016 Orrws ertNabopevos ToOUTWY 7) TOV MewtoToKNéa ToLav eTtAaOopevov TWAECAa dyow es Dexedtav kat tap ‘lépwvos aiteiy tod tupdvvov tHy Ovya- Tépa mTpos ydpov, UmiaxXvovpEevoy . aUT@ TOvs "EAAnvas barnkoous trounce’ atrotpiapévov! &é Tov ‘lépwvos, obras eis tHv Actay dmapas. 1 &worpipauévov Fuhr and Blass with S: axvgrpepaueévov. 66 124 THEMISTOCLES had been insultingly refused it by ‘Themistocles, then at the height of his political influence, was angry with him ever after, and made it plain that he would take vengeance on him if he caught him. But in the desperate fortune of that time Themistocles was more afraid of kindred and recent jealousy than of an anger that was of long standing and royal, and promptly cast himself upon the king’s mercy, mak- ing himself the suppliant of Admetus in a way quite peculiar and extraordinary. That is to say, he took the young son of the king in his arms and threw him- self down at the hearth; a form of supplication which the Molossians regarded as most sacred, and as almost the only one that might not be refused. Some, it is true, say that it was Phthia, the wife of the king, who suggested this form of supplication to Themistocles, and that she seated her son on the hearth with him; and certain others that Admetus himself, in order that he might give a religious sanc- tion to the necessity that was upon him of not surrendering the man, arranged beforehand and solemnly rehearsed with him the supplication scene. Thither his wife and children were privily removed from Athens and sent to him by Epicrates of the deme Acharnae, who, for this deed, was afterwards convicted by Cimon and put to death, as Stesimbro- tus relates. Then, somehow or other, Stesimbrotus forgets this, or makes Themistocles forget it, and says he sailed to Sicily and demanded from Hiero the tyrant the hand of his daughter in marriage, promising as an incentive that he would make the Hellenes subject to his sway; but that Hiero re- pulsed him, and so he set sail for Asia. 67 F 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXV. Tabra 5’ ovx etxos eat ovTH ryevéa Bat. Gedppactos yap év tois Tlepi Baovretas i iaropel TOV OepioroKréa méurypavTos ets - ‘Oduptriay ‘lépwvos -Umaous ayovUicrtas Kal oKNnVHY Twa KATETKEVAO HEVNY TOAUTEN DS oTHTAVTOS, etrreiv éy ois “EdAnoe oyor, Os xpn THY oKnvaY Siaprrdacat Tod Tupdvvov Kai Kwr0Ioat TOUS (arqrous ayovicaciar. Oouvcudidys 5é dynot Kai Tredoae aurTov émt THY éTépav kataBdvra Oadraccay aro T1vdvns, ovdevos elddtos 6 dotis ein TOV TEOVTOD, péxypt ov mvevpate THS odrKdbos Els Nafov KaTahepowevns U0 “AOnvatwv ToopKoupevny TOTE poBnbeis avadetEevev é éauTov T@ Te vavednpe Kal TO xuBepyytn, Kal TH [ev Seopevos, Ta oO aTeth@v Kat Aéyeov, étt KaTnYyopHc ot Kal KaTQA- evoorro 7 pos tous ’A@nvaious, as OUK ayVvooun- TES, andra Xpipace Treva Devres é& apyis, dvahap- OLeV QUTOD, obras avaryKdoeve TApAT NDT aL Kal AaBéoOar THs "Acias. trav dé Xenwareov avT@ ToAAG pev uTexkNatrévta Sia TOV pihov els "Aciav. erneu' Tay dé davepav yevopévwv Kal cuvay Jévrov eis TO Snudctov @edrroptros peév éxaTOV Tahavta, @coppactos 5é dySonxovTd nae yevéo Gar TO TAHO0S, ovde T pay afva TadavTwy KEKTNEVOU Tov Weuworoxréovs wplvy amrecBat THS TWodLTElas. XXVI. “Ezrei 5é xaTén hevoev eis Kopnv ral TOANOUS no Gero tav ett BardtTn mapapunar- TOVTAS @UTOV AaBeiv, paduoTa 8e TOUS qept ‘Epyoréhn Kab Tuéodwpov (hv yap i) Onpa AVOLTEANS TOls TO KEpOaivery ATO TaVTOS GyaTact, 68 THEMISTOCLES XXV. But it is not likely that this was so. For Theophrastus, in his work “On Royalty,” tells how, when Hiero sent horses to compete at Olympia, and set up a sort of booth there with very costly decora- tions, Themistocles made a speech among the assembled Hellenes, urging them to tear down the booth of the tyrant and prevent his horses from competing. And Thucydides! says that he made his way across the country to the sea, and set sail from Pydna, no one of the passengers knowing who he was until, when the vessel had been carried by a storm to Naxos, to which the Athenians at that time were laying siege,? he was terrified, and dis- closed himself to the master and the captain of the ship, and partly by entreaties, partly by threats, actually declaring that he would denounce and vilify them to the Athenians as having taken him on board at the start in no ignorance but under bribes, —in this way compelled them to sail by and make the coast of Asia. Of his property, much was secretly abstracted for him by his friends and sent across the sea to Asia; but the sum total of that which was brought to light and confiscated amounted to one hundred talents, according to Theopompus,—Theo- phrastus says eighty,—and yet Themistocles did not possess the worth of three talents before he entered political life. XXVI. After landing at Cymé, and learning that many people on the coast were watching to seize him, and especially Ergoteles and Pythodorus,—for the chase was a lucrative one to such as were fond of getting gain from any and every source, since 1 i, 137. 2 About 469 B.c. 69 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Staxociwy émixexnpvypkvoyv avtT@ Ttadrdvrov wvrd tov Bactdéws), epuyey eis Alyds, AtorcKov TONMOMLATLOV, UTO TAVTWY aryVvooUmeEVvos TANY TOU Edvou Nexoyévous, bs Atodéwv mreiotny ovciav EXEKTNTO Kal Tois avw duvaTois yveprpos UTHPYE. Tapa TOUT@ KpUTrTOMEVOS HuUepas Oruryas SuéTpUper" elta peta TO Settrvov éx Ouaias tives “OABcos 0 TaY Téxvav TOD Nixoyévous tradaywryos Exper ‘yevopevos kat Oeopopnros avehwovnoeyv ev pétpo! TavTt: Nuxtl deovaiv, vuett BovrAny, vuxtl thy virenv didov. Kal peta travra xotpnOeis 0 @emsorokrAHs dvap édokev ideiv Spdxovta Kata THS yaoTpos auToU TE PLEALTTOMEVOY kal TpocavepTovTa T@ TPAKNAM’ yevouevov 6 aeTov, a ato Tov Tpocwnou, mepiBarovra tas mrépuyas éFapae xal Kopiverw ToXAHY odor, ElTa ypvaod TiWOS KNpUKELOU ghavévtos, él tovtTov aticat BeBaiws avrov apnyavovu beluatos cai rapayns atraddayévta. Tléumrera: 8 odv vd tod Nexoyévous pnyavn- capévov te To.ovec.2 tod BapBapixod yévous. Td qodv kal pddiota To Ilepovxov eis EndrotuTriav THY Twepr Tas yuvaixas dryptov pucer Kal Xarerrov €oTLv. OU yap povoyv Tas yapeTds, adda Kal Tas apyupwrvntovs Kal TaddaKevopévas toyupas TapapvAdtrovaety, ws UTO pndevds opacbar TeV €xTOS, GAN’ olKoe pev StatTacOat KaTaKeKdeELo - pévas, év 6 tais odottropiass Ure oKnvas KUKN@ 1 dvepdvnoev ev wérpw Fuhr and Blass with S: advepdvnoe Méerpy. 2 roidvde Fuhr and Blass with F@S;: rorovror, 79 125 THEMISTOCLES two hundred talents had been publicly set upon his head by the King,—he fled to Aegae, a little Aeolic citadel. Here no one knew him except his host Nicogenes, the wealthiest man in Aeolia, and well acquainted with the magnates of the interior. With him he remained in hiding for a few days. During this time, after the dinner which followed a certain sacrifice, Olbius, the paedagogue of the children of Nicogenes, becoming rapt and inspired, lifted up his voice and uttered the following verse :— “ Night shall speak, and night instruct thee, night shall give thee victory.” And in the night that followed, Themistocles, as he lay in bed, thought he saw in a dream that a serpent wound itself along over his body and crept up to his neck, then became an eagle as soon as it touched his face, enveloped him with its wings and lifted him on high and bore him a long distance, when there appeared as it were a golden herald’s wand, on which it set him securely down, freed from helpless terror and distress. However that may be, he was sent on his way by Nicogenes, who devised the following scheme for his safety. Most barbarous nations, and the Persians in particular, are savage and harsh in their jealous watchfulness over their women. Not only their wedded wives, but also their boughten slaves and concubines are strictly guarded, so that they are seen by no outsiders, but live at home in complete seclusion, and even on their journeys are carried in tents closely hung round about with curtains and set 7! PLUTARCH’S LIVES A a > A mTepiTeppaypevas él Tov appapakav oyxeicBat. a a , TotavTns TO OemworonrAe? KatacKxevacbetons amnuvns Karadvs éxopileto, taVv Tepl avTov aél Tos évruyydvovet Kal ruvOavopévors eyovTwr, oe 14 € N ¥ > > > } , 4 dt yuvavoy “EAAnuixov ayouow at’ Iwvias mpos tiva Tay éml Ovupais Baciréws. XXVII. @ovevéidns pév ody nal Xdpwv o Aapaknvos istopotot teOvnxotos EépEou mpos Tov viov avTov T@ BeuiotoKrAEt yevéoOar Hv évrevEw* “Eqopos dé cat Acivwv wal Kreitapyos cat “Hpaxreidns, érs 8 addXoL wAetoves, pos 9 N b] VA N / : - \ “ avtov adixéoOar tov Eépkny. trois S€ ypovexois Soxel parrov o Bov«vdidns cupdépecOat, xaitrep ovd avTois atpéua cuvtatropuévois. o 8 ovv nA 4 4 @curoToKAHsS yevouevos wap avto 70 Sewwov évruyxdves mpatov ‘AptaBdve te yIALIdpX@ éyov, “EAAnv pév eivat, BovrecOar 8 évtuxeiv Bactret tepi peyicotwyv wpayudtwv Kal mpos & TuyxYave. partota aotrovddlwv éxeivos. o bé dynow: “"O, Eéve, voor Stadpépovew avOperwv’ ddra 8 adXolts Kara? Kadov 66 Tadot Te obKELo Koopely Kal owlev. vpas pevy ovv édevOepiar / 4 \ 3 7 , ‘ e nN \ partota Oavpdlew Kai icdtnta Aoyos’ Huiv Se A , A : TONAOY VOMwY Kal KAX@Y OYTMY KAA TOS OUTOS dott, Tiwav Bactréa, kal mpockuveiy ws eixova Geod Tod Ta TWavtTa cwlovTos. ef pev ovv errawav Ta nueTEepa TpocKUYHCELs, ott cot Kal Oedoac Bat , a > > A n Bacthéa kal mpocerreiv: et 8 GAO tt ppoveis, 72 THEMISTOCLES upon four-wheeled waggons. Such a vehicle was made ready for Themistocles, and safely ensconced in this he made his journey, while his attendants replied in every case to those who met them with enquiries, that they were conducting a Hellenic woman, fair but frail, to one of the King’s courtiers. XXVIL. Now Thucydides! and Charon of Lampsacus relate that Xerxes was dead, and that it was his son Artaxerxes with whom Themistocles had his inter- view ; but Ephorus and Dinon and Clitarchus and Heracleides and yet more besides have it that it was Xerxes to whom he came. With the chronological data Thucydides seems to me more in accord, although these are by no means securely established. Be that as it may, Themistocles, thus at the threshold of the dreadful ordeal, had audience first with Artabanus the Chiliarch, or Grand Vizier, and said that he was a Hellene, and that he desired to have an audience with the King on matters which were of the highest importance and for which the monarch entertained the most lively concern. Whereupon the Chiliarch replied : “O Stranger, men’s customs differ ; different people honour differ- ent practices; but all honour the exaltation and maintenance of their own peculiar ways. Now you Hellenes are said to admire liberty and equality above all things; but in our eyes, among many fair customs, this is the fairest of all, to honour the King, and to pay obeisance to him as the image of that god who is the preserver of all things. If, then, thou approvest our practice and wilt pay obeisance, it is in thy power to behold and address the King ; but if thou art otherwise minded, it will be needful 1a. 137. \ . 73 ~PLUTARCH’S LIVES dyyéXows éTépots xX pon mpos avTov. Bacirei yap ov Tatptov avdpos axpodcbar pn rpocKkurn- 4 gavtos. Tadta 0 BemotonrAHs axovoas eye mpos autov’ “"’AAXN éyaye tHV Baciréws, @ > 4 , \ , b , Law Mal ApraBave, djnunv Kai divapww av&nowy adiypas, Kal avTos Te Téelcopat Tots tbmerépors vopmocs, b \ A a Ss A C4 Cal ‘ émel Oe@ TO peyarvvorte Lépaas obtw Soxei, cat bv éué reloves Tav viv Bactréa TpocKuyycovoL. y " ef le bd \ 54 a , @OTE TOUTO undey éeutrobay Ectw Tots NoyoLS, ods , Ly a > mn 9 gg TEV 29 9 5 BovAopat wpos éxeivov eitretv.” “Tiva 8,” eitrev o ’AptdBavos, ““EXAjvov adixyIai ce Papev; ov yap idtoTn THY yveOunv Eoxas.” Kal o Oew- atokAns: “Todt ovxér av,” edn, “ rvOotro Tx, "A lA ’ , 99 praPave, mporepos Baoéws. Oitw péev o Pavias dyaiv. o § ’Epatoabévns év tots [lept wAovrTov mpoototopyae, dua yuvatKos "EE “a e , 9 A A PETpPLKIS, Hv Oo yLMapyos eclye, TO OepwortoKre’ THY Wpos avTov evrevéww yevérOar Kal cvortacry. XXVIII. ’Ezret & obv eianyOn mpds Baciréa Kal Mpookuvyncas éotn olwwTh, tpootatavtos T@ €ppnvet Tod Baciréws epwrfcat, tis éott, Kal Tov éppnvéws epwrnaavtos, elmev' “Heo got, Bactrhed, BeutotoxrAns o *AOnvaios eyo gduyas vd’ “EdXdjvav SiwxGeis, & moddka pev opeiAovar Ilépcat cand, mrreiw Sé ayaba Korv- cavre thy biwkw, ote THS “EAXdSos ev acdhadrel yevomevns trapéaxe Ta oixot owlopeva yapicacOai 2 Tt Kal vpiv. éuol pev odv wdyta wpéTovTa Tails 74 THEMISTOCLES for thee to employ messengers to him in thy stead, for it is not a custom of this country that the King give ear to a man who has not paid him obeisance.”’ When Themistocles heard this, he said to him: “Nay, but I am come, Artabanus, to augment the King’s fame and power, and I will not only myself observe your customs, since such is the pleasure of the god who exalts the Persians, but I will induce more men than do so now to pay obeisance to the King. Therefore let this matter by no means stand in the way of the words I wish to speak to him.” « And what Hellene,” said Artabanus, “shall I say thou art who hast thus come? Verily, thou dost not seem to be a man of ordinary understanding.” And Themistocles said: “This, Artabanus, no one may learn before the King.” So indeed Phanias says, and Eratosthenes, in his book “ On Wealth,” adds the statement that it was through a woman of Eretria, whom the Chiliarch had to wife, that Themistocles obtained interview and conference with him. XXVIII. That may or may not be so. But when he was led into the presence of the King and had made him obeisance, and was standing in silence, the King ordered the interpreter to ask him who he was, and, on the interpreter’s asking, he said: “ I who thus come to thee, O King, am Themistocles the Athenian, an exile, pursued by the Hellenes; and to me the Persians are indebted for many ills, but for more blessings, since I hindered the pursuit of the Hellenes, at a time when Hellas was brought into safety, and the salvation of my own home gave me an opportunity for showing some favour also to. you. Now, therefore, I may look for any sequel to 75 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tapovcas cvppopais éort, Kal Taperxevac pévos adiyuat SéEac0ai te yapiv evpevas dadXaTTO- pévov Kal trapaiteicOa pynoikaxobvtos opynv: au Sé Tovs euovs eyOpovs paptupas Oémevos ov evepyétnaa Ilépoas, viv amroypnoat tais éuais TUYaLs Mpos émiderEy apeTns padrdrov 1 pos aTOTANPWGLW GpyHAsS. Twces pev yap ikérny cov, atroneis 8 “EXAHvwV Torépmwov yevouevov.” tadT’ elr@v 0 BemoroKrAns émreVelace TH AOYH Tpoc- dueMOav tiv driv, hy eidev év Nuxoyévous, Kal To pavrevpa tov Awdwvaiov Atos, @s Kxerevobels Tpos Tov ou@vupov tod Beod Badifey cup- hpovncee mrpos éxeivov avarréutrec Oar: peydNous yap apportépous civai te eal AéyecIar Bacidéas. ’"Axovaas 8 o Ilépans, éxeivw péev ovdev arre- Kpwato, xaitrep Oavypdoas TO ppovnya Kai TH ToApayv avTou: paxapicas S€ mpds Tovs dPidrous éauTov, ws ém evTuyxia peyioTn, Kal KaTevEdpevos del Tots troAeutots Tovavtas ppévas Sidovar Tov "Apipduov, Strws éXavvwat Tos apiarous €& éav- tov, Odaat te Tots Oeois Aéyetas Kal pos Troow evOds tpatréc Oat cal vixtwp vio yapas ba péocwy Tav Urvev Bojoat tpis: “"Eyo @emioroxréa Tov "A Onvaiov.” XXIX. “Apa 8 nuépa cvyxaréoas tovs pirous elanyev avtov ovdéev! errrilovta ypnatov e& dv éopa tous él Ovpass, ws érvOovto tobvopa tra- povros avtov, yanrerras Suaxetpévous Kal Karas 1 ob3ey Fuhr and Blass with FaS: unde. 76 126 THEMISTOCLES my present calamities, and I come prepared to re- ‘ceive the favour of one who benevolently offers reconciliation, or to deprecate the anger of one who cherishes the remembrance of injuries. But do thou take my foes to witness for the good I wrought the Persians, and now use my misfortunes for the display of thy virtue rather than for the satisfaction of thine anger. For it is a suppliant of thine whom thou wilt save, but an enemy of the Hellenes whom thou wilt destroy.’ After these words Themistocles spoke of divine portents in his favour, enlarging upon the vision which he saw at the house of Nicogenes, and the oracle of Dodonaean Zeus, how when he was bidden by it to proceed to the name- sake of the god, he had concluded that he was thereby sent to him, since both were actually “ Great Kings,” and were so addressed. On hearing this the Persian made no direct reply to him, although struck with admiration at the bold- ness of his spirit; but in converse with his friends it is said that he congratulated himself over what he called the greatest good fortune, and prayed Arima- nius ever to give his enemies such minds as to drive their best men away from them; and then sacrificed to the gods, and straightway betook himself to his cups; and in the night, in the midst of his slumbers, for very joy called out thrice: “I have Themistocles the Athenian.” XXIX. At daybreak he called his friends together and bade Themistocles to be introduced, who expected no favourable outcome, because he saw that the guards at the gates, when they learned the name of him who was going in, were bitterly disposed and 77 PLUTARCH’S LIVES NeyouTas. ere bé “PwEayns o xAlapyos, @s KaT avTov hv o Oepo towers T poor, xadnpevov Bacttéws Kai Tov adXA@V clwTeVTWr, aTpé“a orevatas elmer: ““Odus “EXAnV 0 Trotkiros, Oo Baciréws ce Saipwv Seipo jyayev.” od pry Grr’ eis Ow édMovTos adtov Kal wad tTpoc- KUVnTaVTOS, aoTTAacdpEvosS Kal TpoveT@V pido- dpovas o Bacirevs, 75n pev Epycev avT@ Siaxdora Tadravta ofetNery? = KopicavTa yap avToY aTro\n- Weobat Sixaiws 1O émixnpvyOev TO ayayovTe: TONA@ O€ TAELW TOUTWY UTLCYVEITO Kal TrapeDdp- puve kal réyey edidov rept Tav “EXAnUKaY, a BovroT0, wappnotalopevov. ‘O 8é Qepiorondrs arrexpivato, Tov Noryoy éorKé- vat Tov avOpwrrou Tols TroLKirOLs OTPALATLY' WS yap éxelva Kal TOUTOV ExTEevopevoy pev emideiKvu- aOas Ta eidn, ova TEeddOpevov dé xporrrew Kat dia- pOetpesy- dev avT@ Xpovou Seiv. érrel O€, no Gevtos TOU Bacirews 7H eixacta Kat hap Bdvew KeNEV- CAaVTOS, eviauTOV aitnadpevos wal Th Ilepotéda yAOTTAY GTrOXPOYT WS expadov ever uryyave Ba- oirel 50 avrovd, Tots peév EXTOS doEav mapéaxe mept tav ‘EdAAnviKev / Tparywarov Siethéx Oa, TONNOY dé KaLvoTOMOUpEvOY Tept THY aurqy Kar TOUS _pirous vo TOU Baotreécs év éxelvep 7 Kalp@, POovov ExxXe Tapa ois Suvatois, Os Kal Kat éKxelvov ‘mappyaig xpncacbar 7 pos autor GTOTETONMNKWS. ovdev yap hoav au Tipat Tats TOV a\XNwv éoccviar Fever, andra Kal Kurnyectov Baotrei petéoxye cat Tav oixat dvatpiBav, date 78 THEMISTOCLES spoke insultingly to him. And _ besides, Roxanes the Chiliarch, when Themistocles came along opposite him,—the King being seated and the rest hushed in silence,—said in an angry undertone: “ Thou subtle serpent of Hellas, the King’s good genius hath brought thee hither.” However, when he had come into the King’s presence, and had once more paid him obeisance, the King welcomed him and spake him kindly, and said he already owed him two hundred talents, for since he had delivered himself up it was only just that he himself should receive the reward proclaimed for his captor. And he promised him much more besides, and bade him take heart, and gave him leave to say whatever he wished concerning the affairs of Hellas, with all frankness of speech. But Themistocles made answer that the speech of man was like embroidered tapestries, since like them _ this too had to be extended in order to display its patterns, but when it was rolled up it concealed and distorted them. Wherefore he had need of time. The King at once showed his pleasure at this com- parison by bidding him take time, and so Themistocles asked for a year, and in that time he learned the Persian language sufficiently to have interviews with the King by himself without interpreters. Outsiders thought these conferences concerned Hellenic matters merely ; but since about that time many innovations were introduced by the King at court and among his favourites, the magnates became jealous of The- mistocles, on the ground that he had made bold to use his freedom of speech with the King to their harm. For the honours he enjoyed were tar beyond those paid to other foreigners; nay, he actually took part in the King’s hunts and in his household diver- 79 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kai pntpi tn RBactréws eis oyruv érbeiv Kat ryeve- cAat ouvriOns, Staxotoa. b€ Kal TOY payiKov hoyov TOU Bactréws KeXevoavtos. érrel dé An- pdpatos o Lraptidrns airnoacbat Swpedy Ken- evobels yTHTaATO THY Kitapw, @otep ot Bacirels, émrapapevos elgeddaat dua Ldpsewr, McOporrave- TNS per aveypros av Baciréws elzre Tob Anpapd- Tou TAS Tedpas axpapevos: “ Adrn pev 7 KiT apts ovK exe éyxépanor, Ov emuxaduyper av 8 ovK éon Zevs av AdBys Kepauvor" : aTrwa apevou 5é TOV Anpaparov opyn bua TO. airnpa tod Bact- Aéws kat Soxodvtos amapaititas: exew Tpos avtov, 0 @emoroxrns Senbeis rece al dunrra€e. Aéyerae 5€ xai tovs darepov Baovrels, éf’ ov HaNNOY al Hepoveat mpdtes tais ‘EdAnuicais avexpaOnoar, oodxus denBeiev ayvdpos ' 'Eddnvos, emraryyerer Oar kal ypadew Exag Tov, as peivov ExolTo Tap avTo OepraroKdr<€ous. avurov 5é Tov OeworoKr<€a ghaciv 76n péyav ovta Kal Oeparrevo- Hevov UTO TOAN@Y Aapmpas Tore Tpametns avT@ mapatebcions | 7 pos TOUS mraidas cimeiy: “°O, maides, anwropeba a av, EL un ATrwXopeOa. TTrdrELs 8 auTe T pets bev ot Trelorou d00jvat Aéyouow eis apTov Kal oivov Kai dypor, Maryvyoiav Kal Aaprpaxov cat Muobyta: dv0 8 dAXdas Tpocti- Onow o Kubixnvos Nedvéns wal Pavias, Hlep- KOTNY cat Tladaiocnnypuw es otpopyny cal amTrexovny. XXX. Karafaivoyre 5S avr@ mpos tas “Ed- Anvixas mpdkeus emt Oddattav pons avyp 1 gitg xaparedelons Bekker, Fuhr with F*S: xapare@elons. 80 127 THEMISTOCLES sions, so far that he even had access to the queen- mother and became intimate with her, and at the King’s bidding heard expositions also of the Magian lore. And when Demaratus the Spartan, being bidden to ask a gift, asked that he might ride in state through Sardis, wearing his tiara upright after the manner of the Persian kings, Mithropaustes the King’s cousin said, touching the tiara of Demaratus : ‘ This tiara of thine hath no brains to cover; indeed thou wilt not be Zeus merely because thou graspest the thunderbolt.” . The King also repulsed Demaratus in anger at his request, and was minded to be in- exorable towards him, and yet Themistocles begged and obtained a reconciliation with him. And it is said that later kings also, in whose reigns Persia and Hellas came into closer relations, as often as they asked for a Hellene to advise them, promised him in writing, every one, that he should be more influential at court than Themistocles. And The- mistocles himself, they say, now become great and courted by many, said to his children, when a splendid table was once set for him: “ My children, we should now have been undone, had we not been undone before.’’! Three cities, as most writers say, were given him for bread, wine, and meat, namely : Magnesia, Lampsacus, and Myus; and two others are added by Neanthes of Cyzicus and by Phanias, namely: Percoté and Palaescepsis; these for his bedding and raiment. XXX. Now as he was going down to the sea on his commission to deal with Hellenic affairs, a | 1 Thue. i. 138. 81 VOL. II. G@ -PLUTARCH’S LIVES ’EmiEvns Svopa, catparevwv ths advwa Ppvyias, émeBovNevoe, Taperxevaxas ExTradat Ilicidas TiWas aTroKTEevouNTAs, Tay ey TH KaXOUpEYN K@EN | Acovtoxepdrw yevopevos xatavacb7. Oo 5é Néyerar KabevdsovTse peonpBpias THY pntépa Tov Gedv Svap paveicay cimeiys “°O, BepsoroKres, botépes Keparis Aéovtov, iva wn Novre mrepitréoys. éyo 5é€ avtl tovTov ae aitd Oepdrraway Mvn- ourtoréuav. StatapaxGeis ody 0 BemsoroKrAAs mpocevEdmevos TH Oe@ THv ev Newhopor adjxer, étépg 5é meptehOwv xal trapaddd£as tov ToTov éxelvov On vuKTOS OVENS KATNUN CATO. Tov dé thy oxnuny Kopsclovtav UTrotuyiwv évos eis TOV TroTapov éuTEToVTOS, of TOU Beystatoxdréous oixérat Tas avraias StaBpoxous yevouévas éxtre- tTdcavtes avéwvyov. ot 8é Ilicidas ra Eipn Xra- Bovres év tovT@ wpocedpépovto, Kal Ta Yruxdpeva Mpos THY GEAnVNY ovK AKpLB@s iSovrTes BnOncAY eluat THY oxnvay THY BeutotoKAéous KaKEivoD évdov etipicev avaravopevoy. ws 8 éyyds ryevd- pevos THY avrAaiay avéoteAXOV, EmitTinrovcLw avtois oi TapapuAdocorTes Kat cuAAALBavova. Staduyeav Sé rov Kivduvov odtw Kai Oavyacas Thy éripaverav THS Geod vadv Katecxevacev év May- vncia Avvdupjvns Kat tHv Ovyatépa Mvnocrro- A€uay téperay arréderEer. XXXI. ‘Os 8 FAGev els Yapders Kal sxorHv 1 «én Fuhr and Blass with FS: wdae: city. 82 | THEMISTOCLES Persian, Epixyes by name, satrap of Upper Phrygia, plotted against his life, having for a long time kept certain Pisidians in readiness to slay him whenever he should reach the village called Lion’s Head, and take up his night’s quarters there. But while Themi- stocles was asleep at midday before, it is said that the Mother of the Gods! appeared to him in a dream and said: ‘‘O Themistocles, shun a head of lions, that thou mayest not encounter a lion. And for this service to thee, I demand of thee Mnesiptolema to be my handmaid.” Much disturbed, of course, Themistocles, with a prayer of acknowledgment to the goddess, forsook the highway, made a circuit by another route, and passing by that place, at last, as night came on, took up his quarters. Now, since one of the beasts of burden which carried the equipage of his tent had fallen into the river, the servants of Themistocles hung up the curtains which had got wet, and were drying them out. The Pisidians, at this juncture, sword in hand, made their approach, and since they could not see distinctly by the light of the moon what it was that was being dried, they thought it was the tent of Themistocles, and that they would find him reposing inside. But when they drew near and lifted up the hanging, they were fallen upon by the guards and apprehended. Thus Themistocles escaped the peril, and because he was amazed at the epiphany of the goddess, he built a temple in Magnesia in honour of Dindymené, and made his daughter Mnesiptolema her priestess, XXXII. When he had come to Sardis and was 1 Rhea, or Cybele, Magna Mater, called also Dindymené, from Mount Dindymon, in Phrygia. 83 a 2 i) PLUTARCH’S LIVES drywv eOcato THY lep@v THY KaTaTKEUHY Kal TOV avabnpdtwv To TAnOos, elde Sé ev pontpos tep@ THY Kadovpévny Ldpopopov Kopny YarKv, péyeBos Slanxuv, tv avtos Ste trav "AOnvnow stdarov emLrTaTNS HY, EdXwv Tovs Upatpouvpévous TO vdwp kal wapoxerevovtas, avéOnnev éx tis Cypulas motnodpevos, elite 6 TaGwv TL mpos THY aixpa- Awoiav Tov avaOnpatos elte Bovropevos évdetEa - abat trois "AOnvaioss, donv éyes Tiny Kal Sivayw DJ a / / / A 4 ev tois Bacidews mpdypact, Aoyov r@ Avdias CATPATH TPOTHVEYKEY ALTOVMLEVOS ATTOTTELAAL THY xopnv eis tas ‘AOnvas. yarerraivovtos 5é tod BapBapouv kai Baciret ypayrew dyoavtos ére- oToAny, poBnGeis 6 MemoroKANs els THY yuva,Ko- vitw Katépuye Kat tas madrdaxidas ajrod Oepatrevoas ypnpaciy éxeivov Te KaTempauve TIS opyis Kal mpos Ta dda Tapelyey éavTov evrAa- Béorepov, 45n nal tov POovoy tav BapBdpev ded0xws. ov yap wAavepevos trept THY 'Aciap, [4 , > be J 4 \ > al ° as dno Beorroutros, adr ev Mayvncia peév oixor, Kaptrovpevos 5é¢ dwpeds peyadas Kal Tipm@pevos 6uota Ilepoav trois apiorois, éml rodv xpovov adeas Sufryer, ov mdavu te Tois “EAXAnviKO’s Tpary- pact Bacthéws mrpocéyovtos bm’ aoyoay mreph Tas dvw mpdakers. ‘Os & Alyurres te adiotapévn BonBovvrwv "AOnvaiwy Kal tpinpess “EAXniKal wéxpt Kvmpou kal Kiduxias dvamdéovoas cal Kiev Barartro- Kpatov émréotpeey avTov avtemyetpeiy Tots “EdAnos kal corvew av€avopévous er avtov, nd 84 THEMISTOCLES viewing at his leisure the temples built there and the multitude of their dedicatory offerings, and saw in the temple of the Mother the so-called Water- carrier,—a maid in bronze, two cubits high, which he himself, when he was water commissioner at Athens, had caused to be made and dedicated from the fines he exacted of those whom he convicted of stealing and tapping the public water,—whether it was because he felt some chagrin at the capture of the offering, or because he wished to show the Athenians what honour and power he had in the King’s service, he addressed a proposition to the Lydian satrap and asked him to restore the maid to Athens. But the Barbarian was incensed and threat- ened to write a letter to the King about it ; whereat Themistocles was afraid, and so had recourse to the women’s chambers, and, by winning the favour of the satrap’s concubines with money, succeeded in assuag- ing his anger. Thereafter he behaved more circum- spectly, fearing now even the jealousy of the Bar- barians. For he did not wander about over Asia, as Theopompus says, but had a house in Magnesia, and gathered in large gifts, and was honoured like the noblest Persians, and so lived on for a long time with- out concern, because the King paid no heed at all to Hellenic affairs, owing to his occupation with the state of the interior. But when Egypt revolted with Athenian aid,} and Hellenic triremes sailed up as far as Cyprus and Cilicia, and Cimon’s mastery of the sea forced the King to resist the efforts of the Hellenes and to hinder their hostile growth; and when at last forces began to be moved, and generals were 1 459 B.O. 85 :~ | PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5é xal duvdpuers exivodvro nal otparryyol Sreréu- mwovro Kal KatéBatvov) dryyediat pos Oepioro- Kréa, Tav “EAAnuicav éEarrecOat KxedevovTos Bactréws xal BeBavody tas vrrocxéoets, ovte Se opyiv tia wapofuvOels Kata THY TroMTaY OTE émapOels Tih tooavtn cal Suvduer mpds Tov TONELOV, GAX tows pev ovd edixrdy® Hryovpevos To Epyov, Gdrovs Te weydArous THS ‘EXAdSbos eyov- ons otpatnyous tote kal Kipwvos vimeppuas EUNpEpouVTOS Ev TOs TWodEmLKols, TO Sé MAEioTOY aidot rhs te S0Ens TOY wpdkewy THY éavTod Kal tay Ttpotralwy éxeivwv, dptora Bovdevodpevos érBetvar r@ Bip rhv TeXevTHY mpérovaar, Cuvce tots Beois, kal rovs hirous cuvayayov cal SeFww- odpevos, WS pay 6 TODS Adyos, alua Tavpeov mov, a 8 évor, Pdppaxov édjpepov Tpoc every- xapevos, év Maryvncia xaréotpewe wévte pos tous éEnxovta BeBiwoxas érn xal ta wreiota ToOv- Tov év ToNtTeiats Kal Hyepovias. tH 8 aitiav tov Oavatouv Kal tov Tpomov muOopmevov Baciréa Néyouow ets padXrpjov Oauvyaoar tov avipa Kat Tois hirous avrov Kal oixetors Ypw@pevov Svatereiy pirav pwrres. XXXII. ’Azrédurre 5€ Qentororrs waidsas éx pev ’Apylaarns tis Avodvdpou rod ’AdwrrexnhiOev "Apyxerrtony cat Todtevxrov cal Kreddavtov, ov kal IIAatwv o pirocodos as im7éws dptotou, Tarra 8 ovdevds akiou yevouévouv pynpovedver. 1 xaréBawov Fuhr and Blass with FS: xaréBawov eis Mayvnolay. 2 ob8? épixrdy Fuhr and Blass with FS : obk épicrdy. 86 128 THEMISTOCLES despatched hither and thither, and messages came down to Themistocles saying that the King com- manded him to make good his promises by applying himself to the Hellenic problem, then, neither embittered by anything like anger against his former fellow-citizens, nor lifted up by the great honour and power he was to have in the war, but possibly think- ing his task not even approachable, both because Hellas had other great generals at the time, and especially because-Cimon was so marvellously success- ful in his campaigns; yet most of all out of regard for the reputation of his own achievements and the trophies of those early days ; having decided that his best course was to put a fitting end to his life, he made a sacrifice to the gods, then called his friends together, gave them a farewell clasp of his hand, and, as the current story goes, drank bull's blood, or as some say, took a quick poison, and so died in Magnesia, in the sixty-fifth year of his life,! most of which had been spent in political leader- ship. They say that the King, on learning the cause and the manner of his death, admired the man yet more, and continued to treat his friends and kindred with kindness. | XXXII. Themistocles left three sons by Archippé, the daughter of Lysander, of the deme Alopecé, namely: Archeptolis, Polyeuctus and Cleophantus, the last of whom Plato the philosopher mentions as a capital horseman, but good for nothing else.? 1 Thuo. i. 138, 2 Meno, p. 93. 87 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tav d5é mpecButdtwv NeoxAns pev ete mais av ip’ tarmov SnxGels améOave, Acoxréa 5é Avoar- Spos 6 mWdamos viov éroncato. Ouyarépas Sé TArelous éxxev, BY Myvnourrodéuav pev éx THs émiyapnOetaons yevouévny "Apyémrons 0 adedpos ovK dv omountptos eynpev, “Iradiav 8é TavOotdns 6 Xios, LPapw 8 Nexouydns o *AOnvaios: Nixoudyny 5¢ Ppacixrjs 0 abderdioods Bepucro- KANEOUS, HON TEeTENEUTNKOTOS eKxeEivou, TAEVGAS ELS Mayvnciay édaBe rapa tav aberdav, vewrdrny 6¢ wdavrev tov tTéxvov ’Aciav Opee. Kai tddov pév aitod ANapmpov év TH ayopa Madyvntes éxovou epi dé tay rEndvev oir’ "Avdoxidn mpocéyev akiov ev t@ IIpos tovs étaipous AéyovTt, pwpdcavtas Ta Neinpava Siap- pirar tovs *AOnvaiouvs (evderar yap éml tov Siuov tapokvvwyv Tovs oduyapytKous), 6 Te Dv- apxos, Bomep ev tpaywodia TH toTopia povovov UNXavnv apas Kat wpoayaywyv Neoxdéa tiva Kal Anporroduv, vios Bemotonréovs, ayava Pov- NeTae Kiwweivy Kal mdGos, 6 ovS dv o Tuya ayvon- cevev Ott TéTAATTAL, Atddwpos 8 0 mepinynTns év Tots Ilept pynudray elpnxev @s trrovoay pand- NOV H ylv@oKerv, STL Tepl Tov péyay ALpéva TOD Tletpac@s dio tov Kata Tov “Adxtpov axpwrn- ptov mpoxetai Tis oloy ayxwv, Kai xaprartt TovTOY evTos, 7) TO UTrEevoLoyv THS OadadtTNs, KpNTris cori evpeyéOns nat To tept avrnv Bwpoedés 88 THEMISTOCLES One of his two oldest sons, Neocles, died in boy- hood from the bite of a horse, and Diocles was adopted by his grandfather Lysander. He had several daughters, of whom Mnesiptolema, born of his second wife, became the wife of Archeptolis her half-brother, Italia of Panthoides the Chian, and Sybaris of Nicomedes the Athenian. Nicomaché was given in marriage by her brothers to Phrasicles, the nephew of Themistocles, who sailed to Magnesia after his uncle’s death, and who also took charge of Asia, the youngest of all the children. The Magnesians have a splendid tomb of Themisto- cles in their market place; and with regard to his remains, Andocides is worthy of no attention when he says, in his Address to his Associates, that the Athenians stole away those remains and scattered them abroad, for he is trying by his lies to incite the oligarchs against the people; and Phylarchus, too, when, as if in a tragedy, he all but erects a theatrical machine for this story, and brings into the action a certain Neocles, forsooth, and Demopolis, sons of Themistocles, wishes merely to stir up tumultuous emotion ; his tale even an ordinary person must know is fabricated. Diodorus the Topographer, in his work “ On Tombs,” says, by conjecture rather than from actual knowledge, that near the large harbour of the Piraeus a sort of elbow juts out from the promontory opposite Alcimus, and that as you round this and come inside where the water of the sea is still, there is a basement of goodly size, and that the altar-like structure upon this is the 89 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5 tadbos tod @euwoKoxréous. olerat Se cat IIda- TOVA TOV KWMLKOV AUTO paptupely ev TovTOLS ‘O abs 8é rupBos ev KAA@ Keywopévos Tots epmropots Wpocpyats ~otar TavTaxod, UA 2712 4 > , 4 > tous t | éxmdéovtas evomrAcovTas T OWeTal, bd 4 bud 9 a a @ / YoOTOTAY Optra” TWY vewY VEeaceETal. Tots & amd yévous tod @eptororréovs at tTiyswat ties ey Mayvnoia pvadrarropevar péxpe TOV NMETEpwOY Ypdvav Hoav, as éxapTrovTo Bem- a b a ef / \ } aToxAns 'AOnvaios, huétepos suvnOns Kai diros 79 / A , , Trap Appovie To dirocopm yevopevos. 1 robs 7’ corrected by Bekker to obs. 2 dutAda Bekker has &u:aa’ Ff after Porson. a THEMISTOCLES tomb of Themistocles. And he thinks that the comic poet Plato is a witness in favour of his view when he says :— “Thy tomb is mounded in a fair and sightly place ; The merchantmen shall ever hail it with glad cry ; It shall behold those outward, and those inward bound, And all the emulous rivalry of racing ships.” For the lineal descendants of Themistocles there were also certain dignities maintained in Magnesia down to my time, and the revenues of these were enjoyed by a Themistocles of Athens, who was my intimate and friend in the school of Ammonius the philosopher. gI Digitized by Google CAMILLUS KAMIAAO2 I. Ilept 5€ @ovpiou Kapidrygov aoddov nal 129 UL 4 ” ef a , peyarwv Aeyouévov idtov elvar Soxel padsota kal tapdbofov, btu mAciota pev év Hyepoviars kal péyiota xatopOacas, Sictratwp 8& tevrdxis e , 4 \ 4 / \ aipeOeis, OptawBevoas Sé€ teTpaxis, xtiotns 5é a eH ’ \ , 2»O\ @ ths ‘Pwpns avaypadeis Sevtepos, ovdé amak wrdtevae. tovtov & altiov 7 THs TOTE ToA- telas Kardotacis, éx Siapopas tod dyuou mpds THY abyKANTOY UIraTOUS fev epicavTOS p12) aTro- Seixvucar, yitudpyous b€ YeupotovodyTos émi THY Hyemoviav, av, Kaimep am é£ovoias Kat Suvdpews vratinns atavta wpatrrovTwy, HTTov jv emayOns H apyn Sia 76 TARBOS. TO yap EE w” 3 \ A A 4 > 4 avOpas, adNa pn Svo, Tols Tpdypacw edioTavat, mapenv0eito Tovs Bapuvopévous THv oduyapxiav. Kara todro 8) xatpod pdrdota TH O0En Kal Tois 4 ? 4 e 4 (4 3 mpdypacty axpacas o KdpeArXos brraros peéy ove neiwoey dxovte TO Syuw yevécOat, xaitrep ev TO Sia pécou SeEapévns ttratixas apyatpecias Tis qonTelas TroANGKLS, ev 5é Tais GANaLS Hyepoviass 94 CAMILLUS I. Turnina now to Furius Camillus, among the many notable things that are told of him, this seems the most singular and strange, namely, that although in other offices of command he won many and great successes, and although he was five times chosen dictator, four times celebrated a triumph, and was styled a Second Founder of Rome, not even once was he consul. The reason for this lay in the political conditions of his time. The common people, being at variance with the Senate, strove against the appointment of consuls, and elected military tribunes to the command instead. These, although they always acted with consular authority and power, were less obnoxious in their sway because of their number. For the fact that six men instead of two stood at the head of affairs, was some comfort to those who were bitterly set against the rule of the few. Now it was at this period that Camillus came to the height of his achievements and fame, and he would not consent to become consul over a reluctant people, although during his career the city tolerated consular elections many times. But in the many other and varied offices which he held, he so con- ducted himself that even when the authority rightly 95 PLUTARCH’S LIVES moAdAais Kai mavrodatrais yevopévats TtovovTov avTov wapécyev, @oTe THY pev éFovoiay Kal povapxoovtos elvas Kxownjv, tHv bé Sokay idiay kal pel érépwv otpatnyodvtTos’ av Tov pev 7 peTptoTns altioy avermipOovas apyovtos, Tov 8 7 dpovnars, dv hv oporoyoupévws erpwrevev. II. Ovdw 5é tore wept Tov trav Poupiwy olxov ovans peydArns emipavelas autos ad éauTov mpa- tos eis S0Fav mponrOev ev TH pweyadrAn ayn TpOS Aixavovs xal Ovorovcxous vo duxtatop. Ioc- touuiw TouBéptm otparevopuevos. mpoimmrevwv yap Tov otpaTov Kal ANY TepitTec@y eis TOV penpov ovK avnKev, GAN éyxeluevoy TH TpavpaTt TapéAkov TO axovtTtopa Kal cupTTAEKOMEVOS TOLS aptorors THY Tronepbeoy tpomny érolincev. ex dé ToUTOV TV T GAAwY yepav érvyYe Kal TLNTNS amedetxOn, béya THS apyis afiwpa tavrTns él T@Y TOTE Ypovwv exXovons. pvnuovevetar é avtod TLunTevovTOS KaAOV pev Epyov TO TOUS aydpous Aoyous te meiOovta Kal Cnpuiars atre- NodvTa ovyxataledEas tais Xnpevovaats yuvarkt (rodAal & Haoav avrat da Tous TroAéuovs), avay- xaiov 5é€ To Kal Tous dpphavors UroteXEls Troujoat mporepov averapopous dvras. aitias 8 Foav at cuveyels oTpateias peyddwy avadopdtwv de0- pevat, Kal padiota KaTnretyev 7 Ovniwv trodtop- Kia. Tovtous éviot Ounievravovs Kadovaw. "Hv be mporxXnpa THs Tuppnvias 7 Tos, bTA@v pev aprOu@ cat mrAnOes TOV oTpaTEevoMévwWY OvK amrobdéovaea THs ‘Pauns, rAovT@ Sé ral Biwy aBpo- TnTt Kal tpupais xal trodvteEdciats ayadNopevn 96 CAMILLUS belonged to him alone, it was exercised in common with others; while the glory that followed such exercise was his alone, even when he shared the command. In the first case, it was his moderation that kept his rule from exciting envy; in the second, it was his ability that gave him the first place with none to dispute it. 7 II. At a time when the house of the Furii was not yet very conspicuous, he, by his own efforts, was the first of his clan to achieve fame. This he did in the great battle with the Aequians and Volscians, serving under Postumius Tubertus the dictator. Dashing out on his horse in front of the army, he did not abate his speed when he got a wound in the thigh, but drag- ging the missile along with him in its wound, he en- gaged the bravest of the enemy and put them to flight. For this exploit, among other honours bestowed upon him, he was appointed censor, in those days an office of great dignity. //There is on record a noble achievement of his censorship, that of bringing the unmarried men, partly by persuasion and partly by threatening them with fines, to join in wedlock with the women who were living in widowhood, and these were many because of the wars ;likewise a necessary achievement, that of making the orphans, who before this had contributed nothing to the support of the — state, subject to taxation. The continuous campaigns, demanding great outlays of money, really required this. Especially burdensome was the siege of Veii (some call the people Veientani). This city was the barrier and bulwark of Tus- cany, in quantity of arms and multitude of soldiery no whit inferior to Rome. Indeed, pluming her- self on her wealth, and on the refinement, luxury, 97 VOL. Il. H a PLUTARCH’S LIVES mroAXoUs Kal KaXOUs ayavas Nywvicato trept doEns kat Suvactelas toNcepovcoa “Pwpaios. év 5é Ta TOTE YpOvm THs pev hirotipias ageroTHKe. cuv- tpiBeioa peydrais pdyats érrapdpevor 5€é Teiyn peydia nal xaptepa Kal Thy Tod STrwY Kal Bero@v cai citov cai wapacKevas amdons éuard2- cavres, abed@s UTrépevoy THY TrOMOpKiay, paKpav fev ovoay, ovx Arrov dé Tots TrodtopKovat ép- yoon Kal yarerny yevouévnv. etOrcpévor yap ov TmoAUY ypovoy dua wpa Oépovs ew otparevery, olxot Oé duayetpalery, TOTe MpwToy nvayxacOnaay UTO TOV Yikdpywv dpovpia KaTacKEeVodpEvaL Kat TO oTpaToTedoy Tetxicavres ev TH Todeuia yetuova Kat Bépos cuvdtrew, dn oxedoyv éTous éBoopov TO Toke TEAEUT@YTOS. Wate Kal Tovs apyovtas év aitia yevéoOar cal pararas modopKely Soxobvtas adaipeOjvar thy apyny, éTépwy aipeOévray él tov modeunov' av hv Kal KdpirXos tore yidtapyav 7o Sevtepov. émrpake Se mept thy modtopkiav ovdev ev exeive TO Ypova, Aayov Darepiows cal Kamnvdrais wonrepelv, ot &:’ doyoNay ToTe TOAAA THY ywpav KabuvBpi- caytes Kal Tapa mavTa Tov Tuppnyixov TrodNEpLov évoxrnoayvtes ériécOnaayv b7o tod Kapldrov cai auvectddnoayv els Ta TE’xYn ToANO’S aroBa- NovTes. | ITI. "Ex rovrou +o rept tiv AdXBavida Aipyny mwd0os dxpatovre Tp Todéum ouveveyOev ovdevas TTov Tov arictwv mwubécGar Oavudtowv aitlas Kownhs atrooia Kal Noyou guvoikny éyovTos apyry époBncev. Hv pev yap Spa perovwpiwy, Kal Td 98 CAMILLUS and sumptuousness in which her citizens lived she had waged many noble contests for glory and power in her wars with the Romans. At this time, however, she had .been crushed in great battles, and had given up her former ambitious pre- tensions. But her people built their walls high and strong, filled the city full of armour, missiles, grain, and every possible provision, and confidently endured their siege, which, though long, was no less laborious and difficult for the besiegers. These had been accustomed to short campaigns abroad as the summer season opened, and to winters at home; but then for the first time they had been compelled by their tribunes to build forts and fortify their camp and spend both summer and winter in the enemy’s country, the seventh year of the war being now nearly at anend. For this their rulers were held to blame, and finally deprived of their rule, because they were thought to conduct the siege without energy. Others were chosen to carry on the war, and one of these was Camillus, now tribune for the second time. But for the present he had nothing to do with the siege, since it fell to his lot to wage war with the Falerians and the Capenates, who, while the Romans had their hands full, had often harried their territory, and during all the Tuscan war had given them annoyance and trouble. These were over- whelmed by Camillus in battle and shut up in their fastnesses with great loss of life. III. And now, when the war was at its climax, the calamity of the Alban lake added its terrors. It seemed @ most incredible prodigy, without familiar cause or natural explanation. For the season was autumn, and the summer just ended had, to all 99 H 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Bépos Edmryev ovT érrouBpov ove TvEv past votiots 2 Xaderov eid as ryevopevov" moddas S€ Aimvas Kat TOTAPOUS Kal vapara TavTobaTa THS ‘Ita- dias exovons TH pev éFeXure Kooy, TA O avr- éoxe YAtox pes Kal ports, ot dé ToTapol mayres OOTeEp del KotXot Kal tatrewvol dua Bépous é éppun- cay. To &é Tis "ArABavidos Aimyns apyny exov év éauT@ Kai TEAEUT ID, Spec evyetous TEpLexa- pevov, at ovdeEvos aittou, wry el Te Deion, avgo- pevov éridnrws StwyKovTO Kal Wpodictato Tas brreapetass Kal TOV dvatare AGhav omaras érré- paver, dvevu oddou Kal kr\vdwvos eEaviatdpevov. 3 Kat TPGTOV Mev Wy TOLMevov Gaia Kal Botjpor érrel 5é, Tov Sve pryovros aro Ths Kato X@pas olov tO pod | TV Aipyny UmrexparyevTos uo Tov mrBous Kal Badpovs, péya pebpa xatéBawve dua TOV dpoupévev kal puTevopevev éml thv Odrat- Tay, ov povov avtois Tapetye ‘Pepators eeArniw, GAA Kal mao édSoKer Tots Thy ITraXriav Karot- Kotor pndevos pix pod onpeiov elvat. NEtoTos & avrod Aovyos nv év TO aotpatoTréi@ T@ TOMOP- KouvTt TOUS Ovnious, @oTE KaKelvols ExTrvaTOY yevéobat TO mepl THY Aipony Taos. IV. Ola & év mohopkia dua xpovou pijKos emiymEias TE TOAAAS éxourn Kab Kotvohoyias Mpos TOUS moAguLOUS, eryeryover Tit ‘Papaip cuvnbea Kal Tappyaia 1 pos éva TOV TOMTOD, av pwrrov Eumretpov TE Aoylav maharov kal ve kal wréov eidévas Tov AdA\XNOV ATO paVTiKijs Soxotvra. ToUTOV ovY Oo ‘Poopaios, @se hrxovde tHv éridocw Tihs Aipyns, opa@v Umrepydopevov Te Kal xaTayed@vTa THs TodopKias, ov TadT’ 190 CAMILLUS observation, been neithe}? rainy nor vexed by south winds. Of the lakes, rivers, and streams of all sizes _ with which Italy abounds;.some had failed utterly, others barely managed to hdld out, and all the rivers ran low, between high banks, as was always the case in summer. But the Alban lake, -which had its source and outlet within itself, ant was girt about with fertile mountains, for no reason, except it be that heaven willed it, was observed to increase and swell until it reached the skirts of the mourtains and gradually touched their highest ridges: © All this rise was without surge or billow. At first it was a prodigy for neighbouring shepherds and herdsmen,’ But when the volume and weight of water broke | away the barrier which, like an isthmus, had kept the lake from the country lying below it, and a huge torrent poured down through the fields and vine- _ yards and made its way to the sea, then not only were the Romans themselves dismayed, but all the inhabitants of Italy thought it a sign of no small evil to come. There was much talk about it in the army that was besieging Veii, so that even the besieged themselves heard of the calamity. IV. As was to be expected in a long siege requir- ing many meetings for conference with the enemy, it fell out that a certain Roman became intimate and confidential with one of the citizens of Veii, a man versed in ancient oracles, and reputed wiser than the rest from his being a diviner. The Roman saw that this man, on hearing the story of the lake, was over- joyed and made mock of the siege. He therefore told IOI PLUTARCH’S LIVES épn povov evmvox evan Savnacra TOV mapovra Ovov, GAN Erepa TevTOY drorrerepa onpeta Popatous Yeryoveraty, wept @v é0édev éxeivep Kowwwadevos, el Te Sovacto, Béc Oat TOY iotev 2 dwevvov év Tots, colvois vooouo ww. UTaxovaavTos 3. 4 5 be TOU dvOpdaroy’ Tpodupos Kat d.dorr0s éauTov els kowvodoylery, @S aTroppnT@v TLVO@V axpoarny éoopevon, Kara box pov ota Siareyopevos Kat uTdyov. auTon, WS TOppwrT ep TOV TUN eyeyo- vetoay, alper Te peTéwpov eUpwaTOTEpos @y Kal TWO - TO oTpatoTédov T oc dpapovrwy Xetpar- TG pEvOS Kal KpaTnoas Tapedwne Tos oTpATHYOIS. -@Y ‘TOUT® S avayens yeyovas ) avOpwrros kal = paben & apa TO TET PWHEVOY OS ave Tov eln, Noyta , “mpodpawer amroppnta Tepl THs éavTod Tat pisos, @S OUK ovans adwoipmou ™ poTepov 1 THY "AXBa- vida. Aipony exxvbeicav Kal pepoperny odous érépas @oavrTes omiow Kal TEpLoT aT AVTES ot TOAELLOL KWAVTOVCL piryvuc Bae TH Oardrr. Tatra TH TVYKANTO mudopevn at diaropoton KaXNOS exew éd0€e méeprpavTas ets Aeddous épécGar tov Oeov. of 8€ rreppOevtes advdpes EvdoEo Kal peyarot, Kooaos Acxivvios Kat Ovadr- réptos Iloriros Kal Patios “ApBovoros, TAP TE Xpno dpevor Kal TOV Tapa Tob Oeod TUXOVTES Hycov addas TE bavreias Kopitovres, at matptov TLVOV mel Tas Kadoupévas Aarivas éopTas OArywpiay Eppatov auTois, Kal TO THS "AABavidos bdwp EeKédevov elpyovtas @S> avuaToV éore THS Gardoons avwOew es TOV apxaiov Ren i) TobTO Tr) duvapevous opuyyuac. Kal tadpots Tapayew eis, TO qWedtoy Kal KatavaricKer, 1O2 ¢ 131 CAMILLUS him this was not the only wonder which the passing days had brought, but that other and stranger signs than this had been given to the Romans, of which he was minded to tell him, in order that, if possible, he might better his own private case in the midst of the public distresses. The man gave eager hearing to all this, and consented to a conference, supposing that he was going to hear some deep secrets. But the Roman led him along little by little, conversing as he went, until they were some way beyond the city gate, when he seized him bodily, being a sturdier man than he, and with the help of comrades who came running up from the camp, mastered him com- pletely and handed him over to the generals. Thus constrained, and perceiving that fate’s decrees were not to be evaded, the man revealed secret oracles regarding his native city, to the effect that it could not be captured until the Alban lake, after leaving its bed and making new channels for itself, should be driven back by the enemy, deflected from its course, and prevented from mingling with the sea. The Senate, on hearing this, was at great loss what to do, and thought it well to send an embassy to Delphi to consult the god. The envoys were men of great repute and influence, Cossus Licinius, Valerius Potitus, and Fabius Ambustus, who made their voyage and came back with the responses of the god. One of these told them that certain ancestral rites connected with the so-called Latin festivals had been unduly neglected ; another bade them by all means to keep the water of the Alban lake away from the sea and force it back into its ancient bed, or, if they could not effect this, by means of canals and trenches to divert it into the 103 PLUTARCH’S LIVES drraryryenGevrov 5é rovTwy of pev lepets Ta trept Tas Quoias Emparrov, 0 5é dhpos exwper T pos Ta epya kal To bdwp eFérperrev. V. ‘H &€ ovy«rntos eis 1O Séxarov Eros Tod jToNguov Katadticaca Tas adAas apxas Sixta- tropa Kaysrrov amédakev’ trmapyov § éxeivos aut®@ mpocedopevos Kopyndrov Lenriwva, mpo- Tov pev evyas errotjoato toils Oeois eri TO modem TéXOS EUKAEES AaBovTL Tas peydras Oéas afew xal vewv Oeds, iy pyntépa Martodray xarovot ‘Pwpaior, rabtepwoery. Tavrnv dv tis dd tev Spwpévev tepav pdrtota AevxoBéav vopiceey elvar. xal yap Gepatrawvay eis Tov anKoy eiadyouvcas patrifovaty, elr é€eXavvover Kal Ta Tav aderdav Téxva Pd tav idiwov évayxadivovrar wal dpa@ou mepl TH O@vaiav & tais Atovicou tpopois Kal Trois Sta thy Tadraxny rdbeot THs Ivods mpocéouxe. Mera 6€ tas evyds o Kdrros eis tay Paricxov évéBare, eal paxn peyary TOUTOUS Te Kal Karnvatas poo BonOncavras aurois evixnoev. emrevta Tpos THY ToNopKiay tTpatro- pevos TOV Oinior Kat tov €x mposPonijs ayava Narerrov Kal Sucepyov opay UTOVOMOUS ere uve, TeV wept THY TONY Xo piov évd.dovtwy rots Opvyuace Kal KaTadexouevay eis Babos Gryewy adndov Tots mohepious Ta éprya. 510 Kal mrpoiovons 0b Tis érmidos auros pev éfwbev mpooéBannev, éxxanovpevos éml ta Teiyn Tovs rodepulous, 104 CAMILLUS plain and dissipate it. On receipt of these responses the priests performed the neglected sacrifices, and the people sallied out into the fields and diverted the course of the water. V. In the tenth year of the war,! the Senate abolished the other magistracies and appointed Camillus dictator. After choosing Cornelius Scipio as his master of horse, in the first place he made solemn vows to the gods that, in case the war had a glorious ending, he would celebrate the great games in their honour, and dedicate a temple to a goddess whom the Romans call Mater Matuta. From the sacred rites used in the worship of this goddess, she might be held to be almost identical with Leucothea. The women bring a serving-maid into the sanctuary and beat her with rods, then drive her forth again; they embrace their nephews and nieces in preference to their own children; and their conduct at the sacrifice resembles thet of the nurses of Dionysus, or that of Ino under the afflic- tions put upon her by her husband's concubine. After his vows, Camillus invaded the country of the Faliscans and conquered them in a great battle, together with the Capenates who came up to their aid. Then he turned to the siege of Veii, and seeing that direct assault upon the city was a grievous and difficult matter, he went to digging mines, since the region round the city favoured such works, and allowed their being carried to a great depth without the enemy’s knowing about it. So then, when his hopes were well on their way to fulfilment, he himself assaulted the city from the outside, and thus called the enemy 1 396 B.c. 105 oO PLUTARCH’S LIVES drror & adhrws Sroropevopevo. 51a toeV Urrovo- pov éraBov éevrdos yevopevoe THs Axpas Kata TO ns “Hpas' iepov, 5 péyrorov qv év tH TWorNE Kal THs "Hpas! tepov, 5 péy Wy év TH TONE Kal pdrLoTa TLLwpEVvoY. ’Evradda éyerar tuxelv wat’ éxeivo Katpoi Tov Hyeyova Trav Tuppnvadv éd’ tepois: rov Sé pavrw eis Ta omddyxyva KaTidovta Kal péya hbcyEduevov eitretv, Ste vienv 6 Oeds Sidwor TO KataxorovOjcarre Tots lepois exeivous’ TAUTNS be TAS davis Tous év Tots Drove nous “Pwpatous emaxoveartas Taxv diacmdca, To eéados, Kal pera Bons Kal opou tav dmAwv dvaduvras, demdayérron TOV mone peo Kat puyovrar, apmrd- cavras Ta omhayxva Kopi at mpos Tov Kapr- Nov. aGAAa Tadta pev laws eorxdvac dokee pudevdqaowy. ‘Adovons be THIS TOAEWS KATA Kpdros Kal TOV ‘Pwpatov aryovT@v Kal pepovtoy dime pov Twa movrov, epopav O Kdpsrros amo THS dxpas Ta TpPAaTTOMEVa, mparov pev ET TOS éddxpucer, eira parapta Gels UToO TOV TApovTov avéoxe TAS xelpas Tois Oeois Kal T POG EVXO{LEVOS ele.“ Zed peyiare rat Geol HoTay emicKorros Kat Tovn - pay Epyeov, QvUTOL Tov curiae ‘Peopaiors, @S ov trapa Sixny, dAdAa KaT avayKny dpuvopevoe petepyoueda Svopevdy avdpav Kal Tapavopwwy Two. e€ & apa TUS,” ébn, “wal npecv ayti- aTpopos OpeireTaL THs Tapovens vewErts evTrpa- Eias, ebyopmar TavTnY vmép Te ToAews Kal otpatovd Pwpyaiwy eis euavroyv édaxicT@ KaK@ ' rhs “Hpas with C and S: “Hpas, 106 CAMILLUS away to man their walls; while others secretly made their way along the mines and reached un- noticed the interior of the citadel, where the temple of Juno stood, the largest temple in the city, and the one most held in honour. There, it is said, at this very juncture, the commander of the Tuscans chanced to be sacrificing, and his seer, when he beheld the entrails of the victim, cried out with a loud voice and said that the god awarded victory to him who should fulfill that sacrifice. The Romans in the mines below, hearing this utterance, quickly tore away the pavement of the temple and issued forth with battle cries and clash of arms, whereat the enemy were terrified and fled away. The sacrificial entrails were then seized and carried to Camillus. But possibly this will seem like fable. At any rate the city was taken by storm, and the Romans were pillaging and plundering its boundless wealth, when Camillus, seeing from the citadel what was going on, at first burst into tears as he stood, and then, on being congratulated by the bystanders, lifted up his hands to the gods and prayed, saying: “O greatest Jupiter, and ye gods who see and judge men’s good and evil deeds, ye surely know that it is not unjustly, but of necessity and in self-defence that we Romans have visited its iniquity upon this city of hostile and lawless men. But if, as counterpoise to this our present success, some retribution is due. to come upon us, spare, I beseech you, the city and ~ the army of the Romans, and let it fall upon my own head, though with as little harm as may be.” 107 7 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TedkeuTnoa.” Tair eitwv, xaOatep éatt “Po- paiows Bos érevEapévors Kai mpooxuyvncacw él SeEia eFenitrew, eopdrn tepratpepopevos. bza- TapayGévrwy 5€ TOY TapovTwYv wad avaraBov EauTOV ex TOD TWT@UATOS EltrEev, WS YeyovEey AUT@ Kar evynv opdrpa puxpov én’ evTuyia peyioTn. VI. AcarropOnoas Sé tHv Twodw eyvw TO ayar- pa rhs “Hpas peradépery eis “Paounv, dotrep evEato. Kal cuveNOovtwr eri TovT@ TOY TEexVI- Tov, o pev Ebve Kal mpocevyeTo TH Oe@ Séxec Oar THY m pod upiap aur ap Kal evpev7y yever bar cvvol- Kov Tols ANaYovaL THY ‘Poyny Geois, To 8 dyadud pacww vropOeyEdpevov ebrreiv, Ott Kal Bovr€cTat Kal TUyKaTaLVEL. Atovios 8é dnow ebyeaOa poev TOV Kaptddov ATT OpeEVOV Ths Jeod Kal Tapa.- Kaneiy, atroxpivacOar 5é TWAS TOY TWapovrTwv, ott kat Bovretat cal ovyxaraivel Kal cuvarorovbet 7 poOvuuws. Oi & loxupr Sopevor kal TO mapaboty BonBoiv- TES peyiorny pev éxovar ouvipyopov Thy TUYXNY THS Toews, iy amo px pas Kal KaTappovoupervns apxis émrt TOTOUTOV bons Kal Suvayews T poEn- Get diya Oeov TodAais kat peydrats emupavelars éxda Tore TUpTrApOVToS aunyavor- OU nV GANA Kal ouvdryovow opoesdh; TVA, TOUTO bev idp@ras ayan- Pato TOANAKES exxubevras, TouTo O€ oTEvaymousS axovablevtas arroatpopas TE Setkvuvtes Kal KaTa- pooes Eodvewv, as laropiikacw OUK oriryou Ta WpoTepov. ToAAG O€ Kal Tov KAO 7Uas aKnKOO- Tes avOpwrrwv NéyeLv éyouev afta Pavpatos, ov 108 13 CAMILLUS With these words, as the Romans’ custom is after prayer and adoration, he wheeled himself about to the right, but stumbled and fell as he turned. The bystanders were confounded, but he picked himself up again from his fall and said: “My prayer is granted ! a slight fall is my atonement for the greatest good fortune.” VI. After he had utterly sacked the city, he determined to transfer the image of Juno to Rome, in accordance with his vows. The workmen were. assembled for the purpose, and Camillus was sacrificing and‘ praying the goddess to accept of their zeal and to be a kindly co-dweller with the gods of Rome, when the image, they say, spoke in low tones and said she was ready and willing. But Livy! says that Camillus did indeed lay his hand upon the goddess and pray and beseech her, but that it was certain of the bystanders who gave answer that she was ready and willing and eager to go along with him. Those who insist upon and defend the marvel have a most powerful advocate for their contention in the fortune of the city, which, from its ‘small and despised beginning, could never have come to such a pinnacle of glory and power had God not dwelt with her and made many great manifestations of himself from time to time. Moreover, they adduce other occurrences of a kindred sort, such as statues often dripping with sweat, images uttering audible groans, turning away their faces, and closing their eyes, as not a few historians in the past have written. And we ourselves might make mention of many astonishing things which we ly, 22. 109 PLUTARCH’S LIVES b] 4 x, A ‘4 ’ AN A 4 ovx av tls euKn KaTtadpovnoeev. adra TolS 4 \ \ 4 / N \ Ld TolovToLs Kal TO TrLoTEveLW apddpa Kai TO Mav b ] A > V4 > \ \ > , amirtew éemuopares éote bra tHY avOpwrivny aoOéverav Spov ovK Eyovoay ovdé Kpatovdaay e ”~ > 3 3 lA a ‘ 9 auTis, GAN éxdepopévnv Grrov pev eis Serordar- poviav Kal Todor, drrov & eis Gltywpiav TeV Dear \ , e > > 4 \ N \ kal tmepippovnow: 1 & evrAdBera Kal To pndev adyav aptorov. VII. ‘O &€ Kapsrros el're peyéBee tov epryou, , 9 , a e , ” 4 a Tod avritarov THs “Pwopns eree Sexato . THs qodtopKias KaOnpnKas, elite LITO TV evdatpovelov- TwY avTov eis GyKov EFapOels Kal Ppovnpa vopi- pov Kal qoduTiKHAS apxyns émayOéotepov, Ta TE ddrXa coBapas eOptduBevoe nai téOpitrrrov bro- CevEdpevos ANevcKoTrwAor eTéeBN Kal SreEnrace THs “Pwpuns, ovdevds TOTO TroLnaAaVTOS HrYELOVOS TpO- > ce a Tepov ovo Dorepov. lepov yap nyoovrat TO TOLOU- TOV oxnpa T® Bacrnrel Kal Tratpt Trav Gedy érite- 2 Pris pevov. &« te 5) TovTou SueBrXHOn mpos Tods moniTas ovK eOiopévous évtpudpacbat, Kal Seuvté- > / b , / / pay @aBev aitiay ématdpevos voup S2orxifovte THY TOMY. ElaonyovvTo yap ot SHuapyxor Tov TE S7jpov Kal THY ovyKANnTOV ica pépyn Svo veunOjvar, xal Tous pev avToOt Kxarotxetv, Tovs b€ KANP@ AaYovTas eis THY aiypadrdwTov peTATTHvar Tone, @s evTopwTéepay ecopéevorv Kal duct peydros Kal Karoly dateot THY TE YOPaY ood Kal THY AAXNV 3 evdatmoviay dvAakovtwyv. o pév ovv Shuos Hon \ N TONUS yEeyovMs Kal ayphpaTtos aopevos ébé£aTo, 110 CAMILLUS have heard from men of our own time,—things not lightly to be despised. But in such matters eager credulity and excessive incredulity are alike dangerous, because of the weakness of our human nature, which sets no limits and has no mastery over itself, but is carried away now into vain superstition, and now into contemptuous neglect of the gods. Caution is best, and to go to no extremes. VII. Whether it was due to the magnitude of his exploit in taking a city which could vie with Rome and endure a siege of ten years, or to the congratula- tions showered upon him, Camillus was lifted up to vanity, cherished thoughts far from becoming to a civil magistrate subject to the law, and celebrated a triumph with great pomp: he actually had four white horses harnessed to a chariot on which he mounted and drove through Rome, a thing which ‘ no commander had ever done before or afterwards did. For they thought such a car sacred and devoted to the king and father of the gods. In this way he incurred the enmity of the citizens, who were not accustomed to wanton extravagance. They had also. a second grievance against him in that he opposed himself to a law dividing the city. The tribunes introduced a measure dividing the people and the Senate into two parts, one to remain and dwell there, and the one on which the lot fell to remove into the city they had captured, on the ground that they would thus be more commodiously bestowed, and with two large and fair cities could better protect their territory-as well as their prosperity in general. Accordingly the people, which was now become numerous and poor, welcomed the measure IIr PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ \ “a \ \ A vA > A Kal cuveyns WY Tois Tept TO Bnua BOopvBors attav Thy Whdov: 1 5é BovAy cal Tov GAXOV Ot Kpa- TioTo TokTaV ov Staipeciv, GAN avaipertv nryovpevot THs “Pauns worrtreverOat Tovs Snudp- yous Kal Svoavacyerodvtes eri tov Kapirrov Katépuyov. Kakelvos oppwd@v Tov ayava mpo- paces evéBarre TO Sypw cal daoyodas, d:’ ov del Tov vopov éEéxpovev. jv péev ody Sta TadTa AUT POS. e } 4 4 a“ 9 H Se davepwrdtn wal peyiorn trav arre- yOetav avT@ mpos Tov Sihpov éx THs Sexatns Tov Aadvpwv UTApEev, ovK Aroyov, ce Kal uy wavy Sixaiay apynv TaV TTo\\@V AaBorTowv. evEato peéev yap él tovs Ovniovs, as Eouxe, Badi- Sov, eb thy modw Edot, TO Ded TovTwY THY Sexatny xadtepwoev. drovans S€ THs ToAEws wal Siaprracbeions, eit’ oxnvncas évoyrAnoat Tots moniTass, eite ANON Tis aVTOV UTO TOY TrapovTwY mpayudatwv ExaBe Tis evyis, mepretdev wpernOév- tas. Barepov Sé ypov@m ths apyns éxetvyns 787 WeTravpéevos avyveyKe Trepl ToUTY eis! TAY oUY- KANTOV, of TE pavTELsS HyyEeAXoV emt Tois Lepois mpopaiver Gat Oeav phvw Nee ney Kat YaptoTn- plov deouéevnv. VIII. Vndioapévns Sé tris Bours tHy pev @pérerav (yaretrov yap Hv) avddactov uy yeve- Oat, Ttovs 5€ AaBovras avdtots civ Spx THY Sexdtnv tapadépew cis pécov, éyivero ToANa 1 «is Bekker and Sintenis', with most MSS.: axpbs. 112 133 CAMILLUS with delight, and was for ever thronging tumultu- ously about the rostra with demands that it be put to vote. But the Senate and the most influential of the other citizens considered that the measure pro- posed by the tribunes meant not division but destruction for Rome, and in their aversion to it went to Camillus for aid and succour. He, dreading the struggle, always contrived to keep the people busy with other matters, and so staved off the passage of the bill. For this reason, then, they were vexed with him. But the strongest and most apparent reason why the multitude hated him was based on the matter of the tenth of the spoil of Veii, and herein they had a plausible, though not a very just ground of complaint. He had vowed, as it seems, on setting out against Veii, that if he should take the city, he would consecrate the tenth of its booty to the Delphian god. But after the city had been taken and sacked, he allowed his soldiers full enjoyment of their plunder, either because he shrank from annoying them, or because, in the multitude of his activities, he as good as forgot his vow. At a” later time, when he had laid down his command, he referred the matter to the Senate, and the seers announced tokens in their sacrifices that the gods were angry, and must be propitiated with due offerings. VIII. The Senate voted, not that the booty should be redistributed, for that would have been a difficult matter, but that those who had got it should, in person and under oath, bring the tenth thereof to the public treasury. This subjected the soldiers to VOL, 11. I 113 PLUTARCH’S LIVES AvTHpa Kal Biaca epi Tovs oTpaTLwTas, avOpw- qous Tévntas Kal TOAAA TeTOVNKETAS, avayKato- pévous av éxéxtnvto Kal Katexéypnyto pépos 2 elo pépey ToaovTov. BopvBoupévp & un’ ab’tav 7 Kapirry Kal mpopacews d atropoovts BeXtiovos eis TOY ATOTMTATOY TAY Oyo ouveatve KaTa- hevyerv, oporoyobvre éminabécOan Tihs evy7js. oi & éyadérrawvov, eb Ta THY Torepiov SexaTevoev evEdpevos TOTE viv SexaTevet TA TOV TOALTOV. OV pny GANG TavTev Goov eet pépos eioeveyKovTwV édofe xpatnpa xXpucody KaTacKevdoartas eis 3 Aerdots dtootetNat. ypuciov & hv omdus év Th woke Kal tov apyovtey Bev av wopicbein TKOTOUYTWY, at yuvaixes avTal Kal avTas Bov- Aevedpuevar Tov GvTa ypvaody éExdorn Tepl TO COua Koopoy éTédwKav ets TO avaOnpua, cTAOp@ YPUGLOV YyEvomevoy OKT® Tadadvrav. Kal TavTas pev ovyKANTOS atrobiwotca TLnY Tpérovoav éeyndicato pera Odvatov dotep éml Trois avipdce Kal tais yuvackt héyeo Bar Tov a&tov erawov' ov yap iv elOccpévor 7 POTEpoOV eynapmidtea Iau yu- 4 vaira Snpocia TedeuTH Taga Ehdpevor dé Tpets dvdpas x TOV apiorov Jewpous Kat vadv paxpay evavOpobvre TANpOpare Kal KOTL@ TavyyupLK@ KaTacKevdoavres ébereunpav. "Hy Oa dpa Kal Xela K Kal yarqvn daracons dapyanéov, ws éxeivots TUVETUXE TOTE map ovdév éXOovras amohéaGar Ssapuryeiy avdes am poo - doxntTws TOV xivdvvov. émréT Nevo ay yap auToLs Avrapéwy tpinpes tept tas AloXNov vycovs Tov 114 CAMILLUS many vexations and constraints. They were poor men, who had toiled hard, and yet were now forced to contribute a large share of what they had gained, yes, and spent already. Beset by their tumultuous complaints, and at loss for a better excuse, Camillus had recourse to the absurdest of all explanations, and admitted that he had forgotten his vow. The soldiers were filled with indignation at the thought that it was the goods of the enemy of which he had once vowed a tithe, but the goods of his fellow citizens from which he was now paying the tithe. However, all of them brought in the necessary portion, and it was decided to make a bowl of massive gold and send it to Delphi. Now there was a scarcity of gold in the city, and the magistrates knew not whence it could be had. So the women, of their own accord, determined to give the gold ornaments which they wore upon their persons for the offering, and these amounted to eight talents weight. The women were fittingly rewarded by the Senate, which voted that thereafter, when women died, a suitable eulogy should be spoken over them, as over men. For it was not customary before that time, when a woman died, that a public encomium should be pronounced. Then they chose three of the noblest citizens as envoys, manned with its full complement of their best sailors a ship of war decked out in festal array, and sent them on their way. Calm at sea has its perils as well as storm, it would seem, at least so it proved in this case. Envoys and crew came within an ace of destruction, and found escape from their peril when they least expected it. Off the Aeolian isles, as the wind died down, some Liparian galleys put out against them, taking them 115 12 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5 mvevpatos éxALTrOvTOS @s AnoTais. Seopéevwy be Kal mpoicyouévay yetpas éuBorgs pev Exyxorto, tnv 6 vabv dvadpevot Kal Katayayovtes GTreKnpUTTOV, Gua Kal Ta xXpnuaTa Kal Ta TWpATA, Telpatixa Kxpivavtes elvar. poms 8 évos avdpos apetn Kat Suvduer TiunoBéov rod otpatnyod mecbévtes pweOjKxav. o 5é xal mpoc- xaberXxvoas idta wroia Tapéreue Kal cvyxad- tépwoe ro avabnpa: 8’ & Kal Timas Eoxev, as eos HV, ev Pan. IX. Tov &é dnudpyov adfis éreyetpovtwy Tov mept tov Suoixccpovd vopov, o mpdos Partoxous TONES ev KaLP@ Tapadaveis EdwKe Tois TpwToLS dvépacw apxaipectacat Kata yropny nal Ka- pirrov atrobeiEar pel” Erépwv rrévte yediapyxor, @S TOV TpaypaTwv Hnyem“ovos Seouéevov akiwpa 2 xal Sofav per’ éurrespias Exovtos. >AWwyndicapévou 5é€ tov Syyov AaBav Sivayv o Kaprrdos eis TIV Parioxov évéBare: wal rod épupvav Kate- oKevacpévny waow eis moAe“ov Karas Pare- pious émroAlopKer, TO prev Edely ov puLxpov Epryov ovdé y“povov Tov TuYOYTOS HyoUpEvos, GAdws Sé TpiBew Tovs Toditas Kal meptaomav Bovdopevos, as wy oxorAdlorev oixor KaOnpuevos Snpaywyeiobae kal otacidvev. émietx@s yap del pappax@ ToUT@ xXpwpevor SteréXovv, WoTEp iatpoi, Ta Tapaxtixa maOn THs tondtelas ew TpérovTes. X. Odrws Sé THs ToALopKias Kateppovovy ot 116 CAMILLUS for pirates. The enemy had sufficient regard to their prayers and supplications not to run their vessel down, but they took it in tow, brought it to land, and proclaimed their goods and persons for sale, adjudging them piratical. At last, and with much ado, through the brave intercession of a single man, Timesitheus, their general, the Liparians were persuaded to let the captives go. This man then launched boats of his own, convoyed the suppliants on their way, and assisted them in the dedication of their offering. For this he received suitable honours at Rome. IX. Once more the tribunes of the people urged the passage of the law for the division of the city, but the war with the Faliscans came on opportunely and gave the leading men occasion to hold such elective assemblies as they wished, and to appoint Camillus military tribune, with five others. The emergency was thought to demand a leader with the dignity and reputation which experience alone could give. After the people had ratified the election, Camillus, at the head of his army, invaded: the territory of the Faliscans and laid siege to Falerii, a strong city, and well equipped with all the munitions of war. It was not that he thought its capture would demand slight effort or short time, but he wished to turn the thoughts of the citizens to other matters and keep them busy therein, that they might not be able to stay at home and become the prey of seditious leaders. This was a fitting and sovercign remedy which the Romans used, like good physicians, thereby expelling from the body politic its troublesome distempers. X. The Falerians, relying on the great strength of 137 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Darépian TH Travraydbey eEwyupwoba mictev- OVTES, MOTE TAHY TOV TA TEelyn HYAATTOVTwY TOS GArXous ev (patios KaTa Thv TOW avacTpé- gdecbat, tous S€ traidas avtay els te Ta dida- oxarela horavy xal Tapa ta Tetyn TepiTra- THOOVTAS Kal yUu“Vacop"Eevous LTO TOU didacKdXoOU kataBiBalecOa. Kxow@ yap éxypavTo te 8.6a- oxddw, waotrep "EXAnves, of Darépior, Bovdo- pevo. auvtpépecbat Kai avvaryerateoOar per adAAnrAwy evOus EE dpy7s Tous traidas. ovToS ovv o dtddoKxaros émiBovrevwv Tots Parepioss dua TeV traidwy éFfryev avTovs Hyuépas Exdorns umd TO TelYos eyyUs TO TpaTOV, elt arriryev avOis elaw yupvacapévous. éx 5é tovToV Kata puixpov Uirdywv elOice Oappeiy ws TrOAATS oboNS adeias, Kal TéXos éxov amavtas eis TOUS Tpopu- Aaxas TaV “Pwpaiov évéBare cal trapédoxer, dyew Kerevoas mpos Tov KdwaArov. ayxOels 5é Kal KataoTas eis pécov EXeye TavdeuTHS pév elvat kat diddoKxanros, THY S5é pos exetvov yYapw aytt TovTav édXomevos TaV Sikalwv, HKew avT@ THY jon ev Tois Tatcl Kopitwv. Sewov ovv axov- cavtt TO épyov éddvn KapidrA(@: Kal mpos tous Tapovras EelTraV, WS Yarerrov pév eaTL TOAELOS Kat ta woAAHs abixias Kal Braiwv trepaivopevos Epyav, etal 5€ Kal troréwov pws tives vopor Tots ayabois avdpdolt, Kat TO vinav ovxX odTw dio- nréov, @aTE pn hevyely Tas ex Kaxov Kal aoeBav Epywov ydpitas (apeTtn yap otKeta Tov péyav atpaTnyov, ovKx adAXoTpia Oappodyta Kaxia xphvat otpatevev), mpocétake tois bmnpéracs Tob pev avOpwrou KaTappnyvivat Ta iwdtia Kal 118 134 e@ CAMILLUS their city at all points, made so light of the siege that, with the exception of the defenders of the walls, the rest went up and down the city in their garb of peace. The boys went to school as usual, and were brought by their teacher along the walls outside to walk about and get their exercise. For the Falerians, like the Greeks, employed one teacher in common, wishing their boys, from the very start, to herd with one another and grow up together. This teacher, then, wishing to betray Falerii by means of its boys, led them out every day beyond the city walls, at first only a little way, and then brought them back inside when they had taken their exercise. Presently he led them, little by little, farther and farther out, accustomed them to feel confident that there was no danger at all, and finally pushed in among the Roman outposts with his whole company, handed them over to the enemy, and demanded to be led to Camillus. So led, and in that presence, he said he was a boys’ school-teacher, but chose rather to win the general’s favour than to fulfil the duties of his office, and so had come bringing to him the city in the persons of its boys. Itseemed to Camillus, on hearing him, that the man had done a monstrous deed, and turning to the bystanders he said: “ War is indeed a grievous thing, and is waged with much injustice and violence ; but even war has certain laws which good and brave men will respect, and we must not so hotly pursue victory as not to flee the favours of base and impious doers. The great general will wage war relying on his own native valour, not on the baseness of other men.” Then he ordered his attendants to tear the man’s clothing from him, tie 119g PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tas yetpas omicw Teptayev, tots 8 maol diabotvas paBdous Kai pdotiyas, Sirws Koda- Covres Tov TpodoTny eXavvworv els THY TOALD. v \ “A , b 4 \ re) Aptt 5€ tov Darepiwv yoOnpévwv tHv tod S:dacKkdXov mpodociay Kal thv pév trod, olov eLKOS, emi cumpops THALKaUTH Oprvov Kare- XOVTOS, avdpav 8 oped Kal yuvaredy éml Ta Tetyn Kal Tas TUAAS oUY ovdevL Aoyiay@ epo- pévov, Tpochyov ot aides tov SidacKxadov yupvov xal Sedeuévov mpormnraxilovtes, tov 6é Kapsrrgov cwrtipa cal tarépa cal Oeov avaxa- NoOvVTES, WATE (71) LOVOY TOIS yovedat TAY Taldw», GAA Kab Tols GAXAOLS ToAiTaLs TAvA opaat Padua te xat roOov éutreceiv THs To Kapidndov Sicatocuvns. Kal ouvdpapovtes eis éxxAnoiay mpéecBes ereuav éexeivp ta xa? éavtous ém- Tpémovtes, os o Kadpmtrros aréotetrev eis ‘Popynv. év &¢ rH BovAn xatactravtes elrov, Tt ‘Pwpaio: THs viens tHY Stxatoovvny mpoTibLn- aavres edidakay avtovs tHy Array ayarioat mpo THs éAEvOepias, ov TocovToy TH Suvdayet AettecOar Soxodvtas, dcov HrracOar THs apeThs omoroyobvras. atrodovans dé tis BovAns mdr éxeiv@ 70 xpivar kal Starthoar tadTa, ypnpata AaBov Tapa trav Darepiwy Kal diriav mpos adtravtas Padioxovs Oéuevos aveywopnoerv. XI. Of b€ ctpatidtat Si:apnacew mrpocdoKn- aavtes Tovs Padepious, ws érravnrOov eis “Paopnv Kevais yepol, Katnyopovy tod Kapiddrou mpos Tovs GAXous TrodiTas ws pucodynpov Kal dOovn- cavtos wperAnOfvat ois mévnow. eet dé Tov Meplt TOU SLoLKLa MOU VopLoV OF Sypapyot TpoOEevTEs 120 CAMILLUS his arms behind his back, and put rods and scourges in the hands of the boys, that they might chastise the traitor and drive him back into the city. The Falerians had just become aware of the teacher's treachery, and the whole city, as was natural, was filled with lamentation over a calamity so great. Men and women alike rushed distractedly to the walls and gates, when lo! there came the boys, bringing their teacher back stripped, bound, and maltreated, while they called Camillus their saviour, their father, and their god. On this wise not only the parents of the boys, but the rest of the citizens as well, when they beheld the spectacle, were seized with admiration and longing for the righteousness of Camillus. In haste they held an assembly and sent envoys to him, entrusting him with their lives and fortunes. These envoys Camillus sent to Rome. Standing in the Senate, they declared that the Romans, by esteeming righteousness above ‘victory, had taught them to love defeat above freedom ; not so much because they thought them- selves inferior in strength, as because they confessed themselves vanquished in virtue. On the Senate’s remanding to Camillus the decision and disposition of the matter, he took a sum of money from the Falerians, established friendship with all the Faliscans, and withdrew. XI. But the soldiers thought to have had the sacking of Falerii, and when they came back to Rome empty-handed, they denounced Camillus to the rest of the citizens as a hater of the common people, and as begrudging to the poor the enjoyment of their rightful booty. And when the tribunes once more put forward the law for the division of the city I21 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES avis él tiv ~pidov éexdrovv tov Sihpov, o 5é Kdpirros ovdepids amexOeias ovdé mrappnoias heroduevos eddvn pddyora wavtrwv exBialo- Mevos TOUS TOANOUS, TOY ev VoLOY aKOVTES are wndicayvro, Tov 5¢ Kdusrrov &e' opyis elyov, @ote Kat SvatuynoavtTos avTod Tept Ta otKeia (Trav yap viev améBare Tov Erepoy vooncayTa) pndev olxtm THs Opyns vhéoOar. Kaitor TO maOos ov peTpiws Hveyxev avnp Huepos pvoe. Kal NpnoTos, GAAA THs Sins TWpoyeypaypévns avT@ Sia trévOo0s otxovpes Kabetpypévos pera ToY YUVALKOV.- | XII. ‘O peév ody xatyyopos nv Aevxtos ’Atrov- Anios, eyxeAnwa 8 Krorhs wepl ta Tuppnvixda yonpata. Kat Shira Kal Ovpar tives édéyovTO Nankai wap avT@ havivar tov aiyparorwv. 6 dé SHpos eEnpéOiocto Kal dros ie éx waons Tpopdcews KaT avToD. TH Whdw YXpNaopevos. ovTwS ovv cuUVayayav Tovs Te dirovs Kai TOUS TVTTPATEVTApEVOUS OUK OriYyoUS TO TATOOS GvTas, > a) ‘ o A > \ 2Q?7 > 9 > ?- éSeiro pn meprideity avtov adixws én’ aitiass 135 A / A jovnpais opAovTa Kal KatayéXaoTov bro TOY eyOpav yevopievov. érrel & of hirou Bovreved- pevote Kat dtareyOévtes éEavtois atrexpivavtTo, Tpos \ \ , 2 A \ ¥ / \ pev THY Kpiow avT@ pwndev oleaOar BonOnoecv, THv : \ , b) , , > 9 , O€ Cnpiav opXovte OUVUVEKTLOELY, OUK QAVAG'YVOMEVOS éyva petacthvar Kal huyely éx THs TWOAEwS TpOS opyyv. aotwacapevos ovv THY yuvaika Kal Tov viov éml Tis oiKias mpone. ciwm@h péxpe Tis mudns éxet b¢ éréatn, Kal petaotpadels orricw 122 - CAMILLUS and summoned the people to vote upon it, then Camillus, shunning no hatred nor any boldness of utterance, was manifestly the chief one in forcing the multitude away from its desires. Therefore, they did indeed reject the law, much against their will, but they were wroth with Camillus, so that even when he met with domestic affliction and lost one of his two sons by sickness, their wrath was in no wise softened by pity. And yet he set no bounds to his sorrow, being by nature a gentle and kindly man, but even after the indictment against him had been published, he suffered his grief to keep him at home, in close seclusion with the women of his household. XII. Well, then, his accuser was Lucius Apuleius, and the charge was theft of Tuscan goods. It was said, forsooth, that certain bronze doors belonging to the booty had been seen at his house. But the people were exasperated, and would plainly lay hold of any pretext whatever for condemning him. So then he assembled his friends and comrades in arms, who were many in number, and begged them not to suffer him to be convicted on base charges and to be made a laughing-stock by his foes. When his friends had laid their heads together and dis- cussed the case, they answered that, as regarded his trial, they thought they could be of no help to him; but if he were punished with a fine, they would help him pay it. This he could not endure, and in his wrath determined to depart the city and go into exile. Accordingly, after he had kissed his wife and son good-bye, he went from his house in silence as far as the gate of the city. There he stopped, turned himself about, and stretching his hands out towards 123 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal Tas Xetpas dvareivas pos TO Karird tov émevEato Tois Oeois, et pn dixaiws, GND’ bBper Snpov, Kal pbove Tpomrnraxropevos EXTTiMTEL, Tayv ‘Pepaious peTavonaat Kal maa av pwrrots pavepous ryevéoOas Seopuévovs avtod cat Trodobvras Kdpsrrov. XITI. "Exeivos pev ovv, domep o "AytAnevs, apas Dé pevos emi TOUS TOA TAS Kat peTaaTas @breE THY Sixny epnpny, Tina pupiwv Kat TEVTAKLTX EMO aocapiov exoucay. “O yiverat pos apyuptou Norvyov Xireae Spaxpai cal TEVTAKOT LAL" aoadptov yap nv TO apyuptor, Kab TO Sexdyadcov oUTHS éxaneito Snvaptov. Ovdels & éotl ‘Popator, Os ov vomller Tas evyas tov Kaptdrov Taxy Thy Ateny vrohaBeiv, Kal yevea Oat Tepcoptay aire TAS adixias OUK joeiav, GX’ avapay, dvopaaTny 5é Kal Tept- Bonrov: ToT AUTH TmepiArbe THv “Poeun pépects, Kal TogovTov dryov Popov Kal Kivouvov & dpa per’ aisxuvns épavn Katpos emi THY TOALY, ELTE THS TUXNS ob cuveBovens, ele cal Oedsy TLVOS epyov éorl 2) Tapapereiy apeTns ayaptorov- pévns. XIV. I porov pev obv eboke onpetov yeryoveva KaKOU peyarou T poo LovTos u] "lovAiou Tod TULNTOD TENET padiara yap 8 ‘Papaios céBovras Kal vopitouct lepay THY TOV TLLNTOV apy. bev- TEpov dé To TAS Kapidrov puyis avnp oUK emipavns pev ovde Ex THS Bours, emrverens b¢ Kal XPNTTOS elvat Soxov, Mdpxos Kacdixcos, dvnveyKe Tpos TOS yLALapyous Mpayua gpovtidos aEtov. 124 CAMILLUS the Capitol, prayed the gods that, if with no justice, but through the wantonness of the people and the abuse of the envious he was now being driven from his country, the Romans might speedily repent, and show to all men that they needed and longed for Camillus. XIII. After he had thus, like Achilles,! invoked curses upon his fellow citizens, he removed from out the city. His case went by default, and he was fined fifteen thousand asses. This sum, reduced to our money, is fifteen hundred drachmas. For the as was the current copper cuin, and the silver coin worth ten of these pieces was for that reason called the denarius, which is equivalent to the drachma. Now there is no Roman who does not believe that justice followed hard upon the imprecations of Camillus, and that he received a requital for his wrongs which was not pleasing to him, but painful ; certainly it was notable and famous. For a great retribution encompassed Rome, and a season of dire destruction and peril not unmixed with disgrace assailed the city, whether fortune so brought things to pass, or whether it is the mission of some god not to neglect virtue that goes unrequited. XIV. In the first place, then, it seemed to be a sign of great evil impending when Julius the censor died. For the Romans specially revere and hold sacred the office of censor. In the second place, before Camillus went into exile, a man who was not conspicuous, to be sure, but who was esteemed honest and kindly, Marcus Caedicius, informed the military tribunes of a matter well worth their atten- ‘1 Thad i. 407-412. 125 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES épn yap ev TH Tappxnuevn vucti xa? odov Badlfav, He Kawny ovopatovar, cr Gels vio TUVOS bb eyEapuévov peractpadivar, wal Jeacacbar pev ovdeva, horns é peilovos h Kat avOporivnv axovoat Tabe Aeyouons: “Ave, Mdpxe Kacdixce, réye pos TOUS apxovras EwOev ear Odiyou ‘ypovou Tandaras mpoaSéxea Gat.” TaoT aKov- TAVTES o XuALa.p or yéAwrTa «al madiay érrovob- TO. Kal pet OALyov cuveBn Ta Tepl Kdpsrrov. XV. Of 66 Tardrau Tob Kedrixod tyevous OVTES v1r6 mAnGous éeyovTat THY aura dmoMTrovTes, OUK ovoay jauTdapen _Tpepey adravtas, éqi vis ojTqow érépas oppjncat pupeddes dé modal YEvoueEvor véwv avopav Kal paxipov, ért dé TAeLous Taidwv Kal yuvaikav deyovres, ot bey émt TOV Bopevov ‘Deeavov vmepBanovtes Ta ‘Purraia 6pn pufvat Kal Ta éoxara THS Evpewrns KaTa- aye, of dé petakv Iluppijyns Spous wal TOV “AMrewy idpudevres eyyes: Lev@veov Kat Kehro- piwv KaTotKety Xpovor Tou: ove & olvou yevod- pevor TOTE mparov é& ‘Tradias Staxopiabévtos ovTas apa Gavydcat To Toya Kal Tpos THY KaWWOTNTA THS ndoviis Ex poves yevéa bau WAVTES, dore dpdpevor Ta OTAa Kat ryeveds dvaraBovtes éri Tas "AXrets péper Bar Kat Enreiv exeivny TH vi, 4) TOLOUTOV Kaprrov avadiswct, Thy & adAnv aKaprov iyyela Oar Kal av7pepov. ‘O 8 eloayayov TOV olvoy mpos avToOvs Kal mrapokuvas émi thv Iradiav padora kal TpOTOS “Appov Aéyerau yevéa Bau Tuppnvos, a avy emrupavns Kat pucet pee ov Tovnpos, cuppopa é TovavTy Vpnadpevos. mv eémitpotros ratdos opdavovd 126 CAMILLUS tion. He said that during the night just passed, as he was going along the so-called New Street, he was hailed by someone in clear tones, and turned, and saw no man, but heard a voice louder than man’s saying: “ Hark thou! Marcus Caedicius, early in the morning go and tell the magistrates that within a little time they must expect the Gauls.” At this story the tribunes mocked and jested. And a little while after, Camillus suffered his disgrace. XV. The Gauls were of the Celtic stock, and their numbers were such, as it is said, that they abandoned their own country, which was not able to sustain them all, and set out in quest of another. They were many myriads of young warriors, and they took along with them a still greater number of women and children. Some of them crossed the Rhipaean mountains, streamed off towards the northern ocean, and occupied the remotest parts of Europe; others settled between the Pyrenees and the Alps, near the Senones and the Celtorians, and dwelt there a long time. But at last they got a taste of wine, which was then for the first time brought to them from Italy. They admired the drink so much, and were all so beside themselves with the novel pleasure which it gave, that they seized their arms, took along their families, and made off to the Alps, in quest~of the land which produced such fruit, con- sidering the rest of the world barren and. wild. The man who introduced wine to them, and was first and foremost in sharpening their appetite for Italy, is said to have been Arron,a Tuscan. He was a man of prominence, and by nature not prone to evil, but had met with the following misfortune. He was guardian of an orphan boy who was heir to 127 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ; TAOVTM TE TPwWTOV THY ToALT@Y Kal Oavpato- pévou Kar’ eldos, dvopa Aoveovpavos. obras éx veov mapa T@ “Appovt Siavtav exe, Kal peupaxvov ov ouK dm édure THY oixiay, andra. mpoceTroteiro Yaipew cvvav exeivy. Kal TONUY Xpovov ér.dvOave dep DapKars avrov THY yuvaica Kal SiehOappevos vr éxeiyns: Hon be Topp Tov maQous apporepov yeyovoT@y Kal pnr adeivas Thy émiOupiay pnte KpuTrTew ETt Suvapever, 0 O pev veavianos emexel pet pavep as atoomaaas exw THY avOpwrrov, o § avnp émi dStenv endow Kal KPATOUMEVOS wrAnOet dirtov Kal ypnudtwv dSatravats v1rd tov AovKov- pwvos é€éXurre THY éavtod: Kal truOopevos Ta TOV Takara HKev es avTous Kal Kabnynoato THS Es tv Iradiav orparetas. . XVI. Oi & uBarovres evOus expatouv | THS @pas anv TO mahavov ot Tuppvoi Karetxov, aro TOY “AMrecv en" duporépas Kabnkovoay TAS Jaraccas, @s Kal Tovvoya paptupel TO Oye. THY bev yap Bopevov Oanratray Adpiay carobow a6 Tuppnvuxijs TOES "Adpias, thy 5é aMpos voToV KEK AMBEV NY aT uKpus Tuppyvuxov TéNAYOS. Taca © earl Sevdpoputos avTn Kat Opéppaciy ebBoros Kal Kat dpputos Torapois. Kal Tronens elev oxTrwxaivera Karas Kal peyaras Kal Kare oKevac pévas pos TE XPnpwatic mov EPYATLKMS Kal mpos Startav TAVNYUPLEDS, as ot T'ararat tovs Tuppavous éxBarovtres avtol KaTerXov. ad\ra TavTa pev empaxOn TUXVP Tt Xpovep ‘Tpotepov. XVII. O¢ dé Pararar TOTE TPOS TOALY Tuppn- vida Krovorov oT patevaavres Emoto pKoun. ot dé KAovoivos xataduydvtes él tous “Pwpaious 128 136 CAMILLUS the greatest wealth in the city, and of amazing beauty, Lucumo by name. This Lucumo from his youth up. had lived with Arron, and when he came to man’s estate, did not leave his house, but pre- tended to take delight in his society. He had, however, corrupted Arron’s wife, and been corrupted by her, and for a long time kept the thing a secret. But at last the passions of both culprits increased upon them so that they could neither put away their desires nor longer hide them, wherefore the young man made open attempt to remove the woman and have her to wife. Her husband brought the case to trial, but was defeated by Lucumo, owing to the multitude of his friends and his lavish outlays of money, and forsook the city. Learning about the Gauls,-he betook himself to them, and led them on their expedition into Italy. XVI. The Gauls burst in ands straightway mastered all the country which the Tuscans occupied of old, namely, that stretching from the Alps down to both seas, the names of which bear witness to the story. For the northern sea is called Adria, from the Tuscan city of Adria; the southern is called out-. right the Tuscan Sea. This whole country is studded with trees, has excellent pasturage for flocks and herds, and an abundance of rivers. It had also eighteen cities, large and fair, well equipped for profitable commerce and for sumptuous living. These the Gauls took away from the Tuscans and occupied themselves. But this happened long before the time of which I speak. XVII. Atthis time the Gauls had marched against the Tuscan city of Clusium and were laying siege - to it. The Clusians applied for assistance to the 129 VOL. II. PLUTARCH’S LIVES yTncavto mpecBes Tap avTav Kal ypadupata mpos tovs BapBdpovs. eéréudOnoav 8é Tod PaBiwv yévous tpets avipes evdoxtpoe cal tipas peyaras éxyovres ev TH ode. TovTovs edéEavToO pev of Tardra diravOporras 5a 1d THs ‘Pons dvopa, Kal Travodpevol THS TPs TA TELyN WAaXNS eis AOyous curAdOov. ruvOavopévov § avror, 5 te wadovres vd Krovoivev frotev ert tiv Toy, yeraaas o Bactrevs Tov Taratav Bpévvos, ‘Adicodow nas,” épn, “ KyXovaivor ye Kal Yapav odrynv wer yewpryeiv Suvdpevot, TONAY dé KaTexery afvobvres Kal pH petadidovtes npetv Eévous, ovat Kal TodNobs Kal wéynot. TavTa o dpa kat bpas nodixovr, @ ‘Pawpaior, 7 poTepov pev "Ar\Bavot xal Didnvatrar cal ‘A pocara, vov 6é Ovnios cal Karnvatat xal jwodXol Parickor Kral Ovorovcrav: éd’ ods tyeis otTpatevortes, dav wy peTadiodow vpiv tav ayabarv, avdpatrobilerbe Kal XNenraTEeiTe Kal KaTacKaTrTETE TAS TONES avrar, ovdev ovde byels ye Secvov ovde aSixov TowouvrTes, GAA 7 mpeaButare@ TOV VO [Lov axorovboivtes, 6 Os TO KpelT Tove Ta TOD NTTOV@Y bidwow d.py.opevos ar6 Tou Bed kal TENEUT OY els Ta Onpia. Kal yap ToUToLS éx pucews € ever Te TO onreip WAEOV exe Ta KpelTTova, TOY UTrobE- ea TEPODV. Krovaivous 6é mavoacGe trowopKou- pévous olKTeipovTes, as pn kal Tadrdtas biddfnre Xpnarovs Kal pido Tippovas yevéoOat Tots bird ‘Papatov adixoupéevors.” "Ex TovTwv Tov AOyor éyvwcay of ‘Pwpator Tov Bpévvoy aovpBdras éxovta, nal traped- 130 CAMILLUS Romans, and begged them to send ambassadors in their behalf with a letter to the Barbarians. So there were sent three men of the Fabian gens who were of great repute and honour in the city. The Gauls received them courteously, because of the name of Rome, ceased their attacks upon the city walls, and held conference with them. When they were asked what wrong they had suffered at the hands of the Clusians that they had come up against their city, Brennus, the king of the Gauls, burst into a laugh and said: “ The Clusians wrong us in that, being able to till only a small parcel of earth, they yet are bent on holding a large one, and will not share it with us, who are strangers, many in number and poor. This is the wrong which ye too suffered, O Romans, formerly at the hands of the Albans, Fidenates, and Ardeates, and now lately at the hands of the Veientines, Capenates, and many of the Faliscans and Volscians. Ye march against these peoples, and if they will not share their goods with you, ye enslave them, despoil them, and raze their cities to the ground; not that in so doing ye are in any wise cruel or unjust, nay, ye are but obeying that most ancient of all laws which gives to the stronger the goods of his weaker neighbours, the world over, beginning with God himself and ending with the beasts that perish. For these too are so endowed by nature that the stronger seeks to have more than the weaker. Cease ye, therefore, to pity the Clusians when we besiege them, that ye may not teach the Gauls to be kind and full of pity towards those who are wronged by the Romans.” From this speech the Roman envoys saw that there was no coming to terms with Brennus, and so they ° 131 K 2 o PLUTARCH’S LIVES Oovres eis tO Kdotvorov eOdppuvov nai tapop- pwv Tous avopas eémekeAOetv toils PBapRBupors pet avTav, elite rHy éxeivwy adKnv Kata- paeiv cite THY EQUTOV emetEao Oat Gédorres. exdpomis dé trav Kdovaiver xat paxns Tapa Ta TelyXn yevouerns els TOV Pafiov, Koivros "Ap- OUCTOS, immrov exo edn racev avtios avépi peydd kat Kar@ Tandarn TOAU mpoimrmevovre TOV adAXw)?, ayvonbels € év apx 51a TO Thy avvodov ofelav yeverOau Kal Ta Orda TEepihapwrovTa THY ope aTroKpUTTELY. as o emiKpathnoas TH pax Ka caraBadov éoxueve TOV avO pwrrop, yepiaas O Bpévvos aurov émepaptupato Beovs, ws mapa TQ KOWWa Kal vevopiopéeva Taow avOparots bata Kal Sixata mpea Bevtod pev HKovTos, Troe ua de elpryac uevou. KaTaTravaas dé THY paxny avtixa KAovaivous pep ela Xaiperv, emt 3é Thy ‘Popny TOV oTparov nYev. ov Boudopevos Sé do0Fae THY adixiav avtois doTep a LeVvoLs Yeryoveval cal Seopévors Tpopacews, emeprpev eEarta@v émi TL- pewpia Tov dvdpa Kal mpotyev aya TYXONALWS. XVIII. Ev 6é ‘Poyy Ths BovAns cuvaxDeians adXot Te WoAAol TOU PaBiov KaTHYyopour, Kal TOV lepéwy ot Kadovpevor Dyriareis evaryov emBecalovres Kal KENEVOVTES TO TOV Tem pary- pévenv airyos: THY ouyKANTOV eis va Tov aitiov Tpéepacay vTrép ToV aAAwY adociwcacbar. Tovtous trovs Pntiareis oprrirsos Nopas, Baciréwv TMEPwOTaToS YEvOuEvOS cal Stxavoraros, aad e pudaxas bev eipnvns, erruyvepovas dé BeBawwrdas aitiov, at obv dixn mméodepov CUvaTTTOVGL. 132 13 | aad CAMILLUS slipped into Clusium, and emboldened and incited its citizens to sally out against the Barbarians with them, either because they wished to discover the prowess of those warriors or to display their own. The Clusians made a sally, and in the fight which raged along the walls one of the Fabii, Quintus Ambustus, drove his horse straight at a stately and handsome Gaul who was riding far out in front of the rest. At first he was not recognized, because the conflict came swiftly to pass and his dazzling armour hid his face. But when he had conquered and un- horsed his foe and was stripping his arms from him, then Brennus recognized him, and called upon the gods to witness how, contrary to the general practice of all mankind, which was deemed just and holy, he had come as an ambassador, but had wrought as -an enemy. Then, putting a stop to the battle, he straightway let the Clusians alone, and led his host against Rome. But not wishing to have it thought that his people were rejoiced at the outrage, and only wanted some pretext for war, he sent and demanded the offender for punishment, and in the meantime advanced but slowly. XVIII. When the Senate convened in Rome, many denouhced the Fabii, and especially the priests called Fetiales were instant in calling upon the Senate in the name of all the gods to turn the curse of what had been done upon the one guilty man, and so to make expiation for the rest. These Fetiales were instituted by Numa Pompilius, "gentlest and justest of kings, to be the guardians of peace, as well as judges and determiners of the grounds on which war could justly be made. 133 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ths dé Bovarjs ert Tov Sfjwov dveveyKawevns TO Tparypa Kal TOY iepéwy Spova Too Pafiov KATNYOPOUVTOD, ovTm mepBproay oi ToAXol Ta Ocia xa KaTeyéhacay, @oTe Kal xidLapxov atrodetEa Tov PaBuov pera Tav adeApav. ot dé KeArol mubopevor tavta Kal XareTras pepovTes ovoey épmrod@v em ovobvTo THs orovdns, Gd ex pour Tavtt Taxel Kai mpos TO TAO os avrav Kal THY Lapmpornta. THS TAapacKeuns Ka Biav Kal Oupov excTreThyy WEVOV Tap dia péoou, Kal THY TE Nopav aToAwAévat Tacay non Kat TAS modes evOvs atrordctaOar Soxovvrar, Tap éd- midas ovdey dixouv oud edu Bavov éx TOV ary pay, ana wal Tapa Tas TOAES eyydS mapeg- LOVES éBowv emi rv ‘Pony mopever Oar Kal LOvots Tohepety ‘Pwpaiow, tovs & ddXous di- Nous émioracbat. Tovadry dé Hpomeveoy ope TOV BapBdpov eEiryov or XiMapyxot TOUS ‘Pwpaiovs érri TOV aryava, ae pev ovn évdecis (eyévovTo yap omhiras TeTpaKia wuploy ovK éddacous), ava- aK TOUS dé Tous pease Kal TOTE IWpwToOV GTTOMEVOUS Ordon. éTL efnwednro Ta TOV Geay avrois ovTE seins ore pavrecs & mpo xwdvvov Kat _ Baxns ELKOS ig epopevors. ovdeves bé TTOV emeTapat rev 7 mohvapyxia Ta TPATTOMena. Kaitou 7 poTepov Ye Kal 1 pos eharrovas ayavas eltNovTo TONAGKLS povapyous, ods _Ateraropas Kanovow, oux ayvoobrres, daov early els emeagpani Kaipov Opedos pag Xp@pevovs yop pos avuT evOvvov apxny éy ‘xepal THY Sten éxovcay evtaxtely, ovy Hxtota O€ Kat 134 CAMILLUS The Senate referred the matter to the people, and although the priests with one accord denounced Fabius, the multitude so scorned and mocked at religion as to appoint him military tribune, along with his brothers. The Gauls, on learning this, were wroth, and suffered nothing to impede their haste, but advanced with all speed. What with their numbers, the splendour of their equipment, and _their furious violence, they struck terror wherever they came. Men thought the lands about their cities lost already, and their cities sure to follow at once. But contrary to all expectation the enemy did them no harm, nor took aught from their fields, but even as they passed close by their cities shouted out that they were marching on Rome and warred . only on the Romans, but held the rest as friends. Against this onset of the Barbarians the military tribunes led the Romans forth to battle. They were not inferior in numbers, being no fewer than forty thousand men-at-arms, but most of them were un- trained, and h€d never handled weapons before. Besides, they had neglected all religious rites, having - neither sacrificed with good omens, nor consulted the prophets as was meet before the perils of battle. But what most of all confounded their undertakings was the number of theircommanders. And yet before this, and on the brink of lesser struggles, they had often chosen a single commander, with the title of Dictator, not unaware how great an advantage it is, when confronting a dangerous crisis, to be of one mind in paying obedience to an authority which is absolute, and holds the scales of justice in its own hands. Moreover, their unfair treatment of Camillus 135 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kapidros aryvepovn Gels éBrawe Ta Tpayyara, Tov £1) 7WPOS xapw pndé KodNaxKevovTas apyeu poBepov yevopevon. IIpoehGovres oby ano THS TTrOAEwS aradious évevijcovTa mapa tov *AXiav TOT a pov nuAL- cOncav, ov Toppw TOD aTpaToTrédov TO OvpuPprd. ouppepopevor. evtaida dé TOV BapBapov emupavevTov ala xX pas ayovig apevot be atratiav eT pat ovTo. haa TO pep dpia Tepov Képas evdus ; éuBadovtes €iS TOV TOTApov ot Kenrol 5ié- pOerpay TO 6€ devon brexxhivav THV emupopav éx Tov Trediov pos TOUS dogous HT TOV éfexorrn: kal dueFerrecov amo TOUTED els THY Tov ot TONAOL. tois 8 adrous, GoOl TOV TONELLWD GTELTOVT@OY TPOS TOV povov éoa0naar, els Ounious ai puyal bua VUKTOS eay, Ws THS. ‘Pens otyouévns Kal tov éxel WdvTwV aTro- NWAOTOY. XIX, "Exyévero 87 paxn pera TpoTras Oepwvas TEpl THY Tavaehnvov, 7 Kal ™ pOTepov npépa peya mabos auveBn TO Tept TOUS PaBious TpLaKOo LoL yap éx Tob yévous avdpes t bre Tuppnvev avnpebn- cap. expatyae dé THY mpépay amo Ths Sevrépas ntrns “Adtada péxype viv xareicGar dia tov TOTaMOv. Tleph o NMEPOY aroppaiwv, elite ypt) TiWecOat Twas, eire opBais ‘H paxrertos émréT An Eev ‘Hovde Tas bev aryabas TEOLOVHEVO, Tas dé avras, @sS ayvoourTt puawy 7 MEpAs aT aons pula ovoay, erépwOe Sintropnrat. ™7 8 UToKetpev7 ypadn TO pynpovedoat trapaderypdtwor driywv icws adv 136 138 CAMILLUS was in no slight degree fatal to discipline, since it was now dangerous to hold command without paying regard to the pleasure and caprice of the people. They advanced from the city about eleven miles, and encamped along the river Allia, not far from its confluence with the Tiber. There the Barbarians came suddenly upon them, and after a disorderly and shameful struggle, they were routed. Their left wing was at once driven into the river by the Gauls and destroyed; their right wing was less cut up, because it withdrew before the enemy’s onset from the plain to the hills, from which most of them made their way back to the city. The rest, as many as escaped the enemy’s hands, which were weary with slaughter, fled by night to Veii. They thought that Rome was lost and all her people slain. XIX. The battle! took place just after the summer solstice when the moon was near the full, on the very day of a former great disaster, when three hundred men of the Fabian gens had been cut to pieces by the Tuscans. But the second defeat was so much the worse that the day on which it fell is called down to the present time “dies Alliensis,” from the river. Now concerning “ dies nefasti,’” or unlucky days, whether we must regard some as such, or whether Heracleitus was right in rebuking Hesiod for calling some days good and some bad, in his ignorance that the nature of every day is one and the same,—this question has been fully discussed elsewhere. Still, even in what I am now writing, the mention of a few 1 390 B.C. > 137 3 PLUTARCH’S UIVES appocere. TOUTO pev toivuy Bowwrtois ‘Irrrodpo- pio pqvos, as Oo ‘AGnvaior Karovow ‘Exarop- Bavévos, t tora peévov TENT TD Svo AaBeivy cuvéBn Vikas eT veo Tatas, als TOUS "Eddqvas nrceulé- pocay, THY TE mept Aeverpa Kal THY én Kepyco@ TAUTNS T pOoTepov ETEGL mAetoo ty i) Staxociors, 6 OTE Aarrapuay Kat Oeccarors évixnoav. TovTo o av Tad Hépoae _Bqvos Bondpopsdvos € extn pev év Mapafan, tpitn & ép Ivarasais aya Kal mept Muxdrny HT THOT ay vTO TOV ‘EdAjvor, TET TD dé POivovros év "ApBy rots. ot & ’A@n- vaiot kal THv mepl Nd€ov é évixwv Vavpaxlay, Hs XaBpias ¢ ea TpaTnyel, TOU Bondpoprdvos qept Thy Tava€ehnvor, év bé€ Larapive Tepl Tas eixddas, @sS npiv év 7@ Ilept TEpaV amrobebecT a. év7)- voye Oé Kal O Oapyn ov pny ToLs BapBapors €TLONAWS aruxias Kal yap AnréEav6pos él Tpank@ TOUS Baciréws aTpaTHYyovs Oapynrcavos évixnoe, Kal Kapxndoveoe Tept DeKeALAY bio Teporeovtos 7 NTT OVTO TH éBdoun POivorTos, Tmept iy doxet Kal To Tdtov arava, @apyndtovos, as “Egdopos Kal Karnuo Bévns ral Aapaorns Kai Dvrapxos loTopyKacty. avaTranuv & o Mertayecr- viov, 6 ov Bowwrol Tlavepov Karodou, Tots "EX- AoW OvVK evpevns ryéryove. TOUTOU yap Tov pNvos éS8oun Kal tTHy év Kpavevt paynv qnrrndevtes UT “Avtumatpov TEAEWS aT @ONOVTO, Kal TpOTEepov év Xarpwveig pax opevot TOs Diderarov nTuxynoav. THS 6 auris mpépas TAUTNS év T@ Metayerrnare KAT TOV aQUuTov éviavTov ot per "Apyeddyov d1a- Bavres ets ‘Itadiav veo tav éxet BapBapwr ' @apynA:avos deleted by Bekker, after Reiske. ef 38 CAMILLUS examples may not be amiss. To begin with, then, it was on the fifth day of the month of Hippodromius (which the Athenians call Hecatombaeon) that the Boeotians won two illustrious victories which set the Greeks free: that at Leuctra, and that at Ceressus more than two hundred years earlier, when they conquered Lattamyas and the Thessalians. Again, on the sixth day of the month of Boedromion the Greeks defeated the Persians at Marathon, on the third day at Plataea and Mycale together, and on the twenty-sixth day at Arbela. Moreover, it was about full moon of the same month that the Athenians won their sea-fight off Naxos, under the command of Chabrias, and about the twentieth, that at Salamis, as has been set forth in my treatise “On days.” Further, the month of Thargelion has clearly been a disastrous one for the Barbarians, for in that month the generals of the King were conquered by Alex- ander at the Granicus, and on the twenty-fourth of the month the Carthaginians were worsted by Timoleon off Sicily. On this day, too, of Thargelion, it appears that Ilium was taken, as Ephorus, Callisthenes, Damastes, and Phylarchus have stated. Contrary- wise, the month of Metageitnion (which the Boeotians call Panemus) has not been favourable to the Greeks. On the seventh of this month they were worsted by Antipater in the battle of Crannon, and utterly un- done ; before this they had-fought Philip unsuccess- fully at Chaeroneia on that day of the month ; and in the same year, and on the same day of Metageitnion, Archidamus and his army, who had crossed into Italy, were cut to pieces by the Barbarians there. 139 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 6 dvefOdpnoayv. Kapyndovior 8& rhv évdrnv $6i- VOVTOS WS TA THEloTA Kal péyloTAa TOV aTUYnpd- TWY avTOIS del hépovcay TapadvAdTTOVE LW. Ovx dyvo0d 8 6ts wept Tov TOV pvaTNpiwV KaLpoV avOus O7nBai te eateoxnadynoav v6 ’AreEdvdpou, kal pera tadrta ppovpav ‘AOnvaios Maxeddévev édéEavro repli abtny tHv eixdda tod Bondpopd- 7 vos, 7 Tov pvaTtiKxov “laxyov éEdyovow. opotws 5é ‘Pwpaios tis abris nuépas mpotepov pev vd KipBpov To peta Kasrriwvos améBadov oTpare- medov, vatepov dé AovxovdAXov oTpaTnyouvTos "A ppevious Kat _Teypaygy évixnoay. "ATTAAOS 5 o Bactrevs nai Toprnios Mayvos € €v TOLS eauT ay yeveriors an éBavov. Kal 6XosS earl ToNNOUS em dpporepa Tais avrais ypnoapévous arobettar meptodous. 8 ‘AdAd ‘Popators atrn pia TOV pamora aTro- ppddwr é éorl, Kal bv avtny éxdorou pnvos erepar duo, THS Wpos TO cup Pav evra Betas cal decordac- povias emt melon, GoTrep elwOe, pveions. Tavita pev ovv év t@ Tlept airvav ‘Pwpaixdy émipenré- oTEpOV Sunpntas. XX. Mera 8é THY paxny éxetyny el pev evOus emnxonovOnaay of Taddrtat tots dhevyovawy, obdév dv éx@dvce THY ‘Poyny apdnv avaipeOnvar Kat mavTas dmonred Bau TOUS €v AUTH caTarerpbevras: TOTOUTOY ot pEvyorTes éverpyalovto Seta TOUS Drrovex opevors, kat Too auTnS mah eveTipTavro 2 rapax7s Kal Tapa porns. yuvi é amatig TOU peyébous oi BdpBapos ris vinns Kal pds ebm dbet- 140 CAMILLUS The Carthaginians also regard with fear the twenty- second of this month, because it has ever brought upon them the worst and greatest of their misfortunes. I am not unaware that, at about the time when the mysteries are celebrated, Thebes was razed to the ground for the second time by Alexander, and that afterwards the Athenians were forced to receive a Macedonian garrison on the twentieth of Bue- dromion, the very day on which they escort the mystic Iacchus forth in procession. And likewise the Romans, on the self-same day, saw their army under Caepio destroyed by the Cimbri, and later, when Lucullus was their general, conquered Tigranes and the Armenians. Both King Attalus and Pompey the Great died on their own birth-days. In short, one can adduce many cases where the same times and seasons have brought opposite fortunes upon the same men. But this day of the Allia is regarded by the Romans as one of the unluckiest, and its influence extends over two other days of each month through- out the year, since in the presence of calamity, timidity and superstition often overflow all bounds. However, this subject has been more carefully treated in my “ Roman Questions.”’ ! XX. Now had the Gauls, after this battle, followed hard upon the fugitives, naught would have hindered Rome from being utterly destroyed and all those who ‘remained in her from perishing, such was the terror which the fugitives infused into the occupants of the city, and with such confusion and delirium were they themselves once more filled. But as it was, the Barbarians could not realize the magnitude of their 1’ Morals, pp. 269 f. 141 PLUTARCH’S LIVES av €K Tov Teptyapo’s dua Kal veprnoes TAV A t éawxotwv ev TO aTpaToTéd@ Ypyu“aToY TpaTro- pHEvol, TH pev EximTovT. THS ToAEwS GYA@ ¢ , A 4 bf , >] YG \ pastavny duyis wapécyov, éeXmicat & ett Kal A 4 TapacKkevacacGat Tols UmTopévevot. THY yap , aAAnv TroALv Tpoguevoe TO Katritoov eppdkavro , \ , > 4 \ a 3 Béreor kal Siateyiopaciw. év mpwtos Sé TaV iepov & pev eis TO Kamtt@dov avecnevacarTo, [fe A € nA To 6€ Tip THS Eotias at wapBévo. peta Tav e a ” e 4 LEep@VY EepEevyov apTracapeval. ; 139 Kairoz revés ovdéev elvat to hpoupovpevoy vm’ b A a A A wv e la) la! avrav érepov 4) Tip adOtTov iatopodat, Nopa A / Tov Bactréws KaTacTHOAVTOS WS apKXnVY aTaYTwY , , 3 A / A 4 céBecOar. Kwntixwtatov yap év rH dvcet TovUTO: / A , / Kivnots O€ Tis } OU TLL KLVHOEL TraVT@S 1 ryéveE- \ b ” a 4 / , ais: Ta 5 - adda THs BrANs popta Oepporntos \ / \ a : €midtTovens apya KEelweva Kal vexpois eorKoTa na \ A mole THY TOU Tupos SUVapLY, ws YuynY, Kal mpocenGovons apas yé tas eri ro Spav tt Kal Tacyew Tpémetat. Toit ovv are bn TepiTTOV ¥ \ A \ , ” a) , avépa tov Nopav cal Noyov éxovra tais Movcass a \ 4 b a \ a cuveiva. dua codiav éEoormcat nal dpovpety 4 > / a aKoiuntov év elKove THS TA TdvTa KoopmovenNs PeO / , e \ \ fo) C4 b 5 aidiov Suvdpews. ot Sé 7O wey wip, domeEep Tap / a “EAAnot, mpd iepov aifecOar xaddpotov, adr\a \ \ a dé Ta évTos aBéata KpiTrecOat TacL, TAY Tav- a / a e 4 ? , Tals Tais TrapOévous, as ‘Eotidbas érrovouatovor, 142 CAMILLUS victory, and in the excess of their joy, turned to revelry and the distribution of the good things captured in their enemy’s camp. For this reason the throngs who were for abandoning the city had ample time for flight, and those who were for remaining plucked up hope and prepared to defend themselves. Abandoning the rest of the city, they fenced the Capitol with ramparts and stocked it. with missiles. But their first care was for their sacred things, most of which they carried away to the Capitol; the fire of Vesta, however, was snatched up and carried off by the vestal virgins in their flight, along with the other sacred things entrusted to their care. However, some writers state that these virgins have watch and ward over nothing more than the ever-living fire, which Numa the King appointed to be worshipped as the first cause of all things. For fire produces more motion than anything else in nature, and all birth is a mode of motion, or is accompanied by motion. All other portions of matter, in the absence of heat, lie inert and dead, yearning for the force of fire to inform them, like a spirit, and on its accession in any manner soever, they become capable of acting and being acted upon. This principle of fire, then, Numa, who was an extra- ordinary man, and whose wisdom gave him the repute of holding converse with the Muses, is said to have hallowed and ordered to be kept sleepless, that it might image forth the ever-living force which orders the universe aright. Others say that this fire is kept burning before the sacred things by way of purification, as among the Greeks, and that other objects within the temple are kept hidden from the gaze of all except these virgins, whom they call 143 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ A \ , A \ oo N Kat mmEloTos pev AOYOs KaTetxye TO Tpwixov éxetvo HadXadsov atroxeiaOar Sc Alvetov xop- aOév eis “Irariav. eciol & of ra YapoOpaxia uvOoroyoodvres Adpdavov péev eis Tpotav é£evey- Kd {Levov opyudcat Kat KaGrepacar KTidavTa TH mworw, Aivetav &é mept Thy adwow exxderpavta dtacaaat pexpe Ths év Itadia Katoxnoews. ot dé mpootrorovpevor mwAEOV énictracOai tt Tept 4 4 b 4 9 n 4 toutwy dvo dacly ov peydXous amoKxetcOat Ti- Oovs, @y Tov pév avemydTa Kal, Kevov, Tov 6é TwANpH Kal KaTaceonpacpévoyv, aphotépous Se tais travayéot povats trapOévors oparovs eivat. Gdrror Sé rovrous Sueweicbar vopifovar re Ta aA le) U TrEloTA TOV iepav TOoTE TAS KOpas éuBaXdovoas 3 oA 7 4 wa ig A N \ A ets TriOous Sv0 Kpipar KaTa ys Ud Tov vewy TOD / "A A a Kupivou, cai tov totrov éxeivov ért Kal viv Tav iOicxwv pépecOat thy érwvupiav. XXI. Ta 8€ cupsoratra K@l péytora trav iepav avra: AaBovoat huyh Tapa Tov totapmoy érot- An A >? , > A 4 b , odvTo THY aTroywpnow. evrav0a Aevnwos ‘AXBi- yios! dvnp Snpuorixds év Tois hevyouow éruxe Téxva varia Kal yuvaixa peTa ypnudtov dvay- , > e¢ e , ¢ ’ N kaiwy ép apakéns trexxopuifwv. ws 8 elde ras mapOévous év Trois KOoATrols epovcas Ta TeV Oeayv iepa Oéparreias epyjpovs mapatropevopmévas Kal kaxotra0ovaas, TaxXd THY yuvaixa peta TaY Taidwv Kal TOY XpnuaTwv KaBedX@v ATO THs apudkns éxeivais Tapédwxev émiBnvar Kxai éd&a- 1 "AABlnos S and Livy, v. 40: "AABSivos. 144 CAMILLUS Vestals. And a very prevalent story had it that the famous Palladium of Troy was hidden away there, having been brought to Italy by Aeneas. There are some who say that it is the Samothracian images which are hidden there, and they tell the tale of Dardanus bringing these to Troy, after he had founded that city, and consecrating them there with celebration of their rites; and of Aeneas, at the capture of Troy, stealing them away and preserving them until he settled in Italy. Others still, pretend- ing to have larger knowledge in these matters, say that-two small jars are stored away there, of which one is open and empty, and the other full and sealed up, and that both are visible only to the holy virgins. But others think that these knowing ones have been led astray by the fact that the virgins, at the time of which 1 am now speaking, cast the most of their sacred treasures into two jars, and hid them under- ground in the temple of Quirinus, whence that place, down to the present time, has the name of “ Doliola,” or “ Jars.” XXI. However that may be, these virgins took the choicest and most important of the sacred objects and fled away along the river. There it chanced that Lucius Albinius, a man of the common people, was among the fugitives, carrying off his wife and little children, with the most necessary household goods, upon a waggon. When he saw the virgins with the sacred symbols of the gods in their bosoms, making their way along unattended and in great distress, he speedily took his wife, with the children and the household goods, down from the waggon, and suffered the virgins to mount upon it and make | 145 VoL. I. I. PLUTARCH’S LIVES uyely els teva Tov ‘EAAnVidwYv TOAEwV. THY ey obv ‘AdBuwiou ampos To Oetov evrAdBevav Kat TOMMY év ois emtiapanred TAT 015 Kawpots éxdavij yevopevny OUK abuov HV a dyn LovevTov mapereiv. Or 8 rav addeov Gedy iepets of Te ynpasol Tav UTaTLK@Y Kal OptapBicav avdp@v THY wey TroALY éxhumreiy ovxX vIréuevav, iepas 5é Kal Aapmpas dvaraBovres éaOnras, e€nyoupevov PaBiov TOD dpxcepéws, émevEdpevor tois Oeois, ws EavTous UTEP THS marpibos ™@ Satpove cabvepodvres, ent TOV ehepavTivey Sipe ev dryopa exddnvro | KEKOO LNpévol, THY émovoay TUYNY UTopévorTes. XXII. Tpiry é amo Tis paxns nH pg Taphy O Bpévvos a aryov emt Thy TOA TO oTparevpa: Kat Tas TE mUhas evpav avery pévas kal Ta Téeyn purdxeov épnua, _Tp@rov peev édevoev évébpav Kal donov, aT La T OV od mavrdanacw ametpy- Kévat TOUS ‘Popaiors. émret 8 eyve TO arndés, elaerdoas dia tHS KodAlvns mirns ere thy ‘Popny éfjovra kal Tpraxoatoy er av Thetova, Bpayd Xpovov aT THS KTLTEWS éXovaap, el T@ TLoTOV arocwkerbat TWA TOV Xpovery ax piSear, ols Kal meph vewTépov adNwv aphis Barna " ouyXuaLs exeivn TAperye. Tov pévroe wda0ous avrou Kal Tis aAXwoews Eorxev apu8pd TLS evOus els THY ‘EAA aba one bier Oeiv. ‘Hpaxneidns yap ) Tlovrexos Ov TOA THY Ypovav exeLveov arronet~ TOMEVOS év 7? Tlept yrux7ns cuyypaupari onow amo THS éoTrépas Aoryov Katacxelv, as oTPATOS é& ‘Tre pBop ov €Meav éEwlev npnros moduy ‘EdAnvida ‘Pwynv, éxet mov Kat@xnuevny trept 1 éxd@nvro with all MSS. and editors: xa@jvro. 146: 14( CAMILLUS their escape to a Greek city. This pious act of Albinius,and the conspicuous honour which he showed the gods in a season of the greatest danger, could not well be passed over in silence. But the priests of the other gods, and the aged men who had been consuls and celebrated triumphs, could not endure to leave the city. So they put on their robes of state and ceremony, following the lead of Fabius, the pontifex maximus, and vowed the gods that they would devote themselves to death in their country’s behalf. Then they sat themselves down, thus arrayed, on their ivory chairs in the forum, and a awaited their fate. XXII. On the third day after the battle, Brennus came up to the city with hisarmy. Finding its gates open and its walls without defenders, at first he feared a treacherous ambush, being unable to believe that the Romans were in such utter despair. But when he realised the truth, he marched in by the Colline gate, and took Rome. This was a little more than three hundred and sixty years from her foundation, if one can believe that any accurate chronology has been preserved in this matter, when that of even later events is disputed, owing to the confusion caused by this very disaster. However, it would seem that some vague tidings of the calamity and capture of the city made their way at once to Greece. For Heracleides Ponticus, who lived not long after that time, in his treatise “On the soul,” saysthat out of the West a story prevailed, how an army of Hyper- boreans had come from afar and captured a Greek city called Rome, situated somewhere on the shores 147 L 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 Thy peyddAny Odraccav. ovK dv ovv Oavpd- capt pv0edn Kat Tac patiay 6vTa TOV ‘Hpa- Krelony arnbet hoy T@ Tept Tis AN@a ews emiKopmaaat TOUS ‘TarepBopéous Kal TV peyadnv Odrarrav. "A piororedns 5é 0 hirdaodos TO pév ahavas THY TOMY vTr0 Kerrov axprBas dHAGS éoTW aknKkows, Tov Oé cacavTa Aevxtoy elvat gdynow: qv 5&é Mdpxos, od Aevxtos, 0 KdprXos. GNA TadTAa pev elkac up NENEKT AL. : 4 Karacxov dé THY ‘Poynv ) Bpévyos TO pev Kamirorip ppoupav TepLeaThaey, avros 6€ Kata- * Baivev bu’ aryopas eOavpate TOUS mpoxadnpévous dydpas év Koo Wp Kat oLwoT] Dewpevos, OS 00" bmeEaveotnaay emriovTa@y Trohepioy ovr oyu ” Xpoay éTpevrar, andra padipos Kal GOES EeryKe- Kdepevor Tois oKiTwoLD, ‘ods épdpoup,} wal 1 poa- 5 Brerovtes adXiprors nobyalor. nV obv Oadua Tots Tadarass mpos Thy atotiav, Kal TOY ovoy oxvoovtes apacOat Kal mpooenBeiv WS Kpeittroot Suntropovy. ere Sé ToAunoas tis &e& QUuT@V eyyus Taperrn [asreupip Madpco Kat mpocaryayanv THY Xelpa T PAWS pare TOU yevelou Kal Karirye THY vITnUNV Bad clay ovaay, o pep Ilazreipios TH Baxrnpia Thy «Kepanrny avrou mardtas ouvérpipev, 6 8 BapBapos oTac auevos 6 Thy paxarpay GTrEKTELVED éxetvov. éx dé ToUTOU Kat TOUS ouTrous avypouv TpoaTreovTes, Kat TOV arXrwy scots emuTbxovev Sexp@vTo, Kal Tas oixias emopOour | ép’ He pas TOAAAS dryovres kat é- povres, elra KaTeTipmpacay Kai KATES KAT TOV opytfouevoe toils éyovot +o Kamitodov, bre 1 épdpouy with S: Ipepos. 148 CAMILLUS of the Great Sea. Now I cannot wonder that so fabulous and fictitious a writer as Heracleides should deck out the true story of the capture of Rome with his “ Hyperboreans”’ and his “Great Sea.” But Aristotle the philosopher clearly had accurate tidings of the capture of the city by the Gauls, and yet he says that its saviour was Lucius, although the fore- name of Camillus was not Lucius, but Marcus. How- ever, these details were matters of conjecture. When he had occupied Rome, Brennus surrounded the Capitol with a guard. He himself went down through the forum, and was amazed to see the men sitting there in public state and perfect silence. They neither rose up to meet their enemies when they approached, nor did they change countenance or colour, but sat there quietly, at ease and without fear, leaning on their staves and gazing into one another’s faces. The Gauls were amazed and per- plexed at the unwonted sight, and for a long time hesitated to approach and touch them, regarding them as superior beings. But at last one of them, plucking up his courage, drew near Papirius Marcus, and stretching out his hand, gently grasped his chin and stroked his long beard, whereupon Papirius, with his staff, smote him a crushing blow on the head. Then the Barbarian drew his sword and killed him. After that, they fell upon the rest and slew them, made away with every one else they met, sacked and plundered the houses of the city for many days together, and finally burned them down and levelled them with the ground, in their wrath at the defenders of the Capitol. For these would not 149 PLUTARCH’S LIVES N KaXovvTM@Y avTaV ovx UmnKovor, GANA Kal 7 poo- Baddovar mAnyas éocav aro ToD Siareryiopa- TOS dpuvopevot. dua Tadra pev oby éXNupnvavTo THY modu Kal mpoa diépOerpav TOUS ato Kopevovs, opolws pev avdpas Kal yuvaixas, opoiws 5é mpec- Boras xat rratéas. XXIII. Tis 6 vrorsopxias wjxos ANapBavovons emiottia pod Tots Tanrdrais eu: kal SLeNOvTES EaUTOUS Ob peVv TO Bacrnret TA pApevovTes éppov- pouv TO Kamuréduoy, ot b THY xopav mepviovTes éhenatouv Kal Tas Ko pas eropbouv T™pooTrt- TTOVTES, ovxX opod TAVTES, aAXot 6 arAn Kal” myepovias Kal cuvTaypara, T peya ppoveiy UTO TOV evTUX maT ov Kal dedtevat pdev atro- oKLOvapEvoL. TO b¢ TreloTov avTov Kal pdduora guvTeTaypevov éyepet Tpos THY ‘Apoearav TOALW, év 7 diéTpuBe Kadpirros apy@v rais mpager peTa THY guyny Kal uorrevor, eamidas bé ae ae Kal draroytia pos ovx! TO ANabeiv Kat Staguyely TOUS . Toneptous aryaTOVTOS avdpos, GXr ores, ét Taparyevorro KaLpOs, apuvetras oKOTODVTOS. bio Kal Tovs "Apdedtas o opay mArnOeu pev txavovs évTas, evoeets Oe TOAMNS de arretpiav Kal paraxiav TOV OT PATHYOD, evéBare Aoyov ets TOUS vEOUS mparov, @s ov Yp7 THY “Pwpator druxiay avdpeiav Kerrov voutcery, ovd a KAKOS ppovncact | ouveBn madety exelvous épya TOV ovdev eis TO ViKHOAL TAPATXovTav, ana TUXNS érriderEw ajyetoOar. Karov pep ouv elvat Kab bia xivdvvav andcacbat moheLov addopudov Kat BapBapixov, @ Tob Kpareiy mépas, dot ep 7 Tupi, StapOaphvat TO ViK@pevov' ov pnVY AAAw 150 CAMILLUS surrender at their summons, but when they were attacked, actually repulsed their foes from the ramparts with loss. Therefore the Gauls inflicted every outrage upon the city, and put to the sword all whom they captured, men and women, old and young alike. XXIII. The siege lasted a long time, and the Gauls began to lack provisions. They therefore divided their forces. Some remained with their king and watched the Capitol, others ravaged the country round about, falling upon the villages and sacking them, not all together in one body, but scattered about by commands and companies, some here, some there, moved by their successes to great confidence and the fear of nothing. The largest and best disciplined body of them marched upon the city of Ardea, where Camillus was staying since his exile. He lived in complete retirement and privacy, it is true, but cherished the hopes and plans not of a man who eagerly desired to escape the notice and hands of the enemy, but of one who sought to avenge him- self upon them if occasion offered. Wherefore, see- ing that the Ardeans were of sufficient numbers, but lacked courage, through the inexperience and effemi- nacy of their generals, he began to reason with the young men first, to the effect that the mishap of the Romans ought not to be laid to the valour of the Gauls, nor the sufferings of that infatuated people to the prowess of men who did not deserve their victory, but rather to the dictates of fortune. It was a fine thing, he said, even at dangerous risks, to repel the attack of an alien and barbarous folk, whose only end in getting the mastery was, as in the work of fire, the utter destruction of what it conquered. But 151 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal Gappotor Kal slat mpansten avTois axiv- duvov épv Kalp@ THY viny qapetety. Tovtous TOUS Aoyous Tov véwy befapéveav émrl Tous dpxovras Heb Kal TOUS tpoBovhous TOV "Apdearay 0 Kapsrros. OS b¢ KAKELVOUS cuvérreicey, Grice TOUS éy nALKia mdavras Kal ouveixe TOU TeUxous evTOs, dyvoeia Bat Bovdopevos bao TOV Tmrohepiooy éryryus GvT@v. émrel 6¢ THV X@pav imma d.pevot Kat Bapeis OVTES UTTO wAHOous TOV dryopévev Kal hepopévwv apLEers Kal oALyopws eV To medio KaTeaTpaton édeva ap, éx be TOUTOU wok erie peOvovow avtois Kal stam KATETXE TO oTparo- medov, Tudopevos Taira Tapa, TOV: KATATKOTTOV 0 Kaptrros ebipye TOUS ‘Apoearas Kal beh Bow Kal? nouxiav Tov perafvu Tomov Tepl péoas vocTas mpooewute TO ydpaxt Kpauy Te @[LEVOS TOAAH Kal Tais oddaruyee mavraxobev KTapar- TOV avOparrous KaK@s UIT péOns Kal bors ék Tov vITveDV avadépovtas Tpos TOV JopuBov. oALyot pev ouv avavnyavTes év T@ $08 wa LacKevad duevor TOUS jept Tov KapsdAov uTré- oTHTAaV, WOT dpuvopevot meaeiy- TOUS 5é amae- aTous éTt KpaToupevous vrve Kal olv@ KATANA Bavovres dvoTthous ExTewov. door Oe VUKTOS am éSpacav éx Tov Xdpacos ov TOANOL, TOVTOUS pe? TMepav omopdias éy TH Yopa Scapepopevous émreNauvovTes larmets SudpOevpov. XXIV. ‘H & oyun TaXU Siayyéddouca THY mpatw émi tas monets éFexanetro TONAOVS TOV év nrukta TVVLTTAMEVOUS, padora dé “Popatev Scot Siaduydvtes ex tis én’ "Ada payns ev Ovniows Foav: Kal wdvporTo Kata opas avTous, 152 14] CAMILLUS in the present case, if they were bold and zealous, he would find occasion to give them a victory without any danger. After gaining the support of the young men, Camillus went to the rulers and councillors of Ardea, and when he had won them over also, he armed all who were of age for service and kept them together within the walls, that they might not be perceived by the enemy, who were near. These had scoured the country round about, and encamped in the plain, without care or concern, and heavily encumbered with their abundant booty. When night had fallen upon them, putting an end to their carousals, and silence reigned throughout their camp, Camillus, acquainted with this by his scouts, led forth the Ardeans. Passing quietly over the intervening space, they reached the camp about midnight, and with shouts and trumpet blasts on every hand confounded the men, who were scarcely brought to their senses by the din, heavy as they were with drunkenness and sleep. A few of them were sobered by fear, armed themselves, and made resistance to Camillus and his men, so that they fell fighting ; but most were still mastered by sleep and wine when they were fallen upon and slain without their arms. A wv e ce , kal pddiora Kat’ avTny bpAtos 0 TOD KaretwAiou Aopos avéoTnKe Kat TeT pa KUKA@ TON Kal Tpaxeta TEpLTTepune &:” Hs dvéBn Aaov Kal mpocéuée Tots Purdrrover TO SvaTeiyio pa Xarerds Kal jones Kata TO Aayapwrarov. doTacapevos dé TOUS dvbpas Kal ppdoas € éavTov é€ o dvouaros, avarnpbeis é exper Tos TOUS év Tenet TOV ‘Popaiov. TaXy dé ouyKdyTov yevoperns mapehBov THY re vinny amnyyetne TOV Kaptrrov mpoTepov ov mudopévors, Kal Ta SoKodvTa Tois TTPATLOTALS Sunyetro- «al TA PEK are T@ Ka- pir BeBarooar THY apXHV, WS pove TELoO- pévov exeivp trav ew modiTdv. ob RY dKov- cavtes Kal Bovrevodpevor Tov Te KdpirXov atro- detxvvovar SieTaTopa, KaL TOV Tevreov avbus aaromréprouct THD QUT HY odop 6 O{L0LWS arya TUXD xpnodpevov. éXabe yap TOUS ‘Trohepous Kal Ta TAPa THS Boudijs amnyyetre Tors &Ew ‘Pepaiors. XXXVI. ’Exeivv bé deEapévev a poOvpws copt- KOMEVOS O Kapsrros non wev év OT hous Sia wuptous xatéxaBe, mreiovas 5€ ocuripyev amo TOV ocUp- 1 +g Bekker supplies ¢v with Bryan. 156 142 CAMILLUS He could net cross the river by the bridge, since the Barbarians were guarding it, so he wrapped his light and scanty garments about his head, fastened the corks to his body, and thus supported, swam across, came out on the other side, and went on towards the city. Always giving a wide berth to those of the enemy who were watchful and wakeful, as he judged by their fires and noise, he made his way to the Carmental gate, where there was the most quiet, at which the Capitoline hill was most sheer and steep, and which was girt about by a huge and jagged cliff. Up this he mounted unperceived, and __ finally reached, with great pains and difficulty, the sentries posted where the wall was lowest. Hailing them, © and telling them who he was, he was pulled up over the wall, and taken to the Roman magistrates. The Senate quickly convening, he appeared before it, announced the victory of Camillus, about which they had not heard, and explained to them the will and pleasure of his fellow-soldiers. He exhorted them to confirm Camillus in his command, since he was the only man whom the citizens outside would obey. When the Senate had heard his message and deliberated upon it, they appointed Camillus dictator, and sent Pontius back again by the way he had come, wherein he repeated his former good fortune. For he eluded the enemy’s notice and brought the Senate’s message to the Romans outside the city. XXVI. These gave eager welcome to the tidings, so that when Camillus came, he found twenty thousand men already under arms. He collected 157 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pdyov xal mapecxevatero mpos THY émideou. ovTw pev npéOn Sixtatwp o Kaptrros To dev- Tepov Kal tropevbeis eis Odnlouvs éevétrvye Tots oTpaTiworats Kal auviye mAElous ato THY oUp- paxov was émiOnoopevos Tots Trodeuiors.} "Ev 8€ 79 ‘Pon trav BapRdpwv tives exeivyn Kata Tuynv tapeEtovtes, % Std vuxtos o Ilovtios mpocéBn TO Karitorio, catayabovtes ToAdayXy peév Lyvn Today Kal yelpov, Os avTeNauPdveTo Kal mepucdpattero, Today Sé Tay émimepuKOTwY Tols Kpnuvois atrotpiBas Kat TeptodicOnoes THY yewoav, dodtfovas T@ Bacwrei. Kaxeivos émed- Gav cal Ocacdpevos ToTe pev novyaler, éomrépas Sé rovs eXadpotdrous Tois cwpact Kai TepuKoTAas opeiBareiy pddtota tev Kertov ovvayayov, “Tay wey odor,” elrrev, “ nuiv é Eavtovs aryvoov- pévnv ot Trodéutoe Secxv¥ovow ws OUT aTropEevTOS ouvTE aBaros avOpatrats éoTuy, aioxuvn dé mod} THY apxXny exovras édneirrew mpos TO TEoS Kal mpoéobar TOV TOTrOV os dvahwrop, aura TOV Tohepiwy 4 ANTTOS éaTe SiOacKoVTHV. n yap évi mpooPivas Passor, ovde moAXois cal? éva dvaKONOV, GANA kal poun kal Bonlea Toh eT aAANAWY emuxetpodat. Swpeat 5é «kal Tipal TpeTrova at ths avdpayabias éxdore 6067- covTat. XXVII. Totadra rod Bactdéws Stare Bévros bmréarno av ot Taddra _ Tp upes, Kal mrepl péoas vixtas ériuBavtes Gua TodXol THs TéTpas 1 Oitw... wodreulors deleted by Bekker, after Reiske. 158 CAMILLUS still more from the allies, and made preparations for his attack. Thus Camillus was chosen dictator for the second time, and proceeding to Veii, he put himself at the head of the soldiers there, and collected more from the allies, with the purpose of attacking the enemy. But in Rome, some of the Barbarians chanced to pass by the spot where Pontius had made his way by night up to the Capitol, and noticed in many places the marks made by his hands and feet in clam- bering up, and many places also where the plants that grew upon the rocks had been torn away, and the earth displaced. They advised their king of this, and he too came and made inspection. At the time he said nothing, but when evening came, he assembled the nimblest men and the _ best mountain-climbers of the Gauls and said to them: “The enemy have shown us that there is a way up to them of which we knew not, and one which men can traverse and tread. It would be a great shame for us, after such a beginning as we have made, to fail at the end, and to give the place up as impregnable, when the enemy themselves show us where it can be taken. For where it is easy for one man to approach it, there it will be no difficult matter for many to go one by one, nay, they will support and aid one another greatly in the undertaking. Gifts and honours befitting his valour shall be given to every man.” | XXVII. So spake their king, and the Gauls eagerly undertook to do his will. About midnight a large band of them scaled the cliff and made 159 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éx@pour aye peTO oLomns, éupuopevot Tots coptots drroropous ovol al Xarerois, ov pay aNNG HarXov ; mpocedokOn TEL po LEVY aur ap T poo vepevors Kat Tapeixovoty, @are TOUS Tpw- TOUS arfapevous TOV dxpov Kai StacKevaca- pevous Soop ovK 0n TOU TMPOTELXLT MATOS anr- Teabat «al Tois purakiv émuxeupelv KoLpopevors® nodero yap ob avOpwmos ovTe KUMY. adda VIVES joav tepot mept TOV VEOV THS “Hpas TpEepo- pevot TOV GOV YpovoY addoves, TOTE bé Tov ouriov nn yMaxXpas Kal pods avrois Stap- KoUvT@DV Gpeovpevor KAKOS émpartov. EOTL pev oby Kat pucet IPOs aicOnow 0&0 Kal popodeds To C@ov éexeivor dé Kal ba pov GrypuTryntixol Kal GopuB odes ryeryOvOTES Taxy Thy Epodov a cOovro trav Tadartov, Kal pera Spopov Kal Krayyns Pepopevor mpos aUTOUS emrpyerpav adravras, non Kal Tov BapBapev | Sia TO pen) NavOaverv apedovvtov PopvBov Kat Biasorepov emit Bepeveov. aprrdcavtes oby vd omovbijs @ Tes ExaoTos ork TpooeTuyyxaven, éx Tov Ta ovToS éBonGouv. aavrov oe TP@TOS MdAdos, avnp UTATLKOS, TO TE o ope popanréos Kat po- vypare Wuyi emepavns, amavrnoas Svaly opod TOV TONE LLeoD Tov pév épdace Sinppevov xoTrioa TO Eider THY deftav atroxowas, TOV dé TO Oupep matdtas els TO T poo war ov ewoey OTiTW KATA THS TET PAs. émiaTas be T@ a pera TOV cuvdpa- povToy Kal yevopevev Tep avrov améatpewre Tovs GAAous, OUTE TOANOUS AVw yevopuévous OUTE mpakavrds Te THS TOANs aéLov. ovTw 5é TOY xivduvov éxgpuyovtes au’ huépa Tov pev apyovTa 160 143 CAMILLUS their way upward in silence. They climbed on all fours over places which were precipitous and rough, but which yielded to their efforts better than they had expected, until the foremost of them reached the heights, put themselves in array, and had all but seized the outwork and _ fallen upon the sleeping watch. Neither man nor dog was aware of their approach. But there were some sacred geese near the temple of Juno, which were usually fed without stint, but at that time, since provisions barely sufficed for the garrison alone, they were neglected and in evil plight. The creature is naturally sharp of hearing and afraid of every noise, and these, being specially wake- ful and restless by reason of their hunger, perceived the approach of the Gauls, dashed at them with loud cries, and so waked all the garrison. At once the Barbarians, now that they were detected, spared no noise, and came on more impetuously to the attack. The defenders, snatching up in_ haste whatever weapon came to hand, made the best shift they could. Manlius first of all, a man of consular dignity, mighty in body and exceeding stout of heart, confronting two of the enemy at once, cut off the right hand of one of them with his sword as he was lifting his battle-axe, and dashing his shield into the face of the other, tumbled him backwards down the cliff. Then taking his stand on the wall with those who ran to his aid and formed about him, he repulsed the rest of the enemy, who had reaehed the top in no great numbers, and showed no prowess to match their daring. So the Romans escaped out of their peril. At break of day, they east the 161 VOL, II. M PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tav durdcwv éppipav eis Tovs Trodepious KaTa THs méTpas, T® 6€ MadXyJo THs viKens apioreia pos TomHY peyadyy® padrov i] xpetav Wndica- jLevot ouvnveycav daov npépas ExacTOS ehap- Bavev eis tpopyy, citou pév huidtTpoy emruywpiou (ofTw yap KaXrovow ato), oivov 8é KoTvANS “EAAnuicns Ttétraprov. XXVIII. ’Ex tovrov ra trav Kerrov jy GOuporepa. Kal yap émirndetwy éomrdutov eipyo- pevoe tpovouns bd8@ tod KapidrXov, cal voaos Umotkoupnoey avtTous év vexpa@v AOE. yvdSnv kataBeBrAnpevwy oxnvovvras év épeutrious, TO TE Bd8os tis téppas dépa Enpotnte nal SpipvtTyte havrov vrd mvevpadtev Kal Kavydtov dvabo- puwons éAupaiveto TA cwpata Sia THs avatrvons. pamota & 7 petaBor) THs cuvTpopov SiaiTns éx TOTwY oKLEep@v Kat Bépous KaTaduyas adUTOUS éyovtwv éuBardovtas eis yopayv tatrewi kal kek papevny aguas ™ pos TO [ETOTTW POV éxlunoev aUTOUS, H TE 7 pos T® Kamitwrjio xabespa Kab axon yevouevn Xpovios. EBSopov yap éxelvov o.xoupovy piva TohopKoovTes. dare dbopay elvat TOAANY ev TO atpatoTése kat mndé Odrre- obat bia TAOOS. ETL TOUS arobuicKovtas. Od py rapa’ TodT0 Ta Tpaypata Berto Tois TOAOPKOUPEVOLS WV. eémérewwe yap O ALos, H TE tav wept Kapsrdop aryvoua mapetye SucOvupiav ovdels yap époita trap avtav dia TO ppoupetabat 1 peydAnv deleted by Coraés and Bekker. 2 wapa MSS. and edd., including Sintenis!: wept, 162 CAMILLUS captain of the watch down the cliff among the enemy, but voted to Manlius a meed of victory which did him more honour than service. They collected for him the rations which each man of them received for one day, namely, half a pound of native spelt, Roman weight, and an eighth of a pint of wine, Greek measure. XXVIII. After this, the case of the Gauls was less hopeful. They lacked provisions, being shut off from foraging through fear of Camillus, and disease lurked among them. They were encamped amid ruins, where a multitude of corpses had been cast at random, and besides, an air made dry and acrid by vast quantities of ashes which wind and heat sent flying abroad, made breathing hurtful. But what most of all affected them was the complete change in their mode of life. They had come all at once from regions of shade, where easy refuge could be had from the heats of summer, into a land which was low lying and had an unnatural climate towards autumn. Then there was their long and idle sitting down before the Capitol_—_they were now whiling away the seventh month in its siege. For all these reasons the mortality was great in their camp; so many were the dead that they could no longer be buried. All this, however, brought no relief to the besieged, for famine increased upon them, and their ignorance of what Camillus was doing made them dejected. No messenger could come from him because the city was now closely watched aa 16¢ M 2 : ual! PLUTARCH’S LIVES THY TOMY axptB@s vrd TeV BapBapov. 00 ev OUTw mpaT Tova dpdoréepors & éyivovTo cupBartiKor Aoryor 61a TOV mpopuhaxov TO Tp@Tov addajrous evTUyXavovT@v™ elTa, @S eboke Tots Kpatiorots, ouvenOovtos els Aoyous Bpévyw Lovdarexiou Tov Xeduapyou TOV ‘Popaiwr, @poroynOn TOUS peey Xedias itpas _Xpuatov cataBanreiy, TOUS dé AaBovras ex THS Toews avtixa Kal Ths yw@pas dvaxopeiv. émi TovTo.s yevopevery GpKov Kat Tov xpuatou Kopi Bévros, Tov O€ Kerrav qept Tov oraO pov GryVOMOVOUVT OY pupa TO Tp@Top, ela Kal pavepas aehcovTov Kal duactpepovray THY pomny, NYAVAKTOUY Ot ‘Popator mpos autous. o b€ Bpévvos olev epuppivor Kal KATAYENOY am obv- odperos} THY pdxaipay apa Kai Tov Sworipa mpoaéOnxe tots orabpois. murOavopevov dé Tod ZLovdmuxiou, . Té tovTo ;” “ Te yap adno,” elirev, “7H Tots VEVLKN LEVOLS sium ;” ;” TovTO pev ovv nn Taporpia@dys AOryos yeyove. Tav Oe “Papaior ot ev nyavdKtouv Kal TO _Xpuatov @OVTO Setv AaBovras avdis amrlévat Kab THY mo\opKlay vqTro- pévewy” ot O€ ovyxopelv éxéXevoy adsKovupévous péTpLa, Kal pn TO TEOv d.d0var mpoanhoyitec Bat TO alax por, avo ye TO Sobvat dea Tov Katpov ov KAN@S GAN’ avayKaiws UmopevovTas. X XIX. Obons dé mept TovTay T pos TE TOUS Kenrovs Kal 7 pos avrovs Stag opas drycov TOV oTpaTov oO Kapirros év Tats Tuva HY kal muOopevos Td ylvomeva TOUS adddous éxéhevoev év vase Kai oyédnv éraxorovbeciv, adtos b€ peta , amoburduevos with 8: dwoAvoduevos unfastening. abrovs Sintenis? with C: airovs Bekker and Sintenis!. 164 2 CAMILLUS by the Barbarians. Wherefore, both parties being in such a plight, a compromise was_ proposed, at first by the outposts as they encountered one another. Then, since those in authority thought it best, Sulpicius, the military tribune of the Romans, held a conference with Brennus, and _ it was agreed that on the delivery of a thousand pounds of gold by the Romans, the Gauls should straightway depart out of the city and the country. Oaths were sworn to these terms, and the gold was brought to be weighed. But the Gauls tampered with the scales, secretly at first, then they openly pulled the balance back out of its poise. The Romans were incensed at this, but Brennus, with a mocking laugh, stripped off his sword, and added it, belt and all, to the weights. When Sulpicius asked, “ What means this?” ‘ What else,” ‘said Brennus, “ but woe to the vanquished?’’! and the phrase passed at once into a proverb. Some of the Romans were incensed, and thought they ought to go back again with their gold, and endure the siege. Others urged acquiescence in the mild injustice. Their shame lay, they argued, not in giving more, but in giving at all. This they consented to do because of the emergency ; it was not honourable, but it was necessary. XXIX. While they were thus at odds in the matter, both with the Gauls and with themselves, Camillus led his army up to the gates of the city. On learning what was going on, he ordered the rest of his army to follow in battle array and deliberately, 1 Vae victis / 165 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOV apiorav érrevyopevos evOLS érropeveTo Tpos trovs “Pwpaiovs. Ssacravtwoy S¢ wavtTwv Kal SeEapévwy aidtov ws avToxpdtopa Koop Kal oLWTh, TO ev Ypvalov apas amo ToD Cuvyod Tois uanpetas édwxe, Tov dé Evyov wal ta oTaOua tous Kerrovs AaRovtas amoywpelv éxéXevoev elev, os oldnp~ watpiov éott “Pwpaiots, ov. Ypva@ tv tatpiba cwtew. ayavaxtodvytos Fé Tov Bpévyvov cal dacKovtos abdixeicBar AvOMEéVNS THS oporoyias, GVTéiTre UN VvoOLipbws yeyovévas unde Kuplas elvac Tas ouvOnKas: nen yap avTou Sextaropos 7) npnuévov Kal wndevos apyovros érépou vow Tpos OvK éxovras éfouciay opordoynOjvac. puvi dé xpivat every el TL Bovrovrar VOU@ yap hie KUpLOS ryeryovas cuyyvayny Te Seopévots Sotvat Kal Sixny, él pay petavootow, ériBeivar Tots airtous. mpos TavTa BopuAnOels O Bpévvos inparto pev dxpipaxias, kal mponrOov dypt £e- povrkias Exar epot kal SiwO.o wav dva.peptry Evo 7 pos adrous, damep ELKOS, ev oixiais Kal oTEVWTTOLS dvactpepopevot Kar xwpious déFacbat mapatatw ob Suvapévors. Tayv 5é cupppovijoas O Bpévvos amrnyarye TOUS - ‘Kedrovs els TO oTpaTo- medov Ov TrOANOY TET OVTMD. Kal vUKTOS dvaoTn- cas amavras éEéNurre THY Tod, Kal mpoed Bary éEnxovra, orabdious KaTeaTpatoT ébevc € Tape THY PaBiviay oOov. aya S TIME Pe mapiy o KaptAXos én aurov GAL Uevos apr pews Kal teBappnkoras EXov TOTE TOUS ‘Popaious: Kal yevowevns loxupas payns eri todvv Xpovov avTous Te TpeTeTas TOMK® povp kal AapBdaver TO oTpaToTEdov. TOY 166 CAMILLUS while he himself, with the flower of his men, pressed on, and presently came to the Romans. These all made way for him, in decorous silence acknowledg- ing him as their dictator. Thereupon he lifted the gold from the scales and gave it to his attendants, and then ordered .the Gauls to take their scales and weights and be off, saying that it was the custom with the Romans to deliver their city with iron and not with gold. When Brennus in wrath declared that he was wronged by this breaking of the agree- ment, Camillus answered that the compact was not legally made nor binding, since he himself had already been chosen dictator and there was no other legal ruler ; the agreement of the Gauls had there- fore been made with men who had no power in the case. Now, however, they must say what they wanted, for he was come with legal authority to grant pardon to those who asked it, and to inflict punishment on the guilty, unless they showed repentance. At this, Brennus raised a clamour and began a skirmish, in which both sides got no further than drawing their swords and pushing one another confusedly about, since the action took place in the heart of the ruined city, where no battle array was possible. But Brennus soon came to his senses, and led his Gauls off to their camp, with the loss of a few only. During. the ensuing night he broke camp and abandoned the city with his whole force, and after a march of about eight miles, encamped along the Gabinian way. At break of day Camillus was upon him, in glittering array, his Romans now full of confidence, and after a long and fierce battle, routed the enemy with great slaughter and took their camp. Of the fugitives, some were at once 167 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5é hevyovrwy ot péev evOvds avnpéOncav xatadio- yOévtes, Tovs 5é mreiaTous StactapévTas éreK- Béovres éx TOY TépLE KopaY Kal TOdEwY ExTeELvoOV. XXX. Odtw pév 7 ‘Papin Trapanroyos Hw cat TrapaorydaT epov éo@0n, pijvas étTa TOvS mévras ims tois BapBdpo.s yevouévn. mapedOovres yap eis aUTHY oriyats NuEépats DoTepoy trav Kvivte- Lov eld@v Trepl tas DeBpovapias eidovs éEérrecov. o 56€ Kdpirros eOpiapBevoe pév, @S eixds Hv, TOV amodkwrvias cwThpa watpidos yevopevov xal KATAYOVTA THY TWOALY aUTHY els éaUTHY: Ot TE yap é&wev dua tract nai yuvackiv eioedav- VOVTOS AVTOD GUYyKaTHEcaV, ol Te TrodLopKNnOéyTeEsS év T@ KamitwrXio, pixpov Senoavtes atrorécbau dua ALpov, dariyToy mrepiBaddovres add rous cai Saxpvovtes v0} THs Tapovans Hoovns, & lepets te kal Caxopor Gear, & boa pevyovres avToOe TaY aBeBnrov eExpuvpav 7) atv avtois é&éxrevrar, avacwloueva® Kxopivovtes éredetxvuvto ro0ov- pevas dypeus Tots TOM TALS Sexopevors pera, xYapas, @OTEp auTev tav Oey avdus els THY ‘Panu oUyKATEpXopevon’ Bucas 5é trois Bevis Kal KaGa- pas THY modu éEnyoupeveov TOV Tept TavTa SeLv@v, TA ev évTa TOV lepov KaTéaTnoey, avros 6é isptcaro vE@Y Pryns Kat Krnddvos, aveupov éxelvov TOV TOTFOV, eV @ VUKT@P 1) 7) KaTaryyédhovea THY TOV BapBapov otpatiay €x Oeobd te Kau-— dixig Mapx@ dwvn mpocérece. 1 $9d with S: amortg for distrust of. 2 dvacw(dueva xa nexoounnéeva S, and adorned. 168 CAMILLUS pursued and cut down, but most of them scattered abroad, only to be fallen upon and slain by the people of the surrounding villages and cities. XXX. So strangely was Rome taken, and more strangely still delivered, after the Barbarians had held it seven months in all. They entered it a few days after the Ides of July, and were driven out about the Ides of February. Camillus celebrated a triumph, as it was meet that a man should do who had saved a country that was lost, and who now brought the city back again to itself. For the citizens outside, with their wives and_ children, accompanied his triumphal chariot as it entered the city, and those who had been besieged on the Capitol, and had narrowly escaped death by starva- tion, came forth to meet them, all embracing one another, and weeping for the joy that was theirs. The priests and ministrants of the gods, bringing whatever sacred objects they had either buried on the spot or carried off with them when they took to flight, displayed them, thus preserved in safety, to _ the citizens, who caught the welcome sights with delight, believing in their hearts that the gods themselves were now coming back to Rome with them. After Camillus had made sacrifices to the gods and purified the city, in the manner prescribed by those who were versed in such rites, he restored the existing temples, and erected a new one to Rumour and Voice,! having sought out carefully the spot where by night the voice from Heaven, announcing the coming of the Barbarian host, had fallen upon the ears of Marcus Caedicius. 1 Ara Aii Locutii. 169 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXII. Xarerads pev ody nal pors ai Tav iep@v avexaduTrTovTo Y@pat dirotiuia Tod Ka- pidrou Kal Tovm TOAA@ TOV lepopavTarv: ws dé Kal THY TONY avoLKobopeiV edee TravTatrace SteE- POappévnv, aOupuia apos TO Epyov évéruTte Tois ToAXols Kal wérArANOLS HV eoTEpNpévais atravTwY kai Twos €v TS Tapovtt pact@rvns xal dvatrav- cews €x Kaka@v Seopévois padrov h Kduvev kal amotpuyey Eéavtovs ovTe ypnwacw ovTE cwpacty éppapévous. ota dé HoVvXH Tpos TOUS Ovinlovs adOis arroatpepopevot, ToAw aract KaTecKkevacpevny Kai Siapévovoar, apyas Snpa- yoyav évédocay Tois mpos yap eiPtopévors Opsrely, Kal NOYwWY HKPOWVTO TTATLATTLKAY TPOS Tov Kaptrrov, ws éxeivou dirotipias vera Kal S0Ens idtas adtroatepodyTos avTovs TrOAEwWS ETOLWNS kat Bralouéevov aoxnvodv épeitia Kai TupKaiay TocauTHY eyel perv, OTras WH MovoY rryenov “Popns Kal aTpaTnyos, GXXA Kal KTioTHS A€ynTAL TrapO- cas ‘Papvarov. "Ex TovTou poPnGeica Tov OdpuBov 7 Boun4 Tov péev KadptrXrov ovx elace BovAopevoy arro- OécOar thy apxnv évtds éviavtod Kaimwep &E pivas ovdevds vmrepBadovtos érépou Sextd- Topos, autn 6é tTapeuvOciro Kal KaTeTpduve meovca Kai dektoupévn tov Sthpov, émidecxve- pévn pev jpia Kal tdhovs tatépwy, vrropepyy- oxovaa S€ ywpiwy iepav Kal ToTwY ayiwv, ods “Pwptros 7 Nopwas 4 tis AAXNos avdtois TeV 170 CAMILLUS XXXI. Owing to the zeal of Camillus and the abundant labours of the priesthood, the sites of the temples were at last uncovered, but it proved a grievous undertaking. And since the city had also to be built up again from a state of utter destruc- tion, the multitude were overwhelmed with despair of the task, and shrank from it. They were bereft of all things, and for the present needed some rest and repose after their sufferings, instead of toiling ‘and wearing themselves out on a task for which they had neither means nor strength. And so it was that insensibly their thoughts turned again to Veii, a city which remained intact and was equipped with all things needful. This gave opportunity for mischievous agitations to such as were wont to consult only the people’s will and pleasure, and ready ear was given - to seditious speeches against Camillus. He had an eye, it was said, only to his own ambition and fame, when he would deprive them of a city that stood ready to receive them, and force them to pitch their tents among a mass of ruins, while they rebuilt what had become a monstrous funeral pyre. He wished not merely to be a leader and general of Rome, but to thrust Romalus to one side and be styled its founder. The Senate, therefore, fearful of this clamour, would not suffer Camillus, much as he wished it, to lay down his office within a year, although no other dictator had served more than six months. Mean- while the Senators, by dint of kindly greetings and persuasive words, tried to soften and convert the people, pointing out the sepulchres and tombs of their fathers, and calling to their remembrance the shrines and holy places which Romulus, or Numa, 17! PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 Baciréwv éerileracas rwapédmxev. év mpwtots dé tav Ociwv tiv te veooghayn Keharnv mpovdpepov 145 év TH Oepercooe. ToD Kamirwréiov daveicar, ws TO TOT@ TeTpwpévon exeive THS Itadias Kepanrt yeveo Bar, Kat 70 THS “Eotias wip, O meTa TOV WONEMOV LITO TOV trapOevev ayarrr opevov aides adavifew Kal oBevvovat TOUS mpodumovTas THY Tot, Gveldos avTots éaopevov, av te UT’ ANNOY oixoupévny op@ow éemnry.dov cal Eevov av T Epnuov ovaay Kal unroBorov. 5 Towadta Kxat wpos Exactov idia Kal Kow7 TodNaKs ev TO Onum oyetrLdlovTes eTEKN@VTO Tasty UTO TOV TONY THY Tapoboav odopupo- peveoy aunxaviay, Kab Seopevary pa opas womep ék vavaryiou yupvors kal am opous owlévTas mpoaBidtecOar ta reifrava tis SirepOappévns TULITHYVUVAL TOAEWS, ETEPAS ETOLLNS TApOVENS. XXXII. “Edofev otv BovrAnv mpobeivar Te Kapirry.: xal wore pév avros deEnAOe Trapa.- KaXrOv Umrép Ths mwatpidos, ToAda b€ Kal Tov ddrAwy 6 Bovrpmevos: Tédros Se Tov ™P@Tov elwora Néyerv yvounv Aevxiov Aovepnttov ava- otnaas éxédXevoev amodjvacba: mpatov, eira 2 tovs adAous eheEjs. cyevopévns 5é oiwimrjs Kal tod Aovxpntiov pédXovTos évdpyecOat, Kata Tuyny Ewer ExatovTapyns ayov Taypa duXaxhs NMEpLWhs TapeTopeveto, kal Tov dépovta mparov TO onpetov peyddrn pwvh mpocayopevoas éxé- Nevoev AUTOD pévery Kal TO onpeiov TiDecOar- 172 CAMILLUS or some other king, had consecrated and left to their care. Among other signs from Heaven, they laid chief stress on the newly severed head that was found when the foundations of the Capitol were dug, showing, as it did, that the place where it was found was fated to be the head of Italy ; also on the sacred fire of Vesta, which had been kindled anew by her virgins after the war. If they should quench and extinguish this again by their abandonment of the city, it would be a disgrace to them, whether they saw that city occupied by immigrants and aliens, or abandoned to flocks and herds. Thus did the Senators remonstrate with the people, both individually in private, and often in the public assemblies. They, in their turn, were moved to com- passion by the wailing complaints of the multitude, who lamented the helplessness to which they were come, and begged, now that they had been saved alive as it were from a shipwreck, in nakedness and destitution, that they be not forced to piece together the fragments of their ruined city, when another stood all ready to receive them. XXXII. Accordingly, Camillus decided that the question should be debated and settled in council. He himself spoke at great length, in exhortation to preserve their common country, and every one else who wished did likewise. Finally, he called upon Lucius Lucretius, to whom custom gave the first vote, and bade him declare his opinion first, and then the other senators in the order due. Silence fell, and Lucretius was on the point of beginning, when it chanced that a centurion with a squad of the day watch passed by outside, and calling with a loud voice on the man who led with the standard, 173 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KadMaoTa, yap évrava abedeia Gar kal peveiv. cpa dé TO Karp@ Kal Th TWept TOU HEXOVTOS évvoia Kal adnroTnTL THs pavijs yevopevns, & Te Aovxpr}rios épn TpooKuryaas 1) eg mpoort- OecOat rhv éavtod yvounv Kal Tov adrwv Exactos émrnKxorovdnae. Gavpacty dé Kal TO wrnOos éoxe petaBor THs opps, GdAH ous TapaKadovvrav kat T POT PETTOLEVOY » T pos TO Epyov, ovK ék Siavopis | FLVvOS 4 Takews, arn’ as Exao Tos érouorntos PBovAyncews elye TOV Xeplov KaTahapBavopéver. 5160 Kab TeTapary- perp Tois oTevoTrois Kal oupmepuppevny Tais olKno eat ay ryaryov THY TOMY UITO oTrovoAs Kai TaXOUS. évT0s yap évavTov AéyeTas Kab Tous TEeLYert Kaun) Kal tais idtwtiKais oixodopais ava- oTHVaL madiv. Oi 8é TOUS lepous TOTOUS avanaBetv Kal o opioas Tax Dévres vumo Tov Kaptnrov, TuyKEeXULEVOY GTaVTOV, WS Hcov él THY Kkadidba TOU “A pews mepiodevovTes To IlaXdriov, avrny pep, Os Ta adda, _StepOappevnr Kal KATAKEKAULEVND evpov UTO TOV BapBapor, TKEVOPOU [EVOL bé kal xabai- povres TO xm@piov éevTuyxdvovar TP MAVTLKO Eur tov ‘Pwptrov xara Tedpas qoNAns Kab Babetas kaTadeSvKort. tovto } éott pev eT LKAPT ES ex Jarépou TEparos, Kanreitas Sé ALTvov: Xpovrar 6 avT@ Tpos TAS TOV TAWO Lov Uroypapas 6 Orav é1r Gpvice StapayTevopevor Kabélwrvrat, @S KaKElvOS expiito pavrixotatos wv. ered) o é& avO pobrraay noavia On, TapahaBovres ot tepeits tO EvXOv @omep ado TL TOV lep@v arpavaTov épvAaTTo)P. 1 xporperopévay with S : rpexopévey. 174 CAMILLUS bade him halt and plant his standard there, for that was the best place to settle down and stay in. The utterance fel] at the crisis of their anxious thought for the uncertain future, and Lucretius said, with a devout obeisance, that he cast his vote with the god. The rest, one by one, followed his example. Then the inclinations of the multitude were marvellously changed. They exhorted and incited one another to the work, and pitched upon their several sites, not by any orderly assignment, but as each man found it convenient and desirable. ‘Therefore the city was rebuilt with confused and narrow streets and a maze of houses, owing to their haste and speed. Within a year's time, it is said, a new city had arisen, with walls to guard it and homes in which to dwell. Those who had been deputed by Camillus to recover and mark out anew the sacred places, found them all in utter confusion. When they came to the shrine of Mars, in their circuit of the Palatium, they found that it had been demolished and burnt by the Barbarians, like the rest, but as they were clearing away and renovating the place, they came upon the augural staff of Romulus, buried deep in a great heap of ashes. The augural staff is curved at one end, and is called ituus. It is used to mark off the different quarters of the heavens, in the cere- monies of divination by the flight of birds, and so Romulus had used this one, for he was a great diviner. But when he vanished from among men, the priests took this staff and kept it inviolate, like 175 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TouTo 8 TOTE TOV AGAAWV aTOAWACTAY UaveEV- f \ \ \ ege > f povres Svatrepevyos thy POopav Hdious éyévovTo tais éAmiow birép ths ‘Pans, ws aldcov aitA THY cwTNpiay TOD onpetov BeBaLodvTos. XXXIII. Ovsrw 5é rijs mept tavta temav- pévois aoxorias avtois émiminte modepmos, Aixavev pev dua xai Ovorodonwrv nai Aativev 9 \ 4 ? , a \ els THY yopav éuBarXovtwv, Tuppnvev Sé trods- o opKovvTav our pty, ovppayida ‘Pwpaiwy toni. e émedy S ob Thy Hyepoviay ExovTes yLdALapyxor oTpatomedevoeduevor Tept TO Mdpxiov pos vid trav Aativwy émrodtopKodvTo Kal xivduvevovtes >) a AN 3 e 4 4 amoBanrely To atpatoredov ets “Payny ereprpay atrobeixvuTas TO Tpitov Kaprros duxtatwp. rept TOUTOU TOD TONELOU SLTTOL AGYyor AéyovTa Sievpu Sé tov ppvO0dn TpdTEpov. , Paci tovs Aativous, eite mpopdce. Ypwpévous elte PBovrouévous ws aArANnO@s dvapi~tacBar Ta / a / a yévn tad €€ vrapxis, Téeupavras airety map Tav ‘Pwpyaiwy mapbévovs édrevOépas yuvaixas. 4 A a atropouvtwy 5é Trav ‘Pwpaiwy, Ti ypH Trorety (Kat yap Tov TrONELOV @ppwdouV ovTra KADErTaTES OVS avethnpotes avTOUS, Kal THY altnow TOY yuvas- K@v UTe@Trevoy éEopnpevow elvat, ToD S evmpeE- A la a mous Yap éruyapiav KandeicOa), Oepatraivida ” , e 2 v / , Tovvopa TouvtrovAar, ws 8 Evia Aéyovat, Pirwrtida Tols dpyovat Trapawéoa Twéutrey GUY avTH TOV Suwldwy tas év @pa padiota Kai tais drypeow éxevOepious, Kxoopnoavras ws vipdas evyeveis, \ 9 > led , \ Ta Nota 8 avTH pednoev. eccbevtas bé Tovs dpyovras émiréEacOar tav Oeparrawvidwv Scas éxeivn mrpos THY Xpeiav edoxipace, Kal Koopnoav- 176 146 CAMILLUS any other sacred object. Their finding this at that time unscathed, when all the rest had perished, gave them more pleasing hopes for Rome. They thought it a token that assured her of everlasting safety. XXXIII. They were not yet done with these pressing tasks when a fresh war broke upon them. The Aequians, Volscians, and Latins burst into their territory all at once, and the Tuscans laid siege to Sutrium, a city allied with Rome. The military tribunes in command of the army, having encamped near Mount Marcius, were besieged by the Latins, and were in danger of losing their camp. Where- fore they sent to Rome for aid, and Camillus was appointed dictator for the third time. Two stories are told about this war, and I will give the fabulous one first. They say that the Latins, either as a pretext for war, or because they really wished to revive the ancient affinity between the two peoples, sent and demanded from the Romans free-born virgins in marriage. The Romans were in doubt what to do, for they dreaded war in their unsettled and un- restored condition, and yet they suspected that this demand for wives was really a call for hostages disguised under the specious name of intermarriage. In their perplexity, a serving-maid named Tutula, or, as some call her, Philotis, advised the magistrates - to send her to the enemy with some maid-servants of the comeliest sort and most genteel appearance, all arrayed like free-born brides; she would attend to the rest. The magistrates yielded to her persuasions, chose out as many maid-servants as she thought meet 177 VOL. IL. N PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tas eo Ore Kal Xpuc@ mapadovvat Tois Aartivots ov Tavu Toppo Tis Toews oTpatoTredevouct. VUKTMP 5é Tas pev addas iperéa Bar Ta eyxerptOea TOV TONEMLOY, THY & eire T ouTouAay el'Te Prw- rida TpooBacav epwve® peydro Kal Taparteiva- cay oniow TO iparov dpa Tupa ov els THY ‘Pouny, @amTTrep iy ouryKel LEVvov avTh Tpos TOUS dpxovras, ovdevos AAXOU TOV TOMTOY eidotos. Ot 6 xal BopuBady yevéa Gat THY TOV oTPATLOTOY éfodon, @S KAT HT EL YOY oi dpxovres, aXANAOUS avaKadovv- Tov Kal pons els THY ra Ew Kabsorapevo. érren- Govtas b€ TO yYdpake TOV Tohepioy ov T poabexXo- pévov Kal walk vdovTwv érelv TO oTpatomedov Kab diapGeipa TOUS mela Tous. TOUTO O€ yevéo Gat Tals vov ‘lovAlass, TOTE de Kvivtiriats vovass, Kal THY dryopevny éopTny Dropyn pa THS mpafews exeivns elvat. Tp@rov pev yap eEvovtes aOparvr bua Tis TUANS TOAAA TOV ETLywpiwy Kal KoLVOV ovopd- TOV Bo7 PeyyovTas, Ddiov, Mdpxoyr, Aovecov Kai Ta TOUTOLS - dota, pLpovpevor THY TOTE ryevouerny peTa oTrovons adAnhov avakdynow: émerta, Kexoopnpévat NapTPAS au Deparratvises mepilag matlovaas dua oKouparov eis TOUS ATAVTOVTAS. yiverar dé Kal payn TLS aurais 7 pos aAMNaS, @$ Kal TOTE TOU Tpos TOUS Aativous ay@vos auveriAapRavopévats. éotimpevar 5 cabélovrar KAdOoLS GUKIS oxratopevat wal THY 7 pépav vavas Karparivas Kadovarr, as otovras dua Tov épiveor, ad’ ov THY maudionny TOV Tupa oY dpat- Tov yap é epiveor KaTrpidixoy ovoudlovary. : Erepot dé TOUTOY Ta WreloTa Spacbat Kat NéyeoOai dacw eri tO Tod “PoptrAov wabec 178 CAMILLUS for her purpose, arrayed them in fine raiment and gold, and handed them over to the Latins, who were encamped near the city. In the night, the rest of the maidens stole away the enemy’s swords, while Tutula, or Philotis, climbed a wild fig-tree of great height, and after spreading out her cloak behind her, held out a lighted torch towards Rome, this being the signal agreed upon between her and the magis- trates, though no other citizen knew of it. Hence it was that the soldiers sallied out of the city tumultuously, as the magistrates urged them on, calling out one another's names, and with much ado getting into rank and file. They stormed the en- trenchments of the enemy, who were fast asleep and expecting nothing of the sort, captured their camp, and slew most of them. This happened on the Nones of what was then called Quintilis, now July, and the festival since held on that day is in remembrance of the exploit. For, to begin with, they run out of the city gate in throngs, calling out loudly many local and common names, such as Gaius, Marcus, Lucius, and the like, in imitation of the way the soldiers once called aloud upon each other in their haste. Next, the maid-servants, in gay attire, run about jesting and joking with the men they meet. They have a mock battle, too, with one another, implying that they once took a hand in the struggle with the Latins. And as they feast, they sit in the shade of a fig-tree’s branches. The day is called the “Capratine Nones,’ from the wild fig- tree, as they suppose, from which the maid held forth her torch ; this goes by the name of caprificus. But others say that most of what is said and done at this festival has reference to the fate of Romulus. 179 N 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kata TAUTHY yap apavia Bias Ty [Le pa auTov eo TUANS; Copou Kar Overs advo mepraxovens, Os S évi08 vopitovary, éxrelyrews apiou yevoperns, Kal THY nuepay a amo Tob TOTrov yovas Kamparivas Kn Ova, THY yap aia KaT pay dvopatovary: O be ‘Papdros npavicn Snunyopav Teph TO THs airyos EXos mpocayopevopevoy, ws év Tols Tept exelvou ‘yeyparrrat. XXXIV. Tov & érepov oyov Ol WAELoTOL TaY ouyypadéwy Soxtpatovres Otte eyouew. aro- dey Gels SieTaTwp ” TO Tpitov o Kdwsrros Kal rub pers TO peta TOV Xirudpyov oTpareupa TONLOPKOV{LEVOV UTO Tov Aartivay xal tav Quvonov- oKor, nrayndaOn Kai TOUS ODK eV apg TOV TOAL- TOV, AAN HON mapnBnxoras xabordicat. Tepten - Oav oé paxpav Teptocov Wwepl TO Mépevov Bpos Kal abo Tous ToAeplous hes TH oTpaTtiav KaTomy avTov, Kal Tmupa TONNA Kavoas dueo7- pnve THhv éavTod qWapovoiay. ot pev ovv TroNop- KOUpEVOL lappyoavres emrévar Stevooivto al pany ouvdmrely: ot Oe Aativor Kal Ovorodaxor avoTeiNavtes elow TOD Xaparos EaUTOUS amreaTau- pouy Evrous ToAXois Kat Suepparyvurto TAVTAXO- Oev To atpatomesop, appiBoror myeyovores vd TOV ToNEpiwy Kal Teptmévery eyvwKortes ETépay olxoOev Siva, agua S€ Kal _ Tuppnvev | mpoa Sex ouevor BonBevav. tovto & aiadopuevos 0 Kdyrros Kal dedorxes mabeiv Orrep éroinaev avTos Tovs Trohe- pious KUK wo dUEVvos éomevde mpordafeiy Tov Kaupov. évros 8é rot Tepippayparos Evdivov | Kal TVEVMATOS PéYANOU KATLOVTOS ATO TOV OpOY aya 180 14 CAMILLUS For on this same day he vanished from sight, outside the city gates, in sudden darkness and tempest, and, as some think, during an eclipse of the sun. The day, they say, is called the “ Capratine Nones ” from the spot where he thus vanished. For the she-goat goes by the name of capra, and Romulus vanished from sight while haranguing an assembly of the people at the Goat’s Marsh, as has been stated in his Lsfe.} XXXIV. But most writers adopt the other account of this war, which runs thus. Camillus, having been appointed dictator for the third time, and learning that the army under the military tribunes was besieged by the Latins and Volscians, was forced to put under arms even those of the citizens who were exempt from military duty by reason of advancing years. Fetching a long circuit around Mount Marcius and thus eluding the enemy’s notice, he planted his army securely in their rear, and then by lighting many fires made known his presence there. The besieged Romans at once took heart and purposed to sally out and join battle. But the Latins and Volscians re- tired within their trenches, fenced themselves in with a great wooden palisade, and barricaded their camp on all sides, for they now had a hostile force in front and rear, and were determined to await re- inforcements from home. At the same time they expected aid from the Tuscans also. Camillus, per- ceiving their design, and fearful of being himself surrounded by the enemy as he had surrounded them, made haste to improve his opportunity. The enemy’s barricades were of wood, and a strong wind 1 Chap. xxvii. 181 PLUTARCH’S LIVES paer, mupoBona | Tapac kevacdpuevos Kat rept Tov OpOpov éEayayav thy Svvaptr Tovs pev dddous €xéNEUTE xphadae Bédect kal Kpavyh xa?’ Erepov Hépos, autos 6€ Tovs TO Tip adnoety péddovtras éXeov d6ev elder padiota mpooninrey o diveuos TO Xapace TOV TONE peo dveweve TH Gpav. emel de TuvEerToaNS TIS paxns 6 Te iALos avnel Kal TO mvedpa hap pov ebeninte, onunvas émedpopny KATEOTELPE TOU Xapakos apbova TOV TupoBodwv. TAXU dé THS proyos év vAN TUKYY) Kat oTavpo- pace Evrivors avatpadetans Kal KUKX® Trepwvepo- pévns, ovdey axos ovde oReorypiov eXovTes ot Aarivot Taper kevac Levon, WS 1WAHpES Tv 700 TO orpatomesov TUpOS, én’ OAtryon | TvaTEANOpEVOL TOTOV éFémumrov bn avaryKns T pos aro pévous Kal TAPATET A HEVOUS Tpo Tov YapaKos TOUS qoNepious. Kal TOUTOY per oriyot Suepuyov, TOUS dé Katarerpevras év TO otparorése mavTas dep Oerpe TO up, péxpt od KatacBécavtes ot “Pwpaios ra XpnwaTa, Sujpmacay. XXXV. Teyovorwy b€ TovT@Y aTroATT@D etl TO oTpatoTédou TOV vioy Aevxcov piraKa TOY Tw Ko- TOV avO parr av Kab XPNMET OV avros eis THY TOV Tmoheplov évéBanre. Kat THY Atkavav trod éfedov Kat TPOTAYAYOLEVOS TOUS Ovorovexous evd us jj Hrye THY oTpaTiay pos TO YovTpLoy, ovme Ta oupBe- Bnxota trois Lourpivors TET UG HEVOS, GND @s étt xivduvevovat Kab ToMLopKOUpEvOLS vd TOV Tup- pyvay BonPijoat anevoav. ot & éruyov Hon THY pev wom Tols TroAEpiots TrapadedwxoTes, avTOL 1 wupoBéAa conjecture of Sintenis?; wupa woAAd MSS., Sintenis!, and edd. 182 CAMILLUS blew down from the mountains at sun-rise. Accord- ingly, he equipped himself with fiery darts, and leading his forces out towards day-break, ordered part of them to attack with missiles and loud cries at an opposite point, while he himself, with those appointed to hurl fire, took his post where the wind was wont to smite the enemy’s trenches with the greatest force, and awaited the propitious moment. When battle had been joined and the sun rose and the wind burst forth with fury, he gave orders for an onset, and scattered no end of fiery darts along the trenches. The flames speedily found food in the crowded timbers of the wooden palisades and spread in all directions. The Latins had nothing at hand with which to ward off or quench them, and when at length their camp was full of fire, they were huddled together into a small space, and at last forced to dash out against an enemy who were drawn up in full battle array in front of the trenches. Few of them made their escape, and those who were left behind in the camp were all a prey to the fire until _ the Romans put it out and fell upon their booty. XXXV. This business dispatched, he left his son Lucius in command of the camp to guard the captives and the booty, while he himself invaded the enemy's country. He captured the city of the Aequians, brought the Volscians to terms, and straightway led his army towards Sutrium. He was not yet apprised of the fate of the Sutrians, but thought they were still in peril of siege by the Tuscans, and so hastened to relieve them. But they had already surrendered their city to the enemy, and been sent off in utter 183 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5¢ wdvrov évdecis ev ipatiows povoy aderpévor’ kat xa@ odov dvTe TO Kapirr pera tratsev Kal yUVatKov arrnvrar odupopevol Tas EavToV TUYAaS. o 5¢ Kdpsrros adres te wpos thy oyu émixra- aes nat Tovs ‘Pwpatovs opay éudvopéver avtois Tov Loutpivey daxpvovras Kal dvcavacyxerobyras éml trois yeyevnpévors, éyvw py tovetcOar Tis 3 Tuuwpias avaBoArAnv, GAN evOds aye eérl To Lovrpsov éxelvns THs Hyépas, Aoytlouevos avOpo- mous evoaisova Kal TAOVGiaY TOMY apTL KaTELAN- gotas cal pndéva THY TrodELioY UTrONENOITIOTAS év avtn pnde mpocdeyopévous EEwOev, éxreXupé- vous TavTamact Kal apurdxtous etpnoew opOas Aoylodpevos. ov yap povoy THY ywpay Eade SueNO wv, GANA Kal pos Tals WAALS yEevopmeEvos Kat Ta Teiyn KataraBov épirarte yap ovdeis, ANN’ év olve Kal auvovaciats joav éoxedacpévos Kata “4 Tas olkias. ézrel 8@ aoOovrTo Tovs troNEmious Kpatovvtas On, obtw Siéxevro poxOnpas wre mAnopovis Kal péOns, wes pnde mpds duynvy Oppijcat ToAXovs, GAN ev tais oixiats aloyiora TdavTwv vTropévoytas atrobviaKew Trapadidovat adas avtovs Tots Todeuious. THY pev ov LovTpt- vov TOA Huépa pa Sis arodcay ottTw avvéBn Kai Tovs éyovtas atroBaneiv, Kal tos adnpnue- vous atroNaBeiv 61a Kduiddov. XXXVI. ‘O & ado tovtwv OpiauBos are “dpi ovux éAaTTova Kal KOopov jveyKe TOV mpwrTwv vey. Kal yap Tovs mdvu BacKaivoytas TOY TOMTaVY Kal mavta BovropLévovs evtvyia 184 i, CAMILLUS destitution, with nothing but the clothes on their backs. As Camillus came marching along they met him, with their wives and children, all lamenting their misfortunes, Camillus himself was filled with compassion at the sight, and noticed that his Romans too, with the Sutrians hanging upon their necks in supplication, were moved to tears and anger at their lot. He therefore determined to make no postpone- ment of his vengeance, but to march straight upon Sutrium that very day. He reasoned that men who had just taken a prosperous and opulent city, leaving none of their enemies in it, and expecting none from without, would be found wholly relaxed in discipline and off their guard ; and he reasoned correctly. He not only passed unnoticed through the city’s territory, but was actually at its gates and in command of its walls before the enemy knew it. For not a man of them was on guard, but they were all scattered among the houses of the city drinking and feasting. And even when they perceived that their enemies already had the mastery, they were so sluggishly disposed by reason of satiety and drunkenness that many did not so much as try to flee, but awaited there in the houses the most shameful of all deaths, or gave themselves up to their enemies. The city of Sutrium was thus twice captured in a single day, and it came to pass that those who had won it, lost it, and those who had first lost it, won it back, and all by reason of Camillus. XXXVI. The triumph decreed him for these victories brought him no less favour and renown than his first two had done, and those citizens who had been most envious of him and preferred to ascribe all his successes to an unbounded good fortune rather 185 ig PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tih padrrov i oe aperny caropbicbat, TOT nvaryKator at mpagers Th Sewornre Kal TO Spa- ornpio Tov avdpos dmodiBévau Thy Sokav. mv dé TOV Ora way opeveov avT@ Kal mpoapIovovvray emiupavérratos Mdpxos MdAmos, O T pOTOS @OAPLEVOS TOUS Kearovs aT THS dxpas bTe To Kamitwrio vuKtos eméBevo Kal dia TOTO Kamitwdivos émrixrAnbeis. oTos yap akiov T pe- Tos elvat T@V TONTOY Kal pn SuvapeEvos Tov KdpirrXov amo: tov Bertiotou tpotou tH So&n mapenOetv, vro8ecww Tupavvidos errotnaoaro KoWwnD Kal auvnOn, Snpayaryav TOUS TONAOVS, padora dé TOV OpetdovTov vpéa TOS pev apuvev Kal cuvdsxav él tovs dSaverotds, Tors & aarpov- HEVOS Bia xa KoVov ayer Oa Tos TOV Vowor, Bote jworrods: TOY aro pov TAX ep avTov yevéoOar xal aodrvy doBov Tapacyeiv Tots Bedtioross TOV TONMTOD Opacvvopevous Kal Tapdttovras TV aryopay. érrel O€ KatacTabels em TavTa, SixTatwp Kovwtos Kamitwrivos els THY elpKTHY évéBane TOV Marnor, o Oe Ojmos yevomevov TovTov peTtéBare THV éobfira, Tm pary wa rytvOeVvOV éml cuppopais peydhaus Kat Snuociass, deicaca TOV OopuvBov 7 TVYKANTOS EXENEVO ED ‘agbeDhvar tov MarArov. o & ovdev Hv adeDels apeivov, ada, coBapdrepov eonparyaryel Kat Stertaciate THY TOoAW. aipovvta. 8) aWdaALW XiALapyov TOV Kapsarovr. Eicayopevev bé TOV Kara TOU MaaAniov dix@v peyanra TOUS KaTNYOpous éBramrev n ovis. 0 yap ToTros, éd ob BeBnxws 6 Pens 1 yuerds with S: 3:4 vuerds, 186 148 CAMILLUS than to a native valour, were forced by these new exploits to set the man’s glory to the credit of his ability and energy. Now of all those who fought him with hatred and envy, the most conspicuous was Marcus Manlius, the man who first thrust the Gauls down the cliff when they made their night attack upon the Capitol, and for this reason had been sur- named Capitolinus. This man aspired to be chief in the city, and since he could not in the fairest way outstrip Camillus in the race for glory, he had recourse to the wonted and usual arts of those that would found a tyranny. He courted, that is, the favour of the multitude, especially of the debtor class, defending some and pleading their causes against their creditors; snatching others from arrest and preventing their trial by process of law. In this way great numbers of indigent folk soon formed a party about him, and their bold and riotous conduct in the forum gave the best citizens much to fear. To quell their disorder, Quintus Capitolinus was made dictator, and he cast Manlius into prison. Thereupon the people put on the garb of mourners, a thing done only in times of great public calamity, and the Senate, cowed by the tumult, ordered that Manlius be released. He, however, when released, did not mend his ways, but grew more defiantly seditious, and filled the whole city with faction. Accordingly, Camillus was again made military tribune. , When Manlius was brought to trial, the view from the place was a great obstacle in the way of his accusers. For the spot where Manlius had stood 187 PLUTARCH’S LIVES évuxropaxynoe mpos tous Kedtovs, btrepepaivero Tis ayopas amd tod Kamitwdiouv Kai tmapelxev olxtov Tois opwawv: avTos TE TAS Yyelpas dpéywv éxeioe cal Saxpvov trepiuynoxe TOV aYOVOV, WATE TOUS KpivoyTas aTropeiy Kal ToA- Aas avaBadrccDat Hv Sixny, pnt adeivat BovrAopévous érrt texpnpioes havepois TO adixnnua pnte xpjnoacbar TO vopw Suvapévous év 6>0ar- pois THS mpadkews ovans bia tov Torov. 6 by aupdpovncas o Kapirros petnyayer é€o wirns 70 StxaaT prov els TO [lernaivov dAcos" 50ev ovK ovTos Tov KamitwAiou xatapavoos 6 Te StoKwv eXpngato | Th KaTnyopia Kar Tots Kptvovat Tape- YOpPNoEv H LYNN TOV yeyovoTey afiay avaXa- Betv* opyiv él tots Tapovaty adunpacw. 0 bev ovv Madrxos arovs eis TO Kamvrwvov annyOn, Kal Kara, Ths méTpas ao Gels TOV avrov TOTrOV éaxe Kal TOV evTUXEo TAT OY Epyov Kal TOV peyiorov aTUXN MAT OV punpetor. of 5é “Pwpaior THY otKtav avTod KaTacKapavTes tepov iSpvcavro Oeas, jv Movirav kandovor, Kal TO NoLTroV eyn- picavro pndéva Tav Tatpixiov éml thy aKpas KATOLKELD. XXXVII. ‘O 6&é Kapsrros emt Xiuapyiav ExT nv KaoUpEvos Tapyreiro, yeyovas poev Mrucias non Tporw Kai Tov Twa kat POovov Sed.:a5 Kat vewer wy emt do&n _TooauTy wal catopOopacty 7" Oe pavepwrdrn TOV aiTLOV id appwatia TOUA- TOS" ervyxave yap voody rept Tas 7) pe as éxeivas. ov pay Taphkev avT@ THY apyiy o OHpos, AANA 1 dvadaBeivy with S: AaBeiy. 188 ~ CAMILLUS when he fought his night battle with the Gauls, — overlooked the forum from the Capitol, and moved the hearts of the spectators to pity. Manlius himself, too, stretched out his hands toward the spot, and wept as he called to men’s remembrance his famous. struggle there, so that the judges knew not what to do, and once and again péstponed the case. They were unwilling to acquit the prisoner of his crime when the proofs of it were so plain; and they were unable to execute the law upon him when, owing to the place of trial, his saving exploit was, so to speak, in every eye. So Camillus, sensible of all this, trans- ferred the court ontside the city to the Peteline Grove, whence there is no view of the Capitol. There the prosecutor made his indictment, and the judges were able to forget the man’s past services in their righteous anger at his present crimes. So then Manlius was convicted, carried to the Capitol, and thrust down the rock, thus making one and the same spot a monument of his most fortunate actions and of his greatest misfortunes. The Romans, besides, razed his house to the ground, and built there a temple to the goddess they call Moneta. They decreed also that in future no patrician should ever have a house on the Capitoline hill. XXXVII. Camillus, called now to be military tri- bune for the sixth time, declined the honour, being already well on in years, and fearful perhaps of the envy of men and the resentment of the gods which often follows upon such glorious successes as his. But the most manifest reason was his bodily weak- . ness, for it chanced that in those days he was sick. The people, however, would not relieve him of the 189 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Body pyre immmevovtos avToD pte OTAOMAYOUVYTOS év Tois ayaaot SetcOat, Bovrevopévov 5é povoy Kai TpOoTaTTOVTOS, nvayKacev UTOCTHVaL THY oTpa- Thylav Kai pe” éEvds TAY cuvapyovtav AevKiov Movpiov tov otparov ayew evOvds él Tous qoNeulous. ovro. & oav IIpaweorivo. at OvorotcKxo: peta ToAAHS Suvdyews THY cUppa- yida trav ‘Pwpaiwy tropOobvres. é&eAOwv dé Kal tapactpatoTedevoas Tos TroNEuLOLs avTOS pev nkiov tpiBety tov modewov ypove, Kav et paxns Senoee pwgas To copa Siaywvicacba, Aevxiov 6€ Tod auvdpxovros emiOupia d0€ns hepopévov mpos tov Kivduvoy axatacyétas Kal cuveEopua@vTos dua takidpyous nal Aoyayous, hoBnGels un dOovm 5H Ti Soxp Katopopa Kal dirotipiav adaipeicbat véwy avdpav avvexopnaev adxov éxeivp rapatdéa tiv Sivapiv, avtos Sé dua THhv acéveray virereihOn pet ordiyov ev TO otpato@éd@. tov dé Aeviov mpoteras ypynoa- pévov TH maxn Kal Tpanrevros, aia bopevos THY tpomTny TaVv Pwpaiwy ov KATETXEV QUTOD, arr’ avaBopwv €x Ths otiBddos amnvTa peta Taev oTradav emi Tas TUAAS TOU ydpakos, 51a Tov hev- yovtwy wbovpmevos eis TOUS OLwKOVTAS, BITE TOVS pev evOds avactpéde xat cvvaxonroveiv, tovs dé mpoodepopévous EFwlev iatacbat mpd avtod kal cuvactivew, mapeyyu@vTas aAdndOLS By atronNeirec Oa, Tov aotpaTnyov. tToTe pev ovp oUTWS amreTpaTrovTo THs Simfews of Togo TH & votepaia mpoayayau thy Siva o Kdapurros | 190 CAMILLUS office. He had no need, they cried, to fight in the ranks of the cavalry or the men-at-arms, but only to counsel and ordain; and so they forced him to undertake the command, and with one of his colleagues, Lucius Furius, to lead the army at once against the enemy. These were the Praenestines and Volscians, who, with a large force, were laying waste the lands of the Roman allies. Marching forth, therefore, and encamping near the enemy, he himself thought it best to protract the war, that so, in case a battle should at last be necessary, he might be strong of body for the decisive struggle. But Lucius, his colleague, carried away by his desire for glory, would not be checked in his ardour for battle, and incited the same feelings in the inferior officers ofthe army. So Camillus, fearing lest it be thought that out of petty jealousy he was trying to rob younger men of the successes to which they eagerly aspired, consented, with reluctance, that Lucius should lead the forces out to battle, while he himself, on account of his sickness, was left behind in the camp with a few followers. Lucius conducted the battle rashly and was discomfited, whereupon Camillus, perceiving the rout of the Romans, could not restrain himself, but sprang up from his couch and ran with his attendants to the gate of the camp. Through the fugitives he pushed his way to their pursuers. Those of his men who had passed him into the camp, wheeled about at once and followed him, and those who came bearing down on him from outside, halted and formed their lines about him, exhorting one another not to abandon their general. In this way, for that day, the enemy were turned back from their pursuit. On the next day, Camillus IgI PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal cvvawas paxnv avTovs Te WKG KATA KPaTOS Kal Tov ydpaxa apBdver cuvecaTTed@V ois dhevyovot kali dvapOeipas tovs wreiarous. éx dé TovTou mTudopevos TOALY Latpiav bro Tuppnver éaroxévat xal Tovs - olKntopas amecpayba “Pwpaiovs atravtas évras, THY yey ToAAHY Kal Bapeiav ris Svvdpyews cis ‘Popnv atréotesrer, autos 5é Tovs axpdlovtas pddoTta Kal tmpoOupo- TaTous avahaBov éréBare Tots THY TOALY ExoUGL Tuppnvois nal xpatnoas tovs pev- éEnracev avTav, tous dé aréxTesvev. XXXVIII. ’EzravenOov 5é peta rodd@y Aagpv- pov els “Poyny éméberEe Ppovipwtdtouvs amdvrwy tovs pn hoBnOévras doBéverav Kal yijpas ijye- peovos éwrepiav xal ToApav exovTos, GAN éXo- pévous éxeivov akovta Kal vocovvTa madXov 7) TOV év nartkia tovs Seopuévouvs Kxat orovdalovras apxew. 16 Kal Tovoxravav apectava Aeyo- pévav exédevov é€cévar Tov Kduidrov én’ avrovs &va TOV WévtTEe TVTTPATHYWY TpoTENopEVOV. O Oé, Kaimep atravtwv Bovropévor cai deopévar, édoas Tous GAXous, wpoceiAeto Aevxvov Povpioy ovdevos dv mpocdoxncavtos. ékelvos yap Hv oO Tapa yvounv tov Kapidrdyou b:aywvicacOar mpobv- pnbeis évaryxos kai dvotuxynoas Tepl THY waynr adda Bovropevos, as Eotxev, arroxpivar Tip cupudopay Kal thy aioyuynv amadrakat Tod avdpos avtl tavtav TodToy mponyev. ot &é Tov- oxNavol thy dayaptiay éravopOovpevot travovp- yos, 70n Babifovtos ér adtovs Tod Kapidndovu To pev tediov avOpwrwv ws év eipnvn yewpyouvTay Kal vepovtwy évérrrAnoay, tas §€ mvdas elyov 192 CAMILLUS led his forces out, joined battle with the enemy, defeated them utterly, and took their camp, actually bursting into it along with those who fled to it, and slaying most of them. After this, learning that the city of Satricum had been taken by the Tuscans, and its inhabitants, all Romans, put to the sword, he sent back to Rome the main body of his army, comprising the men-at-arms, while he himself, with the youngest and most ardent of his men, fell suddenly upon the Tuscans who held the city and mastered them, ex- lling some and slaying the rest. XXXVIII. He returned with much spoil to Rome, having proved that those citizens were the most sensible of all who did not fear the bodily age and weakness of a leader possessed of experience and courage, but chose him out, though he was ill and did not wish it, rather than younger men who craved and solicited the command. They showed the same good sense, when the Tusculans were reported to be on the brink of a revolt, in ordering Camillus to select one of his five colleagues as an aid, and march out against them. Although all the five wished and begged to be taken, Camillus passed the rest by and selected Lucius Furius, to everyone's surprise. For he was the man who had just now been eager to hazard a struggle with the enemy against the judg- ment of Camillus, and had been worsted in the battle. But Camillus wished, as it would seem, to hide away the misfortune and wipe away the disgrace of the man, and so preferred him above all the rest. But the Tusculans, when once Camillus was on the march against them, set to rectifying their transgression as craftily as they could. Their fields were found full of men tilling the soil and pasturing flocks, as in 193 VOL, II. Oo PLUTARCH’S LIVES - avewypévas kal tovs taidas é ev Tots S:SacKareiors pavOdvortas, Tov Oe O1jpou TO Bev Badvavaov él TOV épyacrnplov éwparo rept TAS TEXVas, To 8 aaretov él THs ayopas év iparrious: ot 8 dpxovres Tepineray omovdy KaTadvoers tots “Pwpaiots eTrayyéeAXOVTES, WS ovdev KAKOV m poo Soxavres 4 ovee ouverbores. toutoy ode T paTTouEvay ant- orelv be OUK emnet TP Kapirry TH Tpovosiay, oixTeipas dé tH éml TH m™po ocia peTdvotay avuTav éxédevce _T pos THY oveyk\nTov ed Oovras mapatteia Oa THY opynv: Kal _TaparToupevors ouven pager AUTOS apeOjvai TE THY mohuy airias amraons Kat wetadraBelv icoroNTEelas. avTat pev ovv éyévovtTo THs ExTNs YLdsapxXias eripavéctatat mpakets. IX XXIX, Mera dé taita Accewiou LToAwvos év TH TWONEL THY peyadny oTaow éryetpovos, Nv o Sijpos éataciate pos THY ouyKANTOV Bralopevos Sveiv t brdtov Kabra tapeverv Tov Erepov TAavTWS éx SnwoTay elvar Kal pn TuvappoTépous TaTpiKious, 57) jpapxor pev npéOncav, tas o vmariKas ap- Xatpecias emteneo Oivar Stexwoduoay ot TONNOL. 2xal TOV Tpaypatwv ov avapyias pepopevery és peifovas Tapaxas arrodeixvuTat dietarop o Ka- ptAAos VITO THs Bourijs a aKovTL TO Onu@ TO TéTap- Tov, ovd avTos Ov mpdOupmos ovde Bovdopevos évavttoba Bat Tpos avOperrous Tappnaiay éxovras aro TONG Kal peyahov ayovev 7pos AUTOV, WS deiova pe avro@y Svarremparypevos é éy oTpatn- Linge ) peta TY Tatpixiwy év TodTeiats, Kal 2 per’ abrav Stamemparyuevos edd., including Sintenis', and S; éy orparnylas per’ airay with C. 194 CAMILLUS times of peace ; their gates lay wide open ; their boys were at school conning their lessons; and of the people, the artizans were to be seen in their work- shops plying their trades, the men of leisure sauntered over the forum clad in their usual garb, while the magistrates bustled about assigning quarters for the Romans, as though they expected and were conscious of noevil. Their performances did not bring Camillus into any doubt of their intended treachery, but out of pity for the repentance that followed so close upon their treachery, he ordered them to go to the Senate and beg for a remission of its wrath. He himself also helped to make their prayers effectual, so that their city was absolved from all charges and received the rights of Roman citizenship. Such were the most conspicuous achievements of his sixth tribuneship. XXXIX. After this, Licinius Stolo stirred up the great dissension in the city which brought the people into collision with the Senate. The people insisted that, when two consuls were appointed, one of them must certainly be a plebeian, and not both patricians. Tribunes of the people were chosen, but the multi- tude prevented the consular elections from being duly held. Owing to this lack of magistrates, matters were getting more and more confused, and so Camillus was for the fourth time appointed dictator by the Senate, though much against the wishes of the people. He was not eager for the office himself, nor did he wish to oppose men whose many and great struggles gave them the right to say boldly to him: “Your achievements have been in the field with us, rather than in politics with the patricians ; PLUTARCH’S LIVES viv dia POovov éxeitvwv npnpévos vr’ avTov, tras 7 Katadvoee Tov Shpov iaxvaas 7) Katadvbein pn Kparnoas. ov pny adda TreL_p@pevos apuUvELD Tots Tapovat, THY Nuépav yvous, év 7 vomobeTetv ot Snpapyor StevoodvTo, mpoéypawe otpatias Ka- TaXoyov Kal petexdret Tov Shuov ex THs ayopas eis TO Tredtoy peydras Cnulas atethk@v KaTa TOD pn Uraxovoaytos. tav 5é dnudpywy éexeiOev ad TaN avraviara pevov Tais amethais Kal Stopvu- HEvov TéVvTE _pupidow apyuplov Cnpuw@aety, €t pa Tava arto TOU Snjpou TOV vo pov aarpovpevors Kat THY pipov, elte detaas puyny érépav Kal: KaTa- Sixny, ws avipl peo Burn Kab KuTeipyac weve peydda HH mpémovcay, elite TOD Symov THY Biav dpaxov ovoav Kal Suavientoy vrrepBaréaBac py Suvapevos pnde Bovdopevos, TOTE [ev brexwpnoev olxabe: Tais 8 éfis. Hmeépaus oxmpdpevos ap- pworeiv éFwpocato THY apxny. H 8€ abyx«ArnrTos Erepov tKTaTO KaTéaTIGe: KaKeLvOS amodeiEas immapxov QvTOV TOY HryEHova Tis oTdTEws Yrorwva rapixcev emi UPOT aL TOV vowov TOV pddora AUTrobVTA TOUS TarpiKious. éxéXevoe 6 ovtos pndéva TALE pov TmevTaKoci@y T)etova xXepay kex tha Oat. TOTE wey ovv Aap pos 0 XToA@V eryeryover TH Wnd@ Kpathioas: OAD & Uarepov auros édw KEKT NUEVOS donv exe éxw- Avey ETEpOUS, Kal KATA Tov av’Tov vouov SiKkny edwxev. XL. ‘Trrodecrropevns dé Ths TEPL TOV VTATLK@V apyarpec rev prroverkias, 6 0 367 Xarerroratov THS aTacews Hv Kal mpatrov pte xal mreloTa 196 CAMILLUS it is through bate and envy that they have now made you dictator; they hope that you will crush the people if you prevail, or be crushed yourself if you fail.” However, be tried to ward off the threatening evils. Having learned the day on which the tribunes intended to propose their law, he issued proclamation making it a day of general muster, and summoned the people from the forum into the Campus Martius, with threats of heavy fines upon the disobedient. The tribunes, on the contrary, for their part, opposed his threats with solemn oaths that they would fine him fifty thousand silver drachmas if he did not cease trying to rob the people of its vote and its law. Then, either because he feared a second condemna- tion to exile, a penalty unbecoming to a man of his years and achievements, or because he was not able, if he wished, to overcome the might of the people which was now become resistless and invincible, he withdrew to his house, and after alleging sickness for several days, resigned his office. But the Senate appointed another dictator, and he, after making Stolo himself, the very leader of the sedition, his master of horse, suffered the law to be enacted. It was a most vexatious law for the patrician, for it prohibited anyone from owning more than five hundred acres of land. At that time, then, Stolo was a resplendent figure, owing to his victory at the polls; but a little while after, he him- self was found to be possessed of what he forbade others to own, and so paid the penalty fixed by his own law. XL. There remained, however, the strife over the consular elections,which was the main problem in the dissensions, as it was its first cause, and gave 197 al e) PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpaypnata TH BovrAj Tapéa xe Stadhepopévn Tpos Tov Onpov, ayyediat mpocetrecov cadels, Ker- tous avOus amo THs "Adptatixns apavtas Oa- Adoons puptdot woXAais él rHv “Pounv édrav- 2 vew. dpa S€7T@ Ayo Kal Ta Epya TOU TrONEpOU maphy topSoupévns THS Xwpas Kal Tov avOpo- Tov, boos pr padtoy mv eis THY ‘Pwopyny Kara- guyeiv, ava ta dpn cKedavvupévwr. odTOS Oo hoBos Katéravce tHv oTdow, Kal ovvedOovtes els TAUTO TOls TrOAAOIS OL KpdTLaTOL Kat TH BovrAT TO OnwoTtiKov etAovTO TavTes ex pias yuouns 61- 3 xTdTopa TO Téumtov Kaptrdgov. o 8 jv pev opodpa yépwv cal puxpov amérectrev oySonKxovTa etn yeyovevar: cuvopav Sé tHhv avdyKknv Kal Tov xivduvov, oUTe UiroTtipnow eiTeVv, ws TpOTEpOY, ovTe Tpopacer Ypnoduevos, GAN’ avToOev wro- oTaS THY oTpaTHylay KaTéXeyEe TOUS payYnTO- EVOUS. Eidas 5€ tis tov BapBdapwv adkijs rnv Braco- TaTnv év Tails payaipats ovcav, &s BapBapixcas kal aovv ovdeuiad téyvn KatadépovTes wpous 4 pddtota Kal Keparas diéxotrTov, éyadKxevaaTo per xpadvn Tols wAElaTOUs ONOTIonpa Kal rela Tals mepipepeiars, ws amoNcOaivew Katayvucbar Tas payxaipas, Tois b€ Oupeois KvK@ TEPLAPMLOG Ee ANeTriOa YarKHy, Tov EiAov Kal avTo Tas TAN YAS pn oTéyovtos: avtous bé€ Tols otpatimtas édt- dake toils taaois paxpots Sa yerpos xpjoOas Kat tois Eiheot TOV Trordeuioy bTroBddXovTas éKdé- xecOat tas Katadopds. XLI. ’Eset 5€ awAnoiov joav oi KeArot, rept Tov ‘Aviwva trotayov aotpatoredoy Bapv Kar 198 CAMILLUS the Senate most concern in-its contention with the people. But suddenly clear tidings came that the Gauls had once more set out from the Adriatic Sea, many myriads strong, and were marching on Rome. With the word, the actual deeds of war kept pace. The country was ravaged, and its population, all who could not more easily fly to Rome for refuge, scattered among the mountains. This terror put an end to the dissension in the city, and brought to- gether into conference both the rich and the poor, the Senate and the people. All with one mind chose Camillus dictator for the fifth time. He was now quite old, lacking little of eighty years; but recog- nizing the peril and the necessity which it laid upon him, he neither made excuse, as before, nor resorted to pretext, but instantly took upon him the com- mand and went to levying his soldiers. Knowing that the prowess of the Barbarians lay chiefly in their swords, which they plied in true barbaric fashion, and with no skill at all, in mere slashing blows at head and shoulders, he had helmets forged for most of his men which were all iron and smooth of surface, that the enemy’s swords might slip off from them or be shattered by them. He, also had thé long shields of his men rimmed round with bronze, since their wood could not of itself ward off the enemy’s blows. The soldiers them- selves he trained to use their long javelins like spears,—to thrust them under the enemy’s swords and catch the downward strokes upon them. XLI. When the Gauls were near at hand, being encamped on the Anio and encumbered with untold 199 = a ia PLUTARCH’S LIVES peatov apOovov reias eyovtes, eEayayov THv Sivayuy idpyce Kata vans panaxijs Kal ouvy- Kdloes TOAAAS exovans, WaTE TO pév TrEloTOV aroxpuTTecOat, TO 8 opapevor Soxeiv dio Séovs eis ywpia mpoodvTn KatethetcOar. tavTnv dé thy dSofav avtav 6 Kdpirros abfey BovAdpuevos ov T poo npuve TOV LITO TObAas ropBoupevev, GANG TOV Xdpara ppatdpevos npéewer, mex pe ov Tos pev év Tpovopais éoxedac pévous Katetoe, Tous & éy T® oTpatoTéd@ Tacayv Wpav épriTrAapévous adedas xal peOvovtas. tote 5é vuKTos ert TOUS Wirous mpoexrréuwas éurrodwy elvar trois Bap- Bdpoats eis tafity xaOtotapévois Kal dvatapattey evOds érreEvovras, xateBiSalev GpOpov tous on- Aitas Kal tapétattev ev Tois emu édous, TOANOUS kal tpoOvpous, ody waoTrep ot BagBapot mpoce- Soxwy, ddjLtyous Kal aToApous dhavévras. mpaTtov bev odv TovTO TOV Kertav avétpee TA hpovn- pata wap akiavy émeyetpetcOar Soxovvtor. emetta TMpoomimrovTes of Wtdol Kat mply 7 Tov ouv7On Aaeiv KOG MOV Kal Stax prOfivat kara NOKOUS KevoovTes avTous kat Bialopevor mpos TO ovyTUyov ATAKTOUS ivaryKacay waxes Bau. TENOS bé TOU Kapirrou TOUS omhitas EM AYOVTOS, OL [Lev avarewwdpevor TAs paxaipas cvvdpapeiv éo- mevoov, ot O€ Tots vVacois atravTavtes Kal Ta cecLOnpwmera pépn Tais mAnyais DropEpovTes ‘avéatpepov TOV éKeivov aiSnpov padanov évra Kal AeTTAS ekpapévor, 6 Bare caprrrecOat TAXD kat SumrAotcOat Tas payaipas, Tovs 5é Oupeovs 400 151 CAMILLUS plunder, Camillus led his forces out and posted them in a gently sloping glade with many hollows, so that the largest part of them were concealed, and the part that could be seen had the look of shutting themselves up in hilly places out of fear. This opinion of them Camillus wished to strengthen, and therefore made no defence of those who were plundered even at his very feet, but fenced in his trenches and lay quiet, until he saw that some of the enemy were scattered abroad in foraging parties, while those in the camp did nothing but gorge themselves with meat and drink. Then, while it was yet night, he sent his light-armed troops for- ward to hinder the Barbarians from falling into battle-array and throw them into confusion as they issued from their camp. Just before dawn, he led his men-at-arms down into the plain and drew them up in battle-array, many in number and full of spirit, as the Barbarians now saw, not few and timid, as they had expected. To begin with, it was this which shattered the confidence of the Gauls, who thought it beneath them to be attacked first. Then again, the light-armed folk fell upon them, forced them into action before they had taken their usual order and been arrayed in companies, and so com- pelled them to fight at random and in utter disorder. Finally, when Camillus led his men-at-arms to the attack, the enemy raised their swords on high and rushed for close quarters. But the Romans thrust their javelins into their faces, received their strokes on the parts that were shielded by iron, and so turned - the edge of their metal, which was soft and weakly tempered, so much so that their swords quickly bent up double, while their shields were pierced and 201 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ouprremapbar Ka Bapvvec Bar ToD Voowy epen- Kopéeven. 50 Kal peOrrapevor Tov (dtwv Grrhwy em etp@VTO Tois éxeivoy ovat péper Oar Kal Tous baoous Tapadé pew émuhapBavopevor Tais Xepaiv. ot O€ ‘Peopaior yupvoupévovs * opavres 70n Tots Eipeouy EXPOVTO, Kal povos bev Hv TONS TOV TpOTaKT@V, puyn 5é Tey adeov TAVTAXOTE Too medtov. Tovs yap Aopous Kal Ta Dyna 7 poKar- ELAnper Kadpurros, 70 dé otparomedov dia 0 Oapaeiv aphpaxtov éyovres Hoecay ov YadeTras Gdwoopevov. Tavrny THY paxny éteow DaTepov Tpioxaideca ryevéoOat héyouat THS ‘Popns awa ews, kai Bé- Bavov 4 auTnsS ppovnua KATA TOV Kerrav € eryrye- véoOat “Pepaios apodpa Sedorkoar TOUS Bap- Bapous, ws 70 mpartov bua vorous Kal tUYas Taparoyous, ov Kara KpaTos, um aura veveKn- pévous. OUT 8’ ot o poBos ny toxupos, Oore GécBau vOjov apeiabar Tous lepets oTpateias xwpis av py TadariKos 7) TONE MOS. XLII. Tov pe ovv OTPATLOTLKGY ayavev obras nyovic8n Te Kapidrp TedEuT Ais. Thy yap Ovehitpavev modu eldev ev Tapépyp TAUTNS THIS oTparetas apayel TporxXwpyncacav are. Tav oe TOT EKOY 0 Heya ros bmeXelTeTo Kal Xarerwrepos ” m™pos TOV Ofjpov toyupov emravn- KOVTa TH ViKN «al Bualopevor é éx Snpotav i dmatov dtrodeitas Tapa Tov KabecTOTA voor, avTITATTO- pévns tHS BovAns cal tov KdpirXov ovK éoons 1 yupvouuévous with S: yupvods. 2 xal xaderwrepos Sintenis', now supported by S: xarerd- TEPOS. 292 CAMILLUS weighed down by the javelins which stuck in them. Therefore they actually abandoned their own weapons and tried to possess themselves of those of their enemies, and to turn aside the javelins by grasping them in their hands. But the Romans, seeing them thus disarmed, at once took to using their swords, and there was a great slaughter of their foremost ranks, while the rest fled every whither over the plain ; the hill tops and high places had been occu- pied beforehand by Camillus, and they knew that their camp could easily be taken, since, in their overweening confidence, they had neglected to fortify it. This battle, they say, was fought thirteen years after the capture of Rome, and produced in the Romans a firm feeling of confidence regarding the Gauls. They had mightily feared these Barbarians, who had been conquered by them in the first instance, as they felt, in consequence of sickness and extra- ordinary misfortunes, rather than of any prowess in their conquerors. At any rate, so great had their terror been that they made a law exempting priests from military service, except in case of a Gallic war. XLII. This was the last military exploit performed by Camillus, for the capture of Velitrae was a direct sequel of this campaign, and it yielded to him with- out a struggle. But the greatest of his civil contests yet remained and it was harder to wage it now against a people which had come back flushed with victory, and bent on electing a plebeian consul, contrary to the established law. But the Senate opposed their demands, and would not suffer Camillus to lay aside . | 203 PLUTARCH’S LIVES arolécOat Tv apymy; as per loxupas Kal meyarns eEovotas Tihs éxeivou paxnoopever ay Bérxtiov trép rhs dpiotoxpatias.. émel 8é mpoxabnpévov tov KapiddXou Kal xpnwatifovros ért THs dyopas varnpétns trepPOels Tapa Tov Snudpywv éxéXevoev axorovbeiy Kai THY YeElpa T copate Tpoonyey ws amdtwv, kpavyy S€ Kal. OdpuBos, ofos otra, KaTéoxye THY ayopav, TaV bev wept tov KdwrrAov @OovvTwv amo Tov Bnparos Tov Snpocvov, TOY dé TONKGY Kat ober EXKxewv CTrLKeAevojLevenr, drropovpevos Tos Tra- potat TV ev dpxnv ov TPoHKaro, tous dé Bov- AeuTas dvaraBov éBadifev él THY ouyKANTOD. Kat mply etoeAOcivy petactpadels cis TO Kam- TO@ALOV ebEaTo tots Oeois carevdivas Ta 1 a,povTa. Tm pos TO KdddLaTOV Té)oS, brrocX omevos vaov ‘Opovoias iSptcacbar Tis Tapaxhs KaTacTaans. Meydrou 6 aryaivos év TH TUyKAHTD Yyevo- - pévou pos TAs évavtias yopas, Cpcos evienaey paraxwTépa Kal bmeixovea TO On Kal wovoa TaV omdrav Tov €repov amo TOU TAN- Govs dpxatpectacat. TaiTa é Os TH Bovrn SoxobvTa Tov Sixtaropos avert ovTos év TO Siue, TapaxXphya mer, olov eiKos, Hdopevor TH BovrAy SinAAaTTOvTO Kal TOV Kaporrov oixade KpOoT@ kat Bon T poeTre TOV. ™m 8 voTEpata auven- Govres éeyndicavto THs pey ‘Opovoias iepov, HoTep eiEaTo Kapirnros, eis Thy dryopav Kal THV éxxAnotay atomroyv éml Tois ryeryernpévors iSpu- cacbat, tais 6¢é Kadovpevars Aativats pia népav mpocbévras éoptdtew tétTapas, tapav- 152 204 CAMILLUS his office, thinking that, with the aid of his great power and authority, they could make a better fight in defence of their aristocracy. But once when Camillus was seated in state and despatching public business in the forum, an officer, sent by the tribunes of the people, ordered him to follow, actually lay- ing hands upon him as though to hale him away. All at once such cries and tumult as had never been heard before filled the forum, the friends of Camillus thrusting the plebeian officer down from the tribunal, and the multitude below ordering him to drag the dictator away. Camillus, perplexed at the issue, did not renounce his office, but taking the — senators with him, marched off to their place of meeting. Before he entered this, turning to the Capitol, he prayed the gods to bring the present tumults to their happiest end, solemnly vowing to build a temple to Concord when the confusion was over. In the Senate there was a great conflict of opposing views, but nevertheless, the milder course prevailed, concession was made to the people, and permission given them to elect one of the consuls from their own body. When the dictator announced this to the people as the will and pleasure of the Senate, at once, as was to be expected, they were delighted to be reconciled with the Senate, and escorted Camillus to his home with loud applause. On the following day they held an assembly and voted to build a temple of Concord, as Camillus had vowed, and to have it face the forum and place of assembly, to commemorate what had now happened. They voted also to add a day to the so-called Latin festival, and thereafter to celebrate four days, and that all 205 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tixa 5é€ Ovew Kal atepavnpopeiv “Pwpaiors Grravtas. Tov o apxatpeciov BpaBevbévrwv bro Kayidrouv KateaTadnaay dratot Mapxos pev Aipinsos éx Tat pixion, Aevxtos dé LéEr195 éx Snporav TpOTOs. kat tovTo qépas at Ka- pidrov mpaters 6 éaXov. XLIII. "Ey 6€ 7 KATOT évauT@ Dowpadns voros éumecodaa TH ‘Pan Tov pév addov BX ov ov TrepiAnmT ov apiO ue dep Oerpe, Tov o dpxovrav TOUS Trelorous. ‘Eredevt noe dé Kal Kdpirros, Mrrxias pev ovvexa Kal Biou TENELOTNTOS, WS Eb Tes aAos avOpaTrav @paios, auidoas 6é “Po- patos as ovde oupmarres o TH voow KaT éxeivoy Tov Ypovoy amroPavoytes. 206 CAMILLUS Romans at once perform sacrifices with garlands on their heads. At the elections held by Camillus, Marcus Aemilius was chosen consul from the patricians, and Lucius Sextus first consul from the plebeians. This was the last public act of Camillus. XLIII. In the year following, a pestilential sick- ness visited Rome, carrying off an incalculable number of the common people, and most of the magistrates. Camillus also died at this time, and he was full ripe for death, if any man ever was, considering his years and the completeness of his life; yet his loss grieved the Romans more than that of all those who perished of the plague at this time. ARISTIDES VOL. II. APIZTEIAHS I. "Apioteténs o Avotpayov duvAns peéev jv "Avtioyibos, Tav & Syuwv "Adwrren7nOev. epi 5 ovcias avtov Aoyou Sudhopor yeyovaciy, ot péev as év mevia ovyvtéve KataBiwoavTos Kal peta \ \ b 4 @ é 5 4 \ Tnv TeXeUTHY aTroNTrovTOS GuyaTépas Ovo TroNUY \ xpovov avexdotous Sv? amopiay yevouévas mpos 5é ToTov Tov AOryoy UTd TOAAOY Elpynpévoy avTt- , e ‘\ , ? A Ttacaopevos 6 Parnped’s Anyuntpios ev TO Yox- 4 U a 4 b] / pare. yopiov Parnpot dot ywooxev Apioteioouv yevouevov, év @ TéaTrTaL, Kal TEKpNpLA THS TrEpt TOV osKoV EvTropias ev ev HryelTat THY eTr@VvUpOV apxnv, iv jpyev 0} T@ Kudpo AaxXov ex TOY YEVOV TOV TA péeyloTa TiuNnMaTA KEKTNMEVO?, ODS. TEVTAKOOLOMEOL VOUS TpOoanyopevoy, ErEepov Sé TOV > / > a , J éEootpaxiapov: ovdevl yap TOY TevyTwY, GANA Tois €& olkwy te peydrwv cal dia yévous dryxov ’ ’ ~ 9 , / \ émipOoverv dotpaxov émipépecOau: tpitov dé Kat Tedevtaiov, Ste vinns avabnpata yopnytKovs tpitodas év Avovicou Kxatadérorrrev, of xal Ka? n / nas edeixverto To.avTny émiypadiy S:acw@lovtes: 1 #pxev 5 Blass, adopting Sintenis’ conjecture: Apéte. 210 ARISTIDES I. Aristipes, the son of [Uysimachus, ‘belonged to the tribe Antiochis, and to the deme Alopecé. As regards his substance, stories differ, some having it that he passed all the days of his life in severe poverty, and that at his death he left behind him .two daughters who for a long time were not sought in marriage because of their indigence. But in contradiction of this story which so many writers give, Demetrius of Phalerum, in his << Socrates,’ says he knows of an estate in Phalerum which belonged to Aristides—the one in which he lies buried, and regards as proofs of his opulent circumstances, first, his office of Archon Eponymous, which only he could hold who obtained it by lot from among the families carrying the highest property- assessments (these were called Pentacostomedimni, or Five-hundred-bushellers) ; second, his banishment in ostracism, for no poor men, but only men from great houses which incurred envy because of their family prestige, were liable to ostracism ; third, and last, the fact that he left in the precinct of Dionysus as offerings for victory some choregic tripods, which, even in our day, were pointed out as still bearing the inscription: “ The tribe 211 p 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES “"Avtuoxis éevixa, Apioreidns éyopnye, ’Apyxé- oTpatos édiOacKe.” Tourl pév ovv, xatrep etvar Soxody péytoTor, aoQevéotatov éott. Kat yap ‘Erapewvoveas, dv mavres avOpwro ywooKxovow év Tevia Kal Tpa- dévta TOAAH Kal Bidcavta, cal TIdtovo pido- coos ovK adirotipouvs avedé~avto yYopnyias, o pev avAntrais dvipdow, o Sé Tact KuKdLols yopnyncas, TovTm pev Aiwvos tod Yupaxovciou Thy Satdvny tapéxovtos, "Evrapewvavda 8 tav wept Wlerdomiday. ov yap éott Tois ayabois axnpuxtos Kal aotovdos mpos Tas Tapa Tov dirwy Swpeads modepos, GAA Tas els amrd0ecw Kal mreoveEiay ayevvets Hryovpevoe Kal Tatrewas, boat pirotipias Twos axepSous ExovTar Kat Aap- WpoTNTos ov“ atrwOodvTar. Ilavaitios pévtot tept Tod rpizrodos atodaiver Tov Anuntptoy opwvupia Sievrevopévov: amo yap tav Mndixav eis tTHv tTéeXNeuTHY Tov [leXoTrovYN- avaKxod troNéuou Svo0 povous ‘Aptoreidas yopnyous avaypadecOar vxavras, av ovdétepov clvar TO Avotpaxou TOV aurov, ara Tov pey Hevodirou TATpOs, TOV 5é ypove TOMA vewrepov, ws Edey- Nel Ta Ypdmpata THs pet’ Evxreldnv dvta ypap- patikhns Kal mpooyeypappévos o 'Apyéotpatos, ov év tots Mnoexois ovdeis, év dé rots [eXozrop- vnoparots auxvol xyopav diddcKnarov dvaypd- govot. To pév ovv Tod Ilavartiou Bértiov émucxemréov 212 319 ARISTIDES Antiochis was victorious; Aristides was Choregus ; Archestratus was Poet.” Now this last argument, though it seems very strong, is really very weak. For both Epaminondas, who, as all men know, was reared and always lived in great poverty, and Plato the philosopher, took it upon themselves to furnish munificent public performances, the first, of men trained to play the flute, the second, of boys trained to sing and dance ; but Plato received the money that he spent thereon from Dion of Syracuse, and Epaminondas from Pelopidas. Good men wage no savage and relentless war against the gifts of friends, but while they look upon gifts taken to be stored away and increase the receiver's wealth as ignoble and mean, they refuse none which promote an unselfish and splendid munificence. However, as regards the tripods, Panaetius tries to. show that Demetrius was deceived by identity of name. From the Persian wars, he says, down to the end of the Peloponnesian war, only two Aristides are recorded as victorious choregi, and neither of them is identical with the son of Lysimachus. One was the son of Xenophilus, and the other lived long afterwards, as is proved by the inscription itself, which is written in the character used after Eucleides,! as well as by the last name, Archestratus, of whom there is no record during the Persian wars, while during the time of the Peloponnesian war his name often appears as that of a choral poet. This argument of Panaetius should be more closely 1 In 403-402 8.c., when Eucleides was Archon Hponymous, the Ionian alphabet was officially adopted at Athens. 213 PLUTARCH’S LIVES érws eye. Te 8 Gotpdem Tas o bia So€ay A / A s U4 e é \ \ h yévos Aoyou Suvayiv wvmrép Tovs ToAXOUS vouslopevos virérirev: Strov Kal Adpuoyv o Ilepe- lA lA 4 \ A PANS Kréous Stddonaros, Ste TO hpoveity edoxer Tis elvas wepittos, éEwotpaxicOn. Kal pv ap—ar N\ 9 Vd e9 \ ? , 3 b ] ye tov Aptotetdny o ldopevevs ov cvapevTov, aAX e 4, 9 / , > \ \ érXopévov "AOnvaiwyv dnoiv. ec Sé nal peta THY év [Iatasais paynv ipkev, as avtos o Anpn- Tptos yéypade, cal wavy miBavov éotiy émi dSd&n TocauTy Kal KatopOwpact tnArALKOUTOLS aEiwOnVvaL 5.’ apetnyv ts Sua twAovTOV érbyxavoy of Aayyd- 2 \ \ e \ / ’ , voyTes. adNa yap o pev Anpuntplos ov povoy "Aptorenv, GANG Kal Zwoxparnv SHros éote THs mevias éFeréaOar dirotipwovpevos ws peyddou Kakov Kal yap éxeive dnaly ov povov THY oiKiav UTapXELV, GAA Kal pras éEBSoprjxovta Toxr{o- pévas vo Kpitavos. II. ’Apsoreiins 8¢ KrXeroBévous pév tov xata- oTHTAMEVOU THV TOALTELAY PETA TOUS TUpPaYVOUS éraipos yevouevos, Enrwoas 8 xal Oavpaoas pamota TOV ToALTIK@Y avdpav AvKotpyov Tov ‘ fo] Aaxedatpovov, Hrypato pév apiotoxpatixhs Twod- tetas, Eye 8 avtitacadpevoy iiép tod Sypov Bemwortoxréa Tov Neoxréous. evot pev ovv dacwy maidas ovTas avtovs Kal ouvtpepopévous at’ apxns év mavti cat aomovdys é oper Kal mavdias mTpaypwate Kat Noym StadépecOat mrpos aAAAOUs, Kai Tas hvaoes EVOds UIrd THIS Pedroverxias éxetvns 214 ARISTIDES examined as to its validity ; but to banishment in ostracism every one was liable who was superior to the common run of men in reputation, or lineage, or eloquence. And so it was that Damon, the teacher of. Pericles, was ostracized because he was thought to be rather extraordinary in his wisdom.! Furthermore, Idomeneus says that Aristides obtained the office of archon, not by lot, but by the election of the Athenians.?, And if he was made archon after the battle of Plataea, as Demetrius himself has written, it is certainly very credible that in view of such a reputation and such successes as he there won, he should be deemed worthy, for his valour, of an office which men who drew lots for it obtained for their wealth. In fact, Demetrius is clearly ambitious to rescue not only Aristides, but also Socrates from what he deems the great evil of poverty, for he says that Socrates owned not only his house, but also seventy minas out at interest with Crito. II. Aristides was an intimate friend of that Cleisthenes who set the state in order after the expulsion of the tyrants. He also admired and emulated, above all other statesmen, Lycurgus the Lacedaemonian. He therefore favoured an aristocratic form of’ government, and ever had opposed to him, as champion of the people, Themis- tocles the son of Neocles. Some say that even as boys and fellow-pupils, from the outset, in every word and deed, whether serious or trivial, they were at variance with one another, and that by 1 Pericles, iv. 2. 2 From 508 B.o. to 487 B.c. the archons were elected by the Assembly ; after 487, they were once more chosen by lot. 215 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dvaxanrvrres Oat, Thy pev evyeph Kal TrapdBonov Kal mavoupyov ovaay Kai per ofbrnTos émi mavTa padiws Pepopevny, THY 8 lige év HOeu BeBaig Kal rpos TO Sixatov a arevi,’ Weddos Sé Kai Boporoyiav cal amdarny ot8 év radias Tur TpOTr@ TpocLepevny. ’"Apiatov & o Keios &€& épwrixijs apxiis ryeve- obat gnat cal mpoerOety él tocovrov. THY éyOpav avTav. 2ryoirew yap, Os Hv ever Keios, ida te nal poppy ca@patos wodV Tov ép apa Ram poraros, appotépous _fpacbevras ou petpios eveynety To Tabos ovd dua. AnYOUTL TO KdAXret TOU Tratdos atrobécOat THv dtNovetkiar, GAN wWomep éyyuuvacapévouvs exelvn Tpos THY qodttelay evOvs opunaat Svatrvpous évtas Kal diahopws éyovtas. ‘O pév obv Memsoroxrs eis Evratpeiav éuBadrowv éautov elye mpoBrnua nab Sivayuy ovK eveara- dpovntov, @aTe Kal Wpds Tov eiTovTaA KAaXrBS avtov ap€ew "AOnvaiwr, dvirep isos 7 Kal Kowvos amac. “ Mydérore,” elmreiv, ‘els TOUTOV eyo Kcabioarpe Tov Opovov, ev @ méov ovdev EEovarw Ob piror map "épol Trav addoTplav:” "Apioretdnys dé Kad EaUTOV domep obov idiav éBab.le b:a THs Tone- Telas, ™ per ov pev ov Bovdopevos ouvadixely Tots ératpous n Avmnpos elvat pn xaprlouevos, € évreita THY aro TOV pidov Siva pov ovK ddLyous ide ératpovaay adixeiy epuNatTETO, “ove TO YpNoTA 1 arevii MSS. and editors,:including Sintenis': dreve? after Classen. 216 - ARISTIDES this very rivalry their natures were straightway made manifest, the one as dexterous, reckless, and unscrupulous, easily carried with impetuosity into any and every undertaking ; the other as established on a firm character, intent on justice, and admitting _ no falsity or vulgarity or deceit, not even in any sport whatsoever. But Ariston of Ceos says that this enmity of theirs, which came to be so intense, had its origin in a love affair. They were both enamoured of Stesilatis, who was of Ceian birth, and in beauty of person the most brilliant of youths; and they cherished their passion so immoderately, that not even after the boy’s beauty had faded did they lay aside their rivalry, but, as though they had merely taken preliminary practice and exercise in that, they presently engaged in matters of state also with passionate heat and opposing desires. Themistocles joined a society of political friends, and so secured no inconsiderable support and, power. Hence when some one told him that he would be a good ruler over the Athenians if he would only be fair and impartial to all, he replied: “ Never may I sit on a tribunal where my friends are to get no more advantage from me than strangers.” But Aristides walked the way of statesmanship by him- _ self, on a private path of his own, as it were, because, in the first place, he was unwilling to join with any comrades in wrong-doing, or to vex them by with- holding favours; and, in the second place, he saw that power derived from friends incited many to do wrong, and so was on his guard against it, deeming 217 PLUTARCH’S LIVES kad Sixaca mpdrrew Kal Néyew akiav Oappeiv Tov ayabov TontTHDV. III. OF py GAXAd, OANA KivOUpEvoU TOD @ecuiatoxrAéous wapaBordws Kal mpos tacav ait@ toditelay éviotapévov Kat S:aKxorrovTos, nvayKdtero Tov Kal avTos TA pev GUUVOMEVOS, TA Sé xodovov tH éxeivou Sivamy ydpiTe TOV To\Xov av€ouevny vrrevavtiovabar ols Empatrev 0 BemworoxrAns, BérTvov Hyovpevos TmapedOety évia TOY ouudepovt@v Tov SHyov TO Kpareiv éxelvov év taow ioyupov yevécOat. Tédos S€ mote Tov @emotoxrAéovs mpatTovTos TL ToY SeovTwy avtTixpovoas Kat Trepuyevomevos ov KaTé- aoxyev, GX eEltrev ato THS éxxAnalas aTiwy, ws ovx gots owtnpia Ttois "AOnvaiwy mpdypyacwv, et pn Kal Bemwortonréa kal avtov eis To Bapadpov éuBdaroev. ward dé ypaas Tia yvounv eis Tov Spor, avtiroyias ovons mpos avTyy Kal diroverkias, expater’ pédXovtos S€ Tod mpoédpou Tov Shmov emepwtav aiaQopevos éx TOV AOywV avTav TO aovpdpopoy améctn Tod yndiopaTos. jonndaKs de Kat St éErépwv eiaéhepe TAS yvomas, @s pn) dtdoverxia TH Wpos avTov 6 BepioroxrAHs éurrdd.os ein TH ovuépovte. @avpactn Sé tis ehaiveto avtov Tapa Tas év Th TodtTeia petaBorgas 7 evoeTabea, pte Tals Tiyais ématpoyévou mpos Te Tas Svanpepias aBopvBws Kal mpaws exovtos, Kal opolws Hyou- 218 320 ARISTIDES it right that the good citizen should base his con- fidence only on serviceable and just conduct. III. However, since Themistocles was a reckless agitator, and opposed and thwarted him in every measure of state, Aristides himself also was almost compelled—partly in self-defence, and partly to curtail his adversary’s power, which was increasing through the favour of the many—to set himself in opposition to what Themistocles was trying to do, thinking it better that some advantages should es- cape the people than that his adversary, by pre- vailing everywhere, should become too strong. Finally there came a time when he opposed and defeated Themistocles in an attempt to carry some really necessary measure. Then he could no longer hold his peace, but declared, as he left the Assembly, that there was no safety for the Athenian state unless they threw both Themistocles and himself into the death-pit. On another occasion he him- self introduced a certain measure to the people, and was carrying it through successfully, in spite of the attacks of the opposition upon it, but just as the presiding officer was to put it to the final vote, per- ceiving, from the very speeches that had been made in opposition to it, the inexpediency of his measure, he withdrew it withfout a vote. And oftentimes he would introduce his measures through other men, that Themistocles might not be driven by the spirit of rivalry with him to oppose what was expedient for the state. Altogether admirable was his steadfast constancy amid the revulsions of political feeling. He was not unduly lifted up by his honours, and faced adversity with a calm gentleness, while in all cases alike he 219 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pévov xphvar tH tatpid: mapéyew éavtov ov Npynuatwy povov, adrAga Kat do—ns mpoika Kat ayscOit modwTevopevoyv. Obev, ws Eoixe, TOY Eis "Apdgidpaov br’ Aicydtrovu reroinpévor layBetov év T@ Oedtpw AEyouevov: Ov yap Soxety Stxatos, aA’ eivat BéreL, a v \ \ , Baéeciay Groxa a ppevos Kaptrovpevos, ad’ is Ta Kebva Bractdver Bovrevpata, mavres amréBreirav eis "Aptotetdny, ws éxeiv@ paroTa THS apeTas TavTNS TpocnKovons. IV. Od povov 88 mpos ebvoray nal ydpiv, adra Kal Tpos opynv Kat mpos ExOpay layupoTatos Hv umTép trav Stxaiwy avtTiornvat. DAéyerar your mote Siaxwov éxOpov év Stxacrnpio, peta THY Katnyoptav ob BovAopéevey axoveww Tod Kivdvuvev- ovtos Ttav SixacTov, adrAa THY Whpov evOUs aitouvtwy ém avrov, avarndnoas TO Kpwopeve ouvixerevev, Sirws axovobein Kal Tvyos TOY vonipoy maddy é Kkpivorv .idii@tats Svc, Tov érépov AéyovTos, WS TWoAAa Tuyyaver Tov *Apt- ateiényv o avridixos NEAVTINnKAS “Aéy’, @ ’yabé,” ddvat, “ padrov, el TL o€ KaKOV TeTrOinKe: col yap, ovx épauvT@, dixalw.” tov Sé Snpociwv mpocddwv aipebels erriperntys ob pdvoy Tous Ka? avrov, GAXd Kal Tovs mpd avrod yevouévous 220 ARISTIDES considered it his duty to give his services to his country freely and without any reward, either in money, or, what meant far more, in reputation. And so it befell, as the story goes, that when the verses composed by Aeschylus upon Amphiaraiis were recited in the theatre :— ‘«¢ He wishes not to seem, but rather just to be, And reap a harvest from deep furrows in a mind From which there spring up honourable counsel- lings,” } all the spectators turned their eyes on Aristides, feeling that he, above all men, was possessed of such excellence. IV. It was not only against the inclinations of his good-will and personal favour that he was a most strenuous champion of justice, but also against those of his anger and hatred. ‘At any rate a story is told, how he was once prosecuting an enemy in court, and after he had made his accusation the judges were loath to hear the defendant at all, and demanded that their vote be taken against him straightway ; but Aristides sprang to his feet and seconded the culprit’s plea for a hearing and the usual legal procedure. And again, when he was serving as private arbitrator between two men, on one of them saying that his opponent had done Aristides much injury, “Tell me rather,’ he said, “whether he has done thee any wrong; it is for thee, not for myself, that I am seeking Justice.” When he was elected overseer of the public revenues, he proved clearly that large sums had been em- bezzled, not only by his fellow-officials, but also by 1 Seven against Thebes, 592 ff. (Dindorf). | 221 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dpyovras arredeixnvue TOAAA vevoodgiopévous, Kat padota Tov Bepsoronréa: Loos yap avnp, THs 5é yetpos ov KpaTav. Aw Kal cuvayayav tonrdodvs ért tov *Apt- aTeiOny év tats evOdvars Sioxwv KroTHAs Katadicn meptéBarev, ws pnow [dopevets. ayavaxrovvTwv S& tov mpdtav ev TH rode. Kal Bedtiotar, od povor adelOn ths Enutas, GdAa Kal tTadw dpyov éxt riv avtiy Svoixnow aredetyOn. mpoorrot- ovpevos S€ TeV mpoTtépwy peTapédey avT@ Kal paraxwrepov évdsdovs éauTov, Hpecxe Tots TA Kowa KdEérTovaw ovK éEedAéyyxwv ovd axpiBoro- youpevos, @OTE KATATLUTAApLEVOUS TOY Synod iwY tmepetraivety Tov Aptoteionv cal Se€tovc8ar Tov Sipwov wirép avtov, orovddlovtas apxovta maddy aipeOjvar. pedrrovtwv Sé yeipotovely érreTtipnoe trois ‘"AOnvaiou: ““Ore péev yap, én, “ tictas Kal KaX@s vpiv Hp~a, mpovmrynraxicOny: érrei 5é TOAAG TOY KOLVOY KaTATpOEtaL TOls KNETTOVAL Oavpactos elvat Sox® Torjitns. avTos pév ov aicyvvoyat TH viv tinn paddrov fH TH mpanv katabixn, cvvaxOouar © dpiv, map’ ols évdo€o- Tepov éote Tov calew Ta Snpocta To yapilecOar Tots mrovnpols.” tata © eitr@y cal tas KNoTTIAS éFeréyEas Tous wey ToTe Boavras brép avtod Kal Haptupodyras émrectopice, TOV O° adNOLVOV Kal Sixavoy amd tov BeAtiotwy érratvov elxev. 222 ARISTIDES those of former years, and particularly by The- mistocles :— <“‘The man was clever, but of his hand had no control.” For this cause, Themistocles banded many to- gether against Aristides, prosecuted him for theft at the auditing of his accounts, and actually got a verdict against him, according to Idomeneus. But the first and best men of the city were incensed at this, and he was not only exempted from his fine, but even appointed to administer the same charge again. Then he pretended to repent him of his former course, and made himself more pliable, thus giving pleasure to those who were stealing the common funds by not examining them or holding them to strict account, so that they gorged them- selves with ¢he public moneys, and then lauded Aristides to the skies, and pleaded with the people in his behalf, eagerly desirous that he be once more elected to his office. But just as they were about to vote, Aristides rebuked the Athenians. “ Verily,” said he, “when I served you in office with fidelity and honour, I was reviled and persecuted ; but now that I am flinging away much of the common fund to thieves, I am thought to be an admirable citizen. For my part, I am more ashamed of my present honour than I was of my former condemnation, and I am sore distressed for you, because it is more honourable in your eyes to please base men than to guard the public moneys.’’ By these words, as well as by exposing their thefts, he did indeed stop the mouths of the men who were then testifying loudly in his favour, but he won genuine and just praise from the best citizens. 223 PLUTARCH’S LIVES V. ’Enet 5é Adtis b7r6 Aapetou treppbcis Koyo pev éemibeivac Sixny ’AOnvaiows, Ste Ydpdees évérrpnoay, épym 5é Katactpéyacba Tos “EX- Anvas, eis Mapadava trayti Te ocTOAM KaTécye kal tTHv yopav érop0a, Tov Séxa xabeotoTwv tois ‘"A@nvaiows éat roy mmodenoy otTpaTnyav péytotrov pev elxev akiwpa Mirriddns, d0En Sé kal Suvaper Sevtepos qv ‘Apioteidyns. xal tore Tept THS maxXns youn TH Mirteddov pod Gépevos ov puxpay érroince poTriy: Kat Trap nuépay éxdorov oTpaTnyoU TO KpaTos ExovToS, ws TrEpLAAGEY Ets avrov apxn, twapédaxe Murtiddy, diddoxwv TovUs suvapyYovtas, Ste TO TWeiDecAat Kal dKodov- Oeiy trois ed Hpovadowy ovK aliaxpoV, AAA wEpvov éott Kal cwrnpiov. obtw 8 mpaivas TH dido- verxiavy Kal tpotpeyrdpevos avTovs ayamav pia yvoun TH Kpatiaotn ypwpuévous, Eppwce tov MurA- Tiddnv TO arrepiaTdaTw THs éEovaias taxupoy ‘yevopevov. Xaipew yap éav Exacros H6n TO Tap’ Tpépay dipxew éxelv mpooeixer. "Ep be TH pax pddiora tov ‘AOnvaiwr Tov peéoov TovyncavTos Kat Aéeio Tov evrava Xpovov TOV BapBapwv avTepeta avr ov Kara THY Acovtida cai THY "Avtuoxiba pudgy, nyavigavTo AapIrpas TETAYMEVOL Tap ard ous 6 TE Oew- aToKNijs Kat oO “Aptaretons’ O pev yap Aeovtibos qv, o & ‘Avtioyisdos: érel dé TpeYrapevor TOUS BapBdpous évéBadov eis TAS vais kal TEOVTAS ovx énl vncwy é@pwv, add’ U76 Tob TVEULATOS kal ths Oardoons eiow mpos ty ‘“ATTiKnY 224 ARISTIDES V. Now when Datis, on being sent by Darius ostensibly to punish the Athenians for burning Sardis, but really to subdue all the Hellenes, put in at Marathon with all his armament and went to ravaging the country, then, of the ten generals appointed by the Athenians for the conduct of the war, it was Miltiades who enjoyed the greatest con- sideration, but in reputation and influence Aristides was second. By adopting at that time the opinion of Miltiades about the battle to be fought, he did much to turn the scale in its favour. And since each general held the chief authority for a single day in turn, when the command came round to him, he handed it over to Miltiades, thereby teaching his - fellow-officers that to obey and follow men of wisdom is not disgraceful, but dignified and salutary. By thus appeasing the jealousy of his colleagues and inducing them to be cheerfully contented in the adoption of a single opinion (and that the best), he confirmed Miltiades in the strength which comes from an unrestricted power. For each of the other generals at once relinquished his own right to com- mand for a day in turn, and put himself under the orders of Miltiades. | In the battle, the Athenian centre was the hardest pressed, and it was there that the Barbarians held their ground the longest, over against the tribes Leontis and Antiochis. There, then, Themistocles and Aristides fought brilliantly, ranged side by side ; for one was a Leontid, the other an Antiochid. ‘' When the Athenians had routed the Barbarians and driven them aboard their ships, and saw that they were sailing away, not toward the islands, but into the gulf toward Attica under compulsion of 225 VOL. II, Q “ 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES atroBialopévors, poBnOévtes un THY TodALY Epnwor AdBwot TOY apvvopévwv, Tais pev evvéa hurais nireiyovTo Tpos TO aoTU Kal KaTHYUCAaV avOnpeEpoV éy 5¢ Mapabau peta tis Eavtod dvarjs ’Apio- retons atroragpbels PvrAaE TaV aiyparwTev Kal TOV Aadvpwy ovK eYrevoato thy Sdtav, adrAA xvdnv pev dpyvpov Kal ypuaod trapovtos, éaOFTos dé mravTodamis Kal ypnudtwv adrddXov apvOyTeov év Tals oxnvais Kal Tois HAwKOCL okddeoww UTrap- , ” 9 b) ‘ > 4 aA wy > Yovtwy, ovT autos émeOvunce Oiyetv ovT adXrOv elace, TAY Et TLVES Exeivov AaADoVTEs MPEANOnTAaY: @v hv Kat Karas o dadobyos. Tovrtp yap Tis, as Eouxe, TOV BapBdpov ™poa- émrea ev oinBels Bao théa 61a THY Kony Kat TO ag wg elvas: TporKUyygas 5é «al AaBopevos THs Sefas ederfe Todd Xpuatov év haxn Tut Katopwpuypévov. 0 d¢ KadNias a @MOTATOS dvOpo- Tov Kat | TApAvomoraros YEVOMEVOS TOY pev Ypu- oov dvetheTo, TOV 8 av pwmov, as 1) KaTELTrOL q pos érépous, arréKTewver. éx TOUTOU gaci kal haxKoTovTous wre TOV K@MLKBY TOUS amo Tis otxius eye Oat, TKMTTOVTOY els TOV TOTTOY, ev © TO Xpuaiov O Kahiias eUpev. "Aptoretons bé THY éT@vupov EvOrs a apxny np&e. xalrot pnoly 6 Dadnpevs Anpnrtpros apEas TOV dvdpa, pu pov eumpoabev Tov Oavdtov peta THv év Irarasais paynv. év 6 Tais avaypagais PETA wep EavOurmidnp, ép’ ov pay ae nTTn0n Aatadow, ovS opovipov Aptoteldny év mavu 226 ARISTIDES wind and wave, then they were afraid lest the enemy find Athens empty of defenders, and so they hastened homeward with nine tribes, and reached the city that very day. But Aristides was left behind at Marathon with his own tribe, to guard the captives and the booty. Nor did he belie his reputation, but- though silver and gold lay about in heaps, and though there were all sorts of raiment and untold wealth besides in the tents and captured utensils, he neither desired to meddle with it him- self, nor would he suffer any one else to do so, although certain ones helped themselves without his knowledge. Among these was Callias the Torch- bearer.! Some Barbarian, it seems, rushed up to this man, supposing him to be a king from his long hair and the headband that he wore, made obeisance to him, and taking him by the hand in suppliant fashion, showed him a great mass of gold buried up in a sort of pit. llias, most savage and lawless of men, took up the gold; but the man, to prevent his betraying the matter to others, he slew. From this circumstance, they say, his descendants are called by the comic poets “ Laccopluti,” or “ Pit-wealthies,” in sly allusion to the place where Callias found his gold. Aristides at once received the office of. Archon Eponymous. And yet Demetrius of Phalerum says that it was a little while before his death, and after the battle of Plataea, that the man held this office.” But in the official records, after Xanthippides, in whose year of office Mardonius was deteated at Plataea, you cannot find, long as the list is, so much 1 Qne of the highest officers at the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries. 2 479-478 B.c. 227 Q 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a ® jodnots AaBetv éott, peta 5¢ Paivrroy,! éf’ ov \ > “A 4 > / > A393 4 thv ev Mapadarvt payny évixwy, evOvs Apirreidns apywv avayéypanrat. VI. Ilacav 8 trav rept adtoy apetov 7 Sixatocuvn pwarLoTa Tos TOAXOIS alaOnow TrapeElxe dua TO «THY xXpeiav evdeXexeoTaTHY avTS Ka KOLVOTATNHY imdpyew. 50ev avnp wévns Kat Snpo- TLKOS exTHaAaTO THY BaciAtKwTdatny Kal OevoraTny mpoonyopiav tov Aixatov' 6 Trav Baciréwv xal , bd \ 2s bd \ \ \ Tupavvwv ovdels éfjrwoev, Gra TodopKytai Kai Kepavvot xat Nixdropes, évioc 8 *Aerot kal ‘Tépaxes Eyatpov mpocayopevopevot, THY amd TH Bias xal ra SUvdpews, ws Eorxe, wGAXNOY THV avo THS aperns Sofayv ayaTa@vTes. KalToL TO Geiov, 6 yAixXovTat cvvotxecodyv Kal cvvadhopoLody avrous, tptat Soxet Siadéper, apOapoia Kat Suvdpe. cal apety, Ov Kal* ceuvotatov 4 apeT? kal Oevotatrov éotiv. adOdpt@ pév yap elvat Kat TO Kev@ Kal Tois atoxelors TUpBERKe, Sivapuy e 5é€ xal ceropol Kai Kepavvoi Kal mrvevpdatwv oppat Kal pevpatev émipopal peyarnv exovart, dixns &é kat Béusdos obdév Ste wy TO ppovely nal rovile- cOat® perarayyaver. Avo kal Tptov dvtwy, & merovOacw oi trodXol \ \ A 4 \ , a re) mpos TO Getov, Enrov xat PoBou cal tipns, Cnrodv pev avtovs Kal paxapifew éoixact Kata TO a- \ 3 P] V4 \ / va kat aidsor, éxarrntTec Oar é Kal dedrévae KaTa TO.KUptov Kal duvaroy, ayaray Sé Kai Timav 1 dalvienovy Bekker, Hercher, and Blass with F4S: #4- vinwoy. 2 év xa) Hercher and Blass with S: dv. ae Aoyl(ecOa: Blass: Aoyl(ecOa: +d Oeiov reasoning about the ay. 228 32 ARISTIDES as the name Aristides; whereas immediately after Phaenippus, in whose year of office the victory at Marathon was won, an Aristides is recorded as archon.! VI. Of all his virtues, it was his justice that most impressed the multitude, because of its most con- tinual and most general exercise. Wherefore, though poor and a man of the people, he acquired that most kingly and godlike surname of “The Just.” This no kings or tyrants ever coveted, nay, they rejoiced to be surnamed “ Besiegers,’ or “ Thunderbolts,” or ‘Conquerors,’ and some “ Eagles,’ or “ Hawks,” 2 cultivating the reputation which is based on violence and power, as it seems, rather than on virtue. And yet divinity, to which such men are eager to adapt and conform themselves, is believed to have three elements of superiority,—incorruption, power, and virtue ; and the most reverend, the divinest of these, is virtue. For vacuum and the ultimate elements partake of incorruption; and great power is ex- hibited by earthquakes and thunderbolts, and rushing tornadoes, and invading floods; but in fundamental justice nothing participates except through the exercice of intelligent reasoning powers. Therefore, considering the three feelings which are generally entertained towards divinity,—envy, fear, and honourable regard, men seem to envy and felicitate the deities for their incorruption and per- petuity ; to dread and fear them for their sovereignty and power ; but to love and honour and revere them 1 490-489 B.c. 2 Demetrius Polorcetes; Ptolemy Ceraunos; Seleucus Nicator; Pyrrhus Aétos ; Antiochus Hieraz. 229 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 nat oéBecOar xata tHv Sixatoovyvnv. adda, xaitep ottw Siaxeipevot, THS wev GDavacias, iy 1 vats nua ov SéxeTat, Kal THs Suvapews, Hs ev TH TUXN) KEelTaL TO TAELoTOV, ErLOvpOdaL, THY ? by , / > a / > A >y° 5 dpetnv, 5 povoy éoti tav Jeiwy ayabav é> nut, ev votépw TiPevtar, Kax@s PpovodyTes, ws ‘N b 4 \ 4 4 \ 3 A , e tov éy Svvdmet xal tTuyn peyary Kai apyn Biov 7 A 4 a a e > 3 , 4 pev Sixatocvvyn trove: Oeiov, % 8 adsxia Onpiwon. VII. Té & ody ’Aptoteién ovvéBn TO TpwToOV ayarropéva Sa tH érwvupiay botepov POovei- Oat, pardtota pev ToD Beptatoxréovs AOYov Eis Tous TroAAovs StadsdovTos,” ws "Aptoteidns avnpn- Kas Ta Sixactypia TH Kpivery Atravta Kal Sixa- Cav, AédNOe povapyiay dadopudopyntov éavT@ KaTecKkevacpévos’ 5n S€ mou Kal o SHpos emt TH / A A a vikn méya ppovav kal Tav peyiotwv aiav avrov HXGerTo Tois dvopa Kal Sokay imép Tovs ToAXOVS 2 €yovct. Kal cuvedOovtes cis aotu tavraxobev éEootpaxilovar tov Apioretdny, dvopa te POove A , , THs do&ns poBov tupavvidos Oéuevor. 4 e MoyOnpias yap ovx Hv Kodacts 0 éEootpakia- , > > 3 “A XN >] > , ” \ 0s, GNX éxanretto pev Ou’ evTrpeTretav OyKoU Kal duvipews Baputépas tamreivwows kal KoXovats, Hv 5é Oévov trapapvbia diravO pwrros, eis avyKea Tov > , b > > 4 3 A , \ N ovdev, GAN’ eis petdataci étrav Séxa THY TpOsS 1 +f tdxn Reiske, Hercher, and Blass with F8S: roxp. | 2 d:ad:5évr0s Hercher and Blass with F°S; é«Baddvros, 230 ARISTIDES for their justice. And yet, although men are thus disposed, it is immortality, of which our nature is not capable, and power, the chief disposal of which is in the hands of fortune, that they eagerly desire ; while as for virtue, the only divine excellence within our reach, they put it at the bottom of the list, unwisely too, since a life passed in power and great fortune and authority needs justice to make it ' divine; by injustice it is made bestial. VII. Now, to resume, it befell Aristides to be loved at first because of this surname, but afterwards to be jealously hated, especially when Themistocles set the story going among the multitude that Aristides had done away with the public courts of justice by his determining and judging everything _in private, and that, without any one perceiving it, he had established for himself a monarchy, saving only the armed body-guard. And_ besides, the people too must by this time have become greatly elated over their victory; they thought nothing too good for themselves, and were therefore vexed with those who towered above the multitude in name and reputation. So they assembled in the city from all the country round, and ostracized Aristides, giving to their envious dislike of his reputation the name of fear of tyranny. Now the sentence of ostracism was not a chastise- ment of base practices, nay, it was speciously called a humbling and docking of oppressive prestige and power ; but it was really a merciful exorcism of the spirit of jealous hate, which thus vented its malig- nant desire to injure, not in some irreparable evil, ? 231 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 70 AviobY arrepedopévov Sucpéverav. érrel 5 HpEavTo Ties avOpwrrous ayevvets Kal trovnpovs uToBdAXev TO TpdypaTt, TeNEUTALoy aTrUdvT@Y ‘TrépBorov éEootpaxicartes érravcavto. NéyeTat dé rov “TrrépBorov éEootpaxicOjvar Sia TovavTny aitiav. “ArgxiBuddns cal Nixias péytotoy ev TH monet Suvdpevor Steotacialov. ws ovr o Stpos Guerre hépey to detpaxoy Kal SHros hv Tov Erepov yparror, duarex Devres ards roes Kal Tas oTaces éxatépas eis TavTO cuvayaryorres TOV 4 ‘TarépBodov é£oo tpaxiaOhvar TapesKevacay. éx b¢ TOUTOU Suoxepavas o 0 hues @s KabuBpropévov TO Tm parypa Kal T poem nhakia pévov adpnxe trav- TEADS Kal Katéhuaev. "Hp 6€ ToLoUTOY, @s TUT@ ppacar, TO yLvomevov. doTpaKov ha Pov ExaoTOs Kat ypaypas ép éBov- AeTO peTATTHeaL TOV TONLTHY, edepev els éva 7T0- Tov THS aryopas TEpLTEpPA'y HEVOV év KUKN@ 5 Spupdxrors. ol é dpxovres mparov pev Sinpib- pouv TO cUptray ev TAUT@ TOV doTpaxoy THOS él yap éFaxioxirLeov éNdTToves ot Péportes | elev, aTedns HV O éFooTpakia pos: émerra TOV évopd- TOV ExagTov idta Oévres TOY v76 TOV TrELT TOV Yeypappeévov éFexipuT tov eis Ern Séxa, KapTov- Hevoy TA auToD. Tpadopevov ony TOTE TOV OoTpdKcoy Aéyeraé 324 Tia TOV dypapparov Kal TavTEnas ay olay avasovra TO "Aptaretdn TO do7Tpakov @S EvL TOV TUYOVTOY ‘mapaxareiy, OTWS ‘Apioreidny eyypa- qd Wee. tov d¢ Pavpdcartos Kai rvPopévov, yy Tt 1 pépovres Blass with FaS: ypdpavtes. 232 ARISTIDES . but in a mere change of residence for ten years. And when ignoble men of the baser sort came to be subjected to this penalty, it ceased to be inflicted at all, and {Punetborus was the last to be thus ostracized.! It is said that Hyperbolus was ostracized for the following, reason. Alcibiades and Nicias had the greatest power in the state, and were at odds. Accordingly, when the people were about to exercise the ostracism, and were clearly going to vote against one or the other of these two men, they came to terms with one another, united their opposing factions, and effected the ostracism of Hyperbolus. The people were incensed at this for they felt that the institution had been insulted and abused, and so they abandoned it utterly and put an end to it. The method of procedure—to give a general out- line—was as follows. Each voter took an ostrakon, or potsherd, wrote on it the name of that citizen whom he wished to remove from the city, and brought it to a place in the agora which was all fenced about with railings. The archons first counted the total number of ostraka cast. For if the voters were less than six thousand, the ostracism was void. Then they separated the names, and the man who had received the most votes they proclaimed banished for ten years, with the right to enjoy the income from his property. Now at the time of which I was speaking, as the voters were inscribing their ostraka, it is said that an unlettered and utterly boorish fellow handed his ostrakon to Aristides, whom he took to be one of the ordinary crowd, and asked him to write Aristides on it. He, astonished, asked the man what possible 1 About 417 B.c. Cf. Nicias, xi., Alcibiades, xiii. 233 PLUTARCH’S LIVES kaxov avtov ‘Aptotetdns srerrolncev, “ Ovdér,” 9 ce yOe , \ 4 0 > 9 9 eltrev, “ovde yiyvaoKw Tov avOpwtov, GAN évo- a a / “a YAodpat travtayov Tov Aixatov axovwv.” Tatra b) / \ ? , , a er adxovoavta Tov "Apiotetdny arokpivacOar pev ovdev, eyypdyyrar 5é tovvopa TO OoTRdK@ Kai amodovvat. ths 5é ToAEWS aTradANaTTOMEVOS HON, TaS yEelpas avaTteivas pos Tov ovpavoy evEaTo \ bd , e : > \ A > ”“ THhv évavtiav, ws Gorxev, evynv Te "AxtrrEél, pndéva Karpov “AOnvaiovs xatanaBeiv, ds avay- Kkace. Tov Ojpov ‘Aptoteioov pynaOjvat. | VIII. Tpitm 8 eres BépEou da errarias \ , sf > \ \ ’ 4 a kat Botwtias éXauvoytos emt thy ‘Artixny, NU- cavTes Tov vopov éeyndicavto rois peOcotaat ckabodov, pardtcta hoBovpevor tov “Aproteidny, A , a 4, 4 A en wpocBémevos Tots trodepiors StadOeipyn Kal peTAaoTHON ToAAO’s THY TWoNLT@Y TWpos TOV a 4 n BapBapov, ov« opOas otoyalopevot tov avdpos, bs ye xal mpd tov Soypatos tovrou Srerére 4 \ , \ a > \ TPOTPETM@VY KAL maposvvey Tous EAAnvas én Thy édevOepiav, Kal pera, TO Soya Touro, @eprotoxr€ovs atpatnyovbvTos avToxpdtopas, wavTa ouver parte Kat ouveBovrever, évdoko- Tato emt TwTnpig Kown ToL@y Tov éyOiatov. ‘Os yap arroNrely THY Larapiva BovxXevo- péveov TOV mept EuvpuBiddny ai BapBaptxai Tpurpeus VUKTWP dvaxBetoar Kat wepiBarovaat TOV TE Tropoy ev KUKAw Kal TAS VHTOUS KaTELXoD, OUSEVOS m poeLb0r 0s Thy KUKKwoW Heev oO 'Apt- ateiins am Aiyivns mapaBorws Sia tev 234 ARISTIDES wrong Aristides had done him. “None whatever,’ was the answer, “I don’t even know the fellow, but Iam tired of hearing him everywhere called ‘The Just.’”” On hearing this, Aristides made no answer, but wrote his name on the ostrakon and handed it back. Finally, as he was departing the city, he lifted up his hands to heaven and prayed—a prayer the opposite, as it seems, of that which Achilles made !—that no crisis might overtake the Athenians which should compel the people to remember Aristides. VIII. But in the third year thereafter,?, when Xerxes was marching through Thessaly and Boeotia against Attica, they repealed their law of ostracism, and voted that those who had been sent away under it might return. The chief reason for this was their fear of Aristides, lest he attach himself to the enemy’s cause, and corrupt and pervert many of his fellow-citizens to .the side of the Barbarian. But they much misjudged the man. Even before this decree of theirs, he was ever inciting and urging the Hellenes to win their freedom; and after it was passed, when Themistocles was general with sole powers, he assisted him in every undertaking and counsel, although he thereby, for the sake of the general safety, made his chiefest foe the most famous of men. Thus when Eurybiades wished to abandon Salamis, but the Barbarian triremes, putting out by night, had encompassed the strait where he lay round about, and had beset the islands therein, and no Hellene knew of this encompassment, Aristides came over to them from Aegina, venturously sailing through the 1 Tiad i. 407-412. ? 480 B.C. 239 PLUTARCH’S LIVES moeuiov vedov Suextrrevoas: Kal vucros érAOov érl Tv oKxnvny Tov BewtotoKréovs Kal Kadréoas avrov é&wo _HOvoY “« “Hyeis,” elrrey, “@ _ Bep- GTOKAELS, éb cwppovoiper, On THY KEvnY ral perpaxiody oTdow ad évres apEopeba, cw@Tnpiov Kat Karis prroveretas 1 p0s adda ous Gptrro- pevot THoAaL THY ‘ENA dba, ov wey apyewv Kal oTpaTyyar, éya O Drroupyay | Kat oupBovrevor, émrel Kal viv ce muvOavopat povov amrecOar TOV apiorwy hoya pay, KeNevovTa, Stavavpaxely év Tots oTevois THV TaxlorTny. Kai cob TOV cup paxov aytimpartTovTay ot ToAépLoL ouvepyeiv éoixact TO yap ev KvKh Kat KATOT LD Hon TEharyos cumremhnaTat VEOY TONELLOV, WOTE Kab TOUS [1 Gedovtas avayxy Kxateirndev aryabous dvdpas elvau Kal _baxer Oar: duyis yap odds ov éreuTTTAL.” Tpos Tatra O OewrroKrAjs elvrev" “ Ov av éBoudouny, ® "Apiotetdn, oe Kata TobT0 pov Kpeirrova yeveaOau, jewpacopar dé mpos Kany apxny Gpiddapevos bmepBadnea Gat Tots epyous. dpa & avTe ppacas TI og’ éavtod KatacKxevacbeicav arrarny mpos Tov BapBa ov, TApeKanret melO eww TOV EvpuBiddny Kat ou do Kew, as apn avov éorTt owOivas BN vaupaxnoavras: ele yap avTov padrov more. d0ev év TO TUAAGYp TOV TT PATH YOY elwrovTos Kneoxpirov Tob Koprv6iov T pos TOV GeuroroKréa, pnd ‘Apioretby THY yvemny apéo Key avrob, mapovra yap clo may, avreimev Oo "Aptorelins, os ovx av éo.wtra Hy AéyovTos Ta apie TOU OemioroKdréous” vov & novxiay dyew ov ov edvoltay Tov avopos, GAAA THY yvouNY érrawor. 236 ARISTIDES enemy's ships. He went at once by night to the tent of Themistocles, and called him forth alone. “© Themistocles,” said he, “if we are wise, we shall at last lay aside our vain and puerile contention, and begin a salutary and honourable rivalry with one another in emulous struggles to save Hellas, thou as commanding general, I as assistant counsellor, since at the very outset I learn that thou art the only one who has adopted the best policy, urging as thou dost to fight a decisive sea-fight here in the narrows as soon as may be. And though thine allies oppose thee, thy foes would seem to assist thee; for the sea round about and behind us is already filled with hostile ships, so that even our unwilling ones must now of necessity be brave men and fight. Indeed, no way of escape is left.’’ To this Themistocles replied : “I should not have wished, O Aristides, to find thee superior to me here; but I shall try to emulate thy fair beginning, and to surpass thee in my actions.” At the same time he told Aristides of the trick that he had contrived against the Barbarian, and entreated him to show Eurybiades convincingly, inasmuch as he had the greater credit with that commander, that there was no safety except in a sea-fight. So it happened in the council of generals that Cleocritus the Corinthian declared to The- mistocles that Aristides also was opposed to his plan, since he, though present, held his peace. Aristides at once replied that he would not have held his peace had not Themistocles counselled for the best ; but as it was, he kept quiet, not out of any good- will to the- man, but because he approved of his plan. 237 PLUTARCH’S LIVES IX. Ou pev ouv vavapyot TOV ‘Ede Tavr em parrov. ‘Apia reténs. iy ope THY WVurrddeay, 4 To THS Larapivos év T@ Top Ket at VIO OS ov peyann, TONE MLOY av pov fecTHy ovcar, euBiBaoas eis DIN pETiKa, TOUS mpoOuporarous Kal paxyoTdrous TOV. TOMTODV ‘Tpooéuste TH Wurtanreéa, xal paxny pos TOUS BapBapous ocuvawas QTeKTELVE TavTas, yy door TOV em daveav Caves irwoav. év 6€ TovTaLS Hoap aderpijs Bacirews 6 évopa Lavdavans Tpets Traides, ods evdus area TENE ™pos TOV BepioToKhéa: Kat déyovTat Katd TL AOYyLov, TOU pdvTEWS Evdgpavtidov xedevoavtos, opnoth Atovice xab- vepevO vat. Thv de vncida Tots SirdOLG TavTa- xobey O ‘Aproreténs mepiarewas epnopeve ° Tous exh Epopevors 7 pos auTHY, @S are Tav dirwv tiva SiadOaphvar pte TeV Toe wi@v Sabuyeiy. 0 yap TAELTTOS @OLa pos TOV veav Kal (THs payns TO kapTepotatov éouxe Tept Tov TOTov EXELVOV yever Gar 60 Kai tpoTratov éotnKev év TH Vurraneia. Mera éé thy payny O OewrroKAijs a am oTrerpa- jeevos Tov “Aptoretoou | KaXov pev elvat Kal TO TET parywevov avTots Epyov éXerye, Kpetr Tov dé NetwecOat TO AaBeiv év TH Kvpary tnv Actav, dvam\evoavras els “EXAoTovToy THY Taxtarny kai ta Cevypara} dvaxorpavras. émel S ’Apt- arelOns dvaxpayav TovToV pév éxéXeve Tov Aovyov cataBaneiv, OKOT ELV be Kat Cnteiy, mas THY TAaXLaT HY éxBddwot TOV Mijdov é« ths ‘EAdabos, HI katakreoOels atropia puyis peTd TrooavTns 1 +a (ed-ypara Hercher and Blass with FaS: 7d (edypa, 238 3 ARISTIDES IX. While the captains of the Hellenes were acting on this plan, Aristides noticed that Psyttaleia, a small island lying in the straits in front of Salamis, was full of the enemy. He therefore embarked in small boats the most ardent and the most warlike of the citizens, made a landing on Psyttaleia, joined battle with the Barbarians, and slew them all, save the few conspicuous men who were taken alive. Among these were three sons of the King’s sister Sandaucé,! whom he straightway sent to Themistocles, and it is said that, in obedience to some oracle or other, and at the bidding of Euphrantides the seer, they were sacrificed to Dionysus Carnivorous. Then Aristides lined the islet all round with his hoplites, and lay in wait for any who should be cast up there, that no friend might perish, and no foe escape. For the greatest crowding of the ships, and the most strenuous part of the battle, seems to have been in this region. And for this reason a trophy was erected on Psyttaleia. After the battle, Themistocles, by way of sounding Aristides, said that the deed they had now performed was a noble one, but a greater still remained, and that was to capture Asia in Europe, by sailing up to the Hellespont as fast as they could and cutting in twain the bridges there. But Aristides cried out with a loud voice and bade him abandon the proposal, and seek rather with all diligence how they might most speedily expel the Mede from Hellas, lest, being shut in and unable to make his escape, from sheer necessity 1 Cf. Themistocles, xiii. 2. 239 PLUTARCH’S LIVES duvdpews Tpany pos dpuvay vn avarynns, ovTw Te mareL Tay “Apvdnny eovodxov O BeproroK rhs Ex TOV aly mahaorov xpudga, ppacat TP Baotnei Kedevoas, STU Teiv éml TAS yepipas Spur tovs “EAAnvas abtos atootpéwee satecbu Baovhéa Bovropevos. X. ’Ex TOUTOU Fiépins pev mepipoBos yev0- pevos evOUs éml Tov ‘EXAgjaomovrov aT ev yETO, Ma dovtos 5é€ Tov oTpaTOD TO Soxima@raroy * Exar mept TpLdKovTa pupidbas UmedeiTreTO, Kal 38 Bepos Hv am ioxupas THs Tepl To Twelov éXTI aTetAk@v Ttois “EXAnoe Kal ypadov Totaira’ ef Nevixnxate Garaccioss Evhous Xepaaious av- Opwmous ov« ETLOTAPLEVOUS Kony ehavverv’ ahd vov tratela pev 7 Bertarov yh, cadrov $e To Bowwtiov - Tredtov aryaBois immedot Kat omditais evayovicacba..” pos dé ‘A@nvatous ear eprer idia ypdppara, Kal ovyous Tapa Bactréos, THY TE moh avTols avaoTno et emTaryyeARopevov Kat Xpnpara TOANG docev xatl tev ‘EXAqvor Kuptous KATAOTHGELW EKTOOMY TOU TONEpLOU YEVO- pévous. Oi 8 Aaxedatpovro muOopevot tadta Kat Seloavtes erreprpav ‘AOnvate mpéoBers, Seopevor TOV "AOnvaiwr, dws maidas fev Kal yuvaixas eis Lmdpryy anoarethoat, rots S¢ mpeaButépas Tpopas Tap aura AapSdvacty’ toxupa yap Hy drropia mepl Tov Sjjwov drohwhexora Kat Thv? yopav Kal THY TOMY. OV pHY GAA TeV mpéaBewv axovoavtes, “‘Apioteidou wWidiopa 1 Sukierares Blass with F4S : payiuéraroy. 2 «al chy Hercher and Blass with F4S: rh». 240 ARISTIDES he throw this vast force of his upon the defensive. So Themistocles sent once more the eunuch Arnaces,! a prisoner of war, bidding him tell the King that the Hellenes had actually set out on a voyage to attack the bridges, but that he, Themistocles, had succeeded in turning them back, wishing to save the King. X. At this Xerxes grew exceeding fearful, and. hurried straight to the Hellespont; but Mardonius, with the flower of the army, to the number of three hundred thousand men, was left behind. He was a formidable adversary, and because his confidence in his infantry was strong, he wrote threateningly to the Hellenes, saying: “Ye have conquered with your maritime timbers landsmen who know not how to ply the oar; but now, broad is the land of Thessaly and fair the plain of Boeotia for brave horsemen and men-at-arms to contend in.” But to the Athenians he sent separate letters and proposals from the King, who promised to rebuild their city, give them much money, and make them lords of the Hellenes, if only they would cease fighting against him. When the Lacedaemonians learned this, they took fright, and sent an embassy to Athens, begging the Athenians to despatch their wives and children to Sparta, and to accept from her a support for’ their aged and infirm; for great was the distress among the people, since it had so recently lost both land and city. However, after listening to the embassy, on motion of Aristides, they answered 1 Cf. Themistocles, xvi. 2 f. 241 VOL, II. R PLUTARCH’S LIVES ypanraytos, amexpivavto Oavpaotiy amoxpiow, TOs pev TONELLOLS OUYyvauNY Exe PdoKorTes, Et wavTa TovTov Kal ypnudtoav advia vopitorer, 2 a ON ” ? / N @v Kpeitrov ovdev icacw, opyilerOas 5é Aaxedat- poovioss, Ste THY Teviav Kalernv amropiay THY viv tapovcav ‘AOnvaiors povov opact, THs & aperis Kal THs hirotipias apvnpovovow éni atrios trép tis ‘EAAdb0s dyovitecOar Trapaxadoovtes. a / > / A 4 tavta ypayras “Apioteidns Kal rovs mpéoBets eis THY éxkAnciavy Tapayayov, AaKedarpovios pev éxérevoe ppdlev, ws ovK Eote Ypvaod a A ¥ 7) e A a W¥f> ¢ \ a TocovToy TAGs ovO rep ynv ovO’ vo yiv, Sacov ‘AOnvain déEawrto dv mpd ths Tav “EA- Anvwov édevOepias. Tois 5€ apa Mapdoviov rov Hrwov deiEas, “"Aype av obras,” &pn, “ ravrny mopeinrat Hv tTopeiav, "AOnvaioe toreunoovat llépoa:s vrép ths Sednwpuévns yopas nal tov noeBnpéevwv Kal KaTaKxexaupévov tepav.” ére 8€ apas Oéobat Tovs ‘tepets Eyparrev, ef Tus émiKn- 4 V4 Aa \ / > , puxevoaito Mnoas 4} THY cuppaxlav amoAitror a e / tav EAAnvov. "EuBarovtos 5¢ Mapdoviov ro Sevrepov eis TH "Arrixny, adOis eis Yarapiva Sierépacav. *Apt- ateions 6€ meudpbels eis Aaxedaipova tis pev Bpaduriros abtois évexdder nal ris ddvywpias, mpocnévois adllis te BapBdpm tas *AOnvas, n&iov && mpos Ta ett cwoloueva tHS “EAAdSos ray A b) 7 e w” 9 Bonbeiv. taita axovaavtes ot “Edopou ped 394 242 ARISTIDES with an admirable answer, declaring that they could be tolerant with their foes for supposing that everthing was to be bought for wealth and money, since their foes could conceive of nothing higher than these things; but they were indignant at the Lacedaemonians for having an eye only to the penury and indigence that now reigned at Athens, and for being so unmindful of the valour and ambition of the Athenians as to exhort them to contend for Hellas merely to win their rations. When Aristides had made this motion and _ had introduced the waiting embassies into the Assembly, he bade the Lacedaemonians tell their people that there was not bulk of gold above or below ground so large that the Athenians would take it in payment for the freedom of the Hellenes; and to the messengers of Mardonius he said, pointing to the sun: “As long as yonder sun journeys his appointed journey, so long will the Athenians wage war against the Persians in behalf of the land which has been ravaged by them and of the temples which they have defiled and consumed with fire.” Still further, he made a motion that the priests should solemnly curse all who came to a parley with the Medes or forsook the alliance of the Hellenes. When Mardonius for the second time invaded Attica, again the people crossed over to Salamis. Then Aristides, who had been sent as envoy to Lacedaemon, inveighed against their sluggishness and indifference, in that they had once more abandoned Athens to the Barbarian, and demanded that they go to the aid of what was still left of Hellas. On hearing this, the Ephors, as long as 243 R 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kaxov avtTov ‘Apsoteidns remroinxer, ‘ Ovdér,” 2 © ode , G00 15% 2 elmrev, “‘ ovde ytyvooKw Tov dvOpwrov, adr’ évo- YANoDpaL TavTayod Tov Atkatoy dxovwv.” TadTa dxovoavta Tov "Apiotetdny arroxpivacBar pév ovoév, eyypayrat 5é€ Tovivoua TH OoTRdKw Kal amodovvat. THS dé TONEWS ATraANATTOLEVOS HON, Tas yelpas avateivas mpos Tov ovpavoy evb~aTo A > , e . > \ A > a Thy évavriav, ws douxev, edynvy TO ’AxLArE, , ‘ b , A a b pndeva Karpov AOnvaiovs xatadaBelv, 65 avay- Kkdoet Tov Ojpov Aptoreioou pynoOjva. | VIII. Tpirm 8 éres BépEov dia @ertarias kal Bowwrtias éXNavvovtos emt rnv ’"Atrixynv, dv- gavTes Tov vowov endicavto tots peOectact xkdbodov, udrducta ghoBovpevor tov ’Aptoteidny, \ / a / / \ Hn mpocbépwevos rots tmorepuios StadOeipn Kat peTaoTHon ToAdovs THY ToOALTOY Tpos TOV a 4 ce) BapBapov, ov« opOas asroyalopuevos Tov avépos, bs ye nal apo tod Sdyuaros tovTov Sierédex /, \ Ul \ cf > MpoTpeT@Vv Kat Trapofvvwy tous “EXAnvas errt Thy édevOepiav, kal peta TO Soyua TovTo, BeuwotoKréovs oatpatnyovvros avToxpdropos, TavTa ouver parte kat ouveBovnevev, évd0£o- TaTov eml ca@Tnpla KOUh TOL@y tov éxOto Tov. ‘Os yap arroNety THY Larapiva BovXevo- péveov TOV wept KupuBeadnv at BapBapixat Tpirpers VUKTOP avaxGeta ar Kal meptBarovoat TOV Te TrOpoV év KUED Kal Tas YHoOUS Kateixon, ovdevos T poetdoTos THY KUKAWOLY FKEV O "Apt- oreidns am Aiyivns mapaBor\ws Sia Tap 234 ARISTIDES wrong Aristides had done him. ‘None whatever,” was the answer, “I don’t even know the fellow, but Iam tired of hearing him everywhere called ‘The Just.’”’ On hearing this, Aristides made no answer, but wrote his name on the ostrakon and handed it back. Finally, as he was departing the city, he lifted up his hands to heaven and prayed—a prayer the opposite, as it seems, of that which Achilles made !—that no crisis might overtake the Athenians which should compel the people to remember Aristides. VIII. But in the third year thereafter,?, when Xerxes was marching through Thessaly and Boeotia against Attica, they repealed their law of ostracism, and voted that those who had been sent away under it might return. The chief reason for this was their fear of Aristides, lest he attach himself to the enemy’s cause, and corrupt and pervert many of his fellow-citizens to the side of the Barbarian. But they much misjudged the man. Even before this decree of theirs, he was ever inciting and urging the Hellenes to win their freedom; and after it was passed, when Themistocles was general with sole powers, he assisted him in every undertaking and counsel, although he thereby, for the sake of the general safety, made his chiefest foe the most famous of men. Thus when Eurybiades wished to abandon Salamis, but the Barbarian triremes, putting out by night, had encompassed the strait where he lay round about, and had beset the islands therein, and no Hellene knew of this encompassment, Aristides came over to them from Aegina, venturously sailing through the 1 Wiad i, 407-412, 2 480 B.C. 239 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mokepiov veov Stexrrevoas' Kal vueros érAOwov émil rny oxnvny rod Geusotoxdréous xa Karéoas avrov é&wo HOvOV “ “Hyeis,” elev, “@ _ Gene- OTOKAELS, Eb cad povodper, non THY KEvnV xal perpaxrady oTacw ad evres apfdpeba cwTnplov Kat Karis prroverias POs adn ous apirAdrw- pevol THoaL id ‘EAA dba, ov pevy apywv xal TT pATHYOY, éyo & DrroupyOv kat supBovrevor, emrel Kal vov o€ muvOavopas povov amrecbat TOV apioT@v hoya pov, KedevorTa. Stavavpaxeiv év Tois oTevois THY Taxlorny. Kai got TOV oup- pd wv dyrempatTovT@y oi Tohémiot ouvepyety éoixact’ TO yap épv KUK@ Kal KaTOT LU non meéharyos cure hnoras VE@V Tonepuion, wore Kal TOUS pL) Oérovras avayKyn KxateiAndev aryadous dvSpas elvau Kal maxes Ba: ghuyis yap odds ov NeAELTTT AL.” T pos Tatra O Geporondijs elvrey- “QOvn av éBovrounv, ® ’Aptoteidn, oé Kata TobT0 pov « elTTova yevecbar, mewpdoopar be Tm pos Kann epxny Gpiddaevos vmrepBarrcoOat Tots epyors. dua © avT@ ppacas THY vg’ éavtod xatacKxevacbeicav ardrny ™pos Tov BapBa ov, TApeKanet meiBew TOV Evpupiadny kal ou doKew, Os aun avov éoTe owOivat pen vaupaxnoavras: elXe yap avTou paddov TloTeD. dOev év te gUAAGYp TAY oTpaTH yay elTrovTos KXeoxpitov rob KoptvOtou T pos Tov GcwiotoKréa, und ~Apsoreidn TI yveny dpéo Key avrob, mapovra yap owmmay, ayteimev 0 "Apia reibns, as oun dy eov@tra pt AéyovTos Ta, plore TOD OewroroKdr£ous: vov & novxtav ayew ov ov evvotay TOU aVvdpos, GNAA THY yrounv eTrawav. 236 ARISTIDES enemy's ships. He went at once by night to the tent of Themistocles, and called him forth alone. ‘©O Themistocles,” said he, “if we are wise, we shall at last lay aside our vain and puerile contention, and begin a salutary and honourable rivalry with one another in emulous struggles to save Hellas, thou as commanding general, I as assistant counsellor, since at the very outset I learn that thou art the only one who has adopted the best policy, urging as thou dost to fight a decisive sea-fight here in the narrows as soon as may be. And though thine allies oppose thee, thy foes would seem to assist thee; for the sea round about and behind us is already filled with hostile ships, so that even our unwilling ones must now of necessity be brave men and fight. Indeed, no way of escape is left.” To this Themistocles replied: “I should not have wished, O Aristides, to find thee superior to me here; but I shall try to emulate thy fair beginning, and to surpass thee in my actions.” At the same time he told Aristides of the trick that he had contrived against the Barbarian, and entreated him to show Eurybiades convincingly, inasmuch as he had the greater credit with that commander, that there was no safety except in a sea-fight. So it happened in the council of generals that Cleocritus the Corinthian declared to The- mistocles that Aristides also was opposed to his plan, since he, though present, held his peace. Aristides at once replied that he would not have held his peace had not Themistocles counselled for the best ; but as it was, he kept quiet, not out of any good- will to the: man, but because he approved of his plan. 237 PLUTARCH’S LIVES IX. Of pev odv vadapyor tOv ‘EXAHVOV Tab érpatrov. ‘Apioretdns & opav thy Vuttddeap, ) wpo THY Yarapivos ev to Top@ KelTat vAcos ov peydrn, Torepiwy avdpov peaTHny ovoay, éuBuBaoas ets vmnpetiKa Ttovs mpoOvpoTdtous Kal payimwTdtovs TY TodMToY mpocéuke TH Wurrareia, xal pwadxynv mpos tovs BapBdpovs ouvawas dméxresve WavTas, WAnY Goo. TOY eTI- gavev Cavres rwoav. év 5€ TovTas joav aderapis Bactréws dvoua Yavdavens tpeis aides, ods evOUs amécteXe Tpos Tov OEeywioToKréa: Kal éyovTas KaTd TL AOYLOY, TOU paVTEws Eid pavtidov KerXevoavtos, apnoth Avovicm Kad- tepevOjvar. thv 5é€ vnoida Tots OTrdOLS TavTa- xobev o ‘Apioteiins meptotéas éepydpeve Tots expepopévors mpos avTynyv, ws unTe TaV dirwv Tiva StapOaphvar pyre TOV TorEuiwv Siadvyetv. O yap TAELTTOS @O 10 105 TOV vedy al TAS baxyns TO Kaptepwratov éotxe Tepl TOV ToOTTOY éxetvov yevéoGar 610 Kal tpoTaoy éxrnnev év th Vurranreia. Mera 5€ thy paxnv o BeworoKArNs atroTe:pa- pevos Tod ’Aptoteioov Kadrov pev elvat nal To Tem payuevov avTois Epyov éXeye, Kpelrtov é NeitecOar TO AaBeiy év tH Evpa@rrn thv ’Aciap, avatrevoavtas eis ‘EXAnoTovTOY THY TaxtoTny kal ta Cevypata’ diaxowavras. émet d *Apt- atelins dvaxpayov rodToy pev éxédXeve TOV NOvoV kataBanreiv, oxoteiy Sé nal Cnteiv, bras THV taxiotny éxBddrwot tov Midov ex rHs “EXAdébos, en KatakreLoOels arropia guys peta TocavTns 1 a (edypara Hercher and Blass with F*S: 7d (edyya, 238 324 ARISTIDES IX. While the captains of the Hellenes were acting on this plan, Aristides noticed that Psyttaleia, a small island lying in the straits in front of Salamis, was full of the enemy. He therefore embarked in small boats the most ardent and the most warlike of the citizens, made a landing on Psyttaleia, joined battle with the Barbarians, and slew them all, save the few conspicuous men who were taken alive. Among these were three sons of the King’s sister Sandaucé,! whom he straightway sent to Themistocles, and it is said that, in obedience to some oracle or other, and at the bidding of Euphrantides the seer, they were sacrificed to Dionysus Carnivorous. Then Aristides lined the islet all round with his hoplites, and lay in wait for any who should be cast up there, that no friend might perish, and no foe escape. For the greatest crowding of the ships, and the most strenuous part of the battle, seems to have been in this region. And for this reason a trophy was erected on Psyttaleia. After the battle, Themistocles, by way of sounding Aristides, said that the deed they had now performed was a noble one, but a greater still remained, and that was to capture Asia in Europe, by sailing up to the Hellespont as fast as they could and cutting in twain the bridges there. But Aristides cried out with a loud voice and bade him abandon the proposal, and seek rather with all diligence how they might most speedily expel the Mede from Hellas, lest, being shut in and unable to make his escape, from sheer necessity 1 Cf. Themistocles, xiii. 2. 239 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Suvd pews TpaTH mpos dpuvay vn’ avaryens, oUTw méurret Taw “Apydxny euvotxov O BepioroKA%s éx TOV aly wadwreov xpoda, ppacar TP Baothet Kedevoas, OTe rely emi TAS yepupas inl liar tous “EAAnvas avtos amoctpépee cwlecOar Baothea BovAopevos. X. ’Ex ToUTOU Fiépins pév mepipoBos ‘yevo- pevos evOus érl rov ‘EAAqoTovtov aymeuyero, Ma dovtos dé Tov oTpaTOU TO Soxipararoy * éyor Tmeph Tpedxovra pupidbas UeheiTeTO, Kat do- Repos 7 nv ar loxupas THS mepl TO Tetov enmidos amer@v tots “EAXnoe Kat ypadov TovavTa: ‘ Nevuencare aracciors Evhous xEpaatous ap- Oparous OvK ET LO TAPEVOUS Kany édNavvety’ ado vov WraTEla pev 7 @errarav yh Kaov dé TO Bowwtiov tredtov aryabois immedot Kal omriTais evayovicaca..” ™ pos Sé “AOnvatous brrepapev idta ypdppara Kal Aoyous mapa Bactréws, THY TE mom avtTois avaotTnaew emaryryehropevov cat Xpipara TONG decew Kal tev “EAAnvoy Kuptous KatacTnoew é€xTod@y TOU TrOXemLOU yEVO- févous. Oi dé Aaxedatpovror muOopevoe Tavita Kal deioavtes émeupav "AOnvale mpéo Bers, Seopevot TOV "AOnvaiwn, é7ras maidas wey Kal yuvaixas ets Lmapryy anoatethwat, tois 5€ mpeoBurépars Tpopas Tap avrav AapBdvaciy ioxupa yap mp dropia TeEpt TOV Ojwov dmodwdexora Kal THhv? ywpav Kal THY TOMY. OU pHY GAAA TOV mpécBewy axovcavtes, *Aptoteidou vipeopa . 1 Sonsudraroy Blass with F4S : payiudrarov. 2 «al ch» Hercher and Blass with F*S: rh». 240 ARISTIDES he throw this vast force of his upon the defensive. So Themistocles sent once more the eunuch Arnaces,} a prisoner of war, bidding him tell the King that the Hellenes had actually set out on a voyage to attack the bridges, but that he, Themistocles, had succeeded in turning them back, wishing to save the King. X. At this Xerxes grew exceeding fearful, and hurried straight to the Hellespont ; but Mardonius, with the flower of the army, to the number of three hundred thousand men, was left behind. He was a formidable adversary, and because his confidence in his infantry was strong, he wrote threateningly to the Hellenes, saying: “ Ye have conquered with your maritime timbers. landsmen who know not how to ply the oar; but now, broad is the land of Thessaly and fair the plain of Boeotia for brave horsemen and men-at-arms to contend in.” But to the Athenians he sent separate letters and proposals from the King, who promised to rebuild their city, give them much money, and make them lords of the Hellenes, if only they would cease fighting against him. When the Lacedaemonians learned this, they took fright, and sent an embassy to Athens, begging the Athenians to despatch their wives and children to Sparta, and to accept from her a support for’ their aged and infirm; for great was the distress among the people, since it had so recently lost both land and city. However, after listening to the embassy, on motion of Aristides, they answered 1 Cf. Themistocles, xvi. 2 f. 241 VOL, II. R PLUTARCH’S LIVES ypaypaytos, airexpivavto Oavpactny atoxpiow, TOS pey TrOAELLOLS TUyyvapnNY éyev HdoxKoYTES, Et mavtTa TAovTOU Kal ypnudtwv wvia vopiCocer, Ov xpeitrov ovdev icacw, opyilecOar 8¢ Aaxedas- poviots, OTe THY TWeviay KaleTHY aTopiay THY VOV mapovoay "A@nvaios povoyv opact, ths 8 aperas wal Ths pirotiplas auvnpovotow émi autioss imép Tis “EXAdSos aywviterOar Trapaxanodvtes. TavTa ypdypas “Aptoteidns nal tovs mpéoBets eis THY exxAnoiavy Tapayayeov, Aaxedacpovioss pev éexérXevoe ppalerv, ws ovK Eats Ypvaod TosovToy TAROV0s ovO Lrép yiv ov8 bd yHp, Scov "AOnvain. SéEawto dv mpo ths tev “EX- Anvev édevdepias. Tots 5€ mapa Mapéoviov rov Artov SetEas, “"Axype av ovtos,” én, “ tavrny mopevntac tv Topetav, "AOnvaios troreunoovor Ilépoais tmep tis dSednwpévns ywpas Kal Tov noeBnuévwv Kal KaTaxexavpévov tepov. ett dé apas Oécbat Tovs tepets eyparrev, et tis émixn- puxevoatto Mydos h THY cuppayiay aToXiTot tov ‘EXAnvop. "EuBarovros 5é Mapdoviov ro Sevrepoy es tHv ’"Artixnv, avis eis Yarapiva Sietrépacav. *Api- areions 5é meudbels eis Aaxedaipova thas pev Bpadurijros avtois éevexdder Kal THs ddLyupias, mpoewévors ailis te BapBdpw tas ‘AOnvas, n&iov && mpos- ta étt cwlopeva tis “EXAdSos BonOciv. tratta axovcavtes ot “Edopos pe” 242 3! ARISTIDES with an admirable answer, declaring that they could be tolerant with their foes for supposing that everthing was to be bought for wealth and money, since their foes could conceive of nothing higher than these things; but they were indignant at the Lacedaemonians for having an eye only to the penury and indigence that now reigned at Athens, and for being so unmindful of the valour and ambition of the Athenians as to exhort them to contend tor Hellas merely to win their rations. When Aristides had made this motion and had introduced the waiting embassies into the Assembly, he bade the Lacedaemonians tell their people that there was not bulk of gold above or below ground so large that the Athenians would take it in payment for the freedom of the Hellenes; and to the messengers of Mardonius he said, pointing to the sun: “As long as yonder sun journeys his appointed journey, so long will the Athenians wage war against the Persians in behalf of the land which has been ravaged by them and of the temples which they have defiled and consumed with fire.” Still further, he made a motion that the priests should solemnly curse all who came to a parley with the Medes or forsook the alliance of the Hellenes. When Mardonius for the second time invaded Attica, again the people crossed over to Salamis. Then Aristides, who had been sent as envoy to Lacedaemon, inveighed against their sluggishness and_ indifference, in that they had once more abandoned Athens to the Barbarian, and demanded that they go to the aid of what was still left of Hellas. On hearing this, the Ephors, as long as 243 R 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e , A 250 la \ e A] a e , npépav pev edoxovv trailew xal pabvpeiv eoprd- Covtess fv yap avtois ‘TaxivOia: vuntos 5é / A 2 / ? TEVTAKLO'XLNLOUS Lrapriatev émuneEavTes, @v Exactos émTa Tept avrov etdwtas elyev, cEérrep- b QO 7 A b 4 > \ 4 av ovx eidotav tav AOnvaiwy. érel € waduw 9 a e 9: 4 A e \ éyxadkov o ‘Aptoteidns mpoondOev, ot b& avy yéXwrTe Anpety avtov Epacxov Kai xabevdev, 757 yap év Opecteiw tov otparoy elvat tropevopevov DJ \ , 4 \ > 4 \ la éml tous Eévous (Eévous yap éxaXouv tous [lépaas), > ‘ 4 / > \ e 9 A ov KaTa Karpov pn traifey adtous o Apioteidns, Gvtl T@v Todepiwy tors dirous éEatraTovTas. af? e \ \ > VA > trav” ot rept tov “ldopevéa Aéyovow. év Se A / an ? / \ > T® Wndiopare tod ‘Aptoteidov mpeaBevtns ovK > / 9 / , \ avTos, GAA Kipowv cal BavOirros cat Mupo- vidns pépovrar. XI. Xesporovnbels Sé€ otpatrnyos avtoxpdtwp érrl thv waxny, kal Tov AOnvaiwv onTaKicxtAlous e V4 2 4 > 4 A omritas avarkaBov, heev cis Unatads. éxet 5é \ e A kai Ilavcavias 0 Tod cuptravTos aAyouvpevos ‘EXAAnuixod couvéwwkev Eywv Tovs Yraptidtas, a ¥ e V4 ? / \ “A Kal rov arXNwv “EXdAnvev érréppes tO WAROOs. tav d¢ BapBdpwy To pev OrXOv THS oTpaToTrEdeias wapa tov ‘Acwrov Totapmoy mTapexteTapéerns ovdels Av pos dua TO péyeOos, wept Sé Tas atro- oxevas Kal Ta KUpLwoTata TEixos TepteppdEavToO TETPGYWVOV, OU TAY TWAEUPA@Y ExadaTH MHKOS HY déxa otadiov. Ilavoavia pev ody Kal tots “EXXnot Kown Ticapevos o ‘Hretos éuavtevoato, nal mpoeiie vicny apvvouévots Kal py qTpoemiyecpodary: 244 ARISTIDES it was day, publicly disported themselves in easy- going festival fashion ; for it was their festival of the Hyacinthta. But in the night they selected five thousand Spartans, each of whom had seven Helots to attend upon him, and sent them forth without the knowledge of the Athenians. So when Aristides came befote them with renewed invectives, they laughed and said he was but a sleepy babbler, for that their army was already in Arcadia on its march against the “strangers” (they called the Persians strangers). But Aristides declared they were jesting out of all season, forasmuch as they were deceiving their friends instead of their enemies. This is the way Idomeneus tell the story. But in the decree which Aristides caused to be passed, he himself is not named as envoy, but Cimon, Xanthippus, and Myronides. XI. Having been elected general with sole powers in view of the expected-battle, he came to Plataea ! at the head of eight thousand Athenian hoplites. There Pausanias also, the commander in chief of the whole Hellenic army, joined him with his Spartans, and the forces of the rest of the Hellenes kept streaming up. Now, generally speaking, there was no limit to the encampment of the Barbarians as it lay stretched out along the river Asopus, so vast was it; but round their baggage trains and chief headquarters they built a quad- rangular wall, whereof each side was ten stadia in length. | To Pausanias and all the Hellenes under him Tisamenus the Eleian made prophecy, and foretold victory for them if they acted on the defensive and 1 Spring of 479 B.c. 245 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 “Aptoteidou &€é mépuavtos eis Aeddovs aveidev o Oeos *"AOnvaiovs xaOureptépovs éoecOar Trav évavtiwy evyopuévous TO Act xal tH "Hpa tH KiOatpwvia xai avi cal vipdats Xhpayitior, kat Qvovras Rpwow Avdpoxparer, Aevxove, Tleccavdpw, Aapoxpdta, “Trriwr, “Axraioni, Tlovvide, cat tov xivduvoy év ya idia tovovpévous év TO Tebdip tas Adwatpos tas ’EXevaowias xai 4 tas Kopas. otros 6 ypnopmos dvevexyOels drropiay T@ ’Apioteidn mapetyev. of pev yap tpwes, ols éxéreve Ovew, apynyérat TIdatraséwv joav, cal To ToY Xdpayitidwy vupdav dvtpov év mia Kopudf tod KiOaipavos éeotiv, eis Svopas ALouv Oepias Tetpappévoy, ev @ Kal pavteioy jv MpoTepov, Ws pact, Kal ToNAOL KaTELYoVTO TAY értywpiov, os vupydorAnmrous mpoanydopevov. 5 To € Tihs “EXevaowias Anpuntpos rediov, cal rod THY paxynv év iia yopa Trotoupévols Tots ’AOn- vaiows vintnv bidoc0at, madi eis thy “Arrixny avexanelto cal peOiorn TOP TONELOD. "Ev@a TOV ITharacéwp o 0 TTpATHYOS "A piuynaros édoke Kara TOUS Umvous vTro TOU Atos TOU 2wrhpos eT EpwrT @LEVvOV avrov, 6 Te bn mparTew dédonrau TOUS "EAAgow, errety, “Avptov ets ‘“EXevoiva thy oTpaTLay arrafouer, a @ SéoTroTa, Kal Siapayovpeba, Tots BapBapors éxel KaTa TO mudoxpna tov.” 6 Tov obv Oeov davar _ Olapapravey avTovs Tov mwavtTos auToht yap elvat Wept THY Ihataixny Ta =mvboxpnata Kal Cnrobytas dveuphoety. TOUTWY evapyas TO Apiuynote gavevtwy éEeypo- 246 ARISTIDES did not advance to the attack. But Aristides sent to Delphi and received from the god response that the Athenians would be superior to their foes if they made vows to Zeus, Cithaeronian Hera, Pan, and the Sphragitic nymphs; paid sacrifices to the heroes Androcrates, Leucon, Pisandrus, Damocrates, Hyp- sion, Actaeon, and Polyidus; and if they sustained the peril of battle on their own soil, in the plain of Eleusinian Demeter and Cora. When this oracle was reported to Aristides, it perplexed him greatly. The heroes to whom he was to sacrifice were, it was true, ancient dignitaries of the Plataeans; and the cave of the Sphragitic nymphs was on one of the peaks of Cithaeron, facing the summer sunsets, and -in it there was also an oracle in former days, as they say, and many of the natives were possessed of the oracular power, and these were called nympholepis, or “ nymph-possessed.”” But the plain of Eleusinian Demeter, and the promise of victory to the Athenians if they fought the battle in their own territory, called them back, as it were, to Attica, and changed the seat of war. At this time the general of the Plataeans, Arim- nestus, had a dream in which he thought he was accosted by Zeus the Saviour and asked what the Hellenes had decided to do, and replied: “On the morrow, my Lord, we are going to lead our army back to Eleusis, and fight out our issue with the Barbarians there, in accordance with the Pythian oracle.” Then the god said they were entirely in error, for the Pythian oracle’s places were there in the neighbourhood of Plataea, and if they sought them they would surely find them. All this was made so vivid to Arimnestus that as soon as he awoke 247 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mevos TayLoTa peTeTéupato Tos eutrelpoTaTous Kal wpecButdtouvs Tov TodtuTav, pel’ wv dia- Neyopevos Kal cuvdsarropav evdpev, St. TOV ‘Torov TAnoiov Yro Tov KiOatpava vacs éotiv apyaios mavu' Anuntpos "EXevowias cat Kopns mpoca- yopevopevos. evO0s otv tmaparaBwv tov *Api- oreiOnv Fryev éml tov tomov, evpvéatatov BvtTa qmaparata: dadrayya webixny immoxpatoupévots, dua Tas Urwpeias ToD KiOatp@vos adurma tot- ovoas Ta KaTadnyovta Kal ovyKxupodyta Tov qedtov mpos TO iepov. avtod 8 hv xa To Tov “Avdpoxpatous np@ov éyyvs, adoet muKvav Kar ovoxiwv dSévdpwv treptexopevov. Orras 5é undéev éAdtrés Eyn mpos THv EXmiba THS viKNs Oo YpNnT LOS, ° éd0£e rots Tndarasetow, “Apipvnotov yvouny elirovTos, avedety TA Tpos THY ATTLKHY Gpla THS TIvaratidos cal thv yopav éridodvat tois ’AOn- vaiouy umep ths ‘EXXdbos ey oixela Kata Tov Xpnopov évaywvicacbau. Tavrny peév obv thy pirotipiav Tov TIAataréwy oitw auvéB8n mepiBontov yevécbar, wate Kal "AréEavdpov 76n Bactrevovra tis’ Acias tatepov TodNots Ereot Teryifovta tas TlNatards avertrety "OrAupridow vo KnpuKos, Ott TavTHY 6 Bactreds atrobdiowat IIdatatetot ths avdpayabias Kal Tis peyarouyias yap, ered) tots "EXAnow év T@ Mndix@ roreup thy xwpav érédwxay cai Tapecyov avrovs mpoOupotarous. XII. ’AOnvaiows 5é Teyedras tepl tiakews éplaavres nklovv, domep del, Aaxedaipovioy ro deEvov eyovtwy xépas, avtol To evwovupov éyerv, 1 wdyv omitted by Bekker, now found in S. 248 3 6 ARISTIDES he summoned the oldest and most experienced of his fellow-citizens. By conference and _ investigation with these he discoverd that near Hysiae, at the foot of mount Cithaeron, there was a very ancient temple bearing the names of Eleusinian Demeter and Cora. Straightway then he took Aristides and led him to the spot. They found that it was naturally very well suited to the array of infantry against a force that was superior in cavalry, since the spurs of Cithaeron made the edges of the plain adjoining the temple unfit for horsemen. There, too, was the shrine of the hero Androcrates hard by, enveloped in a grove of dense and shady trees. And besides, that the oracle might leave no rift in the hope of victory, the Plataeans voted, on motion of Arim- nestus, to remove the boundaries of Plataea on the side toward Attica, and to give this territory to the Athenians, that so they might contend in defence of Hellas on their own soil, in accordance with the oracle. This munificence of the Plataeans became so celebrated that Alexander, many years afterwards, when he was now King of Asia,! built the walls of Plataea, and had proclamation made by herald at the Olympic games that the King bestowed this grace upon the Plataeans in return for their bravery and magnanimity in freely bestowing their territory upon the Hellenes in the Median war, and so showing themselves most zealous of all. XII. Now with the Athenians the men of Tegea came to strife regarding their position in the line. They claimed that, as had always been the case, since the Lacedaemonians held the right wing, they 1 331-330 B.C. 249 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOAAA TOUS AUT@V Mpoyovous éyxwpcalovTes. ayavaxtouvtov Sé tav ‘AOnvaiwy mapedOov o ’Apiotetdns eltre: “ Teyedtais pév avrectety mept evyevelas Kal dvdpayabias 0 Tapwpv Katpos ov didwat, rpos § buas, ®@ LBraptiatar, Kal Tovs aANOUS”EAANvas éyomev, STL THY apeTnv ovK abaipeitas ToTros ovdé Sidwarv: fv & av ipets npiv taki amod@te metpacopeOa KoopovyTes kal PYAATTOVTES 1) KATAITYUVELY TOUS Tponywvt- 2 apévous ayavas. Hromev yap ov Tois cuppayots oTATLaGOVTES, GANA payxovpevoe Tots TrorEmLOLS, ovd eTraLvEeropevot TOUS marépas, aXr’ avTous avdpas ayabous Th “EAAdOoe mapeEovres: ®S OUTOS 0 aryov Seifer Kal Tod Kat dpxovra kal idiarny om7ogou Tous “EAAno ww aEvos dott. = TavT axov- cates ot ctvedpot Kal TYYEMOvES amedeEavto Tovs "AOnvaious Kal Garepov, avrtois Ke pas amédocav. XTII. Ovens be PeETEwpou THs ‘EdAaddos kal padiota Tots "AOnvaios TOV Tpaypatov eT b- aparés eXovTmr, avépes é& olxeoy emepavav Kal XPNMET ov peyddov TEVTES uTO TOU TOAE Mou yeryovores car wac av dua TO TROUT THY ev TH TONEL Suva pev aur ay rat Sofav otYoméevny opav- TES, ér€ wv TIpopeveoy Kal upyovTwv, cuvirOov eis olKiay Tia TOV év MAaravais xpupa Kat Tvv@LOTaYTO KatTadvcew Tov Onipov: et be yy 7 po poin, AupavetcOat TA Tpaypata Kal Tots BasBuoois TPOOaely, 2 Iparropéevey 5é rovTwr év TO otpaTtoTredep Kat auxvav on SiepOappevary, aia Bopevos o “Ape- ateions Kal poBnOels tov Katpov, éyvw unt éay 250 ARISTIDES themselves should hold the left, and in support of their claim they sounded loudly the praises of their ancestors. The Athenians were incensed, and Aristides came forward and made this speech: “ To argue with the men of Tegea about noble birth and bravery, there is surely no time now ; but we declare to you, O Spartans, and to the rest of the Hellenes, that valour is not taken away from a man, nor is it given him, by his position in the line. Whatsoever post ye shall assign to us, we will endeavour to main- tain and adorn it, and so bring no disgrace upon the contests we have made before. We are come, not to quarrel with our allies, but to do battle with our foes ; not to heap praises on our fathers, but to show ourselves brave men in the service of Hellas. It is this contest which will show how much any city or captain or, private soldier is worth to Hellas.” On hearing this, the councillors and leaders declared for the Athenians, and assigned to them the other wing. XIII. While Hellas was thus in suspense and Athens especially in danger, certain men of that city who were of prominent families and large wealth, but had been impoverished by the war, saw that with their riches all their influence in the city and their reputation had departed, while other men now had the honours and offices. They therefore met together secretly at a certain house in Plataea, and conspired to overthrow the democracy; or, it their plans did not succeed, to injure the general cause and betray it to the Barbarians. Such was the agitation in the camp, and many had already been corrupted, when Aristides got wind of the matter, and, fearful of the crisis that favoured the plot, determined not to leave the 251 PLUTARCH’S LIVES b , \ a 4M? a > 4 dpeXovpevoy TO Tpayya uno’ array éxxarvrrev, 9 4 9 a 3 4 A e aryvoovpevor eis Oaov exBnoetas TAOS o EXEYKOS Tov Tov dixaiou Sntav Gpov avtl rod cuudépovtos. oxtm@ 67 Tivas éx ToAN@Y auvédaBe Kal TOvTOV 80 4 A e / 4 \ \ vo pév, ols wrpw@ros 7 Kpiots Tpoeypadhn, oF Kat mwrelaTny aitiay etyov, Aioxivns Aapmrpeds cal "Aynoias “Ayapveds, @yovto hevyovtes éx Tod / ‘ » *9 A A aotpatotédou, Tovs 8 addous adjKe, Oapojaat did0vs Kal petayvavat tots ért AavOadverv oto- pévots, UTrevrav ws péya SixacrnpLov Exovat TOV / 9 4 \ > / > a \ Toemov atoAvcacbat tas aitias opbas Kai Sixaiws TH TaTpids BovAevopevot. XIV. Mera radra Mapdomos, @ mr«ciorov edoxes Stadéperv, trav “EXAnvaY arreTTElparo, THY vf > 4 > a) 3 4 e A \ immov aOpoav avtois édels xabeCouévors bre Tov mpotroda Tov KiBaipavos év ywpiots oxupois cal metpwodect TANY Meyapéwv. obra 5é TproxiAror TO TAOS Svtes ev Tois émrimrédots padXov éstpatotredevovto. S10 Kal xax@s eracyxov bro a / e ‘ 29 ’ \ \ Ths tmmov pueions em’ avrovs Kal mpoaBoAas / éyovons mavtayobev. émeurrov ovv ayyeXov / \ 4 A , Kata taxos mpos Ilavcaviay BonOety xeXevorTes, ws ov duvduevor xa’ abtovs UrooThivat TO TeV BapBapwv wAnB0s. tadrta Ilavoavias axovwv, non 5€ Kal xaBopav atroxexpuppévoy akovTic pa- twv Kai rokevpatwv mAnbes TO otTpaToTredoy TeV Meyapéwv cal suvertarpévous avTous eis OdLyov, auros pev aunyavos Hv mpos immotas apivew 32' 252 ARISTIDES matter in neglect, nor yet to bring it wholly to the light, since it could not be known how many would be implicated by a test which was based on justice rather than expediency. Accordingly, he arrested some eight or so of the many conspirators. Two of these, against whom the charge was first formally brought, and who were really the most guilty ones, Aeschines of Lamptrae and Agesias of Acharnae, fled the camp. The rest he released, affording thus an opportunity. for encouragement and repentance to those who still thought they had escaped detection, and suggested to them that the war was a great tribunal for their acquittal from the charges made against them, provided they took sincere and righteous counsel in behalf of their country. XIV. After this, Mardonius made trial of the Hellenes with that arm of his service in which he thought himself most superior. He despatched all his cavalry against them as they lay encamped at the foot of Cithaeron, in positions that were rugged and rocky—all except the Megarians. These, to the number of three thousand, were encamped the rather in open plain. For this reason they suffered severely at the hands of the cavalry, which poured in tides against them, and found access to them on every side. Accordingly, they sent a messenger in haste to Pausanias, bidding him come to their aid, since they were unable of themselves to withstand the host of the Barbarians. Pausanias, on hearing this, and seeing at once that the camp of the Megarians was as good as hidden from view by the multitude of the enemy’s javelins and arrows, and that its defenders were huddled together in narrow quarters, on his own part had no way of rendering 253 PLUTARCH’S LIVES om Tixn pdrayy: kal Bapeia tH Lraptiatov, 3 tois & adAos otTpaTnyois Kal Aoyayois TAY ‘EX- AnVOY TEpt avTov ovat TpovBeTo EHrOV apeETis Kal diroTiuias, ef dn tives ExovtTes avadé~awvTo mpoaywvicacbat cai BonOinoar trois Meyapetat. trav & ddXNwv oxvovvtav Aptatetdns avabeEduevos umép tav ‘AOnvaiwy ro épyov amootéAXeL Tov ™poOvporarov TOV doxaryav ‘Oduprradwpor, éyovTa TOUS Um’ avT@ TETAYMEVOUS hoyddas Tpraxoaious kal tokétas dvapepmeyuévous adv avtots. 4 Todtrov 5é1 o€éws SiacKevacapevov Kal Wpoc- Pepopevov pope, Masiotios 0 TeV BapBapov im Tapxos, avnp aXKh} TE Oavpaaros peyéOer Te Kal eadnet THUATOS TEPLTTOS, as Kwareider, évavtiov eMLoT pe as TOV lIrTrov €is AVTOUS ‘ipavve. tov & dvacXopevarv Kat cup Barovtwy Tv arya Kaptepos, os metpay éy TOUT@ Tov TAVTOS Aapm- 5 Bavovtar. émret é rokevels. O iarmos tov Ma- oloTLov dm éppupe Kal weo@v vd Bapous TOV 6TNOv avr os TE SucKivytos % WV \dvag épew Kal Tots "AOnvatous.€ ETTUKELMEVOUS Kal mTaiouat dvoperaxetpe- aT0S, Ov povov orEpva Kal keparny, arra Kal Ta quia Xpveg Kat Xareg Kab aLdnpe Katameppary- pévos, TovTov bev 7 TO Kpavos Uméparve TOV opOarpov a aKovTiou oT UpAKt Tai@y Ts avetrer, ol & adddov Tlépoat TT poéevou TOV vex pov Epevyov. 6 éyvacOn Sé Tou caTopOaparos TO péryebos TOS "EdAqoww ovK amo TOV vexp@v Tod mAnOous, Odiyot yap Ob TecOVTES oav, AXA TE TévOer TOV 1 254 wovtwy 5€ Hercher and Blass with F8S: rodtwy. ARISTIDES them aid against horsemen, since his phalanx of Spartans was full-armoured and slow of movement ; but to the rest of the generals and captains of the Hellenes who were about him he proposed, in order to stir up their valour and ambition, that’ some of them should volunteer to make contention for the succour of the Megarians. The rest all hesitated, but Aristides, in behalf of the Athenians, undertook the task, and despatched his most zealous captain, Olympiodorus, with the three hundred picked men of his command, and archers mingled with them. These quickly arrayed themselves and advanced to the attack on the run. Masistius, the commander of the Barbarian cavalry,a man of wonderful prowess and of surpassing stature and beauty of person, saw them coming, and at once wheeled his horse to face them and charged down upon them. Then there was a mighty struggle between those who withstood and those who made the charge, since both regarded this as a test of the whole issue between them. Presently the horse of Masistius was hit with an arrow, and threw his rider, who lay where he fell, unable to raise himself, so heavy was his armour; and yet he was no easy prey to the Athenians, though they pressed upon him and smote him. For not only his chest and head, but also his limbs were encased in gold and bronze and iron. But at last, with the spike of a javelin, through the eye-hole of his helmet, he was smitten to the death, and the rest of the Persians abandoned his body and fled. The magnitude of their success was known to the Hellenes, not from the multitude of those they slew, for few 255 PLUTARCH’S LIVES BapBapov. Kali yap éavtovs éExepay érl TH Maoutctio xal tamous Kal nptovous, oipwyns TE kat xkravOpov TO Trediov éveTrimracay, ws avipa jou tmp@tov apeTtn kal Suvdper peta ye Map- Soviov avtov amroBaXovtes. XV. Mera Sé rHv immopaxlay audorepor paxns ExYovTo Ypovoy ToNVY: apmUVOp_evots yap ob pdv- Tels vinnv Tpovdaivoy ex TaV iep@v opotws Kal tots Tlépaats nat rois"EXAnow, ef § éreyerpoiev, ATtav. émrevta Mapoovos, ws avT@ péev jyepav ordiywy Ta emitndeca trepinv, ot & “EXAnves adel TiWaV éTLppEedvTMY TAEloVves éyivovTo, SUcavacye- TOV éyvw pynKkéte péverv, AAXKA SvaBds aya ddev tov Acwrov émibécbas tots" EXAnow atpocdoKn- Tos' Kal Twapdyyedpa Tois nyemoow éomépas EOWKE. | Mecovons S€ waddsota THS vuKTOS avnp taimov éywv arpéua mpoceniyvue T@ atpatoTédo Trav ‘EAAnvev: évtuyav 6é€ rais duraxais éxédevev avT@ mpocedOciy ‘Apiotetdnv tov *AOnvaiov. Umaxovaavtos 5&€ tayéws Edyoev' ‘ Kiul pev "AréEavdpos 0 Maxedav, rw Sé xiwvduvwv Tov pé- yloTov EvVvola TH TPOs Upas alpopeEvos, WS 7) TO aipvidsoy éxmrAnFaev tas yelpov aywvicacbat. payeltrar yap viv Mapdovigs aiptov, ody br’ érridos ypnaThs ovdé Odpaovs, Add’ atropias TOV jTapovtwy, émel Kal pedvtTes éxetvoy atratciou iepots Kal Aoyiots Ypnopav eipyovor puayns, Kai TOV oTpaTov exeu ducdupia ToAAn Kal KatTaTdy- us. GXX’ avayKy TOmaVvTa Teipacbar Ths TUYNS 256 ARISTIDES . had fallen, but from the grief of the Barbarians. For they shore their own hair in tribute to Masistius, and that of their horses and mules, and filled the plain with their wailing cries. They felt that they had lost a man who, after Mardonius himself, was by far the first in valour and authority. XV. After this cavalry battle, both sides refrained from further fighting for a long time, since only as they acted on the defensive would victory be theirs—so the soothsayers interpreted the sacrifices alike for Persians and Hellenes,—but if they attacked, defeat. At last Mardonius, since he had supplies remaining for only a few days, and since the Hellenes were ever increasing in number as fresh bodies joined them, impatiently determined to wait no longer, but to cross the Asopus at day- break and attack the Athenians unexpectedly. During the evening he gave the watchword to his commanders. But about midnight a solitary horseman quietly approached the camp of the Hellenes, and falling in with the outposts, ordered that Amistides the Athenian come to him. He was speedily obeyed, and then said: “I am Alexander the Macedonian, and I am come at the greatest peril to myself, out of my good-will toward you, that no suddenness of attack may frighten you into inferior fighting. Mardonius will surely give battle on the morrow, not because he has substantial hope or even courage, but because he is destitute of provisions. His sooth- sayers, indeed, are trying ‘to keep him from battle by unpropitious sacrifices and oracular utterances, while his army is full of dejection and consternation ; but he must needs boldly try his fortune, or sit 257 VOL. II. s PLUTARCH’S LIVES A thy éoxdtny bropéverv arropiav xabeLopevov. taita dpdcas o ’AréEavdpos édeito Tov ’Apiotet- Snv avtov etdévat cal pynpoveverv, érépm 5é p17 KateTev. 0 8 ov Karas exe éfn tadta Mav- caviav amoxpiwac0a, éxeivp yap avaxeicbat THY Hyepoviav, Tpos 5é TOs aAXNOUS AppnTa mpo THs payns edokev! écecOar, vixwaons Sé Tis “ErAdb0s ovdéva tHv ’AreEdvipov mpobupiay Kat apetny ayvoncev. RexOdvTwv 5é TovTwY 6 Te Bacirers tav Maxedovwy amnravvev oricw maduw, 6 te "Aptoteidns adadixdpevos él thy oxnvnv Tod Ilavoaviou dinyetto Tovs Noyous Kar peteTréutrovTo Tovs aAAOUS Hye“ovas Kal mapHy- yedAov év KOom@ TOV oTpaTOY exe, WS payns > 4 éoomevns. | XVI. "Ev rovt@ 98, ws ‘Hpodoros icropeé, Ilavoavias ’Aptoteiin mpocépepe Aoyov, akiav tovs ‘AOnvaious émi ro SeErov petarafar xa? kata tous Ilépcas avtitayOjvar, Bértiov yap ayovetcOar THS TE wayns Eumetpovs yeyovotas Kal T@ Tpovertennévat Oappodvras, avT@ dé wapa- A > 7 4 A Sodvat TO evwvupov, STrov Tav ‘“EAXnvev of pn difovres emtBadrew &uweAXov. Oi pev obv adXot atparnyol TOV "AOnvatov aryvepova, Kal poprixov ayryobvTo Tov Havoaviay, éb Thy adAnv dav rdf é€ ev X@pa povouvs dvw Kal KaTO peTadhéper ofas waTrep elAwtas, Kata 7d 1 %8otey bracketed by Bekker, omitted by Blass. 2 werardta: «al MSS., Sintenis', Coraés, Bekker: peraya- ybvra. 258 3 9 a 8 ARISTIDES still and endure extremest destitution.” When he had told him this, Alexander begged Aristides to keep the knowledge to himself and bear it well in mind, but to tell it to none other. Aristides replied that it was not honourable to conceal this knowledge from Pausanias, since it was on him that the supreme command devolved, but that it should not be told the other leaders before the battle; though in case Hellas were victorious, no man should remain ignorant of Alexander's zeal and valour. After this conversation, the king of the Macedonians rode off back again, and Aristides went to the tent of Pausanias and told him all that had been said. Then they summoned the other leaders and gave them orders to keep the army in array, since there was to be a battle. XVI. At this juncture, as Herodotus relates,! Pausanias sent word to Aristides, demanding that the Athenians change their position and array themselves on the right wing, over against the Persians, where they would contend better, he said, since they were versed already in the Persian style of fighting, and emboldened by a previous victory over them; the left wing, where the Medising Hellenes were going to attack, should be intrusted to himself and his Spartans. The rest of the Athenian generals thought it inconsiderate and annoying in Pausanias to leave the rest of his line in the position assigned, while he moved them, and them only, back and forth like Helots, and put them forward where the 1 ix. 46, 259 3 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 paxtpworatov mpoBarrcpevos: o 8 ’Aptoreidns a , Stapaptavey avtovs eépacxe tov TavtTos, et mTpwnv wev brép Tov TO Eevwvupov Képas ExeL Le) 4 \ VA J Suehirotipodvto Teyedtats Kal mpoxpiWévtes éoe- pvovovto, viv dé, AakeSatpoviwr Exovaiws avrois ? / A a \ / \ \ éEtcotapévwv tod Se€tod nat tpoToy twa THY e / , ” \- , ’ a nyepoviav TrapadioovTwy, ote THY Sofay ayaTo- bd e le) A \ N e , aw ovTe Képdos HYyovvTat TO fun WpOS opodvAOUS Kal ovyyevelts, aAAa BapBdpouvs Kal Pvoee trode- pious aywrvicacOar. éx tovTov mdavu mpobvpws ot “AOnvaios SunuetBovro tots Yraptiadtat tHv takiy' Kal Aoyos éydpe 8 ad’Tav Todds ad- AnArOLS TapeyyvovTwr, ws oUTEe SAA BerTio AaBovres ovTE Wuyas apeivous Of ToAgwLOL TOV év Mapada@v wpociacty, adrAa TavTapev éxeivots , > \ 2 9 n Ve \ N toka, tavta 8 écOyros trouiApata Kal ypvads él cwpact parakols Kairpuyais avavdpots: nuiv 5 duowa pév OTrAa Kat oa@para, peitov Sé Tails vinats TO Odpaos, 0 8 ayov ovy vmrép yopas Kal s 4 e > 4 J b e A b] TOAEWS pOVOY, w@S Exelvols, GAN Umép TaV év Mapadau cal Zarapive tpotraiwr, ws pnd éxeiva Marteadou Ooxg Kai TUyNs, adra ’AOnvaiwr. Otitro. pév ovv omevddovtes ev apeirer TaV tdEewv Hoav’ aicBopevor 5é OnBaioe rap’ adto- porov Mapsdovip dpafovar. Kdxelvos evOus, etre Sedums Tavs "AOnvaious, cite tois Aaxedatpovioss 260 ARISTIDES fighting was to be hottest. But Aristides declared that they were utterly wrong; they had contended emulously with the Tegeans, but a little while back, for the occupation of the left wing, and plumed themselves on being preferred before those rivals; but now, when the Lacedaemonians of their own accord vacated the right wing for them, and after a fashion proffered them the leadership among the Hellenes, they neither welcomed the reputation thus to be won, nor counted it gain that their contention would thus be, not with men of the same tribes and kindreds, but rather with Barbarians and natural enemies. Upon this the Athenians very willingly exchanged posts with the Spartans, and the word passed from lip to lip far through their ranks that their enemies would attack them with no better arms and with no braver spirits than at Marathon, nay, with the same kind of archery as then, and with the same variegated vesture and gold adornments to cover soft bodies and unmanly spirits; “while we have not only like arms and bodies with our brethren of that day, but that greater courage which is born of our victories; and our contest is not alone for land and city, as theirs was, but also for the trophies which they set up at Marathon and Salamis, in order that the world may think that not even those were due to Miltiades only, or to fortune, but to the Athenians.” The Spartans and Athenians, then, were busily engaged in exchanging posts; but the Thebans heard of it from deserters and told Mardonius. He, at once, whether through fear of the Athenians or out of ambition to engage with the Lacedaemonians, 263 PLUTARCH’S LIVES auptreceiy pidoTipmovpevos, avtitrapeEnye Tovs Ilépocas él ro Se€sov, rods 5¢ “EXXnvas éxéreue TOUs avy avT@ Kata Tovs AOnvaiovs loracba. 6 yevouévns 5é Ths peTaKocpnoews KaTadpavods 6 te Ilavoavias arorpatels avis emt tod Sekoi xatéarn, Kal Mapdovos, domep elyev éF apyis, avéraBe To evovupov Kata tovs Aaxedatpovious yevopuevos, 4 Te nuépa SieEnAev apyyn. Kal rois “EAAnot Bovrcvouévais e0ke tmoppwrépw peta- otpatoTrededoat Kal KataraPelv edvdpov ywpior, evel Ta wWAnoioy vapata KabvBpioto Kal Sdi€- d0apto tav BapBdpwv immoxpatovver. XVII. ’ExeXOovons S¢ vurros cal tov oTpatn- yov ayovrov éml thy atrodederypévny otparo- medeiav ov wavy wpd0vpov Av erecOat Kat ocuppevety TO TAHOOS, GAN’ ws avéctncav ex ToYV TpwoTwy épuudtov épépovto mpos THY TrOALY TOV NaTaléwv ol ToAXol, Kal BopuBos Hv éxet Sia- oxtdvapéver kal katacKnvotytav ataxtws. Aaxke- Satpoviors Se cvvéBatvev! dxovat povois atronei- 2 meclar Tov GrAX\wv ‘Apouddpetos yap, avnp Oupoedys wat dtroxivduvos, Extaday mpos TV paynv omapyav xal Bapvyopevos tas todas avaBonras Kal perrAnoes, TOTE 52 TavTaTacL THY peTavaotadow duynyv atoxarov Kal amrodpacuy, oun &bn rete thy taf, GAN avdToO. pévav peTa TaV éavTOd NOXLT@Y UToaTHaETIat Mapédo- 3 vov. ws S€é Tlavoavias évedOov éreye tava mpatrew eyndiopéva wal Sedoypéva tots "EXXD- ow, apdpevos taiv yxepoty métpov péyav oO 1 guvéBavevy Blass, adopting the conjecture of Sintenis! ; cuvéBn [nev]. 262 ARISTIDES counterchanged his Persians to the right wing, and ordered the Hellenes with him to set themselves against the Athenians. When this change in his enemy's order of battle was manifest, Pausanias returned and occupied the right wing again, where- upon Mardonius also resumed his own left wing, just as he stood at the beginning, facing the Lacedae- monians. And thus the day came to an end without action. The Hellenes, on deliberation, decided to change their camp to a position farther on, and to secure a spot where there was plenty of good water, since the neighbouring springs were defiled and ruined by the Barbarians’ superior force of cavalry. XVII. Night came on, and the generals set out to lead their forces to the appointed encampment. The soldiers, however, showed no great eagerness to follow in close order, but when they had once abandoned their first defences, most of them hurried on toward the city of Plataea, and there tumult reigned as they scattered about and encamped in no order whatsover. But it chanced that the Lacedae- monians were left alone behind the others, and that too against their will. For Agjompharetus, a man of a fierce and venturesome spirit, who had long been mad for battle and distressed by the many post- ponements and delays, now at last lost all control of himself, denounced the change of position as a runaway flight, and declared that he would not abandon his post, but stay there with his company and await the onset of Mardonius. And when Pausanias came up and told him that their action had been formally voted by the Hellenes in council, 263 PLUTARCH’S LIVES "A pouddperos Kal cataBarov po THY Today Tod Havoaviou tavrnv én Widov avros mepl ris paxns TiWecOat, Ta 5é TAY GAXwv Seta Bovrev- pata Kal Soypata yaipew éav. catropovmevos bé Tlavoavias 7@ mapovte trpos pev Tovs “AOnvaious éreuapey amiovras On, Teptyetvar Seopevos Kal xownh Baditerv, adtos 5é tHv GdAXnv Sivapww Frye ampos tas TWdataias @s dvactnowy Tov *Apop- paperov. "Ev tovt@ 5é xateddpBavev juépa, cat Map- Somos (ov yap éXadov thy otpatoredetav éxrEXoL- motes ot “EXAnves) Exov aovvtetaypévny ryv Sivapu éredépeto Trois Aaxedatpovious Bon 4roAXNT Kal watayp tov BapBapwv, ws od paxyns éco- pévns, GAAA hevyovtas dvaptacopévwv Tovs “EAAnvas. 6 puxpas pomis édénoe yevéoOar. KaTio@v yap TO ywopuevov o Iavaavias éoxero fev THs Topetas Kal thy él paxn Tak exérXevce NapBdvev Exactov, Ed\aVe & avtov, tA vbr THS Tpos Tov Apoudaperov opyins cite TO Tdyxet GopyBnOévta taV Trodepiwv, cvvOnpa pH Sodvat tois "EAdAnow. dOev ovt evOuvs obt dOpoor, Kat oduyous bé€ Kal oropddny, Hdn THs payns év xepaly ovons, mpoaeBonOouv. Qs dé Ovdpevos ove éxarréper, mpocérake tots Aaxedatpoviots Tas domidas wpd THY Troda@V Oepévous atpéua xabélecOar Kai mpocéyev avTe, pndéva TOV Trodeioy apvvomévous, avtros bé maw éogayiavero. Kal mpooémimrtov ot immeis- non 5é€ Kal RBéros é&txveito Kai Tus erémdnKTO TOY Yraptiatay. év tovT@ dé Kai Kaddexparns, 264 3: 9 ARISTIDES Amompharetus picked up a great stone and threw it down at the feet of Pausanias, saying that was his personal ballot for battle, and he cared not a whit for the cowardly counsels and votes of the rest. Pausanias, perplexed at the case, sent to the Athe- nians, who were already moving off, begging them to wait and make the march in company with him, and then began to lead the rest of his troops toward Plataea, with the idea that he would thus force Amompharetus from his position. At this point day overtook them, and Mardonius, who did not fail to notice that the Hellenes had abandoned their encampment, with his force in full array, bore down upon the Lacedaemonians, with great shouting and clamour on the part of the Barbarians, who felt that there would be no real battle, but that the Hellenes had only to be snatched off as they fled. And this lacked but little of coming to pass. For Pausanias, on seeing the situation, though he did check his march and order every man to take post for battle, forgot, either in his rage at Amom- pharetus or his confusion at the speed of the enemy, to give the signal for battle to the confederate Hellenes. For this reason they did not come to his aid at once, nor in a body, but in small detachments and straggling, after the battle was already joined. When Pausanias got no favourable omens from his sacrifices, he ordered his Lacedaemonians to sit quiet with their shields planted in front of them, and to await his orders, making no attempt to repulse their enemies, while he himself went to sacrificing again. By this time the horsemen were charging upon them ; presently their missiles actually reached them, and many a Spartan was smitten. And then it was 265 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dy idéa te xaddXdoTov ‘EAAjvev Kal copatt péytorov ev éxelva TO oTpaT@ yevérGat Aéyovar, tokevOels xal OvncKwv ovx &pyn tov Odvartov odvperGat, Kal yap érOeciv olxoBev wimEep Tis ‘EAAdOos atroavovpevos, GAN Ste OvioKker TH xerpl pn xpnodpuevos. jv otvy TO pev mados Sevvov, 7 8 éyxpatea Oavpactn tev avipar. ov yap nuvvovTO Tovs ToXEpious émBaivoytas, GNA TOV Tapa Tov Beod Kal Tov oTpaTnyod kacpov dvapevortes nvetyovto Badopevor Kat WiMTOVTES EV TALS tafeow, "Eviot 5é pace T® Ilavoavia pexpov éEw Tis Taparagews Ovovtt “wa KATEUXOMEVY TOY Avdav Twas adve TpooTEgovTas dpm dvew Kab Suappi- MTEL Ta Tmepl THY Ovotar, tov 6€ Ilavoanav Kai Tous Tept avrov ovK éxovras ba paBdous Kat pao ree matey 616 Kal vov exelvns THS emdpopiis popnpara Tas Tept TOV Bopov év adpty TwANYas Tav épnBov cal tiv pera tadta tav Avdoy Topmny avyrTenciaGat. XVIII. Avo gopav ov o Navoavias ToOlS Tapov- ow, adAa TOU | PaVTEWs én adro1s tepeia KaTa- Barxdortos, TpemeTat T pos TO ‘Hpatov Th ove SeSaxpupévos, Kal Tas xetpas dvacxov evEato Kidarpwvia * ‘Hpg Kal Geots adovs, ot Tdataida yay é ovat, él By TET PWT AL Tots “EAAnot viKay, ara pdoavtas 7é Tt mwadety Kal deiEavtas ¢ epyp Tos ToNEepLows, ws em” avipas ayabous Kal paxe- cOa pepadnKotas éotpatevaay. Taita TOU Ilavoaviov JeoxdutobvTos dua tais evyais epavy TQ iepa Kai vienv o pavtis edpate. en S00 évros 266 ARISTIDES that Callicrates, said to be the fairest of the Hellenes to look upon, and the tallest man in their whole army, was shot, and, dying, said he did not grieve at death, since he had left his home to die for Hellas, but at dying without striking a single blow. Their experience was indeed a terrible one, but the restraint of the men was wonderful. They did not try to repel the enemy who were attacking them, but awaited from their god and their general the favour- able instant, while they endured wounds and death at their posts. Some say that as Pausanias was sacrificing and praying, a little to one side of his line of battle, some Lydians suddenly fell upon him and rudely hurled away the sacrificial offerings; and_ that Pausanias and his attendants, being without weapons, smote the intruders with the sacrificial staves and goads; wherefore, to this day, in imitation of this onslaught, the ceremonies of beating the young warriors round the altar at Sparta, and of the pro- cession of the Lydians which follows this, are duly celebrated as rites. XVIII. Then, in distress at this state of affairs, while the seer slew victim after victim, Pausanias turned his face, all tears, toward the Heraeum, and with hands uplifted prayed Cithaeronian Hera and the other gods of the Plataean land that, if it was not the lot of the Hellenes to be victorious, they might at least do great deeds before they fell, and show to a certainty that their enemies had marched out against men who were brave and who knew how to fight. While Pausanias was thus calling on the gods, right in the midst of his prayers, the sacrifices showed themselves propitious and the seer announced 367° PLUTARCH’S LIVES eis Amavras tod Tapayyédpatos caBiorac Bae Tpos TOUS Toneplous, n Te ddrayé dypuy erxev ai pridicos évos Swov Oupoedots mpos adany TpeTropevov kar dpikavros, Tous TE BapBapors TOTE TaperTy hoyio pos, @>s mpos avdpas o ayoy EcouTo paxovpévous aypt Oavarov. 610 Kat mpo0éuevou ToddG TOV YyEeppov érofevor els Tovs } Aaxedatpovious. at dé THpovvTes apa TOV oUva- oma pov éréBatvov, Kal T poo Tec ovTes éFea0ouv Ta YEppa, kal toils Sopact tumtovTes Tpoowna, Kal oTépva trav Llepoay TOAOUS xaTéBanrov, ovK aT PAKT ws oveé a ipoos TiN TOVTAS. wal yap dyriAapBavopevor tay Sopdtey tais Xepat yup- vais cvvedpavor Ta TreloTa, kat pos Tas Eupovrxias éx@pouv ovK apy as, GaNAa tals Te KoTrios Kal Tots aKivdaKals XPwpevor Kal Tas aonidas TapagTavTEs Kal cupTrrEKOpEVoL YpoyoV qToNUY avretxov. Oi S "AOnvaio téws pev NTE Mouv dvapevovres TOUS Aaxedarpovious, émel 5é Kpavyy} Te mT poo é- WiTTE TOANH paxopeveo ral Tmaphy, OS pacw, deyryedos mapa Tavoaviov Ta yiwopeva ppatov, Gpynoay Karta TAX OS Bon Beir. wal T poxepov- ow aurois dua TOD medtou apos THY Bony érrepé- povTo TaV ‘Ed vov ob pndifovtes, "Aptotetons dé ™ partov per, @S €l0€, TONU mpoehOarv éBoa, papTupopevos “EAAnvious Jeovs, améxer Oat pans Kal pI odiow éutrodov elvar pnde xwdvev eT apUuvovTas Tous mpoxwwduvevovow tiép Ths ‘EdAd60s, émrel & éwpa pn Tpoo éxovTas auT@ Kal ouvteraypévouvs érl Thy pdynv, otTw Ths 1 eis rots Hercher and Blass with S: robs. -268 330 _ ARISTIDES victory. Word was at once passed all along the line to set themselves in motion against the enemy, and the phalanx suddenly had the look of a fierce beast bristling up to defend itself. The Barbarians then got assurance that their contest was to be with men who would fight to the death. Therefore they made a rampart of their wicker targets and shot their arrows into the ranks of the Lacedaemonians. These, however, kept their shields closely locked together as they advanced, fell upon their foemen, tore away their wicker targets, and then, smiting the Persians in face and breast with their long spears, they slew many, who nevertheless did great deeds of courage before they fell. For they grasped the long spears with their naked hands, fractured them for the most part, and then took to short-range fighting with a will, plying their daggers and scimetars, tear- ing away their enemies’ shields, and locking them in close embrace ; and so they held out a long time. The Athenians, meanwhile, were quietly awaiting the Lacedaemonians. But when the shouts of those engaged in battle fell loud upon their ears, and there came, as they say,a messenger from Pausanias telling them what was happening, they set out with speed to aid him. However, as they were advancing through the plain to his aid, the Medising Hellenes bore down upon them. Then Aristides, to begin with, when he saw them, went far forward and shouted to them, invoking the gods of Hellas, that they refrain from battle, and oppose not nor hinder those who were bearing aid to men standing in the van of danger for the sake of Hellas. But as soon as he saw that they paid no heed to him, and were 26y PLUTARCH’S LIVES éxel BonOeias drotpamopevos cuvéBare TovrTots wep) tevtaxiopupiovs ovcw. Gddr\a TO meV mreiotov evOds évédwxe Kal amexwpnoev, ate 89 «al trav BapBdpwv amndrdaypevov, 7 8é payn déyerat paddota Kata OnBaiovs yevérOar, mpoOupotata T&Y TpwTwY Kai dSuvaTwTdtwY TOTE 9 b a , \ Aa 3 nap avtois pndilovtwy Kal To wAHOos ov Kata yvepunv, GAN’ dduyapxovpevoy ayovTay. XIX. Odtw 5é tod dyavos diya ovvertaTos mpato. pev édoavto tovs Ilépoas ot Aaxedat- porto: wal tov Mapdouov avnp Xmaptiatns ” ? / > , / \ Svowa “Apipynatos arroctivvuct, MO@ THY Ke- garny wartdéas, dorep avTe Mpoeonpave TO év Apdidpew poavtetov. emeprpe yap avdpa Avddv évtad@a, Kapa 8 érepov eis Tpodwviou 6! MapSduos: Kal tobrov peév o rpopytns Kapixh 7 yrwocon mpoceimev, 6 5é Avdds év TO oNnk@ Tod "Apdidpew Kxatevvacbels edokev vanpérny tid Tod Oeod mapacthvat Kal KedeveLy avTOY aTLéval, pty Bovropevou Sé ALGov eis THY Keparny éuBareiv peyav, Oote SdEat TANyévTa TeOvdvat TOV avOpw- mov’ Kal TavTa pev o0TH yevérOat NEyeTaL. ‘TOUS Us a 58 devryovtas eis TA EvNwa teixn KabeipEav. ’ 4 > oo 9 A ‘\ , Orly 8 dbarepov ’APnvaios tovs OnBatous TpeTOVTAL, Tplaxocious Tous éemiupavertatous Kal mpwrous StapOeipavtes ev avTn TH mayn. ye yevnpevns 5& THs TpoTHs Hey avtois ayyedos a \ \ > modopKeto bat TO BapBaptxov eis Ta TEeLyN KaTA- 1 § bracketed in Sintenis?; Blass reads eis rd Mrgov 6 with S, after Hercher, thus agreeing with Herodotus viii. 135. 270 ARISTIDES arrayed for battle, then he turned aside from rendering aid where he had proposed, and engaged with these, though they were about fifty thousand in number. But the greater part of them at once gave way and- withdrew, especially as the Barbarians had also retired, and the battle is said to have been fought chiefly with the Thebans, whose foremost and most influential men were at that time very eagerly Medising, and carried with them the multitude, not of choice, but at the bidding of the few. XIX. The contest thus begun in two places, the Lacedaemonians were first to repulse the Persians. Mardonius was slain by a man of Sparta named Arimnestus, who crushed his head with a stone, even as was foretold him by the oracle in the shrine of Amphiaraiis. Thither he had sent a Lydian man, and a Carian besides to the oracle of Trophonius.! This latter the prophet actually addressed in the Carian tongue ; but the Lydian, on lying down in the precinct of Amphiaraiis, dreamed that an attendant of the god stood by his side and bade him be gone, and on his refusal, hurled a great stone upon his head, insomuch that he died from the blow (so ran the man’s dream). These things are so reported. Furthermore, the Lacedaemonians shut the flying Persians up in their wooden stockade. | Shortly after this it was that the Athenians routed the Thebans, after slaying three hundred, their most eminent leaders, in the actual battle. After the rout was effected, and more might have been slain, there came a messenger to the Athenians, telling them that the Barbarian force was shut up and besieged 1 According to Herodotus, viii. 135, Mys the Carian visited the shrine of the Ptoan Apollo, overlooking Lake Copais. 271 “4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES bd KeKNELTMEevov. oUTw 61 cwlecOat TOs “EAANVas édcavtes éBondovy mpos ta Teiyn? Kal Tos Aakedaipoviots Tavtdtaciw apy@s mWpos TEeLxXo- paxiav Kai atreipws Exovow éemipavévTes atpovot TO otpatotredoy hovp TOAXG TeV Trordepion. 4 Aéyovras yap amd Tav Tplaxovta pupiddov mA aA A > ] 4 nA >) TeTpakiopuploe puyeiy avy ‘AptaBdalo, Trav § e A e , Sf ty , 54 e umép tas “Edddbo0s dywricapévwv etrecoy ot mavtes éml yxurlos é—nKovTa Kal TpLaxdotot. routwv "AOnvaio: pev hoav dvo0 nal twevtnKovTa, 4 ? io) ? lA A C4 mavres éx THs Alavridos duds, Os pynoe Krel- 5 dnuos, aywvcauévns dpiota: $10 Kal Tais / 4 20 9 (8 \ 86 Lppayitice vupgdars EOvov Atavtidar tHv tvOo- Xpnorov Ovoiay wirép THs vinns, ex Snpociov Tod avadkopa AapuBavovtes> Aaxedarmoro. 8 évt anelous TaV évevyiKxovta, Teyeara: 8 éxnaidexa. @avpacrov ovv to “Hpodctov, ras povovs tovutous dyaoly eis yelpas éAOeiv Tois Trodepios, tov & dddov ‘“EdXAjvov pyndéva. xal yap To WAHV0s TOY TWecovTWY papTUpE Kal TA pYnLaTa 6 Kxowvov yevéoOat TO KaTopOwpa: Kal Tov Bopov oux dv éréyparav obtTws, ef ovat Tpels woders ? / A A ? / nyovicavTo, TOV GAdAwY atpéwa Kabelopéver: Tovde 100" ExXnves vinas xparter, py “Apnos,* Ilépaas eEeXacavtes éXevOépa “EXAdd: Kowvov (Spvcavro Aros Bwopov érevBepiov. 1 Coraés and Bekker insert after this verse the pentameter : ebrdAum Wuxas Afparit wetOduevoi, following the bold tmpulse o their spirit, found in the Palatine Anthology, vi. 50. 4 272 o 09 | ? vie ARISTIDES ‘ a . ; in their/stockade. So they suffered the Hellenes in front of them to make good their escape, while they themselves marched to the stockade. They brought welcome aid to the Lacedaemonians, who were altogether inexperienced and helpless in storming walled places, and captured the camp with great slaughter of the enemy. Out of three hundred thousand, only forty thousand, it is said, made their escape with Artabazus. Of those who contended in behalf of Hellas, there fell in all one thousand three hundred and sixty. Of these, fifty-two were Athenians, all of the Aeantid tribe, according to Cleidemus, which made the bravest contest (for which reason the Aeantids used to sacrifice regularly to the Sphragitic nymphs the sacrifice ordained by the Pythian oracle for the victory, receiving the expenses therefor from the public funds); ninety-one were Lacedaemonians, and sixteen were men of Tegea. Astonishing, therefore, is the statement of Herod- otus,' where he says that these one hundred and fifty- nine represented the only Hellenes who engaged the enemy, and that not one of the rest did so. Surely the total number of those who fell, as well as the monu- ments erected over them, testifies that the success was a common one. Besides, had the men of three cities only made the contest, while the rest sat idly by, the altar would not have been inscribed as it was :— “‘Here did the Hellenes, flushed with a victory granted by Ares Over the routed Persians, together, for Hellas delivered, Build them an altar of Zeus, Zeus as De- liverer known.” 1 ix. 85. 273 VOL. II. T PLUTARCH’S LIVES : 7 Tavdrnv rhv paynv éuaxeravro TH TETPAOL TOU Bon Spopueivos lorapévov cat’ ’A@nvalous, kata dé Botwrous TeTpaoe Tov Tlavépou pOivovros, 7% 331 kal viv ére To “EXAnuixov év TXataiais aOpoi- Cerat ovvédpiov Kal Avovar T@ ehevOepiop Act TIAaraceis vmrép THs viens. Thy dé TOY NwEepev dvapariay ov Gavpacréor, Strov Kai viv Sinn pt- Bopever TeV év aatpohoyia MGAXov GAAHV AAXoOL NVvos apxny Kal TENET HY aryoucty. XX. "Ex rovtov trav ‘A@nvaiwy to aproretov ov mapadidovrev Tots Lraptidracs ouoe Tpo- Tavov iordvar cuyxwpovvTar éxeivows, Tap ovoev av mrOev evOus atrohéobar Ta mrpaypatra TOV "EAXAnvov év TOUS dmAoLs StarrdvTwy, el uy TONG mrapnyopav Kal “SiddoKxwv Tovs cvoTpatiyous o A tarelons, pdrwoTa Oé Aew- Kparn Kal Mvpontb oye Kal cuvéreice THY 2 xplovy epeivas Tots “KAAnow. évtai0a Bovievo- even TOV Edge Qcoyeitwv per o 6 Meyapevs elev, ws étépa! mode Soréov ein TO dptatetor, el py Botrovrar ovvTapatac TONE LOV eupudeov emt TOUT@ o dvacTas Krcoxperos O KopivO cos bofav pev mapea xev OS Kopw tous aiTHTOV TO torelov* Hv yap év afiopare peyote pera THY eae maprny Kal tas "AOnvas 7 Kopw8os- eltre dé Taow apéoavta Kal Pavpacrov Noryov UTrép Traraséwr, Kal avveBovhevce THY puroverciav aveNely exeivoLsS 70 dpva Télov atrodovtas, ols 3 ovdeTépous Tipe MEvOLS dx era. pnbevtar dé ToUTwy mpaTos pev ‘Apioteidns cuveyopnoe 1 érépg Bekker has ob8erépg neither city, adopting a conjec- ture of Muretus. 274 ARISTIDES This battle was fought on the fourth of the month Boédromion, as the Athenians reckon time; but according to the Boeotian calendar, on the twenty- seventh of the month Panemus,! the day when, down to the present time, the Hellenic council assembles in Plataea, and the Plataeans sacrifice to Zeus the Deliverer for the victory. We must not wonder at the apparent discrepancy between these- dates, since, even now that astronomy is a more exact science, different peoples have different be- ginnings and endings for their months. XX. After this, the Athenians would not grant the Spartans the highest meed of valour, nor allow them to erect a general trophy, and the cause of the Hellenes had certainly gone at once to destruction from their armed contention, had not Aristides, by abundant exhortation and admonition, checked his fellow-generals, especially Leocrates and Myronides, and persuaded them to submit the case to the Hellenes for decision. Thereupon, in the council of the Hellenes, Theogeiton the Megarian said that the meed of valour must be given to some third city, unless they desired the confusion of a civil war. At this point Cleogrjtus the Corinthian rose to speak. Every one thought he would demand the meed of valour for the Corinthians, since Corinth was held in greatest estimation after Sparta and Athens. But to the astonishment and delight of all, he made a proposition in behalf of the Plataeans, and counselled to take away contention by giving them the meed of valour, since at their honour neither claimant could take offence. To this proposal Aristides was first to 1 About August 1, 479 B.c. 275 T 2 PLUTA RCH’S LIVES imép tav “AOnvaiwv, erevta Tavoavias viép tov Aaxedapoviwv. ottw 5é dsradrayévtes é£eiXov oydojxovta tddavta trois Udaraccdow, ad’ av to Ths “AOnvas av@xodopnoay tepov Kat TO €005 éctncav Kai ypadais tov vewv duexo- opnoav, al péxypt viv axpdfovoa Stapévovor, gatnoav 5é tporraiov idia pev Aaxedarpdvios, xapis 8 "A@nvaior. Ilept 5é€ Ouoias épopevors avTois dvetbev oO T1u6cos Auos édevbepiov Boopov iSpicacba., ica 5é pi) 7 pOoTepov i) TO KaTa THV xepav Tip aTro- oBécavtas ws UT TOV BapBapor Hepiac Hevov évavo ac Gat xaDapov ex Aedpav aTO THS KOLVHS éorias. OL ev OY ApPYoVTES TOV ‘EAAgvey Trepe- Loves evOus nvarynaSov arroa Bevvivat Ta Tupa WavTa TOUS Xpapevous, ex 6€ IlAataréwy Kv- xibas u UITrOT XOMEVOS WS evdéyeTat TUXLOTA Kopeely TO Tapa Tov Geov wip HKEV els Acrdous. ary- vioas 8€ 16 o@pa Kal ‘Teptppavdpevos eorepave- oaTO Sadvn’ Kal haBeov amo TOU Bopod 70 mip Spomep Tad es Tas ITAararas éX@per Kat m™ po mato duo pov erravnrve, ‘THe —aLrns nuépas Xtrious oTadious karavioas. domac duevos dé Tous roditas «Kal TO mip mapadous ev0ds émece Kal MET O, [ALK POV eFerrveuaer. drydpevor 8 avtov ot Udaracets eOayav év TO Lep@ Tis Rvxvéias "Aptépsoos, émuypdvavres T00E TO TET PA PET POV Evyidas Tv0ad5e OpéEas HAM 745’ adOnpepov. 1 dvpxodéunoauvy Hercher and Blass, following Stephanus, and favoured by FS: @xoddéunoay built. 276 ARISTIDES agree on behalf of the Athenians, then Pausanias on behalf of the Lacedaemonians. Thus reconciled, they chose out eighty talents of the booty for the Plataeans, with which they rebuilt the sanctuary of Athena, and set up the shrine,and adorned the temple with frescoes, which continue in perfect condition to the present day; then the Lacedaemonians set up a trophy on their own account, and the Athenians also for themselves. When they consulted the oracle regarding the sacrifice to be made, the Pythian god made answer that they were to erect an altar of -Zeus the Deliverer, but were not to sacrifice upon it until they had extinguished the fire throughout the land, which he said had been polluted by the Barbarians, and kindled it fresh and pure from the public hearth at Delphi. Accordingly the commanders of the Hellenes went about straightway and compelled all who were using fire to extinguish it, while Euchidas, who promised to bring the sacred fire with all conceivable speed, went from Plataea to Delphi. There he purified his person by sprinkling himself with the holy water, and crowned himself with laurel. Then he took from the altar the sacred fire and started to run back to Plataea. He reached the place before. the sun had set, accomplishing thus a thousand furlongs in one and the same day. He greeted his countrymen, handed them the sacred fire, and straightway fell down, and after a little expired. In admiration of him the Plataeans gave him burial in the sanctuary of Artemis Eucleia, and inscribed upon his tomb this tetrameter verse :— « Euchidas, to Pytho running, came back here the selfsame day.” 277 6 2 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tiy & Evereray of pév troddol Kal Kadrovor kal vopitovow “Apreuy, évioc dé dacw ‘Hpa- KXéous pev Ouryarépa kat Muprtods yevécOat, Tis Mevortiov pév Ovyarpos, [arpoxrou & aberdijs, TehevT io acay dé mapGevov é Exe Trapé te Boww- tots Kat Aoxpois timds. Bopos yap avTH Kat dya\pa Kata wacay ayopay idputat, Kal mpo- Ovovcw at re yapovpevat Kal of yapobvres. XXI ’Ex rovrov yevopévns éexxdXnolas Kons TOV ‘EXAqvev eyparpev ‘Apioreiéns vat pa. ouveevar pev eis Thataras xa” ExacTov éviauTov amo THs “EXXdébos mpoBovdous Kab Gewpous, dryer Oar be TEVTAETNpLK OD ayova TOV "Enev- Depo. elvat dé ouvratw ‘EAAquicny Pupias pev aomidas, xirtous dé tmaous, vats 8 éxarov émt TOV pos BapBdpous mwonenov, IIdataceits & aavnous Kat ltepovs adeicbar tH Oe@ Ovovtas itép THs “EAXd6os. Kupobévrev 58 rovrwv oi TAaraves vmedé- Eavro roils jwecovat Kal _ Weupevors aura. TOV “EdAjver évarylfew Kal’ Exagrov eviauTov. Kal TOUTO méexpe VvOV Spact Tovee | TOV TpoToV: TOD Matpaxrnpiavos pyres, 5s éote Tapa. Bowwrots FP AdaAKopencos, TH extn éml béxa mepTrouat TOM THY, nS mponyeir as peev ay npepg TaNTvyKTHS ery KEN EVO[EVOS TO TOheMLKOD, Erovrat & Gpatac puppivns peoral Kat orepavapaTov Kal pérXras Tatpos Kal yoas oivou Kal ydNaxTos év appopedacy éXaiov te Kal pupov Kpwocors veavioxot Kopi- Covres édevOepou SovrAM yap ovdevos eFeaTe TOV 1 +év8e Hercher and Blass with FS : rovrov. 278 33 2] ARISTIDES Now Eucleia is regarded by most as Artemis, and is so addressed; but some say she was a daughter ‘of Heracles and of that Myrto who was daughter of Menoetius and sister of Patroclus, and that, dying in virginity, she received divine honours among the Boeotians and Locrians. For she has an altar and an image built in every market place, and receives preliminary sacrifices from would-be brides and bridegrooms. XXI. After this, there was a general assembly of the Hellenes, at which Aristides proposed a decree to the effect that deputies and delegates from all Hellas convene at Plataea every year, and that every fourth year festival games of deliverance be cele- brated — the Eleutheria; also that a confederate Hellenic force be levied, consisting of ten thousand shield, one thousand horse, and one hundred ships, to prosecute the war against the Barbarian ; also that the Plataeans be set apart as inviolable and con- secrate, that they might sacrifice to Zeus the Deliverer in behalf of Hellas. These propositions were ratified, and the Plataeans undertook to make funeral offerings annually for the Hellenes who had fallen in battle and lay buried there. And this they do yet unto this day, after the following manner. On the sixteenth of the month Maimacterion (which is the Boeotian Alalcomenius), they celebrate a procession. This is led forth at break of day by a trumpeter sounding the signal fcr battle ; waggons follow filled with myrtle-wreaths, then comes a black bull, then free-born youths carrying libations of wine and milk in jars, and pitchers of oil and myrrh (no slave may put hand to 279 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ \ a b / UA \ Tept thy Staxoviav éxeivnv mpocdacbat Sia 70 Tovs avdpas amroPaveiv trrép édevOepias: él Tract &¢ trav Tataséwy 6 dpyov, db. tov adXov x povov ovUTEe oOnpou Ouyeiy ekeotiv 008 érépav écOfra \ aA ? A 4 ral a TwAnv evKnS avaraBely, ToTE yLT@VA PowtKodY évdedux@s apapevos Te Udpiay dd ToD ypapLparo- duraxiov Evpypns éri rots tddous mpodye da , a 4 \ 4 J N ww péons THS TodEws. elta AaBav Bdwp ad Tis Kpnvns avTos aTrodover TE TAS OTHAAS Kal pIpYH xpiet, kal Tov Tavpov eis THY Tupayv opakas Kad xarevédpevos Aut nal ‘Epun yOovie trapararei Tovs ayabovs advdpas tovs vrép tis “EAAASo5 amroBavovras él 76 Setrrvov Kal tiv aipoxoupiay. éretta Kpathpa Kepacas olvouv Kal yedpevos é7re- Aéyer: “TI porivw tots dvdpdot toils vrép ths érevOepias tev ‘EXAnvwv amobavoict.” Tadta pev ovp ert Kal viv StadvAdtrovew ot TIharaets. XXII. "Evel & dvaywpyjoavtas eis TO dotu \ >) , e 9 4 es roy tovs ‘A@nvatovs o Apioretdns éwpa Cnrovyras A , ’ a \ oo e / Thy Onpoxpatiay arronaPeiv, dua pev dkvov Hyov- pevos ba tHv avdpayabiay éemipercias Tov SHmov, dpa 8 ov« étt paddvov ioyvovta trois Sots Kat péya ppovotvta tais vinas éxBracOjnva, ypadee loa Kowny elvat THY TodLTELaY Kal TovS ¥ 9g 9 / / e a apxovras €€ A@nvaiwy mavtwv aipeic bar. @eusotoxréovs Sé wpos tov Sipov eitrovtos, ws éxet te Bovrcvpa nal yvounv amoppytov, wdé- Atypov b€ TH TOKE Kal cwTHpLov, éxéNevoaD "Aptoreionv povov dxovtca. xal cuvdoxipaca.. 280 ARISTIDES any part of that ministration, because the men thus honoured died for freedom); and following all, the chief magistrate of Plataea, who may not at other times touch iron or put on any other raiment than white, at this time is robed in a purple tunic, carries on high a water-jar from the city’s archive chamber, and proceeds, sword in hand, through the midst of the city to the graves; there he takes water from the sacred spring, washes off with his own hands the gravestones, and anoints them with myrrh; then he slaughters the bull at the funeral pyre, and, with prayers to Zeus and Hermes Terrestrial, summons the brave men who died for Hellas to come to the banquet and its copious draughts of blood; next he mixes a mixer of wine, drinks, and then pours a libation from it, saying these words: “I drink to the men who died for the freedom of the Hellenes.” These rites, I say, are observed by’ the Plataeans down to this very day. XXII. After the Athenians had returned to their own city, Aristides saw that they desired to receive the more popular form of government. He thought the people worthy of consideration because of its sturdy valour, and he saw also that it was no longer easy to be forced out of its desires, since it was powerful in arms, and greatly elated by its victories. So he introduced a decree that the administration of the city be the privilege of all classes, and that the archons be chosen from all the Athenians. Themistocles once declared to the people that he had devised a certain measure ,which could not be revealed to them, though it would be helpful and salutary for the city, and they ordered that Aristides alone should hear what it was and pass judgment on 281 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ppacavtos dé 7@ "Aptotetdn tov Oewotordéovs, Qs Sravociras TOV vavata@pov é ep pho ae TOV ‘ED- ANVvov, oUTa yap ExecOat peyictous Kal Kupious amdvTay TOUS ’AOnvaious, mrapehOov | et¢ TOD o7jMov oO "Aptareions epn THs mpakews, 7 hv Oem- TTOKAHS mparrev Svavoeirat, pre AvotTeeo - Tépay addnv pnt daodicwrépav elvat. Tad axovaavtes of “AOnvaiot mwavoacbar Tov em- oTOKNEA mpoceratay. obtw per 0 SApwos. Hy prrodixacos, odtw S€ Te Syuw motos oO avinp Kal BéBanos. : XXIII. Enret dé oTpatnyos éxmreud Gels peta Kipeovos em Tov Toepov éwpa tov te Ilavoa- viav Kal TOUS adXous a NovrTas TOV Lraptiat ay emax ets Kal Xarerrous Trois TUMpaXoLS évTas, avTos TE TPAWS wal pravOparas Omecov Kat TOV Kipwva TAapeXov eUdppootov avTois Kat KOLVOY éy tTais atpartetass érade TOV Aaxedat- povieay ovx SirAoLs ~ovdée vavoly oud) imo, edyvopoa ty dé Kal qodTela THV nryepoviay Ta ehopevos. mpoodtrels yap 6 évtas tous *A@n- vatous TOIS "EAAgoe bua. THY ApioretSou Suxato- ovrny cal tHv Kipwvos émeetcecay étt wadrov F TOU javoaviov wreovetia car Baputns mob ewous emote. TOUS TE yap apYovct TOV TUMLAX OV aet per opyhs éveruyxave kal Tpaxéws, Tous TE Tovndous éxorale mryyais : n ocdnpay dyeupav emit Bets nydryxater éotavas Os bANS TAS nuepas. A sae S ovx ty raBetv ovdé Noprov ovde Kenn m pooenOeiv b6pevopevor ovdéva Tpo TOV TWaptiaTav, ANAa pdotuyas Exovtes bmippéTae 282 ARISTIDES it. So Themistocles told Aristides that his purpose was to burn the naval station of the confederate Hellenes, for that in this way the Athenians would be greatest, and lords of all. Then Aristides came before the people and said of the deed which Themistocles purposed to do, that none other could be more advantageous, and none more unjust. On hearing this, the Athenians ordained that Themis- tocles cease from his purpose.!1 So fond of justice was the people, and so loyal and true to the people was Aristides. XXIII. When he was sent out as general along with Cimon to prosecute the war,? and saw that Pausanias and the other Spartan commanders were offensive and severe to the allies, he made his own intercourse with them gentle and humane, and induced Cimon to be on easy terms with them and to take an actual part in their campaigns, so that, before the Lacedaemonians were aware, not by means of hoplites or ships or horsemen, but by tact and diplomacy he had stripped them of the leadership. For, well disposed as the Hellenes were toward the Athenians on account of the justice of Aristides and the reasonableness of Cimon, they were made to long for their supremacy still more by the rapacity of Pausanias and _ his severity. The commanders of the allies ever met with angry harshness at the hands of Pausanias, and the common men he punished with stripes, or by compelling them to stand all day long with an iron anchor on their shoulders. No one could get bedding or fodder or go down to a spring for water before the Spartans, nay, their servants 1 Of. Themistocles, xx. 1-2. 2 478 B.C. 283 6 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TovS WpoolovTas amTndauvov. vrép wv TOD ’"Aptatetdouv moté BovrnOévros éyxaréoat xal S:8aFat,) cvvayayov To mpdcwov o Tlavaavias ovK pn cyordley ovd’ HKoucer. "Ex tovTouv MpoctovTes of vavapxot Kal oTpa- tnyo. Tov ‘EXAnvov, udrdtora 6€ Xioe cat Ydpeor kal AéoB.ot, tov “Apioteidny éreiPov avadé—a- cBat tHv Hyepoviay Kal wpocayayécOat Tovs cuppayous mdrar Seopévovs atradrXaynvat tov Lwraptiatav cal petard—acOa mpos tovs "AOn- vaious. atroxpwapévov 8 éxeivou Tois pév Noyots a) J A “ N \ 4 : avTow TO TE avayKatoy évopav Kal Td diKxaLov, Epyou bé SeicOas THy miativ, 5 mpaxOév ovK édoes madd petaBarécOat Tovs roAXOUs, ovTwS of wept Tov Laptov OvrAddnv cal tov Xiov Avra- yopay auvopoodpevot wept Bufdvtiov éuBar- Novow els THY TpLnpN Tod Ilavaaviou, mpoexTré- ovoav év pécw AaBovtes. ws bé caTidmv éxeivos éEavéotn Kal pet’ opyhs nretAnoey ody ypove Tous avodpas eémdeiEew ovK eis THY avrTod vadv éuSeBrnKoTas, Grr eis tas idlas sarTpidas, éxéXevoy avTov amiévar Kal ayaray thy cvvayo- vioapéevny tuyny év TIhataais: éxetyny yap ére Tous “EAAnvas aioxyuvopévovs pn apBavew akiav Sdixny map avtov: tédos 8 amroctavtes @xovto mpos Tous "AOnvaious. "EvOa 59 kal ro ppovnua ths Ladptns Suehavy 1 wore... SiSdgac Hercher and Blass with F488; wor’ éyxa- Adoat nal BiBd=ar BovrAopuévov. 284 333 ARISTIDES armed with - goads would drive away such as approached. On these grounds Aristides once had it in mind to chide and admonish him, but Pausanias scowled, said he was busy, and would not listen. Subsequently the captains and generals of the Hellenes, and especially the Chians, Samians, and Lesbians, came to Aristides and tried to persuade him to assume the leadership and bring over to his support the allies, who had long wanted to be rid of the Spartans and to range themselves anew on the side of the Athenians. He replied that he saw the urgency and the justice of what they proposed, but that to establish Athenian confidence in them some overt act was needed, the doing of which would make it impossible for the multitude to change their allegiance back again. So Uliades the Samian and Antagoras the Chian conspired together, and ran down the trireme of Pausanias off Byzantium, closing in on both sides of it as it was putting out before the line. When Pausanias saw what they had done, he sprang up and wrathfully threatened to show the world in a little while that these men had run down not so much his ship as their own native cities ; but they bade him be gone, and be grateful to that fortune which fought in his favour at Plataea ; it was because the Hellenes still stood in awe of this, they said, that they did not punish him as he deserved. And finally they went off and joined the Athenians. . Then indeed was the lofty wisdom of the 285 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Pavpacrov. as yap noOovro TO _heyeber THIS éEoucias dtapBerpopevous avTav TOUS apxovras, adphav Exovoiws THY nyewoviay Kai TE MTFOVTES emt TOV ToNEMOV eTAaVTAVTO oTpaTnyous, parXov aipovpevor cwppovodvras éxeuv Kal Tots edeow éppévovtas Tous ToAiTas H THs “EXAddos ape anTaons. XXIV. Oi & "EdAnves éréXouv pév Tuva Kal Aaxedatpoviav Hryoupévov anopopav eis TOV mohepuon, Tax Ohya 6é Bovdopevor Kata WoAw éxda Tous TO per ptov HTHCaVTO Tapa TOV "AOn- vatov “Aptoreidny, Kal mpooérafay auT@ x@pay Te Kal mpoaabous emia keyydpevov Opicat TO Kat’ akiav éxdoT@ Kal Suva. 6 be THALKAUTNS efouaias KUpLOS _Yevopevos Kal TpoTrov TWa THs “EAAdSos5 én avT@ povm TA TpdypaTa mayta Pepérns, mévns pev &&7n Ger, erraviOe 5é srevé- OTEPOS, Ov povov kabapas Kal Sixaiws, aAAd Kal Mporpras Tact Kab dppodics THY emeypapny TOV Xpnparov TOLNG GWEVvos, as yap ot Tadaot Tov él Kpovou Biov, oUTwS ob TULpAX OL TOY “A Onvatoy Tov ém “Apuareibou Popov evTroTpiay TWa THS ‘EdAd805 ovopdtovres duvovy, Kat paNOTA PET OV TOY YpoVvoY durhactaa Gévros, elt’ aves TpiTAactad Gevtos. dy pev yap "Apt- areldns érafen, HV eis (einxovta Kat TeTpaxoo tov Taddvrwv Royov' TOUT de Tlepuxdijs pev érré- Onnev OAiryou Sey To TpiTov pépos: éEaxoowa ya TaXavTa Oovevdisns pnoly dpxopevou Tov ene pou mpootevar tots ‘A@nvaiows amo TOV cup- paxov Ilepucréous 8 arrofavovtos émutetvovtes 286 ARISTIDES Spartans made manifest in a wonderful way. When they saw that their commanders were corrupted by the great powers entrusted to them, they volun- tarily abandoned the leadership and ceased sending out generals for the war, choosing rather ‘to have their citizens discreet and true to their ancestral customs than to have the sway over all Hellas. XXIV. The Hellenes used to pay a sort of con- tribution for the war even while the Lacedaemonians had the leadership, but now they wished to be assessed equably city by city. So they asked the Athenians for Aristides, and commissioned him to inspect their several territories and revenues,! and then to fix the assessments according to each member's worth and ability to pay. And yet, though he became master of such power, and though after a fashion Hellas put all her property in his sole hands, poor as he was when he went. forth on this mission, he came back from it poorer still, and he made his assessments of money not only with purity and justice, but also to the grateful satisfaction and convenience of all concerned. Indeed, as men of old hymned the praises of the age of Cronus—the golden age, so did the allies of the Athenians praise the tariff of. Aristides, calling it a kind of blessed happening for Hellas, especially as, after a short time, it was doubled and then again trebled. For the tax which Aristides laid amounted to four hundred and sixty talents only; but Pericles must have added almost a third to this, since Thucydides? says that when the war began the Athenians had a revenue of six hundred talents from their allies. And after 1 478-477 B.c. 2 ii, 13. 287 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ot Snuaywyol Kata puxpoy eis yYiAiwy Kal Tpta- Koolwy TaddvTwv Kepdrutov avynyayov, OVX ovTw Tov Totéu“ou dia pijKxos Kal Tvxyas Satravnpov yevouevou Kal ToduTEXOUS, @s TOY Sjpov ets ba- vouas Kal Oewpixd xa natacKevas ayadpatov Kal lepa@v Tpoayayovtes. Méya 8 ovv dvopa tov Apiotetdou cal Bav- pactov éyovtos éml rH SuatdEes THY popwv o QcuiorokAhs Aéyetat KaTayerav, ws ovK avdpos évTa Tov éraivov, adda OvAdKoV ypvcopvAaKos’ dvopoiws apuvopevos THY Apioteioou rrappyna lay’ exelv yap! eimovtos mote Tov BepioTondéous apeTnv yyetcOar peyiotny oTpatnyov TO ywWo- axew Kal mpoatcOdverOar ta Bovrevpata Tov ‘ moneutov, “ Toto pév,” eitrety, “ dvayxaiov éotw, ® OewioroxrAes, carov b€ kat orparnytKoyv aXn- Aas 1) wept Tas Yelpas éyxpaTea.” XXV.‘O & ‘Apioreiins apxice pev rovs EAAnvas Kal @pooev Urrép tav ’AOnvaiwr, pv- Spous éuBarwv ém) tais dpais ets tTHv Oadratrap, baotepov Sé TOY TMpayyaTwv apyew éyKxpare- otepov, ws Eoixev, exBiafopévwv exédeve TovS "AOnvatous thy émiopkiay tpévravtas els éavroy? 4h ouppépes yphoOar tois mpdyyact. Kal’ Srou 5 o Mcodpactés dnot tov avdpa Tovtov Tepi Ta oikela Kal Tovs mroditas axpas dvta Sixacoy év 1 éxelvp yao Hercher and Blass with F*S: éweivos ydp. 2 éavrdy Hercher and Blass with F8S: abrdv. 288 334 ARISTIDES ° the death of Pericles the demagogues enlarged it little by little, and at last brought the sum total up to thirteen hundred talents, not so much because the war, by reason of its length and vicissitudes, became extravagantly expensive, as because they themselves led the people off into the distribution of public moneys for spectacular entertainments, and for the erection of images and sanctuaries. So then Aristides had a great and admirable name for his adjustment of the revenues. But Themistocles is said to have ridiculed him, claiming that the praise he got therefor was not fit for a man, but rather for a mere money-wallet. He came off second best, however, in this retort upon the plain speech of Aristides, who had remarked, when Themistocles once declared to him the opinion that the greatest excellence in a general was the anticipation of the plans of his enemies: “That is indeed needful, Themistocles, but the honourable thing, and that which makes the real general, is his mastery over his fingers.” XXV. Aristides did, indeed, bind the Hellenes by an oath, and took oath himself for the Athenians, solemnly casting iron ingots from the very altars into the sea; but afterwards, when circumstances, forsooth, compelled a more strenuous sway, he bade the Athenians lay the perjury to his own’ charge, and turn events to their own advantage. And in general, as Theophrastus tells us, while the man was strictly just in his private relations to his fellow-citizens, in public matters he often 289 VOL. Il. U PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tois Kowois ToAXd mpaEar mpos THY vToecw Ths Tatpisos, as cuxvas Kal adixias Seopévnv.' Kai yap Ta Xpnpata pnow éx Andou Bovrevopée- vov "AOnvate xopicat twapa tas ouvOyjKas, Kat? Lapiov eionyoupévwv, eimety éxeivov, @F Ov 3 Sixatov pév, avpdépov && todr’ éoti. Kat TédOS eis TO apyew avOpaTwy Toco’TwY KaTacTHAAS THY TOMW avTos évéyetve TH Tevia Kal THY ard Tov mévns elvar do-av ovdév Artov ayarTav Tis amo TOV TpoTraiwy SterérXeve. SHrov 8 éxeiOev. Karras 0 Sadodyos Hv adT@ yéver TpoonKwr tovtov of éyOpol Gavdtov sSu@xovtes, émel rept @v éypawavtTo petpiws Katnyopnoay, citrov Tia Aoyov eéEwOev TovodTov mpos Tous StxacTds: 4 “"Apioteidny,” épnoav, “tore tov Avoipayou Gavpalomevov év tois“EAAnot Tovt@ Tas oleaOe Ta Kat olxov éyew opavres avTov év TpiBove TOLOUT@ TpoEpYopEvoy eis TO SnuooLoy; ap ovK ELKOS EoTL TOV puyobvTa havepas Kal Treway oixoL Kal Tov aAdAXAwY émiTndelwy otraviterv; TovTOP pévtoe KadAlas, avewrioyv bvta, mAOvoLwTAaTOS OV “AOnvaiwv mepropa peta téxvov Kal yuvaikds évdeopevov, Todd Keypnuévos TH avdpl Kat ToNraKs avTOD THS Tap viv Suvdpews arrore- 5 AauKes.” 0 6€ KadAlas copay éml route pddora 1 nal Gdiclas deouerny Blass, favoured by F*S: dd:clas Seouévns. 2 «al bracketed by Sintenis?®. 290 ARISTIDES acted in accordance with the policy which his ~ country had adopted, feeling that this required much actual injustice. For instance, he says that when the question of removing the moneys of the confederacy from Delos to Athens,’ contrary to the compacts, was being debated, and even the Samians proposed it, Aristides declared that it was unjust, but advantageous. And yet, although he at last established his city in its sway over so many men, he himself abode by his poverty, and continued to be no less content with the reputation he got from being a poor man, than with that based on his trophies of victory. This is clear from the following story. Callias the Torch-bearer was a kinsman of his. This man was prosecuted by his enemies on a capital charge, and after they had brought only moderate accusations against him within the scope of their indictment, they went outside of it and appealed to the judges as follows: “You know Aristides the son of Lysimachus,” they said, “how he is admired in Hellas; what do you suppose his domestic circumstances are when you see him entering the public assembly in such a_ scanty cloak as that? Is it not likely that a man who shivers in public goes hungry at home, and _ is straitened for the other necessaries of life? Callias, however, who is the richest man of Athens (and his cousin at that), allows him to suffer want with his wife and children, though he has often had service of the man, and many times reaped advantage from his influence with you.” But Callias, seeing 1 454 BO. 291 u 2 { PLUTARCH’S LIVES BopuBobvras tovs Sixacras nai yaderdds mpds avroy éyovtas éxdder tov “Aptoreldny, akiav peaptupjoa. mpos Tovs Sucaotds, OTL ToANAaKLS avtov TroAAd cal Seddvtos Kal Seopévov AaPety ovx nOéAncEV aTroKpLvopEvos, @S PAaAAOY av’T@ dia treviay peya > poveiv i) Kadrig 51a. Avro m poorer: wor pep yap éott mroddous idety ev Te Kal KaKas Xpwpévous, meviay 88 dépovrs yevvators ov padzsov évtuxeiv’ aicxwverbat 5é meviay TOUS dxovotas TTEVO[LEVOUG. Taba dé Too "Aptareisov TS Kaddia TPO papTUPHTaYTOS Ov- dels Hv TOY dxovévrev, Os ouK arg. TEVNS paddov QS “Apiareiéns elvat Bovropevos * i) TAov- rely ws KadAlas. taita pev ov! Alaxivys 6 LwKparrKeos avaryéypade. Iara dé Trav peya: Awv SoxovyTwY Kal dvopacray “AOnunat povoy aEvov Aoryou ToUTOY anopaives TOV dv8pa- @epe- oroKhEea pev yap kat Kipwva xat Tlepuxcréa TTOOV Kal Xpnwarov Kar prvapias TOANAS ép- TAO a THY qodu, Apiatetonv 5é trodurevoac bas pos apeTny. Meydda 3 avTod Kal Ta qWpos Gewrroxrhéa THS emueucetas, onpeia. Xpno dpevos yap avT@ mapa Tacav opod THY mohitelay Ex9P@ wal oe éxetvov éLoatpaxia Beis, émel THY aUTnY AaBny mapéaxev o avnp év aitia yevopavos T pos THY TONAL, OUK euvnoicaxnoer, GAN’ "AAKpatwvos Kat Kipewyvos ral TOA ay adov éAauvovTey Kat KaTIyOpoUvT@Y povos ‘Aptaretdys ovr’ Srpakev ovr el7é te hadrov, ovd amédavoev ey Opod 1 yey ody Hercher and Blass with FS : pe». 292 ARISTIDES that his judges .were very turbulent at this charge, and bitterly disposed toward him, summoned Aristides and demanded his testimony before the judges that though often proffered aid from him and importuned to accept it, he had refused it, with the answer that it more became him to be proud of his poverty than Callias of his wealth; for many were to be seen who use wealth well or ill, but it was not easy to find a man who endured poverty with a noble spirit; and those only should be ashamed of poverty who could not be otherwise than poor. When Aristides had borne this witness for Callias, there was no one of his hearers who did not go home preferring to be poor with Aristides rather than to be rich with Callias. This, at any rate, is the story told by Aeschines the Socratic. And Plato! maintains that of all those who had great names and reputations at Athens, this man alone was worthy of regard. Themistocles, he says, and Cimon, and Pericles, filled the city with porches and moneys and no end of nonsense; but Aristides squared his politics with virtue. There are also strong proofs of his reasonableness to be seen in his treatment of Themistocles. This man he had found to be his foe during almost all his public service, and it was through this man that he was ostracized; but when Themisto¢cles was in the same plight, and was under accusation before the city, Aristides remembered no evil; nay, though Alemeon and Cimon and many others denounced and persecuted the man, Aristides alone did and said no meanness, nor did he take any advantage of 1 Gorgias, pp. 518 f., 526. PLUTARCH’S LIVES Svatrvxobvtos, daoep ovd evnpepodvrs mpoTepov épOovnce. XXXVI. Tereutfcas dé “Aptoretdnv ot péev ev Ilovr@m daciv éxtretcavta mpdfewr Evera Snpno- aiwv, ot 8 AOnvyce yypa, tiwwpevov cai Oavpato- pevov U1ro TOV ToALT@Y. Kpatepos 8 0 Maxedov ToLaUTa TiWa TrEpl THs TEAEUTHS TOD aVvdpos ElpNKe. peTa yap THY Beptoroxréovs guynv dynow worep éEvBpicavra Tov Siuov dvadhtdaat mAROos cuKo- havT@ay, of Tovs apiatovs Kal duvatwrdtous avipas Ss@xovtes b1réBadrov TO HOdva TAY TOA- AOY erratpopéver Ur’ evtvXias Kal Suvdpews. ey tovTots xal Aptotetonv adda@vat Swpodoxias, Aco- gavrov Tov 'Apditpownbev KATNYOPOUYTOS, WS, Ste Tovs Popous ératte, Tapa tov Lavery ypn- pata NaBovros: éxticas & ov« Exovta Thy KaTa- Sieny revtnkovta pvav ovoay éxtrrACdoas Kal Tept THY “Imviay amofaveiy. tovtwv Se ovddy éy- ypaghov o Kpatepos texpnpiov wapéoynnev, ode dixny ovte Whdiopa, Kaitep eiwOas érrierKas ypadew ta TovavTa xal TapatibecOat Tovs ioro- poovtas. | Oi & adAXoe awdvtes, os Eros eEltrety, Soo. TA TAnpperAnOévta te SHww Tept Tos atpaTHyouUs dteEiacl, THv yey Beptoroxréovs duynv Kal Ta Martiddou Serpe nal tiv Ilepixréous Enpiav nat Tov Iaynros év tO Sixactnpiom Oavatov, aveXov- Tos autov él tov Bnyaros @s nNioKeTo, Kal ToAAa ToLavTA suVayouvct Kai OpvAovaw, ’Apt- oteidov dé tov pev éEootpaxiapov traparifevtac, catradixns 5€ TrosavTns obapod povnpovevouat, 294 335 ARISTIDES _ his enemy’s misfortune, just as formerly he did not dge him his prosperity. XXVI. As touching the death of Aristides, some say he died in Pontus, on an expedition in the public service ; others at Athens, of old age, honoured and admired by his countrymen. But Craterus the Macedonian tells something like this about the death of the man. After the exile of Themistocles, he says, the people waxed wanton, as it were, and produced a great crop of sycophants, who hounded down the noblest and most influential men, and subjected them to the malice of the multitude, now exalted with its prosperity and power. Among these he says that Aristides also was convicted of bribery, on prosecution of Diophantus of the deme Amphitropé, for having taken money from the Jonians when he was regulating the tributes; and, further, that being unable to pay the judgment, which was fifty minas, he sailed away and died somewhere in Ionia. But Craterus furnishes no documentary proof of this,—no judgment of the court, no degree of indictment,—although he is wont to record such things with all due fulness, and to adduce his authorities. = All the rest, as I may venture to say,—all who rehearse the shortcomings of the people in dealing with their leaders,—compile and descant upon the exile of Themistocles, the imprisonment of Miltiades, the fine of Pericles, the death of Paches in the court room,—he slew himself on the rostrum when he saw that he was convicted,—and many such a case, and they put into the list the ostracism of Aristides, but of such a condemnation as this for bribery they make no mention whatsoever. 295 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXVII. Kal pévrot Kal tapos early avrou Parnpot Serxvdpevos, 6 dy dace KaTacKevac at THY TOMY AUTE pnd évrdgua KaTahimovte. kal Tas pev Ouyarépas ioropovow éx Tov mpuTavetov Tous vuplors exdoO vas Snpocia, THS WoNews TOV ydpov éyyvoons xal mpotka TpLoyirtas Spaxpas éxaTépa pnpioaperns, Avowpaxe | 6é TO vid pvas pev éExatov apyupiou Kal yijs Tocabra TO pa. Tre- gutevpwévns eoxev ) Ofuos, GArras &é Spaxpmas Téogapas els mpepav EXAOTHV aneratev, "AX«t- Biddov TO Whdic pa yparyravtos. ére Oe Avot- pedyou Ouyatépa Todvxpirny dTroNTOvTos, QS Kadrsodévns pot, Kal Tavry oiTgoy bonv Kai Tots ‘Orupriovixass o 0 Simos eyndgicaro. Anpy- TpLos 5’ o Dadnpevs cal ‘Tepavupos 6 ‘Pddios Kal "Apia rogevos o pouowKes, Kat "Apia roréhans (eb 57 To ye? Ilept evryevelas BiBrLov év Tots ryunatous ‘Aptotoreéhous Geréov) loTopotat Mupr@ Ouya- TpLoqy "Apioreisou Lwxparer TP TOPO Tuvarehoat, yuvaira pev érépay & EXOvTL, TAUTHY 3 avaraBovre Xmpevovoar bia meviav Kat TOV avayKaiwy évdeo- bevy. Tpos ev ovy ToUTOUS ixavds o Tlavaitvos év Tots qepl Lwxpdrovs avreipnxen’ o be Darnpevds éy T@ Lwxparer pnat pynpoveve ’A ptotetbov Ouyarpisoiy | ev para mevyyT a. Avoipaxor, os éauTov pev? éx mrivaxiou TLvds dvepox ptt Lod mapa TO larxetov Aeyomevov Kcabelopevos EBooKxe. TH 6¢ pntpl Kal TH TAUTNS abenpi; tome ypdrpas érreroe TOV Sijpov Tpopny ovat Tpr@Bodov éxdotns nuépas. avtos pévtos dyoty o Anprrptos 1 +é ye Hercher and Blass with FS : 72. 2 éayrdv new Hercher and Blass with FaS: éavrdv. 296 ARISTIDES XXVII. Moreover, his tomb is pointed out at Phalerum, and they say the city constructed it for. him, since he did not leave even enough to pay for his funeral. And they tell how his daughters were married from the prytaneium at the public cost, the city bestowing the dowry for the marriage and voting outright three thousand drachmas to each daughter, while to Lysimachus his son, the people gave one hundred minas in silver, as many acres of vineyard land, and besides this a pension of four drachmas per diem,—all in a bill which was brought in by Alcibiades. And further, Lysimachus left a daughter, Polycrité, according to Callisthenes, and the people voted for her a public maintenance, in the‘style of their Olympic victors. Again, Demetrius the Phalerean, Hieronymus the Rhodian, Aristoxenus the Musician, and Aristotle (provided the book “On Nobility of Birth’ is to be ranked among the genuine works of Aristotle) relate that Myrto, the granddaughter of Aristides, lived in wedlock with Socrates the Sage. He had another woman to wife, but took this one up because her poverty kept her a widow, and she lacked the necessaries of life. To these, however, Panaetius, in his work on Socrates, has made sufficient reply. And the Phalerean says, in his “Socrates,” that he remembers a grandson of Aristides, Lysimachus, a very poor man, who made his own living by means of a sort of dream-interpreting tablet, his seat being near the so-called Iaccheium. To this man’s mother and to her sister, Demetrius persuaded the people to give, by formal decree, a pension of three obols per 297 PLUTARCH’S LIVES vopober dav avril tpiwBorov Spaxpuny éxatépa Tafa TOV ryuvaiedy, Kai ovdév éore Oavpacrov obtw dpovticat Tav év dotes tov Shpov, Sov Ovyarpidnv “Apictoyei- tovos éy Anuvm mruOopevoe Tatrewa mpaTrew ’ \. 9 a \ , l ’ n avépos amopovcay bia Treviay Kathyayov AOnvate, Kal ouvotxicavtes avdpt tav ev yeyovoTwy TO Ilotapot ywpiov ets hepyny érédwxav. Hs hidav- Opwrias Kal xpnototntos étt moAAa Kal Ka” € A ¢€ / > / , 4 nas 1 Todts éxpépovoea deiypata Oavydlerar xa &nrovra Stxatas. 298 ARISTIDES diem; though afterwards, in his capacity of sole legislator, he himself, as he says, assigned a drachma instead of three obols to each of the women. It is not to be wondered at that the people took such thought for families in the city, since on learning that the granddaughter of Aristogeiton was living humbly in Lemnos, unmarried because of her poverty, they brought her back to Athens, consorted her with a well-born man, and gave her the estate in Potamus for her dowry. For such humanity and benevolence, of which the city still gives illustrious examples even in my own day, she is justly admired and lauded. 299 MARCUS CATO MAPKO> KATON \ I. Mdpr@ &¢ Kdtwvi dacw aro Tovoxrdou To 4 bd i 5 } / ¥ \ A 336 yévos elvat, diartay 5é nal Biov Eye mpo Trav a) “ 4 oTpaTel@v Kal Tijs TroALTELAS Ev YwpLoLs TAT pPwots mwept YaBivovs. tTav dé mpoyovwy TraytTdTracw ayvootwv yeyovévat Soxovvtwmy avros 0 Kdtov \ UA 4 e 9 ” } kal tov tarépa Mdpxov ws dyabdv avdpa xa oTpatiwtixoy étraivet, kal Kadrwva tov mporar- Tov apiaTeiwy TorAdKLS TUXEly hnot Kal qévTE TodewiaTas tmmous év udyais atoBadovra Ti \ ’ a 2 a / > > Tiny atrovaBeiy éx tod Snpooiov & avop- 2 ayabiav. eiwOotwv 8¢ Ttav “Pwpaiwyv tovs ao 4 > > f A yévous pev Sdkav ovn eyovtas, apyopévous bé yuwpilesOat 8° aitav Katvovs mpocaryopever avOpwrovs, aotep cal tov Kdtewva mpoon- , > \ \ ed \ bd) \ yopevoy, autos EdXeye Kalvos eElvat Tpos apynV wal do€av, Epyors S& tmpoyovwv Kal dperais 4 > a A , A > Tapmanalos. exareito 5é TH TPIT@ TOV GvO- pedtwv mpotepov ov Kdtawrv, adrga Ilpicxos, dotepoy 5é tov Kdtwva tis Suvdpews era@vupov éxye ‘Pwyaior yap tov euretpov Kdtov dvopa- | Sovow. 9 \ 3 “Hy 8 76 pev eidos baomuppos Kal yNavuKos, 302 MARCUS CATO I. Tue family of Marcus Cato, it is said, was of Tuseulan origin, though he lived, previous to his career as soldier and statesman, on an _ inherited estate in the country of the Sabines. His ancestors commonly passed for men of no note whatever, but Cato himself extols his father, Marcus, as a brave man and good soldier. He also says that his grand- father, Cato, often won prizes for soldierly valour, and received from the state treasury, because of his bravery, the price of five horses which had been killed under him in battle. The Romans used to call men who had no family distinction, but were coming into public notice through their own achieve- - ments, “new men,’ and such they called Cato. But he himself used to say that as far as office and distinction went, he was indeed new, but having regard to ancestral deeds of valour, he was oldest of the old. His third name was not Cato at first, but Priscus. Afterwards he got the surname of Cato for his great abilities. The Romans call a man who is wise and prudent, catus. As for his outward appearance, he had reddish hair, and keen grey eyes, as the author of the well- 3°3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES @> 0 Tolnoas TO émrvypappatioy ovK evpeVvas Tapeppaiver: IIuppov, mravdaxérnyv, yNavKoppatov, ovdé Aavovra Tlopxcov eis aidnv Pepoepovn Séxerat. Thy € Tob cwpatos &€w avtoupyia cal Suairy awppou xal otpateiaus am apyns cuvtpodou yeyovotos mwdavu ypnotixny elye, Kal mpos layer Kal Tpos Uyiecay oparas auveotacav. Tov be AOyor, Wamep SevTepovy Taya Kal TaVY Kardon, ov povoy Tay avayxaiwy! dpyavov avdpl pn taTrewas Buwcopévp pnd ampaxtas, é&nprveto Kal twaperxevatey év Tais Teptotkion K@mats Kal Tots Todtxvios éxdortoTe cuvdtx@y Tois Seomévoss Kal Tp@Toy pev aywvicTys elvat Soxav wpodupos, elra xal pytwp ixavos. éx &€ trovTov padXov Tois Xpwpévors Katedhaivero Bdpos te Kal dpo- ynua rept avtov nous mpayyaTwov peyadov xal qoteias Sedpevoy ryepovixns. ov yap ovo, ws €oixe, picOapvias KaBapov éavtov émi tas Sixas nal tovs ayavas tapeiyev, adr ovde THY Sofav ws péyiotov ayatrav épaiveto THY aro TOV TOLOUTWY ay@vev, TOAY Se wadXov ev Tais payats Tais pos Tovs oAEuious Kal Tails oTpaTetass Bovdopevos evdoxipety Ere petpdxiov Ov Tpavya- TWY TO CGpa perro évavtiov elye. hnol yap avTos émtaxaideca yeyovmas ern THY TpwTnY otpatevoacba. otpateiav rept bv *AvviBas Xpovoy evtuyay erépreye THY Itadiapv. 1 trav dvayxalwy Hercher and Blass, with Bekker: dvay- KaLOY. 304 MARCUS CATO known epigram ill-naturedly gives us to under- stand :-— Red-haired, snapper and biter, his grey eyes flashing defiance, Porcius, come to the shades, back will be thrust by their Queen. His bodily habit, since he was addicted from the very first to labour with his own hands, a temperate mode of life, and military duties, was very service- able, and disposed alike to vigour and health. His discourse,—a second body, as it were, and, for the use of a man who would live neither obscurely nor idly, an instrument with which to perform not only necessary, but also high and noble services,—this he developed and perfected in the villages and towns about Rome, where he served as advocate for all who needed him, and got the reputation of being, first a zealous pleader, and then a capable orator. Thence- forth the weight and dignity of his character revealed themselves more and more to those who had dealings with him; they saw that he was bound to be a man of great affairs, and have a leading place in the state. For he not only gave his services in leyal contests without fee of any sort, as it would seem, but did not appear to cherish even the repute won in such contests as his chief ambition. - Nay, he was far more desirous of high repute in battles and campaigns against the enemy, and while he was yet a mere stripling, had his breast covered with honour- able wounds. He says himself that he made his first campaign when he was seventeen years old, at the time when Hannibal was consuming Italy with the flames of his successes.! 1 217 B.c. | 395 VOL. II. x | PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tapeiye & avroy év tais paxars TH pe Xeupe TANKT NY, TO O€ Tool povepov Kal BéBavor, yadpov 5é TO Tpocwne doyou 6° arreuhf Kar TpaxuTnTe povis mpos TOUS TOAELLOUS expiiro, opFas Kat Siavooupevos kat dwddoxwv, 6Tt ToANAKIS Ta ToLavTa TOU Eidous badhov KATATAHTTETAL TOUS évaytious. év 5€ tais wopeiats avros éBabibe Speed Ta érrAa, Kal Oepamrev els eltrero Ta Tpds iatrav avuT@ Kopivov, & réyerat pndérrore Suoxohavat pdt péprpacBas mapabévre apuorov i ©Selmvor, GAG Kal cuhdap Saver AUTOS Ta WreloTa Kal oupmapadKxevatery amo TOV oTpa- TLOTUROY ryevopevos epyor. vdwp & emiwev émt oTpareas, may el rote dupjoas mepiprAeyas 6€os aitnaesev® H THY taxvos evdidovens émtNa Boe piKpov otvapLov. II. "Hv dé mAnaiov adrod TOY aypav 7% yéevo- pevn Maviov Koupiou TOU Tpis OprapPevoavros érrauXs. emt TAUTHY TUVEXaS Babifav Kal Jew- pevos ToD TE xwptov THY puxpoTnTa Kal Ths oixncEws TO MeTov, évvotay ehdpBave Tob avdpos, bre ‘Popatov peyiaros evopevos Kal Ta pax ped- Tara Tov éOvev Draryaryopevos Kal Tluppov eehdoas THS ‘Iradias TOUTO TO xepidiov autos éxxamre Kal TavTHY THY émaudtv ret peTa Tpets OprapBovs. évTavba T pos éoxapg _ kan wevov aurov porta yoyyuridas ebpovtes of Lavver ay mpéa Bews édidocav TOAD Xpuatov- o 8 aren - pato pnoas ouder Xpuatou Sciy @ detrrvov apKet Tovolrov, auT@ HEVTOL Tov Ypuciov exeuy KaAMOV elvat TO viKdy Tovs Exovtas. tav™’ o Kdrwv 1 airhoeey Blass, with Bekker: #rnoev. 306 MARCUS CATO In battle, he showed himself effective of hand, sure and steadfast of foot, and of a fierce counten- ance. With threatening speech and harsh cries he wauld advance upon the foe, for he rightly thought, and tried to show others, that often-times such action terrifies the enemy more than the sword. On the march, he carried his own armour on foot, while a single attendant followed in charge of his camp utensils. With this man, it is said, he was never wroth, and never scolded him when he served up a meal, nay, he actually took hold himself and assisted in most of such preparations, provided he was free from his military duties. Water was what he drank on his campaigns, except that once in a while, in a raging thirst, he would call for vinegar, or, when his strength was.failing, would add a little wine. II. Near his fields was the cottage which had once belonged to Manius Curius, a hero of three triumphs. To this he would often go, and the sight of the small farm and the mean dwelling led him to think of their former owner, who, though he had become the greatest of the Romans, had subdued the most warlike nations, and driven Pyrrhus out of Italy, nevertheless tilled this little patch of ground with his own hands and occupied this cottage, after three triumphs. Here it was that the ambassadors of the Samnites once found him seated at his hearth cooking turnips, and offered him much gold; but he dismissed them, saying that a man whom such a meal satisfied had no need of gold, and for his part he thought that a more honourable thing than the possession of gold was the conquest of its possessors. Cato would go away with his mind full of these 397 x 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES évO upovpevos amnet, ral TOY avTov ma day olKov épopav Kal Xepta Kai Geparovras Kal Siarray éréTetve THY aUTOUpyiay Kal ‘TrepléxoTTEe TV TOAUTENELAD. Pafiov bé Mafiyou THY Tapaytivey mbduy EXovTos éTuye pev 0 Kdrop OT PATEVOMEVOS oT AUT@ Koptdyn pLetpaxcov av, Neapyw o€ Tit Tov Tlvdaryopuccy Eévo Xpnodpevos é€omrovoace TOY doyov petaraBeiv. dxovaas dé TavTa Siadeyo- pévou Tov avdpos, ols KEXPNTAL Kal TAdrov, THY peep nOovny amoxahay béyia Tov KaKod déXea ouppopay dé TH ux TO cOpa TPOTHy, AVOUW as ral cabappov ols bddorta x igen Kal adiornaty aur ny TOV mept TO o Gp es par ov Aoyts pois, ért “adXXov nyannoe TO ALTOV Kal THY éyKpareay. GArws 6é ma. delas ‘EAAnuueiis dptpabys yever Oat AeyeT as, Kal Toppe TavraTacw nruxias ednhaxas? ‘EAAnuina BuBria AaBow els Xetpas Bpayéa bev amo Ooveviisou, Tretova © are Anpoaévous els TO pyTopicoy apenOfvat. Ta pevTOL cuyypay- para Kal ddypacw ‘EXAnuKois Kal iotopiats ETLELKOS StarrerroiKehrae Kar peOnppnvevpéva ' ToNNa KATA éEw € év Tots amropOéypyact Kal tais yrwporoyiats TETARTAL, III. "Hv 6é res avnp ebmarpidns peév ev Tois parL- ota ‘Pwpaiwv xal Suvatos, d aperny dé propeny pev alcOdverOar Seuvos, evpevns Sé Kal Operas Kat mpoaryaryety els Sofav, Ovarnréptos PrAdKKos. ovTos elyev opopodvra xepta Tois Kdrwvos, mudopevos 6é THY avtoupylav kat diattay avTod Tapa Tov oiKeTav Kal Oavpdoas éEnyoupévar, Ort 1 HAuas €AnAaxws Hercher and Blass with S: HAcelas. 308 MARCUS CATO things, and on viewing again his own house and lands and:servants and mode of life, would increase the labours of his hands and lop off his extrava- gancies. When Fabius Maximus took the city of Tarentum,! it chanced that Cato, who was then a mere stripling, served under him, and being lodged with a certain Nearchus, of the sect of the Pythagoreans, he was eager to know of his doctrines. When he heard this man holding forth as follows, in language which Plato also uses, condemning pleasure as “ the greatest incentive to evil,” and the body as “the chief detriment to the soul, from which she can release and purify herself only by such reasonings as most do wean and divorce her from bodily sensations,’ he fell still more in love with simplicity and restraint. Further than this, it is said, he did not learn Greek till late in life, and was quite well on in years when he took to reading Greek books; then he profited in oratory somewhat from Thucydides, but more from Demosthenes. However, his writings are moderately embellished with Greek sentiments and stories, and many literal translations from the Greek have found — a place among his maxims and proverbs. III. There was at Rome a certain man of the highest birth and greatest influence, who had the power to discern excellence in the bud, and the grace to cultivate it and bring it into general esteem. This man was Valerius Flaccus. He had a farm next to that of Cato, and learned from Cato’s servants of their master’s laborious and frugal way of living. He was amazed to hear them tell how Cato, early in 1 209 B.o. ; 399 PLUTARCH’S LIVES put perv eis aryopay Badile: ai mapioctatat Tois Seouévois, éravedOdy 8 eis TO xopiov, av pev i xetpeov, Ewplda AaBav, Gépous dé yupuves épyaca- pevos pera Tav olxeT@v éoOies Tov avTOY apToV 600 KaOypevos cat mlver Tov adrov olvov, aNAnv re TOAAWD emietxeray alto Kal peTpLOTHTA Kal Twas Kal Novyous arrodbeypaTixovs 81a pynpovevov- Tov, exérevoe KANOHVaL pds TO Setrvov. ex Sé ToUTov Ypwpmevos Kal KaTavody fpepov Kai dortelov W005, damep puTov doxnaews Kal Ywpas érupavods Sedpevov, mpoetpéyato Kal cuvérercey GwracOar ris ev “Poun todtelas. KateOov ody evOds Tods péev avTds éxTato Bavuactas xa pirovs Sid Tav ouvyyopidv, moAdny 4é tod Ovarrepiou tinny cal Sivauitvy abt@ mpoc- riOévros XuALapxtas Ervxe mpGrtov, elra erapiev- aev. é« Tovrou b& Aapmpos dv 7dn Kal Trepipaynys aite te Ovadrrepio epi tas peyiotras ouvege- Spapev apyds, Umards Te pet éxelvov Kal TAadW TLUNTNS YEVOMEVOS. Tap 8 mpecButépwv roriTav Makinw PaBio T Pog EveLpev éautov, évdoEordt@ pev dvTe Kal peylorny éxovTs Stvayiv, wadAdrov bé Tov TpoTroV avtod xal Tov Biov ws Kcdd\NoTa TapadeiypaTa mpoOenevos. S20 Kal Lenriwve TO peydr, vew 338 ‘wep évtt TOTE, TpOs 5é THV PaBlov Sdvapwv avrat- povtt Kal POovetcOar Soxodvtt, trap’ ovdéev érrotn- caro yevécbat Sidpopos, GMAA Kal Tapas avT@ apos Tov ev AtBin modepov cuvextreuPOeis, ws Aad 310 MARCUS CATO the morning, went on foot to the market-place and pleaded the cases of all who wished his aid; then came back to his farm, where, clad in a working blouse if it was winter, and stripped to the waist if it was summer, he wrought with his servants, then sat down with them to eat of the same bread and drink of the same wine. They told Valerius many other instances of Cato’s fairness and moderation, quoting also sundry pithy sayings of his, until at last Valerius gave command that Cato be invited to dine with him. After this, discovering by converse with him that his nature was gentle and polite, and — needed, like a growing tree, only cultivation and room to expand, Valerius urged and at last persuaded him to engage in public life at Rome. Accordingly, taking up his abode in the city, his own efforts as an advocate at once won him admiring friends, and the favour of Valerius brought him great honour and influence, so that he was made military tribune first, and then quaestor. After this, being now launched on an eminent and brilliant career, he shared the highest honours with Valerius, becoming consul with him, and afterwards censor. Of the elder statesmen, he attached himself most closely to Fabius Maximus, who was of the highest reputation and had the greatest influence, but this was more by way of setting before himself the character and life of the man as the fairest examples he could follow. In the same spirit he did not hesitate to oppose the great Scipio, a youthful rival of Fabius, and thought to be envious of him. When he was sent out with Scipio as quaestor for the war in Africa,! he saw that the man indulged in 1 204 B.c. 311 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éwpa 7H ouvnOer TroAvTENcia Ypwpevoy Tov avdpa Kal Kataxopnyobvta Tols oTpaTevpacw aedas TOV XpnuaTwv, érappnotagvero Tpos avToV, Ov TO Ths Satrdavns péytotov elvac dapevos, GAN Ste StadOeiper Thv matpLoy EevTéNELaY TOV OTPATIWTOV ép’ 7dovas Kal Tpudds TH TepiovTe THS ypeias TpeTopevoyv. eimovtTos 5¢ TOU Lanriwvos, ws. ov- dév Séovro tapiov Aiav dxpiBovds MrnciatLos él TOV ToNEpov Pepopevos, mpakewv yap, ov XV py pd- TOV, TH TONEL hoyov adel hery, anijrOev 0 Kdrev éx Sumedas, ead PETA TOD PaBiov cataBowy é ev To cuvedpicp pOopav TE XPneareov apvdnrov t vm Tob Lenmiovos Kal StarpiBas avTou perpaxiadess év TaraiaTpars Kat Jedrpots, & @oTEp OV OTPATHYOUD- she SM maynyupivovtos, éFerpyacato Treupon- ous én avrov a€ovtas eéis ‘Popny, pas ake ets at Karnyoptae pavaciy. O pep oby Lenn Lov a TH Tapackevf Tod mWodépov THY vin émiderkdpevos, Kat davels dvs bev ert TXOMIS guveivar pirors, ovdapot dé 7@ dirar- Oparrep Ths Staitns eis Ta oTrovoaia K ae paOupos, éEérdevcev ert tov Tohewov. IV. T@ dé Kdrov TONM pev aro Tou AOyou Svvapis vento, Kal ‘Peopaioy avTov oi ToAAXol Anpoobevny Tpoan'yopevon, o Oe Bios. paddov dvopacros hv avrov Kal mepiBonros. uy pep yap ev TO eye Sewvorns mpovKesto Tols véors aya vio pa Kowvov non cal TEplaTrOvbaTTOP, O o Oé€ THY maT pov avroupyiay Dmropeveov cab Setirvov ahenes kal a apiorov arupov Kal Merny éoOfra Kal Onpo- TiKhY aoTratvouevos oixnow Kal To py SeicOat ToV 312 MARCUS CATO his wonted extravagance, and lavished money with- out stint upon his soldiery. He therefore made bold to tell him that the matter of expense was not the greatest evil to be complained of, but the fact that he was corrupting the native simplicity of his soldiers, who resorted to wanton pleasures when their pay exceeded their actual needs. Scipio replied that he had no use for a parsimonious quaestor when the winds were bearing him under full sail to the war ; he owed the city an account of his achievements, not of its moneys. Cato therefore left Sicily, and “joined Fabius in denouncing before the Senate Scipio's waste of enormous moneys, and his boyish addiction to palaestras and theatres, as though he were not commander of an army, but master of a festival. As a result of these attacks, tribunes were sent to bring Scipio back to Rome, if the charges against him should turn out to be true. Well then, Scipio convinced the tribunes that victory in war depended on the preparations made for it; showed that he could be agreeable in his intercourse with his friends when he had leisure for it, but was never led by his sociability to neglect matters of large and serious import ; and sailed off for his war in Africa. IV. The influence which Cato’s oratory won for him waxed great, and men called him a Roman . Demosthenes; but his manner of life was even more talked about and noised abroad. For his oratorical ability only set before young men a goal which many already were striving eagerly to attain ; but a man who wrought with his own hands, as his fathers did, and was contented with a cold breakfast, a frugal dinner, simple .raiment, and a humble dwelling,—one who thought more of not : 313 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TEPLTT@Y paAdNov H TO KEexTHaOar Baupdtov TTAVLOS HV, dN TOTE THS TroALTELaS TO KABapoV umd peyéBous od purarrovcns, GAAA TO Kpareiv TpayudTov TOANoY Kal dvOparrev impos mroAN puryvupevns €0n cal Biwv rapabelypata mravroda- Tov uTrodexopéevns. eixdTas odv avpaloy Tov Kdrwva, tovs ev adXovs bro TOY Trovev Opavo- Hévous Kal paraccopévous bro! trav Adovav opavtes, exetvoy Se bm’ audoiy anrrnrov, ov povov ws Ett véos cal PiroTLuOs hv, GAAA Kal yépovTa - Kat trodLov 76n pel” drrateiav cal OpiayBov, darep aOrXnTHhv vixndopor, éyxaptepobvra TH TdEEL THs adoxnoews Kab Sopanrivovra péxype TIS TeNCUT HS. "Ko Ojra pev yap ovdétroré not hopécat trodv- Tedeotépay éxatov Spaxpar, mueiy 5€ Kal orpa- THYyov Kal UiraTev@v Tov avTov olvoy Tois épyd- tais, dvpov S¢ mapacKxevdlecOar mpos TO Setavov é& dyopas accapiwy tpidxovta, Kal todto bia THY Tod, STas icYvoL TO Taya Mpos Tas otpateias. ériBdrnua Sé€ tav troitriov Bafv- Awvioy éx KAnpovoylas KTnodpevos evVOLS arro- S0c0a, tav dé érravrewv avtod pundepiay elva xexoviapevny, ovdéva S@ wetrote mpiacba Sodrov bmép tas xtAlas Spaypas xal mevtaxocias, ws dv ov Tpudepav ovd wpaiwv, adr épyatixav xal oTepe@y, olov immoxouwv xal Bondatov, Se0- pevos’ Kal trovrous 5é mwpexBurépous yevouévous @eto dety atrodidoabat cal un Boone axpynatous. GAws dé pndev edovoy elvar TOY TrEepLTTa@V, ANN’ ov tis ov Settat, Kav dooapiov mimpdoKnrat, 1 5nd Hercher and Blass with 8: xa) drd, 304 MARCUS CATO wanting the superfluities of life than of possessing them,—such a man was rare. The commonwealth had now grown too large to keep its primitive integrity ; the sway over many realms and peoples had brought a large admixture of customs, and the adoption of examples set in modes of life of every sort. It was natural, therefore, that. men should admire Cato, when they saw that, whereas other men were broken down by toils and enervated by pleasures, he was victor over both, and this too, not only while he was still young and ambitious, but even in his hoary age, after consulship and triumph. Then, like some victorious athlete, he persisted in the regimen of his training, and kept his mind unaltered to the last. He tells us that he never wore clothing worth more than a hundred drachmas; that he drank, even when he was praetor or consul, the same wine as his slaves; that as for fish and meats, he would buy thirty asses’ worth! for his dinner from the public stalls, and even this for the city’s sake, that he might not live on bread alone, but strengthen his body for military service ; that he once fell heir to an embroidered Babylonian robe, but sold it at once ; that not a single one of his cottages had plastered walls; that he never paid more than fifteen hundred drachmas for a slave, since he did not want them to be delicately beautiful, but sturdy workers, such as grooms and herdsmen, and these he thought it his duty to sell when they got oldish, instead of feeding them when they were useless ; and that in general, he thought nothing cheap that one could do without, but that what one did not need, even if it cost but a 1 The as corresponded nearly to the English penny. 315 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ToAXOD vouibew KTaacOar Se TA oTrELpOpeva Kal VeLopeva LaAXAoV 7H TA patvoueva Kal catpopeva. V. Taidra & ot pév eis puxporoyiav ériPevto Tod avipos, ot & ws émt SsopPwce: cal cwhpovcp@ TaY dAdwy évdoTépw TUaTEANOVTOS EaUTOV aTrE- Séyovto. mA Td TOs oiKérats ws UTrolvyiols adtroxpnodpevoy éml ynpws édavvew Kal wimpa- ake atevods ayav Oous éywye TiOeua, Kat undév avOpwre mpos avO0pwirov olopévov Kowva- ynua THs xXpelas WAéoy UTdpyew. KaiToL THY NpnatroTntTa Ths Sicavoovvns WraTUTEpov Td- Tov opa@pev emiiapBSdvovoay: vom pevy yap kal T@ Sixai@m wpos avOpwrrovs povov ypncOas mepuxapev, mpos evepyecias $é Kal yapitas got OTe Kal péypt TOV aGroyov Loov doTep x TNHYHS WNovotas atroppel THS HywepoTnros. Kal yap inmrwy aeipnxotoy bd ypovov tpodal Kal KUV@Y ov oKUAaKElaL MOVOY, AAAG Kal ynpoKopiat TO XPNTTO TpoonKovaty. | ‘O 8 trav "AOnvaiov Shwos olxodopav tov “Exaropmredor, cas KxaTevonaey nurovous panorta Tois Tovous eyKxaptepovaas, amérvoev édevbépas vépecOar nal adérous, dy piay dacl xataBal- vovoav ad éavrhs impos Ta Epya tois avdryouct Tas audkas broluyios eis axpoTodw cupTapa- Tpéxew Kal mponyeto0as xabatrep éyxedevopevny cal auveEoppadcav, iv nal tpépecOar Snuocia péxpe Terevtns erndicavto. tav S5é Kipwvos irmov, als ‘Odvpmia tpls évienoe, cal tapal 316 339 MARCUS CATO penny, was dear; also that he bought lands where crops were raised and cattle herded, not those where lawns were sprinkled and paths swept. V. These things were ascribed by some to the man’s parsimony ; but others condoned them in the belief that he lived ‘in this contracted way only to correct and moderate the extravagance of others. However, for my part, I regard his treatment of his slaves like beasts of burden, using them to the uttermost, and then, when they were old, driving them off ‘and selling them, as the mark of a very mean nature, which recognizes no tie between man and man but that of necessity. And yet we know that kindness has a wider scope than justice. Law and justice we naturally apply to men alone; but when it comes to beneficence and charity, these often flow in streams from the gentle heart, like water from a copious spring, even down to dumb beasts. A kindly man will take good care of his horses even when they are worn out with age, and of his dogs, too, not only in their puppyhood, but when their old age needs nursing. While the Athenians were building the Parthenon, they turned loose for free and unrestricted pasturage such mules as were seen to be most persistently laborious. One of these, they say, came back to the works of its own accord, trotted along by the side of its fellows under the yoke, which were dragging the waggons up to the Acropolis, and even led the way , for them, as though exhorting and inciting them on. The Athenians passed a decree that the animal be maintained at the public cost as long as it lived. Then there were the mares of Cimon, with which he won three victories at Olympia; their graves are 317 PLUTARCH’S LIVES adnotov eiot tev éxeltvou pynpudtov. Kvvas dé auvTpégous yevopévous nal ovvibes adroL TE Wo\Nol Kal RdvOurros 0 WadaLos TOV ets Larapive TH Tpenpes mrapaynfdwevov, Ste TH TOALV O Ofjpos eFehevrrev, € éml THs axpas éxndevoer, Av Kuvos ofjpa péypt viv xadrodow. Od yap as troéjpacw h oKeveot tois Wuyny éyouol XpynaoTéov, KoTwrévta Kai KatarpiBévta Tats Larnpeciaus drroppurrobvras, arn ef dia pndev anno, penrérns évexa TOU GrravOperrov m™poeO- oTeOv éauTov év TOUTOLS pov elvat Kab peidyov. éy@ ev ovV ovde Booby dv epyarny bua ynpas arrodoipny, pn th ye 1 ea Surepoy ay pewrrov, ex Xopas cuvTpopou Kal dvairns curious @ domep éx mat pidos peOorapevov avtt Kepuarov px poy, axYpnotov ye robs @VOUPEVOLS domep Tow wimpd- cKovat ryevna opevov. o be Karo domep veave- EVO MEVOS éml rovrou Kat Tov iarmrop, @ Tapa tas oTparelas brrarebov expHTo, pnoly ép TPnpia KaTaneTrely, iva p41) TH Tone TO vavXov avrov AoyionTau. TaUTa pév ov ele peyaro- wuyxias elte puxporoylas Oeréov, eats TO Trei- dovte xpijo Fas Aoyio up. VI. Ths & ars éyxparelas Umeppuas Oavya- oTOS 0 aynp: olov Ore OTpAaTnyay éAapBavev EauT@ Kal Tots mepl avTov ov mdeov eis TOV piva Tupav i TpEls "ATTUKOUS pedipuvous, ets . 06 TH npépav Kp ov Tots vrrotuyious éXaTrov T play Typtpedipveov. errapxiay dé AaBaov Lapsova, TOV TPO avTod oTpaTHyav eiwOdTwv ypjcOat - 318 MARCUS CATO near the tombs of his family. Dogs also that have been close and constant companions of men, have often been buried with honour. Xanthippus, of olden time, gave the dog which swam along by the side of his trireme to Salamis, when the people were abandoning their city, honourable burial on the promontory which is called to this day Cynossema, or Dog’s Mound.! We should not treat living creatures like shoes or pots and pans, casting them aside when they are bruised and worn out with service, but, if for no other reason, for the sake of practice in kindness to our fellow men, we should accustom ourselves to mildness and gentleness in our dealings with other creatures. I certainly would not sell even an ox that had worked for me, just because he was old, much less an elderly man, removing him from his habitual place and customary life, as it were from his native land, for a paltry price, useless as he is to those who sell him and as he will be to those who buy him. But Cato, exulting as it were in such things, says that he left in Spain even the horse which had carried him through his consular campaign, that he might not tax the city with the cost of its transportation. Whether, now, these things should be set down to greatness of spirit or littleness of mind, is an open question. | Vl. But in ether matters, his self-restraint was beyond measure admirable. For instance, when he was in command of an army, he took for himself and his retinue not more than three Attic bushels of wheat a month, and for his beasts of burden, less than a bushel and a half of barley a day. He received Sar- dinia as his province,? and whereas his predecessors 1 Cf. Themistocles x. 6. 2 198 B.c. 319 wr) A) PLUTARCH’S .LIVES Kat oxnvopact Snpmocios Kal xrjLvais wal tpa- tots, TONAH 5é Oeparreia Kal hirwv mAnOEL Kal mept Seirva Satavais xal wapacKevais Bapuvor- TwV, eKxelvos aAmiaTov émoince thy Svadhopay Ths evTeretas. Samdvns pev yap eis ovdev ovde- pias mpocedenOn Snuocias, éredoira Sé ais Torker avrTos pev avev Levyous ropevopevos, els 5€ nxorov0er Snudcatos éoOijra Kal orrovdeiov aUT@® Mpos lepoupyiay Kouitwv. év Sé tovross ovTws evKONOS Kal adeAns Tois UIrd yYeEelpa pa.vo- fevos, av0us dvtamedidov thy cepvornra «al To Badpos amapaitnros av ev te Sixaiw «al Tois umep THS Hye“ovias mpootaypacw sSpOcos kal avdéxacros, wore pe ie THY ‘Pwpaiwv apxnv éexeivors pre hoRepwrépay pre mpoade- Neorépav yevér Oa. VII. Tovadrny Sé teva aiverar eal 0 Xoyos Tov avopos idéav éyew edyapis yap apa kal Seuvos Hv, HOS Kal KaTaTANKTLKOS, PLOT KOppOV kal avotnpos, atop0eypatixes Kal aywioTtKos, womep o lAarwv rov Lwxparny dno Ewlev iduwTny Kal catupixoy Kal UBptatny Tots évTuy- Xdvovet hatvopevoy évdo0ey otrovdys nal mpay- BaTwy peoroyv elvac Saxpva Kiwotvtwy ois axpowpévors Kal thy xapdiav aotpepovTwy. SOev oux old Ott aemévOacw of T@ Avaoiov rAOy@ padiota dapevot mpoceoxévat tov Kadtwvos. ov pny addAA Tadra pev ols parXov idéas Adyov ‘Pwpaixdy! aicOdverbar rpoonxer Svaxpivodow, nyets bé TOY atropynuovevopévwv Bpaxéa ypd- Wopev, of TH ANOYO TOAD pAaAXOV 7 TH poco, 1 “Pwuaicayv Blass with 8S: pyropicdy. 320 _.< 34 MARCUS CATO were wont to charge the public treasury with their pavilions, couches, and apparel, while they oppressed the province with the cost of their large retinues of servants and friends, and of their lavish and elaborate banquets, his simple economy stood out in an in- credible contrast. He made no demands whatever upon the public treasury, and made his circuit of the cities on foot, followed by a single public officer, who carried his robe and chalice for sacrifices. And yet, though in such matters he showed himself mild and sparing to those under his authority, in other ways he displayed a dignity and severity which fully corre- sponded, for in the administration of justice he was inéxorable, and in carrying out the edicts of the government was direct and masterful, so that the Roman power never inspired its subjects with greater fear or affection. VII. Much the same traits are revealed in the man’s oratory. It was at once graceful and powerful, pleasant arid compelling, facetious and severe, sen- tentious and belligerent. So Plato says of Socrates! that from the outside he impressed his associates as rude, uncouth, and wanton; but within he was full of earnestness, and of matters that moved his hearers to tears and wrung their hearts. Wherefore I know not what they can mean who say that Cato’s oratory most resembled that of Lysias. However, such questions must be decided by those who are more capable than I am of discerning the traits of Roman oratory, and I shall now record a few of his famous sayings, believing that men’s characters are revealed 1 Symposium, p. 215. ‘N o 3 2 I VOL, II. Y PLUTARCH’S LIVES xadarrep EVvLOL vopigovar, tov avOporav dapev éppaived Bat To 700s. VIII. MéAAwv Tore TOV ‘Popatar Sipov wpun- pévov aKaipos émt otropetpias kat Stavopas aTroT peTEL, npEato TaV horyor obTws" - Xaherov peév coTL, @ monitat, Mpos yaoTépa eye OTA OuUK éxouray.” Kkatnyopav oé THS. mohuTehetas epn XareTrOv Elva coOivas TOMY, EV 1) WwretTaL 2 TeLovos ixdvs n Bods. eouevar Se mpoBdrots épn TOUS ‘Pepaious: @s yap éxeiva xa’ ExaoTov pév ov meiOerau, CULT AYTA o emer au per’ anr.7- Mov TOL dyovaolr, “Otte xal ipeis,” eiqrev, * ols ovK ap afiwoaite cupBovrors XpnoacOat Kat’ iditav, vo ToUTwWY «ts év auvenOovres aryerOe.” dept O€ THS yuvarxoxparias diadeyopevos “ Tlap- TES, elev, ‘ ‘dvOpwmo. TOV yuvarkav adpxova ww, Timers dé TavToy avOpworer, 7 Hypa 5é at yuvaixes.’ 3 TovTO ev ovv éoTw éx Tov Bepsoroxdéous per evnvery Levov amopbeyparov. éxetvos yap érm- TATTOVTOS aur WOAAa ToD viod Sia Tis ENT pos “7K yuvat,” elmrev, “ "AOnvaiot pev apxover TOV ‘EXdjvov, eyo dé “AOnvaiwy, éwod dé av, cov be 0 vias, OOTE peidec Ow THS éfovoias, du iv avontos av melorov ‘EXAqvev Suvarat.” 4 Tov & SHuov o Katov ébn trav ‘Pwpaiwy ov pLovov tals Toph upas, GAG Kal tots emerndev- pace Tas TLas emuypadery. Os yap. ot Badeis,” épn, ef TAUTHY padiora Bdsrovewy, ) YalpovTas Op@cty, obras Ol véoe Taba, pavOdvover Kal Enrovow, ols av 6 Trap bpov erratvos emnta..” 5 mapexddea 8 avtovs, elpev apetn nal awdpo- 322 MARCUS CATO much more by their speech than, as some think, by their looks. VIII. He once wished to dissuade the Roman people from insisting ,unseasonably upon a distribu- tion of corn, and began his speech with these words: “It is a hard matter, my fellow citizens, to argue with the belly, since it has no ears.” Again, in- veighing against the prevalent extravagance, he said: “It is a hard matter to save a city in which a fish sells for more than an ox.” Again, he said the Romans were like sheep ; for as these are not to be persuaded one by one, but all in a body blindly follow their leaders, “so ye,” he said, “though as individuals ye would not deign to follow the counsels of certain men, when ye are got together ye suffer yourselves to be led by them.” Discoursing on the power of women, he said: “ All other men rule their wives; we rule all other men, and our wives rule us.” This, however, is a translation from the sayings of Themistocles.! He, finding himself much under his son’s orders through the lad’s mother, said: “ Wife, the Athenians rule the Hellenes, I rule the Athenians, thou rulest me, and thy son thee. Therefore let him make sparing use of that authority which makes him, child though he is, the most powerful of the Hellenes.” The Roman people, Cato said, fixed the market value not only of dyes, but also of behaviour. “For,” said he, “as dyers most affect that dye which they see pleases you, so your young men learn and practice that which wins your praise.” And he exhorted them, in case it was through virtue and temperance that they had become great, to 1 Themistocles, xviii. 4. 323 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oun yeyovace peydnot, pnder’ petaBdrrcoOat qpos TO Xeipov, él & dxpacia Kal Kaxig, peETQ- BarrcoOat pos TO Bédrvov" ixavars yap dn peyddous an éxeivov ryeyovevan. TOUS de ToANa- Kus dpxetv orovddtovras épn Kabarrep ayvoovvras THY odov del peta paBoovxev Cnteiv mopeverOan, Bn TravnO@aw. érretia O€ Tois WonriTals TOUS QUTOUS ,aipovpevors ToNNaKes dpxovras. _ Aokere yap,” Eby, ‘ ‘pn ® TONAOV TO apyELY afvov 7, en TOANOUS Tov apyew atious meta Ban.” mept dé Tov éexOpav Tevos alaxpes wal adobws Booby Soxobvros seo TOUTOU payrnp,” ep, ‘ ‘xaTdpay, OvK edn, nryetras TO ToUTOY UTrép Ys amro- derreiv.” tov 0é TeT paKora TOUS MaTp@ous arypous jTapaXious évras em erxvpevos T poa'e- TOLELTO Gavpatew @> ba YUpoTEpov TiS Gararrns A yap éxeiyy ponus Exrulev, ovTos, én, ‘padiws Katarrémoxev.” "Ered 82 Evpevois tov Bactréus éridnpnoavtTos eis ‘Paynv i} TE TUYKANTOS UITEeppvas anedéEaro Kal TOV TPOTwV Gptrra kal omovon meph avrov éyiveTo, 87XOsS a O Kdrov Upopwpevos cal age aurov. eltrovTos Oé Twos * "AANA nV XpINTTOS éoTt Kal ptoppapasos, ” ‘"Korw,” aay ‘adhe, puoes TodTo To pov o Baatrevs capkopdryov éotiv.” ovdéva 5é Tav evdatpovito- péveav épn Bacthewy® aEtvov elvac mapaddrew pos "Errapewovday 7 i Tlepexhéa 7 y @ewiarondéa H n Manov Kovpiov 7 ’Apirxav rov émindrnOévta 1 undeyv Hercher and Blass with FS: ph. uy} Blass with Fas : 4 ud. 3 %pn BaciAéwy Hercher and Blass with F8S: BaosAréwy. 324 MARCUS CATO make no change for the worse ; but if it was through intemperance and vice, to change for the better ; these had already made them great enough. Of those who were eager to hold high office frequently, he said that like men who did not know the road, they sought to be ever attended on their way by lictors, lest they go astray. He censured his fellow citizens for choosing the same men over and over again to high office. ‘“ You will be thought,” said he, “not to deem your offices worth much, or else not to deem many men worthy of your offices.” Of one of his enemies who had the name of leading a disgraceful and disreputable life, he said: “This man’s mother holds the wish that he may survive her to be no pious prayer, but a malignant curse.” Pointing to a man who had sold his ancestral fields lying near the sea, he pretended to admire him, as stronger than the sea. “ This man,’ said he, “has drunk down with ease what the sea found it hard to wash away.”’ When King Eumenes paid a visit to Rome, the Senate received him with extravagant honours, and the chief men of the city strove who should be most about him. But Cato clearly looked upon him with suSpicion and alarm. “Surely,’ some one said to him, “he is an excellent man, and a friend of Rome.” “Granted,” said Cato, “but the animal known as king is by nature carnivorous.” He said further that not one of the kings whom men so lauded was worthy of comparison with Epaminondas, or Pericles, or Themistocles, or Manius Curius, or with Hamilcar, surnamed Barcas. His. 325 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 Bapxav. auT@ 8 eheve Tous €xOpous pOoveiv, Ott Kal’ TIPE pay éx vuxtos! aviaratat Kai Tov idieov ape TOUS Snpoators ovxvonater. Bovreo Pau 6 édevye padrov ev mpatas amoarepnOhvat Xap 7) KAKOS pny Tuxely Kohdoews, Kal ovyyvapny edn dudovat Taat Tots dpaptdvovat WAV AUTO. TX. Tav &€ ‘Popaioy ets BiOuviav T pels éXo- 34] péevov peo Bers, @V O sev TrOOaYPLKOS 7 7, o 6€ THY Keparqy é& avaTpHoews Kab TepiKoTrhs KoiAnv elyen, 0 6é Tpitos édoKet peopos elvat, KATAYEN@Y o Katov clare mpea Betay UTrO Popaiov amroaTén- Neo Oat pare Todas panjTE Kehadiy [nTeE Kapoiav 2 éxoveay. umép b€ TaV ia "Ayalas puyddov ep. Tevy Gels La TorvBiov t v6 Lanriw@vos, @S TOUS év TH TVYKAHTYD Aoryos éyivero, TOY pev diSovT@y xdOosov abrois, tov & eviT TAMEVOY, GVacTAaS 0 Katov ““Qorep ovK éXxovtes,. elrrev, “6 mpar- Topev Kadnuca tHV mpépav ogy Teph ‘yepov Tio: Tparcav Cnrovvtes, TOTEPOV UTrO TOV Tap Hutv 7) 3 tov év Ayaia vekpopopav exkopicd dat.” yng obeions oe Tis xaBodov trois avopaotw, juépas édiyas ot mept tov IloAvBiov Scarerrovtes aves CTE elpouv | LS THY oUrYyKA TOV eloenbeiy, Omres as 7 pOTEpov elyov ev ‘Axaig Toa ot puyades ava- Aa Borer, Kat Tov Kdravos aTrEeTELPOVTO THS qwo- ps. 0 o 6é pevdudoas épn Tov TloAvBrov, & OaTEp TOV ’"Odvacéa, Bovr\coOau mad els TO TOU Kucdwrros omnXatov eioedOeiv, TO TWiALoY exer Kal THY Corny emiAeANo MEVOD. 4 Tous &€ ppovipous edeye pardov UTO TOV appovev % Tovs Ahpovas vo TaV Ppovipwv 1 é« vuxrds Hercher and Blass with F8SD: vuxrds, 326 MARCUS CATO enemies hated him, he used to say, because he rose every day before it was light and, neglecting his. own private matters, devoted his time to the public interests. He also used to say that he preferred to do right and get no thanks, rather than to do ill and get no punishment; and that he had pardon for everybody's mistakes except his own. IX. The Romans once chose three ambassadors to Bithynia, of whom one was gouty, another had had his head trepanned, and the third was deemed a fool. Cato made merry over this, and said that the Romans were sending out an embassy which had neither feet, nor head, nor heart. His aid was once solicited by Scipio, at the instance of Polybius, in behalf of the exiles from Achaia, and ater a 1 long debate upon the question in the Senate, where some favoured and some opposed their return home, Cato rose and said: “ Here we sit all day, as if we had naught else to do, debating whether some poor old Greeks shall be buried here or in Achaia.” The Senate voted that the men be allowed to return, and a few days afterwards Polybius tried to get admission to that body - again, with a proposal that the exiles be restored to their former honours in Achaia, and asked Cato’s opinion on the matter. Cato smiled and said that Polybius, as if he were another Odysseus, wanted to go back into the cave of the Cyclops for a cap and belt which he had left there. Wise men, he~said, profited more from _ fools than fools from wise men; for the wise shun the 327 PLUTARCH’S LIVES apereio Bar TOUTOUS pev yap purdrrecBat TAS éxelvav apaptias, éxelvous dé Tas TOUTOV pn pepe bat katophacets. TOV 6 vewy py Xaipew ois epub prdcr paddov i) TOU OX place, oT ariwTou dé py Seto0ar Tas pev yetpas év r@ BadiCery, TODS 5é rrébas ¢ év TO a oaiee KLVOUYTOS, petCov O€ p peyxov- Tos % anaddlorTos. Tov dé UrépTaxuv KaxiCov a [lob 8 av,” épn, ‘c@pa TOLOUTOY TH ‘TONeL yevouro XpHatpor, ov TO peTakv Aaspou Kal _Bov- Bovev rav bro Ths yao Tpos KATEXETAL ; 5° TeV dé prrnsovev TLWa BovAopevov aUuT@ cuveivar TAparTrouperos, épn pn divac Oat Chv per avOpa- Tou Tis xapoias THY Um ep@av evataOnroTépay ExovTOS. Tod 5 épwvros édeye Thy ux é év addor pip copati Civ. petapednOjvas é AUTOS év javTt TO Bio Tpeis peTapenetas: pay bev emt TO ryuvaurcl mMioTevoat Noryov arroppytop, eTépay dé TrEvoas Orrov duvatov hv meleboat, THY dé tpirny, OTe piav Tpépay adidberos € EMELvE. apos d5é mpeaBurny TOVNPEVO[LEVOY “"AvOpere,” eltre, i TONG éxovrt 7 y7pq Ta aloxpa py) TpoaTiOer THY a0 THS Kaxias aiaxvuny. T pos dé Snpapxov év d:a Born pev pappaxeias YEvopevoy, patrov bé vopLov eta pépovta Kat Bralopevov © "QO pec dKvov, elev, . ovK olda, ToTEpoY xetpov éoTw 0 Kipyns mely nO yeaders Kupaoas. Prac dnpovpevos S tar avOparov ReBiwxoros ao eXyOs Kal KaKas ““Avicos,” elTrev, “9 T pos o€ prot paxn err Kal yap dxovers TA KAKA padias Kal deyens EX EPAS, épol be Kat éyeuv ands és xal dover anes.’ 76 pev ody TOY aTropynpwoveupadTaV yévos TOLAVTOV eoTLV. 328 MARCUS CATO mistakes of fools, but fools do not imitate the successes of the wise. He said he liked to see blushes on a young man’s face rather than pallor, and that he had no use for a soldier who plied his hands on the march, and his feet in battle, and whose snore was louder than his war-cry. Railing at the fat knight, he said, “Where can such a body be of service to the state, when everything between its gullet and its groins is devoted to belly?”’ A certain epicure wished to enjoy his society, but he excused himself, saying that he could not live with a man whose palate was more sensitive than his heart. As for the lover, he said his soul dwelt in the body of another. And as for repentance, he said he had indulged in it himself but thrice in his whole life: once when he entrusted a secret to his wife; once when he paid ship's fare to a place instead of walking thither; and once when he remained intestate a whole day. To an old man who was steeped in iniquity he said: “ Man, old age has disgraces enough of its own; do not add to them the shame of vice.” To a tribune of the people who had been accused of using poison, and who was trying to force the passage of a useless bill, he said : “Young man, I know not which is worse, to drink your mixtures, or to enact your bills.” And when he was reviled by a man who led a life of shameless debauchery, he said: “I fight an unequal battle with you: you listen to abuse calmly, and utter it glibly; while for me it is unpleasant to utter it, and unusual to hear it.”’ Such, then, is the nature of his famous sayings. 329 PLUTARCH’S LIVES X. “Yaratos dé peta PrdxKKov Ovandepiou TOU pidov Kab Tuvious atrodetyOeis éXaye TOV eTapXLaV ny "Eyres Tomaviav “Pwpatot Kadovow. évTavda 5 avuT@ Ta pev KaTACTPpE- popeven tov eOvev, ra 8 oixeroupere Sia hoyor TOA) oTparia tav BapBdapov émrémrece, Kal Kivdvvos 7 nv aia xpas éxBracOjvar. 06 TOV éy- yus KerriBjpov émrexaneiTo oUMpAXiay. aiTouv- tov © éxelvov THis Bonbeias Siaxocta TadavTa padov, ot pev GdXOL TavTes ovK avaoxeTov €7rOLOUYTO ‘Pepaious BapBapos émuxouptas 0jL0- Noyijoar pa Bor, 0 dé Kadzov ovdev bn Seevov elvat, viK@VTas pev yap arro}waety Tapa } TOY modem, ov Tap AUTO?, HTT Oo LEvOY de pyre TOUS dm arToupevous ever Oa pre TOUS arravtobv- Tas. Tautny de THY payny Kata Kpatos évixnae, Kal Tana ™pou ape Aa [LT POS. TlovdBios pev ye once TOV évTos Baitwos ToTapod TONEWY NEPA pad Ta Teixn KEAEVTAVTOS avtov mreprarpeO jac: TWALTOANAL & hoav avrat Kal yémoucat pay iptor avopav. avTOS oe pnow o Katey mdrétovas etn evar Tones ov Supryaryev 1) Hwepav év 'TBnpia: Kal ToUTO KOwTOS OvK éoTw, elirep Os ddnO0S TeTPAKOTLaL 70 TAOS 7, Hoa. Tots pev ovv OT PATLOT ALS TOXNG Tapa THY oTparelav adernGetow £&rt Kal ALTPAV apyupiou KaT dvbpa T poo Siévet per, evra OS KpeiT Tov eln ToANoUs ‘Popatoy apryuptov 7 xpuatov ddiryous exovTas énavedOeciy. eis & avtov é eK TO amo Ko- pevov ovdev é€AOety reyes ANY boa TéTwWKEV 7 BéBpwxe. “Kal ovx« aitidpat,” dyot, “ rovs 1 rapa Hercher and Blass with FS: awd 330 34 MARCUS CATO X. Having been elected consul! with Valerius Flaccus, his intimate friend, the province which the Romans call Hither Spain was allotted to his charge. Here, while he was subduing some of the tribes, and winning over others by diplomacy, a great host of Barbarians fell upon him, and threatened. to drive him disgracefully out of the province. He therefore begged the neighbouring Celtiberians to become his allies. On their demanding two hundred talents pay for such assistance, all his officers, thought it intolerable that Romans should agree to pay Bar- barians for assistance. But Cato said there was nothing terrible in it; should they be victorious, they could pay the price with the spoils taken from the enemy, and not out of their own purse; whereas, should they be vanquished, there would be nobody left either to pay or to ask the price. In this battle he was completely victorious, and the rest of his campaign was a brilliant success. Polybius indeed says that in a single day the walls of all the cities on this side the river Baetis—and they were very many, and full of warlike men—were torn down at his command. And Cato himself says that he took more cities than he spent days in Spain, nor is this a mere boast, since, in fact, there were four hundred of them. His soldiers got large booty in this campaign, and he gave each one of them a pound of silver besides, saying that it was better to have many Romans go home with silver in their pockets than a few with gold. But in his own case, he says that no part of the booty fell to him, except what he ate and drank. “Not that I find fault,’ he says, “with those who 195 B.C. 331 PLUTARCH’S LIVES apereia Oar Cntodvtas éx TrovTwY, GAA BovrAopat padXov tepl aperhs Tots apiotots } wept ypnua- TMV TOls WAOVOLwWTAaTOLS AptAdNaCOaL Kal Tois pitapyupwraros rept dirapyupias.” ov ovo 8 avtov, dAdrAa Kal tovs wept avroy épvrXatTe xabapovs tavTos Anppatos. joav dé mWévTeE Oepatrovtes él atpareias auv avT@. TovTwv els ovopa Ilaxxtos jydpace TOV aixparwTwv Tpia mavapia: tov dé Kdrwvos aicbopevou, mpiv eis Oi édOciv, amnyEato. tos dé maidas 0 Kdtrov aTOOOMEVOS eis TO Snwoavov aVIvEyKE THY ToD. XI. “Ere 8 avtoo Stat piBovros ev ‘IBnpia Lanmiov o peyas, éyOpos ov Kal Bovdopevos évoThvat KatopOodyTe Kal Tas "TAnpuxas mpd LS UrorkaBelv, Sterpatato THs érapyxias éxetvns amodetxOjvar d:ddoxos. omevoas S as évay Tdxtota Karémavoe THY apxny Tov Kdrwvos. 0 bé LaPov omelpas omhurav jwevtTe Kat TEVTAKO- aious imrets T poTromrrous KaTeaTpeyato pev TO Aaxeravav EOvos, éEaxoatous dé TOV NUTOMOANKO- TOY KO pio dpLEVvos TrEKTELVED. éf’ ols oxeThedbovra Tov LKnTriova KATELPWOVEVOMEVOS obTas Edn THY ‘Pouny éxec Oar peylaTny, TOV pev evdofov Kat peydd.ov Ta Tis apeTas mpwreta 1) peOvevrav TOLS aanworepors, Trav & domep auros eo SnworiKay Gpuhd.oweveov APETH WPOs TOVS TO yévet kal tH S0&n TponkovTas. ov pay GXNA THS TUYKAHTOV yadicapevys mndev adharrew pn de Kively TOV bepan weve v0 Kdrevos, 7 u pev apx7 TO UK Tiwve THs avTOU padov H THS Karevos adedovoa SoEns év drpakia Kal TXOAR parny 33? MARCUS CATO seek to profit by such a case, but I prefer to strive in bravery with the bravest, rather than in wealth with the richest, and in greed for money with the greediest.” And he strove to keep not only himself, but also his associates, free from all taint of gain. He had five attendants with him in the field. One of these, whose name was Paccus, bought three boys for his own account from among the public prisoners, but finding that Cato was aware of the transaction, or ever he had come into his presence, went and hanged himself. Cato sold the boys, and restored the money to the public treasury. XI. While Cato still tarried in Spain, Scipio the Great, who was his enemy, and wished to obstruct the current of his successes and take away from him the administration of affairs in Spain, got himself appointed his successor in command of that province. Then he set out with all the speed possible, and brought Cato’s command to an end. But Cato took five cohorts of men-at-arms and five hundred horse- men as escort on his way home, and on the march subdued the tribe of the Lacetanians, and put to death six hundred deserters whom they delivered up to him. Scipio was enraged at this proceeding, but Cato, treating him with mock humility, said that only then would Rome be at her greatest, when her men of high birth refused to yield the palm of virtue to men of lower rank, and when plebeians like himself contended in virtue with their superiors in birth and reputation. However, in spite of Scipio's displeasure, the Senate voted that no change whatever be made in what Cato had ordered and arranged, and so the administration of Scipig was marked by inactivity and idleness, and detracted from his own, . 333 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 drAAOev, o dé Kdtov OprapBevoas ovx, Gomep ol WElo TOL TOV pn I pos dperny, anna _T pos d0fav dpirdopeveor, 6 ray els TAS axpas TLUAS éFixwvras Kal TUXwoLY Umareias Kal OprdpBov, Hn TO Aovrrov els ndovny Kat oyodXnv cvoKevacdpevor tov Biov éx TOY KOLV@V amvacty, oT Kal avTos eFavixe Kat KATENUCE THY aperny, arr Gola Tots 7 p@rov aT TOmevous monuTetas Kal bipaae TEAS cai d0Ens ad’ érépas apxis ourTeivas éav- Tov éy péow qTaperye Kal pirors RoOar Kat TohiTass, ovTEe TAS GUYNYopias OUTE TAS OTPaTEiasS ATELTPAPLEVOS. XII. TeBepin pev oly Leutpwvio ta epl Opaxnv kal “lotpov UrrarevovTt mpecBevov ouy- kaTeipyaaaro, Mavi & ’Anirio Xeuapyav en "Avrioyov Tov péryav ouvebirOev eis THY ‘HAAdéba, poBycavra ‘Papatous as ovdeva Erepov per "AvviBav. Ty yap ‘Aciap, danv o Nixatwp LéXevKos elyey, dALryou dety aracay ef UTAapY7S avengers, un TE maprrodha Kal payee ap- Bdpov vmnKoa [TET OLNMEVOS, emipto cupTrEceiy ‘Pwpators Os povors ert _T pos avTov afvoudyors 2 ovaw. evmpeTh dé Tov ToAg“ou Tolnodmevos aiTiay TOUS "“EAAnvas ehevGepodv, oudev Seopuevous, GAXa Kal €devépous Kal avTovopous VapeTe Th ‘Popatev amo Didiamov kat Maxedovwv veworti 343 yeyovoras, 5éBy pera duvapews. kal canrovevdvs n "EdXas elye Kal _HETEWpOS hw éXtrioe SiapBerpo- 3 pevn Baowruxais vTr0 TOV Snpayoryar. ETE [LTT EV ovv mpéa Bers 6 Mdmos eri tas modes. Kal ra pev TreloTa THY vewteptlovTwy Titos Pra pevivos V 334 MARCUS CATO rather than from Cato’s reputation. Cato, on the other hand, celebrated a triumph.!1 Most men who strive more for reputation than for virtue, when once they have attained the highest honours of consulship and triumphs, straightway adjust their future lives to the enjoyment of a pleasurable ease, and give up their public careers. But Cato did not thus remit and dismiss his virtue, nay, rather, like men _ first taking up the public service and all athirst for honour and reputation, he girt his loins anew, and held himself ever ready to serve his friends and fellow-citizens, either in the forum or in the field. XII. And so it was that he assisted Tiberius Sempronius the consul in subduing the regions in Thrace and on the Danube, acting as his ambassador ; and as legionary tribune under Manius Acilius, he marched into Greece against Antiochus the Great, who gave ‘the Romans more to fear than any man after Hannibal. For he won back almost all of * Seleucus Nicator’s former dominions in Asia, reduced to subjection many warlike nations of Barbarians, and was eager to engage the Romans, whom he deemed the only worthy foemen left for him. So he crossed into Greece with an army, making the freeing of the Greeks a specious ground for war. This they did not need at all, since they had recently been made free and independent of Philip and the Macedonians by grace of the Romans. Greece was at once a stormy sea of hopes and fears, being corrupted by her demagogues with expectations of royal bounty. Accordingly, Manius sent envoys to the several cities. Most of those which were un- settled in their allegiance Titus Flamininus restrained 1 194 B.c. 335 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Eryev avev Tapayis Kal KaTeTTpauvev, ws ev TOLS wept éxcivou yéypatrrar, Kdtrwv 5é KopuvOtovs cat flatpeis, ére & Alytets trapeotyncato. [Iveta rov 8& ypovov év "AOnvass Siétpipe. Kat AéyeTar pév TLS avToD hépeabat AOdyos, dv “EA- Anviotl mpos Tov Shwov elev, @s Cnro@v TE Thy aperny TOV Tadraov AOnvaiwy Tis Te TONEWS Sia TO KdAXOS Kal TO péyeOos Hdéws yeyovas DeaTns 70 8 ovK adrnOés dori, adrd 80’ Eppnvéws evéruxe tows AOnvaiors, duvnbels dv avdtos eitreiv, éupéevov dé Tots martpiow Kal xatayeXov tov Ta ‘EA- Anuixa teOavpaxdtwov. Tloctovpsoy yoov *AX- Bivoy iotopiav ‘“EXAnuotl ypawWavta nal ovy- yvopunv aitovpevor érécxwrpev eitrwv, Sotéov elvat THY cuyyvepny, et tov ’Apdixtvovey Wwnhdica- pévov avayxacbels virépewve TO Epyov. Oavydoat dé dyot Tovs APnvaiovs TO TaXOs avTov Kab THY ofvTnTAa THs ppdcews: a yap auros éEedepe Bpaxéws, TOV epunvéa paxpas Kal bia TONN@V drraryyehevy" TO 5° bAov olecOar Ta p pnuata Tols pev “EdAnow aro xethéwr, Tois b€ “Pwpaiors aro xapdtas pépecBar. XIII. “Ered & ‘Avtioxos euppatas Ta mept Geppor tras oreva 7 oTpaTon es, kat Tots avropuect TOV TOTMWY Epvpace 7 poo Badov apa- Kopara Kat Sratexiopata, xabijoro TOV (TONE LOv ex Ker etK evar vopiCwv, TO pev Kara, oTOLa Bud- Ceo dat TavTamacw ameyivad kov 06 ‘Popaior, THY Sé Tlepotxny éexeivny mepinrAvaow Kat KiKrwow o 336 MARCUS CATO without ado, and quieted down, as I have written in his Life;! but Corinth, Patrae, and Aegium were brought over to Rome by Cato. He also spent much time at Athens. And we are told that a certain speech of his is extant, which he addressed to the Athenian people in Greek, declaring that he admired the virtues of the ancient Athenians, and was glad to behold a city so beautiful and grand as theirs. But this isnot true. On the contrary, he dealt with the Athenians through an interpreter. He could have spoken to them directly, but he always clung to his native ways, and mocked at those who were lost in admiration of anything that was Greek. For instance, he poked fun at Postumius Albinus, who wrote a history in Greek, and asked the indulgence of his readers. Cato said they might have shown him indulgence had he undertaken his task in consequence of a compulsory vote of the ‘Amphictyonic Assembly. Moreover, he says the Athenians were astonished at the speed and pun- gency of his discourse. For what he himself'set forth with brevity, the interpreter would repeat to them at great length and with many words; and on the whole he thought the words of the Greeks were born on their lips, but those of the Romans in their hearts. XIII. Now Antiochus had blocked up the narrow pass of Thermopylae with his army,? adding trenches and walls to the natural defences of the place, and sat there, thinking that he had locked the war out of Greece. And the Romans did indeed despair utterly of forcing a direct passage. But Cato, calling to mind the famous compass and circuit of the pass 1 Chapters xv-xvii. 2 191 B.C. : 337 VOL Il. : Zz a PLUTARCH’S LIVES ’ 4 > a 4 b] / , Katwv es voov Badopevos eEadevce VUKTWP, 2 avahaBov pépos Te TAS orpatias, émél S dve cr mpoerGovt ay o xabodnyav AX WAKwT OS ebérece THS 0000 Kal TAAV@peEVvos ey TOTALS a7 opots Kat Kpnpvadert Sewny abupiay | Kal PoBor € everpydcato TOUS’ OTPATLOTALS, opéy ) Katov Tov Kivdvvov éxéhevae TOUS aNXous Atravras atpeuety Kat Tept- péverv, autos bé Aevecov TL, Marnuop, avdpa Sevvov opetBareiv, TraparaBav ex@per. TohUTrOvEDS Kat Tapa Rohs ev doednve puetl xat Badeia, Kotivows! Kal wayos dvaTteTapevous Saomdopara TOAAA THS orpews Kal ao dpeav exovons, Ews éuBanrovres ets ATPATPOV, WS @OVvTO, KaTO) Trepal- vouaay émt 76 oTpaTomedoy TOV TOAK Loy éevto onuela mWpos Twas evoKorrous Kepaias vmép TO Kaarispopor dvexovoas. ore dé dd emav- edovtes oTriaw THY oTpaTiay avédaBov, eal 7 pos Ta onpela, Tpoayoures IpavTo bev éxeivns THS atparob Kal KaTEDTHCAYTO THY Topelay, pixpov 6é mpoehfotary avTois érréhurre Paparyryos vrorapBavovays. Kal wadw ay drropia Kat d€0s5 ovK emia Ta mevery ovodé TUVOPMVTOY OTL mWANoiov eTbyXavov TOV Tohepiov ryeryovoTes. non 5é dé- Aaprrev nuepa, Kat Pboyyis Tes edokev € emaxovoat, Taya b€ Kal xadopav “EXAnvexov Xapaka al mpopvraniy um0 70 Kpnuvades. obtws odp ére- oTHTAS évtav0a THY TTPATLAY O o Katowy éxéhevoev au7@ mpocedeiy avev tTav addAwV Tous Pippa- vous, ols ael maTols éypnTo Kal Tm poOuposs. sh aged dé Kal Twepictavtwy avtTov abpowy 1 xotlvois MSS.; xoAwvois (hills) Bekker, adopting the correction of Coraés, 338 MARCUS CATO which the Persians had once made, took a con- siderable force and set out under cover of darkness. They climbed the heights, but their guide, who was a prisoner of war, lost the way, and wandered about in impracticable and precipitous places until he had filled the soldiers with dreadful dejection and fear. Cato, seeing their peril, bade the rest remain quietly where they were, while he himself, with a certain Lucius Manlius, an expert mountain-climber, made his way along, with great toil and hazard, in the dense darkness of a moonless night, his vision much impeded and obscured by wild olive trees and rocky peaks, until at last they came upon a path. This, they thought, led down to the enemy’s camp. So they put marks and signs on some conspicuous cliffs which towered over Mount Callidromus, and then made their way back again to the main body. This too they conducted to the marks and signs, struck into the path indicated by these, and started forward. But when they had gone on a little way, the path failed them, and a ravine yawned to receive them. Once more dejection and fear were rife. They did not know and could not see that they were right upon the enemy whom they sought. But presently gleams of daylight came, here and there a man thought he heard voices, and svon they actually saw a Greek outpost entrenched at the foot of the cliffs. So then Cato halted his forces there, and summoned the men of Firmum to a private conference. These soldiers he had always found trusty and zealous in his service. When they had run up and stood grouped about him, 339 PLUTARCH’S LIVES elarey" © “Av6pa xpnseo AaBety Trav Tohepieov Covra Kat mud écOau, tives ot ™popudarrovtes OUTOL, T0- oop THOS aAUTOD, Tis 0 TOY dAdo Sidxoc pos ny Takis | Kal TapacKeun, pe HS UToOLévovT av 7pas. Too € epyov dpraypa Set Tdyous yevéo Oat Kal TOA- NS, 7) Kat N€ovTes dvorrhot Gappodrtes éml Ta Seiad TOY Onpiwv Babdifoucr.” Tata elTrovTos Tod Katevos aurodev opovaartes, aomep elyov, ot Pippavot Kata TOV opav Eeov él tas mpopura- Kds* Kal TpootrecovTes am poo Soxnrot mavTas pe dverdpafay kal Svecxedacay, éva 8 avtois Grows apwdacavres evexeipiay T@ Karon. Tapa Tov- Tou pabay, ws 7 wev GdAn Sivapus é év Trois arevois KdOnrat per’ avrob! tov Bactréws, ot Sé ppov- pouves ovTOL Tas imepBoras AitwX\o@v eiow éFaroovoe Aoydbes, kaTadpovycas THS GALYOTNT OS dpa Kal Tis OMLywpias evs emrnryev ape oan muyse cal draraype, 7 p@Tos THAT ApEVOS THY paxacpay. ot & ws eidov arr6 TOV Kpnuverv émt- pepopevous, dhevyovtes cis TO péya atparomedoy KaTeTipTNacay Tapaxijs amavtas.” XIV. "Ey TOUT® dé xal tod Maviou xdrwev mpos Ta Stateryiopata Bralopevov Kal Tots orevois mpos BdddovTos aOpoav THY Svvapuv, 6 pev ’Avtioxos eis TO oTOMA AO@ mAnyels ExTLva- xOevT@y autod Tay dddvT@Y am éatpeye tov lar- mov oTriaw, Teplahyns YEVOpEVOS, Tov € orpaTob HEpOs ovdev Urrépeuve TOUS ‘Popaious, GAA Kai- TEP drropous Kat dpnxavous Ths puyhs odous Kal a NaneS éyovons, éxov Baléwv cal TET POV atro- 1 per’ abrod Blass with §: pera. 2 dxavras Sintenis? with C; Bekker reads &zayra, with Sintenis? and Coraés. 340 344 MARCUS CATO he said: “I must take one of the enemy’s men alive, and learn from him who they are that form this advance guard, what their number is, and with what disposition and array their main body awaits us. But the task demands the swift and bold leap of lions fearlessly rushing all unarmed upon the timorous beasts on which they prey.” So spake Cato, and the Firmians instantly started, just as they were, rushed down the mountain-side, and ran upon the enemy’s sentinels. Falling upon them unexpectedly, they threw them all into confusion and scattered them in flight ; one of them they seized, arms and all, and delivered him over to Cato. From the captive Cato learned that the main force of the enemy was en- camped in the pass with the king himself, and that the detachment guarding the pass over the mountains was composed of six hundred picked Aetolians. Despising their small numbers and their carelessness, he led his troops against them at once, with bray of trumpet and battle-cry, being himself first to draw his sword. But when the enemy saw his men pouring down upon them from the cliffs, they fled to the main army, and filled them all with confusion. XIV. Meanwhile Manius also, down below, threw his whole force forward into the pass and stormed the enemy’s fortifications. Antiochus, being hit in the mouth with a stone which knocked his teeth out, wheeled his horse about for very anguish. Then his army gave way everywhere before the Roman onset. Although flight for them meant impracticable roads and helpless wanderings, while deep marshes and steep cliffs threatened those who 341 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOMMY Ta TOMATO Kal Tas ona Ojoers Umobexo- pevary, eis TavTa 61a T@V oTevaY Drrepxeopevor kal acuvwlovrtes adAHdouS hoBw mArAnyhns Kat adnpov TONE LOY atrous Sue Decpov. ‘O bé- Kater del pév Tes my, 5 Eotke, TOV idtev é jeyKapion adevdns Kal THY dyTuxpus peya- hauyiav @S émakorovdnpa | TNS peyadoupyias OUK Epevye, 1AEta Tov 5é Tais mpakeoe TAavTals byKov qepiTeette, Kai por Tots: tSovow avTov TOTE Su@KovtTa Kal qaiovta Tous Todepious Tapa- oThvat pndev opetreuv Karwva TO One TO- courov, doov Kdrow tov Shpov, attév te Mdmov rov tratov Oeppov dro THS viKns Ere Jepye TepiTAAKEVTA TONY xXpovov damdater Oat Kal Boav wi7r6 xapas, @S our’ adv avros ov0 o TULTAS SApos éLicdaese Tas aporBas Tats Ka- TWVOS evepyeciaus. peta dé THY paxny evOus eis ‘Popny emré pm ero TOV nryoved Weverv auTdyyenos- Kal duéqAevoe ev eis Bpevtéo tov EVTUXOS, Me 8° nuepa Sterkdoas éxeiDev eis Tdpavra Kal téo- capas addrAas obevaas mewTTatos els ‘Papyny aro Garacons adixero Kal T PwTOS amr nryryetne THY vinnv. Kal THY wey TOALY éverrAnaev evppo- ouvns Kat Ovove, ppovnpatos dé Tov Sipov ws Tacns ys Kal Bardo ors Kpateiv duvapevov. XV. Tov peV ouv TONE MLD mpatewv Tov Kdtwvos avrar axedov elouy EMO YLMOTAT AL THS dé TmohiTeias paiverat TO Tept Tas KaTn- yopias Kal Tous éheyXous Tey Tovnpav: poptov ov puxpas akvov orovdijs 7 NYNT apEvos. avTOS TE yap ediwfe Todnovs Kal Sudxovow ETEpOLS oUD- nywvicato Kal tapecxevacevy 6Aws StwKovTas, 342 MARCUS CATO slipped and ‘fell, still, they poured along through the pass into these, crowding one another on in their fear of the enemy’s deadly weapons, and so destroyed themselves. Cato, whp was ever rather generous, it would seem, in his own: praises, and did not hesitate to follow up his great achievements with boastings equally great, is very pompous in his account of this exploit. He says that those who saw him at that time pursuing the enemy and hewing them down, felt convinced that Cato owed less to Rome than Rome to Cato; also that the consul Manius himself, flushed with victory, threw his arms about him, still flushed with his own victory, and embraced him a long time, crying out for joy that neither he himself nor the whole Roman people could fittingly requite Cato for his benefactions. Immediately after the battle he was sent to Rome as the messenger of his.own triumphs. He had a fair passage to Brundisium, crossed the peninsula from there to Tarentum in a single day, travelled thence four days more, and on the fifth day after landing reached Rome, where he was the first to announce the victory. He filled the city full of joy and sacrifices, and the people with the proud feeling that it was able to master every land and sea. XV. These are perhaps the most remarkable features of Cato’s military career. In political life, he seems to have regarded the impeachment and conviction of malefactors as a department worthy of his most zealous efforts. For he brought many prosecutions himself, assisted others in bringing theirs, and even instigated some to begin prosecutions, as 343 | PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 ws emt Lanriwva tors wept Weriidcov. TovTov pev ovv am’ olxov Te peyadov Kal dpovnipatos arn Owoi jwotnodpevov wire jwodas Tas dia Boras fn) aTroKTEtvaL dur Gels apie Aevxtov dé tov aderpov aitod peta TeV KaTNYyOpwr ove Tas KaTaoiKy mepie Bane Xenwaroov TONY | Tpos TO Snpoctov, iv ovx Exwv éxeivos anohvcacbat Kat Kivduvevov SeOhvat mors émikAnoe. Tov §Sn- papyov aden. 3 Aéyerac 5€ Kal veaviox til reOvnKotos matpos €xOpov nripwxots Kal tropevouévm Sv’ dyopas peta thy Sixny dmavtnoas 0 Kdtoy SeEvwoacAat Kal eimeiv, Ste ravdtTa ypn Tots A > / > wv PN > « > 3 yovedot évayie, ovK apvas ovd épidous, arr > “A 4 ‘ / 9 \ 9 Q3 > \ éyOpav Saxpua kai Katadixas. ov pny ovd autos 9 A / a bd a > > @ \ éy Th TodtTeLa Tepiny ab@os, aXN Orrov TLVa AaBnv wapdoyoe Tois éyOpois, Kpivopevos Kal 4 xwwQuvevmv Sieréret. RéyeTas yap oAlyoy azroXL- movaas Tay tevTynKkovta guyeiv Sixas, pilav 5é A , 1 4 ” \ 3 5 / fe. Thy Terxevtatav! && &rn cal dydonxovta yeyovws éy 7) Kal TO pwynpovevopmevoy eltrev, WS YaXreETrOV €otiy év ddXos BeBtwxora avOpwrrors év adXots 345 atroNoyeicOar. Kal rovto wépas ovK errotncato a“ 9 , 4 > # ? a TaYV ayovwv, Tesodpwv § adrAXdwv éviavtav Ser- Oovtwy Lepoviov TdrABa xarnyopyncev évevyxovta 5 yeyovws érn. xuvduvever yap ws o Néotwp eis 1 rhv reAevralay Hercher and Blass with F*S : reAevrafap. . 344 MARCUS CATO for instance Petillius against Scipio. That great man, however, trampled the accusations against him under foot, as the splendour of his house and his own inherent loftiness of spirit prompted him to do, and Cato, unable to secure his capital conviction, dropped the case. But he so co-operated with the accusers of Lucius, Scipio's brother, as to have him condemned to pay a large fine to the state. This debt Lucius was unable to meet, and was therefore liable to imprisonment. Indeed, it was only at the intercession of the tribunes that he was at last set free. We are also told that a certain young man, who had got a verdict of civil outlawry against an enemy of his dead father, was passing through the forum on the conclusion of the case, and met Cato, who greeted him and said: “These are the sacrifices we must bring to the spirits of our parents; not lambs and kids, but the condemnations and tears of their enemies.” However, he himself did not go unscathed, but wherever in his political career he gave his enemies the slightest handle, he was all the while suffering prosecutions and running risk of condemnation. It is said that he was defendant in nearly fifty cases, and in the last one when he was eighty-six years of age. It was in the course of this that he uttered the memorable saying: “It is hard for one who has lived among men of one generation, to make his defence before those of another.” And even with this case he did not put an end to his forensic contests, but four years later, at the age of ninety, he impeached Servius Galba. Indeed, he may be said, like Nestor, 345 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tptyoviay te Biw Kal tais wpaEeot KaredOeiv. Lentriove yap, os AéAEKTAL, TH peyddr@ TroAAG Stepioduevos ev tH Toduteia Svérewvev eis Len- miwva Tov véov, ds Hv éxeltvov KaTa ‘Troinow viwvos, vies dé IlavAov tod Tlepcéa wat Maxe- Sovas KatatroN\EeunoavTos. XVI. Tis & trratreias Katomw érect Sdéxa Tuunrelav o Kdtwv tmapyyyenre. xopudy Sé tis dott Tins amaons 7 apyYn Kal TpoTOY TWA THS qoAtTelas émritedelwots, AAANY TE TOAAHY éfovoiav éyovca Kal tTHy mept Ta 70n Kal Tovs Bious ékéracwy. obte yap yduov ove Tatdotrottay Tivos otte Siartay ovTe oupmroctov @ovTo Seip axpitov Kal dvekétractov, ws Exactos émiOupias 2 éyou Kal mpoatpécews, adeioOat. rorv dé padrdov éy rovtous vouilovtes 7 Tais vraiOpous Kal moX- tixais mpakeoe tTpoTrov avdpos evopacba, duraxa kal cwdpoviatny Kat KoXaoTny Tov pndéva Kal’ noovas éxtpémecOar kai tapexBaivew tov ért- @ ptov wal ouvndn Biov npodvro TOY KadOvpEvOY Tatpikiov éva Kal tav Snpotikay eva. Tintas d€ TovTous mpoonyopevor, éEouciay Eyovtas ade- AéoOas pev larwov, éxBareitvy 5€ avyKANTOU Tov 3 akoAdaoT@s Biovvta Kal ataxtws. ovrtot &€ Kal Ta TLnpaTAa TOV ovolt@y AawRdvorres éerrEecKo- qouy, Kal Tais amroypadais Ta yévN Kal TAS TTo- AuTetas «= uexpivov; §=aAdAasS TE peyddas Exes Suvapers apyn. Ato nal t@ Karove mpos thy trapayyeriav 340 iis MARCUS CATO to have been vigorous and active among three generations. For after many political struggles with Scipio the Great, as told above, he lived to be contemporary with Scipio the Younger, who was the Elder’s grandson by adoption, and the son of that Paulus Aemilius who subdued Perseus and the Macedonians.! XVI. Ten years after his consulship,? Cato stood for the censorship. This office towered, as it were, above every other civic honour, and was, in a way, the culmination of a political career. The variety of its powers was great, including that of examining into the lives and manners of the citizens. Its creators thought that no one should be left to his own devices and desires, without inspection and review, either in his marrying, or in the begetting of his children, or in the ordering of his daily life, or in the entertainment of his friends. Nay, rather, thinking that these things revealed a man’s real ‘character more than did his public and _ political career, they set men in office to watch, admonish, and chastise, that no one should turn aside _ to wantonness and forsake his native and customary mode of life. They chose to this office one of the so-called patricians, and one of the plebeians. These officers were called censors, and they had authority to degrade a knight, or to expel a senator who led an unbridled and disorderly life. They also revised the assessments of property, and arranged the citizens in lists according to their social and political classes. There were other great powers also con- nected with the office. Therefore, when Cato stood for it, nearly all 1 In the battle of Pydna, 168 B.c. 2 184 B.C. | 347 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aTnvrncay évicTapEevot. GYESOV OL YvwpPLL@TAToOL a A “A \ Kal TWpOTOL TOV TUYKANTLK@V. TOUS pev Yap > , € Paw , / > , evrratpioas 0 POovos eAUTrEL, TaYTaTracLY olopév- 4 \ > / > a ous wpotnnraxilecOat tiv evyéverav avOporrav 3 > 9 n > U bd A ” \ \ , am’ apyis adoEwv eis thy axpav Tiny Kal dvva- 9 4 e be @ \ 60 piv avaBiBalopévev, ot dé poxOnpa auverdotes a A 4 4 avrots émiTndevpata Kal TOY TaTpioV exdLaiTnoLW A fo) “A , Gav éhoBobvto thy avotynpiay tov avdpos, / atrapaitnrov év é€ovala nal yarerny écopevny. 510 cupdhpovncavtTes Kal wapackevacavTes éTTa aA 4 ol Katiyyov émt thy tTapayyediay avtiTddouvs TO / a A Kdtau, Oeparrevovtas éXrriot ypnotais TO TAH- € \ : an \ N e \ ¥ Bos, as 8 paraxas Kai mpos Hdovav apyerBar Seopevov. tovvavtiov 8 o Kdtev ovédepiav évo.- \ bf / b > 9 a a Sous émeixerav, aAX’ avTiKpus amrEeLA@Y TE TOIS Tovnpots amo Tov Bnuwatos Kal Kexpayws peyadXou a“ 4 \ 4 9s A 4, caBappod ypyfev Thy trod, nEiov Tovs TroAXOUS, 3 A \ ‘ isd > \ N él cwppovotet, pn Tov fdtoTov, GAAA TOV oho- Spotatoyv aipetoba: Tov tatpa@v: TovTov dé avToY 3 A / rd / > elvat kal tov tratpixiwy &va PrAdKKxov Ovadr- NEptoy: per’ éxeivou yap olecOaz povou THY Tpudiy / Kal THY paraxiay @otep Bdpav Téuvwv Kal atro- 4 na A Kaiwy Tpovpyouv Te Toijoew, TaV 8 aAAwY opav 4 wv “A / 4 \ na Exaotov apéat caxas Bialopevoy, tt Tovs Karas ¥ , e > ov / = e > “a aptovras dédatxev. ot Tw 6 apa péyas hy ws adnOas la) id a Kai peydrov a&tos Snpayayav o “Pwpatov dijmos, @aote un PoPyOjnvat thy dvatacw Kal Tov SyKov le) > / > \ e@ nw“ 3 , \ Tov avdpos, AAAA TovS Hdeis exEivous Kal pos 348 MARCUS CATO the best known and most influential men of the senatorial party united to oppose him. The men of noble parentage among them were moved by jealousy, thinking that nobility of birth would be trampled in the mire if men of ignoble origin forced their way up to the summits of honour and power ; while those who were conscious of base practices and of a departure from ancestral customs, feared the severity of the man, which was sure to be harsh and inexorable in the exercise of power. Therefore, after due consultation and preparation, they put up in opposition to Cato seven candidates for the office, who sought the favour of the multitude with promises of mild conduct in office, supposing, forsooth, that it wanted to be ruled with a lax and indulgent hand. Cato, on the contrary, showed no complaisance whatever, but plainly threatened wrong-doers in his speeches, and loudly cried that the city had need of a great purification. He adjured the people, if they were wise, not to choose the most agreeable physician, but the one who ~ was most in earnest. He himself, he said, was such a physician, and so was Valerius Flaccus, of the patricians. With him as colleague, and him alone, he thought he could cut and sear to some purpose the hydra-like luxury and effeminacy of the time. As for the rest of the candidates, he saw that they were all trying to force their way into the office in order to administer it badly, since they feared those who would administer it well. And so truly great was the Roman people, and so worthy of great leaders, that they did not fear Cato’s rigour and haughty independence, but rejected rather those agreeable candidates who, 349 PLUTARCH’S LIVES wn 4 yapw amravta tomoeay Soxovvtas aroppivvas lo . ad éréa bar pera ToD Kadravos Tov PrdxKKoy, domep OUK aALTOUVTOS apxny, arn apyovtos bn Kat WT pPOoTATTOVTOS GK POW [EVOS. id A XVII. Ipodypawe pev odv 0 Katwv tis ovy- a N , 4 4 KXNTOU TOY cuvapxYovTa Kat girov Aeveov A \ n wn Ovarr€ptov PrAdxxov, eEéBare bé Tis Bovdrjrs »” \ \ V4 of, C4 AXXOovVS TE TUXVOUS KAL Aeve.ov Koivtiov, t1ratov n , A 3 pev eta Tporepov eviauTois yeyevnwévov, 0 S Hv > A N 60 e , n 10 \ Ti avt@ mpos do£ay viratetas petlov, adedgov ‘Titov 4 n 4 4 Prapwvivov tod KataTovNennoavtos Pidz77op. aitiav dé ths éxBorHs oye ToravTHV. jetpaxtov wn “ a i¢ ra éx THS Tradikhs Wpas ETarpovv avethndas o Aev- Ktos del Tept avTo elye KaL GUVETTIYETO OTPATN- a a v YA \ you él tiuns Kal duvdpews Tocavtys, bony ovdels a“ ra 4 elye TOY TpwTwWY Trap aUT@ dirtwv Kal oiKeiwr. nA , eTVYKXaVE Lev OY HryoUmEvOS UTAaTLKHS érapyias’ éy 6€ cuptroci - Til TO pEetpaKLov, WaTrEp cL@len, 4 GuyKaTaKeipevoy GAAHV TE KONaKElaY Exiver POS ” @ 1 3 wy e OL b , \ x A avOpwrov' év olvm padiws ayopevov, Kai pideiv > \ ad wv. 6c a >’ 99 sy 4 6c , # avutTov ovTws Edeyev “WoT, én, “Oéas ovons 4 oikot povoudywv ov Teeapévos mpdtcpov éEwp- pnoa wpos oé, Kaitrep émiOvpav ideiv avOpwroy odattouevov. o dé Aevxtos dvtidtroppovot- 3 pevos “’AXAA ToUTOV ye xapLY,” elmre, “ wr) pot \ KATAaKELTO AUTTOUpEVOS, eyo yap idoopua..” Kal nw J Kedevoas éva Tov ert Oavdtw KaTaKpita@v eis TO cuptoctoy ayOnvar Kal tov wmnpérny éxovta 1 pbs tvOpwrov Blass with FaSC : apds roy &vOpwror. 350 : 346 MARCUS CATO it was believed, would do every thing to please them, and elected Flaccus to the office along with Cato.! To Cato they gave ear, not as to one soliciting office, but as to one already in office and issuing his decrees. XVII. As censor, then, Cato made Lucius Valerius Flaccus, his colleague and friend, chief senator.*~~ He also expelled many members of the Senate, including Lucius Quintius. This man had _ been consul seven years before, and, a thing which gave’ him more reputation than the consulship even, was brother of the Titus Flamininus who conquered King Philip.2~ The reason for his expulsion was the following: There was a youth who, ever since his boyhood, had been the favourite of Lucius. This youth Lucius kept ever about him, and took with him on his campaigns in greater honour and power than any one of his nearest friends and kinsmen had. He was once administering the affairs of his consular province, and at a certain banquet this youth, as was his wont, reclined at his side, and began to pay his flatteries to a man who, in his cups, was too easily led about. “I love you so much,” he said, “that once, when there was a gladiatorial show at home, a thing which I had never seen, I rushed away from it to join you, although my heart was set on seeing a man slaughtered.” “ Well, for that matter,” said Lucius, “don’t lie there with any grudge against me, for I will cure it.” Thereupon he commanded that one of the men who were lying under sentence of death be brought to the banquet, and_ that a lictor with an axe stand by his side. Then he 1 184 B.C. 2 At Cynoscephalae, 198 B.c. 33° PLUTARCH’S LIVES MTENEKUY TAPATTHVAL, TAN NpwTnTE TOV épwpeE- vov, et BovreTat TuTTopevov Oedoacbar. dyoav- tos 5é€ BovrgecOat, wpocétakey arroxoyat Tov avOpwrov tov TpaxXnXov. Oi pév ody TrEioTOL TADTA ioTopodat, Kal 6 YE Kixépwv avtov tov Kdtewva dunyovmevov év re mwept ynpws Siaroyw memotnxev, o Sé AiBtos _avroponror eivai pyot Taddrnv tov avaipeBévra, Tov 5é Aevncov ov Ou banpérou KTElval TOV aul pay Tov, GAX avToy idia yept, Kal tadTa év doy@? yeypapGat Karevos. "Ex Brn Ievtos ov TOU Aevetou THS Bounris v UITo TOU Kdrwwvos, o adehpos avrTov Bapéws pépeov emt TOV _Sijpov Karepuye Kal THY aitiay éxéXevev eltreity TOV Kdrwva tijs éxBonijs. elTOvTos be Kat Senynoapévou TO ouptroc.ov emexetpet pev oO Aevxzos apveia Aan, TPOKANOUPEVOU 6é tov Kadto- vos eS Optapov avedveTo. Kal TOTE pev aka madeiy kateyvoaOn: béas & ovtons év Oedtpe Thy vTAaTLKNY xopay mapehbav Kal ToppwTarw qou cabecGeis olxTov éo € Tapa TO OLD, cai“ Boav- ‘TEs NVayKacay avTov perenbeiy, @sS Hv Suvatov éravopOovpevoe Kat Oepatrevovtes TO yeyern- peévov. "AdAov bé Bours €FéBarev ttratevcoer érridoEov évta, Mavirnsov, Sti THY avTod yuvaixa EO pé- pay opwons THs OuyaTpos Karepidnoey. aure 5 én THY yuvaixa pndérote nv Bpovtijs weyadns yevouevns TeptThaxhvat, Kal pera Tatouas eltreiv aUTOV ws waKxdpLos éoTt TOU Atos BpovravtTos. 1 év Adyp Hercher and Blass with F8SC: év rg Adyg. 352 | MARCUS CATO asked his beloved if he wished to see the man smitten. The youth said he did, and Lucius ordered the man’s head to be cut off. This is the version which most writers give of the affair, and so Cicero has represented Cato himself as telling the story in his dialogue “On Old Age.” ! But Livy? says the victim was a Gallic deserter, and that Lucius did not have the man slain by a lictor, but smote him with his own hand, and that this is the version of the story in a speech of Cato’s. ) On the expulsion of Lucius from the Senate by Cato, his brother was greatly indignant, and appealed to the people, urging that Cato state his reasons for the expulsion. Cato did so, narrating the incident of the banquet. Lucius attempted to make denial, but when Cato challenged him to a formal trial of the case with a wager.of money upon it, he declined. Then the justice of his punishment was recognized. But once when a spectacle was given in the theatre, he passed along by the senatorial seats, and took his place as far away from them as he could. Then the people took pity upon him and shouted till they had forced him to change his seat, thus rectifying, as far as was possible, and alleviating the situation. Cato expelled another senator who was thought to have good prospects for the consulship, namely, Manilius, because he embraced his wife in open day before the eyes of his daughter. For his own part, he said, he never embraced his wife unless it thundered loudly; and it was a pleasantry of his to remark that he was a happy man when it thundered. 1 Cato Manor, 12, 42. 2 xxxix, 42. 353 VOL. II. AA Sale) hd « PLUTARCH’S LIVES XVIII. "Hveyxe 5€ twa tro Kdrow xal Aevx.os 6 Lentriwvos aderdos éridOovov aitiar, \ > A > e > b) a) ‘ a OptapBixds avnp adatpeels iar’ avdtov Tov imrov: 3 A / Soke yap olov épuBpilwv “Adpicave Yenriov el n \ / TeOvnkoTL TOUTO Trothoat. Tovs Sé TAEioTOUS lo a / nviagé paXLCTAa TH WepixoTwh THs ToAVTEAELAS, a v \ ’ / @ 4 “Py Nv avtixpus pev aderéoOat, vevoonxotwv on la e 9 > lol n ae) > A kat StepOappévov wr’ adtis TOV TONY, adv- vatov Hv, KvKrA@ O€ Tepriov nvdyKxalev éeaOijTOs, OXNMATOS, KODpOV YyUVaLKEloV, TKEVoY THY Tecl , ’ Siattay, @y éxaorou TO Tivnua Spaxypas yLdLas ‘ “A \ Kat tmevtaxocias uTepéBadAey, atrotipacbar Thy A akiay eis TO SexaTAdo.ov, BovrAdpEvos amo péL- a bd Covwv Tiunpdtwv avtots peiCovas Kal Tas eiogo- pas elvat. Kal mpooetivnoe Tpeis YadKovs Tpos Tois yxwAlows, Srrws Bapuvopevo. tais ériBorais Kal TOUS evoTaNeis Kal ALTOUS Op@VTES aTrO TOV iowy éXdTTOva TEXNODVTAS Els TO SnudCLOV aTra- yopevwolv. joav odv avT@ YadeTrol pév Ol TAs etogopas Sia THY Tpudyy UTopévovtes, Yarerrol 5 = iA € \ \ 6 4 \ av wddwv ot Thy TpudHv atrotiOéuevor Sia \ 9 , , \ > / e \ Tas elopopas. amovtou yap adatpeciv ov ToAXNOL J A na vouiloval Thy KeAVoLWW avToU Tis émidetEews, émudeixvucBat S€ tols mepitTois, ov Tolls avay- xaiow. & bn Kal padiota hace Tov didocodoy b / Apiorwva Oavpdlev, Ste Tovs Ta TEepLTTA Ke- KTNMEVOVS pAadrOV HyovUvTaL paKapious 7) ToUS TOV avayKkaiwy Kal ypnoipwv evTropovvTas. {Ko~ be e ® N 3 / \ “ 4 mas 6€ 0 WertaXros attoupevou Tivos TaV dirwv 354 MARCUS CATO XVIII. Cato was rather bitterly censured for his treatment of Lucius, the brother of Scipio, whom, though he had achieyed the honour of a triumphy he expelled from the equestrian order. He was thought to have done this as an insult to the memory of Scipio Africanus. But he was most obnoxious to the majority of his enemies because he lopped off extravagance in living. This could not be done away with outright, since most of the people were already infected and corrupted by it, and so he ' took a roundabout way. He had all apparel, equipages, jewellery, furniture and plate, the value of which in any case exceeded fifteen hundred drachmas, assessed at ten times its worth, wishing by means of larger assessments to make the owners’ taxes also larger. Then he laid a tax of three on every thousand asses thus assessed, in order that such property holders, burdened by their charges, and seeing that people of equal wealth who led modest and simple lives paid less into the public treasury, might desist from their extravagance. As a result, both classes were incensed against him, both those who endured the taxes for the sake of their luxury, and those no less who put away their luxury because of the taxes. For most men think themselves robbed of their wealth if they are prevented from displaying it, and that display of it is made in the superfluities, not in the necessaries of life. This, we are told, is what most astonished Ariston the philosopher, namely, that those possessed of the superfluities of life should be counted happy, rather than those well provided with life’s necessary and useful things. Scopas the Thessalian, when one of his friends asked for something of his which 355 AA 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tap avrod TL TOLOUTOY, O pn opodpa ty Xpno ywov 347 exeive, Kal NéyovTos, @s oudev airtel TOV avary- Kaiwy Kat xpnoipou “Kal pv éye rovrots,” eltrev, “ evdaimov Kat mrovotds elt, Tois aXypn- otTows Kal wepittois.” ovTws Oo Tob mhouTou fiXos ovdevt waber puaixe TUVTLMEVOS €x THS dyAwSoUS Kal Oupaiov b0kns émetaddLos eae. XIX. Ou pny ara TOV eyxadovvTav eAdXota ppovtivoy o Katov étt paidrov em ETELVED, aqro- KOTTWY [LEV OXETOUS, ols To Twapappéov Snpootov ddwp VrokapBavovres aT hyov evs oixias tdtas Kal KNTOVS, avar péT ov dé Kal xataBddXov dca m pouBa.ver els TO Snpoovov olxodounuara, avaTtéArwy 6é Tots pra Bois Tas épyovaBias, Ta 5é TEAM Tais mpaceow émt Tas é éaxdras ehavver TLLas. ag’ @Y avT@ TOD ouvnyn pioos. OL dé qTepl TOV Titov cvoTayres er avrov éy TE Th Bova} TAS yeyevnpuevas éxdocets kat pradacers TOV iepav Kai Snpoctov Epyov éXucay as Ye- yeypnuévas advaolted@s, Kal tov Snudpyev tovs Opacutatous wapwkvvay év Sym mpooKanre- cacOat tov Kdtwva Kat onmiaoar dvol Taddv- TOUS. TOANG dé xal ampos THY THS Bains KATA KEUHY nvavreadnaay, ny éxeivos éx Xena Tov Kolv@v wUTd TO BovArEUTHpLoOy TH ayopg mapeBane cat Tlopxia BaciiKn T poanyopevOn.) Paiverar 6é Bavpacras amrodeEdpevos avroo THY TUM T ELLY 0 Ojpos. dyOpidvra youv avabels éy T@ vam Ths “Tryselas érréypayev ov Tas 1 Topxia BaciAtkh mpoonyupevon Sintenis with the better ’ MSS., and now S. Cf. Livy 39, 44. Mopklay Baotrcwhy xpoonydpevoev Bekker (and called). 356 MARCUS CATO was of no great service to him, with the remark — that he asked for nothing that was necessary and useful, replied: “ And yet my wealth and happiness are based on just such useless and superfluous things.”” Thus the desire for wealth is no natural adjunct of the soul, but is imposed upon it by the false opinions of the outside world. XIX. However, Cato paid not the slightest heed to his accusers, but grew still more strict. He cut off the pipes by which people conveyed part of the public water supply into their private houses and gardens ; he upset and demolished all buildings that enroached on public land; he reduced the cost of public works to the lowest, and forced the rent of public lands to the highest possible figure. All these thing brought much odium upon him. Titus Flamininus headed a party against him which induced the Senate to annul as useless the outlays and payments which he had authorised for temples and public works, and incited the boldest of the tribunes to call him to account before the people and fine him two talents. The Senate also strongly opposed the erection of the basilica which he built at the public cost below the council-house in the Forum, and which was called the Basilica Porcia. Still, it appears that the people approved of his censorship to an amazing extent. At any rate, after erecting a statue to his honour in the temple of Health, they commemorated in the inscription a PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTpaTayias ovdé Tov OpiapBov Tob Katwvos, arr’, ws av Tis petappacece THY erreypany, “Or THY ‘Popaiwy ToNuTelay eye ypevny kal pérovoay éml ro xelpov TiunTns YEVOPEVOS Ypnotais aryaryais Kal aadpoow eOtc pois Kai didacxahiaus els opGov atOus dmokaTéaTnae. KaiTOL TpOTEpoY avTos KaTEyéXa TOV ayaTe@VYTOY Ta TolavTa, Kal rAavOavev auTous EXevyev és) XarKEwy Kal Swrypapov épryous peya ppovodvras, autud de KadMaTas elxovas év Tais yuyais Tepe épey Tovs qoAtTas: mpos bé€ tols Oaupd- Covras, ort TOO adoEwy avdpidvras eXovTwv EXELVOS OUK EyeEL “ MaAdov yap, " &n, . pone CnteicOar, Sta ti prov avdptas ov KelT ae 7 Tb keitau’” To 8 Gdov obs eTraLLvovpLEevov h Elou TOV aryalov Todt AY Umropevecy, El {Ln TOUTO X~PN- oipos ryivotro TO Kole. Kaitou! rela Ta mdvrov éautov eyKexm planer, és ye Kal Tous dpaptdvovtds Tl Tept TOV Biov, eit’ éhery xopevous eye ono, as OvK aEuov eynanely avTots: ov 7p Kdraves elou Kat TOUS évia ppeio Bac TOV UT avTovd TpaTTopévav ovK EUMER@S emixeipoovTas emapisTepous xaneic bas Karavas: apopay dé Thv BovaAny pos avrov év Tois émiahadeotdTols Kalpojs waomrep ev TAO pos xuBepyyray, Kal qodXAdKLS fL TApOVTOS bmeptiOeaOar Ta Trelarns aa onovdis. & bn mapa TOV GAN@Y auT@ paptupeirac péeya yap éaxev év TH monet Kat &ta Tov Biov Kal da Tov Noyov Kai 51a TO yHpas afiopa. XX. Téyove 6€ kal watnp ayabos Kai Tepi 1 «alto: conjecture of Blass : al, 358 he. MARCUS CATO upon it, not the military commands nor the triumph of Cato, but, as the inscription may be translated, the fact “ that when the Roman state was tottering to its fall, he was made censor, and by helpful guidance, wise restraints, and sound teachings, restored it again.” And yet, before this time he used to laugh at those who delighted in such honours, saying that, although they knew it not, their pride was based simply on the work of statuaries and painters, whereas his own images, of the most exquisite workmanship, were borne about in the hearts of his fellow citizens. And to those who expressed their amazement that many men of no fame had statues, while he had none, he used to say: “I would much rather have men ask why I have no statue, than why I have one.” In short, he thought a good citizen should not even allow himself to be praised, unless such praise was beneficial to the commonwealth. And yet of all men he has heaped most praises “upon himself. He tells us that men of self-indulgent lives, when rebuked for it, used to say: “ We ought not to be blamed; we are no Catos.’”’ Also that those who imitated some of his practices and did _ it clumsily, were called “left-handed Catos.” Also that the Senate looked to him in the most dangerous crises as seafarers to their helmsman, and often, if he was not present, postponed its most serious business. These boasts of his are confirmed, it is true, by other witnesses, for he had great authority in the city, alike for his life, his eloquence, and his age. XX. He was also a good father, .a considerate eo 359 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yuvaika xpnotos avnp Kal ypnyatiotns ovK evxatagppovntos ovS as TL pixpoy 4 hadrov év Tapéepy@ peTuyerpioapevos THY ToLavTHY émt- pérecav. GOev olowar Setv nal epi tovTwv dca Karas Ever duehOeiyy = yuvaixa pev evyeverrépav ) WArovovwtépay eynpev, Hryovpevos opmoiws pep aupotépas éxery Bdpos Kal dpovnua, tas Se yevvaias aidoupévas Ta aiaxpa padXOV virnKoous elvat mpos TA KaAa TOis yeyapnKdar. Tov Oé TUTTOVTA YAMETHY 1) Tada ToIs dyLw@TaTols EXNeyev lepots mpoopépey tas yeipas. ev érraivm Se peibov. TiVecOar TO yapéerny ayadov h TO pméyay elvat ouyxAntiKov’ érel cal Ywxpatovs ovdev GXo0 Oavpalerv tod taraod TAH STL yuvatKt NareTH Kal mato arom iKToLW ypwpevos ére- exas Kal mpaws drerérece. © yevouévou 88 Tov Tatoos ovdeyv Hv Epyov otTws avayxailov, Ee wy TL Snpoctov, @S yy Tapelvar TH yuvatKl Novotan TO Bpépos Kai omapyavotcn. avtn yap étpedev idiw ydXaxte TwoAAdKis Sé cal Ta Tov Sod jTatoapia TO pacT@ T pOo te Lev Kateaxevatey evvotay €x THS TUYTpodias Tpos TOV Viov. érrel dé np~ato ouviévar, TaparaPov avros édidacxe ypap para, KaiTot Xa,pievta, SodXov cixe ypappa- tTioTnvy svona Xirwva, wodrdpovs did0doKovtTa maidas. ovx nkiov 8 Tov vidv, a dyatv avtés, uo SovAOU KAaKO@S aKoveWW TOU wWTOS avaTet- verOar pavOdvovta Bpddiov, ovdé ye paOnparos TnMLKOUTOV TH SovAW Yapiy Gdheiretv, AAN aUTOS péev Hv ypaypatiatys, autos Se vomody- 360 “S 348 MARCUS CATO husband, and a household manager of no mean talent, nor did he give only a fitful attention to this, as a matter of little or no importance: Therefore I think I ought to give suitable instances of his conduct in these relations. He married a wife who was of gentler birth than she was rich, thinking that, although the rich and the high-born may be alike given to pride, still, women of high birth have such a horror of what is disgraceful that they are more obedient to their husbands in all that is honourahle. He used to say that the man who struck his wife or child, laid violent hands on the holiest of holy things. Also that he thought it more praiseworthy to be a good husband than a great senator, nay, there was nothing else to admire in Socrates of old except that he was always kind and gentle in his intercourse with a shrewish wife and stupid sons. After the birth of his son, no business could be so urgent, unless it had a public character, as to prevent him from _ being present when his wife bathed and swaddled the babe. For the mother nursed it herself, and often gave suck also to the infants of her slaves, that so they might come to cherish a brotherly affection for her son. As soon as the boy showed signs of understanding, his father took him under his own charge and taught him to read, although he had an accomplished slave, Chilo by name, who was a school-teacher, and taught many boys. Still, Cato thought it not right, as he tells us himself, that his son should be scolded by a slave, or have his ears tweaked when he was slow to learn, still less that he should be indebted to his slave for such a priceless thing as education. He was therefore ° 364 f if PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 > A \ 4 9 / 3 , duxtns, autos 5€ yusvacTns, ov povoy dxovTiley sao ¢ A »>OQod ¢ 4 4 A «7 od’ oTAopayely ovd’ immevery SiddoKev Tov vior, » N (ol A , A “A Gra Kal TH yYelpl WE traiew Kai xadpa kal yiyos avéyerOar cal ta divwdn Kal tpaxydvovta Tov TroTamov dravnxYopevoy aToBiualecOar. Kai Tas ¢ / 4 \ > AN IN 7 iatopias 5é auyypdyrat gdnoiv avdtos idia yeepl wal peyaros ypaupacw, Orrws olxoev UTrapyot T® wad pos éutretpiav TOV TaXaLov Kal TaTpi- ’ a 9 > “A e 4 > wv wpercicbar: ta 8 aloypa TOY pnudTwY ovx Hrrov evrAaBeiobar rod tmaidos mapovtos 7 Tov lepwv tapBéver, ds ‘Eotiddas xadodot svddov- cacOar dé pndérote. xal tovto Kxowwov ore e , £0 9 \ mY @ i a1 Pwpaiwrv e6os eivar: Kal yap trevOepol yauBpois ’ , 4 4 A epurAutrovreo audrdoverOar, Svawrovpmevor THY amoxdduyy Kal yopywow. elta pévTot wap "KAAnVeY TO yupvovoba pabortes, avTOL mwadLV Tov Kal pera YUVALK@Y TODTO Tpacoely avaTrenAN- kao Tous” EXAnvas. Odtw dé xarov epyov eis aperny to Katou mAaTTOVTE Kal Snuvoupyobyre Tov vioV, érel Ta a , Ths mpoOupias Av aueutrtra nal & evdvlav imrnkovey 7 ux, To O€ copa paraxadTepov épaiveTo Tov Tovey, VIraviKev aVT@ TO TUVTOVOV “ ¢ dyav Kal Kexoracpévov THs Staitys. o Sé, Kaimrep ovUTWs Exwr, avnp ayabos Rv ev Tais otpateias, kat THY pos Lepoéa paxnv jywvicato AapTpas 4 fe ce) IlavAov otparnyoivros. eita pévtoe Tov Eidous exxpovabevtos vmro TAnyis 7) 8. UypoTnTa THS 1 wevBepol yauBpots Hercher and Blass, adopting the con- jecture of Sintenis : wev@epots yauBpol, . 362 MARCUS CATO himself not only the boy’s reading-teacher, but his tutor in law, and his athletic trainer, and he taught his son not merely to hurl the javelin and fight in armour and ride the horse,.but also to box, to endure heat and cold, and to swim lustily through the eddies and billows of the Tiber. His History of Rome, as he tells us himself, he wrote . out with his own hand and in large characters, that his son might have in his own home an aid to acquaintance with his country’s ancient traditions. He declares that his son’s presence put him on his guard against indecencies of speech as much as that of the so-called Vestal Virgins, and that he never bathed with him. This, indeed, would seem to have been a general custom with the Romans, for even fathers-in-law avoided bathing with their sons-in-law, because they were ashamed to uncover their nakedness. Afterwards, however, when they had learned from the Greeks their freedom in going naked, they in their turn infected the Greeks with the practice even when women were present. So Cato wrought at the fair task of moulding and fashioning his son to virtue, finding his zeal blameless, and his spirit answering to his good natural parts. But since his body was rather too delicate to endure much hardship, he relaxed some- what in his favour the excessive rigidity and austerity of his own mode of life. But his son, although thus delicate, made a sturdy soldier, and fought brilliantly under Paulus Aemilius in the battle against Perseus.!. On that occasion his sword either was smitten from his hand or slipped frum his } Pydna, 168 B.c. 363 PLUTARCH’S LIVES xeipos eEodcPovtos axOecbels tpéretas mMpos Tivas tav auvvnibev, cal waparaBov éxelvous avddis eis Tovs modeuious evéBare. Trordr@ 8 ayave cal Bia peyddrn Stabwricas tov Torrey aveipe poyis év ToAdois oayuacw Srrwv Kal owuact vexpav opod didrwv Te Kal TrodvEeuloy KaTaceowpevpévov. ep @ Kal Tladdos 0 otpa- Tnyos HyadaOn TO pepaxtov, Kal Kdtwvos avtov dépetal tis emisToAN Mpos Tov viovy Umepduas ératvouvTos tTHy wept TO Eihos Pidoripiayv avtod Kai omuvony. vaTtepov dé xai LlavAov Ouyarépa Teptiav éynpev o veavias, aderdny Lenriwvos, ovy ATTov Hn Se avrov fH Tov TaTépa KaTAapeyvu- pevos eis yévos THALKOUTOY. 7 pev ovV TrEpt TOV viov éripércca Tov Katwvos &Evov éxyev TéXas. XXI. Olxéras 5é moddovs extat0, TaY aix- HareTwv wvovpevos pddoTa TOUS pLKpo’s Kal Suvapévous ete tpopny Kxai taidevow @s oKv- Aaxas h mwXous éveyxeitv. TovTwy ovdels eioHnA- Bev eis oixiay érépav, ef py wéurpavros avtod Karavos 4 tis yuvatcos. o 8 éepwrnbeis, ri ampatto. Kdtwv, ovdev amexpiveto TANV aryvoety. Gdec O€ 4 mpattey Te TOY dvayKaiwy olKxot Tov Sovrov ) xadevdev: nal opodpa Tots xotpwpévoes o Kdtwy éyaipe, mpgotépous Te TaY éypyyopoTwy ropicwv Kal pos otvody BeXTiovas ypnocOar Tav Seouévwy Urvov Tos atroAeAauKoTas. olopeVvos 5é ra péytota padvoupyeiy adpodiciwy évexa rovs dovrAous eEtakev @piopévou vopicpatos opsreiy tats Oeparrarviory, érépa S€ yuvaixl pndéva. wr7- ovale. 364 349 MARCUS CATO moist grasp. Distressed at this mishap, he turned to some of his companions for aid, and supported by them rushed again into the thick of the enemy. After a long and furious struggle, he succeeded in clearing the place, and found the sword at last among the many heaps of arms and dead _ bodies where friends and foes alike lay piled upon one another. Paulus, his commander, admired the young man’s exploit, and there is still extant a letter written by Cato himself to his son, in which he heaps extravagant praise upon him for this honourable Zeal in recovering his sword. The young man afterwards married Tertia, a daughter of Paulus and a sister of the younger Scipio, and his admission into such a family was due no less to himself than to his father. Thus Cato’s careful attention to the education of his son bore worthy fruit. XXI. He owned many domestics, and usually bought those prisoners of war who were young and still capable of being reared and_ trained like whelps or colts. Not one of his slaves ever entered another man’s house unless sent thither by Cato or his wife, and when such an one was asked what Cato was doing, he always answered that he did not know. A slave of his was expected either to be busy about the house, or to be asleep, and he was very partial to the sleepy ones. He thought ' these gentler than the wakeful ones, and that those who had enjoyed the gift of sleep were better for any kind of service than those who lacked it. In the belief that his slaves were led into most mischief by their sexual passions, he stipulated that the males should consort with the females at a fixed price, but should never approach any other woman. 365 ae PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 ‘Ey apxf pev ody ere mévns av cal oTpatevo- HEvOs T POs ovodeyv EOUVTKOAaLVE TOV mept diavray, arr aiayloTov arrépawve bua yaorépa T pos otKéTny Cuyouayey. Darepov b¢ TOV Tparywarov émdib0v Tov TOLOUJLEVOS eoridaers prov Kal cuvapxXovT@y éxodater evd0s pera TO Seirvov ipadvre TOUS dpedéa:repov Urroupyna av7as oT/00p 7 4 oxevdoavTas. ael 6é TWA oTdoLW EXELD Tovs dov- ous eunXavaro Kat Sia opav TOS adAnrous, ibe het THY omovotav avTayv Kal Sedocws. Tovs & d&sov eipydoOar re Oavdrou dSokavtes édixaiou xpiOévras év Tots oixétats Taow arodynoxeap, EL Katayvoa bien. 5 ‘Amropevos dé TUYTOVUTEPOV Topia pow THY pe yewpytav paXXdOv iryetto Saryoyny n ™poa- odov, eis 8 aahanh mpaypara, kat BéBaa KataTeBépevos Tas ddhopmas é€xTato ALuvas, beara Oepud, TOTOUS xvadevoty ayetpeévous, épya. Tico, x@pav? Exoucay avropuels vouas Kat Dras, ag’ Ov auT@ Xprpara T pone TOAAG nd v6 TOU Atos, as Pnow avros, BraBfvar duva- 6 péverv. expiaato dé «al TO SiaBeBAnperep pdduora, TOY Saveouan € €ml vauTeKxois TOV TpoTrov TovTov. éxéXeve TOUS SaverSouevous eri Kowevig TOANOUS Tapaxanely, yevopevev be TevTHKOVTA kal tAolwy TocovTwY avTos elxe piav pepida dia Kovivtiwvos dsrehevdépov Tois yaar fra oUp- TPAryWATEVOMEVOY Kab TULTAEOVTOS. jv & ovv ovK eis dtrav 0 xivduvos, adr’ eis Hépos petx pov 7 émt xépdect peydros. édidov é xai tTav oixeTav 1 Ipya alooia, xépav Blass with S: épyarnolay xépay, pro- ductive land. 366 MARCUS CATO At the outset, when he was. still poor and in military service, he found no fault at all with what was served up to him, declaring that it was shameful for a man to quarrel with a domestic over food and drink. But afterwards, when his circumstances were improved and he used to entertain his friends and colleagues at table, no sooner was the dinner over than he would flog those slaves who had been remiss at all in preparing or serving it. He was always contriving that his slaves should have feuds and dissensions among themselves ; harmony among them made him suspicious and fearful of them. He had those who were suspected of some capital offence brought to trial before all their fellow servants, and, if convicted, put to death. However, as he applied himself more strenuously to money-getting, he came to regard agriculture as more entertaining than profitable, and invested his capital in business that was safe and sure. He bought ponds, hot springs, districts given over to -fullers, pitch factories, land with natural pasture and forest, all of which brought him in large profits, and “could not,” to use his own phrase, “ be ruined by Jupiter.” He used to loan money also in the most disreputable of all ways, namely, on ships, and his method was as follows. He required his borrowers to form a large company, and when there were fifty partners and as many ships for his security, he took one share in the company himself, and was represented by Quintio, a freedman of his, who accompanied his clients in all their ventures. In this way his entire security was not imperilled, but only a small part of it, and his profits were large. 367 PLUTARCH’S LIVES “A ’ 3 4 e > 3 lel tots PBovropévots apytptov. ot 8 éwvodvTo na 9 4 ? / 4 jwaioas, era tovTous adoxnaaytes Kab diddEartes b) 4, A , ) > \ b) , avaropact tod Katrwvos pet’ éviavroyv aredi- \ \ \ a Cowes ef SovTo. wroAXovs b€ Kal KATELYEV O Kator, bony € / \ 9 a 4 e a o wrelaTny Sid0vs éwvetto Tiny UTroNoyLCOpmevos. ampotpémay dé roy viov él tadtad dyno ovK > / > \ / N 9 \ A , avdpos, AAAG YXNpas yuvatKos Elvat TO pELdoai TE Tov wrapyovterv. éxeivo 8 dn oodpotepov A 4, ed ‘ Ww a tov Kdrwyvos, dts Oavyactov avipa Kal Geto > A > f \ 4 a ? / 4 elmety érodpnoe pos So€av, ds arroNetTret WAEOV > a , aA 4 ka , év Tois NOYyots 5 mpocéOnKev ob mapéAaBev. XXII. "Hén 6€ adtod yépovtos yeyovoros mpéaBers “AOnvndev ArOov cis “Pwuny ot tepi Kapvedinv tov ‘'Axadnpaixoy xal Asoyévn tov Lrwixoy Pirocogoyv, xatadikny tia twapa:tnao- pevo. too Syyov trav *AOnvaiwrv, iv épnunv aprov ‘Opwriwy pev SiwEdvrov, Lixvaviorv Sé Katayndicapévov, Tivnua TadravTwyv tevtTa- / ” > 4 ® e , Kociwy éyovoav. evOds ody of didoroywraTot TeV veavicxwy érl tous dvdpas tevto, Kal cvvi- cav axpowpevor cal Oavudlovtes aytovs. pa- bd e 4 A K @ , , Mota & 1 Kapvedadouv yapis, hs Svvapis Te , ‘ U aA 7 b 9 / wreiatn Kat Sofa THs Suvapews ovK atrodéovaa, lA 9 4 ‘ 4 9 peyarov emiiaBopéevn cat diravOpwrwv axpoa- THpiwy ws veda THY TOALW HyHS evéTANCE. \ / a“ € > A a 3 ” kai Noyos KaTEeiver, ws avnp “EXXnv eis ExrrAHEcy vreppuns wavTa Knrov Kal Yelpovpevos Epwra 368 MARCUS CATO He used to lend money also to those of his slaves who wished it, and they would buy boys with it, and after training and teaching them for a year, at Cato’s expense, would sell them again. Many of these boys Cato would retain for himself, reckoning to the credit of the slave the highest price bid for his boy. He tried to incite his son also to such economies, by saying that it was not the part of a man, but of a widow woman, to lessen his substance. But that surely was too vehement a speech of Cato’s, when he went so far as to say that a man was to be admired and glorified like a god if the final inventory of his property showed that he had added to it more than he had inherited. XXII. When he was now well on in_ years, there came as ambassadors from Athens to Rome,} Carneades the Academic, and Diogenes the Stoic philosopher, to beg the reversal of a certain decision against the Athenian people, which imposed upon them a fine of five hundred talents. The people of Oropus had brought the suit, the Athenians had let the case go by default, and the Sicyonians had pronounced judgment against them. Upon the arrival of these philosophers, the most studious of the city’s youth hastened to wait upon them, and became their devoted and admiring listeners. The charm of Carneades especially, which had boundless power, and a fame not inferior to its power, won large and sympathetic audiences, and filled the city, like a rushing mighty wind, with the noise of his praises. Report spread. far and wide that a Greek of amazing talent, who disarmed all opposition by the magic of his eloquence, had infused a tremen- 1 155 B.c. 369 VOL. II. BB PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sevov éuBéSrnxe Tots véots, Vf’ oF TOY ArAdOV noovayv Kat diatpiBav éxmecovtes évOovoimor Tept dirocohpiav. Tada Tois pév Gras HpecKe ‘Pwpaiots yivoueva, cal Ta perpdxia traidetas “EAAnviKAs perarapBdaveyvta cal cuvovta bavpa- Copévors avdpdow déws éewpwv' o 5é Katov é& apxiis te Tod SnrXov TaV Adyar Tapappeovros eis THY TOALY HYOETO PoBovpevos, wn TO ptido- Tusov évrad0a tpéravtes of véot THY ETL TO Aéyery Sokav ayarnowot padrdXrov THS ato TOV Epywv Kal THY oTpaTeL@y, érrel Sé mpovRaivev n Sofa tav dtroccpav év. TH TWOAEL Kal TOvS TPWTOUS AOYOUS AUT@V Tpos THY GUYKANTOV GV1) émiupavns oamovddcas avtTos nal SenBels npyn- vevoe, dios “Axirtos, éyym pet evmperreias amodioTropnmncacbat Tovs pirocopous amavtas €x THS ToAEwS. Kal TapeNOov eis THY TUYKAN- Tov é€uéuaparo tols adpyovow, Ste mpecReva xkdOnrat ToAvY ypovoyv atrpaKxtos avdpav, ot Tepi mavTos ov BovrowrTo padiws reiPew Svvavtac: Seiy ody Thy TaxloTHY yvavai Tt Kal YndicacBat mept THS mperBeias, Grrws ovTOL pev emi Tas axoras Tparropevo. Staréywvtar mato ‘EX- Anvev, of dé “Pwpaiwy véot TOV vopwv Kal TaV apKovTwy ws TpoTépoy axovwat. ' XXIII. Taira & ovy, ws Got vopifovar, Kapveddn duoyepavas empakev, ddr bdws pedo- copia mpookexpovxas xal wacav ‘EXXAnviKny podaoay Kal ns Sia bo tdoTiuias mpoTnAaxi- Cov, bs ye eal Ywxpatn dnol Adrov Kal Blavov rYEVOJLEVOV emuyerpeiy, @ tpoT@ Suvaros Tv, Tupav- vety THS waTploos, KaTaXVoYTa Ta €On Kal pos 37° 350 MARCUS CATO dous passion into the youth of the city, in conse- quence of which they forsook their other pleasures and pursuits and were “ possessed ”’ about philosophy. The other Romans were pleased at this, and glad to see their young men lay hold of Greek culture and consort with such admirable men. But Cato, at the very outset, when this zeal for discussion came pouring into the city, was distressed, fearing lest the young men, by giving this direction to their ambition, should come to love a reputation based on mere: words more than one achieved by martial deeds. And when the fame of the visiting philoso- phers rose yet higher in the city, and their first speeches before the Senate were interpreted, at his own instance and request, by so conspicuous a man as Gaius Acilius, Cato determined, on some decent pretext or other, to rid and purge the city of ~ them all. So he rose in the Senate and censured v the magistrates for keeping in such long suspense an embassy composed of men who could easily secure anything they wished, so persuasive were they. “ We ought,” he said, “to make up our minds one way or another, and vote on what the embassy proposes, in order that these men may return to their schools and lecture to the sons of Greece, while the youth of Rome give ear to their laws and magistrates, as heretofore.” XXIII. This he did, not, as some think, out of personal hostility to Carneades, but because he was wholly averse to philosophy, and made mock of all Greek culture and training, out of patriotic zeal. He says, for instance, that Socrates was a mighty prattler, who attempted, as best he could, to be his country’s tyrant, by abolishing its customs, 371 B B 2 > PLUTARCH’S LIVES évavtias Tois vopots S0éas éAXxovra Kal peOrotavra Tous qwoAditas. hv © "laoxpdtovs diatpiBny émickwrtoy ynpav not tap avT@ Tovs pabnras as év “Aidov rapa Mivg ypnoopévouvs rais Téxvats Kal Sixas épodvtas. tov Sé traida d.a- BdddXwv mpos ta “EXAnviKa hava Kxéxpnrac Opacurépa tod ynpws, olov amobeoTilwv Kai TpPOMaVvTEvov, WS aTroNOVGL Pwpato Ta TPaypLaTa Ypappdroy “EAA quicay avarAnabevres. adrXra TAUTNVY ev avrob THY Svodnpiav 0 ‘Xpovos amrodeixvuct KEV, év @ Tots Te Tpaypact ) TONS npOn peyiarn Kad 7 pos ‘EXdnvind pabn- para Kat masdela & amacav eaxev oixelws. ‘O & ov povov anny Gdvero Tois: pdocogovat ‘EXdqvev, andra Kal TOUS lat pevovtas év ‘Poeun by’ browias eixe. Kal Tov _Inmoxpdtous, ws GouKeVv, AKNKOWS ROYo?, ov elre TOU jmeyddou Bacthéws xahobvros avroy éml qoAXois TLot TANGYTOLS, ouK av Tote _BapBapors ‘EXAqvev Torepiots éauTov mapaayeiy, EXeye KOLVOV GpKov elvat ToDTOV tar pay amrrdvTer, Kal TapexeeveTo purdrrecbat TO mavdl mayras: auT@ dé yey pay- pévov Uropynua elvat, xal mpos Todo Jeparrevery Kat Stattav tovs vocobvras oiKot, vijorev pev oudétroTe Scatnpav ovdéva, TpEpav 5é Aaxavors i] capxidious ynoons 7 pdcons 4 Naya Kal yap TOUTO _Koupov elva Kal ™ poo popov aadevoriar, wANY ore TONG oupBaiver trois hayodaty é évuTrvid- Feadat- ToLaUTy de Oeparreia Kal Siairn xpe- HEVOS _byvatvery pev abrés, ixytatvovtas 88 Tovs éavtov dvahuratrey. . 372 MARCUS CATO and by enticing his fellow citizens into opinions contrary to the laws. He made fun of the school of Isocrates, declaring that his pupils kept on studying with him till they were old men, as if they were to practise their arts and plead their cases before Minos in Hades. And seeking to prejudice his son against Greek culture, he indulges in an utterance all too rash for his years, declaring, in the tone of a prophet or a seer, that Rome would lose her empire when she had become infected with Greek letters. But time has certainly shown the emptiness of this ill-boding speech of his, for _ while the city was at the zenith of its empire, she made every form of Greek learning and culture her own. It was not only Greek philosophers that he hated, but he was also suspicious of Greeks who practised medicine at Rome. He had heard, it would seem, of Hippocrates’ reply when the Great King of Persia consulted him, with the promise of a fee of many talents, namely, that he would never put his skill at the service of Barbarians, who were enemies of Greece. He said all Greek physicians had taken a similar oath, and urged his son to beware of them all. He himself, he said, had written a book of recipes, which he followed in the treatment and regimen of any who were sick in his family. He never required his patients to fast, but fed them on greens, or bits of duck, pigeon, or hare. Such a diet, he said, was light and good for sick people, except that it ‘often causes dreams. By following such treatment and regimen he said he had good health himself, and kept his eee in good health. | 373 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXIV. Kal crepi ye totro paivetas yeyoves ovK avepéontos' Kal yap thy yuvaixa Kal Tov viov ’ / > \ \ A , \ b / amréBanrev. avtos b¢ T@ copatt mpos evekiav Kal popunv dodaras twemrnyas él mreicTov avtetyer, @oTe Kal yuvatcl mperBurns dv apodpa wAnotd- Cerv Kal yhuat ydpov ov Kad” Hruciay ex TovavTns mpopdcews. amroBadwv TrHv yuvaixa TO pev vi@ TlavAou Ouyarépa, Zanriovos dé adeApiy 7 nryaryero Mpos yapov, avTos 5é yXnpevwv éeyphto tardtoKy Kpupa porrwon ™pos avrov. wv ovv év oixia poxpa vopepny exovon TOU IWpdypLaTos aicOnots: Kal Tore TOU yuvaiouv Opacvrepov trapacoBhjoae mapa TO dSwudtiov Sofavtos o veavias elie pev +Q/ b] / . , \ ovdév, éuBrepas 5é ras wixpotepov Kal Satparrels oun éabe Tov rperBuTny. ws ody &yvw TO Tpaypa Svoyepavopevov br’ adtav, ovdev éyxarécas ovdé 4, >? 4 LA 27 peurdapevos, adda xataBaivwv, @aorep etolet, \ , > b A 4 a e peta dirwy eis dyopav Yarwviov twa tov bT0- yeypauparevKoTwoy avT@ tapovta Kal cupumpo- TwéuTovTa peyaryn pwovn Tpocayopevaas npwrnaer, ef To Quydrpiov acuvnppoxe vupdig. tod & b 4 / e Q\ \ “ avOpw@rov djnoavtos, ws ovde wéArEL ) TpPOTEpoV éxeivy Kotvwcdpevos “ Kal pny éyw aot,” dnaty, ce eo” PS) A 9 15 9 N ‘ Ad a ‘etpnxa Knoeotny éemitndevov, et pn vn Aia + Ths Hrucias Svoyvepaivoito: TaANa yap ov pep- , ? / } de / ” e * e mTOS é€oTlt, apodpa dé mpecBuTns. ws ov o Larovios exéreve tadra dpovrivew Kai Sdovat THY KOpnY @ Wpoapeitar, merdTwW ovoav avTov xa Seouevnv ris éexeivov xndeuovias, ovdeuiay 6 374 351 MARCUS CATO XXIV. Such presumption on his,part seems not to have gone unpunished, for he lost his wife and his son. He himself was well confirmed in bodily health and vigour, and long withstood the assaults of age. Even when an old man he was prone to indulge his sexual appetite, and at last married a _ wife when he was long past the marrying age. This was the way it came about. After the death of his wife, he married his son to the daughter of Aemilius Paulus, the sister of Scipio, but he himself, in his widowhood, took solace with a slave girl who secretly visited his bed. Of: course, in a small house with a young married woman in it, the matter was discovered, and once, when the girl seemed to flaunt her way rather too boldly to his chamber, the old man could not help noticing that his son, although he said nothing, looked very sour, and turned away. Perceiving that the thing displeased his children, Cato did not upbraid or blame them at all, but as he was going down in his usual way to the forum with his clients, called out with a loud voice to a certain Salonius, who had been. one of his under-secretaries, and was now in his train, asking him if he had found a good husband for his young daughter. The man said he had not, and would not do so without first consulting his patron. ‘“ Well then,” said Cato, “I have found a suitable son-in-law for you, unless indeed his age should be displeasing ; in other ways no fault can be found with him, but he is a very old man.” Salonius at once bade him take the matter in charge and give the maid to the man of his choice, since she was a dependant of his and in need of his kind services. Then Cato, without any more 375 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kdtov avaBodny TOLNTAMEVOS avros épn THY 4 mapO évov aiteiy EavT@. Kal TO weév mpdTor, as eiKos, ) AOyos éberAnke TOV avOpwmrov, Topp pev ydpov TOV Kdrova, moppw 8 avtov otxias UTATIKHS Kab Opa pBicay ndevpar av TiO épevov omovon oé Xpwpevov opav do pevos ebéEato, Kal karaBdvres evOus ets ayopav éro.odvTo THY éyyiny. Ipartopevov be Tou ydpou TaparaBov TOUS émirndeious 0 vlos TOU Kdravos parnae Tov TATEpA, fn Tt pepapopevos ) AeAUTNWEVvOS UIT’ 5 avuTov pntpucav emdyeTau. 0 be Karov ava.- Bonoas Evpjpncoy,” elev, ‘Oo mai TwavTa yap ayaotd pot Ta Tapa cov Kal peparrov ouder- emOupe dé WAEtovas EpaUT@ TE maidas kat TohiTas TH Tapio TOLOUTOUS amonureiv.” TaUTHY dé rH yopny 7 POTEpPOV elrrety pact Tletat- oTpaTtov Tov “AOnvatev TUpavvoy erruynpavTa Tots évnrtKots matat THY "Apyoriba Tipavaccar, éE iis "Topavta kat @cocarov auT@ Aeyouat 6° ryevéo Bar. ynpavee 5é To Kdrove yiverat ais, @ Tapwvupcov aro THs pnt pos éeto Yadwviov. O 8e pea Birepos vios eredevTHTE TTPATHYOV. Kal pepe fey avTov modduKes év tots Bu- Brtous 0 Kdtov @S dv8pos aryaod Yeyoveros, TPEOs dé Kal dirocopuws €yeTaL THY cunpopay éveynely Kal pnodev apBrvrepos . du’ avtnv eis 7 Ta TWortTika yevérOar. ov yap, ws Aevxtos AovKxovAros Dorepov Kat Méreddros 0 [Iios, eFéxapev bro yHpws Tpos Ta dnpoota, evtoup- ylav TH TOALTELay MYOULEVOS, ovd ws ™ poTepov Lentiov o ‘Adpixavos Sia Tov avtTixpovcavTa 376 MARCUS CATO ado, said that he asked the damsel to wife for himself. At first, as was natural, the proposal amazed the man, who counted Cato far past marriage, and himself far beneath alliance with a house of consular dignity and triumphal honours; but when he saw that Cato was in earnest, he gladly accepted his proposal, and as soon as they reached the forum the banns were published. While the marriage was in hand, Cato’s son, accompanied by his friends, asked his father if it was because he had any complaint to make against him that he was now foisting a step-mother upon him. “Heaven forbid! my son,” cried Cato, “all your conduct towards me has been admirable, and I have no fault to find with you; but I desire to bless myself and my country with more such sons." However, they say that this sentiment was uttered long before by Peisistratus, the tyrant of Athens, who gave his grown up sons a step-mother in the person of Timonassa of Argolis, by whom he is said to have had Iophon and Thessalus. Of this second marriage a son was born to Cato,. who was named Salonius, after his mother’s father. But his elder son died in the praetorship. Cato often speaks of him in his books as a brave and worthy man, and is said to have borne his loss with all the equanimity of a philosopher, remitting not a whit because of it his ardour in the public service. For he was not, like Lucius Lucullus and Metellus Pius in after times, too enfeebled by old age to serve the people, regarding the service of the state as a burdensome duty; nor did he, like Scipio Africanus before him, because of envious attacks 377 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpos THY dokav avTod POovoy atroatpadels Tov Sjpov éx petaBorgrs erroirnoato Tov AotTrov Biou Téhos dmpayporvuny, arr’, wae Atoviavor Tis émretce ~KaAALOTOV évraptov myetobar THY Tupavvida, «adda Tov avros eyynpapa THY T0- ALTELAV TOLNa dpEvos avaTatceow éxpiro Kat madiais, omore cxorator, 1 ouvrdrrerOas BiBXia Kai To yewpryety. XXV. Luverarrero pev ov. Noryous TE TaVTo- Samrous «al ioropias: “yewpyia dé 1 7 pooeixe véos pev vy ere kal dua THY Xpetav (pyot yap dual Kexpijo Ba povoats Topta pots yewpyia Kal pevdot), TOTE be Sraryorytyy kat Oewptav avT@ Ta yeyvopeva KaT arypov Tapeixe. Kal cuvTétaxtai ye BiBALov ryewoprytKor, év @ Kal Tmepl TAAKOUYTOY oKevaclas Kal TNPNT EDS oTrwpas yéypadev, év mavri du- oT LpLoUpEVOS TEPLTTOS elvat kat idsos. jv Se Kal 76 Selrrvov éy ayp@ Sarpideatepoy exdret yap EXAOTOTE TOV arypoyertovav Kal TEPLX@POV Tovs aurnbes Kal cuvdsyyev idapa@s, ov Tois Kal” nrLKiavy povots HOUs Ov auyyevécBat Kal modewos, anra Kal tois véots, are 67 TOAN@Y pev EMTTELPOS Tparyparov yeyovas, ToNNoLsS be ypaupac Kal aryous a€tors axons EVTETUXTIKDS. THY 5é tpamelay épv Tots parirra pidorrovov wyetro: Kal oAA pep evpnpta TOV Kar@v Kal ayabav TodmsTav eTreLanyeTo, TOAAH O ay dpynotia TOY axpnatov Kal TovnpaY, pyre pore pyr éraivy wdpodov umrép avtav tod Katwvos ets To oUmTOTLOV 5id0vTos. XXVI. “Eoyarov de trav TrodtTevpuToY auto 378 MARCUS CATO upon his reputation, turn his back upon the people and make leisure his end and aim for the rest of his life; but rather, as someone persuaded Dionysius to regard his sovereignty as his fairest winding-sheet, so he held public service to be the fairest privilege of old age. For recreation and amusement, when he had leisure therefor, he resorted to the writing of books and to farming. XXV. He composed speeches, then, on all sorts of subjects, and histories, and as for farming, he followed it in earnest when he was young and poor,—indeed, he says he then had only two ways of getting money, farming and frugality,—but in later life he was only a theoretical and fancy farmer. He also composed a book on farming,! in which he actually gave recipes for making cakes and preserving fruit, so ambitious was he to be superior and peculiar in everything. The dinners, too, which he gave in the country, were quite plentiful. He always asked in congenial country neighbours, and made merry with them, and not only did those of his own age find in him an agreeable and much desired companion, but also the young. For he was a man of large experience, who had read and heard much that was well worth repeating. He held the table to be the very best promoter of friendship, and at his own, the conversation turned much to the praise of honourable and worthy citizens, greatly to the neglect of those who were worthless and base. About such Cato suffered no table-talk, either by way of praise or blame. XXVI. The last of his public services is supposed 1 De re rustica. 379 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ , » / w” a thy Kapxduvos avdotacty olovtas yeyovévat, TD pev Epyp tédos émiOévros Tov véov Lxnriwvos, 352 BovrAn dé cal yroun parsota TH Kdtavos apa- pévwv tov wodrenov éE aitias toladcde. Karov éréupOn mpos Kapyndovious nal Maccavdconv tov Nowdda rrorenotvtas adAAos, éricKeyo~ pevos Tas THs Stapopas mpopacers. oO pev yap hv “ , t] > 9 A e > 9 4 4 tov Siuouv piros am’ apyfs, ot & éyeyoveroav év- omrovdot peTa THY UTO LKnTiwvos Artav, apac- péoes Te THS apxis Kal Raped Saou Ypnudtov xodovbévtes. ebpwv 5é THY Tod OY, @ Povro ‘Pwpaiot, cexaxwpevny Kal Tatrewda wpatTovcay, GNA TOMAR pev evavdpoioay HruLKla, peyddoy 5€ wAovTwY yéuovcay, StTAwWY 5é TavTodaTeV Kal TapacKeuns TodeutaTnplou perTHYy Kal uLKpOY a>Q\ 4 a bf 4 ovdev él tovrots dpovotcay, ob ta Nopuddwr @eto xal Macoavacoov mpaypata “Pwpaious C4 ” 4 2 ” 9 bd > ‘ @pav éyew tiOecbar Kai d:artav, adr ae py Katadmpovtat Tod advwOev éxyOpav nal Bapv- Ouyov nuEnpéevny ariotws, Twadw éy Tois tools 4 ” 4 A e lA 2Q/ xivduvats EveaOat. taxyéws otv vroatpéras édi- Sacxe tv BovAny, ws ai wpoTepov HrTat Kat ouppopalt Kapyndoviwy ov tocodtov ths Suvdpews 6c0v THS avolas ataptaacal, Kivduvevouvcw autous ovx dabeveotépous, épreiporépous dé Tonepev amepyacacOa, on Sé xal ampoava- xivetaOat Tots Nopadixois tovs pds “Pwpaious ayavas, eipyvnv S€ Kat aorovdas dvopa Tov 380 MARCUS CATO to have been the destruction of Carthage. It was c- Scipio the Younger who actually brought the task to completion,! but it was largely in consequence of the advice and counsel of Cato that the Romans undertook the war. It was on this wise. Cato was sent? on an embassy to the Carthaginians and Masinissa the Numidian, who were at war with one another, to inquire into the grounds of their quarrel. Masinissa had been a friend of the Roman people from the first, and the Carthaginians had entered into treaty relations with Rome after the defeat which the elder Scipio had given them. The treaty de- prived them of their empire, and imposed a grievous money tribute upon them. Cato, however, found the city by no means in a poor and lowly state, as the Romans supposed, but rather teeming with vigorous fighting men, overflowing with enormous wealth, filled with arms of every sort and with military supplies, and not a little puffed up by all this. He therefore thought it no time for the Romans to be ordering and arranging the affairs of Masinissa and the Numidians, but that unless they should repress a city which had always been their malignant foe, now that its power was so incredibly grown, they would be in- volved again in dangers as great as before. Accord- ingly, he returned with speed to Rome, and advised the Senate that the former calainitous defeats of the Carthaginians had diminished not so much their power as their foolhardiness, and were likely to render them in the end not weaker, but more expert in war; their present contest with Numidia was but a prelude to a contest with Rome, while peace and treaty were mere names wherewith to 1 146 B.c. 2 150 B.c. 381 PLUTARCH’S LIVES WoNe“ov TH péeAAHTEL KeloOaL KaLpoY ‘TrEpLpLe- VOVTOS. XXVII. IIpos tovtors ghaci tov Karwva Kat ovKa TOV AtBunadyv érrirndes éxBaneiv év TH Bovvrn, tiv tTHRevvov avaBaropevov: eira davpa- odyrov TO péyeos Kal TO KaNNOS elrrely, WS 7 Tabra pépovca, wpa TpLay npEep@y aWAoUY ameXet THS “Pons. ae 8 76n nar Bracorepor, TO Tept tTavTos ov SHroTeE T parywaT0s yvaunv arropaivopevoy TpooeT epwvety ovTas: “ Aoxet b€ joo Kat Kapyndova BN elvat.” tovvaytiov Sé Tl omrAvos Lenmiov 0 Naowxas JET LKAOUPEVOS del Svetédrer Aeyeov Kal am opawvopevos: “ Aoxei pot Kapyndova elva.” TOAAa yap, ws Eouren, bBpee TOV djjuov opé@y mn TANWMENOUYTA Kal be’ evTuYiav Kal ppovnpa Th Bourn Svoxabexrov é6vTa Kal THY modmy Sdnv vrs durdpews bn perpece Tats oppais Bia TuvEepercouevor, éBovrerTo TOUTOV youV TOV poBov & BoTEp Xarwvov emixetabar cud povirTiipa Th Opacurnte TOV TOANOD, ENarrov peep TYOUMEVOS ioxvey Ka ndovious TOU Tepurye- véoOar “Popaiov, peifov a TOU catagpoveia ar. To 6€ Kdtwve rodrt avto Sewov épaivero, Baxyevoure TO nue Kal oparroperp Ta Toda be efovciay TONY ael peyadny, pov 6& xal vigdovoav wviro ouppopeov Ka KEKONA MEVnY emuxpépac dae Kab pn WavTaTAaGt TOUS éfw0ev aveneiy THS Hryepovias poBous, avapopas avrois pos Tas olxoVev dyaptias dmommovras. Ottw pev eepyacaabas Aéyeras Tov TplTov Kal reXevtatiov o Kdtwy ért Kapyndovious mode- 382 *MARCUS CATO cover their postponement of war till a fit occasion offered. XXVII. In addition to this, it is said that Cato contrived to drop a Libyan fig in the Senate, as he shook out the folds of his toga, and then, as the senators admired its size and beauty, said that the country where it grew was only three days’ sail from Rome. And in one thing he was even more savage, namely, in adding to his vote on any question whatsoever these words: “In my opinion, Carthage must be destroyed.” Publius Scipio Nasica, on the contrary, when called upon for his vote, always ended his speech with this declaration: “In my opinion, Carthage must be spared.” He saw, pro- bably, that the Roman people, in its wantonness, was already guilty of many excesses, and in the pride of its prosperity, spurned the control of the Senate, and forcibly dragged the whole state with it, whithersoever its mad desires inclined it. He wished, therefore, that the fear of Carthage should abide, to curb the boldness of the multitude like a bridle, believing her not strong enough to conquer — Rome, nor yet weak enough to be despised. But this was precisely what Cato dreaded, when the Roman people was inebriated and staggering with its power, to have a city which had always been great, and was now but sobered and chastened by its calamities, for ever threatening them. Such external threats to their sovereignty ought to be done away with altogether, he thought, that they might be free to devise a cure for their domestic failings. In this way Cato is said to have brought to pass the third and last war against Carthage,! but it had 1 151-146 B.c. 383 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pov, apkapévov Sé rorepeiv ereXeUTNGEV, aTrO- Oeatricas ~ept tod pédXovTos émriOnoev TO Tokéum TérAOS avdpos, Ss Hv TOTE ev veavias, XeMapxos dé aorpatevopevos amedetxvuto rat yvouns épya at rorAuns pos Tovs ayavas. amayyedXopévov 5é tovTwy eis ‘Pomnv mvvOavo- pevov Tov Kdrwva dacwy eitreiv: olos TWémvuTal, TOL O€ GKLAL Aicaovet. TaUTHnY wey OvY THY aTodacw Tax St Epywr éBeBaiwcev 6 Xeynriwv: o $& Kdtov amédure yeveay &va pev viov éx THs éemiyapnbecions, @ Tapwovdpiov epapev ever Bar Zahonor, eva dé vimvov ex Tov TeNEUTHCTAYROS Viod. Kal LadXw@vios uev éreXeuTnoE OTpaTHyav, o O é€& a’Tod yevo- pevos Mapxos umdtevoev. qv b€ watros ovTos tov girocogouv Kdtwvos, avdpos apetn nai do&n TOV KaT avTov émipaveatdtou yevomevov. [APISTEIAOY KAI KATONOX SYTKPI3I=] I. Teypappévor 5é cai mept rovtwy trav akior la 4 e lA la 4 A , pununs, 6Aos o TovTov Bios OAw Te Garépov mapatelels ovx evOewpnrov eye THv Svadopay b] / “a 4 e / évahavilopévny trodXais Kal peyaras oporornay. et O¢ Sef kata pépos TH ouyxpice Stadrafetv @omep Eros 7} ypadny éxadrepov, TO pev €E ovy UTapxovons ahopuns ets qodtelav cal So€av 384 353 MARCUS CATO no sooner begun than he died,! having first prophesied of the man who was destined to end it. This man was then young, but as tribune in the army, he was giving proofs of judgment and daring in his engage- ments with the enemy. Tidings of this came to Rome, and Cato is said to have cried on hearing them :— “ Only he has wits, but the rest are fluttering shadows.” 2 This utterance of Cato’s, Scipio speedily confirmed by his deeds. Cato left one son by his second wife, whose surname, as we have already remarked, was Salonius; and one grandson by the son who died before him. Salonius died in the praetorship, but the son whom he left, Marcus, came to be consul. This Marcus was the grandfather of Cato the philosopher, who was the best and most illustrious man of his time. COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES WITH MARCUS CATO Now that I have recorded the most noteworthy things in the careers of these men also, if one compare the entire life of the one with that of the other, it will not be easy to mark the difference between them, obscured as it is by many great resemblances. And even if, in our comparison, we analyse each life, as we would a poem or a picture, we shall find that the rise to political power and repute in consequence 1 149 B.c. 2 Odyssey, x. 495. 385 VOL, U cc wt PLUTARCH’S LIVES aperi kat Suvapet mpoedBeiv aphorépors Kowov éoTt. paiverar So pev “Aptoreidys obo TOTE peyddov ovcapy TOV "AOnvav cal tats ovcias ETL TUMPET POLS Kal opanrois émuBarov Snparye- yois Kal oTparnyous emupavns yevéa Iau: TO yap peyeorov nv Timnpa TOTE TEVvTaKOG Lov pedipveor TO O€ SevTEpov Tplakoa lov, éoyatoy dé Kal TptTov Siaxoctwy: o 0 oe Kdrov éx TOMXVNS TE pLKpas Kal Stains a drypoteov doxovens pépor adijcey €aUTOV dorep els TELAYOS axaves Thy év- Poun TOALTELaY, OUKETL Koupiwy Kal PaBpreiov Kal “ATOL@D Eoryov ovcay TyeHover, ove am’ a.potpov Kab oKadetou TEVNTAS Kal avToupyous dvaBaivovtas emt TO Biya T pootewerny dpxovras Kal Snparyo- yous, AANA pos yévn peydra Kal mrovTOUS Kal vomas Kal orovdapxias amroBnerre eOtcperny, Kal du” OyKov dn Kal dvvapuy _evtpupaaay Tots adpyew akiovow. ovK Hp & Gjovoy avTLT aN xphobae OepioroKret pnT amo yévous AapTp@ Kal KEKTN MELD pet pea (wévre yap n Tpuay Tandv- TOV ovciay avT@ yevéacOas Aéyovary bre 7 p@rov iyrrero THS Tohreias) Kat ampos Lentiovas ‘A dpixavous kat Yepovious PdAfas Kal Koivrious Prapuvivovs apurracBar Tepl TpWTELwr, pendev OppnTpLov éyovTa TANY hoviy tappynatalopévny virép Tay Suxaiwv. II. "Ere S ’Apioreidns pev év Mapabdu Kal mad év Indaratais béxaTos my oTpAaTHyos, Karey b¢ Sevrepos pev braros npeOn TONN@Y avripetiovray, Sevtepos dé Tiuntyns érTa Tovs émiupaveotdtous Kal TpwrTous Gp deopeevous UTrepBadopuevos. Kal prv “Apiotetdns pev ev 386 COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES AND CATO of innate excellence and strength, rather than of inherited advantages, is common to both. But in the case of Aristides, Athens was not yet great when he rose to eminence, and the leaders and generals with whom he dealt were men of moderate and uniform fortunes. The highest assessment of pro- perty in those days was five hundred bushels of grain, the second three hundred, the third and last two hundred. Whereas Cato, coming from a little town and from ways of life deemed rustic, plunged headlong into the boundless sea of Roman politics when they were no longer conducted by such men as Curius, Fabricius, and Atilius, nor welcomed as magis- trates and leaders poor men who had mounted the rostrum after working with their own hands at the plough and the mattock, but were wont to have regard rather for great families and. their wealth, largesses, and solicitations, while those who sought office, such was now the power and arrogance of the people, were wantonly handled. It was not the same thing to have Themistocles for a rival, who was of no illustrious family and had only moderate possessions (he is said to have been worth three, or, at most, five talents when he entered public life), as it was to compete for pre-eminence with such men as Scipio Africanus, Salus Galba, and Quintius Flamininus, having no other advantage than a tongue which spoke boldly for the right. II. Besides, at Marathon, and again at Plataea, Aristides was only one of ten generals, while Cato was elected one of two consuls out of many com- petitors,and one of two censors over the heads of seven of the foremost and most illustrious Romans, who stood for the office with him. Furthermore, 387 cc 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oddev! Tav KaTopOwudTwv yéyove TPATOS, GANA MaaAtiadns éyet tov Mapadavos to mpwreiov, @ecpictonrAys 5€ tis Larapivos, ev 5é Wraracais dnow “Hpodotos avedéo0at xadrXiorny vinny Tlavoaviav, ’Aptoteidn Sé xal tov Sevrepelwy apis Bnroder Ywpavat cal’ Apewia cat KanrnxrIi- payor cal Kuvaiyerpor Swamrperas apiotevoayrtes év éxeivows Tois ayaou Kadrtwv & ov povoy avros imatevwv éempwtevoe Kal Yerpl Kal yuopun Kata tov “IBnpixov woremov, adrAA Kal yYiNapyav wept @eppowvrAas viratevovtTos érépov tHv do-av gaye THS vixens, peyaras én’ ’Avtrioyor ‘Pwpators dvameTadoas KAeLotddas Kal Tpdaw povoy opavTt T@ Bacirel mreptaotnacas KaTa vwTOU TOV TOAELOD. éxeivn yap 7} vikn treptpaves épyov ovaa Karwvos éEndace THs EXAdbos THY ’Aciay Kal trapécyxev ériBatny avOis Dentiove. Tlovepobvres ev ody antrnto. yeyovac.y apporepot, wept dé THY TWoNLTElay Aptotetdns pev érratcev éEootpaxicbels Kai Kxatacractac Gels bro Oemoroxréovs, Kdtwv 8, olrep Foav év “Popn Suvvat@tarot cal péytorot, Tact, ws eros elTrety, ayTimddows Ypwpevos Kal péxpr ynpws aaotep aOAnTHS aywvilopevos aTTaTA tenes éauvtov. awrelotas 5é Kal duywv Snuoctas Sixas cat SidEas moddas pév elrXe, macas 8 awépvye, mpoBAnpa tov Biov Kal Spacrnpiovy dpryavov éywv tov dNovyov, @ SucatoTepov av tis H TYXY kal Saipove tov avdpos To pndev trabeiv rap afiay dvariein. péya yap kal ’Aptototéde: TO 354 388 COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES AND CATO Aristides was not the foremost man in any one of his victories, but Miltiades has the chief honour of Marathon, Themistocles of Salamis, and at Plataea, Herodotus! says it was Pausanias who won that fairest of all victories, while even for second honours Aristides has such rivals as Sophanes, Ameinias, © Callimachus, and Cynaegeirus, who displayed the greatest valour in those actions. Cato, on the other hand, was not only chief in the plans and actions of the Spanish war during his own consulate, but also at Thermopylae, when he was but a tribune in the army and another was consul, he got the glory of the victory, opening up great mountain passes for the Romans to rush through upon Antiochus, and swinging the war round into the king’s rear, when he had eyes only for what was in front of him. That victory was manifestly the work of Cato, and it not only drove Asia out of Hellas, but made it afterwards accessible to Scipio. | It is true that both were always victorious in war, but in politics Aristides got a fall, being driven into a minority and ostracised by Themistocles. Cato, on the contrary, though he had for his antagonists almost all the greatest and ablest men in Rome, and though he kept on wrestling with them up to his old age, never lost his footing. He was involved in countless civil processes, both as_ plaintiff and defendant; as plaintiff, he often won his case, as defendant, he never lost it, thanks to that bulwark and efficacious weapon of his life, his eloquence. To this, more justly than to fortune and the guardian genius of the man, we may ascribe the fact that he was never visited with disgrace. That was a great 1} ix. 64. 389 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dhiriocodw@ tTovlTo mpoceyaptipnoev ’Avtitratpos ypaduwy rept avTod peta THY TEeAEUTHY, OTL TPOS a. i @€ 9 A \ \ \ 2 Tois GAOLS O avNnp Kal TO TLOavov EtxeD. IIT. “Ore pev 82 THs TWoALTiKhs avOpwriros aperis A e ld , OU KTATAL TEAELOTEPAY, OMONOYOUpEVOY eoTL’ TAL- € A Tns 5€ Trou LOpLoV OF TrAELoTOL THY OiKOVOpLKHY Ov pxpov tiOevtary Kal yap 1) qWodts olKwv Tet , \ 4 9 ev N XN aovoTnpa Kal Kepdratov otca pwvyuTat mpos TA a“ 4 a A Snuoota tois idiots Biows TOV TodtTaY evOevovr- tov, 6trouv Kal Auxotpryos éFotxicas péev apryupon, bd 4 \ \ a f / \ 2 éEouxicas 5& yxpucdv ths Lrdprns, voutopa 5é SiehOappévou trupi ovdypov Oéuevos avtots olKovo- pias ovK amnAXake TOUS ToAiTas, GANA TH TPU- davra cal drrovAa Kal preypaivovta Tob mAOUTOU TEepleNwVv, OTWS EVTTOPHTwWOL TOY avayKdiwy Kal , 4 e 5A b \ / Ypynotpwv Amavtes, WS aAdAos ovdels vopobéTns Tpouvonae, TOV aTropoy Kal avéotioy Kal mévnTa avvotkov emi Kotvwvia TodtTElas LaNOV TOD TAOV- , Ve , 4 4 / e 3 ciov cal UTepoyKxou goPybeis. aiverar toivuy o pev Kdtav ovdév te havrotepos olxov mpoorarns ) TONES Yyevomevos: Kal yap autos nvEncE Tov attov Biov Kal xatéotn &8doKados oixovopias wal yewpylas érépots, TOAAA Kal ypnorpa Trepl / lA m ? / \ a / TOUTE ouvradwevos Apioreidys dé 17 mevig e > kal tnv Sixavoaovrny cuvdieBarev ws oixopOopov Kal WTWXOTOLOY Kal TaGL aAAOY 7H TOLS KEKTN- 4 pévors @pédpov. Kaito. woddrAa pev “Heiodos 39° COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES AND CATO tribute which was paid Aristotle the philosopher by Antipater, when he wrote concerning him, after his death, that in addition to all his other gifts, the man had also the gift of persuasion. III. Man has no higher capacity than that for conducting cities and states, as is generally ad- mitted. But the ability to conduct a household enters in no small degree into this higher political capacity, as most believe. For the city is but an or- ganised sum total of households, and has public vigour only as its citizens prosper in their private lives. When Lycurgus banished both silver and gold from Sparta, and introduced there a coinage of iron that had been ruined by fire, he did not set his fellow citizens free from the duty of domestic economy. He merely removed the swollen and feverish wantonness of wealth, and so provided that all alike might have an abundance of the necessary and useful things of life. He did this because better than any other ancient legislator, he fore- saw that the helpless, homeless, and poverty-stricken citizen was a greater menace to the commonwealth than one who was rich and ostentatious. Cato, then, was no whit less efficient in the conduct of his household than in that of the city. He not only increased his own substance, but became a recog- nized teacher of domestic economy and agriculture for others, and compiled many useful precepts on these subjects. Aristides, on the other hand, was so poor as to bring even his righteousness into disrepute, as ruining a household, reducing a man to beggary, and profiting everybody rather than its possessor. And yet Hesiod! has much to say by 1 Works and Days, 309. 39! PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpos Sixatoovrny dua cal oixovopiay Tapaxarov nas elpnxe cal thy apyiay ws dadixias apyny Aerordopynxer, ev 5€ kat ‘Opnpo tetroinrac Epyov Sé wot ov dirov Hev LNG >? , 4 VA J \ 4 ovd oikwpenin, h Te Thépher ayAaa Téxva, GANG poe aiel viajes Emnpetpoe pirat Hoav Kal ToAeuot Kal dKovTes ebEeaTOL Kal dio Tot’ e ‘ b] \ > he. > 7 \ ‘ @$ TOUS avTOUS dpeXobdVTAS olKias Kal TropiCopev- : ’ n ? , e: ) €9 , ous €€ adixias. ov yap, ws TovAaLOY ot taTpot dace Tod cwparos elvat Tots ev EKTOS @HEALLO- a > > \ , LA e Tatov, Tois & evtds BrAaBepwrarov, ottws oO Sixasos érépors poév Eote ypHnotpos, avTod Sé Kal a %»9F7 ? / ’ >” / A Tov idiwy axndys, Ar’ EotKe TAUTN TrEeMnpa@cBaL a? / \ / ” e e a to Aptoteton TO-ToNLTLKOD, ElTrEp, WS Ob TAELOTOL Néyouatv, ovde polka ois Ovyatpiou ovde \ e_ha , > / 4 e Tapiy avT@ KatadiTéecAa mpovvonoev. SOev o pev Kdtwvos olxos &ypt yévous terdptov otpatn- na ¢ “A yous kal wiratovs TH Pon tapeiye Kai yap viwvol kal touTwy étt Taides Hp~av apyas Tas peyioras: THs 8 "Apiotetdov tov mpwtevaaytos e / a e \ \ » / ‘\ EAAnVe@Y yeveas n TOAANH Kal ATrOpOs TEVIA TOUS pey els @yuptiKods KaTéBare Tivaxas, Tous Sé by- poaiw Tas yelpas épdv@ bu évderay brréyew Hvdy- 7.) \ de \ Oe 7. v ? 4 Kacev, ovdevi S€ Napmpov ovdev ovd’ aEvov éxeivov Tov avdpos ppovacar Tapécyev. a A 4 ” , IV. *H rovto mp@tov appidroyiay Eyer; mevia \ 3 N ? “A \ b] e 4 ? >, & yap aoxpov ovdapod péev Se’ avTHy, aX OTrov Seiyua pabupias éotiv, axpacias, TodvTenetas, 392 COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES AND CATO way of exhorting us to righteousness allied with domestic economy, and abuses idleness as a source of injustice ; Homer also says well :— “ Labour I never liked, Nor household thrift, which breeds good children. But ships equipped with oars were ever my delight, Battles and polished javelins and arrows,” ! implying that the men who neglect their households are the very ones to live by injustice. Oil, as physicians tell us, is very beneficial when externally applied, though very injurious when used internally. But the righteous is not so. He is not helpful to others, while heedless of himself and his family. Indeed, the poverty of Aristides would seem to have been a blemish on his political career, if, as most writers state, he had not foresight enough to leave his poor daughters a marriage portion,? or even the cost of his own burial. And so it fell out that the family of Cato furnished Rome with preetors and consuls down to the fourth generation, for his grand- sons, and their sons after them, filled the highest offices of state. Whereas, though Aristides was foremost of the Greeks, the abject poverty of his descendants forced some to ply a fortune-teller’s trade,’ and others, for very want, to solicit the public bounty, while it robbed them all of every ambition to excel, or even to be worthy of their great ancestor. IV. Possibly this point invites discussion. Poverty is never dishonourable in itself, but only when it is a mark of sloth, intemperance, extravagance, or 1 Odyssey, xiv. 222 ff., Palmer’s translation. 2 Aristides, xxvii. 1, 3 Aristides, xxvii. 3. 393 PLUTARCH’S LIVES GroytaTtias, avdpt 8& cadpov kal dirovrov@ Kal Sicaio cal avdpeim xal Snwootevovrt tais apetais anrdcais cvvotoa peyarowuyias éoTi Kal peyano- dpoauvns cnpelov. ov yap éote TpaTTew peyara td “A Oe A ry , dpovTifovra puxpav, ovdé Troddrois Seopévots wn an ‘ ‘ ra 9 >] BonOeivy arod\dX@v avtov Seopevov. péya 8 eis n . > mwonttelav épodioy ovXl mWAODTOS, ANN auTapKELa, TO pndevos idta TOV TepitTaV SetaOae pos ov- deptap aayontlav dyovca TOV Snpociwv. airpoc- Sens wey yap awras 0 Oeds, avOpwrivns & aperijs, ouvdyeTat pos TO EAGXLTTOV H ypEia, TOUTO s lA “A \ TeXeLtoTaTov Kat Oeotatov. ws yap capa TO KaN@S ITrpos eveEiav Kexpapévov oT’ eaOFTos OUTE tpopys Setra mepittHs, obtw Kal Bios xa oiKxos Uylaivov ato tav TuxXovT@v Stoixeitar. Set be Th Xpela ovppetpov eye THY KTHoW: ws 6 YE A 4 9 , \ 4 b] v TOAAA TUVaYwV, GArtyos 5é YP@pevos OvK EaTLV avTapKns, GAN elite wy Selrat, THs TapacKevys Ov ovK opéyeTat patatos, elt’ opéyeTat, puxpodoyia , \ +) , wv KoAOVwY THY aTroXavotLY AOXALOS. Avtod yé tot Kadtwvos déws av tudoipny: El ev ATrOAAVaTOV O TAOUTOS éaTL, TL TE“LVOVN TO TONG KEeKTHMEVOS apKeicOar peTpios; eb Sé / A“ AapTpov eat, WaoTrEp eaTiv, apT@ Te KEHGIaL A , la T@ TpootvyovTe Kal tive olov épydtat i- vovat Kal Oepdrrovtes olvoy Kal mopdvpas pr SenOjvat pndé otKias Kexoviamévns, ovdev ov’ 9 , ” 9 9 , ww o Aptoreiéns ob7 ‘Erapetvavdas otte Manos Kouptos obte Vdios PaBpixios évédurrov Tov Tpoa- 394 355 COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES AND CATO thoughtlessness. When, on the other hand, it is the handmaid of a sober, industrious, righteous, and brave man, who devotes all his powers to the service of the people, it is the sign of a lofty-spirit that harbours no mean thoughts. It is impossible for a man to do great things when his thoughts are busy with little things ; nor can he aid the many who are in need when he himself is in need of many things. A great equipment for public service consists, not in wealth, but in contented independence, which requires no private‘ superfluities, and so puts no hindrance in the way of serving the commonwealth. God alone is absolutely free from wants; but that is the most perfect and god-like quality in human excellence which reduces man’s wants to their lowest terms. For as a body which is well tempered and vigorous needs no superfluous food or raiment, so a healthy individual or family life can be con- ducted with the simplest outlays. A man should make his gains tally with his needs. He who heaps up much substance and uses little of it, is not con- tented and independent. If he does not need it, he is a fool for providing what he does not crave; and if he craves it, he makes himself wretched by parsi- moniously curtailing his enjoyment of it. Indeed, I would fain ask Cato himself this question: “If wealth is a thing to be enjoyed, why do you plume yourself on being satisfied with little when possessed of much?” But if it be a fine thing, as indeed it is, to eat ordinary bread, and to drink such wine as labourers and servants drink, and not to want purple robes nor even plastered houses, then Aristides and Epaminondas and Manius Curius and Gaius Fabricius were perfectly right in turning 395 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES nKOVTOS, yalpey édoavrTes THY KTHOW OY THY xpiow amedoxipalov. ov yap hv avayKxaioy av- Opat@ yoyyvaAidas HOvotoy vpov meToinpev@ Kat 8.’ ab’tod tattas Aports, pattovons aya THs yuvatcos aXpita, Torcavra mepl aocapiou Opureiy Kal ypadev ad As av tis épyacias tdyicra Wrovatos yévotTo. péya yap TO evTEdes Kal avtapKes, OTe THs eriOupias dua Kal THs ppov- Tidos amraAAdtTTEeL TOV TrepiTTaV. 810 Kal TovTO pacww év th KadnXiou Sinn tov "Apioreloqy ecrreiy, @S airxuver bat Tmeviay T pooner tois GKOUVTLWS Tevopevots, Tois 8, @omep autos, éxovaiws, éyxan- AwmiverBar. yedotov yap otec Oat pobupias elvat THY "Apia teiSou Teviay, Taphy aloxpov eipya- TMEV pndér, arr’ &va oxvrevoavts BapRapov 4 play cKnVaY KataraBovee Wrovaim yevérOar. TAUTA pev ovv rept TOUT. V. Ltpatnyiat dé at pev Kdravos ovdev OS peydros mpaypwact péeya mpocéOnxar, év Sé tais “Aptoreisov Ta Kaddiora Kal Aapmporara Kat Tpara TOV ‘EAAnuKaY Epyov eatin, 0 Mapaéop, » Darapis, ai TXaracat. «al ovx aktov Syrou mapaBareiy TO Eép&n TOV “Avtioxov Kal Ta meprarpeOevra, TOV "I8npredy TONEDY Tetyn Tais Tuc avraus pev év yn, TOTAUTALS & év Sardoon Teg ova als pupidowy éy ols ’Apsoretdns eoye pep ovdevos édelreto, S0Ens dé «al orepdvenr, damep apédret TAOUTOU wal Xpnuaron, vpyKaro Tois parrov Seopévois, OTL Kal WdavT@Y TovTwY drédeper, 396 COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES AND CATO their backs on the gaining of what they scorned to use. Surely it was not worth while for a man who, like Cato, esteemed turnips a delectable dish and cooked them himself, while his wife was kneading bread, to babble so much about a paltry copper, and write on the occupation in which one might soonest get rich. Great is the simple life, and great its independence, but only because it frees a man from the anxious desire of superfluous things. Hence it was that Aristides, as we are told, remarked at the trial of Callias! that only those who were poor in spite of themselves should be ashamed of their poverty; those who, like himself, chose poverty, should glory in it. And surely it were ridiculous to suppose that the poverty of Aristides was due to his sloth, when, without doing anything disgraceful, but merely by stripping a single Barbarian, or seizing a single tent, he might have made himself rich. So much on this head. V. The military campaigns of Cato made no great addition to the Roman empire, which was great already ; but those of Aristides include the fairest, most brilliant, and most important actions of the Greeks, namely, Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea. And certainly Antiochus is not worthy to be com- pared with Xerxes, nor the demolition of the walls of the Spanish cities with the destruction of so many myriads of Barbarians both by land and sea. On these occasions Aristides was inferior to no one in actual service, but he left the glory and the laurels, as he did wealth and substance, to those who wanted them more, because he was superior to all these things also. 1 Aristides, xxv. 5, 397 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Eyo 8 od péudopat pev Katovos to peyarv- vey del Kat TpwToy éavTov amdvTav TiOccOat: Kaito. dnoly &v Tut NOY TO éerratveiy aUTOY @omwEep TO RoLoopeiy AToTroy eElvat: TEAELOTEPOS 5é pou Soxel mpos apetny To TWoANAKIS EaVTOV éyxapualovtos o pnd étépwv TodTo ToLovyTwY Seopevos. TO yap adiroTimov ov puiKpoY eis TpaoTnTa ToduTixny épodiov, Kal Tovvavtiov ) piroTyia yaretroyv Kai POovov yovimwraror, e \ > / / e \ \ ys 0 pévy amndXaxto Tavtdtact, o Sé€ Kal lA a “A 9 4 / wavy TWoAdAns petetyev. “Apioteidns pév ye QcutotoKrE TA péyioTa cuuTpaTTwV Kal TpoTroV TLWa THY oTpaTHylayv avTod Sopvdopav wpOwce \ 9 4 4 ° b 4 4 tas ‘AOnvas, Kdtev 8 dvtirpattoav Yenwiwrr puixpod péy avétpeve xal Sredupnvato thy eri , > a J 3 @ \ > / Kapyndoviovs avtov otpatnyiav, év 4 Tov anr- ? 4 A la \ s tntov “AvviBav Kabeire, TéedX\0s 5é€ pnyavepevos det Twas vUtrovias Kat dta8ords avdtov pev éEjiace THS Toews, Tov 5 adeAdhov aicyloty KAOTHS KaTadixn wepréBanev. VI. “Hy toivuy mrreictos 0 Katov xexoo une ld by , > \ , b ) kal KadNoTos étaivous del cwhpocdyny ’Apt- orelons pev aOixrov ws adnOes xal xabapar “A fe) e érnpnaev, avtovd dé tod Kdtwvos 6 trap daéiayv dua Kal rap’ @pav ydpos ob puKpay ovdé havAnY eis TodTo SiaBornv Katecxédace. mpecBvrnv yap 78n tocodrTov éynrixm tradi Kal yvvairl voppn tardos éruyjpwat Kopyny varnpérov kal SnpootevovTos eri pucO@ watpos ovdapod Kandov, 398 356 COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES AND CATO For my own part, I do not blame Cato fur his constant boasting, and for rating himself above everybody else, although he does say, in one of his speeches, that self-praise and self-depreciation are alike absurd. But I regard the man who is often lauding himself as less complete in excellence than one who does not even want others todoso. Freedom from ambition is no slight requisite for the gentleness which should mark a statesman; and, on the con- trary, ambition is harsh, and the greatest fomenter of envy. From this spirit Aristides was wholly free, whereas Cato was very full of it. For example, Aristides co-operated with Themistocles in his greatest achievements, and as one might say, stood guard over him while he was in command, and thereby saved Athens; while Cato, by his opposition to Scipio, almost vitiated and ruined that wonderful campaign of his against the Carthaginians, in which he overthrew the invincible Hannibal,! and finally, by perpetually inventing all sorts of suspicions and calumnies against him, drove him out of Rome, and brought down on his brother’s head a most shameful condemnation for embezzlement. VI. Once more, that temperance which Cato always decked out with the fairest praises, Aristides maintained and practised in unsullied purity ; whereas Cato, by marrying unworthily and un- seasonably, fell under no slight or insignificant censure in this regard. It was surely quite indecent that a man of his years should bring home as step- mother to his grown-up son and that son’s bride, a girl whose father was his assistant and served the public for hire. Whether he did this merely for 1 At Zama, 202 B.c. 399 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avr ele Tpos noovny TavT érpatev elt opyn bia THY ératpav dpuvopevos TOV vioD, _aoxuvny Exel Kal TO eplyov Kal 7 mpopacts. o 6 AUTOS éxpnaato AOYo KQTELPWVEVOMEVOS TO MELpaKLoD, ovK ay arn Ons. él yap éBovreTo Tatas ayabous opotos Tekvoa at, yapov eeu AaBeiv ryevvatov ef apyins oKeypdpevor, ovr, Eos ev eddvOavev aveyyue ges Kal Kowwh ovyKoLmwpevos aya- way, érel § epopaln ‘roujoac Oat mwevOepov, 6v pdoTa Teicew, OVX @ KdAMGTA KYSEevcELY EuwenAev. 400 COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES AND CATO his own pleasure, or in anger, to punish his son for objecting to his mistress, both what he did and what led him to do it were disgraceful. And the sar- castic reason for it which he gave his son was not a true one. For had he wished to beget more sons as good, he should have planned at the outset to marry a woman of family, instead of contenting himself, as long as he could do so secretly, with the society of a low concubine, and when he was discovered, making a man his father-in-law whom he could most easily persuade, rather than one whose alliance would bring him most honour. 401 VOL. II. D D Digitized by Google CIMON 2 KIMON I. [leperovtas o pdvtis ex @ettarias eis Bovw- , >? 4 \ / ‘\ e693 ? A tiav ‘OdéXtav tov Bactrdéa Kal tovs ba avT@ Aaovs KaTayaywv yévos evdoxiunaay émt TroAKOUS “povous KaTEATEV, OV TO TAELTTOY ev Xatpwveia KAT@KYTEV, Hv TpaTny ToOdALY ~xyov éEeXdoayTeEs tous BapBdpous. ot pev ovv mretoTOL TOY ard Tov yévous hucer paytpor Kal avdpaders yevdmevor Katavarw0noap ev tais Mydixats éridpopais Kat tots Tanartixois ayaow adedynoavtes éavTov: Neitreras O€ trais oppavos yovéwy, dvopa Adpor, mapwvuptoy dé IlepevroAtas, wokv by Te Kar TWUATOS KaAAEL Kal uy7s Ppovnpate Tovs Kal’ e_N e , 4 A > V4 ‘ avrov Urrepaipwy véovs, adXws 8 arraideutos Kal aoKAnpos To 700s. e a Tovtou ‘“Pwpaios aryeuov oreipas Tivos év , 4 9 ¥ \ Xatpwveiq Siaxemalovons épacbels dpre Thy TaALoLKny HALKiaY TAPNAAGXOTOS, ws ovK ErreHe A \ 4 “A > ? 4 , meipav Kat Stdovs, djs Hv ovK adeEopevos Bias, A 4 “A dre 69 kal rhs waTpidos Nuay TOTE AUITPA TMpaT- Tovens Kal dia piKpoTnta Kal Teviay TapopwpEerns. a € a Toto 57 dedtas 0 Adpov, kal thy Teipay avrTny Sv dpyns metrounpévos, éemeBovrAeve TH avdpt nab cuvicTn TOV AALKLWT@Y TiVas ém avTOY, Ov qoAXous évexa Tov Aaleiy, GAN of cUpTaVTES 404 479 CIMON I. Perrpottas the seer, who conducted King Opheltas with his subjects from Thessaly into Boeotia, left a posterity there which was in high repute for many generations. The greater part of them settled in Chaeroneia, which was the first city they won from the Barbarians. Now the most of this posterity were naturally men of war and courage, and so were consumed away in the Persian invasions and the contests with the Gauls, because they did not spare themselves. There remained, however, an orphan boy, Damon by name, Peripoltas by surname, who far surpassed his fellows in beauty of body and in vigour of spirit, though otherwise he was un- trained and of a harsh disposition. With this Damon, just passed out of boy’s estate, the Roman commander of a cohort that was winter- ing in Chaeroneia fell enamoured, and since he could not win him over by solicitations and presents, he was plainly bent on violence, seeing that our native city was at that time in sorry plight, and neglected because of her smallness and poverty. Violence was just what Damon feared, and since the solicitation itself had enraged him, he plotted against the man, and enlisted against him sundry companions,—a few only, that they might escape notice. There were 405 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éxnaldera, yevopevor xplovra | pev aiddry ra TpoowT a. YUKTOS, _ epATLOVTES 5é¢ dxpatov ap mpépa mpoonimrova TO ‘Papaip Kar aryopay Avovrt, Kal cataPanrovres autTov te Kal Tov Tept avrov ovK OAlyous éx THS TONEWS petéctycav. yevo- pens O€ Tapaxhs m Tov Xarpovéov Bours cuvefoica Oavarov avTav Karéyve" Kar TOUTO ny Umép Ths 7 TONEWS am ohoyn pia. T pos tous ‘Po- pratovs. éaotrépas 5€ Tov apxovrov, domep Gos éoti, Kows aes Ol wept Tov Adpova TApELa Tred OvTES els TO apxetov aréopatay avTOUS Kal 1d @YoVTO pevyovtes éx THS: TONEWS. “Etuxe é Trept Tas Hpuépas éxeivas Acvxeos AovKovdnos ert tiva mpakiw pera Suvdpews TAPEPX OMEVOS. eTLoT HT AS dé TH sropelay Kal TOY yeyoverav Tpoaparay & évTey eféracw Town odpevos evpe THY WoMY ovdevos airlav, adda. paddov ouyndienperny’ Kat TOUS oTpaTiaras davaraBov a annyaye ueO” éavrod. Tov bé Adpova Agatetacs Kal caradpopais mopOoivra THY Xepav Kal TH monet T poo Kel Levov barnyaryovTo pea Bei- ats Kal Wngicpace piravO parrots of ToNTat, xkarenOovra 5é yupvactapxov Katéotnoay «iT aderopevov ey TQ mupiarnple Sieg Oerpar. emt moAuv O€ ypovoy ciOw@XaV Twa év TO TOT@ ™po- parvouevey | Kal otevaypav éEaxovouévav, ws ob TATEPES 1) Ov Aéyoust, Tas Gupas dvpxodounoay Tov mupiaTnpiov™ Kal péypt viv ob TO TOTH YELTVL@VTES OLOVTAL Tevas Abe cat pov $ Tapa- w@des péperBau. TOUS & amd tov yevous avTod (Siaodtovrat yap évol, padmtora THs Pwxidos 406 CIMON sixteen of them in all, who smeared their faces with soot one night, heated themselves with wine, and at daybreak fell upon the Roman while he was sacri- ficing in the market-place, slew him, together with many of his followers, and departed the city. During the commotion which followed, the council of Chaeroneia met and condemned the murderers to death, and this was the defence which the city after- wards made to its Romanrulers. But in the evening, while the magistrates were dining together, as the custom is, Damon and his men burst into the town- hall, slew them, and again fled the city. Now about that time! it chanced that Lucius Lucullus passed that way, on some errand, with an army. Halting on his march and _ investigating matters while they were still fresh in mind, he found that the city was in no wise to blame, but rather had itself also suffered wrong. So he took its garrison of soldiers and led them away with him. Then Damon, who was ravaging the country with predatory forays and threatening the city, was induced by embassies and conciliatory decrees of the citizens to return, and was appointed gymnasiarch. But soon, as he was anointing himself in the vapour-bath, he was slain. And because for a long while thereafter certain phantoms appeared in the place, and groans were heard there, as our Fathers tell us, the door of the vapour-bath was walled up, and to this present time the neighbours think it the source of alarming sights and sounds. Descendants of Damon’s family . (and some are still living, especially near Stiris in 1 74 Bc. (2) 407 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES qept 2reipw, aionritovtes) ac Bohwpévous KaNovat dua TO tov Adpwva mpos tov dhovov acBor(o yvptodpevov éEerOetv. II. "Evel & datuyeltoves OVTES Opxoperioe Kat Sidopor Tots Xa:pwvedorv emia Owcarro ‘Popaixoy avxopdvrny, o 8 @omep EVOS avO parr ov TO TAS ‘TONEWS évopa KATEVEYKOV ediwxe povou Tov v6 TOU Adpavos aunpnuever, n O€ Kptaws ay emt Tov aTpaTnyod THs Maxedovias (bare yap els THY EnAdda ‘Popaior oTpATHYOUS SveTrép- Tov70), ot Aéyortes vIrép THS TOAEWS ETTEKANODVTO THY Aoveovdndou paptupiay, yparpavtos bé Tov oTPATHYOV Tos AovKovddov EXELVOS éuapTupnae Taryn, kab tHV Sienv adTws anépuyev iY modus xudvvevouca mept TOV peyiara. éxelvo. pev ouv ot TOTE cwbévres elkova Tou Aovnovdrov ABivny € ép ayopa mapa tov Acovucov avertna ay, Tuets 8, ef Kal wroAdXais Wauclaus AevrropeOa, THY pev xapuv oloueBa dtateiver Kal 7 pos NAS TOUS viv évTas, eixova dé TOAD Kadtova, vouitovtes elvat TAS 70 cOpa Kal TO Tpoa wn ov aT 0 juuov- pévns THY TO 7005 Kal Tov TpoTrov eupavifovaar, avarypopeba Th ypapn TOV TAPAAANAWY Biov Tas m pagers TOU avdpos, TarANOH SieEvovtes. dpxet yap 7 THis prnpns xapus* adrnOois S€ paptuptas ove dv avtos exeivos ngiwce pia Bov ANaBetv Wrevdh Kab Temas pevny brrép avtTod Siynocv. y Qorep yap Tous Ta Kana Kal TOAAHY eXovTa. Xap elon Swypadodvtas, ay mpoon Te pix pov avrots duaxepés, aktodpev pare mapanctreiy ToUTO TENEOS pare eEaxprBoov TO pev yap aiaxpay, 70 5 avomotay twapéxerar tHv dip: odtas, érel 408 CIMON Phocis, Aeolians in speech) are called “ Asbolomeni,’ or ‘ Besooted,” because Damon smeared himself with soot before he went forth to do his deed of murder. II. But the Orchomenians, who were neighbours and, rivals of the Chaeroneians, hired a Roman in- former to cite the city by name, as though it were an individual person, and prosecute it for the murder of the Roman soldiers who had been slain by Damon. The trial was held before the praetor of Macedonia (the Romans were not yet sending praetors to Greece), and the city’s advocates invoked the testimony of Lucullus. Lucullus, when the praetor wrote to him, testified to the truth of the matter, and so the city escaped capital condemna- tion. Accordingly, the people who at that time were saved by him erected a marble statue of Lucullus in the market-place beside that of Dionysus. And we, though many generations removed from him, think that his favour extends even down to us who are now living; and since we believe that a portrait which reveals character and disposition is far more beautiful than one which merely copies form and feature, we shall incorporate this man’s deeds into our parallel lives, und we shall rehearse them truly. The mere mention of them is sufficient favour to show him; and as a return for his truthful testimony he himself surely would not deign to accept a false and garbled narrative of his career. We demand of those who would paint fair and graceful features that, in case of any slight imper- fection therein, they shall neither wholly omit it nor yet emphasise it, because the one course makes the portrait ugly and the other unlike its original. In 409 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yanrerov éatt, paAXov & icws auynxavov, apeudy kai caBapov avbpos émidetEas Biov, év Tots KaXois avarAnpwtéov @aowep oporoTnta THY adnOeav. tas & é« mwaGouvs Tivos 4 TOALTEKHAS avayKNS émitpexovoas Tails mpdkerw auaptias Kal Knpas é\Nciupata paArXov apeTns Tivos Kakias Tovnpevpata vopilovtras ov Set wdvu mpoOvpws évatoonpaive TH tatopia Kal tepiTT@s, AND’ @aoTrep aidoupévous Umrép THs avOpwrivns Pvcews, el Kadov ovdev eihuxpuves ovd avaudiaBynrntov eis apetny 700s ryeyoves aTrodtéwotv. Ill. ‘O & ovbv AovxcovaAros edoxee cxotodow H piv TO Kipove mapaBrnTéos elvas. mohepuxol yap dpddorepor ar ™ pos TOUS BapBapous Aap pol, mpGor dé 7a, TohTeKa Kal padiora TOV eppudiov oTdoewy avamrvony Tais Tat pior TapagxXovres, exaaros 5€ Tis avTav OTHTAYTES TpOTraLa Kat viKas GVENOMEVOL _meptBorrous. ovTE yap ‘EX- AHnVOV Kipevos OvTE ‘Peopatov AovxovaAdou Trpo- TEpos ovdels odTw paxpay Toheuav TporrOev, éfeo Noryou TB epeverv Tav Kal ~Hpaxréa Kal Avovucov, ef ré Tt Tlepa ews T pos: Ai@torras 7) M7jdous Kar “Appevious 1 ‘Idcovos Epyov afvore- oToV ée TOV TOTE Xpovesy punen pepopevov eis TOUS VvoV apixras. Kowvov é Tos avrav Kal TO GTEres yéyove THs oTparnyias, éxarépov pev cuvtpixpavros, odderépoy be KaTahvaavtos TOV aVvTayoVLcTHV. pdduara 6 n mepl Tas brodoxas Kal Tas prravOpwrias TaUTAS Dyporns Kal Saypi- Aeta Kal TO veapov Kal aver pevov ép Th Siaitn TapamAnotov er apyhotépwv idely vrdpyet. 410 480 CIMON like manner, since it is difficult, nay rather perhaps impossible, to represent a man’s life as stainless and pure, in its fair chapters we must round out the truth into fullest semblance; but those transgres- sions and follies by which, owing to passion, perhaps, or political compulsion, a man’s career is sullied, we must regard rather as shortcomings in some particu- lar excellence than as the vile products of positive baseness, and we must not all too zealously delineate them in our history, and superfluously too, but treat them as though we were tenderly defending human nature for producing no character which is absolutely " good and indisputably set towards virtue. III. On looking about for some one to compare with Lucullus, we decided that it must be Cimon. Both were men of war, and of brilliant exploits against the Barbarians, and yet they were mild and beneficent statesmen, in that they gave their coun- tries unusual respite from civil strifes, though each one of them set up martial trophies and won victories that were famous. No Hellene before Cimon and no Roman before Lucullus carried his wars into such remote lands, if we leave out of our account the exploits of Heracles and Dionysus, and whatever credible deeds of Perseus against the Aethiopians or Medes and Armenians, or of Jason, have been brought down in the memory of man from those early times to our own. Common also in a way to both their careers was the incompleteness of their campaigns. Each crushed, but neither gave the death blow to his antagonist. But more than all else, the lavish ease which marked their entertainments and hospi- talities, as well as the ardour and laxity of their way of living, was conspicuous alike in both. Pos- 4il PLUTARCH’S LIVES jTapanreitropev 5 tows nai ddAdas Twas opmolo- TnTas, as ov yarerov ex THS Sinynoews avTis ouvayaryetv. IV. Kiwov o Mirriddou pntpos qv ‘Heynot- mvAns, yévos Opatrns, Ovyarpos ‘OAdpov tod / ‘e PJ a? , / Bactréws, ws év toils Apyeddov cal Medav6iouv Tompacty eis avtov Kipwva yeypappévors ioro- pntar. 816 kat Bovxvdidsns 0 toropiKds Tots Tepl Kipova xara yevos mpoonkwyv "Odopou Te Tratpos hv, els TOY Tpoyovoy avadépovtos THY OpwvupLar, Kal Ta Ypuceia Tept THY Opannv éxéxtyto. «al TedeuTHoaL pev ev TH YkawTH UAy (TodTO Oo Eats Ths Opaxns xwpiov) Réyerat qovevOeis exci, puna & avtod Tav rAEnfpdvey eis tHv Atticny xopicbévtwy év trois Kipwvetos Selavutat mapa Tov "EArwinns ths Kipovos dderdis tddov. aNAG Bovavdidyns pev “Arpovovos yéyove TaV Sypuwv, ot dé wept tov Mertiddny Aaxidbat. Mirriddns peév ovv wevtnKovra TaXdvTwv opA@v Sixny kal wpos Thy Extra eipyOels éreNcUTyGeEV ev 7@ Secportnpio, Kivwv 88 pwepdxiov mavtdmaciy atrovaplels pera tHS adeAPTs Ere KOPNS OvENS Kal adydpou tov mpwrov nodokes ypovov év TH TONE KAL KAKOS HKOVEY WS ATAKTOS Kal TrONV- moTns Kal To Tanto Kipwv wpoceoikos TV dicw, dy de evnbedv dacs Koddenov rpocayo- pevOjvar. XrnaiuBpotos & 6 @dovos wept Tov avrov opov Te xpovoy T@ Kipwve yeyovos hyow avrTov oUTEe wovatKny oUTE GAO TL UAONLA TOV édevdepiwy nal tois “EAAnow émvywpiatovtov éxdidayxOyjvat, Seworntos te Kal orwpvdtas 412 CIMON sibly we may omit still other resemblances, but it will not be hard to gather them directly from our story. IV. Cimon was the son of Miltiades by Hegesipyle, a woman of Thracian stock, daughter of King Olorus, as it is stated in the poems of Archelaiis and Melan- thius addressed to Cimon himself. That explains -how it was that the father of Thucydides the his- torian—and Thucydides was connected with the family of Cimon—was also an Olorus, who referred his name back to that of the common ancestor, and also how it was that Thucydides had gold mines in Thrace. And it is said that Thucydides died in Skapte Hylé, a place in Thrace, having been murdered there; but his remains were brought to Attica, and his monument is shown among those of Cimon’s family, hard by the tomb of Elpinicé, Cimon’s sister. However, Thucydides belonged to the deme of Halimus, the family of Miltiades to that of Laciadae. Now Miltiades, who had been condemned to pay a fine of fifty talents and confined till payment should be made, died in prison, and Cimon, thus left a mere stripling with his sister who was a young girl and unmarried, was of no account in the city at first. He had the bad name of being dissolute and bibulous, and of taking after his grandfather Cimon, who, they say, because of his simplicity, was dubbed Coalemus, or Booby. And Stesimbrotus the Thasfan, who was of about Cimon’s time, says that he acquired no literary education, nor any other liberal and distinctively Hellenic accomplishment; that he lacked entirely the Attic cleverness and fluency 1 Thue. iv. 105. 413 ' PLUTARCH’S LIVES “AT TURAS | brs ammrrax as, Kat T® TPOT TOAV 70 yevvatov Kal arndes évuTdpxet, Kal paddov elvat [leXotrovynotovy TO oxXHpa THS Wuyns Tov avdpos, para, dxopapov, Ta payor’ dryabdv, Karta TOV Rupe iSecov “H axéa* Tadra yap | gore Tois ord ToD UTnotpwSporou yeypappévoes Errec- | qe. "Ere 6é véos @y aitiay érye mrnordtew TH aeroh. Kal yap oud GAdXws tay *“EXariwicnv ebTaKrov Twa yeyovéva héyouow, Gra Kal Tpos [odvyverov eEapaprety TOV Corypador- kat dua Toro pace év TH Tesovavanreip TOTE KaXoupévn, Tlovxiny 5é viv arog, ypadovta Tas Tppdsas TO THs Aaodiens TOLnoat 7 poo wrrov éy eixove THs "EAruvi«ns. 0 dé Tlodvyvertos OvK iy TOV Bavatowy ov am épyokaBias eypade THY orody, GANA TWpolka, prdorimovpevos Tm pos THY TOALD, Qs ot Te cuyypageis tatopobat Kal MerdvOtos 6 rrointns Aéyet TOV lad Tovrov’ Avtod yap Samdvaroe Oeav vaovs aryopay TE pended Koouna piOéwov apeTais. eiat & of THv Edarevieny ov pupa To Kipou, pavepas dé YNaevny cuvotkhoas Aéyouaty, akiov Ths evyevelas vuppiov dia THY qeviay amopovcavy érel 8€ KadNias tev eviropwv Tes "AO now épacbels ampoondOe rv barép Tob WAT POS caradtany éxtlvev Erotwos dv Tpos TO Snpwocrop, auTnY TE mea Ohya cal tov Kipova 7T@ Kaddla auvoixtoar tiv ’EXrrivieny. 414 481 CIMON of speech; that in his outward bearing there was much nobility and truthfulness ; that the fashion of the man’s spirit was rather Peloponnesian, ‘ Plain, unadorned, in a great crisis brave and true,” as Euripides says of Heracles,! a citation which we may add to what Stesimbrotus wrote. While he was still a youth he was accused of im- proper intercourse with his sister. And indeed in other cases too they say that Elpinicé was not very decorous, but that she had improper relations also with Polygnotus the painter, and that it was for this reason that, in the Peisianacteum, as it was then called, but now the Painted Colonnade, when he was painting the Trojan women, he made the features of Laodicé a portrait of Elpinicé. Now Polygnotus was not a mere artisan, and did not-paint the stoa for a contract price, but gratis, out of zeal for the welfare of the city, as the historians relate, and as Melanthius the poet testifies after this fashion :— “ He at his own lavish outlay the gods’ great fanes, and the market Named Cecropia, adorned ; demigods’ valour his theme.” : Still, there are some who say that Elpinicé did not live with Cimon in secret intercourse, but openly rather, as his wedded wife, because, on account of her poverty, she could not get a husband worthy of her high lineage; but that when Callias, a wealthy Athenian, fell in love with her, and offered to pay into the state treasury the. fine which had been imposed upon her father, she consented herself, and Cimon freely gave Elpinicé to Callias to wife. 1 Nauck, J'rag. Graec. Frag., 473. 415 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 8 Ov pnv adda kal brAwWsS daivetat Tois trepl Tas yuvaixas Epwtixois o Kipwv évoyos yevér Oar. kal yap ‘Aotepias TO yéver Yarapuivias kal warty Mynorpas tivos o mourns Meddv0cos punpwoveves mrpos tov Kipeva rraitov 80 édeyelas, 9 a> orovdatoyevwv wn’ avrov. Syros 8 oth kal ampos ‘Iaodixny thy Evpumtovéuou pev Ouvyatépa tod Meyaxdéous, cata vopous § avrTe cupBiwoacav o Kiwov eumabéotepov Statebels wal dvodopncas atoPavovans, et tt Set texpat- perBar tals yeypappévars él mapnyopia tod mévOous édeyelats mpos avTov, ov Tlavattios 0 Pidoaopos oletrat TrountHy yeyovévat TOV dvat- xov ‘ApyédXaov, ovK amd TpoTrov Tos Ypovots eixalwv. V. Ta & dAda wavta rob ous ayacrTa Kai yevvaia Tov Kipwvos. obte yap ToApwy Merteaddou NevTropevos ovTE cuvéce. BeytoTrowréovs, Sixaro- TEepos appoiy oporoyetTar yevéoGat, cal ais ToreuiKais ovde puKpov amrodewy apeTais éeKxeivev apnyavov Saov év tais wonTiKais UTepBarécOat 2 véos @y étt Kal Todépov arreipos. Gre yap Tov Sjyov ercovrway Mndwy BepmiotoxrAs érebe Tpoépevoy THY TOW Kal THY YoOpay éKrALTIOVTA Tpo THS Larapivos év tais vavol ta Gara GécOar cat Staywvicacba xcata Odrattap, éxtreTANy Le- YOV TOY TOAAOY TO TOALNLA TpwTOS Kipwv @h0n Sia rod Kepaperxod daidpos aviwv eis THv axpoTrody peta Tov étalpwy iirmou Tiva yadwwov avabeivar TH Oe, did Yetpwv Kopilwv, ws ovdéy immixkhns adKhs, ANNA vavypadywv avdpav év TO 3 wapovtTe THS ToAEws Seouevyns. avabels Sé Tov 416 é CIMON However, it is perfectly apparent that Cimon was given to the love of women. Asteria, of a Sala- minian family, and a certain Mnestra are mentioned by the poet Melanthius, in a sportive elegy addressed to Cimon, as wooed and won by him. And it is clear that he was even too passionately attached to his lawful wife, Isodicé, the daughter of Euryptole- mus and grand-daughter of Megacles, and that he was too sorely afflicted at her death, if we may judge from the elegy addressed. to him for the mitigation of his grief. This was composed by the naturalist Archelaiis, as Panaetius the philoso- pher thinks, and his conjecture is chronologically possible. V. All other traits of Cimon’s character were admirable and noble. Neither in daring was he inferior to Miltiades, nor in sagacity to Themistocles, and it is admitted that he was a juster man than either, and that while not one whit behind them in the good qualities of a soldier, he was inconceivably their superior in those of a statesman, even when he was still young and untried in war. When the Medes made their invasion, and Themis- tocles was trying to persuade the people to give up their city, abandon their country, make a stand with their fleet off Salamis, and fight the issue at sea, most men were terrified at the boldness of the scheme ; but lo! Cimon was first to act, and with a gay mien led a procession of his companions through the Cerameicus up to the Acropolis, to dedicate to the goddess there the horse's bridle which he carried in his hands, signifying thus that what the city needed then was not knightly prowess but sea-fighters. After he had dedicated his bridle, 417 VOL. U. E E PLUTARCH’S LIVES Yadivov cal AaBwv é« Tov TreEpl TOV VadY KpEeLa- pévov dotridwr, Kal mpocevEdpevos TH Oe@, xaré- Batvev éri Oddaccay, ovK GAjryors apy TOD Oappeiv ryevojeros. Hv &€ xal rnv idéav ov pepmrtos, as “Iwv o Tomntyns pyow, adArAa péyas, ovAn Kal ToAAR Tpexl Komav Thy Keharv. davels dé wal cat’ aUTOV TOV dy@va Naputpos Kal dvdpwdys Tayvd S0- gay évy 1 TOAEL eT Evvoias Eaxev, aOpolopevwy TONAGY TPOS avTOV Kal TrapaKadovvTaY aka TOU 4 Mapadavos dn Siavoeicbar nal mpdocey. oppyn- cavta & avtov él tv wodtTelay dopevos o Sjyos ébéEato, Kal perros dv TOU MepmsotoKr€ovs avaye pos! tas peyiotas ev TH ToNEL Timas Kal apXas, evdppootov dvta Kal mpoogiAn Tois rod- hots Sta mrpaotnta Kal i dle ovy HKiotra be avtov nu—noev "Apioteions o Avotmdyou, tiv evpulay évopav T@ 0, Kal mrocovpevos olov avTi- manrov mpos THY Bemotoxréovs Sewvdtnta Kal TOApaDV. VI. ‘Enel 66 Mydav duyovtay é« ths “EX- rabos émeupOn oTpaTnyos, KaTa OdraTTay ovTew Thy apxnvy A@nvaiwr éyovtav, ért Sé Havoavia Te kat Aaxedatpovioss éeTropévwv, mrp@tov peév év Tais oTpateiars del Tapeiye TOUS TodiTas KOT MY te Oavpactovs Kal mpoOupia ToAv wdayrwy da- 2 hépovtas: érerta Ilavoaviov ois pev ‘Bap- 482 Badpous S:areyopévov trepi mpodocias cal Baciret ypapovtos émiatonds, Tots 5€ cvuppdyots tpaxéws Kal av0adas mpocpepopévov ral tmorddrdjga & 1 wpds supplied by Stephanus, and confirmed by § ; Bekker supplied els. 418 ” CIMON he took one of the shields which were hung up about the temple, addressed his prayers to the goddess, and went down to the sea, whereat many were first made to take heart. He was also of no mean presence, as Ion the poet says, but tall and stately, with an abundant and curly head of hair. And since he displayed brilliant and heroic qualities in the actual struggle at Salamis,! he soon acquired reputation and good will in the city. | Many thronged to him and besought him to purpose and perform at once what would be worthy of Mara- thon. So when he entered politics the people gladly welcomed him, and promoted him, since they were full to surfeit of Themistocles, to the highest honours and offices in the city, for he was engaging and attractive to the common folk by reason of his gentleness and artlessness. But it was Aristides, son of Lysimachus, who more than any one else furthered his career, for he saw the fine features of his character, and made him, as it were, a foil to the cleverness and daring of Themistocles. VI. After the flight of the Medes from Hellas, Cimon was sent out as a commander,’ before the Athenians had obtained their empire of the sea, and while they were still under the leadership of Pausa- nias and the Lacedaemonians. During this campaign, the citizen-soldiers he furnished on expeditions were always admirably disciplined and far more zealous than any others; and again, while Pausanias was holding treasonable conference with the Barbarians, writing letters to the King, treating the allies with harsh arrogance, and displaying much wantonness of 1 480 B.o. 2 478-477 B.C. 419 EE2 | PLUTARCH’S LIVES éfouciay cal dyxov avonrov vBpitovros, vTodap- Bdvwv rpaas Tovs adiveoupévous Kal diravOparras éFouur@v Erabev ov 80 GtrrWY THY THS “EXAdSos Hryepoviav, GAAB Adyw Kal HOE. TrapEedrcpevos. mpocetiOevTo yap of wWAEioTOL TOY cUppdyoY éxeivp te kai ’Apiotetdyn thy yareToTnTa Kal virepopiav tov Llavoaviou py péporres. at Se kal rovuTous awa wpoanyovto Kal Tois épdposs méutrovtes eppatov, ws adokovons THs Brdptns kal tapattopéevns THs “EAXdbos, avaxadely Tov Iavoaviap, Aéyerau 5é rrapOévov twa Bulavtiav émriupavav yovéwy, dvoua Kneovixny, ér’ aiayvvn tod Iav- TAVLOUV METATELTOMEVOU, TOUS MEV YovEls UT’ avay- Kns Kat PoBov mpoécbat tHhv Taida, thy Sé Tov mpo tov Swpatiou Senbeicay avedécOar To Pas, 51a oxoTous Kal cLwTrHS TH KALVN Tpoc.Lodcay Ady tov Ilavaaviov xafevdortos, éutreceiv cal ava- Tpéyrat TO AUXViov axovaay: Tov 8 bd Tod Wopou tapaxdevta Kal omacdpuevov’ 7o Tmapaxelpevov éyxerpidxon, @s Tivos em avtov éxOpod BabiCovtos, watatat kal KataBarely thy TapOévor, éx Sé THs TANnYyNS atobavvdcay avTny ovK éav Tov Ilavaa- viay nouxater, GAG viKTwp eldwrov avTO dHot- T@oav els Tov Umrvoy opyn Aéyetv TSE TO Hp@or' Lretye Sinns doocovy pada Toe Kakov avdpdow bBpus. ép’ @ Kal pariota yareTas eveyKovtes ob 1 nal onagdpevoy with S: oxacduevor. 420 CIMON power and silly pretension, Cimon received with mildness those who brought their wrongs to him, treated them humanely, and so, before men were aware of it, secured the leadership of Hellas, not by force of arms, but by virtue of his address and character. For most of the allies, because they could not endure the severity and disdain of Pausa- nias, attached themselves to Cimon and Aristides, who had no sooner won this following than they sent also to the Ephors and told them, since Sparta had lost her prestige and Hellas was in confusion, to recall Pausanias. It is said that a maiden of Byzantium, of excellent parentage, Cleonicé by name, was summoned by Pausanias for a purpose that would disgrace her. Her parents, influenced by constraint and fear, abandoned their daughter to her fate, and she, after requesting the attendants before his chamber to remove the light, in darkness and silence at length drew near the couch on which Pausanias was asleep, but accidentally stumbled against the lamp-holder and upset it. Bausanias, startled by the noise, drew the dagger which lay at his side, with the idea that some enemy was upon him, and smote and felled the maiden. After her death in consequence of the blow, she gave Pausanias no peace, but kept coming into his sleep by night in phantom form, wrathfully uttering this verse :— “ Draw thou nigh to thy doom ; ’tis evil for men to be wanton.” At this outrage the allies were beyond measure 421 "PLUTARCH’S LIVES oUmpayor peta tod Kipwvos éFetouopxncav avrov. o 8 éxmecwv tot Butavriov xal To pdopatt tapatromevos, ws RAéyeTal, KaTépuye pos TO vexvopavteiov eis “Hpdxrccav, cal rhv puyny dvaxarovpevos ths KXeovians tapntetto Thy opynv. 1 & es dy eModca taxéws Edn TavoecOa TaV Kak@v avTov év Ywrdpty yevo- HEVOV, alvirTomevn, ws EoLKE, THV MENNOVT AY AUTO TENEUTHV. TAUTA pey OvVY UTO TOAAWY LoTOpyTAL. VII. Kiporv 6é, trav cuppdywv dn Tpooke- XOpHKOToV avTO, oTpaTHYyos' els Opaeny Errevee, TuvOavopevos Ilepaay advipas évdokous wal ovy- yevets Bactréws 'Hidva rody Tapa Te UrTpvpove KELLEVND TOTAM@ KaTéxoVTAas evoxAEiv Tos rept Tov Tomov éxeivoy "EAAnat. tmpaTov pev ody autous pdyn tous Ilépcas évinnoe wal xatéxre- cEey EIS THY TrOALY? ETELTA TOUS UTép UTpUpoVva Opdaxas, Bev avtois époita citos, avactatous Tomy Kal THY yoOpar TapadvrAaTTwY atracav eis ToTaUTHY aTropiay Tovs TroALOpKOUpévOUS KaTéoTN- cev, Bote Bovtny tov BactXtéws atpatnyov atro- yvovta Ta Tpdyyata TH ToAE Top évetvar Kal auvvdiagpbecipar peta Tov pirwov Kal TOY ypnpaTov éavrov. ottw &¢ AaBwv THv word AAO pev ovdev a€toAoyov wpernOn, Tav TrEioTwY Tots BapBapos avyxataxadvrwv, thy 8€ yopav evpvertatny ovaav Kal KadrgXjioTny olKnoaL mapédwxe tots “AOnvaiow. Kal Tovds “Eppas 422 CIMON incensed, and joined Cimon in forcing Pausanias to give up the city. Driven from Byzantium, and still harassed by the phantom, as the story goes, he had recourse to the ghost-oracle of Heracleia, and summoning up the spirit of Cleonicé, besought her to forgo her wrath. She came into his presence and said that he would soon cease from his troubles on coming to Sparta, thus darkly intimating, as it seems, his impending death. At any rate, this tale is told by many. VII. But Cimon, now that the allies had attached themselves to him, took command of them and sailed to Thrace,! for he heard that men of rank among the Persians and kinsmen of the King held possession of Kion, a city on the banks of the Strymon, and were harassing the Hellenes in that vicinity. First he defeated the Persians themselves in battle and shut them up in the city; then he expelled from their homes above the Strymon the Thracians from whom the Persians had been getting provisions, put the whole country under guard, and brought the besieged to such straits that Butes, the King’s general, gave up the struggle, set fire to the city, and destroyec with it his family, his treasures, and himself. And so it was that though Cimon took the city, he gained no other memorable advantage thereby, since most of its treasures had been burned up with the Barbarians ; but the surrounding territory was very fertile and fair, and this he turned over to the Athenians for occupation, Wherefore the people permitted him to 1 476-475 B.c, 423 : PLUTARCH’S LIVES “A “A ~ , avT@ Tovs AOivous o SHuos avabcivar cuvexo- A , PYNTEV, MY eTTiYyeyPATTTAL TO Mev POT 4 "Hv dpa xaxeivos tadaxdpésot, ot tote Mydov mato én’ Hidm, Xtpupovos audi pods, Apoy T alOwva Kpvepov T érayovTes "Apna mpatot dvopevéwy evpov aunxavinv. aA \ / “ T@ O€ SevTép@ >] a “Hyepoveoar 5é pc Oov “AOnvaia rad’ ESwxav 9 9 > V4 \ 4, ? A avr’ evepyecins Kal peydrov ayabov. MaAXOv Tis TAD iOwv Kal érecaopéevwn eOeAnoet appl rept Evvois mpdypace Sipe exerv. 5 +@ 6€ TpiT@: "Ex mote thade modnos au ‘Atpeidnot Meve- abeus nryetto CaVcov Tpwixdr és trediov: bv 10? “Opunpos ébn Aavadv Trica Owpnntdov Koopntnpa payns éEoxov dvra poneiv. ovTws ovdev aeixes AOnvaioror xareicbat KoopNTais Todéwov T audi Kal jvopéns, 424 483 CIMON dedicate the stone Hermae, on the first of which is the inscription :— ‘‘ Valorous-hearted as well were they who at Eion fighting, Facing the sons of the Medes, Strymon’s current beside, Fiery famine arrayed, and_ gore-flecked Ares, against them, Thus first finding for foes that grim exit,— despair ;”’ and on the second :— ‘“ Unto their leaders reward by Athenians thus hath been given ; Benefits won such return, valorous deeds of the brave. : All the more strong at the sight will the men of the future be eager, Fighting for commonwealth, war’s dread strife to maintain ;’’ and on the third :— “With the Atridae of old, from this our city, Menestheus Led his men to the plain Trojan called and divine. | He, once Homer asserted, among well-armoured Achaeans, Marshaller was of the fight, best of them all who had come. Thus there is naught unseemly in giving that name to Athenians ; Marshallers they both of war and of the vigour of men,” 425 PLUTARCH’S LIVES VIII. Tadra sairep ovdapod +o Kipwvos Y) n a e \ ” / dvoua SynrobvTa Tins varepBorAnv éxew done Tots Tote avOpwroas. ote yap BemotoKrs TotovTov Tivos ovTe Mudrriadns eruyev, adda 4 a , ’ A , € TouT@ ye Jarrod crépavov aitovvTs Lwpavns o Aexedevs x pécov THs éxxAnoias dvactas avtT- elrev, ovK evyvwpova pév, apécacav Sé Te Sym rote gdovny ages: ““Orav ydp,” ep, “ povos ’ 4 ® 10 4 ‘ aryovicdpevos, & Mirriddn, vixnons tous Bap- 4 / A 4 9 g/ 99 \ 2 Bapovs, rore nal tipaabar povos akiov.” dia ti tolvuy 76 Kipuwvos tirepnyarnoav épyov; 4 Ste TOY pev ANAwY oTpAaTHYyOUYTwY UIrép TOD pI) mwaGety nuvvovTo Tovs ToNemous, TovTov 5é Kal Tonoas KaKas novynOnaay él Thy éxeitvov avTol oTpAaTEVTAVTES, KAL TPOTEKTHTAVTO Ywpas aUTHV \ > of ? 4 9 te THv Hiova nal thy "Apditrorw oixicavtes ; 3 “Otxroay 5é xal Xadpov éEXovros Kipovos é& airias totavtns. Addrgotres @Kovy THY vijcov, bd UA A ogi f \ 4 épyatat Kaxol ys AniLopevos Sé THY OdrNaccar . €K Wanatov, TENEUT@VTES OVE TOV Elo AEOYTOV Tap avrovs Kal Ypwpevwv arretyovto Eévav, adXa @errarovs tivas éumopovs tepi to Kryacov 4 Opptcapévous ovrnoavtes elpEav. érei 5é¢ d:a- Spavres ex tav Seapev of avOpwrrot Sixnv Kate- PS 4 A / > 4 > txaoavtTo THS TOAEWS ApdixtuoviKxny, ov Bovro-. pévov TA YPHpaTa THY TOAAGY auvEKTiVvELY, GXAA tous éxovtas Kal Sinptraxoras atodovvat Kedev- ovrwy, Seicavres éxeivot wWéutTovot ypaypata mpos Kipwva, xedevovtes rey peta TOV vEeav Anouevoy tHy wok UT avTav Evdidopevny, 426 ir, CIMON VIII. Although these inscriptions nowhere men- tioned Cimon by name, his contemporaries held them to be a surpassing honour for him. Neither Themistocles nor Miltiades achieved any such, nay, when the latter asked for a crown of olive merely, Sophanes the Deceleian rose up in the midst of the assembly and protested. His speech was ungracious, but it pleased the people of that day. “ When,” said he, “thou hast fought out alone a victory over the Barbarians, then demand to be honoured alone.” Why, then, were the people so excessively pleased with the achievement of Cimon? Perhaps it was because when the others were their generals they were trying to repel their enemies and so avert disaster ; but when he led them they were enabled to ravage the land of their enemies with incursions of their own, and acquired fresh territories for settle- ment, not only Eion itself, but also Amphipolis. They settled Scyros too, which Cimon seized for the following reason. Dolopians were living on the island, but they were poor tillers of the soil. So they practised piracy on the high sea from of old, and finally did not withhold their hands even from those who put into their ports and had dealings with them, but robbed some Thessalian merchants who had cast anchor at Ctesium, and threw them into prison. When these men had escaped from bondage and won their suit against the city at the Amphictyonic assembly, the people of Scyros were not willing to make restitution, but called on those who actually held the plunder to give it back. The robbers, in terror, sent a letter toj,Cimon, urging him to come with his fleet to seize the city, and they would give it up to him. 427 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5 maparafov 8 ottw THY vacov o Kipwv tovs pev Addrotras é&jAace nal tov Aiyaioy nrevOépwce, muvOavopevos b€ Tov Traralov Oncéa tov Aiyéws / \ ? 9 a > a. ? a“ ? guyovta pev €E “AOnvav eis Yxdpov, avtov § atroPavovta S0A@ dia PoBov vTd Aveopndovs tod 4 > , ‘\ 4 J a ‘ 6 Bactréws, éorrovdace Tov tadov aveupeiv. Kat yap hy xpnopos "AOnvaias ra Onoéws Aeivava KeXevov dvaxopivery es dotu Kal Tiav ws hpwa TpEeTOVTWS, GAN Hyvoovy Sirov Keita, Lkupiov ovy oporoyouvTwYy ovd éewvtwv avatntely. TOTE 57) TOANT Piroripia Tod onxod poyts éEevpeBévros, évOéwevos 0 Kipewv eis Thy avrov Tpinpn Ta GoTa Kal TaANa KoopHoAaS peyadoTpETaS KaTHYayEV els THY auto bu’ érav ayedov TeTpaxociwy. ed’ w@ Kat Xr N > \ SOE € on v ¢ padoTta Tpos avToV ndéws Oo SHpos Eoyev. v ? ? a ? A \ \ a 7 “E@evto & eis pujunv avtod cal tiv TeV TpPAywoo@V Kpioly GvopadTHY yevomevny. TmpwTny yap Sidacxadiav rov Zodoxréovs ert véov xabévros, "Awedhiov o apxeorv, pirovekias ovons kat tapatakews Tov Ocatav, Kpitas pev ovK b 4 ral 9 A e \ , \ A éxAnpwae TOD ayavos, ws 5¢ Kipwov peta tov ocvoTtpatnyev mpoerOev eis TO Oéarpov érrouncato T@ Oe@ Tas vevopiopévas otrovdds, ovK adhKev 9 \ > a ) xe , 9 4 , autovs amreNOeiv, AAX OpKwaas HvayKace KaBiaat kai kptvat déxa dvtas, ato PuAijs pias Exacrov. 8 o pév ovv ayov cal dia TO THY KpiToY akiepa \ , ¢ v4 J \ nw Thv pirotyiav brepéBare. vixnoavtos $&€ Tov 428 | - ~ re" CIMON In this manner Cimon got possession of the island, drove out the Dolopians, and made the Aegean a free sea. ) On learning that the ancient Theseus, son of Aegeus, had fled in exile from Athens to Scyros, but had been treacherously put to death there, through fear, by Lycomedes the king, Cimon eagerly sought to discover his grave. For the Athenians had once received an oracle bidding them bring back the bones of Theseus to the city and honour him as became a hero, but they knew not where he lay buried, since the Scyrians would not admit the truth of the story, nor permit any search to be made. Now, however, Cimon set to work with great ardour, djscovered at last the hallowed spot, had the bones bestowed in his own trireme, and with general pomp and show brought them back to the hero’s own country after an absence of about four hundred years. This was the chief reason why the people took kindly to him. But they also cherished in kindly remembrance of him that decision of his in the tragic contests which became so famous. When Sophocles, still a young man, entered the lists with his first plays, Apsephion the Archon, seeing that the spirit of rivalry and partisanship ran high among the spectators, did not appoint the judges of the contest as usual by lot, but when Cimon and his fellow-generals advanced into the theatre and made the customary libation to the god, he would not suffer them to depart, but forced them to take the oath and sit as judges, being ten in all, one from each tribe. So, then, the contest, even because of the unusual dignity of the | judges, was more animated than ever before. But “ 429 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Lopowdéous Aéyerar tov Alayvrov *epiralh ryevopevov Kal Bapéws éveyxovTa ypovov ov ToAvY "AOnvnot Stayayeiv, eit’ olyecOas 8: opynv eis Licediav, Omrov Kal tereuvtnoas mept T'édav TtéOarrrat. IX. Lwvdermvijo at dé T@ Kipeovi prow 6 o "lav TavTadmace peipaxtoy AKwv els ‘AOnvas éx Xiov mapa Aaopédovte: Kal Trav atrovday yevouévwv maparhnGévros ' doa, kal. daavros! ovK andas éqracvety Tous Tapovras @S Bekusrepov Oeptoto- KAéous" éxelvoy yap ade pep ov pavas pabeiv oudé KBapiveww, Tomy dé Tohoa peyadny ral Tova tay éniatac bau TouvTgvev, olov eixos ev TOT, Tov oyou puévos ent tas mpdges rob Kipevos Kal pevnovevopéevav TOY peyiorop, aurov éxeivov év Sue Bety oTpATHYN WA tov idiev @S copwrarov. émrel yap éK 2noroo kal Bv- Cavtiov TOAAOUS TOV oon ee “aly manarous AaBovrTes ot oUppaxor Kipove Stavelpar mpocérata, 0 0 5é yopls ne auTous, xeopis dé tov mept Tots Topact kOopov avtav éOnxev, TLBYTO TV Siavopny @s duicov. o 6é Tay pepidev éxé- Aevoev avtrovs érécbar Thy érépay, jv & ay éxelvos Katahimwaw, ayarna ey ’AOnvaious. ‘Hpogurov dé Tod Yapiou cupBovreva avros ai- peta Bau Ta Tlepowy padrov 7 Ilépoas, TOV pep KOG [Lov autol éhaBov, "AOnvaiors be TOUS aixparo- TOUS am édetrov. Kal TOTe pev O Kipev ames yeXotos evar Soxav Siavomevs, TOV pev cuppdyov 1 wapaxAnOérvros, doavros Bekker corrects, after Schiifer, to wapaxAnévra, dcayra. 430 484 CIMON Sophocles came off victorious, and it is said that Aeschylus, in great distress and indignation thereat, lingered only a little while at Athens, and then went off in anger to Sicily. There he died also, and is buried near Gela. IX. Ion says that, coming from Chios to Athens as a mere stripling, he was once a fellow-guest with Cimon at a dinner given by Laomedon, and that over the wine the hero was invited to sing, and did sing very agreeably, and was praised by the guests as a cleverer man than Themistocles. That hero, they said, declared that he had not learned to sing, nor even to play the lyre, but knew how to make a city great and rich.! Next, Ion says, as was natural over the cups, the conversation drifted to the ex- ploits of Cimon, and as his greatest deeds were being recounted, the hero himself dwelt at length on one particular stratagem which he thought his shrewdest. Once, he said, when the Athenians and their allies had taken many Barbarian prisoners at Sestos and Byzantium and turned them over to him for distribution, he put into one lot the persons of the captives, and into another the rich adornments of their bodies, and his distribution was blamed as unequal. But he bade the allies choose one of the lots, and the Athenians would be content with whichever one they left. So, on the advice of Hero- phytus the Samian to choose Persian wealth rather than Persians, the allies took the rich adornments for themselves, and left the prisoners for the Athenians. At the time Cimon came off with the reputation of being a ridiculous distributer, since 1 Cf. Themistociles, ii. 3. a 43! PLUTARCH’S LIVES édua ypucd Kal paviaxas Kal oTpemTovs Kal xavovas Kat Tmoppupay Pepopeverr, tav o> "AOn- vaiwy yuuVa copaATa KAKOS noenpeva pos épyaciay tapadaBovtwrv. uixpoy 5é tarepov ot TV EaAXwKOTwY Pidot Kal oiKetor KaTABaivovTEs éx Dpvyias xal Avédias édutpodvTo peyddov Xenuatoy Exactov, ooTe TH Kipou tecodpev pnvav rpodpas eis Tas vaids bardpEat nal mpocére Th TOL Xpvaiov ovK oALyov éx TeV AUTPOV mepuyevéo Bar. X. "H6y é evTropav 0 Kipor epodia THS oTpaTnyias & Kadas aro Tov Trohepieny édofev aperfia Gat KaNdLov aviAto KEV Els TOUS TONiTas. TOY TE yap arypav TOUS pparyyous adeiner, iva Kat Tobs Févous Kal TOY TokiTaY Tois Seopuévous adeds w umdpxy hauPdverv Tis om@pas, kat Setrvov olKoL Tap avT@ derov pen, dpxobv dé TrOAAots, €TroletTo Kat nuepay, éf’ 6 TeV TEVA TOV O Bovdopevos eloner Kal Siatpopny elyev amrpay- pova, povors ToS Snwoators axonatwv. @S 5 ‘AptaroreAns pnotr, ovx, ATAVTW@V "AOnvator, aXrAG TOV SnyoTav autod Aaxiadév Tape Kevd- Cero t@ BovAopéve TO Setrrvov. auT@ 6é veavia kot mapelTrovTo cuvjders dpTrex opevot Karas, Ov Exaotos, el TUS TUVTUXOL T@ Kipou tév aorév mpea Burepos Huap veo mevos évdeds, SinuelBeto 7 pos aurov Ta tparia: Kal TO ryuvopevoy épaivero ceuvov. ob 8 autot kal vopsopa Kouilovres apOovov Tapa Tapevor Tots Koprpous TOY TEVATOV évy dyopa ciwnry TaVv Keppatiov évéBadXov eis 432 CIMON the allies had their gold anklets and armlets and collars and jackets and purple robes to display, while the Athenians got only naked bodies ill- trained for labour. But a little while after, the friends and kinsmen of the captives came down from Phrygia and Lydia and ransomed every one of them at a great price, so that Cimon had four months’ pay and rations for his fleet, and besides that, much gold from the ransoms was left over for the city. X. And since he was already wealthy, Cimon lavished the revenues from his campaign, which he was thought to have won with honour from the enemy, to his still greater honour, on his fellow- citizens. He took away the fences from his fields, that strangers and needy citizens might have it in their power to take fearlessly of the fruits of the land ; and every day he gave a dinner at his house, —simple, it is true, but sufficient for many, to which any poor man who wished came in, and so received a maintenance which cost him no effort and left him free to devote himself solely to public affairs. But Aristotle says ! that it was not for all Athenians, but only for his own demesmen, the Laciadae, that he provided a free dinner. He was constantly attended by young comrades in fine attire, each one of whom, whenever an elderly citizen in needy array came up, was ready to exchange raiment with him. The practice made a deep impression. These same fol- lowers also carried with them a generous sum of money, and going up to poor men of finer quality in the market-place, they would quietly thrust small change into their hands. To such generosity as this 1 Const. of Athens, xxvii. 3. 433 VOL, II. F F PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tas xelpas. av &) nai Kparivos o K@pLKOS eV Apyrexoise Goce pepvnoBas Sta TovTwv: Kayo yap niyouy Mnrpoftos 0 ypappatevs ov avdpl Deip Kal prrofevorary Kal TavT apior@ TOV TlavedAjvey po TOU Kipeove Mumapov ynpas eVaNXoUpevos alova TavTa ouvdiarpivery. o de Maroy BéBnxe mporeEpos. ért Toivuy Popyias pev o Acovrivos dyno tov Kipova ra xpnpata kraobat pev @S XPPTO, xpiia Bat be OS TLUMTO, Kprtias dé tev TpLdKovTa ryevomevos ev Tais éXeyelats evYeTAaL’ T]Aobrov péev Yeorradav, peyaroppocvvynv bé _ Kipevos, vinas & be cand TOU Naweadatpoviow: Kaitou Aiyay ye Top Lrapridrny am’ ovdevds adou yweadcoper €v TOOLS "EdAnaww ovoac Tov ryevopevov n ort TOUS Févous é év Tas yupvorraSiars eSeirrviter: n 6e Kipwvos apOovia Kal THV Taratay tov ’AOnvaiwv trokeviay Kal pudav- Opwriav uTrepéBadev. ob ev yap, oe ols 4 TOMS peya, ppovet Siuxaiws, TO TE oTéppa THs Tpopijs el TOUS "Eddqvas eFeSooxay VddTwY TE mynyaiov ..... Kal TupOS évavow pnSovary dvOparrous edidatay,” o 5é€ THY pev oixtay Tois momiTats mputavetoy arrodei Eas Kowvon, ey é TH Xopa Kaprr a érolmwv atrapxyas Kai boa @pat Kara pépovar XphoOas Kat Aap Bavery atravra Tots Eévows Tapéyov, TpoTrov Twa THv él 1 The lacuna can only be conjecturally filled. 2 ¢3{3atay Bekker corrects, with Schifer, to Weitar. 434 CIMON .-. . Cratinus; seems to have referred in his Archilocht, with the words :— “ Yes, I too hoped, Metrobius, I, the public scribe, Along with man divine, the rarest host that lives, In every way the best of all Hellenic men, With Cimon, feasting out in joy a sleek old age, To while away the remnant of my life. But he Has gone before and left me.” And again, Georgias the Leontine says that Cimon made money that he might spend it, and spent it that he might be honoured for it. And Critias, one of the thirty tyrants, prays in his elegies that he may have “ the wealth of the Scopadae, the great-minded- ness of Cimon, and the victories of Arcesilaus of Lacedaemon.”’ | And yet we know that Lichas the Spartan became famous among the Hellenes for no other reason than that he entertained the strangers at the boys’ gym- nastic festival; but the generosity of Cimon sur- passed even the hospitality and philanthropy of the Athenians of olden time. For they—and their city is justly very proud of it—spread abroad among the Hellenes the sowing of grain and the lustral uses of spring waters, and taught mankind who knew it not the art of kindling fire. But he made his home in the city a general public residence for his fellow citizens, and on his estates in the country allowed even the stranger to take and use the choicest of the ripened fruits, with all the fair things which the seasons bring. Thus, in a certain fashion, he 435 F F 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kpovov pu0oroyoupévny xowvwviav eis tov Btov 7 avis Katiyev. of 5€ Tradta Kodaxeiav dydov Kal Snpaywyiay elvat dsaBaArXovtes bard THs aAANS éEnréyxovTo Tov advdpos Tpoatpécews aptoToxpa- Tuxhs Kal Aaxwrixns ovons, os ye Kal Qeysotonr.t qépa tod Séovtos éerraipovte thy Snpoxpatiav b) A > 9 , ‘N > 4 avréBawe per ‘Aptatetdov, cal mpos 'Ediadtny dotepov yapire Tov Sypov Katadvovtra Thy éF 8 “Apeiou mayou BovAny dunvéyOn, Anppatov sé poaiwy tovs adAXous TAnY ’Apioreidov xal "EdidXrovu travtTas dvatipmAapévous opav, auTov abéxactoy Kai dOixtov éx TH TodTEla SwpodoKias Kal wdavtTa mpoixa Kat Kafapas mpattovTa Kat Névyovra Sua TéNOvS Trapéecye. Aéyerai yé rot ‘Porcaxny tia BadpBapov azo- era ¥ n pBap orarny Baciréws éeciy pera ypnudtwv TONNOY eis "AOnvas, cal orrapatrtopevoy vid THY cUKO- gavtav Kxataduyeiy mpos Kipwva, cat Oeivar Tapa THv avArAEov avTod didras dv0, THY peév apyupetwy éumrnodpuevoy Aapexav, thy b€ ypu- cav. idovtra bé tov Kipwva cal pedsacavta 9 wubécba Tod dvOpwTov, ToTEpoy aipetrar Kipwva picOwrov } hirov eye: tod bé dyoavros didov “ Ouxody,” davar, “tadr amiOe peta ceavrod Koullov xprjoopat yap avrots Stray Séwpat piros rYEVOLLEVOS. XI. "Emel & of cuppayor rovs popous pep érérXouv, avdpas bé Kal vais ws érayOnoay ov Tapetxov, GNX atrayopevovtes On IMpos Tas oTparelas, Kal ToNéwou wey ouvdev Sedpevor, yewp- yey 6€ wal Cnv xa? jovyiay ériOupourtes, aTn\XNaypevov tav BapBapwv cal pn Svoyrovr- 436 CIMON™ restored to human life the fabled communism of the age of Cronus,—the golden age. Those who slan- derously said that this was flattery of the rabble and demagogic art in him, were refuted by the man’s political policy, which was aristocratic and Laconian. He actually opposed Themistocles when he exalted the democracy unduly, as Aristides also did. _ Later on he took hostile issue with Ephialtes, who, to please the people, tried to dethrone the Council of the Areiopagus; and though he saw all the rest except Aristides and Ephialtes filling their purses with the gains from their public services, he remained unbought and unapproached by bribes, devoting all his powers to the state, without recom- pense and in all purity, through to the end. It is told, indeed, that one Rhoesaces, a Barbarian who had deserted from the King, came to Athens with large moneys, and being set upon fiercely by the public informers, fled for refuge to Cimon, and deposited at his door two platters, one filled with silver, the other with golden Darics. Cimon, when he saw them, smiled, and asked the man whether he preferred to have Cimon as his hireling or his friend, and on his replying, “ As my friend,’ “ Well then,” said Cimon, take this money with thee and go thy way, for I shall have the use of it when I want it if I am thy friend.” XI. The allies continued to pay their assessments, but did not furnish men and ships according to allot- ment, since they were soon weary of military service, and had no need of war, but a great desire to till their land and live at their ease. The Barbarians were gone and did not harass them, so they neither 437 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Y) a 4 » b 4 Twv, ovTe Tas vais émrAnpovy obt’ dvdpas aré- e A wv ~ 9 , OTENAOY, OF eV AAAOL OTpaTHYyOL TAY 'AOnvaier mpornvayxatoy avtovs taira toeiy Kal Tous é\NeiTovtas Umrdyovtes Sixats Kxal Kordlovtes éraxOn thy apyny Kal AvIrnpav éroiovy, Kiwor 5¢ tHv evavtiay odov ev rh otparnyla tropevo- pevos Biay pev ovderi trav ‘EXAnvayv mpoonye, ypnpata 5¢ AXauBavwy rapa tev ob BovrAopévwy otpatevecbat Kal vais Kevds, éxelvous ela Serea- Copévous 7H oxXoOAn Tept Ta oxeia SiatpiPey, yewpyous cal xpnuatiotas arrodepous ex ToAe- puK@y Ure Tpudjs xal avotas yivopévous, Tov 5 b ) , ’ 4 ‘ 9 4 AOnvaiwy ava pépos rodXdovs éeuBiBalwov xat Siarovay tais otpareiars ev odjLyYH Ypove Tots Tapa TOV cuppaywr picbois Kal ypnuact Seorro- tas avtav tov did0vray éerroince. mdéovras yap avrous auveyas kal bia yerpos Byovras ael ra S3AvAa Kal rpehopevovs nal aoKxovyTas ex THIS YT@Y a las) éO.cé io d auTav aotpateias! éGicbévtes oBeicbar xa Koraxevery, EXabov avtl cuppdywv Uroredcis Kal SoiAor ryeryovores. XIT. Kal pay avrod ye rob peyddou Bactréws ovdels érareivwoe Kal ovvéoterde TO Ppovnpua adrov h Kipwv. ov yap avijcev éx tis ‘EX- Adbos amnAAaypévov, GAX Wotep €x Todds Sioxwv, mplv Svamvedoat nat orivar tous Bap- Bdpous, Ta pev erropOer kai xateotpédeto, Ta Se adiatn Kal mpoonyeto tots “EXAnow, date THY > be] / 9 / ” / 4 at’ 'lwvias ’Aciav aypt Tlapdumas traytrdaract 1 dorpareias the correction of Reiske, adopted by Sintenis and Bekker. The MSS., including 8, have orparelas, which must be referred to the Athenians, So Coraés, 438 CIMON manned their ships nor sent out soldiers. The rest of the Athenian generals tried to force them to do this, and by prosecuting the delinquents and punishing them, rendered their.empire burdensome and vexatious. But Cimon took just the opposite course when he was general, and brought no com- . pulsion to bear on a single Hellene, but accepted money from those who did not wish to go out on service, and ships without crews, and so suffered the allies, caught with the bait of their own ease, to stay at home and become tillers of the soil and unwarlike merchants in$tead of warriors, and all through their foolish love of comfort. On the other hand, he made great numbers of the Athenians man their ships, one crew relieving another, and imposed on them the toil of his expeditions, and so in a little while, by means of the very wages which they got from the allies, made them lords of their own paymasters. For those who did no military service became used to fearing and flattering those who were continually voyaging, and for ever under arms and training, and practising, and so, before they knew it, they were tributary subjects instead of allies. XIJ. And surely there was no one who humbled the Great King himself, and reduced his haughty spirit, more than Cimon. For he did not let him go quietly away from Hellas, but followed right at his heels, as it were, and before the Barbarians had come to a halt and taken breath, he sacked and overthrew here, or subverted and annexed to the Hellenes there, until Asia from Ionia to Pamphylia was 439 PLUTARCH’S LIVES [epouxayv Str wv épnpacat. muOopevos be TOUS Bactréws otparnyous peydrop oTpaT® Kal vavot moNNais epedpevery Tept Hapduatay, Kat Bovno- HEVOS aurois dr evy kal avéwBarov dAws U7rd poBov THY evTOS XerSoviwv Tonoarbas 6dXar- Tay, @punoev apas are Kvisov Kal ‘Tpromiou Staxociats Tpinpect, Tpos pev TAXOS at’ apx7s Kat Mepraryeory ny v0 Wepirroxhéous dpiora KATETKEVATHEVALS, éxetvos O€ ToTe Kal ThatuTépas érroincev avtas Kai didBacwv tots KatacTp@pact éwxev, @S Av UO TOAXOY OTALTOY paxlpwrepat por épowvTo TOLS TroAEpLous. emimAevaas dé Th TONEL TOV Paonhurav, “EAAHVOY pev OVTMY, OV Seyouévwy 5é Tov oT ONY ovse Bovropevear arpi- oracbat Bacrréws, THY TE Xwpav KAKOS €roiE Kal mpooéBarne Tots TELXET LY. at b¢ Xiou oup- WrEOVvTES AUTO, ™ pos dé TOUS Pacnrhitas éx Taravod prrixds é Was dpa pev Tov Kipwva Karen pavvov, Epa. dé To Eevovres vmrép Ta Tein BiBrtb.a ™ poo Keipeva Tois GiaTois efaryyedAov tois Pacnritats. Tédos 5é€ SinrArakev! adrous, S7r ws béxa tddavra Sovres axorov0a@at Kal ov- oTpaTevwoly emt Tous BapBapovs. "Eg opos pev ovv TeOpaverny gnoi trav Bact- NLKOY VvEewv dpxew Kal Tov melod Depevdarny, ‘KaddoGevns & Apioudvinv tov T'wPpvov KUpLo- TaTov évTa THS duvdpews mapa TOV Evpupédorra Tais vavol Tapoppeiy, oux évTa payer Oat Tois EAAnet ™poOupor, adda mpogdexXopevov oydon- Kovta vats Povicoas amo Kvuapov mpoomre- 1 3hAAatey Coraés and Bekker have &:4AAaéav, as does S, referring to the Chians as reconciling the two hostile parties. 440 486 CIMON entirely cleared of Persian arms. Learning that the generals of the King were lurking about Pamphylia with a great army and many ships, and wishing to make them afraid to enter at all the sea to the west of the Chelidonian isles, he set sail from Cnidus and Triopium! with two hundred triremes. These vessels had been from the beginning very well con- structed for speed and manoeuvring by Themistocles ; but Cimon now made them broader, and put bridges between their decks, in order that with their numer- ous hoplites they might be more effective in their onsets. Putting in at Phaselis, which was a Hellenic city, but refused to admit his armament or even to abandon the King’s cause, he ravaged its territory and assaulted its walls. But the Chians, who formed part of his fleet and were of old on friendly terms with the people of Phaselis, laboured to soften Cimon’s hostility, and at the same time, by shooting arrows over the walls with little documents attached, ; they conveyed messages of their success to the men of Phaselis. So finally Cimon made friends with them on condition that they should pay ten talents and join him in his expedition against the Bar- barians. Now Ephorus says that Tithraustes was com- mander of the royal fleet, and Pherendates of the infantry ; but Callisthenes says that it was Ario- mandes, the son of Gobryas, who, as commander-in- chief of all the forces, lay at anchor with the fleet off the mouth of the Eurymedon, and that he was not at all eager to fight with the Hellenes, but was waiting for eighty Phoenician ships to sail up from 1 About 467 B.c. 441 ’ 5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovoas. tavtas hOjvat Bovropevos 6 Kipov avnxOn, BidlecOat twapecxevacpévos, dv éxovTes Hn vavpay@ow. of Sé mpaTov pév, as BN BiacGeiev, ets Tov Totamov elowpyicavTo, Tpoc- depouévwv 5€ tav ‘AOnvaiwy avrekérdevacar, ws tatope. Davodnuos, éExaociais vavaiv, ws 8S "Eqopos, mevtjxovra xal tpiaxociais. épyov dé Kata yotv thy Oddratrav ovdev bn’ avdtrav éempaxyOn ths Suvdpews akiov, adr’ evOds eis Thv Yhv atrootpépovtes eEémimrov ot mpwroe Kal Katéhevyov eis TO elev eyyvs TapaTeTaype- voy, ot 5€ KaTrarapPavopevot SiehOeipovTo pera tav veay. @& Kal Sirov dori, Ste wapytroAdXai TiVES Al TrETTANPwpEVvaL Tols BapBdapo.s vijes Hoay, STE TOAA@Y EV, WS ELKOS, ExPUYoUTaY, TOAN@Y 5¢ avytpiBevcav, Suws alyparwrous Staxocias éXaBov ot 'AOnvaio.. XIII. Tév 8 refSav érixataBavrwv mpos tiv Oaraccay plya pev Epyov éepaivero TH Kipove TO BidfeOau THY ar oBaow Kat KEKMNKOTAS apie Kat ToANaT AAT LOLs em dryewy TOUS "EdX7- vas, Suws b¢ popn «al ppovipare Tov Kparety pay emnppevovs xal TpoOupous opoce xepeiv Tots BapBapass, GmneBiBate TOUS omhiTas ere Beppovs a) KaTa THY vavpaxiay ayau pera xpauyns Kat Spoov Tpoo pepopevous. broardy- twv oé€ TOY Mepo ay ral beFapévov OUK ayEVVaIS Kpatepa pdyn auveotn Kal Tov "A@nvaiwy avdpes aryadot Kal Trois afiopace Tparot Kal Statrperreis Emecov. TorAAD 8 ayave TpeYrapevos 442 CIMON Cyprus. Wishing to anticipate their arrival, Cimon put out to sea, prepared to force the fighting if his enemy should decline an engagement. At first the enemy put into the river, that they might not be forced to fight ; but when the Athenians bore down on them there, they sailed out to meet them. They had six hundred ships, according to Phanodemus ; three hundred and fifty, according to Ephorus. Whatever the number, nothing was achieved by them on the water which was worthy of such a force, but they straightway put about and made for shore, where the foremost of them abandoned their ships and fled for refuge to the infantry which was drawn up near by; those who were overtaken were de- stroyed with their ships. Whereby also it is plain that the Barbarian ships which went into action were very numerous indeed, since, though many, of course, made their escape and many were de- stroyed, still two hundred were captured by the Athenians. XIII. When the enemy’s land forces marched threateningly down to the sea, Cimon thought it a vast undertaking to force a landing and lead his weary Hellenes against an unwearied and many times more numerous foe. But he saw that his men were exalted by the impetus and pride of their victory, and eager to come to close quarters with the Barbarians, so he landed his hoplites still hot with the struggle of the sea-fight, and they advanced to the attack with shouts and on the run. The Persians stood firm and received the onset nobly, - and a mighty battle ensued, wherein there fell brave men of Athens who were foremost in public office and eminent. But after a long struggle the Athenians 443 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tovs BapBdpous éxtewov, elta Hpouvv avtovs Te Kal oxnVvas mavTodaT av XpPnwaTwy yemovoas. Kivov & domep adrnrns Sexvos Tyepe pg Svo KaOnpnkas aywviopata, kal TO ev ep Larapive meCouayia, TO & ev IWAatasais vav- payia twapednrv0as tpdrratoy, ernywvicato tais vixass, al tas-oySonxovta Dowicoas rpinpecs, al Tis pdyns arereihOnaav,” Tdpm mpocBeBAn- xévat wvOduevos Sia Tayous émdeucev, ovdev eldoTtwy BéBatov ovtrw mepl tis pelCovos . duva- pews TOY oTpaTnyaV, adAAa SvaoTictws ETL Kal METE@PWS EYOVTWY" 7 Kal MAGAXOV éxTAAaYErTES am@\ecav tas vais atrdacas, kal Tov dvdpav ot qWreioro. auvdiehOdpnaav. rovTo TO épryov ovtws éTramelywoe THY yvounv tod Bactréas, @ote suvOécIar THv TepiBonTov eipnvny éxeivnp, immou pev Spopov del ths “EXAnvixts arréxeuv Gardoons, évdov 5€ Kvavéwy xat Xersdoviwv paxpa vni Kal XarucepBorep fn) WAEELY. Kaitos Karryrcbévns od dnote tadra cvvbécbat tov BdpRapov, épym Sé mwovety Sid hoBov tijs ATTHS exelvys, Kal paxpav oUTwWs aTrooTHvat THs ‘EAAdbos, @ote wevTnxovta vaval Tlepixréa Kat Tpidxovra povais “EdudArnyv éréxewa mmrevoat Xersdovior cai pndev adtois vaurexov aravricat mapa tov BapBdpworv. év bé trois Wdiopaocw, & ouvynyaye Kpatepos, avtiypapa ovuvOnkayv ws yevouévwv Katatétaxta. ghact dé Kat Bwwov 444 487 CIMON routed the Barbarians with slaughter, and then captured them and their camp, which was full of all sorts of treasure. But Cimon, though like a powerful athlete he had brought down two contests in one day, and though he had surpassed the victory of Salamis with an infantry battle, and that of Plataea with a naval battle, still went on competing with his own victories. Hearing that the eighty Phoenician triremes which were too late for the battle had put in at Hydrus,! he sailed thither with all speed, while their commanders as yet knew nothing definite about the major force, but were still in distrustful suspense. For this reason they were all the more panic-stricken at his attack, and lost all their ships. Most of their crews were destroyed with the ships. This exploit so humbled the purpose of the King that he made the terms of that notorious peace, by which he was to keep away from the Hellenic sea-coast as far as a horse could travel in a day, and was not to sail west of the Cyanean and Chelidonian isles with armoured ships of war. And yet Callisthenes denies that the Barbarian made any such terms, but says he really acted as he did through the fear which that victory inspired, and kept so far aloof from Hellas that Pericles with fifty, and Ephialtes with only thirty, ships sailed beyond the Chelidonian isles without encountering any navy of the Barbarians. But in the decrees collected by Craterus there is a copy of the treaty in its due place, as though it had actually been made. And they say that the Athenians 1 Hydrus is the name in the MSS., but no such place is known. Syedra is the most probable correction. 445 PLUTARCH’S LIVES elpins Sia taita tovs "AOnvaiovs iSpicacOat, cal KadAlav tov mpeoBevoavta tijor Stade- povrws. IIpabévrwry Sé trav aiyparorav Aadvpwv ets Te TA AdAXra YpHpacw Oo Shyos eppwcGn, Kal TH dxpomoher TO voTiov Tetyos KaTeckevacey arr’ éxeiyns evTropnaas THS oTpareias. Aéyerat Sé Kal TOV paxpav TEeLXav, & OKEAN KAaNODGL, OUVTEAE- obhvat pev datepov THY oixodopiay, THY Oé TpwTHY Gepediwow eis ToTrous ékw@das Kat StaBpoxous Tov Epyov éeurecovrwy épecOjvat Sia Kipavos Goparas, YaALKt TOAAR Kal ALGots Bapéot Tov eho mieoGevtwr, exeivov ypnuata Tropifovtas Kal d:dovtos. mpartos 5é tais Neyouevais eXevOepiors kal yAadupais StatpeBais, al puixpov torepov itreppuas nyatnOnoav, éxarrOrice TO doTU, THY yey ayopav wWratdavos Katadutevoas, thy 8 "Anadnpecav €& avidpov Kal avyunpas KaTappuTov amrobetEas Adaos Hnoxnuévoy vm’ auTtov ‘Spomots xadapois Kal wvoKiois wepiTrarots. XIV. ’Eqel 6¢ trav lepoay tives ovn éBov- NovTo THY Keppovnoov exditrety, ddAa Kal Tovs Opaxas avwlev érexarovvTo xatadpovodvtes Tod Kipewvos per’ odAcywv TwavTdtract tpinpwy *AOn- ynev éxremdevKoTos, opunoas er’ avtovs Téc- capot pev vavol TpicKxaldexa Tas éxeivwy éEXaBer, éferdoas 5€ tous Ilépous nal xpatioas Tov Opa- KOY TacaY @KELwWoaTo TH TOAE THY XEppdvycor. éx 5 rovTov @acious yey dtrootdvras ‘AOnvaiwy Karavavpaynoas Tpels xal tTprdxovta vads édaPe Kal tiv wodw é€errodopKnce Kal Ta Ypvocia TA 446 CIMON also built the altar of Peace to commemorate this event, and paid distinguished honours to Callias as their ambassador. By the sale of the captured spoils the people was enabled to meet various financial demands, and especially it constructed the southern wall of the Acropolis with the generous resources obtained from that expedition. And it is said that, though the building of the long walls, called “legs,” was completed afterwards, yet their first foundations, where the work was obstructed by swamps and marshes, were stayed up securely by Cimon, who dumped vast quantities of rubble and heavy stones into the swamps, meeting the expenses himself. He was the first to beautify the city with the so- called “liberal’’ and elegant resorts which were so excessively popular a little later, by planting the market-place with plane trees, and by converting the Academy from a waterless and arid spot into a well watered grove, which he provided with clear running-tracks and shady walks. XIV. Now there were certain Persians who would not abandon the Chersonese, but called in Thracians from the North to help them, despising Cimon, who had sailed out from Athens with only a few triremes all told! But he sallied out against them with his four ships and captured their thirteen, drove out the Persians, overwhelmed the Thracians, and turned the whole Chersonese over to his city for settlement. And after this, when the Thasians were in revolt from Athens,? he defeated them in a sea- fight, captured thirty-three of their ships, besieged and took their city, acquired their gold mines 1 466 B.C. 2 465 BC. 447 PLUTARCH’S LIVES répav ’AOnvaiors mpocextncato Kal yepav, iis émipyov @dovo, wapérXaBev. "ExeiOev 5é padiws émiBivat Maxedovias Kai TOAAnY aTroTeuéoOat Trapacyov, ws edoKel, M7 Oernoas aitiay gaye Swpots varo Tod Bacthéws "AreFdvdpou cuptrerretcOar, cai Sixny epuye Tav éyOpav cvotdvrwy én avtov. atrodoyoupevos dé mpos tous Stxaotas ovK ‘lovwv edn mpokevety ove Beccadav, TAOVGiwY dvTwY, WoTrEp ETEpoUSs, iva Ocparrevwvrar Kal AapBavwow, adda Aa- Kedalpoviwy, pipovpevos Kal ayaTo@v THY Tap avrots evtéAecay Kal cwhpocurvny, hs ovdéva mpo- TuLay MAOUTOV, AANA TAOUTICWY ATO TOY TO- Aeulov THY ToAW ayarrecOar. pynaobels Sé THs Kptoews exeivns 6 YrnoiuBporos dynos thy ’EXte- vicny trép tod Kipwvos Seouevnv érbetv emt tas Oupas rob Ilepexréous (odtos yap hv Tov KaTn- yopwv 6 adodporatos), tov 6 peidiacavra “Tpats el,” davai, “ypais, ® “Edmuwixn, os tTnrikadra diampatrecOar mpdypata*” aWAnv év ye tH Sixn wpadtatov yeveoOar Te Kipove cat mpos THv KaTnyopiavy arak avacTivar povor, Womwep ahocrovpevoy. XV. "Exetyny peév obv atrédhuye thy Sixny: év be TH AoLTH ToNTELa Tapwv pev Expater Kal cuvé- arene TOY Ojpov émtBaivoyvta Tols apioros Kal TEeplomTavTa THY Tacav els EavToYV apyny Kal duva- puv> ws O€ 1rdALv él otpateiay éFéerdevce, TEAEwS aveBévres of ToAAOL Kal auyyéavTes TOV KaDECTO- Ta THS TWONTELAS KOT MOY Ta TE TAaTpPLA VOpipma, ols 448 488 CIMON on the opposite mainland for Athens, and took possession of the territory which the Thasians con- trolled there. From this base he had a good opportunity, as it was thought, to invade Macedonia and cut off a great part of it, and because he would not consent to do it, he was accused of having been bribed to this position by King Alexander, and was actually prosecuted, his enemies forming a coalition against him.! In making his defence before his judges he said he was no proxenus of rich Ionians and Thessalians, as others were, to be courted and paid for their services, but rather of Lacedaemonians, whose temperate simplicity he lovingly imitated, counting no wealth above it, but embellishing the city with. the wealth which he got from the enemy. In mentioning this famous trial Stesimbrotus says that Elpinicé came with a plea for Cimon to the house of Pericles, since he was the most ardent accuser, and that he smiled and said, “Too old, too old, Elpinicé, to meddle with such business.” But at the trial he was very gentle with Cimon, and took the floor only once in accusation of him, as though it were a mere formality. XV. Well then, Cimon was acquitted at this trial. And during the remainder of his political career, when he was at home, he mastered and constrained the people in its onsets upon the nobles, and in its efforts to wrest all office and power to itself; but when he sailed away again on military service,’ the populace got completely beyond control. They con- founded the established political order of things and the ancestral practices which they had formerly 1 463 B.C. 2 462 B.c. See chap. xvii 449 VOL. II. . GG PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 éypavro mpotepov, "Ediddrov mpoeatartos adet- AovTto Tis é& "Apetou mayou BovAs Tas Kpicets TAnY ONlywy atTacas, Kat tav SiKaorTnpioy Kuplous éavtovs Troimaavtes eis axpatov Snpo- Kpatiav évéBarov-tHv mod, 46n Kat Llepixdréous Suvapévov xal Ta TOY TOAABY ‘pPpovodyTos. S60 kal tov Kipwvos, os éravndOev, ayavaxrovvros énl T@ mpomnrakiferOar 1d akiwpa Tod cuve- Spiov, cal mepwuévov madd dvw tas Sixas avaxaneicOat Kai tiv éml KreucBévous éyetpev dpistoxpatiav, kateBowy cumotdpevos Kal Tov 3 Shyov eEnpeOclov, éxeiva te Ta pos THY adeXdny avaveovpevor kal Aaxwviopov émixadovvtes. els & xal ra Evtronséos StateOptrnras rept Kipwvos, bre Kaxos pév ovn Hv, peromorns 5é Kaperns Kaviot dv amexotmat av év Aaxedaipou, cay ’Exruvicny ryvde katadiTrev povny. et & auedov cal peOvaoxopevos tooavTas moAEs elke xal tocavtas vixas évixnoe, SHrov Tt yypovtTos avtod Kal mpocéxovTos ovdels Av ovTE TOV TpOTEpoVv OvTE TOY VaTEepov EXAjvar TapyrAGe Tas mpakes. XVI. "Hy pev ody ar’ apyis btAoAdcov: Kal ray ye waidwv tav Sidvpwv tov érepov Aaxedatpov- tov @vopace, Tov 8 Erepov Hreéiov, éx yuvateds aita Kreropias yevopévous, ws YrnoipuSporos iotopet: 520 rroAAaxus Tov Tlepuxréa To untpo@ov avtois yévos ovedivev. Arodwpos 8 o Iepinyn- THS Kal ToUTOUS Pyol Kal Tov TpiT Ov TeV Kipewvos 450 . CIMON observed, and under the lead of Ephialtes they robbed the Council of the Areiopagus of all but a few of the cases in its jurisdiction. They made them- selves masters of the courts of justice, and plunged the city into unmitigated democracy, Pericles being now a man of power and espousing the cause of the populace. And so when Cimon came back home, and in his indignation at the insults heaped upon the reverend council, tried to recall again its juris- diction and to revive the aristocracy of the times of Cleisthenes, they banded together to denounce him, and tried to inflame the people against him, renew- ing the old slanders about his sister and accusing him of being a Spartan sympathiser. It was to these calumnies that the famous and popular verses of Eupolis about Cimon had reference :— “ He was not base, but fond of wine and full of sloth, And oft he ‘ld sleep in Lacedaemon, far from home, And leave his Elpinicé sleeping all alone.” But if, though full of sloth and given to tippling, he yet took so many cities and won so many victories, it is clear that had he been sober and mindful of his business, no Hellene either before or after him would have surpassed his exploits. XVI. It is true indeed that he was from the first a philo-Laconian. He actually named one of his twin sons Lacedaemonius, and the other Eleius,— the sons whom a woman of Cleitor bare him, as Stesimbrotus relates, wherefore Pericles often reproached them with their maternal lineage. But Diodorus the Topographer says that these, as well 45! G@a@ 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES viavy @Beccarov e& “Icodixns yeyovevat tijs Evpumrodéuou Tow Meyaxnéous. nuEnOn & wo TOV Aaxedarpovier 78n 7 Bepiorowrel ™poonro- AewouvTov Kal ToUTOV édyvta véov ev "AOnvats panrrov toxver kal Kpatetv Bovropevev. ot Oy “AOnvaior TO 7 p@Tov ndéws EWpwV ov pixpa Tijs Tpos exéivov evvoias TOV Lraptiaréy am ohavov- Tes" avEavopevors yap avtois Kar apxas kal Ta TUmpAXLKA mohuTpary wovobary ovK HYG ovtTo Tuy Kab Xapete ToD Kipwwvos. ta yap TheloTa bt! éxetvou TOY “EAAnuicav Stem parrero, TPAws pev Tots TUUpAXOLS, KeXapio pevers dé Tois Aaxedac- povioss oushodvos. éreita SuvaT@tepot ryevo- pevot Kat TOV Kipwva Tots Lrapridrats oux Tpepa. 7 poo Ketpevov op@vres nXIovro. Kal yap avros émt mavtt peyaduvev Ty AaxeSaipova pos "AGnvatous, Kai padiora dTe sixet peuo- pevos autots 7) mapokvver, as dnot UTnoipBporos, eiober every” “AN ov Aaxedatpovsot ye ToovTo.. d0ev pOovov éauT@ ouviyye Kal Suc péverdy Teva, mapa TOV TOMTOD. ‘H & ovv toxucaca paduora Kat avrov TOY S1aBor.ov airiav éoxe TotautTny. ‘Apysddpou Tod ZevEwdpov TéTapTov * Eros év Rrdpty Baotrevov- TOS vTrO cto pou peylorou 87 TOV pYNpovevopEveov mpotepov 4 Te Yapa THY Aaxedaipoviny ydopa- ow évoduabe roAXvis Kas Tov Taiyérev TIVaX— Gévtwv Kxopudai tives ameppdarynoay, aut? o 7 ” qos OAn ouvexuOn Thay OLKIDY TWEVTE, TAS S Gras Hperpev 0 ceo pos. 1 séraprow Bekker adopted Niebuhr’s correction to reoca- peexadéxarer fourteenth. 452 ~~ CIMON as the third of Cimon’s sons, Thessalus, were born of Isodicé, the daughter of Euryptolemus, the son of Megacles. And he was looked upon with favour by the Lacedaemonians, who soon were at enmity with Themistocles, and therefore preferred that Cimon, young as he was, should have the more weight and power in Athens. The Athenians were glad to see this at first, since they reaped no slight advantage from the good will which the Spartans showed him. While their empire was first growing, and they were busy making alliances, they were not displeased that honour and favour should be shown to Cimon. He was the foremost Hellenic statesman, dealing gently with the allies and acceptably with the Lacedaemonians. But afterwards, when they became more powerful, and saw that Cimon was strongly attached to the Spartans, they were displeased thereat. For on every occasion he was prone to exalt Lacedaemon to the Athenians, especially when he had occasion to chide or incite them. Then, as Stesimbrotus tells us, he would say, “ But the Lace- daemonians are not of such a sort.” In this way he awakened the envy and hatred of his fellow- citizens. At any rate, the strongest charge against him arose as follows. When Archidamus, the son of Zeuxida- mus, was in the fourth year of his reign at Sparta,! a greater earthquake than any before reported rent the land of the Lacedaemonians into many chasms, shook Taygetus so that sundry peaks were torn away, and demolished the entire city with the exception of five houses. The rest were thrown down by the earthquake, 1 464 B.C. 453 5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES "Ey &e wen 7 arog yumvalopevon opod TOY epnBov cai Tov veavionwy déyeTat pute pov mo TOU oeta pou ayo mapadavivas, kal Tous pep veavioxous, WomTrEep Hoav ay tL HEvOL, META Wacolas éxdpapeiy Kal Stax, (Tots 5 ep) Bors vrorerpGetow € emumen ety TO ‘yupvacvov Kal mavTas opov TEAEUTHO AL. tov 8€ tddov avtav étt viv Seopatiav Tpocaryopevouat. Taxv 67 cuvday amo TOU TapovTos TOV Hén- ovTa xivduvov 0 "Apxidapos, Kai Tovs TrodiTas op@ayv é€k Tov oiKLaY Ta TUMOT ATA, TméeLpw- pévous ower, éxéhevae TH oadmuyyt onpai- vELY, Os “qroNepioy emTLovTmY, Omws ort Taxiora peta TOY Srhwv aOpoiSevrar mpos avtov. 6 87 Kal povoy évy T@ TOTE Kalp@ Ty Lmdprnv b:éow- oev. ob yap elhoores dx TOV dry pay ouvédpapov mavTaxolev ws dvapTrac opevor TOUS TETWOUEVOUS TOV LraptiaTay. Omg WEvous b¢ Kal ouvTe- TayWEvous evpovTes avexwpnaay em Tas ToneLs Kal pavepas em oN LOuy, TOV TE TepLoixeov ava- meloavrTes ovK OdLyous, Kal Mecaonviwy apa Tots Ymapridrats ouven epeveov. Tléumrovew ovVv ot Aaxedatpsvrot Tlepexrcioav ets "AOnvas Seopevor Bondeiv, dv pyar Keoppday "Aptarod duns abelouevov éml trols Bapois wXpov ev howixids otpatiay érarteiv. "EqidAtou Se KWAVOVTOS Kat Stapaptupopévov Pe Bon@etv pnd aviaTavat Woy avritranov émt Tas “AOnvas, GXN’ éav xetoOat nal rarnOijvat To ppovnua THS Lmdprns, Ktuovd gnot Kpetias THY THS TaTpibos abtnow év totépw Géuevoy tod Aaxedatpovioy 454 ™~ 489 CIMON It is said that while the young men and youths were exercising together in the interior of the colon- nade, just a little before the earthquake, a hare made its appearance, and the youths, all anointed as they were, in sport dashed out and gave chase to it, but the young men remained behind, on whom the gym- nasium fell, and all perished together. Their tomb, even down to the present day, they call Setsmatias. Archidamus at once comprehended from the danger at hand that which was sure to follow, and as he saw the citizens trying to save the choicest valuables out of their houses, ordered the trumpet to give the signal of an enemy’s attack, in order that they might flock to him at once underarms. This was all that saved Sparta at that crisis. For the Helots hurriedly gathered from all the country round about with intent to despatch the surviving Spartans. But finding them arrayed in arms, they withdrew to their cities and waged open war, persuading many Perioeci also so to do. The Messenians besides joined in this attack upon the Spartans. Accordingly, the Lacedaemonians sent Pericleidas to Athens with request for aid, and Aristophanes introduces him into a comedy as “ sitting at the altars, pale of face, in purple cloak, soliciting an army.”?} But Ephialtes opposed the project, and besought the Athenians not to succour nor restore a city which was their rival, but to let haughty Sparta lie to be trodden under foot of men. Whereupon, as Critias says, Cimon made his country’s increase of less account than Sparta’s interest, and persuaded the 1 Lysistrata, 1137 ff. 439 PLUTARCH’S LIVES cuudépovros avatreicavtra tov Shpyov é&eNOeiv BonOotvra peta TodrAOv oTduToY. Oo 8 “lwv amopvnovever Kal Tov Adyov, & padtoTAa TOUS "AOnvaiovs éxivnoe, Tapaxadrov pnte thy ‘EX- rdda Koray Byte THY Todw ETepolvya TrepLidety yeyevnpevny. XVII. "Enel &é Bondijoas Tois Aaxedatpoviors amnet dia KopivOov thv orpatiav ayo, évexanet Adyaptos avT@ mpiy évruxeiv Tots TromMTals eloaryaryovre TO oTpateupa Kat yap Oupay Ko- pavras aNXOT piav ovK elovevat 7 pOTEpoV i) TOV KUPLOD xehevoat. Kat 9 Kipov “"AAN ovy upeis,” elev, @ Adyapre, TAS Krcwvater Kal Meyapéwy TUAAS KOWayTes, ada. KATACXITAYTES elo eBid cacde pera TOY OTN@DV afvoivtes dvepyevas mavra Tois peifov Suvapevors.” ovTH pev eOpa- ovvaTo 7 pos tov KopivOcov év Séovrt, cal peta Ths oTpaTLas beEAOev. Oi 6é Aaxedarpovior tous ‘A@nvaious addts éxdXouv émt tous ev ‘lO@un Meconvious xat elhwras, EXMGovtwy dé THY TOhpay Kal THY Aap ™poTnTa deicavres arreTrépapavTo povous TOY CULUAXOY WS vewTepia Tas. at O€ mMpos Spyny atreNOovtes nbn TOI Aaxwvifovet pavepas éxahe- Tawov, kai tov Kineva puxpas émthaBopevor Tpopdcews éEwotpaxicav ets érn Séxa> TocovTov yap hv Xpovov TeTaypévov atract Tots eLootpaxt- Copevots. "Ev 6é TOUT TOV Aaxedatpovior, as emavnp- yovto Aeddovs aro Paxéwy éXevOepwoartes, ép 456 CIMON people to go forth to her aid with many hoplites. And Ion actually mentions the phrase by which, more than by anything else, Cimon prevailed upon the Athenians, exhorting them “not to suffer Hellas to be crippled, nor their city to be robbed of its yoke- fellow.” XVII. After he had given aid to the Lacedaemo- nians, he was going back home with his forces through the Isthmus of Corinth, when Lachartus upbraided him for having introduced his army before he had conferred with the citizens. “People who knock at doors,” said he, “do not go in before the owner bids them”; to which Cimon replied,. “ And yet you Corinthians, O Lachartus, did not so much as knock at the gates of Cleonae and Megara, but hewed them down and forced your way in under arms, demanding that everything be opened up to the stronger.” Such was his boldness of speech to the Corinthian in an emergency, and he passed on through with his forces. Once more the Lacedaemonians summoned the Athenians to come to their aid against the Messe- nians and Helots in Ithomé, and the Athenians went, but their dashing boldness awakened fear, and they were singled out from all the allies and sent off as dangerous conspirators. They came back home in a rage, and at once took open measures of hostility against the Laconizers, and above all against Cimon. Laying hold of a trifling pretext, they ostracised him for ten years.!. That was the period decreed in all cases of ostracism. It was during this period that the Lacedaemonians, after freeing the Delphians from the Phocians, 1 461 B.c, 457 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 V4 bf a \ Tavaypa xataotpatoredevodytwy 'A@Onvaior pev b fe) anmnvrwv Swapayovpevor, Kivwr 88 peta Tov StA@Y Hey eis THY avUTOD dvAnyv Thy Oivnisa, 4 b 4 \ , mpoOumos dv auvverOat Tovs Aaxedatpovious peta Tov ToMTaV. 7 5é BovdAn TOY TevTaKociwy TuO0- pen xai doBnOciga, trav eyOpav avtod Kxata- Bowvrev ws cuvtapd—ar tHhv ddrayya Bovdo- pévov kal tH ToAct Aaxedampovious érayayeiv, amnyopevoe Tois otpatnyois pn SéyerOat Tov dvdpa. xKaxeivos pev wero SenBels Evdimarov a 9 , \ ce) wv: @ , @ tov Avaddvotiov Kal ToV adrwWV ETALPwY, Boot UA \ lo) , > - ” > , padtoTta THY TOD AaKwvilew aitiay Eryxov, éppwpé- vos aywvicacbas pos Tovs Trodeuious Kat de’ 4 b] , \ > @& N \ lg Epywv atrod\voac bat Thy atTiay Tpos TOUS TONTAS. ot 8€ AaBovres avtod thy TavorAlay eis Tov AGKOV éOevto: xat pet GdAnAWY aUaTavTeEs exOdpas éxatov évtes Emecov, wodvv avTov ToOov Kat petapéreay ed’ ols nridOnoav adixws amrodtrov- a 9? ld @ Pr A \ , tes tots "AOnvato. S0ev ovdé tH wpos Kipova Oup@ Tord. ypovoy évéweway, Ta “EV, WS ELKOS, ? w @ V4 \ \ “A “ @y Era0ov ev pepvnpévot, Ta 5é TOU KaLpod auA- - Xa o : ‘4 ‘ N 9 4 1p Pavopevov _vevexnpevor yap ev Tavayp¢ ayn peyadn Kat TpocdoxavTes Els @pav ETOUS otpatiav TeXoTvovynciwy em’ avrovs éxddouv ex THs guys Tov Kipeva: cai catnre To Wydiopa , > “ 4 4 4 ypaxpavtos aut@ Ilepixreous. ovTw ToTE TroALTE- Kai pev joav ai Stadopat, pérptos S ot Oupoi 458 499 CIMON encamped at Tanagra on their march back home.! Here the Athenians confronted them, bent on fight- ing their issue out, and here Cimon came in arms, to join his own Oeneid tribe, eager to share with his fellow-citizens in repelling the Lacedaemonians. But the Council of the Five Hundred learned of this and was filled with fear, since Cimon’s foes accused him of wishing to throw the ranks into confusion, and then lead the Lacedaemonians in an attack upon the city ; so they forbade the generals to receive the man. As he went away he besought Euthippus of Anaphlystus and his other comrades, all who, were specially charged with laconizing, to fight sturdily against the enemy, and by their deeds of valour to dissipate the charge which their countrymen laid at their door. They took his armour and set it in the midst of their company, supported one another . ardently in the fight, and fell, to the number of one hundred, leaving behind them among the Athenians a great and yearning sense of their loss, and sorrow for the unjust charges made against them. For this reason the Athenians did not long abide by their displeasure against Cimon, partly because, as was natural, they remembered his benefits, and partly because the turn of events favoured his cause. For they were defeated:at Tanagra in a great battle, and expected that in the following spring-time an armed force of Peloponnesians would come against them, and so they recatled Cimon from his exile. The . decree which provided for his return was formally proposed by Pericles. To such a degree in those days were dissensions based on _ political differ- ences of opinion, while personal feelings were 1 457 B,C. 459 ae PLUTARCH’S LIVES xat mpos TO Kowov evavdxrnTOL cuphépov, % 5é diroriia wdavrwv émixpatovoa Tay Tabay Tois THS TaTpioos UIreywpel KaLpois. XVIII. Evdds pev odtv o Kipowv kxatenOov EXvae Tov todenov Kal SundArdake Tas odes’ yevopévns § eipynvns opav rovs *A@nvaious hovylay dye un Suvapévous, GAXA KivetoOat Kal avfavecOar tais otpateiats Bovdopévous, iva ayn tots “EXAnoe SioxA@or pnde rept Tas VHGOUS 9 [leXomrévvncov dvactpepopever vaval trodndais aitias éupurAiwr Trodéweov Kal cuppayecav éykdn- patwy dpyds émiomdowvtTas Kata THS TodEws, émAnpou Siaxocias tpihpers ws er Alyurrov cat Kvurpov avéis éxorpatevocpevos, apa pev éep- MeXNETAY TOs mpos TOvs BapBapous ayaa Bovdo- pevos tovs ’AOnvaious, dua § wperetoBar dixaiws Tas amo Tov dicet Trodeulwy evrropias eis THY ‘EAAdba Kouilovtas. "Hdn 8€ wapecxevacpévwv aravtwv Kai Tod otpatob mapa tais vavaly dvros bvap cidev o Kiuov. éd0xer xiva Ovpoupévnv brAaKTELY TpOS avrov, éx b€ THs bKAAHS pemypéevoy adeioay avOpwtrov POoyyov eitrety: Lreive: hiros yap éon cal euol cat éepois OKUAAKEDOLD. ovtw dé Suaxpitov tis dypews ovans ‘AoTudidos 0 Tlocedaudrns, pavtixos dvnp Kal avvnOns TO Kivu, ppdter Oavatov ait@ mpoonpaivery thy oyu, otto Siatpov: xvav avOpwr@, mpos by UAaxTel, Todewsos* Trodeuia 8 ovK adv Tis waddop 450 ~, CIMON moderate, and easily recalled into conformity with the public weal. Even ambition, that master passion, paid deference to the country’s welfare. XVIII. Well then, as soon as Cimon returned from exile he stopped the war and reconciled the rival cities. After peace was made,! since he saw that the Athenians were unable to keep quiet, but wished to be on the move and tmrwax great by means of military expeditions ; also because he wished that they should not exasperate the Hellenes gener- ally, nor by hovering around the islands and the Peloponnesus with a large fleet bring down upon the city charges of intestine war, and initial complaints from the allies, he manned two hundred triremes. His design was to make another expedition with them against Egypt and Cyprus. He wished to keep the Athenians in constant training by their struggles with Barbarians, and to give them the legitimate benefits of importing into Hellas the wealth taken from their natural foes. All things were now ready and the soldiery on the point of embarking, when Cimon had a dream. He thought an angry bitch was baying at him, and that mingled with its baying it uttered a human voice, saying :— “* Go thy way, for a friend shalt thou be both to me and my puppies.”’ The vision being hard of interpretation, Astyphilus ot Posidonia, an ‘inspired man and an intimate of Cimon’s, told him that it signified his death. He analysed the vision thus: a dag is a foe of the man at whom it bays; to a foe, one cannot be a friend 1 450-B.c. 461 ye a cr =>) PLUTARCH’S LIVES H Tereutncas diros yevo.To- TO O€ pirypa Tis povns Mijsov amodnhoi TOV _eXOpov- 0 yap Mybov OTPATOS ‘EAAgow opod Kat BapBdpors HE MLK TAL. peta Sé TAavTQY THY ory avrob ™] Avoviow Oucartos o pev pdvris amérepe TO lepeiov, Tod 8 aiuatos To Tyvupevor non HUpENKes Tool AapBavovres Kara, pk pov Epepov Wpos Tov Kipava Kat TOU 1050S mept TOV péyav SaxTuXOv TEPLeTAATTOV, émt qoXuv Xpovoy av- Odavovtes. Epa dé TOS 6 te Kipov to yivopeve Tpoéo € wal Tapiy 6 Ourns émideravipevos avT@ TOV AoBov ovK eXovTa Keparny. "AAX’ ov ‘yap HY avadvats THS oTpareias é&é- Wrevoe, Kal tov veov EEnxovta pev atréoTetrev els Aiyutrrop, tals & ddXais wddw ... err. wear KATAVAVLAX IT AS Dowwcody veaVy Kal Kido- oy, Bactdtxov OTONOY AVEKTATO TE TAS EV KUKAM monet Kal Tots mepl Alyumrov épndpever, ovdev pucpov, arr’ SANs em voey THS Bacthéws nYyeLo- vias KaTahuow, Kal padiora ort Tov Bena T0- KAEOUS “erruvOdvero bo£ay elvat nai Svvayv év tois BapBdpors peyadny, brrodedeypévov Bacirei KwodvTt TOV ‘EdAnvicoy mohepov TTPATIYNHTELW. @cpiotrokrARs pev ovv oux jeora Aéyerat TAS ‘EAAnuiKds mpagers aTroryvous, as ovK dp virep- Baréopevos thv Kipevos ebruxiay Kal aperny, EKWV TENEUTIIO AL, Kipov bé peyarov eT LPO MeVOS apyas ayaa Kal Tmept Kumpov TUvEX@Y TO vauTiKoy repre es “Appovos avdpas a7roppn- TOV TWa pavTélay Totnoopévous Tapa TH Oe@: 1 wdaw...&rae either wdAw is a corruption (wep! May- guAlay 2), or words have fallen out. 462 CIMON any better than by dying; the mixture of speech indicates that the enemy is the Mede, for the army of the Medes is a mixture of Hellenes and Bar- barians. After this vision, when Cimon had sacrificed to Dionysus and the seer was cutting up the victim, swarms of ants took the blood as it congealed, brought it little by little to Cimon, and enveloped his great toe therewith, he being unconscious of their work for some time. Just about at the time when he noticed what they were doing, the ministrant came and showed him the liver of his victim without a head. But since he could not get out of the expedition, he set sail, and after detailing sixty of his ships to go to Egypt, with the rest he made again for Cyprus. After defeating at sea the royal armament of Phoeni- cian and Cilician ships, he won over the cities round . about, and then lay threatening the royal enterpuise in Egypt, and not in any trifling fashion,—nay, he had in mind the dissolution of the King’s entire supremacy, and all the more because he learned that the reputation and power of Themistocles were great among the Barbarians, who had promised the King that when the Hellenic war was set on foot he would take command of it. At any rate, it is said that it was most of all due to Themistocles’ despair of his Hellenic undertakings, since he could not eclipse the good fortune and valour of Cimon, that he took his own life.} But Cimon, while he was projecting vast conflicts and holding his naval forces in the vicinity of Cyprus, sent men to the shrine of Ammon to get oracular answer from the god to some secret question. 1 Cf. Themistocles, xxxi. 4. 463 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES 7 ywooker yap oveeis uTép wv eméwpOnaar, ovoe xpnapov avtois o beds efnveyxev, aAr’ dua TO mpoaenbeip exéheva ev amévat TOUS Ocompérrous: avrov yap 76 TOV Kipova Tap EAUT@ TUyyavely évTa. tabra AKOUVTAYTES ot Jeomporrot Karté- Bawvov éri Oddaccav: (yevopevor bé € ev TP aTpaTo- Tedq TOV ‘EdAgjvov, O TOTE TEpL Alyutov WD, émvdovTo TeOvavat TOV Kipova: Kat Tas npepas mTpos TO pavreiov avayovres Eyvwo av nveypevny THY TedevTHV Tov avdpos, ws dn Tapa Oeois 6vTOS. XIX. ’AméOave 5é trodtopxav Kitiov, ws oi a / / 4 / > WAEta TOL Aeyoust, voonoas’ €vLot 5é pac éx TPAVLATOS, o 7 pos TOUS BapBapous dryeovrlopevos gaye. TedevTav dé Tous mepl avrov éxedevoer evOvs amromhety aTroKpupapevous Tov Odvarov avrov' Kal ovvéBn pnte TOV TodELioV pare TOV cUppdyov aicOopevey aoparas avTous dvaxopia iva TT PATHYOUHEVOUS vO Kipwvos, as pot Pavodnpos, teOvynnotos ef Apépas TpLaKovTa. Mera 6¢ tHv éxeivov TeAEUTHY Tpos pev TOUS BapBdpous ovdev ért Aap pov Um ovdEevos émpa- xn otpatnyou tav “EXAnvwv, GNA Tpamevres umd Snpayoyar Kal TONE MOTFOLOV er’ adAHAous, ovdevos Tas xeipas ev péow Siacxov7os, cuveppa- yqoay els TOV TONE LOD, avatvon pey Tots Bact- News Wpadyyact yevouevot, pOopov 8 apvOnrov TAS “EdAquiijs Suvd pens amepyacduevot. oye & ot Tept tov "Aynoidaov eis thy “Actav éfevey- Kipevor Ta OTAA Bpayéos FrYyavto ToNemou pos 464 49] CIMON No one knows what they were sent to ask, nor did» the god vouchsafe them any response, but as soon as the enquirers drew nigh, he bade them depart, saying that Cimon himself was already with him. On hearing this, the enquirers went down to the sea- coast, and when they reached the camp of the Hellenes, which was at that time on the confines of Egypt, they learned that Cimon was dead, and on counting the days back to the utterance of the oracle, they found that it was their commander’s death which had been darkly intimated, since he was already with the gods. XIX. He died while besieging Citium, of sickness, as most say.! But some say it was of a wound which he got while fighting the Barbarians. As he was dying he bade those about him to sail away at once and to conceal his death. And so it came to pass that neither the enemy nor the allies understood what had happened, and the force was brought back in safety “under the command of Cimon,’ as Phanodemus says, “ who had been dead for thirty days.” ‘After his death no further brilliant exploit against the Barbarians was performed by any general of the Hellenes, who were swayed by demagogues and partisans of civil war, with none to hold a mediating hand between them, till they actually clashed to- gether in war. This afforded the cause of the King a respite, but brought to pass an indescribable destruction of Hellenic power. It was not until long afterwards? that Agesilaiis carried his arms into Asia and prosecuted a brief war against the King’s 1 Thue. i. 112. 2 396-394 B.c. 465 VOL. II. H H PLUTARCH’S LIVES tous éml Bardocon Baciréws orparnyots: Kat hapmrpov ovdey ovde Heya Spdoavtes, avOus dé Tats ‘EdAnuicats oTATETL kal Tapaxais agp’ éTépas apis UrrevexBévres, @XOvTO TOUS Tlepoay popodoyous éy péoaus Tais cuupayxos Kat pirass TONG ATONLTOYTES, ov ouoe ypapparopopos xatéBawev ovd barrros pos Garacon TeTpakoc- lwy oradiov é évros ap0n oTpaTnyoovTos Kipevos. “Ore pev oy els THY “ATToRnY arrexopiaOn Ta Netava avrTov, paptupel TaV penpatov Ta péexpe viv Kipovera 7 poo ayopevopeva: TLUOCTL dé kal Kurcets Tdgov Twa Kipwvos, o> Navot- Kparns Oo pytwp pnoty, év horus Kal is apopia | tov Geov mpoaTaeavTos avrots 1) cpereiy Ké- HOVOS, arn’ OS xpelrrova o¢BeaGat Kat yepaipery. ToLovTos ev o ‘EAANVLKOS tryELoV. 466 CIMON generals along the sea-coast. And even he could perform no great and brilliant deeds, but was over- whelmed in his turn by a flood of Hellenic disorders and seditions and swept away from a second empire. So he withdrew, leaving in the midst of allied and friendly cities the tax-gatherers of the Persians, not one of whose scribes, nay, nor so much as a horse, had been seen within four hundred furlongs of the sea, as long as Cimon was general. _ That his remains were brought home to Attica, there is testimony in the funeral monuments to this day called Cimonian. But the people of Citium also pay honours to a certain tomb of Cimon, as Nausicrates the rhetorician says, because in a time of pestilence and famine the god enjoined upon them not to neglect Cimon, but to revere and honour him as a superior being. Such was the Greek leader. HH 2 LUCULLUS AOYKOYAAO2 I. T@ dé AovKovAd@ WaTTOS [Lev Ty orariKes, Geios b& mpos pntpos Mere)Aos O Nopasdixds éruxAnOeis. tav Se yovewy O pev TaTnHp edo KroTrHAS, Kextrdia dé 7 eaTnp ndoknoev @S ov BeBroxvia cad poves. avTos 5 o AovKeovaAnros ére perpaKtov @V, Tpiv apxny Twa pereneiv kal TONTELAS axpacOar, 7 pa@Tov Epyov ETOLNTATO TOV Tov TaTpoS KaTHYyopoy Kpivat ZepoutAov airyoupa, raBov adixobvra Snuocig. Kal TO T pary ju. Naprrpov épdvy ‘Popaiors, Kal THD . Suny éxetynvy @omep apa reiay bia oTOMATOS éayov. edoxer be Kal adds avrTots dvev Tpopa- EWS OVK aryevves elvat TO Ths KaTnyopias épyov, GNXa Kal mdvu Tous veous éBovXovtTo Tots adixovaty em upvopevous opav daomep Onpioss evrye- Vets oKvhaxas. ov pnv adda peyarns arepl TID Sianv éxeivny per overklas yevoperns, aore Kat tpwOjvai twas xal receiv, awépvyev o Lepovt- Atos. ‘0 dé AovKoudros HoKxnTo Kal réyeuv icavas éxarépav yarray, dare Kat YwrAXras Tas avurTou mpakes avaypadov éxeiv Tpocepwvncer ¢ @S TUV- Tafouevp Ka Stab joovre THY toToptay dwewvov. Hv yap ov él Thy ypelay povny éuperds avTod 479° LUCULLUS I. In the case of Lucullus, his grandfather was a man of consular rank, and his uncle on his mother’s side was Metellus, surnamed Numidicus. But as for his parents, his father was convicted of peculation, and his mother, Caecilia, had the bad name of a dissolute woman. Lucullus himself, while he was still a mere youth, before he had entered public life or stood for any office, made it his first business to impeach his father’s accuser, Servilius the Augur, whom he found wronging the commonwealth. The Romans thought this a brilliant stroke, and the case was in everybody's mouth, like a great deed of prowess. Indeed, they thought the business of impeachment, on general principles and without special provocation, no ignoble thing, but were very desirous to see their young men fastening themselves on malefactors like high-bred whelps on wild beasts. However, the case stirred up great animosity, so that sundry persons were actually wounded and slain, and Servilius was acquitted. Lucullus was trained to speak fluently both Latin and Greek, so that Sulla, in writing his own memoirs, dedicated them to him, as a man who would set in order and duly arrange the history of the times better than himself. For the style of Lucullus was not only businesslike and ready; the same 471 af PLUTARCR’S LIVES xal mpoxerpos o Novos, KaOaTrEp O TOV AAWY THY fev ayopay @vvvos Boraios rédayos Hs StearpoPen, yevopevos 5€ THS ayopas éxTos avos, apovota TeOvnkos, GAAA Kal Thy éupern tavrny Kat , 4 9 \ ro) A a Neyouevyny €rXevGéprov el TH KaAN@ WpoceroeiTo qmatieiay éTe Kal petpdxioy av. yevouevos Sé 4 +4 4 @ 9 nA mpeaBurepos 76n Tavratact @aoTrep éx TONY ayovev abjnxe Thy Sidvotav év pirocodgia oYoNG- few xal avarraverOat, TO Oewpntixov adrijs bd , 4 9 93 A \ v4 N éyelpas, Katadvaas & év xatp@ Kal KoXovaas TO hirotipov éx THs pos Llopaniov S:apopas. repli bev ovv THS PiroXoyias avTod pos Tots eipnuévots Kal TadtTa NéyeTat véov 6yTa pos ‘Opryatov Tov Sixodoyov Kal Loevvay tov iotopixov ex madias Tivos Els OTTOVONY TpoENOOVaNS OworOYHaat, Tpo- Oepévov troinua xat oyov ‘EXXnviKOY Te Kal e oe sf >] @ A 4 yA XN Pwpaixor, cis & te dv AdYN TOvTwY, TOY Map- oLKOV évTEevely TOAEMOV. Kal Trws EoLKEV Eis AOryOV ‘EXANUKOY 6 KAHpOS adixécOar: Stacwlerar yap “EAAnMUKH TLs iotopia TOD Mapotxod mrodépov. Ths 5é rpos tov abderdov adrov Mapxov evvoias A 4 VA € nw ry TOANOY TeKuNpioy dyToY pdaddota Pwpaioe Tod TpWTOUV pYnuovevovar. mMperBUTEepos yap wv avtTov AaRely apxnv povos ovK nOédAncEV, adrAG TOV éxeivou KaLpov avapelvas oUTwS éTNYydryeTO 472 492 LUCULLUS was true of many another man’s in the Forum. There, “ Like smitten tunny, through the billowy sea it dashed,” although outside of the Forum it was « Withered, inelegant, and dead.” But Lucullus, from his youth up, was devoted to the genial and so-called “liberal’’ culture then in vogue, wherein the Beautiful was sought. And when he came to be well on in years, he suffered his mind to find complete leisure and repose, as it were after many struggles, in philosophy, en- couraging the contemplative side of his nature, and giving timely halt and check, after his difference with Pompey, to the play of his ambition. Now, as to his love of literature, this also is reported, in addition to what has already been said: when he was a young man, proceeding from jest to earnest in a conversation with Hortensius, the orator, and Sisenna, the historian, he agreed, on their suggestion of a poem and a history, both in Greek and Latin, that he would treat the Marsic war in whichever of these forms the lot should prescribe. And it would seem that the lot prescribed a Greek history, for there is extant a Greek history of the Marsic war. Of his affection for his brother Marcus there are many proofs,.but the Romans dwell most upon the first. Although, namely, he was older than his brother, he was unwilling to hold office alone, but waited until his brother was of the proper age, and thus gained the favour of the people 473 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov Ofjpov, BoTE oY éxEive@ 1) TapOV ayopavopLos aipeOnvat. II. Néos & dv ev r@ Mapoix@ troréu worra pév Toruns Seiywata wapéoye nal ovvécens, HaNXOv ye wnv avtor bv evoTabeav Kal TpadTnTa LvAAas mpoonyayero, Kal ypwpuevos ar apyis éml ta mwreiatns dEva orrovdns SteréXeoev? OV HV ‘Kal Tept TO vopopa TpaypaTteia. Se’ éxeivou yap exon TO mAetoTov év IleXorrovvnoe@ wept Tov MiOpidarixov aodepov, Kai AovxovrrELov aT’ éxeivou mpoonyopevOn, cal Sierédecev él mwrei- TTOV, UTO TOV TTPATLWTLKOY YPELM@V EV TO TONE AapBavov aporBnv raxyeiav. éx TovTOV THS pev yins émixparov o LwAXas év tais "AOnvais, mwepe- Komrropevos S€ THY ayopav éx THS OaXrdrrns bro TOY TrOAELioY vavKpaTovyTwY, éFérepbev én’ Adyurrrov kat AiBuins tov AovxovrAXov akovra pads éxeifev. qv pev ody axpn yeiuavos, éFé- mrevoe b€ Tpioly ‘EXANrEKOTS pvoTrdpoat kat Sixpoross toasts ‘Podvaxais pos péya TeAayos Kal vais trodeuias, TavTayooe TH KpaTEly TrOAXNAS Siadepopévas, tapaBadrropevos. ov pny adrdrja kat Kpnrnv xatdpas @xewoato Kal Kupnvaious xcataraBov éx tupavviday ovvexav kal trodépmov TapaTropévous avédaBe, nal KateotncaTo THY modteiav IIhatwunns rivos davis avauyncas Thv TOA, Hv éxeivos aTeOéoTTLGE TpdS avTOUs. Seopévwv yap, as Eoxev, Strws TE vopous yparrn kal tov Shpov avtov eis TUTov TWA KaTaTTHAN TonriTElas owh povos, pn YareTrov elvat Kupnvatars 474 LUCULLUS to such an extent that, although in absence from the city, he was elected aedile along with his brother. II. Though he was but a young man in the Marsic war,! he gave many proofs of courage and under- standing. It was, however, more owing to his constancy and mildness that Sulla attached him to himself and employed him from first to last on business of the highest importance. Such, for instance, was the management of the mint. Most of the money used in Peloponnesus during the Mithridatic war was coined by him, and was called Lucullean after him. It remained current for 4 long time, since the wants of the soldiery during the war gave it rapid circulation. Afterwards, at Athens, Sulla found himself master on land, but cut off from supplies by sea, owing to the superior naval force of the enemy. He therefore despatched Lucullus to Egypt and Libya,’ with orders to fetch ships from there. Winter was then at its worst, but he sailed forth with three Greek brigantines and as many small Rhodian galleys, exposing himself not only to the high sea, but to numerous hostile ships which were cruising about everywhere in full mastery of it. However, he put in at Crete and won it over to his side. He also made Cyrené, and finding it in con- fusion in consequence of successive tyrannies and wars, he restored it to order, and fixed its constitution, reminding the city of a certain oracular utterance which the great Plato had once vouchsafed to them. They asked him, it would seem, to write laws for _ them, and to mould their people into some form of sound government, whereupon he said that it was hard to be a lawgiver for the Cyrenaeans when they 1 90-89 B.c. 2 87-86 B.o. 475 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovtws evTUyoicL vouobeTeiv. ovdev yap avOpw- mov Svcapxtotepov ev mpaccew Soxovvtos, ovd ad wddw Sextixwtepoyv émictacias cvoTa- Avtos bd THs TUYns. 4 Kal ToTe Kupyvaious vopoberodvrTs. AovxovAX@ mpgdous Tapécyxev. "ExeiOev 8 avayOels én’ Aiydrrou Ta TrEtoTa Tov oKxaddav amréBare Trepatav émipavértor, avros 5 StacwOels Karnyero Napmpas eis AXe- Edvipesav. amrnvrnce yap avT@ ovptras 0 oTOXOS, @omep eiw0e. Bacitel KaTamAéovTL, KEKooLy- pévos éxrrperads' Kal To perpaxiov o Ilrodepaios adAnv te Oavpacrhy émedeixvuto diroppoovvyny mpos avtov, olknaly re cal Slarray év toils Baat- Aelots ESewxev, ovdevos rw Eévou TpoTEpoY 1ryE“OVvOS avToOe xataxOévtos. Samdvnv 6€ Kal ovvtakev ovx Sonv édidov Tots adXOLs, AANA TeTpAaTTAHY exeivp Trapeiyev, ov Tpoctenevm TV avayKaiwy mréov ovdev ovde Sapov AaBdvre, Kalrrep drydon- xovta Tardavrov afta wéupavros avT@. Néyerar Sé nr eis Méudwy dvaBfvar pnt’ adXo Tov Oavpatopéver év Aiyiarte@ nab reptBontrwy taro- pica axoralovtos yap elvat ratdra Bearod Kai TpUPaVTOS, OVY, ws aUTos, év UralPpw Tov avTo- Kpatopa oKknvodvTra mapa Tais émadfeot Tov TONEMLWY ATTONENOLTFOTOS. III. ’Evret & darédurre thy cuppaytlav o ItoXe- patios mpos Tov ToNEmov atrodethtdaas, éxeivp Se vads aypte Kimpou troptrovs Taptaxe, Kat rept Tov éxirAouy avTov ucmalouevos Kai Oeparrevwv éSwpeito ypuaévderov oudpaydov Tay TOAVTEADD, 476 “ 493 LUCULLUS were having such good-fortune. In fact, nothing is more ungovernable than.:a man reputed to be pros- perous; and, on the other hand, nothing is-more receptive of authority than a man who is humbled by misfortune. This was what made the Cyrenaeans at that time so submissive to Lucullus as their law- giver. From thence he set sail for Egypt, but was attacked by pirates, and lost most of his vessels. He himself, however, escaped in safety, and entered the port of Alexandria in splendid style. The entire Egyptian fleet came to meet him, as it was wont to do when a king put into port, in resplendent array, and the youthful Ptolemy, besides showing him other astonishing marks of kindness, gave him lodging and sustenance in the royal palace, whither no foreign commander had ever been brought before. The allowance which the king made for his expenses was not the same as others had received, but four times as much, and yet he accepted nothing beyond what was actually necessary, and took no gift, although he was offered the worth of eighty talents. It is also said that he neither went up to Memphis, nor sought out any other of the famous wonders of Egypt ; this he held to be the privilege of a leisurely and luxurious sight-seer, not of one who, like him- self, had left his commander-in-chief encamped under the open sky alongside the battlements of the enemy. III. Ptolemy abandoned his alliance with Rome, out of fear for the outcome of the war, but furnished Lucullus with ships to convoy him as far as Cyprus, embraced him graciously at parting, and offered him a costly emerald set in gold. At first Lucullus 4177 —— PLUTARCH’S LIVES TO pev mpatov o AovKovAXos tapnteito, dSetEav- tos b€ THY yAUd HY TOD Bactréws elxova ovoav idtav epoBnOn SiwcacOa, un Tavtdracw éyx- Opos arromhety vopia eis émtBourevdein Kara Odratrav. éret 5é wAROos ev TapaTr rg VE@V EK TOV mapanteov jToXewv aOpoicas, mI boo Te- paricay peTelyov adixnudtwv, ets THY Kumrpov terrépacey, évraiba muvOavopevos TOUS ‘rONE- pLlous vavroxobvTas emt ais axpais Tapapurar- TEL QUTOD, eveahanoe Ta oKagn mdvra., Kal Tais TONEoLY éyparfe meph Kermadteov Kab ayopas, as avroOt Thy opav dvapevan. elta AOU pavértos éEamrivns Kataordcas Tas vads avnxn, Kal ped pépay pev vperpévors TEV Tots tarioss Kat Tatrewvois, vuxcrwop & emaLpopevors ets ‘Podov éooOn. “Podiwr S€ vats adT@ TpooTaparXovTov Kg@ous érece xal Kuidious trav Baciucav aTran- ayévras én Laplous TvaTpaTEvEly. éx 5é Xtou tovs PBacidKxovs avros efnrace, Korogavious 5 mrevdépwoe avAd\aBov 'Esriyovoy tov tupavvov avuTav. "Eruyyave be KaT ékelvoy Tov ypovoy Hon Mcbpidarns 70 Ilépyapov exdeouTr as kal ovve- TTAApEVOS els Heravnv. éxel 5é Dip Bptov Kare. YovTos avTov ex ys Kal TONOpKOUVTOS, eis THY OdratTav adpopar ouvivye Kal sebeesighlis TOUS mavtTayo0ev oroXouS Tpos avTov, avdpl TOAMNTH Kal vEvEKNKOTL Te Diu pra cupmrexerOar Kat TONEMELY ATrEYVOKES. o 6€ TadTa TUVvOpaY, vav- TUR® de Aevrropevos apos AoveovAnrov érreptrev, Hxew T@ TTOAW Sedpevos Kal cuvekeretv &yOtoTov 478 LUCULLUS declined to accept it, but when the king showed him that the engraving on it was a likeness of him- self, he was afraid to reject it, lest he be thought to have sailed away at utter enmity with the king, and so have some plot laid against him on the voyage. As he sailed along, he collected a multitude of ships from the maritime cities, omitting all those engaged in piracy, and came at last to Cyprus. Learning there that the enemy lay at anchor off the headlands and were watching for his coming, he hauled all his vessels up on land, and wrote letters to the cities requesting winter quarters and provisions, as though he would await the fine season there. Then, when the wind served, he suddenly launched his ships and put out to sea, and by sailing in the day time with his sails reefed and low, but in the night time under full canvas, he came safely to Rhodes. The Rhodians furnished him with more ships, and he induced the people of Cos and Cnidus to forsake the royal cause and join him in an expedition against Samos, With- out any aid he also drove the royal forces out of Chios,! and set the Colophonians free from their tyrant, Epigonus, whom he arrested. It happened about this time that Mithridates sbandoned’ Pergamum and shut himself up in Pitané. Since Fimbria held him in close siege there by land, he looked to make his escape by sea, and collected and summoned his fleets from every quarter for this purpose, renouncing all engagements in the field with a man so bold and victorious as Fimbria. This design Fimbria perceived, and being without any fleet of his own, sent to Lucullus, beseeching him to come with his, and assist in capturing the 1 85 B.c. 479 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat TOAELO@TATOY Bacidéwy, @S un TO Méya Kal 51 TOAN@Y ayoverv Kai TOvwY Stwxopevov GOXov exguyou ‘Pwpaious, MiOpidarns eis ANaBas Hewv Kal yeyovas évtos apxiav, ov AnPOevtos ovdéva A , ¥ s A \ 9 \ a A ths S6&ns olcecOas rEov 7 TOV éuTroday TH puyn ordvta nai d:adidpdoxovtos émidaBopevovy vp éavTod pev eFewopevoy THS yas, UT éxeivou dé A 4 3 Ul > 4 3 4 Ths Oararrns elpryopevov duporépors amrobwa ew TO Karopbopa, ras 6€ LWAXa ™ pos ‘Opxouev® Kal Treph Xatpoveray vuvovpévas dpirreias éy ovdevl NOy@ OncecOat ‘Pwpaiovs. Kal ovdév jv > N 4 n f > \ \ a ajo TpoTrou TWVY EYOMEVoV, ANAA TravTL d7HXov, as, 6 DipBpia tore treiaGels 6 AovKovAdos ov paxpay Ov Tepinyayev éxetoe TAS vads Kal ouvé- dpake Tov ALpéva TH oTOrM, Tépas av elyev oO ToAELOS Kal pupioy amrnrANayLEVvOL KAKOV ATAVTES joav. adr’ elite Ta pos YAray dixata TpEo- Bevwv apo tayvros idiov te Kal Kxowod cupdé- v \ l4 \ v , povros, elte rov DiuBpiav prapov évta Kal dhovéa yeyevnuévov Evayyos avdpos dirou kal atparnyov dua hirapyiay mpoBarrd.opevos, cite Kata Oeiav by tia TUYNY TepipEeradpevos avTos TOU! MLA pr- Sdrov kal durdfas avtayouatyy, ovy tirjKovaev, Gr\rna MiOpidatn peév éxaredcat tapéoxe Kat A , 4 > NX \ Katayerdoar THs DipBpiov Suvapews, avros Sé mparov yey ert Aextod ths Tpwddos BaciduKxas vads émrupaveicas Katevaupdxnoev, adOis 5é pos Tevéd@ vavroxoovta peilove twapackevn xatiowv 1 gids rou Reiske, Coraés, Bekker: abrod. 480 LUCULLUS most hostile and warlike of kings, that the great prize which they had sought with so many toils and struggles might not escape the Romans, now that Mithridates was in their grip and fast in the meshes of their net. If he should be captured, Fimbria said, no one would get more of the glory than the man who stood in the way of his flight and seized him as he was running off. “ Driven from the land by me, and excluded from the sea by you, he will crown us both with success, and the much heralded exploits of Sulla at Orchomenus and Chaeroneia will cease to interest the Romans.” And there was nothing absurd in the proposition. It is clear to everyone that if Lucullus, who was close at hand, had then listened to Fimbria, brought his ships thither, and closed up the harbour with his fleet, the war would have been at an end, and the world freed from infinite mischief. But, whether he ranked the honourable treatment of Sulla above every consideration of private or public advantage, or whether he regarded Fimbria as a wretch whose ambition for command had recently led him to murder a man who was his friend and superior officer, or whether it was by some mysterious dispensation of fortune that he chose to spare Mithridates, and so reserved him for his own antagonist,—for whatever reason, he would not listen to the proposal, but suffered Mithridates to sail off and mock at Fimbria’s forces, while he himself, to begin with, defeated the king’s ships which showed themselves off Lectum in the Troad. And again, catching sight of Neoptelemus lying in wait for him at Tenedos with a still larger armament, 481 VOL, II. 11 10 PLUTARCH’S LIVES NeorroAepov érrémiet po TOY ddAXwD, ‘Poditaxijs TEVTpOUs emiPeBnnas, nS évavapyet Aapayopas, avinp edvous Te ‘Papaiow Kai Oaracciwv a aryovev éumespéraros. érreXavvovtos 5é€ poli tov Neo- mrToNé“ou Kal KeXevaavTos eis éuBoAnVY aryaryeiv Tov KkuBepyytny, Seicas o Aapayopas to Bapos THs Baoiuens Kal thy tTpaxvTnTa TOD yad\Ko- patos ovx éroApnoe cuptrecety avtimpmpos, GAN’ o£éws ex Teptaywyns amtoatpéwas éxéXevoev eri mpopvay doacGau Kal muecOelons évtav0a TS VEWS édé£aro THY TANYHV 4PraBi yevouerny, a are 57 Tots Gararrevovar THS VEDS pépert ™ poo mre- govoav. év Trout 6€ Tay dirov mpoo pepopeveor, ery Kehevoapevos o AoveovdXos emruaT pépery Kat ToAXa Spdaas aga AOyou TpémeTas TOUS TrOAELLOUS Kal Katadtoxet Tov Neowrorepov. IV. ’ExeiOev d€ LrAXrG mept Xeppovycov : non péAXOVTL SaBaiver oupBarov TOV TE Topov aoparh trapetye kal THY oTpaTiay cuvd.eBiBater. rel O€ ouvOnKav ryEVO[LEVOV McA pidarns pev amémhevoev els Tov EvEewov rovrov, Sv0rAXas Se THY ’Aciav Sia pupious TAahavToLs eCnuloce, po - Taxev avT@ Td TE XP NEAT a, tabdra mpafat Kal vopia La Korat, TapanvOrov Te doxet THIS. LvrAa Kader ornT 9s yevéc Oar Tals Troheot, ov povoy cabapov rat dixatov, GNA Kat TT pGov els. ovr Bapu Kab oxvOpwm ov DarnpeT nia. wapacX@v éavTov. MervrAnvaious 6 avTLKpUs aderTaTas éBovXeTo pev eryvapovijoat Kal Sins TUxXelv petpias éd’ ols mept Mapiov | éEjuaptov, as 8 éwpa xaxodatmo- 1 Mdpiov with Sintenis! and Coraés : Mdvoy. 482 494 LUCULLUS he sailed out against him in advance of the rest, on board of a Rhodian galley which was commanded by Damagoras, a man well disposed to the Romans, and of the largest experience as a_ sea-fighter. Neoptolemus dashed out to meet him, and ordered his steersman to ram the enemy. Damagoras, how- ever, fearing the weight of the royal ship and her rugged bronze armour, did not venture to engage head on, but put swiftly about and ordered his men to back water, thus receiving his enemy astern, where his vessel was depressed. The blow was harmless, since it fell upon the submerged parts of the ship. At this point, his friends coming up, Lucullus gave orders to turn the ship about, and, after performing many praiseworthy feats, put the enemy to flight and gave close chase to Neoptolemus. IV. From thence he joined Sulla at the Cher- sonesus, where he was about to cross the strait into Asia;! he rendered his passage safe, and assisted in transporting his troops. After peace had been made, Mithridates sailed away into the Euxine, and Sulla laid a contribution of twenty thousand talents upon Asia. Lucullus was commissioned to collect this money and re-coin it, and the cities of Asia felt it to be no slight assuagement of Sulla’s severity when Lucullus showed himself not only honest and just, but even mild in the performance of a task so oppressive and disagreeable. The Mitylenaeans too, who had revolted outright, he wished to be reasonable, and to submit to a moderate penalty for having espoused the cause of Marius. But when he saw that they were possessed by an 1 84 B.C. 483 PLUTARCH’S LIVES voovras, emimdevoas éxpdtnce padyn Kal xaté- KrELo eV Eis TA TELYN, Kal TOMOpKiaY TVaTHOAMEVOS ébérAevoe pev nuépas Kat havepas eis ’EXaiap, vréotpere 58 ANEANOOTWS Kal Tepl THY ToALY 3 udels evédpay jovyatev. eel 8 araxtws Kal pera Opdcous ws Epnuov aprracopmevot TO oTpaTO- medov ot MurvaAnvaio: mponrOov, éretotmecov avtots @\aBé te wapumodXous Covras nal tov apuvopévwy TevTaxoctous aréxreivev, avdpaTrodav dé yuruddas &&F xal rhv adAnv avaplOunrov mAATATO AéLav. 4 Tov & wept thy “Itadlav xaxdv, & Torte LvrAAas wal Mdpios adOova cal wavtodara trois avOpwrrots tapelyov, ov mavu peréoxe Oeia teri TUXn Tept Tas év ‘Agia mpdfes Bpadvvas. ov pay éXNaTTov TL Tapa YAra Tov adrAwv dirov éoyev, GAA THY TE ypadny, ws elpnral, TOV UTopynudtwov éxeive dt edvoray avéOnKe, Kat TeXeUTOV ErritpotTrov Tov TraLbos eyparpev UTrEpBas Tloparniov. xal Soxet tovto mparov avrtois imdptat Siadopas aituov xal Enrotvtias véows ovat Kal Starrvpois apos So€av. . V. ’Oriy@ 8 dorepov YvArav arrodaveiv wrdtevoe peta Mapxov Kotta rept thy éxrnv kal éBdopunkoorTny mpos.tais éxaTov oXvpTridba. ToN\N@v ovv avis avakivovvtav Tov MiOpidatixov morenov, pn Madpxos avrov ov tmemaidabat, arr’ dvatrerratobat. 510 Kai Aaywv ToY érapyYLoV oO AovioudXros THY évtos "AXtrewy Varariav nyGero, mpaktewv wmrolécers peyddwy ovK éxovcav. 484 ‘, LUCULLUS evil spirit, he sailed against them, conquered them in battle, and shut them up within their walls. After instituting a siege of their city, he sailed away in open day to Elaea, but returned by stealth, and lay quietly in ambush near the city. When the Mitylenaeans sallied forth in disorder and with the confident expectation of plundering his deserted camp, he fell upon them, took a great number of them alive, and slew five hundred of those who offered resistance. He also carried off six thousand slaves, besides countless other booty. But in the boundless and manifold evils which Sulla and Marius were bringing upon the people of Italy: at that time, he had no share whatever, for, as some kindly fortune would have it, he was detained at his business in Asia.! However, Sulla accorded no less favour to Lucullus than to his other friends. His memoirs, as I have said, Sulla dedicated to Lucullus in token of affection, and in his will appointed him guardian of his son, thereby passing Pompey by. And this seems to have been the first ground for estrangement and jealousy between these two men; both were young, and burning for distinction. V. Shortly after the death of Sulla, Lucullus was . made consul along with Marcus Cetta, about the © hundred and seventy-sixth Olympiad.2) Many were now trying to stir up anew the Mithridatic war, which Marcus said had not come to an end, but merely to a pause. Therefore when the province of Cisalpine Gaul was allotted to Lucullus, he was displeased, since it offered no opportunity for great exploits. But what most of all embittered him was 1 84-80 B.c. 2 74 B.C. 485 . PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 parttora 8 avrov evdoxipav Topmnios év I Snpla mapweuvev, ws GAdos .ovdels erridofos wy, Et cupBain tmavoacGar tov "TRnpixov modepor, evOus aipeOncecOat otpatnyos éml MiOpidarnv. S10 Kal ypnyata aitobytos avtod Kal ypadovtos, as, ef un Téurrovev, adeis ITBnpiav cat Yeprwpwov eis “ItaMav dmdfou tas Suvdpers, cuvérpatev o Aovcoudros mpoPuporata reupOivar Ta Xpjwata xa pnd ad otwocoiv mpoddcews éxeivov éravenOeiy vratevovtos avTod’ mdavta yap av én’ éxelvp yevnoecOar Ta Tis WoAEwWS TrapovTt PETA TOTAUTHS OTpAaTLAS. Kal yap O KpaTav TOTE THS TodTelas TO Wpos Yap atavTa Kal réyewv Kal mpatrew KéOnyos éyOpav twa ampos Aov- xovdXrov elye, BoeduTTOpevov adtod tdv Biov aicypav épotav cal bBpews xal mrAnppmedelas peorov dytTa. TovTOY pev ody AvTuKpus érrodémer’ Aevxtoy 5& Koivrov, ddXov Synpayoyov, érava- otdvta Tois YvANa ToNTEvpPacL Kal TapaTTeLY Ta Tpayuata Tetpwpevoy ex Tov KabectarTos, isia te mWoANa TrapapvOovpevos Kal Snpocia vovlerav atréctnoe THs Tweipas Kal KaTeaTOpere THY diroTipav, ws évav padioTa ToOATUKAS Kal coTnples apYnv voonpatos peyddou peTayerpl- Oa peVvos. VI. Ev rovre 8 o tiv Kirtxlay éxov "Oxtaovios nyyéAOn TeOvnKeds. crrapywovtwv Se TONN@Y pos THY éemapyiav Kal KéOnyov ws Suvarwratov bvta SiatpakacOar Oepatrevovtwr, aris wev o AovKovaAnos. Kiduxtas ov trodvv ele Aoryov, olopevos 8, ef AABot TavTypy, éyyvs ovansS Karrradoxias, ddXov ovdéva treupOnoecOat Trore- 486 “hk 495 LUCULLUS the reputation which Pompey was winning in Spain. If the war in Spain should happen to come to an end, Pompey was more likely than anyone else to be at once chosen general against Mithridates. Therefore when Pompey wrote home requesting money, and declaring that if they did not send it, he would abandon Spain and Sertorius and bring his -forces back to Italy, Lucullus moved heaven and earth to have the money sent, and to prevent Pompey from coming back, on any pretext whatsoever, while he was consul. He knew that all Rome would be in Pompey’s hands if he were there with so large an army. For the man who at that time controlled the course of political affairs by virtue of doing and saying everything to court the favour of the people, Cethegus, hated Lucullus, who loathed his manner of life, full as it was of disgraceful amours and wanton trespasses. Against this man Lucullus waged open war. But Lucius Quintus, another popular leader, who opposed the institutions of Sulla and sought to confound the established order of things, he turned from his purpose by much private remonstrance and public admonition, and allayed his ambition, thus treating in as wise and wholesome a manner as was possible the beginnings of a great distemper. VI. At this time there came tidings of the death of Octavius, the governor_of Cilicia, There were many eager applicants for the province, and they paid court to Cethegus as the man best able to further their designs. Of Cilicia itself Lucullus made little account, but in the belief that, if he should get this province, which was near Cappadocia, no one else would be sent to conduet the war against 487 2 i) no PLUTARCH’S LIVES eyoovTa Mibpidéry, wacay eorpepe enxaviy vrép Tov pn mpoéa Bat THY emapxiay Eve py. Kat TeAevTaY Epyov ov ceuvov.ovd’ erratvEeToV, ANNWS § dvtiopov mpos To TédOS Ex THS avayKns Umépetve Tapa THY EavTOD hvac. IIpakia tus hv dvopa Tay éf’ Opa Kai Napupia SiaBontrwy ev TH Tore, TA pev Ara KpEiTTOV ovdevy avédnv étatpovons yuvaitos, ex Sé Tov yphobar toils évtuyydvovew avth Kai diareyo- pévos mpos tas vrép tTav dhirwv aotrovdas xal TomMTE\Aas TpocdkaBovaa TH ROlTH YapiTL TO Soxety gidétarpos tis elvav xat Spactnpios — layuoe péytotov. ws &¢ xal KéOnyov avOodvra th SoEn tore cal dépovta THY ToAW UINnyayeTo kal auvnv épa@vtt, Tavtdtacw eis éxetynv mepinrOev 4 THs Torews Svvapmis: ovde yap émpatreto tt Snpocia KeOryou pwn omovddlovtos ovdé IIpasxias pn xerevovans trapda Kebyye. TavTny ovv wmreXOwv Sdpots o AovKovAXos Kal xortixeiats (fv O€ mov Kal TQ AovKovrAXr.@ cuppirotipovperny opacbat péyas yuvaixl oo- Bapa xal Tavnyuplry piabos), evOvs elye Tov KéOnyov emraiverny kal 7 popveswevov aur@ Kiduxiav. éret 8 arak érvye ravtns, ovdev ere Tpauciay ovde KeOnyov edeu Tapaxaneiv, ard TAVTES OMANAS exeive pépovtes evexelpioay TOV McOpidarixoy Torenov ws vd érépov pndevds apevov ScatroreunOjvar Suvapevov, Toumntouv pev ere Leptrapip TporTroreHovvTos, Meréddov 5 atretpnKotos 4&y dia. ynpas, obs eovous av Tis 488 LUCULLUS : Mithridates, he strained every nerve to keep the province from being assigned to another. And finally, contrary to his natural bent, he was driven by the necessities of the case to adopt a course which was neither dignified nor praiseworthy, it is true, but conducive to his end. There was a certain woman then in Rome, Praecia by name, whose fame for beauty and wit filled the city. In other respects she was no whit better than an ordinary courtesan, but she used her associates and companions to further the political ambitions of her friends, and so added to her other charms the reputation of being a true comrade, and one who could bring things to pass. She thus acquired the greatest influence. And when Cethe- gus also, then at the zenith of his fame and in control of the city, joined her train and became her lover, political power passed entirely into her hands. | No public measure passed unless Cethegus favoured it, and Cethegus did nothing except with Praecia’s approval. This woman, then, Lucullus won over by gifts and flatteries, and it was doubtless a great boon for a woman so forward and ostentatious to be seen sharing the ambitions of Lucullus. Straightway he had Cethegus singing his praises and suing for Cilicia in his behalf. But as soon as he had obtained this province, there was no further need of his soliciting the aid of Praecia, or of Cethegus, for that matter, but all were unanimous and prompt in putting into his hands the Mithridatic war, assured that no one else could better bring it to a trium- phant close. Pompey was still engaged in his war with Sertorius, Metellus had now retired from active service by reason of his age, and these were the only 489 4 , PLUTARCH’S LIVES évapirrous érrotncato AovxovAdm rept tis oTpatnyias audisBnrobvtas. ov pny adda Kotras 0 cuvdpywv abrov ToANa ALTTAapHaAas THY ovyKANTOV aTrecTadn peTa veov THY IIpoTovTida gurAdéwv cai mpotorennowyv Bibuvias. VIT. AoveovaAdos S€é tdypa pév aitobev Exov cuytetaypévoyv um avrod duéBawev eis THY "Actav: éxet 5é tHv AdXnv trapérdaBe Svvapmuy, TavTov peyv waraL ti a tepOoporwv Kat mreovetiaws, Tov d¢ DipSpravav Aeyopévov Kal dia cuvnevay avapyias ducpetayxeipiotwy yeyo- YOT@Y. OUTOL yap joav ot PAdKKoY TE eT @iuBpiov tov brarov nal otparnyov avnpnKotes avtov te tov DipBpiay ZwAra mpodedwxéres, avddbes pev avOpwrot kal wapavopot, paxioe dé xal tAnpoves per eptrerpias qoAdemov. ov pv adrAa Bpaxel xpdvm Kal tovTwy To Opdaos 6 Aovxovrros éFéxoe nal tovs adXous - é7é- oTpeye, TOTE MpaTOV, Ws EoLKE, TrELpwpévoUS apyovtos adnOivod Kal jyepovos: GAXws 8 &dn- paywyodvro mpos noovny €O.Copevor orpareverOat. Ta &€ rev rodepiov odtas elye. Mibpiddarns, @omwep ol TroAXol THY codioTav, KoumTM@dns €v apy7n Kat aoBapos él ‘Pwpaiovs dvactas &a- xévm Suvdpe, Naurpa b€ Kal TravnyupiKR THY Oyu, elt extrecw@v KatayeAdotws Kal vovern- Geis, Gre to Sevrepoy trodepety Epedrev, eis arnOwiv Kal tTpayparixny cuvéoterXre Tas Suva- pers TapacKkeunv. adedov yap ta mavtobaTra mwAnOn Kxal Tas modvyA@ocous areas TOV BapBdpwv, btrrwv Te! Siaypiowyv Kal Siadidov 1 re with S: 5¢. 490 496 LUCULLUS men who ceuld be regarded as rivals of Lucullus in any dispute about this command. Cotta, however, his colleague in the consulship, after fervent en- treaties to the Senate, was sent with some ships to guard the Propontis, and to protect Bithynia. VII. With a legion which he had raised himself in Italy, Lucullus crossed into Asia,! and there assumed command of the rest of the Roman forces. All these had long been spoiled by habits of luxury and greed, and the Fimbrians, as they were called, had become unmanageable, through long lack of discipline. These were the men who, in collusion with Fimbrius, had slain Flaccus, their consul and general, and had delivered Fimbrius himself: over to Sulla. They were self-willed and lawless, but good fighters, hardy, and experienced in war. However, in a short time Lucullus pruned off their insolent boldness, and reformed the rest. Then for the first time, as it would seem, they made the acquaintance of a genuine commander and leader, whereas before this they had always been cajoled into doing their duty, like crowds at the hustings. On the enemy’s side, matters stood as follows. ‘Mithridates, boastful and pompous at the outset, like most of the Sophists, had first opposed the Romans with forces which were really unsubstantial, though brilliant and ostentatious to look upon. With these he had made a ridiculous fiasco and learned a salutary lesson. When therefore, he thought to go to war the second time, he organized his forces into a genuinely effective armament. He did away with Barbarous hordes from every clime, and all their discordant and threatening cries; he provided no 1748.0. Cf. Cemon, i. 5. 49% PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 € 4 fe) 4 > KaTacKevas, @s Adhupa TaY KpaTOvYTwWY, OK adknv twa Tov KextTnévov syta, Eidn pev nravveto ‘Pwpaixa xal Oupeods éuBpebets émn- yvuTo Kal yeyuuvacpévovs padAXov 7) KEKoopn- pevous HOpocbev tmmous, met@v 5é pupiddas Sobexa KaTeckevac pévon eis Pddayya “Pwpaixny, irreis 5é mpos pupious éEaxiaytrAious dvev TOV SpeTravn- , , a > ® e / ” \ 5 dopwov teOpitrev: tadta 5 Hv éxarov: ere 8é vads ov ypvcopopors axnviow ovdé RovTpois Tadraxidov Kal yuvatkwvitios Tpupwocats HoKN- 4, b b @ \ a 4 pévas, aX SrA@v cal Berov kal ypnuatov ye“ovcas Tapaptvadpevos évéBarev cis BiOvviav, TOV TrOAcwY avOis dopévws Urrodexouévwv ov , a ? \ L \ > / 4 e povoy TovTwY, dArAa Kal Thy ‘'Aciay 6Anv rro- a / TpoTn Tov éumpocbev voonudtav elyev, apopynta macyovoay Tro “Pwyaixay Savectav Kal Tedw- le) \ 6 vav' ods DaTepov péev Wotrep ‘Aptruias THY Tpopny A e aprravovtas avTav o AovKeovAdos éEjXace, TOTE dé peTpiwtépous emeparo vovlerav rrovetv, Kat Tas aTrooTdcels KaTérrave TaV Snuwy, ovdevos, @s Eros eitreiv, novyalovtos. VIII. “Ov 5€ wept tadta Aoveovrros Hoxo- AelTo ypovoy avTod Katpov ecivar vopilov o Kortas wapecxevalero pdyeo8ar mpos Mibpr- darnv. Kal TorAXN@Y atrayyeXXOvToV dn Aov- kovAXov év Ppuyia atparotedevey érriovta, povov ovK év Tais xepoiv éyew Tov QpiauBov 27 e \ 4 4 > “A oLvopevos, WS pn peTANABn AovKovAXNOS avTOD, 2 cupBareiv Extrevoe. mAnyels & aua Kal xata 492 LUCULLUS more armour inlaid with gold and set with precious stones, for he saw that these made rich booty for the victors, but gave no strength whatever to their wearers ; instead, he had swords forged in the Roman fashion, and heavy shields welded; he collected horses that were well trained rather than richly caparisoned, and a hundred and twenty thousand footmen drilled in the Roman phalanx formation, and sixteen thousand horsemen, not counting the scythe-bearing, four-horse chariots, which were a hundred in number : and further, he put in readiness ships which were not tricked out with gilded canopies, or baths for concubines, and luxurious apartments for women, but which were rather loaded down with armour and missiles and munitions of war. Then he burst into Bithynia, and not only did the cities there receive him again with gladness, but all Asia suffered a relapse into its former distempered condition, afflicted, as it was, past bearing by Roman money-lenders and tax-gatherers. These were after- wards driven off by Lucullus,—harpies that they were, snatching the people’s food; but then he merely tried, by admonishing them, to make them more moderate in their demands, and laboured to stop the uprisings of the towns, hardly one of which was in a quiet state. VIII. While Lucullus was thus occupied, Cotta, thinking that his own golden opportunity had come, was getting ready to give battle to Mithridates. And when tidings came from many sources that Lucullus was coming up, and was already encamped in Phrygia, thinking that a triumph was all but in his grasp, and desiring that Lucullus have no share in it, he hastened to engage the king. But 493 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES yiqv cat cata OddXattav éEnxovta pev ar@decev avtavépa axadn, melovs dé TeTpaxtoxertous, autos &é& Kxatakreobeils eis Xarxndova xa ToXLopKkovpevos eis Tas AoveovAXou Yelpas aré- Brerrev. 3 "Hoay pév ovv ot tov AovcovAXOV apeXnoayTa Kotta mpoow ywpeiv trapoppavres as epnuov aipnoovta tiv MiOpidatrov Bactreiav, nal pa- META TOV OTPATLWTOV OUTOS Hv Oo NOYOS, ayava- KTOUVTOD, el pn povoy avTov amore Kal Tous ov auT@ Bovrevodpevos KAKOS ) Korras, ana Kal odhicw éutrodwy éorat pexdy apaxel duva- 4 pévors. Aovxovdnos dé T™pos pev TOUTOUS ényn- yopav elTrey, oo éva Bovror’ ay éx TONE MLD THCAL ‘Popaiov 7 ) WavTa NaBelv Ta TOV TrOAEpLOV* "Apxeddou dé Tob wept Bovoriay Mibpidary TT PATHYNTAVTOS, eit atroatavtos Kal “Pwpaiors TvaTpATEvOVTOS, 61a BeBacroupévov opOevra Aov- KOVAXOV éV Tlovr TAVTOV opod KPATNHOELV, OUK ébn devAorepos elvat TOY KUN YOY, aoTe Ta Onpia mapeOov él KevOUS avT@v Tous dwrcovs Basdi- 5 Cau. Kal Tar elTr@y emt Mc6pidarny 7 potrye melous pev Eywv Tpia puptous, drmeis 5é duryeAtous TevTaKoaiovs. KaTacTas & es &rroyruy tTav Tohe- piov Kal Oavpdoas TO TAOS éBovrero pep améexer Oat payns Kat TpiBew TOV xpavor, Mapiou &, ov Leptéptos é& ‘I Bnpias areoTadxer MeO p- Sérn pera duvdpews oTparnyor, ar aVvTnTavTos auTe Kal mpoxaoupevov KaTéoTH _pev eis Taku és duapa oupevos, 70n Sé Goov outa Tuppepo- 6 Goa an ovdemds émripavovs peraBorgrs, dAN’ 494 LUCULLUS he was defeated by sea and land, lost sixty vessels, crews and all, and four thousand foot-soldiers, while he himself was shut up in Chalcedon and besieged there, looking for relief at the hands of Lucullus. Now there were some who urged Lucullus to ignore Cotta and march on into the kingdom of Mithridates, assured of capturing it in its defenceless condition. This was the reasoning of the soldiers especially, who were indignant that Cotta, by his evil counsels, should not only be the undoing of himself and‘his army, but also block their own way to a victory which they could have won without a battle. But Lucullus, in a harangue which he made them, said that he would rather save one Roman from the enemy than take all that enemy's possessions. And when Aychelaiis, who had held command for Mithridates in: Boeotia, and then had abandoned his cause, and was now in the Roman army, stoutly maintained that if Lucullus were once seen in Pontus, he would master everything at once, Lucullus declared that he was at least as courageous as the hunter; he would not give the wild beasts the slip and stalk their empty lairs. With these words, he led his army against Mithridates, having thirty thousand foot-soldiers, and twenty-five hundred horsemen. But when he had come within sight ot the enemy and seen with amazement their multitude, he desired to refrain from battle and draw out the time. But Marius, whom Sertorius had sent to Mithridates from Spain with an army, came out to meet him, and challenged him to combat, and so he put his forces in array to fight the issue out. But presently, as they were on the point of joining ae PLUTARCH’S LIVES éEaidyns tod dépos btroppayévtos! ahOn péya ohpa droyedés eis pécov tav otpatoTédwy Katadepopevov, TO pev oxnpa wim pdduoTa, THv Sé Ypdav apyip@ SvaTvp@ TpoceoiKos, WaTe Scicavtas apudotépovs To dopa SiaxprOjvas. TovTo pev ovv dacw év Dpvyia mepl tas Neyo- péevas Otpias cupBhvat To 1aGos. ‘O 8€ ‘AovKovAXos ovdeuias elvat vopilwv avOpwirivns tmapacKevis ovdé mrovTov Opérat pupiddas él roku ypovov avTicabnpévwv Trode- piwv tocavtas, daas ceive MiOpiddarns, éxéXNevorev ayOfjvar TOV aixpadworev Eva: Kal rpaTov avé- Kplwe, meTa Tocwv Siait@To acvoKyvev, éreta jwoaov év TH oKnvh KaTanéXNolTTE GiTOY. : aTro- xpwvapévou b¢ tavOpwrov Tov pev éxéXevce peTa- orhvat, Sevtepov bé€ Kai tpitov opotws avéxpivev. elra auvOels TO THS- TapecKevacpevns Tpodhs WAHGos mpos TO TaV TpEhomevwv, eyvw TPLOV h tecodpwv nyepov emiretipovta atrov tovs moNeuious. Kal TOoAU padAXov ElyeTO TOD Ypovou, Kal ovvayev els TOV YadpaKka TrapTANOH airov, ws év apOovois Sudywv avtos éfedpevor tais éxeivav atroptats. - IX. "Ev rovt@m &8& MiPpidarns érreBovreve Kutitenvois werAnyoow év tH wept Xadrxndova waxy Tpicxyiiiov yap avdpwov Kal déka veov éotépnyvto. PBouddcpevos ovv Aabeiy tov Aov- KovArAop, evOds ato Seirrvov vinta dvadavh rat votepav éxov éxiver: xal POdve THS TOEWS avTixpus ap’ ypépa Trept TO THs ‘Adpactedas Spos 1 Sroppayévros with S : amoppayévros. 496 497 LUCULLUS battle, with no apparent change of weather, but all on a sudden, the sky burst asunder, and a huge, flame-like body was seen to fall between the two armies. In shape, it was -most like a wine-jar, and in colour, like molten silver. Both sides were astonished at the sight, and separated. This marvel, as they say, occurred in Phrygia, at a place called Otryae. But Lucullus, feeling sure that no human provision or wealth could maintain, for any length of time, and in the face of an enemy, so many thousands of men as Mithridates had, ordered one of the captives to be brought to him, and asked him first, how many men shared his mess, and ther, how much food he had left in his tent. When the man had answered these questions, he ordered him to be removed, and questioned a second and a third in like manner. Then, comparing the amount of food provided with the number of men to be fed, he concluded that within three or four days the enemy’s provisions would fail them. All the more, therefore, did he trust to time, and collected into his camp a great abundance of provisions, that so, himself in the midst of plenty, he might watch for his enemy’s distress, | IX. But in the meantime, Mithridates planned a blow at Cyzicus, which had suffered terribly in the battle near Chalcedon, having lost three thousand men and ten ships. Accordingly, wishing to evade the notice of Lucullus, he set out immediately after the evening meal, taking advantage of a dark and rainy night, and succeeded in planting his forces over against the city, on the slopes of the mountain range 497 VOL. I. K K PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 idpvaas tHv Suva. ‘O && AoveovrAros aicbo- Hevos Kal biabEas myamnae fev ovK éumerov do vv- TAKTOS els TOUS Tronepious, xabiver dé Tov oTparov mepl Thy Opgxiay eyouevnv K@pny év Tom Kata TOV OMY dpioTa TrepuKOTL Kal TaV Ywpiwr, ad’ ov kal &u’ Oy avayxaioy hv Tots MiOpidarcKois Ta emitnoera poutav. 516 Kal mepiraBov TH diavoia TO ENDNOV OVK ATrEKPUWATO TOUS OTPATLWTAS, GAN’ dpa T@ Oécbar Td otparomedov xa awd TeV epryov yever Oar owvaryayav avrous éueyadn- yopnoev, ws OALYOD 7) HMEpOV avalwwTl TO ViKna mapadwowv ayrois. 3 Kulcxnvods dé McOpidarns Séxa per € éx ys oTpa- Tomedous TepthaBar, tais 5 vavolv éx aracons TOV ATO THS HrElpou Sielpyovra THY TOMY etpurov éuppatas, éxatepwber émroNLoprel, TA pev dda Siaxetpevous T pos TOV kivdvvov evdapaas Kat way évexa ‘Popatov | éyvwKoras exdéexerOar duaxepés, dryvootvras 5é darn AoveovaAnos etn xal TO pndev 4 qept avrod merrva Oat TAapaTTopevous. Kaitou KaTaparis mV 1) oTpatomredeia Kal atromwTos, GNX’ bro THY Mibpisarixay efnrrat avro. Secxvurres yap avTots TOUS ‘Popaious a dvw TapeuBeBAnkoras ““Opare tovtous;” épacar, “’Appevlov oT paros €oTe Kal Myjdov, Teypavov MiOpidarn KaTOTEp- ‘ravtos émuxoupiay.’ ob S éFerdjocovto ToTOU- TOU TroNGLOU TEPLKEX ULEVOV pnd’, ef Taparyevorro AovKovrdos, yopay éTt edeipBar BonGeias édari- Covtes. 5 Ov pny adra T pWTOS avrois etorreupOels vn "Apxerdou Anpudvak édpace tiv tod AouvxovAXou 498 LUCULLUS of Adrasteia, by day-break. Lucullus got wind of his departure and pursued him, but was well satisfied not to fall upon the enemy while his own troops were in disorder from their march, and stationed his army near the village called Thracia, in a spot best suited to command the roads and regions from which, and over which, the army of Mithridates must get its necessary supplies. Seeing clearly, therefore, what the issue must be, he did not conceal it from his soldiers, but as soon as-they had completed the labour of fortifying their camp, called them together, and boastfully told them that within a few days he would give them their victory, and that without any bloodshed. Mithridates was besieging Cyzicus both by land and sea, having encompassed it with ten camps on the land side, and having blockaded with his ships by sea the narrow strait which parts the city from the mainland. Although the citizens viewed their peril with a high courage, and were resolved to sustain every hardship for the sake of the Romans, still, they knew not where Lucullus was, and were disturbed because they heard nothing of him. And yet his camp was in plain sight, only they were deceived by their enemies. These pointed the Romans out to them, lying encamped on the heights, and said: ‘Do you see those forces? It is an army of Armenians and Medes which Tigranes has sent to assist Mithridates.” They were therefore terrified to see such hosts encompassing them, and had no hopes that any way of succour remained, even if Lucullus should come. However, in the first place, pace was sent in to them by Archelaiis, and told them that Lucullus 499 KK 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mapovaiay. Tovreay 8 amicrovuvrwy Kal vopulov- TOV avToY TOV TapoVvTwD emi mapnyopig meTha- opéva eye, HKE mavdaptov aixpadwrov ex TOV TONE uo amr odedpaxos. Truvdavoueveav &° avrov, woo Aéyou TOV AovxovAXov elvat, Kateyéra trallew avTous olopevov. as 8 éwpa, orovddtovtas, donunve TH Xerpl TOY Kapaxa TOV ‘Popaiwn, ot & aveDapanaar. Tis dé Aackvvriti60s Aipvns TAE0- pévns axariow érvena@s. evpeyeOeot, TO wéeyto TOV avTav o AovKourros dvedxtoas Kat Stayayav apdkn mpos thy Odratray bcous ex@per oTpaTLw- ras éeveBlBacev. Erabov 8€ vucros Siarrepdoavres Kat mapeonrOov eis THY TOAD. X. "Kotxe 5@ xal rd Deion émOappivac TOUS Kutixnvous, aryao ev auTay THY avdpayalian, ardoug TE onpetos évapyéct, Kal THS TOV Pepedar- Ti@V Eoptijs ever THONS OL pev Hy opouy Boos jLe- Aaivns mpos THY Ovciav Kal oracrivny TrdoavTes TO Bowe mapeoTnaay, 7 7 8 iepd cal rpepopevy TH OQ vopny bev elev, domep TaN Bord TOV Kubixnvav, éy Th mepaia, Kar’ éxelyny dé TH nuepay drroxpweioa TAS “ayadns ovn Stevnfato 7 pos THY TOoNW Kal KATETTNO EV ért Thy Ouciav avurny. évap 5 7 Oeds ‘Aptorayopa T@ Tob Sj pov YpamparvaTh mapacraca, “Kal pay eryaorye,” elrrev, “Kw TOV AiBuxov avrAntny érl TOV Tlovrixoy TadruyKTHY émdyovca. dpdacov obv Oappetv Tois moNrais.” OaupatovTov dé THY havyy Tav Kubianvav dp’ jpépa odhov elyev 7 Odr\aoca KATLOVTOS aK pitou TvEevpLaTos, at Te penyaval tod Bacthéws Tapectacat Tots TELXEo Ly, Epya Oavpacta Nixwvidouv rot @cccanrod, poite 500 498 LUCULLUS was arrived. They disbelieved him, and thought he had invented his story merely to mitigate their anxieties, but then a boy came to them, who had escaped from his captivity with the enemy. On their asking him where he thought Lucullus was, he laughed at them, supposing them to be jesting. But when he saw that they were in earnest, he pointed out the Roman camp to them, and their courage was revived. Again, Lucullus drew out on shore the largest of the sizable craft which plied the lake Dascylitis, carried it across to the sea on a waggon, and embarked upon it as many soldiers as it would hold, who crossed by night unobserved, and got safely into the city. X. It would seem also that Heaven, in admiration of their bravery, emboldened the men of Cyzicus by many manifest signs, and especially by the following. The festival of Persephone was at hand, and the people, in lack of a black heifer for the sacrifice, fashioned one of dough, and brought it to the altar. Now the sacred heifer reared for the goddess was pasturing, like the other herds of the Cyzicenes, on the opposite side of the strait, but on that day she left her herd, swam over alone to the city, and presented herself for the sacrifice. And again, the goddess appeared in a dream to Aristagoras, the town-clerk, saying : “‘ Lo, here am I, and I bring the Libyan fifer against the Pontic trumpeter. Bid the citizens therefore be of good cheer.” While the Cyzicenes were lost in wonder at the saying, at day- break the sea began to toss under a boisterous wind, and the siege-engines of the king along the walls, the wonderful works of Niconides the Thessalian, by 501 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 nal maTady@ Tmpa@Tov aedyjrovy TO péAXOV’ elTa voros éxpayels amiatos TO péyeOos Ta 7 ara ouvéeTpipe pnyavnpata wpas Bpayel popi¢, Kal tov EvAWwov Trupyov éxaTov THxXaV Hfos SvTa Stacelaas xatéBarev. icropetras dé rav ev “Thi modrois Kal’ Srvov opOjvar tiv "AOnvav idpare TOAA® peopévyny cat Vropaivovady te tov méTNOVU Tapeppwyos, Nyouvaay, ws apTiws hKxot BonOncaca Kutixnvots. cal ornrny twa Soypata Kal ypap- pata tept TrovTwy éyovaay edeixvvov ‘INseis. XI. MiOpsdarny 5é, dype wev bd TaV éavTod oTpatnyav pevacilopevos Hyvoes Tov ev TO oTpa- / / > / 4 \ roTréi@ Aiwov, nviov Kubianvol dsaghevyovres tHv , \ 3 a \ / 9 wn modtopkiay. tayv & éEeppun To didoripov avTov kal piroverxov ev aicOnoe yevoudvov TeV arro- pi@v, als of otpati@tat ovvetyovTo, Kal TeV > al @ A \ aA 2 9 avOpwrropaytav, ate dn wn Geatpixas pnd émidec- xTix@s AouvxovrAXou TOAELODYTOS, GAAG, TOUTO 87 TO NEeyopevoy, els THY yaoTépa évarropévov Kal é1rws Upaipnoe THY Tpodny ATavTa TpaypaTeEvo- 2 pévov. 510 Kal hpovprov Tt TroALopKobyTos avTod ™ Kaip@ xpjoacbat aorevdwv o MiOpiddrns bs 4 > 4 A e a) \ éFérreurpev eis BiOuviay rods pev timeis oxedov anavras pera Tay Urotuyiwv, Tov dé wefav Tous bd Va , » ¢ 4 aypnatous. tmuOopuevos 8 o AovKovdnos Ett vuK- TOS Kev eis TO aTpaTOrTeEdov, rpwl 5é Yevpw@vos évtos dvadaBav areipas béxa nal thy toirov 997 , a C4 ‘ edLwKeE ViPOLevos kal KaxoTrabayv, @aTe TOAKOUS umd Kpvous evdidovTas aroNeiTecOqy TaV oTpAa- 502 LUCULLUS their creaking and cracking showed clearly what was about to happen; then a south wind burst forth with incredible fury, shattered the other engines in a short space of time, and threw down with a great shock the wooden tower a hundred cubits high. It is related, too, that.the goddess Athena appeared to many of the inhabitants of Ilium in their sleep, dripping with sweat, showing part of her peplus torn away, and saying that she was just come from assisting the Cyzicenes. And the people of [lium used to show a stelé which had on it certain decrees and inscriptions relating to this matter. XI. Mithridates, as long as his generals deceived him into ignorance of the famine in his army, was vexed that the Cyzicenes should successfully with- stand his siege. But his eager ambition quickly ebbed away when he perceived the straits in which his soldiers were involved, and their actual canni- balism. For Lucullus was not carrying on the war in any theatrical way, nor for mere display, but, as the saying is, was “kicking in the belly,’ and de- vising every means for cutting off food. Accordingly, while Lucullus was laying siege to some outpost or other, Mithridates eagerly took advantage of the opportunity, and sent away into Bithynia almost all his horsemen, together with the beasts of burden, and those of his foot-soldiers who were disabled. On learning of this, Lucullus returned to his camp while it was still night, and early in the morning, in spite of a storm, took ten cohorts of infantry and his calvary, and started in pursuit, although snow was falling and his hardships were extreme. Many of his soldiers were overcome with the cold and had to be left behind, but with the rest he overtook the 993 or PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tiwtav, Tots 8 aAXNols Tept Tov ‘Puvdaxoy trorapov KaTanaBwv Tovs Toreuious TOTavTHY TpoTHY érroinoev, @aTe TAS yuvaixas éx THs AmrodX@vias mpoepyopévas adaprrale ta hoptia Kal oxv- Aeveww TOUS Hovevopévous. TroddAav 8, ws ELKOS, amo0avovrav éddwoav taro pev éEaxioyiror Kal wAnO0s avapiOuntov vroluyiwy, avdpes 5é pUpioe TrevraKiaxiAoe’ Kal TOvTOUS aywY TdVTAS mapetnes Tapa TO oTpaToTedoy TwY TOAELiOD. Larovaotiou 5& Pavualtw rote mparov wpar ‘Pwpaiors Kapijrous AéyorTos, ef pte TpoTEpov TOUS PETA VKNTiwvOS ViKHoaVvTas AVTLOXOY WeETO pnte tovs evayyos mpos ‘Opxouer@ Kai rept Xarpoveray “Apyedd@ peyaynpévovs éyvwxévae KapLNAov. "AAAA TO ye MiOpidarn hevyerv pev eyvworo THv taxltoTny, avOorxKds 5é AovKovArA® kai dia- TpiBas oTricw unyavepevos ExTENXE TOY Vavapyov "Aptorovixoy érl thy EXAnuicnv Oaracoav Kat Scov ovmw pédXovTos éxrrdeiv ex TWpodocias o Aovxovarnros éxupievoe peTa ypvcav pupiwv, ods éxopile StapOep@y te Tod “Pwpyaixod otpated- patos. éx toutov MiOpidarns péev Edvyev érrt Oaraccav, a S€ otpatnyol mefol Tov otpaTov annyayov. émimecwmy dé AovKovrAros avrois mept Tov I\pavixov Twotapov elXé TE TapmoddOUS kal Siopupiovs arréxtewe. Réyovta. 8 é« Tov TavTos akodovOwy Te Kal payipwv dydou pupE- “4 \ A -dées ov trodkv 87 TOY TplIdKoVTAa HeiTrovcas SiahOaphvar. XII. AoveovrAr0s 5€ mpeTov els Kuvbixov mapedOay amédavoev Hdovns Kal pirodpoa uvns 504 499 LUCULLUS enemy at the river Rhyndacus and inflicted such a defeat upon them that the very women came forth from Apollonia and carried off their baggage and stripped their slain. Many fell in the battle, as it is natural to suppose. Six thousand horses and fifteen thousand men were captured, besides an un- told number of beasts of burden. All these followed in the train of Lucullus as he marched back past the camp of the enemy. Sallust says, to my amaze- ment, that camels were then seen by the Romans | for the first time. He must have thought that the soldiers of Scipio who conquered Antiochus before this, and those who had lately fought Archelaiis at Orchomenus and Chaeroneia, were unacquainted with the camel. Mithridates was now resolved upon the speediest possible flight, but with a view to drawing Lucullus away, and holding him back from pursuit, he dis- patched his admiral, Aristonicus, to the Grecian sea. Aristonicus was just on the point of sailing when he was betrayed into the hands of Lucullus, together with ten thousand pieces of gold which he was carrying for the corruption of some portion of the Roman army. Upon this, Mithridates fled to the — sea, and his generals of infantry began to lead the army away. But Lucullus fell upon them at the river Granicus, captured a vast number of them, and slew twenty thousand. It is said that out of the whole horde of camp-followers and fighting men, not much less than three hundred thousand perished in the campaign. XII. Lucullus, in the first place, entered Cyzicus in triumph, and enjoyed the pleasant welcome which 323 JU) ~ 5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mperovens: érretta vautixoy é—nprvero Tov ‘EX- AnoTovTov emuTopevopevos. eis dé Tpwdda xara- VOels donqvace pev ev TH iep@ tis Adpodirns, carakounOels Sé vintwp edoxer tHv Oedv opav édeoracay avt@ xal Aéyoucay' Ti nvwmoces, peydOupe ANéov; veBpor 5é ToL eyryus. éFavaoras Sé xal tovs plrovs xarécas Sinyeiro thy oy ére vuxtos obons. kal tapnoav é& "TAiov ties atrayyédrovtes @P0at wept tov "Axatav Nupéva tptoxaidexa trevrynpers Tov Bace- Axa érrl Ajuvov trEovcas. EvOUs ody avaybels tovtous ey elXe nal Tov otpatnyoy avTay "Iaidwpov amréxrevver, emt 5é tovs adAXous efrret mpppéas. ot 5é érvxyoy oppodvres, cal Ta mola wTavTa mpos TY Yyiv auvédKovTes ato TeV katactpwpatrev Sueudyovto Kat manyas édldocav tois mept tov AovxovAdov, ote mrepiTrAcioaL Tov xwpiov Sidovtos ovte PBidcacOat vavo MeETEWpPOLS TAS TOV ToArELiwY MpocEpnpEetcpévas TH yn Kal BeBnkvias aodaras. ov pny adra ors 4 mpoaRorAnv tia 7 vHyoos elyev atroBi- Bales Trav oTpaTiwTa@V Tos apiaTousS, of KATOTLV Crime ovTes TOiS TroAEpiors Tos pev SrépOetpov auTav, tovs 8& nvdyxalov amoxomrrovtas Ta mpuuyynata Tay veav kal devyovtas ex THs yas GNANAOLS TE TUYKPOVELY TA THOLa Kal Tais éPo- ais tais aepl tov AoveovAdrov wrromlarrep. TodAol pev ovv duehpOdpnaay, év dé Trois ddodou avnxOn Kal Mdptos 6 Tapa Yeptwploy otparnydos: 500 LUCULLUS was his due ; then he proceeded to the Hellespont, and began to equip a fleet. On visiting the Troad, he pitched his tent in the sacred precinct of Aphro- dite, and in the night, after he had fallen asleep, he thought he saw the goddess standing over him and saying :— «Why dost thou sleep, great lion? the fawns are near for thy taking.” Rising up from sleep and calling his friends, he narrated to them his vision, while it was yet night. And lo, there came certain men from Ilium, with tidings that thirteen of the king’s galleys had been seen off the harbour of the Achaeans, making for Lemnos Accordingly, Lucullus put to sea at once, captured these, slew their commander, Isodorus, and then sailed in pursuit of the other captains, whom these were seeking to join. They chanced to be lying at anchor close to shore, and drawing their vessels all up on land, they fought from their decks, and sorely galled the crews of Lucullus. These had no chance to sail round their enemies, nor to make onset upon them, since their own ships were afloat, while those of their enemies were planted upon the land and securely fixed. However, Lucullus at last succeeded in disembarking the best of his soldiers where the island afforded some sort of access. These fell upon the enemy from the rear, slew some of them, and forced the rest to cut their stern cables and fly from the shore, their vessels thus falling foul of one another, and receiving the impact of the ships of Lucullus. Many of the enemy perished, of course, and among the captives there was brought in Marius, the general sent from 5°7 WX) cS PLUTARCH’S LIVES nv yap érepop0arpos, kal wapnyyerto Tots otpatiotais evOus éemumdéovow bro AoveovddXou pndéva xrelvew érepopOarpor, Stras éFoverdiaOels cat eabuBpicbels aroOavor. XIII. Tevopuevos § ard tovtwv nrrelyeto mpos Thy avtod MiOpidarou Siwkiv. Arrive yap ere wept BiOuviavy etpnoev avtov vireo Boxwviouv hpovpovpevov, Sv avros evornoomevoy TH Hvyh peta vey atrectddKet wpos Nixopndecav. adrAa Borwvios pev ev LapoOpaxn pvovpevos Kat mayvnyupitwyv xadvortépnoe: MiOpidarnv oé ava- yOévra peta TOD aToXoU, omrevdovTa Tply émt- otpépetv AovKovAndor ets Tov Uovrov etomrdedoaz, KaTarkapBave. yeiuov torus, Ud ob Ta pev agnprayn, Ta & éBuv0icOn trav cKxadadv, Taca 8 4 wapadia tev vavayiov exdepopévwv bird TOU KAVOwvoS el TOAAAS Huépas HY TepitrAEws. autos 5é, THs odxdbos, éf’ Ho Eres, pte pos THY Yyhv evmapakopictov bia péyeOos ev cdr@ peyar@ Kal KvpaTe TudrA@ tTaptotapévys Tots xuBepynrats, rpos Te THY Odrdacaay Abn Bapeias rat UmepdvTrov ryevomevns, petepBas eis AnOTPpL- Ov pvoTrdpava Kal TO cOpa mretpatats ey yet pi- gas aveArriatrws Kal tapaBorws eis tHY Hovtiany “Hpdxrevav ekeowOn. AovnotrArA, 8 avepéontos h Wpos THY avyKANnTOV aTéBn gHiroTimia. Wn- difouerns yap avtis mpos Tov médreyov aro TpioxiAiwy Ttardvtwv éEapriecOar vavutixor, éx@rvoe Tréewpas ypdupata Kal peyarnyopycas, 508 LUCULLUS Sertorius. He had but one eye, and the soldiers had received strict orders from Lucullus, as soon as they set sail, to kill no one-eyed man. Lucullus wished Marius to die under the most shameful insults. XIII. These ‘things done, Lucullus hastened in pursuit of Mithridates himself. For he expected to find him still in Bithynia under the watch and ward of Voconius, whom he had dispatched with a fleet to Nicomedeia that he might intercept the king’s flight. But Voconius was behindhand, owing to his initiation into, and celebration of, the mysteries in Samothrace, and Mithridates put to sea with his armament, eager to reach Pontus before Lucullus turned and set upon him. He was over- ' taken, however, by a great storm, which destroyed some of his vessels and disabled others. The whole coast for many days was covered with the wrecks dashed upon it by the billows. As for the king himself, the merchantman on which he was sailing was too large to be readily beached when the sea ran so high and the waves were so baffling, nor would it answer to its helm, and it was now too heavy and full of water to gain an offing ; accord- ingly, he abandoned it for a light brigantine belonging to some pirates, and, entrusting his person to their hands, contrary to expectation and after great hazard, got safely to Heracleia in Pontus.. And so it happened that the boastful speech of Lucullus to the Senate brought no divine retribution down upon him, When, namely, that body was ready to vote three thousand talents to provide a fleet for this war, Lucullus blocked the measure by writing a letter, in which he made the haughty boast that 5°9 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a> dvev Sardvys xal tocavrns mapacKevis tais Tov cuppayov vavol MiOpidarny exBaret THs Oardrrns. kal TtovTo .bmnpEey avT@ Tod Geod cuvaywvicapévov. réyerat yap ’Aprépsdos xorw IIpiarrivns 6 yerpov éureceiv trois Tovre- Kols auAjcacW avTis TO iepov nal Td Eoavoy avacTrdaaact. XIV. TloArAay 5é AoveovAr@ rapawovvrwy avaBdrrecbat Tov modrepov, od dpovtiaas évé- Bare dia Bidvvias cal Tandarias eis thy Baat- ALKHnY, ev apy pev evdens TOV avayKaiwy, WoTeE Tardras recOat tpicpupiovs Exacrov énl trav @pov Kopifovta aitov pédupvov, mpoiway dé Kal KpaTr@av amavrev eis tocavTnv nAOev evrroptay, @ote tov pev Bodv év otpatorrédp Spaypis, TO 5¢ dvdpaodsov tetrdpwv a@viov elvat, thv & GAAnv relay ev ovdevl Aye TOvs pev ATroAEiTELY, tous Sé avaricxev. Sudbecis yap Fv ovdevos mpos ovdéva TavTwv eviropovvTwV. "ANN Goov POeipar Kal Kaxwoar THY yaopay immacdpevot Kal Katadpapovtes aypt Geptond- pas kal tov rept Bepuwdovta trediwy, 7ATL@VTO tov AovKovAXdov, StL Wdoas Tpoodyerat Tas Tones, KaTa Kpdtos bé ovdeuiay Honcev ovde Taper xXnKEr avtots wpernOnvar Siaprdcacuv. ‘Aa Kal vow,” pacar, “’Amoov, rod evdat- pova kat jhovatay, ov peya ov épyov, el, Tes EVTELVAL THV TTONLOPKLAY, KATATXELY, ATOXNLTTOVTAS Has ayer mept tv TiBapnyev nat Xadrdaiwv 510 500 LUCULLUS without any such costly array, but only with the ships of the allies, he would drive Mithridates from the sea. And this success he gained with the assistance of Heaven. For it is said that it was owing to the wrath of Artemis of Priapus that the tempest fell upon the men of Pontus, who had plundered her shrine. and pulled down her image. XIV. Though many now advised Lucullus to suspend the war, he paid no heed to them, but threw his army into the king’s country by way of Bithynia and Galatia.! At first he lacked the necessary supplies, so that thirty thousand Galatians followed in his train, each carrying a bushel of grain upon his shoulders ; but as he advanced and mastered everything, he found himself in the midst of such plenty that an ox sold in his camp for a drachma, and a man-slave for four, while other booty had no value at all. Some abandoned it, and some destroyed it. There was no sale for anything to anybody when all had such abundance. But when Lucullus merely wasted and ravaged the country with cavalry incursions, which penetrated to Themiscyra and the plains of the river Thermodon, his soldiers found fault with him because he brought all the cities over to him by peaceable measures ; he had not taken a single one by storm, they said, nor given them a chance to enrich themselves by plunder. “ Nay,” they said, “at this very moment we are leaving Amisus, a rich and prosperous city, which it would be no great matter to take, if its siege were pressed, and are following our general into the desert of the Tibareni and the Chaldaeans 1 73 B.C. SIT PLUTARCH’S LIVES épnutav MiOpiddtn rodeunoovtas.” adda Tatdta pev ovx av o AovxovaAdos éArricas eis TogoUTOV aTrovolas Tovs oTpaTLwTas Trapaya- yelv, cov vaTepov éEépnvav, Urrepewpa Kal ovK éppovretev, exeivors 8 atrenoyeiro paddov, of Bpadurira xatynyopovy avrod SvatpiBovros év- Tav0a rept Kopas Kal modes ov ToAXOD TLVOS akias wodvv xpovon, éavtos 8 avbfecOat McOpida- TY. “Adto yap,” én, “TodTo Kal Bothopat Kal KaOnpar TExvalon, péyay avis yevéoOat Tov dvdpa wal cuvaryaryety avrov alopaxov Suvapep, iva peivy Kab ra) puyn TpogtovTas nas. 4 ovx, opare TOAMY Lev aur@ Kal aréxpaprov épnuav oTricw Tapovcap; eyyus 62 0 Kavxacos xal dpy TOANA Ka Badea Kal puptous Bactrels puyopa- oovTas apxobvra katakpiyrat cat Tmepiayeiy- Ody 5 Teepe 000s ets “A ppevian é x Kafelpwv, Kal brrép “Appevias KaOnrar Tiypavns, Bagtrevs Bacthéwr, exov Suvapuy, 7 Hdp0ous TE TEpt- xomtes THS ‘Aalas Kal Toners ‘EdAnvioas es Mnédiav avaxopiter . nal Yupias xparel Kad Tlanar- orivys Kal TOUS aro Ledevcou Bacireis arroxtiv- yuet, Ovyatéepas auToy ayer Kal yuvaixas dvac mda Tous. ovTos oixetos éorte Mifpidarov Kal yauRpos. ov mrepiowerat dé avrov tKETNV uTrobeEdmevos, ANNA TroAEunoEL TPOS Huas* Kal aomevoovtes exBaddXeELv McOpidarnv cuvOuveic omer émomacacbar Teypdvny, mana pev aitias Sed- pevov éb nas, evrrperrea Tépav 6é ovK av AaBovra THS brép avdpos oixelou Kal Bactréos avaryKa.- aOévra btrovpyeiy avT@. ti ovv Set Todd’ Has 512 LUCULLUS to fight with Mithridates.’”’ But these grievances, not dreaming that they would bring the soldiers to such acts of madness as they afterwards performed, Lucullus overlooked and ignored. He was, however, more ready to defend himself against those who denounced ‘his slowness in lingering there a long while, subduing worthless little villages and cities, and allowing Mithridates to recruit himself. “That,” he said, “is the very thing I want, and I am sitting here to get it. I want the man to become powerful again, and to get together a force with which it is worth our while to fight, in order that he may stand his ground, and not fly when we approach. Do you not see that he has a vast and trackless desert behind him? The Caucasus, too, is near, with its many hills and dells, which are sufficient to hide away in safety ten thousand kings who decline to fight. And it is only a few days’ journey from Cabira into Armenia and over Armenia there sits enthroned Tigranes, King of Kings, with forces which enable him to cut the Parthians off from Asia, transplant Greek cities into Media, sway Syria and Palestine, put to death the successors of Seleucus, and carry off their wives and daughters into captivity. This king is a kinsman of Mithridates, his son-in-law. He will not be content ‘to receive him as a suppliant, but will make war against us. If we strive, therefore, to eject Mithri- dates from his kingdom, we shall run the _ risk of drawing Tigranes down upon us. He has long wanted an excuse for coming against us, and could not get a better one than that of being compelled to aid a man who is his kinsman and a king. Why, then, should we bring this to pass, 513 VOL, II, LL PLUTARCH’S LIVES éEepyacacbar nal SidaEar MtOpiddarnv ayvootvra, pe? ov eoti avT@ pds Huds TrorEuNTéoy, Kat pn Bovropevov, ddr ddokodvta cuvedavvey eis Tas Tuypdvou xelpas, adX ovyi Sovtas avT@ xpovov é€x TOV oiKeilwy TapacKevdcacOat Kat ava0appivat, Koryors xal TeBapnvois cat Karr- madokiv, mv ToANdKis KEexpaTynKapev, paxerOae padrrXov Mydocs cal "Appevioss;” XV. ’Eml rotovTav RAoyiouav yevopevos o AovxovaAnros Tepi te THY Apsoov SieTpie, para- KOS TH TolopKia Ypwpevos, Kal peTa Yetwava Moupyvay atrodkureayv émt THs wodLopKias éBadilev él MiOptdarnv xaOnpevov év KaBeipos kat Stavoovpevov Udiotacbat tovs ‘Pwpaious, 7Opor- opévns avT@ dSuvdpews eis TEeTpaKicpupious Te- Sous, immmeis S€ tetpaxtoyirLous, ols éOdpper pddtota. Kai duaBas tov Avxov trotapmov eis TO mediov mpovxaretto Tovs ‘Pwpaious. yevouévns 8 immopayias Epuyov ot “Pwpato Topmrmyos 8 avnp ovx ado€os éddw tTetTpwpmévos Kal pos tov Mi@pidarny avnyOn xaxds bTd TpavpaTwr Staxeipevos. wuOopéevov $é€ rot Bactrtéws, e€ owes vr’ avtov yevnoerat didos, “"Av ye ny,” Ey, ‘““Pwpators Starrayns: et 58 pu}, TOAEmWLOS.”” TovTov pev Oavpdoas 0 MiOpiddrns ove ndiknoe. Tob dé AoveovaAXovu Ta peéev Tedia TOV TrONEMLOY immoxpatouvtwy ded.0T0s, THY & Operviyy OxvOUVTOS mpoiévat, pakpav Kal tr4wdn Kal dvcBaTov otcay, ddickovtat Ties Kata toyny "EAAnves els Te 514 501 LUCULLUS and teach Mithridates, when he dees not know it, with what allies he must carry on war against us? Why help to drive him, against his wish and as a last resource, into the arms of Tigranes, instead of giving him time to equip himself from his own resources and get fresh courage? Then we shall fight with Colchians and Tibareni and Cappadocians, whom we have often overcome, rather than with Medes and . Armenians.” XV. Influenced by such considerations as these, Lucullus lingered about Amisus, without pushing the siege vigorously. When winter was over, he left Murena in charge of the siege, and marched against Mithridates,! who had taken his stand at Cabira, and intended to await the Roman onset there. A force of forty thousand footmen had been collected by him, and four thousand horsemen ; on the latter he placed his chief reliance. Crossing the river Lycus and advancing into the plain, he offered the Romans battle. A cavalry fight ensued, and the Romans | took to flight. Pomponius, a man of some note, having been wounded, was taken prisoner and led into the presence of Mithridates, suffering greatly from his wounds. When the king asked him if he would become his friend provided he spared his life, Pomponius answered : “ Yes, indeed, if you come to ‘terms with the Romans; otherwise I must remain your enemy.” Mithridates was struck with admir- ation for him, and did him no harm. Lucullus was now afraid of the plains, since the enemy was superior in cavalry, and yet hesitated to go forward into the hill country, which was remote, woody, and impassable. But it chanced that certain 1 72 B.C. 515 LL 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES omnXatov Katauyovtes, HY o mWpexBUTepos ‘Ap- Tepidwpos vméayeto Tov AovKovAXov afew Kal Katactdoew énl TOT@ aoharet TO oTpatoTréd~@ Kai ppovpioy éyovts Tots KaBelpacs érrixpepdpevov. mustevoas 5 o AovKovAXos aya TH vuxtl mupa Kavoas éxive: Kal Ta oteva TrapeNOwy daoparas TO Xwpiov elye, Kal pe? Huépav vrepedpaiveto TOV TOELIoY LOpvwY TOV oOTpaToV é€v ToOTrOLS, of paxyecOat Bovropévp mpocaywyny édidocav xal To py BiacOjvac trapetxyov navyalovti. Tyv@pny pev ovv ovdérepos elyev ev ye TO mapovtt Staxwduveverv: éXahov dé Néevyerar TAY BacirtKkay Siwxdvtav brrotepvopévous atravtiaat tous ‘Pwpalous, éx 8& tovTov cuptecovtas ayo- viterOar wrELtovwv Exatépots del mpooywopéver. téros 8 evixwv ot Bacidxot Kal thy huyny éx Tov xdpaxos ot ‘Pwpaio: Kabopavres ijoxyaddov Kal cuvétpexov mpos Tov AoviovaAdoy, aye ohas Seopevor xal ovvOnpa mpos THY waxnv airodytes. o &€ BovAdpevos avtovs pabeiy, nAiKov éoti év ayave toréuov Kal Kivdvve tapovoia cal drpis nryewovos Eudpovos, éxelvous pev novylay ayer exéXevoev, avTOS 5 xaréBawvev els TO Tedtov Kal . Tots WpwTols aTravTnaas TOV devyovTwy latacBat mpooétake kat dvactpépey per’ avtov. tei bév- tov 8é trovrwy Kal of Aosrol petaBaropevor Kal TvaeTavTes OALy@ TrOV~@ TpéTOVTAL TOUS TroNELLOUS Kal Katadiwxovel els TO oTpaTomedoy. émray- eXOwv dé AovKovrros atipiay Teva Tols hEevyouce vevopiauernv mpocéBare, KerXevoas ev yIToOLY 516 LUCULLUS Greeks, who had taken refuge in a sort of cave, were captured, and the elder of them, Artemidorus, promised to serve Lucullus as a guide, and set him in a place which was safe for his camp, and which had a fortress overlooking.Cabira. Lucullus put confidence in this promise, and as soon as it was night, lit his camp fires and set out. He passed safely through the narrow defiles and took possession of the desired place, and at daybreak was seen above the enemy, stationing his men in positions which gave him access to the enemy if he wished to fight, and safety from their assaults if he wished to keep quiet. Now neither commander had any intention of hazarding an engagement. at once. But we are told that while some of the king’s men were chasing a stag, the Romans cut them off and confronted them, whereupon a skirmish followed, with fresh accessions continually to either side. At last, the king’s men were victorious. Then the Romans in their camp, beholding the flight of their comrades, were in distress, and ran in throngs to Lucullus, begging him to lead them, and demanding the signal for battle. But he, wishing them to learn how im- portant, in a dangerous struggle with the enemy, the visible presence of a prudent general is, bade them _ keep quiet. Then he went down into the plain by himself, and confronting the foremost of the fugitives, bade them stop, and turn back with him. They obeyed, and the rest also wheeled about and formed in battle array, and in a short time routed the enemy and drove them to their camp. When he came back, however, Lucullus inflicted the customary disgrace upon the fugitives. He bade them dig a twelve- 517 PLUTARCH’S LIVES alaatou opv—ar Swdexa trodav rdadpov, éperta- Tov Kat Oewpévov TOV GAXOV TTPATLOTODV. XVI. ’Hy 5é res ev T@ McOpiddtov otpatroréd@ Aavéapiwv Suvacrns ’ONMakéds (yévos 8 eiolv ot Aavédpuor BapBapov tov mept thy Mawrev oixovvTwv), avnp doa yYetpos Epya xal ToOAmNS ev ToAéu@ cratrpenns amavra, Kal yvounv ixavos éy Tois peyiatol, ete & éuperns omsrjoa cal Oepatrevtixos. ovTos éExwv adel Tpos Tiva Tov opopirAwy Suvactav apihrav wbrép mpwtewv xal EnrotuTiay vréoyeto TO MiOpidatn péya Epyov, atroxtevety AovxovAdov. érratvéoaytos 5é tov Baciréws Kai twas adt@ mpooBaXdovTos émitndes atipmias eis mpootroinow opyns adbermd~ aato mpos AoveovAXov: o 8 daopevos &dé€ato: AOYOS yap WV avTOD TOAVs ev TH oTpatoTrédo: cal Tax TrELPMMEVOS nomacero THY TE dyxivovay avuTov Kal TO ALTTAapés, WaTE TpaTrétns Kal oUDvE- Spiou tore troteta Oar Kowwwvov. "Eel & éSdxer xarpov Eye o Aavddptos, Tov pev tamov Ew Tov yapaxos éxéXevoe Tpoayaryety Tous Traioas, avTos dé peonuBSpias otons Kal TaY oTpatioTav éevdialovTwY Kal avaTravopevey éBadsbev emi thy oTpatnyteny axnyny, ws ovdevos KwAvVaoVTOS eicedOeiy avdpa auvyOn Kal doyous Twas akiovs omovdns T@ oTparny®@ copitecy doxovta. Kav clanjrOev adeds, et 1 0 TWOAAOVS avnpnKkas otpatnyous brves AovKovAXov Ecwoer. éruyyave yap nabeviwv: xal Mevédnpos, els Ta KaTevvaoT@y, Tapa tais Ovpais éotas ovK ehy Kata Katpov New tov OnrOaxoy, dpte AoveovAXOU mpos avatravaw ex paxpas aypunvias Kal Tovar 518 LUCULLUS foot ditch, working in ungirt blouses, while the rest of the soldiers stood by and watched them. XVI. In the camp of Mithridates there was a Dandarian prince named Olthacus (the Dandarians are a tribe of barbarians dwelling about Lake Maeotis), a man conspicuous as a soldier for qualities of strength and boldness, of a most excellent judg- ment, and withal affable in address and of insinuating manners. This man was always in emulous rivalry for the precedence with a fellow prince of his tribe, and so was led to undertake a great exploit for Mithridates, namely, the murder of Lucullus. The king approved of his design, and purposely inflicted upon him sundry marks of disgrace, whereupon, pretending to be enraged, he galloped off to Lucullus, who gladly welcomed him, since there was much talk of him in the camp. After a short probation, Lucullus was so pleased with his shrewdness and zeal, that he made him a table companion, and at last a member of his council. Now when the Dandarian thought his Spceieanity had come, he ordered his slaves to lead his horse outside the camp, while he himself, at mid-day, when the soldiers were lying around enjoying their rest, went to the general’s tent. He thought no one would deny entrance to a man who was an intimate of the general, and said he brought him certain messages of great importance. And he would have entered without let or hindrance, had not sleep, the destroyer of many generals, saved Lucullus. For it chanced that he was asleep, and Menedemus, one of his chamberlains, who stood at the tent-door, told Olthacus that he had come at an inopportune time, since Lucullus had just betaken himself to rest after 219 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5 tocovTwy Sedwxdtos éavtov. érel 8 ove arryet KeXevovTos, GAN é&dn Kal KwAVOVTOS EicerEd- cecOat mepi wpadynatos avayxaiov Kul peyddou diarexO7vat Bovropevos, dn mpos opynv o Mevédnpos elrr@av pndcv avayxaotepov Tob cw- GecOat AovKovArXov amewoato Tov avOpwirov dpporépas tais yepoiv. o bé deicas imeEnOe Tov Yapaxos, Kal AaBwv Tov immov dmnracev eis TO McOpiSdrou otpatomedov ampaxtos. otTwsS dpa xal Tois mpayywacw 0 Kalpos WamTep Tots pappdxots Kal thy awlovoay Kal THY avaipovoay pomny mpootiOnow. XVII. ’Ex rovrov Swpvatios pev emt cirov xoptdny érréuhOn pera Séxa orreipav' Kal xaTa- SiwyOels bd Mevdvdpou, Trav MiOpiddrov otpa- THYyav évds, avTéoTn Kal cupBarwv ovo éerroinae qoAvwv Kal TpoTny THY TrodEniov. aves dé rrEeph- Gévros ’"Adpiavod peta Svvdpews, Bras ex Teptov- alas éywou of otpati@tas citov, od meptetde Me- Optdatns, AAW amréoteire Mevépayov cal Mipova TOANOY pev iTTTéwV, TONA@Y Oé TEeCaV HYOUMEVOUS. OUTOL TavTEs, WS AéyeTal, TANY SvEly KaTEKOTN- gav bro tov ‘Popaiwv. Kxal MiOpidatns peév éxpumTtTe THY TUuhopay ws ov Toca’THY ovcar, GAA juKpdyv, TMpOTKEKpOUKOTwWY aTreipia TOV oTparnyay, "Adptavos S€ Napspos TwapnpciBero TO oTpatoTredoy TodAds KuTaywv audtas aitou kal Aadipwv yeuovoas, wate Suvcbupiay pev avtT@, Tapaxny dé xal poBov dpi}yavov éumecety Tois aTpatiatalis. édé60xTo ey ovy pnKéTt péverv: érrel Sé apockéteutrov of BaotdKol ta opérepa ypnpata Kal’ yovyiav, tovs § dddous 520 50: LUCULLUS his long watching and many hardships. Olthacus did not retire at the bidding of Menedemus, but declared that even in spite of him he would go in, since he wished to confer with the general on urgent business of great importance. Then Menedemus got angry, declared that nothing was more urgent than the preservation of Lucullus, and pushed the man away with both hands. Then Olthacus, in fear, left the camp, took horse, and rode off to the camp of Mithridates, without effecting his purpose. So true is it that in active life, as well as in sickness, it is the critical moment which gives the scales their saving or their fatal inclination. XVII. After this, Sornatius was sent with ten cohorts to get supplies of grain. Being pursued by Menander, one of the generals of Mithridates, he faced about, joined battle, and routed the enemy with great slaughter. And again, when Adrian was sent out with a force to procure an abundance of grain for the soldiers, Mithridates did not look on idly, but dispatched Menemachus and Myron, at the head of a large body of cavalry and footmen., All these, it is said, except two, were cut to pieces by the Romans. Mithridates tried to conceal the ex- tent of the disaster, pretending that it was a slight matter, and due to the inexperience of his generals. But when Adrian marched pompously past his camp, convoying many waggons laden with grain and booty, a great despair fell upon the king, and confusion and helpless fear upon his soldiers. They decided, there- fore, to remain where they were no longer. But when the king’s servants tried to send away their own baggage first, and to hinder the rest from going, the soldiers at once got angry, pushed and forced 521 ~ PLUTARCH’S LIVES éx@Avov, 76n Kal mpos dpyny él tas éEodous oOovpevor kal Bralopevor TA ev YpnpaTa hpTra- Cov, avtovs 8¢ amécdhattov. Sirov Kal Aopiraos Oo aTpatnyos ovdey Erepoy Exar } THY Toppvpav mept avtov ama@neto bia Tavtnv, ‘Eppaios Sé o Ourns KaterratnOn wept Tas TUAas. Avros 8 o MiOpiddrns, obte orradod twos ote immokouov wapapeivavros avt@, auveké- weocevy amd Tov oTparowédou Tois TrOANOIS ava- peptyuévos, OVS tmmourtav BaciduKey evTropy- gas, AXN oé rrov xatidwy avdtov év TH pevparte THs Ttpomtns éxeiyns Stadhepopevov LItoXcpatos o evvotyos tarmov éywy autos anenndnoe Kal mapéoxyev. dn yap avrov ot ‘Pwpyaton xatetyov érixe(pevot’ Kal Taye. pev ovK atreditrovTo ToD ANaBeiv avtov, GX’ ArAOoy Eyytota TovTOU, dtdo- maroutia dé Kal puxporoyia oTpatiwtiKn TO ToAXols ayaot Kal peyarots Kevdvvors SuwKxopevov éx paxpovd OApapa “Pwpaiovs ddeireto xal AovcovArov amertépnoe vixovTa Tov emdbrXowv. hv pev yap év éduxt@ tis Si@Fews o varexpépwv Tov avdpa ‘ros, nutovov dé TaVv TO xXpucior xoutlovrwy petatv tod Bactdéws lr arro TavTo- patov Tapeorecovtos, eite TOU Bactréws érri- Tndes éuBadrovros avTov eis Tods SiwKovrtas, dpravovres kal cuddéyovtes TO Ypucioy Kal Siapayopevor pos GAAyAOUS KaOvaTEpNCaY. Kai ov TOUTO povoy avTaV aTréXavaE THS TWAEovEeFLAS AovKcovaAros, adda Kal tov él Tay aToppHTav tod Bacitéws dvta Kaddiotpatov o peéev aye éxéXevoev, of & adyovtes aicOopevor tevtaxocious 522 he, LUCULLUS their way to the exits of the camp, and there plundered the. baggage and slew the men in charge of it.. There it was that Dorylaiis, the general, with nothing else about him but his purple robe, lost his life for that, and Hermaeus, the priest, was trampled to death at the gates. Mithridates himself, with no attendant or groom to assist him, fled away from the camp in the midst of the throng, not even provided with one of the royal horses ; but at last the eunuch Ptolemaeus, who was mounted, spied him as he was borne along in the torrent of the rout, leaped down from his horse, and gave it to the king. Presently the Romans, who were forcing the pursuit, were hard upon him, and it was for no lack of speed that they did not take him. Indeed, they were very near doing so, but greed, and petty soldier's avarice, snatched from them the quarry which they had so long pursued in many struggles and great dangers, and robbed Lucullus of the victor’s prize. For the horse which carried the king was just within reach of his pursuers, when one of the mules which carried the royal gold came between him and them, either of his own accord, or because the king purposely sent him into the path of pursuit. The soldiers fell to plundering and collecting the gold, fought with one another over it, and so were left behind in the chase. Nor was this the only fruit of their greed which Lucullus reaped. He had given orders that Callistratus, who was in charge of the king’s private papers, should be brought alive to him, but his conductors, finding that he had five hundred pieces of gold in his girdle, slew him. 373 re aX) PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ypucobs UTEelwopévoy amréxTewayv. ov pny adda TouTos pev errétpevre TOV YapaKka TropOfjoat. XVIII. Ta 8¢ KdBetpa rAaBov nal tdv dd\rwv ppoupiwy Ta wreloTa Onoavpous Te peydXous epee Kat Seopmrnpia, ToAdK@y pev "EAXHVOY, TOANOY 5é auyyevav tod Bacrréws xaberpypévov, ols madat téOvavar Soxotow ov awrnplav, adr avaBiwow ai Sevrépav riva yévvnow % Aoveovn- dou yYdpls trapéoyev. édrw Sé xal dderh7 Tod McOpisarou Niooa owtnpioy ddwow: ai § aro- TaTw Tov Kwdvyou Kal Kal” Hovytav arroKetcBat Soxotcat rept Papvdxeav aderApal wal yuvaixes oixtp@s amwXovto, MiOpiddtov wéuwavtos én’ abras é« tis duyis Baxxidny ebvodyov. Foav dé peta TroAA@y aderddai te S00 Tod Ractréws, ‘Pwkdvn xal Yrarepa, wep! recoapdxovta ery mwapOevevopevat, Kal yapetal Svo, yévos Twvides, Bepevien péev éx Xtov, Movipn dé Mernaia. , e A 4 9 a @ @ TAUTNS O WrEloTOS HY Noyos ev Tois” EAAHawDy, OTe Tov Baciréws TreipavTos avTHy Kal puptious trev- TAKLOXLALOUS Ypvaods Tpodréuapavros avrécyxe, 4 Aa 4 > 7 * A 4 MEXpt OD yauwv éyévorTo ouv0nxat kal Siddnua méurpas avth Baciitocay avnyopevoev. adrn xal jwapa Tov adrV Ypovoy aviap@s elye Kal arre- Opnvet thy tod awpatos ede tws ws Seororny A 9 > 9 \ > A \ \ , 9 pev avt avdpos auth, ppovpav oé BapBapov avrt yauov Kal olxov mpokevncacav, toppw Sé mov THs EAddS0s5 arrexicpévyn Tols éAmtaOeiow aya- Gots dvap cuvertt, tov 8 adrdnOwov exeivwy aMéa TEPNTAL, 524 “i 503 LUCULLUS However, Lucullus allowed such soldiers as these to plunder the enemy's camp. XVIII. In capturing Cabira and most of the other strongholds, he found great treasures, and many prisons, in which many Greeks and many kinsfolk of the king were confined. As they had long been given up for dead, it was not so much a rescue as it was a resurrection and a sort of second birth, for which they were indebted to the favour of Lucullus. Nyssa, a sister of Mithridates, was also © captured ; and her capture was her salvation. But the sisters and wives of the king who were thought to be at farthest remove from danger and quietly hidden away in Pharnacia, perished pitifully, since Mithridates paused long enough in his flight to send Bacchides, a eunuch, to compass their death. Among many other women, there were two sisters of the king, Roxana and Statira, about forty years old and unmarried ; and two of his wives, of Ionian families, Berenicé from Chios, and Monimé, a Milesian. The latter was most talked of among the Greeks, to the effect that though the king tempted her virtue and sent her fifteen thousand pieces of gold, she resisted his advances, until he entered into a marriage contract with her, sent her a diadem, and greeted her with the title of Queen. But her marriage had been an unhappy one, and she bewailed that beauty which had procured her a master instead of a husband, and a guard of Barbarians instead of home and family, dwelling as she did far, far away from Greece, where the blessings for which she had hoped existed only in her dreams, while she was bereft of the real blessings to which she had been wonted. 525 * o 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat 8) rod Baxyidov mapayevopévov ral mpoordgavtos avtais amroOvycKev, ws éexdorTn Soxoin paotov elvas xal advToratov, Teptatra- gaca THs Keharys TO Siddnua TO TpaxnrA® mepipe kal avnptncey éavtTny. taxv § amrop- payévtos “"O xarnpapévoy,” edn, “ paxos, ovdé Wpos TOUTO pot ypynotywov ~on;” KadKElvo ev anéppipe mpoomrvcaca, te 6& Baxyidn rhv opayny tmapécyev. 7 5é Bepevirn xvdxa papud- xov ANaBovca, THs pnTpos avTH Trapovans Kal Seopévns, petédwxe. xal ouvetémov pev dudo- Tépat, npKkeoe O€ TOU hapudxou Svuvayty ets TO ao Gevérrepov capa, THY 5¢ Bepevixny ovxy scov &dec mriodcay ov« amrnrdakev, adr bua bavarovca Tov Baxyisov amevoovtTos atremviyn. Déyeras Se Kal tov aydpwy dder\paov éexelvwv thy pev érra- pwuévny modra Kal roidopodcav exmeiy To ddppaxov, tiv d€ Yrarecpav obre Svodnpov tt PbeyEapévnv ov7 ayevvés, ANN errawvovcay Tov adergov, Ste mepl Tov cw@patos xivduvevov ove NHEANTEV AVTAY, GAXA Tpovvonaev eXevOépas Kal avuBpiorous amobavety. tadta pev ov dice Xpnorov dvta Kal gdirdvOpwirrov jria tov Aov- xouNNov. XIX. ’Eddoas 8 dypt Taravpuv, bev ipépa TEeTapTN ™ pOTEpop épOaxer McOpidarns eis ’Ap- peviav mpos Trypavny tepevyws, atrorpémetat. Kataotpewdpevos d¢ Xarédaiouvs xal TiBapnvors xal thy pixpav Appeviay traparaBov Kai ppov- pia xal TodEs TapacTnodpevos, “Arriiov pev Gree pos Tuypavny éEarrav McOpidarny, abros 28 we mpos 'Apsodv re rrodsopxoupévynv. aitios 526 ~ LUCULLUS And now Bacchides came and ordered them all to die, in whatever manner each might deem easiest and most painless. Monimé snatched the diadem from her head, fastened it round her neck, and hanged herself. But her halter quickly broke in two. “O cursed bauble,” she cried, “ couldst thou not serve me even in this office?” Then she spat upon it, hurled it from her, and offered her throat to Bacchides. But Berenicé, taking a cup of poison, shared it with her mother, who stood at her side and begged for some. Together they drank it off, and the force of the poison sufficed for the weaker body, but it did not carry off Berenicé, who had not drunk enough. As she was long in dying, and Bacchides was in a hurry, she was strangled. It is said also that of the unmarried sisters, one drank off her poison with many abusive imprecations on her brother ; but that Statira did so without uttering a single reproachful or ungenerous word. She rather commended her brother because, when his own life was at hazard, he had not neglected them, but had taken measures to have them die in freedom and under no insults. Of course these things gave pain to Lucullus, who was naturally of a gentle and humane disposition. XIX. Lucullus pushed on in pursuit as far as Talaura, whence, four days before, Mithridates had succeeded in escaping to Tigranes, in Armenia ; then he turned aside. After subduing the Chaldaeans _and the Tibareni, he occupied Lesser Armenia, reducing its fortresses and cities, and then sent Appius to Tigranes with a demand for Mithridates. He himself, however, came to Amisus, which was still holding out against the siege. Its success in 527 PLUTARCH’S LIVES > 4 , e \ ? , 5S hv Kadndipaxos 0 otpatnyos cpmerpia. pnxyave- fo) A 4 KS jTapacKkeuns Kal Sewdtnte tavoupyias, donv f , a , e , moNlopKia SéxeTal, TAELTTA AUTTHGAS Pawpatous: av vaTtepov éowxe Sixnyv. Tote 8 bre AovKovrAXOV , e 4? ww 3 4 “~ xataotparnynbeis, up iv Eos elyev wpav THs npepas amrdyew Kal dvaravey Tovs oTpaTiwTas, 3 ? 4 , > 4 4 év éxeivyn poaBarovros aidvidias Kal Katacxov- TOS OU TOAV pépos TOV TElYoUS, avTOS éxNLTTOY THY TodkWw Udy ev, elite POovdv awpernOjvar e 4 v e , A e aA o Pwpatos, ete pactavny huyis eavtT@ pnxava- / A U 3 pevos. ouvdels yap éeppovTele TeV éxdeovTwr, GANA ws h PACE avabpapodaa trond TA Teiyn MWEplegXEV, OL PeV OTPATLATAL TrapecKevdlorvTo mpos aprrayny, o 6é AovKovAXos olxtetpwy atrod- Aupevnv THY Tod eEEwOev éBonOer pds TO Tp kal oBevvivat Twapexdre, pndevos avt@ mpocé- 9- > 3 , a / \ YovTOS, GAN éeEartoupévwy TA YpnuaTa Kal peTa Bons drrra Kpovovtwr, Ews exBracbels érérpewer, @S avuTHy ye THY TOL EEaLpNadpEvos TOU Tupds. e \ > 4 ¥ 4 \ 9 4 ot S€ Tovvaytiov érpakav. mavta yap é&epeu- vavtes UT AapTddwy Kal mavtayod das émt- dépovtes avtol Ta TAEioTA THY OiKnudTeV Kabei- Lov, wate Tov AovKovAXoY eciceNOovTa pel” Huée- \ V4 \ \ f. > a e pav kat daxpvoavta mpos Tovs dPidous eitretvy, ws 504A TokvdKls On BAAav pakapicas pddota TH onMEpOV Hepa THY Tavdpos EvTUXiay Davyaceter, 5 6Tt c@aat BovrAnGeis edurvHAOn Tas ‘"AOnvas. “Eye 528 LUCULLUS this was due to Callimachus, its commander, who, by his acquaintance with mechanical contrivances and his power to employ every resource which the siege of a city demands, had given the Romans the greatest annoyance. For this he afterwards paid the penalty. But at this time, he was simply out- generalled by Lucullus, who made a sudden attack at just that time of day when Callimachus was accustomed to draw his soldiers off from the ramparts and give them a rest. When the Romans had got possession of a small part of the wall, Callimachus abandoned the city, first setting fire to it with his own hands, either because he begrudged the visitors their booty, or because his own escape was thus facilitated. For no one paid any attention to those who were sailing away, but when the flames increased mightily and enveloped the walls, the soldiers made ready to plunder the houses. Lucullus, out of pity for the perishing city, tried to bring aid from out- side against the fire, and gave orders to extinguish the flames, but no one paid any heed to his commands. The soldiers all clamoured for the booty, and shouted, and clashed their shields and spears together, until he was forced to let them have their way, hoping that he could at least save the city itself from the flames. But the soldiers did just the opposite. Ransacking everything by torch-light and carrying lights about everywhere, they destroyed most of the houses themselves. When Lucullus entered the city at daybreak, he burst into tears, and said to his friends that he had often already deemed Sulla happy, and on that day more than ever he admired the man’s good fortune, in that when he wished to save Athens, he had the power to do so. “ But upon 529 VOL, II. M M PLUTARCH’S LIVES 8,” ébn, “tovrov Cnrwrny yevopevoy ets THY Mopptou Sckav 6 Saipwv mrepréatycev.” Od pny add’ ée Tov Tapéyvtwy avarapBave érretpato THY TOMY. Kal TO pév TIP SuBpor KaTé- aBecav &« tuwos Oeias TUYNS Tepit THY ArXwou avTny cupmecortes, Ta 5é TELTTA TOV aTTOAW- AOTwY avTos Ere Trapo@v dv@Kxobdopunoe, Kal Tous devyovtas ’Amonvav édé€ato, Kal TaY adNwv ‘EAAnVaY KaTa@Kice Tos Bovropévous, elxoot Kal éxaTov cTadiwy Ywpav tpocopicas. Hv & H ToAs "AOnvaiwyr *atroixos, év éxeivors apa Tois Katpois, év ols Hxpaley 7 Suvayis adtav Kal Kartetye THY Garaccap, oixicGeioa. val dtd TovTO TrOAXOL TOV Thv “Aptotiwvos tupavvlda Bovropévory hevryery eloTAEVaAVTES AUTOD KaT@KOUY Kal peETElLYoY TIS momTelas, ols cuvé8yn TA olKela Kaxa hevyovowy aTrokavaal THY ANNOTPLWY. AANA TOUS ye TwOEv- tas aut@av o AovKovrAdrgos dyhtéoas Karas Kal Staxocias éxdotm Spaxpudas émidovs atréoretne. Tote kal Tupavviav o ypappatixos éddw: Mov- pnvas 8 avtav éEntncato cal AaBwv damnrevOé- pwcev, avedevOépws TH Swped ypnodpevos. ov yap n&iov AovxovAXos dvépa S10 Tradetav éatrov- Sacpévov Sodrov yevéoOar mporepor, elt’ aredev- Oepov. adaipesis yap Rv ths bTapyovans } THS Soxovons édevOepias Sdaus. GAXa Movpyvas peév oux évtad0a povov wpOn Torv Ths TOU oTpaTn- you KaXoxayabias atrodéwv, ° 53 a LUCULLUS me,” he said, “who have been so eager to imitate his example, Heaven has devolved the reputation of Mummius.”’ However,. as far as circumstances allowed, he en- deavoured to restore the city. The fire, indeed, had been quenched by showers which fell providentially just as the city was captured, and most of what the soldiers had destroyed he rebuilt himself before his departure. He also received into the city those of the Amisenes who had fled, and settled there any other Greeks who so desired, and added to the city’s domain a tract of a hundred and twenty stadia. The city was a colony of Athens, founded in that period when her power was at its height and she controlled the sea. And this was the reason why many who wished to escape the tyranny of Aristion! at Athens sailed to Amisus, settled there, and became citizens. In flying from evils at home, they got the benefit of greater evils abroad. But those of. them who survived were well clothed by Lucullus, and sent back home, with a present of two hundred drachmas apiece. Tyrannio the grammarian was also taken prisoner at this time. Murena asked to have him as his own prize, and on getting him, formally gave him his liberty, therein making an illiberal use of the gift which he had received. For Lucullus did not think it meet that a man so esteemed for his learning should first become a slavé, and then be set at liberty. To give him a nominal liberty was to rob him of the liberty to which he was born. But this was not the only case in which Murena was found to be far inferior to his commander in nobility of conduct. 1 Tyrant of Athens when the city was besieged by Sulla, 87 B.C. 53! -PLUTARCH’S LIVES . XX. AoveovrAros Sé rpéretar mpos Tas év "Acla Tronres, OT WS, TOV TOAELLKOY Epyov ayoAGd- Covtos autTov, Kat dinns TiWOs peTacyn Kat Odeo pav, av eri Toduy Ypovov evden THY érapyiav ovoav appnto Kal amiotot duatuyiat Katetyov, UTO TOV TEAWYOY Kal TOV SavecaTtav TopOoupéevnv kat avdpatrodiCopévyy, mumpdoKey idia peév viovs eUmpetrets Ouyatépas te mapOévous, Snuosia & avab pata, ypadas, tepous avdpidvras avayKa- Copéeveny. avtois 6é Téhos pev i mpoabérors yevopévors Sovrevew, ta 6é po TOUTOU Yare- TOTEpA, oVoLwwLs pol kal Kuyerdes cal immo. Kar ordo els DratOpot, KavMaTos pev éy pie, puxous 8 eis mnrov éuBiBalopévov 4 Jmayov, OOTE THY SouXelav cevrdyDevav Soxely elvat Kal elpyyny. TOLAUTA per KaKa Aovcovdros evpwv év tals TorEeTLv OAlY@ YpoV@ WdvTwV amnrdXrAak~eE TovS adixoupévous. Iparov pep yap éxatoorny éxédXevoe Kal pr) TAEOV Els TOUS TOKOUS Doyiker au: devTEpov dé TOUS aK poTepous Tou dpxatou TOKOUS amréxowe: To 5é TpiTov Kal peyLaTon, érafe TOV TOU \pEew- hetdéTou Toa oScov THD TeTaptny poepioa Kap- Tova Oat TOV davera Thy" ) be TOKOV Keparaicp guvarpas ea TEPNTO TOD TAVT OS" Bor’ ép éeAXATTOVE Xpove TeTpaeTias SiarvOfvar Ta Xpéa Travta Kat Tas KTNOELS éXevbépas amrobo0hvat Tois Seomorats. qv dé TodTo KOLvov Savetov éx Tav Svc puplor taravtov, ols tHv “Aciay é&ypiwoev 6 was: Kal Surrobyv amredoOn Ttois Saveicacw, br éxelvov 532 LUCULLUS : XX. Lucullus now turned his attention to the cities in Asia,! in order that, while he was at leisure from military enterprises, he might do something for the furtherance of justice and law. Through long lack of these, unspeakable and incredible misfor- tunes were rife in the province. Its people were plun- dered and reduced to slavery by the tax-gatherers and money-lenders. Families were forced to sell their comely sons and virgin daughters, and cities their votive offerings, pictures, and sacred statues. At last men had to surrender to their creditors and ~ serve them as slaves, but what preceded this was far worse,—tortures of rope, barrier, and horse ; standing under the open sky in the blazing sun of summer, and in winter, being thrust into mud or ice. Slavery seemed, by comparison, to be disburdenment and peace. Such were the evils which Lucullus found in the cities, and in a short time he freed the oppressed from all of them. In the first place, he ordered that the monthly rate of interest should be reckoned at one per cent., and no more; in the second place, he cut off all interest that exceeded the principal; third, and most important of all, he ordained that the lender should receive not more than the fourth part of his debtor’s income, and any lender who added interest to principal was deprived of the whole. Thus, in less than four years’ time, the debts were all paid, and the properties restored to their owners unen- cumbered. This public debt had its origin in the twenty thousand talents which Sulla had laid upon Asia as a contribution, and twice this amount had been paid back to the money-lenders. Yet now, by 1 71-70 B.c. e 3 - PLUTARCH’S LIVES avnypévov 5n Tols ToKois eis Sodexa pupiddas TANaVTOD. éxetvot pev ovv ws Sea mem ovd ores év ‘Poyn TOU AovKovdXov cateBown, xkat xpn- paw aviotacay €m avuTov évious TOY Snpayayav, peya Suvapevor kal TONOUS UTroXpEws meTOUN- pévor TOV TONLTEVOMEVOD. o 6€ Aovoudros ov povov baé TOV Ev merrovOoT@y nyanato Snpeov, add\Aa Kal Tats addaus erapxiars modeives 7; mY, eddarpovilovcats TOUS NyE“wovos ToOLOvTOUV TU- yovTas. XXI. "Ammuos d€ KAwé.os, O mepupbels pos Teypavny (nv 5€ 0 KrAadcos adedpos THiS TOTE AovxovAXr. cvvoiKovens) TparTov pev UTo TOV Baciixay odnyav KUKNOV Tia Kal TepiBoArny éxovo av ovK dvaryKkatay Kab ToT} MEpOV odov bua THIS avw Ywpas aryOpevos, pnvicavros auT@ THY evOetay oOov amrehevBépou Zupou 70 yévos, éx- TPETETAL THs paxpas exeivns Kat copiatixhs, éppaabar ppacas TONNE Tots BapBapas & ayoryois, Kal bu TLE pay Odvyov TOV Evdparny Tepacas els “Avtioxetay nKE THY emt Aadyns. ETELTA Teypavny avrov Kedeva Beis TEpLLevely (amrqy yap évias étt Tov év Powixy TONEWY KaTaaTpepo- pevos), Todos pev @OKELWTATO TOV vrovhws dK pow pera TOU "Appeviov Suvactav, wv els Fv Kab ZLapRinvos 0 THis Topdunvijs Bacrrevs, qodnais Se pupa TOV Sedovdwpevev mOdewv Siar epropevass 1 pos aurov wrécyeto thy Aov- kovAdrov Bonfeav, évy TO TapovTe Kedevoas navy ate. "Hy yap ovK dvacyetos 7 Tov Appeviov dpyr 534 ™ 505 LUCULLUS e reckoning usurious interest, they had brought the total debt up to a hundred and twenty thousand talents. These men, accordingly, considered them- selves outraged, and raised a clamour against Lucullus at Rome. They also bribed some of the tribunes to proceed against him, being men of great influence, who had got many of the active politicians into their debt. Lucullus, however, was not only beloved by the peoples whom he had benefited, nay, other pro- vinces also longed to have him set over them, and felicitated those whose good fortune it was to have such a governor. | XXI. Appius Clodius, who had been sent to Ti- granes (Clodius was a brother of her who was then the wife of Lucullus), was at first conducted by the royal guides through the upper country by a route needlessly circuitous and long. But when a freedman of his, who was a Syrian, told him of the direct route, he left the long one which was being trickily imposed upon him, bade his Barbarian guides a long farewell, and within a few days crossed the Euphrates and came to Antioch by Daphne.! Then, being ordered to await Tigranes there (the king was still engaged in subduing some cities of Phoenicia), he gained over many of the princes who paid but a hollow obedience to the Armenian. One of these was Zarbienus, king of Gordyene. He also promised many of the enslaved cities, when they sent to confer with him secretly, the assistance of Lucullus, although for the present he bade them keep quiet. Now the sway of the Armenians was intolerably 1 The great Antioch on the river Orontes. Daphne was the name of a grove near the city consecrated to Apollo. 535. at ,PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tous Edanow, GNA xareTry Kal pddara TOD » Bacrrews avTov TO ppovnpa T parytKov Kal Umép- oyKov év Tais peydhaes evTUxiass éryeyovet, TavTov, 6 boa tnrovatv ot Todnol Kal Javpdtovow, ov povov 6vTwY Tepl avToV, AAA wat bv QuTOoV yeyovevar doKoUVTMY. dp&dpevos yap aro pLKpas Kat KaTagppovoupéerns édmbos éOvn TOANA KATE- aTpeparo, Kal THY Tdp0ov, QS ddXos ovoeis, Sivapu éTAaTELVWOoED, ‘Ever Ys THY Mego- qoTtapiay EVETTANCE, ToXXous pev é€x Kuersxlas, qTOANOUS o é€x Kamradoxias avactaatous KaTOL- xitov. éxivnoe 8 && nOay cal “ApaBas TOUS Lenviras peTayayov Kai mAnotov (dpvcas, O71rws XPBTO bv éxeivov tails éurropiats. Bacireis dé Toot yey hoa ol Oeparrevovtes aurov, TéeT TAPES dé, ods ael mepl avrov elyev Gomrep oT ad0US v) Sopupopous, immoTn bev éNavvovtt melous mapaGéovras év XeT@via rows, KcaOnpevp dé Kal xenpativovre TEPLETTATAS emndraypevars 80 adAH ov Tats XEpaty, Omrep édoxet waddtoTa TOV TX NPAT OV eFoporoynacs elvat Sovdelas, olov a a7ro- oneveoy THY édevOepiav Kal TO oO pa T@ Kupi—p TAPEXOVTOY madeiv € ETOLULOTEPOV n Tovar. Taurny pevTor THY Tparypoiav ovxX UroTpecas ovo cx aryels o "Amos, ws éTUXE AOYOU 7 pa- TOV, avTiK pus fev épn M.6p Sa amagov opetropevoy Tots AovkovAaAov OpuapBors 7 h KaTay- yeXov Teypavn TONELOD, dare TO Teypaynv, Kaitep év Siaxvaet TOU Tpoo@rrov Kal pecdudpare TET AAT LEV” TELp@LEVOY aKovery TOV Royor, wn rAaGetv TOUS TapovTas HANOLWLEVOY TH mappnoig TOU veavioxov, Pwvns ayedov érxevbépas a aKovovta 536 ian. Lar LUCULLUS . grievous to the Greeks. Above all else, the spirit of the king himself had become pompous and haughty in the midst of his great prosperity. All the things which most men covet and admire, he not only had in his possession, but actually thought that they existed for his sake. For though he had started on his career with small and insignificant expectations, he had subdued many nations, humbled the Parthian power as no man before him had done, and filled Mesopotamia with Greeks whom he removed in great numbers from Cilicia and from Cappadocia, and ' settled anew. He also removed from their wonted haunts the nomadic Arabians, and brought them to an adjacent settlement, that he might employ them in trade and commerce. Many were the kings who waited upon him, and four, whom he always had about him like attendants or body-guards, would run on foot by their master’s side when he rode out, clad in short blouses, and when he sat transacting busi- ness, would stand by with their arms crossed. This attitude was thought to be the plainest confession of servitude, as if they had sold their freedom and offered their persons to their master disposed for suffering rather than for service. Appius, however, was not frightened or astonished at all this pomp and show, but as soon as he obtained an audience, told the king plainly that he was come to take back Mithridates, as an ornament due to the triumph of Lucullus, or else to declare war against Tigranes. Although Tigranes made every effort to listen to this speech with a cheerful countenance and a forced smile, he could not hide from the bystanders his discomfiture at the bold words of the young man. It must have been five and twenty 537 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dua mévte Kal eixocw érav tocaita yap éBaci- 7 Nevoe, wadAXoV 5é VBpicev. arrexpivato pev ody 7® ‘Anmip py mpojcecOat Mibpidatnv, Kat ‘Pp / ” ) 70 A Pwpatovs moAguov apyovtas apuvetOat. Aov- KovAAw &° dpyrlouevos, Ott Bacthéa povov avror, ov Baciréwv év TH emioToAnH Mpoanyopevoer, ovd autos dvTvypddwv avtoKpdtopa mpoceitrev. évreprpe S¢ S@pa TO Ami Aaptrpd, Kal wn AaBor- TOs GNAa TrEiw TpoaeOnKev. €x TOUTwY oO” AmmrLOS ovK eérwv Soxely ExOpa twi Siwbeicbar piddnv SeEdpevos pilav amémeue ta Aowrd, Kal Sia Tayéwy amndauve TPOS TOV avTOKpAToOpA. XXII. Teypavns 5¢ MiOpidarny mporepov péev 9 \ 3 aA > gs > \ Cal >] A A ovde idety nEiwoev ode mTpoceLTrety oiKetov avdpa 4 b , 4 > > > JS Bacireias exten TwMKOTA THALKAUTNS, GAX ATLULWS Kat UTepnpaves arwtdtw wepieidey avtov Tpo- Tov Tiva ppoupovpevoy ev ywpiors éEXwdeot Kal a / \ \ a A 4 vooepoiss tote 5é adv Tin Kal diroppocvvy 2 petevéurpato avutTov eis ta Bacideva. Kal 87 ‘NOyov yevouévwv atoppntwv Tas mpos aAANXOUS 506 ’ ; e , ? a A inv 3 EOepdmrevov vrrowias él Kkax@ Tov irr, Ets éxeivous Tas aitias TpéTovTes. Ov HY Kal Mntpodwpos o LKnos, dvnp eimety od andys N VA b A \ , 4 4 Kat TroAupabns, axun S€ pirias TocavTn ypnad- Mevos, MOTE TATIP TpocayopeverOat Tov Bact- 3 Adws. TovToV, ws Eotxev, o Tiypavns treupbevta \ e \ “a 4 \ > A mpeaRevtny vd tov Mudpiddtov mpos avtov 538 ~ LUCULLUS years since he had listened to a free speech. That was the length of his reign, or rather, of his wanton tyranny. However, he replied to Appius that he would not surrender Mithridates, and that if the Romans began war, he would defend himself. He was vexed with Lucullus for addressing him in his letter with the title of King only, and not King of Kings, and accordingly, in his reply, would not address Lucullus as Imperator. But he sent splendid gifts to Appius, and when he would not take them, added more besides. Appius finally accepted a single bowl from among them, not wishing his rejection of the king’s offers to seem prompted by any personal enmity, but sent back the rest, and marched off with all speed to join the Imperator. XXII. Up to this time Tigranes had not deigned to see Mithridates, nor speak to him, though the man was allied to him by marriage, and had been expelled from such a great kingdom. Instead, he had kept him at the farthest remove possible, in disgrace and contumely, and had suffered him to be held a sort of prisoner in marshy and sickly regions. Now, however, he summoned him to his palace with marks of esteem and friendship. There, in secret conference, they strove to allay their mutual suspicions at the expense of their friends, by laying the blame upon them. One of these was Metrodorus of Scepsis, a man of agreeable speech and wide learning, who enjoyed the friendship of Mithridates in such a high degree that he was called the king’s father. This man, as it seems, had once been sent as an ambassador from Mithridates to Tigranes, with a request for aid against the Romans. On this 539 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Seouevou BonOeiv émt ‘Papaious jpeto: “Xv Ss aibtos, @ Mntpddwpe, ti wor rept tovTwv Trapat- veis;” Kxakeivos elte mpos TO Tuypdvov cupépov elte MiOpidatny cwlecBar pr BovdAopevos, ws ev mpea Bevtns épn xerevew, ws 5é cvpBovros atra- yopevev. tat éEnveyxev o Tiypdyys tO Me- Opidatn Kal Kxateimev ws ovdév épyacopévm Tov Mntpodwpov avnxectov. o & evOds aynpnto Kat peravota Tov Trypavnv eiyer, od TravTéed@s bvTa T® Mntpodape ths cuppopas aitcov, ddrAa powny Tia T@ Tpos avTov ExGe Tod MiOpiddtov tmpoc- . Oévra, wdras yap brovAas elye pos Tov avdpa, Kal Tour épwpdOn TaV aToppHTwy avTod ypap- pdtov arovrwv, év ols qv nab Mytpodwpov amovécOat Svatetaypévov. Oarrev ovv o Te- ypavns Aapmpas TO THpa, pndemtas TroAvTEAELAS eto dpevos eis vexpov bv Cavra mpovdwxev. "EreXevtnce 8 rapa te Tuypdvyn nal ’Apde- Kpatns o pytap, e Set cal TovTov pynpny Tiva yevéoOar Sua tas’ AOnvas. RéyeTat yap puyety bev avtov eis Lerevxccav tHv él Tiypids, deopé- vov © avrobs cogictevew imepidety xataralo- vevodpevov, WS ovde AExdvn Serpiva ywpoin, peractavra &é mpos KXeoratpay thy MiOpidarov Ouyatépa, Tuypavyn $€ cuvoixotcay év b:aBor7 yevéoOa taxyv, kal THs mpos Tods “EAAnvas éripuEias eipyomwevovy atroxaptepjoat: Ttadyjvas dé xal rodTov évtipws vo THS KyXeotrdtpas Kat 540 LUCULLUS occasion Tigranes asked him: “But what is your own advice to me, Metrodorus, in this matter?” Whereupon Metrodorus, either with an eye to the interests of Tigranes, or because he did not wish Mithridates to be saved, said that as an ambassador he urged consent, but as an adviser he forbade it. Tigranes disclosed this to Mithridates, not supposing, when he told him, that he would punish Metrodorus past all healing. But Metrodorus was at once put out of the way. Then Tigranes repented of what he had done, although he was not entirely to blame for the death of Metrodorus. He merely gave an impulse, as it were, to the hatred which Mithridates already had for the man. For he had long been secretly hostile to him, as was seen from his private papers when they were captured, in which there were directions that Metrodorus, as well as others, be put to death. Accordingly, Tigranes gave the body of Metrodorus a splendid burial, sparing no ex- pense upon the man when dead, although he had betrayed him when alive. Amphicrates, the rhetorician, also lost his life at - the court of Tigranes, if, for the sake of Athens, we may make some mention of him too. It is said that when he was exiled from his native city, he went to Seleucia on the Tigris, and that when the citizens asked him to give lectures there, he treated their invitation with contempt, arrogantly remarking that a stewpan could not hold a dolphin. Removing thence, he attached himself to Cleopatra, the daughter of Mithridates and wife of Tigranes, but speedily fell into disfavour, and, being excluded from intercourse with Greeks, starved himself to death. . He also received honourable burial at the hands of 541 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KetoOar trept Lapuv, éxet Te Ywpiov ovTw Kudov- pevov. XXITI. Aoveovrros 66 rHv ’Aciav rodXis ev evvopias, TOAAHS & eipnyns éumeTANKWS OVdE TAY Mpos noovny Kal Ydpiy NwéANoEV, GAXa TOMTAIS Kal wavyyvpeow éemivnios Kal dyaow aOrXnToOv Kal povonaywv év ’Edéow xabnpevos onuayaryer Tas ToAes, al & apetBopevac AoveovrAdeEta TE HYyov emi Tin Tod avdpos, Kal THs Tihs jdvova Thv arnOwny edvoray adt@ trapeiyov. érret “Ammlos TE KE Kal ToNeunTéov pos Trypavny épaiveto, waphrGev avis cis Lovrov, nab rovs oTpatTi@tas avaraBav érodsopxe: Yuwernv, par- Nov dé TOUS KaTEXOVTAS avtnv BactdtKovs Kiru- Kas, of ToANOUS pev avEeNOYTES TOV LYuvwTéwv, THY Sé wok éumpnoavtes dua vuntos Epvyov. aiaOo- peevos 8 0 AovxovAXos Kal rapedOev eis THY TOALD OxTaKiayALovs avTaY Tos éyxaTtarepbévTas amréxtewve, Tots 8 adrXols arédwKe TA oiKela Kal THS Worews errewednOn partota Sia THY ToLAvTHY du. doer TLVa KaTa Tos Brvovs eiTely Tapa- otdvra: “ TIpoedOe, Aoveovrre, pixpdy HKer yap Autoduxos évruyeiv aor Bovrcpevos.” éeFavactas dé tHv pev drypev ove elye cupBareiv eis 6 re Pépor, tiv 6€ modu etre KaT éxetyny THY jépav, cal Tous éxmdéovtas TOV Kirixwv dtoxwv opad Tapa TOV Aiyladov avopiavTa Keipevov, dv éxxopmivovTes ot Kidtxes ove &fOnoav éuBarécbar- 7d 8 Epryov hv LOévidos THY KardOv. paler odv Tis, ws Ad- TOAVKOU TOD KTicaYTOS THY Ywvennv Oo avdpras etn. 542 er LUCULLUS Cleopatra, and his body lies at Sapha, as a place in’ those parts is called. XXIII. Lucullus, after filling Asia full of law and order, and full of peace, did not neglect the things which minister to pleasure and win favour, but during his stay at Ephesus gratified the cities with pro- cessions and triumphal festivals and contests of athletes and gladiators. And the cities, in response, celebrated festivals which they called Lucullea, to do honour to the man, and bestowed upon him what is sweeter than honour, their genuine good-will. But when Appius came, and it was plain that war must be waged against Tigranes, he went back into ‘Pontus, put himself at the head of his soldiers, and laid siege to Sinopé, or rather, to the Cilicians who were occupying that city for the king. These slew many of the Sinopians, fired the city, and set out to fly by night. But Lucullus saw what was going on, made his way into the city, and slew eight thousand of the Cilicians who were still there. Then he restored to the citizens their private property, and ministered to the needs of the city, more especially on account of the following vision. He thought in his sleep that a form stood by his side and said: Go forward a little, Lucullus ; for Autolycus is come, and wishes to meet you.” On rising from sleep, he was unable to conjecture what the vision meant; but he took the city on that day, and as he pursued the Cilicians who were sailing away, he saw a statue lying on the beach, which the Cilicians had not succeeded in getting on board with them. It was the work of Sthenis, and one of his master- pieces. Well then, some one told Lucullus that it was the statue of Autolycus, the founder of Sinopé. 543 a 7 5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aéyeras 8 o AdvrorvKos yevécOat Tav ért Tas "Apatovas é« @ertadrias “Hpaxret ovotparev- cavrov, Anipdyou ais: éxeiOev 8 amromAéwv apa Anporéovte nat Proyio thy pev vadv atrodécat jTéepimecovcay THs Xeppovycov Kata To Kadov- pevov IInddrsov, avros 5 cwbeis peta Tov OTrAwY kal TOV éTalpwv pos THY Ywaemnv aderécbat TOUS YUpous THY Tod Lpolyap avTHY KaTELYoV amo Yvpov yeyovotes TOU AmoAAwvos, ws NEyETAL, Kal Lwenns THs Acwrridos. Tadr’ dxovwv o AovcovAXos aveumipmviocKeto THS LvAXa taparvécews: Twaphver 56 dia TOV Yropvn- patov éxetvos pndév otws aktomiotov Hryeic Oat kat BéBatov, as 6 Te dv atroonuavOn dia Tav evuTTViOD. . IluvOavopevos 6¢ MiOpiddtny te nal Tiypavnu ets Auxaoviav cal Kidtxiay doov ovrw biaRiBda- Ce Suvapiv ws mpoTépovs éuBarodvras eis THv ‘Aciay, Oavpate Tov Appévior, ét wopny exo émbéa Pat ‘Popaios, axpwalovte pev ovK expire MiOpiddry pos Tov TOAEHOD, ove’ eppwpevors tois éxewvou 7 Tap avrov ouvir rev, atro- rec Bar & édcas Kar curt piBivas viv em puxpais éXrriaty apyeTat Todéyou ToIs avacrivar Pe) duvapévors cuyxataBadnrwv éavTov. XXIV. ’Enrevdy 5é cal Maydpns o 0 McOpidarou mais Eywv TOV Boo-ropov rreprrev auto arepavoy aro Xpua dy Virion, dedpevos ‘Paopaiov ava- yeaphvat piros Kal oUMpAXOS, 78 olopevos Ta Tov TpoTépov trodéuouv mépas exe Lwpvdriov 544 507 LUCULLUS Now Autolvcus is said to have been one of those who made an expedition with Heracles from Thessaly against the Amazons, a son of Deimachus. On his voyage of return, in company with Demoleon and Phlogius, he lost his ship, which was wrecked at the place called Pedalium, in the Chersonesus; but he himself escaped, with his arms and his companions, and coming to Sinopé, took the city away from the Syrians. These Syrians who were in possession of the city were descended, as it is said, from Syrus, the son of Apollo, and Sinopé, the daughter of Asopis. On hearing this, Lucullus called to mind the advice of Sulla, in his Memoirs, which was to think nothing so trustworthy and sure as that which is signified by dreams. — Being informed now that Mithridates and Tigranes " were on the point of entering Lycaonia and Cilicia, with the purpose of invading Asia before war was actually declared, he was amazed that the Armenian, if he cherished the design of attacking the Romans, had not made use of Mithridates for this war when he was at the zenith of his power, nor joined forces with him when he was strong, but had allowed him to be crushed and ruined, and now began a war which offered only faint hopes of success, prostrating himself to the level of those who were unable to stand erect. AXIV. But when Machares also, the son of Mithridates, who held the Bosporus, sent Lucullus a crown valued at a thousand pieces of gold, beg- ging to be included in the list of Rome’s friends and allies, Lucullus decided at once that the first war was finished. He therefore left Sornatius there 545 a VOL. II. N N PLUTARCH’S LIVES pev avurTov puhaxa TOV Tovrixcev améetre pea, 2 oTpatiwt@v éEaxvoxedtov, autos 5é pupious pev ayov Kat Stax tdious ° melous, immets dé Tpia xX idbeov éXaTTOusS, ert TOV Sevrepop é ex opel TONE HOV, opLA rive Sox@v TapaBor® Kal TwTHpLOV ovK exoven oryto pov euBanreiv auTov els eOvn paxcpa, Kal pupiddas (mT oy TOANAS Kat ayavn X@pay, Babéce pep Torapois, ael dé KaTavipouevors épect 3 TEplexouerny, @OTE TOUS peY BTPATLWTAS Od arAws dvTas eUTAKTOUS dxovtas €mecOar Kar Cuyouayourtas, ev dé “‘Papn KataBoay kal ba paptuper Ba Tous Snpaywyouvs, ws TONE MOV ex ToNéuou SiwKet AovKovrros ovoev TIS TONEWS deopévns, GXN’ Umép Tov aTpatnya@y pndérote catabéa bas Ta éTha poe mavoacGat xpnparibo- 4 pevos ATO TOV Kowv@v Kwduver. OUTOL Mev OvV éLeipydcavto xpovp Hv avTav brdbeciy: Aov- KOUANOS be cuvTOvas odevaas él TOV Evdparny, Kal KaTLOVTA jToXvv Kal Dodepov vm Xetpeovos eipay, ijoxannev, @S oar puBiis aUT@ Kal mpary- pareias Ecomevns ouvayovte mropO nei Kal ™ny- vUpevep oxedias. apEdpevov & ad’ éomépas Uroxwpeiv TO pedpa Kal [ELOULEVOV bia THS VUKTOS Gp TpEPS xoidov Tapeayev OPOhra TOV ToTa pov. 5 ot & ériy@pioe vncidas ev TO Tope puxpas Siaga- veloas Geacdpevor Ka _ Tevayivovta Top poov ém’ avTais, Wpocekupyouv Tov AovxoudXop, & WS oALyaKLS TOUTOU cupBeBnKoTos T poTepor, éxeivw 8 éxov- clos Xe ponOn Ka Tm pgov aurov évdidévr05 ToD Tmorawoo xal TapéxovTos ampdyyova Kal Tayxeiav tHhv didBacw. 546 LUCULLUS as guardian of Pontus, with six thousand soldiers, while he himself, with twelve thousand footmen and less than three thousand horse, set out for the second war.| He seemed to be making a reckless attack, and one which admitted of no saving calculation, upon warlike nations, countless thousands of horse men, and a boundless region surrounded by deep rivers and mountains covered with perpetual snow. His soldiers, therefore, who were none too well disciplined in any case, followed him reluctantly and rebelliously, while the popular tribunes at Rome raised an outcry against him, and accused him of seeking one war after another, although the city had no need of them, that he might be in perpetual command and never lay down his arms or cease enriching himself from the public dangers. And, in time, these men accomplished their purpose. But: Lucullus advanced by forced marches to the Euphrates. Here he found the stream swollen and turbid from the winter storms, and was vexed to think of the delay and trouble which it would cost him to collect boats and build rafts. But at evening the stream began to subside, went on diminishing through the night, and at day- break the river was running between lofty banks. The natives, observing that sundry small islands in the channel had become visible, and that the current near them was quiet, made obeisance to Lucullus, saying that this had seldom happened before, and that the river had voluntarily made itself tame and gentle for Lucullus, and offered him an easy and speedy passage. * 69 B.C. 547 NN 2 6 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Xpnodpevos ody 7H xaip@ SeBiBale thy oTpatiay’ nal yiverat onpetov avT@ YpnaToy aya 7H SiaBace. Boes tepal véuovtar epaias 'Apré- pisos, iv udrtorra Oe@y of répay Kidputou Bap- Bapot tipaoe ypavra. &€ tais Bovaoi mpos Ouciay povov, addrAws S88 wrAdLovTaL Kata THY Yapav adetor, yapdypata pépovoar THs Oeov Aaprdsa, kal AaBelv €F avrov, dtav denOaory, ov wavu pabioy éotiv ovdé pixpas TpayyaTtecas. TovTwy pia, TOU oTpaTov S:aBavtos tov Evdpa- Tnv, €\Podca mpos twa trétpav tepav tis Oeod voutlopéevny er autTis éoTn, cal KataBandodoa THY Keparny, @orrep ai Seoum xatatevopevat, Odoat t@ AovkovAdryg@ Trapécyev avtnv. EOvce Sé Kai T@ Evdpatn tavpov d:aRatnpar. Kaxeivny pév avToU THY Huepayv NUALCaTO, TH 5 VaTepaia Kal tais éheEns mponye Sia THS Lodnvis, ovdev GSiK@v Tos avOpwtrous MpocXwpodvTas aUTP Kal Seyouévous Tv oTpatiav adopévous, aGAAA Kal TOV oTpATLWT@DY PpoupLoY TL SoKobv Exe XpHwaTa moda Boviopevov AaBetv “’Exetvo,” én, “ uar- Nov TO Ppovpiov nuiv éxxowréov oti,” SetEas Tov Tadpov drwbev dvra, “tadtra 8 amoxetas Tots WKooL. cuvTeivas dé THY Topelay Kal Tov Tiypwy SiaBas évéBarev eis thv Appeviar. XXV. Tuypavn 8, @ 5 0 MpaTos ayyeiras jxovta AovxovAdov ovK éxaipnoev, GAN areté- TUNTO THY Kepadny, ovdels Gros eppater, GAN’ ayvoay Kabinoto tepixasopevos Hon TH Trodepio 548 cd 508 LUCULLUS Accordingly, he took advantage of his opportunity and put his troops across, and a favourable sign accompanied his crossing. Heifers pasture there which are sacred to Persia Artemis, a goddess whom the Barbarians on the further side of the Euphrates hold in the highest honour. These heifers are used only for sacrifice, and at other times are left to roam about the country at large, with brands upon them in the shape of the torch of the goddess. Nor is it a slight or easy matter to catch any of them when they are wanted. One of these heifers, after the army had crossed the Euphrates, came to a certain rock which.is deemed sacred to the goddess, and stood upon it, and lowering its head without any compulsion from the usual rope, offered itself to Lucullus for sacrifice. He also sacrificed a bull to the Euphrates, in acknowledgment of his safe passage. Then, after encamping there during that day, on the next and the succeeding days he advanced through Sophené. He wrought no harm to the inhabitants, who came to meet him and received his army gladly. Nay, when his soldiers wanted to take a certain fortress which was thought to contain much wealth, ‘“ Yonder lies the fortress which we must rather bring low,” said he, pointing to the Taurus in the distance ; “these nearer things are reserved for the victors.” Then he went on by forced marches, crossed the Tigris, and entered Armenia. XXV. Since the first messenger who told Tigranes that Lucullus was coming had his head cut off for his pains, no one else would tell him anything, and so he sat in ignorance while the fires of war were already blazing around him, giving ear only to those 549 ~ iV PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tupt, Noyous GkKoUVwWY Trpds Yap, OS péyay ovTAa AoveovrX ov otpatnyov, et mpos ’Edéow Teyparnv UTroctain Kal py devyov evOrs €& ’Acias olyorto Tas TooavTas pupiddas idwv. oTwS ovTE THLA- ToS WavtTos éoTt ToAUY AKpaTov éveyKeiy OUTE Siavoias THs TUXOVaNs ev EvTUYNnpaATL peydNoLS py exotivat TOV NOYLo MOV. TpaTos 8 avTO TOV dirov erokunoe MO poBaplavns gpdcat TO arndes. ovd ovtos b& ypnoTov nveyKaro yépas Ths Trappnoias. éréudhOn yap evOus eri Tov AovKovAXov avy irretot TPLOXIALOLS, mefois dé TApTOAOLS, KeXeva Gels Tov pev oT parTnyov dryewv Cavra, Tous & aAXovs KaTamaThoas. AovkovrAXr@ Sé THS oTpaTLas 7 pev dn KaTeE- Cevryvuev, 7 5é te Tpocnet. Tav dé cKoTO@Y avT@ ppacavtwv éredavvovta Tov BdpBapor, Edetoe ny yopls dvtas Kai ovK ev takes TpooTEecwv Tapaen. Kal autos pev Kadiotato ry otpatomedeiay, LeErtiALov dé m peo Bevtny émeprpev immets éxovra, YuALOUS éLaxociovs, omAitas O€ Kab. idous ou TOAN@ TAetovas, Kedevoas éryyus Tm pocedOovta, Tois Trohepiors peévewv, ws av wvOnrar Tovs per avToo KAT EDT paTOTEOEVKOTAS. éBovrero pev ovv 0 LeETiALOS TadTa ToLEtD, eBidoOn 5 bird Tob MifpoBaptavov Opacéws ET ENAVVOVTOS els Yelpas eMOeiv. Kal yevouerns paxns o pev M0 poBap- Cduns é €mreo ev dryovilopevos, ot & ddro hevryovres aT @XOVTO may OALY@V dravtes. "Ex tTovrou Teypavns per exMT OY Teypavo- KepTa, peyddnv rod ExTLO PEVNV um avrov, 999 LUCULLUS who flattered him and said that Lucullus would be a great general if he ventured to withstand Tigranes at Ephesus, and did not fly incontinently from Asia at the mere sight of so many myriads of men. Which only proves that it is not every man who can bear much unmixed wine, nor is it any ordinary understanding that does not lose its reckoning in the midst of great prosperity. The first of his friends who ventured to tell him the truth was Mithrobarzanes, and he, too, got no very excellent reward for his boldness of speech. He. was sent at once against Lucullus with three thousand horsemen and a large force of infantry, under orders to bring the general alive, but to trample his men under foot. Now, part of the army of. Lucullus was already preparing to go into camp, and the rest was still coming up, when his scouts told him that the Barbarian was advancing to the attack. Fearing lest the enemy attack his men when they were separated and in disorder, 4nd so throw them into confusion, he himself fell to arranging the encamp- ment, and Sextilius, the legate, was sent at the head of sixteen hundred horsemen and about as many light and heavy infantry, with orders to get near the enemy and wait there until he learned that the main body was safely encamped. Well then, this was what Sextilius wished to do, but he was forced into an engagement by Mithrobarzanes, who boldly charged upon him. A battle ensued, in which Mithrobarzanes fell fighting, and the rest of his forces took to flight and were cut to pieces, all except a few. Upon this, Tigranes abandoned Tigranocerta, that great city which he had built, withdrew to the 551 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpos tov Tavpov aveywpnoe xal tas duvapers mavrayolev évtat0a suviyye, AovKovdXdos b€ TH mapacKevn ypovov ov d:d0vs Movpnvay ev éfémepev evoyAncovta xal mepixoorta Tovs abportopévous mpos tov Trypdvnv, YeEtinsov Se may ApaBov xeipa peyddny aveipEovra Bacthet mpoctovaav. opov dé LeErirs0s pev éemimecov aotpatorreboyv Trotoupévots Trois” Apayre Tous TrEi- atous d1épOerpe, Movpynvas & éropevos Tiypavy Tpaxuv avrova Kal oTevoTrOpoy oTpaT@ paKkp@ StexBdAXrovts Katpod tapacyovtos émitiOerat. cal ghevyer pév avtos Trypavns mpoéuevos TH arooKxeuny aracay, aroOvncxovat 5€ ToNNOl Kal WXeloves aAioxovtat TOV ’Appeviov. XXVI. Obtw &¢ rovTwy TpoywpovvTwy apas o AovcovrAros érropevero apos Tuypavonepra, Kar TEplaTpATOTEOEVTAS ETTOALOPKEL THY TOALY. Hoav & év avth tmoddol péev “EXAnVEs TOY quvactdtTev éx Kudsxtas, roAXdol 5€ BapBapot trois “EXAnow Sora tremovOdrtes, "AdtaBnvot xat’Aocipior Kad Topéunvol xat Kamadoxes, Ov KatTaocxaWas Tas matpioas, autovs S€ Kopuicas éxel xarowxely nvayKkacev. hy dé Kal ypnudtwv 7 Tods pect? kal avaOnpatwv, ravrTos idtwrov xal duvdorou T@ Bactrel cupdirotimoupévou pos avEnow Kal KaTacKeuny THS TOAEwWS. 516 Kal ouVYTOVWS érr0- ALtopKes Oo AovKovAXdos avTny, ov avé-eoOar Tov Tuypdvny otopevos, AXA Kal Tapa yrounv vr’ opyns KaTtaBnoecOar Stapayovpevov, o¢O@s> oio- pevos. Todrda 5€ MiOpidarns aanyopevaer aryyé- Nous méuTo@v Kal ypdppata wn suvaTTEeLY waynr, andra Tols immedot TepixoTTe THY ayopay: 552 ™.; LUCULLUS Taurus, and there began collecting his forces from every quarter. Lucullus, however, gave him no time for preparation, but sent out Murena to harass and cut off the forces gathering to join Tigranes, and Sextilius again to hold in check a large body of Arabs which was drawing near the king. At one and the same time Sextilius fell upon the Arabs as they were going into camp, and slew most of them; and Murena, following hard upon Tigranes, seized his opportunity and attacked the king as he was passing through a rough and narrow defile with his army in long column. Tigranes himself fled, abandoning all his baggage, many of the Armenians were slain, and more were captured. XXVI. Thus successful in his campaign, Lucullus struck camp and proceeded to Tigranocerta, which city he invested and began to besiege. There were in the city many Greeks who had been transplanted, like others, from Cilicia, and many Barbarians who had suffered the same fate as the Greeks,— Adiabeni, Assyrians, Gordyeni, and Cappadocians, whose native cities Tigranes had demolished, and brought their inhabitants to dwell there under compulsion. The city was also full of wealth and votive offerings, since every private person and every prince vied with the king in contributing to its increase and adornment. Therefore Lucullus pressed the siege of the city with vigour, in the belief that Tigranes would not endure it, but contrary to his better judgment and in anger would descend into the plains to offer battle ; and vhis belief was justified. Mithridates, indeed, both by messengers and letters, strongly urged the king not to join battle, but to cut off the enemy’s supplies 593 Pa PLUTARCH’S LIVES ToANa O€ Takirns fxwr map avrod xal:cvotpa- 509 Tevwy édeiro Tov Baothéws guddrtecOar Kal dhevyey as duayov mpaypa Ta ‘Pwpaiwy SirXa. Kal Td ye Tp@ta Tpaws HKove TovTwV. ézret dé TavoTpaTiad pev avtT@ avvnrOov ‘Appyévior cal Popdunvoi, TavaTparod bé Myjéous kat *AdiaBn- vovs ayovtes ot Baatrels Taphoav, HKov 5é roAXOt pev ao ths év BaBvAdu Oardoons “ApaBes, TodAol 6€ aro THS Kaomias ’ArBavol Kal TBnpes "AABavois TpocorKovvres, ovK OAbryot 5é Tov TeEpt tov ‘Apa&nv VEwopeverv aBacirevto. yapert ral Scdpors Teva Devtes arnvrncav, érridav dé Kal Opdcous Kal BapBapicay ATELNOY perra ev my Ta cuuTocia TOU Bactréws, pecta S€ TH oup- Bouma, TapexwvSvvevoe yey oO Tagirns atro0aveip VTEVAVTLOULEVOS TH YvOLN TAS HaXNS: édoxee Se kal Midpiddrns POovav' aiorpérew peydhou KcaTophaparos. bev ove ave wervev auTov 6 Tuypavns, py petdaxot tis So&ns, GYD eyoper mayth TO orpaT@ opddpa dvagopav, OS Aéyerau, qT pos TOUS pirous, 6 OTL pos AovkovdXov avT@ [L0- vor, ov 77pos dmavras 0 ayo évouro tous ‘Pw- paiwy oTpaTnyous ev TAVTO yEevopuévous. at ov TavTdTacw iy TO Opacos avToo parades ovo aNorvyor, eOun TOT AaAUTA kal Barrels é ET OMEVOUS Kai Padrayyas om uta Kal pupiddas (TITEWY ATrO- Brérovtos. tokoras bev yap Kal apevdoviras d:0- peuptous mYEV, immets dé TevTaxta pu ptous Kal mev- TAKLTXLALOUS, ov ETTAKLTXLALOL Kat upton Kara- : ppaxror Hoav, WS AovKcoudnos éypanpe T pos THY OVYKANTOY, OTALTOY Oé, TOV pev eis omeipas, TOV 554 LUCULLUS with his cavalry; Taxiles also, who came from Mithridates and joined the forces of Tigranes, earnestly begged the king to remain on the defensive ‘and avoid the invincible arms of the Romans. And at first Tigranes gave considerate hearing to this advice. But when the Armenians and Gordyeni joined him with all their hosts, and the kings of the Medes and Adiabeni came up with all their hosts, and many Arabs arrived from the sea of Babylonia, and many Albanians from the Caspian sea, together with Iberians who were neighbours to the Albanians ; and when not a few of the peoples about the river Araxes, who are not subject to kings, had been induced by favours and gifts to come and join him; and when the banquets of the king, and his councils as well, were full of hopes and boldness and barbaric threats,—then Taxiles ran the risk of being put to death when he opposed the plan of fighting, and Mithridates was thought to be diverting the king from a great success out of mere envy. Wherefore Tigranes would not even wait for him, lest he share in the glory, but advanced with all his army, bitterly lamenting to his friends, as it is said, that he was going to contend with Lucullus alone, and not with all the Roman generals put together. And his boldness was not altogether that of a mad man, nor without good reason, when he saw so many nations and kings in his following, with phalanxes of heavy infantry and myriads of horsemen. For he was in command of twenty thousand bowmen and slingers, and fifty-five thousand horsemen, of whom seventeen thousand were clad in mail, as Lucullus said in his letter to the Senate; also of one hundred: and fifty thousand heavy infantry, 555 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 8 eis bddayyas cuvretaypéevwv, trevrexaidexa pupiddas, odorrotovs 8é nal yedpupwras nal Ka- Oaptas wotapa@v Kal vAoTOmous Kal Tov adXOD. Yperav Umrnpétas TpLa puplous Kal TwevTakic ytdLOUS, of Tois payopuévos emitetaypévot KatoTy orruv dua cal pony trapetxov. XXVII. ‘Os & isrepBarav tov Tatpov aOpous xkatepavn kal xareide pos Tois Teypavoxépross err uxab yj pevov TO oTpdtevpa tTav “Pwpaiwv, o pep ev TH Tone BapBapos 6 phos oNONUYT Kat KpoT@ THY oy édéEato, Kal tois ‘Popators amo TOV TELXODV amevouvTes edeixvucay Tos "A pevious: Aoveovrr dé cKoTrovyTt Tepl THS paxns ob pev dryew éml Teypavny édoavta THY TmouopKlay auveBovrevor, ot dé pn KaTaderrety oTriaw TONE LLOUS TomoUTous pend? aveivar THY TroNopKiay. o © era ExaTEpOUS peep ovK op0as, audotépous b€ Kadds Trapacveiv dietre THY (oT pa- TLay. Kal Moupyvay pev éEaxraxedtous exovra ‘qreCous é7t THS. modopxias ameéNutrey, avTOoOsS be Téoorapas Kat elxoae omeipas avaraBor, év als ou TAELOVES joav puplwv omrditev, Kal Tous immeis dmavras Kal aopevdovntas kal tokotas Tepe xerLous, ex wper. : Kat apa tov TOTAPOV év medi peydrp KATATTpATOT EdEvE as TavTaTace _ Mee pos éepavn Teypavy, cat Tots Kohaxevovaw auTov Siar pay Tapeiyev. ot pep yap éoxwrrov, ot 8 wurrép Trav aphvpwv eév aia bteBddXovTo xdnpov" TOV 6 oT paThyay Kat Bactréwv & &xacros retro Tpoowy avTovd povov yevégOar To épyov, éxeivoy 556 LUCULLUS some of whom were drawn up in cohorts, and some in phalanxes ; also of road-makers, bridge-builders, clearers of rivers, foresters, and ministers to the other needs of an army, to the number of thirty-five thousand. These latter, being drawn up in array behind the fighting men, increased the apparent strength of the army. XXVII. When Tigranes had crossed the Taurus, deployed with all his forces, and looked down upon the Roman army investing Tigranocerta, the throng of Barbarians in the city greeted his appearance with shouts and din, and standing on the walls, threaten- ingly pointed out the Armenians to the Romans. When Lucullus held a council of war, some of his officers advised him to give up the siege and lead his army against Tigranes; others urged him not to leave so many enemies in his rear, and not to remit the siege. Whereupon, remarking that each counsel by itself was bad, but both together were good, he divided his army. Murena, with six thousand footmen, he left behind in charge of the siege; while he himself, with twenty-four cohorts, com- prising no more than ten thousand heavy infantry, and all the horsemen, slingers, and archers, to the number of about, a thousand, set out against the enemy. When he had encamped along thie river in a great plain, he appeared utterly insignificant to Tigranes, and supplied the king’s flatterers with ground for amusement. Some mocked at the Romans, and others, in pleasantry, cast lots for their spoil, while each of the generals and kings came forward and begged that the task of conquering them might be entrusted to himself alone, and that the 997 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 be xabélecOar Geatnv. Bovropevos 5é Te Kal avros o Tuypavns yaptes elvat Kal oKwrTiKos elre TO Opvrovpevov: “Ei pév ws mperRevtai, jWodXrot mdpeow: e 8 ws oTpaTi@Tat, OALYyoL.” Kal TOTE wey OUTWS Elpwvevopevor Kal traiCovTes SuetéXeoav. dua 8 nuépa AoveovAdos wird- opévny thy Suvauy éFfye. xal mpos &w pev 510 qv tov totayov TO BapBaptxov otpatevpa: Tod dé pevparos amoatpopiy hap Bdvovros émi Tas duces, 7 padiora Tepdo twov HY, avrimapetdyov THY Sayin Kal Oo TEvOWY édofev arrox@peiv 5 T@ Teypayn. al Kahéoas TOV Taginny apa yerwre “ Tovs audyous, "én, ““Pwpaiov omditas oux opas pevyovras; ” cat o Takirns “ Bovioipny av, elmren, ‘Oo Bacired, yevér Dau Tl T@ o® Saipove TaVY Taparoyar, Grr obit écbFTa Aap- mpav ot avdpes AapBdavovow odorropoivtes obre Oupeois éxxexabappévots Xp@vra. Kat Kpdvect yuuvois, @oTep viv ta oKUTIWA TOY Or dwy oxeTTUG pata TeploTacavres, adhe paxXoupevav éorly a] Aap porns airy Kat Badilovrav Hn 6 pos TOUS Toheptous. TavTa vré OvTOS éTl TOU Takinov KaTapavns iv mparos aeros émuatpé- povros Tod AoveovAXov Kal Taku at omeipat KaTa hoxous Aap Pdvovaae mpos THY SidBaow* Kal pods WaTrEp én péOns TLvos avaepav 0 Tuypavns bis h tpis é&éxpayev: “ E@’ nas ot dvipes;” @ote OopvBe TOAD TO TAROOS els tabu kabiorad Gar, Baothéws pev avrav TO péoov EXOVTOS, tav Sé xepatwv TO peév dpsarepov T "AdtaBnve, To Se SeEvdv to Myjdq rrapadorras, 558 LUCULLUS king would sit by as a spectator. Then Tigranes, not wishing to be left behind entirely in this play of wit and scoffing, uttered that famous saying: “‘If they are come as ambassadors, they are too many ; if as soldiers, too few.” And so for the while they continued their sarcasms and jests. But at daybreak Lucullus led out his forces under arms. Now, the Barbarian army lay to the east of the river. But as the stream takes a turn to the west at the point where it was easiest to ford, and as Lucullus led his troops to the attack in that direction first, and with speed, he seemed to Tigranes to be retreating. So he called Taxiles and said, with a laugh, “ Don’t you see that the invincible Roman hoplites are taking to flight?’”’ “O King,” said Taxiles, “1 could wish that some marvellous thing might fall to your good fortune; but when. these men are merely on a march, they do not put on shining raiment, nor have they their shields polished and their helmets uncovered, as now that they have stripped the leathern coverings from their armour. Nay, this splendour means that they are going to fight, and are now advancing upon their enemies.’ While Taxiles was yet speaking, the first eagle came in sight, as Lucullus wheeled towards the river, and the cohorts were seen forming in maniples with a view to crossing. Then at last, as though coming out of a drunken stupor, Tigranes cried out two or three times, “ Are the men coming against us?’’ And so, with much tumult and con- fusion, his multitude formed in battle array, the king himself occupying the centre, and assigning the left wing to the king of the Adiabeni, the right to the king of the Medes. In front of this wing also 559 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éf ot Kal Tov KaTtappdxtov év TpoTaypaTt TO WELTTOV HY. Aovcovhyp dé HEAAOVTE Sia Batvew Tov ToTa- pov évtoe TOV WYEHOveoY Tapyvouv purarrecOat THY jépav pay ovcay Tov drroppadwn, as pedaivas Karovow’ ev éxeivy yap Th Npépa pera Kaurriwvos arrwrero oTpatia cuuBarodoa KipBpas.. o 8 dmrexpivato THY pynpovevoperny povay “ "Ery yap, ep, ‘Kab Tavrny eUTUXT) Tojow ‘Pepators THY nuépav. hv bé wpo pas vovav 'OxtwBpiwv. XXVIII. Taira & eitav Kal Oappetv Kehevoas TOV TE TOTApoOv déBawve Kxat TPATOS ETL TOUS qoNepious ayeitTo, Owpaxa ev EX@v ovdnpoodv porrdwrov atrooTiN Bora, KpooawrTny dé epe- arpiba, To b€ Eidos avToOev taropatveoy YULVOP, @S evdus Els xelpas teoOau déov! éxnBorors savipdar Kal cuvarpery * THY Stat obevotpov Xwpav TO TaXeL THS eraryaryis. érret 6€ THY KaTappaxTov immov, aS TAELTTOS my AOyos, kareive KATATETAY- pévny wird dodo Til THY avo Xwpay érrimredov Kat maTeiav eXOvTE, mpoa Baow dé TeTTapov oradioy ov mavTaTact Xaremiy ovd aT oKeKoMpernY, Opaxas pev immeis xat Taddras, ods elyer, € exé- Nevoev éX Taryiou Tm poo epopevous Tapaxpove- c0at Tais paxatpacs TOUS KovTOUS. pia yap ad«r TOV KaTap paxt cov xovtos' aAdo & ovdev ovO éavtois ote Tois TroAcwioLs YpjoOa: SuvavTat dead 1 $éov Coraés, Sintenis and Bekker, after Reiske; 3é: MSS., including S. 2 guva:pety Coraés and Bekker, after Reiske ; cuvaiphoew (S) and guvaphoes MSS. : cuvaiphowy, a suggestion of Reiske’s. 560 LUCULLUS the greater part of the mail-clad horsemen were drawn up. As Lucullus was about to cross the river, some of his officers advised him to beware of the day, which was one of the unlucky days—the Romans call them “black days.” For on that day Caepio and his army perished in a battle with the Cimbri.! But Lucullus answered with the memorable words : “ Verily, I will make this day, too, a lucky one for the Romans.” Now the day was the sixth of October. XXVIII. Saying this, and bidding his men be of good courage, he crossed the river, and led the way in person against the enemy. He wore a steel breastplate of glittering scales, and a tasselled cloak, and at once let his sword flash forth from its scabbard, indicating that they must forthwith come to close quarters with men who fought with long range missiles, and eliminate, by the rapidity of their onset, the space in which archery would be effective. But when he saw that the mail-clad horsemen, on whom the greatest reliance was placed, were stationed at the foot of a considerable hill which was crowned by a broad and level space, and that the approach to this was a matter of only four stadia, and neither rough nor steep, he ordered his Thracian and Gallic horsemen to attack the enemy in the flank, and to parry their long spears with their own short swords. (Now the sole resource of the mail-clad horsemen is their long spear, and they 1 p.c. 105. Cf. Camillua, xix. 7. : 561 VOL. 11. 0 0 PLUTARCH’S LIVES / \ a A A > » » Bdpos nat oxrnpornta THS oKEVAS, GAN éyKaTo- , Kobounpévots éoixacww. autos dé dvo0 o7reipas wn \ 4 , avaraBov iuthrAaTo mpos Tov Odor, éppwpevas éTOLEVWY TOV TTPATLWTOV b1a TO KaKeEtvOY EV TOS SwAols opav mpa@tov xaxotrabotvta melov Kal > | \ mpooBialopevov. yevosevos 8 dvw Kat aotas év A a A 4 4 4 lA T@ TrEepipavel TOU Ywpiou peya Bonoas zo Nevirn- J fal Kapev, &pn, “ vevixnKkapev, ® oVoTpaTLoOTAL. Kat ToUTO elT@v emiye Tois Katadpdxtois, 4 N Mw lel A e n 5] 2 9 Kerevoras pndev Ett yphjaba: tols baoaois, aAr’ éx xetpos Exactov SiarkafRovta Taiew TOY TodEuiov KUn“as TE KaL pnpous, & ova yupva TaV KaTa- dpdxtov éoriv. ov pnv edénoé TL TavTNS THs tA b) “\ 29Q/ \ € ‘4 > > paxns: ov yap édéEavto Tovs “Pwpaious, adr anarakavtes nal pevyovtes aicyiota mavTov évéwoav éavtous TE Kal TOUS immous Bapeis dvtas 9 \ a a ccd \ ¥ 4 es Ta Tov melav Sia wpilv adp~acOai Tivos , , EXELVOUS MAYNS, OTTE PLNTE TpAvpATOS YyevopLévou un? aipatos 6pOévtos nrtacOat tas Tocav’tas S e \ \ , 4 , pupiadas. o bé qorvs govos Abn hevyovtwv , a éyiveto, uadrov dé BovrAopevwy hevyev' ov yap ? 4 , ‘\ 4 fal 4 e 3 éduvavto muKvoTntt kal Baber trav takewv bp avTav éurodifouevor. Tiypains & éberXdoas év apy per orlywyv edevye Kal tov vidv opav KowwVvovvTa THS aUTHS TUXNS TepteaTTdcaTo TO P.) 15 fo lol > 4 é 4 2) Ladnpa THS Kehadns Kakelv@ Oaxpvaas Trapedwxe, cwlev éavtov, Stas Svvatat, xal’-érépas odovs 4 e \ l4 > / \ b Kedevoas. o b€ veavias avadnoacbat pev ovK > # A A , a , a érodunoe, Tav 6€ Taldwv TO TiatoTaTP puAdT- 562 511 LUCULLUS have-none other whatsoever, either in defending themselves or attacking their enemies, owing to the weight and rigidity of their armour; in this they are, as it were, immured.) Then he himself, with two cohorts, hastened eagerly towards the hill, his soldiers following with all their might, because they saw him ahead of them in armour, enduring all the fatigue of a foot-soldier, and pressing his way along. Arrived at the top, and standing in the most conspicuous spot, he cried with a loud voice, “The day is ours, the day is ours; my fellow soldiers!” With these words, he led his men against the mail-clad horse- men, ordering them not to hur! their javelins yet, but taking each his own man, to smite the enemy’s legs and thighs, which are the only parts of these mail-clad horsemen left: exposed. However, there was no need of this mode of fighting, for the enemy did not await the Romans, but, with loud cries and in most disgraceful flight, they hurled themselves and their horses, with all their weight, upon the ranks of their own infantry, before it had so much as | begun to fight, and so all those tens of thousands were defeated without the infliction of a wound or the sight of blood. But the great slaughter began at once when they fled, or rather tried to fly, for they were prevented from really doing so by the eloseness and depth of their own ranks. Tigranes rode away at the very outset with a few attendants, and took to flight. Seeing his son also in the same plight, he took off the diadem from his head and, in tears, gave it to him, bidding him save himself as best he could by another route. The young man, however, did not venture to assume the diadem, but gave it to his most trusted slave for safe keeping. 563 00 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES " Tew eOwxev. obTos arous Kara TUX NY avnxOn 7 pos Aovxoudnor, @OTE peTa TOV AAAWY alypd- AwTov Kal TO Siddnya yevérOar tov Tiypavov. AéyeTar S€ TaV ev mela umép déxa pupiddas SiapOapivar, Ttav & imrméov Odbyous TavTaTact Siapuyeiv. ‘Pwpatoy 8 éxatov érpwOnaayr, émecov 5é qévre. Tavrns tis payns Avtioyos o prr0ooogos € év TH Hept Jeav ypad7 puna Geis ov dnow addy epewpaxevar ToWaUT HY TOV HAov. LtpaBov 3’, Erepos pirocogos, év TOUS ta TopiKois vropynwac wy avTovs éyet TOUS ‘Papatous aiaxuver bar Kat KaTaryehav éavT@v éir dvbparroba TowavTa den- Oévras GtAwY. Acovios & etpnxer, as OUOETTOTE ‘Pwpator trovepiors amrobeovTes TOC OUT® mA et mapetatavto: axedov yap ove elKoaTOp, GX’ éXarrov eyevovTo pEpos Ol ViK@VTES TOV noon- pévav. ‘Popaiwv 8 of Servoraror orparnyol Kal WNELTTA TOKE MLS @LUNNKOTES émnvouv panora TOU AoveovdAov 70 dvo Bactnets TOUS emipaver- TATOUS Kal peyiatous Svat Tois evavTLOTaToLs, TAX EL Kat _Bpadurire, KATAOTPATHYHG AL, Mi6- pibarnv pev yap axpdtovra Xpovp kat tpLBH KaTAVawae, Teypdvyy dé T@ omedaat cuveTpirper, €v orLryous TOV WWITOTE TYEHoveoy 7) PEAT SL pev Epyp, TH ToAuy 8 wUméep aogpadelas xpn- OG pEVOS. XXIX. Acd nal MiOpidarns ov cuvérevey eri THY paxyny, TH ouvnGer Tov Aovxouhdov evraBeta Kal Tapayoyn Troheuna ety olopevos, aNAa Ka houxvay eTrOpEevETo 7 pos Tov Teypavny. Kal Tp@Tov pev oArAvyors TaY Appeviwy évtuyov nal” 564 LUCULLUS This slave happened to be captured, and was brought to Lucullus, and thus even the diadem of Tigranes became a part of the booty. It is said that more than a hundred thousand of the enemy’s infantry perished, while of the cavalry only a few, all told, made their escape. Of the Romans, on the other hand, only a hundred were wounded, and only five killed. Antiochus the philosopher makes mentign of this battle in his treatise ‘Concerning Gods,” and says that the sun never looked down on such another. And Strabo, another philosopher, in his “ Historical Commentaries,” says that the Romans themselves were ashamed, and laughed one another to scorn for requiring arms against such slaves. Livy also has remarked that the Romans were never in such in- ferior numbers when they faced an enemy ; for the victors were hardly even a twentieth part of the vanquished, but less than this. The Roman generals who were most capable and most experienced in war, praised Lucullus especially for this, that he out- generalled two kings who were most distinguished and powerful by two most opposite tactics, speed and slowness. For he used up Mithridates, at the height of his power, by long delays; but crushed Tigranes by the speed of his operations, being one of the few generals of all time to use delay for greater achieve- ment, and boldness for greater safety. XXIX. This was the reason why Mithridates made no haste to be at the battle. He thought Lucullus would carry on the war with his wonted caution and indirectness, and so marched slowly to join Tigranes. At first he met a few Armenians hurrying back over the road in panic fear, and conjectured what had 565 PLUTARCH’S LIVES odoy érrromnpévois Kat wepipoBors amovoty elnace To Wa0os, eit’ HON WrELovaY YyULVaV Kal TeTPwW- évov anavt@vtTwv tuOouevos THY ArTav éCnrer Tov Teypdvny. etpwv bé wavtrav épnuov Kal TATEWOY OUK avOvBpicer, GArxa KataBas xa cudaxpicas Ta Kowa wdOn Oepameiav Te THY érropévnv avT@ Baciueny ESwxe nal xateOdppuve mWpos Tot wéAXov. oVTOL pev odv avOts Erépas Suvapets ouvijyov. "Ev 6€ TH mode ois Teypavoxéprots TOV ‘EXAnvev T pos TOUS BapBdpous oTATLAcaVTM@Y Kal T@ Aovnovdr Thy modLy évdidovTav mpoo Ba- Dov etre: Kal TOUS pev év TH Worer Onoavpovs mapedauBave, THY O€ TOA Siaprdaat mapédwxe Tots OTPATLOTALS, peta, TOV Gd\XNov ypnaTov oxTaKLaxi da Tahavra Vopic paTos éxovaap. YO- pls be TOUT@D éxtakoclas Spaxyas Kart’ dvdpa Sceverpev amo TaYv Nadipwv. muvOavopevos 6é qoAAous ev TH TONEL Kateripas TOV Tepl TOV Atovucov TexveTa, ods o Tiypdvns ravraydbev nOpoixes perv amoderkyuvar TO KaTEo Kevao pe- vov vn avTov Jeatpov, expncaro TOUTOLS 7 pos TOUS ayavas cal Tas Oéas THY émivixiov. tous & "EXAnvas ets Tas avT@v Tatptiédas émeprpe ™poo- Bels épodia, Kal Tov BapBapor opolws TOUS HraryKac wevous KaToieiv, wate auveBn pats TONEWS darubeions TONS avorkiver bar wrdduy Komtapevas TOUS aUuTOY olenTopas, td’ Ov ws evepy “rns 0 AovKoudXos Kat KTLO TNS NYATATO. _Upovxepet dé xal Tada Kar afiav Tavdpl Tav amo Sixatoovvns nal diravOpwrias éraivev 566 512 LUCULLUS happened ; then presently, when he had learned of the defeat from more unarmed and wounded fugitives whom he met, he sought to find Tigranes. And though he found him destitute of all things and humiliated, he did not return his insolent behaviour, but got down from his horse and wept with him over their common sufferings. Then he gave him his own royal equipage, and tried to fill him with courage for the future. And so these kings began again to assemble fresh forces. But in the city of Tigranocerta, the Greeks had risen up against the Barbarians and were ready to hand the city over to Lucullus ; so he assaulted and took it. The royal treasures in the city he took into his own charge, but the city itself he turned over to his soldiers for plunder, and it contained eight thousand talents in money, together with the usual valuables. Besides this, he gave to each man eight hundred drachmas from the general spoils. On learning that many dramatic artists had been captured in the city, whom Tigranes had collected there from all quarters for the formal dedication of the theatre which he had built, Lucullus employed them for the-contests and spectacles with which he celebrated his victories. The Greeks he sent to their native cities, giving them also the means wherewith to make the journey, and likewise the Barbarians who had been compelled to settle there. Thus it came to pass that the dissolution of one city was the restoration of many others, by reason of their recovering their own inhabitants, and they all loved Lucullus as their benefactor and founder. And whatever else he did also prospered, in a way worthy of the man, who was ambitious of the 567 oO a | PLUTARCH’S LIVES © opeyouévm parrov 7 Tov él Tois ToNEuLKOLS xatopOe@paciw. éxeivwv pey yap ovK drjLyov 7) arpatia Kal mrEioroy 7 TUYN peTEye, TAUTA O Fv nuépov uyhs nal qwemadevpévns éridertcs, ols o AovxovAros tote yopls StrAwY EeyeLpodTo tors BapBdpovs. xal yap “ApdBwyv Bacirets HKov pos avtov éyxerpilovres TA ohéerepa, Kal TO Lodnvav EOvos mpoceywpe to Sé Topdunverv odtw dteOnxev, date BovrACcOat Tas TONES EKAL- movras axorovleiy exeivp peta traidov Kar yuvatkay eOerovtas é& airias toracde. ZapBunvos yap o tav Topdunvev Bacirevs, domrep elpnrac, 5.’ ’Agmiov xpida AovrovAr@ d:telrexTo srepr ocuppaylas thy Tuypdvov tupavvida Bapuvopevos: pnvvbels & arreadayn, cai traides avdrod Kal yur auvav@dovto mpw ‘Pwpalous ets 'Appeviav éuBarety. TovTay ovx nuvnuovnoev o AovKovAXos, ara TapenOoy eis rv Topdunvav radas rpovbero tov ZLapBinvod, xat mupav écOjri nal ypvo@ Baoiin@ Kal toils amd Tiypavouv xooujoas Aadvpors adres wrapav Udi pe, nai Yoas émhveyxe peta hitwv Kal oixeiwy tod ahibe étaipov éavrod kat ‘Pwpalov cvppayov dvaxadotpevos. éxéXevoe 5¢ eal pynpeiov aro YpnpdTov cvyvav att yevér Oar maprodra yap evpéOn, Kal ypuads Kal apyupos év tois tov ZapBinvot Bacirgclots, citou & aréxewto pupiddes Tplaxdotat median, @ore nal Tovs oTpatiwotas wperciobat cal Tov Aovxovrrov BavpatecOar, Ste Spayynv uiay éx 568 LUCULLUS praise that is consequent upon righteousness and humanity, rather than of that which follows military successes. For the latter, the army also was in no slight degree, and fortune in the highest degree, responsible ; but the former were the manifestations of a gentle and disciplined spirit, and in the exercise of these qualities Lucullus now, without appeal to arms, subdued the Barbarians. The kings of the Arabs came to him, with proffers of their possessions, and the Sopheni joined his cause. The Gordyeni were so affected by his kindness that they were ready to abandon their cities and follow him with their wives and children, in voluntary service. The reason for this was as follows.” Zarbienus, the king of the Gordyeni, as has been said,! secretly stipulated with Lucullus, through Appius, for an alliance, being oppressed by the tyranny of Tigranes. He was informed against, however, and put to death, and his wife and children perished with him, before the Romans entered Armenia. Lucullus was not un- mindful of all this, but on entering the country of the Gordyeni, appointed funeral rites in honour of Zarbienus, and after adorning a pyre with royal raiment and gold and with the spoils taken from Tigranes, set fire to it with his own hand, and joined the friends and kindred of the man in pouring ilbations upon it, calling him a comrade of his and an ally of the Romans. He also ordered that a monu- ment be erected to his memory at great cost; for many treasures were found in the palace of Zarbienus, including gold and silver, and three million bushels of grain were stored up there, so that the soldiers were plentifully supplied, and Lucullus was admired 1 xxi. 2, 569. PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tou Snuogiou Tapueiov pn AaBov avtov éF avToU Sixes TOV TONEHLOD. XXX. ’Evtaia xa) Tapa Tob HapOar Bact- NEws he mpea Reta map avrov ets pudtay 7 po- Kahoupéevav Kal ovppayiav. iy 5 dopéve TavTa TO AovKovrro Kal many ayremeurpe Tap éav- Tou peo Betav pos TOV Idp6on, . ov catepwpacav auTov émapporepivovra TH youn Kal putaodov airobyra Kpupa Tov TULLAX ICAL TO ‘Teypavn mv Mecororapiav. ws obv 7av? o AovKovAXos na0eTo, Teypavny pev éyvo cal MiOpidarny mapenOeiy warrep avrarywvia Tas ametpnKoras, arometpia Oat dé Ths Taphav Suvdpews Kat oTparevelv én’ avrous, Kkadov _myoupevos pa pupn trodéuov tpeis épeEns doTep aOAnTHs Bactreis KaTaTranaigas Kat oa T play TOV vmo TOV HALOY peyioTwMY Nye“ovlay aNnTTNTOS Kal VUK@D SueFed Beir. "Exreprpev ovy ets [ovrov Tots mepl LwpvaTiov HyEnoow emia teihas aryew THv éxet oTpaTiay ™ pos AUTOV, WS ex THs Dopdunvis avaBnaopevos. ot 5é€ Kal ™ poTepov Narerots xpwpevor Kab dua rreOéoe Tots TTPATLOTALS TOTe = TavTEehas am exdhuway airy TV dxoactay, ovdevi TpoTr@ mevOous oud avayKns Eevpopevor mpooayayécbat HapTUpopEvous Kal Boavras, @s ovd' avrob pevovow, aX oiXnoovTar tov Ilovroy Epnuov GTONTOVTES. TavTa pos AovxovAXov amary- yerOévra nal TOUS éxet mpoab«éd Fetpe OTPAaTLO- Tas, mon pe bo wrovTOU Kal Tpupijs Bapeis yeyovoras Tpos Ty oTparetay Kat ayonrts beo- pévous, ws 5@ THY exeivwy érvOovTo Tappycia», 57° LUCULLUS for not taking a single drachma from the public treasury, but making the war pay for itself. XXX. Here he received an embassy from the king of the Parthians also, inviting him into friendly alliance. This was agreeable to Lucullus, and in his turn he sent ambassadors to the Parthian, but they discovered that he was playing a double game, and secretly asking for Mesopotamia as reward for an alliance with Tigranes. Accordingly, when Lucullus was apprised of this, he determined to ignore Tigranes and Mithridates as exhausted antagonists, and to make trial of the Parthian power by marching against them, thinking it a glorious .thing, in a single -impetuous onset of war, to throw, like an athlete, three kings in succession, and to make his way, unvanquished and victorious, through three of the greatest: empires under the sun. Accordingly he sent orders to Sornatius and his. fellow commanders in Pontus to bring the army there to him, as he intended to proceed eastward from Gordyené. These officers had already found their soldiers unmanageable and disobedient, but now they discovered that they were utterly beyond control, being unable to move them by any manner of persuasion or compulsion. Nay, they roundly. swore that they would not even stay where they were, but would go off and leave Pontus undefended. When news of this was brought to Lucullus, it demoralised his soldiers there also. Their wealth. and luxurious life had already made them averse to military service and desirous of leisure, and when they heard of the bold words of their comrades in Pontus, they called them brave men, and said 571 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dvdpas avrovs atrexddovy Kal pupntéov avTous épacav elvat' ToAAa yap avtois dia owrTnpias Kal avaTravoews KaTeipyiaba. XX XI. Totodtav 5é cal rrovnpotépay ert AOyor aiaOopevos o AovKcovAros tHv éxt Tdp8ous otpa- telav adjxev, avOis 8 eri tov Tiypavny éBabsle Oépovs axpalovtos. Kxai tov Tadpov vrepBarov nOvpnoe XXNwpOV ToV Trediwy éxhavévTwY? ToTod- Tov at @pat Sia THY WuypoTnTa tod dépos voTepitovawy. ov pny adda KataBas Kal Sis } Tpls avaToApnoavtas én’ avTov Tous “Appevious Tpeyrapevos adews érrop0er Tas Kwpas, Kal TOV TapecKevacpévoy TO Tiypdvn citov éEaipwv tv autos éhoBetto Tots TroNeuiows Tepiéa Tyo eV atro- piav. émel bé ™ poxadovpevos els ayn avTovs reperagpevov TOV xdpaxa Kat TropO av éy ove Thy x@pav OUK éxivet memdyyoras TONAGKLS, avactas éBddilev em’ ’Aprdfata ro Tiypavou Bacinevov, Strov Kal qwaides avT@ vio Kal yapeTal yuvaixes Hoav, ovK av oidpevos apayel Tavira mponcecbar Tov Tiypavny. Aéyerat 8 ’AvviBav tov Kapyndomov, Avtioyou Kkatatrov\ennOévtos wTo “Pwpaiwv, petaBavra mpos ‘Apra~ay rov ’Appévioy ddXwv Te ToANOY eionyntny Kxal diddoKxaroy ate yevécbar ypnai- pov, Kal THS yopas Katapabovta Torey evpue- oTatov Kai hdiotov apyovvra Kal Ttapop@pevoy oXRpA Toews ev avVT@ mpovToypdwacbat, Kai 572 513 LUCULLUS their example must be followed in Gordyené, for their many achievements entitled them to respite from toil and freedom from danger. XXXI. Such speeches, and even worse than these, coming to the ears of Lucullus, he gave up his expedition against the Parthians, and marched once more against Tigranes,! it being now the height of summer. And yet, after crossing the Taurus, he was discouraged to find the plains still covered with unripe grain, so much later are the seasons there, owing to the coolness of the atmosphere. However, he descended from the mountains, routed the Ar- menians who twice or thrice ventured to attack him, and then plundered their villages without fear, and, by taking away the grain which had been stored up for Tigranes, reduced his enemy to the straits which he had been fearing for himself. Then he challenged them to battle by encompassing their camp with a moat, and by ravaging their territory before their eyes ; but this did not move them, so often had they been defeated. He therefore broke camp and marched against Artaxata, the royal residence of Tigranes, where were his wives and young children, thinking that Tigranes would not give these up without fighting. It is said that Hannibal the Carthaginian, after Antiochus had been conquered by the Romans, left him and went to Artaxas the Armenian, to whom he gave many excellent suggestions and instructions. For instance, observing that a section of the country . which had the greatest natural advantages and — attractions was lying idle and neglected, he drew up a plan for a city there, and then brought Artaxas 1 68 B.C. 573 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tov Apratay érayayovra beifat cat Tapopyjoas mpos Tov oixicpov. nobévtos 5é Tod Bactréws kal SenOérvtos, Strws adtos émtatatHan TOU Epyou, péya Te Kal qayKaXdov ype Toews avacThvat, Kal yevopérny érr@vupov tov Bactréws pentpoTroAcy amrodexOnvas THs ’Appevias. "Eml tavrny tod AovcovAXou Babilovros ovK nvéoxeto Tuypavns, adra Thy Sivayy avaraBov muepe TeTapry Tapes Tpatomédevoe tois “Pw- paiots, év péow AaBov Tov ‘Apoaviay ToTapoy, dy é& avayKns diaBaréor 7; Tv ToL ‘Papators THY em “Aprafatov TOpEevopevors. Gicas dé Trois Bevis AovKoudnos, Os év xepow ovens TIS viens, dteBi- Bate TOV oT parov év dadexa orreipars TporeTay- pévass, tats 8 aAXaus emriTeTarywevas Tpos TAS KUKM@TELS TOV TWorepiwv. qTrodAXrOL yap hoay imrmets kal Noyddes ayTiTapaTteTaypevol, 7 po S avrav immoroforat Mapéoo Kat Loyxog opor “T8npes, ols padicta TeV Eevev 0 Teypavns érioTEevey WS paxipoTarors. ou pny émpaxOn Te Nap pov am avutTav, poxpa é Tois immevot TOY “Popaiwy SvamdnKTig dwevor TOUS melous émuovTas ovX wUTrémetvav, arr Exatépwoe THIS guyis me éreaTdoavto Tovs imeis 7 pos Sy ia wfw. dua 5€ TO ToVTOUS Siacmapivat T@V Tepl Tov Teypayny efurmacapevav id@v Thy, AapmpoTnrTa Kal 70 TANGos o AovcovaAnos édeice. Kal TOUS pev imaets amo TIS dia@Eews avexaneiro, TpwTOS & auTos avTéoTn Tots ‘ATporrarnvois Kar QUTOV OvCL PETA TOV ApioTwY, Kal Tp els xyetpas éNeciv hoBynoas étrpépato. tpiav & opod trapa- 574 LUCULLUS to the place and showed him its possibilities, and urged him to undertake the building. The king was delighted, and begged Hannibal to superintend the work himself, whereupon a very great and beautiful city arose there, which was named after the king, and proclaimed the capital of Armenia. When Lucullus marched against this city, Tigranes could not suffer it quietly, but put himself at the head of his fortes, and on the fourth day encamped over against the Romans, keeping the river Arsania between himself and them, which they must of necessity cross on their way to Artaxata. There- upon Lucullus sacrificed to the gods, in full assurance that the victory was already his, and then crossed the’ river with twelve cohorts in the van, and the rest disposed so as to prevent the enemy from closing in upon his flanks. For large bodies of horsemen and picked soldiers confronted him, and these were covered by Mardian mounted archers and Iberian lancers, on whom Tigranes relied beyond any other mercenaries, deeming them the most war- like. However, they did not shine in action, but after a slight skirmish with the Roman cavalry, gave way before the advancing infantry, scattered to right and left in flight, and drew after them the cavalry in pursuit. On the dispersion of these troops, Tigranes rode out at the head of his cavalry, and when Lucullus saw their splendour and their numbers he was afraid. He therefore recalled his cavalry from their pursuit of the flying enemy, and taking the lead of his troops in person, set upon the Atropateni, who were stationed opposite him with the magnates of the king’s following, and before coming to close quarters, sent them off in panic flight. Of three 575 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES teraypévov Baciréwv aioyiota Soxet huyeiv o Tlovtixos MiOpidarns, ov8é tHv Kpavyny Tav ‘Po- paiwy avacyopevos. yevouévns 88 tas Su@kews paxpas cal de drs vuKTos, ov movoy KTELvOYTES avtous, GAXa Kal Cwypoivtes Kal Ypnuata Kat Aetay dyovres Kab pépovres aqrelmrov ob ‘Popaior. dnol dé o Acovios év pev TH _Tporépa Bax mrevovas, ev Sé TAUTN yvwptmwTépovs Treceiy Kal AnPOjvat Tay Torepiov. XXXII. ’Ex rovrou Aovnovhros pep earnppevos car Treappnkas a avo Wpodyew Stevoeiro Kal KaTa.- otpéher Oar THY BapBapov dpa & lonpeptas hOivoTwpi7s ovK av éXricavTe Xeuperves érré- mecov Bapeis, Ta pev wheiora KatavipovTes, éy 6€ Tails ai Ppiats maxyny _ emupépovres Kal mayov, ud’ ot Yadetrol peév qoav ot morapol Tois tarot miver Oar bua, puxporntos brrepBorgy, Xarerral oe avTay at diaBacets exprryvupevou TOU KpuoTaddou Kal Siaxomrovtos Ta veupa TOV immov TH TeaXUTNTL. THs dé xepas 1 Toy cuvnpedys ovaa ral OTEVOTOPOS Kar éeadns ael xa vy parvev autos, Xeovos dvam (pT auevous €v Tais odovmopiass Kal Kaxos év OTOL vorepois VUKTEPEVOVTAS. OU TOAAaS OvY HMEepas aKONOV- Onoavres TO AoveovAr@ peta Thy paxny nvav- TLODVTO, Tparov Seduevor nad rods Xikudpyous mpooméumovres, Emeta DopuBwdéarepov cUVLOTa- pevor al KaTa oKnvas VUKTOS arardfovres, Orrep elvat Boxel obpBorov AMTOCTATLKDS éxovans OTPATLAs. KatTou TOAAG TpogeMTaper Aovnovn- Nos akiav avtovs paxpoOvpiav éuBarécOar tais 576 514 LUCULLUS kings who together confronted the Romans, Mithri- dates of Pontus seems to have fled most disgrace- fully, for he could not endure even their shouting. The pursuit was long and lasted through the whole night, and the Romans were worn out, not only with killing their enemies, but also with taking prisoners and getting all sorts of booty. Livy says that in the former. battle a greater number of the enemy, but in this more men of high station were slain and taken prisoners. XXXII. Elated and emboldened by this victory, Lucullus purposed to advance further into the interior and subdue the Barbarian realm utterly. But, con- trary to what mighf have been expected at the time of the autumnal equinox, severe winter weather was encountered, which generally covered the ground with snow, and even when the sky was clear pro- duced hoar frost and ice, owing to which the horses could not well drink of the rivers, so excessive was the cold, nor could they easily cross them, since the ice broke, and cut the horses’ sinews with its jagged edges. Most of the country was thickly shaded, full of narrow defiles, and marshy, so that it kept the soldiers continually wet; they were covered with snow while they marched, and spent the nights uncomfortably in damp places. Accordingly, they had not followed Lucullus for many days after the battle when they began to object. At first they sent their tribunes to him with entreaties to desist, then they held more tunrultuous assemblies, and shouted in their tents at night, which seems to have been characteristic of a mutinous army. And yet Lu- cullus plied them with entreaties, calling upon them to possess their souls in patience until they had 577 VOL. II. P P PLUTARCH’S LIVES puyais, axypt ov thy év ‘A ppeviots Kapyndova AaBovres avipos éxGiarou, Tov "AvviBay héeyou, épyov dvaTpepacty. as &’ ov« rreBev, atriyyev avTous oTriaw Kat Kat addas wrepBoras SerOov TOV Tadpov els THV Aeyouerny Mvydoneny KaTeé- Bawve, xopav ma ppopov pal areewnv Kal TOALY ev auth peyarny kat moAvdvO pwrrov Exoucar, hy ot pev BdapBapo NioiAry, ot 8 “EdAgves “Avtioxevay M vySovcny Tpoonyopevov. TavTny elev afiopate pev aderdos Teypavou Toupas, curretpig d€ kal dewornte pnXavenh Kandipaxos 0 Kal epi “Aueoov TrcioTa mpaypata Aov- KONA jwapac ywov. Baropevos dé oTparomebov Kal Tacav iSéav ToNLopKias emayayav OMY@ xpove Kata kpatos AapBaver THV TOMY. Kal r oupa pev éauTov eyxXetpioarte prravO pores expngaro, Karhipaye & Umiaxvoupevep Annas " atroppryrous peyahov XPNMaT ov dvaxanrwnpe ov mpocéayev, ANd exéhevoev ev médaus copter bau diuxnv wdhéEovta Tov TUPOS; ao Tv ‘Aponvev Siadupnvdpevos Toy adeihero Pioriwlay auTov Kat XEneToTNTos émiderEw pos Tous “EAAnvas. XXXII. M expe Tovbe hain tis dv AouxovAdr@ THY TUYNY érropevny ovoTpaTnyeiv. évredbev 8 damep TVEULATOS €mthuTroVvT Os m poo Biabopevos WavTa Kal TavTamaow avTiKpovoy GpeTny pev émedetxvuto Kal pax poOupiay NYE HOVOS aryaBob, bofav 6€ Kal Xa pov ovdepiay at mpages é Ex OV, ara Kal THY mpovTapYoucav eyyus 7 re Svo- Tparyav Kal Srapepopevos parny arroBaneiv. trav 8 aiTay auTos ouxi THV ehaxiorny eis TOUTO Trapécyev, oUK wv DepatrevTiKds TA1OoUsS 578 LUCULLUS taken and destroyed the Armenian Carthage, the work of their most hated foe, meaning Hannibal. ‘But since he could not persuade them, he led them back, and crossing the Taurus by another pass, de- scended into the country called Mygdonia, which is fertile and open to the sun,.and contains a large and populous city, called Nisibis by the Barbarians, Antioch in Mygdonia by the Greeks. The nominal defender of this city, by virtue of his rank, was Gouras, a brother of Tigranes; but its actual de- fender, by virtue of his experience and skill as an engineer, was Callimachus, the man who gave Lucullus most trouble at Amisus also. But Lucullus established his camp before it, laid siege to it in every way, and in a short time took the city by storm. To Gouras, who surrendered himself into his hands, he gave kind treatment; but to Calli- machus, who promised to reveal secret stores of great treasure, he would not hearken. Instead, he ordered him to be brought in chains, that he might be punished for destroying Amisus by fire, and thereby robbing Lucullus of the object of his ambition, which was to show kindness to the Greeks. XXXIII. Up to this point, one might say that fortune had followed Lucullus and fought on his side; but from now on, as though a favouring breeze had failed him, he had to force every issue, and met with obstacles everywhere. He still displayed the bravery and patience of a good leader, but his undertakings brought him no new fame or favour ; indeed, so ill-starred and devious was his course, that he came near losing that which he had already won. And he himself was not least to blame for this. He was not disposed to court the favour of the common 579 pp 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTpaTLoTtKod, Kai may TO T pos ndovny Tou apxouevov ywopevov apxis atipiav Kal Karddhuow nyoupevos’ TO dé éytaoTov, ove Tots SuvaTots Kal LoOTLOLS EVapLOTTOS Elvat TepUKwS, GANA Tdv- Twyv Katappovav Kal pndevos a€iovs mpos abtov Hryoupevos. Tadta yap vrapEar AovKovAXA@ Kaka AN€youow €v Waot Tois adArots ayabois: Kal yap péyas Kal Kadods Kal Sewvos etrrety cal povepos omaras év ayopa Kal otpatoméd Soxet yevéoOar. Larovatios pev ovv dno yaretras StateOjvac TOUS GTpaTL@Tas TMpos avToOY EvOUS év apyH Tod moXéuou mpos Kutix@ xal wadv mpos 'Apiog, dv0 yemavas éEnS év Xapaxe Stayaryely dvayKa- obévras. nviwv & avrous kal ot Aortroi yet waves. h yap év tH worepia Stexeipalov 4 mapa ois cuppay ous draiOpot oxnvoovres, eis Sé modw “EAAnvida xal dirnv ovd arak eianOe pera otpatotrédov AovKovaAros. obttw Sé diaxerpévors avtots Tas peyiotas évédbwxay ato Ths ‘Pomns ot Snpaywyol mpopdces, POovm tod AovKovdAXov KaTnyopouvTes ws Ure dirapxias nab didowAov- tias €XKovTos Tov ToNE“OV Kat povovod KaTé- yovros év tavt@ Kidsxiav, ‘Aciav, BiOvviar, Iladdayoviav, Taratiav, Lovrov, "Appeviay, ra pexpr Pdardos, vuvi bé cai ta Trypavou Bacirea memopOnxoTos, WaTep exdvaaL TOvs Bactnreis, ov KaTaTroNepjoat weupOévtos. TodTo yap eitety gacw &va trav otpatnyav Aevxiov Koivrov, bd’ ov padmota meicbérvtes Andicavto méptewy S:addyous TH AovKovrAArA Tis Emrapyxias. epndt- cavro b¢ xal Tov it’ avt@® oTpatevopévwn Trodr- 515 Novs adpetoOar oTpateias. 580 LUCULLUS soldier, and thought that everything that was done to please one’s command only dishonoured and under- mined one’s authority. Worst of all, not even with men of power and of equal rank with himself could he readily co-operate ; he despised them all, and thought them of no account as compared with him- self. These bad qualities Lucullus is said to have had, but no more than these. He was tall and handsome, a powerful speaker, and equally able in the forum and the field. Well, then, Sallust says that his soldiers were ill- disposed towards him at the very beginning of the war, before Cyzicus, and again before Amisus, because they were compelled to spend two successive winters in camp. The winters that followed also vexed them. They spent them either in the enemy’s country, or among the allies, encamped under the open sky. Not once did Lucullus take his army into a city that was Greek and friendly. In their disaffection, they received the greatest support from the popular tribunes at Rome. These envied Lucullus and denounced him for protracting the war through love of power and love of wealth. They said he all but had in his own sole power Cilicia, Asia, Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Galatia, Pontus, Armenia, and the regions extending to the Phasis, and that now he had actually plundered the palaces of Tigranes, as if he had been sent, not to subdue the kings, but to strip them. These were the words, they say, of Lucius Quintus, one of the praetors, to whom most of all the people listened when they passed a vote to send men who should succeed Lucullus in the command of his province. They voted also that many of the soldiers under him should be released from military service. 58t PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXIV. Tovtois' dé tHAtKovTots ovat Tpocyt- \ 4 4 / \ vetat TO partota AovKovrAd® dte_pyacpévoy Tas mpdkes, TlomAvos Kiwdios, avnp uBpiotns Kat PecTOS OALYwpias dmrdans Kal OpacityTos. Hv Sé ths AovxovAdrou yuvatxos ‘ddeXgos, hy cal dca- Pbeipery exyev aitiavy dKoracTtoTdTny ovcap. , A 4 4 > cd tote 5€ tH AovKovAA@ ovoTpaTevwy ovxy Bons avtov nk€iov tisns éruyxaver’ nkiov 5é mpa@tos \ an 9 a \ \ , elvat, Kal TOAN@Y aTroNELTTOMEVoS Sia TOV TpoTrOV UTrotkovper THY DipSpravnv orpatiay kal wape@- Evve xata tov AouKovAXou, AGyous YpNnaToUs eis ovux axovtas ovd anbers tod SypaywyeicOat diadidovs. oToL yap toav, ods Kal mpdoTepov 4 avéerecce Pip Ppias atoxteivavtas tov trarov PruxKov avtov ér€c8at otpatynyov. v0 Kal Tov Krwbiov déms edéyovto Kal dtdooTpatiwTny / A Mpoonyopevov, ayavaxtety mpootrotovpevoy UTrép auTa@v, eb mépas ovdev EoTaL TOAELwWY TOTOUTwY Kal TOVvwY, GAAG TravTl pev EOvE. payopmevor, n ” , , \ , macay 5é yhv TAaVw@pEVvot KaTAaTpifyovat Tov Biov / ovdev akiov ex THrALKaUTNS HEepopevot oTpateias, adra tas AoveovAXov tapatréutovtes ayakas Kal Kapnrous éxTopatov xpvcav Kal diadiOwv yenovoas, of Sé Tlopurniov otpatia@tar dHpyos GVTES ON Trou peTa yUValKan Kal Téxvav KaOrvTAL n b 4 \ , 4 b) Q 5 / yi evdaipova Kat modes Eyovtes, ov MtOpidarnv kal Tuypdyny eis tas douxntous éuPBadovtes épn- , ? ~ ? / ‘ 4 , pias, ovde THs "Agias Ta Bacitea KatappipavrTes, ’ \ , b , b > , \ a adra huydow avOpwras év “TBnpiqa Kat dparre.- 532 | o LUCULLUS XXXIV. To these factors in the case, so un- favourable in themselves, there was added another, which most of all vitiated the undertakings of Lucullus. This was Publius Clodius,a man of wanton violence, and full of all arrogance and boldness. He was a brother of the wife of Lucullus, a woman of the most dissolute ways, whom he was actually accused of debauching. At this time he was in service with Lucullus, and did not get all the honour which he thought his due. He thought a foremost place his due, and when many were preferred before him because of his evil character, he worked secretly upon the soldiers who had been commanded by Fimbria, and tried to incite them against Lucullus, disseminating among them speeches well adapted to men who were neither unwilling nor unaccustomed to have their favour courted. These were the men whom Fimbria had once persuaded to kill the consul Flaccus, and choose himself for their general. They therefore gladly listened to Clodius also, and called him .the soldier’s friend. For he pretended to be incensed in their behalf, if there was to be no end of their countless wars and toils, but they were rather to wear out their lives in fighting with every nation and wandering over every land, receiving no suitable reward for such service, but convoying the waggons and camels of Lucullus laden with golden beakers set with precious stones, while the soldiers of Pompey, citizens now, were snugly ensconced with wives and children in the possession of fertile lands and prosperous cities,—not for having driven Mithri- dates and Tigranes into uninhabitable deserts, nor for having demolished the royal palaces of Asia, but for having fought with wretched exiles in Spain and 583 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tats év Irardig moteunoavtes. “ Ti ouy, et bet undérore Travcacbat oTparevonevors, ov! ToLou- TP TTPATHY® Kal c@pata Ta NouTra Kal puxas puddo coper, 3 KaANLCTOS elvat Soxel xdapos o TOV oTpaTevopeveny TOVTOS ; ; Totavras airiaus To AovxovAXou oTpaTeupa SiapOapev ovr emi Tiypayyy nrcorovOnaev our ert McOpidarny avdis ef ‘Appevias els Tovrov éuBarovta kal Thy apn avarapuSavorra, ™po- gacw oé€ Tov XEepova ToLoupevor mept THY Lopdunviv SueTpusor, dcov ovtw Iloprniov 7 Tw’ adrov TaV Hye“ovwv AovKovdAr® diddoxov adpitecbat Tpoc Soxavres. XXXV. ’Esrel 6€ MiOpidatns Ayyerto PaBrov VEVLENK@S ert Lepvartov Kar Tped.prov Badtleuv, aiaxuvdevres elrovTo TO Aovkovhr@. Tprdpuos 8 ws &roupov apndaat TO viKnpa, imply émehOeiv AovxovAdov eyes évTa, prdoripovpevos HTTAT AL waxy peydny. AéyovTas yap viép ETTAKLTXUALOUS ‘Pwpatov dmobaveiv, év ols éxaTovTapxot pep éxaT ov TEVTHKOVTA, XeAtapxou 8 elxooe xat Téccapes’ TO Se oTpaToT edov elhe Mibpidarns. éreNOav 5é Aovxounrros OAL YaLS DoTepor népas Tpedprov pev UO TOY oTPATLWTOY CnToupevov Tpos opyny ebecrewe, MO pidarou dé pn GéXovtos paxec Bat, anrra _ Tuypaeny TEPLLEVOVTOS non cataBaivovra peTa TOANTS Suvdpews, & éyve mpi apporépous ouvenGei Tad aTavTnoat Kal d1a- yovicacBas pos TOV Teypavny. TopEevopEevep 8 auT@ Kal odov ot Dip Sprarot oTACLACAVTES _aréderov tas Tdfes, ws aperpévor Soypate Ths 584 LUCULLUS runaway slaves in Italy. “Why, then,” he would cry, “if our campaigns are never to come to an end, do we not reserve what is left of our bodies, and our lives, for a general in whose eyes the wealth of his soldiers is his fairest honour ?”’ For such red ns as these the army of Lucullus was demoralised, and refused to follow him -either against Tigranes, or against Mithridates, who had come back into Pontus from Armenia, and was trying to restore his power there. They made the winter their excuse for lingering in Gordyené, expecting every moment that Pompey, or some other commander, would be sent out to succeed Lucullus. XXXV. But when tidings came that Mithridates had defeated Fabius,! and was on the march against Sornatius and Triarius, they were struck with shame and followed Lucullus. But Triarius, who was ambitious to snatch the victory, which he thought assured, before Lucullus, who was near, should come up, was defeated in a great battle. It is said that over seven thousand Romans fell, among whom were a hundred and fifty centurions, and twenty-four tribunes ; and their camp was captured by Mithridates. But Lucullus, coming up a few days afterward, hid Triarius from the search of his infuriated soldiers. Then, since Mithridates was unwilling to give fight, but lay waiting for Tigranes, who was coming down with a large force, he determined to anticipate the junction of their armies, and march back to meet Tigranes in battle. But while he was on the way thither, the Fimbrian soldiers mutinied and left their. ranks, declaring that they were discharged from | 67 B.c. 585 PLUTARCH’S LIVES otpatetas nal pnxéte TO AovxovAX@ tpoajKov dpyew, érépois arrodederypévwv Tav érapxiav. ION 9 3 4 aA > 3 gs e , ovdev ovv éotiv 6 TL TOY Trap akiay o AovKovAXOS 9 e , bd a > \ \ ovX vmépevev, avtiBorov Kal” eva Kal Kata oxnvas teptiav taewos Kal SeBxpupuévos, &ore 5 -- \ A 1 , e 5 > , @v Kat yevpos' amropuevos. ot 6 amretptBovTo \ 4 \ \ a lA Tas SeEtwoets Kal Keva Tpoceppittovy Badavtta, Kal povov paxecBat Tots trorepiows éexédevor, b > S ? , a > ‘ 3 \ ap wv movos nTiaTaTo THouTEW. Ov nV adda A ¥ a 4 ? / TOV GAXwY oTpaTiwTayv Seopévov éxBracbévtes e \ 4 agenyelas, WaoTE TOU Oépous AryovTos évduvTES 1 nal xeipds S; xerpas, 586 516 LUCULLUS service by decree of the people, and that Lucullus no longer had the right to command them, since the provinces had been assigned to others. Accordingly, there was no expedient, however much beneath his dignity, to which Lucullus did not force himself to resort,-—entreating the soldiers man by man, going about from tent to tent in humility and tears, and actually taking some of the men by the hand in sup- plication. But they rejected his advances, and threw their empty purses down before him, bidding him fight the enemy alone, since he alone knew how to get rich from them. However, at the request of the other soldiers, the Fimbrians were constrained to agree to remain during the summer; but if, in the meantime, no enemy should come down to fight them, they were to be dismissed. Lucullus was obliged to content himself with these terms, or else to be deserted and give up the country to the Barbarians. He therefore simply held his soldiers together, without forcing them any more, or leading them out to battle. Their remaining with him was all he could expect, and he looked on helplessly while Tigranes ravaged Cappadocia and Mithridates resumed his insolent ways,—a monarch whom he had reported by letter to the Senate as completely sub- dued. Besides, the commissioners were now with him, who had been sent out to regulate the affairs of Pontus, on the supposition that it was a secure Roman possession. And lo, when they came, they saw that Lueullus was not even his own master, but was mocked and insulted by his soldiers. These went so far in their outrageous treatment of their general, that, at the close of the summer, they donned their 587 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ta OTAa Kal oTAagamEVOL TAS payYaipas mpoeKa- AodvTO TOUS pndapod TapovTas, GAN amNpKOTAsS 4 4 b / \ , Hon Trodeuious. araddkavtes 5€ Kal cxiapayy- cavrTes aTeywpnaay €K TOU Xapakos, éTipapTU- pdpevot TeTANpw@d Oat Tov Ypovory, by @porAcynocav T@® AovxovAX@ trapapéverv. Tovs & dAdXous éxdre: da ypappatov Uopimrn- ey A \ > J (o) \ s, ios: 0n yap amrodébetxto Tod mpos MiOpiddrnv kat Teypdynv wodéuov .otpatnyos yapite Tov Snpwou Kat Kodaxeia TOV Snpaywyar, érel TH YE BovrAn Kai tois dpictas adixa racyey édoxet AovKovAXos ov trovdéuou Siadcyous, adAa Opidp- 4 2 QA A / ? s Bov AapBavor, obbé THs ctpatnyias avayxalo- ? a ? A a , 2—-/ pevos, GAAA TeV éTdOr\wv THs ctpatryias é£t- otac0a: Kai Tapaywpetv érépors. XXXVI. “Ere b€ pardArAov ébavy TO yLvopevov Tots €xel Trapovot veweonTov. ovTE yap Tihs O AovxovrXdos ovTE Timwpias TOV ev TOAEWM KUPLOS ; e “A 999 ¥ fs ‘4 ‘A umTnpxev, ovd ela twa Llopumanios Badifery mpos avrov ovdé mpocéyew ols éxeivos eypade ral diévepe peta tov Séxa mpéo Bewr, GAN’ éxodvev ext LOeis Siaypappata Kal poBepos TA,pov amo pecCovos duvdpews. Gums dé eof Tots pidous ouvaryaryelv avrous® Kai auvidOov év Kon Tevi THS Taratias Kal T™pooeimov aXA2) NOUS prod po- vos Kat auvno Oncay emi Tois KaTopOwpevors éxaTépy, mpeo BUTEpos ev Ov oO Aodtkovrros, atiwpa © Av to Tlopmrniov peifov aro mreovey atpatnyiav Kat dveiv OpiapBov. pdBdou 8 588 LUCULLUS armour, drew their swords, and challenged to battle an enémy who was nowhere near, but had already withdrawn. Then they shouted their war cries, brandished their weapons in the air, and departed from the camp, calling men to witness that the time had expired during which they had agreed to remain with Lucullus. ; The rest of the soldiers Pompey summoned by letter, for he had already been appointed to conduct the war against Mithridates and Tigranes,! because he won the favour of the people and flattered their leaders. But the Senate and the nobility considered Lucullus a wronged man. He had been superseded, they said, not in a war, but in a triumph, and had been forced to relinquish and turn over to others, not his campaign, but the prizes of victory in his campaign. XXXVI. But to those who were on the spot, what happened there seemed still greater matter for wrath and indignation. For Lucullus was not allowed to bestow rewards or punishments for what had been done in the war, nor would Pompey even suffer any one to visit him, or to pay any heed to the edicts and regulations which he made in concert with the ten commissioners, but prevented it by issuing counter-edicts, and by the terror which his presence with a larger force inspired. Nevertheless, their friends decided to bring the two men together, and so they met in a certain village of Galatia. They greeted one another amicably, and each congratulated the other on his victories. Lucullus was the elder man, but Pompey’s prestige was the greater, because he had conducted more campaigns, and celebrated 1 66 B.C. 589 PLUTARCH’S LIVES appotépwv rponyotvto Sadyvndopor bia Tas vixas. kal tov ye Ilowmniov paxpav odov bia Torwy avudpwv Kal avypunpav odevacavtos tas Sddvas Enpas mepixepévas tais pdBdous idovtes ot tod AovxovrAryov paBdodopos dirtodppovovpevor Tois éxeivov petédOwxay é€x TaV idiwv, Tpoc- gdtouvs Kal Oarepas Eyovtes. Kal TO ytvopevov eis olwvov éridevto ypnatov ot Ilopmrniou dpiror: TO yap évTe THY éxeivov otpaTnyiay ai TovToU 4 mpdkes éxoopyoav. éx &é TOY Noyov 7 pos ovdéy | CTTLELKES cuveBnoar, arn’ ett padXov aNOT PLO Oévres Tos adANAOUS amnrOov: Kat Tas UTrO Tob AovxovAXov yevopevas Svar d£eus RKvpa@d er 0 Topsrnios, oT pAaTLWTas d€ TOUS aAXOUS amayayov povous auT@ YiALOUS éEaxoatous améXre ouv- OprapBevoovras, ovdé TOUTOUS para 7 poOvpeos ET OMEVOUS. oT Tes ay aguns q dvaruxns O Aovxovdros T pos TO TavTav év Wyepovig 7 pero Kal péyio Tov" @S, €b TOUTO peTa TOV awv vrinpeev avt@o, THALKOUTMY 6YTwWY Kal TOTOUTM)D, per avopeias, emiperetas, TUVETEWS, Otkacoovuns, ovK ay elyev ” ‘Pepaior Tyenovia TOV Eudparny THS "Agias Gpov, adra Ta érxata Kat Thv ‘TpKa- via Oararray, TOV pev arAdAwY eOvaOv Teypavy TPONTTNMEVOY, THS 6€ NapOav Suvdpews ovx bon Kata Kpaacov eLepavn TooavTns Kal Kata Aov- xKovNXOvV ovans ovo omotws TUVETTHONS, GX’ vr éuguriwy cal Tpocoikav TONELw@Y OVS A ppevious vBpivovtas éppwwévns apvvec Oat. Nov 6€ pou doxet Aovnovdros dy apehnoe de avtov Thy Tatpida Brdvpas peilova b.’ érépwv. 590° 517 LUCULLUS two triumphs. Fasces wreathed with laurel were carried before both commanders in token of their victories, and since Pompey had made a long march through waterless and arid regions, the laure] which wreathed his fasces was withered. When the lictors of Lucullus noticed this, they considerately gave Pompey’s lictors some of their own Jaurel, which was fresh and green.” This circumstance was interpreted as a good omen by the friends of Pompey; for, in fact, the exploits of Lucullus did adorn the command of Pompey. However, their conference resulted in no equitable agreement, but they left it still more estranged from one another. Pompey also annulled the ordinances of Lucullus, and took away all but sixteen hundred of his soldiers. These he left to share his triumph, but even these did not follow him very cheerfully. To such a marvellous degree was Lucullus either unqualified or unfortunate as regards the first and highest of all requisites in a leader. Had this power of gaining the affection of his soldiers been added to his other gifts, which were so many and so great,— courage, diligence, wisdom, and justice, —the Roman empire would not have been bounded by the Euphrates, but by the outer confines of Asia, and the Hyrcanian sea ; for all the other nations had already been subdued by Tigranes, and in the time of Lucullus the Parthian power was not so great as it proved to be in the time of Crassus, nor was it so well united, nay rather, owing to intestine and neighbouring wars, it had not even strength enough to repel the wanton attacks of the Armenians. Now my own opinion is that the harm Lucullus did his country through his influence upon others, was . greater than the good he did her himself. For his 591 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ ? b , s / , 7 Ta yap év Appevig TpoTrata, Hapbwv hao tov ést@ta kat Teypavoxepta cai NiotBts cal mAov- TOS €x TOUT@Y TOAUS eis ‘PwOunv Kopiabels Kal TO Tuypavou duddnua troprevbéy aiyxpadwrov éripe Kpdooov éri thv ’Aciav, a Addupa Kai delay tovs BapBdpovs, addo 8 ovdey bvtas. tayv , n / , 2" SS oneres pevtot tots TidpOwv rokevpacw évrvyov aéderée \ 7 > BJ 4 \ , fal Tov AovkovdXrov ove adpoovvn kal padakia Tav ToNepiwv, avVTOU dé TOAMN Kal SeLvOTNTL TrEpLryEvo- pevov. adda TAaUTA pev DoTeEpov. XXXVII. ‘O éd€ AoveovrAXos avaBas eis ‘Pounv mparov pev KxatéraBe Tov adeddov Madpxop bro Taiov Meppiou xarnyopotpevov éd’ _ ” , / , ois émpake tapievwv Ara sampoctd~arTos. éxeivou & dmopuyovtos éml rovTov avtTov o Méppitos petaBaropevos tapw uve tov Shor, cal e / / \ 4 @S TOAAG vevoo dic pévy Kal pnxvvavte TOV ToAe- 9 ” 2A \ 5 a r) , 8 06 pov erretceyv avT@ pn Sodvat OpiapBov. édAOovtos > > A na , / e a & eis aydva tod AovKovAdouv péyay of Tpatot ; _?f e a Kat Suvat@tato. Katapi€aytes éauTovs Tails a A / \ a f ” gurais ToAAD Senoet Kal otrovdn pods Erreroay tov Shuov émitpéyrar OprauBedoas, ovy, woTreEp Evol, ponker Te Troumns Kal wAnOee TeV Kope- Couévwy éexTAnKTiKov Kal oyAwdn OpiayBov, ? \ a \ ee a / = ANNA TOLS MEV OTTAOLS TWY TrOAELLWY OVOL Trap- ToAAOs Kat Tols BacidwKois pnYavnpace Tov Prapiverov imrodpopuov Suexoopnoe Kal Oéa tis 9A z ¢ \ 9 > i 2 \ 3 hv avtn Kad éavtny ovK Eevxatadpovntos: év &é 927 LUCULLUS trophies in Armenia, standing on the borders of Parthia, and Tigranocerta, and Nisibis, and the vast wealth brought to Rome from these cities, and the display in his triumph of the captured diadem of Tigranes, incited Crassus to his attack upon Asia ; he thought that the Barbarians were spoil and booty, and nothing else. It was not long, however, before he encountered the Parthian arrows, and proved that Lucullus had won his victories, not through the folly and cowardice of his enemies, but through his own daring and ability. This, however, is later history. XXXVII. Now when Lucullus had. returned to Rome, he found, in the first place, that his brother Marcus was under prosecution by Gaius Memmius for his acts as quaestor under the administration of Sulla. Marcus, indeed, was acquitted, but Memmius then turned his attack upon Lucullus, and strove to excite the people against him. He charged him with diverting much property to his own uses, and with needlessly protracting the war, and _ finally persuaded the people not to grant him a triumph. Lucullus strove mightily against this decision, and the foremost and most influential men mingled with the tribes, and by much entreaty and exertion at last persuaded the people to allow him to celebrate a triumph ;! not, however, like some, a triumph which was startling and tumultuous from the length of the procession and the multitude of objects displayed. Instead, he decorated the circus of Flaminius with the arms of the enemy, which were very numerous, and with the royal engines of war; and this was a great spectacle in itself, and far from contemptible. 1 66 B.C. $93 VOL. IT QQ PLUTARCH’S LIVES A A _A / e / %, / Th Tounh TaV Te KaTappaxtwy immewy OLyOL cal rav Sperravndopwy apudtov déxa trapHrOor, e / I N a A éEnxovta 5é pirot Kai otpatnyol Tay BacidiKo, \ 4 A e \ \ / ef paxpal dé yarxéuBoros vies éxatov cai déxa dua TapexouicOnaav, avtod te MiOpiddtou yxpuceos e 4 / \ , 4 ‘ éEdtrovs KoNoceds, Kal Oupeds Tis dtaddLtOos, Kai hopnuata eixoct ev apyupav oKxevav, Kpua@y 6’ éxtrmputov Kal OTAwY Kal vopiapatos dv0 Kal TpidKovTa. TavTa pev ovv avdpes TrapexopCov e / > 9 \ , A ¥ A \ ‘ nptovot & oxTw KrLvas xypuvaas Edepov, €E dé Kat TWEVTHKOVTA KEeYwvEevpévoy apryvptov, adroL O° éxaTov émTa& vopicpaTos apyupov, mKP@ TLVE Seovoas éRdounKovta cal Staxocias pupiudas. ? \ / 9 fe) °# 4 év d¢ SéX Tots dvaypagal trav Ady Sedopéevwv ypn- patov va avtod Tlopmrnig mpos Toy tmeipatixor moAemov Kat Tots etl Tod Snuoctov Tapetov, Kat xopis Ott otpatiwtns Exactos évaxocias Kal / bY 4 b>] ‘\ 4 a mevryxovTa Spaxpas édaBev. ml TovTOLS THY TE TOW é€laTiace AauTpPas Kal TAS TepLoKidas Kwpas, as ovlxovs KaXovot. XXXVIII. Tis dé Krwédias amnraypEevos, ovans ageXyous Kai movnpas, Lepoviriav é eynpev, aterpay Kdrevos, ovde TOUTOV evT UXT yapov. ev yap ov mpoanv avT@ tov Krwoias Kxaxov povor, 7 Tov adergary 6a Born" TaAXa b€ Bderv- pav opoiws ovaayv Kal aKoAacToY jvaryKatero pepe aidovpevos Katawva, Téhos dé amretmev. ‘Ed toas be Oavpacras Th Bourn TAPATXov, as éyovan Tov avOpa TODTOY ayritaypa 7 pos THY tod Lloumaniov tupavvida nai Ths aptatoKpatias 594 LUCULLUS But in the procession, a few of the mail-clad horse- men and ten of the scythe-bearing chariots moved along, together with sixty of the king’s friends and generals. A hundred and ten bronze-beaked ships of war were also carried along, a golden statue of Mithridates himself, six feet in height, a wonderful shield adorned with precious stones, twenty litters of silver vessels, and thirty-two litters of gold beakers, armour, and money. All this was carried by men. Then there were eight mules which bore golden couches, fifty-six bearing ingots “of silver, and a hundred and seven more bearing something less than two million seven hundred thousand pieces of silver coin. There were also tablets with records of the sums of money already” paid by Lucullus to Pompey for the war against the pirates, and to the keepers of the public treasury, as well as of the fact that each of his soldiers had received nine hundred and fifty drachmas. To crown all, Lucullus gave a magnificent feast to the city, and to the surrounding villages called Vicz. XXXVIII. After his divorce from Clodia, who was a licentious and base woman, he married Servilia, a sister of Cato, but this, too, was an unfortunate marriage. For it lacked none of the evils which Clodia had brought in her train except one, namely, the scandal about her brothers. In all other respects Servilia was equally vile and abandoned, and yet Lucullus forced himself to tolerate her, out of regard for Cato. At last, however, he put her away. The Senate had conceived wondrous hopes that in him it would find an opposer of the tyranny of Pompey and a champion of the aristocracy, with all 595 ce © to PLUTARCH’S LIVES id > N / , e , mpopaxyov amo Sofns nal duvapews oppw@pevoy peyaArns, éyxaTérLtTre Kal TpojKato TV TOALTELAY, elite Suaxdbextov Hon Kal vocodaav opav el0’, ads act évtor, weatos ov So—ns Kal mpos TO padorov avatint@y tov Biov Kal padaxwratov éx TOAA@DY adyoveav «al Tovey oun evtvyéotatoyv TéXoS AaBovTwy. ot pev yap émawvovow avTod TtHVv TocavTny petaBorjv, to Mapiov mdafos pn maovros, ds mt tais KipSpixais vicars wal rots Karo Kal peydrors EKELVOLS katoplapacw OvK 0 EAnoev QUTOV avetvaL Teh ToTauTy CnAwTov, aX’ dmhnaotig d0fns Kat apxijs véous avipdot yépav aVTUTohLTEvopEvos eis Epya Seva xal | wan Sevorepa TaY épyov efwrerre Bértiov 8 av nai Kixépova ee peta Karidivav trrootet\d- evov Ka Zentiva Kapyndov T poo Gevra. Newsies celta Tavoduevor™ elvat yap Tuva kal TONTUKAS meptodou Kataddvotv TOV yap aOrn- TLeeY GYOVOV TOUS TOALTLKOUS OUdEeY HTTOV dxpijs Kal @pas emidurovans eneyxXeoOau. oi O€ mept TOV Kpacooy Kat Tloparniov ex rcvafov TOV AovKoun- ov eis HOovny adetxota Kal tmoAuTéAeLay aurov, @aoTEP OV TOU TpYdaY parhov TOUS THALKOUTOLS Tap aKtay ovTOS % TOU TortTeverOar Kal oTpaTnyely. . XXXIX. "Eore & ovv tov AoveovAXou Biov, xadarrep apyaias Koupolas, dvayvavat 7a, pe mpOTa TortTELas Kal otpatnyias, Ta © borepa ToTOUs Kal Seimva ral povovovyt K@[LOUS Kal Aaprdbas Kat maidvav adtracav. eis tratdiav yap éyoye Tifeyat Kat oixodopas ToAduTEActs Kal 596 518 LUCULLUS the advantage of great glory and influence; but he quitted and abandoned public affairs, either because he saw that they were already beyond proper control and diseased, or, as some say, because he had his fill of glory, and felt that the unfortunate issue of his many struggles and toils entitled him to fall back upon a life of ease and luxury. Some commend him for making such a change, and thereby escaping the unhappy lot of Marius, who, after his Cimbrian victories and the large and fair successes which were so famous, was unwilling to relax his efforts and enjoy the honours won, but with an insatiate desire for glory and power, old man that he was, fought with young men in the conduct of the state, and so drove headlong into terrible deeds, and sufferings more terrible still. Cicero, say these, would have had a better old age if he had taken in sail after the affair of Catiline, and Scipio, too, if he had given himself pause after adding Numantia to Carthage ; for a political cycle, too, has a sort of natural termination, and political no less than athletic contests are absurd, after the full vigor of life has departed. Crassus and Pompey, on the other hand, ridiculed Lucullus for giving himself up to pleasure and extravagance, as if a luxurious life were not even more unsuitable to men of his years than political and military activities. XXXIX. And it is true that in the life of Lucullus, as in an ancient comedy, one reads in the first part of political measures and military commands, and in the latter part of drinking bouts, and banquets, and what might pass for revel-routs, and torch-races, and all manner of frivolity. For I must count as frivolity his costly edifices, his ambulatories 597 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KaTacKevas qmepitmdtwv Kal ovTpa@v Kal Ere HGdXov ypadas Kal avdpidvtas Kal THY Trepti TavTas Tas Téxvas omrovdyny, as exeivos cuvAye peyaros avarwpaciv, es Ta’Ta TO TOUT pvdnv Kataypwpevos, dv HOpoixet Todw Kal AaLTpPOV ato TOV GTpaTELwv, Strov Kal vov, éri- Soci TotavTny THs Tpudhs éyovons, oc Aovxova- Mavol Kho TaV BactdtKav év TOLS TOAUTEAECTTA- Tos aptOmovvtar. ta d év Tois Taparios Kal wept Néav mor épya, AOpous avaxpepavvuvTos avTov meyaXols opvypace Kat TpoxXous Jardaons Kab dad popas ixOvorpogpous Tos oixnTnpiors WepteAlaaovTos Kal dtaitas évadious KTilovTos, 0 aTwixds TovBépwy Ocacdpevos ZépEnv avrov ex Tn Bévvou Tpoonyopevaen. jnoav © avT@ Tmept Todcdov eyxXapto Starrat Kal KaTacKkoTral TEPLOTT OV xa KaTacKeval AVATEETT OL LEVOV avdpwver Kal Tmepumarov, €&v als o Hoparnios YEVO[MEVOS éuéueto Tov Aovcovhrov, ore 7 pos Bépos apiota d:abeis THY emavuhev doixntov ev ELL OVE TEeTPOLN/KE. yerdoas ovv exeivos *e Kira,” ép7y, “ gol oxo éAd7 Tova, TOV yepave vouv eye Kal TOV Tehapyar, aote Tals @pars pn cuppera- Barrpev tas Siairas ; oTpaTayou 6é Tote pido poupevov Tept Beas Kal Kopp Twe KOO LOV ait oupévou moppupas Xdapvbas amexpivaro TKEYpapEvos, av exn, Swoev, ELTA pe? nLepav npernaev avtov, oroawy SéoiTo. Tov dé éxaT ov dpxecew pncavTos éxédevoe AaBeiv dis TocauTas: eis 6 Kab PrAaKKOS O TOLNTIS CHUTE POURED: QS 598 LUCULLUS and baths, and still more his paintings and statues (not to speak of his devotion to these arts), which he collected at enormous outlays, pouring out into such channels the vast and splendid wealth which he accumulated from his campaigns. Even now, when luxury has increased so much, the gardens of Lu- cullus are counted among the most costly of the imperial gardens. As for his works on the sea- shore and in the vicinity of Neapolis, where he sus- pended hills over vast tunnels, girdled his residences with zones of sea and with streams for the breeding of fish, and built dwellings in the sea,—when Tubero the Stoic saw them, he called him Xerxes in a toga. He had also country establishments near Tusculum, with observatories, and extensive open banqueting halls and cloisters. Pompey once visited these, and chided Lucullus because he had arranged his country seat in the best possible way for summer, but had made it uninhabitable in winter. Whereupon Lu- cullus burst out laughing and said : “ Do you suppose, then, that I have less sense than cranes and storks, and do not change residences according to the seasons?’’ A praetor was once making ambitious plans for a public spectacle, and asked of him some purple cloaks for the adornment of a chorus. Lucullus replied that he would investigate, and if he had any, would give them to him. The next day he asked the praetor how many he wanted, and on his replying that a hundred would suffice, bade him take twice that number. The poet Flaccus! alluded to this when 1 EHpiat. i. 6, 45 f. 599 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ov vouiles TAOUTOV, OV mn TA TApop@peva Kal 4 4 aA , > / ANavodvovta treiova TOV Paivopévwny EoTi. XL. NeorAovta §& Fv tod AoveovrAXoV Ta Seirva Ta Kal’ nuépav, ov povov otpwpvais adroupyéoe kat SiariOors extrapace kal yopots Kai 3 4 2 4 ? b v axpodpacw éme:aodtos, AAN OYrwy TE TaVvTo- a A 4 Satrav cal tmeppdtwv tmepitTa@s SiatreTovnpéevov jmapacKevais bnrwTov averevOépoirs trovodvTos ¢€ A os A éavtov. o yoov Tlopanios evdoxiunoe vooav: A A 9 ~ , b] \ aA s Tov yap LaTpov KityAnV auTov NaBelv KeXeveavTos, “ : 3 a > e “a 3 Ld , Tov © olKeT@Y OUK av eipely adraKOOL papévov 4 , Gépous @pa KixdAnv % tapa AoveovAX cuTEvO- peévnv, ovK eiace AaBeiv exciOev, GAN’ eitTaV Tpos . 9 mer > a ? \ / ? , Tov tatpov ‘‘ Ouxovy, e« ny AovKovadAdros étpuda, Tue ? A "4 2 / Tlopmnios oun av efnoev;” addAo Tt TapacKevacat “A , I “A TOV evTropictwv éxédXevoe. Kadtov 8 qv atte , \ ? a ef \ \ ld ? A \ 4 ' hiros Kal oixetos, oftw 5€ Tov Biov avTov Kal Thy , n~ dtartav édvaoxépaivev, Bate, véov Tivos ev TH a , fo Bovnr7 Noyov éerrayOh Kal paxpov akaipws vtrép , evTedXelas Kat cwdpoouvns SseAOovros, éravactas e wn o Katowv “Ov raven,” ébn, “ov TAOUTaY péev S Kpdaocos, Cav & ws AovKovaAdos, réywv b€ as ? “a ~ Kdtav;” évioe 8€ robto pnOjvar péev obtaws, UT6 Kdtewvos dé od Néyouaw. e / / XLI. “O pévrot AovxovrAdro0s oby 7dd0pmev0s 4 > Xa 4 A / 4 povov, add} Kal ceyvuvopevos TO Bi— TovTe dnros HY eK TOY aTrO“VNnpovevopévwv. RéyeTat a “BR 3 @ / 2 , >» ¢ , yap “EXXnvas avOpwirovs avaBavtas eis ‘Poynv éotidy éml roAAds nuépas, Tors 8 éyvtas ‘EX- , 4 a AnviKOY TL TABOVTAS, aicyivedOat Kai SiwOeta Bas 600 519 LUCULLUS he said that he did not regard a house as wealthy in which the treasures that were overlooked and unob- served were not more than those which met the eye. XL. The daily repasts of Lucullus were such as the newly rich affect. Not only with his dyed coverlets, and beakers set with precious stones, and choruses and dramatic recitations, but also with his arrays of all sorts of meats and daintily prepared dishes, did he make himself the envy of the vulgar. A saying of Pompey’s, when he was ill, was certainly very popular. His physicians had prescribed a thrush for him to eat, and his servants said that a thrush could not be found anywhere in the summer season except where Lucullus kept them fattening. Pompey, however, would not suffer them to get one from there, but bade them prepare something else that was easily to be had, remarking as he did so to his physician, “What ! must a Pompey have died if a Lucullus were not luxurious?’’ And Cato, who was a friend of his, and a relation by marriage, was nevertheless much offended by his life and habits. Once when a youthful senator had delivered a tedious and lengthy discourse, all out of season, on frugality and tem- perance, Cato rose and said; “Stop there! you get wealth like Crassus, you live like Lucullus, but you talk like Cato.’’ Some, however, while they say that these words were actually uttered, do not say that they were spoken by Cato. XLI. Moreover, that Lucullus took not only pleasure but pride in this way of living, is clear from the anecdotes recorded of him. It is said, for instance, that he entertained for many successive days some Greeks who had come up to Rome, and that they, with genuinely Greek scruples, were at last ashamed to accept his invitation, on the ground 601 PLUTARCH’S LIVES A e > > \ > e@ / ; 4 Thv KAHoW, ws be adtovs Kad’ Huépavy TocovTwY ? / \ 3 4 > a avantoKopevwy? Tov ovv AoveovAXov evirety pet- , Sidoavta mpos adtovs: “Tiverar pév te tobTwY kal ov tpas, wo advdpes “EAAnves: Ta pévToe mwreloTa yivetas Sta AovKovaAdov.” érrel dé povou dertrvovvTos avTov pia Tpdmeba Kal péeTpLov Trape- oxevaoOn Setrvov, nyavadnte. Kadéoas Tov emt TOUT® TeTaypEVOY OiKéTHV. TOD 5é€ dycavToOS, WS OUK @ETO pNndEevOsS KEKANMEVOU TOAUTENODS TLVOS aes a Bag oT ys ” 4 Bee h avTov SenoecOar “Ti réyets; ” elmrev, “ ovK “deus, OTe anjpepov trapa AovKxovAd@ Servet Aovxovr- > N \ 4 e > , ? A 4 dos; OvTos O€ Trepl TOUTOV, WS ELKOS, EV TH TOAEL “ ol A > Aoyou wodXOdD, MpoonrAOoy avT@ Kat ayopav oe e Y ayxorny adyovtt Kixépwv cal Tlopmnios, o pev eév ”- Ul 7 A } 0 II oh 3 Tois pddota piros ov kal auv7AOns, Topmrnio A / \ qv pev ex THs oTpatnyias Stahopa mpos avon, a , elwbercay Sé ypnobat nal draréyerOas Trodraxts n~ 3 ¢ ETLELK@S GAAHAOLS. aoTraTdpEvos OvY Oo Kixépwv \ ro) aQuTov npornaey, dmrws Exes mpos evtevEw: tod dé pycavros, @S dpvara, Kal TapaKadodvros évtuy- xavew : ‘Hyeis,” ep, - Bovropeda, deiTvo ar Tapa col Thuepov ovTws, Srrws éaTi cor Ta.pe- cKevac pera. Opumropévou dé Tod AovxovAdou Kal petaraBeiv mpepav akvovvtos ovK épacay emutpeyrety, OvO ElwY Siaréyer Oar TOUS olkérass, iva pay Tt qWAé€ov Kehevon yevér Oat TOV QUT@ , yovomervan, wy TocobTO povov aiToupeve ouve- Xwopnoay el Tr ety 7 pos éva TOV olKeT@V évavTiov éxeivey, ore 77} ME pov ey t@ AmoAXwvt Serrvicor: TOUTO yap TLS Elye TOV TOAUTEAGY olKwY dvopa, 602 LUCULLUS that he was incurring so much expense every day on their account; whereupon Lucullus said to them with a smile, “Some of this expense, my Grecian friends, is indeed on your account; most of it, how- ever, is on account of Lucullus.” And once, when he was dining alone, and a modest repast of one course had been prepared for him, he was angry, and summoned the servant who had the matter in charge. The servant said that he did not suppose, since there were no guests, that he wanted anything very costly. ‘* What sayest thou?’’ said the master, “dost thou not know that to-day Lucullus dines with Lucullus ?” While this matter was much talked of in the city, as was natural, Cicero and Pompey came up to him as he was idling in the forum. Cicero was one of his most intimate friends, and although the matter of the command of the army had led to some coolness between him and Pompey, still they were accustomed to frequent and friendly intercourse and conversation with one another. Accordingly, Cicero saluted him, and asked how he was disposed towards receiving a petition. ‘Most excellently well,’ said Lucullus, and invited them to make their petition. ‘We desire,’ said Cicero, “ to dine with you to-day just as you would have dined by yourself.’’ Lucullus de- murred to this, and begged the privilege of selecting a later day, but they refused to allow it, nor would they suffer him to confer with his servants, that he might not order any thing more provided than what was provided for himself. Thus much, how- ever, and no more, they did allow him at his request, namely, to tell one of his servants in their presence that he would dine that day in the Apollo. Now this was the name of one of his costly apartments, 603 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat tovTo cecodiauévos édernOer tors avdpas. éxdot@ yap, ws oie, Secrrvntnpig teTaypévov , 3 hw Tina Seitrvov, cal yopnyiay idiay Kai Tapa- oKxeunv Exaotoy elyev, BaTE TOUS SovNOUS aKOU- gavtTas, 61rov Bovherau Sevmveiy, evdévat, Toamov Samdvnpa Kal roiov te Knoopwo Kai Siabéoe yevéoOar Set ro Setrrvovy eiwOer 5é Sevrrvety év TO "AmoAAwve mévte pupiddwy: Kal tore TocovToU terxcabévtos éFérAnke tous tepi tov Llopmniov év TO peyeOe THs Samrdvns TO TAOS THS TapacKevis. eis TADTA pev Odv UBpLoTLKas EXPTTO T@ WAOUVT@ xadamrep dvTws aiyparwre cai BapBdpo. XLII. Scrovdjs 8 ad&ia Kat Aoyou Ta Tepl THY tov BiBAtwv KatacKkevnv. Kal yap Toda Kal yeypaypeva Kad@s ourvayer, TE yYphows Hy PiroTipotépa THS KTHTEWS, avELpévwOY TAGE TOV BiBdoOnxwv, cal tov epi avtTas mepiTrdtwr , bd , e , \ Kal cXYoAacTHpiwy axwrAUTWS UTrodexopuévwY TOUS ed 4 > M a , EAAnvas womep ets Movoov te Kxataya@rytov b] “a A \ 4 ? 4 éxetoe hort@vtas Kai cuvdinpepevovtas adXrANXOLS, aTo TOV dANwWY XpEL@Y aopévws aTrOTPEYOVTAS. modAaKis 5é€ Kal cuvveryoratey avtos euBadrwv eig TOUS TWepiTrarous Tools PtAoAOYoLS Kat TOTS ToNTiKols cuvémpattev Stov SéowTo: Kal drws éotia cal mpvtavetov ‘EXAnuiKoy oO olxos Rv avTov a J Trois adixvoupevors eis ‘Papnv. dirocodiav dé jwacay pev notateto Kal wpos Tacav evpevyns hy ? a ” \ A , , 9 3 A kal oixetos, idcov 5€ tHs 'Axadnueias && apyis 604 LUCULLUS and he thus outwitted the men without their knowing it. For each of his dining-rooms, as it seems, had a fixed allowance for the dinner served there, as well as its own special apparatus and equipment, so that his slaves, on hearing where he wished to dine, knew just how much the dinner was to cost, and what were to be its decorations and arrangements. Now the usual cost of a dinner in the Apollo was fifty thousand drachmas, and that was the sum laid out on the present occasion. Pompey was amazed at the speed with which the banquet was prepared, notwithstanding it had cost somuch. In these ways, then, Lucullus used his wealth wantonly, as though it were in very truth a Barbarian prisoner-of-war. XLII. But what he did in the establishment of a library deserves warm praise. He got together many books, and they were well written, and his - use of them was more honourable to him than his acquisition of them. His libraries were thrown open to all, and the cloisters surrounding them, and the study-rooms, were accessible without restriction to the Greeks, who constantly repaired thither as to an hostelry of the Muses, and spent the day with one another, in glad escape from their other occupations. Lucullus himself also often spent his leisure hours there with them, walking about in the cloisters with their scholars, and he would assist their statesmen in whatever they desired. And in general his house was a home and prytaneium for the Greeks who came to Rome. He was fond of all philosophy, and well-disposed and friendly towards every school, but trom the first he cherished a particular and zealous love for the Academy, not 605 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a a , , 3 épwra Kai Cirov Eoyxev, ov THs véas Aeyoperns, xaimep avOovons tote tois Kapveddouv Adyors A a \ ” dia Dirwvos, GdrAa THs Tadalads, miBavov dvdpa 520 A 4 ‘ Kai Setvov elirety ToTEe MpootaTny éxovans TOV ? / ? U a 4 on Ackxarwvitny Avtioxyov, bv Tadn oTrOVOH TolN- , \ aapevos dirov o AovxovAdos Kat aupBiwTnv 4 a a“ La avrératte Tois Widwvos axpoatais, ov Kal 4 Kixépwv hy. nal ovyypapypa ye rayKxaXov éroin- gev ELS THY alperw, ev O TOV Varép THS KaTANH- , A rews Aoyov AovKovAAw TrepiTéetKev, avT@ Sé \ b , 4 :] b] / N Tov évavtiov. AovKxovrAdgos 8 avayéypamTar To BiBriéov. , , "Hoav 8, waotrep eipntar, pido. apodpa rat Kowwvol THS €v TrodtTELa Tpoatpécews’ ovde yap aA / av wdptav amndrAdyYet THS TodtTELas EavTOV oO 5 AovKovrnros, ddAa THY UTrép TOU péytoTOS ElvaL Kai mrelaotov SivacOat htrotipiav nal dusdrrayv, ¢e ww > 7 vw > 9 4 2 bd) \ @s ovTE axivduvov ov7 avdBptaTov ovaar, EvOUS Pd a 4 \ 4 4 4 e 3 apie Kpdoo@ cat Karo: tovrous yap ot THV Hopmniov duvapiv thopwpevo. mpoe8drXovrTo THs BovAns, aroXeyopévou tov AovKovAXoUv Ta mpwteia’ xatéBawve & eis tHv ayopav bia \ 4 j tous dirous, eis b€ THY ciyKAnToD, et Tloumniou \ 4 \ A / 2 , \ 6 teva déoe orrovdny fh dtrotipiay émnpedoar. Kal tas Te dtatakess, as exetvos érrornaato Tov Bact- 4 a h€wv Kpatnoas, éEéxpovce, Kal véunoty TLva Tis oTpaTLM@Tals avTOD ypddovTos éx@Avae SoOHvaL oupmpattovtos Katwvos, @ate Lloparniov eis thy 606 LUCULLUS the New Academy, so-called, although that school at the time had a vigorous representative of the doctrines of Carneades in Philo, but the Old Academy, which at that time was headed by a persuasive man and powerful speaker in the person of Antiochus of Asealon. This man Lucullus, hastened to make his friend and companion, and arrayed him against the disciples of Philo, of whom Cicero also was one. Indeed, Cicero wrote a noble treatise on the doctrines of this sect, in which he has put the argument in sup- port of “apprehension” into the mouth of Lucullus, and carried the opposing argument himself. The book is entitled “ Lucullus.”! Lucullus and Cicero were, as I have said, ardent friends, and members of the same political party, for Lucullus had not withdrawn himself entirely from political life, although he lost no time in leaving to Crassus and Cato the ambitious struggle for the chief place and the greatest power, since he saw that it involved both peril and ignominy. For those who looked with suspicion upon the power of Pompey, made Crassus and Cato the champions of the senatorial party when Lucullus declined the leadership. But Lucullus would still go to the forum in support of his friends, and also to the Senate, whenever there was need of combating some ambitious scheme of Pompey’s. Thus, the dispositions which Pompey made after his conquest of the kings, Lucullus made null and void, and his proposal for a generous distribution of lands to his soldiers, Lucullus, with the co-operation of Cato, prevented from being granted. Pompey therefore 1 Academicorum Priorum, Liber Secundus, qui inscribitur Lucullus. 607 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kpdooov nal Kaicapos didiav, padrov b€ auve- poctav, xataduyely cal TANpocavTa THVY_TWONY OThwv Kal otpatiwtav Bia xupdca Ta Soypata, TOUS rept tov Kdtwva cal AovcovdXopr éxBadovta THS ayopas. "AyavaxrovvToy 88 tov Berxtiotwy éri tos yevopévots mrporyov of Lloprniavol Bérriov tiva, cuveitnpévar Aéyovres emtBovrevovta Toprnio. Kaxelvos dvaxptvopevos ép pev TH TVYKARTO KaTnyopnoey” ev ép@v TLV@Y, év 56 T@ Sijpem Aov- KkouNXov avopacey, @s ur éKxéivou TG PEG RECUR: apévos atroxteiva Ilopurrniov. ovdels 5é TO AGy@ mpocéayev, GAA Kal wapautixa SHrAos Fv oO dvOpwrros én cucopartia Kab Sia Bor} mpony- pévos vn’ avTav, Kal wadXov epeopdbn TO Tm parypa per orbyas nwepas prpdévros €x THS ElpKTAS vexpov, AEyouévou péey avToudtas TeOvdvat, onpeta 8 dyxovns cal mrnyav éxovros: edoxet yap vm’ avTay avnpjcbat TOY TapEecKevaKoTwv. xX LIT. Tadra 8 nal parXov aijyye Tis Ton Telas TOV AovKovdnor. errel 5é Kirépov eférece THS TONES kat Kdtov ets Kumpov Grea tann, TavTaTac lw €£eAUOn. kal mp0 ye THs TehevTijs heyeras vooRrar Tv didvotav avT@ Kata pix pov drropaparvopevny. Neémas Sé Kopvi)d vos oux uTro YHPOS pnaiv oudé vorou ma arhagat tov Aov- KovAXov, ANA happdKots VITO TLVOS TOY aTredev- Oépwv Karruo8cvovs SvadOapévra: 7a 6€ bappaxa Sof ijvau pev, @S ayaT @To HaAXov oO Karrrabévns um avTov, ToLaUTHY Exeuv duxobvra THV Suvawy, éxatnoat 6€ Kai xatakAvaat TOV OYLO MOV, WoT 608 LUCULLUS took refuge in an alliance, or rather a conspiracy, with Crassus and Caesar, and by filling the city with his armed soldiery and expelling from the forum the partisans of Cato and Lucullus, got his measures ratified. As these proceedings were resented by the nobles, the partisans of Pompey produced a certain Vettius, whom, as they declared, they had caught plotting against the life of Pompey. So the man was ex- amined in the Senate, where he accused sundry other persons, but before the people he named Lucullus as the man who had engaged him to kill Pompey. However, no one believed his story, nay, it was at once clear that the fellow had been put forward by the: partisans of Pompey to make false and malicious charges, and the fraud was made all the plainer when, a few days afterwards, his dead body was cast out of the prison. It was said, indeed, that he had died a natural death, but he bore the marks of throttling and violence, and the opinion was that he had been taken off by the very men who had engaged his services. XLIII. Of course this induced Lucullus to with- draw even more from public life. And when Cicero was banished from the city, and Cato was sent out to Cyprus, he retired altogether. Even before his death, it is said that his understanding was affected and gradually faded away. But Cornelius Nepos says that Lucullus lost his mind not from old age, nor yet from disease, but that he was disabled by drugs administered to him by one of his freedmen, Callisthenes; that the drugs were given him by Callisthenes in order to win more of his love, in the belief that they had such a power, but they drove him from his senses and overwhelmed his reason 609 VOL. IL. RR bo PLUTARCH’S LIVES ére SavTos avrob THv ovalay Stocxely Tov aderpév. ov “IY GAX as amréOave, xaddmep dv éy an wh THS oTpaTnyias KAL THS TomTElLas auTov TENET} cavtos, 0 Shpos nxXOéECOn Kai cuvédpape, Kat TO copa Koptaev ets aryopay vIr0 TOV evyever TAT wy veavic Kov éBidlero Oarrew é€v To Tediwm Tov “Apews, Strou cat LdArav Harper. oddevis dé ToUTO WpocdokncavTos, ovde padtas ovons THs TapacKevijs, 0 aberdos avtot Seopevos Kal mapat- TOUPEVOS eet ev emiTpeyrar THY MapecKevac Levyny éy t@ Trepi Tovtoxdov ay pe | Tod vexpob xndetay yever Pat. moduv © ovd avTos mpooeBiw xpovor, GAN Os mrcKia, kat Oo&n ptxpov amenreipOn, Ka T@ Ypovm TIS renee gprraderdhoratos yevo- pevos. KIMQNOS KAI AOYKOYAAOY 2YTKPIZIS I. Mdnota 8 adv tis evdatpovicee Tov TéXOUS Aovcouhnor, 6tt ™po THS petaBonis, nv 70m KATA THS TodTEelas érextaiveto Tols eupurtors TOAEWOLS TO Tem pwpevov, EOn mpoaTroGavay Kat KaTadvaas €v vocovoy pen, ere 5° éhevOepa Th Ta. pio tov Biov. Kal TOTO rye mavToy auT@ 7 pos Kipova KOLvoT aT OV éott.. Kal yap éxeivos our TUvTETApary WEvOY Ttav “EXAnuK@yv, addr’ aK pny exovTov éreAevTNCEY, eT orpatomédou MéVTOL Kal aoTparhnyay, OUK ATrELPNKAS OV" advo, ovdé TOY OTAwWY Kal TaY aTpaTHYLOY Kal TaV 1 &4y supplied by Reiske. 610 521 LUCULLUS so that even while he was still alive, his brother managed his property. However, when he died,! the people grieved just as much as if his death had come at the culmination of his military and political services, and flocked together, and tried to compel the young nobles who had carried the body into the forum to bury it in the Campus Martius, where Sulla also had been buried. But no one had ex- pected this, and preparations for it were not easy, and so his brother, by prayers and supplications, succeeded in persuading them to suffer the burial to take place on the estate at Tusculum, where prepa- tions for it had been made. Nor did he himself long ‘survive Lucullus, but, as in age and reputation he came a little behind him, so did he also in the time of his death, having been a most affectionate brother. COMPARISON OF LUCULLUS AND CIMON I. One might deem Lucullus especially happy in his end, from the fact that he died before that constitutional change had come, which fate was already contriving by means of the civil wars. His country was in a distempered state when he laid down his life, but still she was free. And in this respect, more than any other, he is like Cimon. For Cimon also died before Greece was confounded, and while she was at the acme of her power. He died, however, in the field, and at the head of an army, not exhausted or of a wandering mind, nor yet 1 About 57 B.c, a. wi 6 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tpoTraiwv éraOXov motovpevos evwyias Kai TOTOUS, ~ 4 > , \ N 3 lA worrep IIXatwv ericxwrre: Tous rept tov Opdéa, tois ev BeBiwxoot ddoxovtas atoxeicOar yépas 2 a , ea \ ® \ éy adov péeOnv aimvov. ayorn péev odv kal e 4 N , € fe ‘ novxia cal dratpiBy wept Noyous 7SovnY Twa Kal Gewpiav éyovtas evmperréctatov avipt mpecBury Kal qTeTavpévp odeuwv Kal qodlTelas Tapa- 4 \ > 9,9 © , e 4 , pvOtov: To 8 ef ndovny, ws Tédos, KaTaTTpEeavTa Tas Karas mpdkes 76n Aorov ’"Adpodicia Trav ToNeuwv Kal otpatnyiav ayovTa maivew xal a 9 ¥ A A ? , ION tpupayv ovx afta ths Kxarys ‘Axabdnpeias, ovdé \ 4 na b] 3 > 4 tov Elevoxpatn (nXodvtos, aGAX éyKexALKOTOS mpos tov ‘Emixouvpov. § Kxal Oavyacrov éaortw: UrevavTiMs yap 4 veoTns Tod pey érrinpoyos Kal axoractos yeyovévat Soxei, Tou Sé memadevpevy , / a A e \ \ , € Kal cwhpwv. Bedrtiwy ody @ mpos To BérTLOV 7 peraBorn xpnorotépa yap 7» uous, ev H ynpa ev TO yelpov, eTraxpater Sé TO Apesvor. . Kal pv opoiws ye wrovTncavtes ovX opoiws d:€Bevto Tov TAODTOY. ov yap dftov opotacat TO voTiw TelyeL THS dxporohens, 6 ois imo Kipovos copia Oeiow éreréoOn XPnpace, tous ev Né ea TONE Jardpous Kal Tas TepikrAvaTous améwes, as Aovcoundras amo TOV BapBapicav eF@xodoper Upwv: oudé ye TH Kipevos Tpatécy THY Aov- KoUNXNOoU mrapaBaneiv, TH Snpwoxpatixy Kat peday- Spam THY TOTEM, Kal TaTpariKhy. 7 bev yap amo pupas Samdyns TOAAOUS Kal? 7)jLépav duétpedev, 7 5’ eis OAL yous TpUp@vTas amo TrOAAOY 2» 612 COMPARISON OF LUCULLUS AND CIMON making feastings and revellings the crowning prize for arms and campaigns and trophies. Plato! ban- ters the followers of Orpheus for declaring that for those who have lived rightly, there is laid up in Hades a treasure of everlasting intoxication. Leisure, no doubt, and quiet, and the pursuit of pleasantly speculative learning, furnish a most fitting solace for a man of years who has retired from wars and politics. But to divert fair achievements to pleasure as their final end, and then to sport and wanton at the head of Aphrodite’s train, as a sequel to wars and fightings, was not worthy of the noble Academy, nor yet of one who would follow Xenocrates, but rather of one who leaned towards Epicurus. And this is the more astonishing, because, contrariwise, Cimon seems to have been of ill repute and un- restrained in his youth, while Lucullus was dis- ciplined and sober. Better, surely, is the man in whom the change is for the better; for it argues a more wholesome nature when its evil withers and its good ripens. _ And further, though both alike were wealthy, they did not make a like use of their wealth. There is no comparing the south wall of the Acropolis, which was completed with the moneys brought home by Cimon, with the palaces and sea-washed Bel- videres at N eapolis, which Lucullus built out of the spoils of the Barbarians. Nor can the table of Cimon be likened to that of Lucullus; the one was democratic and charitable, the other sumptuous and oriental. The one, at slight outlay, gave daily sus- tenance to many; the other, at large cost, was prepared for a few luxurious livers. It may be said, 1 Republic, ii. p. 363. 613 PLUTARCH’S LIVES maperKevalero XPnwareov. él MN vn Aia tov Tpayparov emotes Svapopav 0 Xpovos: adnNov yap, el Kal Kipev amTO TOV mpafewy Kal oTparn- yea eis Gm ONE WOV Kal amo TEvTOY yapas, adgeis autov étt pardov av expnoaro coBapée Kai T pos noovny averpevy Siairay: Kal yap piromorns Kal TavnyupiKos Kal Ta ™ pos yuvaixas, os 7 poel- pntas, diaB_eBrnpévos. ai 6é mepi tas mpdkeus Kal TOUS ayavas KaTopbacess noovas érépas EXovoae TOV Xetpoveay émrOupiav doxoday Tol- ovat Kal Mi Onv TALS TONTIKALS cat Prrori pots puceory. el yoov Kat AovKovdros eTehevTnoev aywvilopevos Kal oTpATH YAY, ovd av o wWoyepo- TATOS Kal Prropeuporatos evpely pot Soxet d2a- Bornv én avtov. kal tadta pev rept Tis diairas. IH. "Ev dé Tobs ToheuLKots OTL pev apporepos Kab Kara yiv Kal Kata Odrdaccav aryablol yeryo- vaow ayovirral Ofjrov" domep dé TOY abrnTav TOUS HMEepa pod Tarn Kat TayKparicp oTepavov- pévous ex Tut mapadofovixas KaXovour, oT Kipeov ev pe pg pa meCopaxias Kal vou Pay Las dpa TpoTrai@ orepavdcas THY “EAAdba dixacos eoru exeuv Twa mpoedpiay éy toils otparnyois. Kal pny Aovkovdrw pev ) TaTpis, Kipov 6é TH marpior THY Wyyepoviay mepteOnne. Kat 0 pev adpxovan TOV TULpLAX ov TPOTEKTHTATO Ta TOY TONEMLOY, 08 addows eTrOMEV NY TaparaBev dma kal Tov Tuma ape Kal TOV Tohepteoy Kpateiv émoinae, Ilépcas pév dvayxdoas HTTH- 529 Oévras éxBivar tis Oaracons, AaxeSatpovious 3é 614 COMPARISON OF LUCULLUS AND CIMON indeed, that the difference in state was due to the difference in time. For it is at least possible that Cimon also, if he had retired after his active cam- paigns to an old age which knew neither war nor politics, might have led an even more ostentatious and pleasure-loving life. He was fond of wine and given to display, and his relations with women, as I have said before,! were scandalous. But success in strenuous achievement, affording as it does a higher pleasure, gives public-spirited and ambitious natures no time to indulge the baser appetites, which are forgotten. At any rate, if Lucullus also had ended his days in active military command, not even the most carping and censorious spirit, I think, could have brought accusation against him. Thus much concerning their manner of life. II. In war, it is plain that both were good fighters, both on land and sea. But just as those athletes who win crowns in wrestling and the pancratium on a single day are called, by custom, “ Victors- extraordinary,’ so Cimon, who in a single day crowned Greece with the trophies of a land and sea victory, may justly have a certain pre-eminence among generals. And further, it was his country which conferred imperial power upon Lucullus, whereas Cimon conferred it upon his. The one added his foreign conquests to a country which already ruled her allies ; the other found his country obeying others, and gave her command over her allies and victory over her foreign foes, by defeating the Persians and driving them from the sea, and by persuading the Lacedaemonians voluntarily to 1 See Cimon, iv. 8. 615 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 meicas éxovtas éxoThvar. €% Tolvuy péytoTrov Epyov Hryemovos evireiOerav épydaacbaz 8v’ evvoias,} AoveovAXos pév vd TOY oTpaTilwTav KaTe- dpovnOn, Kipov Oy br6 Tay ouppaxeov éBav- pda On" wap ov pev "yap améaTnoay, mpos ov dé peTéaTycay. Kal o pev ov apxwv é&AOev, b7rd tovTwy arorepOels érravndOev, o Sé pel Ov érépois troujowy TO wTpoctaTTopevov éFeréudOn, TOUTOLS auros d:50us TO TapayyeApa KaTéT EVE, Tpla, Ta TaVTOV dvaKodksrata Seatrem parywévos ood TH TONE, TpOs pev TOUS Tone pious elonyny, Tapa o€ TaV TUL LAX OY nryenoviav, impos &é Aaxebdatpovious ouovoray. 4 Meyaaas Toivuy émruyerpngaytes dup érepor KaTanvewv Tryepovias Kal Kataatpéeper bas THY ’Agiay Twacav areneis eyévovTo TOY mpafewv, ) peev xadanat bia THD TOXxNY" eTeNEUTHTE yap oTpaTnyav Kat eunpep@v: tov 8 ov TAVTENAS av TUS eféXovro THs Tap avrov airias, el’ myvoncey elt ovK eGepamrevae Tas év T@ TTpaTLOTiK® Siapopas Kat péprpers, abd av eis THKavTas 5 amexDeias 7 pofrOev. uP Tob) ve ral 7 pos Kipova KoLvov éote’ Kal yap éxelvov vmrnyaryov Te eis dixas oi TONLT aL Kal TENEUT@VTES _eEwotpa- Kicay, iv avrod béxa eTav, as gnow ) [drwy Ths pavijs pn aKOVTWCLV. at yap dpirtoKxparixal pucers Oriya Tots TorNots svvadovat Kal 7 pos noovnyv éxoval, Ta 5é TroAAa mpooBiatouevar 7@ KarevO Bev Stactpepopmévous amaow, domep oi Tov iatpav Seopol, Kaitrep eis TA KaTa how 1 evvoias With S: efvoiapy. 616 : COMPARISON OF LUCULLUS AND CIMON ® relinquish the command. Granted that it is the most important task of a leader to secure prompt obedience through good will, Lucullus was despised by his own soldiers, while Cimon was admired by the allies. His soldiers deserted the one; the allies came over to the other. The one came back home abandoned by those whom he commanded when he set out ; the other was sent out with allies to do the commands of others, but before he sailed home he himself gave commands to those allies, having successfully secured for his city three of the most difficult objects at once, namely, peace with the enemy, leadership of the allies, and concord with’ the Lacedaemonians. Again, both attempted to subvert great empires and to subdue all Asia, and both left their work unfinished: Cimon through ill fortune pure and simple, for he died at the head of his army and at the height of his success; but Lucullus one cannot altogether acquit of blame, whether he was ignorant of, or would not attend to the grievances and complaints among his soldiery, in consequence of which he became so bitterly hated. Or perhaps this has its counterpart in the life of Cimon, for he was brought to trial by his fellow citizens and finally ostracised, in order that for ten years, as Plato says,! they might not hear his voice. For aristocratic natures are little in accord with the multitude, and seldom please it, but by so often using force to rectify its aberrations, they vex and annoy it, just as physicians’ bandages vex and annoy, although they bring the dislocated members into their natural 1 Gorgias, p. 516. 617 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ayovres Tas TrapapOprhcets. TavTns pév ody laws ATANNAKTEOV THS aitias ExaTEpoV. III. IloAvd & o AoveovAros mwponAGe TO Tronée- po Tov TE Tadpov drrepBaraov orparoméde ‘Pwpaiwv TpaTOos, kal tov Tipu daBas Kal Ta Bacirtera tis “Acias év Ove. trav Baciréwr, Tiypavoxepta xat KdBepa cat Swern kal Nici Biv, dav nat catadré£as, cal ta wev Bopera péxpt Pactdos, tra 8 é@a péxpt Mrditas, ra dé Mpos votov Kat THy épvOpav Odraccay oixetwod- pevos O14 Tov “ApaRixdv Bacidéwv, curTpivpas dé Tas Suvdyuers TOV Bacthewr, amonerpOeis be povou TOU Ta oopara raBeir, Gamep Onpiwy eis épnuias kal dras aaotiBets ral aBatous arrobe- SpacKovreav. TeKunpLov Oé peya* Tlépaas pév yap as ovdev péya merrovOores v6 Kipavos evOus aVvTETATTOVTO Tots “EAAnot, Kal THY ye WoNAny Svvaulv avTay év Alytrre KpaTncavres bie Oer- pav, Teypavou bé Kal M0 piddrou pera Aovxova- Ov oudev aXXo epyov eyeveTo, GaN’ 0 pev aa bevins 70n Kal TUYKEKOUPEVOS vTO TOV T POT OV ayovev ove anat eTohpnoe beiEar Hoparni THD Suva é&w Tov Xapaxos, GAAa huyov eis Booropov KcatéeBn Kaxel KatéaT pee, Teypavns 8’ avtos éav- TOV yupvov Kal avotrXov pépov Dméppiype Top Tnio, Kal To Suddnpa THs Keparhs dehouevos 2Onxe mpd TOV Today, ou Tots éavTOU KOAaKEVWY Tlourniov, adXa toils Ure AoveovAXov teOptap- Bevpévots. nyatnoe yobv atroXapBavwv Ta ovp- Bora tis Bacihetas ws adypnuévos mporepor. 618 COMPARISON OF LUCULLUS AND CIMON position. Perhaps, then, both come off about alike on this count. II. But Lucullus was much the greater in war. He was the first Roman to cross the Taurus with an army ; he passed the Tigris and captured and burned the royal cities of Asia, —Tigranocerta, Cabira, Sinopé, and Nisibis, before the eyes of their kings ; he made his own the regions to the north as far as the Phasis, to the east as far as Media, and to the south as far as the Red Sea, through the assistance of the Arabian kings; he annihilated the forces of the hostile kings, and failed only in the capture of their persons, since like wild beasts they fled away into deserts and trackless and impenetrable forests. Strong proof of his superiority is seen in this, that the Persians, since they had suffered no great harm at the hands of Cimon, straightway arrayed them- selves against: the Greeks, and overwhelmed and destroyed that large force of theirs in Egypt;! whereas, after Lucullus, Tigranes and Mithridates availed nothing: the latter, already weak and disabled by his first struggles, did not once dare to show Pompey his forces outside their camp, but fled | away to the Bosporus, and there put an end to his | life; as for Tigranes, he hastened to throw himself, while unrobed and unarmed, at the feet of Pompey, and taking the diadem from off his head, laid it there upon the ground, flattering Pompey thus not with his own exploits, but with those for which Lucullus had celebrated a triumph. At any rate, he was as much delighted to get back the insignia of his royalty as though he had been robbed of them before. Greater therefore is the general, as is the 1 454 B.c. See Thucydides, i. 109 f. 619 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , ) fo > , 8 wn ) pellwv ovv otpatnyos, ®aTep AOANTHS, 0 TO peO éavToy aoVevéctepov Trapacovs Tov avTiTanov. “Ett toivuy Kipov per cuvtetpippéevnv tv Bactréws Stugpw nai 76 Wepoav ppovnpa cuve- oTadpévoy ATTais peydAais Kal atravaTos duyais id @ewictoxrA€ovs nat Ilavoaviov Kat Aewtuyidou xataraBov érevéBn xal brorerrto- KOT@Y Kal TponTTnéevar Tais Wuyais TA TOpata padios évienae, AovcovrArAw 5é Teypavns anrrntos 523 €x TONA@Y dyavev Kal péya Ppovav cuvéTece. mANGe. & ovd adkov twapaBareiy ois emt Aov- KovAXov cuveNOodar Tovs bro Kipwvos xparnbév- Tas. Mote TdvTn peTarauBdvovte Svadiattntov elvat THY Kpiow, eel Kal TO Satpoviov auporépots oxen evpeves yever Oat, T@ pev & ypn KaTtopOoo», T® 0 & huddttecOar ypn Tpounviov, date Kal THhv Tapa TaV Dewy w>Wihov avtois UTapyew ws ayabois xal Oeious THY hvow apudorépors. 620 COMPARISON OF LUCULLUS AND CIMON athlete, who hands over his antagonist to his successor in a weaker plight. Moreover, and still further, Cimon made his onsets when the power of the king had been broken, and the pride of the Persians humbled by great defeats and incessant routs at the hands of Themistocles, Pausanias, and Leotychides, and easily conquered the bodies of men whose spirits had been defeated beforehand and lay prone. But when Tigranes encountered Lucullus, he had known no defeat in many battles, and was in exultant mood. In point of numbers also, those who were overpowered by Cimon are not worthy of comparison with those who united against Lucullus. Therefore, one who takes everything into consideration finds it hard to reach a decision. Heaven seems to have been kindly disposed to both, directing the one as to what he must perform, and the other as to what he must avoid. Both, therefore, may be said to have received the vote of the gods as noble and god-like natures. Digitized by Google ~ A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES A Acestodorus, possibly the Acesto- dorus of Megalopolis, of un- known date, wuthor of a work ** On Cities.’’ Achaia, a province in the north of Peloponnesus, seat of the Achaean League (280-146 B.c.). In 167 B.c., the Komans deported 1000 Achaeans to ltaly, where they were held for seventeen years. Among them was the historian Polybius. The name Achaia was afterwards given to the whole of southern Greece as a Roman province. Acharnae, the largest deme, or township, of Attica, some eight miles to the north of Athens. Adiabené, the western province of Assyria, lying along the Tigris river. Aeolian Isles, a group of islands lying between Sicily and Italy (Lucania). Aeschines the Socratic, a disciple of Socrates, and author of Socra- tic dialogues. Agesilaiis, king of Sparta 398-361 B.0 Albania, a country lying between Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus mountains, to the east, of Iberia. Allia, an _ insignificant stream, joining the Tiber about eleven miles above Rome, from the east. Amisus, a city of Pontus (or Paph- lagonia), on the southern shore of af * the Euxine Sea, some one hundred miles east of Sinopé. Ammon, a Libyan divinity, identi- fled with Zeus and Jupiter. His most famous oracle was in an oasis of the Libyan desert. Amphiaraiis, a mythical seer and prophet, king of Argos, who perished in the expedition of the Seven against ‘Thebes. Anaxagoras, of Clazomenae, in Ionian Asia Minor, influential at Athens as an advanced thinker from about 460 to 432 B.c., when the enemies of Pericles secured his banishment. Andocides, an Athenian orator, prominent 415-290 B.c. He betrayed the oligarchical party, incurring its hatred, and vainly tried to win the favour of the democratic party. Andros, the most northerly island of the Cyclades group, S.E. of Euboea. Anio, a large river of Latium, rising in the Apennines, and joining the Tiber about three miles above Kome, from the east. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria 223-187 B.c. Antiochus the philosopher, of Ascalon, pupil of Philo in the school of the Academy, a friend of Lucullus, and a teacher of Cicero. He died in 68 B.c. Antipater, regent of Macedonia after the death of Alexander ee B.C.), victor over the con- ederate Greeks at Crannon, in Thessaly, 322. He died in 319. 623 DICTIONARY OF Araxes, a large -river rising in Armenia, and flowing east into the Caspian Sea. Arbela, an Assyrian town near which (at the village of Gauga- mela) Darius suffered final de- feat at the hands of Alexander, in 331 B.c. Archelaiis, of Miletus, the natural philcsopher, said to have been a pupil of Anaxagoras, and a teacher of Socrates. Archidamus, king of Sparta from 361 to 338 B.c., when he went to the aid gf the Tarentines in Italy, and was killed in battle. Archon Eponymous, the first of the board of nine archons at Athens, so called, after the Roman conquest, because the year was registered in his name. Aristogeiton, slayer, with Har- modius, of Hipparchus, the brother of the Athenian tyrant Hippias, in 514 B.c. The two ‘* tyrannicides ” were afterwards honoured as patriots and martyrs. Ariston of Ceos, head of the Peripa- tetic school of philosophy at ci about 225 B.c. (pp. 9, 7). Ariston the philosopher (p. 355), of Chios, a Stoic, pupil of Zeno. in his later life he taught doctrines of the Cynic school. He flourished about 260 B.c., and is often confounded with Ariston of Ccos. Aristoxenus the musician, a pupil of Aristotle, and a philosopher of the Peripatetic s:hool. Armenia, a country lying north of Mesopotamia and _ Assyria, between the upper Euphrates and Media. ; Artaxata, the ancient capital of Armenia, on the river Araxes. See T'igranocerta, Artemisia, queen of Halicarnassus, vassal of Xerxes, who distin- guished herself in the battle of Salamis. Asopis, a mythical personage, mother of Mentor by Heracics. 624 PROPER NAMES Atilius, M. Atilius Regulus, consul for the second time in 256 B.c., when he was defeated and taken prisoner by the Carthaginians. Atropatené, a province of Media, to the east of Armenia. Attalus, the name of three kings of Pergamum, in Asia Minor. B Bithynia, a country of N.W. Asia Minor, lying east of the Pro- pontis, and along the coast of the Euxine Sea. Boédromion, the third month in the Attic calendar, corresponding nearly to our September. Brundisium, an important city on the eastern coast of Italy (Cala- bria), with a fine harbour. It was the natural point of de- parture from Italy tothe East, aud was the chief nayal station o the Romans in the Adriatic a. Cc Cabeira (or Cabira),a city of Pontus, in the northern part of Asia Minor. Caepio, Q. Servilius, consul in 106 B.c., receiving the province of Gallia Narbonensis, where, in the following year, on the 6th of October, his army was utterly annihilated by the Cimbri. Callisthenes, of Olynthus, a relative and pupil of Aristotle, author of a Hellenica, or History of Greece, from 387 to 357 B.c. He accom- panied Alexander the Great as historian of the expedition, the end of which he cid not live to see. Cappadocia, a district in eastern Asia Minor, south of Pontus, and north of Cilicia. Carneades, of Cyrené, head of the Academy at Athens in 156 B.c, (when he was one of an embassy of philosophers to Rome) and unti] his death in 129 B.c. He was famous for the persuasive force of his eloquence. DICTIONARY OF Chaeroneia, a town commanding the entrance from Phocis into Boeotia, celebrated for the battles fought in its neighbour- hood. Here Philip of Macedon defeated the allied Greeks in 838 B.O. Chalcedon, a city of Bithynia, at the entrance of the Euxine Sea, opposite Byzantium. Chaldaeans, a general name for the inhabitants of Babylonia. - Charon of Lampsacus, a “ logo- grapher,” a predecessor of Hero- dotus, who wrote a history of Persia in annalistic form. Chelidonian Isles, a group of islands off. the coast of Pam- phylia, in southern Asia Minor. Chersonese (i.e. peninsula), here (p. 447) of the Thracian Cher- sonese, extending in a S.W. direction into the Aegean Sea west of the Hellespont. Cilicia, a country in southern Asia Minor, extending along’ the Mediterranean between Pam- phylia and Syria. Cimbri, a northern tribe which, joining with the Teutones, in- vaded southern Europe. They were at last annihilated by Marius in 101 B.c. Citium, a town on the southern coast of Cyprus. Cleidemus, the oldest annalist of Athens, who flourished during the closing years of the fifth and the. first half of the fourth century B.C. Cleisthenes, the Athenian aristocrat who introduced the democratic reforms which followed the expulsion of the tyrants in 510 B.c. Cieitarchus (Clitarchus), a historian who accompanied Alexander on his expedition to the Fast, and wrote a rhetorical history of it. He was the son of Deinon. Cleonae, a city nearly midway between Argos and Corinth in Peloponnesus. ‘The Nemean games were celebrated in its territory. Vou. II. PROPER NAMES Cnidus, a Dorian city in the S.W. of Caria, in south-western Asia Minor. Colchis, a district at the eastern extremity of the Euxine Sea, north of Armenia. Colophon, one of the cities of Ionian Asia Minor. Corcyra, an island in the Ionian Sea, opposite Epeirus, the modern Cortt. Cos, an island off the S.W. coast of Caria, opposite Cnidus. Crannon, a town in cen Thessaly, the seat of the wealt” family of the Scopadae. Craterus the Macedonian, a_ half- brother of Antigonus Gonatas, the king of Macedonia (0b. 239 B.0.), who compiled historical documents, such as decrees and other published inscriptions, bearing on the history of Athens. Critias, one of the ‘‘ thirty tyrants ”’ (404-403 B.O.), like Alcibiades a follower of Socrates, author of tragedies, and elegiac poems on political subjects. Cronus, the father of Zeus, identi- tied with the Roman Saturnus. Curius, Manius Curius Dentatus, consul in 290 B.c., in which year he brought the long war with the Samnites to a close and reduced the revolted Sabines. In 275 B.c., he defeated Pyrrhus at Beneventum. He celebrated two triumphs in 290, and one“a afd. / Cyanean Isles, two islands at niouth of the Bosporus, ? entrance into the Euxine the clashing isles of mythe Cymé, an Aeo ian city on tb of Asia Minor, S.E. of Les Cyrené, a Greek city ¢ northern | ace of . ith. commercia! relations with= 9 .f age, Greece, and Egypt. ° itra, Cyzicus, a city on the sou ry fter shore of the Propontis, in My "Vere strongly situated on the neck ¢2- a peninsula, $9 625 —— ~— ~ ~~ DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES D Damastes, of Sigeium in the Troad, a historian contemporary with Herodotus, and author, besides nen other works, of a genealogy oS e Greeks who fought at ‘roy Deceleia, a mountain citadel of Attica, about fourteen miles from Athens towards Boeotia. Deinon (Dinon), of Colophon, author of a History of Persia, father of Cleitarchus the _his- torian of Alexander’s expedition. + Demetrius of Phalerum, regent at Athens for Cassander 317-307 B.O., & voluminous writer on history, politics, poetry, and philosophy. Diodorus the Topographer (Perie- getes), of Athens (probably), a contemporary of Alexander the Great, wrote on the demes and monuments of Attica. Dion, of Syracuse, an ardent dis- ciple of Plato, master of Syracuse after the expulsion of Dionysius II, assassinated in 353 B.C. Dodona, a town in Epeirus, seat of the most ancient oracle of Zeus. E Elaex, an Aeolic city of Asia Minor, the port for Pergamum. Epaminondas, Theban general and ‘gtatesman, friend of Pelopidas, fell in the battle of Mantineia, 362 B.C iphesus one of the twelve Ionian cities, in Lydia, Asia Minor, at the mouth of the river Cayster. Ephors, five chief magistrates at. Sparta elected annually. The first Ephor gave his name to the ear, like the Athenian Archon mA ponymous. vahorus, of Cymé, pupil of Iso- eee author of a highly rhetori- history of Greece from the down to in which year he died. founder of the philo- a Dorian Invasion ”’ Ase 340 B.C., Epicurus, 626 sophical school named from him, born in Samos, 342 B.c., died at Athens, 270 B.c. Eratosthenes, of Cyrené, librarian at Alexandria, most distin- guished as geographer and chronologist, a writer also on philosophy and ethics, 275-194 aanenies: king of Pergamum in Asia Minor from 197 to 159 B.c., and like his father (Attalus I), a persistent friend of Rome. Eurymedon, a river flowing through Pamphylia, in southern Asia Minor, into the Mediterranean. F Fabricius, C. Fabricius Luscinus, like Curius and Atilius a repre- sentative of the sterling ‘virtues of the more ancient times, am- bassador to Pyrrhus at Tarentum after the disastrous battle of Heracleia, 280 B.C., consul in 278 B.C., censor in 275, with the - severity of a Cato. G Gabinian way, Via Gabina (earlier called Via Tiburtina), leading eastwards from Rome to Tibur (Tivoli). Galatia, a district in central Asia finor. Gordyené, a district of southern Armenia, lying east of the river Tigris. Gorgias, of Leontini in Sicily, famous for his eloquence, came on an embassy to Athens iv 427 B.C., when sixty years of age, and spent the rest of his life in that and neighbouring cities, amassing great wealth as a paid teacher of rhetoric. Granicus, a river of Troas, flowing - north into the Propontis. H Hamilcar, surnamed Barcas, im- placable enemy of the Romans, DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES father of Hannibal, and founder of the Carthaginian empire in Spain, died in 229 B.c. Hecatombaeon, the first month of the Attic calendar, corresponding nearly to our July. Helots, a name given to the original inhabitants of Laconia who had lost both land and free- dom. They were state slaves. See Perioeci. Heracleia (p. 423), called Pontica, to distinguish it from the many other cities of the same name, a city of Bithynia (or Phrygia Minor) on the southern shore of the Euxine Sea. Heracleides, called Ponticus from his birth in Heracleia Pontica, a pupil of Plato and ‘ristotle, and a learned and voluminous writer on almost all possible subjects. Cicero thought him superstitious and uncritical. Hieronymus the Rhodian, a disciple of Aristotle. flourishing about 800 B.c. Little is known about him, though he is often quoted by Cicero. Hippocrates, the second of that name, and the most famous physician of ancient times, 460— 357 B.C. Hyrcanian Sea, another name for the Caspian Sea, from the Province of Hyrcania to the 8.E. of it. I Iberia, a country east of Colchis, Devween the Euxine and Caspian as. Ides, the fifteenth day of the Roman month in March, May, July, and October; the thir- teenth in the other months. Idomeneus, of Lampsacus, a pupil and friend of Epicurus (342- 270 B.C.), author of biographical works on “‘ The Socratics,” and “The Demagogues.” Ino, daughter of Cadmus, and wife of Athamas, the king of Orcho- menus in Boeotia. After her death she was worshipped as Leuocthea, a sea goddess. Ac- cording to one of the many myths connected with her name, she became mad with jealousy of a female slave, and slew her own son. See Plutarch, Roman Questions, 16. Ton, of Chios, a popular poet at Athens between 452 and 421 B.Cc., also author of a prose work entitled ‘* Sojourns,” in which he recounted his experiences with famous men of his time. Isocrates, the celebrated Attic orator and rhetorician, 436-338 B.O. J Jason, the great hero of the Argonautic expedition, husband of Medeia. L Lamptrae, name of two demes, or townships, in S.E. Attica. Lemnos, a large island in the oe part of the Aegean ea. Leucothea. See Ino. Lycaonia, a district in central Asia Minor, between Galatia and Cilicia. Lycurgus, the semi-historical law- iver of Sparta, where he was onoured as a god. Lysias, the Attic orator, 458-378 B.O. M Maeotis, Lake, the modern Sea of Azov, N.E. of the Euxine Sea. Maimacterion, the fifth month of the Attic year, corresponding nearly to our November. Mardians, a tribe on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. Marsi, an ancient people of centra. Italy, akin to the Sabines. After their defeat in 89 B.c., they were admitted to the Roman citizen- ship, with the other Italians. 627 . DICTIONARY OF Melanthius, an author of tragedies and elegiac poems, contemporary with Cimon at Athens. Melissus, Samos, a famous natural philosopher, a disciple of Parmenides, who led the mians successfully against ricles. Mesopotamia, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers above Babylonia. Metageitnion, the second month of the Attic calendar, corresponding nearly to our August. Metellus Pius, Q. Caecilius, ob- . tained the surname of Pius for persuading the people to recall his father, Metellus Numidicus, from banishment. He was a successful general under Sulla, and consul with him in 80 B.o. He died about 63 B.c. Mithridates, the sixth king of Pontus bearing this name, com- monly known as Mithridates the Great, 120-63 B.c., the most formidable enemy of the Romans in the East. Mitylené the largest city of Lesbos, off the N.W. coast of Asia Minor. Mygdonia, a district in the N.E. of Mesopotamia. N Nausicrates (or Naucrates), the - rhetorician, a pupil of Isocrates. He composed models of funeral orations for men of note. Neanthes, of Cyzicus, a voluminous writer of history, who flourished about 240 B.c. He belonged to the school of Isocrates. Nepos, Cornelius, Roman _bio- grapher and historian, a cor- temporary and friend of Cicero. Nicomedeia, capital of Bithynia, at the N.E. corner of the Pro- pontis. ee the chief city of Mygdonia g.v.). Nones, the ninth day hefore the Tdes of the Roman month, falling therefore on the seventh day of 628 PROPER NAMES the month in March, May, July, and October, and on the ffth day of the other months. Numantia, a city in the northern part of Spain, taken after a memorable siege by Scipio Afri- canus, in 134 B.c. O Oropus, a town and district on the northern and eastern borders respectively) of Attica and otia, much in dispute be- tween Athenians and Thebans. Orpheus, the mythical singer of Thrace, and one of the Argonauts. P Tagasae, a city in S.E. Thessaly, at the head of a gulf of the same naine, famed in story as the port from which Jason set sail with the Argonauts. Palatium, the Palatine hill of P raphy ia the amphylia, a co on south coast of Mea Manse between Lycia and Cilicia. Panaetius, of Rhodes, the Stoic phibosopiier, chief founder of the Stoic school at Rome, flourishing between 150 and 110 B.o. Parthia, in the time of Lucullus, a vast realm to the east of Armenia, A ia, and Mesopotamia. Peisistratus, tyrant of Athens in 560 B.c , and during seventeen of the thirty-three years thereafter. Pelopidas, Theban general and statesman, bosom friend of Pperniioncs: killed in battle 364 B.C Pergamum (or Pergamus), an ancient city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, on the river Calcus. After 283 B.c., it was the seat of the Attalid dynasty. Perioeci, the name of those in- habitants of Sparta who kept their lands and personal Llibert unlike the Helots, but who did ane exercise the rights of citizen- ship. DICTIONARY OF lerseus (pp. 347, 363), the last king of Macedonia, son of Philip V. He graced the triumph of Aemi- lius Paulus in 167 B.c., and died at Rome several years later. Perseus (p. 411), the famous Argive hero, son of Zeus and Danag, slayer of the Gorgon Medusa. Phalerum, the ancient harbour of Athens, before Themistocles forti- fied the Peiraeus. Phanias, the Lesbian, of Eresos, the most distinguished pupil of Aristotle after Theophrastus, a prolific writer on philosophy and history,—a historical romancer. Phanodemus, a writer of Attic annals, after the manner of Cleidemus (q.2.). harnacia, a city of Pontus, on the southern shore of the Euxine, N.E. of Cabeira. Phasis, a river of Colchis, flowing ne the Euxine at its eastern Philip (p. 139), of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great, secured the leadership of Greece in the battle at Chaeroneia, 338 B.c. Philip (p.335), Philip V of Macedon, father of Perseus, from 216 B.0. till his death in 179 a formidable enemy of Rome. Philo (p. 607), the Academic, of Larissa, removed from Athens to Rome about 88 B.c., where he was teacher of Cicero, and where he died about 80 B.c. Phlya, a deme, or township, some- where in the N.K. of Attica. Phrygia, a large province in western and north-western Asia Minor. Phylarchus, of Naucratis and thens, a Greek historian who dourisiod about 220 B.C., to whom Plutarch is much in- debted in his Agis and Cleomenes. Pitané, au ancient Aeolian city on the N.W. coast of Asia Minar. Polybius, the Greek historian of the Punic Wars, of Megalopolis, in Arcadia, born about 204 B.c., one of the Achaeen exiles (see Achaia) in 167. In Rome, he reekled in PROPER NAMES the house of Aemilius Paulus, and became the intimate friend of the younger Scipio, with whom he was present at the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.c. Pontus, a large district in N.E. Asia "Minor, stretching along the southern shore of the Euxine. Potamus, name of a deme, or township, in eastern Attica. Propontis, the intermediate sea between the Aegean and the Kiuxine, connected with the former by the Hellespont, with the latter by the Thracian Bosporus Pydna, a town on the Thermatc gulf, S.E. of Macedonia. Pyrrhus, king of Epeirus from 295 till his death in 272 B.o. From 280 till 274 he was camipaigning in Itely and Sicily. S Sabines, a people occupying the western slopes of the central Apennines, in Italy. They were finally subdued by Curius Den- tatus in 290 B.c., and in 268 became Roman citizens. Sallust, C. Sallustius 5 Crispus, 86— 34 B.c. He was a partisan of Caesar, who made him governor of Numidia, where he amassed great wealth. He afterwards wrote histories of the conspiracy of Catiline and of the Jugurthine war. Samnites, inhabitants of Samnium, the mountainous district of central Italy lying between Latium and Apulia. In 200 B.o. Curius Dentatus won the honour of putting an end to the Samnite wars after they had lasted fifty years. Sarpothrade: an island in the moetner part of the Aegean Scepsis, an ancient town east of t road, which in later times became subject to Pergamum, and a seat of learning. 629 DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES Scopas, the Thessalian. See Cran- non. Seleucus, surnamed Nicator, founder of the Syrian monarchy, 353-280 B.C. Seriphus, one of the Cyclades islands, S.E. of Attica, proverbial for poverty and insignificance. Sertorius, one of the greatest soldiers bred by the Roman civil wars, who successfully opposed the best generals of the aristo- cratic party in Spain from 82 Ae till his assassination in Sicyon, an important city in N.E. eloponnesus, about two miles south of the Corinthian gulf. Simonides of Ceos, one of the greatest lyric poets of Greece, 556—467 B.O. Sinopé, an important Greek city on the southern shore of the Euxine Sea, in N.E. Paphlagonia. Sophené, a district of S.W. Armenia. Sophists, a general name for paid teachers of rhetoric and philo- sopy, like Gorgias. Stesimbrotus, of Thasos, a sophist and rhapsodist of note in Athens during the times of Cimon and Pericles. Sthenis, of Olynthus, a famous statuary at Athens, who flour- ished about 350 B.o. ; Strabo, the geographer . (philoso- pher, p. 565), lived during the times of Augustus. T Talaura, a stronghold in Pontus. Tanagra, a town and district in S.E. Boeotia. Tarentum, a Greek city in 8.E. ‘ Italy. It surrendered to the Romans in 272 B.C., was be- trayed into the hands of Hanni- bal in 212, and recovered by Fabius in 209. Taurus, a general name for the lofty range of mountains ex- tending from Lycia in Asia 630 Minor through Cilicia and south of Armenia into Media. Tegea, an ancient city in 8.E. Arcadia, of Peloponnesus. Tempé, a famous valley in N.E. Thessaly. Tenedos, an island about five miles west of the Troad, in the N.E. Aegean. Tenos, one of the Cyclades islands, S.E. of Attica. Thargelion, the eleventh month of the Attic calendar, corresponding nearly to our May. Themiscyra, a plain and city in Pontus, near the mouth of the river Thermodon. Theophrastus, the most famous pupil of Aristotle, and his suc- cessor as head of the Peripatetic school at Athens. He was born at Eresos in Lesbos, and died at Athens in 287 B.c., at the age of eighty-five. Theopompus, of Chios, a fellow- pupil of Isocrates with Ephoruss historian of Greece from 411 to 394 B.c., and of Philip of Macedon (360~—336 B.O.). Tibareni, a tribe on the northern coast of Pontus. Tigranocerta, the city of Tigranes. later capital of Armenia, in My. donia, west of Nisibis, just south of the Taurus. Tigris, the great river rising in Armenia and flowing between Mesopotamia and Assyria. Timocreon, of Rhodes, a lyric poet, now known chiefly for his hatred of Themistocles and Simonides of 08. Timoleon, of Corinth, rescued Syracuse from its tyrant (Diony- sius IJ) and the Carthaginians in - 343 B.c., and became virtual master of Sicily, though without Office. He died in Syracuse, 337 B.O. Troezen, a city in S.E. Argolis, o: Peloponnesus. Trophonius, received worship and had an oracle in a cave near Lebadeia in Boeotia. 8 DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES Tubero the Stoic p- 599), Aelius, a pupil o pavestiun flourished in the century before Lucullus, and could not have seen him playing Xerxes. The jest may have come from Lucius Tubero, the relative and intimate friend of Cicero, who cultivated literature and philosophy. Tusculum, an ancient city of Latium, fifteen miles S.E. of Rome, in the Alban mountains. It became a favourite resort of wealthy Romans. Tyrannio the Grammarian, of Amisus in Pontus. He was taken to Rome ~ RY Lucullus, where he became a teacher, was patronised and praised by Cicéro, and amassed wealth. Vv Vesta, an ancient Roman divinity, identical with the Greek Hest as goddess of the hearth and fire- ~ side. The Vestals were her virgin priestesses. xX XNenocrates, of Chalcedon, 396- 314 B.c., a pupil and disciple of Plato, became head of the Academy in 339 B.o. — =-_~ ~ PIST. Ploranch. Vito z aera ee re axes LIVES WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATIGN BY BERNADOTTE PERRIN IN TEN VOLUMES iil PERICLES AND FABIUS MAXIMUS NICIAS AND CRASSUS LONDON: WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD NEW YORK: G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS First printed 1916 Reprinted 1932 Printed in Great Britain at The Windmill Press, Kingswood, Surrey PREFATORY NOTE As in the preceding volumes of this series, agree- ment between the Sintenis (Teubner, 1873-1875) and Bekker (Tauchnitz, 1855-1857) texts of the Parallel Lives has been taken as the basis for the text. Any preference of the one to the other, where they differ, and any departure from both, have been indi- cated in the critical notes. The more important ameliorations of the text which have been secured by collations of Codex Parisinus 1676 (F") and Codex Seitenstettensis (S), have been introduced. The relative importance of these MSS. is explained in the Introduction to the first volume. The text- tradition of the chapters of the Crassus (xv.- xxxiii.) which appear in the Parthian War attri- buted to Appian (Fseudo-Appian), is seldom, if ever, superior to that of the same chapters in Plutarch. No attempt has been made, naturally, to furnish either a diplomatic text or a full critical apparatus. The reading which follows the colon in the critical notes is that of the Teubner Sintenis, and also, unless otherwise stated in the note, of the Tauchnitz Bekker. PREFATORY NOTE Among editions of special Lives included in this volume should be noted that of Fuhr, ZV'hemistokles und Perikles, Berlin, 1880, in the Hanpt-Sauppe series of annotated texts; and that of Blass, Themi- stokles und Perikles, Leipzig, 1883, in the Teubner series of annotated texts. These editions bring F* and S into rightful prominence as a basis for the text. Holden’s edition of the Nictas, in the Pitt Press series, Cambridge, 1887, has also been found useful. A brief bibliography for the study of Plutarch may be found in the Introduction to the first volume. The translations of the Pericles and of the Nicias have already appeared in my Plutarch’s Cimon and Pericles (New York, 1910), and Plutarch’s Nictas and Alcibiades (New York, 1912), and are re- produeed here (with only slight changes) by the generous consent of the publishers, the Messrs. Charles Seribner’s Sons. The translations of the Fabius Maximus and of the Crassus appear here for the first time. All the standard translations of the Lives have been earefully eompared and_ utilized, including that of the Crassus by Professor Long. B. PERRIN, New Haven, Coxwecticot, U.S.A. June, 1915. Vv) CONTENTS ‘FRErACORY NOTE « « © « © « e ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDISFION TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES . PERICLES . Cr a FABIUS MAXIMUS ....4.+ ce ee eevee. COMPARISON OF PERICLES AND FABIUS MAXIMUS NICTAS a 48: 8 ee ee el we Oe CRASSUS . «© © ee eo we we ww www COMPARISON OF NICIAS AND CRASSUS .,.... DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES . ..4 . PAGE Vv ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK LIVES. VoutumeE I. (1) Theseus and Romulus. Comparison. (2) Lyeurgus and Nuina. Comparison. (3) Solon and Publicola. Comparison, Voutume II, (4) Themistocles and Camiiilus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. Comparison. (13) Cimon aud Lucnuilus. Comparison. VotomeE III. (5) Pericles and Fabius Max- imus. Comparison. (14) Nicias and Crassus, Comparison. Vorume IV. (6) Alcibiades and Coriola- To Comparison. (12) Lysander and Sulla. Comparison. Votume V. -(16) Agesilaus and Pompey. Comparison. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. Comparison. Vili Vo.tume VI. (22) Dion and Brutus. Comparison. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. Comparison. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. Coimparisoa. VouumeE VII. (17) Alexander and Julius K Cuesar. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. Comparison. VouumeE VITI. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. | (23) Demetrius and Antony. Comparison. Vouume IX. (11) Pyrrhus and Cains Marius. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. Comparison. VoriumrE X. (10) Philopoemen and Flam- ininus. Comparison. TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES. (1) Theseus and Romulus. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. (3) Solon and Publicola. (4) Themistocles and Camillus, (5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus, (6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. (10) Philopoemen and Flamininus, (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius, (12) Lysander and Sulla. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. (14) Nicias and Crassus. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. (16) Agesilaus and Pompcy. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. (21) Demetrius and Antony. (22) Dion and Brutus. (23) Artaxerxes, (24) Aratus, (25) Galba. (26) Otho. PERICLES VOL. WI. ITEPJIKAHS I. Zévous tivas év ‘Pwpn wrovalovs xuvav Téxva Kai TLOnKwY év TOUS KOATCOLS mepipepovTas Kal dyaTr aver as id@v o Kaicap, QS corer, 7) npe- Tnoev eb Taidta Tap avTots ov TiKTOVoW at yUvaiKes, nyE“ovix@s ahodpa vovleTHaas TOUS To phicer Piryntixoy év nuiv cal dedoatopyor eis Onpia Katavaricxovtas avOpwrots oecdopevoy. dp ovv, émet piropabés te KéxtNTaL Kal tdo- Béapov nuav 7 Wweyn dioet, Adyov Eyer réeyeev TOUS KATAYpwpevous TOVT@ TpOS TA pNdEmlas adkia otrovéis axovopata Kai Oeduata, Tay oé KaAX@V Kai wheripwv TapapedrodvTas; TH pev yap aicOnce Kata Ta0os THS TANS avtthapBavo- evn TOY TpocTvyyavorvTwy icws avayKn Trav TO Paivopevov, dv TE Ypijoluov av T aypynaTov FH, Dewpetv, TH v@e 8 Exaotos a BovrotTe xphoOat, Kat TpéTety éavTov adel kal petaBaddrew pacta mpos TO Soxody TédpuKev, WaTEe YXpH SiwKery TO Bérxrictov, va py Oewph povov, adda Kal tpé- dytatt@ Oewpeiv. ws yap opParp@ ypoa tpoc- opos 7s TO avOnpov Gua Kal teptvov avalwrupet Paris Edition, a. 1624, p- 152 PERICLES I. On sceing certain wealthy foreigners in Rome carrying puppies and young monkeys about in their bosoms and fondling them, Caesar! asked, we are told, if the women in their country did not bear children, thus in right princely fashion rebuking those who squander on animals that proneness to love and loving affection which is ours by nature, and which is due only to our fellow-men. Since, then, our souls are by nature possessed of great fondness for learning and fondness for seeing, it is surely reasonable to chide those who abuse this fondness on objects all unworthy either of their eyes or ears, to the neglect of those which are good and serviceable. Our outward sense, since it apprehends the objects which encounter it by virtue of their mere impact upon it, must needs, perhaps, regard everything that presents itself, be it useful or uscless ; but in the exercise of his mind every man, if he pleases, has the natural power to turn himself away in every case, and to change, without the least difficulty, to that object upon which he liimself determines. It is meet, therefore, that he pursue what is best, to the end that he may not merely regard it, but also be edified by regarding it. A colour is suited to the eye if its freshness, and its pleasantness as well, stimulates and 1 Caesar Augustus. wt PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal tpéper Thy Oey, oUtw TH Sidvotay ed pew Set Oedpaciw & TO yYaipeww pds TO oiKetov avTipy ayadov éxxanel. Taira d¢ éotw ev tots am’ aperijs Epyots, & Kal Chrov tiva Kal mpoOupiavy aywyov eis pinot emotes Tots iatopijcacw érel Tav yf adAwV ovK evOus axohovdel 7 Oavypdacat TO wpaxOev oppay ™ pos TO m pata: ToAAaKis b6€ Kal Tov- vavtiov Xaipovres TO && "Ye TOU Snpoupyou KaTA- ppovoiper, @s éml TOV pUpeov Kal TOV doupyov TovTols pev nOoopeOa, Tous be Badets Kal jupe- ous avehevdépous Hyovpeda kai Bavavaovus. 610 KAXS pev ‘Avriaevns a axovaas vt oTTOVbAIOS cow QUANTNS ‘Topnvias, TAX: avO pwros,” Eby, « woxOnpos: ov yap av otTe omavbuios 7] Vv avrn- THs" 0 b6€ Pidirmos ™ pos Tov viov eT LTEPT GS £v Tie TOT@ Yrravra Kal TEXVEKOS eltrev: “ Our aiaxuvy KAAS OvTH Warrov ; ” apKet yap, ay Bactrevs axpodabat Warnovtov oxoraSn, qu TON ve jel Tats Moveats éTépwv aywvilopevar Ta ToLtavTa GeaT7s yeryVOpevas. II. ‘H & abtoupyia TOV TaTEvar THs els Ta Kane, padupias paptupa TOV év Tots aXpHaToLs TOvOV | TapexeTat Ka’ abtis: Kat ovdels evduns véos 7 Tov év Ilian Gear apevos Aia yevéo Bar Peidias erreO ipnycev nH TI “Hpav THD ev “Apyet TlorAveXertos, ove: ‘Avaxpewv 3} ) Diryras 7 1 "A pxi- Aoxos jadeis avr ev Tots TOL LAT LY. ov yap get aoe el TépTEL TO Epyov ws yapev, aktov ! isropjcacw Bekker, Fuhr, and Blass, with Reiske, after Amyot: iorophuacw (researches). 4 PERICLES nourishes the vision; and so our intellectual vision must be applied to such objects as, by their very charm, invite it onward to its own proper good. Such objects are to be found in virtuous deeds ; these implant in those who search them out a great and zealous eagerness which leads to imitation. In other cases, admiration of the deed is not immedi- ately accompanied by an impulse to do it. Nay, many times, on the contrary, while we delight in the work, we despise the workman, as, for instance, in the case of perfumes and dyes; we take a delight in them, but dyers and perfumers we regard as illiberal and vulgar folk. Therefore it was a fine saying of Antisthenes, when he heard that Ismenias was an excellent piper: “ But he’s a worthless man,” said he, “otherwise he wouldn’t be so good a piper.” And so Philip! once said to his son, who, as the wine went round, plucked the strings charmingly and skilfully, “ Art not ashamed to pluck the strings so well?” It is enough, surcly, if a king have leisure to hear others pluck the strings, and he pays great deference to the Muses if he be but a spcctator of such contests. II. Labour with one’s own hands on lowly tasks’ gives witness, in the toil thus expended on useless things, to one’s own indifference te higher things. No generous youth, from seeing the Zeus at Pisa,? or the Hera at Argos, longs to be Pheidias or Polyclei- tus; nor to be Anacreon or Philetas or Archilochus out of pleasure in their poems. For it does not of necessity follow that, if the work delights you with its grace, the one who wrought it is worthy of your 1 Philip of Macedon, to Alexander. 2 That is, Olympia. PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTouoNs Elvat Tov eipyagpévov. Oey ovd’ wherei Ta ToLtavTAa TOUS DOewmevous, TpOS A miuNTLKOS Ov yivetar Cros ovde avddoats Kiwovca mpoOvpiav \ 2& \ 1 tN ‘\ 3 s ,] .w 9 \ Kat oppnv) emt tiv eEopotwov. add 7 ye GpeET) tais mpakeaow evOus ottw dtatiOnow wote apa Oavpalecbar ta Epya Kal CnrovaGat Tous eipya- apevous. TOV pev yap ex THs TUXNS ayabav TAS KTHOES Kal aToAavcEs, TOV O an’ apeETis Tas mpdakes ayaTo@pev, Kal Ta pev Huly Tap étépwv, Ta € warXov Erépots Tap’ hyewv VITdpyeww BovAopeOa. To yap Kadov ef avTo TpaKTiKas Kwel Kal mpaxtikny evOus opunv évtiOnow, 700- Tovwouv ov TH ptprjoee tov Beaty, adArAa TH iaTopia Tov épyou THY TMpoaiperiv TapEeyopevor. wv é . @ Y e ww 9 } nw nm 2 ‘ Kookev ovv cat nuiv evdratpiiyat TH Tept TOUS , 3 “a \ a“ XN / A Biovs araypadn, Kal todto to BiBrtov béxaTov Ul \ , , \ N cuvtetaxapev Tov Lepixréous Biov nal tov Pa- / s a , \ > U Biov Makipou TOU ScaToAEUNC aVTOS ™ pos | Avvi- Bav TEplexov, avd pov Kara, TE Tas arras apeTas Opotwv, partota O€ mpaoTnTa Kat Sixatoouvny, Kal T@ duvacbat peperv Opa Kal cuvapxovTwy s dyvepod ivas MOPEALLWTUATWY TALS TAT plot yEevo- bev. el 8 opFas otoxalopeba, tov d€ovtos, éFeate xpivew ék Tov ypapopeven. III. Hepexars yap nv TeV: pev pud2v ‘Aka- pavtidns, Tav O€ Orjuwyv Norapyeus, oixov b€ Kat ryevous Tob ™pwTtov Kat dudotépous. Favbinmos yap 0 veKyoas éy Muxandn tous Bacrrews oTpatn- yous éynuev ‘Ayapiotnvy KrecaGevous éyyovov, os 1 $puhy Fuhr and Blass, after Reiske: a&goputy. 6 PERICLES esteem. Wherefore the spectator is not advantaged by those things at sight of which no ardour for imitation arises in the breast, nor any uplift of the soul arousing zealous impulses to do the like. But virtuous action straightway so disposes a man that he no sooner admires the works of virtue than he strives to emulate those who wrought them. The good things of Fortune we love to possess and enjoy ; those of Virtue we love to perform. The former we are willing should be ours at the hands of others ; the latter we wish that others rather should have at our hands. The Good creates a stir of activity towards itself, and implants at once in the spectator an active impulse ; it does not form his character by ideai representation alone, but through the investiga- tion of its work it furnishes him with a dominant purpose. For such reasons | have decided to persevere in my writing of Lives, and so have composed this tenth book, containing the life of Perictes, and that of Fabius Maximus, who waged such lengthy war with Hannibal. The men were alike in their virtues, and more especially in their gentleness and rectitude, and by their ability to endure the follies of their peoples and of their colleagues in office, they proved of the greatest service to their countries. But whether I aim correctly at the proper mark must be decided from what I have written. III. Pericles was of the tribe Acamantis, of the deme Cholargus, and of the foremost family and lineage on both sides. His father, Xanthippus, who conquered the generals of the King at Mycale,! married Agariste, granddaughter ? of that Cleisthenes 1 479 B.c. 2 His niece, ratker. >] PLUTARCH’S LIVES éEnrace Ilevotatpatidbas nal KatédXvoe THY TUpav- vida yevvaiws Kat vopous Eero xal woXdtTEiav dplota Kexpapevny mpos omovotay Kal owrnpiav KaTéotTyaev. avltn cava Tous Umvous Edboke TExeElv AéovTa, Kal pel’ wuepas drAlyas Erexe Iepixréa, ‘ \ 4 v \ 98 Ff n s w Ta pev aAdAa THY iOéavy TOD CMpATOS ApeuTTTOY, Tpounkn O€ TH Keparyn! Kal adovppetpov. dev ai pev eixoves avTov axedov atacat Kpaveot TEpteXovTal, 47) BOvAOLEVwWY, WS EOLKE, TOV TEXVE- tov é€ovediveav. ot & ’Artixol troinrat oywo- xéparov avrov éxddouv: THY yap aKidday Eat été Kal oxivov dvopavovar. Tov b€ KwptKav O pev Kpartivos év Xeipwou “ Xtdows b€” (dno) “Kal mpecBuyevns Kpovos adAnAotoe puyévte peytotoy TixteTov TUpavvoy, dv bn Keparnyepérav Geol xadéovot” Kal maddy év Nepécer ‘“ Mon’, © Zed Eevie xai xapaé.” Tyrexreldns 5€ wore peév bTd TOV TpayLaTwv nropnpevoy KaAOjaOai pyow avrov év TH mode “KapnBapovvta, wore 6é povoyv éx Keparis évdexaxdivov OdpuvBov moddw éfavatéaAnew” o 8 Kvzodis ev tois Anpors muvOavomevos Tept Exdotov Tov avaBeBnKorwr é& adov Snpaywyov, ws o Tepixrijs wvopacbn TeAEUTALOS’ “O vt wep Keparatov Tav KaTwOev nyayes. IV. Acéddoxadov 8 avtov rm@v povolxov ot mrecoto. Aduwva yeveoPar Aéyovaw, ob} pact 1 79 xepadg Fuhr and Blass with F8S ; rhv xepadrgy, PERICLES who, in such noble fashion, expelled the Peisistratidac and destroyed their tyranny, instituted laws, and established a constitution best attempered for the promotion of harmony and safety. She, in her dreams, once fancied that she had given birth to a lion, and a few days thereafter bore Pericles! His personal appearance was unimpeachable, except that his head was rather long and out of due proportion. For this reason the images of him, almost all of them, wear helmets, because the artists, as it would seem, were not willing to reproach him with de- formity. The comic poets of Attica used to call him “‘Schinocephalus,” or Squill-head (the squill is some- times called “schinus’’). So the comic poet Cra- tinus, in his “ Cheirons,” says: “ Faction and Saturn, that ancient of days, were united in wedlock ; their offspring was of all tyrants the greatest, and lo! he is called by the gods the head-compeller.’? And again in his “ Nemesis”: “Come, Zeus! of guests and heads the Lord!” 2 And Telecleides speaks of him as sitting on the acropolis in the greatest perplex- ity, “now heavy of head, and now alone, from the eleven-couched chamber of his head, causing vast uproar to arise.” 2 And Eupolis, in his “ Demes,” having inquiries made about each one of the demagogues as they come up from Hades, says, when Pericles is called out last :-— “The very head of those below hast thou now brought.” 2 IY. His teacher in music, most writers state, was Damon (whose name, they say, should be pronounced 1 Cf. Herodotus, vi. 13]. * Kock, Com. Att. Frag. i. p. 86; p. 49; p. 220; p. 280. 9 PLUTARCH’S LIVES deity Tovvopa Bpayvvovtas Tv Tpotépay ovAda- Biv éexdéperv: "Aptaotorérns O€ rapa Iv0oxrcidy povotxny StarrovnOnvat tov avdpa dnaiv. o &é Adpwv éoixev axpos wv codtotns KxatadvecBat bev els TO THS MOVOLKIS GVO"A TPOS TOUS TOAXOUS emixpuTTopevos THY SevoTnTa, TH Sé Tleptxret cuviy cabarep abAnTH TOY TOALTIK@Y arEiTTNS cai diddoKanros. ov pv Edabev o Aduwv TH AUpa TAPAKANVMMATL KpWpEVvos, UX WS pEeyadoT pay- pov kal dirotvpavvos éEwotpaxiaOn Kat Tapécyxe Tos Kwptxois dtatpiByv. o ryoov Ildkatwv Kat muvOavopevoy avTOv TWA TETTOiNKEY OUTW* IIp@rov pev ovv por A€Eov, avTtBorw av yap, ws hac, o Netpwov eEeOpewras Tepexréa. Sinxouce dé Hepixarts xai Zijvwvos tod ’EXedtou / Tpaypwatevopévov mept dvaiv, ws Tlappevidys, \ f \ > » ‘4 4 eXeyerexny S€ Teva cai du’ avrtNoyias KaTAKAELOU- cav els atropiav é€ackioavtos Ew, WoTEp Kal rye e 4 v Py \ 4 Tipewr o PrALaotos eipynxe 01a TOUTwWY "ApdotepoyAwacou Te peya oOévos ovK ada- Taovov , id > ¢ Z1vOvos, TAVTWV ETLANTTOPOS. ‘O 8 wretaota Tlepixre? aovyyevopuevos xal pddiata wepiOeis Gykov avT@ Kal Ppcynpa dnpa- yoryias éuBpiOécTtepov, Odws TE peTEWpiaas Kal 4 ‘Q > f “ bd b J t owveEdpas TO akiwpa Tov 7)0ous, ’Avakayopas hv 6 Kralopenos, dv of tot’ advOpwrot Novv tpoo- 10 154 PERICLES with the first syllable short); but Aristotle! says he had a thorough musical training at the hands of Pythocleides. Now Damon seems to have been a consummate sophist, but to have taken refuge behind the name of music in order to conceal from the mul- titude his real power, and he associated with Pericles, that political athlete, as it were, in the capacity of rubber and trainer. However, Damon was not left unmolested in this use of his lyre as a screen, but was ostracized for being a great schemer and a friend of tyranny, and became a butt of the comic poets. At all events, Plato? represented some one as inquiring of him thus :— “In the first place tell me then, I beseech thee, thou who art The Cheiron, as they say, who to Pericles gave his craft.” Pericles was also a pupil of Zeno the Eleatic, who discoursed on the natural world, like Parmenides, and perfected a species of refutative catch which was sure to bring an opponent to grief; as Timon of Phlius expressed it :— “ His was a tongue that could argue both ways with a fury resistless, Zeno’s; assailer of all things.” But the man who most vconsorted with Pericles, and did most to clothe him with a majestic demeanour that had more weight than any demagogue’s appeals, yes, and who lifted on high and exalted the dignity of his character, was Anaxagoras the Clazomenian, whom men of that day used to call 1 Plato, rather, Alcihiades I. 118 c. 2 Plato the comic poet. Kock Com. Att. Frag, i. p. 655. II PLUTARCH’S LIVES / \ a“ nyopevov, ELTE THY GUVvEedW avTOU peyadny Els gpuotoroyiay Kat wepittny Stadaveicav Oavpa- w/)> “ fad “A 9 F bad) gavtes, E10’ OTL TOls GAOLS TPATOS ov TUYNY ovd $ 4 PS 4 > / 3 \ “~ b a avayKny OLrakoopnoews apynv, adrAa vou eTeE- oTnae KaGapov kai dxpartov év pemtypéevots Tact Tots adXoOLS, ATTOKpivovTA TAS OpoLopeEpeias. V. Tottov vaeppuas tov dvdpa Oavydoas o Ilepixrs Kat THs eyomevns peTewporoyias Kai / peTapoloNeaxXias UToTuTAGMEVOS, OV MOVOY, WS , Eouxe, TO Ppovnua coBapov Kat Tov Aoyor bynrov 9 ‘ 3 a elye Kal xalapov oyAtKhs Kal tavovpyouv Bwo- Aoxias, GANA Kal Tpodwmov avaTacts AOpuTToOS , eis yeAwTa Kal mpaoTns Topeias Kal KaTaoToA a ‘ ION b 4 a b a meptBorns pos ovdev ExtapaTtTomevn TaOos ev TE Neyety Kal TAdcpa dwvis aOopvBov, cai boa wn 4 na 9 4 Totavta wavtas Oavpaotas éEerAyTTe. Rotdo- povpevos Yoo TOTE Kal KAKWS aKOVWY UTE TLVOS = wn \ > f lad ¢ , ¢e , tav Bdedupov cal axo\daoTwv drAnV HnuEepav UTE- HELE TLWITH KAT Gyopay, apa Te TOV erreryovTwy KaTampaTtTopevos’ éotrépas & amnes Koopiws olxabde Tapaxorovbodrvtos Tov avOpwrou Kai Tdon Ld / N ted e > Mw xpwpevou BrAachynpia mpos avtov. ws 8 euedrev elaltevat aKOTOUS OYTOS Sn, TpocéTAaké TL TAV oixeTav d@s NaBovTt TapaTémat Kal KatacTH- gat Tpos THY oixiay Tov avOpwrov. ‘O 8€ rrownThns “Iwy poOwvixyy dnote Thy optrdtav Kal vrotupov eivat tod IeptxXéous, Kat tais I2 PERICLES “Nous,” either because they admired that com- prehension of his, which proved of such surpassing _ greatness in the investigation of nature ; or because he was the first to enthrone in the universe, not Chance, nor yet Necessity, as the source of its orderly arrangement;~but Mind (Nous) pure and simple, which csinushes and sets apart, in the midst of an otherwise-chaotic mass, the substances which have like elements. V. This man Pericles extravagantly admired, and being gradually filled full of the so-called higher philosophy and elevated speculation, he not only had, as it seems, a spirit that was solemn and a discourse that was lofty and free from plebeian and reckless effrontery, but also a composure of countenance that never relaxed into laughter, a gentleness of carriage and cast of attire that suffered no emotion to disturb it while he was speaking, a modulation of voice that was far from boisterous, and many similar characteristics which struck all his hearers with wondering amazcment. It is, at any rate, a fact that, once on a time when he had been abused and insulted all day long by a certain lewd fellow of the baser sort, he endured it all quietly, though it was in the market- place, where he kad urgent business to transact, and towards evening went away homewards unruffled, the fellow following along and heaping all manner of contumely upon him. When he was about to go in doors, it being now dark, he ordered a servant to take a torch and escort the fellow in safety back to his own home. The poet Ion, however, says that Pericles had a presumptuous and somewhat arrogant manner of 13 — PLUTARCH’S LIVES peyaravylas avtu’ TOA UTEpoiay dvape- pixyOae cai wepippovnolv TOV drAdwv> éErratvel bé . / b \ \ ¢ \ ‘ 4 To Kipwvos €uperes Kat Uypov Kal pe“ovowpevon - > A “ 9 +” 4 ef ev Tais jepipopais. adr Iwva pév, WoTTEp Tpayt- \ 4 oJ nw N +] XN # yy didacKariay, akiodvta tiv apeTny exew Te 4 a“ a TWdVvTwWS Kal GATUPLKOY pépos E@pEev' TOUS b€ TOD II , N s 5 , \ epixdéous THY ceuvoTnta Sokoxoriav te Kal fa ] n e 4 / TOpov atoxaXovrtas 0 ZAnvwv tapexade kal avtous Te ToLodTO CokoKoTEly, WS THS TpogTroLn- GEews AUTHS TOV KaXwV UVToTOLOvaNns Twa AEAN- Jotws CfhrXov cat auvnGerav. f a a 9 , VI. Od povov b€ taita THs “AvaEayopou auvovatas amédavae Ilepixdrjs, dAAa Kal Eeot- Catpovias doxet yevéoOar xabumeéptepos, banv To} mpos Ta peTewpa OapBos evepyaleTat Tois avTav 'T€ TOUTWY TAS alTias ayvoodar Kal Tepi Ta Oeia Saimovadt Kat TapaTTopevols du aTretpiav avTav, iv 0 huatKkos NoOyos aTaAXaTTwWY avTl THS PhoBe- wn N 4 O 5 4 \ 3 pas Kal hPreypaivovons deadatpovias THv adoga- nw ’ , > wn +] , > , AH pet €rAmidwy ayabav evaéBerav epyaletat. nw / Aéyetat 5€ Tote Kplov povoxepw Keharry éF aypov TO Iepixret xopto@ vat, cat Adurwva pev ‘ 4 TOV pavTLV, ws ELOE TO KEpas LaXUpOY Kal oTEpEoY ~ f , wn w~ €x pégou TOU pEeTwTOV TEhuKOS, Elmreiv Ott SveEtv fa) “ t a A ova@y ev TH TrodEL SuVacTE@V, THS CouKvdidou Kat Lepixréous, ets Eva Teptatnoetat TO KpaToS l Sonv 7d older edd., Coraés, Fuhr and Blass; Bekker 8en with the MSS.: don». 14 ct PERICLES address, and that into his haughtiness there entered a good deal of disdain and contempt for others; he praises, on the other hand, the tact, complaisance, and elegant address which Cimon showed in his social intercourse.! But we must ignore Ion, with his demand that virtue, like a dramatic tetralogy, have some sort of a farcical appendage. Zeno, when men called the austerity of Pericles a mere thirst for reputation, and swollen conceit, urged them to have some such thirst for reputation themselves, with the idea that the very assumption of nobility might in time produce, all unconsciously, something like an eager and habitual practice of it. VI. These were not the only advantages Pericles had of his association with Anaxagoras. It appears that he was also lifted by him. above superstition, that feeling which is produced by amazement at what happens in regions above us. It affects those who are ignorant of the causes of such things, and are crazed about divine intervention, and confounded through their inexperience in this domain; whereas the doctrines of natural philosophy remove such ignorance and inexperience, and substitute for ti- morous and inflamed superstition that unshaken reverence which is attended by a good hope. A story is told that once on a time the head of a one-horned ram was brought to Pericles from his country-place, and that Lampon the seer, when he saw how the horn grew strong and solid from the middle of the forehead, declared that, whereas there were two powerful parties in the city, that of Thucydides and that of Pericles, the mastery would finally devolve upon one man,—the man to 1 Cf. Comon, ix. Is - PLUTARCH’S LIVES > © , \ a \ :9 ’ Tap ® yévorto TO onpelov: tov & ’Avakayopar nw 4 ~ Tuv xpaviou Staxorévtos ‘aidetEat tov éyxépadov 3 f N 4 bf > 3 \ @ ov meTANPwWKOTA THY Baow, adr ofvy wWaTEP \ ~ @ov €k TOU TaVTOS ayyelou cuvwrALGONnKOTA KATA Tov Tomov éxelvoy dOev 4 pita Tod Képatos etxeE / fo THY apxnv. Kal tote pev OavpacOfvar Tov ’Avakayopay Ud TOV TapovTaV, OrALyo 8 DaTeEpor 0p PovT@V, OALYG po \ / nm . LAN th tov Adptwva, tov péev Qovxvdidou xcatadvGertos, Tav S€ TOU Syov TpayudTwY OMarAwS aTravT@V uTO TO Llepixre’ yevopévwv. ‘ N N "Exwrve 8 ovdév, olpat, cai tov puatxov nn / émeTuyxXavery Kal TOY wavTLY, TOU pev THY atTiay, “ ‘ , n~ b] , e , tov b€ TO TEAOS KAAMS ExAapBadvorTOS: UTTEKELTO yap TO pév, ex Tivwy yéyove Kal Tas mépuKe, aA A s f /, Gewphoat, TO S€é, Tpos TL yeyove Kat Ti Onpaivel, “a “ ~ / mMpoeurreiy. ot S€ TIS atlas TV EUpEeotY avaipeoty elvat AeyovTes TOU onpEiov OUK ETTLVOOVOLY apa n s \ N \ “ / trois Geiois Kal Ta TexvnTa TOV oupBorwy n f n nw abetodrzes, ropous te Sickwv Kal POTa Tupray > / Kab YVWOLovwy aTrogKiacpoUs: @Y ExagTOV alTia ral ~ / Tivl Kal KATAG KEV) ONpMELOV Elvai TLVOS TETOLNTAL. nw e , TabvTa pev ov laws ETépas €oTi TpayuaTEias. aA , VII. ‘O && Tlepexrijs véos pév adv oodpa tov Sipov evaafeiro. nal yap édoxe Iletor- , a , \ ? b ‘ > oTpdt@ Te Tupdvywm To Eidos euhepys etvat, thy Te dwviy ndetay ovcay avTod Kal Tip yAaTttTav eUTpoxor ev TH SiareyerGar Kai Taxetav e \ \ oi ahodpa yépovtes eferAnTTovTo mpos THY 16 PERICLES whom this sign had been given. Anaxagoras, however, had the skull cut in two, and showed that the brain had not filled out its position, but had drawn together to a point, like an egg, at that particular spot in the entire cavity where the root of the horn began. At that time, the story says, it was Anaxagoras who won the plaudits of the bystanders; but a little while after it was Lampon, for Thucydides was overthrown, and Pericles was entrusted with the entire control of all the interests of the people. Now there was nothing, in my opinion, to prevent both of them, the naturalist and the seer, from being in the right of the matter; the one correctly divined the cause, the other the object or purpose. It was the proper province of the one to observe why anything happens, and how it comes to be what it is; of the other to declare for what purpose anything happens, and what it means. And _ those who declare that the discovery of the cause, in any phenomenon, does away with the meaning, do not perceive that they are doing away not only with divine portents, but also with artificial tokens, such as the ringing of gongs, the language of fire- signals, and the shadows of the pointers on sun- dials. Each of these has been made, through some causal adaptation, to have some meaning. However, perhaps this is matter for a different treatise. VII. As a young man, Pericles was exceedingly reluctant to face the people, since it was thought that in feature he was like the tyrant Peisistratus ; and when men well on in years remarked also that his voice was sweet, and his tongue glib and speedy in discourse, they were struck with amazement at 17 VOL. III. Cc PLUTARCH'’S LIVES e , 7 \ \ f y OmoloTnTa. mAovTov bé€ Kal yévous TpocoVTOS avT® Aaptrpod Kai Pirwy of TrEioTOV HdvVaYTO, foBovpevos eEootpaxicOivat, TOV mev TOAMTIKOY ovdey émpartey, ev b€ Tails oTpatetats avnp ayalos Hv Kal diroxivdvvos. émet & ’Apirteidys \ 3 , \ A > , pev amroteOyijxee Kat OepiotokrAns éEerenmtTwxel, Kipuwva §' ai orpatetat Ta Toda Tis ‘EAAdSbos é&w xateixyov, odtw 87 hépwr o IlepexrHs To , “~ , * Snuw mpocéverpev EavTOV, avTL TOY TROUCiwY Kai “a a“ , OMywv Ta TOY TOAA@Y Kal TeVnTwWY EOpMEVOS \ \ ¢€ ~ td ccd \ 2 Tapa THhv avtou dvatv ijxiata Snuotixny ovcav. arr’, ws Eotxe, Sediws pev UTrowia TEpuTrecetv , eon bd ? ‘ A id Tupavvidos, opav & apiotoxpatixoy tov Kipwva cal diahepovTws vTo TOY KaX@V Kayabav avdpav ayaTrwpevov, UTHAVE TOUS TOANOUS, doddrelav pev nw > | f , éauT@, dvvapwy O€ KaT éxetvov TapacKevalopevos. EvOds b€ cal tots wept thy Siartay étépav tTaEw ? , ener \ ? 4 Zz e A“ éréOnxev. odvv Te yap €v aoTet play éwpaTo Thy én ayopav Kal To BovNevTnpLov Topevopevos, KAnoes te Seitvwy Kal TY ToLavTNnY aTacav diroppoavvny kat cuvnerav éféderrev, ws év ols €TOALTEVTATO Ypovorts pakpols yEvopevots ITpos pndéva tav dirtwv emt Setrvov €dOeiv, mr Evpurtonéuov Tod aveyiod yapobytos axpt TOV 18 PERICLES the resemblance. Besides, since he was rich, of brilliant lineage, and had friends of the greatest influence, he feared that he might be ostracized, and so at first had naught to do with politics, but devoted himself rather to a military career, where he was brave and enterprising. However, when Aristides was dead,! and Themistocles in banish- ment,2 and Cimon was kept by his campaigns for the most part abroad, then at last Pericles decided to devote himself to the people, espousing the cause of the poor and the many instead cf the tew and the rich, contrary to his own nature, which was anything but popular. But he feared, as it would seem, to encounter a suspicion of aiming at tyranny, and when he saw that Cimon was very aristocratic in his sympathies, and was held in extraordinary affection by the party of the “Good and Truc,’ he began to court the favour of the multitude, thereby securing safety for himself, and power to wield against his rival. Straightway, too, he made a different ordering in his way of life. On one street only in the city was he to be seen walking,—the one which took him to the market-place and the _ council-chamber. Invitations to dinner, and all such friendly and familiar intercourse, he declined, so that during the long period that elapsed while he was at the head of the state, there was not a single friend to whose house he went to dine, exeept that when his kinsman Euryptolemus gave a wedding feast, he attended until the libations were made,? and then ? Soon after 468 B.c. 2 After 472) Bc: 3 That is, until the wine for the symposium was krought in, and drinking began. 19 c 2 5 oo PLUTARCH’S LIVES “~ / ’ 4 > U aTroveay tmapuyevouevos evOds eEavéotn. Serval BS e ? N v U yap al diroppoctvat wavtos Gyxou TepuyevecOat, cat Svopvraxtov év auvyOeia to mpos dogav , > a b) “~ eee fel 4 ceuvov éote: THS GAnOvIAs 8 apeTtis KaAMOTA paivetat Ta pdrttoTa patvopeva, xai Tov ayabavr b “A XSAN e , “~ b] N ° e ’ avdpav obdév oTw Oavpdotov Tois ExTOS ws 0 KAO npépav Bios Tois cuvovoy. ‘O 8€ nai 76 Sipw! rd avvexés hevywv Kat \ / > , DJ 4 > Tov Kopov olov éx dradeupatwy émrAnoialer, OvK > ae,’ % ? , >QOds + A ‘ > N éml wavtl mpdypc.tt N€ywv, ov adel TAPLWY ELS TO mrHO0S, GAN éauTov woTEep THY Ladapiviav f , ‘ \ Ud tpinpn, pnot Kpitodraos, mpos tas peyadas ypetas éemdidovs, Tadra 6é didrous Kal pHyTopas e ¢ \ ” ? ef \ U étépous xabiels Erpattev. av &va haci yeverGar \ 3 ? “a f \ , A b] tov “E@iddtnv, os KaTéAvoe TO Kpatos THs €& ’"Apelov mayou BovAjs, woAAv, kata tov IIda- 4 wv a a ‘4 Twva, Kal dakpatov Tois moXiTais édevOepiav >] “ e >] ee es ] , Ms oivoxoar, Up’ Is, @aTep immov, eEvRpicavta Tov Siuov of Kwpwdorotol eéyouos ‘ Teapyeiv ovKEeTL TOAMAaY, ad\rAa daxvery THY EVBo.ay Kai Tais vnools enimnoav. VIII. TH pévroe wept tov Biov cxtaoKevy Kal T@ peyeOer ToD Ppovijpatos appolovta Royor, eomep opyavov, éEaptudpevos Tapevetetve TOd- “a ‘ a / ‘\ ~ @ “~ Aayod tov 'Avakayopar, olov Badyny TH pytoptkh e \ e Thy puatoroytay viroxYeopevos. TO yap “uYn- 1 og S4uy Fubr and Blass, atter Sauppe : 100 dhpov. 20 PERICLES straightway rose up and departed. Conviviality is prone to break down and overpower the haughtiest reserve, and in familiar intercourse the dignity which is assumed for appearance’s sake is very hard to maintain. Whereas, in the case of true and genuine virtue, “fairest appears what most appears,” and nothing in the conduct of good men is so admirable in the eyes of strangers, as their daily walk and conversation is in the eyes of those who share it. And so it was that Pericles, seeking to avoid the satiety which springs from continual intercourse, made his approaches to the people by intervals, as it were, not speaking on every question, nor addressing the people on every occasion, but offering himself like the Salaminian trireme, as Critolaiis says, for great emergencies. The rest of his policy he carried out by commissioning his friends and other public speakers. One of these, as they say, was Ephialtes, who broke down the power of the Council of the Areiopagus, and so poured out for the citizens, to use the words of Plato,! too much “undiluted freedom,” by which the people was rendered unruly, just like a horse, and, as_ the comic poets say, “no longer had the patience to obey the rein, but nabbed Fuboea and trampled on the islands.”’ VIII. Moreover, by way of providing himself with a style of discourse which was adapted, like a musical instrument, to his mode of life and the grandeur of his sentiments, he often made an auxiliary string of Anaxagoras, subtly mingling, as it were, with his rhetoric the dye of natural science. 1 Republic, viii. p. 562 c. y PLUTARCH’S LIVES AOvouy TOVTO Kal TUVYTN TEAETLOUPYOV, WS 0 DeEtos , \ a WAdrov gdnot, “mpos 7H evhuns elvac xrynoa- 93 5 ‘4 \ \ , ¢ peevos =€K valoAoyias, Kal TO TMpoodopov éd- KUGasS ETL THY TOV OY TEXVYNY, TOAY TaVvTwY Sunveyxe. S10 Kab tTHv EemixrAna avT@ yevecOar NEyoucL KAaiTOL TLves ATO TOV ols exoouNoE THY TOAW, ot & amo THS év TH Tortela Kal tats b oTpatnylats duvapews ‘OdvpTiov avdtov olovTat mpocayopevOnvar' Kat cvvdpapeiy ovdév amréotxev > + “a / cal ’ \ N f a7T0 TO\A@Y TpocOVTwY Tw avdpi THY Sokav. wn s v. a“ ai pevtor Kwopodiae TOY TOTE bibagKdAwY aTrOVOT \ \ \ , ’ / \ Te WOAAaS Kal peTa yeXwTOS adeixoTwY hwvas els avTov, emt TO NOYH waAIOTA THY TpoTwVLpiaV , ra “cc al > A > \ \ yeverOat dSnrodo., ‘Bpovtav” pev avtov Kat ‘“dotpamTew, ote Onunyopoin, “ Servov b€ KEpav- \ 9 , f + bl) , vov €v yAwoon pepelvy REyovTw?. Atapynpovevetar 6€ Tes Kai Oovxvdidsv Tod \ fa) MeAnciov Avyos ets thy Sevornta tov Tlepr- \ ~ / KNEOUS peTa Taldias Eipruévos. Rv pev yap o Qovevdidns TaV Kadov Kal ayabdv dvdpav, Kai ~ 3 ? “~ ~ e Tr€ioTOV avteToALTevoato T@ Ilepixret ypovor: "Apxi6apov b€ tod Aaxedaipoviwy Baciréws auvOavopévou Totepov avros 1) TlepixdAHs manatet Bérxriov, “Otay,” eimev, “éyw xataBadrw ma- Aalwy, éxeivos avTihéywv ws ov TéTTwOKE, IKE ¢ ~~ 93 Ka petaretOer ToUs opavTas. ¢ nw Ov piv adda Kai adtos o Wepixrns trepi tov Adyov evdafys Hv, Wor ael mpos to Brpa 22 PERICLES It was from natural science, as the divine Plato says,! that he “ acquired his loftiness of thought and perfectness of execution, in addition to his natural gifts,’ and by applying what he learned to the art of speaking, he far excelled all other speakers. It was thus, they say, that he got his surname ; though some suppose it was from the structures with which he adorned the city, and others from his ability asy a statesman and a general, that he was called Olympian. It is not at all unlikely that his re- putation was the result of the blending in him of | many high qualities. But the comic poets of that ~— day, who let fly, both in earnest and in jest, many shafts of speech against him, make it plain that he got this surname chiefly because of his diction ; they spoke of him as “thundering” and “lightening ’’ when he harangued his audience,? and as “wielding a dread thunderbolt in his tongue.” There is on record also a certain saying of Thu- cydides, the son of Melesias, touching the clever per- suasiveness of Pericles, a saying uttered in jest. Thucydides belonged to the party of the “ Good and / True,’ and was for a very long time a political antagonist of Pericles. When Archidamus, the king of the Lacedaemonians, asked him whether he or Pericles was the better wrestler, he replied : “‘ When- ever I throw him in wrestling, he disputes the fall, and carries his point, and persuades the very men who saw him fall.” The truth is, however, that even Pericles, with all his gifts, was cautious in his discourse, so that when- 1 Phaedrus, p. 270 a. * Cf. Aristophanes, Acharnians, 528-531, zy ba | PLUTARCH’S LIVES Badifwy evyeto Tois Oeois pyndé phua pndev EKTETELY AKOVTOS AUTOU TpOs THY TpoKEtpevny Xpetay avdppooTov. éyypadov pev ovv ovdev , f \ “ , 3 atroXeXorTe TANV TwVv wWhdicpaTwY arTo- pvnpovevetar © Odtya Tavtadracw* oloy To THY Alyiwav @> Anpnv tod Llepaids adereiv Ke- “a ‘ N ‘ , wv ¢ “a Nedoal, Kal TO TOV TOrAELOV 7dn Pavar Kabopav amo Uerorovyvycov mpoogepopevov. Kai tote a“ yy 4 of a be A ToD LodoxAéous, OTE TvaTpatnyav Ek&erdevce pet avtov, taiéa Kadrov ératvécavtos, “Ov povoy,” edn, “tas Yelpas, @ Lopoxres, Sei v \ is / ’ \ \ ‘ caBapas Exetvy Tov otpatnyov, aAdka Kal Tas v > e be y Ld , lad A > owes. o d€ XrnotuBporos dyno OTL Touvs év v f ig > 4 > A 4, Lauo TeOvynxotas éeyxomalwy er tod Brnyatos aBavatous Ereye yeyovévat xabatTep tovs Oeous: ov yap éxeivous avTOUS Opa@pev, GAAG Tais Tipais as €xovot, Kai tois ayabois & mapéyovouw, a > aBavatous elvar texpatpoueba: TadT ovv UTapyeww Kal Tois UmTép THS TaTpioos aTroPavovaty. IX. ’Ezel 5€ Qouxudidns peéev apiotoxpatenny \ a , e / , tiva THY ToD Ilepixréous Uroypader trodtTELay, ‘“Xoywo pev ovaav Snuoxpatiav, Epyw 8 vro tov , > \ ’ , ” ” be ”~ TpwTov avdpos apynv, GAXot dé ToNAOL TPwTOV vm éxeivov hact tiv Siov él KAnpovytas cal Oewpixa kal ptcOav Siavoyas mrpoayxPivar, KaK@s b /, , a > 4 eGusGévta Kal yevopevoy todvTEAn Kal axo- NaCTOVY UTO THY TOTE TOALTEVLUTWY AVTL Tw- 24 PERICLES ever he came forward to speak he prayed the gods that there might not escape him unawares a single word which was unsuited to the matter under dis- cussion. In writing he left nothing behind him ex- cept the decrees which he proposed, and only a few in all of his memorable sayings are preserved, as, for instance, his urging the removal of gina as the “ eye-sore of the Pirewus,” and his declaring that he “already beheld war swooping down upon them from Peloponnesus.” Once also when Sophocles, who was general with him on a ccrtain naval expedition,! praised a lovely boy, he said: “It is not his hands only, Sophocles, that a general must keep clean, but his eyes as well.” Again, Stesimbrotus says that, in his funeral oration over those who had fallen in the Samian War, he declared that they had become im- mortal, like the gods; “the gods themselves,” he said, “we cannot see, but from the honours which they receive, and the blessings which they bestow, we conclude that they are immortal.” So it was, he said, with those who had given their lives for their country. IX. Thucydides describes? the administration of Pericles as rather aristocratic,—“in name a democ- racy, but in fact a government by the greatest citizen.” But many others say that the people was first led on by him into allotments of public lands, festival-grants, and distributions of fees for public services, thereby falling into bad habits, and becom- ing luxurious and wanton under the influence of his public measures, instead of frugal and self-sufficing. 1 Against Samos, 440-439 B.c. 2 In the encomium on Pericles, ii. 65, 9. 25 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ppovos nai av’toupyod, OewpetcOw dia ToV Tpay- HaTw@V avTe@Y % aitia Tis weTaBoATs. - -— "Ey adpxn pev yap, @oTep elpntat, mpos THY Kiuwvos dofav avretattopevos tremoeito Tov Sipov: éXattovpevos b€ TAOVTM Kal ypiHpacty, J > b] a 3 f \ 4 “ f agp av éxetvos dvenduBave tovs tévyntas, deimvov te Kal’ nue D O€OMEVW TAPE "AOnvat nuepav To Seopev@ Tapéxwv 'AOnvaiwr, Kal tous mpecBvtépous apdievyvwy, Tov TE Yo- piwy tovs Ppaypnovs adatpav 6rws oTwpifwaty ot Bovaropevar, TovTots Oo TepixrAns catadnpaywyov- HEVOS TPETTETAL TPOS THY THY OSnpociwy Savouny, auuBovrevtcavtos avt@ Aapwvidouv tov “Oabev, ws “AptototéAns totopnKe. Kal tayv Oewptxois ‘ Cal i w ww Kat Sexactixots Ajppaciv adrAas Te picbodpopais Kat xYopnyiats auvdexdcas to TAHOos, expiro A fel 3 > , 4 “ La 3 \ ? kata Ths 連 Apelou mayou BovArns, is avtos ov petetxe Sia TO pert adpxwv prjte Oecpobérns pyre Bacireds pte Trodguapyos Aayeiy. avtar yap ai apxal KAnpwtai te thoay éx mwadatod, cat bi ) A id f 3 , > ” avt@v of Soxtpacbevtes avéBavov eis “Apecor mayov. 610 Kal pardroyv icyvoas o TlepexrArs ev TO Spm Katectaciace tiv Bovdgrjv, @oTE THY pev adaipebfvar tas mAciotas Kpices Ov “Edi- drtov, Kipwva 0 ws diroAdKwva Kal uioodnpov éFoatpaxiaOivat, wAOUTM pev Kal yéves pndevos aToNELTrOmEevov, vikxas b€ KaANoTAaS vEertKnKOTA 26 15 PERICLES Let us therefore examine in detail the reason for this change in him. In the beginning, as has been said, pitted as he was against the reputation of Cimon, he tried to ingratiate himself with the people. And since he was the inferior in wealth and property, by means of which Cimon would win over the poor,—furnish- ing a dinner every day to any Athenian who wanted . it, bestowing raiment on the elderly men, and remov- ing the fences from his estates that whosoever wished ‘might pluck the fruit—Pericles, outdone in popular arts of this sort, had recourse to the distribution of the people’ s own wealth. This was on the advice of Damonides, of the deme Oa, as Aristotle has stated. And soon, what with festival-grants and jurors’ wages and other fees and largesses, he bribed the multi- tude by the wholesale, and used them in opposition to_the Council of the Areiopagus. Of this body he himself was not a member, since the lot had not made him either First Archon, or Archon Thes- mothete, or King Archon, or Archon Polemarch. These offices were in ancient times filled by lot, and through them those who properly acquitted themselves were promoted into the Areiopagus. For this reason all the more did Pericles, strong in the affections of the people, lead a successful party against the Council of the Areiopagus. Not only was the Council robbed of most of its jurisdic- tion by Ephialtes, but Cimon also, on the charge of being a lover of Sparta and a hater of the people, was ostracized,3—a man who yielded to none in wealth 1 The discussion of this change in Pericles from the methods of a demagogue to the leadership described by Thucydides, continues through chapter xv. ? Const. of Athens, xxvii. 4. * 461 Bo. Cf. Cimon, xvii. 2. 27s PLUTARCH’S LIVES tous PBapBSdpovs Kat xpnuatwv ToAdk@V Kal Aadipwv euTeTANKOTA THY TOALY, WS eV TOFS Tepl éxeivou yéypartat. Tooottoyv jv To Kpatos év T@ num tov Tlepixr€ovs. X. ‘O pév otv é£ootpaxiapos wpiopévny eixe vopw Sexaetiav Tois pevyouvow: ev d€ TO ta pecov Aaxedaipoviwy otpaT@ peydr@ éuBanrov- TOV ets THY Tavarypueny Kal TOV "AOnvaiwv evdus OpynoavTay em’ aUvTOUs, oO pev Kipov éXNawv ex THs puyijs éJeTo PETA TOV pureTar eis AOYov Ta oma Kal & Epywv atoAverOat Tov Aaxwvic pov éBownero, ouyKivouvevaas Tois TONLTALS, ot b€ piror TOU Tlepexdeous TUCTAYTES UT AATAV AUTOV ws puydéa. 510 Kal Soxet Tlepixrajs éppwpevé- otata } THY paxny éxelyyy aywvicacGa Kai yevéo Bar mavTov emipaverTatos apedijoas TOU TWUATOS. ET ETOV 6e Kat tov Kipwvos of piror waves oparas, ods epixrAns cuverrntiato Tov ANaxavic pov: Kat peTavota Sewn TOUS A Onvatous Kal moos € axe TOU Kipewvos, yrtnpévous ev érri TOV (Spey THS ATTUKIS, Tpoo Soxavras de Bapuv els éTous apav TOAE MOV. aia Bopevos ouv Oo Ilepe- Kris OUK WKUNTE xapicacbat TOUS TodAols, anra 70 ideo pa yparras QUT OS exdnet TOV av6pa, KAKELVOS Katenarv® elpyyny eTOLNTE TALS TONEY. oiKetos yap €bxoV ot Aaxedaipovioe ™ pos auto aotep amnyGovTo 7@ Ilepixret Kal tois adrots énpaywryots. 1 dopwpeveorara Cobet, Sintenis®, Fuhr, Blass; éppwpere- ordrnv Bekker, with the MSS. 2 xareAOayv Sintenis’, Fuhr, Blass; aweA@av Bekker, with the MSS. 3&8 PERICLES and lineage, who had won most glorious victories over the Barbarians, and had filled the city full of money and spoils, as is written in his Life. Such was the power of Pericles among the people. X. Now ostracism involved legally a period of ten years’ banishment. But in the meanwhile? the Lacedzmonians invaded the district of Tanagra with a great army, and the Athenians straightway sallied out against them. So Cimon came back from his banishment and stationed himself with his tribesmen in line of battle, and determined by his deeds to rid himself of the charge of too great love for Sparta, in that he shared the perils of his fellow-citizens. But the friends of Pericles banded together and drove him from the ranks, on the ground that he was under sen- tence of banishment. For which reason, it is thought, Pericles fought most sturdily in that battle, and was the most conspicuous of all in exposing himself to danger. And there fell in this battle all the friends of Cimon to a man, whom Pericles had accused with him of too great love for Sparta. Wherefore sore repentance fell upon the Athenians, and a longing desire for Cimon, defeated as they were on the confines of Attica, and expecting as they did a grievous war with the coming of spring. So then Pericles, perceiving this, hesitated not to gratify the désires of the multitude, but wrote with his own hand the decree which recalled the man. Whereupon Cimon came back from banishment and made peace * between the cities. For the Lacedw#monians were as kindly disposed towards him as they were full of hatred towards Pericles and the other popular leaders. 1 457 B.c. 2 450 B.c. 29 ¢ 4 ~] PLUTARCH’S LIVES "Evioe 5€ dhaciv ov mpoTepoy ypadnvar Te Kivou tiv xa0odov Ure tod TleatxrX€ous 9 ouv- Onxas avtots amoppntous yeréoOar Ov EXrivixns, THs Kipwvos aberdis, @ate Kiwwva pév éxrred- cat AaPovta vads dtaxocias Kai tav éEw otpa- THYyEV, KaTactpepouevoy THY Bacthéws yopay, Ilepexret Sé tHv ev aoter Svvamw imdpyev. eédoxer 5€ Kai mpoTepov 7» EXdmivicn to Kip tov Ilepexréa mpadtepov tapacyeiv, OTe THY Pavarixiy Sixny epevryer. my pev yap els tev KATH YyOpOV 0 Tlepuxris v Um0 TOD On fou mpoBeBrn- pévos, €AXOovans Sé 7 pos autor Tis ‘Edmevixns Kal Seonévys pecdtacas eivev? “QO. EXreivixn, ypais el, ypaus el, ws TWpayp“aTa THALKAUTA Wpdocey.” ov pny adrAa Kal 7 pos TOV Aoryov mag avégTn, THY mpoBorny aoatouperos, Kat TOV kaTnyopov eddxiata TOV Kipaova AuTyTas aTEXwpNcE. Ilas dv ovv tis ‘Téopevel TLaTEVT ELE KaTIYyO- podvre tod Ilepexr€ous « os TOV Onparywryov ‘Eguda- THY pirov yevouevov Kal KOtvwvoy bvTAa THS ev TH moduTeia T poatper ews Sorodpovycavtos bia ondo- tuTriav Kal Favor THS SoEns; Tatra yap ovx 01d ober cuvayaryov @OTEP XoANY Tavept ™ poa- BéBr Ke, TavTn pev LtWS OUK AVET AIT TD, ppo- vnpa & evryeves EvovTe Kal yoy gr (AOTL OV, ols ovdev eupuerat Tdbos @pOv ovUTw Kal Onpuddes. ‘Ediadryy pev ovy poBepor 6 ovrTa Tots oduyap tKots Kal Tept TAs ev0 uvas Kat dtwers TeV TOV $5 nov aStKOUVTWY aTrapaitntoy eémiBovAEevcavTes at ? ‘ 73 , arn a , éyOpot bi’ "Apiotodixou rod Tavaypixou xpugaiws 39 PERICLES Some, however, say that the decree for the restora- tion of Cimon was not drafted by Pericles until a secret compact had been made between them, through the agency of Elpinicé, Cimon’s sister, to the effect that Cimon should sail out with a fleet of two hundred ships and have command in foreign parts, attempting to subdue the territory of the King, while Pericles should have supreme power in the city. And it was thought that before this, too, Elpinice had rendered Pericles more lenient towards Cimon, when he stood his trial on the capital charge of treason.! Pericles was at that time one of the committee of prosecution appointed by the people, and on Elpinice’s coming to him and supplicating him, said to her with a smile: “ Elpinice, thou art an old woman, thou art an old woman, to attempt such tasks.” However, he made only one speech, by way of formally executing his commission, and in the end did the least harm to Cimon of all his accusers. How, then, can one put trust in Idomeneus, who accuses Pericles of assassinating the popular leader Ephialtes, though he was his friend and a partner in his political program, out of mere jealousy and envy of his reputation? These charges he has raked up from some source or other and hurled them, as if so much venom, against one who was perhaps not in all points irreproachable, but who had a noble disposi- tion and an ambitious spirit, wherein no such sav- age and bestial feelings can have their abode. As for Ephialtes, who was a terror to the oligarchs and inexorable in exacting accounts from those who wronged the people, and in prosecuting them, his enemies laid plots against him, and had him slain 1463 B.c. Cf. Cimon, xiv. 2-4. 31 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avetdov, ws Aptototérns elpnxev. érerevtnoe Sé Kipwv ev Kup otpatnyov. XI. Ot & apioroxpatixol péyiotov pev dn tov Ilepixréa xal mpocGev opavtes yeyovoTa TaV fal “ > #7 ? 4 N Q ToAtt@v, BovrAopevot 6 Suws Elvai TLvVa TOV TpOS avTov avTiTacaopevoy ev TH ToAEL Kal THY duva- piv auPdovorta, woTe wy Kod povapyiay eivat, Oouxvéidny tov "Adwrexjdev, avdpa cwdpova kai Kndeatnv Kipwvos, avréotycay évavTiwodpevor, Os WTTOV ev Ov TrorAEuLKOS TOV Kipwvos, ayopaios dé Kal qoXLTLKOS paAXOD, Olxovpav év acTE Kal wept To Biya TO Ilepexrel ouprrexopevos, TAX THY TOALTELAD Els aYTiTaXoY KAaTETTNGEV. Ov yap elace tovs Kadovs Kayabovs Kadov- pévous avdpas évodtecrrapOar nal cuppeptyGar mpos Tov Sihpov, ws TpoTEpov, UTO WANGovS jyav- pwpévous TO aEiwua, xwpis b€ Swaxpivas Kat cuvayayov eis TaVTO THY TWavTwY Svvaptv EuBpLOn yevopevny @aTrep emt Cvyod pony emoinoev. av \ X 3 ’ al } , of v 3 pev yap €& apyns otTAON TLS UTovAOS, WaTrEp EV cidnpw, Siapopay vrocnpaivovaa Snpotixhs Kal apiaToKpaTtxijs mpoatperews, 1) & €xelvwy apidra \ , nw 3 5 wn @ , \ kal dirotiysia TeV avdpav Babvtatny Topnv “a nA nA 4 TEpovaa THS TOAEWS TO ev SHuov, TOO OdLYOUS ; , a f) § 4 \ , , A § ’ eTroinge KarElalat. O10 Kat TOTE PANTTA TH ONPO \ e , >] ‘ e fol 9 , ‘ , Tas nvias avels o [leptxdijs €vroALTEvETO TpOs Xapty, > 4 del pev twa Oday Tavnyupixny 7} EaTiacwW 1 Trop- 32 PERICLES secretly by Aristodicus of Tanagra, as Aristotle says.1 As for Cimon, he died on his campaign in Cyprus.? -XI. Then-the aristocrats, aware even some tiie before this that Pericles was already become the greatest citizen, but wishing nevertheless to have some oné in the city who should stand up against him and blunt the edge of his power, that it might not be an out and out monarchy, put forward Thucydides of Alopecé, a discreet man and a relative of Cimon, to oppose him. He, being less of a war- rior than Cimon, and more of a forensic speaker aud statesman, by keeping watch and ward in the city, and by wrestling bouts with Pericles on the bema, soon bought the administration into even poise. He would not suffer the party of the “Good and True,” as they called themselves, to be scattered up and down and blended with the populace, as heretofore, the weight of their character being thus obscured by numbers, but by culling them out and assembling them into one body, he made their collective influence, thus become weighty, as it were a counterpoise in the balance. Now there had been from the beginning a sort of seam hidden beneath the surface of affairs, as in a piece of iron, which faintly indicated a divergence between the popular and the aristocratic progranumme; but the emulous ambition of these two men cut a deep gash in the state, and caused one section of it to be called the ‘¢ Demos,” or the People, and the other the “ Oligoi,”’ or the Few. At this time, therefore, particularly, Pericles gave the reins to the people, and made his policy one of pleasing them, ever devising some 1 Const. of Athens, xxv. 4. 3449 p.c. Cf. Cimon, xviii., xix. 33 VOL. III. D PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ti evar pynyavwopevos ev acte. Kat ‘ draTratéa- YWYOU OUK Apovaots HOovais” THY Tod, EEnKovTA Sé tpinpets xa” Exactov éviautov exTépTov, ev als TOAKOL TOV TOALT@V ETAEOY OKTM pnvas EuptaOot, pereravtes Gua xal pavOdvovtes THY vauTLKHD éumetpiav. mpos d€ TovToIs yiAtous pev EoTether eis Neppovncov KrAnpovyxous, eis 6€ Nakov szevra- xoatous, eis 5€ “Avdpov tous npioes! TovTwY, Ets 5é Opaxcnv yxirAtovs Bioddrrats ovvotxynaovtas, drrous 8 ets “Iradlav oixtlopévns SuBapews, iv @ovpiovs mpoonyopevoav. Kai TavT’ émpartev dmoxoupitov pev apyou kat 1a GXOANVY ToAv- T parypovos bxAou Thy TOALY, eTravopOoupevos Se TAS amoptas Tod Snpov, PoBov sé Kat ppoupav Tou pn vewTepiley Te TapaKatotKif@y Tots cup- paxots. XII. “O 6éé retary ev noovay tais "A@nvats Kal KOG OV TVEYKE, peylorny dé Tois aNXOLS exmy)- Ew dvOpwrro.s, peovov O€ TH EAAdSt paptuper Th) pevdeaPar THY heyowevnv Suvapey avuTins éxetyny Kal TOV TadaLov OABov, 7) TaV avaOnpdTwV KaTa- OKEV?), TOUTO PadLGTA TOV TodtTevLaTwY TOU Ierxréous éSacKarvov ot €yOpoi Kai ovéBaddov ev Tais exehaotars, Bodvres @S 0 pev ojos ado- Fei xat KaKas GKOVEL TA KOWA TOV Ed yver XPyaTa 7 pos avutov éx Andou peTayayor, ) é EVETTLY AUTO T POS TOUS éycadobytas EUT PETETTATN TOV mrpopdacwr, Setcavta tous BapBdpous éxetBer 1 sobs fuloess Fuhr and Blass, after Cobet: nuloes. PERICLES ° sort of a pageant in the town for the masses, or a feast, or a procession, “amusing them like children ¥ with not uncouth delights,’ ! and sending out sixty / triremes annually, on which large numbers of the citizens sailed about for eight months under pay, practising at the same time and acquiring the art of seamanship. In addition to this, he despatched a thousand settlers to the Chersonesus,? and five hundred to Naxos, and to Andros half that number, and a thousand to Thrace to settle with the Bisaltae, and others to Italy, when the site of Sybaris was settled? which they named Thurii. All this he did by way of lightening the city of its mob of lazy and idle busybodies, rectifying the embarrass ments of the poorer people, and giving the allie: for neighbours an imposing garrison which should prevent rebellion. XII. But that which brought most delightful adornment to Athens, and the greatest amazement to the rest of mankind; that which alone now testifies for Hellas that her ancient power and splendour, of which so much is told, was no idle fiction,—I mean his construction of sacred edifices, —this, more than all the public measures of Pericles, — his enemies maligned and slandered. They cried out in the assemblies: “The people has lost its fair fame and is in ill repute because it has removed the public moneys of the Hellenes from Delos into its own keeping, and that seemliest of all excuses which it had to urge against its aceusers, to wit, that out of fear of the Barbarians it took the public funds 1 An iambic trimeter from an unknown source. 2447 B.c. Cf. chapter xix. 1-2. ® 444 B.o. Sybaris had been destroyed in 510 u.c, 35 p 2 ao PLUTARCH’S LIVES ? 4 f ? 3 A \ ld , avenéaGar nal duratrew ev OYUP@ Ta KoLVa, TAV- 3 , el \ “ \ e ¢ thy avnpyke IlepexrArs: Kat doxet Seevnv Bpw 7 ¢€ \ ~ cos EAAds v8pivecOar xal tupavveicbar tepipavas, “ A A rd opaaa Tos eiahepouevars UT avTHs avayKaiws TPOS TOV TOAELOV Has THY TOW KATAYpUCOUD- \ f (a4 > / “A Tas Kal KadXAwTiCovTas WaTEp Gdafeva yuvaixa, s f aA > , mepiaTrTomevny AiLJous TroAvTEAELS Kul ayadpaTta Kat vaous YtALoTAaNAdVTOUS. "Edidacxey ody o Tepuxrns tov dipov ote ypn- f “A Hatwv pmev ovK ohetrAovar Tols ouppdyors AOyov jTpoToreuouvTes auT@v Kal tovs BapBapous “A ¢ rd aveipyovtes, ovx immo, ov vadv, oy oTdiTHY, ? \ / / , A aA , dGAAG YpHpaTa povoy TeXoUvTwY, 2 TeV SidovTwY ? * > \ “ f A f ovK €oTw, adr TOV AaLBavorTwr, av TapexwoLy +] “A cal , av? ov AapBavovar bel bé tis Toews KaTE- f e A A . OKEVATMEVNS iKAV@S TOiS avayKatolts Tpos TOV ToOAELOY, Els TAUTA THY EvTOpiaY TpéTTELY AUTIS 73> @ , \ , 7s 3 / \ ap’ av dofa pév yevouévwy adidios, evaropia &é s ’ “A ‘4 yivopevoy ETOlun Tapes Tat, TavTodaTAs Epyacias / A ' A gdaveions Kal Twokikwyv ype@v, al twacayv pev Téxvny éyeipovoal, macav b€ xXeipa Kiwovoat, \ cad “A ” \ / 9 axedov Odny totoval EupiocOov thy mor, €F aAUTHS Gua Koopoupevny Kal Tpepopévny. a \ ’ Tots pev yap nAriKiay Eyovoe Kai pwpunv ai A re \ “ a“ “A OTPATEIAaL TAS ATO THY KOLV@V EVTTOpLas TapEtxov, X ? b] , \ , ad wv % tov & aauvtaxtoy xal Bavavaoov dyXov QuT ” ef A 4 w” f apotpov eivat Anupatwv BovrAopeEvos ovTE AapBa- vey apyov Kai cyondlovta, peydras KaTacKev- 36 159 PERICLES from that sacred isle and was now guarding them in a stronghold, of this Pericles has robbed it. And surely Hellas is insulted with a dire insult and manifestly subjected to tyranny when she sees that, with her own enforced contributions for the war, we are gilding and bedizening our city, which, for all the world like a wanton woman, adds to her wardrobe precious stones and costly statues and temples worth their millions.” For his part, Pericles would instruct the people that it owed no account of their moneys to the allies provided it carried on the war for them and kept off the Barbarians; “not a horse do they furnish,” said he, “not a ship, not a hoplite, but money simply ; and this belongs, not to those who give it, but to those who take it, if only they furnish that for which they take it in pay. And it is but meet that the city, when once she is sufficiently equipped with all that is necessary for prosecuting the war, should apply her abundance to such works as, by their completion, will bring her everlasting glory, and while in process of completion will bring that abundance into actual service, in that all sorts of activity and diversified demands arise, which rouse every art and stir every hand, and bring, as it were, the whole city under pay, so that she not only adorns, but supports herself as well from her own resources.” And it was true that his military expeditions supplied those who were in the full vigour of man- hood with abundant resources from the common funds, and in his desire that the unwarlike throng of common labourers should ncither have no share at all in the public receipts, nor yet get fees for 37 PLUTARCHIS LIVES , > \ 4 ¢ , Ad LAaTwWV eruBoras Kal TONUTEVVOUS urrobéaets w \ b] , b 7 , > N Epywv dsatpiBnv éxovtwv évéSare hépwv eis Tov Siuov, iva pndev hrtov Tav wAEOVTwWY Kai Ppov- povvTwy Kal oTpatTevopévwy TO oiKovpowy exn , b \ a“ , b a \ mpopacw ato tav Snuociwy wheretoOar xai peTarapBaverv. Orrov yap BAN pev Hv Bos, , ~ / Ul 5nd , e yarxKos, eAéhas, ypuaos, EBevos, kuTaptacos, ai “ , 5é TavTHy exTrovovcas Kai Ki T:ipyalouevar TExVat, , 4 , é TEKTOVES, WAdOTAL, YadKoTUTAL, ALGoupyot, Ba- deis, yputod paraxtijpes kai érehavtos, Cwypa- ot, TorKtATAai, TOpevTat, TouTOL S€ TovTwY Kai Koma Tippes, EuTropor Kal vabtat Kal KxuBepyara Kata Garattayv, oi 6€ Kata yhv apakornyol Kai Cevyotpopor Kal jvioxot Kat Kadwotpoda rat AWwoupyol Kal cKUTOTOLOL Kai OdoTrOLOl Kal peTAaA- A ‘ Neis, Exdotn b€ Téyvy, Kabarep atpatnyos idiov b ; oTpatevpa, Tov Ontixoy dyYAov Kat LOrwrTny ouD- TeTAypEeVOY Eiyev, Opyavoy Kat Gupa THS vITNpeE- a e v > a , cias yivopevor, els TaTAY, WS ETrOS El TELY, NALKLAV kal dvaw ai xpeiar Scévepov Kai Steorretpov TH evTropiay. XIII. ’AvaBatvovtwy 5€ THY Epywv UTEpn- a % b / davev pev peyéBe, poppy O° apipytev Kat s “a wn e 4 ¢ tA KapiTt, TOY Snptoupyov upirAwpevov vUTEpBad- ‘ , “ , ta Nec Gat tiv Snpovpytav TH KadAALTEXVIG, pardora ‘ XN Cd Pavpdo.ov hv To TUYOS. WY yap ExaaTOV woVTO n nn ‘ ¢€ 4 ld b N , morarais dicdoyais Kat nAiKials moALS ETL TEOS adifec@at, TavTa wWavTa pias ukpi) TWodLTELAS 38 PERICLES laziness and idleness, he boldly suggested to the people projects for great constructions, and designs for works which wouid call many arts into play and involve long periods of time, in order that the stay-at-homes, no whit less than the sailors and sentinels and soldiers, might have a pretext for getting a beneficial share the public wealth. The materials to be used were stone, bronze, ivory,” gold, ebony, and cypress-wood; the arts which should elaborate and work up these materials were those of carpenter, moulder, bronze-smith, stone- cutter, dyer, worker in gold and ivory, painter, embroiderer, embosser, to say nothing of the forwarders and furnishers of the material, such as factors, sailors and pilots by sea, and, by |: and, wagon- makers, trainers of yoked beasts, and drivers. There were also rope-makers, weavers, leathcr-workers, road-builders, and miners. And since each par- ticular art, like a general with the army under his separate command, kept its own throng of unskilled and untrained labourers in compact array, to be as instrument unto player and as body unto soul in subordinate service, it came to pass that for every age, almost, and every capacity the city’s great abundance was distributed and scattered abroad by such demands. XIII. So then the works arose, no less towering in their grandeur than inimitable in the grace of their outlines, since the workmen eagerly strove to surpass themselves in the beauty of their handicraft. And yet the most wonderful thing about them was the speed with whicli they rose. Each one of them, men thought, would require many successive generations to complete it, but all of them were 39 PLUTARCEH’S LIVES 2 €dkapBave tTHv ouvTédctav. KatTot ToTé h4ucww oy , a , s a Ayadapyou tod Cwypadou péya hpovodvtos emt n~ ‘4 \ nA wn T® TAY Kai padiws Ta CHa Toleiy axovoavTa tov Levéiy etrrety: “yw 8 év worrd@ ypove.” ) yap €v TO Totely evyéperca Kal TayvTYHS ovK b f f 4 s +O\ f ¥ 4 evttOnat Bapos Epywo povipoy ovdé KadXoOvS axpt- Betav o & eis THY yéveriy TO TOVW Tpobaveta Gels NPOVvOS EV TH TwTHpPLa TOU yevouevou THY LaxoY 3 atrodiéwotv. GOev nal parrov Oavpatetar ta , 4 N A , > 3 if IlepixXeovs Epya mpos ToAvy xXpovoy Ev orLYD ‘ 4 \ \ 4 > ‘ yevomeva. KddArEL per yap ExaaTov EvOds Hy a an A / TOTE apyaioy, axpn Oé pexpe viv TpoadhaTov éoTt nw U / Kal veoupyov' ovTws emravOet Katvotns aet tts} aOietov Vro Tov xXpovov S:atnpodaa THY BY», @omep aelOares Trvedya Kai Wuyny aynpw Kata- [Lemley EevnY TOV Epywr EYOvTMY. 4 \ ” \ f bd / @ 4 Ildvta 6€ duetrre nal Tdavtwy éticKxotos Hv A 4 avt@ Pedtas, Kaito. peyddrous apyitéxtovas id al éyovTwy Kal Teyvitas TOY Epywy. Tov pev yap éxatoutredov Tlapbevava Kaddxparns eipyaveto ‘ b] nw ‘ b] ’ be im! al , kat ‘Ixtivos, to & év “EXevotve rterXeotHpLov ” \ aed > 5 a \ \ ao? npEato peéev KopotBos oixodopetvy, Kat Tovs ém 99 / / yw v \ a 3 4 éSadhous xiovas EOnxev odTos Kal Tols éTLaTUALOLS b / b , \ f 4 éméCevEev: amoOavovtos &8€ tovtov Metayévns 0 Eumétios to dtalwpa Kal Tovs avw Kiovas A , — 5 éréatnoe TOO Omatov emi TOU araxTopov Zevo- crs 0 Nodrapyevs exopvpwoe to Sé paxpov 160 xawdTys del ris Fuhr and Blass with F8S: xawdérns ras. qc PERICLES fully completed in the heyday of a single adininis- tration. And yet they say that once on a time when Agatharchus the painter was boasting loudly of the speed and ease with which he made his figures, Zeuxis heard him, and said, “ Mine take, and last, a long time.” And it is true that deftness and speed in working do not impart to the work an abiding weight of influence nor an exactness of beauty ; whereas the time which is put out to loan in laboriously creating, pays a large and generous interest in the preservation of the creation. For this reason are the works of Pericles all the more to be wondered at; they were created in a short time for all time. Each one of them, in its beauty, was even then and at once antique; but in the freshness of its vigour it is, even to the present day, recent and newly wrought. Such is the bloom of perpetual newness, as it were, upon these works of his, which makes them ever to look untouched by time, as though the unfaltering breath of an ageiess spirit had been infused into them. His general manager and general overseer was | Pheidias, although the several works had great architects and artists besides. Of the Parthenon, for instance, with its cella of a hundred fect in length, Callicrates and Ictinus were the architects ; it was Coroebus who began to build the sanctuary of the mysteries at Eleusis, and he planted the columns on the floor and yoked their capitals together with architraves; but en his death Metagenes, of the deme Xypete, carried up the frieze and the upper tier of columns; while Xenocles, of the deme ‘| Cholargus, set on high the lantern over the shrine. 41 ~] PLUTARCH’S LIVES “~ \ g t b “ f Sy & Telyos, TEpt ov LwKpaTys axovaal dnaw adtos elonyoupnevou yvwpny Tepexréous, npyoraRyce , a \ ‘ v a Kaddx paras. Keouepoet dé 7o Epyov Kparivos ws Bpadéws mepatvopevov' HdaXae yap auto, dyot, NOyorae mpoayee Llepexréns, epyorot 8 ovde KLVEt. To & ’Ordetov, rH pev evtos Siadécee rrorvedpoy xal wodvatuAov, TH O epee mepixrAives Kal KaTarTCS €k plas Kopud ys Temroinpévov, eixava Néyovat yevéoOat Kai pipnua TH Bactréws oKynvis, emtatatobvtos Kat tovutm Teptxréous. 510 Kai wad Kpativos év Opattais taifee mpos avTov" ‘O aytvoneparos ZLevs 6b¢ mpocépyevar' tadetov eri TOU Kpaviou exw, ered TovaTpAaKOY TapolyeETat. pirotewovpevos O o Llepixdtjs tote mp@tov éyrn- dicato povaixhs aywva tots Tava0nvaios ayecOat, kal détakev adtos abroerns aipedels xa0ote Xph Tous aywvilopevous avdrciy H adery xBapiev. eBeavro dé Kai TOTE Kai TOV GAXoOv xnav? év ’Odeiw tovs _HovarKous ayavas. a o€ Mportiaa THIS dK poTrohews efepyaa On pis év wevtaetia Mvnaotxd€ous APXLTERTCVOUPTOS” TUX bé davpaariy cupBaca mepl THY o.KOCO- ae éunvuce thy Ocov ovK atroctatTovcay, adra 1 63¢ | rpoaépxetac Fuhr and Blass, after Cobst: apooép- xeT a | TlepinAens. “2 PERICLES For the long wall, concerning which Socrates says! he himself heard Pericles introduce a measure, Callicrates was the contractor. Cratinus pokes fun at this work for its slow progress, and in these words :— « Since ever so long now In word has Pericles pushed the thing; in fact he does not budge it.” ” The Odeum, which was arranged internally with many tiers of seats and many pillars, and which had a roof made with a circular slope from a single peak, they say was an exact reproduction of the Great King’s pavilion, and this too was built under the superintendence of Pericles. Wherefore Cratinus, in his “Thracian Women,” rails at him again :— “The squill-head Zeus! lo! here he comes, The Odeum like a cap upon his cranium, Now that for good and all the ostracism is o’er.” ® Then first did Pericles, so fond of honour was he, get a decree passed that a musical coptest be held as part of the Panathenaic festival. He himself was elected manager, and prescribed how the contestants must blow the flute, or sing, or pluck the zither. These musical contests were witnessed, both then and thereafter, in the Odeum. The Propylaea of the acropolis were brought to completion in the space of five years, Mnesicles being their architect. A wonderful thing happened in the course of their building, which indicated that the goddess was not holding herself aloof, but was a 1 Plato, Gorgias, p.455 e. 2 From a play of unknown name. Kock, Com. Alt. Frag. i. p. 100. 3 Kock, op. cit.1. p. 30. 43 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aguvehamtopmevny Tov Epyouv Kal ouvemtTEdovVaaD. 0 yap évepyotatos Kal mpoOvpotatos Tay TeX- “A b] \ b ad id , vitav atocdhanels €& typous Erece Kal SréKxerto LoxXOnpas, UTd TOV iaTpav ameyvwcpevos. abu- a y “ , e ~ w “ povuvtos 5 tov Llepixr€ous 7 Geos dvap paveioa e fod cuvétake Ocpareiav, } xpwpevos o Hepixrs tay kal padiws idcato Tov avOpwrov. él tovT® “ a ¢ , ? a S¢ kal TO YaAKxovv ayadpa THs Tytetas “A@nvas \ dvéotnoev év axpoTrodXet Tapa Tov Bwfiov ds Kal TPOTEPOV HV, WS NEYOUG LV. ‘O 3€ Derdias eipyafeto pev tis Geod Td ypv- cow &d05, Kal tovTov Synuioupyos év TH oTHAN 3 ‘ “A avayéypartat,’ rdvta & hv oxedov én avr, Kal TGoLv, ws elpiKapev, emEgTATEL TOIS TEyVI- XN / s \ “ A S tats oun didiav Ilepixdeovs. Kal ToUTO TO pev hOovay, Td S€ Brachnpiav iveyxev, ws edevOepas A “ a ‘ 7@ [lepuxdet yuvaixas ets Ta Epya pottwoas vTo- 10 Seyouévov Tod Padiov. SeEdpevor S€ tov Noyov 1] @ ‘ A J] , b] “ , OL K@pLKOL TOAANN AGEAYELAVY AYTOU KATECKE- Ww \ , “a f Sacav, eis te THY Mevintouv yvvaixa diaBad- AovTes, avdpos hiouv Kal UToaTpaTnyoUVTOS, EIS 9 4 A te Tas [luptdaptrous opriOotpodgias, ds ETatpos av Tlepexr€ous aitiav elye ta@vas vdtévat tas A , guvarkiv als o Lepixrrs éewAnaia€e. 4 A a“ Kat tt av tis avOpwrous catuptKous tots Biots \ s b! a id / Cd Kat TaS KATA TOV KpeLTTOVWY BrachnwWas WaTrEP Saipovr Kak@ TO POdVO TOV TOAXOY aTroOvoYTas ad \ 2 4 e éxdotote Gaupdcetev, OTOU Kal XUTynotwBpotos o 1 dsayeypartas Cobet: elvat yéyparras. 44 PERICLES helper both in the inception and in the completion of the work. One of its artificers, the most active and zealous of them all, lost his footing and fell from a great height, and lay in a sorry plight, despaired of by the physicians. Pericles was much cast down at this, but the goddess appeared to him in a dream and prescribed a course of treatment for him to use, so that he speedily and easily healed the man. It was in commemoration of this that he set up the bronze statue of Athena Hygieia on the acropolis near the altar of that goddess, which was there before, as they say. But it was Pheidias who produced the great golden image of the goddess, and he is duly inscribed on the tablet as the workman who made it. Everything, almost, was under his charge, and all the artists and artisans, as I have said, were under his superintend- ence, owing to his friendship with Pericles. This brought envy upon the one, and contumely on the other, to the effect that Pheidias made assignations for Pericles with free-born women who would come ostensibly to see the works of art. The comic poets took up this story and bespattered Pericles with charges of abounding wantonness, connecting their slanders with the wife of Menippus, a man who was his friend, and a colleague in the generalship, and with the bird-culture of Pyrilampes, who, since he was the comrade of Pericles, was accused of using his peacocks to bribe the women with whom Pericles consorted. And why should any one be astonished that men of wanton life lose no occasion for offering up sacri- fices, as it were, of contumelious abuse of their superiors, to the evil deity of popular envy, when 45 no ‘wt PLUTARCH’S LIVES @dacros Sewov acéenua cat pvOawces eEeveynxeiv eTOALNOEV Els TIY yuvatxa Tov Vvi0v KaTa TOU lepuxréous; o0Tws Eotxe TavTyN YaXeTrov Elva Kai dua 8 npatov iatopia TarnOés, Gtav ot pev VoTEpov yeyovotes TOV ypovoyv EXwav értmpoobovvTa TH yuwoe TOY TpayyudTwv, 7) 6€ Tov mpakewy Kat Tov Biwy HAtKi@Tis iatopia ta pev POovors Kai dSuopevelais, Ta b€ yaptlopévn Kal KoXaKEevovaa AvpaivyTat Kai d:acTpéhy THY adjOeav. XIV. Tov b€ epi tov Oovxvdidny pntoper xataBowvtwy Tov ilepixréous ws atradavtos Ta Xphuata Kal Tas Tpododovs aToAALYTOS, Npo- Thoev év éxkrAnaia Tov Sipov e woddAa oxet ScSavravicbar dnadvtwv b€ maptodda: “Mn Toivuy, eiTev, “uUpiv, GAN enol bedatravijcbw, Kal tov avadynpatwy idiay éuavtov trotncopat THY éemiypadiy. eiTovTos otv Tavta tov Ilepr- KEOUS, ELTE THY peyarohpocvvyny avTod Baupd- gavres cite mpos THY b0€av avTibiAroTipoupevot TeV épywv, avéxpayov KedevovTes ex THV SnpLoulwr dvadicxey Kal yopnyeiv pnodevos ecdopevov. TéXos S€ Tpas Tov Mouxvéidny eis ayava TeEpi TOD datpaxov Kxataotas Kai Siaxiwduvevoas éxeivov pev e€éBadre, xatédvoe b€ THY avTiTEeTaypEevnY ETALpelav. XV. ‘Os obv ravtatact AvGeians THs Stado- pas Kal THS ToAEwS Olov Ouadrijs Kai puas yevo- pevns Kopidy, Tepijveyxev ets Eautov Tas "AOnras 46 16] PERICLES even Stesimbrctus of Thasos has ventured to make public charge against Pericles of a dreadful and fabulous impiety with his son's wife? To such degree, it seems, is truth hedged about with difficulty and hard to capture by research, since those who come after the events in question find that lapse of time is an obstacle to their proper perception of them; while the research of their contemporaries into men’s deeds and lives, partly through envious hatred and partly through fawning flattery, defiles and distorts the truth. XIV. Thucydides _and his party kept denouncing Pericles for playing “fast and loose with the. public moitye-and annihilating th ues. Pericles therefore asked the people in assembly whether they thought he had expended too much, and on their declaring that it was altogether too much, “ Well then,” said he, “let it not have been spent on your account, but mine, and I will make the inscrip- tions of dedication in my own name.” When Pericles had said this, whether it was that they admired his magnanimity or vied with his ambition to get the glory of his works, they cried out with a loud voice and bade him take freely from the public aes for his outlays, and to spare naught whatsoever. “And finally he ventured to undergo with Thucydides the contest of the ostracism, wherein he secured his rival’s banish- ment,! and the dissolution of the faction which had been arrayed against hin/ XV. Thus, then, seeing that political differences were entirely remitted and the citv had become a smooth surface, as it were, and altogether united, he brought under his own control Athens and all ‘the 1 442 B.o. 47} PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal ta tov "AOnvaiwov éEnptnpéva mpaypata, dopous Kal otpatevpata Kai Tpinpers Kal vycous kat Odraccav, Kal toddAnv pev de “EAAnvor, ToAAny 5¢ Kal da BapBapwv Koveay ioxvy, Kal Hyemoviav UTNKoos Overt Kat Pircais Baothewv Kal cvppayias teppaypevny Svvactav, ovKed o adtos tv ovd opoiws yecponOns Te Sym Kai padios vireiKely KaL Guvevdidoval Tats emi upiaes aoTep mvoais TOV TOAABY, GAR ex THS avetpevns exeivns Kal brod pur topevns eva Snpayoryias, domep avOnpas Kal paraxijs appmovias, dpiaToKpa~ To Kal Baciduxny EVTELILEVOS TOALTELAY, Kal Xpopevos auth mpos to BéXTLOTOV pon Kal dveyKrito, Ta pev TOAAG Rovicpevov ») mye neiOwy Kal didaoKwv TOV OFjmov, my 5’ é7e Kal pada dua xepaivovta KATATELVOY Kal m poo: Bato é éxet- potto TO cup épovTe, pupoupevos dTeXvaas lar pov TOLKIAW Voo}paTe Kal paxp@ KATA KaLpov pev yOovas aBXaBeis, kata Katpov bé Syypous Kat ddppaxa mpoodpépovTa cwtijpia. tTavtodaTav yap, @sS eK 0s, mabav év oy Too aurTny TO peéye- Dos apxnv éxovTe Pvopevwv, povos é€upedrors ExaoTa Siaxetpicacbar Tmepuxws, paruucta & érxmiot Kai poBos Hotep olaks mpocatéAdwv! TO Opacuvopevov avtov Kat To dvcOvpov aneis Kal rrapapv0ovpevos, cdecke THY pyTopiKny Kata IIha- Tava Wuyaywyiav otcav Kai péytotov épyov 1 wpooorédAwy Fuhr and Blass with 8 (xpooréAAwy BCF*) ; mpoavagTéAAwy. 48 PERICLES issues dependent on the Athenians,—. tributes, armies, triremes, the islands, the sea, the vast_power derived. from_Hellenes, vast_also from Barbarians, and_a supremacy that was securely hedged about with ances. But then he was no longer the same man as before, nor alike submissive to the people and ready to yield and give in to the desires of the multitude as a steersman to the breezes. Nay rather, forsaking his former lax and sometimes rather effeminate management of the people, as it were a flowery and soft melody, he struck the high and clear note of an aristocratic and ki anship, and employing it for the best interests of all in a direct and undeviating fashion, heled the people, for the most r [= part willingly, by his_persuasions and instructions. And yet there were times when they were sorely vexed with him, and then he tightened the reins and forced them into the way of their advantage with a master’s hand, for all_the world like a wise phy- sician, who treats a complicated discase of long Standing occasionally with harmless indulgences to please his patient, and occasionally, too, with caustics and bitter drugs which work salvation. For whereas all sorts of distempers, as was to be expected, were rife in a rabble which possessed such vast empire, he alone _was so endowed by nature that he could manage each one of these cases suitably, and more than anything else he used the people’s hopes and fears, like rudders, so to speak, giving timely check to their arrogance, and allaying and comforting their despair. Thus he proved that rhetoric, or the art of speaking, is, to use Plato’s words,! “an enchantment 1 Phaedrus, p 271 ¢. 49) VOL. ITI. gc on PLUTARCH’S LIVES aur hs THY TEpL Ta On Kat 7waOn pedodoy, OOTEP TLVAS Tovous Kal hboyyous yuxis pan’ eu perois apis Kab Kpovaens Seopevous. aitia 8 ovy % Tod Aaovyou pros duvapus, arn’, ws Oovkvdi6ns dnoiv, » mept tov Biov deka xa TiaTes Tob avd pos, adwpotdatou Tepipavas yevomerou Kal XPnear ay KpeLTTOVOS” Os Kal THY modu € éx peyadns peyioTny Kal mAovatwtaray TOUjTas, Kal *YEVOHEVOS duva- pee! TOO Bactréwv Kal TUpaYvoY UTTEPTEPOS, @v évioe Kal eTLTpPOTOD | Tots vier breDevto exeivov,” pa pax ut petCova TI) ovaiay OvK éroingeDV 1S 6 TATHP AUTO KaTeheme. XVI. Kadror Thy Suvauiy avTou capes pev O Bovevdidys dinyetrat, eaxonOws d€ Tmapeupaivou- oly ot Ko pKol, Meworotpatibas pep vEoUS TOUS Tept auTov éraipous Karodvtes, auTov 8 " dTropogae py TUPaVYNnoEY KeAEVOVTES, @S aouUppeT pou ™ pos Snpoxpatiav kal Baputrépas wept avtov ovens UmrEpox js. o bé Tnrexredns rapadedwoxévar Onoiv avT@ Tous "APnvaious IloAewv te hopous avtds Te odes, Tas pev deity, Tas & avandvepv, Adiva Teiyn, TA pév oixodopety, TA 8 Errerta® Twarw KataBarxreUp, oroveds, Suvapw, Kpatos, eipyvnv, mAOUTOY T evdarpoviap TE. Kat tadTa Kalpos otx hv ovd axpuyn Kal xapts 1 $yyduer also Fuhr and Blass with S; Bekker has xa} Suvipet. 2 éwlrporov.... exeivoy Madvig’ s restoration, adopted b Fuhr and Blass: émi rots viéor 5:éBevro, éxewvos (willed thetr property to their sons). 3748’ éwerra Fuhr: ra dé adrd. 5° PERICLES of the soul,” and that hez chiefest business is a careful study of the affections and passions, which are, so to speak, strings and steps of the soul, requiring a very judicious fingering and striking. The reason fer his success was not his power as a speaker merely, but, as Thucydides says, the reputation of his life and the” confidence reposed in him as one who was manifestly proven tp be utterly disinterested and superior to bribes. “He made the eity, great as it was when he took it, the greatest and riehest of all cities, and grew to be superior in power to kings and tyrants.) Some of these actually appointed him guardian of their sons, but he did not make his estate a single drachma greater than it was when his father left it to him. XVI. Of his power there can be no doubt, since Thucydides gives so clear an exposition of it, and the comic poets unwittingly reveal it even in their mali- cious gibes, calling him and his associates “new Peisis- tratidae,” and urging him to take solemn oath not to make himself a tyrant, on the plea, forsooth, that his preéminence was incommensurate with a demoeracy and too oppressive. Telecleides says? that the Athenians had handed over to him “With the cities’ assessments the cities themselves. to bind or release as he pleases, Their ramparts of stone to build up if he likes, and then to pull down again straightway, Their treatics, their forces, their might, peace, and riches, and all the fair gifts of good fortune.” / (RoceErs.) And this was not the fruit of a golden moment, nor 1 11. 65, 8. 2 Ina play of unknown name. Kock, op. cit. i. p. 220. 51 E 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avOovans ep dpa TortTElas, dAXa TecoapdKovTa \ ¥ , > ’ , \ if pev érn TpwTevwy ev Ediddrtats cai Aewxpatats cal Mupwvidas cal Kipwor xai Torpidars ai Oouvxvdidars, peta 5€ thy Oovevdidov xatddAvoww Kal Tov GoTpaKta Lov OvK EAdTTW TOY TEVTEKALOEKA éray Sinvext) kal piav ovoav év tais évavaiors ? otTpatnylas apynv Kat duvactelay KTnodpeEvos, ] ¢ et A 3 4 e N # / epvrakey éavTov avadwtov vT0 XpnpaTwv, Kat- Tep OU TayvTaTaciw apyas EYwv wpos YKpnuati- opov, GAAa Tov TaTp@ov Kai Sixatoy TAODTOD, ws | ee ee) 4 > , , 4 unr aperovpevos expuyot pnTe TOARR TpaypaTa kal duatpiBas daxodoupevep Tapeyot, cvvétakey els olxovopiapv ty mevo paotny Kal axptBeotaTny civat. TOUS yap éeTelous KaptroUs amavtTas GO poous érimpac ker, ita THY dvayKaiwy ExacToV A ; é& dyopas wvovpevos Stier tov Biov Kai ta Trepl Thy dtattay. Obev ovY HOUS Fv évyrALKots Tratolv 3 Q\ X, \ , b > > , ovde yuvarkl dawirns yopnyos, aAX eueudhovto Thy édypepoy tavTny Kal ouvynyuévny ets FO ? axpiBéotatov Samdvny, ovdevos, olov év otxia , peyarn Kal mpdaypactv adOovors, meptppéovTos, , N GAAG TavTos péey avadwpatos, TavTos dé€ Arp- > 9» “A \ , 4 e \ patos 80 aptOpod Kal pétpov BadiGovtos. o Se a a / Tacay avTovd THY ToLavTHY cuvéywr axpiBetav Eels Av otxétys, Evayyeros, ws Etepos ovdeis ed Eepu- a N Kas 1) KaTecKevacpévos U0 TOD IleptxdAéous mpos oikovopiay. "Amadovta) péev ody tadta tis ’Avatayopou ? A codpias, eye kal THY oixiay éxeivos éEédrTe Kal 1 'AngSovra Valckenaer’s restoration of the MS. axayza ; Bekker changes to amdde 52 162 PERICLES the culminating popularity of an administration that bloomed but for a season ; nay rather he stood first for fortyyearslL among such men as_ Ephialtes, Leocrates, Myronides, Cimon, Tolmides, and Thucy- dides, and after the deposition of Thucydides and his ostracism, for no less than fifteen of these years did he secure an imperial sway that was continuous and unbroken, by. means_of his annual tenure of the office of general. During all these years he kept himself ufitainted by corruption, although he was not altogether indifferent to money-making ; indeed, the wealth which was legally his by inheritance from his father, that it might not from sheer neglect take to itself wings and fly away, nor yet cause him much trouble and loss of time when he was busy with higher things, he set into such orderly dispensation as he thought was easiest and most exact. This was to sell his annual products all together in the lump, and then to buy in the market each article as it was needed, and so provide the ways and means of daily life. For this reason he was not liked by his sons when they grew up, nor did their wives find in him a liberal purveyor, but they murmured at his expendi- ture for the day merely and under the most exact restrictions, there being no surplus of supplies at all, as in a great house and under generous circum- stances, but every outlay and every intake proceeding by count and measure. His agent in securing all this great exactitude was a single servant, Evangelus, who was either gifted by nature or trained by Pericles so as to surpass everybody else in domestic economy. It is true that this conduct was not in accord with the wisdom of Anaxagoras, since that philosopher 4 1 Reckoning roundly from 469 to 429 B.c. ~1 PLUTARCH’S LIVES + , ’ “ 9 \ \ / e.h63 THY XYwOpay adjxev apynv Kai pndroBotov ur “~ , \ évOovotacpov Kat peyarodpoovrns, od TavToy 5 €otiv, oipat, Oewpntixod dirocodov Kal Trod- “ , 9 6] e ‘ ’ , \ > fo tixovd Bios, GAN oO peyv avopyavov Kal ampoaben THs exTOS DANS Ertl Tots KaXOIS KiVEL THY SlavoLay, fal , 7@ © els dvOpwreias yxpeias dvapeyvurrTe thy n r apetiy €ativ ov yévolt av ov TOY dvayKaiwv povov, dAda Kal TOV KaA@Y O TAODTOS, BaoTrEP hy Kal Tepixret Bonfovvtt toddots TOV TEVAT@V. ‘ ? , Kal pevto. ye Tov “Avakayopay avrov deyouow 9 / , 3 f ~ acyoroupevou Tlepixreous apedovpevov Ketobar guyKexaruppevoy HO ynpaloy anoxapTepodyta: mpoatecovtos S€ 7H Tlepixret tod mpdypatos éxmrayevta Oeiv evOvs ert tov avdpa nal deicbat se, , 9 / > 9 a 9 3 macav Sénow, oAodupopevoy ovK éxelvov, aAX éavtov, €f TOLODTOY amroXEl 7HS ToALTELaS oUp- Bovrov. éxxadrurdapevov ody tov 'Avatayopav a , ? “a elmrety mpos autov: "QD Tlepixres, nab ot rod , , M” wv ? / 33 AvYyvoU YXpElav EvovTeEs EdaLtov éETLYXEovOLD. XVII. ’Apyopévwy 6€ Aaxedatpoviwy dyPec0at Pa > , ~ > | , 9 , e ~ Th avéjoe tov A@nvaiwv, éraipwv o Tepexris tov Shpov ett parrov péya dpoveiv nal peyarov e XN b “a , if a, v avutov aklovy Tpaypatwv, ypadet Wndiopa, tav- tas “EAAnvas Tovs omjroTe KaTotKobyTas Evpo- ans 4) THs “Acias jTapaxaneiv, Kal pixpayv mordw 3 , al peyddnv, els avAXoyor wéeutrev ‘ABrvate A f \ “ Lae i “a e “ tous BovAevoopevous Trept Tov EAAnViK@Y Leper, 54 PERICLES actually abandoned his house and left his land to lie fallow for sheep-grazing, owing to the lofty thoughts with which he was inspired. But the life of a specu- lative philosopher is not the same thing, I think, as that of a statesman. The one exercises his intellect without the aid of instruments and independent of external matters for noble ends; whereas the other, inasmuch as he brings his superior excellence into close contact with the common needs of mankind, must sometimes find wealth not merely one of the necessities of life, but also one of its noble things, as was actually the case with Pericles, who gave aid to many poor men. And, besides, they say that Anaxa- goras himself, at a time when Pericles was absorbed in business, lay on his couch all neglected, in his old age, starving himself to death, his head already muffled for departure, and that when the matter came to the ears of Pericles, he was struck with dismay, and ran at once to the poor man, and be- sought him most fervently to live, bewailing not so much that great teacher's lot as his own, were he now to be bereft of such a counsellor in the conduct of the state. Then Anaxagoras—so the story goes —unmuffed his head and said to him, “ Pericles, even those who need a lamp pour oil therein.” ~ XVII. When the Lacedaemonians began to be annoyed by the increasing power of the Athenians, Pericles, by way of inciting the people to cherish yet loftier thoughts and to deem itself worthy of great achievements, introduced a bill to the effect that all_Hellenes wheresoever resident in Europe or in Asia, small and la ities ali invited w PLUTARCH’S LIVES & xatémpycav ot BdpBapot, Kal t¢v Ovarav as oheidovaw wep HS “EXXddos eEvEdpevoe Tots Geois Ste mpos tovs BapBdpovs éudyovto, Kal ths OaratTtys, OTws WAéwot TavTes adews Kal Thy eipnyny aywow. emi tadta & avdpes eixoce TOV UTED TEVTNKOVTA ETN yEeyovoTaV éméUPOnaar, av mévte pev “Iwvas nal Awpteis tovs év ’Acia Kal vnotwtas aypt AéaBouv xat ‘Pddov mapexa- douy, wévte S€ Tous év‘EXAnorovtT@ xal Opaxn péxpt Bufavtiov tomovs émnecav, xal wévte emi toutots eis Botwtiav cal Dwxida nai Tedorov- vngov, éx 6€ TAUTNS dta Aoxpav én THY T poaot- KOV i) €Lpov Ews ‘Axapvavias Kal “ApBpaxias amestuAnaav: of &€ Aotol &’ EvBotas én’ Oitaiovs xat tov Martéa xorXrov Kal POiwras "Axarors cal Oeaaarovs émopevorTo, ouprrel- Govtes t teva Kal peTexew tov Bovrevpatov én’ eipivn Kal KowoTpayia TIS “EXAdéos. émpaxOn d€ ovdév, ovde owviOov ai TONELS, Aaxedatpoviov UTEVAVTLWOEVTWV, WS AeyeTat, Kal TO TpP@TOY ev Ilehkorowyay THS Telpas éreyxJeians. TOUTO fev ovv TrapeDépny evOeLKYULEVOS avtov To dpo- ynya Kal THY peyaroppoovyny. XVIII. "Ev 6€ ais oTparnyiats evdoxipel pardoTa. Sta THY aopaneay, OUTE Haxns éexovans TOAANY aonroTnT a Kal Kivduvoyv Exovciws aTTO- HEvos, ove Tous éKx TOU Tapa BarheoGar Xpnca- péevous TVY'N apn pa Kal Oavpasbevtas WS peya- Aous CnA@V Kal PL LOUPLEVOS OTpATHYOUS, det TE Acywv Tpos Tous TONLTAS OS bcov é% auvT@ Hsvovow adavatot TavTa TOV Ypovoy. 56 163 PERICLES the Barbarians had burned down, concerning the sacrifices which were due to the gods in the name of Hellas in fulfilment of vows made when they were fighting with the Barbarians, and concerning the sea, that all might sail it fearlessly and keep the peace. To extend this invitation, twenty men, of such as were above fifty years of age, were sent out, five of whom invited the Ionians and Dorians in Asia and on the islands between Lesbos and Rhodes ; five visited the regions on the Hellespont and in Thrace as far as Byzantium; five others were sent into Boeotia and Phocis and Peloponnesus, and from here by way of the Ozolian Locrians into the neighbouring continent as far as Acarnania and Ambracia; while the rest proceeded through Euboea to the Oetaeans and the Maliac Gulf and the Phthiotic Achaeans and the Thessalians, urging them all to come and take part in the deliberations for the peace and common welfare of Hellas. /But nothing was accom- plished, nor did the cities come together by deputy, owing to the opposition of the Lacedaemonians, as it is said, since the effort met with its first check in Peloponnesus. I have cited this incident, however, to show forth the man’s disposition and the greatness of his thoughts. / XVIII. In his capacity as general, he was famous above all things for his saving caution; he neither undertook of his own accord a battle involving much uncertainty and peril, nor did he envy and imitate those who took great risks, enjoyed brilliant good- fortune, and so were admired as great generals; and he was for ever saying to his fellow-citizens that, so far as lay in his power, they would remain alive forever and be immortals. 5U/ 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e fa r \ \ Opov b€ Torpidny tov Torpaiov dia tas TpoTepov evtvyias Kal dra TO TipadOar Stade- povtas éx TOV TOAEuIKOY auY ovdevi KaLp® TapacKxevalopevoy eis Botwtiay éuBaretv, Kat ~ N TETELKOTA TOV ev HALKIA TOUS UplioTOUS Kal , y \ f / dirotipotatous €GerovtTi atpatevecOal, yLdLous yevopeévous aveu THS aAAnS Suvdpews, KAaTEVELV emetpato Kal Tapaxanrely ev TO SrHpw, TO py7- HOVEVOMEVOY ElTTwY, ws eb 1p TELGOLTO TleptKrel, TOV ye gopwratov ovy apapTicetat cipPBovrov avapeivas Xpovov. TOTE Ev OdY peETpPiws EvOoKI- noe TOUT EiTTw@Y OrIyats 8 BaTEpoy nuépats, WS ’ , ‘ ‘ DN f ‘ avnyyerbn teOveas pv attos Torpidns mepl Kopwveray nt Gels paxn, TeOvewtes Sé TroAXol Kkayabot TAY ToALT@Y, peydAny TodTo T@ Tlepr- ray ’ > , 60 ww ig > \ f KAet pet evvotas doEay iveyxev, ws avdpl dpovip@ Kal pidowoXrTn. XIX . Tav 6€ otpatnyav nyannOn pév 1) rept bd ”~ f , Xeppovncoy avtod partata, swTnptos yevopévn Tots avToOt Katotkovat Tav ‘“EXAnvov: ob yap povov éerroixous “AOnvaiwy yiriovs Kopicas Eppw- ’ , \ , y \ \ ‘ ] 4 cev evavopia Tas TONES, GNAG Kal Tov adbyéva dialwoas épvpact cal mpoBAnpacw éx Caratrns els OddatTav ameteiyice TAS KaTadpoyas TOV Opaxav Twepixexvpéevwv TH Neppovnc@, Kal Tore- ’ mt \ \ Ips e , pov évderex} xat Bapuv ééxreroev, © ovvelyeto Tavta TOV yYpovoy 7) ywopa BapBapixais avape- piypevn yerTVidoeot Kal YCporga AHoTNpLOV 58 PERICLES So when he saw that Tolmides, son of Tolmaeus, all-on account of his previous good-fortune and of the exceeding great honour bestowed upon him for his wars, was getting ready, quite inopportunely, to make an incursion into Boeotia, and that he had persuaded the bravest and most ambitious men of military age to volunteer for the campaign,—as many as a thousand of them, aside from the rest of his forces,—he tried to restrain and dissuade him in the popular assembly, uttering then that well remem- bered saying, to wit, that if he would not listen to Pericles, he would yet do full well to wait for that wisest of all counsellors, Time. This saying brought him only moderate repute at the time; but a few days afterwards, when word was brought that Tol- inides himself was dead after defeat in battle near Coroneia,! and thet many brave citizens were dead likewise, then it brought Pericles great repute as well as goodwill, for that he was a man of discretion and patriotism. ee XIX. Of all his expeditions, that to the Cherso-__ nesus? was held in most loving remembrance, since it proved the salvation of the Hellenes who dwelt there. Not only did he bring thither a thousand Athenian colonists and stock the cities anew with vigorous manhood, but he also belted the neck of the isthmus with defensive bulwarks from sea to sea, and so intercepted the incursions of the Dhracians who swarmed about the Chersonesus, and shut dut the perpetual and grievous war in which the country was all the time involved, in close touch as it was with neighbouring communities of Barbarians, and full to overflowing of robber bands whose haunts were on or 1 447 B.c. 2 447 B.C. Y PLUTARCH’S LIVES id opopwv Kal auvoixwy: éGavpaabn 5é Kal &e- 4 Bonn mpos tovs éxtdos avOpwrous mepiTAEVoas Iledorovvnoov, éx Inyav tis Meyapixfs ava- Geis ExaTov Tpinpecty. ov yap povoy émopOnae aA , , ¢ a) , id THS Taparias modAnv, ws Torpidns mporepor, > X ‘ , ; \ “ ? x adda Kai TOoppw OaratTns mpoehOav Tots atro T@V VE@Y OTAITALS TOUS eV aAXOUS Eis TA TEL 4 , > ce) \ ww > \ guvéotetre Seicavtas avtod thy Epodov, év &é Nepéa Lixvwviovs broatavtas Kal avvayavtas payny KATA KpaToS TpEYrdpeEvos EaTHTE TpOTaLoD. 3 3 3 fh 4 od ’ > A éx 6 “Ayaias dirns ovons otpatiotas avadaBov as Tas Tpiypes emi THY ayTiTépas HrEtpov 3 , “ , \ 7 XN ? exopicOn Ta oTOAM, Kal TapaTrEevoas Tov Aye- A@oy “Axapvaviav Katédpaye, Kal Karéxrecev Oivmadas eis TO Tetyos, Kal Tep@v THY yhv Kal a“ \ Kakwoas atrhpev em’ olxov, poBepos perv davets A , b \ \ \ , “a Tots TroAEmlows, aahardns Se Kai Spactyptos tots TodiTais. ovdey yap ovd’ ano tUYNS WpoaKpov- apa cuvéBn Tept TOUS oTPATEVOpMEVOUS. XX. Eis 6€ rov Ilovrov eomrevcas otdrA@ peydrw Kal Kexoopnpévm AauTpas Tails pev ‘EAAnviot troAcow wv éd€ovto dtempatato xai Fd “~ “~~ mpoonvexyOn dirtavOpwrws, tots dé Teptotxovart BapBdpos éOveot nai Bactrhedow aizav kal Suvactais éredeiEato péev THs Suvapews TO pe- \ N 10 l \ Q , ? , yeOos Kai THY adetav Kal TO Odpaos 4 BovdoWwTO A e 3 A ‘ TrEOVTWY Kal Tacay Up auUTois TETOLnMEVwY THY Odraccapv, Xwortretdat 6€ Tpicxaidexa vads arré- \ f N , > N ¢ AuTe peta Aapa,ov Kal otpatiwtas eri Tipnai- 60 PERICLES within its borders. But he was admired and cele- brated even amongst foreigners for his cireumnaviga- tion of the Peloponnesus,! when he put to sea from Pegae in the Megarid with a hundred triremes. He not only ravaged a great strip of seashore, as Tolmides had done before him, but also advanced far into the interior with the hoplites from his ships, and drove all his enemies inside their walls in terror at his approach, excepting only the Sicyonians, who made a stand against him in Nemea, and_ joined battle with him; these he routed by main force and set up a trophy for his victory. ‘Then from Achaia, which was friendly to him, he took soldiers on board his triremes, and proceeded with his armament to the opposite mainland, where he sailed up the Acheloiis, overran Acarnania, shut up the people of Oeniadae behind their walls, and after ravaging and devastating their territory, went off homewards, having shown himself formidable to his enemies, but a safe and efficient leader for his fellow-citizens. For nothing untoward befell, even as result of chance, those who took part in the expedition. XX. He also sailed into the Euxine Sea? with a large and splendidly equipped armament. There he effected what the Greek cities desired, and dealt with them humanely, while to the neighbouring nations of Barbarians with their kings and dynasts he displayed the magnitude of his forces and the fearless courage with which they sailed whithersoever they pleased and brought the whole sea under their own control. He also left with the banished Sinop- ians thirteen ships of war and soldiers under command of Lamachus to aid them against Timesi- } 453 BO. 2 Probably about 436 B.c. y 61 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aewy TUParvoy. é€xTrecovTos b& TOUVTOU Kal TOV , “a / 4 éraipay éeyndicato waAciv eis Luvwrny *AOnvaiwr .Y “ “ eOcXovras éEaxociovs Kal ovyKatotxeiy XwwTevat, s velm“apevous oiKias Kal ywpav ijy TpoTEpov ot TUpavvoL KATELYOV. @ > a e “ n Tarra & ov auveywpet tais oppais ta@v Tondt- TOV, OvdE GuvEeEeTITMTED UTE PwUNS Kal TYYNS TocauTnsS €Tatponéevwy AiyuTTou Te TaALW avTe- AapBaverOat cal xiveiv THs Bacirtéws dpyns Ta e mwpos Bardaon. Wodrrovs Ce Kat XiKedias oO Svcepws exetros 76) Kat SvatoTmos Epws Eyer, a ef 9 s e % ‘ >] , Ov voTtepov e€éxavoay of wept Tov "AAKiBtadnv e 7 % be \ T / \ ba pytopes. av b€ kat Tuppnvia cai Kapyndav 9 # Ld +] b > 3 , \ \ , “ évtois avetpos ovK amr é€Amidos bta TO péeyeBos THs \ A UITOKELMEVNS rYyENOVias KaL THY EvUpolav TaY T PAYLATOV. ead > 3 e “A wn XXI. 'AXN o Tleptarrs xatetye thy éexdpopny TAUTNVY KAL TEPLEKOTTE THY TOhUTIPAYLOaVYND, \ \ “ ~ é ” > A Kal Ta TAELoTA TS buvdpews ETpEeTrEV ELs HUAAKIY , A kat BeBatotnta Tov vTapyovTwy, péya Epyov wyovpercs avelpyzsy Aaxedatpovovs Kai drs e A b , e ww an UTPEVAVTLOUHEVOS EKELVOLS, WS AAXAOLS TE TOAXOLS wv \ / “ 4 \ e \ nA ederEe Kal pariaTa Tos TEept TOY Lepov mpayGeict 4 v4 qwoAe“ov. etme yap ot Aaxedaipoviot otparev- 3 \ s 9 , A e \ cavtes eis Aedghovs Dwxéwy éeyovtwv TO tepov a , f Acrdois arédwxay, evOus exetvay aTaddayevT@v 62 164 PERICLES leos. When the tyrant and his adherents had been driven from the city, Pericles got a bill passed providing that six hundred volunteers of the Athenians should sail to Sinope and settle down there with the Sinopians, dividing up among them- selves the houses and lands which the tyrant and his followers had formerly occupied. But in other matters he did not accede to the vain impulses of the citizens, nor was he swept along with the tide wien they were eager, from a sense of their great power ant goaRortime, to lay hands again upon Egypt and molest the realms of the King which lay along the sea. Many also were possessed already with that inordinate and in- auspicious passion for Sicily which was afterwards kindled into flame by such orators as Alcibiades. And some there were who actually dreamed of Tuscany and Carthage, and that not without a measure of hope, in view of the magnitude of their present supremacy and the full-flowing tide of success in their undertakings. XXI. But Pericles was ever trying to restrain this extravagance of theirs, to lop off their expansive meddlesomeness, and to divert the greatest part of their forces to the guarding and securing of what they had already won. He considered it a great achievement to hold the Lacedaemonians in check, and set himself in opposition to these in every way, as he showed, above all other things, by what he did in the Sacred War.) The Lacedaemonians made an expedition to Delphi while the Phocians had possession of the sanctuary there, and restored it to the Delphians ; but no so ner had the Lacedaemo- 2 About 448 B.c. a PLUTARCH’S LIVES e A ? / ‘4 3 , A o IlepexrAns emistpatevoas madd etonyaye TOUS Pwxéas. Kkal tov Aaxedatnoviov hy &dwxav avtois Aeddol ampopavreiay eis TO pétwrrop éykoNauvtTwy Tod yadKod AvVKOV, AaBwv Kal autos Tpopavteiav tois “AOnvaiots eis TOV aUvTov NUKo Kata THY dSeEtav revpav eveyapakev. XXII. “Ore & 6p0as ev tH “ENXAGSe Thy S¥vapev tov “AOnvaimy avveixyev, éuaptupnoev avT@ Ta yevopeva. Tpatov pev yap EvBoeis améatnaar, > 93 a , \ A > 3 bd ‘ > ed’ ods bé8y peta Suvdpews. elt’ evOds arny- A a b] , 4 a yeArovto Meyapets exmreTroNepwpevotr Kal OTpAaTL Tmodepiowv él tois Spots THs "AtTiKHs ovoa, TIXevotw@vaxtos youpévov, Bactréws Aaxedat- poviov. mary ow o Ilepixrns Kata tayos ékx A +] 4, >] , \ \ 9 a 9 ~ THs EvBotas avexopifero wpos Tov ev TH ATTLKT TONEMOV: Kal cuVdrpar pev eis Yetpas ovK eOap- “~ 4 9 “~ ¢ s onae Tonos Kal ayabois omditats mpoKanov- , e “ Q \ / , Ww pévots, opov & rav Ideotwvaxta véov avta Kooy, Xpwpevoy b€ parrota Krcavdpidyn tav cupBovrwv, dv of Efpopo duvrAaxa Kal mapedpov avT@ Sa tHv HjrAKiav cuvéTweprav, éTEtpato toutov xpuda: xal tayv SiapOeipas ypnuacw avroy émecev ex THS "ATTLKIS aTayayew Tous TeXorrovvnctous. ‘Ns & aweywopnoen 4 otpatia Kal SvedvOn kata e \ mores, Bapéws dépovtes ot Aaxedatpovioe Tov pev Baciréa xpijpacw enpiwoay, oy To WAGs 64 PERICLES nians departed than Pericles made a counter expedi- tion and reinstated the Phocians. And whereas the Lacedaemonians had had the “ promanteia,” or right of consulting the oracle in behalf of others also, which the Delphians had bestowed upon them, carved upon the forehead of the bronze wolf in the sanctuary, he secured from the Phocians this high privilege for the Athenians, and had it chiselled along the right side of the same wolf. XXII. That he was right in seeking to confine the power of the Athenians within lesser Greece, was amply proved by what came to passy To begin with, the Euboeans revolted,! and he crossed over to the island with a hostile force. Then straightway word was brought to him that the Megarians had gone over to the eneiny, and that an army of the enemy was on the confines of Attica under the leadership of Pleistoanax, the king of the Lacedaemonians. Accordingly, Pericles brought his forces back with speed from Euboea for the war in Attica. He did not venture to join battle with hoplites who were so many, so brave, and so eager for battle, but seeing that Pleistoanax was a very young man, and that out of all his advisers he set most store by Cleandridas, whom the ephors had sent along with him, by reason of his youth, to be a guardian and an assistant to him, he secretly made trial of this man’s integrity, speedily corrupted him with bribes, and persuaded him to lead the Peloponnesians back out of Attica. : When the army had withdrawn and had been disbanded to their several cities, the Lacedaemonians, in indignation, laid a heavy fine upon their king, 1 446 B.C. 65 VOL. III. F PLULTARCH’S LIVES ovK yop éxticar petéatycev cavtov ex Naxedat- povos, TOU dé Krcavdpidou pevyovTos Gavatoy Ka- Téyvwaav. avTtos & hv waztnp Vudinmov Tov mept Sixeriav "AOnvaiovs cataTorepijaavtos. éoixe O aomEep suyyevixov avtT@ Tpootpivacbat voonpa \ 4 e cd e > @ \ > NX 3 “a THv pirapyupiav 7 hvals, uP 1)$ KAL AVTOS ALAXPOS éml xarois Epyous adous éFérene HS Lrap7ys. TavTa pev ovv év trois wept Avadvépou dednrw- KG [eDv. XXII. Tot & Teptxréous ev tO tHS oTpaTn- ylas amodoyiopo céxa TadradvTwy davddwpa ypawyavros avy\wpévwv ets To Séov, oO Sipos bd lA A A ’ 4 ‘ amebéEato 7) ToAUTIPaypLovnaas pnd éd€yEas TO dmoppntov. évot 8 iortopyxacw, wy €ote Kai Ocodpactos o dirocogos, ott Kal’ Exaorovr , ’ ‘ 3 ‘ N e bd / dé 4 éviautoy eis THY Xrraptyy éepoiza béxa TadXavTa mapa tov Ilepixdéous, ols tous év Tédet TravTas GepaTedwv TAPNTELTO TOY TOAELOY, OV THY ELpHYNV @VvoUpEevos, ANAG TOY Ypovoy, év @ TapacKkevaca- yo ¢ 4 v 4 f pevos Kal’ aJovxiav Eperrde Toreunoerw BEXTLOD. avOis) obv él tors adecta@tas Tpamopevos Kab diaBas eis EvBotay wevtiKxovta vavot Kal wevta- , e f , ‘ KigXtAioLS OTALTAIS KaTETTpEWaTO TAS TONECS. Q r 4 \ LY e ul s kal Nadxtdéwy pev tous immoBotas eyouevous e ral trout xal Son d:adépovtas é€éBarev, Eotueis 6€ Tavtas avactiaas éx THS Ywpas ’AOnvaious f c KATOWKIOE, MOVOLS TOUVTOLS aTapalTHTwWS Ypnoa- ef a ’ \ ? 4 4 pevos Otte vady ’AtTiKny aixudrwtov ANaBorTes amTéXTELVAY TOUS avopas. 1 giéis Fuhr and Llass, after Sauppe: ev6us (at once). 66 PERICLES the full amount of which he was unable to pay, and so’ betook himself out of Lacedaemon, while Clean- dridas, who had gone into voluntary exile, was con- demned to death. He was the father of that Gylippus who overcame the Athenians in Sicily. And nature seems to have imparted covetousness to the son, as it were a congenital disease, owing to which he too, after noble achievements, was caught in base practices and banished from Sparta in disgrace. This story, however, I have told at length in my life of Lysander.! XXIII. When Pericles, in rendering his accounts for this campaign, recorded an expenditure of ten talents as “for sundry needs,” the people approved it without officious meddling and without even in- vestigating the mystery. But some writers, among whom is Theophrastus the philosopher, have stated that every year ten talents found their way to Sparta from Pericles, and that with these he conciliated all the officials there, and so staved off the war, not purchasing peace, but time, in which he could make preparations at his Icisure and then carry on war all the better. However that may be, he again turned his attention to the rebels, and after crossing to Euboea with fifty ships of war and five thousand hoplites, he subdued the cities there. Those of the Chalcidians who were styled Hippobotae, or Knights, and who were preéminent for wealth and reputation, he banished their city, and all the Hestiaeans he removed from the country and settled Athenians in their places, treating them, and them only, thus inexorably, because they had taken an Attic ship | captive and slain its crew. 1 Chapters xvi. f. 67 F 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXIV. ?Ex tovtovu yevopévwr atrovdav "AOnvat- , os Kal Aaxedatpoviots eis ETN Tpidxovta Whdite- Tat Tov €i¢ Lapov TAODY, aAiTiav ToLnodpevos ? 9 “a e ‘ \ ; f , KaT avT@v OTL Tov TpOs Mudnotovs KedXevopeEvot Stadvcacbat 1odEpoy OvY UT1)KoVOY. ’Eaet & “Acacia yapiCopevos Soxet mpakat Ta = , a Xap Cop P > “ A w A mTpos Xapious, évtavba av ein xatpos Starropicat padtota Tept THs dvOpwrov, Tiva Téeyynv 1 ? a a \ SuvapLLy TOCAUTHY EXOVTA THY TE TOALTLK@Y TOUS mMpwrevovTas évetpwaato Kai Tois pirocopors ov “A bi wed 3 / e \ e a A ¢ havdAov ovd oOXrtLyoY UTEP aUTHS TapésyXe Noyov. , b OTe pev yap hv Midnaia yévos, A€toyou Buyarnp, ft “A \ ? 3 ‘ 4 \ wn oporoyettar’ dact & avtnv Oapynday tia TeV maratov ladwyv (yrwoacav ér:Oéc0at tots Suva- - > / \ \ € 4 , b TwTaTOLN avopaot. Kat yap 7 Oapyndla To T eloos evirpeTTs yevouern Kal ydpty Eyovca peta t , \ em r f SevvoTntos mAetoTo pev EXAnvwy cuvwKnoev , “ / a avdpact, wavtas 5é€ mpocetoince Bactret ToUs TArAnoticavTas avTHn, Kal Tais TéAEos pndiopod bv éxeivwy brréotretpev apyas SuvaTtwTatwv ovtTwy Kai peyiotwov. tiv 8 “Aoractay oi pev as copiy Tiva Kal ToXcTEKHY UO TOU IlepixX€ous oTrovoa- A é \ \ + f v ad cOjnvat Néyovor’ Kat yap Lwxpatns Eotiv Gre peTa TOY yvwpipwr éepoita, Kal Tas yuvaiKxas axpoatopevas oi cuviPers iyov ws) avTHY, Kat- “a , Tep OU Koopuiov mpoeaT@oayv Eepyacias ovdé ra \ cepvns, dra watdioxas ETalpovaas Tpépoveav 2 ©s Fuhr and Blass, with FaS: eis. 68 PERICLES XXIV. Afterthis—when peace had been made for thirty years between the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians, he got a decree passed for™ his expedition to Samos,! alleging against its people that, though they were ordered to break off their war against the Milesians, they were not complying. Now, since it is thought that he proceeded thus against the Samians to gratify Aspasia, this may be a fitting place to raise the query what great art or power this woman had, that she managed as she pleased the foremost men of the state, and afforded the philosophers occasion to discuss her in exalted terms and at great length. That she was a Milesian by birth, daughter of one Axiochus, is generally agreed; and they say that it was in emulation of Thargelia, an Ionian woman of ancient times, that she made her onslaughts upon the most influential men. This Thargelia came to be a great beauty and was endowed with grace of manners as well as clever wits. Inasmuch as she lived on terms of intimacy with numberless Greeks, and attached all her consorts to the king of Persia, she stealthily sowed the seeds of Persian sympathy in the cities of Greece by means of these lovers of hers, who were men of the greatest power and influence. And so Aspasia, as some say, was held in high favour by Pericles because of her rare political wisdom. Socrates sometimes caine to see her with his disciples, and his intimate friends brought their wives to her to hear her discourse, although she presided over a business that was any- thing but honest or even reputable, since she kept a house of young courtesans. And Aeschines* says 1 440 B.c. 2 Aeschines the Socratic, in a dialogue entitled ‘‘Aspasia,” not extant. by, PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 Ataoytvns b€ onee Kat Avotkréa Tov mpoBatoxa- mov €& wyevvovs Kat TaTevov THY dvaoww ‘AGn- vatov yevéo Oat rpatov, Aoracia cuvovta peta THY Tlepixr€ovs TENEUT IV. | év bé TO MeveEéve To IlAXatwvos, é Kal pera madias: Ta ™poTa YEYPATTAL, Toa obTOv y ioTopias ever TL, TL do€av eixe To yuvatov éml pytopix TOANOLS 5 ‘AOnvatov opereiy, paiverat peVTOL padrov €pwrens) TLS 17) TOD [lepexdeous dyaT nats yevouern ™pos ‘Agmaciay. VY MeV Yap AUTO yuvy 7 poo - jKouaa. pev Kara ryevos, TUVOKIKVIG. S ‘Inmovirw ™ pOTEpov, ef ou Kaaniav érexe TOY TAOVCLOY™ Erexe dé Kal mapa TO lepixret RavOinmov Kat Idparov, eita THs oupBiocens ovkK avons aUTOLS apPETT HS, exetynyy pev ETEPO Bovdopevny ovve§- édwxev, aVTOS O€ THY ‘Aoraciav AaBov eotepte 6 SeapepovTws. Kat yap efron, Os pact, Kal Eloy an ayopas natateto Kal’ Huépay avtTny peta TOD KATAPLNELY. "Ev 6€ Tais Kopepoiats ‘Opgary te véa cat Ani- dveupa Kal wart * ‘Hoa T poo ayopeveTat, Kpativos 8 aUTEEp YS TAAAAKY AUTIY ElpNnKEV ev TOUTOLS* "Hpav té of "Aorwaciapy tixtes Kataruyoourn TadAaKiyy KUvwTrLoa. ~ \ \ \ , ? , aA \ doxet 6€ kal Tov voloy €x TavTns TEKVOCAL, TrEpL 5 id aid b] 4 > ‘ N fod ov wetroinkev Evrodis év Arows avTov pev ovTWS EPWTOVTA' ¢ , / “a O vobos dé pot Sn; \ \ ‘ ‘ ’ , Tov d€ Mupwridny atroxpivopevov’ Kat wadar y av Hv avnp, el jt) TO THS TOprns UTwppwder KAaKOV. 70 PERICLES that Lysicles the sheep-dealer, a man of low birth and nature, cate to be the first man at Athens by living with Aspasia after the death of Pericles. And in the “ Menexenus ” of Plato, even though the first part of it be written in a sportive vein, there is, at any rate, thus imueh of fact, that the woman had the reputation of associating with many Athenians as a teaeher of rhetoric. However, the affection which Pericles had for Aspasia seems to have been rather of an amatory sort. For his own wife was near of kin to hin, and had been wedded first to Hipponicus, to whom she bore Callias, surnamed the Rick; she bore also, as the wife of Pericles, Xanthippus and Paralus. Afterwards, since their married life was not agreeable, he legally bestowed her upon another man, with her own consent, and himself took Aspasia, and loved her exceedingly. Twice a day, as they say, on going out and on coming in from the market-place, he would salute her with a loving kiss. But in the comedies she is styled now the New Omphale, new Deianeira, and now Hera. Cratinus ! flatly called her a prostitute in these lines :-— ““As his Hera, Aspasia was born, the child of Un- natural Lust, A prostitute past shaming.” And it appears also that he begat from her that bastard son about whoin Eupolis, in-dns-Demes,: represented him as inquiring with these words :-— «And my bastard, doth he live?” to which Myroniides replies :— “Yea, and long had been a man, Had he not feared the misehief of his harlot-birth.”’ * 1 In his ‘‘ Cheirons ’ (sce chapter iii. 3). 2 Kock, op. cat. i. p. 282. 71 7 PLUTARCH’S LIVES x \ Oita & tv ‘Acraciav ovopactny Kat KNEwWnY / / ov A a . yeveaOat Néyouow wate Kat Kupov Tov Todepn- cavta Baotrel epi THs TeV Ilepcay Hyepovias Thy ayaTw@perny UT’ avToU padioTa TOY TAad- Aaxidwv ‘Acrractay dvopdaat, KaXoupéevny MirAT@ , 2 be cp ‘ ‘\ / La a) ? mpotepov. av o€ Pwxats To yevos, Hppotipou Ouyatnp: év O€ TH maxyn Kupov TETOVTOS aTa- xOcica tpos Baoiréa meiarov t ioxuce. TAUTA wey émedBavra TH pvnen KaTa THY ypapny anTedca- cOat Kai TraperOely icws avavOpwrov jv. XXV. Tov 6é pos Napuious wodepov aitiovtTat padiora Tov Ilepixréa Wndicacba da Mtan- gious “Aotacias Senbeians. ai yap monets errovéuouv tov mept Ipijvns modewov, Kat Kpa- roovres of Xdtptor, wavcacbar tav ’AOnvaiwv , \ s a Q A ¥ xerevovTwy Kal dixas AaBeivy Kat Sovvat map > nw 3 q , ia e ¢e lol avTots, ovx eweiOovto. mrevaoas ovv o Llepexrijs “4 Tip pev ovcav ortyapyiay €v Ladpw Katédvoer, “~ , e tev S& mpwtwy AaRwY opajpous TevT)}KovTa Kal matoas iaous ets Ajjuvov GATETTELNE. KQLTOL daciv éxacTov pev avT@ TOV opipwv didovat TaNAVTOV uTep avtod, ToAAG 8 GAXa Tods pn Oéxovtas év tH wore yevécOat Snpoxpatiar. ” \ 7 e / ” x \ ere 5€ Hltccovdvns o Tlépons éxwv tiva mpos Sapious ebvoray améatethev avT@ puplous xpv- gous, Tapattoupevos THY TOA. oU pHYv Eafe , 3 \ e “~ 3 \ td TovTrwy ovdev o Ilepixdrys, adda yxpnoapevos @oTEp EyVWKEL TOIS Lapiors Kal KATAOTICAS Snuoxpatiay arémrevoev eis Tas AOrvas. of & 72 166 PERICLES So renowned and celebrated did Aspasia become, they say, that even Cyrus, the one who went to war with the Great King for the sovereignty of the Per- sians, gave the name of Aspasia to that one of his concubines whom he loved best, who before was called Milto. She was a Phocaean by birth, daugh- ter of one Hermotimus, and, after Cyrus had fallen in battle, was carried captive to the King,! and ac- quired the greatest influence with him. These things coming to my recollection as | write, it were perhaps unnatural to reject and pass them by. XXV. But to return to the war against the Sa: mians, they accuse Pericles of getting the decree for this passed at “thé re request_of Aspasia and in_the special behalf of the Milestans. were waging their war for thé possession of Prieng, and the Samians were getting the better of it, and when the Athenians ordered them to stop the contest and submit the case to arbitration at Athens, they would not obey. So Pericles set sail and broke up the oligarchical government which Samos had, and then took fifty of the foremost men of the state, with as many of their children, as hostages, and sent them off to Lemnos. And yet they say that every one of these hostages offered him a talent on his own account, and that the opponents of de- mocracy in the city offered him many talents besides. And still further, Pissouthnes, the Persian satrap, who had much good-will towards the Samians, sent him ten thousand gold staters and interceded for the city. However, Pericles took none of these bribes, but treated the Samians just as he had determined, | set up a demecracy and sailed back to Athens. Then/ 1 Cf. Xenophon, Anabasis, i. 10, 2. 73 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES evdus améatnaay, exKkrXEWavtos avTOIS TOUS d41)- pous IItacovOvov Kai tadAXa TapacKevacaytos mWpos Tov Tordepov. avOrs odv o llepirAts eEerrev- aev € autovs ovy nouvxdbovtas ovdé Katemrn- xotas, dAAa Kal mdvu mpobvpws éeyvwxoras avtthapSavecbar tis Gardttys. yevouevns Se KapTepas vavpayias mepl vijcov jy Tparyias KaXdoval, AauTpes o LlepexrAts evixa, Teaoapat Kat Teccapakovta vavow éBdopnKxovta Katavav- HAXTas, OY ElKoct oTpatiwribes noay. XXAVI, “Apa 5é TH vikn Kal TH Suber TOU ALEVOS KPATHOAS ETOALOPKEL TOS Lapious, apas yé Tos ETL TOAMOVTAS éreELevat Kal drapayeaOat m™po Tov Tetyous. érel b€ petfwy Erepos oTddOS mrOev ex tav’AOnvav xai tavtedos KaTEKXel- cOnaav ot Xapuot, AaBwv o Wepexrijs éEEnxovta Tpiypers EmAEVTEY Ets TOV EEW TWOVTOY, WS MeV OL mreicTor A€youct, Powwicaa@y veov émixovpwv Tots Lapiots mpordepopevwy atravtioat Kai d1a-- yovicacbat Toppwratw Bovropevos, ws S€ Yrn- cipBpotos, emt Kumpov oredAopevos: omep ov Soxet miOavov eivat. omrotépm 8 ovdv éxpncato TOV NOYLT LOY, apapteiy Edoke. TAEVTAaVTOS yap auTov Médoaos o Aga yevous: avnp Piroa opos TTpATH YOY TOTE TIS Sapov, Kkatappovicas Tis OALYOTHTOS TOV VvEMY 7) THS aTeipias Tay oTpaTynyav, Ewece TOvS TOAITAaS émiMéabat Tots 3 , \ ? f , AOnvaios. Kat yevomerns payns vixnoayTes e ‘ “ bad , ot Sapiol, KAL TOAACUS EV AUTOY avépas éXoOVTES, 74 PERICLES the Samians at once revolted, after Pissouthnes had stolen away their hostages from Lemnos for them, and in other ways equipped them for the war. Once more, therefore, Pericles set sail against them. They were not victims of sloth, nor yet of abject terror, but full of exceeding zeal in their determination to contest the supremacy of the sea. In a fierce sea- | fight which came off near an island called Tragia, | 3 Pericles won a brilliant victory, with four and forty NZ ships outfighting seventy, twenty of which were infantry transports. XXVI. Close on the heels of his victorious pur- suit came his seizure of the harbour, and then he laid formal siege to the Samians, who, somehow or other, still had the daring to sally forth and fight with him before their walls. But soon a second and a larger armament came from Athens, and the Samians were completely beleaguered and shut in. Then Pericles took sixty triremes and sailed out into the main sea, as most authorities say, because he wished to meet a fleet of Phoenician ships which was coming to the aid of the Samians, and fight it at as great a distance from Samos as possible ; but accord- ing to Stesimbrotus, because he had designs on Cyprus, which seems incredible. But in any case, whichever design he cherished, he seems to have made a mistake. For no sooner had he sailed off than Melissus, the son of Ithagenes, a philosopher who was then acting as general at Samos, despising either the small number of ships that were left, or the inexperience of the generals in charge of them, persuaded his fellow-citizens to make an attack upon the Athenians. In the battle that ensued the Samians were victorious, taking many of their enemy Ly PLUTARCH’S LIVES Twoddas 6€ vais diapGeipartes, éyp@vTo TH @adacaon Kat tapetifevto Tav dvayKaiwy mpos TOV TOAELOV boa p47) TPOTEpOV Elyov. Ud dé TOD Medtocou nai Ilepexrda dynoiv avtov ’Aptoto- TEANS NTTNO AVAL vaupLAayodVTa TPOTEpOV. Ot 5€ Xcpioe tods aiyparwtous Tav’AOnvaiwv avOuBpivovres Extifov eis TO péTwrov yAavKas: kat yap exetvous ot ‘A@nvaion capawvav. 7 8é odpawa vads é€oTiy voTpwpos péev TO ciuwpa, xotAotépa b€ Kal yaoTpoeidys, OTE Kal TOVTOTTO- petv! Kai TaxuvauTeiv. ovtw & wvopadbn da 76 mpa@tov ev Sduw pavivat, LloXucpdtovs Tupavvov KaTagKevdoavtTos. Tpos Tav’Ta Ta atiypata Ne- yovot Kal To Apictodpdveioy nriyOar: y , e Sh , b) ° A LAULWY O ONLOS EGTLY WS TWOAVY; UL MATOS. XXVII. Wu@dpevos & obv o Wepexras tiv eri atpatoTésov cupdopav é€Bonfer Kata Taxos. kat tov Medtcoov mpos adtov avtitat~apévou Kpatynaas Kal Tpevrduevos TOUS ToXEpLous EvOUS mepieTeryile, datrdvn Kai Ypovm padrov 7 Tpav- pace Kal xuvdvvois TOV TOoALT@Y TeEpiyevéecBat Kal auverety Ty mort PBovdopevos. érel 5é ducyepaivovtas TH TtptBH Tovs ‘AOnvaious kai padyecOat mpoOupoupévous Epyov iv Katacyeiv, OKTm@ peppy dtekwv TO TaV TAOS aTrexANpou, Kal T® NaBovtt Tov AEUKOY KYapov EiwxetcOat Kal 1 xovromopeiv MSS. and Blass: gopropopeiy (a conjecture of Coraés, to carry freight). 76 PERICLES captive, and destroying many of their ships, so that they commanded the sea and laid in large store of such necessaries for the war as they did not have before. And Aristotle says that Pericles was himself also defeated by Melissus in the sea-fight which pre- ceded this. The Samians retaliated upon the Athenians by branding their prisoners in the forehead with owls ; for the Athenians had once branded some of them with the samaena. Now the samaena is a ship of war with a boar’s head design for prow and ram, but more capacious than usual and paunchlike, so that it is a good deep-sea traveller and a swift sailer too. It got this name because it made its first appearance in Samos, where Polycrates the tyrant had some built. To these brand-marks, they say, the verse of Aristophanes ! made riddling reference :-— ‘ For oh! how lettered is the folk of the Samians!”’ XXVII. Be that true or not, when Pericles learned of the disaster which had befallen his fleet, he came speedily to its aid. And though Melissus arrayed his forces against him, he conquered and routed the enemy and at once walled their city in, preferring to get the upper hand and capture it at the price of money and time, rather than of the wounds and deadly perils of his fellow-citizens. And since it was a hard task for him to restrain the Athenians in their im- patience of delay and eagerness to fight, he separated his whole force into eight divisions, had them draw lots, and allowed the division which got the white bean to feast and take their ease, while the others 1 From his Babylonians, not extant. Kock, op. cit. i. p. 408. 77 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oxXokuley TapetXe TOV AAAwY paXopeveny. 610 Kal gace Tous ev evrradetats Tiai yevopevous Neva HDY HEpav éxelvynv aT%0 TOU AEUKOU KUapOU T poo ayopeverv. 3 “Edopos bé Kal Enxavais xpncacbar TOV ITeptxrea, THY KAWOTNTA _Savpacarta, "Apteé- woVvOs TOU pnxXavicou TapovTos, ov KOrOv OvTa Kal popeip mpos Ta KaTemelyovTa TOV Eprycov ™ poo kop Copevov o ovopacd ijvat TEptpopytov. TOUT) pev oup ‘Hpaxretons O Hovtexos eheyxet Tols ‘AvaxpEeovTos Toupaciw, ev ols oO aepipopnTos ‘Aprépov ovopatercu TONAALS eum poo bev mructats TOU Tept Ldpov Torkéuou Kal Tov TpaypwaTov 4 éxelvov: Top é ‘Aprépovd dyat Tpuepov TWA T® Biw xal ™ pos TOUS poSous paraxov ovTa Kat KaTaT\ya Ta TONKA peev olor xabelec Oar, Karki donida Tis Keparijs avtoo dvety oixeTov UmEpEXOVTE@V, @oTe pndev epTrec ely TOV avoer, EL bé BracBein 7 poehOeiv, ev KALWLOL@ KpepaoT@ mapa THY yh avTHY TE pLpEpopevov “‘Kopitec Oa, Kat dta TOUTO KANOHVaL TeptpopyTov. XXVIII. ’Evate b€ pnvi trav Lapiwy wapa- OTAVTWY O Tlepexdijs ra TeLyn KaGeire Kal Tas vans mapedraBe Kal Xpypact Todos eSnpicocer, OV Ta pev evd us ela ijveyKay * ot Zapuot, Ta & ev Xpove pute TAEUpEVOL KaToLoel Ounpovs EdwKay. Aoupts 8 0 Dapios TOUTOLS emit parywoet TOANHY OMOTNTA TOV "AOnvatov Kal Tou Tlepixdéous KaTNYyopav, iy ouTE Oouxvdidns ioTropyKer our 2 “Eopos our’ ‘A plo TOTEANS: aAr’ ovd arnbevew EOLKEV, WS Apa TOUS TpLNpapyYoUSs Kal ToUS emI- ) elojveyxay Fuhrand Blass, with 4S: freyxav. 78 PERICLES did the fighting. And this is the reason, as they say, why those who have had a gay and festive lime eall it a “ white day,’—from the white bean. Ephorus says that Pericles actually erployed siege-engincs, in his adniiration of their novelty, and that Artemon the engineer was with him there, who, since he was lame, and so had to be brought on a stretcher to the works which demanded his instant attention, was dubbed Periphoretus. Heracleides Ponticus, however, refutes this story out of the poems of Anacreon, in which Artemon Periphoretus is mentioncd many gencrations before the Samian War and its events. And he says that Artemon was very luxurious in his life, as well as weak and _ panic- stricken in the presence of his fears, and therefore for the most part sat still at home, while two servants held a bronze shield over his head to keep anything from falling down upon it. Whenever he was forced to go abroad, he had himself earried in a little hammock which was berne along just above thie surface of the ground. On this account he was called Periphoretus. XXVIII. After eight months the Samians surren- \ dered, and Pericles tore down their walls, took away their ships of war, and laid a heavy fine upon them, part of which they paid at once, and part they agreed to pay at a fixed time, giving hostages therefor. To these details Duris the Samian adds stuff for tragedy, accusing the Athenians and Pericles of great brutality, which is recorded neither by Thucydides, nor Ephorus, nor Aristotle. But he appears not to speak the truth when he says, forsooth, that Pericles had the Samian trierarchs and marines brought into 79 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , “ Ny , >? \ , bp] \ Batas tTav Lapiwy eis THY Midynoiwy dyopar Katayaywv! nat aaviot mpocdncas éf’ uépas déxa Karas On Staxetmévovs tpocétakev aveneiv, f \ \ f 2 EvAos tas Keparas avyKxovavtas, eita mpoBa- a b , 4 s ~ \ S bt >] Nety axyndevta Ta cwpata. Aovpis pev ovv ovd Cd \ J oA 4 wv , ’ \ OTrov undev avtT@® Tpocedtiy idtov Taos ciwhws a \ , b] a“ 3 4 al Kpateiy Thy Oinynuty él THs ad nOelas, wadXov Goxey evtavdéa Senveocar tas THS TaTpidos oup- ghopas emt dia Born tav ‘AOnvaiwv. e “A O 6€ Tlepixrrs natactpeapevos thy Napov e 9 “A ’ \ bf , , a ws emavnrdOev eis tas AOnvas, tapds te Tov atolavovtwy Kata Tov TOdEMOY evdokous éroina€ Kal Tov AoOyov EiTa@V, BaTTEP EBoS éaTiv, emt TAY onuatwv CavpactwOn. xataB8aivovta § avtov ? ‘ a f e \ wv a“ 9 lal amo Tov Brpatos at pev aAdXrat yuvaixes edeErovvro Kal oTepavols avédovy Kai Tawviats Bamep aOdn- Ty vixndopov, 7 & °EAmwixn mpocedOovaa mwrAyjciov: “Tait,” &bn, “ Oavpucta, MWepixrers, \ , A eon N , 3 ‘ Kat afta atehuvey, 05 piv moAXovs Kal uyabous ? , , ? ap) f t “ OE aTwrEecas TWoAtTas ov PoiviEt Trodkeu~@y avee M7ydos, womep ovpos adeddos Kivwv, adra nw ’ TUppayov Kal ouyyevi) TOA KaTaaTpEPopEVos.” “A a 3 , + e “a tavta HS “EAmivixns Aeyonons o Tlepexrrs pecdidaas aTpéua ReyeTat TO Tod "ApytrAoxou Tpos auiny eiwetv Ov« av pvpoict ypavs €ova’ nrEideo. Oavpaotov d€ tt Kal péya dpovicat Katato- , N vv 4 . ‘ b] . ev @ AenNoavTa TovVs Lapiovs dyow avtovo lwy, ws 1 xatayayey Fuhr and Blass, with F8S : ayaydy, So PERICLES the market-place of Miletus and crucified there, and that then, when they had already suffered grievously for ten days, he gave orders to break their heads in with clubs and make an end of them, and then cast ‘their bodies forth without burial rites. Atall events, since it is not the wont of Duris, even in cases where he has no private and personal interest, to hold his narrative down to the fundamental truth, it is all the more likely that here, in this instance, he has given a dreadful portrayal of the calamities of his country, that he might calumniate the Athenians. When Pericles, after his subjection of Samos, had returned to Athens, he gave honourable burial to those who had fallen in the war, and for the oration which he made, according to the custom, over_their_ tombs he son the greatest admiration. But as he came down from the bema, while the rest of the women clasped his hand and fastened wreaths and fillets on his head, as though he were some victorious athlete, Elpinice drew nigh and _ said: “ This is admirable in thee, Pericles, and deserving of wreaths, in that thou hast lost us many brave citizens, not in a war with Phoenicians or Medes, like my brother Cimon, but in the subversion of an allied and kindred city.’ On Elpinice’s saying this, Pericles, with a quiet smile, it is said, quoted to her the verse of Archilochus :-— “Thou hadst not else, in spite of years, perfumed thyself.” + fon says that he had the most astonishingly great thoughts of himself for having subjected the 1 That is, ‘‘thou art too old to meddle in affairs.” Cf. chapter x. 5. SI VOL. III. G wo FLUTARCH’S LIVES A \ b , ¥ / , tov pev “Ayapéuvovos étect Séxa BdpBapoy , a A , ToAw, avtov S€ pnolv évvéa Tovs TpwToUs Kal Suvatwtutous lwvwy €XOvTOS. Kal ot1K HY AdLKOS 4) a&lwots, GAN bvtws TOAAHY adnroTHTA Kal péeyav éoxe xivduvov 0 TrodELOS, El7rEp, WS Bovervsidns dyoi, wap’ éXaxraTov AGE Lapiov 7 a A mods adberécba. tis OaratTys TO KpaTos "A @nvatous. XXIX. Mera tadta xvpaivovtos dn Tov TleXorovynotaxot ToXéuov, Kepxupators trode uou- pévors wTd Kopiw6iwv érece Tov Sijov atro- otetAa. BonGeiav xat mpocraBeiv éppwpévynv vauTicn Suvaper vijcov, ws dgov ovdérw IleXo- / b] id ‘ b) oA TOVVNTLOV EKTTETONELWLEVWY TPOS AUTOUS. Whgt- , \ la , A / > , capévov S€ Tod dnpov tiv Bonfeay atécrenre Séxa vais povas éyovta Aaxedaipoucy, Tov Kipwvos viov, oicy épv8pifwrv todd yap hy w ‘ , a we w A eivota Kai diria Te Kipwvos oixw mpos Aaxe- Saiovious. os av ovv, ae pndev Epyov 4 b bs! el “a peya pnd exmpenes €v TH aotpatnyia Tov Aaxedatpoviov yévorro, mpocd:aBAnOetn pardov els TOV AakwriaLGY, OALyas ALT@ vads Edwxe Kal pn =Bovropevoy é€étreprpe. Kal drAws dceTére KOAOVeY WS pNOE TOS GVOpace yYnolovs, adr’ oOveious Kal E€vous, 6Tt TOY Kipwvos viev TO pev vy Aaxedatpovios dvopa, T® b€ Oeccards, TO bE -H a awed oe / ’ Q 9 Aelos. edoxouy b€ raves €x yuvatKos 'Aprabe- KS yeryovevat. 82 168 PERICLES Samians; whereas Agamemnon was al] of ten years in taking a barbarian city, he had im nine months time reduced the foremost and most powerful people of Ionia. And indeed his estimate of himself was not unjust, nay, the war actually brought with it much uncertainty and great peril, if indeed, as Thucydides says,! the city of Samos came within a very little of stripping from Athens her power on the sea. ~ XXIX. After this, when the billows of the Pelo- ponnesian War were already rising and swelling, he persuaded the people to send aid and succour to the Corcyraeans 2 in their war with the Corinthians, and so to attach to themselves an island with a vigorous naval power at a time when the Peloponnesians were as good as actually at war with them. But when the \ people had voted to send the aid and succour, he — despatched Lacedaemonius, the son of Cimon, with , only ten ships, as it were in mockery of him. Now/ there was much good-will and friendship on the part of the house of Cimon towards the Lacedaemonians. In order, therefore, that in case no great or con- spicuous achievement should be performed under the generalship of Lacedaemonius, he might so be all the more caluminated for his laconism, or sympathy with Sparta, Pericles gave him only a few ships, and sent him forth against his will. And in general he was prone to thwart and check the sons of Cimon, on the plea that not even in their names were they genuinely native, but rather aliens and strangers, since one of them bore the name of Lacedaemonius, another that of Thessalus, and a third that of Eleius. And they were all held to be the sons of a woman of Arcadia.* 1 viii. 76, 4. 2 433 B.c. 3 Cf. Cimon, xvi. 1. 83 a 2 iba | PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kaxas obv o Tlepixdrs dxovwy 62a tas béxa TAaVTAS Tplnpets, wS pixpav pev BorMeay Tots “A 4 \ s ” ? “ denOetot, peyadrnv S€ rpohacw Tots éyxaXodat Tapesynkws, ETEepas avOis Eateie aWrEtovas Eis tHv Képxupav, at peta thy paxyny adixovto. Xarevatvovar Cé tots KopirOicis xat xatn- aA a % yopovot Tav ‘“AOnvaiwy ev Aaxedaipov mpoce- nw , “ yévovto Meyapets, aitiwpevor Taans pev ayopas, mavtTwy de Awevwv, wv ‘AOnvaiot Kpatovowr, ¥ X b / \ \ elpyecOat Kat atmeAauvecbat Tapa Ta Kowa ¢ A nw Sixaca Kal Tovs yeyernpevous GpKovs Tois "EdXAnow: Alyevytat 6€ kaxova0at Soxodbvtes Kal Biata Tacyew érotui@vtTo Kpuda mpos Tovs Aaxedatpovious, havep@s éykareivy tois ’AOn- f b) le) b] \ a \ , vaiots ov Oappovrtes. év S€ tovtw Kat Tlotidaa, mors vanxoos AOnvaiwy, atoatxos 6€ KopivOiwr, atTooTaca «al ToNlopKovpLévyn LaddOv eTrETAYUVE TOV TOAELOD. Ov piv addd\a mpecBemv te TeuTOmevwy "AOnvale, nat tod Bactrtéws tov Aaxedatpoviwr "Apyiddpou Ta ToAAa TOY eyKAnLaTMY Es 4 of, dtarvaes ayorrTos Kal TOvS cTuppayous Tpavvor- TOS, OUK GV COKEL GUUTEGELY UTO YE TOV adAWY > nw € / an ts % X 4 aitt@v o ToAEpos Tots ‘AOnvaitots, et TO Yrijdiopa wn , xaGerety tO Meyaptxov éreccOncay Kai diad- Aayivat mpos avtouvs. O10 Kal padiota pos al w : , , tovto llepixAts evavtiwbets, xal wapoEuvas Tov 84 PERICLES Accordingly, being harshly criticised because of \ these paltry ten ships, on the ground that he had furnished scanty aid and succour to the needy friends of Athens, but a great pretext for war to her accusing enemies, he afterwards sent out other ships, and more of them, to Corcyra,—the ones | which got there after the battle.t The Caxinthjans were incensed at this procedure, and denounced the Athenians at Sparta, and were joined by the Megarians, who brought their com- plaint that from every market-pJace and from all the harbours over which the Athenians had control, they were excluded and driven away, contrary to the common law and the formal oaths of the Greeks ; the Aeginetans also, deeming themselves wronged and outraged, kept up a secret wailing in the ears of the Lacedaemonians, since they had not the courage to accuse the Athenians openly. At this juncture Potidaea, too, a city that was subject to Athens, although a colony of Corinth, revolted, and the siege laid to her hastened on the war all the more. /Notwithstanding all, since embassies were repeat- edly sent to Athens, and since Archidamus, the king of the Lacedaemonians, tried to bring to a peaceful settlemeat most of the accusations of his allies and to soften their anger, it does not seem probable that the war would have come upon the Athenians for any remaining reasons, if only they \ could have been persuaded to rescind their decree | against the Megarians and be reconciled with them. | And therefore, since it was Pericles who was most of all opposed to this, and who incited the people t 1 Cf. Thucydides, i. 50, 5. 85 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ojjmov enpelvar TH Tos tous} Meyapeis tdo- VELKLA, MOVOS EXXE TOU TONE LOU THY ALTLADY. XXX. Aéyouas dé mpecBeias ‘AOwwate mept tovrwy é€x Aaxedaipovos adiypévns, Kai Tov Ilepixdéous vopov Tuva mpoBarropévov KwdvovTa Kaberely TO TIVaKLoY ev @ TO Wipiopa yey pa p- pevov eT UY XAVEY, cireiy Wodvdd xn TOV m peo Bewv tivas Xv 6é p43) Kaberns, anna oTpeyrov elow 70 TiVAKLOV* OU yap Este vopos 0 TOUTO KwAvaD.” xoprrou dé Tov Noryou pavevTos ovdey TE paddov ) Tlepuxdijs EVEOMKED. UT iy HEV OUY TLS, WS EOLKED, avT® Kal idia mpos ToUs Meyapeis amex Gera Keown 5é kal darepav Trova d pEvOs aitiay Kat avtay atotéuvecOat THY tepay opyaba, ypadber Widiopa xijpuvea renpOjvar mpos avtovs Kat mpos Makedaipoviovs Tov auTov KaTyyopouvTa TOV Meyapewv. TovTO psy ov To Wihdicpa [lepixrX€ous €otiv €EUryYV@o MOVs Kal diravOpwrov Sixaoroyias eX opevor" erret O 0 TreppOeis KApvE "AvOepoxpitos aitia TeV Meyapéwv atroBaveiy edo€ke, ypager Vrigeo pa KAT QUTOY Xapivos, domrovoov pev elvat Kal axnpuxtov &xOpay, ds & dv émiBh tis "Artinns Meyapéwy Gavat@ Snpuov- aBar, tous 6é€ oTpATHYOUS, OTav ouviwot TOV ™aTpLOV opKoy, érroppuery Ott Kat dis ava wav Eros els THY Meyapexny éuBarovor tapfva § ’"AvOewoxpitov mapa tas Optacias «rvAas, at voy Aivurov ovopafovtat. 1 wpds vous Fuhr and Blass, with FaS: mpds. 86 PERICLES abide by their eontention with the Megarians, he alone was held responsible for the war./ XXX. They say that when an embassy had come from Laeedaemon to Athens to treat of these matters, and Pericles was shielding himself behind the plea that a eertain law prevented his taking down the tablet on whieh the deeree was inscribed, Polyalces, one of the ambassadors, cried : “‘ Well then, don’t take it down, but turn the tablet to the wall ; surely there’s no law preventing that.” Clever as the proposal was, however, not one whit the more did Pericles give in. He must have secretly cherished, then, as it seems, some private grudge against the Megarians ; but by way of public and open charge he aecused them of appropriating to their own profane uses_the sacred territory of Eleusis, and proposed a decree that a herald be sent to them, the same to go also to the Lacedaemonians with a denunciation of the Megarians. This decree, at any rate, is the work of Pericles, and aims at a reasonable and humane justification of his course. But after the herald who was sent, Anthemocritus, had been put to death through the agency of the Megarians, as it was believed, Charinus proposed a deerec against them, to the effect that there be irrecon- eilable and implacable enmity on the part of Athens towards them, and that whosoever of the Megarians should set foot on the soil of Attiea be punished with death; and that the generals, whenever they should take their ancestral oath of office, add to their oath this clause, that they would invade the Megarid twice during each succeeding vear; and that Anthemocritus be buried honourably at the Thriasian gates, which are now called the Dipylum. 87 4 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES Meyapeis 5¢ tov AvOepoxpitov hovoy atapvov- \ > 7 bd > Ld \ , pevor tas aitias eis “Aoctaciayv Kal [leprxdea Tpémoval, xpwpevor Tots meptBontos Kal 6n- uodseat TovTas éx Tov Ayapvéwy ortyidiots: Tlopyny dé Xtpaibay iovtes Meyapade veaviat KrNemTouace peOvaoKoTTaBou’ *#y e a b f , Kad’ oi Meyapeis odvvais mepvoryywpevoe avreEéxrerav “Aatracias tropvas dvo. XXXI. Ti pév ody apynyv ows Eecyev ov 169 e “A ~ Col 3 passov yv@vat, Tod b€ py AVOHvaL TO Whdicpa TAVTES WTAUTWS THY altiay émipepovat T@ Ilepe- a ‘ ¢ \ ] f , \ KNel. ANY ol pev Ex PpovnuaTos peyaXdou peTa yreuns Kata To PBéATIGTOY aTiacxvpicacbai dacw avtor, Teipay évOocews TO TpoTTAypa Kal Tv cuyx@pnow éEoporoynow acbeveias ryov- pevov oi bé parrov avOadeia Tivi Kal Piroverxia X Ww > , A mpos évdektv iaxvos tmepippovncar Aaxedat- povioy. ¢ be , ‘\ > Ff a 4 \ H 6€ yepiotn pév aitia tracwy, Exyovca 6é 4 iA ef / / TrELaTOUS papTUpAs, OUTW TwS A€yeTal. Decdias e i“ 9 4 ‘ @ a bf ? o wAdaoTns epyoAdBos pev hv Tod ayddpaTos, oe v \ a“ a f @omep elpntat, piros é TO Ilepixret yevouevos Kal péeytotov map atvt@ duvyfeis rovs pev bv ¢ \ 4 3 \ 4 e \ ~ auvtov éayev exOpors POovovpevos, ot Sé Tov SHuov Trowovpevot qetpav e€v exeiv@, Totos TIS w a al , S / “~ éecotto T@ Ilepixret' xpitns, Mevwva twa tav 1 rg MepikAet Fuhr and Blass, with FaS : Mepiwaei. 8& PERICLES But the Megarians denied the murder of Anthe- mocritus, and threw the blame for Athenian hate on Aspasia and Pericles, appealing to those far-famed and hackneycd versicles of the “ Acharnians "’ :— « Simaetha, harlot, one of Megara’s womankind, Was stolen by gilded youths more drunk than otherwise ; And so the Megarians, pangs of wrath all reeking hot, Paid back the theft and raped of Aspasia’s harlots two.” ! XXXI. AV ell, then, whatever the original ground for enacting the decree,—and it is no easy matter to determine this,—the fact that it was not rescinded all men alike lay to the charge of Pericles. Only, some say that he persisted in his refusal in a lofty spirit and with a clear perception of the best interests of the city, regarding the injunction laid upon it as a test of its submissiveness, and _ its compliance as a confession of weakness; while others hold that it was rather with a sort of arrogance and love of strife, as well as for the display of his power, that he scornfully defied the Lacedaemonians. But the worst charge of all, and yet the oné’which has the most vouchers, runs something like this. Pheidias the sculptor was contractor for the great statue, as I have said, and being admitted to the friendship of Pericles, and acquiring the greatest influence with him, made some enemies through the jealousy which he excited; others also made use of him to test the people and see what sort of a judge it would be in a case where Pericles was involved. 1 Verses 524 fff. 89/ PLUTARCH’S LIVES Pediov cuvepyav weioavtes ikétny év ayopa xkabilovoty, aitovmevov aderav emi pnvioer kal xatnyopia Tov Pediov. mpoadeEapévou bé tod Siyov tov avOpwrov Kai yevoperns év éxxrnola SimEews, KAOTTaL pev ovK r)dEYYOVTO: TO yap ypuciov ovtws evOus &€& apyfis TO ayadpate Tpoceipydcato Kat TrepteOnxev 0 Pedias yroun tov Ilepuxréovs wote wav duvatov eivar Tepi- edovow atrobetEar Tov ctaOuov, 6 Kal TOTE TOUS KaTnyopous éxéXevoe Troveiy o epixrgs. ‘H é€ b0€a trav Epywv ériefe POdve tov Pediav, Kat partic ote tHv pos ’Apalovas payny év TH adomlide Tow avTod Tiva poppny évetuTMoe TpecBuTov padraxpov Tétpov émrnp- pevov be apdotépwv Tav yerpav, Kal tod Iepr- KA€ous eixora TayKadny évéOnKke paxopuévou pos "Apafova. to 6€ cya THs yELpos, avaTewovons Sopu mpo Tis Oyrews Tod Ilepixréovs, memoin- pévov evpnyadves olov émixpiTTey BovreTar THY OuoleTnta Tapadatvopevnv Exatépwbev. ‘O pev otv Dedias eis tO Seopwrnpiovy ama- Geis ETEXEUTNTE vooraas, ws 5€ dhacw enor, dappaxos, émt dsaBorn tov IlepixrXéous tev éyOpav wapacxevacavtoy. To Oé unvuTH Méverr ypawavtos LTAvKwvos atéXciar o Sipos edwxe, Kat tpocetake Tois otTpatiyois émiperctabar Tis aoparelas Tov avOpwrrov. 9a PERICLES These latter persuaded one Menon, an assistant ot Pheidias, to take a suppliant’s scat in the market- place and demand immunity from punishment in case he should bring information and accusation against Pheidias. The people accepted the man’s proposal, and formal prosecution of Pheidias was made in the asseinbly. Embezzlement, indecd, was not proven, for the gold of the statue, from the very start, had been so wrought upon and cast about it by Pheidias, at the wise suggestion of Pericles, that 1t could all be taken off and weighed,! and this is what Pericles actually ordered the accusers of Pheidias to do at this time. But the reputation of his works nevertheless brought a burden of jealous hatred upon Pheidias, and especially the fact that when he wrought the battle of the Amazons on the shield of the goddess, he carved out a figure that suggested himself as a bald old man lifting on high a stone with both hands, and also inserted a very fine likeness of Pericles fighting with an Amazon. And the attitude of the hand, which holds out a spear in front of the face of Pericles, is cunningly contrived as it were with a desire to conceal the resemblance, which is, however, plain to be seen from either side. Pheidias, accordingly, was led away to prison, and died there of sickness; but some say of poison which the enemies of Pericles provided, that they might bring calumny upon him. And to Menon the informer, on motion of Glycon, the people gave immunity from taxation, and enjoined upon the generals to make provision for the man’s safety. 1 Cf, Thucydides, ii. 13, 5. to PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXII. Ilept 6€ todtov tov ypovov "Acrracia ot wv b , em , n ixny épevyev aceBetas, ‘Eppimimou tov cwpwoo- Totov SOtwKxovTosS Kal WpooxaTynyopovvTos ws Tlepuxret yuvaixas édevbépas eis TO avto hottw- gas UmTobéyotto. Kal Wydicpa AroretOns &ypa- > Ul \ \ “ \ / ev eiaayyédrNeoGat Tous Ta Oeia pn vouifortas f “ } XOyous wept Tov petapciwy diddcxortas, ? f >] 4 > ? é \ atreperOopevos eis Ilepixréa d¢ “Avakayopov rny uTovotay. Seyopuevou 5€ Tod dynpov Kal mpoate- / X s ee v , a pévov tas b:aBoXds, ottws On Whdiocpa Kupov- zat, Apaxovtidov ypawyavtos, 67ws of AOYOL TAY ypnpatwy wo Ilepixdréous eis tovs Iputavers 5] ~ e \ \ ‘ n 3 \ n amroTeetev, of 5€ Stxactal tTHy Whdov amo Tov a ra , 4 Bwpod dépovtes ev TH odet Kpivoteyv. “Ayvor bé “A na , ToUTO pev adeire Tov Whdicpatos, KpiverOar bé THy Sixny éypavev év Stxactais yrios Kal TevTaKogiots, eite KAOTTHS Kal Swpwy elt’ ddexiov w: , 3 , \ , BovrorT0 Tes Ovopad lew Thy Siwkev. A "Aonaciay pev otv é&ntycatTo, TOoANa Travu \ \ , e 3 / , b \ ig \ mapa tHv dixny, os Atayivns pyatv, adels virép aitns Saxpuva xa Senbeis tov dixactov ‘Avata- ( a f yopay 6€ PaSnbeis eFémeuev €x Tis Toews. e \ ‘ , A a , as 6€ &:a Decdlov mpocéntaice TO Orjpw, PoBy- Geis to StxactyHpiov péXAoVTA Tov TOdELOV Kal e , Igo / , 4 vroTupopevoy éekéexaucer, edTrifwv Stacxedacerv Ta éyKA}paTa Kal TaTewocev tov POovov ev ro , mpdyuact peyddo Kal Kivdvvois TiS TOAEWS 3 , U \ X 3 , \ ‘ , exelLv@ poVve@ oud TO ebvopa Kab THY Svvapuy avabeions éavTyny. ai pev odv aitias dt as ovK 92 17( PERICLES XXXII. About this time also Aspasia was put on trial for impiety, Hermippus the comic pcet being her prosecutor, who alleged further against her that she received free-born women into a place of assign- ation for Pericles. And Diopeithes brought in a bill providing for the public impeachment of such as did not believe in gods, or who taught doctrines regard- ing the heavens, directing suspicion against Pericles by means of Anaxagoras. The people accepted with delight these slanders, and so, while they were in this mood, a bill was passed, on motion of Dracontides, that Pericles should deposit his accounts of public moneys with the prytanes, and that the jurors should decide upon his case with ballots which had lain upon the altar of the goddess on the acropolis. But Hagnon amended this clause of the bill with the motion that the case be tried before fifteen hundred jurors in the ordinary way, whether one wanted to call it a prosecution for embezzlement and bribery, or malversation. (Well, then, Aspasia he begged off, by shedding copious tears at the trial, as Aeschines says, and by entreating the jurors; and he feared for Anax- agoras so much that he sent him away from the city. And since in the case of Pheidias he had come into collision with the people, he feared a jury in his own case, and so kindled into flame the threatening and smouldering war, hoping thereby to dissipate the charges made against him and allay the people’s jealousy, inasmuch as when great under- takings were on foot, and great perils threatened, the city entrusted herself to him and to him alone, by reason of his worth and power, Such, then, are the reasons which are alleged for his not suffering “J PLUTARCH’S LIVES clacev évdovvat Aaxedatpoviows tov dSipov, avrat NEévyorTat, TOS adrnOes adnrov. XXXIII. Oi dé ANaxedarporior ‘yev@da KovTEs @s éxetvou Katadvbcvtos eis qavTa paraKwrépots Xpicovrat tois ‘AGnvaioss, éx€ evov avuTovs TO aryos éXavvey TO Kudovecor,! @ TO pntpobev yévos TOU Tleptxdéous évoxor WV, @S Oovevdisys iatopnxev.” ” be meipa TEPLETTH Tols Trépyacw els TOUVAYTLOV” avTt yap Urrowias kat draBorijs 0 Tlepuxrijs ETL pet Cova TloTW EXE Kal TEV Tapa Tois TohiTars, OS padiora ploouvToy Kal poBoupever éxeivov TOV TONE LLOOD. 610 Kal mplv euBareiv eis THY ATTLKHY TOV ‘Apxidapor € exovTa TOUS lledorrorvyaiovs T PUElTre Tous ‘AOnvators, ay dpa Tanda dn@r Oo “Apxibapos dméxnrar TOV éxeivou Sia tTHv Eeviay tHv ovoav avtois, h da- Boris Tots éxOpots evordous. adoppds, bre Ti moder kal Thy ydpav Kal ras émavres emedt- dwour, "EpBdadrdrovew obv ets thy ’AtTTiKNnY oTpaT@ peyare Aaxedatpoviot pera, TOV TULMEX OY, “Apxeddpov TOU Baairéws 7, Hyyoupéevov. Kal dnobv- Tes THY Ywpav Tm pon rOov els ‘AXapvas Kat KateotpatoTésevoayv, ws Ttav ‘AOnraiwy ovK aveEopévwv, GAN vr’ opyiis Kal Ppovrjparos Stapaxoupever T pos avTous. TO 5é Llepexret Seevov épaivero MPOS TOUS é£axic pupious Ileho- movvnaiwy Kat Botwrav omditas (TocovToL yap 1 2vaatvew 7d KuAdverovy Fuhr and Blass, with BCFas: dAatvey @. 2 fordpyxev Fuhr and Blass, with BCES: efpynxer. 94 PERICLES the people to yield to the Lacedaemonians ; but the truth about it is not clear. XXXIII. The Lacedaemonians, perceiving that if he were deposed they would find the Athenians more pliant in their hands, ordered them to drive out the Cylonian pollution,! in which the family of Pericles on his mother’s side was involved, as Thucydides states.2 But the attempt brought a result the opposite of what its makers designed, for in place of suspicion and slander, Pericles won even greater confidence and honour among the citizens than before, because they saw that their enemies hated and feared him above all other men. There- fore also, before Archidamus invaded Attica with the Peloponnesians, Pericles made public proclama- tion to the Athenians, that in case Archidamus, while ravaging everything else, should spare his estates, either out of regard for the friendly tie that existed between them, or with an eye to affording his enemies grounds for sjander, he would make over to the city his lands and the homesteads thereon. Accordiugly, the Lacedaemonians and their allies invaded Attica with a great host under the leader- ship of Archidamus the king. And they advanced, ravaging the country as they went, as far as Acharnae, where they encamped, supposing that the Athenians would not tolerate it, but would fight with them out of angry pride. (Pericles, however, looked upon it as a terrible thing to join battle with sixty thousand Peloponnesian and Boeotian hoplites 1 That is, members of the Alemaeonid family, which was involved in the stain of bloodguiltiness when the archon Megacles, about 636 B.c., sacrilegiously slew the followers of Cylon. See Plutarch, Solon, xii. 1-3; Thucydides, i. 126. £1,127, 4. 93 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Hoav ol TO TP@ToV éuSanrovres) UTrEp auTns THS Todkews payyy cuvdyat Tous bé Bovdopévous paxeo bar Kal va rafowvtas ™ pos Ta yevopeva KaTempaure, Néyov as dévdpa pev tunBévta Kai KoTrévta puerar TAXEDS, avdpav 6¢ Sap Bapévrav 5 avbis TUXELY ov padcov €ott. Tov d€ S7pov els exe natav ou ouvijye dedtas Brac hvat Tapa youn, ann’ GoTep VEWS xuBepyyrns avésLov KATLOVTOS év TEAGYEL Dépevos ev TavTa Kal Kara telvas Ta Oma ypira TH TEXYD, Saxpuva Kai Sexjoers emtBatav VAUTLOVTOY Kal poBovpévay édoas, oUTWS exelvos, TO TE AoTU cuyKreaas Kal KatarkaBwv mavta pudaxais mpos aopanrevay, expire tots auvTou Aoyio pois, Spaxeéa ppovtilov 6 TOV cataBowytav Kal dua xepawovTwr. Kaitou ToAAol pev aitov Tav dirwy Seopevot mmpoce- KELWTO, TOAAOL Oe TOY eyOpwY aTretdouVTES Kal KaTnyopoovTes, xopol’ & 7d0v acpata Kat TK pL pata 7 pos ais xurny, éfuBpitovres avtob THY oTpatyyiay as avav6pov kal Tmpolenevny Ta Tpayuata Tots monepiors. emep vero dé Kat Kr\éov 78n, bua TIS T pos éxetvov opyiis TOV 7 wo\uTe@y TOpeVopLEvos emt THY Snpayoyiar, Qs TavaTaiata TadTa Snot ToincavTos ‘Eppuittou: Bacirev caTUpor, TL WOT OUK ederets Copy Baorale, GXXA NOYouS pev Wept TOU TONEMOU deLvous Tmapexets,” wuyx7 5é Tédntos vrectw; * pkore Fuhr and Blass, with FS; wool. 2 wapexeis Fuhr, with S: wapexn. 3 duxh . . . Sreorw Fuhr and Blass, after Emperius : Wuxhv... sa tomni 96 PERICLES (those who made the first invasion were as numerous as that), and stake the city itself upon the issue. So he tried to calm down those who were eager to fight, and who were in distress at what the enemy was doing, by saying that trees, though cut and lopped, grew quickly, but if men were destroyed it was not easy to get them again. And he would not call the people together into an assembly, fearing that he would be constrained against his better judgement, but, like the helmsman of a ship, who, when a stormy wind swoops down upon it in the open sea, makes all fast, takes in sail, and exercises his skill, disregarding the tears and entreaties of the sea-sick and timorous passengers, so he shut the city up tight, put all parts of it under safe garrison, and exercised his own judge- ment, little heeding the brawlers and malcontents. And yet many of his friends beset him with entreatics, and many of his enemies with threats and denunciations, and choruses sang songs of scurrilous mockery, railing at his generalship for its cowardice, and its abandonment of everything to the enemy. Cleon, too, was already harassing him, taking advantage of the wrath with which the citizens regarded him to make his own way toward the leadership of the people, as these anapaestic verses of Hermippus! show :— “Thou king of the Satyrs, why pray wilt thou not Take the spear for thy weapon, and stop the dire talk With the which, until now, thou conductest the war, While the soul of a Teles is in thee? 1 From his ‘‘ Moirai,” or Fates. Kock, Com, Att. Frag., i. pp. 236 f. 97 VOL. III. i PLUTARCH'S LIVES eayyerptdiou o dxovntakdypa Trapabnyopuéevns Bpvyets xomidos,* bnyGeis alOwv Kr€Ewre. XXXIV. IDAnv tr’ otdevos éxtvyOn tev ToLov- tov 6 IlepexdjHs, GAXa Tpadws Kal oLtwHrH THY adokiay kal THy aTéx Peay UptoTtapevos, Kal vedv éxatov emt tay LeXorovvnaov otodXov exTréuTrOv avTos ou ouvetérAevcev, AX Epetvey olKoupav cal dua xElpos Exwv THY TWOALY, EWS aTNAXAYNTAY of IleXorrovvyctot. Oeparrevwv S€ Tovs mrodXOUS Opus doxddXovtas eri TH TOAEUM, Stavopais TE Xpnudtwv averduBave Kat KAnpovyxias eypadev: Aiyeviras yap é&eXdcas amavtas Scévetye THY vicov “AOnvaiwy ois RAayovow. Hv O€ TIS Tmapyyopia Kal ad wv éracyov ci modemtot. Kal yap ol mepurreovtes THY IleXoTOvInaov ywpav TE TOAAIY K@pas Te Kal TONES puKpas SveTropOn- gav, Kat Kata yi aitos éuBadrov els THY Meyapixny pape wacav. % Kal dhrov Hv Ore rogiie ucv Spavtes cata yi xaxa® tous 'A@- vaioUs, TodAa S€ MaaxovTes Um’ exetvwv éx OaddtTns, OK av Els pKIS TONE“OU TOTOUTOY mpousnaav, adda TaYews aTetTop, wamep €& apxis oO Tepixdtjs mponyopevoer, €t pay Te datpo- viov UTnvavTtwOn Tots avOpwririvols oyiapoLs. Nov 88 rporov pév 1) Aotpwodns evérece POopa kal KateveuyjOn Tip axpafoveay ArIKiay Kal Sivayu: id Hs Kat Ta GOpaTa KaKovpevot Kal 1 xeyxeiptilov . . . xowlSos Coraés’ restoration of these corrupt verses, adopted by Fuhr. 2 xara yyy xaxd Fuhr and Blass, with F*5: «and, 98 =I PERICLES If the tiniest knife is but laid on the stone To give it an edge, thou gnashest thy teeth, As if bitten by fiery Cleon.” XXXIV. However, Pericles was moved by no such things, but gently and silently underwent the ignominy and the hatred, and, sending out an armament of a hundred ships against the Peloponnesus, did not himself sail with it, but remained behind, keeping the eity under watch and ward and well in hand, until the Peloponnesians withdrew. Then, by way of soothing the multitude, who, in spite of their enemies’ departure, were distressed over the war, he won their favour by distributions of moneys and proposed allotments of conquered lands; the Aeginetans, for instance, he drove out entirely, and parcelled out their island among the Athenians by lot. And some consolation was to be had from what their enemies suffered. For the expedition around the Peloponnesus ravaged much territory and sacked villages and small cities, while Pericles himself, by land, invaded the Megarid and razed it all. Wherein also it was evident that though their enemies did the Athenians much harm by land, they suffered mueh too at their hands by sea, and therefore would not have protracted the war to such a length, but would have speedily given up, just as Pericles prophesied in the beginning, had not a_ terrible visitation from heaven thwarted human ealeulations. As it was, in the first place, a_ pestilentia! destruction fell upon them! and devoured clean the prime of their youth and power. It weakened 1 4308.0. Cf. Thucydides, ii. 47--54. 4 4 n 2 a, PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ \ , +] , ‘\ ‘\ Tas Yuxas wavtaracw nyptwOncay mpos Tov Mepixréa, nal Kabarep tatpov 1) Tatépa TH voow mapadpovincavtes adtKely érrexeipnoav, avaTret- aBivtes vd TOV exOpav ws THY pév VOTO 7) TOU “ ‘ 4 yupitixod mwAjOous els TO aaty cupdopnots 3 f 1 Ge ef A @ “ 7 amepyaterat,' Gepovs wpa modX@Y opou xveny éy olkypace pixpois Kal oxnv@pact Tveynpots nvayKacpevwv SrartacOat Siattav oixovpoy Kal apyny avtt xa0apas Kal davarertapévns Tis mpotepov, tovTov & aitios 6 Tw WodEUM TOV , GTO THS YMOpas GxYAOY Els Ta TELYN KaTAXEd- pevos Kat mpos ovdey avOparTrots ToToUTOLS Xpw- pevos, GAN éov watrep Bookypata Kadetpypevous dvatipmracba. dOcpas am’ addAnrAwr, Kal pN- / ‘ 9 b A 9 / Sepiav petaBornv pnd avauyny éxtropilov. XXXV. Tadra Bovrcpevos idcbat Kat Tt Tapa- AUTrELY TOUS ToAELOUS, EXaTOV Kal TreVTNKOVTA “a b , \ \ ‘ bd) \ e / vais émdrjpou, Kal moAXous Kat ayabous omAtTas 4 i 4 4 > ‘ 5d ’ Ud Kal imméas avaBuBacdpevos épedrev avayer Oat, peyaanv érmida Tots ToniTass Kal PoBov ovK édar- TW TOLS TOAELLOLS ATO TOTAUTNS LaXVOS Tapacyov. dn Sé wemTAnpwpevar Tav vewv Kai Tov Ilept- / 9 / 9 ‘ ¢ a , \ Kr€ovs avaBeBnKoros éml tHv éEavtcd Tpinpyn TOY \ ef b nw“ 4 A tA ‘ pev prLov éexArttrety auvéBy Kai yevéaBat oKoTOs, exr7Aaynvar S€ TavTAaS WS pos méya onpetor. ¢ nA @ ¢ A a \ tf épav obvo Ilepixrts mepipoBov tov cuBepyynrny ? a nai Scnmropnpévov, avéoxe THY YAapvda TPd TOV l awepyacerat Fuhr and Blass, with FS : épyd(era:. 100 ¥ |! PERICLES them in body and in spirit, and made them altogether wild against Pericles, so that, for all the world as the mad will attack a physician or a father, so they, in the delirium of the plague, attempted to do him harm, persuaded thereto by his enemies. These urged that the plague was caused by the crowding of the rustic multitudes together into the city, where, in the summer season, many were huddled together in small dwellings and stifling barracks, and compelled to lead a stay-at-home and inactive life, instead of being in the pure and open air of heaven as they were wont. They said that Pericles was responsible for this, who, because of the war, had poured the rabble from the country into the walled city, and then gave that mass of men no employment whatever, but suffered them, thus penned up like cattle, to fill one another full of corruption, and provided them no change or respite. m XXXYV. Desiring to heal these evils, and at the same time to inflict some annoyance upon the enemy, he manned_a hundred and fifty ships of war, and, after embarking many brave hoplites and horsemen, was on the point of putting out to sea, affording great hope to the citizens, and no less fear to the enemy in consequence of so great a force. But when the ships were already manned, and Pericles had gone aboard his own trireme, it chanced that the sun was eclipsed and darkness came on, and all were thoroughly frightened, looking upon it as a great portent. Accordingly, seeing that his stecrsman was timorous and utterly perplexed, Pericles held up his cloak before the Io] PLUTARCH'S LIVES dew! auTov, Kal TapaKxaduYas 7pwTNGE yn TE decvov 7) Secvod tives oletat onpetiovy ws 8 ovK épn, ‘Ti obv,” elmev, “éxeivo tovtov dsadpéper, TAY OTL peiCoy TL THS XAaLVOOS oT TO TrETTOLN- KOS THY €mliaKoTnoW;” TavTa pev ovv év Tais axonais AéyeTar Tav dirocdgdwv. "ExmrAevaas & ovvo Tlepixdijs ov7’ Addo Te Soxet THS TapacKevns akiov Spadcat, TwodtopKiaas TE THY lepav ‘EmriSavpov éanioa Tapacxovoay os doo open ameéTuxe dea THY voor. emuyevopevn yap ovK auTovs povoy, AAA Kal TOUS OTWCODY TH oTpaTia ouppitavtas mpocdiepOerpev. ex TovTou yareTras Siaxetpévous tous A@nvatovs mpos avrov émelpato Tapnyopely Kal avafappuvery. ov unr mapéAuce THY Opyny ovde peTETELTE TPOTEPOY 4) Tas wWwndous AaBovtas én’ adtov eis TAS Yelpas Kal ryevojievous Kupious adedéo Oat THY oTpaTiylay Kat tnptdcat Xpypaciv, oy apiOpov ot Tov éAaytoTOV mevrexaioexa TdAdavta, TevtnKovta 8 of Tov qaAetaTtov ypapovatv. émeypady bé TH dixn KaTn- yopos, ws pev ‘TSopuevets Aéyet, Kréwv, ws 8 @codpactos, Lippias: o Sé Uovtexos ‘Hpakretdns Aaxpatiséap elpnte. XXXVI. Ta pév obv Snpocia taykws Ewerre mavoecOat,? KaOamep Kévtpov es TovTov apa TAnyH Tov Oupov adexotwy Tav Toray Ta & oixeta moxOnpas eiyev avT@ KaTd TE TOV NoLMLOY 1 ray GYewy Fuhr and Blass, with F8S: rijs dWews. 2 ratceoOa: Fuhr and Blass, with FS, and after Reiske: wave Gal. 102 PERICLES man’s eyes, and, thus covering them, asked him if he thought it anything dreadful, or portentous of anything dreadful. “No,” said the steersman. “How then,” said Pericles, “is yonder event different from this, except that it is something rather larger than my cloak which has caused the obscurity?” At any rate, this tale is told in the schools of philosophy. Well, then, on sailing forth, Pericles seems to have accomplished nothing worthy of his prepara- tions, but atter laying siege to sacred Epidaurus, which awakened a hope that it might be captured he had no such good fortune, because of the plague. Its fierce onset destroyed not only the Athenians themselves, but also those who, in any manner soever, had dealings with their ‘forces. The Athenians being exasperated against him on this account, he tried to appease and encourage them. He did not, however, succeed in allaying their wrath, nor yet in changing their purposes, before they got their hostile ballots into their hands, became masters of his fate, stripped him of his command, and punished him with a fine.) The amount of this was fifteen talents, according to those who give the lowest, and fifty, according to those who give the highest figures. The public prosecutor mentioned in the records of the case was Cleon, as Idomeneus says, but according to Theophrastus it was Simmias, and Heracleides Ponticus mentions Lacratides. XXXVI. So much, then, for his public troubles ; they were likely soon to cease, now that the multi- tude had stung him, as it were, and left their passion with their sting ; but his domestic affairs were in a 103 / PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovK OALyous amoBaXovtTt TtaV emutndeiwy Kal oTAEL Statetapaypeva | moppwber. 0 yap Tpec- Butatos auTov TeV ynoiov via ElavOvrtos puaer TE Sarravypos & @v Kai yuvatkl véa Kal Trodv- TENEL TUVOLKODY, Teo dv8pou Guyarpi Tov "Emtdvxou, XareT as epepe THY Tob TAT POs axpiBeav yX- oxXpa Kal Kata px pov avT@ Xopnyovytos. meuyas oUV TPOS TiVa TOY hirwv éraBev a dpyvptov Qs TOU Tepixd€ous KeNEVT ALTOS. éxeivou oo UoTepov aT at- TOUVTOS, 6 peep Tlepixdijs Kat dixny auT@ 7 pog- é\axe, TO O€ petpaKiov oO EavOinmos emi TOUT@ Narer as Siatedeis ehowdoper Tov Tatépa, 1 p@TOV pev expepov émrl YeMOTe Tas otou Siar pias avTov Kal TOUS AoOyouUS obs émroceito * pera TOV copiaTay. mevtaO dou yap Tlvos aicov Tip Tata Eavtos *Eaittpov TOV Papaariov aKOUALWS Kal KATAKTEWAYTOS, 1Lépav oAny avarwaar pera Upwrayopou Siatropotvra, TOTEPOV TO aKovTtov a TOV Badovta padrov 7 u) TOUS aryovob eras KaTQ TOV opboratov Aoryou aitious Vpn TOU Tabous wyeta Bar, 7 pos dé ToUTOLS Kal THY Tepl THs yuvackos dva- Bomay UO Tob Ravbinirov dnoiv o LrnaipSpo- TOS els TOUS TOAXOUS dvaorrapivat, Kal Odws AVIKETTOV AXPL THS TEAEUTHS TO veavioxw Tpos TOY TaTépa Tapapeivat tiv Stapopav: améOave yap 0 BavOirmos ev 7@ AotLD vornaas. ‘AmeBanre b€ xal THY abeAPHY 6 O Tepexrijs TOTE Kal Tay KndecTa Kal didwy Tos TAELTTOUS Kal 1 d:aterapayyeva Fuhr and Blass, after Sauppe : d:arerapay- pevye. 2 éroeito Fuhr and Blass, with FaS, and after Sauppe: ewolei. 104 1 ad 2 PERICLES sorry plight, since he had lost not a few of his intimate friends during the pestilence, and had for some time been rent and torn by a family feud. The eldest of his legitimate sons, Xanthippus, who was naturally prodigal, and had married a young and extravagant wife, the daughter of Tisander, the son of Epilycus, was much displeased at his father’s exactitude in making him but a meagre allowance, and that a little at a time. Accordingly, he sent to one of his father’s friends and got money, pre- tending that Pericles bade him do it. When the friend afterwards demanded repayment of the loan, Pericles not only refused it, but brought suit against him to boot. So the young fellow, Xanthippus, incensed at this, fell to abusing his father, publishing abroad, to make men laugh, his conduct of affairs at home, and the discourses which he held with the sophists. For instance, a certain athlete had hit Epitimus the Pharsalian with a javelin, accidentally, and killed him, and Pericles, Xanthippus said, squandered an entire day discussing with Protagoras whether it was the javelin, or rather the one who hurled it, or the judges of the contests, that “in the strictest sense” ought to be held responsible for the disaster. Besides all this, the slanderous charge concerning his own wife Stesimbrotus says was sown abroad in public by Xanthippus himself, and also that the quarre) which the young man had with his father remained utterly incurable up to the time of his death,—for Xanthippus fell sick and died during the plague. Pericles Jost his sister also at that time, and of his relatives and friends the largest part, and those 105 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XPHCtLwWTATOVS TPOS THV TWoArtTeElav. ov myD ’ “A +QN wv \ f \ \ a AMELTEY OVOE TPOVOWKE TO Ppovnpa Kal TO péyEOos THS Wuxs vro TOV cvugopOv, AAW ovde Kraiwy ovde Knoevwy ode Tpos Tadd TLVds PON TeV ” pos rade n t , ‘ , a dvaykatov, Tpty ye 57 Kal Tov TepiroeTroy avToOU Tav yunotoy viov! amoBaxreiv Ilapadov. émt rov- To O€ KapudUels evreipaTto pev éeyxapTepely TO y0ee Kat duapvAddtreay TO peyadouyor, ért- el “ f f fal hépwov 5€ TO vexp@ atéhavoy ntTHOn Tov waOous Tpos THY OYriv, WaTE KAaVO pov Te PHEaL Kal TrI- Bos éxxéat dSaxpvwv, odéTuTE ToLodToOV ovdéY év TO OLTO Pio TEeTOINKAS. XXXVITI. Tis 6€ vorews Tepwpévns TeV ad- AWY TTPATHYOV ELS TOY TOAEMOV Kal PNTOPwY, WS b > \ 4 w % , o> 3 , \ 5 ovdeis Bapos Exywv tooppotroyv ovd akiwpa mpos TOTAUTNY EXEyyVOY HyeLoviay épaiveto, TOOovaNS nw aA N éxetvoy Kal KaXovans evi To Biya Kai TO oTpa- a / THytov, GOupov Kai Keipevos olkot dia TO TéVOOs a , im "ArKiBiddouv Kat Tav adrwv éreiaOn phirov a > / N “A ? \ mpoedOeiv. amoroynoapéevov b€ Tod Sryov THY ayvepocuvny awpos avtov, UirobeEdpevos avOus Ta Tpuypata Kal atpatnyos aipebels 7THTATO AVOivat Tov Tept TOY voPwY vopmory, bY avTos e ? ELTEVNVOXEL TPOTEPOY, WS LN TavTaTacw épnpia dradoyijs Tov oikoy €xdiTrot ToVVOUA Kal TO YévOS. siye & OUT Ta Tept Tov vopov. akudlwy o 1 synalav viey Fuhr and Blass, with F8S: yvnolwy. 106 PERICLES who were most serviceable to hin. in his administra- tion of the city. He did not, however, give up, nor yet abandon his loftiness and grandeur of spirit) because of his calamities, nay, he was not even seen to weep, either at the funeral rites, or at the grave of any of his connections, until indeed he lost the very last remaining one of his own legitimate sons, Paralus. Even though he was bowed down at this stroke, he nevertheless tried to persevere in his _ habit and maintain his spiritual greatness, but as he laid a wreath upon the dead, he was vanquished by his anguish at the sight, so that he broke out into wailing, and shed a multitude of tears, although he had never done any such thmg in all his life before. XXXVII. The city made trial of its other generals and counsellors for the conduct of the war, but since no one appeared to have weight that was adequate or authority that was competent for such leadership, ifeucarmed for Pericles,—and summoned a rar-otbce.! He was lying dejectedly at home because cf his sorrow, but was persuaded by Alcibiades and _ his other friends to resume his public life. When the people had apologized for their thankless treatment of him, and he had undertaken again the conduct of the state, and been elected general, he asked for a suspension of the law concerning children born out of wedlock,—a law which he himself had formerly introduced,—in order that the name and lineage of his house might not altogether expire through lack of succession. The circumstances of this law were as follows. 1 429 B.c. 107 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ilepixrns €v rH TodtTela mpo mdvu odd Xpovwv, Kat Taidas Exwv, WoTEP ElpyTtat, yvn- , b] gious, vouoy éypawe povous AOnvaious elvar Tous bd “ 9 / , > \ “a éx Svetv AOnvaiwy yeyovoras. émet b¢ Tov Bact- Aéws TaV AlyuTTiov dwpeav TO SHnuw TéurravTos / “A TETPAKLo pLupLous TUpaY wedipvous Eder Sravéper Oat 4 f \ \ ? Ed s A TOUS ToAiTas, ToANal pev avedvovto Sdixas Tots Ld 9 “ , 9 / , ? voOous éx TOD ypaupatos Exeivouv Téws SraravOd- vovat Kal wapopwpévois,' troddol b€ Kal cuKo- davtnpact tepiémimrov. émpabncav §& ovv? e , 9, / 4 Ld e \ addovtTes GALYM TWevTaKicxXirLwy €AaTTOUS, OL SE 9 a , , 3 “a peivavtes ev TH TrodtTEla Kal KptOévtes ‘AOnvaior f puptoe Kal TeTpaxicyinot Kal TEecoapdKovTa TO a 5] ‘di # gq ~ ‘ Q TAHOS eEntucOnaav. dvtos ody Sewvov Tov Kata TosoUTwy loytoavTa vo“ov UT auTOD madLD “a a fe) , AvOjvat TOU ypaavTos, 7) Tapotoa SvaTvyia “a “a \ ? s t@ Tlepuxret mepi tov oixov, ws dixnv tiva “a / “a ? Sebwxott Tis Umepoiias Kal THs peyaravyias 9 a 3 / \ 9 / l 50 éxeivns, éméxrace Tovs “AOnvaious, cal dd€avtes a ? “ avTov veyeontd Te TaGeiv avOpwriverv® te dei- , cAat cuveyxwpnaay atoypavacbat tov vobor es s ‘ ~ Tous patopas, dvoya Oépevov to avTov. Kat tovtov pev batepoy ev “Apyivoveats Katavavpa- , e a“ ynoavta IleXomovyncious améxtervey 0 Siuos META TOV TVTTPATHYOV. 1 SadarOdvovc., rapopwuevurs Fuhr and Blass, after Sauppe : SitardavOavovoa, mapopwueva: (referring to the prosecutions). 2 8 ofy Fuhrand Blass, with F8S: ody. 3 gv6pwrivewy Fubr and Blass, with F8&S + avépwrlves. 108 PERICLES Many years before this,1 when Pericles was at the height of his political career and had sons born in wedlock, as I have said, he proposed a law that only those should be reckoned Athenians whose parents on both sides were Athenians. And so when the king of Egypt sent a present to the people of forty thousand measures of grain, and this had to be divided up among the citizens, there was a great crop of prosecutions against citizens of illegal birth by the law of Pericles, who had up to that time escaped notice and been overlooked, and many of them also suffered at the hands of informers. As a result, a little less than five thousand were convicted and sold into slavery, and those who retained their citizenship and were adjudged to be Athenians were found, as a result of this scrutiny, to be fourteen thousand and fortyin number. It was, accordingly, 7 prave matter, that the law which had been rigorously enforced against so many should now be suspended by the very man who _ had introduced it, and yet the calamities which Pericles was-then suffering in his family life, regarded as a kind of penalty which he had paid for his arrogance and haughtiness of old, broke down the objections of the Athenians. They thought that what he suffered was by way of retribution, and that what he asked became a man to ask and men to grant, and so they suffered him to enroll his illegitimate son in the phratry-lists and to give him his own name. This was the son who afterwards conquered the Peloponnesians in a naval battle at the Arginusae islands,? and was put to death by the people along with his fellow-generals. 1451-450 B.o. 2 406 B.o. 109 0 2 ee ee PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXVIII. Tote 5€ tod Tlepexréous Eorxev 0 178 Nouwos AaBEoOat AaBnv ove okeiav, WoTrEp GAXrXWY, Oe , rrAXa Br “A td \ a ovde gUVYTOVOY, AAAG BANXpa TLVt VOW Kal pHKOS > 4 5 , na fa év moixitats éyovon petaBorais dtaypwpevnv al , e tA ‘ é TO GOUA TXOAGiwWS Kal UTEpEeiTTOVcaY TO Ppovnpa al “A e “A , > “~ > al Tis uxs. 0 your Oecoppactos év trois H@txois \ \ , 4 \ SiaTwropiaas eb Tpos Tas TYUYas TpéTTETAL Ta ON Kal Kivovpeva Tois TOY GwyLaTwv TdBeaw €ekt- “ “ n e oTaTaAL THs dpeThs, tatopnKey OTL voowy o Ile- al b / \ “a f c puehijs EMLTKOTOULEVD TEL THY dirtwv deEee Tepiam TOV UTO TOV yuvaiKoy TW TpAXne ree MPTNBEVOY, as opodpa KAKOS EXWVY OTTOTE Kal TavTy vTOLEVOL THY aBEXTEpiaV. Mv \ N a a ¥ ? a Hén S€ wpos TO TerXEUTAY OVTOS avTOU, TEpI- a “ e , \ a KaOipevo. Tov TodT@ of BéATLITTOL KaL TOV e , , nm “ A pitwy ol TeplovTes AUYOY ETALODVTO THs UapETHS A A \ 4 Kal THs Suvapews, Gan yévoito, Kal Tas mpatets a a a , GVEMETPOUYTO Kal TOV TpOTAaLwY TO TAOS evvea al \ A \ yap Hv &@ oTpaTnyov Kal vik@v EaTnoEVv UTEP A a e , 4 A THS TONWS. TAUTA, WS OUKETL TUMLEVTOS, GAA xaOnpnpevov thy alaOyaw avtov, diedéyovto 4 e nm ‘\ ~ Tpos adrXrjANous' oO S€ Taal eTUYYaVE TOV VvoOvD ‘ , ’ , ¥ mpoceacynkws, Kai PbeyEauevos eis péecov edn Oavpalew OTe TavTA pev eTTaLvovoW auTOD Kal N , \ \ pVNmovevovoly, A Kal Tpos TUXNY €oTl KoLVa Kal A ~ \ A yéryovev 7)0n TOANOIS GTpaTHYOIS, TO 6€ KAXALT TOV \ , 5] , ra; O i) ‘ , ” yy Kal MeyicTOV Ov AEYOVaLD. voeis yap, &py, ‘ % } \ “~ wv b] , t ¢ , du ewe Tay CvT@y AUnvatwy pédXav (pattoy TepleBareTo. IIo PERICLES XXXVIII. At this time, it would seein, the plague laid hold of Pericles, not with a violent attack, as in the case of others, nor acute, but one which, with a kind of sluggish distemper that prolonged itself through varying ehanges, used up his body slowly and undermined the loftiness of his spirit. Certain it is that Theophrastus, in his “ Ethies,” querying whether one’s character follows the bent of one’s fortunes and is forced by bodily sufferings to abandon its high excellenee, records this fact, that Pericles, as he lay sick, showed one of his friends who was come to see him an amulet that the women had hung round his neck, as much as to say that he was very badly off to put up with such folly as that. Being now near his end,! the best of the citizens and those of his friends who survived were sitting around him holding discourse of his excellence and power, how great they had been, and estimating all his achievements and the number of his trophies,— there were nine of these which he had set up as the city’s vietorious general. This discourse they were holding with one another, supposing that he no longer understood them but had lost consciouness. He had been attending to it all, however, and | speaking out among them said he was amazed at their praising and commemorating that in him which was due as much to fortune as to himself, and which had fallen to the lot of many generals besides, instead of mentioning his fairest and greatest title to their admiration ; “for,” said he, “no living Athenian ever put on mourning because of mie.’ 1 He died in the autumn of 429 b.c, ————n ea PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXIX, Oavpacros ouv 0 avip OU povoY THIS emerkelas Kal MpaoTNTOs, AV Ev mpdypact ToANois Kal peyaras dmexGeias Suet pyoer, ara Kal TOU ppovnpatos, | el TOY avTov Kad@v mryeto BéXtLoTOv Eirat TO pire hbovw pte Pup xapi- cacOat pydév aro THALKAUTNS duvdpews, pnoe 2 xpycacbai Tit Tar exOpav os dvnKéaTy. Kat pot Ooxel THY peipaxcwdy kat coBapav éxeivny mposwvupiav éy tovTo Tote averipOovov Kal TpeTovaay, ovTws EUMEVES 70 05 cat Btov év é€ov- cia kaBapov Kai dpiavrov ‘Odvprtov TT pocayo- peveoOar, xabarep 70 Tov Oey yevos a&tovper aitcov pev ayab@v, avattiov oe KAK@V TEPUKOS apxew Kal Bactrevew TOV dvTw, OVX WaTrEp ot TounTat TUVTAPETTOVTES nas apabertatats 3 doFaus ddaKovTat ois aUuTOV pvdevpace,» TOV fLev TOTOV, €v @ TOUS Geovs KarTotxety Aéyouaw, daa panrés é5os Kal aaddevTov KaXovvTEs, ov Tvevpactyv, ov vepert Ypaj.evor, arn aibpa® parakn Kai dwt Kabapwraty TOV amavra Xpovov opars mepthapTopevoy, OS TOLAUTNS tivos* TO paxapicp Kal aavate diayoyns ped duora TpeTTovgnNs, auTous dé Tovs Oeous Tapaxijs Kal dua pevetas Kal opyiis aX\rAwv TE ETTOUS rabov dam opatvovT es ovo dvO pwr ots vouv €xovat T POT NKOVTOD. andra TavrTa pev tows tee Mpaypareas Elvat. 4 Tod &€ Ilepixréous tayeiav aicOnalv Kal cadi) 1 uv@eduaos Fuhr and Blass with S (u@edpaor FF): Kona. 2 atépa Fuhr and Blass with FS: ai6pfa. > cabapwrdry Fuhr and Blass with F8S: xa@ap¢. + roradens tTuvds Fuhr and Blass with F8S: roiavrns. 112 PERICLES XXXIX. So, then, the man is to be admired not only for his reasonableness and the gentleness which he maintained in the midst of many responsibilities and great enmities, but also for his loftiness of spirit, seeing that he regarded it as the noblest—of all his titles to honour-that he—had_never_gratified _his- envy or his passion in the exercise of his vast power, nox treated _any one of his foes as a foe incurable. And it seems to me that his otherwise puerile and pompous surname is rendered unobjectionable and becoming by this one circumstance, that it was so gracious a nature and a life so pure and undefiled in the exercise of sovereign power which were called Olympian, inasmuch as we do firmly hold that the divine rulers and kings of the universe are capable only of good, and incapable of evil. In this we are not like the poets, who confuse us with their ignorant fancies, and are convicted of inconsistency by their own stories, since they declare that the place where they say the gods dwell is a secure abode and tran- quil, without experience of winds and clouds, but gleaming through all the unbroken time with the soft radiance of purest light,!—implying that some such a manner of existence is most becoming to the blessed immortal; and yet they represent the gods themselves as full of malice and hatred and wrath and other passions which ill become even men of any sense. But this, perhaps, will be thought matter for discussion elsewhere. The progress of events wrought in the Athenians 1 Cf. Odyssey, vi. 42 ff. Li3 VOL, Til. I PLUTARCH’S LIVES wo0ov AOnvaios éveipyateTto Ta TpayyaTa. Kal yap of Cavtos PBapuvopevor thy Evvapiv ws dpavupotcay avtovs, evOus é€x modmy yevopevov TELPWLEVOL PNTOPHY Kal Onpaywyav ETEepwV avwpO- NoyouvTo peTpLwTEpon ev GyKw@ Kal cEpvoTEpoY é1 TpaoTnte pi povat Tporroy 4 8 émipOovos ioxus éxeivn, povapyia Neyouevn Kal Tupavyis TpoTEpor, éhavn TOTE cwTNHplovy Epupa TiS TodtTELAS YyEvo- bevy? TocavTn POopa Kal wANOos éwéxerto KaKias Tos Wpaypacty, ty éxeivos acbevh} Kai TaTewny TOLMY aTEXPUTTE KAL KATEKWAVEY avyKETTOV eV éfovota' yevéeoOa. 1 éy efovola Fuhr and Blass with F4SC: éfouglg. 1I4 PERICLES a swift appreciation of Pericles and a keen sense of his loss. For those who, while he lived, were oppressed by a sense of his power and felt that it kept them in obscurity, straightway on his removal made trial of other orators and popular leaders, only to be led to the confession that a character more moderate than his in its solemn dignity, and more august in its gentleness, had not becn created. That objectionable power of his, which they had used to call monarchy and tyranny, seemed to them now to have been a saving bulwark of the consti- tution, so greatly was the state afflicted by the corruption and manifold baseness which he had kept weak and grovelling, thereby covering it out of sight and preventing it from becoming incurably powerful. FABIUS MAXIMUS ®ABIOZ MAEIMOZ I. Towovtou 6é Tob Tlepexdéous ev Tots afious MV HLLNS yeyoveTos, WS Taperrnpaper, €mi Tov ba Brov THY (oTopiav peTaryaryoper. VULPOY pds Aéyouaty, ot 6€ YUVALKOS emixwpias, "Hpaxret puyelons wept Tov OvpBpw TmoTapop yeverOar PaBrov, avdpa TORU Kal Soxtpov év ‘Popn TO aBiov yévos ad avTou Tapag yovTa. TLVES dé TOUS amo TOU yevous TOUTOU Tpwrovs TH Ov’ opu- YMATOV NPNTAapEvous aypa Podious Laropoboww ovopaleaGat TO TWadatov’ ovT@ yap aypt viv at duwmpuxes pocoat Kal podepe TO oKdWat KadetTat: ypovw dé Tav duveiy POoyywv peTatred ovTo@V Dafoe mpoonyopevOnaay. ToNAOUS be Kal perya- Aous THS oixtas eFeveyxaperns avopas, avo ‘Povn- dou Tov peylatov Kai da TOUTO Ma£ipou mapa ‘Pwpatots émovopac Hevros tétaptos jv DaBros Ma&tpos, wept ob TUE ypapoper. "Hy 8 avro CW MATLKOY ev TapwvupLoy oO Bepovxwaos: eixe yap axpoxopsova pixpav €TaVW TOV eihous ememep uKviay" o 6¢€ ‘Oour- Kovdas onpwaiver a To mpoSariov, éTeOn d¢ 7 pos THY TpqoTnTa Ka l Bapitnra! Tou 7Gous € éTt Tmatdos évTos. TO yap HovYLOY avTOU Kal aiwmnroy Kat 1 Bapirnra MSS., Sint.!, Coraés, and Bekker: Bpadvrira slowness. 118 174 FABIUS MAXIMUS I, Sucu were the memorable things in the career of Pericles, as we have received them, and now let us change the course of our narrative and tell of Fabius. It was a nymph, they say, or a woman native to the country, according to others, who consorted with Hercules by the river Tiber, and became by him the mother of Fabius, the founder of the family of the Fabii, which was a large one, and of high repute in Rome. But some writers state that the first members of the family were called Fodii in ancient times, from their practice of taking wild beasts in pitfalls. For down to the present time “ fossae’”’ is the Latin for ditches, and “ fodere”’ for to dig. In course of time, by a change of two letters, they were called Fabii. This family pro- duced many great men, and froin Rullus, the greatest of them, and on this account ealled Maximus by the Romans, the Fabius Maximus of whom we now write was fourth in descent. . He had the surname of Verrucosus from a physical peculiarity, namely, a small wart growing above his lip; and that of Ovicula, which signifies Lambkin, was given him because of the gentleness and gravity of his nature when he was yet a child. Indeed, the calmness and silence of his demeanour, 119 PLUTARCH’S LIVES META TrOANHS EVAABELaS TOV TaALdLKOV arToOpEVOV nOovav, Bpaséws Sé kal S:atrovws Seyopevov Tas padiaes, evxorov b€ mpos tots cuvyibes Kai KatnKooy aBerTEpias Tivos Kal vwOporntos b7d- voiay eiye Tapa Tos exTOs: OArLyot & Faav oi TO duvoxivytov vireo Babous Kai To peyadouyor Kal heovT@des ev TH Pvce Kabopwrtes adtod. Tayv dé tov ypovov Tpoiovtos bd TaY TpaypdTwv éyerpoevos Stecnpatve Kal Tols ToANNois arra- Geav péev otcav tHv doxovcayv ampayiay, ev- Bovdiav 6€ tHv edrAaBerav, Td 5é mpds pydev d€v und evxivntoy év race povimov Kal BéRatov. opav b€ Kal THs moAtTElas TO péyeOos Kal TaY TONELWY TO TAHOOS, HOKEL TO MEV TULA TPOS TOUS TOXNELOUS, WoTEP OTAOY GUpdhuUTOY, Tov dé Aovov dpyavov meOods mpos Tov Stpov, ed para Tpe- TovTws TH Bi@ KaTaKEKoopNMEvoY. Ov yap érhy dpaicpos ovdé Kev Kal ayopatos yapts, adda vous idvov Kat TEplT TOV év Vo Loroyiats oxXnpa Kal Babes Exo, as padtota Tais Oovevdidov MpoceoKevat éeyouot. stacwletar yap avtod hoyos, ov elzrev Ev T@ Srjpuw, TOV Tatdds avTod pel’ UTaTelav uToOavovrTos eyKwuLoV. IT. llevte 8 vrataay as vrdtevoer, 4} rpwrn tov amo Awyiwv OpiauBov écyev. ntrnOévres yap Um avtov payyn Kal ToAAOUS arroBadovtes ets Tas “AXTELS avEecTadANCay, Kal THY TpocoLKoV éravaavto THs ‘ITadias Anifopwevor Kal KaKd> motouvres. emrel 6 ‘AvuiBas éuBadrov eis 'lraXiav 120 FABIUS MAXIMUS the great caution with which he indulged in childish pleasures, the slowness and difficulty with which he learned his lessons, and his contented submissiveness in dealing with his comrades, led those who knew him superficially to suspect him of something like foolishness and stupidity. Only a few discerned the inexorable firmness in the depth of his soul, and the magnanimous and leonine qualities of his nature. But soon, as time went on and he was roused by the demands of active life, he made it clear even to the multitude that his seeming lack of energy was only lack of passion, that his caution was prudence, and that his never being quick nor even easy to move made him always steadfast and sure. He saw that the conduct of the state was a great task, and that wars must be many; he therefore trained his body for the wars (nature’s own armour, as it were), and his speech as an instrument of persuasion with the people, giving it a form right well befitting his manner of life. For it had no affectation, nor any empty, forensic grace, but an import of peculiar dignity, rendered weighty by an abundance of maxims. These, they say, most resembled those which Thueydides employs. And a speech of his is actually preserved, which was pro- nounced by him before the people in eulogy of his son,! who died consul. II. The first? of the five consulships in which he served brought him the honour of a triumph over the Ligurians. These were defeated by him in battle, with heavy loss, and retired into the Alps, where they ceased plundering and harrying the parts of Italy next to them. But Hannibal now 1 Cf. Cicero, Cato Maior, 4. 2 233 B.C. Gre | PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat payn mpatov wept tov TpeSiay motapev émixpatyaous avtos pev mArAavve dia Tuppnrias rop0av thy xwpay, ExTAntiv Sé Servnv Kat poBov ets THV ‘Pwomny évéBare, onpeia 6€ Ta pev cuvijOn ‘Pwpatots amo Kepauvav, 7a 8 dAws eEnrAXNaypeva Kal TodXiy aToTiay €xyovta Tpoaémin Te (Gupeous Te yap ad avutav aipate yevésOar dtaBpoyxous éréyOn, kal Opn otayvwv mepi “Avtiov évatpa xelipecOat, Kal AiGous pev Ex TOU aépos dtaTrupous Kat dreyopévous hépesCat, tov & v7Eep Parepious ovpavod payivat b0€avtos éxnimtev xalt d:a- ometpecOat TOAAA YypappaTeia, Kal TOUTWY EV EVI yeypaupevov davivar xata rE ““Apns Ta éavtov Oma oareve’), Tov pev Uratov Taiov Prapiviov ovdev iuSrvve Tovtwr, avdpa pos TO pioet Oupoetdet Kal hirotipm peyadas érrapo- pevov evtuxias, as mpooGev evtuxnae Tapano- yos, THS Te Bovrns atabsovans) Kai ToD cuv- , ? , , \ a , apxovTos eviatapévov Bia cvpBarov Tois Vada- Tals Kat Kpatiaas, PdBiov b€ ta pév onpeta, xaimep artopeva ToA@Y, HrToV UTéOpatte Sia Thy addoyiav: tiv S odvyoTnTa TOY TOdEWOY Kal THY axXpypatiay muvOavoyevos KapTEpey Trape- Kader Tors “Pwpuatovs Kal pH payecOat mpos avOpwrov er avtad TovT@ bia TOMAOV ayovwr HoKNMEVN TTPATLA YXpwpevov, GAA TOS oUp- payors emireutovtas BonBelas Kai Tas TTOXets Sud yetpos Exovtas avtyny eav Tepl avTH papaive- obat THY dxpnv tov "AvviBov, Kabdrep prova Ndpracay a7 piKpas Kal Kovdns Suvapeas. 2 aradovons with CS: dwoxadovons. 123 ~T FABIUS MAXIMUS burst into Italy,! and was at first victorious in battle at the river Trebia. Then he marched through Tuscany, ravaging the country, and smote Rome with dire consternation and fear. Signs and portents occurred, some familiar to the Romans, like peals of thunder, others wholly strange and quite extra- ordinary. For instance, it was said that shields sweated blood, that ears of corn were cut at Antium with blood upon them, that blazing, fiery stones fell from on high, and that the people of Falerii saw the heavens open and many tablets fall down and scatter themselves abroad, and that on one of these was written in letters plain to sec, “Mars now brandisheth his weapons.”? The consul, Gaius Flaminius, was daunted by none of these things, for he was a man of a fiery and ambitious nature, and besides, he was elated by great successes which he had won before this, in a manner contrary to all expectation. He had, namely, although the senate dissented from his plan, and his colleague violently opposed it, joined battle with the Gauls and defeated them. Fabius also was less disturbed by the signs and portents, because he thought it would be absurd, although they had great effect upon many. But when he learned how few in number the enemy were, and how great was their lack of resources, he exhortcd the Romans to bide their time, and not to give battle to a man who wielded an army trained by many contests for this very issue, but to send aid to their allies, to keep their subject cities well in hand, and to suffer the culminating vigour of Hannibal to sink and expire of itself, like a flame that flares up from scant and slight material. 1 2183.0, 7? Manors telum suum concutit (Livy, xxii. 1). 123 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TIT. Ov pny érecce tov Prapivioy, adrAa dijoas ovx avéEecOat mpoctovta TH ‘Popmn Tov ToOdEMOY oud, W@OTTEP O TANALOS Kaporros, ev TH TONE StayayetoOat mepl avtTns, Tov pev oT patov efayew exéAEUTE TOUS XeALapxous, av7os & él tov immov aNAGLEVOS e& ovdevos aitiouv 7 podnXou Taparoyws € TPO/LOV rob (mT TTo0v yevo- peévou al MTUPEVTOS eemece Kat Karevexels € émrt Keparny 6 0ms ovder etpewe THS youn, AX’ ws. Opynoev e& apxijs amavtijcat 7 ‘AvviBa, Tept THY Karoupevnvy Opacuperny } ALuyny 7s Tup- pyvias twapetakato. Tov 6€ oT parioréy cuuBarovtTwy eis xetpas dpa TO Kalp@ THS payys auvérrece TELopOS, vp ov Kal trodes dveT pam aay Kal pevpara TOTO MOV e& edpas peETETTN Kal Kpnuve@v UTM@pEerat Teprepparynoar.. ard, KaiTrep obTw yevopevov watov Tov 7 aBous,° ovdels TO TapaTrav naOero TOV paxopeveoy. avTOS pev ouv o Prapinos TONG Kal TOUTS Epya Kal popns ET LOELKVULEVOS emECe, Kal Tept aurov ol K patio TOU tav & adrAov TpaTrevT@v TOAUS my ovos, Kal TEVTAKLOXLALOL POs _Buplows KATEKOTNOAY, Kal Eddwoav ere poe TodOUTOL. TO dé Prapuviov Tapa pioTipoupevos Bayar Kal Koo pias bc apeTny 0 ‘AvviBas oux evpev éy Tois vexpots, aAr rHyvoETO TO TapaTraV OT WS npaviaOn. Thv pev ovv ért tov TpeBtiou yevopévny Htrav 1 Opacunevny an early anonymous correction, adopted by Coraés and Bekker: Opacuvfay. 2 wepieppaynoay Bekker’s wapeppdynoav is now found in §, 3 rou wadovs Coraés and Bekker after Reiske: wd@ous. Wea FABIUS MAXIMUS III. Flaminius, however, was not persuaded, but declared that he would not suffer the war to be brought near Rome, and that he would not, like Camillus of old, fight in the city for the city’s defence. Accordingly, he ordered the tribunes to lead the army forth. But as Flaminius himself sprang upon his horse, for no apparent reason, and unaccountably, the animal was seized with quivering fright, and he was thrown and fell head foremost to the ground. Nevertheless, he in no wise desisted from his purpose, but since he had set out at the beginning to face Hannibal, drew up his forces near the lake called Thrasymené,! in ‘Tuscany. When the soldiers of both armies had engaged. at the very crisis of the battle, an earthquake occurred, by which cities were overthrown, rivers diverted from their channels, and fragments of cliffs torn away. And yet, although the disaster was so violent, no one of the combatants noticed it at all. Flaminius himself, then, while displaying many deeds of daring and prowess, fell, and round about him the flower of his army. The rest were routed with much slaughter. Fifteen thousand were cut to pieces, and as many more taken prisoners. The body of Flaminius, to which Hannibal was eager to give honourable burial because of his valour, could not be found among the dead, but disappeared, no one ever knowing how. Now of the defeat sustained at the Trebia,? neither 1 Tarsimene, Polybius, iii. 82; Trasimenus, Livy, xxii. 4. 3 Cf. chapter ii. 2. 125 « — fone) PLUTARCH’S LIVES ov? o ypapas ctpatnyos ov8 o Trepp beis ayyedos 3 ’ + , # b] 3 3 id 4 , an evOcias Eppacev, arr evevoato tHv vixen > 2 ’ a . 9 f , \ “ €midixov autos Kat apdidoEov yevérOat epi dé TAVTNS OS TP@TOV HKoVaeEV Oo aTpaTHyos TloutTre- yios, auvayaywv eis éxxAnoiav tov Sihpov ov as! bp] \ \ > , ” nd TepiTAOKas Ovde TAapaywyas GA’ avtixpus Edn mpocehOwv: ‘“ NevixnpeOa, wo avdpes “Pwpaior, - / \ f \ , ‘Y peyarn payn, Kal OvePOaptat To otpatoredov, kal Prapivos bratos aToAwAev. adda Bovreverbe f a , Tepl owTnpias avT@V Kal dogadretas.” ovdTOS pév ovv waoTEp Treva TOV oyov éuBarwv eis TéXayos ToaovTou Snuou auvetapake tTHhv Tory, ovd éoTtdvat Tpos tocauTHy ExTANELW OL AO-yLopO! kat Sapeveey edvvavto. mavtes 8 eis plan yvounv auvnyOnoav avuTevOivov SeicOar ta ? , 4 “ TpaypuTa povapyxias, iv ouctatopiay KaXdovot, kat Tov peTayeploupevoy TavTnv abpurtas Kal 9 “ b] / ? “~ id ? ademas avdpos: eivat 5€ Tottroy é&va PaBrov MdE:popv, toopporov Exovta TH peyeOe THS apys , N , a , To Ppovnua xai To akiwpa Tov HOovs, ArALKias TE KATA TOUTO yeyevnuevoy ev @ TUVETTHKEY ETL TPOS Ta THS Wuyins BovrAetpata TO copa TH Ppwpyn Kai guyKxéxpatat T@ Ppoviw To Oappanéov. IV. ‘Os odv tradr’ &okev, aroderyGeis Suxtarap , \ b] / >A “r , Pais, cat amrodeiEas autos irmapyov Mapxor Muvovciov, wpw@tov pev ATiCAaTO Tiv TUyKANTOY imm@ xpic8ar rapa tas otpatetas. ov yap Sha b > ] > ‘ \ , f éERv, ad amnyopevto xata $1 Tiva vopov WAN4LOV, ELITE THS AXKNS TO TWrEioTOY EV TH 1260 FABIUS MAXIMUS the general who wrote nor the messenger who was sent with the tidings gave a straightforward account, ‘tthe victory being falsely declared uncertain and doubtful ; but as soon as Pomponius the praetor heard of this second defeat, he called an assembly of the people, faced it, and without roundabout or deceptive phrases, but in downright fashion, said : «Men of Rome, we have been beaten in a great battle ; our army has been cut to pieces; our consul, Flaminius, is dead. Take ye therefore counsel for your own salvation and safety.” This speech of his fell like a tempest upon the great sea of pcople before him, and threw the city into commotion, nor could deliberate reasoning hold its own and stay the general consternation. But all were brought at last to be of one mind, namely, that the situation demanded a sole and absolute authority, which they call a dictatorship, and a man who would wield this authority with energy and without fear; that Fabius Maximus, and he alone, was such a man, having a spirit.and a dignity of character that fully matched the greatness of the office, and being moreover at the time of life when bodily vigour still suffices to carry out the counsels of the mind, and courage is tempered with prudence. IV. Accordingly, this course was adopted, and Fabius was appointed dictator. He himsclt ap- pointed Marcus Minucius to be his Master of Horse, and then at once asked permission of the senate to use a horse himself when in the field. For this was not his right, but was forbidden by an ancient law, either because the Romans placed their greatest 1 In the absence of a consul, who alone could appoint a dictator, the people made Fabius pro-dictator (Livy, xxi. 8). 127 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mel@ TiUWenévwv Kai 1a TOUTO TOV 7 pa7Nyov olopeveay dety Ta papeve Th parayyt Kat pn mponeitrer, el0’, ort TUPAVULKOV ets aravra Tara Kal péeya TO TIS apxyns Kparos €oTiv, &Y Ye TOUT@ Bovropévor TOV ouxtatopa Tob Onpou aivec Oat Seouevov. ov pry adda xal avTOS 0 Pa Bros e005 evdeifac Gar béXwv TiS apxijs TO béyeBos Kab TOV OyKov, @S paAXAOV UIHKOOES XPPTO Kal mevOnviors Tots ToAiTats, 7 pone TUVEVEYKGMEVOS els TAUTO padouxias etkootTeaoapas” Kal Tob évépou Tav UTaTwV AT AVT@YTOS avuT@ Tov Umnpe- TV meurpas éxéhevae TOUS paBSovxous aTan- NaEat nal Ta Tapdonya Ths apyis amo0épevov iStwTnyv atTavTav. Mera 6€ Taira Karnior ry dpXOpEvos éx Jedy apxny, Kat didacKxwv Tov Ojjpov os oduyapia cat Tepippovicet TOU otpatnyob pos TO Satpovior, ov pox Onpia TOV dyovic awevov oparerra, 7 ou- TPETTE [LN Sediévar Tods éxOpous, aXXA TOUS /eous eFevpevilec Gar Kal TLuav, ov SeroSaipoviay € EvEp- yasopevos,) andra Oappiver evoeBeig THY apeTny Kal Tais Tapa tav Ocov eXTrion Tov amo Tov Torepiov doBov apatpar Kal Trapapvbovperos. exevO naar d€ TOTE jodAal Kal TeV aTOppHTwV kal xpynoimwv avtois BiBrwv, is XeBvdrreiovs Kadovat Kal eyerat cuvdpapetv evia TOV amo- KEL eva” év avurais Lovie ‘Tpos Tas TUXaS Kal TAS mpakes €xeitvas. Kal TO pev yvoa bev ovK ay érépw trvbécOat: mpoedOwv 6€ o diktatwp ets TOV 1 dvepyaCduevos Coraés and Bekker after Bryan, now with S: epya(duevos. 128 176 FABIUS MAXIMUS strength in their infantry, and for this reason thought that their commander ought to be with the phalanx and not leave it; or because they wished, since the power of the office in all other respects is as great as that of a tyrant, that in this point at least the dictator should be plainly dependent on the people. However, Fabius himself was minded to show forth at once the magnitude and grandeur of his office, that the citizens might be more submissive and obedient to his commands. He therefore appeared in public attended by a united band of twenty-four lictors with their fasces,) and when the remaining consul was coming to meet him, sent his adjutant to him with orders to disiniss his lictors, lay aside the insignia of his office, and meet him as a private person. After this, he began with the gods, which is the fairest of all beginnings, and showed the people that the recent disaster was due to the neglect and scorn with which the?r general had treated “religious tes, and not to the cowardice of those who fought under him. He thus induced them, instead of fearing their enemies, to propitiate and ‘honour the gods. It was not that he filled them with superstition, but rather that he emboldened their valour with piety, allaying and removing the fear which their enemies inspired, with hopes of aid from the gods. At this time, moreover, many of the so-called Sibylline books, containing secrets of service to the state, were con- sulted, and it is said that some of the oracular sayings therein preserved corresponded with the fortunes and events of the time. What was thus ascertained, however, could not be made public, but I Kach consul was allowed twelve. 129 VOL, HI. K PLUTARCH’S LIVES byrov evkato Tois Geois éviavtod pev aiyev Kal avav Kal tpo8dtwv xal PBowv emiyovny, danv "IraXlas Gpn Kal media Kai trotapol Kal AEtpaves els @pav écouévyny Opérovart, xatabvoew atravta, ; \ \ \ \ bd ‘ Qéas 8€ povarxas Kai Oupedixas ake aro anoteptiwy Tptakociwy TpidxovTa Tpiav Kal Oyvaptwy Tplakociwy TpldKoVvTAa TPL@V ETL TPLTN- , n popiov mpocovtos. TodTo TO Kepddraov éativ oxTa pupiddes Spaxpov cai Spaypai tpicxirdat s a mevtakoclat oyoojKovta Tpeis Kal duo dPodoi. f A “ b] A nw / b) , Aoyoyv Sé TIS Els TOUTO TOU TANOoUS axpiBetas Kal Stavopis yareTrov éotiy eiTvety, eb 7 TLS Apa Bovroito THS TpLados Upvety THY dUvapw, OTL Kal puget TéMELOS Kal TP@TOS TOY TEPLTTaY apy?) ¢ a \ te TWANOouS év AUTO Tas Te Tpwras Siahopas Kai aA wn , Ta TavtTos apiOpnod ototyeta pi~as Kal cuvappo- ‘ cas els TAUTOV avEeiAngpev. V. Tay peév ody ToAd@v 0 DaBtos THY yvouny b] , > A “a e / \ A ‘4 amraptnaas els TO Geitov ndiw mpos TO pédroV émoinaev’ autos 6€ macas Béuevos ev ait@ Tas nw fa n 7 Tis vikns éAmibas, ws Kal ToD Jeod Tas evtrpakias dc apetis Kal ppovncews wapad.oovtos, TpéTeT aL ‘ ? , 3 e if ’ \ mpos ‘AvviBav, ovy ws Stapayoupevos, adda Ypov@ Tiy akpnv avToD Kal Xpijpact THY aTropiay ‘ / \ ’ U / 4 kat TmodvavOpwria thy odyoTnTa TpiBELY Kat e 4 4 bad aN , uTavariaxev BeBovrevpeévos. bev acl peTewpos amTO THS immov TOV TOAELioY ev TOTOLS GpELVoOis oTpatoTedevwy emnwpetto, KaOnpévouv péey jaovyd- Cw, kivoupévou b€ KaTAa TOY AKpwY KUKA® TrEpLi@V 130 FABIUS MAXIMUS the dictater, in the presence of all the people, vowed to sacrifice to the gods an entire year's inercase in goats, swine, sheep, and cattle, that is, all that Italy’s mountains, plains, rivers, and meadows should breed in the coming spring.! He likewise vowed to celebrate a musical and dramatic festival in honour of the gods, which should cost three hundred and thirty-three sestertia, plus three hundred and thirty- three denarii, plus one third of a denarius. This sum, in Greek money, amounts to ecighty-three thousand five hundred and eighty-thrce drachmas, plus two obols. Now the reason for the exact prescription of this particular number is hard to give, unless it was thereby desired to laud the power of the number three, as being a perfect number by nature, the first of odd numbers, the beginning of quantity, and as containing in itself the first differences and the elements of every number mingled and blended together. V. By thus fixing the thoughts of the people upon their relations with Heaven, Fabius made them more cheerful regarding the future. But he himself put all his hopes of victory in himsclf, believing that Heaven bestowed success by reason of wisdom and valour, and turned his attentions to Hannibal. He did not purpose to fight out. the issue with him, but wished, having plenty of tiine, money, and men, to wear out and consume gradually his culminating vigour, his scanty resources, and his small army. Therefore, always pitching his camp in hilly regions so as to be out of reach of the enemy’s cavalry, he hung threateningly over them. If they sat still, he too kept quiet; but if they moved, he would fetch a 1 Ver sacrum (Livy xxii. 10). Let K 2 3 PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kal Tepipaivopevos é€x StagTipaTos OaoY aKovit pr) BiacOivar payecOar Kai poBov ws paxynao- pevos TOS ToNEmlOLS ATO THS pEeXANoEWS AUTIS TapéexXelv. ovTW Oé Tapuaywy TOY ‘Ypovoy Umoe TuvtTwy Katedpovelto, Kal KAKGS peVv aKOUEV EV TO oTpaToTPédy, KouLoy O€ TOiS TOAEULOLS TOAPLOS cdoxet Kal TO pndév eivat mrANY évos avodpos "AvviBov, povos & éxeivos avtod thy dewvornta, Kab TOV TPOTOY @ ToAcuEly eyvMKEL, TUYLOMV, Kab Stavonbels ws mdon Téxy Kat Bia Kwntéos eorit els paynv o avnp 1) dvaTémpaxtat Ta Kapynbdoviwy, ols pév etou Kpeittous OToLs yYpicacBar pr Suvapévwv, ols Sé AEelwovtTar cwyact Kal ypr- pacity éNaTTovpevwy Kai Saravwpévar Eis TO pnodev, emt tracay idéav otpatnytxov ceodicmatov Kal TadatopdTwy TpETOMEVOS, Kal TELPwWLEVOS watep Servos GOANTIS AaBny CnTaV, TpocéBarre Kal dueTapatte Kal peTHyye TMOANAYOTE TOV PaBioy, €KOTHOAL THY UTEp THS aaphareias Noytopav Lov- NOMEVOS. Ta 8 » pev yvoun! mioti Exovca Tod oupdhépovtos ev éavtn PéBatos eiotynKe Kat dpetartw@tos’ nuwyre & avutov o tarmapyxos Muvovxtos diropayav axaipws Kat Opacvvoperos kal Snpaywyov 70 uTpaTevwa pavixhs gdopas Kai Kevov érTridwy UT avTov TeTANPwWLEVOY' OL TOY pev PaBiov cKwmtovtes Kai Katadpovodvtes ’AvviSou tmaidaywyo:' amexddouy, Tov dé Muvov- 1T? 8 7 wey yroun with Bekker: Tg 3 4 yvopn. 132 =T ~T . FABIUS MAXIMUS circuit down from the heights and show himself just far enough away to avoid being forced to fight against his will, and yet near enough to make his very delays inspire the enemy with the fear that he was going to give battle at last. But for merely consuming time in this way he was generally dcs- pised by his countrymen, and roundly abused even in his own camp. Much more did his enemies think him a man of no courage and a mere nobody,—all except Hannibal. He, and he alone, eomprehended the cleverness of his antagonist, and the style of warfare which he had adopted. He therefore made up his mind that by every possible deviee and constraint his foe must be induced 10 fight, or else the Cartha- ginians were undone, since they were unable to use their weapons, in which they were superior, but were slowly losing and expending to no purpose their men and moneys, in which they were inferior. He there- fore resorted to every species of strategie trick and artifice, and tried them all, seeking, like a clever athlete, to get a hold upon his adversary. Now he would attack Fabius directly, now he would seek to throw his forces into confusion, and now he would try to lead him off every whither, in his desire to divorce him from his safe, defensive plans. But the purpose of Fabius, confident of a favourable issue, remained consistent and unchangeable. He was annoyed, however, by his Master of Horse, Minucius, who was eager to fight all out of season, and over bold, and who sought to win a following in the army, which he filled with mad impetuosity and empty hopes. The soldiers railed at Fabius and scornfully ealled him Hannibal’s pedagogue; but 133 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KLOV peyav avopa Kat THs “Popns aEvov nryouvTo oT paryyov" o 0€ HaXXov Els ppovnpa Kat Opacos AVEL[.€VOS exrevace bev Tas él TOV aKpav oT pa- ToTedeias, @5 KaXa Oéatpa Tov SixTaTOpos ael mapackevatopevov Jew pijaovar mopOouperny Kal preyouerny THY ‘TraXiay, pora 6€ TOUS pirous TOU ‘Pa Biou TOTEPOV els TOV ovpavoy apas ava- péper TOV OTPATOY WS TIS YS aTEYVWKOS, 7 vedn Kat opixras Tm poPardopevos drobubpua Ker TOUS Troepious. TavTa Tav dirwy T pos tov DaBiov aTayyersdXovtwy Kai tiv adcEiay TO Kivdvve Ado aL TApaLvouvTmy, “OvTw pevTay,” Epr, “« det- OT TEpos vov eivat SoK@ yevoinny, et TkKOppaTa Kal AoLbopias PoBnOcis exmécetpe Tov EwavTov oye Lay. KQLTOL TO pev UmTép TaTpLoos ov alaxpov bé0s, » 6b€ pos dofav avO parrav Kal SiaBoras Kal yroyous extern Ecs OUK a€tov TNAL- KaUTNS apxijs avopos, dAXa SovrevovTos OV Kpa- Tew ayToy cal deaTrolew xaxws hopovovvtwy Tpoc- KEL. VI. Meta tatra yiveras Srapeptia tov Avvi- Bov. Povropevos yap ancaTucat Tov DaBiov TOppwTépw TO oTpdteupa Kal TeStwy émeda- Bea Oa. Tpovopas é€YovT@r, ex€hevoe TOUS OONYOUS pera, dettrvov evOvs rryetoOat Tpos TO Kaotvarov. ot b€ Tis davis dea Bap8a pio pov ovK éEaxou- OAVTES axptBos, euBarrovatv avTov TnV Suva pu pepovres els Ta KaTaXiyovTa THS Kayravias élS TONY Kaorivor, ¥ iv TELVEL péwv d1a péons Trota- j208, OV Ovovrrobpvov ot “Pwpatoe Kadoveey. 2 gaz. & 4) ywpa Ta pév Gdra TrEptaTepys Opectr 134 FABIUS MAXIMUS Minucius they considered a great man, and a general worthy of Rome. All the more therefore did he indulge his arrogance and boldness, and scoffed at their encampments on the heights, where, as he said, the dictator was always arranging beautiful theatres for their spectacle of Italy laid waste with fire and sword. And he would ask the friends of Fabius whether he was taking his army up into heaven, having lost all hope of earth, or whether he wrapped himself in clouds and mists merely to run away from the enemy. When his friends reported this to Fabius, and advised him to do away with the opprobrium by risking battle, “In that case, surely,’ said he, “I should be a greater coward than I am now held to be, if through fear of abusive jests I should abandon my fixed plans. And verily the fear which one exer- cises in behalf of his country is not shameful; but to be frightened from one’s course by the opinions of men, and by their slanderous censures, that marks a man unworthy of so high an office as this, who makes himself the slave of the fools over whom he is in duty bound to be lord and master.” VI. After this, Hannibal fell into a grievous error. He wished to draw his army off some distance beyond Fabius, and occupy plains affording pasturagce. He therefore ordered his native guides to conduct him, immediately after supper, into the district of Casinum. But they did not hear the name correctly, owing to his foreign way of pronouncing it, and promptly hurried lis forees to the edge of Campania, into the city and district of Casilinum, through the midst of which flows a dividing river, called Vul- turnus by the Romans. The region is otherwise encompassed by mountains, but a narrow defile opens 135 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ? X , ‘ aviov 6 avarémrtatat mpos thy Gddatrtay, év0a x ey. Qs “~ “ Ta €An KaTabldwat TOU TOTapLov TEpIYeopmevon, \ a“ f f “~ kat Sivas adupov Baeias Eyer, Kai TEeXEUTa TPOS A ? ~ atytaXov KupaTwon Kai ducoppov. é€vtadla Kata- 4 a “ Batvovtos tod ’AvviBouv TepiedhOay eurretpia TOV id A“ ¢ i odav o PaBios Thy péev btéEoSov oTAlTas TETpA- / , KigXtALous eTLaTIHGAas eveppake, Tov 8 adrXov ‘ \ a “ ’ a OTPATOV UTEP TOV ArAWDV AKpwY eV KAA® Kaliaas \ “” ? - XN 4 tee dia TOY EhahpoTuTwY Kal TpoYetpoTatwv évéBare “a 4 ~ 4 Tols €TYATOWS TOY ToAELLwWY, Kat auUvEeTapakev fad \ , 3 amav TO otTpatevya, CrépPOepe Sé Tepl oKTAKO- / ? “a gious. éx tovrou BovAopevos ‘AvuBas atrayayety ‘ iA f ~ , TO oTpatevga, Kat tHv diayaptiay Tov ToTOV \ vonoas Kal Tov Kivduvoy, dvertavpwoe pév TOUS e / +) 4 \ 4 , A odnyous, ex BualecOar b€ TOUS ToAELIOUS Kal Tpod- a cal al , pdyeo Oat Tov UTEepBorav éyxpaTets dvTas amreyi- vwore. Ovabvpws b€ Kat TmepipoBws dtaxetpmévwv a“ tf aTaVTOY, Kal TeEpleatava, agas TavTayolev , a f APUKTOUS 1youpevay aTropias, Eyvw dood aTaTH A 4 f TOUS ToOAELOUS. Hv dé ToLOvec. Bots dcov ducyirtas €x TOV aly padwTov Exé- , b ] ~ an A e Aevoe TvAAABovTas avadjaa data mpos ExacTov f a , a s v f @ KEepas 7 AvywI' 7) Ppvyavov avwv paxedov: Elta vUKTOS, OTaV apOh onpelov, avawavtas éXavveuy ees, ae ea? \ \ N ae ees éml Tas vrepBoras Tapa Ta oTEeva Kat Tas duAa- “ S “a 7 KaS TOV TOXCKiov. dpa b€ TadTa TapecKkevaloy \ ‘ ols mwpogetétaKT0, Kal TOY aXXOV AUTOS dvacT?)- Gas oTpATOY 16N TKOTOUS SYTOS iyye TKXOAaIWS. ai 6€ Bues, aype pev TO TU ONLYOV HY Kal TeEpté- 136 FABIUS MAXIMUS out towards the sea, in the vicinity of which it Leeomes marshy, from the overflow of the river, has high sand-heaps, and terminates in a beach where there is no anchorage beeause of the dashing waves. While Hannibal was descending into this valley, Fabius, taking advantage of his acquaintance with . the weys, marched round him, and blocked up the narrow outlet with a detachment of four thousand heavy infantry. The rest of his army he posted to advantage on the remaining heights, while with the lightest and readiest of his troops he fell upon the enemy’s rear-guard, threw their whole army into confusion, and slew about eight hundred of them. Hannibal now perceived the mistake in his position, and its peril, and crucified the native guides who were responsible for it. He wished to effect a retreat, but despaired of dislodging his enemies by direct attack from the passes of which they were masters. All his men, moreover, were disheartened and fearful, thinking that they were surrounded on all sides by difficulties from which there was no escape. He therefore determined to cheat his enemies by a triek, the nature of which was as follows. He gave orders to take about two thousand of the cattle which they had captured, fasten to each of their horns a torch consisting of a bundle of withes or faggots, and then, in the night, at a given signal, to light the torches and drive the eattle towards the passes, along the defiles guarded by the enemy. As soon as his orders had been obeyed, he decamped with the rest of his army,in the darkness which had now eome, and led it slowly along. The cattle, as long as the fire was slight, and consumed only the ES/ PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kale THY Urq, aT péwa TpoeXwpouv €Xauvopevat 7 pos THY UT@pear, Kat Gatpa TOUS kadopocr vouevauv amo TOV axpov Kal Bovxorors HOav at droves axpots emiAdpTroVealL TOS KEpactY, ws aotpatoTmédou Kal” éva Koo pov bro hapmadov TONG Babdifoutos. énel dé Tupoupevov TO Képas ax pe pins diédwxe TH TapKi THY aicOyow, Kal mpos Tov Tévov diadépovaat Kat Twdoooveal Tas keparas dvertipT arto TOAAHS ATT Gd OY pro- os, OUK évépelvav TH Tage THS Topelas, GNA: Ex ofSot Kal Tepraryets ovcat Spopep Kara TOV op@v épeporTo, AapTopevat ev ovpas axpas Kat peTOTA, ToAAnv o€ Tis wAns, de As epevyov, dvam Tove at. decvov ovv nv Oéaua Tous Tapapurdt- Tovat Tas UmepBoras ‘Pwpaios: Kal yap ai pro- yes €@xerav UT avOpwrwv Oeovtwy d:apepopévats AauTacl, Kal OopuBos Hy ev avtors TONS Kal poBos, drax obev anXous eriubépec Oat TOV ToeE- piwy adiot Kal cucrove bar Tmavtax obey wyyou- pévwv. 810 pévety ovK érodXpwv, adda T™ pos TO petfov a dvex@pouv oTpatomedov T POE MEVOL TA OTEVI. kai! Kata TOUTO 6€ Kaipot mpoowiEavres ol Yrrot tov AvviBou tas trrepBoras KATETYXOD, 7d arrH Suvapmts 107 mpoceBawey aoeas TOAAnY Kal Bapetav eperxopévyn recav. VII. Te Ge DPaBio cuvéBy pev ére VUKTOS aicQécOat tov Sddov (pevyourar yap éviat Tov Bowv amopades 7} Hcov avT@Y €ls xelpas), évédpas dé dedias oKoTalous aT pepa THY Suvayuv év tos OTAOLS eLyev. as © wv nuépa, Ouwxwv €EnmtETo 1 «at bracketed by Coraés and Bekker. 135 178 FABIUS MAXIMUS wood, went on quietly, as they were driven, towards the slopes of the mountains, and the shepherds and herdsmen who looked down from the heights were amazed at the flames gleaming on the tips of their horns. They thought an army was marching in close array by the light of many torches. But when the horns had been burned down to the roots, and the live flesh felt the flames, and the cattle, at the pain, shook and tossed their heads, and so covered one an- other with quantities of fire, then they kept no order in their going, but, in terror and anguish, went dash- ing down the mountains, their foreheads and tails ablaze, and setting fire also to much of the forest through which they fled. It was, of course, a fearful spectacle to the Romans guarding the passes. For the flames seemed to come from torches in the hands of men who were running hither and thither with them. They were therefore in great commotion and fear, believing that the enemy were advancing upon them from all quarters and surrounding them on every side. Therefore they had not the courage to hold their posts, but withdrew to the main body of their army on the heights, and abandoned the defiles. Instantly the light-armed troops of Hannibal came up and took possession of the passes, and the rest of his forces presently joined them without any fear, although heavily encumbered with much spoil. VII. It was still night when Fabius became aware of the ruse, for some of the cattle, in their random flight, were captured by his men; but he was afraid of ambushes in the darkness, and so kept still, with his forces under arms. When ‘i was day, however, he pursued the enemy, and nung upon their rear-guard, 139 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOV ETYUTWY, KAL TUUTAOKAL TEpl Tas SVaYwpLAS > ee 2 \ f >? , ed be , éyivovto Kai OopuBos Hv ToAdus, €ws tap ’AvviBou a 3 a a tov opetBateiy Sevvav “IBnpwv davdipes éAadpor Kat TobwKELS TEUPOEVTES uTO TOU GTOMATOS ES “A ¢ , Q ¢ > , >| , Papelts omditas Ttovs “Pwpaiovs évé8arov, Kat , f dradGeipavres ovK OXrLyoUs dméatpeWay Tov Da- Biov. tore 67 partaTa Kax@s axovaat Kal Kata- n , \ , a A > “ ppovnOnvar avveByn Tov PaBrov. Tihs yap év Tots e t r , e ’ \ , Ordos TOALNS Upiepevos, WS YyYvop"un Kal Tpovola , > ] f 3 \ a, KaTaTovgunowy tov ‘AvviBav, avtos TTNpEvOS TOUTOL Kal KATETTPATNHYHMEVOS Ehaiveto. U nn n Bovdopevos b€ parXov éxxavaa Thy Tpos avToV 9 N a ¢ , eo, , e ¢ > 4 opyny tov Pwpuatwv o AvviBas, ws HAGEv eri Tous uypous avTov, Ta pev adAdka TavTa , \ , 9. Ff 3 , > 3 a xatew Kat dsadOeipay éxédXeucer, exeivwv 5 atret- Tev antecOar povwy, Kal TapaKxatéatnce pvaa- A) 3+ QA IA 3 “ ON / > a Kijv ovdev E@oav adikety ovde AapBaverv éxetOer. TavTa mpoadtéBare tov DPuBiov ets “Popny ’ 4 \ \ \ 3 ”~ \ ‘ ayyer@evta: Kai woAXa pev avTOv pos Tov w , GyAov of Sipapyot KaTeBowy, éTayovTOS padtoTa , 14 ‘ MeriAtov xal mapokvvovtos, od Kata THY pds PaBiov €yPpav, arr’ oixetos @v Muvoveiov tov immapyxov teurny weto Kai ddokav exeive hépery Tas tovtou diaBorgds: éyeryover d€ Kal tH Bovr7 de “a ‘\ a opyns ovy ixtota peuhouevyn tas Twept TeV ? c . ? f e , ¢ , atyparwtwv tpos AvviBav oporoyias. wporoyn- Kelaay yap avTois avopa pev wvdpi AvEerOat Tov “iAtoKopmevwy, EL O€ TWAELOUS Ol ETEPOL yévoLYTO, C:dovar dpayplas umTép éxdaTtou Tov KoptCopmevon 140 FABIUS MAXIMUS and there wa3 hand-to-hand fighting over difficult ground,‘and much tumult and confusion. At last Hannibal sent back from his van a body of Spaniards, —nimble, light-footed men, and good mountaineers, who fell upon the heavy-armed Roman infantry, cut many of them to pieces,! and forced Fabius to turn back. And now more than ever was Fabius the mark for scorn and abuse. He had renounced all bold and open fighting, with the idea of conquering Hannibal by the exercise of superior judgment and foresight, and now he was clearly vanquished himself by these very qualities in his foe, and out- generalled. Hannibal, moreover, wishing to inflame still more the wrath of the Romans against Fabius, on coming to his fielas, gave orders to burn and destroy every- thing else, but had these spared, and these alone.? He also set a guard over them, which suffered no harm to be done them, and nothing to be taken from them. When this was reported at Rome, it brought more odium upon Fabius. The tribunes of the people also kept up a constant denunciation of him, chiefly at the instigation and behest of Metilius ; not that Metilius hated Fabius, but he was a kinsman of Minucius, the Master of Horse, and thought that slander of the one meant honour and fame for the other. The senate also was in an angry mood, and found particular fault with Fabius for the terms he had made with Hannibal concerning the prisoners of war. They had agreed between them to exchange the captives man for man, and if either party had more than the other, the one who recovered these 1 One thousand, according to Polybius, iii. 94. 2 Cf. Pericles, xxxiii. 2, 141 an iy] PLUTARCH’S LIVES TEVTIKOVTA Kal Olakogias. Ws ov yevoperns THS KAT avdpa Srapetyfrecss eupeOna uv Umrodovrroe ‘Popatwv 7 Tap "AvviBa TecoapaKovTa Kal diaxo- TLdl, TOUTWY 1) atryxdyT0s Ey TA AUT pA bn TE [LTELY, Kat T pod yjTLATO TOV PaBrov @S OU Tpe- TOVTOS: ovee AvaLTEhas avépas ume dethias TONE- picoy arypav yevopevous dvaxopibopevor. TAT aKOUT.aS 0 Davos THY ev opy ny Epepe T paws TOV TONTOY, Xpnpara é OUK Eywr, dtapevoa- cba 6 6é TOV "AvviBav Kat mpoea Bat TOUS ToALTAS oUxX UTOMEVW?, erreuye TOV vi ov ets ‘Popny KENEV- oas amoboc Gat TOUS arypous Kal TO dpyuptov evOus as avTov €ml TO oT paTomecoy Kopiter, d7ro6o- pévov b€ Tod veavioxou 7a Xeopta Kal TAX EWS émuvedovtos aT eT EUNE Ta AUTpa TH ’AvviBa Kal TOUS aixuarwtous aTréhape kal jwoAN@v amrodisovtwy vaTepov Tap ovdevos Erafev, dAr apnxe Tact. Vill. Meta 6€ Taba Tov (epéwy KadovvTwy avTov Eis ‘Pouny € emi rivas Gucias TapeowKe TO Mivoukio tv Svvapmuy, Umép Tov pn paxyerBar poe oupmrecco Oat ToIsS Tore piots ov povov OS avToKpaTwp dsayopevoas, arrxa Kal Tapaivécets Kal Sejoers TOAAGS avToU TOLNT a pEVOS® Ov EKELVOS eAGXITTA dpovticas evdus EVEKELTO TOUS ToAe plots. Kai Tote trapapvadtas Tov ‘Av- viBav TO ToAv TIS oTpAaTLas emt giToroyiay adetxoTa, Kal poo Bakov T@ v7ToAELTOLEVO, Katnpage els Tov xdpaxa xal dvepOetpev ovK OALyYOUS Kal poPov Teper TNE Taw ws To\lopKncopevas UT avTod. Kal cvdAdrEyOMEVNS 142 ] = ( 9 FABIUS MAXIMUS was to pay two hundred and fifty drachmas per man. Aecordingly, after the exchange of man for man was made, it was found that Hannibal still] had two hundred and forty Romans left. The senate decided not to send the ransom money for these, and found fault with Fabius for trying, in a manner unbecoming and unprofitable to the state, to reeover men whose eowardice had made thein a prey to the enemy. When Fabius heard of this, he bore the resentment of his fellow-citizens with equanimity, but since he had no money, and could not harbour the thought of cheating Hannibal and abandoning his country- men to their fate, he sent his son to Rome with orders to sell his fields! and bring the money to him at once, at camp. The young man sold the estates and quickly made his return, whereupon Fabius sent the ransom money to Hanrnibat and got back the prisoners of war. Many of these afterwards offered to pay him the price of their ransom, but in no case did he take it, remitting it rather for all. VIII. After this he was summoned to Rome by the priests to assist in sundry sacrifices, and put his forces in charge of Minucius, who was not to give battle, nor engage the enemy in any way. Such were not only the commands of Fabius as dictator, but also his reiterated counsels and requests. To all these Minueius gave little heed, and straightway began to threaten the enemy. One day he noticed that Hannibal had sent the larger part of his army -off to forage, whereupon he attacked the residue, drove them headlong inside their trenches, slew many of them, and inspired them all with the fear of being held in siege by him. When Hannibal's ' Cf. chapter vii. 2. 143 PLUTARCH’S LIVES adfis eis TO atTpaToTEdoy TH AvviBa THs bduva- pews aoharas aveywpnoev, avTOY Te peyadau- \ yias pet pov kat O@pdcovs TO atpatiwTtKoV éumeTAnnws. Ttayv 5€ Tod Epyov Aoyos pelSwv duehoitnaey eis ‘Pwunv. Kat Paros pév axovoas thn padrov tov Muvoveiov poBeicbar tHv edtv- yiav } tiv atvyiav, o Sé dypyos Hpto Kal pera yapas eis ayopav ouvetpexye, Kal Meridtos o dnpapxKos ert Tov Biyyatos Katactas édnunyope peyaduvey tov Mivovecov, rob d€ PaBiov Kxatn- nm 3 f 3 ? > ] / 3 b Ww yop@v ov padraxiay ovd dvavdpiav, adr 76n Tpodociav, guvatTi@pevos aua Kal TOV adrwv la ? avopav Tous SuvaTwTdTOUS Kal MpwTous éTAyaye- oOat tov morepmov €€ apyns emi Katadvoe ToD Sypou, THY Te TrOALY EuBarety EvOds Eis wovapyiay avurrevOuvor, 4) StatpiBovaea tas mpakes idpvou > f , XN S ° > 7 AvviBa tmapéEer Kat xpovov avéis ex ArBuns érépav Svvauiy tmpooyevécPat ws KpaTtovvTL TIS "ItaXias. IX. ’Evet & 0 PaBos mpocedOwv arroroyes- \ > ] >] 3 f ‘ ‘ c Ww ofa pev ovd epérXANTE TPOS TOV Sijpapyxor, Edn AY \ e dé TaxloTa Tas Ouaias Kai Tas lepoupyias ‘yeve- cOat, wor émt.to otpatevpa Badteicbar tw Muivouxiw dixny émiOnowr, 6Tt KwAUVTAYTOS aUTOD nw ‘ , , f “ - , Tots Trodenios cuvéBare, OopuBos dinke tod drjpov TOAVS, ws KLvVdUVEVCOVTOS TOU Muvouvtou. Kal yap elpFar to Sixtatope Kal Oavatwaoat wpo diKns 4 \ A , ‘ ‘ b fal éFeate: Kat tov DaBiov tov Ovpov €x odds TpaoTntTos Kexwnpévov wovto PBapvy eivat Kal 1 4 rhv aruxlay supplied by Sintenis, followed by Bekker. Cf. Morale, p. 195d. Secunda se magis quam adversa timere, Livy, xxii. 25, aha FABIUS MAXIMUS forces were reunited in their camp, Minueius effected a safe retreat, thereby filling himself with measureless boastfulness and his soldiery with boldness. An exaggerated version of the affair speedily made its way to Rome, and Fabius, when he heard it, said he was more afraid of the sueeess of Minucius than he would be of his failure. But the people were exalted in spirit and joyfully ran to a meeting in the forum. There Metilius their tribune mounted the rostra and harangued them, extolling Minucius, but de- nouncing Fabius, not as a weakling merely, nor yet as a coward, but actually as a traitor. He also ineluded in his accusations the ablest and foremost men of the state besides. They had brought on the war at the outset, he said, in order to crush the people, and had at once flung the city into the hands of a man with sole and absolute authority, that he might, by his dilatory work, give Hannibal an assured position and time to reinforce himself with another army from Libya, on the plea that he had Italy in his power. IX. Then Fabius came forward to speak, but wasted no time on a defence of himself against the ‘ptribune. He simply said that the sacrifices and sacred rites must be performed as quickly as possible, so that he might proceed to the army and punish Minucius for engaging the enemy contrary to his orders. Thereupon a great commotion spread swiftly through the people; they realized the peril that threatened Minucius. For the dietator has the power to imprison and put to death without trial, and they thought that the wrath of Fabius, provoked ina man of his great gentleness, would be severe 145 VOL. I. L PLUTARCH’S LIVES , @ 2 Ovo mar art y7OV. oGev ot pev ar2rot KaTaceiaavrTes Novyiav nryov: a Oe Metintos eXov THY ATO THS dnuapxias adeav (nowy yep arn SuxTaTopos ai peBevtos 1) epxy TO KPUaTOS OUK drodduaw, GNAG pévet TOV GAAwWY KaTadvbeLcar), évéKELTO TO SrHpow TOUS, LY mpoea ar Seopevos Tov Mwwovxtov pnd edoae maGew a a Maddog Toup- KOUQGTOS edpace Tov vLoP, dplaTeva avTos Kal otepavwlévtos amoxoyas TENEKEL TOV TPaxn roy, aderhéaGar Oe tod PaPiov thy Tupavvida Kab T@ duvapev kat Povropevm cwlev ewitpéyar ta Tpadypara. Totovtos Aoyots KivnOévtes of avOpwrot Tov pev PaBrov OUK eTOApnaay avayKacat catabe- aOat tHVv povapxiar, Kaimep acofovvra, TOV dé Muvov«.ov eynpicavro TS oTpaTyyias o OMOTL LOD Ovta dréTrety Tov TONE HOV amo Tis avThs efoucias T@ Sixtaropt, Tpaypa pn) 7 pOTEpOV év ‘Popn yEvyovOs, OALY@ é boTepov avdus ‘yevopevoy pera thy év Kavvais atuxiay. Kal yap tot’ é7t TOV oTpaToTeéay Mdpxos iv “lovmos Sixtatwp, Kat Kata TONY TO BovreutiKov avaTAnpodcat Oefaay, are bn) TOAAOY €y TH payN TVYKANTIKOY aTro- AwWroTwD, erepov elhovto OixTaTopa DaB:ov Bov- TE@va. Tay oUTos ev, érrel 7 porprOe Kai xatéreEe Tovs avd pas Kal TuveTTrrjpoce THY Bovrny, avOnpepov adeis TOUS paRsovxous Kab uapuyor TOUS TpodyovTas, €i¢ TOV OX AOV eu Sa- Nov Kal xatapifas EavTou 7160 TL TOV eauTov Stowk av Kal TPAYPATEVOMEVOS @amep lowwtys émi THS ayopas avertpedero. 146 FABIUS MAXIMUS and implacable. Wherefore they were all terrified and held their peace, excepting only Metilius. He enjoyed immunity of person as tribune of the people (for this is the only magistracy which is not robbed of its power by the election of a dictator ; it abides when the rest are abolished!), and vehemently charged and prayed the people not to abandon Minucius, nor permit him to suffer the fate which Manlius Torquatus inflicted upon his son, whom he beheaded although crowned with laurel for the greatest prowess,” but to strip Fabius of his tyrant’s power and entrust the state to one who was able and willing to save it. The rabble were moved by such utterances. They did not dare to force Fabius to resign his sovereignty, unpopular as he was, but they voted that Minucius should have an equal share in the command, and should conduct the war with the same powers as the dictator,—a thing which had not happened before in Rome. A little while afterwards, it is true, it hap- pened again, namely, after the disaster at Cannae.® At that time Marcus Junius the dictator was in the field, and at home it became necessary that the senate should be filled up, since many senators had perished in the battle. They therefore elected Fabius Buteo a second dictator. But he, after acting in that capacity and choosing the men to fill up the senate, at once dismissed his lictors, eluded his escort, plunged into the crowd, and straightway went up and down the forum arranging some business matter of his own and engaging in affairs like a private citizen. 1 See Polybius, iii. 87. 2 The son had disobeyed consular orders and engaged in single combat with a Latin, in the great battle at the foot of Vesuvius, 340 B.c. 3 Cf. chapter xvi. 147 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES . Tov d€ Muvov«ctoy eri Tas auTas TO Stn Td- ae apres am obetEavtes WOVTO Kexorova0ar Kab yeyovevar TaTewov Tavtuimacw exeivon, OvK opbas aroxalopevor TOU avd pos. ov yap avtou gupnpopay Helo Ty €ELVOD ayvotay, aXr’ Go mep Atoyévns 0 aodos, el OvTOS TIvOs Tpos auToV" “Odto cod xatayedoay, “AX eyo,” eizren, “ov KATAYEA@pAL, pLovous fee KATAYEAG- oOat TOUS evd.dovTas Kal Tpos Ta ToLavTA bta- TA paTTOMEVvous, obT@ buBios epepev aTradas Kat pastes 6c0ov é7 avT@ Ta yevopeva, oupBar- operas amobeEty TOV dirocoduy Tots akovat pyte uBpilecOat pte at:povabar Tov dayabov avopa Kat omovoaiov. jvia §& avtov1) TOY TOX- NOV aBourta dua Ta Kod, SedwKoTov apoppas avdpos ovxX Uyltatvovan prroripia 7 pos TOV TOe- pov. Kal dedorxas Ln TavTaTaaL exparels UTO Kevs d0&ns Kat Gyxov ddan Te Kaxov amepya- guipevos, AaAPwv atavtas €EnAPe Kal Tapayevo- fevos €ls TO OTpaTOTECOY Kal KaTardaBoy Tov Muvovx.ov ovKeTL xabextov, dra Sapuv Kat TeT Up LEvOY Kat Tapa Hépos apxye «a&ouvta, TODTO pe ov TUvEXWPNTE, THY dé duvapuy drevei- Haro Tpos avTov, WS [LEPOUS jovos aptov Beédttov my) Tayro Tapa pépos. Kal TO pev TP@TOV TOV TaypaTwy Kai TéTapToy autos éXaGe, TO Sé Sev- TEpov Kab TpiTov éxelvm TapéowKey, emians Kat TOV TUMMAXLKOD | ScavepnOértan. oe LVUVOMEVOV dé ob Mevovxtou Kal Xaipovros emt T@ TO T pos Xn ja. THS UKPOTUTNS Kal peytaTns dpx is upeiaOar Kal mporrennraxiabat be avror, Drei pyna Kev O PaBios ws ovK dvtos wevavT@ pos PuBroyv, ard’, 14S FABIUS MAXIMUS X. Now that they had invested Minucius with the same powers as the dictator, the people supposed that the latter would feel shorn of strength and altogether humble, but they did not estimate the man aright. For he did not regard their mistake as / his own calamity, but was like Diogenes the wise man, who, when some one said to him, “These folk are ridiculing you,” said, “ But [ am not ridiculed.” He held that only those are ridiculed who are con- founded by such treatment and yield their ground. So Fabius endured the situation calmly and easily, so far as it affected himself, thereby confirming the axiom of philosophy that a sincerely good man can neither be insulted nor dishonoured. But because it affected the state, he was distressed by the folly of the multitude. They had given opportunities to a man with a diseased military ambition, and fearful lest this man, utterly crazed by his empty glory and prestige, should bring about some great disaster before he could be checked, he set out in all secrecy from the city. When he reached the camp, he found that Minucius was no longer to be endured. He was harsh in his manner, puffed up with conceit, and demanded the sole command in his due turn. This Fabius would not grant, feeling that the sole command of a part of the army was better than the command of the whole in his turn. The first and fourth legions he therefore took himself, and gave the second and third to Minucius, the allied forces also being equally divided between them. When Minucius put on lofty airs and exulted because the majesty of the highest and greatest office in the state had been lowered and insulted on his account, Fabius reminded him that his contention was not 149 PLUTARCH'’S LIVES A 3 ~ a“ A 5 el awhpovel, mpos AvviBav Tov aywvos: a 6 Kal \ nw“ a mpos Tov auvapyovTa didovekel, oKoTrEly OWS a f \ “”~ Tov vevixnuevov Kat Kabv8piopévov mapa Tois 4 ~ MOALTALS O TETLUNMEVOS KAL VEVLKNKwS OV havetrat a a o~ 4 a paGAXAov oALywpaYv THs GwTnpias avToY Kal ag panetas. e a 4 “~ XI. ‘O 6€ tatra pep eipwveiay nyeito yepov- 4 ‘ \ \ b) am TiKny = maparkaBwv o€ Thy atrokAnpwleicay Sivapw dia Kal ywpis éotpatorrédevcev, ovdéev ayvoouvtos tov ‘AvviBou tav yivopevwyv, adda a 3 , = ‘ /, A 4 maaw éhedpevovtos. tv d€ AOdhos KaTa pécov ~ A ’ s >] Q \ KkatarnhOivar pév ov Yadertros, oxupos O€ KaTa- \ 4 ‘ \ > ¢ \ AnPHGeis otpatomrédw Kai StapKys eis Awavta. TO Sé wépcE mrediov odOjvat péy arwOev oparov bia f A a id 4 3 4 yiroTnta Kal Aelov, Exov SE Tivas ov psyddas , b e A \ ’ id \ A Tappous ev AUT@ Kal KosoTNTas adras. 610 Kal Tov Nopov Ex TOD paatou Kpida KatTacyxeiv wTapov e-9 , ? ovx nOéd\noev o AvyiBas, GAN aréduTre payns f . > ép péow wpopaciv. ws 8 elde Keywpiopévov (a) , . 4 \ \ ? \ tov PaBiov tov Muvove.oyv, vuxtos peyv els Tas Tudpovs Kat Tas KolhkoTNTaS KaTéoTEIpE THY oTpaTLWTa@Y Tivas, dua b€ TH Huépa havepws , , émeuev ov Todos KaTAaANYoLmevous TOV AOor, @S émaydyo.To oupTecety Tepl Tov TomoV TOV Mivovxcov. “O 8 Kal curé8n. TpOtov pév yap améctere THY KOUPHY OTpATLADY, ETrELTA TOUS LTrITeEts, TEAOS 15° FABIUS MAXIMUS with Fabius, but rather, were he wise, with Hannibal. If, however, he was bent on rivalry with his colleague in office, he must see to it that the man who had been triumphantly honoured by his fellow-citizens should not be proved more careless of their salvation and safety than the man who had been ingloriously outraged by them. XI. But Minucius regarded all this as an old man’s dissimulation, and taking the forces allotted to him, went into camp apart by himself,! while Hannibal. not unaware of what was going on, kept a watchful eye on everything. Now there was a hill between him and the Romans which could be occupied with no difficulty, and which, if occupied, would be a strong site for a camp and in every way sufficient. The plain round about, when viewed from a distance, was perfectly smooth and level, but really had sundry small ditches and other hollow places in it. For this reason, though it would have been very easy for him to get possession of the hill by stealth, Hannibal had not cared to do so, but had left it standing between the two armies in the hope that it might bring on a battle. But when he saw Minucius separated from Fabius, in the night he scattered bodies of his soldiers among the ditches and hollows,” and at break of day, with no attempt at concealment, sent a few to occupy the hill, that he might seduce Minucius into an engagement for it. And this actually came to pass. First Minucius sent out his light-armed troops, then his horsemen, > 7‘ ue anda half from Fabius, according to Polybius, iii, 103. * Five thousand horsemen and footmen, according to Livy, xxii, 28; five thousand light-armed and other infantry, and five hundred cavalry, according to Polybins, iii. 104. 151 w PLUTARCIYS LIVES 9 e nn x >, , ~ ~ ? . ~ 5’ opov tov AvviBav rapaSonOovvta trois emi tod Aopou Tacyn KatéBaive TH duvaper cvytTEeTaypErcs. ‘ ‘ Kat payny Kaptepav Oéuevos nuvveto TOUS amo Tov Aodou Bardovvas, CULT EX OLEVOS Kal iva PEepoueros, ax ov KaXQS TAT) LEVOV op@v o "AvviBas cai yupva tapéyovta Tois évedpevovci Ta VOTA TO ONpeloy aipet. wpos 5€ TOUTO TON- Aayobey éeEaviotapévay apa Kal peta Kpavyis Tpoopepouevwy Kai TOUS eayaToUS aToKTIVVUD- TwY adLjYyNTOS KaTELye Tapayn Kal TToia TOUS “ “A A ‘Pwpaious, avtov te tov Muvoveiov to Opdaos f \ ‘N 4 Ww “a @ KATAKEKNAOTO, Kal THOS addOY AAXOTE TWP NYE- povev Sremamraiver, ovdevos ev Yopa pévetveToA- H@UTOS, GANA TPds Pvynv wPovpevwnv Ov GwTpLOV. oi yap Nopuddes 7)8n xpatadytes KUKAW TEPINAQUVOV TO TEOLOV KAL TOUS ATOTKLOVALEVOUS EKTELVOY. XII. "Ev tocovtm Sé€ xaxo tov ‘Pwpaiov é6vtTwy ove édXabev 6 Kivdvves tov PaBtov, adra A X id ° ’ w \ ? Kat TO wéXOV, WS EotKEV, HON TpoELAnhws THY TE Svrayiy cuvtetaypévny elyev emt TOV OTAwV Kal f 3 Ta TpaTTopeva yiwwaKxe eppovtTitey ov & ay- yédkwy, arr’ avtos EYwv KaTacKoTy Tpo Tov YUapaKkos. ws ovv KaTeide KUKAOUPEVOY Kal TapaT- TOMEVOV TO OTPaTEVHA, Kal Kpavyn TpocémiMTEV b] 4 > + Ww 4 ‘ ov pevovTwy, add’ nbn TrepoBnpévwy Kat TpeETrO- Hévav, pnpov te TANEdpEVOS Kal oteva~as péya \ \ A s 2 cc? ¢ , TPoS fev TOUS TrapoVTas ElTrev: Q “Hpdxrets, e ‘ \ A > A / , > A ws TaxLtoy pev 1) eyw Tpocedoxwy, Bpadiov 8 7 ’ . w s ¢ \ ’ c 33 “ autos éomevde Mivuvxros EautTov aTOX.WAEKE, TAS 152 181 FABIUS MAXIMUS and finally, when he saw Hannibal coming to the support of is troops on the hill, he descended into the plain with all his forces in battle array. In a fierce battle he sustained the discharge of missiles from the hill, coming to close quarters with the enemy there and holding his advantage, until Hannibal, seeing that his enemy was happily deceived and was exposing the rear of his line of battle to the troops who had been placed in ambush, raised the signal. At this his men rose up on all sides, attacked with loud cries, and slew their foes who were in the rear ranks. Then indescribable confusion and fright took possession of the Romans. Minueius himself felt all his courage shattered, and looked anxiously now to one and now to another of his commanders, no one of whom dared to hold his ground, nay, all urged their men to flight, and a fatal flight too. For the Numidians, now masters of the situation, galloped round the plain and slew them as they seattered themselves about. XII. Now that the Romans were in such an evil pass, Fabius was not unaware of their peril. He had anticipated the result, as it would seem, and had his forces drawn up under arms, wisely learning the progress of events not from messengers, but by his own observations in front of his camp. Aceordingly, when he saw the army of Minucius surrounded and confounded, and when their cries, as they fell upon his ears, showed him that they no longer stood their ground, but were already panic-stricken and routed, he smote his thigh, and with a deep groan said to the bystanders ; “ Hercules! how much sooner than I expected, but later than his own rash eagerness demanded, has Minucius destroyed himself!” Then 153 PEUTARCH'’S. -LINMES d€ ONPALLS expepely KATA TUYOS KAL TOV oTpaTov emea0at kedevaas aveBonce ‘‘ Nov tls, @ oTpa- TLOTAL, | Mapxov Muvouxiov HELV LEvOS émevyea Ow: AapT pos yap avn. Kal prrovratpts. el O€ TL omrev- wy eEeddcat Tous Todeptous Huaptev, aves QT Lac opeba.” Ilpazov pev ouv eT LPavers TpéTeTas Kai Sta- oKxidvnct TOUS év TO edie TEpPlLEAAUYOVTAS Nopdéus: eita T pos TOUS pax opévous Kal Kara VW@TOU TOV ‘Pewpatov ovTas Eximpet Kat TOUS en TOOWY ExTetvev, ol O€ Aowrroi,| piv aTrornpon- val Kal yevea Ba Te piTreTets ols auTot Tous Ze @ {LALOUS éroinaay, eycdivavTes Epuyor. opav é o ‘AvviBas thv petaBornv cai tov DaBiov evpo- OT WS Tap ny ALKLaY Ola TOV paxXoueveov oPovpevov ave mpos Tov Muvovevoy eis TOV ogov, emea XE THY pany, Kal TH TANT Lye onpnvas avakXnow cr Tyyev els Tov _xXapaka TOUS Kapxndovious, Uo LEVWS Kal TOV ‘Popaior LTOT PET OMEV WD. eyeTat 6 avTov QTLOVTA Tept TOU PaBiov T POs TOUS pirovs | el7rely TL TowobTov peta marduas” ‘ ovK eyo PEVTOL 7 povheyov ULV TOAAGKES THY énl trav axpwyv TavTnv KaOnpévny vepérny, Ott usta Curns wore Kal xatatyidwy Su8pov éx- oikess" XIII. Meta 6é THY payn Pa Bros pev daous EXTELVE TOV TTONEMLWD oKUAEVTAS AVEX@PNTED, ovdéev vIrepndavov ovd’ eTrax des el TOV WeEpt Tob TuvapXovTos: Muvoveios dé Tv avrov oTpateay dO poicas, ‘ “Avépes,” Eby, “ guaTpati@ral, TO pev Gpapteiy pndey ev mpaypace peydrots perfor 9 1 rorrol MSS., Sintenis!, Coraés, Bekker: wAetorou. 154 FABIUS MAXIMUS ordering the standards to be swiftly advanced and the army to follow, he called out with a loud voice: “Now, my soldiers, let every man be mindful of Marcus Minucius and press on to his aid; for he is a brilliant man, and a lover of his country. And if his ardent desire to drive away the enemy has led him into any error, we will charge him with it later.” Well then, as soon as he appeared upon the scene, he routed and dispersed the Numidians who were galloping about in the plain. Then he made against those who were attacking the rear of the Romans under Minucius, and slew those whom he encountered. But the rest of thein, ere they were cut off and surrounded in their own turn, as the Romans had been by them, gave way and fled. Then Hannibal, secing the turn atfairs had taken, and Fabius, with a vigour beyond his years, ploughing his way through the eombatants up to Minucius on the hill, put an end to the battle, signalled a retreat, and led_ his Carthaginians back to their camp, the Romans also being glad of a respite. It is said that as Hannibal withdrew, he addressed to his friends some such pleasantry as this about Fabius: “ Verily, did I not often prophesy to you that the cloud which we saw hovering above the heights would one day burst upon us in a drenching and furious storm ?”’ —" XIII. After the battle, Fabius despoiled all of the enemy whom he had slain, and withdrew to his camp, without indulging in a single haughty or invidious word about his eolleague. And Minucius, assem- bling his own army, said to them: “ Fellow-soldiers, to avoid all mistakes in the conduct of great enter- 155 PLUTARCH’'S LIVES kat avOpwrov eazt, To 8 apapzovta xpicacba Tols TWraiopact Sidaypact 7 pos TO Aovtrov avdpos 2 ayaboo Kat vouv EXOVTOS. eyo pev ovv opohoya pixpa peppopevos THD TUN Tepl pecSoven € emat- vetv. & yap ovK noPouny ypovov tocovTor, npépas pépet LK memraidsevpat, yous €wavrov ovK cipyelv érépov duvdpevor, GAX’ dpXovtos ET Epov deopevov Kal prdotipovpevoy : vex av vp" av nTrTacGar KddAALOY. piv d€ TOY pev AAr(V éoTiV adpxewv o ductatwp, THs Se wpos éxetvov eUXapt- oTias aT os YE HOV Egopat, 'T parTov euaUTOV evrerOi) Kal TowobvTa TO KeXEvOpEVOY UT’ éxelvou TAPEXOMEVOS.. 3 Tar’ elTrwVv KAL TOUS deTous apaa 0a Kehevoas KL TAVTAS axonoubety, 7YVE 7 pos TOV Xuepaka tov Pafiouv. Kal TmapehOov evtos éBadsbev emt THY oTpaTnyiKny axnyjy, wote Oavyatery Kai Statropety Tavtas. mpoedOovtos bé€ tod DaBiov Gépevos eT poabey 7 TAS cnpatas QUTOS pev exetvov TaTepa peyary gwvn, oi é oTpaTLerat TOUS TT paTLwTas TAT PWVAS nomalovro. TOUTO Cy Eo Tol, arerevOépots Tpoapwvn pa Tm pos TOUS aTre- 4 AevPepwoavras. nouxias d€ yevoperns O Muvov- KLOS eime: ‘‘ Avo vixas, @ OixtaTop, TH o1) wepov HEPA vevienKas, avdpeta pev “AvviBay, evBovrta dé Kai XpNgToTNT! Tov guvapyovta> Kai bt ms ev céowKas MGS, be’ Hs be TeTALOEUKAS, NTT@ MEVOUS aicxXpay pev ytrav uv exeivou, Karnv 6€ Kat 5 gwWTHpioy vO Gov. Tatépa 8) ce YpHoToV’ 1 pirorimovuevoy the MSS. have uh pirAotimovmevory, which Coraés defends. 2 xpnordy bracketed by Bekker. 156 FABIUS MAXIMUS prises is beyond man’s powers ; but when a mistake has once been inade, to use his reverses as lessons for the future is the part of a brave and sensible man. | therefore confess that while I have some slight cause of complaint against fortune, I have larger grounds for praising her. For what I could not learn in all the time that preceded it, I have been taught in the brief space of a single day, and I now perceive that I am not able to command others myself, but need to be under the command of another, and that I have all the while been ambitious to prevail over men of whom to be outdone were better. Now in all other matters the dictator is your leader, but in the rendering of thanks to him I myself will take the lead, and will show myself first in following his advice and doing his bidding.” After these words, he ordered the eagles to be raised and all to follow them, and led the way to the camp of Fabius. When he had entered this, he proceeded to the general’s tent, while all were lost in wonder. When Fabius came forth, Minucius had the standards planted in front of him, and ad- dressed him with a loud voice as Father, while his soldiers greeted the soldiers of Fabius as Patrons, the name by which frecdmen address those who have set them free. When quiet prevailed, Minucius said: “Dictator, you have on this day won two victories, one over Hannibal through your valour, and one over your colleague through your wisdom and kindness. By the first you saved our lives, and by the second you taught us a great lesson, van- quished as we were by our enemy to our shame, and by you to our honour and safety. I call you by the OW | bo PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tpotayopevw, TLLLOT Epay ouK EYwu Tpoanyopiay, eTrel THs “é TOb TEKOVTOS Kuper os peileov ) Tapa cob Yaps avrn. every Oy pev yap UT éxewvou povos, cwtopat dé uo cov ETS. TOTOUTMY.. TavT’ el TV Kal Tept Baroy TOV aBrov nord Gero. TO © aUuTO Kal TOUS TTpPATLOTas WY opav T paTTOVvTas” eve VOVTO 4p ddAHRoLS Kat Kate- pidoup, @oTE pleaTov eivar yapas Kai dSaxpvwy nOLTTWY TO aT par TOT EOOV. XIV. "Ex tovtov PuBtos pev anébero (THY apXyy, UTator 0 aves GT EOELKVYUVTO. Kal TovTMY ol pev TPOTOL Seepurakav jv exeivos idéav Tov TONE MOU KATETTNGE, payer Oat pev éK mapatatens evyovTes pos ‘AvviBay, Tots o€ TUMMAX OLS entBonOovvTes Kat Tas dTrog Tada Ets KWAVOVTES" Tepévttos d€ Bdppwy eis tiv bTateiav Tpoaxeis ato ryevous donpou, Biov 6é ota OnpoxoTiay Kal T poTreretay eTLT MOV, d7AOS 7 AW evOus aTretpia Kat Opacutnte TOV wept TOV OAWY avappinpov KvBov. éPoa Yap év Tals exkhyotats pevety * TOV Tohe Lov axpe ov Pa Bios Xpirast atparnyo: iS a TONS, avr os d€ THS auras 7 LEpas dyer Bat Te Kal viK ATELY TOUS Tonepious. apa 6€ TovtTals Tots ovyats ouvirye Kal KaTeypage Svvapuy THAMLKAUT NY, nALKY 7 pos ovdeva TOTOTE TOV Toveutwy eypicavTo Pwpaior. pupiades yap évvea Stax idtov avdpav déoveat guveTax Oy say els Thy pany, peya b€0s PaPiw Kal TOS vouY exouoe ‘Popaior ou yap Ameo eFeuv avahopav Ty ToAY ev TocavTn ohadeloav aes 1 weveiy Sintenis®, after Coraés; MSS., Sintenis!, and Bekker, peverw. 158 FABIUS MAXIMUS excellent name of Father, because there is no more honourable name which I can use; and yet a father’s kindness is not so great as this kindness bestowed by you. My father did but beget me, while to you I owe not only my own salvation, but also that cf all these men of minc.’’ So saying, he embraced Fabius and kissed him, and the soldiers on both sides in like manner embraced and kissed each other, so that the camp was filled with joy and tears of rejoicing. XIV. After this, Fabius laid down his office, and consuls were again appointed. The first of these maintained the style of warfare which Fabius had ordsined. They avoided a pitched battle with Han- nibal, but gave aid and succour to their allies, and prevented their falling away. But when Terentius Varro was elevated to the consulship, a man whose birth was obscure and whose life was conspicuous for servile flattery of the people and for rashness, it was clear that in his i inexperience and temerity he would stake the entire issue upon the hazard of a single throw. For he used to shout in the assemblies ‘that the war would continue as long as the city employed men like Fabius as its generals ; but that he himself would conquer the enemy the very day he saw them. And not only did he make such speeches, but he also assembled and enrolled a larger force than the Romans had ever employed against any enemy. Eighty-eight thousand men were arrayed for battle, to the great terror of Fabius and _ all sensible Romans. For they thought their city could not recover if she lost so many men in the prime of life. 159 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Avo Kai Tov cuvapxovta tov Vepevtiou IlatAov Alpintoy, avdpa TodkX@Y TONELOV EuTrELpOr, OVK apectov 5€ TO SHnuw Kai KataTARya EK TLVOS KaTaciKns 7 pos TO Snpogiov avrT@ YEVEV| MENS, dviaTn Kal _ Ta peBdppuvev éridauBdver bat THS exeivou pavias, diddcKwv @S ov Tpos ‘AvviBav auT@ parrAov 4 mpos Tepévteov UTEp THS Tat pi- bos o 0 ayo ETOLTO' GTEVOELY yap payny yevec Oar TOV pev OUK aiaGavopevov THs Suvapews, Tov 5 aicJavopevov THs Tept avToV acbeveias. “'Eyaw 8,” eizev, “a@ Laide, Tepevtiou oie Sixacorepos ete wept Tay ’Avri2ov mpayydaTwr S:a8_Barovpevos OS EL pLncels auT@ paxeiTar TOUTOV TOV evLauTon, damroneiTat peveov 0 aynp 4) pera aTrELOLY, @ ye Kal viv viKay Kal Kparteiy oxodvTe TOY pev TodELLoV ovdels T POT KEXWPNKE, TIS 8 oixodev Suvapews ove ” TpiTn poipa Tavu TEPlETTL. T™ pos tabta AEyeTat tov IladAov eimety: ‘ “Eyot per, @ Da Bre, Ta €“avToU oKo- TOUVvTL Kpeit Tov éoTt TOs THY Tonepleov UTOTE- cet Sopacey 7) a mare Tais Wijpous TOY TOALT@Y et & ovtws exer Ta Snpooia mT purypara, metpa- comer parrov gol Soxeiy dyaBos elval aT patnyos 7 Tao Tots arots él TavavTia, Bialopévots.” TAUT ID EX@v THhv mpoatpesty o IlavAos €&n\Oev émi TOV Trohe pov. XV. ‘AAN 0 Tepevteos éuBarov auTOV Es TO Tap nuépav pXey, cat to “AvwBa TapacTpa- ToTebevaas TreEpt TOV Aigisvor TroTapoy Kal Tas Leyopevas Kavyas, Gp nMEpG TO THS paxns on- jeecov eEeOnnev (€ore b€ YIT@Y KOKKIVOS Unep Tips atpatnyixns axynvys Scatevomeros), Cote Kal 160 Lert . FABIUS MAXIMUS . Now, Paulus Aemilius was the colleague of Terentius, a man of experience in many wars, but, not acceptable tothe people, and crashed.in-spirit-by a/fing which they had imposed upon him. Therefore Fabius tried to rouse and encourage him to restrain the madness of his colleague, showing him that he must struggle to save his country not so much from Hannibal as from Terentius. The latter, he said, was eager to fight because he did not see where his strength lay; the former, because he saw his own weakness. “ But,” said he, “it is to me, O Paulus, that more credence should be given in regard to Hannibal’s affairs, and I solemnly assure you that, if no one shall give him battle this year, the man will remain in Italy only to perish, or will leave it in flight, since even now, when he is thought to be victorious and to be master of the country, not one of his enemies has come over to his side, and not even so much as the third part of the force which he brought from home is still left.” To this Paulus is said to have answered: “If I consult my own interests, O Fabius, it is better for me to encounter the spears of the enemy than to face again the votes of my fellow-citizens. But if the state is in sucha pass, I will try to be a good general in your opinion, rather than in that of all the rest who so forcibly oppose you.” With this determination, Paulus went forth to the war. XV. But Terentius, insisting on his.right-to com- mand a day in turn, and then encamping over against Hannibal by the river Aufidus and the town called Cannae, at break of day put out the signal for battle,—a scarlet tunic displayed above the general's tent. At this even the Carthaginians were con- 161 VOL, III, M PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOUS Kapyxovious é£ apy hs dratapaxOhvat, THY Té TOApaY TOU oTpaTnyou Kal TO TOU oT paro- TEéCOU TrI/O05 OpavTas, avTovs OVS Fyiou pépos ovtas. ‘AvviBas 6é tHv dvvamy éeEorrtilecOat KENEVTAS, AVTOS ITTOTHS MET OALYWY UTEP AOdoU TLvOS padakoU KaTEaKOTEL TOUS ToAEpLoUS HON Kabiatapevous ELS Tae. ELT OVTOS 6€ TLvOS TOV mept avrov avdpos ioo7tpou, ToUvopA. Ticxwvos, WS Oavpacrov avT@ paivetac TO Tri}0S TOV TOAELLWY, TUVAayayoY 70 TpocwTov Oo ’AvyiBas, “"Erepov,” eitev, @ Ticxwv, AEANPE GE TOUTOV Gavpaciwrepov.” épopévov b€ tod Tiaxwvos, TO motov; “Or,” én, ‘TovTwy dvtTwy TocOvTwV ovdels év avtois Vicxwy Kxadreitas.” yevopevou dé rapa bokay adtois Tov cKkwppatos éurimnter YEAWS Wacol, Kal KaTéBaivov ato Tov AOdou Tots QnTavT@GLY Gel TO TETAaLYpEéeVOY aTayyédAOVTES, WaTE Sta TOAA@Y ToXrvY elvat! Tov yéXwTa Kal und avaraBely éavtous dvvacBat tous wept Tov ‘AvviBar. TOUVTO TOS Kap NOOVLOLS téovar Gapcos TapiaTn, oye fopévors “70 TOAAOUV Kal _taxupod ToU Kata povodyTos emeva yeAav ovT@S Kal mailer TO oTpATHY@ Tapa TOV xivOvvov. XVI, "Ep d€ TH Bayn OT PATI} LATLV eX pr)- oato, TPOTO wey TO amo TOU TOTOU, Toinod- pEvos KATA VWTOU TOV avepov: TpneThpe yap EOLK@S preyortt KATEPPIYVUTO, Kal Tpaxv éx mediov Updpwpov cal AVATETT A LEVOV aipwv Ko- ylopTov umEp thy darayya tov Kapynéoviwy eri TOUS ‘Popatous éwOet, Kal mpoaeBarre Tots Tpocwmos aroatpepopevots Kai ouvtapatto- 1 elya: Bekker corrects, after Schaefer, to i€va:, spread. 162 183 FABIUS MAXIMUS founded at first, seeing the boldness of the Roman general and the number of his army, which was more than double their own. But Hannibal ordered his forees to arm for battle, while he himself, with a few companions, rode to the top of a gently sloping ridge, from which he watehed his enemies as they formed in battle array. When one of his companions, named Gisco, a man of his own rank, remarked that the number of the enemy amazed him, Hannibal pnt on a serious look and said: “Gisco, another thing has eseaped your notice which is more amazing still.” And when Giseo asked what it was, “It is the fact,” said he, “that in all this multitude there is no one who is called Gisco.” The jest took them all by surprise and set them laughing, and as they made their way down from the ridge, they reported the pleasantry to all who met them, so that great numbers were laughing heartily, and Hannibal’s eseort could not even recover themselves. The sight of this infused courage into the Carthaginians. They reasoned that their general must have a mighty contempt for the enemy if he laughed and jested so in the presence of danger. XVI. In the battle Hannibal practiced a double strategy. In the first place, he took advantage of the ground to put the wind at his back. This wind came down like a fiery hurricane, and raised a huge cloud of dust from the exposed and sandy plains and drove it over the Carthaginian lines hard into the faeces of the Romans, who turned away 163 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pervious. deutépy b€ TO TEPL THY taki: 6 yap Hy io Xuporatoy auT@ Kal HaXtworarov Tis duvd- PEWS ExaTEpwre Tou pégou TUEAS, TO pecov auro cureThijpwoer EK TOV aXpELoTaTOD, euBorp TOUT® T poeXovTe TON THS arkns parayyos XPNTOpevos: elpnto b€ Tois Kpatiaras, OTav TOUTOUS Siaxo- wavtes of Pwpatoe cai hepouevot pos TO elxov ex pepopevou TOU péoou Kal KoATIOV Nap Gavovtos EVTOS yévovrat THs Parayyos, o&éws exatépwbev emia Tt pewpartas eParely Te TrAYLOLS Kal TrEPI- MTVGTELY omiaGev cuyxAeiovtas. 0 bn Kal boxet TOV TrELT TOV antpyacaaBat gduvov. ws yap évédwKe TO péoov Kat TOUS ‘Papatous édéEavto SiwKxovTas, n 6€ ddrayE rod ‘Avvi3ou peta Ba- AovacAa TO oXTwa pnvoerdis evyeyores Kal TOV ETLAERTOY ot takiapxot TAX TOUS pep er domida, TOUS é emt Sopu_ KAivavTeEs 7 poo TET Ov KaTa TA yupvd, TavTas, Goo 1) THY KUKAWOLY UTEKKAL- vavtes é€pOacay, év péow KatEelpyucayvTo Kal d:€fOetpav. Aéyerat 6€ Kat toils immedor tov ‘“Pwpaior cUUTTMOpA Tapdroyov yevéoOat. Tov yap Iad- Aov, ws oie, TOWELS O im7ToS aTrEedEicaToO, Kal TaY TEpl avTOV adXrOS Kal AAOS aATOALTOY TOD inmov metos TH UratTw TpogrHuvvEe. ToiTo S ot immets (Oovres, ws TapayyéApatos Koivod dedopé- vou, TavTes aTomndnaavtes melol cuveTrAEKOVTO obs Toremiots. isav & 0 "AvviBas, “ Todt’, é Ep, paddov HBovropny F 7 el dedepévous mapédaBov.” dda Tavita pe of tas dteEodixas ypawavtes taTopias amnyyéAKact. 164 FABIUS MAXIMUS to avoid it, and so fell into confusion. In the seeond plaee, he formed his troops as follows: the sturdiest and most warlike part of his force he stationed on either side of the centre, and manned the centre itself with his poorest soldiers, intending to use this as a wedge jutting out far in advance of the rest of his line. But orders were given to the picked troops, when the Romans should have cut the troops in the centre to pieces, pursued them hotly as they retreated and formed a deep hollow, and so got within their enemy’s line of battle,—then to turn sharply from either side, smite them on the flanks, and envelop them by closing in upon their rear. And it was this which seems to have produced the greatest slaughter. For the centre gave way and was followed “by the Romans in pursuit, Hannibal’s line of battle thus ehanging its shape into that of a ereseent ; and the commanders of the picked troops on his wings wheeled them swiftly to left and right and fell upon the exposed sides of their enemy, all of whom, except those who retired before they were surrounded, were then overwhelmed and destroyed. It is said, further, that a strange calamity befell the Roman cavalry also. The horse of Paulus, as it appears, was woundec and threw his rider off, aud one after another of his attendants dismounted and sought to defend the consul on foot. When the horse- men saw this, supposing that a general order had been given, they all dismounted and engaged the enemy on foot. On seeing this, Hannibal said: “This is more to my wish than if they had been handed over to me in fetters.”} But sueh particulars as these may be found in the detailed histories of the war. 2 Quam mallem vinctos mihi traderet. Livy, xxii. 49. 165 PLUTARCH’'S LIVES Tov o uratwv o pev Bappwy odLyooTOS ain TEVOEV eis Ovevovciay Tonw, o oe Tlabnros € év TO Bv06 Kai Krvowut THS pvyis exelvns Berov te TOO ert Tots Tpavpaow ery KELLEVOY AVATTAEWS, TO c@pa Kal THv yuxny mevbet TOTOUTH Bapuvo- HEVOS, ™ pos Tet AiO Kabijoro, Tov émiapdfovra TOY TONELLOV avapevoov. Hy b€ ov aipatos THIGOS, o TuvEeTEPUPTO THY Keparny Kal 70 TpdowTov, ov Todnots _duddnros, anna Kat pirot Kat Oepa- WovTes avtov vm’ dryvotas mapijrBov. pLovos be KopvijAcos Aévt os, eva plons VEOS, ev Kat 7 povonaas amem 670° Tou (TOV, Kal 7 pooa- yarn Ta pexdrel vpnaba Kab outer auto Tots TOTALS apxovtos aryabod TOTE padiora YpN- Covey. 0 b¢ TAVTNY pev ames piyrato THY dénow, Kal TO petpaKeov avbus nuayeacev él Tov immov avaBivat Saxpvov, eita &€ thv deErav éuSarwv kal auve~avaotas, “’AmayyeAre,” eitev, “Oo Aévrre, PaBio Makipo nai yevod paptus avtos, OTL Ilabros Atpirtos EVE HELVED avtov® Tois hoyt- o pots dypt Tédovs Kal Tov oporoyn beri wy 7 pos EXELVOV OUCEV E\ vo, GN evi nOn ™ pot epov vio Bappovos, ei?’ ume ‘AvviBov.” ToaaT’ eTLOTEL- Aas TOV Bev AévtAov am éTre ser, autos 6€ pitas EaUTOV ELS TOUS Povevopevous améOave. €yovtat 5é meceiy pev ev TH wadyn Pwpaiwy Trevtaxiopv- ptot, Cavres 6’ adovat TET PAKIG XLALOL, Kal peta Thy paynv ot Anpevres ér aphotepots Tois oTpaToTredots pupiwy ovK éXdTTOUS. 1 atrot Coraés and Bekker, nuw with S: aérod Ats own convictions, Cf, praeceptorum eius memorem, Livy, xxii. 49. 166 FABIUS MAXIMUS As for the consuls, Varro galloped off with a few followers to the city of Venusia, but Paulus, caught in the deep surges of that panic flight and covered with many missiles which hung in his wounds, weighed down in body and spirit by so vast a misfortune, sat down, leaning against a stone, and waiting for an enemy to dispatch him. His head and face were so profusely smeared with blood that few could recognize him; even his friends and re- tainers passed him by without knowing him. Only Cornelius Lentulus, a young man of the patrician order, saw who he was, and leaping from his horse, led him to Paulus and besought the consul to take’ him and save himself for the sake of his fellow- citizens, who now more than ever needed a brave commander. But Paulus rejected this prayer, and forced the youth, all tears, to mount his horse again, and then rose up and elasped his hand and said: “ Lentulus, tell Fabius Maximus, and be thyself a witness to what thou tellest, that Paulus Aemilius was true to his precepts up to the end, and broke not one of the agreements made with him, but was vanquished first by Varro, and then by Hannibal.” With such injunctions, he sent Lentulus away, then threw himself into the midst of the slaughter and perished. And it is said that fifty thousand Romans fell in that battle, that four thousand were taken alive, and that after the battle there were captured in both consular camps no less than ten thousand. 167 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XVII. Tov & ’AvviBav ETL THALKOUTH KaTop- Oopare TOV pirwv TApoppovTav ap’ érecBat TH TUX” Kal TVET ELT TET ELD dua 77 huy7 Tw TroXe- ploy es THY TONY, mepTTatov yap amo TIS viKns ev KamitwAto GevTyjoew, ov pad.op eimrelp, bors am eT pewe over p0s, drra parov Satpoves 7 h Geod TLVOS euTooay oT dVvTOS EoLKEY Epyov 1) pos TovTO PEARNTLS avrou Kal dethiaaes ryever Oar. 520 Kal Bapxav TOV Kapyy6oreov eLTrety per Opyns pos avTov NEyouae: oy vecav oidas, vixn 5é xpiodae OUK oitas.” KaiToe TOTAUT HY peTaBorny 1) viKn Tmept avTov eToing er, @S TPpo TIS HaXNS ov TroALD, OVK €pTropLor, ov Atueva THS ‘Iradias éxovTa, NareT@s 6€ Kal poris Ta emuTOela TH oTpareg be aprayhs KopcCopevov, Opa evov am ovdevos BeButov T pos TOV TONELOY, GAN WaTEP AnoTnpio peyido 7@ oTpaToTrEdy TAAVWMEVOV Kal Trepipe- popmevor, TOTE Tacav ORryOU deity ud QUT D _Touy- cacbat thy ‘TraXiav. Ta yap TAEtoTA Kat peylota TOV eOvav auT@ T pogexXwopnaev éxovota, Kal Kamu uny, ) péyiotov exer peta ‘Pwpyy akiopa TOV TOAEWD, m™poa Gepevny KaTEG XE. Ov povov & ay apa TO pirov Teipav AaBeiv, « as vpercéns pyaiv,' ov TpeKpov KAKOY, dAAG Kal TO ppovipav oTpaTIYyOv. y yap 7 po TNS paxns baBiov derdia Kal Wuypotns Aeyouévn peta TH payny evOus ovd avOperivos ébdoxet AoytapOs, arAa Oetov te ypnua Stavoias nat datmovtov éx TOTOUTOU Ta péAXOVTA Tpoopwmevns, A pores Hv 1 plrwy Aadetv yap wetpay ov opixpdy xaxdy. Nauck, Trag. Graec, Frag.?, p. 679. 168 184 FABIUS MAXIMUS XVII. In view of such a complete success, Hanni- bal’s friends urged him to follow up his good fortune and dash into their city on the heels of the flying enemy, assuring him in that case that on the fifth day after his victory he would sup on the Capitol. It is not easy to say what consideration turned him from this course, nay, it would rather seem t hat_his_evil genius,or some divinity, interposed to inspire him with the hesitation and timidity which he now showed. Wherefore, as they say, Barca, the Cartha- ginian, said to him angrily: “Thou canst win a victory, but thy victory thou canst not use.’”’} And yet his victory wrought a great change in his circum- stances. Before the battle, he had not a city, not a trading-place, not a sea-port in Italy, and could with difficulty barely supply his army with provisions by foraging, since he had no secure base of supplies for the war, but wandered hither and thither with his army as if it were a great horde of robbers. After the battle, however, he brought almost all Italy under his sway. Most of its peoples, and the largest of them too, came over to him of their own accord, and Capua, which is the most considerable city after Rome, attached herself firmly to his cause. Not only, then, does it work great mischief, as Euripides says, to put friends to the test, but also prudent generals. For that which was called cowardice and sluggishness in Fabius before the battle, immediately after the battle was thought to be no mere human calculation, nay, rather, a divine and marvellous intelligence, since it looked ‘so_far into the future and foretold a_ disaster which _could a5 1 Tum Maharbal: **Non omnia nimirum eidem di dedere : vincere scis, Hannibal, victoria uti nescis.” Livy, xxii. 51. 169 4 an PLUTARCH'S LIVES WieTa Tarxoucl. 6Oev evOus eis Exetvov 7 “Pwr ovreveyKxoiaa TAS Aourras ermioas, rat mpoo u- youra TH won TOU dvdpos @ OOTEp lep@ Kal Bop, TpwTny Kal peyioTyy aitiav €oxe Tov petvar Kal pn dcarvOjvat TH exelvov ppovnaw, Kxadanep év Tots Kedrixois mwadectv. oO yap é€v ols ovder edo.cet deu- vov elvat Katpots evrafns Parvopevos Kal ducéh- To TOS TOTE TaVT@V xataBeBrKoTwv € EauTovs els amépavTa mevOn Kal Tapaxas AT PAK TOUS, pLOvos epoita bta THS TOAEWS Tpaw Badicpate Kral ™poo- OT @ KaGeaT@rt Kal prravO pare Tpocaryopev- Tel, KoTreTOUS TE yuvarketous aparpov Kal guoTa- OES elpyov TOV Eis TO Onuootoy emi Kotvois oduppois exh epopevon, Boudry TE suverdev € ETELTE Kat Tapebapa uve Tas apxas, autos @y Kal pon Kal Suvams d apXTIS amaons mpos éxetvov aTroBre- TNOUONS. XVIIT. Tats pev ovy muAaLS emer TNE TOUS TOV EXTiTTOVTA Kal TpodeiTmovTa THY mod 6xAov ametpEovtas, trévOous 6é Kat ToTov Kal ovov MPLe, Kar oixtay amroO pyvety Kedevoas ed pe pas TplaKovTa Tov Bovropuevov' eta O€ TaUTas ede av mévOos AvecIar Kal cadapevery TOV TOLOUTOY TY TOALW. €OPTIS TE Anpntpos els Tas npepas exeivas kaOnkovens Bért1ov ebavn mapa- AuTrety OAws Tas Te Ouacias Kal THY TOMT TY TO péryeBos THS cuppopas oNLyOTNTL Kab KaTnpeig TOV TUVEPXOMEVOY edeyxer Oar: kal yap TO Belov joer Pat TL pL MEVOV UTO TOV eUTUXOUYT wv. boa MévToL Tpos ‘hac pous Oeoy 7 y) TEPATOV aTroTpoTas TUVNYOPEVOV OL LaVTELS ETpaTTETO. Kal yap els Aerdous éréudOn Oeorpomros Iixtwp, svyyevns 170 FABIUS MAXIMUS hardly be believed by those who experienced it. In him, therefcre, Ronie at once placed her last hopes ; to his wisdom she fled for refuge as to temple and altar, believing that it was first and chiefly due to his prudence that she still remained a city, and was not utterly broken up, as in the troublous times of the Gallic invasion. For he who, in times of apparent security, appeared cautious and irresolute, then, when all were plunged in boundless grief and helpless con- fusion, was the only man to walk the city with calm step, composed countenance, and gracious address, checking effeminate lamentation, and preventing those from assembling together who were eager to make public their common complaints. He persuaded the senate to convene, heartened up the magistrates, and was himself the strength and power of every magistracy, since all looked to him for guidance. XVIII. Accordingly, he put guards at the gates, in order to keep the frightened throng from abandon- ing the city, and set limits of time and place to the mourning for the dead, ordering any who wished to indulge in lamentation, to do so at home for a period of thirty days ; after that, all mourning must cease and the city be purified of such rites. And since the festival of Ceres fell within these days, it was deemed better to remit entirely the sacrifices and the procession, rather than to emphasize the magnitude of their calamity by the small number and the dejection of the participants. For the gods’ delight is in honours paid them by the fortunate. However, all the rites which the augurs advocated for the propitiation of the gods, or to avert in- auspicious omens, were duly performed. And besides, Pictor, a kinsman of Fabius, was sent to 171 PLUTARCH’S LIVES DaBiov, car Trav ‘Eareddov mapbévev duo dte- dbappévas evpovTes, THY HEV, Gon Ep éativ eos, Cocay catwpvtar, 7} 7 oO Ug’ EQUTAS atrédave. Madora & ay tes aryaaatto TO ppovnpa kal TY TpaocTnTa TiS TOAEWS, 6 OTE Tov UT aTOU Bap- peovos Gq) Tips huyis émaviov7es, ws ap THs aisXioTa Kal dvarotpoTata TET PAX WS emaviot, TATPELVOU Kal KaTnpous, AT HVTNTEV auT@ Tept TAS TUAQS 7 TE Bovnz) Kal 70 TIO OS anav aamato- HEvOL. | ot & ep TENE Kat TpaToe THS Yyepovaias, OV Kat Davos 7, novyias ryevoEeVvNS enjvecay, OTL THY TOALY ouK aT ej VO pera dvoTUXLay THALKAUTHY, adda Tapertty upEwv € emt Ta mpay- pata Kal XPNTOpEVOS TOiS VOUOLS KAL TOUS TOALTALS ws cwlecbat duvaperats. XIX. ’Evei 8” AvutBav érvovt0 peta Thy hayny aroretpagpbar mpos THY GAANV ‘Irantar, avadap- pycavres ef erreur ov nryeu“ovas Kal oTpatevpata. TouTwy © émipare eo Tatou DaBvs Te Ma§ipos Kar Kravétos Muapxedros joay, avo THiS évavtias axedov 7 T poatpEerews Bavpatiperor Tapar Ano tws. O per yap, oaTEp €v Tots Tepl aUTOU Yeypappevors elpnTat, TEPthapLTES TO Spaatijptov € EYOV Kat yav- pov, QTE én Kal Kara Xetpa TANKTNS AVP Kal. poe TOLOUTOS Ov o1ous “Opnpos pariara Kanet tNOT TONE MOUS © Kat ‘ ayep ous, €v TO Tapa- Bore Kai tTa@ Kal TOs avopa Tod wn pov TOV ‘AvviBav aVTLTOABOVTE TPOT@ TONELOU | GuUVvidTATO TOUS 1 PWTOUS aryavas: PaBios 6€ TOY TPeTwWY éXopevos oye Loy éxelveoy naAamele pndevos paxo- pevou pnd épeOifovtos tov ’AvvtBav avtov érn- 172 FABIUS MAXIMUS consult the oracle at Delphi; and when two of the vestal virgins were found to have been corrupted, one of them was buried alive, according to the custom,! and the other slew herself. But most of all was the gentle dignity of the city to be admired in this, that when Varro, the consul, came back from his flight, as one would come back from a most ill-starred and disgraceful experience, in humility and dejection, the scnate and the whole people met him at the gates with a welcome. The magistrates and the chief men of the senate, of whom Fabius was one, praised him, as soon as quiet was restored, because he had not despaired of the city after so great a misfortune, but was at hand to assume the reins of government, and to employ the jaws and his fellow-citizens in accomplishing the salvation which lay within their power. XIX. When they learned that Hannibal, atter the battle, had turned aside into the other parts of Italy, they plucked up courage and sent out com- manders with armies. The most illustrious of these were Fabius Maximus and Claudius Marcellus, men who were similarly admired for directly opposite characters. The latter, as has been stated in his Life,? was a man of splendid and impetuous actions, with an arm of ready vigour, and by nature like the men whom Homer is wont to call “fond of battle,” and “eager for the fray.’’ He therefore conducted his first engagements in the venturesome and reck- less style of warfare which met the daring of such a man as Hannibal with an equal daring. Fabius, on the contrary, clung to his first and famous con- victions, and looked to see Hannibal, if only no one 1 Cf. Numa, x. 4 ff. 2 Chapter i. 173 - ar PLUTARCH’S LIVES peace cauT@ Kal Katatpy3noeabat Tmepl TOV T OAELOV, OOTEP aOdAnTeKod T@LATOS TIS Suvd- [EWS Umeptovou yevouerns Kal KaTaTrovou, TAXU- TaTa THY aKpny anToBaXovta. 610 TOUTOY péVv O Hocesdereos nat Oupeov, tov 6é MdpxedXov Eidos vro Tay ‘Pwpaiwv Kaneia bat, Kipvaperny dé THY WDaBiov BeBatotnta cal aapareay Th Mapxeéddov cuvnbera* TMT PLOY” ryeveo Gar tois “Pwpaias. o & ?AmiBas to pev aS peovTe opddpa TOTApL@ ToARAKLS aTravT ay éoeleTO Kal TapEppr'yvuTo THv dvuvapey, vg’ ob dé Kal Kata pik pov UTOpPpEOVTOS avpopntt Kal TAPE LTLTTOVTOS evCeheX@s UTE peLTropEvos Kat daTrav@pevos €ddvOave: Kal TEAEUT@Y ELS UTTOplaY KaTEGT)) ToTavTnY wate MapKédArAwW pEV UTO- Kapety payouevov, PaBiov Se gokeicbat py payopevor. To yap TELaTOV, WS evrrely, TOU Ypovov TOUTOLS SueTroreunaev 1) oTpaTHnyos 7) avOuTratos VIrd- TOUS UTOCESELYMEVOLS’ EKATEPOS Yap aUT@Y TeEV- TAKS UmTuTEVoEV. UAAA Madpxedrov plev UTTATEVOVTA TO TET TOV evedpa TeptBarwr € EXTELVE, PaBio sé TATA araTyy Ka SuiTreipav eTUyOr ToNhaKes ovdev emépaive, TAY aTak odtyov Tu paxpovad- pevos Ea frre Tov avopa. avvbeis yap eTLITONAS Tapa TOV €v Metarovtiw Suvat@v Kat TpwTwr éreprbe mpos Tov Da Brov, @S TIS ToAEWS EVOO- Oncoperns et Taparyevoito, Kal THY TOUTO TpaT- TovTwy éxeivoy éAOciy Kat davivat mAnaoiov 1 guynbelx Bekker adopts ovuvrovia (vehemence), the sug- gestion of Coraés, based on Amyot. 174 FABIUS MAXIMUS fought with him or harassed him, become his own worst enemy, wear himself out in the war, and speedily lose his high efficiency, like an athlete whose bodily powers have been overtaxed and exhausted. It was for these reasons,(as) Poseidonius says, that the Romans called Fabius their buckler, and Marcellus their sword, and that the mingling of the firm steadfastness of the one with the versa- tility of the other proved the salvation of Rome. By his frequent encounters with Marcellus, whose course was like that of a swiftly-flowing river, Hannibal saw his forces shaken and swept away ; while by Fabius, whose course was slow, noiseless, and unceasing in its stealthy hostility, they were imperceptibly worn away and consumed. And finally he was brought to such a pass that he was worn out with fighting Marcellus, and afraid of Fabius when not fighting. For it was with these two men that he fought almost all the time, as they held the offices of praetor, pro-consul, or consul; and each of them was consul five times. However, when Marcellus was serving as consul for the fifth time, Hannibal led him into an ambush and slew him!; but he had no success against Fabius, although he frequently brought all sorts of deceitful tests to bear upon him. Once, it is true, le did deceive the man, and came near giving him a disastrous overthrow. He com- posed and sent to Fabius letters purporting to come from the chief men of Metapontum, assuring him that their city would be surrendered to him if he should come there, and that those who were contriving the surrender only waited for him to come and show 4 In Lucania, 208 B.c. Cf. the Marcellus, xxix. 175 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dvapevovta. TAUT exivnoe Tov PaBrov Ta ypampara, Kat AaBov HEpos Te THs oTpaTtas ewerdev Opmaoen bua VUKTOS elTa XPNTaKEVvOS opyioty OUK aiotors ameTpaTn, Kal pera “bux pov emeyvadOn Ta ypaupata 7 pos aQuTov UT’ ‘Avvi- Bov S0d@ ouvTeGevTa KaKELVOS évedpevov auTov tnd THY TOA. GAAA TadTAa pév av TLS Evvoia Gedy avabein. XX. Tas 8 dmootdces THv TONEWY Kab Ta KLVnLaTa TOV TUMPAXOY O Dares HGXXov ETO deiy HTiws omthod: ta Kal TPaos aveipyew Kal dvowmTety, jn) Tao av Umovoray edey XovTa Kal Xaherov ovtTa TAVTET ATE Tois UTOTTOLS. A€yeTaL yap OTL oT parearny avopa Mapaop, avdpeia Kal ryever TOV TUL MAX OV T parton, air bopevos Suetdey- pévov tial TOV év TO TT PATOT Ed¢ Tepl aTooTa- Tews ov dinpeOtcev, GAN oporor/7jras nperijo Gat map a€iav auTov, vov pev edn TOUS Tyyewovas aiteaa Ga 7 pos Xa pw warrov 7} Tpos apeTHy Tas TLLAS Vé“ovTAas, VOT epov 8 éxetvov aitidcer@at Ty) ppavovra pnd evTuyXivovTa Tpos avrov, et Tov déolTo. Kal Tab eiT@Yy imo Té Tohewea THY éSwpnaato Kal TOUS arrows dpeoretoes éxOT LNG ED, @are TLOTOTATOY é& éxelvou Kat mpoOuporatov elva TOV avdpa. dewvov yap ayyeito TOUS peDv immeKous Kal KUVTYETLKOUS émrtpedeta Kat cvvnbea Kal Tpop7 MadXov 1) paorege Kal KXoLOts THY yareToTnTa TaY Sowv Kal TO Oupouvpevov Kal To dvoKoAaivov éEarpety, TOY 6 dv0 pwreov dpxovra uy TO WAEloTOv ev YaplTL Kal TpaoTnTe THS éravopbwoews TiOerPar, oxAnpotepov bé Tmpoc- 176 18 FABIUS MAXIMUS himself in the neighbourhood. These letters moved Fabius to action, and he proposed to take a part of his force and set out by night. Then he got un- favourable auspices and was turned from his purpose by them, and in a little while it was discovered that the letters which had come to him were cunning forgeries by Hannibal, who had laid an ambush for him near the city. This escape, however, may be laid to the favour of the gods. XX. Fabius thought that the revolts of the cities and the agitations of the allies ought to be restrained and discountenanced rather by mild and gentle measures, without testing every suspicion and show- ing harshness in every case to the suspected. It is said, for instance, that when he learned about a Marsian soldier, eminent among the allies for valour and high birth, who had been talking with some of the soldiers in the camp about deserting to the enemy, he was not incensed with him, but admitted frankly that he had been unduly neglected ; so far, he said, this was the fault of the commanders, who distributed their honours by favour rather than for valour, but in the future it would be the man’s own fault if he did not come to him and tell him when he wanted anything. These words were followed by the gift of a warhorse and by other signal rewards for bravery, and from that time on there was no more faithful and zealous man in the service. Fabius thought it hard that, whereas the trainers of horses and dogs relied upon care and intimacy and feeding rather than on goads and heavy collars for the removal of the animal’s obstinacy, anger, and dis- content, the commander of men should not base the most of his discipline on kindness and gentleness, but 177 VOL. Ill. N ci PLUTARCH’S LIVES péper Oat Kal Srarorepov wep ol yew pryovyTes Eptveois Kat a pace Kal KOTiVvoLS T poo $épovTat, TH [eV ELS éhalas, Ta 6 eis atious, Ta & eis cuKas éEnpepovvtes Kal trOacevovtes. i Etepov Tolvuy 7@ yéver Aevxavov avopa Tooonyyeldav ou oyxaryol pepBopevav amo TOU otparorébou Kal THY Takey exdelTovTa TOAXLKLS. o & npwrnce, TaAAA Tolov Tiva Tov avOpwTov evdetev OVTA. papTupouvtm@y 6€ mdvtwy Ort padios ETE POS OUK Ein OTPATLWTHS TOLOUTOS, dpa T avtov Tivas dvopayabias éemepavers Kat m pafers AeyOvTw@Y, aiTiav TiS arakias nT av evUpEev EpwTt TacclaKns KATEXOMEVOV Tov avopa Kat xevOuvevovTa aK pas od0US EKUOTOTE povravra pos éxelyny a0 TOU oTpatomébou. meprpas ovv TLVAS ayvoovvT0s auTou Kal cvAaSov 70 yuvatov expuyev év TH Kvn, Kal Kadéoas TOV Aeveavor iota 7 pos avron, is O% AEANBas,) " €bn, “Tapa Ta oP wpaiwv TUTpla Kal TOUS VOPOUS \ETOVUKT E pe DOV TOU oTpAaTOTECOV TONAAKLS" GdY ovoe xpne Tos av ™ poTepov érer7/0ers. Ta per ouv papTnpeva cot AeAva eo Tois jvdpayanpevors, TO 6€ NOLTTOV ep érepe Towjoopat TV ppovpav. ” @aupalovtos de Tov TTPATLWTOV 7 poaryayov thv avd w Troy éveXelpioev auT@ Kal eivev “ AvTn wey ey- yuaral ce pevely év TO TTpAaToT ed pel” nev: ou 6 Epy? delEcts, el 3) be aAAnv Twa, poxOnpiav ATrENELTES, o & épws Kal abrn 7 p0- paces ay NeyouEern.” TavTa pev wept TOUTW@V taTopovat. XXII. Tih & Tapavrivev TOALY ecyev €arw- 178 FABIUS MAXIMUS show more harshness and violence in his treatment of them than farmers in their treatment of wild fig- trees, wild pear-trees, and wild olive-trees, which they reclaim and domesticate till they bear luscious olives, pears, and figs. Accordingly, when another soldier, a Lucanian, was reported by his officers as frequently quitting his post and roaming away from the camp, Fabius asked them what kind of a man they knew him to be in other respects. All testified that such another soldier could not easily be found, and rehearsed sundry exploits of his wherein he had shown con- spicuous bravery. Fabius therefore inquired into the cause of the man’s irregularity, and discovered that he was deeply in love with a maid, and risked his life in long journeys from the camp every time he visited her. Accordingly, without the man’s knowledge, Fabius sent and arrested the girl and hid her in his own tent. Then he called the Lucanian to him privately and said: “It is well known that, contrary to Roman custom and law, you often pass the night away from camp; but it is also well known that you have done good service in the past. Your trans- gressions shall therefore be atoned for by your deeds of valour, but for the future I shall put another person in charge over you.” Then, to the soldier’s amazement, he led the girl forth and put her in his hands, saying: “ This person pledges herself that you will hereafter remain in camp with us, and you will now show plainly whether or not you left us for some other and base purpose, making this maid and your love for her a mere pretext.”” Such is the story which is told about this matter. XXI. The city of Tarentum, which had been lost 179 N 2 te PLUTARCH’S LIVES xviay €k Tpodocias TOY TpOTOV ToOvTOY. éaTpa- TeveTo Tap avtT@ veavias Tapavtivos eéxwv aderpiy TicTas wavy Kal hiroctopyws StaKe- , pévnv pos avTov. Hoa oe TauTns avinp Bpétttos in , ¢ 399 , 4 t a Tay TeTaypevoy ur AvviBou Thy Tod hpoupetv > 4? e f “ , / “A eh ayemovias. todtTo mpakews éeXrida 7 Ta- “~ , pavtivw mapéoye, Kal ToD PaBtov auverdotos es ? s THv Todt aelOn, Aoyw & amrocedpaxer TpLs THY 3 A 9 , e \ 2 : “~ col ddeadyy ets Tadpavta. al pev ovvy mpwtar tev nw 3 . ¢ nuepav yoav, Kal nal’ éavtov o Bpérrios ‘ aveTraveto, AavOdvery tov dbedXdov olopévys 4 e ta éxelvns. €metta Réyet TMPOS avTHY O veavias: “Kal pny éxel Aoyos ehoita ToAUs avdpt ce TeV “ ral ‘4 duvaTtav Kal peydAwy ouveivat. Tis OvTOS éoTIV; >] \ b U , bad 9 “A \ el yap evdoxios Tis, WS acl, apeTH Kal NapTpos, ehdylota ppovTifer yévous oO Tavta ‘ , ‘ ‘ Tuppiyvus Todeuos: aioypov O€ peT avayKns b] 4 b ] 9 ] , bd “~ ‘ f ovdev, dAXN eEvTUXIa Tis ev Kalpm® TO SiKatov acOevées EXovTL TpaoTUT@ Xpncacbat To Btafo- A ‘ Hévo.” eX TOUTOU LETATELTETAL LEV 2) UV?) TOV Bpértiov Kal yuwpife: tov adeddov avuT@ Tayu Sé¢ cuuTpattwy THy émiOvpiav éxetvos Kal waddov wpotepov evvouy Kal yeipo:On 7o BapBapw “a “ Cad Tapéxelv Soxay Ty adeddip, ETXE TLOT@S, WoTE “ “~ , By = xareTas ép@vtos avOpwrov yucbodopou “~ b 4 ral petacTioar Otavoray em édrrist Swpeow peyarwv, ¢ a ‘ , ds émnyyéAreto TrapéEetv avt@ Tov PaBrov. 180 FABIUS MAXIMUS to the Romans by treachery,! Fabius recovered in the following manner.?, There was a young man of Tarentum in his army, and he had a sister who was very faithfully and affectionately disposed towards him. With this woman the commander of the forces set by Hannibal to guard the city, a Bruttian, was deeply enamoured, and the circumstanee led her brother to hope that he could accomplish something by means of it. He therefore joined his sister in Tarentum, ostensibly as a deserter from the Romans, though he was really sent into the city by Fabius, who was privy te his scheme. Some days passed, accordingly, during which the Bruttian remained at home, since the woman thought that her amour was unknown to her brother. Then her brother had the following words with her: “I would have you know that a story was very current out there in the Roman camp that yon have interviews with a man high in authority. Whois this man? For if he is, as they say, aman of repute, and illustrious for his valour, war, that confounder of all things, makes very little account of race. Nothing is disgraceful if it is done under compulsion, nay, we may count it rare good for- tune, at a time when right is weak, to find might very gentle with us.” Thereupon the woman sent for her Bruttian and made her brother acquainted with him. The Barbarian's confidence was soon gained, since the brother fostered his passion and plainly indueed the sister to be more complacent and submissive to him than before, so that it was not difficult, the man being a lover and a mercenary as well, to change his allegiance, in anticipation of the large gifts which it was promised that he should receive from Fabius. PZ12 BIC. 2 209 B.C. 181 4 3 PLOUTARCH’S: LIVES Vaura fev ovv ol TAELoTOL ypadovar TEpt TouTMY? EvLoL OE THY av pwrov up 7 As oO Bpeértt0s pet On, paciv ou Tapavtivyy, adrXra Bpertiav TO yevos ovacav, TO be DaBir TadraKevouerny, ss noOeto TodiTny Kal yvwpimov dvta Tov Tor Boertioy dpXovTa, TO TE Pasi ppicat Kal cuvedOovaar Els ddyous UTO TO TELyos exrreicat Kal Katepyacac@at Tov avO pwrov. XXII. Hparropévwv b€ rovtwr, 0 PaBros Twept- oTUucal TOV ’AvviBay Texva tov €méaTetNe TOLS ev ‘Payivo OTPATLWTALS THD Bpettiap Katadpapety cal KavrAwriav é€edeiy Kata KpaTos oTpato- medevoavTas, Oa eee OvTas, avTouoXoUS d€ TOUS TOAXOUS Kal TAY éK LuKedas vmo Map- KéXdov KEKOMLE HEVOV aT ipey TOUS axXpnato- TATOUS Kal eT eXaXtaTns TH) TWOAEL hums Kal BraBys ATONOUHEVOUS. rT ee yap TovTous 7 poe pevos To ‘AvviBa Kal dekeacas amagtew avTov aT0 TOU Tépavros" 0 Kal cuveBaivev. evOus yap exet Sta@Kxay O ‘AvviBas Eppin peTa TIS duvdpews. nuépa & ExTN TOUS Tapavtivous TOU Pa Siov meptaTpatoredevoavtos, ) mpobuet- AeywEros a0) Bperri peta THS dOEAP 7s vEaVvia KOS Ke VUKTOP 7 pos autor, eldws axpBas Kal cafewpaxws Tov ToTov ep ov TapapuraTTov ) Bpértios épedrev evd@aetv Kal Tapnoew Tots mpoaBurdAovolv. ov pny aT Ors ye THIS ™ po- Soctas efptncer 0 PaBtos Ty mpakw, arr’ aUuTOS pev exeioe maperO ov Houxtav YE, 4 8 adr oTparia mpooéBarre TOUS TeiXeoty eK Te ys Kal OaratTTNS Gua, ToLovca TOAAHY Kpavyny 182 18 FABIUS MAXIMUS This is the way the story is usually told.) But some writers say that the woman by whom the Bruttian was won over, was not a Tarentine, but a Bruttian, and a concubine of Fabius, and that when she learned that the commander of the Bruttian garrison was a fellow-countryman and an acquaint- ance of hers, she told Fabius, held a conference with the man beneath the walls of the city, and won him completely over. XXII. While this plot was under way, Fabius schemed to draw Hannibal away from the neighbour- hood, and therefore gave orders to the garrison at Rhegium to overrun Bruttium and take Caulonia by storm. This garrison numbered cight thousand, most of them deserters, and the refuse of the soldiers sent home from Sicily in disgrace by Marcellus, men whose loss would least afflict and injure Rome. Fabius expected that by casting these forces, like a bait, in front of Hannibal, he would draw him away from Tarentum. And this was what actually happened. For Hannibal immediately swept thither in pursuit with his army. But five days after Fabius had laid siege to Tarentum, the youth who, with his sister, had come to an understanding with the Bruttian commander in the city, came to him by night. He had seen and knew precisely the spot at which the Bruttian was watching with the purpose of handing the city over to its assailants. Fabius, however, would not suffer his enterprise to depend wholly upon the betrayal of the city. While, there- fore, he himself led a detachment quietly to the appointed spot, the rest of his army attacked the walls by land and sea, with great shouting and 1 So, substantially, by Livy, xxvii. 15. 183 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ / bd e “a , r sf xat OopuBov, axpt ob} Tov TrAELaoTWY TaparyTivwr éxet BonOovvtwy Kal cupdhepopévwy tots Tetxyo- ~ , a“ e paxovaw éeoijpnve tw PaBiw tov xatpov o Bpér- \ ’ “ TOS, Kat dia KALdKwY dvaBas expatTnoe TIS TOANEWS. wn ‘4 “ "Evravéa peévro. doxet hirotipias ATTwv yeve- \ cOat- Tovs yap Bpettiovs mpwtovs amocpattew \ ExX€XEVTEV, WS p47) Tpododia THY Todw EXoV pavepos yévorto. Kai tavtTns te Sujpapte Tis , d0—ns kat dsaBornv amiatias mpocédaBe kai ’ b / \ \ \ a @poTnTos. améBavoy O€ ToAXGL Kal TOV Tapar- , iA A Tivo: ot d€ mpabévtes eyévovto Tpiapuptot, Kal , 9 THY TOAW 7 OTpaTLAa SinpTracev’ avnvéxOn 4 \ 4 els TO Onuootoy Tpiaxidia TaddAaVTa. TavtTwy dé a ” b) / \ , / \ TOV AAWV ayopnEVWY Kal hepopevwy NEYETAL TOY , a ral a ypappatéa mulécGat tod PaBiov wepi tav Ocwv , 4 \ f Ti KedEvEel, TAS ypadas ovTW TpocayopevcavTa Kal Tovs avopiavtas: tov otv PaBiov eimeiv: \ ‘’Amorettwpev Tovs Ocovs Tapartivots reyorw- / 99 3 A b] A X \ ame feevous. ov pny adda TOV KOoNocGOV TOU Hpa- , Kréous petaxopicas é« Tdpavtos éatnoev év y , \ ‘4 ¥ ? , ~ a RamiTwAto, Kal TANGLOV EdiTTroV ELxOVva YadKHv ¢ cal \ , A ’ ? €avtov, ToAv MapxédrXAov davets atot@TEpos \ fa a > fad b a wv mept tadta, paddrgov & drws Exeivor avdpa aoTnTt Kai diravOpwria Oavyactov amodeiEa es 7 : ar p ms a 7 @s év Tols Tept éxetvou yéypamTTal. XXIII. ’AvviBav 6€ Aéyetat Siwxovra Tea- gapdxovta povots atrodethOjvar atadios, Kal 184 FABIUS MAXIMUS ‘tumult, until most of the Tarentines had run to the aid of those who were defending them. Then the Bruttian gave Fabius the signal, and he scaled the walls and got the mastery of the city. At this point, however, Fabius seems to have been overcome by his ambition, for he ordered his men to put the Bruttians first of all to the sword, that his possession of the city might not be known to be duc to treachery. He not only failed to prevent this knowledge, but incurred also the reproach of perfidy and cruelty. Many of the Tarentines also were slain, thirty thousand of them were sold into slavery, their city was plundered by the Romau army, and three thousand talents were thereby brought into the public treasury. While everything else was carried off as plunder, it is said that the accountant asked Fabius what his orders were concerning the gods, for so he called their pictures and statues; and that Fabius answered: “ Let us leave their angered gods for the Tarentines.’’ However, he removed the colossal statue of Heracles from T'arentuim, and set it up on the Capitol, and near it an equestrian statue of himself, in bronze. He thus appeared far more eccentric in these matters than Marcellus, nay rather, the mild and humane conduct of Marcellus ‘ was thus made to seem altogether admirable by contrast, as has been written in his Life.! XXIII. It is said that Hannibal had got within five miles of Tarentum when it fell, and that openly 1 Chapter xxi. Marcellus had enriched Rome with works of Greek art taken from Syracuse in 212 B.c. Livy’s opinion is rather different from Plutarch’s: sed maiore animo generis eius praeda abstinuit Fabius quam Marcellus, xxvii. 16. Fabius killed the people but spared their gods; Marcellus spared the people but took their gods. 185 PLUTARCH’S LIVES havepas wey eitetv: “"Hy apa xat ‘Pwpatots ’Av- viBas tis Ereposs ameRidopev yap THv Tapav- Tivay TOW waTEp eAdBoper,” idia bé TOTE Tpo- Tov aUT@ TapaaTivar ™ pos TOUS pidous ELTTELV, WS Taral pev Ewpa Xarerov avrois, viv & advvatov Kpateiy avo TaY UTapyovtwy "ITaXias. TodToV Sevtepoy OpiauBov eOpidpBevoe AapTrpoTepov TOU 7 potépov ba Bros, OoTrep aOANTIS ayabos eTrayortCopEvos | to “AvviBa Kal padics aTonvo- HEVCS avrov Tas mpdkers, OoTEp dupara Kat ha Bas OUKETL TOV AUTO éxovoas Tovov. 7) pev yap aveito THs Suvdpews alto dia tpudny Kal TAOUTOD, 4 6 OoTEp ébjpBdvvo Kal KaTate- TpLTTO TOLS dropnrots AYO. | *Hy be Mapxos AiBtos, ov TOV Tdpavta ppov- pobyros 0 "A vias aT ecTnTEY Guus S€ THY ak pay KATE XOV ouK _€EexpovaGn, Kal duepvdafev ax pe TOU TaXLVY UTO ‘Popaious ryevér Oar TOUS Tapavti- vous. ToUTOY nvia Pa Bros TLM@PEVOS, Kal ToTe Tpos THY oUyKANTOV um POovov Kai prroripias eevex Geis elev ws ov PaBios, ddr’ adtos altos YEvOLTO TOU THY Tapavtivey ar@vat. yeXaoas obv O Pdfr0s, “"AAnO} éyets, elev, “et BN yap ov THv ToAw améBares, ovK av éyw Tapé- AaBov.” XXIV. Oc 8 “Pwpaior Td a andra ™@ Pain mpoaepépovTo AauT pas, Kal Tov vioy avuTov Da- Buov dveberFav Uratov. Ta ahaBovtos bé THY apxny avTov Kal StoixobvTos Tl TOV TWpos TOV moNenov o Tatip, eite Sa yhpas Kal acbéverav 186 188 FABIUS MAXIMUS he merely remarked: “It appears, then, that the Romans have another Hannibal, for we have lost Tarentum even as we took it”; but that in private he was then for the first time led to confess to his friends that he had long seen the difficulty, and now saw the impossibility of their mastering Italy with their present forces. For this success, Fabius cele- brated a second triumph more splendid than his first, since he was contending with Hannibal like a clever athlete, and easily baffling all his undertakings, now that his hugs and grips no longer had their old time vigour. For his forees were partly enervated by luxury and wealth,! and partly blunted, as it were, and worn out by their unremitting struggles. Now there was a certain Marcus Livius, who commanded the garrison of Tarentum when Hannibal got the city to revolt. He occupied the citadel, however, and was not dislodged from this position, but held it until the Romans again got the upper hand of the Tarentines. This man was vexed by the honours paid to Fabius, and once, carried away by his jealousy and ambition, said to the senate that it was not Fabius, but himself, who should be credited with the capture of Tarentum. At this Fabius laughed, and said: “ You are right; had you not lost the city, I had not taken it.” XXIV. Among the other marks of high favour which the Romans conferred upon Fabius, they made his son Fabius consul.2 When this son had entered upon his office and was arranging some matter pertaining to the war, his father, either by reason of his age and weakness, or because he was 1 In 216-215 3.c. Hannibal made the opulent city of Capua his winter quarters. * 213 B.C, 187 PLUTARCH’S LIVES v7 , ~ 4 b \ 9439 elite Stavretpwpevos Tov Tatdos, avaBas ef’ tao \ a 4 : TpoTyel Sia TOV EVTVYXAVOVTWY KAL TEPLETTWTWY. e rY / / o 6€ veavias xatidwy TroppwHev ovK nvéoxeTo, / b ¢ / > # “a X méuas 8 vumnpétny éxédevoe xataBivat Tov % nw ™ matépa Kal dt avtov mpocedOeiv, e bn Te TUYXA- a a ¥ ver THS apxns Sedpuevos. Kal Tovs péey adXouS , \ / \ a” ‘ Hviace TO emitaypa, Kal ciwmh mpos Tov PaPBtov “~ , ws avakia Tacyovta tHS Sons améPAXeEYrav: \ a \ ~ autos § éxeivos atomndynaas Kata Taxos, OatTov A , ‘ \ eX 9 , \ \ 1 Badnv wpos tov viov érexGeis, Kai TeptBarwv A b] , “cc i 33 % ‘ec @ ~ Kal dowacapevos, “kv ye, elev, ‘“@ mal, dpo- “A 4 veils Kat mpatrets, aigPouevos Tivwy apyels Kat , sf 9 f b A fod Q mnarixns peyeOos aveinhas apyijs. ovTw Kal ~ s \ ¢€ 4 , nmets Kal of mpoyovor THY “Pwpny nuEnoapev, év ~ “A \ ~ ~ , Sevtépw xal yoveis xal mwaidas det TOY THS TaTpI- a >] dos Kar@y TUOépevor. “ “A g A Adyerat & ws adnOas tov PaBiov tov mpo- 4 € , mantov év d0€n kai duvape peyiatn Popaiwy \ “A yevoMEVOY TEVTAKLS pev avTOY UTaTEevoaL Kal OpidpBous ex Twodéuwv peyiotwy émipaverTatous “ > eA Q Katayayeiv, vmatevovte 6 vie mpecReuTHY avpy- eEeAOeiv emt tov morepov, ev d€ 7H OptapBo \ \ bd / SN , N 2 of Tov pev elcedauvey emt tO pire, Tov 6 imtov w \ a v ] é a 9 €xyovTa peTa TOV aAAWY eTAKOAOUEELY, ayan- ~ 8 “ , nw“ Q ~ Adpuevov STL TOD pev viod KUpLos, TMV Se TOALTOY s péytatos Kal oy Kal mpocayopevopevos, VaTEpor fo “A Ld / aitov Tod vomov Kat Tod apxovTos TLAnory. “A X , , GAG yap exElvos ovK amo ToUTwY povoy Aav- actos Hv. 188 FABIUS MAXIMUS putting his son to the test, mounted his horse and rode towards him through the throng of bystanders. The young man caught sight of his father at a distance and would not suffer what he did, but sent a lictor with orders for him to dismount and come to the eonsul on foot if he had any need of his offices. All the rest were offended at this command, and implied: by their silent gaze at Fabius that this treatment of him was unworthy of his high position. But Fabius himself sprang quickly from his horse, almost ran to his son, and embraced him affection- ately. “Myson,” he said, “ you are right in thought and act. You understand what a people has made you its officer, and what a high office you have received from them. It wasin this spirit that our fathers and we ourselves have exalted Rome, a spirit which makes parents and children ever second- ary to our country’s good.” And of a truth it is reported of the great-grand- father of our Fabius, that though he had the greatest reputation and influence in Rome, and though he had himself been consul five times and had celebrated the most splendid triumphs for the greatest wars, he nevertheless, when his son was consul, went forth to war with him as his lieutenant,” and in the triumph that followed, while the son entered the city on a four-horse chariot, the father followed on horseback , with the rest of the train, exulting in the fact that,. though he was master of his son, and was the greatest: of the citizens both in name and in fact, he yet put himself beneath the law and its official. However, this was not the only admirable thing about him. . 4 Experiri volui, fili, satin scires consulem te esse.” Livy, xxiv. 44 * 292 B.C. 189 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tod 5€ DaBiov tov viov atubaveiv oven’ Kal THY pev cuppopav WS aviip TE Ppovepos Kal TaThp XpnaT0s TIVE KE peTpLoTarTa, To 8 éyxo- pov, 0 Tais éxxoptdais TMV éerihavav ot Tpoc- NKOVTES EMLTEAOVTLY, AUTOS Ele KaTAGTAaS €v > “a \ , \ /, b] £5 ayopa, Kal ypayras tov doyov éEeowxev. XXV. ’Ezrel dé LenTiov KopyjAtos ets TBrpiav menus Kapyndovious pev €€nNaCE paxats ToOK- rats Kparioas, Gun dé maprodva xal TONELs peyanas Kal Tpaypata Aaptpa ‘Pwpaiots Ktnod- pevos euvorav elye kat Sofav éravehOov bony ” by , ccd 4 \ anros ovdeis, Urratos 5€ Katactafels wal Tor dHuov aicGopuevos peyadny atraitodyta Kal Tpoc- Seyouevoyv mpativ abtod,’ To péev avToOs oup- , \ 5 , 9 al e “ / mréxecGat mpos AvviBav apyaioy nyetto Nav \ / Nae, \ ¥ U ‘ Kal wpecButixov, adtny 5€ Kapyndova cat At- Bony ev0ds éuarnoas OTAWY Kal oTpaTeUvpLdToV Stevoetto TropGetv Kal Tov ToAEMOY Ex THS Itadias éxel peOrotavat, cal mpos TovTO TavTt TS Oup@ , ‘ A ) fe) \ / b] “ cuveEwppya tov Shpov, evtavd0a 87 DaBros emi wav Séous aywv THY TONY, @s UT avdpos avontou Kal véou hepopeévny eis Tov ExyaTtov Kal péytaTov Kivdv- vov, oUTE AGYoU Hetdopevos out Epyou SoKxobvTos ’ f \ , \ \ \ y GTOT peWely TOUS TOALTAS THY pev BovANV ETTELCE, » bé 82m dia HOdvov eSoxer TOD TnTiwvos evnpe- TE 1P4 : ped : ae “ > poovros émiAauBavecBat cal Sedrévat, pn Te peya xal Napmmpov eEepyacapévov Kal Tov TodEpoV 7) 4 ’ , “a al b ] , b / TavTaTact averovtTos 7 TIS Itadtas éxBaXrovTos 2 avrov Bekker corrects to wap’ abrod. 190 FABIUS MAXIMUS But the son of our Fabius, as it happened, died, and this affliction he bore with equanimity, like a wise man and a good father. The funeral oration, which is pronounced at the obsequies of illustrious men by some kinsman, he delivered himself from his place in the forum, and then wrote out the speech and published it.? XXV. But now Cornelius Scipio was sent into Spain, where be not only conquered the Carthaginians in many battles, and drove thein out of the country, but also won over a multitude of nations, and took great cities with splendid spoils, so that, on his return to Rome, he enjoyed an incomparable favour and fame, and was made consul.? Perceiving that the people demanded and expected a great achieve- ment from him, he regarded the hand to hand struggle with Hannibal there in Italy as very antiquated and senile policy, and purposed to fill Libya at once, and the territory of Carthage itself, with Roman arms and soldiery, and ravage them, and thus to transfer the war from Italy thither. To this policy he urged the people with all his soul. But just at this point Fabius tried to fill the city with all sorts of fear. They were hurrying, he said, under the guidance of a foolhardy young man, into the remotest and greatest peril, and he spared neither word nor deed which he thought might deter the citizens from this course. He brought the senate over to his views; but the people thought that he attacked Scipio through jealousy of his success, and that he was afraid lest, if Scipio performed some great and glorious exploit and either put an end to the war entirely or removed it out of Italy, his own 1 Cf. chapter i. 5. 2 205 B.C. IgI PLUTARCH'S LIVES avTos apyos pavyn Kai wardaxds ev TosovT® ypor@ »} Cramer ohen Kans. aie 8 oppijoas pev €& apxijs o PaBros 7 pos TO avriheyery UI TOhAHS dopareias Kat wWpo- voias, méyay ovTa. Sedtas TOV Kivovvoy, € évreivat b€ THWS parrov eavTov Kal Toppwtépe ™ poaxdijvat pirorepig Tivi Kal pirovernia, KWAUVWY TOD XKN- miwvos THY avfnowy, 65 ye Kal Kpdocor érrerBe, TOV cuvuTaTevovTa TB Lar iove, pen 7 apeivat THY oTparnyiay pnd wmeixery, aX auto, et do€etev, em Kapyndovious Tepa.ova Gat, Kal xp pata S08 hvac pos TOV TONEHOD oUK €lace. Yp2)- para pev ov LanTiov EaUT@ mopiterv avayKa- Copevos 7} HYELpE mapa TOV ey Tuppnvig TovEwY idia ™ pos QuTov oixelos Sraxerpevey Kal xapelopevov: Kpdocov 6é Ta pev 4 pvars ovK ovTa pirovetKov, Gdra 7 paov, olxot Karteixe, Ta O€ Kal vopos Betos lepwavrny EyovTa THY wEeyiaTny. XXVI. Atvéts obtv cal’ éErépav obdv avavtayr o baBtos TO XKNTIWOVE KATEKWAVE TOUS Oppepevous aUT@ ovotparever Oar TOY réwov Kal KaTetxen, év TE Tais Bovnais Kal TALS exKAna tals Rom GS oux avtos ’AvviBav amodidpacKot povos 0 LKn- TiwVv, GAAA Kal THY UToAOLTTOY éxTrACOL AAB@vV Stvauiv éx THs Iradtas, dnpaywyav éATiat TOUS véeous Kal avaTrelOwy amroALTEiy youtas Kal yuvat- Kas Kal TrodLy, Hs ev Oupars émixpato@v Kal anr- THTOS 0 TONE|LLOS KdOnrar. Ka HEVTOL Taira Aéyou éhoBnae Tous ‘Pwpaious, Kal £ovols avTov epndicavto ypncOat tots év Yexedia oTpatevpact 1 uh supplied by Sintenis? and Bekker. 1g2 18 FABIUS MAXIMUS failure to end the war after all these years would be attributed to sloth and cowardice. Now it is likely that Fabius began this opposition out of his great caution and prudence, in fear of the danger, which was great; but that he grew more violent and went to greater lengths in his opposition out of ambition and rivalry, in an attempt to check the rising influence of Scipio. For he even tried to persuade Crassus, Scipio’s colleague in the consulship, not to surrender the command of the army and not to yield to Scipio, but to proceed in person against Carthage, if that policy were adopted. He also prevented the granting of moneys for the war. As for moneys, since he was obliged to provide them for himself, Scipio collected them on his private account from the cities of Etruria, which were devotedly attached to him; and as for Crassus, it was partly his nature, which was not contentious, but gentle, that kept him at home, and partly also a religious custom, for he was pontifex maximus, or High Priest. XXVI. Accordingly, Fabius took another way to oppose Scipio, and tried to hinder and restrain the young men who were eager to serve under him, crying out in sessions of the senate and the assembly that it was not Scipio himself only who was running away from Hannibal, but that he was sailing off from Italy with her reserve forces, playing upon the hopes of her young men, and persuading them to abandon their parents, their wives, and their city, although the enemy still sat at her gates, masterful and undefeated. And verily he frightened the Romans with these speeches, and they decreed that Scipio should employ only the forces which were then in Sicily, and take with him only three hundred of the 29S VOL. Ill. 0 PLUTARCH’S LIVES kal tov év “lBnpia yeyovotwy per avtod tpta- Koglous aye, ois éxpito wioTois. TavTa pe otv éddxer TrodtTEevedOat mpos THY EavTOd dvoL o DaBros. "Ewet 6¢ Lan iovos els AtBunv diaBadvros evd Us epya Oavpaora Kal Tm pacers UTEpnpavot TO peye- 0S Kal TO KAXXOS ELS ‘Popyy aTNnyyéXXovTO, Kai papTupovyTa Tals dijpuats eimeTo Addupa TONNG, kat Baoirevs o Nopdbwr aixpardwros, Kal dvo oT paToTEow@y ud’ va Karpov EMT pro els Kai pOopa TOARGY pev avOpwrov, Todav o Om Kai immw@v €v AVTOLS TUYKATAKEKAULEVWY, Kal TPEC- Betas wpos ‘AvviBav éréurovto mapa Kapyn- Soviwy KadovwTwv Kal Seopevwy é€acavta Tas GUTENELS exelvas edrridas oixade BonGety, év be ‘Popn TUvTOV eXovT@Y tov Xxntriwva bia oto- patos eT ors katopbw@pact, Da Bros ngiou mepTrea Gat Leymiove d:adoxov, anhnv pev ouK EYwv mpopacty, cir@y dé To pUnpovevopevor, ws emia pares ECTL TLOTEVELY dvdpos € E08 TUX THAL- KavTa Tpaypara, YareTov yap del evTUyely TOV autor, oUTw@ 7 poo expovaev 778n Todois, ws bu- gKoXOS avnp Kal BacKavos i) TuTAY UTO YyIPwsS ATOR LOS yeyovms Kal ducerms, TEpaLTEpw TE TOD petptou catateBa p37 LEVos TOV ‘AvriBay. ovoé yap ext hevoavTos avTou peTa Tov duvapewy eg "Itadias elace TO xatpov Kal TeJappnKos TOV TONLTOV aopuBov Kal BéBaroy, GNAA TOTE én padiata Ta Wpdy“aTa TH TWOAE Jeoven Tapa Tov €axatov Kxivduvoy émiaparas Eye edeye: 194 FABIUS MAXIMUS men who had been with him in Spain,—men who had served him faithfully. In this course, at any rate, Fabius seems to have been influenced by his own cautious temper. But as soon as Scipio had crossed into Africa, tidings were brought} to Rome of wonderful achieve- ments and of exploits transcendent in magnitude and splendour. These reports were confirmed by abundant spoils which followed them; the king of Numidia was taken captive; two of the enemy’s camps were at once destroyed by fire, and in them a great number of men, arms, and horses; embassies were sent from Carthage to Hannibal urgently calling upon him to give up his fruitless hopes in Italy and come to the aid of his native rity ;? and when every tongue in Rome was dwelling on the theme of Scipio's successes, then Fabius demanded that a - successor should be sent out to replace him. He gave no other reason, but urged the well remembered maxim that it was dangerous to entrust such vast interests to the fortune of a single man, since it was difficult for the same man to have good fortune always. By this course he gave cifence now to many, who thought him a captious and malicious man, or one whose old age had robbed him utterly of courage and confidence, so that he was immoderately in awe of Hannibal. For not even after Hannibal and his army had sailed away from Italy? would he suffer the rejoicing and fresh courage of the citizens to be un- disturbed and assured, but then even more than ever he insisted that the city was running into extremest peril and that her affairs were in a dangerous plight. 1 204 B.C. Cte Livy, xxxi.19, 3 203 B.C. 195 o 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Bapuregov yap év AcBun 7 po Kapx doves avtots "AvpviBav éuneceicbat, Kal otpatov aT AVT TEL Lanmiave TOAN@Y ETL Oeppov avToxpaTtopwv aipare Kal SixTaTopav Kal UT ato" @aTe THY TOMY avds UTd TOV NOYwY TOVTwWY avatapat- recOal, Kai TOU TroNémou pEeOeaTwTOS eis AtBunv eyyutéepw Tis “Pwuns olecOar yeyovévar tor doBov. XXVII. ‘AXXG LKnT Lov fev ov peTa TrOAUY x povov avTov TE VLKYOAS waxy KaTa patos ‘AvviBav Kal kataBarwpy TO ppovnpa Kal KaTa- TATHCAS THS Kapxnéovos UToTETOVeNS, aT éOWKE peifova Xapav amdans érmidus Tots TodiTass, KaL THY NWyepoviay ws arnbars ‘TOAAG Taro cevadcioay apdwoe mad” : PaBros dé Ma£tpos ov Ounpece TO Bio 7 pos TO rob TONE LOU TEROS, ove” Kovoey "AvviBav HT TH LEVOY, ovoé THY peya- qv Kal BeBacov evTuxiav TAS. marTptoos émeldev, GNAG mept ov x povoy ‘AvviBas amhpev €& ‘Iranias voow KapLwv eTENEUTNTED. ‘Erapevavoay pev obp @nBaior Snpocta, dia Teviay, iv aTédTTEV O avnp, edayray. ovdey yap oiKoL TENEUTI}TAVTOS evpeO hvat mANy OPE oKov ardnpoby Aéyovot' PaBiov 4é ‘Popaitor Sypooia HEV OUK éxrjdevear, idia 8 ExaaToU TO o JuKPOTATOV avT@ T@DV VOpLg WATOY ETEVEYKOVTOS, ovy ws ov evSevav TpoaapKovvTwn, GNX’ OS TATEPA TOD Syjpov Garrovtos, € eoxe Tin nat do£av 6 Oavatos avtod T@ Biw mpéToveap. > WORAG . ..mddav with Bekker, as adapted from (6eel) ToAAG oadw aelaavtes &p9warav wad, Sophocles, Antigone, 163. Sintenis corrected Gpdwae to HpOwoey, after Coraés, and printed the whole as an iambic trimeter verse. 196 1 9( FABIUS MAXIMUS For Hannibal, he said, would fall upon them with all the greater effect in Africa at the gates of Carthage, and Scipio would be confronted with an army yet warm with the blood of many imperators, dictators, and consuls. Consequently, the city was once more confounded by these speeches, and although the war had been removed to Africa, they thought its terrors were nearer Rome. XXVII. But shortly afterward Scipio utterly de- feated Hannibal himself in battle, humbled and trod under foot the pride of fallen Carthage, restored to his fellow-citizens a joy that surpassed all their hopes, and in very truth “righted once more”’ the ship of their supremacy, which had been “shaken in a heavy surge.” Fabius Maximus, however, did not live to see the end of the war, nor did he even hear of Hannibal's defeat, nor behold the great and assured prosperity of the country, but at about the time when Hannibal set sail from Italy, he fell sick and died.! Epaminondas, it is true, was buried by the Thebans at the public cost, because of the poverty in which he died, for it is said that nothing was found in his house after his death except a piece of iron money. Fabius, however, was not buried by the Romans at the public charge, but each private citizen contributed the smallest coin in his posses- sion, not because his poverty called for their aid, but because the people felt that it was burying a father, whose death thus received honour and regard befitting his life. 2203 uc. Cf. Livy, xxx. 26. 197 ° ~- ee vot PLUTARCH’S LIVES NEPIKAEOYS KAI ®ABIOY MAZIMOY SYPKPISIS I. Oc péev ody Biot tev dvdpmv totavTny éyovow iotopiav. émet b& Kal TodtTiKAs Kal TONEMIKHS APETHS TOAAG Kal Kaa Tapadelypata KaTaneroiTacw auhotepol, Pepe THY TOAEMLKOY éxeivo Tpwtov AdBwper, OTe IlepexAHs pev aptota TpaTtovTe TO Onuw Kal peyiotw Kal’ avrov ovTt Kal paddicta mpos Sivapw daxpdalovte ypapevos bro Kons av Soketev evtuxias Kal pons mpaypa- tTav acdarys Siayevécba nal amtatotos, at bé DaBiov mpakes ev aicytotos Kal duvomotpo- Tato Katpois avabeEapevov THY TONY, OVK eT ayabots dopary Sretnpnoav, adr’ €x Kakay Ets Bertiw petéotnoav. Kal Ileprrret pev at Kiuwvos evrpakiar cat ta Mupwridov cal tra Aewxpatous tTpoTwaia Kat moka Kal peydda Torpidys xatopOav éveoptdcat paddgqov xal eumavnyupioa, oTpatnyoovte Thy TOA 7) KTHTA- cOat Tovéuw Kat durdEa wapébwxav: PaBros & 6pav Todkdas pev guyas Kal HTTas, Toddovs de Gavdtovs Kat ahayas avtoxpatopwy Kal otpa- Tnyov, Atuvas Sé Kal media Kai dpvpous vexpov stpatorédwy TAiOovtas, aipate d€ Kal dovw mwotapols a\se ®ardttns péovtas, év Te Kal? Eavtov dppope w' Kat BeBnxote Thy wOdW avTi- AapBardperos xat vrrepeidwv, ovK elace Tots 1 dpuwpérm Bekker corrects to ipyoruevy (attempered), after Coraés. 198 CUMPARISON OF PERICLES AND FABIUS COMPARISON OF PERICLES AND FABIUS MAXIMUS I. Suc is the story of these men’s lives, and since both left behind them many examples of civil as well as military excellence, let us consider, in the first place, the matter of their military achievements. Pericles was at the head of his people when its pros- perity was greatest, when its own strength was at the full, and its imperial power culminating. Apparently, therefore, it was the general good fortune and vigour that kept him free from stumbling and _ falling, whereas the achievements of Fabius, who took charge of his city at times of the greatest disgrace and misfortune, did not maintain her safely in her prosperity, but rather lifted her out of disaster into a better state. And besides, the victories of Cimon, and the trophies of Myronides and Leocrates, and the many great successes of Tolmides, made it the privilege of Pericles, during his administration, to enrich the city with holidays and public festivals, rather than to enlarge and protect her dominion by war. Fabius, on the contrary, whose eyes beheld many disgraceful defeats, many cruel deaths of imperators and generals, lakes and plains and forests filled with slain armies, and rivers flowing with blood and slaughter to the sea, put helping and supporting hands to his city, and by his firm and independent course, prevented her from utte1 199 PLUTARCH'S LIVES EXELYMY um opeponerny Tras pact TEAEWS exXu- Chas. Kattot Oogerev Gv ovy ovTW YadeTrOV elvar TONY év ouppopais peraxerpicac bas TATELYNY Kal TOU _ppovodv7os UT avayKys KATNKOOV ryevo- pevnvy, ws Oe evTUXiay eTnpwEv@ Kal onapyavre TO One aXtvov ep Bareiv DBpews Kat Opacurn- Tos" 3 8 partora paiverat TpOTp Hepixdas 'ABnvalov TE PUryEVO[EVOS. anna, TOV ‘Papaiors CULT ET OVT@Y TOTE KaK@v To péyebos Kal TO TAHOOS loxupov Tia Thy yvoprv' Kat péyav ederEev avépa TOV mu) auyxvlévta pndé mpoéuevoy TOUS AUTOU NO TEENS, ih Kar > Lape pev vmo LepixdXéous drotan THY Tapavros é éore Katahnye avtiOetvat, Kat vn Av’? EvBoa tas Tmept Kayraviay TOXeLs" €7reL aur ye Karin ol mept PovaABiov Kat “Ammtov UTaTot KATETXOV. eK € TapatTagews DaBros ov paivetat ayn vevixnxas TAHV ad As Tov m™po- TEepov elanraceE piapBov, _Tlepexrijs o évvéa TpoTata Kata yhv Kal Kata Oaratray éstycev GTO TOY ToAELiOV. Ov pV A€yeTAaL TOLAUTY mpakts Llepixd€ous, olay empage PaBtos Mwvoveroy efapracas "AvviBouv Kai Siacwoas EVTEAES oTpa- ToTEOoY ‘Popaiwv: KaXov yap TO épyov Kal towvov avopelas o“0v Kal ppovijcews Kab XPNTTOTHTOS® OoTrEp av TdadLVv OvbE opadpa ANéyerat Tlepexréous olov éopdry Paros da tHOv Body KaTaotpatn- Gels UT’ "AvviBov, AaBov ev avTOMATOS Kal Kara TUX NY men Oovta TOS oTEVOLS TOV TohepLop, Tpoeuevos o€ vuKTOs Aadovta Kal pe” 7pépay Biacdpevov cai 6Odcavta pédXXovTOs Kal Kpati- 1 thy yvauny Coraés: yrouny. 200 COMPARISON OF PERICLES AND FABIUS exhaustion through the disasters brought upon her by others. And yet it would appear to be not so dificult a task to manage a city when she is humbled by adversity and rendered obedient to wisdom by necessity, as it is to bridle a people which is exalted by prosperity and swollen with insolence and bold- ness, which is precisely the way in which Pericles governed Athens. Still, the magnitude and multi- tude of evils which afflicted the Romans revealed the steadfast purpose and the greatness of the man who .was not confounded by them, and would not abandon his own principles of action. II. Over against the capture of Samos by Pericles, it is fair to set the taking of Tarentum by Fabius, and against Euboea, the cities of Campania (Capua itself was reduced by the consuls Fulvius and Appius). In open and regular battle, Fabius seems to have won no victory except that for which he celebrated his first triumph!; whereas Pericles set up_nine trophies —tor—his—awars on_land_and_sea. owever, no such exploit is recorded of Pericles as that by which Fabius snatched Minucius from the hands of Hannibal, and preserved an entire Roman army; the deed was certainly a noble one, and showed a combination of valour, wisdom, and kind- ness alike. So, on the other hand, no such defeat_is recorded of Fericles. as that which Fabius suffered when he was outwitted by Hannibal’s stratagem of the oxen; he had his enemy imprisoned in the narrow defile which be had entered of his own accord and accidentally, but let him slip away unnoticed in the night, force his way out when day came, take advantage of his adversary’s delays, and 1 Cf. chapter ii. 1. 201 PLUTARCH'’S LIVES / ~ ~ 3 cavta avddaPovtos. et dé det wn povov xpnoOas a A A lal Tols Tapodaww, adda Kal TexpaiperOat rept Tod péAXOVTOS OpOas tov ayabov otpatnyov, ’AOn- vaio pev ws TepixAns mpoéyvw cal mpoetrev eTENEVTNTEV O TONEMOS* TOAUTTPAYLOVOUYTES yap ? , ‘ ? e€ “A \ \ \ atwrecav thy Suvapiv: “Pwyator 5€ mapa tous Pafiov Aoyta pous exTréwrpavtes et Kapynbovious Lentiova Tavtwy éexpatncav, ov TvXn, copia A a “A \ > , / 6é tod atpatnyod Kat advdpeia Kata Kpatos , \ , Cd ~ 4 vixycaVvTOS TOUS ToAEuiOUS. WOTE TH pev Ta TWralopata HS Tatpioos paptupet Ste Karos éyvw, tov 6€ vTo Tav Katophwpatov ~ / a“ ‘ > ; wv > éMéyxecOa: tod mavtos écdadrpévov. ian 6 dpaptia oTpaTnyov KaK® Tepimeceiy py TpoT- Soxnoavta Kal xatopOmpatos Katpoy amotia mpoécGat. pia yap, ws €olkey, ametpia Kai / a \ 7? ? ~ la Opdicos yevva xat Bdpoos adaipettar. tadta TEpi TMV TOEMLKWY. III. Tis 6€ woditeias péya pev EyxAnpa Tov TlepexXéous 0 1oAepos. A€yeTaL yap éTraKTOs UT , éxeivou yevécOat Aaxedaipoviots épicavtos py évdovvat. s0xm && pnd av DaBiov Makipov > “A , A > ? > “a e évdodvat te Kapynéoviouw, arr evyev@s v7t0- A nm , OTHVAL TOY UTEP THS HyEpoVvias KiVOUVOV. 7 MEVTOL ‘ , ’ , n , \ mpos Miuvovcvuov émieixetca tod DaBiov Kai , ? é N ‘ ry? mpaoTns €déyyet Tov mpos Kipwva nal Oov- Kvélonv otaciac pov, avdpas ayabous xal aptato- 202 COMPARISON OF PERICLES AND FABIUS so conquer his captor. And if it is the part of a good general not only to improve the present, bat \ also to judge correctly of the future, then Pericles was such a general, for the war which the Athenians were waging came to an end as he had foreknown , and foretold ; for they undertook too much and lost: their empire. But it was contrary to the principles of Fabius that the Romans sent Scipio against Carthage and were completely victorious, not through the favour of fortune, but through the wisdom and valour of the general who utterly conquered their enemies. Therefore the very disasters of his country bear witness to the sioacie of Peecless while the successes of the Romans proved that Fabius was completely in the wrong. And it is Just as great a failing in a general to involve himself in disaster from want of foresight, as it is to throw away an opportunity for success from want of confidence. Inexperience, it would seem, is to blame in each ease, which both engenders rashness in a man, and robs a man of courage. So much for their military abilities, II. As for their statesmanship, the Peloponnesian war was a ground of great complaint against Pericles. For it is said to have been brought on by his con- tention that no concession should be made to Sparta. I think, however, that not even Fabius Maximus would have made any concessions to Carthage, but would have nobly undergone the peril needful to maintain the Roman supremacy. Nevertheless, the courteous and gentle conduct of Fabius towards Minucius contrasts forcibly with the factious opposi- tion of Pericles to Cimon and Thucydides, who were both good and true men and of the highest birth, 203 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KPQTLKOUS EUS puyny um avutTod Kal TovaTpaKov EXT ET OVTAS. GNX 4 ye Suvawis pelfwov y] TOU Tlepuxdéous Kal TO Kpdtos. OGev ovd addov ela ev evova TUXATAL TH Tone KaK@S Bovdev- OL pLEvOV aT parn yor, avn’ 4 povos auTov exhuyov fb or pons Kat diwadpevos Bia T pooenTaige Botw- Tous: Ol é aor mposeribevto Kat KATEKOG MOVYTO mates els THY exetvoU ye pny UTO peyebous auTov Tis Suva pens. Paros 6é TO Kal?’ avrov aagaris @y Kal avapd pTNTOS TO 7 pos TO Kove éTepous aduvaT@ patrveTat Aeumdpevos. ov yap av To- cavTals cuppopais éypynoavtTo ‘Pwpato. PaBiou map avtois dcov *A@nvynot Tepixréous Suvn- Oévtos. Kat pany THY YE TPOS Xpnwata peyaroppoa vyny ) pe 70 pon dev haBeiv Tapa Tov didoovtav, o b€ TO mpoéabar TOANG Tots Orop.evors évredeiEaTo, Auodpevos TOU iStoes Xpnpace TOUS aixXparwrous. TAY TOUTWY [Lev OU TOAUS mY dptO 10s, arn’ ogo e& tdXavta: Iepixrys & ovx av tows eitoe tis ga Kal Tapa ouppayov Kal Baotd€éwv Mpenec- aba Kal Jeparreverdat Tapov, THs Suvdpews didovens, abwpotaTov éavtov Kai Kadapwratov epudater. “Epyov ye pny peyébect Kat vaay Kal KaTa- oKevals otxobopnwator, é& ov exoopnoer O TlepucdAs tas ‘A@nvas, ovK akvov o onov TavTa Ta TpoO TOV Katcapav hiroTiunpuata THs ‘Peopns TapaBanreiv, GX’ _eEoxov Tt mpos éxelva Kat davyK pLTOV 7) TOVTwY Exye peyadoupyia Kat pmeyaXoTpeTELaA TO TPWTELOV. 204 COMPARISON OF FERICLES AND FABIUS and yet were subjected by him to ostracism and banishment. But Pericles had greater influence and power than Fabius. For this reason he did not suffer any other general to bring misfortune upon the city by his evil counsels, except that Tolmides broke away from his guidance, carried through by main force a plan for attacking Boeotia, and met with disaster ; but the rest all attached themselves submissively to his opinion, owing to the greatness of his influence. Fabius, on the other hand, though sure and unerring in his own conduct of affairs, seems to have fallen short through his inability to restrain others. Surely the Romans would uot have suffered so many disasters if Fabius had been as influential with them as Pericles was at Athens. And further, as regards their freedom from mercenary views, Pericles displayed it by never taking any gifts at all; Fabius by his liberality to the needy, when he ransomed at his own costs his captured soldiers. Albeit the amount of his property was not great, but about six talents. And Peri though ps_had opportunities, own ig to. his. authority an mage nce, le enrich himself from obsequious allies and kings beyond all possible estimates, never- theless kept himself pre-eminently superior to bribes and free from corruption. By the side of the great public works, the temples, and the stately edifices, with which Pericles adorned Athens, all Rome’s attempts at splendour down to the times of the Caesars, taken together, are not worthy to be considered, nay, the one had a tower- ing pre-eminence above the other, both in grandeur of design, and grandeur of execution, which pre- cludes comparison. 205 NIKITA I. ’Ezet doxodpev ovx ATOTOS 7@ Nixia tov K paacov TapaBarrey, Kat ra TMap0uxa 7ra8}- HaTa TOS Luxeducois, apa mapatteia Bar Kal Tapaxanrety vTep euod TOUS evtTuyXavovTas Tots cuyypappace TOUTOLS, oT ws emt Tals Sunynoeccy ais Souxvdidns, avTos auTou mepl TavTa madn- TLKOTATOS, évapyéctatos, TOLKLATATOS YEVOLEVOS, CL Llf{LTWS efevnvoxe, pn dev meas vToAaBwor metrovoevar Tcpatw dos Gpotov, os edmrigas TOV pep Qovevdidnv UmepBaneta Bar SeuvoTnte, TOV be Pirtarov an odeiberv TavTaTadt poptixoy Kal istoTnv, bia pécwv @betrar TH faropig TOY padora. KkaTopOmpevov € exeivous ayovev Kal vav- paxylav cat Snunyopiav, ov pa Ata mapa Avéov appa mefos olyvevwy as dnae Iivdapos, GN’ dhs TUS oyriuadns Kai [ELPAKLOOTS aivopevos év TovrTots, Kal KATA TOV Aidirov mays, ovOurevpevos aTéaTe VLKENKG, TOAAXOU 5 Dmoppéwy els TOV Eevapyor, OoTEP oTay reyn TOUS ‘A@nvators oL@ovov nyncaaGat yeyovévat Tov amo THs vikns ExovTAa TovVVvo“a 208 NICIAS I. I tuink that Nicias is a suitable parallel to Crassus, and the Sicilian to the Parthian disaster. I must therefore at once, and in all modesty, entreat my readers not to imagine for an instant that, in my narration of what Thucydides has inimitably set forth, surpassing even himself in pathos, vividness, and variety, I am so disposed as was Timaeus. He, confidently hoping to excel Thucydides in skill, and to make Philistus seem altogether tedious and clumsy, pushes his history along through the conflicts and sea-fights and harangues which those writers had already handled with the greatest success, showing himself, in rivalry with them, not even so much as “‘ By Lydian car a footman slowly plodding,’ to use Pindar’s comparison,! nay rather, a perfect example of senile learning and youthful conceit, and, in the words of Diphilus, “ Obese, stuffed to the full with Sicilian grease.” ? Indeed, he often lapses unawares into the manner of Xenarchus, as, for instance, when he says he thinks it was a bad omen for the Athenians that Nicias, whose namc was derived from victory, declined at 1 One of the Fragmenta Incerta (Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graect, i‘, p. 450). 2 Kock, Cum. Att. Frag. ii. p. 576. 209 VOL. UL. P PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTparnyov QVYTELTOVTA TPOS THY oTparnyiay, Ka TH TEepiKon 7 TOV “Eppav T poo npaiverv avTois TO Satmoviov, ws UvTd ‘Eppoxparovs TOU "Eppovos TAELTTA TELTOVTAL TAPA TOV TOAEMOY’ ETL O ELKOS civat Tov ‘Hpaxréa trois pev Xuvpaxovoiots Bon- Oeiv d1a tHv Kopny, wap’ is EXaBe tov KépBepov, ? / 4 a Ld iad 4 9 4 opyitec Baz b€ Tots AOnvatots, 6te Tos Atyeotéas, atoyovous dvras Tpwwrv, écwkov, avtos 8 vir Aaouédovros adixnOeis advictatov émoinoe THY TOALW. > \ f \ ¥ ? \ a Joa 3 / AXXG TOUT@ [LEV LoWS ATO THS AUTHS EpperElas “~ 4 , > , \ \ 4 4 TAaUTa Te ypadherv emer Kal THY Piriarov SudreEx- La BA \ ~ \ , N22 tov evOuvery, kat Tols wept WAXdtwva Kai’ Aptoto- TéeAnv Roldopetcbat: éeuot 5 GAws pev 1 Trepl NEEW apthrAa Kal EnroTuTia Tpos ETEPoUS pLKpO- mpeTrées haivetat cal aofiatixoy, av d€ pos Ta aulunta yiyvntal, Kal Tedéws avaicOntov. as your Qouxvodidns eEjveyxe mpabeas nal Dirsotos, ry al > v ld 4 N \ émel wapedOeivy ovK att, pardtotd ye On TOV / \ ‘ 4 a .' e N “~ spomov Kai THY Siadbeoty Tod avdpos WTO TOAA@Y Kal peyddwv TAaQ@Y KaXUTTOMEVHY TrEpLEexovaas, éridpapwy Bpayéws kal ua TOY avayxaiwr, iva pn Tavtdtacw daperns dox@® Kal apyos a \ ? ‘ , e > e@ ¢ elvat, Ta dtadevyovTa Tous ToNNous, vp ETEPwY § elpnuéva oopadnv ) mpos avaOjpacw 7h wndicpacty evpnpéva waraois Temetpapat cuvayayety, ov Ty axpnatov abpoifwr ioTopiay, GANG THY TWpos KaTavonow nOovs Kal Tpotrov Tmapac.oous. 210 524 NICIAS first to head tl.eir expedition ; also that, by the muti- lation of the “ Hermae,”’ ! Heaven indicated to them in advance that by the hands of Hermocrates the son of Hermon they were to suffer most of their reverses during the war; and, further, that it was fitting that Heracles should aid the Syracusans, for the sake of their goddess Cora, who delivered Cerberus into his hands, but should be angry with the Athenians, because they were trying to succour the Egestaeans, although they were descendants of the Trojans, whose city he had once destroyed because of the wrong done him by Laomedon their king. As for Timacus, he may possibly have been moved to write thus in the exercise of the same critical taste which led him to correct the language of Philistus and abuse Plato and Aristotle; but as for me, I feel that jealous rivalry with other writers in matters of diction is altogether undignified and pedantic, and if it be practised toward what is beyond all imitation, utterly silly. At all events, those deeds which Thucydides and Philistus have set forth,— since I cannot entirely pass them by, indicating as they do the nature of my hero and the disposition which lay hidden beneath his many great sufferings,— I have run over briefly, and with no unnecessary detail, in order to escape the reputation of utter carelessness and sloth ; but those details which have escaped most writers, and which others have mentioned casually, or which are found on ancient votive offerings or in public decrees, these I have tried to collect, not massing together useless material of research, but handing on such as furthers the appreciation of character and temperament. 1 See chapter xiii. 2. 2m1 p 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Il. “Eveotiv otv wepi Nixiov mpa@tov eitreiy 6 4 J , ad A > & s yeypadev Apiatozéedns, OTL TpEts EyevovTo BedTL- a a \ OTOL TOV TONT@Y KAL TaTpLKNY ExoVTES EvVOLAY kat dirtay pos tov SHpov, Nixias o Nexnpartou , cat Oovevdidns o Medrnaiov nal Onpapévns o ita ¢ dé @ a ? “~ NA \ > Ayvewvos, }TTov S€ oUTOS f ExEivatr Kal yap eis dvayévetav ws Eévos ex Kéw AeAotSopytat, Kai ba ‘ N , +] 9 b , > eA A TO pn ovipov, AX erapdoteptCov aei TH Tpo- f “ , b] s re > , aipéoes THS TrOALTELAS ETTEKAI/On KoOopvos. éxei- vov S€ mpeaButTepos pev o Bouvxvdidys Hv, Kai moAAva kal Ilepixret SnpaywyotvTt tov Kadov Kal aya0@yv mpoiotapevos avTeTOALTEVC ATO, VEew- be J, , , = \ »¥ 4 \ tepos b€ Nixias yevopevos iv pev ev Tit NOY Kai A “ A Tlepixréous C@vtos, @aTE KaKELY BUATPATHYHCAaL kat xaQ’ avtov ap&at mroddakts, Hepixréovs 8 amoBavovtos evOus ets TO Tpwrevelvy TponyOn, 4 a“ / padiocTa pey WTO TOV TrOVTiwY Kal yYwpiponr, avTitaypa Trolovpéevwy avtTov zpos thy Kréwvoc ‘\ \ \ A Bserupiav cal TorApay, ov pV GdAa Kal Tov SAuor elyev ebvouy Kal cupdidroTipovpevor. + N 4 € ha 4 , ce “A Joyve pév yap 0 KrXéwv péya “ yepovtaywyav 3 a ee bed \ N ‘\ xavaptabapveiv &id0vs,” duws S€ cal THY TeEOVE- Elavy avtod cal tiv itayotyta Kal TO Apacos} oA e op@vres avTol ols mMpos Xap EwpaTtTev, ot TOAXOL \ tov Nixiav émrnyovto. Kati yap ovK hv aveTnpoy 1 +d Opdacos Coraés and Bekker, after Reiske: O@pdvos. 212 NICIAS IJ, Accordingly, | may say of Nicias, in the first place, what Aristotle wrote,! namely, that the three best citizens of Athens,—men of hereditary good will and friendship for the people,—were Nicias the son of Niceratus, Thucydides the son of Melesias, and Theramenes the son of Hagnon. However, this was true of the last in lesser degree than of the other two, because he has been flouted for inferior parentage as an alien from Ceos; and on account of his not being steadfast, but ever trying to court both sides in his’ political career, was nicknamed “ Cothurnus.”’ ? Of the other two, Thucydides was the older man, and as head of the aristocratic party,—the party of the “Good and True,’—often opposed Pericles in his efforts to win the favour of the people. Nicias was a younger man. He was held in some repute even while Pericles was still living, so that he was not only associated with him as general, but frequently had independent command himself; after Pericles was dead,’? Nicias was at once put forward into the position of leader, especially by the party of the rich and notable. These made him their champion to face the disgusting boldness of Cleon. And yet, for that matter, the common people also held him in favour and aided his ambitions. For although Cleon had great influence with them, “by coddling them, and giving frequent jobs for pay,” 4 yet the very men whose favour he thus sought to gain were aware of his rapacity and fierce effrontery, and for the most part preferred Nicias as their champion. 1 Constitution of Athens, xxviii. 5. 2 The high boot of tragic actors, which cuuld be worn on either foot. 3 429 B.C. * An iambic trimeter from an unknown comic poet (Kock, Com. Att. Frau., iii. p. 400). 213 to PLUTARCH'S LIVES ovd éraybés ayav avtov TO aepvoy, ddd’ EL \a- 4 4 A + | “ a , ~ Bela Tiwi pepeypévov ait@ TH Sedséevat SoxoivTi cy \ a a , \ a Tous ToAAous bypaywyobv. TH dvaer yap wy 9 N \ ? 9 4 ~ nw aBapans Kai SvoedmIs, €v ev Tots TodE-tKoIs ’ ; 3 , \ , , \ améxpumtev evTuyia Thy Sethiav: Katwpdov yap € “ a \ s 3 “~ f, oparas otpatyyav: to 8 év TH woNLTELa Wodo- Sets Kal mpos tovs auKopuvtas evOopvRnrov avTov kai Snpotixoy éboxet, Kal OvVapty OU pukK- ‘ ~ , ral ~ ° pav aw evvotas Tod Oipou mapeiye TH Sedterar Tous Umrepopavras, av&eww O€ Tovs SedioTas. ois “a N , \ ray yap TOAXOIS TYLN pEeyioTn Tapa THY peLCovwH TO pn KatappovetoOar. ” A z b] , +) ~ 9 nm TIT. [epexdrtjs pév ody amo te apetis adnuvijs a , ? \ , v > ‘ b] a Kal Noyou Suvapews THY TOALY aywv OvdEVvOS EdEtTO oynpatiaod Tpos Tov dyXov ovdEe TiAavoTHTOS, Nuxtas 5€ TovTols peév AELTTOpEVOS, ovaia Sé apoE- 9 b 9 “a b] , A “~ a yov, aw avtis édnpaywye. kal TH Kr€wros ‘ e evyepela kal Bwporoxta pos nOovnv peTayxerpt- b a“ e topévn tovs AOnvaiovs S14 TOV Opmoiwy avTiTrap- , 3 4s wv , b] # XN eure aviPavos ov, Yopyyiais avedkauBave Kat yunvaclapyiars ETEpais TE ToLavTals PidoTipiats Tov Onpov, UTEPBANAOMEVOS TOAUTEAELA KAL YapeTe np ? ‘ P ad : ee ‘ ‘ xX Pp 4 e “ 4 9 e ‘| Tous mpo éavtov Kat xa éavtov amaytas. e , \ \ na ’ , ? “” 7 ¢ al elaTnKeL O€ Kal TOY avaObnpaTwY auTod Kab Has To te [laddadiov év axpoTorel, THY YpvowaLY aToBeBAnKOs, Kal oO TOls YopHytKols TplTrocL 214 NICIAS ‘Lhe dignity of Nicias was not of the harsh, offensive sort, but was blended with much circumspection, and won control of the people from the very fact that he was thought to be afraid of them. Timid as he was by nature, and distrustful of success, in war he managed to succeed in hiding his cowardice under a cloak of good fortune, for he was uniformly success- ful as a general; while in political life his nervous- ness, and the ease with which he could be put to confusion by accusers, actually tended to make him popular, and gave him in high degree that power which comes from the favour of the people, because they fear men who scorn them, but exalt nen who fear them. The multitude can have no greater honour shown them by their superiors than not to be despised. III. Now Pericles led the city by virtue of his native excellence and powerful eloquence, aud had no need to assume any persuasive mannerisms with the multitude; but Nicias, since he lacked such powers, but had excessive wealth, sought by means of this to win the leadership of the people’ And since he despaired of his ability to vie successfully with the versatile buffoonery by which Cleon catered to the pleasure of the Athenians, he tried to captivate the people by choral and gymnastic exhibitions, and other like prodigalities, outdoing in the costliness and elegance of these all his predecessors and con- temporaries. Of his dcdicatory offerings there remain standing in my day not only the Palladium on the acropolis,—the one which has lost its gilding,—but also the temple surmounted by choregic tripods,! in 1 e ~\ s La e Bronze oP were awarded as prizes to the vivtorious choregi in the dithyrambic choral contests, 215 PLUTARCH’S LIVES UToxelmevos ev Avovucou vews evixnoe yap Tod- AdKLs yopnyjaas, eeihOn Se oddérrote. RAéyeTar S év Tit Yopnyta TwapedOeiv oiKéTNs AVTOD KEKoo- 9 an 5] A npevos ets axHua Atovicov, eaddXAaTOS GhOfvat Kal péeytotos, ouTw yeverdov' nobévtwv 8€ TaVv > f an OM \ rd Jaa \ ‘\ A@nvaiwy TH dyer Kai KpotovyTwy él todvv xXpovov, avactas o Nixias eimev ws ovK Sotov nyotto SovAevery Katarednutcudvoy Oe copa, cal TOV veavioxov amnrevbépwoe. Mvnpoveverat 8 abtoS cal ra mwept Anrov ws Nappa Kat OcompeTHn PiroTimnwata. TeV yap A ¢ s “A A Yopav, ods at odes ETETTOV acopevous TO Ded, ; \ ¢ w > \ > ] Ld TpOTTWAEOVTMWY pev ws ETVYEV, EvOLS 8 Gyro Tpos THY vabv amavT@vtos ade KédEevopevav 3 > 4 , > > ¢ . A > 4 Kat ovoéra Koopov, GAN’ Vr oTroVdis acuVvTaK- Tws aTvoPawovTwy dua Kai atedavoupévwr kai rs / peTapdievvupevon, exeivos, OTE THY Oewpiay Fryer, autos pev ets ‘Prverav uméBn Tov yopov éywv Kat Via ce A Ta lepeia Kal THY AXANHV TapacKeuyp, Cedypa be mevroinpevoy AOnvnot wpos Ta péTpa Kal KEKGO- pnpévoy exTpEeTT@S Xpvcwoeodt cal Badais kat \ aoTehavos Kal avrAatalts Kopitwr, dia vuKTos éye- , N , ¢ >) f \ f 4 3 dupwae tov petaEv Pnveias eat Andou ropov ovK OvTa péyav: 610’ dpa ipépa tiv Te TopTHY TO aA \ ‘ wv f a Gem kat TOV Yopov aywr KEXOTUNMEVO! TOAUTENOS cat adovta d:a Tis yepupas aTeBiBale. peta Sé a / Thy Ovaiay Kai Tov ayava Kal Tas éotidgets Tov f \ a ” > s A Te otwixa Tov XarKoby EatHoEV avaOnya TO Ge@, Kai ywpiov puptwv dpaxpav mpidpevos 216 525 NICIAS the precinct of Dionysus. For he was often victorious with choruses, and was never defeated. A story is told how, in one of his choral exhibitions, a house servant of his appeared in the costume of Dionysus, very fair to see, and very tall, the down of youth still upon his face. The Athenians were delighted atthe sight, and applauded for a long time. At last Nicias rose and said he deemed it an unholy thing that one who had been acclaimed as a god should be a slave, and gave the youth his freedom. It is matter of record also how splendid and worthy of the god his lavish outlays at Delos were. The choirs which cities used to send thither to sing the praises of the god were wont to put in at the island in haphazard fashion. The throng of worshippers would meet them at the ship and bid them sing, not with the decorum due, but as they were hastily and tumultuously disembarking, and while they were actually donning their chaplcts and vestments. But when Nicias conducted the festa] embassy, he landed first on the neighbouring island of Rheneia, with his choir, sacrificial victis, and other equipment. Then, with the bridge of boats which he had brought along with him from Athens, where it had been made to measure and signally adorned with gildings and dyed stuffs and garlands and tapestries, he spanned during the night the strait between Rheneia and Delos, which is not wide. At break of day he led his festal procession in honour of the god, and his choir arrayed in lavish splendour and singing as it marched, across the bridge to Jand. After the sacrifices and the choral contests and the banquets were over, he erected the famous bronze palm-tree as a thank offering to the god, and consecrated to his service a tract of 217 tw PLUTARCH'’S LIVES f ? \ ‘ v , Kabépwacv, ob Tas TMpogodous Edee AndLous KaTa- , - ‘4 Qvovras éatiada Gat, Tora Kai ayaba Nixia mapa Tov Oewy aitovpéevous’ Kal yap tTovTO TH oTHAN evéyparpev, iv woTrep hvAaka THs Swpeas ev Anrw , Lf \ “ b a“ e X A , KkatériTrev. 0 5€ hoink éxeivos Ud TOV TVvEUpLA- ’ ‘ > # la’ bd , ’ td Tov amoxracbeis evérrece TO Nakiwv avdpiavte a , Lee f TW MEYAXM Kal avEeTpewe. \ IV. Tovrors 8 ott pev 7oAv to mpos So€av Kat pirotipiay tavyyupixov! kat ayopaioy évectiy, ovK adnroVv, AANA TH OLT@ TpOT@ TOD avdpos Kai Ue TraTevoeev av Tis EvaeBEias emaKOXOU- Ona thy ToravTny yap Kal Snpaywyiay yevé- é ‘ ® a“ ? 4 \ alar shodpa yap Ww tev éexteTANyLévwY Ta Saipovia Kai “ Oeacu@ mpocKeipevos,” o> dnat Oovxvdidns. ev 6€ Tit THY Macipavtos S:aroywv 9 , a & yéypamtat Ott Kal’ nuépav EOve ois Oeois, Kai HavTLL Eywv ET THS OlKiaS TpoTeETTOLEiTO pev aél q a ‘ a oxemrtecOar rept Tav Snpociwv, Ta b€ TrEioTA TEpl TOV LOlwy KaL parista TeEpl TaV apyupEiwv \ boa a HeTdAXwY’ EKEKTHTO yap év TH NaUpEewTLKH TOA- Ad, peyara pev Els TPdTOdOY, OK aKLVvdUVoUS Sé Tas €pyacias éxovta’ Kai TAOS avdpatroéav ad fo , itpepev avTohi, Kai tis ovoias év apyupio ro a > ad bd % 7 ‘ Peek TA€laTOY Elyev. OUEv ovK OrLYOL TeEpL avTOV @ ’ A ‘ / Wwe. ‘ ’ joav avtovvTes Kat KapBavovtes. edtdou yap ovy 1 wavnyupixdy Madvig’s conjecture : wavnyupixhy. 218 NICIAS land which he bought at the price of ten thousand drachmas,! the revenues from which the Delians were to expend in sacrificial banquets, at which many blessings should be invoked upon Nicias from the gods. This stipulation he actually had graven on the stone which he left in Delos to be as it were the sentry over his benefaction. The palm-tree, however, was torn away by the wind and fell against the colossal statue of the god which the Naxians erected, and overturned it. IV. In this course it is clear that there was much ostentatious publicity, Jooking towards increase of reputation and gratification of ambition ; and yet, to judge from the rest of the man’s bent and character, one might feel sure that such means of winning the favour and control of the people were rather a corollary to his reverent piety. I'or he was one of those who are excessively terrified at heavenly portents, and was “ addicted to divination,” as Thucydides says.2. And in one of the dialogues of Pasiphon® it is recorded that he sacrificed every day to the gods, and that he kept a diviner at his house, ostensibly for the con- stant enquiries which he made about public affairs, whereas most of his enquiries were really made about his own private matters, and especially about his silver mines; for he had large interests in the mining district of Laurium, and they were exceedingly profitable, although worked at great risks. He maintained a multitude of slaves in these mines, and the most of his substance was in silver. For this reason he had a large retinue of people who wanted 1 About £400, or $2000, with four or five times the present purchasing power of money. 2 vii. 50, 4. 3 Not extant. 219 PLUTARCH’S LIVES HTTOV Tas KaKas TroLety Suvapéevots 4 Tots ED rU- 9 , XN of s 2 ? a nn axe akiows, Kai OXwWs Tpagodos Hv adTov Tos TE ~ rd , \ “ aA ¢ Tovnpois 7) Setkta Kal Tois xYpnoTois 7 dtrav- Opwrria. AaBeiv d€ wept tovTwy paptupiay Kal mapa ”~ “ ¥ 4 é N \ v 4 TOV Kopikov Eott. Tyrexreidns pev yap eis Teva TOV TUKOPAVTOY TAUTL TETOLNKE Napixr s ? +O \ > A ov & éxate TodT ebwxe, Kaitrep ed eidws eyo a ° n , oux é€po, diros yap avinp, cwdhpovely Sé pot Soxel. , s ~ a 5 6 6 um’ Kvmurtdos Kwpwdovpevos ev TH Mapixa a f c Tapdyov Twa TOV aTpaypnovey Kal TevnTwY réyer: A. Ilocov ypovou yap ovyyeyevnoat Nixia; 29) 3 9 \ ow e “~ > +» b ] “7 B. ovd eidov, et pn “vayxos éotat’ €v wyopa. A. avip oporoyet Nixiav éopaxévat. , , \ j a io > \ FOL Katto Tt pabwy' av elder, Ec on TMpovdidcu; 1 paday MSS. and edd., including Sintenis!; waésy, an anonymous correction. 220 NICIAS his money, and who got it too; for he gave to those who could work him harm no less than to those who deserved his favours, and in general his cowardice was a source of revenue to the base, as his liberality was to the good. Witness to this can be had from the comic poets. Telecleides composed the following verses ona certain public informer :— “So then Charicles gave a mina that he might not tell of him How he was his mother’s first-born,—and her purse- born child at that. - Minas four he got from Nicias, son of rich Niceratus ; But the reason why he gave them, though I know it very well, Pl not tell; the man’s my friend, and I think him wise and true.” } And the personage who is held up to ridicule by Kupolis, in his “ Maricas,’”’? fetches in a sort of lazy pauper, and says :— (Maricas) “ How long a time now since you were with Nicias ? ”’ (Pauper) “1 have not seen him,—saving just now on the Square.” (Maricas) “The man admits he actually did see Nicias ! Yet what possessed him thus to see him if he was not treacherous?” 1 From a play of unknown name. Kock, Com. Att. Frag. ipe2td, * A caricature of the demagogue Hyperbolus. Kock, op. cit, i. p. 308. 221 6 te PLUTARCH’S LIVES I. jxovaat’, @ EvyyrLKes, ér’ avtoduwpeo Nexiav eirnppévov. B. vpets yap, @ ppevoBraBeis, AdBor’ av avdp’ aptatov €v Kako TLL}; o 8 ’Aptatodpavouvs KrXéwv avetdaov deyer’ Aapuyyi@ Tovs pitopas Kal Nixiay tapakw. UTodnAot 6& Kal Ppvyvryos 76 aGapaes avrov Kal KATATETANYLEVOY EV TOUTOLS" , 9 "Hv yap tronditns ayabos, ws ed 01d eyo, > e \ -DWe ? wes KovX vTotayes EBdbilev, Waomep Nixias. V. Ovdtw 8) Staxeipevos evrAa8as mpos Tors guxopavtas ovTe ovvedeiTvel TIL THY TOALTOV ovTEe KoLvoAOyials OTE GuUVdInMEpEevoEaW eve- Barrev éavtov, od’ drws eayorale tTais tToLrav- tas duatpiBais, AAN apywv pev év TO OTpATNYiO 4 4 la , , b) . ~ Cd SreTéAer péexpt vuxtos, ex b€ BovAtjs votatos amnet mpatos adixvovpevos. ef O€ pndev év KoLV@ TpaTTew éxot, dvaTrpocobos Hv Kal ducév- TEUKTOS OlKOUp@Y Kal KaTaKexrELTpEvoS. ot b€ dhirot tois ert tais Ovpats hottwaty éveTvyyavon, nal TapyntovvtTo auyyvopny eyetv, ws Kal TOTE td \ Nexiov mpos Snpocias xpetas Tivas Kal aaxoMas OVTOS. Kat 6 padtota tTaitTa avytTpaywdar Kal oup- . wv >] ~ \ ‘ ¢ , q ’ a meptTiOets Gyxov avT@ Kal dokav ‘lépwv iv, avnp 222 526 NICIAS (Chorus ?) “ Ye heard, ye heard, my comrades, O! Our Nicias was taken in the very act!” (Pauper) “What! you? O crazy-witted folk ! You catch a man so good in sin of any sort ?”’ And the Cleon of Aristophanes! blusteringly says :— “}'ll bellow down the orators, and Nicias I]! rattle.” And Phrynichus plainly hints at his lack of courage and his panic-stricken air in these verses :-— ‘¢ He was a right good citizen, and I know it well ; He wouldn't cringe and creep as Nicias always does.’’? V. Since he was disposed to be thus cautious of public informers, he would neither dine with a fellow citizen, nor indulge in general interchange of views or familiar social intercourse ; indeed, he had no leisure for such pastimes, but when he was general, he remained at the War Department till night, and when he was councillor, he was first to reach and last to leave the council. And even if he had no public business to transact, he was inaccessible and hard to come at, keeping close at home with his doors bolted. His friends used to accost those who were in waiting at his door and beg them to be indulgent with Nicias, for he was even then engaged upon sundry urgent matters of public business. The man who most aided him in playing this réle, and helped him to assume his costume of pompous 1 Knights, 358. It is not Cleon, but his adversary, the rampant sausage-seller, who utters the verse. 2 From a play of unknown name. Kock, Com. Ait. Frag. i. p. 385. 223 e we PLUTARCH’S LIVES / ’ A w~ > , fa! , . , TEP pappevos Et THS olxias tov Nexiouv, rept Te ypappata kat povotxny éEnoxnpuévos ut’ avrod, TpooTowovpevos 8 vios evar Atovuaiov tod ’ a ld Nadxod mpocayopevOevtos, ob Kal troilnpata ww ’ / awtetat, Kal tHS cis “Iradiav atrotkias ayeuwov , CU¢ yevomevos Extiae Qoupiovs. ovtos odv o ‘lépwy Ta TE Tpos TOUS pavTers aTOppHTa SrempaTTETO TO N , ‘ XO EE > \ bn e ® Nexia, cat Noyous eFéhepev eis tov Sjpov ws > , é , Q N ? €miTovov TLvVa Kal Tadaitwpov dia THY OAL a“ > “ 4 e > \ S Cavros avtov Biov' w y edn Kal Tepl NouTpoY % aA , , ovTt kal rept Seimvov det Te TpooTintev Snud- es a \ n 97 Pee X a ae’ ciov: “aperav 6€ Tav idiwy vo Tov Ta KoLVa, gppovtivery ports apyetat xabevdew Tept mpwtov imvov. d0ev avT@ kal TO c@pa dtaKertat KaKG's, A “a 4 > ‘ 3 A ¢ ¢ bi Kat Tois pidots ov Tpoanvns ode dus eaTLD, ’ \ \ , f a , aNXrG Kal ToVTOUS TpocaTOBEBANKE TOS yYpNpact S e > Mw 4 S , ToOALTEVOpMEVOS. OL © AAAOL KAL dirous KT@pEvoL Kai TAouTifovTes avTOvs amo TOU BnyaTos evTra- wn “ , “a Govor cat mpoomaifovcr tH TodtTELa.” TO S ovTL ToLoUTOS Vv Oo Nuixiov Bios wot avTov él7eEiV Ta ToD Ayapéuvovos eis avToV IIpoozatny ye tov Biou N Vv ¥ “” > é 4 l TOV OYKOV EXOMEV, TW T OVAW COUAEVOLED. VI. ‘Op@v b€ tav ev Aoyw dvvatav 4 TO ppovety dtahepovtwy atoypwpevoy eis Evra Tais éumetpiats Tov Sijpov, vpopwyevov & adel xal 1 Euripides, Iphigencia at Aulis, 445 f. (Kirchhoff), where the MSS. have xpoorarny ye, roy Shuov, TE 7’ BxAy. The MSS. of Plutarch have mpograrny 3é, tov dyKxov, TE BF CAG. 224 NICIAS dignity, was Hiero. He had been reared in the household of Nicias, and thoroughly instructed by him in letters and literature. He pretended to be the son of Dionysius, surnamed Chalcus, whose poems? are indeed extant, and who, as leader of the colonizing expedition to Italy, founded Thurii.? This Hiero it was who managed for Nicias his secret dealings with the seers, and who was forever putting forth among the people moving tales about the life of severe hardships which his patron led for the sake of the city. “Why!” said he, “even when he takes his bath and when he eats his dinner, some public business or other is sure to confront him ; he neglects his private interests in his anxiety for the common good, and scarcely gets to sleep till others wake. That’s the reason why he is physically all run down, and is not affable or pleasant to his friends, nay, he has actually lost these too, in addition to his sub- stance, and all in the service of the city. Other public men not only win friends but enrich them- selves through their influence as public speakers, and then fare sumptuously, and make a plaything of the service of the city.” In point of fact, such was the life of Nicias that he could say of himself what Agamemnon did :— “‘Sooth, as master of my life My pomp I have, and to the populace I’m a slave.” VI. He saw that the people, upon occasion, served their own turn with experienced men of eloquence or surpassing ability, but ever looked with suspicious and cautious eyes upon such powers, and tried to 1 Seven fragments appear in Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graeci, iit. pp. 262 ff. 2 Cf. Pericles, xi. 5. 225 VOL, III. 9 PLUTARCH’S LIVES / \ , 4 , \ @vAaTTOMEvoy THY SELvOTNTAa Kai KOAOVOYTA TO dpovnua xai tHv do€av, ws Sijrov Ww tH Uepre- / / \ ~ f ’ n“ KNéous KaTadixn Kai TO Adpovos éEootpaxtope \ al \ ’ “ X e , bf , Kat TH mpos ’Avtipavta Tov ‘Payvovatoy amiatia TOV TOMY, KaL padtota by Tots wept Haynra tov édovta AéoBoy, ds evOvvas Sid0vs TAS oTpa- THYLAS Ev ALTO TO StxacTnpiw cracdpevos Eidos avethey EQUTOV, TAS pEV Epywoes TaVU Kal waKpas éreipato dtaxpovecOar otpatnyias, mou & avtos 3, wn 9 4 ¥ s 4 oTpatevotto THs dodadeias éxopevos Kal Ta ca cal , e a“ TrEioTAa KaTOpOMDV, WS EiKOS, Els OVdELLaY avTOd , a 7 a ? \ ? 4 \ ld copiay 7 Sivapty 7 apetny avépepe tas mpakets, J \ 4 “ s \ J > \ UXNAG TAPEXWPEL TH TUXN Kal KaTehevyev ELS TO Geiov, TO POove THs SoENs Udtéwevos. b id \ ‘ \ ¢ al Emepaptupe b€ Kal Ta Tpdypata’ ToNk@v Yap TOTE TPOTKPOVTPUTwWY TH TOAEL Kal peyadwv 4 ’ \ e “ > w“ ? ’ \ YEvopLeveav, OVSEVOS UTABS ExXEiVOS METET EV, GAAA mwept Opaxny pev yrtiOncav vro Xadx«ibdéwv Kadrtddou te cai EZevodovros otpatnyouvtrwr, to & AitwAtcov mraiopa cuvé8n Anpocbevous apyovtos, ev 86 AnrXip xtALous avTa@v améBadov ‘Immoxpdtous ayouuevov, tov b€ Rowwovi TH Treo TV attiay EXafe IlepexrAs d1a Tov woAEmOY ? . bd 4 \ b] N aA , élS TO aoTU KaTaKNELcas TOV aTrO TIS \Kwpas 226 NICIAS abate the pride and reputation to which they gave rise. This was manifest in their fining Pericles,! and ostracising Damon,? and discrediting, as most of them did, Antiphon the Rhamnusian,? and finally, above all, in the fate of Paches, the captor of Lesbos,* who, while he was giving the official account of his generalship, drew his sword in the very court-room and slew himself. Nicias therefore tried to evade commands which were likely to be laborious and long, and whenever he did serve as general made safety his chief aim, and so was successful for the most part, as was natural. He did not, however, ascribe his achievements to any wisdom or ability or valour of his own, but rather credited them to fortune, and took modest refuge in the divine ordering of events, relinquishing thereby part of his reputation through fear of envy. Events bore witness to his wisdom, for in the many great reverses which the city suffered at that period he had absolutely no share. It was under the leader- ship of Calliades® and Xenophon that his country- men met defeat at the hands of the Chalcidians in Thrace; the Aetolian disaster occurred when Demos- thenes was in command ®; Hippocrates was general when a thousand citizens were sacrificed at Delium? ; and for the plague Pericles incurred the most blame, because he shut up the throng from the country in 1 Pericles, xxxv. 4, 2 Cf. Pericles, iv. 1-2 3 He was tried and executed for participation in the revolution of the Four Hundred (411 B.c.). 4 In 427 B.c. (Thue. iii. 28). 5 An error for Callias, who lost his life before Potidaea in 432 b.c.(Thuce. i. 63). In 429, Xenophon was defeated and killed, with his two colleagues (Thue. ii. 79). 6 In 426 B.c. (Thue. iii. 91- 98). 7 In 424 B.c. (Thue. iv. 89-101). 227 Q 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 9 a rad ~ , \ A OyXOY, EX THS peTAaABOATS TOV TOTwWY Kal bLaitTNS ’ 10 , \T id be , Ld , anfous yevopévov. Nixtas b€ tovtTwy atavtwv > , 4 \ a \ an A avaiTtos Euetve’ Kal oTpaTynyav elre pev KvOnpa, a“ \ nw a“ a vncov ev kata THs Aakavixns teduxviay kal ¢ Aaxedaipovious Exovaay oixntopas, édaBe Sé cal \ a > f b) , ToANa TOV éTl Opdxns ageotwtav Kal mpoon- / / A “ b A a yayeTo, Katakretaas b€ Meyapets ets THY Todt . \ \ Mv é A ~ 3 4 3 evOus pev Excye Mivwav tv vijcov, oriyw 6 Datepov éx TaUTHS Opuwpevos Nicaias éxpatnoer, , ets 6€ tHv KopivOiav amoBas évixnoe pdxyn Kal d2éfOerpe KopivOiwy todXovs kal Avxddpova tov , aTpaTnyov. a a , "Ev0a & atta cuvéByn TOY olxEiwy dvo vEexpors 9 a , ‘\ \ 3 , e atroduTely StaraOovtas TEpi THY avaiperty. ws ovv TOUT Eyvw, TUXLOTA TOY OTOAOY eTLTTHGAS 54 4 \ N s A 3 emTeue KNPUKA TPOS TOUS ToAEMLOUS TeEpl avat- , \ , \ pécews. KaiTol KaTa vopov Tiva Kal avv7Geary a? e a e ’ , ’ , éSoxouv of vexp@v vTroctrovéwy AaBovtTes avai- 3 , A , \ , e , pect atroreyeo Oat Thy vixny, Kal TpoTaLoy ioTa- , f ~ val TOUS TOVTOU TUYOVTAS OVK EVOET MOV HY" YiKaY yap ToUs KpaTovvTas, “un Kpatety O€ TOUS aiTovD- a , bd tas, ws raBety pn Suvapévovs. arr GpOs > a e , ral , X , éxelvos Uméuetve padrov tmpoecbat TO viknpa 228 NICIAS the city on account of the war, and the plague was the result of their change of abode and their un- wonted manner of living.! For all these things Nicias was free from blame, while as general he captured Cythera,? an island favourably situated for the com- mand of Laconia and inhabited by Lacedaemonians ; he captured also many places in Thrace * which had revolted, and brought them back to their allegiance ; having shut up the Megarians in their city he straightway seized the island of Minoa,* and shortly after, from this base of operations, got possession of _ Nisaea5; he also made a descent upon the territory of Corinth,® defeated the Corinthians in battle and slew many of them, including Lycophron their general. Here it befell him, when his dead were taken up for burial, that two of his men were left unnoticed on the field. As soon as he was made aware of this, he halted his armament and sent a herald back to the enemy asking leave to take up his dead. And yet by usage and unwritten law the side which secured the right to take up its dead by a truce, was thought to renounce all claims to victory, and for those who so obtained this right, the erection of i trophy of victory was unlawful, since they are victors who possess the field; but petitioners do not possess the field, since they cannot take what they want. Notwithstanding this, Nicias endured rather to abeudon the honour and reputation of his 1 Cf. Pericles, xxxiv. 3 f. 2 In 424 B.c. (Thue. iv. 53-55). 3 In 423 z.c. (Thue. iv. 129-133). * In 427 w.c. (Thue. iii. 51). 5 This, on the contrary, was the exploit of Demosthenes in 424 B.c. (Thue. iv. 66-69). 6 In 425 B.c. (Thue. iv. 42, 1, and 44), 229 PLUTARCH’S LIVES cat thv S0fav %) KatadtTeivy atadous b00 tev TOALTOV. lop@noas $€ thy Tapadiav Tis Aaxwvkis Kat Tous avtiotavtas Aaxedatpovioy Ttperdpevos, elke Ovpéav Aliywwyntav éyovtwy, Kal tovs aipe- Oévras amyjyaye Cavras ets “AOnvas. VII. “Ever d€ Anpoodévovs IIvAov reryt- gavTos €meotpatevoay dua melo Kal vavol Tlerorovencior, Kai paxyns yevouévns amern- POncav év tH Xhaxtnpia vyow Xmraptiatov avdpes audi Tovs TEeTpakoatous, péya pév, OoTEP WV, Hyoupevot TO NaBeivy avtovs ’AOnraio, ya- AeTHAS b€ Kal Sucépyou THs ToALopKias ovens ev ywplors davvdpos, kat Oépovs pev paxpav Kal TONUTEAT THY TWepiaywynv TOV éemiTNdELWY exXOU- ans, oparepay O€ yEL“La@vos Kat TaVTEAwS ATropor, HYOGovTo Kat peteédXovto mpecBetav Aaxedat- ovioy anwodpevoe mept otovdav Kal eipnvns adixopevny mpos avtTous. amewaavTo b€ Kréwvos évavtiwbévtos ovx xicta bia Nixiav: éy@pos yap @v a’tod, Kal mpoOupws opav cuuTpaTtovTa tots Aaxedatpovios, Emerce tov Siuov atown- dicac@at Tas arrovdds. ws odv 7} TE TOALOpKia nm , \ \ 3 / ? , unKos edapBave Kai devas arropias étuv@avovto qepteatavar TO atpatorresoy, ds opyis elyov Tov KAéwva. Tov 8 els tov Nexiay éxtpémovtos THv aitiay, Kal KatnyopodvTos OTe Seidta Kal warakia mpole- Tat TOUS avdpas, WS AUTO ye TTpAaTHYOUVTOS OvK 230 NICIAS victory than to leave unburied two of his fellow citizens. He also ravaged the coasts of Laconia,! routed the Lacedaemonians who opposed him, captured Thyrea, which the Aeginetans held, and took his prisoners off alive to Athens. VII. After Demosthenes had fortified Pylos,? the Peloponnesians came up against it by land and sea, a battle was fought, and about four hundred Spartans were shut off on the island of Sphacteria. Then the Athenians considered that their capture would be a great achievement, as was true. But the siege was difficult and toilsome, since the region afforded little fresh water. Even in summer the shipping of the necessary supplies round Peloponnesus was a long and expensive process, while in winter it was sure to be perilous if not altogether impossible. The Athenians were therefore in bad humour, and repented them of having repulsed an embassy of the Lacedaemonians which had come to treat with them for a truce and peace. They had repulsed it because Cleon, chiefly on account of Nicias, was opposed to it. For he hated Nicias, and when he saw him zealously codperating with the Lacedaemonians, persuaded the people to reject the truce. So when the siege grew longer and longer, and they learned that their forces were in terrible straits, they were angry with Cleon. He, however, laid all the blame on Nicias, and denounced him, saying that it was through cowardice and weakness that he was letting the men on the island slip through his hands, whereas, had he 1 In 424 B.c. (Thue. iv. 54). 2In 425 n.c. The Pylos episode is narrated at great length by Thucydides (iv. 2-41). 231 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , A “ / av TEpuyevopevous Ypovov tocovroy, Tots ’AOnvat- n , ’ n os evtrety Trapéatn “Ti & ovyl cal viv adtos ov ~ > 4 ‘ bod 99 Cad , b] N Tres emt Tous avodpas;” 6 te Nexias avactas 3-7 n ? \ , ld 9 a \ eEiotato tis émt IlvAov otpatnyias ab’t@, Kal AapPaverv oroanv BovreTat Svvapuy exérevoe, Kai \ , / , , ? > py BpacuverBat Aoyots axivdvvots, AXN’ Epyov Te a , a bed n e \ A \ TH Toke Tapacyely akiov atrovdrys. o S€ TO per TP@TOV avEedvETO, TH 7) TpotdoxHoate TovTO OopuBovpevos: éyxedevopéevoy Cé Tav’Ta TOY , a , n "A@nvaiwy cat tod Nixiov xataBoovtos, éEapbeis ‘ , Kai avadprexGets To hirotipov wreséEato Te THY , ? oTpaTnyiav, Kat tpocbiwpicato TAEvaas €VvTOS NLEPOV ELKOTLY 1) KATAKTEVELV EXEL TOUS aVdpas 1) a “ , “ Cavras ake AOnvake. tots & “A@nvators érnrde ? , ”“ a “a N \ Ld yeAuoal pméeya pardov n TigTevVoal’ Kat yap ar- , a , Aws elwHecay avTOU THY KovpoTHTa Kal paviay dhépe peta macdias ovx andas. , A bd , A A \ A Aeyetat yap exxkAnolas WoTe ovans Tov pev Sijuov KaOnuevoy avw Tepieverv TodUY XpOvoY, bf \ bf 3 a ? “ 9 , \ ore 5 etoedOeiv éxetvov eotepavwpévov Kal Tapa- a e \ ’ , Y v Kade vmepbécba. tiv éxkAnoiav eis avptov ‘““Aayorotuat yap, Edn, “ ornpepov, éotiav mér- / \ A “ ~ \ % Awy E€vous xal teBuxws Tots Oeois.” Tors § b] , , 9 a Q 5 A A@nvaious yeXacavras advactivat Kal dsadrioat Ti exxANoLaD. e VIII. Ov pny adda Kal Tote TUX YPNOApEVOS Col , \ ayabyn Kal otpatnynoas apiota peta Anuo- alévous, evtos ov Tpoetre ypovov TaY Xtaptia- 528 232 NICIAS himself been general instead of Nicias, they would not have held out so long. Thereupon it occurred to the Athenians to say: “ It’s not too late! Why don’t you sail yourself and fetch the men?” Nicias - too rose in the assembly and resigned his command of the expedition to Pylos in favour of Cleon, bidding him take as large a force as he wished, and not to vent his boldness in mere words which brought no peril with them, but to perform some deed for the city which would be worth its notice. At first Cleon tried to draw back, confused by the unexpectedness of this offer; but the Athenians kept up the same cries of encouragement, and Nicias kept taunting him, until, his ambition incited and on fire, he undertook the command, and, be- sides, declared in so many words that within twenty days after sailing he would either slay the men on the island or bring them alive to Athens. The Athenians were moved to hearty laughter at this rather than to belief in it, for they were already in the way of treating his mad vanity as a joke, anda pleasant one too. It is said, for instance, that once when the assembly was in session, the people sat out on the Pnyx a long while waiting for him to address them, and that late in the day he came in all garlanded for dinner and asked them to adjourn the assembly to the morrow. “I’m busy to-day,’ he said, “I’m going to entertain some guests, and have already sacrificed to the gods.” The Athenians burst out laughing, then rese up and dissolved the assembly. VIIL. However, this time he had good fortune, served as general most successfully along with De- mosthenes, and within the time which he had 233 ie) PLUTARCH’S LIVES ~ @ A \ ce Ww \ ad Tov Sool pn KaTa paynv Emecov Ta Oma 4, ~ “A wapadovTas NyayEev aixparwrous. Kal TodTO TH , > , + Nuixia peyddny iveyxev adokiav. ov yap aomiéos pivris, GAN alaysov te Kal yeipov édoxet TO Setria THY oTpaTnylavy amoBaXeiv Exovciws, Kal mpoé- ala To e€xOp@ TNALKOUTOU KaTOpOw"LATOS adop- pds, avuTov amoxeipotovncavTa THs apyxijs. , b ) b XN b ral , 3 4 oKxwTrTes & auToy eis TavTa Twadwv Aptotopavns > Q Ww oe 4, év wev Opa ovtTw Tas AEyov' bad QM \ A XN nf b ] \ , > w Kai pnv pa tov Av ovyi vuotatesw y ett e ’ Q e “a 5) 4 A @pa oTiv nut, OUdE EAAOVLKLAD. év 6€ Tewpyois tavta ypagwv' A. ’EOéXw yewpyeiv. B. eita tis ce KwAVEL; A. tpeis: eet Sidwpms yidas dpaypas, 97 ”~ ’ “~ 6 a , édy pe Tav apyav agnte. B. dexopueda: Stoyiduar yap eloe ovv tais Nexiov. XQ Kal pévroe kal tiv modu EBrayev ov ptxpa 7H KrXéwm tocodtov mpoayevéobar Sofns eaoas a , ¢ > 9 4 f A @ s cat Svvapews, Ud Hs ets Bapv Ppovnua Kat Cpa- 9 Q b ) , Ww ~ 4, cos éuTet@y axadextov addas TE TH TWOXEL TPOG- , é ? b ] Cod A b 2) etpiiyato ovpdopds, ®Y OVX HKLoTAa Kal AUTOS amé\avae, Kal Tov ert Tod Bnuatos Koopov ave- AMY KAL TPWTOS EV TH Snunyopeiy advaxpaywv Kat XN Q TEplaTucas TO (waTtiov Kal TOV pnpov matakas 234 NICIAS specified brought home as prisoners of war, their arms surrendered, all the Spartans on Sphacteria who had not fallen in battle. This success of Cleon’s brought great discredit on Nicias. He was thought not merely to have cast away his shield, but to have done something far more disgraceful and base in voluntarily throwing up his command ont of cowardice, and in abandoning to his enemy the opportunity for so great a success,—actually voting himself out of office. For this, Aristophanes again scoffs at him in his “ Birds,” in words like these :— «And lo! by Zeus! we can no longer doze about,— We have no time,—nor shilly-shally-niciasize ;”" } and in his “ Farmers,” where he writes :— “T want to go a-farming.”’ “ Pray who hinders you ?”’ “You people do, Come! Let me give a thousand drachms If you'll release me from my offices.” "Tis done ! Yours make two thousand, counting those that Nicias gave.” ? And besides, he wrought no little harm to the city in allowing Cleon to have such an access of reputation and influence that he launched out into offensive pride and ungovernable boldness and _ in- flicted many mischiefs on the city, the bitter fruits of which he himself reaped most abundantly. Worst of all, Cleon stripped the bema of its decorum, setting the fashion of yelling when he harangued the people, of throwing back his robe, slapping his 1 Verses 638 f. 3 This play is not extant. Kock, Com. Att. Frag. i. p. 416. 235 PLUTARCH’S LIVES cai Spopm peta TOD EyELY Apa Ypnoapevos, THP OMyov batepov ATavTa Ta TpaypaTa avyxéacay evYeperav Kal OALyYwpiav TOD TpéTrOVTOS EvEeTrOLNGE TOis TOALTEVOMEVOLS. IX. "Hén 8€ mov xai "AAKiBiadns évedueto tTnvikavta Tots “A@nvaiow Enuaywyos ovX opmoiws tod 3 b] e id 9 , , f 9 axpatos, aX’ olov 1) AiyuTtiwy xwpa réyeTat Ou e “A apetny expepev opov Ddippaxa TodAa pev €cOrAa peprypéva, TOAAA d€ Avypa, ovtws 7) ’AdxtBiddou dvats em’ dupotepa ToAX? puetca Kal Aapmpd, peydrov évédwKeey apyxas vewTepiapav. O0ev ovd avarAayels ToD Kréw- vos 6 Nixias xalpov éoye TavtdTacw ava- Tavcat Kal Katactopécac THY Tod, AAR Eis obov Ta TAdypaTa TwTHpLov KaTaaTHOAsS EEETETE, pvpn kat opodpornte ths “AdKtBudidou didotipias avdis eEwabets els TOY TOAELOV. "EmpdyO@n S€ obtms. of padiata mpooTone- poovtes TH Elpnvn THs “EXXabos KrX€wv xai Bpa- gidas }oav, OY 6 TOAELOS TOU eV ATEXPUTTE THY xaxiav, Too S€ THy apeTiv ExooTpEl. TO pev yap aOlKnpLaTwV peyarov, TO b€ KaTopOwuaTtwv adop- LAS TAPELYE. TOUTWY OVY Gua TETOVTWY EV “AYN pa wept Apdizroruy, evOvs o Nixias trapadkaBov Tous pev Xtraptiatas Extradac Tis Eiprvns opeyo- 4 ‘ 293 ? b , a , peevous, Tous & AOnvaious ovKEeTt TH TOAELM Bap- a >] 4 3 ¢ 3 , \ potvtas, apotépous 6 olov éxAeAupevous Kal 236 NICIAS thigh, and running about while speaking. He thus imbued the managers of the city’s policies with that levity and contempt for propriety which soon after confounded the whole state. IX. Just about that time Alcibiades was beginning to be a power at Athens. For a popular leader he was not so unmixed an evil as Cleon. The soil of Egypt, it is said, by reason of its very excellence, produces alike “ Drugs of which many are good, intermixed, but many are deadly.” ! In like manner the nature of Alcibiades, setting as it did with full and strong currents towards both good and evil, furnished cause and beginning for serious innovations. And so it came to pass that even after Nicias was rid of Cleon, he did not get opportunity to lull the city into perfect rest and calm, but, when he had actually set the state fairly in the path of safety, was hurled from it by an impetuous onset of Alcibiades’ ambition, and plunged again into war. This was the way it came about. The men most hostile to the peace of Hellas were Cleon and Brasidas. Of these, war covered up the baseness of the one and adorned the excellence of the other ; that is to say, it gave the one opportunities for great iniquitics, the other for great achievements. After these men had both fallen in one and the same battle before Amphipolis,? Nicias found at once that the Spartans had long been eager for peace, and that the Athenians were no longer in good heart for the war ; that both were, so to speak, unstrung,and glad to let 1 Odyssey, iv. 230. 2 In the antumn of 422 B.c, Cf. Thuc. v. 8-11. 237 6 PLUPARCH’S LIVES , \ “ Ww mapaxadtevtas éxovolws Tas Yelpas, empaTTerv , \ éTws eis hidiav Tas TOAELS TUVAYaYywY Kal TOUS adXous” EAAnvas avaddakas Kak@v Kat avatrav- \ a a aupevos, BéBatov ovTw TO THS EVTUXLAS Ovopa , “ ‘ \ mpos Tov avis xXpovoyv ToLtoito. Tous pev ovv s \ A “A ‘ evTropous Kai TMpeaBuTépous Kat THY yewpya@v TO TrAHOos avrobev etpyvixov elyev> émet b€ Kal TOY GdrAwY ToAOIs evruyydverv idia Kat dibacKkwy \ , apBruTEépous eroinae Tpos TOV TrOELOY, OUTS bd “ os , > 6 ’ & DS 4 nOn Tols Lmaptiatats €Amidas €vdidouvs Tpo- nw fol , exanreito Kal mpov7perrer EveoOar THs etpnvns. of & émiatevoy avt@ Sid Te THY GAAnY erteixeay, Kal er ‘AME , N , \ , > OTL Tots AwWKOGL Tept IIUAOY Kat Sedeneroes rrt- , peAopevos Kal TepléTrwy dirtavOpwrws eXadpo- , Tépayv émrolet TY aTUXiav. Aoav ovv TpoTEpov TeETOLNMEVOL TLVa TPOS adAANAOUS eKEXELpIAY , EVLAVTLOV, EV 7) TUVLOVTES Els TAVTO Kal yEevomeEVoL 4 ? f 4 ” \ ‘\ , \ madw abeias Kal axordns Kal mpos Eévous Kal , , ‘ , oixelous émipttas, é7o0ouy Tov apiaytor Kal atro- e ? “ n Aexov Biov, ndéws pev GdovTwWY TA TOLAUTA YopaY (LKOUOVTES* KeicOw Sdpu pos pitov dpdimréxe apayvais noéws Sé€ pepvnpévor TOU ELTOVTOS OTL TOvS év > f , > 4 by 9 9 eipnvn Kabevdovtas ov aadmuyyes, GAN’ aex- Tpvoves aduTrvitovet. Rordopodvtes ovv Kal Tpo- Bardropevot tTovs A€yovTas ws TPis Evvea ETN StatroneunO var TwémpwTat Tov moArEmov, Errec” 238 Led | NICIAS their arms drop to their sides. He therefore strove to unite the two cities in friendship, and to free the rest of the Hellenes from ills, as well as to give him- self a season of rest, and so to make secure for all coming time the name which he had for success. The men who were well-to-do, and the elderly men, and most of the farmers, he found inclined to peace from the first; and after he had talked privately with many of the rest, taught them his views, and blunted the edge of their desire for war, then he at once held out hopes to the Spartans, and urgently invited them to seek for peace. They had confidence in him, not only because of his usual fairness towards them, but especially because he had shown kind attentions to those of thcir men who had_ been captured at Pylos and kept in prison at Athens, had treated them humanely, and so eased their mis- fortune. The two parties had before this made a sort of stay of mutual hostilitics for a year, and during this time they had held conferences with one another, and tasted again the sweets of security and leisure and intercourse with friends at home and abroad, so that they yearned for that old life which was undefiled by war, and listened gladly when choirs sang such strains as “Let my spear lie unused for the spider to cover with webs” ! and gladly called to mind the saying, “In peace the sleeper is waked not by the trumpet, but by the cock.” Accordingly, they heaped abuse on those who said that the war was fated to last thrice nine 1 The first verse of a beautiful fragment of the Hrechtheus of Euripides (Nauck, 7'rag. Graec. Frag.” p. 474). 239 ~ PLUTARCH’S LIVES a \ \ > , , ’ : s OUTW TrEpt TravTOS Els NOyous cuuBatvovTeES Errotn- \ , a / cavto THY eipyynv, do€a Te TapéoTn Tols TWAE- oTols aTaAXayHy Kak@v capi yeyovévat, Kal TOY v , e Nextav 61a otopatos elxov, as avnp ein Oeopirns a) ? Kal To Satpovioy avT@ dt evoéBeray éerrwvipo yevéer Oar Tov peyiatov Kai KadXioToU TOY aya- nm nm wv , dav dédwxe* TO yap Ovte Nixtov THY Elpyyny ead e f \ , e \ évoputlov Epyov, ws LepixXéous Tov ToAELOY. O pev yap é7 aitiats puxpais els cupdhopas peyadas éuBanrety édoxer Tous” EdXAnvas, o b€ TOV peyioTwV n , Kaxov eémrecev éxrabécGar dirous yevopmévous. , v “~ 4 616 Kal TH elpnvnv éxeivny aypte viv Nextecov KaXovelt. r 4 \ “ ad \ / ‘ X. Tevopévwr &€ cuvOnxay ows Ta ywpia Kat \ / A % > , \ \ ? TAS TOAELS, AS ELXOV UAANAWY, KAL TOVS aLypa- , “ , nm AwWTOUS aTrodbacl, TpoTépwv aTrodidorvTMY TAY X n ¢ 4 KApwW AAXOYTWY, @YNTAaTO TOV KAjpov o Nekias xpida Xpnpaciy, @oTE TpoTepous aTodLdovat TOUS Aaxedaipovious. Kal tovTo pév tatopet Oeddpa- > \ \ , \ A X 4 aotos. eet b€ KoptvO.0 cai Borwroi mpos Ta Tpat- , 4 / Tomeva SuaKkodaivovTes altiais Kal péurreoty LJ 5] , 3 n \ , vy avOis éSoxouv avaxareliaPat Tov TorELOV, ETrEL- e~xyr oS one. , \ , cev 6 Nixtas tovs ’A@nvaious cai Aaxedatporvious “ id 4 , TH elpyvn THY TUupaxXtay BaTrEp KpaTos 1) dea pov n 4 én Oevtas, PoBEepwrepous TE TOS apiaTaperols Kal f ? , / BeBatorépovs aAAnAOLS yever Pat. IIpattopévwy 6€ tovtwy o ’AdKiBiadyns ovteE Tpos Hnavyiay ev TrEepuKws, kat trois Aaxedat- 240 NICIAS years,! and then, in this spirit, debated the whole issue, and made peace.* Most men held it to be a manifest release from ills, and Nicias was in every mouth. They said he was a man beloved of God, and that Heaven had bestowed on him, for his reverent piety, the privilege of giving his name to the greatest and fairest of blessings. They really thought that the peace was the work of Nicias, as the war had been that of Pericles. The one, on slight occasion, was thought to have plunged the Hellenes into great calamities; the otner had _per- suaded them to forget the greatest injuries and become friends. Therefore, to this day, men call that peace “ The Peace of Nicias.”’ X. The articles of peace? required that the strong- holds and cities and prisoners of war which each party had taken from the other should be restored. and since that party was to make restoration first on whom the lot fell, the tot was secretly bought up by Nicias, so that the Lacedaemonians were thie first to make restoration. This is the testimony of Theo- phrastus. But when the Corinthians and Boeotians, who were vexed at the course things were taking, seemed likely, by their accusations and complaints, to revive the war, Nicias persuaded the Athenians and Lacedaemonians to make the general peace se- cure by the mighty bond of a mutual alliance, whereby they should become more formidable to all seceders and better assured of each other. Such being the course of events, Alcibiades, who was naturally indisposed to be quiet, and who was incensed at the Lacedaemonians because they scorn- 1 Cf. Thue. v. 26, 4. 2 Signed in the spring of 421 B.c. © Ch Thee. -vls. 241 VOL, II. R PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 3 , ad “A Bf f , \ peoviows ay Oopevos Ott TH Nixta tpooéxewto Kat rad \ > , mpoaetxov, avtov & Urepewpar Kai xateppavovp, a \ > \ a év apyn pev evOus vrevavtiwmbets TH Elpyvyn Kat 3 \ PN! 3 4 ? , ,@# e Cod avttatas ovbev érrépatvev, dry 8° DaTEpov opav > a 9 , ¢ , oux €tt Tots ‘“A@nvatots opoiws apéoKovtas Tous , “~ wn Aaxedatpovious, adr’ adixety Soxovvtas Ott Bow- a , “~ tois €Gevto cuppayiav Kai Udvaxtov ést@cav , a ov Tapédwxay ovd’ ’Audimoriv, émepveto tais > @# ‘ , ‘ a >4.? id la aitiats Kat wapwEvve tov dhjuov ep exaorn. f térxos S& mpecBelav petatrenapevos ‘Apyewv / , empatTe cuppaxiav mpos tous A@nvaiovs. eret Sé mpéaBes édXOovtes ex Aaxedatpovos avto- , \ “ “ , ” Kpadtopes Kal TH BovrAn TpoevTvyxXdvortes EdoEav Le n cad “~ £ Cr9 émt maow tjKev Tots dtxatos, deicas o “AXKt- , \ | ‘ a bf \ “a ’ “ s Bradys py Kal tov Sipov avo Tav avTav Noywv 3 , “ ’ ‘\ Y 3 £ \ erayayovtat, TepijrAOev avtous du amraTns Kat a e Pv) , a \ a . Opkwv ws aravta aupmpdatwr, dv wn Pact pd GmodoyHTWOLY HKELY AUTOKPAaTOpES’ pwadtoTa yap ottws & BovrNovtat yevrijcecOar. meiobévtwy Sé A af \ A Kal peTactavT@V amo TOD Nixiov mpos éxeivoy, b \ b ‘ bf A “A 3 , “~ 9 éuBadwv avtous eis TOV Siwov NpwTAa TpP@ToV et Tepl wavtTwv ijKovolv avtoxpatopess ws 8 % a ’ b , , , npvouvto, Tap €Amidas peTaRaropevos THY TE \ 3 A , a s \ \ Boudry é€mexanretTO wapTupa TwWY NOYwY, Kal TOV 242 NICIAS fully ignored him in their fond attachment to Nicias, promptly opposed and obstructed the general peace. At the outset he made no headway; but a little while after, seeing that the Athenians were not so well pleased as before with the Lacedaemonians, but thought they had wronged them in making a separate alliance with the Boeotians, and in not re- storing Panactum with its walls intact, nor Amphi- polis at all, he laid great stress on these grounds of complaint, and tried to incense the people over each one of them. Finally he managed to have an em- bassy sent from Argos to Athens, and tried to effect a separate alliance between these two cities. Am- bassadors came at once from Sparta with full powers to treat all issues, and at their preliminary audience with the council were declared by that body to come with nothing but just proposals. But Alcibiades was afraid they would bring the assembly over to their views with the same arguments which had won the council. He therefore circumvented them by deceit- fully swearing that he would codperate with them fully in the assembly if they would only not claim nor even admit that they had come with full powers to treat all issues; for thus, he declared, they would most surely attain their desires. After they were persuaded by him, and had put themselves out of the guiding hands of Nicias and into his, he introduced them to the assembly, and asked them first whether they had come with full powers to treat all issues. On their saying “No” to this, he surprised them by changing front and calling on the members of the council who were present to bear witness to what they had said before that body. He then urged the 1 In the spring of 419 B.c. 243 r 2 ~I 5, PLUTARCH’S LIVES a / f rd Ojuov éxédeve wy TpoTeyey pNde TiaTEvEly OVTW Tepipavas evoopévors Kal viv pev Tadta, viv be , a an Tavavtia Tepi TOY avT@Y REyouvat. OopuvBou- pévwv 8’, ws elKos, avT@Y, Kal ToD Nextov pndév 4 ? “a 9 9 w \ 4 éyovTos eimety, GAN ayer Kat Cavpate tTemrdn- f e N a“ bf] ‘ oe A ? , yoTos, 0 pev Onuos evdus wpunto Tous Apyetous a N a , > / \ Karey Kal Trotetcbat cuppaxous, €BonOnce Sé ~ Y - ‘ \ , ¢ 7@ Nixia cevcpos tis Sia pécou yevopevos Kal tf \ , a 2 aa , , Siuadvaas THY éexxdnoiar. TH O vaoTEepaia Tad an , i N , \ ? A Tov dnuou cuveNOovtos TONAa TrOLNTAS KAL ELTTWY f A 4 \ émerte pods emia yey Ta Tpos “Apyetous, avTov / dé wéuwae mpos Aakedatpoviovs, ws TavtTwy KANOS YEVNTOMEvWD. ? A e FAGmv & eis Nadptny Tada pev ws avnp ’ \ \ ‘ J ? \ ] ¢ f ayabos Kat mpobupos els avtous eTijOn, Tpakas “ 4 5 ovd€év, dAXa KpaTnGels VO THY BowwtialovTwv bd fel ? / ? ~ N “ 6 ¢ érravnrOev, ov povoy adofay Kai KaK@s aKovw), adra Kat Sedims tovs "AOnvaiovs AvTOUpEevOUS a > Kal ayavaxtouvtas OTe TetaDévTes UT éxElvoU / \ Tocovtous Kal ToLOvTOUS avopas aTedWKAY Ot Yap ’ ’ , * ’ ” ’ éx IIvAouv xopicBévres Hoav €& oixwy TE TPWTWY Ths Smaptns, Kal girovs xal avyyeveis Tous \ Svvatwritovs e€yovtTes. ov pny émpagtav Te f * ”~ \ 7 cal y N \ + TPAXVTEPOVY Opyn Wpos exelvoy, adra Tov Ad- , ‘ vi A “a KiBtadnvy otpatynyor eirovTo, Kat Mavtuvets cal 3 , 4 ’ 4 ] , Hrelvous Aaxedatpoviwy atootavtas émTotnaavtTo é >? , ‘ \ b] f guppdayovs pet Apyerwv, kat AnoTaS evs IlvAGY 244 53 NICIAS people ‘not to follow, much less trust, men who were so manifestly liars, and who said now “ Yes” and now “No” to the same question. The ambassadors were overwhelmed with confusion, naturally, and Nicias was unable to say a word,—struck dumb with amazement and anguish. Therefore the people were at once eager to call in the Argive embassy and make the alliance it desired, but there came a slight earthquake shock just then, luckily for Nicias, and the assembly was dissolved. On the following day, when the people had assembled again, by dint of great effort and much talking Nicias succeeded, with difficulty, in persuading them to refrain from the proposed arrangement with Argos, and to send him on an embassy to the Lacedacmonians, assuring them that everything would thus turn out well. But when he came to Sparta, though in other ways he was honoured by them as a true man and one who had been zealous in their behalf, still, he ac- complished nothing that he purposed, but was beaten by the party there which had Boeotian sympathies, and so came back home, not merely with loss of reputation and under harsh abuse, but actually in bodily fear of the Athenians. They were vexed and indignant because they had been persuaded by him to restore so many eminent prisoners of war; for the men who had been brought to the city from Pylos belonged to the leading families of Sparta, and the most influential men there were their friends and kinsmen. However, the Athenians took no very harsh measures in their anger against Nicias, but elected Alcibiades general, made an alliance with the Mantineans and Eleans, who had seceded from the Lacedaemonians, as well as with the Argives, sent 245 PLUTARGES. LIMES ” “ \ 4 b ‘A treurvay xaxoupyeiy tv Aaxwvexnys €& ov , avOes els TOAELOV KATéETTHAAD. XI. "Axpalovons b€ tis mpos tov Nixiav tov "AX«tBiadou S:adopas, cat yuyvopévns ootpaxo- ‘4 A 27? ‘ , x ¢ “ “ hopias, ijv etwOer dia xpovou Tivos o dios Trovet- “ y cbat, €va tTav vToTTwv dia Sofav adrAWS 4) a 3 ’ ’ a a? , ‘ TrovUTOY ertdbOoverv avdpav TO ooTpaKw peOtaTas \ , / eis Séxa ETn, ToALS BopuBos audotépovs Trept- « , e istato Kal xivduvos, ws Oatépov TavtTws vTo- Tecoupevov TH e€ooTpaKicHa@. TOU pey yap "AX Siddov cat tov Biov éBdeXuTTOvTO Kal TO , > , e “ 9 “” \ 3 , Ppacos mppwdovv, ws “aNdov ev TOS TEpt ExELvOV ~ v , “ ypadopuevas SnrovTat, Tov d€ Nexiav 0 TE TAOVTOS b , 5 , \ / “a / ‘ éxipOovov erotics Kat pddtota THs StaiTns TO py , diravOpwrov unde SnpoteKov, arr’ apixtov Kat s , a OduyapyiKov GAXOKoTOV edoKEL, TOAAG 8 Hdn Tats ~ ? emiOupiats avT@v avtiteivwr, Tapa yveuny Bra- , N N / 9 ‘ ¢ td ’ Comevos Tpos TO supdépov, errayxd7s Hv. as 9 ¢ na > ~ / @ \ “~ Cad ATAWS ELTELV, VEWY NV Kal TWOoNELOTIOLWY AmihrAa / “ ‘ mpos elpnvoTrotovs Kal mpecBuTépous, TOY eV ELS ~ ~ nn + TOUTOY, TOY © Els ExEivOY TO OOTPAKOV TPETOVTD. aN \ / Nf , v aA Ev 8€ Sexoctacin Kal 0 TayKaKos EMpope TLLAS id \ , \ e na , c ws mou Kal tote Stactas o Sipos Stya ywpav A“ \ A ESwKEe TOS (TAa“WTATOLS Kal TavoupyoTaTols, wv 246 NICIAS freebooters to Pylos to ravage Laconia, and thus plunged again into war. XI. At last the feud between Nicias and Alcibi- ades became so intense that recourse was had to the process of ostracism. This the people used to institute from time to time when they wished to remove for ten years, by the ostrakon ballot, any one man who was an object of suspicion generally because of his great reputation, or of jealousy because of his great wealth. Both the rivals were thus involved in much confusion and peril, since one or the other must in any event succumb to the ostracism. In the case of Alcibiades, men loathed his manner of life and dreaded his boldness, as_ will be shown more at length in his biography; and in the case of Nicias, his wealth made him an object of jealousy. Above all else, his way of life, which was not genial nor popular but unsocial and aristocratic, seemed alien and foreign: and since he often opposed the people’s desires and tried to force them againt their wishes into the way of their advantage, he was burdensome to them. ‘To tell the simple truth, it was a struggle between the young men who wanted war and the elderly men who wanted peace ; one party proposed to ostracise Nicias, the other Alcibiades. “ But ina time of sedition, the base man too is in honour,” ! and so in this case also the people divided into two factions, and thereby made room for the most aggressive and mischievous men. Among these was 1 A proverb in hexameter verse, attributed to Callimachus, the Alexandrian poet and scholar (310-235 B.c.). 247 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES hw Kat ‘TépBoros o WeptOoténs, avOpwros am ovdemeas TOAMO@V duvd pews, GX’ a0 TOD Tokmav els Obvapuy mpocAdwv, Kat YEVOPEVOS bc yy elev év TH TOXEL okay adokia THS TOAEWS. OUTOS év TO TOTE Xpove TOU pep oa TpuKou Toppw TGeé- feevos éavtov, ate 57) TO KUPwve padAXov Tpoc- yeov, érmitwy Se Gatépov tev avipwv éxtec- OVTOS AUTOS avTiT anos TO AevTropevep yever@at, Katapayns my 700 pL€V0s Te 1H Stapopa kal Tapofuvev Tov Ofpov é€ em dpuporépous. ouvidevres ovv THV pox Onpiav oi wept tov Nixiav Kal tov ‘ArxeBradyy, Kal Noyov dovtes GdANAOLS Kpuga, Kal Tas otucels ovvayayovTes ets ev dpporépas Kat dvayitavtes, éxpatnaav @OTE pend€éTEpoy UT OY, GXXG TOV ‘TrrépBorov eLootpaxta Ohvar. Kal mapautixa pev HOOVNY TOUTO al yehwra, TO Sw Tapes Xev, vaTepov dé 9) YYAVaKTOUY aos Kabv- Bato péevov TO mpaypa TOUTO pos avOporov ava§tov yeryovevat vouitovTes, Elvar yap Tt Kal KOAGTEWS afiopua, waAXov Se KOdAacW TOV éE- ooTpaxta pov i YOULEVOL Povevdidn xat "Apia telioy Kal Tous opotots, "TrepBor dé Toppy Kal TpoaToinaty draloveias, el Ota pox Onpiay evade TauTa Tous aptaTos, @s tov «at IIdatwv o KW@LLKOS ELDNKE TEPL AVTOD* aA w Kaitou wémpaye Tay mpotépwr) pév akta, autov O€ Kal TwoY oTiypaT@v avakia: \ a, Ul 3 3 > , ov yap ToLovTwY eivex CaoTpay evpéOn. 1 rev mporépwy a correction suggested by Kock, Com. Att, Frag. i. p. 654 : rev rpéxwv (a fate worthy of his ways). 248 NICIAS Hyperbolus of the deme Perithoedae, a man whose boldness was not due to any influence that he pos- sessed, but who came to influence by virtue of his boldness, and became, by reason of the very credit which he had in the city, a discredit to the city. This fellow at that time thought himself beyond the reach of ostracism, since, indecd, he was a likelier candidate for the stocks; but he expected that when one of the rivals had been banished he might himself become a match for the one who was left, and so it was plain that he was pleased at their feud, and that he was inciting the people against both of them. Accordingly, when Nicias and Alcibiades became aware of his baseness, they took secret counsel with one another, united and harmonized their factions, and carried the day, so that neither of them was ostracised, but Hyperbolus instead.! For the time being this delighted and amused the people, but afterwards they were vexed to think that the ordinance of ostracism had been degraded by its application to so unworthy a man. They thought that even chastisement had its dignity, or rather, they regarded the ostracism as a chastisement in the cases of Thucydides and Aristides and such men, but in the case of Hyperbolus as an honour, and as good ground for boasting on his part, since for his baseness he had met with the same fate as the best men. And so Plato the comic poet somewhere said of him :— ‘Indeed he suffered worthy fate for men of old Albeit a fate too good for him and for his brands. For such as him the ostrakon was ne’er devised.” 1 Probably in 417 B.o 249 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal TO mépas: ovoeis ETL TO mapaTav éEwo Tpa- KioOn peta “TrrépSorov, arr’ EXATOS EXELVOS, T OTOS é “Inmapxos o Norapyevs avyyerns TLS WY TOU TUpayvoU. “Axpetov & 1 TUXN TMpaypa. Kal GAnTTOV Noyio wa. Niklae Yap, el TOV Tept Oa TpaKou xivOuvoy avéppipe T pos "ArKtBuadny, 7 ) Kpatnoas ay doparas pre Thy TONY €xelvOV efeddoas, Y| KpatrOeis autos epee Tpo TMV eaXaTOV aTuXi@v, TO SoKeiy apiotos eivat oTpaTnyos dsadvaAdkas. Ove dyvoe & ore Oeoppactos efoo tpaxiaOjvai pyar TOV ‘TrrépBorov Daiaxos, ov Nuxiov, 7 pos "ArkiBiadnv épicavtos. aAX ot mrElioves obTw yeypadacw. XII. ‘O & odv Nexias, TOV Atryer técv Tpéo- Bewv xai Acovtivwyv rapayevopévor kal treOovrwy tovs ’"A@nvaiovs otpatevew éri Stxediav, avO- TTAPEVOS NTTATO TIS Bouniis "ArKiBiadov Kai prrotipias, piv AWS EXKANCLADY yeveo Bar, KaTa- gxovTOS On TAIGos eArrioe Kal ovyors 7 po- SuePOappevor, @oTe Kal VEOUS €V TadalaTpars Kal yépovtas épv épyaatnpiots Kal 7 PLKUKALOLS ourynabelopevous Umoypadety To TXILA THs De- KeAlas, Kal THY hvaw THs Tept auTnVv Baracons, Kat Amévas Kal TOTOUS ols TETPATrTAL 7 pos AtBunv u) vijoos. ov yap aOrov €TOLOUVTO TOU TOAELOU LiKediay, GAN oppntnpiop, os aT avtTns Siaywrig opevor Tpos Kapx7dovious Kal TXHTOVTES dpa ArSunv nat thy évtos ‘Uparreiwy ornrov Odraccap. 250 NICIAS And in the end no one was ever ostracised after Hyperbolus, but he was the last, as Hipparchus of Cholargus, a kinsman of the famous tyrant Peisistra- tus, was the first to be so banished.! Verily fortune is an uncertain thing, and incalcu- lable. Had Nicias run the risk with Alcibiades of being ostracised, he had either carried the day, expelled his rival, and then dwelt safely in the city ; or, defeated, he had himself gone forth from the city before his last misfortunes, and had preserved the reputation of being a most excellent general. [ am well aware that Theophrastus says that Hyperbolus was ostracised when Phaeax, and not Nicias, was striving against Alcibiades, but most writers state the case as I have done. XII. It was Nicias, then, who, when an embassy came from Egesta and Leontini? seeking to persuade the Athenians to undertake an expedition against Sicily, opposed the measure, only to be defeated by the ambitious purposes of Alcibiades. Before the assembly had met at all, Alcibiades had already cor- rupted the multitude and got them into his power by means of his sanguine promises, so that the youth in their training-schools and the old men in their work-shops and lounging-places would sit in clusters drawing maps of Sicily, charts of the sea about it, and plans of the harbours and districts of the island which look towards Libya. For they did not regard Sicily itself as the prize of the war, but rather as a mere base of operations, purposing therefrom to wage a contest with the Carthaginians and get pos- session of both Libya and of all the sea this side the Pillars of Heracles. 1 488-487 B.C. 2 In the spring of 415 B.o, 251 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e < Ld ‘ “~ ¢ ld > Qs ovv wpunvto mpos tavta, o Nextas évav- TLoOUMEVOS OUTE TrOAXOYS OTE SuvVaTOUS Ele cuvaywvicTds. ol yap evmopor Sedtotes py Sox@at Tas AELTOUpyias Kal Tplnpapyias arro- SibpacKev, Tapa yvopunv yovyavov. o 8 ovK Exapvev ovd amnyopevev, GAAa Kal peTa TO ? \ , > “4 \ wWwndicacbat tov rorepov "ABnvaiovs nai orpa- ‘ e / ~ > a“ > » Lf tTnyov édécOar wpwtov éexeivov pet “AdXneBiadov cai \apayov, TaXrLv EXKAHTLAS YEVOPEVNS, AVATTAS amétpevre kal Stepaptupeto, Kal TeAeuvT@YV btéBare tov "Ad Biddnv idiwv Evexa xepdov Kai ptrote- ? ‘ , > ‘ b 6 ” AN 8 , julas THY TOALY Els YaXreTrov eEwHeiv Kat datrov- tiov Kivduvov. émrpake 8 ovdéy paddov, arr umo éuepias SoFas eémetndecotepos eivat, Kal MOAN dopdrevav éFev mpos Tv Adega TOApapy Kal THY Aapaxou tpayvtnta) ris exelvou oUryKEpavvupevns evafeias, AeBarorépav € eroinge THY XElpoToVviav. avacTas yap oO padtoTAa Ta Snpaywyav énat rov woAenor mapokvvwy tovs ’ 4 / ¥ ‘ 7 f A@nvaiovs, Anpootpatos, pn tov Nixiav mpo- , / 4 \ 4 , pacers AeyovTa TAavGEl Kal yigicpa ypavyras OTWS AUTOKPATOPES WALV Ot oTpariyou xavrav0a xaxel Bovrevopevoe Kal mWpaTtTovTEs, ETELTE TOV djpov Wwndicacbat. XIII. Kairot Aéyeras wodAAa Kal mapa trav lepéwy évavtiodcbat mpos THY oTpatelav’ adr’ ef 54 , ¢ 3 4 ? , érépous éxwv pavtes o 'AdkiBiadns é« 61 Tiwev 1 rpaxttnta Reiske’s correction: x«padrnra (mildness); cf. chapter xv. 1. 252 NICIAS _’ Since, therefore, their hearts were fixed on this, Nicias, in his opposition to them, had few men, and these of no influence, to contend on his side. For the well-to-do citizens feared accusations of trying to escape their contributions for the support of the navy, and so, despite their better judgement, held their peace. But Nicias did not faint nor grow weary. Even after the Athenians had actually voted for the war and elected him general first, and after him Alci- biades and Lamachus, in a second session of the assembly he rose and tried to divert them from their purpose by the most solemn adjurations, and at last accused Alcibiades of satisfying his own private greed and ambition in thus forcing the city into grievous perils beyond the seas. Still, he made no headway, nay, he was held all the more essential to the enter- prise because of the experience from which he spoke. There would be great security, his hearers thought, against the daring of Alcibiades and the roughness of Lamachus, if his well known caution were blended with their qualities. And so he succeeded only in confirming the previous vote. For Demostratus, the popular leader who was most active in spurring the Athenians on to the war, rose and declared that he would stop the mouth of Nicias from uttering vain excuses; so he introduced a decree to the effect that the generals have full and independent powers in counsel and in action, both at home and at the seat of war, and persuaded the people to vote it. - XIII. And yet the priesthood also is said to have offered much opposition to the expedition. But Alcibiades had other diviners in his private service, 253 Gr PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 “ “a 4 4 “ Aoyiwy Wpovpepe Tararwy peya KEosS ToD b ] \@ , ’ \ vy XL w @ ‘ @ s A@nvaiwy amo XtKertas EcecBar. Kat Georpotrot ~ > ww 4 a Ties auT@ map “Appwvos adixovta xpnopov 4 ‘ , xopitovtes ws ANYovtat Supaxovatovs atravTas a t A "AOnvaioe ta 8 éevavtia poPovpevoe dSvodnpeiv ‘ “ expuTTov. ovdé yap Ta TpovTTa Kal Katagavi a 4 a“ € “ TOV Onpelwv AT ET pETEV, 1) TE TOV Eppa@v TeptKo7), a \ ula vuKTL TavTwY axpwTnpiacbévTwy TAHV EVvOs, A “ : , ~ 5 , x a 9 a ov Avdoxidov xaXroval, avdbnpa pev THs Avyni- wn , N \ ~ , Ww 9 Sos hunijs, Kelpevoy b€ po THs TATE OvaNS ’Avdo- ‘ , \ “~ xiOov oiKias, Kal TO TpayGev Trepi TOY Bapov TOY , o~ ¥ / Swhexa Gedv. avOpwros yap Tis éEaipyns ava- , ? ’ >] * \ b / e nw mTnonagas eT auToV, eita TepiBas aTéKoWev auTOU ALA@ TO aidoiov. "Ev b€ Aerdois HWaddaddiov éornxe ypuvacovy > \ , a“ , b) , a él doimKkos yarxov BeBnxos, avaOnpa Tijs wovkews ato tav Myoicav adaptotetwv TovT’ td ‘ / Exomtov eb )pépas ToANAS TpogTrETOpEVvoL KOpa- N ~ ~ KES, Kal TOV KapToY OVTAa ypvaoUY Tov PoiviKos ? 4 \ f i 4 A nw“ & dmézpwyov Kal xatéBaddov. ot 6€ Ta’Ta pev wv ? “~ , , épacav civat Aeddhav TAGTHATA TET ELT LEVwWY id Re , a vo Xvpaxovatwv' ypyopov S€ Tivos KEAEVOVTOS ? 2 9 r a 4 oF nn 3 a avtrous ex Kralopevav thy tépecav ths “A@nvas 4 yw ~ dye, peteTépavto thy avOpwror éxadeito ~ qe e Sé‘Hovyia. Kat tovTo Hv, ws Eotxev, 0 TAapHVvEL “ , a , TH TOAEL TO Salpovioy EV T@ Tapovtt, THY HovxXLav ayeELV. . ~ / a Kite 617 tTavta Setoas eit avo pwrive Aoyiopo@ 254 NICIAS and from sundry oracles reputed ancient he cited one saying that great fame would be won by the Athenians in Sicily. To his delight also certain envoys who had been se#:t to the shrine of Ammon! came back with an oracle declaring that the Athenians would capture all the Syracusans; but utterances of opposite import the envoys concealed, for fear of using words of ill omen. For no signs could deter the people from the expedition, were they never so obvious and clear, such as, for instance, the mutilation of the “Hermae.” These statues were all disfigured in a single night, except one, called the Hermes of Andocides, a dedi- cation of the Aegeid tribe, standing in front of what was at that time the house of Andocides. Then there was the affair of the altar of the Twelve Gods. An unknown man leaped upon it all of a sudden, bestrode it, and then mutilated himself with a stone. At Delphi, moreover, there stood a Palladium, made of gold and set upon a bronze palm tree, a ded- ication of the city of Athens from the spoils of her valour in the Persian wars. Ravens alighted on this image and pecked it for many days together; they also bit off the fruit of the palm-tree, which was of gold, and cast it down to the ground. The Atheni- ans, it is true, said that this whole story was an invention of the Delphians, at the instigation of the Syracusans ; but at any rate when a certain oracle bade them bring the priestess of Athena from Clazomenae, they sent and fetched the woman, and lo! her name was Peace. And this, as it seemed, was the advice which the divinity would give the city at that time, namely, to kcep the peace. It was either because he feared such signs as these, ' In an oasis of the Libyan desert. Cf. Cimon, xviii. 6 f. #53 =~] PLUTARCH’S LIVES , 4 e , Thv otpateiay ghoBnbeis, 0 aatporoyos Métwv , \ , (vy yap édp’ yepovias Tivos TETaypLEVOS) Tpoc- La ‘ , ¢ ETOLELTO THY Oiktay UPuTTTELY wS pEuNvas. ob dé faci ov paviay oxndapevoy, adda voKTwp \ - A €umpnoavTa THv oikiay TpoedOeiv els THY ayo- / al “ a pav tarevov, kai Setc0at ToY TOXLTOV GTrwS eT & TooavtTn Tov viov avTOU médAXOVTA TEL oupdopa UT] TOU, VLOvay a VTa TEL , 3 ia a , Tpiipapyov eis NikerXiav adwat THs otpatetas. be ¢ de a al XN 5 , t > 50 Mwxpate. b€ TH cop@ TO dapoviov ols elwoOer X cuuBoros xXpnodpevov mpos avTov épivuce 3 al XN ¥ > 3 bd , “a é Kakelva, Tov ExmAouv ém OdeO pw THS TrOdAEWS e ~ mpaTtTopevoyv. oO S€ Tois cuvibect at irors “~ id eppace, Kat duArOev ets TOAAOUS O AOYoS. \ fa) a Ovx ortyous b€ xal Ta TOV Huepav ev als Tov , Igeo/ e , > , \ atokov e&émeptrov umélpattev. ‘Adwvia yap ~ ? 4s elyov al yuvaixes TOTE, Kal TPOvKELTO TOAAAXOOL “a , we ‘ ‘ \ 3 ‘ ‘ THS TroNEwWS ElCwAQa, Kal Tahal TEepl avTa Kal KOTETOL YUVALK@Y NTAY, WATE TOUS Er ACY TroLou- ~ , 4 pvovs TW Ta ToLadTa Svoxepaiverv Kai Sedvévar a a“ 4 , \ Tept Tis TWapacKkeuys exetvns Kai Svvapews, p22) NapTpuTNTAa Kai akpnyv éenmLpaveotaTnV cyovca Tayéws papavOy. hd ~ , ~ XIV. To pev oty evavtimOivar WwydiCouévn tH , ‘ \’ , Y "fy? e 3 b iS otpateia Tov Nixtav, Kat pi? vr édmidov ‘ ‘ al 3 “ , énap0évta pete Tpos TO THS apyAs peyebos ‘ , ‘ of éxTrAayevta petabéacOar tHy yvopuny, avdpos hv fal , ? a 4 yYpnatov kal owppovos: erel & ove Tob TodEpLoU 256 NICIAS or because, from mere human calculation, he was alarmed about the expedition, that the astrologer Meton, who had been given a certain station of com- mand, pretended to be mad and set his house on fire. Some, however, tell the story in this way: Meton made no pretence of madness, but burned his house down in the night, and then came forward publicly in great dejection and begged his fellow citizens, in view of the great calamity which had befallen him, to release from the expedition his son, who was about to sail for Sicily in command of a trireme. ‘To Socrates the wise man also, his divine guide, making use of the customary tokens for his enlightenment, indicated plainly that the expedition would make for the ruin of the city. Socrates let this be known to his intimate friends, and the story had a_ wide circulation. Not a few also were somewhat disconcerted by the character of the days in the midst of which they dispatched their armament. The women were celebrating at that time the festival of Adonis, and in many places throughout the city little images of the god were laid out for burial, and funeral rites were held about them, with wailing cries of women, so that those who cared anything for such matters were distressed, and feared lest that powerful armament, with all the splendour and vigour which were so manifest in it, should speedily wither away and come to naught. XIV. Now, that Nicias should oppose the voting of the expedition, and should not be so buoyed up by vain hopes nor so crazed by the magnitude of his command as to change his real opinion,—this marked him as a man of honesty and discretion. But when 257 VOL, II. 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tov Shpov amotpéeyat TELPWLEVOS ov8 avtov eererOau THs oTparnyias Seopevos ¢ iayuoev, arr’ @OTEP apapevos Kal pepo aur ov O Ojos émeOnxe TH Suvaper oTparnyoy, ovodeis ETL Katpos HY THS ToAANS evrAaPeias Kal pmeAArTEWS, WaTE Tatoos Sixny ato THs vews OTIicw BréTOvTa Kal TO py KpatnOijvat Tois Aoyiopois avadayBavovta Kai at pepovra TOAAKES evap Brdvac Kal TOUS ouvap- Yovras avT@ Kal THY aK pay SrapGeipac TOV mpage, an evOus édet ToOIs ToAE wLOLS éupuvra Kal ™ poo Kel LeVvOY eXEyKELV Thy TuXny éml tev arycovev. o 6é, Aawayou pev GVT Ux pus akvobvros rely eri Lupaxovaas Kal paxny eyyrora THS TOAEWS TriOévat, “ArXrKxiBiadov G¢ TAs monets ag- loTavat Lupaxoucior, EO" odT ws er avTous Badigery, Ta évavTia réywy Kai Kehevav aT péua mapa Thv LtKkediav Kopelopevous Kal Tept- TEOvTAS émideifacOat Ta oT ha Kal Tas Tpenpers, elT arom EL ‘ADijvate peiK pov THS dupapews Atyeorevowy anapEapevous, autiKa TE THD yo- unv wumekéXuce nal xatéBadre TO hpovnua Tov avepov. Kai per odtyov Xpovov ‘ArKeBeadyy ” A@nvaiwv peTarreprpapevoy els KpLaLy, oye pey drroberx Gels SevTepos rryemov, Ouvaper d€ povos @V, OUK eTTAU- gaTO Kad npevos ) TEpUTT EY 1) Bovdevopevos, m™ ply eyynpacas pev auto? THY dk pV THS eX- 71605, expufvas be TOV modeniov TO GapBos Kal tov dofov by » mpatn TapéOnKev avtois dyes Toy duvapewr. 1 aire MSS., Coraés, and Bekker: abrayp. 258 NICIAS he availed naught either in his efforts to divert the people from the war or in his desire to be relieved of his command,—the people as it were picking him up bodily and setting him over their forces as general,— then it was no longer a time for the exceeding caution and hesitation which he displayed, gazing back homewards from his ship like a child, and many times resuming and dwelling on the thought that the people had not yielded to his reasonings, till he took the edge from the zeal of his colleagues in command and lost the fittest time for action. He ought rather at once to have engaged the enemy at close quarters and put fortune to the test in struggles for the mastery. Instead of this, while Lamachus urged that they sail direct to Syracuse and give battle close to the city, and Alcibiades that they rob the Syracusans of their allied cities first and then proceed against them, Nicias proposed aud urged in opposition that they make their way quietly by sea along the coasts of Sicily, circumnavigate the island, make a display of their troops and triremes, and then sail back to Athens, after having first culled out a small part of their force to give the Egestaeans a taste of succor. In this way he soon relaxed the resolution and depressed the spirits of his men. After a little while the Athenians summoned Alci- biades home to stand his trial, and then Nicias, who nominally had still a colleague in the command, but really wielded sole power, made no end of sitting idle, or cruising aimlessly about, or taking deliberate counsel, until the vigorous hopes of his men grew old and feeble, and the consternation and fear with which the first sight of his forces had filled his enemies slowly subsided. 259 s 2 5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aA , "Ere 6€ tod "AAKiBiddov wapovtos é€jKovTa \ 4 b] \ ys , \ \ Ww Vaval TAEVOAVTES ETL LUPAKOUTAS, TAS MEV AAAS avelxov vrép Tod Atpévos EEw Trapatutartes, Séxa 5 KaTnAavvoy claw KaTaTKOTAS elvexa> Kal Acovtivovs émi tnv olxetay atroxadovoa ba / kd , a / , KNPUKOS, avTat KauBarovet vavy TovEmLaY Gavi- Sas Kopivovaay, eis &s ameypapovto Kata dudads attovs ol Yupakovoroe xeipevar 8 arrwbev THs , 9 e A N ¥ / 4 N dge/ morews ev tep@ Atos ‘OdvpTiov tote mpos e&e- Tac Kal KaTdAoyov TOV év NALKiA pEeTETEUhOn- gav. ws ovv vio tav "AOnvaiwy adotcoat pos ‘ \ col Tovs atpatnyous éxopicOncav Kai to mdrOos v A >] r b | / e 7 rd OPOn THY ovopdtwv, nXOécOnaay ol pavTEs pH Tote Apa TO Xpewy évtadba tov Ypnopod TreEpaivot, ANéyovtos ws "AOnvatoe Ap povtat Lupaxovaious adtavras. ov pnv arr étépw! dhaaty Epyw TovTo a» , / bd \ > a / tots "A@nvaios yevécOar éemiteres Kall Ov ypovov e a amoxteivas Aiwva Kaddutrros 0 ‘A@nvaios éaxe Lupaxovaas. XV. ’AromAevoavtos 5€ Tod 'AdXKiBiddou per’ bd , b] vv s N a 0 / e N 4 oNLyov eK XtKENLAS, TO TAY 1107) KpaTOS Oo NiKtas v e \ / ? N b é \ f éayev. 0 d€ Adpayos tv pev avdpwdns Kat dixatos avnp Kal TH xepl Ypawpevos aperdas Kata Tas a \ payas, mévns 5€ TooodTov Kai dLTOS wote Kal e 4 a ] a a“ % éxadotny atpatnylav amodoyiferOar tois ’A@n- valots pixpov apyuptov eis éoOAta Kal xpnrridas éaut@. tov dé Nuixiov cal dia Tarra péyas Hv 1 érépw MSS., Coraés, and Bekker : repo (others say that the prophesy was really fulfilled, etc.). 260 033 NICIAS While Alcibiades was yet with the fleet, sixty ships sailed for Syracuse, of which fifty lay out in the offing, drawn up so as to command the harbour, while ten rowed in to reconnoitre. These made formal proclamation by voice of herald that the people of Leontini should return to their homes. They also captured a ship of the enemy with tablets on board in which the Syracusans had recorded lists of their citizens by tribes. These lists had been deposited at some distance from the city, in the sanctuary of Olympian Zeus, but had been sent for at that time with a view to determining and enrolling those who had come to military age. Now when these had been captured by the Athenians and brought to their generals, and the number of names was seen, the soothsayers were in distress lest in this cireum- stance lie the fulfilment of what was predicted by the oracle which said: “The Athenians shall take all the Syracusans.’”’ However, they say that it was in another circumstance altogether that this prophecy was fulfilled for the Athenians, namely, at the time when Callippus the Athenian slew Dion and got possession of Syracuse.! XV. A little while after this Alcibiades sailed away from Sicily,? and then Nicias took the entire command, Lamachus was, it is true, a sturdy and honourable man, one who put forth his might without stint in battle, but so poor and petty that in every campaign where he served as general he would charge up to the Athenian people certain trifling moneys for his own clothes and boots. Nicias, on the contrary, was a man of great dignity and im- 1 Tn 353 B.c. See Plutarch, Dion, liv.—lvii. 2 See the Alcibiades, xxi. 1. 261 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ \ \ “ Ae N \ , eo kai ta Tov wrodTOY Kal dca thy do-ay Oo OyKOS. Aéevyetar & é€v T@ OTPATNYiw TroTe BovAEvopEe Y @ otparnyic opéveay ~ wn , ~ TL KOWH TOY cUvapYoVTwY, Kedevabels UT avTOU ~ ’ “ ‘ ~ e Tp@Tos eimety yvwpny LopoxAHs o wontys ws mpecBvTatos wy THY avaTpatiywy, “Eye,” , “ f DF. \ de f 29 havat, “ TaNatoTaTos etpt, ov 6€ mpecBvTaTos. ev \ \ , Q , ” ¢ 3? 3 Odtw 8) nat tote Tov Adpayov aywr td EAUT@ TTPATNYIKWTEPOY OVTA, KAL YPw@pmeEvos EvrQ- Bas cat d:a perrijocews ael TH Suvapet, TpeTOV ~ 4 fev ATWTAUTW THY TrorEpioy éexTTEpiTAEwY LiKeE- Nav Bdpoos Edwkev avtois, Ereta mpocBadwv "TAX, Todyviw mixpe, Kai mply édXety arrostas, ~ / 4 xoutdn Kateppovndn. xal tédos eis Katavny amnrOe mpakas ovdev 7) Katactpeyrdpevos “T- ‘ f ¢ f \ xapa, PapBapixov ywptov, fev Aéyerar kal , “~ ? Aaida thy éraipav éte Kopny év Tols alyparwrors “~ i a mpabeiaay eis edXotrovynooy KopiaOjvat. XVI. Tod b€ Oépous SeeAPovtos, eet tovs Lupaxovoious émuvOaveto mpotépous ém avtous , e e ra api~ecOar tePappyxotas, ot & immets DBpet mpoc- N eAauvortes 5 TPOS TO TTPATOTEdOY 1)pwTwY EL Katavaiows cuvotxyjaovtes 7) Aeovtivovs Kxatot- ra ¢. ? 4 “~ KLtouvTes HKovat, woAts oO Nixias Wpynoe wreiv eri — , \ XO 10 ~ \ Q’ 2 Supaxovoas. xal Bovropevos adeds Kat Ka wn s é e , yovyiav LOptcat Tov oTpatoy, uTéTEn ev avOpo- La \ mov €x Katavns Kxedevovta tovs Lvpaxovaious, >) , ~ ww > n~ A t ef Bovrovtat AaBeiv Epnuov avdpav zo oTpaTo- 262 NICIAS portance, especially because of his wealth and repu- tation. It is said that once at the War Department, when his fellow commanders were deliberating on some matter of gencral moment, he bade Sophocles the poet state his opinion first, as being the senior general on the Board. Thereupon Sophocles said: “T am the oldest man, but you are the senior general.” So also in the present case he brought Lamachus under his orders, although more of a general than himself, and, always using his forces in a cautious and hesitating manner, he first gave the enemy courage by cruising around Sicily as far as possible from them, and then, by attacking the diminutive little city of Hybla, and going off without taking it, he won their utter contempt. Finally, he went back to Catana without effecting anything at all except the overthrow of Hyccara, a barbarian fastness. From this place it is said that Lais the courtesan was sold as a prisoner of war, being still a girl, and brought into Peloponnesus. XVI. The summer was now spent when Nicias learned that the Syracusans had plucked up courage and were going to take the initiative and come out against him. Their horsemen already had the in- solence to ride up to the Athenian camp and ask its occupants whether they had come to share the homes of the Catanians or to restore the Leontines to their old homes. At last, therefore, and reluctantly, Nicias set out to sail against Syracuse. Wishing to establish his forces there deliberately and without fear of interruption from the enemy, he secretly sent on a man of Catana with a message for the Syracusans: if they wished to find the camp and 263 qr PLUTARCH’S LIVES medov Kat Ta OTAa TOV AOnvaiwr, év nuépa pnTA ‘ / oe! : f y Pe p a mpos Katdvnv mavotpatia mapayevécOa, tov 6 "A@nvatov év Th Tove Ta TACcloTA StaTpiBovTwy éyvwxévat Tovs Supaovaiwy idous, oTav éxel- tf wv vous Tpoatovtas aicOwvrat, Tas TE TWUAAS KaTA- AapBave Gua cal tov vavotabpov vromiumTpa- vat' Todos € Elvat TOUS cUVEerT@TAS HON Kal Thy éxelvav Tepipevovtas ade. Toit’ aptota Nexias EoTpaTiyygE mept XKe- Atav. TavoTpatid yap eEayayov TOUS TOoNEMOUS Kal THY TOALV OMOU TL ToLnoas Epnuov avopar, autos éx« Katdvns avayGeis Tar Te ALtpévwv expa- Tno€ KaLT@® oTpatoTédw KaTéAaBe ywpar, dev ed , , nn , nKiota BraTTOMEVOS ols EAELTTETO TOV TroAEMO?, ww 3 ? 3 / f bf tA nramitev €& wv eOapper TorEpnoev akwXrUTODS. ? \ >» / 3 , ¢ 4 érel 5 avaatpéwavtes ex Katavns ot Supaxovacot mapetagavto Tpo THS TOAEWS, ETAYAYy@V TayU \ 3 / 3 / \ ‘ \ 3 tovs A@nvatous éxpatnoe. Kal TOANOUS MEV OUK “ / a * ATEKTELVE TOV TOAEMLMY* Ol yap (TTELs EuTrOOwY éyévovto 7H Siwker tov dé Totapov diadetpwv \ Kal admwoKkoTTwy Tas yepupas, Trapéerxev “Eppo- Kpatet Néyev tapabappivorte Tous LupaKxovaious af e nw 6te yedXolas eotw o Nixias, Omws ov payeitat oTpATHY OY, @OTEP OVK ETL AYN TWETAEUKWS. OV py arra poBov ae Kal Karam dn Ew loxupay éverprydoaro Tois SXvupakovotos, Bot avTl TaV OVTWY TOTE WevTexaivexa otpatyyav éEtépous édécOar tpels, ols miati édwKer o Sppos 5: Gpxov, 534 Un edoey ApKElv AVTOKPATOpAs. 204 NICIAS equipment of the Athenians abandoned of defenders, they must come in full force to Catana on a given day, for that the friends of the Syracusans in the city, where the Athenians spent most of their time, had determined, on perceiving their approach, to seize the gates and set fire to the Athenian fleet; the conspirators were already many and awaited their coming. This was the best generalship that Nicias displayed in Sicily. He brought his enemy out of their city in full force, thereby almost emptying it of defend- ers, while he himself put out to sea from Catana, got control of the enemy’s harbours, and seized a spot for his camp where he was confident that he would suffer least injury from that arm of the service in which he was inferior, the cavalry, and meet no hindrance in fighting with that arm whereon he most relied. When the Syracusans hurried back from Catana and drew up in order of battle before their own city, Nicias led his Athenians swiftly against them and carried the day. He did not slay many of the enemy, it is true, for their horsemen prevented his pursuit ; he had to content himself with cutting to pieces and destroying the bridges over the river, and thus gave Hermocrates occasion to say, as he sought to encourage the Syracusans, that Nicias was ridiculous in manceuvring so as not to give battle, as though it was not for battle that he had crossed the seas. However, he did infuse fear and mighty consternation into the Syracusans, so that in place of their fifteen generals then in office they elected three others, to whom the people pledged themselves under oath that they would surely suffer them to command with full and independent powers. 265 6 ~] PLUTARCH’S LIVES r a ? ° Tod & ‘Odvpriciov trANG/lov Gvtos wppynoay oi "AOnvaiot KatadaBeiv, TodAdA@V GvT@Y ev AUTO Ypvcay Kat apyupav avabnudtwv. o dé Nixias > , 3 , e , \ A éritnoes avaBarropevos vaoTépnoe Kal meptetde dpoupay eiceNOovcav Tapa tav Lvpaxovoiwr, Hryoupevos, €av Ta yYpnpata Siaptdcwow oi OTPAaTL@TAal, TO ev KOLVOY OvK wpPEANOHcEDOaL, \ ? > @ ? ‘ oad ~ 3 , n \ Thy & aitiay avtos e€ewv Tod aceBipatos. TH dé vinn treptBont@ yevouervn xpnodpevos eis ovdér, OAiyouv apepav Scayevouevmy avis avexwpnoev eis Nakov, xaxei Stexeiuace, ToAda pév avani- A ? , X \ x okwY oTpaTla TocavTn, TpdtTwY Sé pLKPa Tpds \ / 4 Duxedovs Twas adistapévous mpos avTov, WaTE A v 4 5@ >] A / >’ > 4 Tous Lupaxouaious ad&is avaappijcavtas éfeda- gat mpos Karaynv xal tv te Ywpay Tepeiv Kai “ “A 3 TO oTpaToTredoy Kataxatoa: Tov A@nvatwv. A 4 e nw “A 87 wavtes nTL@VTO TOV Nixtav, ws ev TO SiaroyilerOar Kai péddAewY Kal PuddtTecIat Tov Tov mpdkewy atoAdwTa Katpovy émel Tas Ye 4 10 \ a bane a ?% bY Pace e ie mpakes ovoeis av eueuryato Tov avopos’ opynaas yap wv évepyos Kat Spactiptos, TorApjoar é N \ MW HEAANTHS KAL ATOAMLOS. XVII. ‘Os & otv éxivnoe thy otpatiay madi éri tas Yvpaxovaas, oitws éatpatiyynoe Kal , pweTa TocavTns ofvTHTOS aya Kal acdanreias 3 a Lad Q@ a ‘ Lome 3) , f = \ émnrdev, mote Aadeiv pev es Oarvov tais vavot , \ 9 \ mpoopitas Kal amroBds, PUacat de tas 'Emitonas 266 NICIAS The Olympieum was hard by, and the Athenians set out to seize it, inasmuch as it contained many offerings of gold and silver. But Nicias purposely delayed operations until it was too late, and allowed a garrison from Syracuse to enter in, because he thought that if his soldiers plundered the temple’s treasures the commonwealth would get no advantage from it, and he himself would incur the blame for the sacrilege. Of his victory, which was so noised about, he made no use whatever, but after a few days had elapsed withdrew again to Naxos, and there spent the winter, making large outlays on his vast armament, but effecting little in his negotiations with the few Sicels who thought of coming over to his side. The Syracusans therefore plucked up courage again, marched out to Catana, ravaged the fields, and burnt what had been the Athenian camp. These things all men laid to the charge of Nicias, since, as they said, by his excessive calculation and hesitation and caution he let the proper time for action go by for ever. When he was once in action no one could find fault with the man, for after he had set out to do a thing he was vigorous and effective; but in venturing out to do it he was hesitating and timid. XVII. At any rate, when he moved his armament back to Syracuse,! he showed such generalship, and made his approach with such speed and safety, that he put in at Thapsus with his fleet and landed his men unobserved, seized Epipolae? before the 1 In the spring of 414 n.c., as described by Thucydides in vi. ° 2A triangular plateau, rising gradually to the westwards of Syracuse, visible from the interior of the city, and surrounded by precipitous cliffs. 267 2 PLUTARCH’'S LIVES ‘ “~ \ , , catacyor, tov 8 mpocBonfovvtwv doyddwv Kpatnoas édeiv pev tplaxoatcus, tpévacbar 8¢ ~ , Kat vv immov TOV TodELioy dpyayov eivar Soxovceay. “O &€ wavtwyv paddtota Kal Yredtiwtas éFe- ‘ ral cs ax 9 , , mange kat Tots “ltAAnoW antotiay TapEerxer, , a) Odiywm Xpovw TepleTelyice Lupaxovoas, Todt "AOnvav ove éAd ) toav oé j wav ove édattova, ducepyotépay S€ Ywptwy avopariats kai Oardoon yEerTVuiwon KAL TapaKel- an \ ~ pévots EXEoL TELXYOS KUKAW TEPL AUTHY TOTOUTOY ayayelv. Gdra ToT eEepydcacbat puxpov ébénoe n b e , Tov TavTos avOpwros obS vylatvorTL KpwpmEvos éavT@® mpos tocavtas gdpovtidas, adda vocor n a ‘ “a vooay vedpitiv, Hs TO pn TWpocexrrovynGer Aetupa moviabar Sixarov éott. Cavydatw bé tov otpatn- a \ a = you THy émtpédkeray Kal THY TOY OTPATLWTOY ’ , ? ‘ t \ \ ’ avdpayabiay év ols katwpGovv. o pev yap Evpr- a \ \ TtOnS META THY TTAV AVT@Y Kal TOV OEE pov ypa- hwy emixryoevoy érroinoey’ », , hd OiSe Supaxocious oxT@ vinas expatnaay ¥ vw + @ \ “ > wv bd , Avoces, 67 hv Ta. Oedv €& icov audorépos: ovK OKTM@ 6€ vikas, GAA TAElovas av TLS EBpoL Supaxovaiovs verixnuévous UT’ avTayv, mply éx a ’ , a Oeay ovTws h TUYNS dvTtoTaaiy Tiva yeveaIat Tots al bd 4 "AOnvaiow emt mrEloTOV atpopéevots SuvapeEews. XVIIL Tais pév odv mrevatas mpakeot Bia- nw a ¢ \ , Cépmevos TO capa tapi o Nixias: axpny 6€ rote a , 4 e ‘ > , Sy THs appwatias AaBovons oO pev Ev TENETL peET 268 NICIAS enemy could prevent, defeated the picked companies which came to its rescue, killing three hundred men, and even routed the cavalry of the enemy, which was thought to be invincible. But what most of all filled the Sicilians with terror and the Hellenes with incredulity was the fact that in a short time he carried a wall around Syracuse, a city fully as large as Athens, although the uneven- ness of the territory about it, its proximity to the sea and its adjacent marshes, made the task of surrounding it with such a wall very difficult. But he came within an ace of bringing this great task to completion,—a man who had not even sound health for such concerns, but was sick of a disease in the kidneys. To this it is only fair to ascribe the fact that part of the work was unfinished. I can but admire the watchful care of the general and the noble valour of his soldiers in what they did accom- plish. Euripides, after their defeat and destruction, composed an epitaph for them, in which he said :— “ These men at Syracuse eight times were triumphant as victors ; Heroes they were while the gods favoured both causes alike.” ! And not eight times only, nay, more than that you will find that the Syracusans were beaten by them, until the gods, as the poet says, or fortune, became hostile to the Athenians at the very pinnacle of their ower. XVIII. Now in most actions Nicias took part, despite his bodily infirmity. But once, when his weakness was extreme, he was lying in bed within 1 Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graeci, ii.4 p. 265. 269 PLUTARCH’S LIVES odiyov UTNPETOV KATEKELTO, THY dé oTpaTiav EXOv 0 Aapuaxos T Poo e MaXETO TOLS Lupaxovaiors éx THS TOWS TELXOS avayouct ™ pos 70 TOV "AO aio, a O KWAVCGELD EHEAAE 61a péoov TOV amro- TEeLyiapov. TM O€ Kparely TOV "A@nvaiwy ataxto- TEpov pepopeveov Tpos Tas drafters, arropovwets 0 Ndpaxos Uméorn TOV Supaxovotiwy TOUS LITTELS emupeponevors. nV be TPOTOS AUTOV Kaddxparns, avnp TONEMLKOS Kal Oupoetoys. Tpos TOUTOV ék TpoKhyo Ews KaTAgTAS 0 Adpaxos €HOVOHAXNGE, Kai aBov TANYHY T POTEPOS, elta Sous Kal TeT@Y opod cuvaTméGave TO Kaddxparet. Kal TO ev capa KPATHTAVTES AVTOD LETA TOY om hop efhpav ot |X upaxove tot, Spopep 8 epépovto 7 pos Ta TeLX7) TOY 'AOnvaiwv, év ols o Nixias mp OUK EXWY TOUS BonOoivras. auws & U70 THs avayKyns éEavactas Kal KaTioav TOV xivouvov €x EXNEUTE TOUS Kal’ eav- TOV, doa EUha Tpo TOV TELNOV eTUYXaVED els HNXavas mapaBePrAnpEéva, Kal Tas pnxavas avTas ™Up KopicavTas aya. TOUTO TOUS Supaxovatous eTET XE Kal TOV Nexiav €owoe kal Ta TeLXN Kal Ta XPHpata TOV ‘AOnvaior: proya yap ap0etcay bea. pécov TOAAY (OovTEes UTETPATNGAaY ot Lupa- KOUCLOL. Tovtwy b¢ ™paxdevtov ATONEAELTTO év o Nuxias pOvos Tov atpatnyov, nv Oo €Amibos peyanrys. Kal yap modes pe@iaTavto Kat mhoia perta oitov ToAdaxober 7)AGev Ets 70.7 Tpato- medov,' Tots mpaypacty ev pepopevors TaVT@V TpoaTiOepéevwv. Kal Oyo. TLVés ON Tapa TOV lels 1d orpardxedov MSS. and edd.; 4A@ew added by Sintenis. 270 53 NICIAS the walls, attended by a few servants, while Lama- chus with the soldiery was fighting the Syracusans. These were trying to run a wall from their city out to that which the Athenians were building, to inter- sect it and prevent its completion. The Athenians prevailed, and hurried off in pursuit with more or less disorder, so that Lamachus was isolated, and then had to face some Syracusan horsemen who made an onset upon him. Foremost of these was Calli- crates, a man skilled in war and of a high courage. Lamachus accepted his challenge to single combat, fought him, got a mortal blow from him, but gave him back the like, and fell and died along with him. The Syracusans got possession of the body of Lam- achus, with its armour, and carried it off. Then they made a dash upon the Athenian walls where Nicias was, with none to succour him. He _ nevertheless, necessity compelling him, rose from his bed, saw his peril, and ordered his attendants to bring fire and set it to all the timbers that lay scattered in front of the walls for the construction of siege- engines, and to the engines themselves, This brought the Syracusans to a halt, and saved Nicias as well as the walls and stores of the Athenians. For when the Syracusans saw a great flame rising between them and the walls, they withdrew. Thus it came to pass that Nicias was left sole gen- eral; but he was in great hopes. Cities were inclin- ing to take his side, and ships full of grain came to his camp from every quarter. Everybody hastens to join a successful cause. Besides, sundry proposals for a treaty were already coming to him from those 271 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Supaxovaiwy éyivovto wept aupBacews pos avTov, aTrEeyvoKOTwV THY ToAW. STrov Kal T'vET- mos €x Aaxedaipovos tAéwv BonBos avTois, ws iKovoe KaTa TAODY TOV dToTELYtopoy Kal TAS amropias, oUTWs Erhet TO NOLTOY WS EYo"EevNS pev Hdn THs Suxerias, Iradkiwrats 6 tas wore dta- purdkwv, ef Kal ToT Tes éyyévotto. peyady yap » b0£a Siepoita tod Kpateiv mdvta Tovs ’ABOn- vaious Kal atpatnyov éxew apayov ot evtuxiav Kal ppovnow. ‘O 8 Nuxtas evOds! attos cal rapa piow bro THS €v TO TWapovTe pwuns Kal TUXNS avaTe- Pappnkas, padtota 8€ Tots éx Lvpakovooy bia- Aeyouévots Kpipa Kal méuTrovat pos avTOV OcoV olmw THy ToAW evdidoc8a Kata oupBaces vouitwv, ovdéva tov T'vAtmaov Aoyov Eaxe TpOT- TA€OVTOS, Ovde gvAaKnY erotjcato Kabapav, GNAG TO TavTera@s Umepopaa Oat Kat KaTadpovet- cbat AaOwv abtov 6 avnp eicémrAcvoe Sta TrOpO- yod, Kal TpocKopiabels ATWTATW TOY LUpaKov av oTpaTiay cuynyayeTo Todd}, ovd e TapEeoTe tov Svpaxovaiwy éristapévav ovbe mpocdboKwv- Tov. 810 Kal wapyyyeATo pév avtois éexxAnota mept tTav mpos tov Nixiay oporoyav, Kal Teves éBdbifov Hon, piv 4 mavteras atrotexea Ojvat Thy qTodww olopevoe Seiv yevécOar Tas dtadvaers’ Bpaxv yap iv Kouid) TO atroderT Opevov TOU Epyou, Kal TrovTo TmapaBheAXnpéevny Elye THY TapacKeuTY THs TEyooomlas TUpTAacaD. XIX. ’Ev rovtw 8€ Kaipod rapovtos Tov Kw- Sivouv adixvetrac LToyytdos é« KopivOov pid 1 ¢60s deleted by Corats and Bekker. 272 NICIAS Syracusans who despaired of their city. At this time, too, Gylippus, who was sailing from Sparta to their aid, when he heard on his voyage how they were walled up and in sore distress, held on his way, it is true, but with the belief that Sicily was as good as taken, and that he could only save the cities of the Italian Greeks, if haply even that. For the opinion gained ground and strength that the Athenians were all powerful, and had a general who was invincible by reason of his judgement and good fortune. And Nicias himself, contrary to his nature, was straightway so emboldened by the present momen- tum of his good fortune, and, most of all, by the secret messengers sent to him from the Syracusans was so fixed in his belief that the city was just on the point of surrendering conditionally, that he made no sort of account of Gylippus at his approach. He did not even set an adequate watch against him. Whcere- fore, finding himself completely overlooked and despised, the man sailed stealthily through the straits, made a landing at the farthest point from Syracuse, and collected a large force, the Syracusans being not so much as aware of his presence, nor even expect- ing him. On the contrary, they had actually called an assembly to discuss the agreements to be made with Nicias, and some were already on their way to it, thinking that the terms of peace should be made before their city was completely walled up. For that part of the work which remained to be done was quite small, and all the material required for it lay strewn along the line. XIX. But in this nick of time and crisis of their peril Gongylus came to them from Corinth with a 273 VOL, III. 7 be PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tptnper’ Kal svvdpapovTwy Tpds aVTOV, WS ELKOS, mavtwv eppatev Ste Vvrutros adi€etat dua / “~ Tayéwv Kal vines arAdAat BonOoi mpoamréovorr. # \ a” ‘ , tA ? otmw 66 To ToyytAw miatevovtwr BeBaiws, Kev diyyeXos Tapa Tov l‘vAiTTOU KEdEvVOVTOS UTAaVTaD. ot 5€ Oappnoav7es eEwrrifovto: Kal wpootyyev ? N € LA > id a A > \ evOus o Tvdurmos é& od0v0 mapatetaypevos eri A > , ¢ \ > a ? é e tous ‘A@nvatovs. ws b€ Kaxetvous avTétakev o Nexias, Oéuevos él tous AOnvaious o T'vAtmaos Ta OTAa Kal KypuKa Téurpas EXeye didovat TOIS "A@ v LO 3 “a 3 > / NVALOLS AOELAV UTTLOVGLY EK LtKENAS. ‘O N q N / A ¢ > ges ? / pev ovv Nexias ovev nEtwoev arroxpiva- cOar' tov S€ otTpatiwt@v tives KaTayedovTeEs npwTwov ef Ola Trapovaiav évos TpiSwvos Kat Baxtyptas Aaxwvixijs obtws icyupa Ta Lupaxov- ld b] / 4 ef > > , aiwy é£aidyns yéyover wat 'A@nvaiwy Kata- dpoveiv, of ToAD pwparewrépous Ludtarmov Kat an A ld LaAXOV Ko“avTas Tplakocious EyovTes év wébats v b 4 , , Sedepévous arvédwxav Aaxedatpoviows. Tipacros dé 4 n Kat Tous Luxedtw@tas Hyciv év pyndevt NOyw TotEl- acGat tov Tvrurmov, totepov pév aiayporépdecav avTOU KaL pLkpoAoylay KaTayvorTas, ws O€ TPA- Tov ahOn, cxwmrtovTas els TOV Tpi8wva Kal THY ; 9 fd \ > \ Cd a ld Kopny. eta péevto. dynaiv avtos OTe TH T'vdITIT} / davévte xabarep yRavKi TOOL TpoTEeTTHAAY ETOLLwWS TTPaTEVOMEVOL. Kal TavVTA TOY TPwWTwWY adnbéatepa cicw: ev yap 7H Baxtnpia Kai T@ / AY , x 93 , a vv 4 tToiBwrte To cvpSorov Kal TO akiwpa THs STapTys 274 53 NICIAS single trireme. All flocking to meet him, as was natural, he toi'd them that Gylippus would come speedily, and that other ships of war were sailing to their aid. Ere yet they could put implicit faith in what Gongylus told them, there came a messen- ger from Gylippus bidding them come out to meet him. Then they plucked up heart and donned their arms. No sooner had Gylippus come up than he led his men in battle array against the Athenians. But when Nicias arrayed his men too over against him, Gylippus halted under arms, and sent a herald with the message that he offered the Athenians safe con- duet if they would depart from Sieily. Nicias deigned no answer to this; but some of his soldiers mocked, and asked the herald if the pres- ence of a single Spartan cloak and staff had made the prospects of the Syracusans on a sudden so secure that they could afford to deridg the Athenians, who had restored to the Lacedaemonians, out of prison and fetters, three hundred men? far sturdier than Gylippus, and longer haired. Timaeus says that the Sicilians also made no account of Gylippus, later on, indeed, because they learned to know his base greed and penuriousness:; but as soon as they set eyes upon him they jeered at his cloak and his long hair. Then, however, Timaeus himself says that as soon as Gylippus showed himself, for all the world like an owl among birds, many flocked to him, with ready offers of military service. This latter statement has more truth in it than his first, for in the staff and cloak of Gylippus men beheld the symbols of the majesty of Sparta, and rallied round 1 The captives of Sphacteria (chapter viii. 1), two hundred and ninety-two in nuinber (Thue. iv. 38, 5). 275 7 2 PLOTARCH'S LIVES a é “ 5 caQop@vtes guviotavto. Kaxeivou TO Trav épyov ~1 ‘ yeyovevat dyaiv oY Oovevdtons povov, adda Kal / \ A 4 a Pirtotos, avnp Xvpakovatos Kai TOV TWpaypaTwv € / OPATNS yEVOMEVOS. r A A = s , , e° [pn pev ovv wpwtn payn xpatnoavtes ot ABn- vaiot Tov Lupakovatwy OAlyoUs Tivas a7réKxTELVvay \ a] , \ hae , bd \ \ bd] a kat LoyyvAov tov Kopiv6tov, eis 6€ thy értovoav ¢ , e , , 3 > , nuépay edeckev o Tururaos olov éotiw é€ureipia. A a A Tois yap avTois OTaLS Kai imo Kal xwpiots , iA \ Vpnoapevos ovY waauvTws, ddAda peETabels THY ’ , tak, évixnoe Tous ‘AOnvatous: Kal puyovtwv eis ‘ , a TO atpatoTebov érictHoas ToUs Yvpaxovacious, Tois AtOous ols Exeivor TpocEKxouttov Kal TH VAN TapoiKodopap eis OiacToOAas amréxoe TOV éxeiver id od na TEPLTELYLT OV, WOT avToIs pydev Etvat TréoV KpaTovatv. "Is f de , © Nv f é x TouTtou 5€ Gapprijaavtes oi Nupaxovatot Tas “ f A nm € nm n“ a TE vaus eTANpour, KAL TOIS imMTEvVoL TOs EaUTOV \ b 7 , ry ef Kal akoXovOois TepteXauvovTEes TOAXNOUS pour. \ e id bd \ SN \ Ul 3 N kat o Ludermos émiwy émi tas modes autos éEwpya Kal ouriatn TavTas éppwyévws UTAaKovoD- a ef Tas auT@ Kal auddrapBavopévous, wate TOV , ’ 4 s Nixtav atfts ets é€xetvous atrotpeTropevov Tovs MpwtTovs Noyiapovs Kal aupdpovodyvta thy TaD Tpayuatwy petaBornv adupeiv, cai ypagerv Tots Ul ‘ "A@nvaiow Kxéedevovta TéptTety Erepov oTpAaTOV 7 an a A 4 ¢€ nw Y kal TovUTOV amTayayely é€x Xixedias, auT@ 6é a / \ TAVTWS alTOVMEVOY THS oTpaTHnyias afer ota 4 TIH)V VOTOV. 276 NICIAS them. Moreover, that the whole achievement of de- liverance was his, is the testimony not only of ‘Thucyd- ides, but also of Philistus, who was a Syracusan, and an eye-witness of the events thereof. Well, then, in the first battle the Athenians werc victors and slew some few of the Syracusans, and also Gongylus the Corinthian; but on the day fol- lowing Gylippus showed what a great thing experi- ence is. Although he had the same infantry and the same cavalry and the same localities to deal with, he did not do it in the same way as before, but changed his tactics, and thereby conquered the Athenians. And as they fled to their camp, he halted his Syra- cusans in their pursuit, and with the very stones and timbers which his enemies had brought up for their own use, he carried on the cross wall until it inter- sected the besiegers’ wall of enclosure, so that their superior strength in the field really availed them naught. After this the Syracusans plucked up heart and went to manning their ships, while their own horse- men and those of their allies would ride about and cut off many of their besiegers. Gylippus also went out in person to the cities of Sicily and roused up and united them all into vigorous and obedient concert with him. Nicias therefore fell back again upon those views of the undertaking which he had held at the outset, and, fully aware of the reversal which it had suffered, became dejected, and wrote a dis- patch ! to the Athenians urging them to send out an- other armament, or else to recall the one already in Sicily, begging them also in any case to relieve him of his command because of his disease. 2 Cf. Thue. vii. 11-15. 277 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES XX. OF 8 ’A@nvaior xal wpotepov péev OpunvTo méuTev étépav Svvaputv eis Lexediav, Plove 6é TOV TPOTOV TpaTTOMEVvwY TpOS EvTUXLAY TO Nixiov tocavtny moddas dtatpiBas éuBarovtov TOTe your éatrevdov BornOeiv. Kat Anpoobévns pev EpeArE MEYAAM TOW WHEY EK YELL@VOS, Etpupédur dé bea yetpavos mpockémevoe Ypnpata Kopivwv Kal cvoTpaTHyous aTropaivev npnévous 7@ Nexia tav abToOt otpatevopévwv EvOvdnpov xat Mévavdpov. "Ev tovT@ O€¢ kal Kata yhv Kal kata OadaTTav éEaiduns émiyetpovpevos 6 Nexias tals pev vavolv NTTOMEVOS TO TPA@TOV Gpuws ELEwoe Kal KaTEdUGE TOAAAS TOV TOAELLWY, pos 5é TO TWECOV OK E~OaceE BonOav, GAN adyvw tpooterav o l'vdeTos etre To T1Anppuptor, €v & oxevav TpinpiKay Kal xpN- LATWV TOAAOY ATOKELMLEVOV EKPATNTE TAVTOV Kab SuepOerpev avdpas ov« orUWyous Kal Covtas edaBe: TO S€ péytaTtor, adeineTo ToD Nexiov THs ayopas Thy evTéterav. mv yap } Koutdy Tapa 70 Tdnp- pvpwov acdadis xal taxeia tov ‘AOnvaiov Kpatovvtwr, exmecovtwy S€ Yarden Kal peTa pays eyiveTo Tpos TOUS TOAELLOUS Exel VaVAOXOUD- vas. tt b€ Kal TO vaUTLKOV Tois NupaKovaiots obk amo KpdTous eépaiveto vevixnuévov, add’ 278 NICIAS XX. Even before this the Athenians had made preparations to send another force to Sicily, but the leading men among them felt some jealousy of the preliminary good fortune of Nicias, and so had induced many delays. Now, however, they were all eagerness to send aid. It was therefore determined that Demosthenes should sail with a large armament in the spring, and while it was yet winter Eurymedon preceded him with a smaller fleet, bringing money, and announcing the selection of colleagues for Nicias from among the members of the expedition there,—to wit, Euthydemus and Menander. But in the meantime Nicias was suddenly attacked by land and sea. With his fleet, though vanquished at first, he yet succeeded in repulsing the enemy, and sank many of their ships; but he was not prompt enough in sending aid to his garrison at Plemmyrium,! and so Gylippus, who had fallen upon it suddenly, cap- tured it. Large naval stores and moneys were in deposit there, all of which Gylippus secured, besides killing many men and taking many prisoners. What was most important of all, he robbed Nicias of his easy importation of supplies. These had been safely and speedily brought in past Plemmyrium as long as the Athenians held that post; but now that they had been driven from it, the process was a difficult one, and involved fighting with the enemy who lay at anchor there. And besides all this, the Syracusans felt that their fleet had been defeated, not through any superior strength in their enemy, 1 A promontory which runs out opposite the city of Syracuse, and narrows the entrance into the great harbour. 279 PLUTARCH’S LIVES atakia wepl tiv diwktv. avtOus ody émeyelpouv é P ; : ; # P TapacKevaCopevot AAT pOTEpov. ‘O d€ Nexias odn éBovreTo vavpayeiv, adr TOAAHY aBerTEpiay EdevyeV Elval, TTOAOU TOTOUTOU TpoomAé€ovtos avtois xal duvdyews axpahvois, A Ra , 4 3 9 , N hy nye AnpooBévns orevdwr, at’ éhattovev Kal Yopnyoupévwy davrws Staywvicacbar. tots &é \ \ a? N \ 9/7 bd ‘4 mept tov Mévavdpov nai tov EvOvénpov aptiws \ a els THY apxnY KaNioTapévots hirotipia Kal CAros nv Tpos auotépovs Tovs oTpaTHyouUs, TOV peEV 4 a ’ AnpooGevny POjvat mpdkavras te Rapmpor, uTepBaréaOar b€ tov Nixiav. mporynpa 8 Hv e , a , A ’ f \ 9» Sofa Tis TWoAews, Hv awoAAvaPat Kal KaTa- Aver Oat TavTdtract hackovtes ef hoBnOncovrat Supaxovelous émimdéovtas, é€eBidcavto vav- payijoa. Kaixatactpatnynbértes UT A pictwvos tod KopivOiwv xuBepyyntou tots wept To aptotov, ws elpnxe Oouxvdibys, kata Kpatos HTTiOncav nal jodXovs aTéBarov: Kal aOuuia TodAN TWept- eoTtnxet TOV Nixtav TH Te povapyia KaxoTmrabodrta Kal sparropevoy avlis tro THY cUVapYoVTMD. XXI. "Ev rovtm 5é€ Anpocbévns trép trav Aupévwy emredhaiveto NapTpOTATOS TH} TapacKeuy Kat detvotatos Tots Todeuios, é7l veoy éBSdomun- a , KOVTA KAL TPLOY AywY oTALTAS TEeVTAKLaXLALOUS, axovriatas 6€ Kat tofotas Kal odevdovnras , b 4 w és TplaXLALWY OUK EATTOUS, OTAWY b€ KOTL@ Kal 280 537 NICIAS but by reason of their own disorderly pursuit of that enemy. Accordingly, they were making more vigorous preparations to try the issue again. But Nicias did not want a sea fight. He said it would be great folly, when so large an armament was sailing to their aid and hurrying up fresh troops under Demosthenes, to fight the issue out with inferior forces, and those wretchedly supplied. Menander and Euthydemus, however, who had just been appointed to their offices, were moved by an ambitious rivalry with both the other generals; they longed to anticipate Demosthenes in some brilliant exploit, and to eclipse Nicias. They therefore made much of their city’s reputation. This, they declared again and again, would be altogether ruined and dis- sipated if they should show fear when the Syracusans sailed out to attack them; and so they forced a decision to give battle by sea. But they were simply out-manceuvred by Ariston, the Corinthian captain, in the matter of the noon-day meal, as Thucydides relates, and then worsted in action, with the loss of many men. And so a great despair encompassed Nicias ; he had met with disaster while in sole command, and was now again brought to grief by his colleagues. XXI. But at this juncture Demosthenes hove in sight off the harbours,? most resplendent in his array, and most terrifying to the enemy. He brought five thousand hoplites on seventy-three ships of war, besides javelineers and archers and slingers to no less a number than three thousand. What with the gleam 1 vii. 36-41.“ The Syracusan crews took their meal close by their ships, and then suddenly re-embarked and attacked the Athenians, who supposed there would be no more fighting that day, and were taken unawares. 2 About mid-summer, 413 B.c. 281 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tapacnpols Tpinpav Kat TANOEL KEAEVOTOY Kai avANnToV Oeatpixas rat T pos exTrAnke TONE Liev cEnoKnpevos. VY OUV, WS elKOS, avbes év poBw peyarm Ta a ~~ Kai Tovs pev POdcas Tpiv aicbécPar TeV TOXeE- piwmy améxteve, Tovs 6 dpvvopevous étpévyato. “ ? / Kal KpAT@Y OvK EpErev, UXN EYwpPEL TPoTwTépw, pexpt ov tois Botwtots evétvye. mpator yap \ , ovToL cuaTpeayTes EavTovs Kat ovvdpapovTes / a / eis tovs "A@nraiovs évavtiots Tots Sopact peta a 97 \ \ ? “ 4 Bons éwoavto Kat ToAXXNovsS auTov KaTéBanrov. > + ‘ a , Mi. @ , \ dc: ddXov b€ TOD oTpaTevpaTos EvOUS HY Tr0la Kal Tapay), Kat ToD hevyovTos On KaTAT UT Ad pEvoY ~ ~ Q TO ETL VIKOY, KAL TO ewLBaivoy Kat Tpoc hEepopevov bro Tav mrehoSnuévwy avaxoTToOuEevoy €avT@ ‘ sf 97 MEPLEWLTTE, TOUS mEev HevyovTas olopevoy Si@xKey, an Ld f \ trois 5é€ pirors ws TorELLOLS YPwpEvov. 1 ‘yap a“ \ 4 ataxtos avamkis év tTavtT@® peta gdoBov Kai ayvoias, Kal TO THS OWews aTtaTOV Ev VUKTL [1/TE / v 4 “ > 4 , ? 3 oKOTOS aKpaTtov pve Pas eyovan BEeSarov, arr / / \ olay €iKos On KaTadepowéevns cernYNsS Kal Trept- oxiatomerns OmAOLS TOAXOIS KAL TWpact KLvOUME- nw “ \ , vous Sta TOV Hwtos p17) h:acagovaav Ta eidn PoBo Tov ToAEuiov Kal TO oiKEtov ToLEty UVTOTTOD, Ets ’ , \ Servas amopias Kal wepimetetas Kabiatn Tovs ’ f ad f \ \ t A@nvaiovs. Ervyov b€ ws Kai THY ceErAVNY % a“ \ éxyovtes Oma Bev" d0ev avTol pev avTots Tas cKIAS \ A ~ émiBurdrovtes aTéxpuTTov TO TAOS TOV OTrAWY , \ ’ e Y Kal THY NapTpoTyTa, Tous 8 évavtiouvs o Tpos THY 284 NICIAS their contempt. So they sided with Demcsthenes, and Nicias, with great reluctance, was forced to yield. Therefore, Demosthenes, with the infantry, made a night attack upon Epipolae. He took some of the enemy by surprise, and slew them; others, who tried to make a stand, he routed. Victorious, he did not halt, but pressed on farther, until he fell in with the Boeotians. These were the first of the enemy to form in battle array, and dashing upon the Athenians with spears at rest and with loud shouts, they repulsed them and slew many of them there. Through the whole army of attack there was at once panie and confusion. The part that was still pressing on victoriously was presently choked up with the part that fled, and the part that was yet eoming up to the attack was beaten back by the panie-stricken and fell foul of itself, supposing that the fugitives were pursuers, and treating friends as foes. Their huddling together in fear and ignorance, and the deecitfulness of their vision, plunged the Athenians into terrible perplexities and disasters. For the night was one which afforded neither absolute darkness nor a steady light. The moon was low on the horizon, and was partially obscured by the numeious armed figures moving to and fro in her light, and so she naturally made even friends mutually suspicious through fear of foes, by not distinguishing their forms clearly. Besides, it somehow happened that the Athenians had the moon at their backs, so that they cast their shadows on their own men in front of them, and thus obscured their number and the brilliancy of their weapons ; while in the case of the enemy, the reflection of the moon upon their 285 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a ‘\ ? cEeAnVNY TOY doTOwY aVvTLpwTLT MOS TOAV TAELO- ra 4 vas opacOat cal Aautporépous érrotec. Ty * \ 40 9 a e 9 ‘6 Téros 6€ mavrayobev avtois, ws évédocar, T POTKELMEVOV TOV TOAELLMY HEeVyovTeEs ol MEY UT’ 3 f e >] e b 3 / > / e \ Exetvwv, ol & UT GAAnAWY aTréOvncKoY, ol 5é KaTa TOY Kpnpvav ortcOaivoytes: Tos 8 atrocKe- dacbévtas Kal mAavwpEévoUS IMépas erUyEevomEerNs € ¢ a , / 9 / ol immeis KaTarapBavovtes duepOecpov. éryévovTo dé vexpot SitytrLol, Kal TMV TrEpLyevopéeveay OALYoL ETA TOV OTAWY ATETWONGAY. XXII. ‘O pév ody Nixias wAnyels ovK atpoo- SoxnTws 7TtaTo TOU Anpoabévous Thy TpoTéTElay: éxetvos 6€ Trept TOUTwWY aTOAOYNnodpeEvos exéXevoEV b) a ‘ / ed \ ¥ > f aTroTTNELY THY TAXLTTHY’ OUTE yap ardAnV adik- A \ a “A eoOat Suva avtois, oT’ amo Tis Tapovans TaV / a tad a TOMEpLLWY KpaTely, OToV ye Kal KpaTovVTas éxel- vov éoe. peTactivar Kal puyety 7d ywpiov, dei peév, ws TuvOdvortat, Bapv Kai voow@des by atpa- , a 3 ¢ f \ \ \ Lad ToTéOw, vv 6, ws Br€rrovat, Kal dia THY Bpav ? 4 f \ nd e 3 4 \ \ OEP ptovy. peTOTMpoU yap iy ) apy Kal TOAXOL \ 5 /, bd , ‘3 4 pev noGévovuy Hen, waves b€ jOvmouv. a F: aA ‘O b€ Nexias yareras ijxove thy puynv Kat Tov amroTNouY, ov TO wy Sediévat Tos Xuvpaxov- gious, dAXAa TO padAOv Tovs "APnralouvs Kal Tas éxetvwy dixas Kai cuxopavtias hoBetabar. Servov \ @ > \ 3 s a ww 9 Hey ovy ovdey avtTole wpocboxay épacker, ei &e , A e a Q ¢ X “A 4 sup Bain, padrov atpetabat Tov LTO TOV TOAELLOV Gavatov 1) Tov UTO THY ToALT@Y, OvY SpoLa 286 NICIAS shields made them seem far more numerous than they really were, and more resplendent to the eye. Finally, when the Athenians gave ground, the enemy attacked them on all sides and put them to flight. Some of them died at the hands of their pursuers, others by one another’s hands, and others still by plunging down the cliffs. The scattered and wandering fugitives, when day came, were overtaken and cut to pieces by the enemy’s horsemen. The dead amounted in all to two thousand; and of the survivors, few saved their armour with their lives. XXII. Nicias, accordingly, was overcome by this disaster, though it did not take him wholly by surprise, and he accused Demosthenes of rashness. Demosthenes defended himself on this score, and then urged that they sail away as soon as they could. No other force would come to their aid, he declared, and with the one they had they could not finally master the enemy, since, even if they were victorious in battle, they would be forced to change their base and abandon their present position ; this was always, as they heard, a grievous and unwholesome spot for encampment, and now particularly, as they saw, it was actually deadly on account of the season of the year. For it was the beginning of autumn; many were sick already, and all were in low spirits. But Nicias could not bear to hear of sailing off in flight, not because he had no fear of the Syracusans, but because he was more afraid of the Athenians with their prosecutions and denunciations. Nothing dreadful, he would say, was to be expected where they were, and even if the worst should come, he chose rather to die at the hands of his enemies than at the hands of his fellow citizens. In this he was 287 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aA ed e A 4 9 \ ppovav ols vatepov o Bulavtios Aéwv ele mpos A e a , ‘6c a \ > ww TOUS €QUTOU TOALTAS’ BovrAopat yap, épn, Aa b] aA ¢ A “a “wardrov vd vyov H pel’ buoy amobarveiy’ TWepl wévToL TOTOV Kal ywpas eis Iv petatadEovar ‘ ’ ? ’ e , TO otpatoredov, BovrevoecOar nal hovyiay. A ? 3 A 4 e \ / 3 ‘ tavta 5 avtov A€yovTos o pev AnpooBévns ovdé Th TpoTépa yvwpy Katevtvynoas eravaato , : “A > A , XN 4, Bialopevos, tots 8 adrows Tapéoye Tov Nixiav TpocooKOVvTa Kal TiaTEvoVTAa Tois Erdov OUTS éppoméevws avapdyerOas trepl THs aTroBdcews: S10 Kal cuvexwpnoav. ws pévtot oTpatTia Lupaxov- aiois énmAOev GAXAN KAaL pLadrXOY HrteTO TAV bf , e 4 4 \ a 7 , , AOnvaiwv 7 vocos, 6n Kal T@ Nixia ovvedoxe peSiactacbat, Kai mapnyyere TOs oTpaTLWTALS a , EVTpETrEls Elva TPOS aTOTAOUY. XXNIIT. SOs & Fy Eronpa tadta wavra Kal ToD ‘ > ‘ ’ ef \ ‘ modepioy ovdcis trapepurattev, te 1) 1 apoadoxwvtwy, éEedeTTEv 1) GEXTVN THS VvUKTOS, ‘4 td “ Df 4 \ “A v nn e Q péya Séos tH Nikia nat Tov adAdAwWY ToOiS VITO atretpias 7) Seotdaitovias eéxtreT@ANypEvolts TA a A / ToLauTa. TOU pevy yap Alov THY Trepl Tas TPLAKAOAS ETLTKOTHOL ALBS ye Tws Ndn cuvEedpo- e ‘ “A ’ vouv Kal ol TOAXOL yevouévny UTO THS TErVNS auTay dé THY TEANnVHY, OTiVt DUVTUYYaVoVCa Kai A > , ? cA ‘\ a ? ’ TOS aipvidsoy €x TavaEeAnvouv TO PWS auTOrAAVCEL Kal ypoas inot mavtodatds, ov padiov Av KataraBeiv, adr dAXOKoTOY \ 4 ? , TKLaS AOYoV Els ypadyny catabépevos ’AvaEayopas oT’ avTOs WY TradaLos OUTE O XOYOS évdoEos, ANN’ ? , wv ‘ Py > 3 4 \ 3 b 4 amoppntos Ett Kal oe OALywv Kal pet evrAaBeEias A a , , > \ bf 4 Tivos 4 tmiatews Badifwv. ov yap nvetyovTo \ \ 4 U TOUS duaixovs Kal peTewpodéo yas TOTE KaNov- pévous, ws els aitias addoyous Kal Ssuvdpers aTpovontovs Kal Katnvayxacpéva maby b1a- TpiBovtas To Oeiov, adda Kal IIpwrayopas épuye, xat Avakayopav eipxPévta poris TepieTrolncaro Ilepixrtjs, xal Lwxpatns, ovdéy ad’t@ TaV YE TOLOUTWY ToT ijKoV, Guws amwrcto dia Pirocodiav. owe & 4 Wddtavos éxrdpyaca Sofa bia tov Biov rod avdpos, kal Ott tais Oeiats Kal Kuplo- tépais apxais vrérake tas guotxas avayKas, 539 a ~ , “a adeire THY TOV NO'YWV tovtwy diaBornv, Kal Tois pabrnpaciw eis atavtas odov évédwxev. oO yodv e “a ] “a ‘4 x A U v bd ETaipos avtov Aiwy, cad ov ypovov ewedrev apas éx ZaxvvGouv mrciv emt Arovuciov, éxdAttovans a , ] \ A ? 4 \ Ths «aEeAnvns, ovdey StatapayOeis avnxOn, Kal \ 3 f 9g / \ 4 Katacyov év Lupaxovaas eEeBare tov tTupav- vov. a , , , , . , To pevtot Nixig ouynvéxOn tote pnde pavrey ww ww e , 9 nm Exe Eutrepov: o yap svv7iO8ns avTov Kal TO TOND Tis Secordatpovias adaipav XTiABidyns ereOvyKe 2G0 — NICIAS The first man to put in writing the clearest and boldest of all doctrines about the changing phases of the moon was Anaxagoras. But he was no ancient authority, nor was his doctrine in high repute. It was still under seal of secrecy, and made its way slowly among a few only, who received it with a certain caution rather than with implicit confidence. Men could not abide the natural philosophers and ‘visionaries,’ as they were then called, for that they reduced the divine agency down to irrational causes, blind forces, and necessary incidents. Even Protagoras had to go into exile,! Anaxagoras was with difficulty rescued from imprisonment by Pericles,? and Socrates, though he had nothing whatever to do with such matters, nevertheless lost his life ? because of philosophy. It was not until later times that the radiant repute of Plato, because of the life the man led, and because he subjected the compulsions of the physical world to divine and more sovereign principles, took away the obloquy of such doctrines as these, and gave their science free course among all men. At any rate, his friend Dion, although the moon suffered an eclipse at the time when he was about to set out from Zacynthus on_ his voyage against Dionysius, was in no wise disturbed, but put to sea, landed at Syracuse, and drove out the tyrant.* However, it was the lot of Nicias at this time to be without even a soothsayer who was expert. The one who had been his associate, and who used to set him free from most of his superstition, Stilbides, had 1 Not far from 411 B.c. 2 About 432 B.c. See the Pericles, xxxii. 3. 3 In the spring of 399 B.c. * In 357 B.c. See the Dion, xxiv. 291 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘ 4 > . \ A o U pixpov Eutrpoobev, érel to onjtetov, Os dyot Pirc- xyopos, hevyovaty ov av Tovnpoy, adda Kal Taye * 3 , ‘ e 8 ‘O / Vpyotuv' emtixpuews yap at cuv hoSw mpakers , ‘ \ “ , Ul 3 b ~ »” déovTat, TO 6é POS TOAEuLOY eoTLY avTAais. aAWS TE KAL TOY TEpPL HALOV Kal GEA}VHV ETL TpEIS MEepas émototvta guraxkyny, ws Avtoxreldns dtéypawer > “ b a“ e \ 7. / LA 4 éy tois eEnyntixots: o b€ Nexias addAnv érretce oednUns davapévery Tepiodov, waTrep ovK eEvOus A ene Oeacdpevos autnvy adamoxabapOeicav, ste Tor , “~ “~ OKLEPOY TOTOY Kal UTO THS ys avTieppaTTopMevor mapnrde. XXIV. Mexpod &€ ravrwy apéuevos Tav GXNwV w , \ 4 , fed ? a EOvé Te nal Stepavtevero Kabnpevos, Ews ér7AGov altois ot ToNéulol, TO pev WEl@ Ta TELyYN Kal TO 4 a“ ~ ~ atTpatoTesoy avtayv tjodtopKovrtes, Tais b€ vavat ? ‘ , f ? 3 N KUKN@ TOV ALtweva TEptdauPdvovTes, OK avTol povov Tais Tptnpeciv, adda Kal Ta Traddpia , “a e a maviaxyobev ériBaivovta tav adrtadwv Kal tails , 4 > a A 3 oxadats mpoomdéovta mpovKareito tovs 'AOn- vaious Kal mpovTnrakiley, ov éva, Taida yvupl- pov yovéwy, “Hpaxreidnv, mpoeteXucavta To , “ > \ 7 , Troiw vars “Artixn dwwKovca KatedupPave. Seiaas 8€ rept att@ IlodXtyos o Oeios avteXavve déxa Tpliypecty wv npxyev- of & arrot TeEpt Tov IlovAtyou PofnGévtes waavtws avyyorto. Kat vavpaytas inyupas yevopévns évixnoav oi Lupce ? A * ’ , a“ > Kovatol, Kat Toy Evpupédovta modA@y pet adAwv dep Getpav. "IIy obv otxéte pévery avacyera 'AOnvaiots, 292 NICIAS died a short time before. For indeed the sign from Heaven, as Philochorus observed, was not an ob- noxious one to fugitives, but rather very propitious ; concealment is just what deeds of fear need, whereas light is an enemy to them. And besides, men were wont to be on their guard against portents of sun and moon for three days only, as Autocleides has remarked in his “ Exegetics’’; but Nicias persuaded the Athenians to wait for another full period of the moon, as if, forsooth, he did not see that the planet was restored to purity and splendour just as soon as she had passed beyond the region which was dark- ened and obscured by the earth. XXIV. Abandoning almost everything else, Nicias lay there sacrificing and divining until the enemy came up against him. With their land forces they laid siege to his walls and camp, and with their fleet they took possession of the harbour round about. Not only the men of Syracuse in their triremes, but even the striplings, on board of fishing smacks and skiffs, sailed up from every side with challenges and insults for the Athenians. To one of these, a boy of noble parentage, Heracleides by name, who had driven his boat well on before the rest, an Attic ship gave chase, and was like to capture him. But the boy’s uncle, Pollichus, concerned for his safety, rowed out to his defence with the ten triremes which were under his orders, and then the other commanders, fearing in turn for the safety of Pollichus, likewise put out for the scene of action. A fierce sea fight was thus brought on, in which the Syracusans were victorious, and slew Eurymedon along with many others. Accordingly the Athenians could no longer endure 293 ~~ PLUTARCH’S LIVES GANG TOV TpaTHYaY KaTeBowy TelH KEeNEVOVTES nA \ dvaywpely. Kal yap of Lvpaxova.ot vixnoavtes evOus évédpakav nal diéxdNercoav tov Sréxtrdovv A , a) TOU Aiuévos. ot b€ tept Tov Nixiav TovtTo pev ’ > , ‘ \ ® ’ A e , ovx émeiovro: detvov yap nv amoAtTety OAKadaS \ \ 4 3 7 ? “A / TE TOAAAS Kal TPLNpELG OALYOV apLEU@ Staxociov » ] 4 > a, \ nw La) ‘ atrodeovaas’ éuBiSdcavtes 5€ Tav TelaVv Tors aplaoTOUS Kal TOV AKOVTLATa@V TOUS GAKLMwWTATOUS émAnpwoayv éxatov Kal Séxa Tpinpetss al yap a a“ \ dda Tapoay evdects Hoav. tov dé Novrov dyAov v \ , ¢ eg ’ \ \ Eatnae Tapa Odracaayv o Nixtas, éxAtTr@v TO \ péya otpatoresov Kai Ta TELyYn Ta GUVaTTOVTA mpos To HpaxXeov, aote pty TeEOvKOTM@Y THY ? / f a ¢ na ral , elOrapévny Ouciav T@ Hpakdet tov Xvpaxoveiwr, Pica. TOTE TOUS Lepeis Kal aTpaTnyoUs avaBavTas HON TANPOULEVWY TOV TPLIPwD. XXV. "Ewet & of padvrets tots LZupaxovatots annyyerav éx TOY lep@v NauTpOTHTA Kal viKny ? pn KaTapyopevols payns, GX dapvvopévots (xai a 4 yap tov ‘Hpaxdéa wavtwy xpateiy apuvopevov tf Kal TpoeTtyetpovpevor), avnxOnoayv. s ‘H 6é vaupayia ToAD peyioTn Kal KapTepw- TaTN yevouevn, Kat pndev éXaTTOva TdOn Kal OopvBouvs trapacxyovoa tots Pewpévois % Tots ? , \ ‘ \ ? , a“ aywovtonevors Oia TtHv Tavtos é7i Brew Tov Epyou Totxitas petaBoras Kal atpoaSoxiyrous év bd f , wv a“ ? al odty@~ AauBavovTos, EBAaTTE Tals avT@Y Tapa- a “~ s oKxevals ovy TTOY TMY TOAELiWY TOUS "APnvatous. “ ‘4 aOpoats yap éuaxovto Tais vavot nat Bapetats 294 NICIAS to remain there, but cried out loudly upon their generals and bade them withdraw by land; for the Syracusans, immediately after their victory, had blocked up and shut off the mouth of the harbour. But Nicias could not consent to this. He said it would be a terrible thing to abandon so many trans- _ ports, and triremes almost two hundred in number. So he embarked the best of his infantry and the most efficient of his javelineers to man a hundred and ten triremes; the rest lacked oars. Then he stationed the remainder of his army along the shore of the harbour, abandoning his main camp and the walls which connected it with the Heracleum. And so it was that the Syracusans, who had so long been unable to offer their customary sacrifice to Heracles, offered it then, priests and generals going up to the temple for this purpose while their triremes were a-manning. XXV. Presently their diviners announced to the Syracusans that the sacrifices indicated a splendid victory for them if only they did not begin the fight- ing, but acted on the defensive. Heracles also, they said, always won the day because he acted on the defensive and suffered himself to be attacked first. Thus encouraged, they put out from shore. This proved the greatest and hottest sea fight they had yet made, and roused as many tumultuous emo- tions in those who were mere spectators as in those who did the fighting, because the whole action was in plain sight, and took on shifts and turns which were varied, unexpected, and sudden. Their own equipment wrought the Athenians no less harm than did that of their enemy; for they fought against light and nimble ships, which bore down upon them 295 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tpos Koudas adrayoev arAXrasS emihepopueévas, Kal f , e , Ww A A BadXdopevor riBots opoiay Exovot THY TWANYHY U 9 , b Ud \ ? mavray obey avtéBarhov aKovTtots Kal Tofevpacw, @V 0 TuXO0S THY evOuBoriay StéaTpepev, MOTE pn TadvTa Kat alypny mpoodépecbat. raita “Apiatwv o KopivOcas xuBepyntns ébidake rots Lupaxovaious, cal Tapa THY paxnv avTHY aywu- Comevos mpoOupws erecevy bn KpatovytTav Tay Lupakovatwv. Tevopuérvns € peyddns tpor7ns Kal POopas, \ 4 , Q a b , » pev Kata Odraacav gduyn trois "AOnvaios aro- KéxoTTTo yaremny b€ Kal dia yRs THY cwTnpiay OpavTes ore vads adéAKovtas éyyvOev ETL TOS ToNELioUS EXWAVOV OUTE VEKPHY TNTAY dvalpeaw, ate 69 Tihs éxeivwy atadgias Tiyv TeV .vocobvTwY Kal .TETPwWLEévWY aTrOAELLY OixTpoTépay ovaaV wv ‘\ 3 “a WwW e A . 3 , non po opParpav Eyovtes, avtous b€ Kaxelvwv , a ETLTOVWTEPOUS NYOUMEVOL, PETA TAELOVWY KAK@V émi TaUTO TavTws adiEopévous TENS. XXXVI. ‘Oppynpévoy 8 attav amaipav ba dé e “A VUKTOS ot pevy epi tov T'vAiTTov, opwvtes ev Ovaiats xal toto Tovs Supaxovatous dra re THY vixny Kal Thy éoptiyv dvTas, OUTE TeicEV OvTE Biacecbat tpocedoxwy avactavtas 16n mpordé- pecOat tots Todeuions atiodawy, “Eppoxparns 8& autos ag’ éavtod aurbels ert rov Nixiav avarnp, eTeuye Tivas TMV ETAIpwY TpOS avTOY, aT éxei- VwV peEV Kev TOV avdpwv dagKovTas, ol Kal mpd- >? ¢ a ba , , tepov eiwbecav xpupa 7T@ Nexia drareyeoOat, 296 540 NICIAS from different directions at once, while their own were heavy and clumsy and all] crowded together. Besides, they were bombarded with stones, whose blow is just as effective however they light ; whereas they could only reply with javelins and arrows, whose proper cast was disturbed by the tossing water, so that they did not all fly head on to their mark. This method of fighting was taught the Syracusans by Ariston the Corinthian captain, who fought zealously while the battle lasted, only to fall just as the Syracusans were victorious. The Athenians suffered such great rout and loss that they were cut off from flight by sea. Even by land they saw that their salvation was a difficult matter, so that they neither tried to hinder the enemy from towing away their ships under their very eyes, nor did they ask the privilege of taking up their dead. These, forsooth, could go unburied ; the survivors were confronted with a more pitiful sight in the abandonment of their sick and wounded, and thought themselves more wretched still than their dead, since they were sure to come with more sorrows than they to the same end after all. XXVI. They purposed to set out during the night, and Gylippus, who saw that the Syracusans were given over to sacrificial revels because of their victory and their festival of Heracles, despaired of persuad- ing or compelling them to rise up from their pleasures at once and attack their enemy as he departed. But Hermocrates, all on his own account, concocted a trick to put upon Nicias, and sent certain com- panions to him with assurances that they were come from those men who before this had often held secret conferences with him. They advised Nicias not to 297 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TapaivovvTas dé yn TwopeverOae dra THs VUKTOS, os Tov Lupakoucion évédpas TEeToLnLévarv avTois Kat T POKATEXOVTOY TAS Tapdcous. TOUT@ dé Kataatpatnyniels o Nixias vméuevev a srevdes édercev UTTO TOV ToRepwieoy arnbas waleiv. mpoerBovres yap ay TPEPD TAS dvaxwpias TOV obay xaTéraBov kai tas SuaBdoers TOY TOTA Bay ameTelxioay Tas Te yehupas améxoway, évp &€ Tois oparois Kal Tedivois Tovs tttreis érafay, OOTE pndéva AeretpOat Tois ‘AOPnvators tomov dpayel poe Geiv. Ou b¢ Kal THY pe pa exelyny Kal THY vUKTA THY éTépav émepelvavTes em opevovTo Kravd ug Kal odopuppa, kabaTep ex maTpoos, ov TONEMLAS, ayia TAPEVOL, dia Tas amopias TOV avaryeatoy kal Tas aTodeies Tov advvadtov dirwv kal cuviOwv, Gums Ta mapovTa Kaka KOUPOTEpa TAY T po doxwpevev vouitovTes elvat. TOAK@Y b€ eva év TO TTPATOT Ede haivopévav, ovdey tv ole poTepov avtov Nixiov @Oéapa, KEKAKWMEVOU pev bro THIS dabeveias, cuvEerTarpevov dé map’ akiav Els dvayKaiav Siavtav nat ta pexporata Tav épodtwv ets TO Cpa TONY dua THY vooov Seopevov, T paTTovTos dé per’ dppwotias Kat KAPTEPOUVTOS & mTodXOl TOY Eppopevay Hors UmewEvor, Katahavous é maou ovTos ov dt’ avrov ovee T@ prrowuxew TOLS Trovats EUPEVOVTOS, andra be’ éxelvous THY €ATiCa py Tpoiepevov. kal yap ets. daxpua Kal dduppovs TOV adov vo hofou Kal AuTeNS TpETrOMEveon, € exetvos, el TOTE Brac bein TOUTO Totiaal, SHrOS Hv TO aLaxXpov Kal TO aKreEés 298 NICIAS set out during the night, inasmuch as the Syracusans had laid snares for him and preoccupied the ways of escape. Nicias was completely outgeneralled by this trick, and so ended by suffering in very truth at the hands of his enemies what their lies had made him fear. For the Syracusans set forth at break of day, occupied the difficult points in the roads, fortified the river fords, cut away the bridges, and posted their cavalry in the smooth open spaces, so that no spot was left where the Athenians could go forward with- out fighting. They waited therefore all that day and the follow- ing night, and then set out, for all the world as though they were quitting thcir native city and not an enemy’s country, with wailings and lamentations at their lack of the necessaries of life and their enforced abandonment of helpless friends and com- rades. And yet they regarded these present sorrows as lighter than those which they must expect to come. Many were the fearful scenes in the camp, but the most pitiful sight of all was Nicias himself, undone by his sickness, and reduced, as he little deserved, to a scanty diet, and to the smallest supply of those personal comforts whereof he stood so much in need because of his disease. And yet, for all his weakness, he persisted in doing what many of the strong could barely endure, and all saw plainly that it was not for his own sake or for any mere love of life that he was faithful to his tasks, but that for their sakes he would not give up hope. The rest, for very fear and distress, had recourse to lamenta- tions and tears; but whenever he was driven to this pass, it was plainly because he was contrasting the shameful dishonour to which his expedition had now 299 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THS oTpatelas avaroyilopevos mpos TO péeyeOos \ ‘\ U ? ” v4 cal Thy do-av wv HATE KaTOpOwcetv. Od povoyv & avtod thy ovev opwvtes, ddA Kab TOV AOYwV pYnuovevovTEs Kal THY Trapatvéoewn a b] , f ‘ wv v ~ as €TolnaaTo KwWAUwWY TOV ExTrAOUY, ETL paddov évopitov dvatiws TtaXaiTwpeiv: Kal mpos Tas éx« Oeav érmidas advpws eiyov, évvoodytes ws avnp ‘ \ ‘ ‘ 4 , Ocodirns Kal ToAXAa Kai peydda AapTpUVapEVvOS \ \ ” 3 ‘ 3 ? if nw Tpos TO Geiov ovderos ErielKegTEpa TUYN KpHTat ~ 9 ”~ , \ TOV KaKioTwWY év TO OTPATEvpAaTL Kal TaTrELVO- TATOWV. XXVIT. OF pny GAN 6 ye Nixias érrecpato Kal dwvn Kal Tpocwmw Kai SeEiwoe xpeitTwv opacbat Tov Savav. Kai mapa wacav ye THv , 9s? ¢ , 3 \ , Topetav ef iyuépas oxt@ Baddopevos Kal Tpav- patelopevos UTO TOV TOAELLWY AATTNTOV EPUAATTE ‘ A 3 wn“ iA td ? 4 os THY avy avT@ Ovvamty, aypt ov Anpocbévns éEarw Kal TO pet éxeivou otpatevpa, mept tHv ToAv- 4 3 N ? ~ f A. he 4, CyAeov avrAny ev To StapayeoOat Kai UroXeire- f 3 ‘ \ f , cba xuerwbév. avros &€ Anyoolévns craca- N 4 wv \ e , 9 ‘ 3 , peevos TO Eidos ErAnEe pév eautov, ov pny aré- “ s Oave, Taxv Tav TodEuiwy TeptayovTwy Kal aurraBovtwr avTov. ‘Os 6€ 7@ Nixta tpoceddocavtes efpalor oi Supaxovetot Kal wéuas imméas Eyvw Thy éxeivov Tov oTpaTevuaTos adwou, nEtov amE.cacGat pos Q "n , wv 9 fa N > ] , 9 Tov Tvrummov, ows ada@at tors ’APnvaious éx “” ¢ ¢ wn RuxeAias dunpa RAaBovTes vTEP TaY Xpnuatov 6ca Xvpaxovaios aGvdAwTo wpos TOV ToAEpLOV. 300 541 NICIAS. come with the great and giorious successes which he had hoped to achieve. Besides, it was not merely the sight of him now, but also the memor y of the arguments and exhorta- tions with which he had once tried to prevent the sailing of the expedition, that led men to think him all the more unworthy to suffer such hardships now ; and they had no courage to hope for aid from the gods when they reflected that a man so devout as he, and one who had performed so many great and splendid religious services, now met with no seemlier fortune than the basest and most obscure man in his army. XXVII. However, it was this very Nicias who tried, both by words and looks and kindly manner, to show himself superior to his dreadful lot. And during all the march which he conducted for eight successive days,! though suffering from the missiles of the enemy, he yet succeeded in keeping his own forces from defeat, until Demosthenes and his de- tachment of the army were captured. These fell behind as they fought their way along, and were surrounded on the homestead of Polyzelus. Demos- thenes himself drew his sword and gave himself a thrust; he did not, however, succeed in killing himself, since the enemy quickly closed in upon him and seized him. When the Syracusans rode up and told Nicias of this disaster, he first sent horsemen to make certain that the force of Demosthenes was really taken, and then proposed to Gylippus a truce permitting the Athenians to depart from Sicily after giving hostages to the Syracusans for all the moneys which they had 4 Minutely described, day by day, in Thue. vii. 78-85. 301 3 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES oi & ov mpoceixov, d\Aa pos UBpw Kal pet opyns atrethobyTes Kal Aowdopovvtes EBadXov Hdy mivrwy évde@s EXOVTA TOV avayKaiwy. ov pHv anra Kal THY VUKTA dtexaptepyce Kal THY eT L- ovaay uépav T pojet Bardopevos T pos TOV ‘Agivapov TOT apov. éxel S€ TOUS MeV OL TONE MLOL TUVEVEYKOVTES evécettay els TO petOpov, ot be pOdvovtes wb7r0 dixfous eppim Tov EQuTOUS* Kai TrELTTOS EvTAava Hopos mv Kal a @LOTaTOS év TH TOTAP@ mivovTwv aya cal aparTouevwn, ay pt Nixias Pvvirarw T poor ET wY elTrey" ‘"EXe0s vpas, a Tudenme, AaBETw viKwrTas, epOU pev pnoeis, 6 os emt THALKAUTALS evTuxiacs ovopa Kal dofav EaXOn, TOY 8 adhov ‘AOnvaten, évvon- evtas OTL Kotval pev at TUXaL Tob TONE HOU, pet pias 6 avrais Kal T paws expncavto ép ols EVTUYOUV "AOnvator 7 pos vpas.” Tovadra TOU Nextov AéyovTos émade pev TL Ka mpos THv Owen avrov Kal mpos TOUS ovyous O Torxurros: moee yap TOUS Aaxedaipovious €U TTé- mordoras v UT avToU wept TAs yevopevas draduoets: péya S Hyetto mpos So€ay et Caras arayayot TOUS GVTLOTPATI}YOUS. 5:0 tov te Nextay avada- Bav éOdppuve nal tovs adrovs Swrypetv Tapny- yetre. Bpadéws 8€ Tod TapayyEAwaTos dtixvov- pévou TOAD Tov ghovevPévTwY EAATTOVES oO Stacwhévtes eyévovTo: Kaitot TOAKOL StexAaTNG av UTO TOY OTPATLWTOD. Tovs 6€ davepas éarwxotas aOpoicavtes Ta bev KdAXOoTA Kai péeytota Sévdpa TaY Tept Tov 302 NICIAS expended on the war. But they would not entertain the proposal. Nay, with insolent rage they reviled and insulted him, and kept pelting him with missiles, destitute as he was of all the necessaries of life. However, through that night and the following day he managed to hold out, and finally came, under constant fire, to the river Asinarus. There some of his men were crowded along by the enemy and thrust into the stream, while others, in advance of pursuit, were impelled by their thirst to cast them- selves in, and an exceeding great and savage carnage raged in the river itself, men being butchered as they drank. At last Nicias fell down at the feet of Gylippus and cried: “ Have pity, Gylippus, now that you are victorious, not on me at all, though my great successes have brought me name and fame, but on the rest of these Athenians. Remember that the fortunes of war are common to all, and that the Athenians, when they were in good fortune, used it with moderation and gentleness toward you.” So spake Nicias, and Gylippus felt some compunc- tion, both at the sight of him, and at what he said. For he knew that the Lacedaemonians had been well treated by him when the peace was made, and, besides, he thought it would increase his own fame if he should bring home alive the generals who had opposed him. Therefore he raised Nicias up, gave him words of cheer, and issued command to take the rest of his men alive. But the command made its way slowly along, so that the spared were far fewer than the slain. And yet many were stolen and hidden away by the soldiery. The public prisoners were collected together, the fairest and tallest trees along the river bank were 3°35 ee) PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘ 9 4 ’ 4 , ToTapov avédnoay aixypyadrwtos mavoTrias, éotehavapévor 5€ avtol Kal Koopnoayvtes tous! immous dtatrpeT@s, Keipavtes S€ TOUS TAY ToONE- piwy elanAavvoy eis THY TOALY, AyOva NauTpoTa- tov ay’ EXXnves awpos”EXAnvas HywvicayTo Kai viKnv TeEMEWTaTHY KpaTer TAELaT@ Kal pwn peyiotn mpobupias Kai adpetis KaTwpOwsores. XXVIII. ExxrAnoias 6€ ravéypyou Svpaxov- Giwy Kal TOV oUppaywy yevopérns, Evpuxrjis o Snpaywyos éypawe Tpwtov pev THY uépav ev 7) \ ‘4 ¥ e A Ww , 4 tov Nextav édrxaBov, iepav éyev, Ovovtas xa 4 WwW b ‘4 \ e ‘ 3 \ cyoralovtas Epywy, Acivapiav thy éoprny aro Tov ToTapov KadovyTas’ nuépa 8 Hy rerpas Pbivovtos tod Kapveiov pnvos, Sv ’A@nvaio MeraysTvi@va mpocayopevovar' tav & ’A@n- 4 A A > 4 > , \ v vaiwy Tovs péy oixétas atrodcc Oat Kal Tovs ANNOUS guppaxous, autous be Kal tots amo LiKerlas Gpoupeiv éuBSarovtas eis TAS AaTOMIAS, TAY TOV oTpaTnyor, éxeivous 6é atroxreivat. Tadta mpocdeyopévwy tTav Lupuxovaiwyr, ‘Eppoxpatns pév eitr@y ott tov wiKay Kpeittov éoTt TO Kad@s ypnocOar TH vin, ov peTpiws 9 4 , A ‘ 4 “a €OopvByiOn, TvrAummov 6€ Tovs otpatnyovs tav 9 , b / wn ? “a A@nvaiwy éEactovpevov Cavras ayayeiy Aaxedat- poviots UBpilovtes 1)5n Tos evTUYnpacW ot Lupaxovatot Kxaxe@s Edeyov, adrws TE Kal Tapa TOY TO\ELOY AUTOD THY TpaxUTNTAa Kal 76 Aaxw- VUKOY THS ETL TATLAS OD Sadiws evnvoxoTes, ws Se 1 rovs supplied by Coraés and Bekker. 304 NICIAS hung with the captured suits of armour, and then the victors crowned themselves with wreaths, adorned their own horses splendidly while they sheared and cropped the horses of their conquered foes, and so marched into the city. They had brought to suc- cessful end a struggle which was the most brilliant ever made by Hellenes against Hellenes, and had won the completest of victories by the most over- whelming and impetuous display of zeal and valour. XXVIII. Ata general assembly of the Syracusans and their allies, Eurycles, the popular leader, brought in a motion, first, that the day on which they had taken Nicias be made a holy day, with sacrifices and abstention from labour, and that the festival be called Asinaria, from the river Asinarus (the day was the twenty-sixth of the month Carneius, which the Athenians call Metageitnion) ; and second, that the serving men of the Athenians and their imme- diate allies be sold into slavery, while the freemen and the Sicilian Hellenes who had joined them be cast into the stone quarries for watch and ward,—all except the generals, who should be put to death. These propositions were adopted by the Syracusans. When Hermocrates protested that there was soime- thing better than victory, to wit, a noble use of victory, he was met with a tumult of disapproval ; and when Gylippus demanded the Athenian generals as his prize, that he might take them alive to the Lacedaemonians, the Syracusans, now grown insolent with their good fortune, abused him roundly. They were the more ready to do this because, all through the war, they had found it hard to put up with his harshness and the Laconian style with which he 3°35 VOL, III. PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tipatds dna, Kai pixporoyiay tiva Kai mreor- 542 eEiav KaTeyvwKoTEs, appwoTnua TaTpaoV, ep’ ® N , e ‘ 9 a“ ? e ‘N cat Knreavdpidns o matnp avtod dwpwyv adous 4 \ ? > , 3 ‘ “ - Ld Epuye, Kal oUTOS AUTOS, ATO THY YLALwY TaAdYTwY ” b s & Avcavdpos érepev eis Ladprny vpedropevos Tpiaxovta Kal xpi was Ud Tov dpodoy TS OiKias, ? , bd , 3 4 bs eta unvubeis, aioyicta Tavtwy é€émecev. adda a! A b] A 4 , ” , Tadta pev ev T@ Avaodvépov Bim parrAov Eunxpt- Borat. AnpocBévny 5& kai Nixiav amroOaveiy Tipacos bad ¢ \ , ¢ ob dnow tro Xvpaxovoiwy Kerevabévtas, ws Pidiotos éypawe kat Oovxudidns, add’ ‘Eppoxpa- Tous Téuwavtos, TL THS EXKANTLAS TUVETTHENS, \ > e oN a / 4 > A ? kat d¢ évos tov duvddKwyv Trapévtwy avtous Ot a a ‘ “ auTayv amoGavelty' Ta pevTOL GWHATA Tpos Tals munas exBrnbévta xeicGat havepa Tots Seopeérors tod Oedpatos. muvOavopar Sé péypt viv eév \ e “a Svpaxovoats acrida Ketpéevnv mpos tep@ Seixvu- , A , n 4 aOat, Nixiov pév rAeyouernv, ypuvcod S€é Kal , > b wv , > Toppupas ev TwWS Tpos GhAnAa pELlypEvwY de Ups cvyKexpoTnmevny. XXIX. Tav 8 ’A@nvaiwy ot pév rAeiotot v4 “a , StepOdpnoay év tais AaTopuiats UO vogov Kal Siaitns Twovypas, eis Nuépav ExadaTnv KOTUAAS dvO fa’ ¢ , of > 9 , xploav NapBavovtes kal piav bdatos, ovK oréLyot + 93 f f a N i e 5 érpadncav d:axXarreévtes 7 Kai duaradovtes ws oixétat. Kal TOUTOUS ws OiKéTAas ETwAOUY, oTifov- Tes immo els TO MeTWTOV? GAN Hoav ol Kat TOUTO Tpos TO SovrEvELY UTOpevovTes. 306 NICIAS exercised his authority. Timaeus says, moreover, that they denounced his exceeding penuriousness and avarice,—an inherited infirmity, it would seem, since his father, Cleandridas, was convicted of taking bribes and had to flee his country. And Gylippus himself, for abstracting thirty talents from the thousand which Lysander had sent to Sparta, and hiding them in the roof of his house,—as an informer was prompt to show,—was banished in the deepest disgrace. But this has been told with more detail in my Life of Lysander.! Timaeus denies that Demosthenes and Nicias were put to death by the orders of the Syracusans, as Philistus and Thucydides? state ; but rather, Hermo- crates sent word to them of the decision of the assembly while it was yet in session, and with the connivance of one of their guards they took their own lives. Their bodies, however, he says, were cast out at the prison door, and lay there in plain sight of all who craved the spectacle. And I learn that down to this day there is shown among the treasures of a temple in Syracuse a shield which is said to have been the shield of Nicias. It is a welded mosaic of gold and purple interwoven with rare skill. XXIX. Most of the Athenians perished in the stone quarries of disease and evil fare, their daily rations being a pint of barley meal and a half-pint of water; but not a few were stolen away and sold into slavery, or succeeded in passing themselves off for serving men. These, when they were sold, were branded in the forehead with the mark of a horse,— yes, there were some freemen who actually suffered this indignity in addition to their servitude. 1 Chapters xvi. f. VIL OU, 2: 3°97 x 2 2 . ee PLUTARCH’S LIVES "EBonbec 5€ wal tovtows 4% 7 aide Kal rod , a \ a ¢ Koopov? 7 yap NrevOEpodvTo TaXéwS F TLLwpeEvot Tapemevoy Tos KexTnpéevois. Evioe Se nal be 4 ms Evpimidnv éowOnoav. pdirtata ydp, ws EoLKe, TOV 9 \ ¢€ 4 9 id ; nw Q ~ e extos EAAnvwy éroOnoav avtov THY povcay ol S , \ A “ ’ , 4 - crept LixeNtav> Kal pixpa ToV adixvoupéven éxd- otrote Seiypata Kal yevpata Koulovtwr éxpay- OdvovTes GyaTNT@S peTEdiOocav GAANAOLS. TOTE your dact Tav cwOevTwy oixade avyvols domd- aacbat tov Evpiridnv dirodpovas, nat Sin- a 4 4 cd id + , b] yetaOat Tous pév, Ott Sovrevovtes aheiOnaav exbe- dafavtes 60a TeV éxeivov ToLnpaTwy éuéuynyTo, tous 8, OTe WAavwpevoe peta THY payny Tpodhs oe 4 “a “~ Ld ’ a xal datos peTéAaBov TaV peXov doavtes. ov Set 57 Oavyatew Ste tovs Kavviovs pact mroiov , “~ 4 ig \ , mpoahepopevou Tols ALpeow VTO AnaoTplowy diw- 4 ‘ , Q a 9 > » ? Kopévov pn O€xecCat TO TPA@ToV, GAN’ atreipryety, elta peevtoe StatruvOavopévous ef ytvwoKxovow a , aspata tov Evpuridov, dnodvtwy éxeivwv, ote Tapeivat Kal Katayayely TO TWAOtOV. XXX. ’AOnvaiows S€ pact THY cupdhopav ody 4 XN ww ww , s HKiota ba tov ayyeXov amtatov yevécOatr. Eévos A e + > \ > al d , yap Ts, ws éorxev, atroBas ets Ilecpara nat xali- > a e ? , w ~ ? cas ém Koupelorv, ws éyvwxotwyv 6n TOV ’ABn- vatwy NOyous éroteito Trept TOY yeyovoTwr. o Se \ ? , \ wv ld Q PS S xoupevds axovaas, Tp adXous truvOaved Bat, dpoum 308 NICIAS But even these were helped by their restrained and. decorous bearing; some were speedily set free, and some remained with their masters in positions of honour. Some also were saved for the sake of Euripides. For the Sicilians, it would seem, more than any other Hellenes outside the home land, had a yearning fondness for his poetry. They were forever learning by heart the little specimens and morsels of it which visitors brought them from time to time, and imparting them to one another with fond delight. In the present case, at any rate, they say that many Athenians who reached home in safety greeted Euripides with affectionate hearts, and recounted to him, some that they had been set free from slavery for rehearsing what they remembered of his works; and some that when they were roam- ing about after the final battle they had received food and drink for singing some of his choral hymns. Surely, then, one need not wonder at the story that the Caunians, when a vessel of theirs would have put in at the harbour of Syracuse to escape pursuit by pirates, were not admitted at first, but kept outside, until, on being asked if they knew any songs of Euripides, they declared that they did indeed, and were for this reason suffered to bring their vessel safely in. XXX. The Athenians, they say, put no faith in the first tidings of the calamity, most of all because of the messenger who brought them. A certain stranger, as it would seem, landed at the Piraeus, took a seat in a barber’s shop, and began to discourse of what had happened as if the Athenians already knew all about it. The barber, on hearing this, before others learned of it, ran at the top of his 3°99 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , 3 \ ¥ \ \ ~ guvTeivas €l¢ TO aoTU Kat mporBadrewv Tots w b) \ * F \ > # N s apyovow evdus Kat ayopay évéBadXe Tov AOyor. ext@rFews b€ cal Tapayis, ws ElKos, yevouévns, ot pev apxovTes exKdXHolav cuvayayovTes ela nyayou Tov avOpwrov: ws & épwrwpevos tap’ ob mvbato cages ovdév elye ppdverv, 50Eas Noyorrotos elvat Kal TapdTTey THY TOALY, Els TOV TPOXCY KaTADde- \ 3 nw 4 ’ ad bd a e Geis éotpeBXovTO modXvy yYXpovov, Ews éTHAPOv oi TO Wav KakOV, ws Elyev, aTayyérXOVTES. ODTH ports o Nexias émictevOn madwov & moddaKs AUTOLS WPOELTTEY. 310 NICIAS speed to the upper city, accosted the archons, and at once set the story going in the market place. Con- sternation and confusion reigned, naturally, and the archons convened an assembly and brought the man before it. But, on being asked from whom he had learned the matter, he was unable to give any clear answer, and so it was decided that he was a story- maker, and was trying to throw the city into an uproar. He was therefore fastened to the wheel and racked a long time, until messengers came with the actual facts of the whole disaster. So hard was it for the Athenians to believe that Nicias had suffered the fate which he had often foretold to them. 3rt CRASSUS KPA22O2 I. Madpxos 6e Kpdacos tv Tepntexod Kal Sprap- 54 B.ixod Tartpos, erpdgn & év oixia pox pd pera dvoiv adeAdav. Kal tois dbeXgois avTodD yuvaixes wn \ Naa €Tt TOV yovéwy CovTwVv, Kal TdvTEs ETL THY 3 \ 3 4 la ad > ° aA aurny éhoitwy tpatrelay, d0ev ovy ijxiota Soxet A , \ Kal d.a TOUTO Gwdpwv Kal péTpLos yevérBar TreEpt thy Statrav. admoOavovros Sé€ Tov éTépov TaD 3 “ “A \ / \ ‘ “ 3 aderhaov TH yuvatxl cuv@Knae Kal Tovs tatédas é& éxelvns EaXVev, ovdevos TTOV Kal wept tTavTa ‘Popaiwy evtaKTos yevopevos. Kaitot Tpoiwy Kal HAtKLay aitiay éoye Atxtvvia aovvévat Tar ‘Kotiddwv pid mapbévwv nai dixny epuyev 7 : , E “ P ‘ , 7 ® er 7 Axia Wdewtiov tivas St@xovtos. jv dé mpo- adateioyv avtTn Karov, 0 BovrAopevos AaBety orLyNS a ¢ a Tins o Kpdaaos xal d1a todTo TpocKeipevos ael a ? TH yvvatkl Kai Oeparrevwn, els THY UTOWiav éxeiyny évérrece’ kal TpoTov tTiva TH dioTAoUTia THY aittay Ths POopas aToAvadpevos UTO Tay diKac- tay adeiOn. tiv dé Acxwviay ovK avijxe Tpote- pov ) TOU KTMATOS KpaTHoat. II. ‘Pwpator pév ody A€yovat ToAXdais dpetais tod Kpdacov xakiav povny émtaxoticat THY , al gtrorAovTiav’ EolKe O€ pia Taca@v éppwpevertéepa 314 CRASSUS I. Marcus Crassus was the son of a man who had been censor and had enjoyed a triumph ; but he was reared in a small house with two brothers. His brothers were married while their parents were stil] alive, and all shared the same table, which seems to have been the chief reason why Crassus was temper- ate and moderate in his manner of life. When one of his brothers died, Crassus took the widow to wife, and had his children by her, and in these relations also he lived as well-ordered a life as any Roman. And yet when he was further on in years, he was accused of criminal intimacy with Licinia, one of the vestal virgins, and Licinia was formally prosecuted by a certain Plotius. Now Licinia was the owner of a pleasant villa in the suburbs which Crassus wished to get at a low price, and it was for this reason that he was forever hovering about the woman and paying his court to her, until he fell under the abominable suspicion. And in a way it was his avarice that absolved him from the charge of corrupting the vestal, and he was acquitted by the judges. But he did not let Licinia go until he had acquired her property. II. The Romans, it is true, say that the many virtues of Crassus were obscured by his sole vice of avarice; and it is likely that the one vice which 315 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOV EV AVT@ KAKLMV yevomern Tas GAXaS apaupo- gat. Texpnpia de THs PtAoTAOUTIas avTOU péeyioTa TovobvTat TOY Te TpOTOY TOU Toptcpod Kal Tis ovcias To péyebos. Tplaxociwy yap ov mrelw KEXTNMEVOS EV APY TadadvTwy, Elita Tapa THY vTateiav aToOvaas péev TO Hpakrel tiv dexarny Kat Tov dipov éeaotidcas, Tpeis dé pivas éExdoTw ‘Pwpaiwy ovrnpécioy éx Tov alToU Tapacxer, Sums mpo THS emt LlapGovs otpateias avtos abT@ Géwevos exroytopov Ths ovaias evpev éxaTor TaddvTwY Tipnua pos EwTakioyxtrlos. TA &é TA€loTa ToUTwY, Et Set peta BrAacdypias eitreiv TO adnbés, ex Tupos cuvHyaye Kal Trodé“ov, Tais Kowais atuxiats mpocddm TH peyiotn xpn- oApLEVvOS. "Ote yap SvAras éX@v THY TOALY ew@XEL TAS ovolas TY aynpnuevwy UT avTov, Aadupa Kai vouitwv Kal dvopdtwv, cal Bovdopevos Ott met- oToOWS Kal Kpatiatots Tpocopop~acOat TO ayos, oUTe AauBavay oT wvovpevos aTreime. pos &é TOUTOLS Op@Y Tas auyyeEevEets Kal TuVOiKOUS Tis ‘Pans Kipas éumpnopovs kat aoumtnoes da Bdpos cal TAGs oixodopnpatwy, ewvetto SovrAOUS apyitéxtovas Kal oixoddpmous. elt’ Eywy TovTovs Um@ép mevtaxocious ovtas, eEnyopave Ta Katopeva Kal yerTvi@vTa Tois Katopévors, da PoBov Kat adnroTyTa tav Secrotayv am Oorlyns Tits Tpoicwevwv, @aTe THS Pwuns TO TAEiaTOY Mépos ir’ avT@ yevéoOat. tocovtovs 8 Kextnpévos 316 CRASSUS became stronger than all the others in him, weakened the rest. The chief proofs of his avarice are found in the way he got his property and in the amount of it. For at the outset he was possessed of not more than three hundred talents ;1 then during his consul- ship he sacrificed the tenth of his goods to Hercules, feasted the people, gave every Roman out of his own .= means enough to live on for three months, and still, when he made a private inventory of his property before his Parthian expedition, he found that it had a value of seventy-one hundred talents. The great est part of this, if one must tell the scandalous truth, he got together out of fire and war, making the public calamities his greatest source of revenue. For when Sulla took the city and sold the property of those whom he had put to death, considering it and calling it spoil of war, and wishing to defile with. his crime as many and as influential men as he could, Crassus was never tired of accepting or of buying it.2- And besides this, observing how natural and familiar at Rome were such fatalities as the conflagration and collapse of buildings, owing to their being too massive and close together, he proceeded to buy slaves who were architects and builders. Then, when he had over five hundred of these, he would buy houses that were afire, and houses which adjoined those that were afire, and these their owners would let go at a trifling price owing to their fear and uncertainty. In this way the largest part of Rome came into his possession. But though he owned so many artisans, he built 1 Plutarch gives Greek values. The talent was a sum of money nearly equivalent to £240, or $1200, with many times the purchasing power of money to-day ? Cf. chapter vi. 6. 317 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Teyvitas ovdey wKodouncev autos 7 THY Ldtav oixiay, ANd’ Edeye Tous Piroixodopovs avtovs vd’ éauTov KaTtadvec Oat ywpls dvTayovicT@v. dvT@Y S avT@ TapyToAAwy apyupéiwy, ToAVTINTOU bé Yopas kal Tov épyalopévwn ev adTH, Guws av Tis nyYnTAaLTO wNdev elvat TAUTA TayTa Tpos THY TOV OLKET@V TLULNY' TOTOUTOUS EXEKTNTO Kal TOLOUTOUS, evayvwoTas, UTOYpagels, apyupoyvapovas, doLKn- Tas, TPaTECOKOMOVS, AUTOS ETLTTATOY pavOdvovat kal mpocéyav Kal didackwy Kai Ordos vouifov TO SeaTvToTn TpoagrjKey pdrALoTA THY TWEplL TOUS OiKETAS ET LpéAELAY WS Spyava Eprpuya THS olKovomKys. Kai tovto peéev opbas o Kpdacos, etzep, ws EXEYEY, I'YELTO TA ev GAAM Sia THY OiKETOY YpPij- vat, Tous dé onétas bi’ avrod KuBepvav: thy yap OLKovopuiKny ev avyols YpnatiaTiKny ovaar, ev dvOpwros TONLTLKHY yLyvomEevny opa@pev’ éxeivo bé OUK €v, TO pndéva vouilery pnde ddcKew elvar TAovatopy, os ov Svvatat Tpéhery ATO THS Ovaias otpatomeboy (6 yap TOAELOS Ov TeTAYpEVA CITE;- Tat, Kata Tov Apyidapov, dof o mpos TOAELOV TAOUTOS doplaTos), Kal ToAV TIS Mapiov yvapns aTNPTHMEVWS. ExElvOS yap, evel KaT avopa vEipas éexdat@ Séka Kal téscapa mrA€Opa yijs Ey vo wréov éemifntodytas, “M*yéeis,” &dhn, ‘yevotto ‘Pwpatwy orlynv nryovpevos tiv Tpépew ap- Kovcav. 318 BAI CRASSUS no house for himself other than the one in which he lived; indeed, he used to say that men who were fond of building were their own undoers, and needed no other foes. And though he owned numberless silver mincs, and highly valuable tracts of land with the labourers upon them, nevertheless one might regard all this as nothing compared with the value of his slaves; so many and so capable were the slaves he possessed,—readers, amanuenses, silver- smiths, stewards, table-servants; and he _ himself directed their education, and took part in it himself as a teacher, and, in a word, he thought that the chief duty of the master was to care for his slaves as the living implements of household management. And in this Crassus was right, if, as he used to say, he held that anything else was to be done for him by his slaves, but his slaves were to be governed by their master. For household management, as we see, is a branch of finance in so far as it deals with lifeless things; but a branch of politics when it deals with men.’ He was not right, however, in thinking, and in saying too, that no one was rich who could not support an army out of his substance; for “ war has no fixed rations,’ as King Achidamus said,? and therefore the wealth requisite for war cannot be determined. Far different was the opinion of Marius, who said, after distributing to each of his veterans fourteen acres of land and discovering that they desired more, “ May no Roman ever think that land too small which suffices to maintain him.” 1 Cf. Aristotle, Pol. i. 1253 b, 32. 2 Cf. Cleomenes xxvii. 1; Morals, 190 a ; 219 a. In Demos- thenes, xvii. 3, the saying ia put in the mouth of ‘‘ Crobylus,” as Hegesippus the Athenian orator was familiarly called. 319 PLUTARCH'S LIVES IIT. Ov pny adda nai epi Eévous hy piroTt pos € “~ re oKpaccos: avéwxto yap 1) olKia Tact, Kai Tots / 20 7 vw , ’ , > > , diros éddverfev dvev TOKwWY, aTHTEL O ATOTOLWS ToU ypovouv tapedOovtos eis ov eddvetce, Kal TO Mpoika TOAAMY eyiveTo TOKwY eTayYDéaTEpoV. Vv de a 5 , e \ a“ = e \ \ € TOLS OELTVOLS Nn pEVY KANCLS 7V ws Ta TONAa \ \ , 4 3 ® f \ é dyn potixy Kat Aawdns, 7 O EedTéX\ELa THY Kabapto- \ 4 4 eg? a THTa Kal THY hirodpoavynv ndtova Tov Trodv- TENOUS ELXE. Ilasdecas 6€ THs wepl Aoyov partoTa peév TO pNTOptKoy Kai xpe@des eis TONAOUS HoKCE, Kal a a ¢ ryevouevos Sewvos eitrety év Tois uddtoTa Pwpaiwr émipedeta Kal Tov@ TOvS evhuvEerTaToUs UTEpE- ’ / ‘ cad f \ \ +99 Banrev. ovdepiav yap obtw dinny dact prxpav ov euxatagpovntoy yevéoOat pos tv atapdoKevos nrAGev, adda Kai Tlourniov morAdXaKis OKVOdVTOS Kat Kaicapos éEavactivat cal Kexépwvos, éxeivos aveTAypou THY cuvyyopiav. Kat dia TOUTO LadXOV ” e b ‘ \ f w > Hpeckey ws erriperrns Kal BonOntixos. hpecxe bé Kal To mept tas SeFtwoets Kal tpocayopevcets A > “~ ‘ , > \ A diradvOpwrov avtov nal Synpuotixov. ovdevi yap ovTws amnvTnce ‘Pwpaiwy adoEw xal tarewa Kpdocos oy doTacipmevov OvK avTLT poanryopevaeEV 7 ? , , N \ ‘ ) €€ ovopatos. rAéyeTar b6€ Kal Troduvpadys Kad istopiav yevécOat, nai tt Kat dirocodicat Tots "AptototéXous AGyots Tpod Oépevos, Ov diddoKador ? > , ¥ ? , .Y , eiyev AdéEavdpov, avOpwrov evKorias Kal mpao- 320 CRASSUS Ill. However, Crassus was generous with stran- gers, for his house was open to all; and he used to lend money to his friends without interest, but he would demand it back from the borrower relent- lessly when the time had expired, and so the gratuity of the loan was more burdensome than heavy interest. When he entertained at table, his invited guests were for the most part plebeians and men of the people, and the simplicity of the repast was combined with a neatness and good cheer which gave more pleasure than lavish expenditure. As for his literary pursuits, he cultivated chiefly the art of speaking which was of general service, and after making himself one of the most powerful speakers at Rome, his care and application enabled him to surpass those who were most gifted by nature. For there was no case, they say, however trifling and even contemptible it might be, which he undertook without preparation, but often, when Pompey and Caesar and Cicero were unwilling to plead, he would perferm all the duties of an advocate. And on this account he became more popular than they, being esteemed a careful man, and one who was ready with his help. He pleased people also by the kindly and unaffected manner with which he clasped their hands and addressed them. For he never met a Roman so obscure and lowly that he did not return his greeting and call him by name. It is said also that he was well versed in history, and was some- thing of a philosopher withal, attaching himself to the doctrines of Aristotle, in which he had Alex- ander! as a teacher. This man gave proof of 1 Perhaps Alexander Cornelius, surnamed Polyhistor, a contemporary of Sulla. 321 VOL, 11: Y os PLUTARCH’S LIVES TNTOS amobeEw did0vTa THY Tpos Kpacaor ouvi- Qetav. ov yap ay aropivac Gat padtws mOTEpoV 7 pooirGev avT@ TEVETTEPOS 7 mpoaenbiby é eryEVETO. povos youv dei Tov ditwy av’T@® ouvaTrodnpav atéyactpov édapBavev ets iid odo Kal TOUT éravenOwov amnretto. arna! TavTa peév Dorepov. IV. Exel 5¢ Kivvas Kal Madptos KPATHTAVTES evOus Haav évdnrot KATLOVTES ouK émr ayad@ THs mar pibos, én dvaupeces 5 avTiKpus Kat érdOpy T@Y dpiaren, ot wey eyxatarnGevres am Ovn- gKOV, @V Wy ral y TATIP Kpdocou Kal 6 adergos, autos Sé véos ov TavTdTact TO pev aurixa decvov e&eduye, mavTn 6é meptBarnopevov éauTov aicOavopevos Kat KUVTYETOULEVOD vrO TOV TUpavvery diy pidous avaraBov Kal Geparrovras déxa, Taxer 6 UmrepBarrovte XPNT apEvos eis ‘TBn- piav épuye, YEYOVOS TANAL oTpatnyoovros Tob TAT pos abtToO: Kal pirous TET OLN HEVOS. eupav dé jmuvTas meptoecis Kal THY @LOTNT A tiv Mapiov xabanep ehect@Tos avTois Tpéwovtas, ovderi yeveoOat davepos eOdppnoev, ard eis aypovs éuBarev Tmaparious OviSiov Haxtanod om) Aavov EXOvTAS evpeyebes, Expuwev éauTov. 7 POs dé tov OviBrov emepev € éva do00Xov a ATFOTELPH[LEVOS, non Kal Tav épodtor eT LNLTOVTMD. o b€ OviBios a akou- cas aOn Té owlopere Kal mud opevos TO wAHO OS TOV TU ALT@O Kal TOY TOTTOV AUTOS pev OVK HAGE 1 4aAd. Before this sentence the words ged ris trouevis, ovdé thy mweviay 56 TAhuwy abiadupoy Hyovuperos were early stricken from the text as a gloss (oh, the patience of the poor fellow! for his philosophy did not reyard poverty as a thing andifferent). 322 CRASSUS contentedness and meekness by his intimacy with Crassus; for it is not easy to say whether he was poorer before or after his relations with his pupil. At any rate he was the only one of the friends of Crassus who always accompanied him when he went abroad, and then he would receive a cloak for the journey, which would be reclaimed on his return. But this was later on. IV. When Cinna and Marius got the upper hand,! it was at once apparent that they would re-enter the city not for the good of their country, but for the downright destruction and ruin of the nobles ; those who were caught were slain, and among them were the father and brother of Crassus. Crassus himself, being very young, escaped the immediate peril, but perceiving that he was surrounded on all sides by the huntsmen of the tyrants, he took with him three friends and ten servants and fled with exceeding speed into Spain, where he had been before, while his father was praetor there, and had made friends. But finding all men filled with fear and trembling at the cruelty of Marius as though he were close upon them, he had not the courage to present himself to any one. Instead, he plunged into some fields along the sea-shore belonging to Vibius Paciacus. In these there was a spacious cave, where he hid himself. However, since his provisions were now running low, and wishing to sound the man, he sent a slave to Vibius. But Vibius, on hearing the message, was delighted that Crassus had escaped, and after learning the number of his party and the place of their concealment, did not indeed 1 In 87 B.c. Crassus was then not quite twenty years of age. 323 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ELS oxen, TOV 6€ TOV Xe picov éritTpoTev m%pocu- yayov eyyus exéeuoe Kal nuépav Seimvov mem oun- pévov Kopitar, Kat TB evTa ‘Tapa THY WéTpaV amépxerbar clwwith Kal pn TroduTpaypovely pnd éFeralerv, mpoertov ToUT pay LOvOdVTL dvatov, cupmpattorvt: b€ TovTO TWLaTa@s éAEv- Jepiar. To be oT AALOV ouK anrwlev pev éoTe dardcons, Kpnpvot dé Tepl avToO suppEepopevor AewTHY Kal dcaph mapatéumova, Aavpav ayoucay clo, TaperOov7t 5 Dyas te Oavpactov dvanenTarar, Kal Kat eUpos Eyer KoATrOUS Oe Gddapov avouyopue- vous peyddass Tepipepetars. dpotpet 8 oute Déatos ouTe Poros, | GXra ™yn ev HOlLaTOU vaLaToS vmoppet mapa TOV KpnLVOY, avropuels dé poxpor THS TETPAS 7) UadLoTA TepLTiT TEL TO Pas éfwbev vToAauPavovat, Kab KaTahdpTerat nuépas TO Xwptov. of eVTOS anp GoTaaKxTos Kal cadapos, MUKVOTHTL THS TET PAs 70 voTEpov Kal amroTnkope- Vov Els THY THYHY exTLESOVTNS. NG ‘Evravda SsatpiBovre 7@ Kpacow 7a émT7}- deca Kal? Tpepay époita Kouifwov o avO pores, avTOS pev avy opwv exetvous ovde YvacKan, UT exelveov dé Kadopapevos elSoT@v Kal trapaduhat- TOVTWY TOV KaLpov. mv 5 adbova Kal ‘Tpos HOOVHV, OV Hovey Xpevav, TOLOULEVA 7a Wpos TO delmvov. éyvwxet yap 0 OvlBros amraon piro- pporuvy Geparevev TOV Kpdcoor, oO Ye Kal TO THS dpas ev VO Aa Petv em Her, OS TAaVTaTACL veavias eln kal Tl Kal Tais Kad WrKiay néovais avTOU YaploTéuvy, ETEL THY ‘YE YfelaVv uvayKaiws 324 CRASSUS come in person tosee them, but brought the overseer of the property near the place, and ordered him to bring a complete meal there every day, put it near the cliff, and then go away without a word; he was not to meddle in the matter nor investigate it, and was threatened with death if he did meddle, and promised his freedom if he co-operated faithfully. The cave is not far away from the sea, and the cliffs which enclose it leave a small and indistinct path leading inside; but when one has entered, it opens out to a wonderful height, and at the sides has recesses of great circumference opening into one another. There is no lack of water or of light, but a spring of purest flow issues from the base of the cliff, and natural] fissures in the rock, where its edges join, admit the light from outside, so that in the day-time the place is bright. The air inside is dry and pure, owing to the thickness of the rock, which deflects all moisture and dripping water into the spring. V. Here Crassus lived, and day by day the man came with the provisions. He himself did not see the party of the cave, nor even know who they were, but he was seen by them, since they knew and were on the watch for the time of his coming. Now, the meals were abundant, and so prepared as to gratify the taste and not merely satisfy hunger. For Vibius had made up his mind to pay Crassus every sort of friendly attention, and it even occurred to him to consider the youth of his guest, that he was quite a young man, and that some provision must be made for the enjoyments appropriate to his years; the mere supply of his wants he regarded as the work of one who rendered help under compulsion rather 325 PLUTARCH’S LIVES paXNov F mpob vps vToupyobvtos elvat. duo 7 OcpaTraivioas evTperrets dvaraBov eBabsSev én THY Jadaccay. os & mprOev éml Tov ToTFov, deiEas THY dvosov éxehevev claw tropeverOar Kai Gappeiv. ot b€ mepl tov K paaaov idovtes T™ pooepXo- pévas ebe.oay py KaTapaves | Kal yveptwov ein 70 Xeopiov: avexpivov ovv autas Ti BovrAovtar Kai tives elciv. ws & arzexpivavto Sedbaypevat deo Tm oTHV Ontety évravla _KPUTTOMEVO, padeoyv o Kpdeoos tod OviBiou thy T pos auToV mardeay Kal prroppoovyyy avédaBe Tas mardioKas Kat cwicay av7@ Tov NovTrov xpovor, ov ébdeito ppavovoa Kal Siary yéAA ovoar pos TOV OuviBrov. TovtTwy dnat THv eTépay 76 mpeoBiTw odcav O DaweorérAXas (Oety AUTOS, Kul TOAAGKLS aAKovoak pepunperns TavTa Kal OreEcovens mpobupms. VI. “O & Kpaccos ¢ OKTW [LAVvas OUTW Siayayor kal dvaxrareis, Gua ta trvbécOar tH Kivva TeheuT HY pavepos YEVOMEVOS, TUVSPALOVTWY TPOS auTov ovK oALy@V avOpwTov, eT LAE Ea MEVvOS Sra Xe- ALous Kal wevrakocious eT /PXETO TAS TWORELS* Kat pilav ye Sunprace Madadxknv, as todXol yeypa- daciy, aQuTov bé pacw apvetaQat kal drapd- xeoba pos TOUS AéyovTas. ek TOUTOU cuvaya- you Tota Kal OvaTrepagas eis AtBunv apixero Tos MéredAov Iliov, evdofov avépa, cuverhoxora, oTpatiay OUK evKaTappovntov. ov ToNUY bé ypovoy evraiba Tapeperver, QAAG oTagiicas TO MezéAXro 7 pos NvAXaV amijce, Kal cu év ToIs pimora TUL MEVOS. émet O€ biaBas els ‘Tradiav o X“Ud\X\as awdvras éBovreTO Tos cu auUT@ 326 CRASSUS than with ready zeal. So he took with him two comely female slaves and went down towards the sea. When he came to the place of the cave, he showed them the path up to it, and bade them go inside and fear nothing. When Crassus saw them approaching, he was afraid that the place had been discovered and was now known. He asked them, accordingly, who they were and what they wanted. They answered, as instructed, that they were in search of a master who was hidden there. Then Crassus understood the kindly joke which Vibius was playing upon him, and received the girls; and they lived with him the rest of the time, carrying the necessary messages to Vibius. Fenestella! says that he saw one of these slaves himself, when she was now an old woman, and often heard her mention this episode and rehearse its details with zest. VI. Thus Crassus passed eight months in conceal- ment; but as soon as he heard of Cinna’s death, he disclosed himself. Many flocked to his standard, out of whom he selected twenty-five hundred men, and went about visiting the cities. One of these, Malaca, he plundered, as many writers testify, but they say that he himself denied the charge and quarrelled with those who affirmed it. After this he collected sailing vessels, crossed into Africa, and joined Metellus Pius, an illustrious man, who had got together a considerable army. However, he remained there no long time, but after dissension with Metellus set out and joined Sulla, with whom he stood in a position of special honour. But when Sulla eressed into Italy, he wished all the young men with him to take active part in the campaign, 1 A Roinan historian who flourished under Augustus. 327 PLUTARCH’'S LIVES véous exe évepyous Kal T™pos adrnv dddov ETATTE Tm pak, ATOTTEANOMEVOS els Mapoous emt oTpatiav 0 Kpdacos Te puraxas n yap Td podos ay mapa TOUS Tohepious. €lTOvTOS 5€ ToD LvAAa ou opyn Kal apodpa ™pos autov, ‘ Aidwpi col puraxas TOV TaTéoa, TOV aden gov, Tous irous, TOUS ouryyevets, @v Tapavopws eeu adiKws dvatpeDévtov ey } HETEpXopar TOUS poveis,’ ottw madav te Kal mapofurbeis o Kpdeoos evOus éEnOe, kai Sta TOV TrONEpLioV wot PEvOS EVP OATHS Suvapiv Te oUxyyY HBporge Kat 7 poOvpov avtov €y Tris ayaot TO YrXr| TapeixXer. "An’ éxetvoy b¢€ TOV mT pakewy Aéyouow avuT@ 7 P@TOV eyyevér Oar THY 7 pos Top niov bmép Sons apirrav Kal prdotipiay. O yap Topanios ee TE AeuTrouEvOs auTou Kal TATPOS yeyouas a Sof;}- cavtos év “Poun Kai puranbévros ea XaTov pioos UTO TOV TOALTOY, év éxelvors Tois mpaypacey efedapwpe Kal Sepavy Meyas, wate LvAAav, a mpea SuTépors Kat iootipoy ov mavu TOANAKLS Tu pelNev, uUTeEavicotacOat TpoctovTos avTov Kat xeparny avoxakuT Tec Oat Kal T pocerTrey avTo- Kpdtopa. Taira dtexate al mapwtuve tov Kpac- cov ovK adoyws Lago oupevov. "Epretpias Te yap évdens }; Hy Kab TOV mpagewy a’'Tov Ty yap adnpovy ai guyyevels Ki}pes emepepopera, prronépdera Kat puxporoyia. Kar yap todw ‘OpSpixnv Tovdeptiav frwv édoke 1 éy the conjecture of Bryan, mentioned by many editors with approval, and found in codex Matritersis by Graux: &pyp actually, 328 i | CRASSUS and assigned different ones to different undertakings. Crassus, being sent out to raise a force among the Marsi, asked for an escort, since his road would take him past the enemy. But Sulla was wroth, and said to him vehemently: “I give thee as an escort thy father, thy brother, thy friends, and thy kinsmen, who were illegally and unjustly put to death, and whose murderers I am pursuing.” Thus rebuked and incited, Crassus set out at once, and forcing his way vigorously through the enemy, raised a con- siderable force, and showed himself an eager partisan ' of Sulla in his struggles. Out of these activities first arose, as they say, his ambitious rivalry with Pompey for distinction. For although Pompey was the younger man, and the son of a father who had been in ill repute at Rome and hated most bitterly by his fellow-citizens, still, in the events of this time his talents shone forth conspicuously, and he was secn to be great, so that Sulla paid him honours not very often accorded to men who were older and of equa] rank with himself, rising at his approach, uncovering his head, and saluting him as Imperator. All this inflamed and goaded Crassus, although it was not without good reason that Sulla thus made less of him. For he was lacking in experience, and his achieve- ments were robbed of their favour by the innate curses of avarice and meanness which beset him. For instance, when he captured the Umbrian city of Tuder, it was believed that he appropriated to him- 329 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TrELCTA TOV YPHUATOV odetepicacbat, Kal bte- Br2jOy 7 pos ¢ a > Q my Kakovotay e&€nveyxev ovtTos o fijXos, adda Kal Tloparnio cal Kaicapi tipwpévots pév vrrép avtov v a \ d c , a HxGeTo, TH S€ erotipia tavTn Svopéveray 1 kaxonOeravy ov auvitte: Kaitoe Kaicap wid AnoTav arous ev ’Acia cai Ppovpovpevos aveBo rn ¢ 4 > Bs sé p is 3 ‘ / agi aev' “ Hrtxns, © Kpaoce, yapas azroraveoets tA \ ps Cd 39 b | 2 , mu@opevos THY Eunv addkwow. arr Votepor ye a ’ s , 4 ~ PictK@s ANANAOLGS TpotEepepovTr? Kal WOTE TO Kaioapt pédrdovte peév ets IBypiav éFévat otpa- THY®O, xpnuata & ov EeExovte THY davetoTav €TimTegovT@Y Kal TIS Tapacxeuns émiAauBavo- 332 cr mJ CRASSUS an influence and a repute equal to that which Pompey possessed from his many and great expeditions. And the experience of each man was peculiar. For Pom- pey’s name and power were greater in the city when he was away from it, owing to his campaigns; but when he was at home, he was often less powerful than Crassus, because the pomp and circumstance of his life led him to shun crowds, retire from the forum, and render aid to a few only of those who asked it of him, end then with no great zest, that he might keep his influence the more unimpaired for use in his own behalf. But Crassus was continually ready with his services, was ever at hand and easy of access, and always took an active part in the enter- prises of the hour, and so by the universal kindness of his behaviour won the day over his rival’s haughty bearing. But in dignity of person, persuasiveness of speech, and winning grace of feature, both were said to be alike gifted. However, this eager rivalry did not carry Crassus away into anything like hatred or malice; he was merely vexed that Pompey and Caesar should be honoured above himself, but he did not associate this ambition of his with enmity or malevolence, It is true that once when Caesar had been captured by pirates in Asia and was held a close prisoner by them,! he exclaimed: “O Crassus, how great a pleasure wilt thou taste when thou hearest of my capture!’ But afterwards, at least, they were on friendly terms with one another, and once wher Caesar was on the point of setting out for Spain as praetor, and had no money, and his creditors des- cended upon him and began to attach his outfit, 1 See Plutarch’s Caesar, chapter ii. 333 ~J PLUTARCH’S LIVES pévwv o Kpdaaos ov mepieidev, AN amnrdrakev uToBeEls auTov éyyvoy TplaKovTa Kal OKTAaKOCi@P - ’ \ n ¢ Ss > nw Tarxavtwy. Kxalorou é tis ‘Pwuns eis tpets 4 J veveunpevns duvapers, THV Iloumrniov, thy Kaica- ‘ , 4 \ ¢€ ’ , pos, Tnv Kpacaov (Kata@vos yap 7 Soka petlor nv THS Suvayews, Kal TO Oavpalopevoy mréov iayuev), 7) pev Eudpwv Kal cabeotaca pepis év TH , Foo 3 ; \ 9 9 ged ‘ , modet loparniov ebepatreve, TO 8 OF Kai pepope- vov pet’ evyepeias tais Kaicapos édricwy érnko- , a ovder, Kpdaaos dé pécos dv dpotépars expiro, Kal TAEioTas peTaBoras év TH TroALTELa pweTaBar- , ¥ aie > , a wv ; fe , Nopevos ovTE diros HY BéBatos ovTE avyKEaTOS > , 9 \ ¢ , \ s 5 ] al éyOpos, adda padiws Kal yadpitos Kal dpyts éférintey UTO TOD cupdépovTos, Wate TOoAAGKS uev avOpoTar, modradxis b€ vopwwr ev ddbyo davnvat Tov avT@v auvnyopos Kat davTidtxos. iayve 6€ Kat yapitr xat go8o, pgo8w & ovx EXaTTov. o-youv wAEloTa TpdyyaTa Tapacyoy Tots KaP’ avroy apxyovar cal dnuaywryots, Lixirv10s, s i Mpos Tov eitovTa Ti 57 pLovoy ov aomapuTTeL TOV , Kpacoov, adda tapinat, xoptov adrov éyew Ebnoev emt TOV Képatos. ei@Oacar bé “Pwpaior Tov Kupittovta TOV Bowv vrép tod dvdraTttecOat , XN TOUS EVTVYKAVOYTAS YOPT@ TEpLeAiaaeELY TO KEpas. VII. “H 6é tay povopaywr éravdotacts Kai AenAacta THS 'ITadias, Hv ot TOAAOL Saraptdxecoy c 9 , ) \ ¥ ? , moXenov ovopdafovaty, apynv €XaBev éx TolavTNs aitias. AévtXov Tivos Batidtov povopdyous év Karin tpépovtos, ov ot wordot Vadarat Kai 334 CRASSUS Crassus did not leave him in the lurch, but freed him from embarrassment by making himself his surety for eight hundred and thirty talents. And when all Rome was divided into three powerful parties, that of Pompey, that of Caesar, and that of Crassus (for Cato’s reputation was greater than his wer, and men admired him more than they followed him), it was the thoughtful and con- servative part of the city which attached itself to Pompey, the violent and volatile part which supported the hopes of Caesar, while Crassus took a middle ground and drew from both. He made very many changes in his political views, and was neither a steadfast friend nor an implacable enemy, but readily abandoned both his favours and his resentments at the dictates of his interests, so that, frequently, within a short space of time, the same men and the same measures found in him both an advocate and an opponent. And he had great influence, both from the favours which he bestowed and the fear which he inspired, but more from the fear. At any rate, Sicinnius, who gave the greatest annoyance to the magistrates and popular leaders of his day, when asked why Crassus was the only one whom he let alone and did not worry, said that the man had hay on his horn. Now the Romans used to coil hay about the horn of an ox that gored, so that those who encountered it might be on their guard.} VIN. The insurrection of the gladiators and their devastation of Italy, which is generally called the war of Spartacus,? had its origin as follows. A certain Lentulus Batiatus had a school of gladiators at Capua, most of whom were Gauls and Thracians. 2 Cf. foenum habet in cornu. Hor. Saé. i. 4,34. 2 73-71 B.c. 335 bo PLUTARCH’S LIVES Opaxes Hoar, €& aiti@v ov Tovnpav, adr’ adixia TOU Tpiapevou ouverpyevtes U in’ avayKns érl to povopaxeir, éBovhevoavto pev d1aKoctot pevyery, yevouevns S€ pnvutews ot Tpoata Bopevor Kal Gacavtes oydonxovta Svety Séovres EK TLVOS OT TAVELOU xorribas apd pevoe Kal OBedaKous é&e- mono av, EVTUNOVTES 6€ KATA THY o6ov apakars dtrAa Koptlovoats Povopmixeoy els éTépav mohuv apipracay Kat wmAlcavto’ Kal TOTOV TIVE KapTEepov nataraBovres nryEHOvAs €l NOVTO Tpeis, Oy T PGTOS 7 LmdpTaxos, avnp Opak TOU No- padsxod YEVOUS, ov povov ppovnpa peya Kal p poyny EXOD, adrrAa Kal guvécer Kal T paoTnte TNS TUXNS dperveov Kal TOD yévous ‘EAAnixwrtepos. TOUT@ dé Aéyoucey, OTE 7 p@Tov eis ‘Popny @VLOS AxOn, Spaxovta KOLMCO LEV®D TepeTreT hey LEVOV davivar Tept TO TpOoTwTor, 1) yun 8 " opopuros ovca TOD TApTakov, wavTiKn é Kal KaTOXOS ToiS mept TOV Atovucor 0 opytac pois, eppate TO onpetov elvat peyadns Kal doBepas mpl avTOV Els eUTUXES TEAOS eg operns Suvapews’ 4) Kal TOTE GuVAV avTo Kal auvegevye. TX. Kai rpa@tov pév tous éx Karuns édOovtas Oo dPEVOL Kal TOM@Y OTA emiAaBopevor TONE- peoTnpteov do pevor TavTa peTeAduBavor, d-Troppi- partes @s atiywa Kat BapBapa Ta TeV povopa- Xov: ETreLTA Krwéiou aTpariyoo peTa Tptoyxe- Alewov TeupOEvTos ex ‘Popns Kar ToALopKodvTOS autovs €y dpe plav €yovTe Kal yadremny Kal 1 ebruXes MSS. (including S), Coraés, and Sintenis!; Sintenis? and Bekker adopt aruxés, Reiske’s correction (an unfortunate tssuc). 336 CRASSUS | Through no misconduct ot theirs, but owing to the injustice of their owner, they were kept in close confinement and reserved for gladiatorial combats, Two hundred of these planned to make their escape, and when information was laid against them, those who got wind of it and succeeded in getting away, seventy-eight in number, seized cleavers and spits from some kitchen and sallied out. On the road they fell in with waggons conveying gladiators’ weapons to another city; these they plundered and armed themselves. Then they took up a strong position and elected three leaders. The first of these was Spartacus, a Thracian of Nomadic stock, possessed not only of great courage and strength, but also in sagacity and culture superior to his fortune, and more Hellenic than Thracian. It is said that when he was first brought to Rome to be sold, a serpent was seen coiled about his face as he slept, and his wife, who was of the same tribe as Spartacus, a prophetess, and subject to visitations of the Dionysiac frenzy, declared it the sign of a great and formidable power which would attend him to a fortunate issue. This woman shared in his escape and was then living with him. IX. To begin with, the gladiators repulsed the soldiers who came against them from Capua, and getting hold of many arms of real warfare, they gladly took these in exchange for their own, casting away their gladiatorial weapons as dishonourable and barbarous. Then Clodius the praetor was sent out from Rome against them with three thousand soldiers, and laid siege to them on a hill which had but one ascent, and that a narrow and difficult one, 337 VOL. III. Zz PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 atevny avobor, tjv 0 KAwédcos ebpovpet, ta 8 ara 5 , Kpnuvovs aToTopous Kat ALtacdbas, aGutedov Se s , “A a a) TOAANY aypiay emiToAns TwepuKviay, ETEMVOY TOV \ KANMaTWY Ta xXpPHoLpa, Kal oupmr€éKovTes eF 3 A f 3 t \ ld ef b ] avT@Vv KAtwaKidas evtovous Kai Babeias, wor bd “A avwbev avnptnpévas Tapa TO Kpnpva@des AmrtecOat Tav éemimédwv, xatéBaivov agdaras & avrav \ « # Ad \ a 4 oe ‘4 TAnv évos. ovTos 5€ TOY GrrAwY Evexa peivas, evel katéBnoav, nhiee KdTw Ta OTAAa Kal Barov 3 dtavta Terevtatos atmecwteto Kal autos. tair | s aA \ | nyvoouv of ‘Pwyaior 816 Kal mrepcerOovTes avTous Le Cal > / \ ~ 4 éEérAntav tH aidvidiw, Kat guyhs yevouevns N , EXaBov To otpatoredsov. Kal mpoceyivovtTo Trod- Aol Tov avToh. Borijpwv Kal Toipévwy avrois, WAHKTAL Kal TOOWKELS dvdpes, @v Tous pev WIT rL- Cov, Tois 6é ™podpopors Kal porois EXPOVTO. 4 Aevtepas éxvréuretas ™ pos avTOUS oTparnyos Ilovwdtos Bapivos, ob mpa@ta pév Urootpatnyov ziwa Dovpioy cyovta Sia ythious oTpatiwtas éTpé- wravto aupBarovtes: erecta auuBovroyv avt@ Kal auvapyovta Koacinov amootadévta peta TOARHS Suvapews eritTnpijacas Oo XmdptaKos Aovo- pevoy Tept Larivas, mixpov edénae cvvaptacat. “ \ * f ’ , > ‘ \ 5 yareTa@s dé cal poris expuyovtos evdus pev expaTnae THs aToaKevijs, ex Todos Sé Katéxwv s , , a ‘ , Kal Stoxav hovw TOAXM TO otpatoTredov eidev. €mece 5¢€ Kai Kooaivios. adzov dé tov oTpatnyov ¥ iA a , , ahrAats paxais ToAdNalS KaTAywVLTAapEVvOS, TEAOS dé Tove te paBdovyous Kai tov immov avtou 338 CRASSUS which Clodius closely watched; everywhere else there were smooth and precipitous cliffs. But the top of the hill was covered with a wild vine of abundant growth, from which the besieged cut off the serviceable branches, and wove these into strong ladders of such strength and length that when they were fastened at the top they reached along the face of the cliff to the plain below. On these they descended safely, all but one man, who remained above to attend to the arms. When the rest had got down, he began to drop the arms, and after he had thrown them all down, got away himself also last of all in safety. Of all this the Romans were ignorant, and therefore their enemy surrounded them, threw them into consternation by the sudden- ness of the attack, put them to flight, and took their camp. They were also joined by many of the herds- men and shepherds of the region, sturdy men and swift of foot, some of whom they armed fully, and employed others as scouts and light infantry. In the second place, Publius Varinus, the praetor, was sent out against them, whose lieutenant, a certain Furius, with two thousand soldiers, they first engaged and routed; then Spartacus narrowly watched the movements of Cossinius, who had been sent out with a large force to advise and assist Varinus in the command, and came near seizing him as he was bathing near Salinae. Cossinius barely escaped with much difficulty, and Spartacus at once seized his baggage, pressed hard upon him in pursuit, and took his camp with great slaughter. Cossinius also fell. By defeating the praetor himself in many battles, and finally capturing his lictors and the very horse he rode, Spartacus was soon great and 339 z2 or +] PLUTARCH’S LIVES AaBwv, 7dn pev péyas Kal PoBepos Fv, éppovec ‘\ a e 6€ ta eixota, Kai pn tpocdoxayv vrepBarécbar \ e 4 a @ 9 . wv N TY ‘Pwyaiwy dvvapuv hyev ért tas “AXtrews Tov A e 4 oTpaTov, olopevos deity UmepBarovtas avtas étl \ b an a“ N \ 3 f N >] Ta oixEla -Ywpeiv, Tous pev ets Opaxny, tors 6 9 , ° \ é ? > \ ets Tadatiav. ot 6€ wrOec te ovtes ioyupol Kai / “a 3 e 4 9 ’ 9 4 peya ppovovvtes ovy vTyKovoy, arr ézropGouvy émumopevopevot THY Itadiav. Ovxér’ odv To wap’ a€iav Kal To aicypov jrw- n > , \ 4 ’ ‘ ‘ YrAee THS atmoctdcews THY avyKANTOV, GdAa by , ‘ a dua hoBfov te Kal Kivduvov ws pos Eva Tav SucKo- AWTATOV TOAEUOV Kal pEeyiaTwY audotépous éeFE- ‘ e , ? , \ \ mépuitov Tovs viatous. wy Terddros pev to Tep- pavixoy UBpe Kai Ppovnpat. tov Nraptaxeiwv > ‘ bd a b ‘ fed / aroayicbev eEaiduns eumecwv arav SépOerpe, AévtXov b€ tov Xmaptaxoy peydros atpato- € i 4 ‘ Tédols TeptAaBovTos opynaas opmode Kai paynv guvawas é€xpatnoe pev Tov TpeaRevTa@v, EXaBe dé tv adtogKkevny amacav. wloupévw 8 avte mpos tas “Adres Kadaowos 0 ths wept Wado c Taratias otpatyyos éxwv puplovs amnvrnce: \ \ Kal yevouévns payns KpaTnOeis Kal TonrXovs amroBarwv mors avros eFépuye. X. Fav@’ 7) Boudtn ruGopévy tovs pév vratous ‘ e 4 ¥ r if mpos opyny éxéXevoev tovyxiay aye, Kpaccoy n~ é 6, \ Sé Tod ToAE“OU oTpaTNYOV EtNETO* Kai TOAXOL Ota Sofav avt® Kai didiay cuvertpatevoy Tav eTL- havav. avtos pev ody brépeive po TIS Texnvidos ° =! , a é / é ws Tov Sraptaxov éxet hepopevoy deFopevos, Mop- 340 CRASSUS formidable ; but he took a proper view of the situation, and since he could not expect to overcome the Roman power, began to lead his army toward the Alps, thinking it necessary for them to cross the mountains and go to their respective homes, some to Thrace, and some to Gaul. But his men werc now strong in numbers and full of confidence, and would not listen to him, but went ravaging over Italy. It was now no longer the indignity and disgrace of the revolt that harassed the senate, but they were constrained by their fear and peril to send both consuls into the field, as they would to a war of the utmost difficulty and magnitude. Gellius, one of the consuls, fell suddenly upon the Germans, who were so insolent and bold as to separate themselves from the main body of Spartacus, and cut them all to pieces ; but when Lentulus, the other consul, had surrounded the enemy with large forces, Spartacus rushed upon them, joined battle, defeated the legates of Lentulus, and seized all their baggage. Then, as he was forcing his way towards the Alps, he was met by Cassius, the governor of Cisalpine Gaul, with an army of ten thousand men, and in the battle that ensued, Cassius was defeated, lost many men, and escaped himself with difficulty. X. On learning of this, the Senate angrily ordered the consuls to keep quiet, and chose Crassus to conduct the war, and many of the nobles were induced by his reputation and their friendship for him to serve under him. Crassus himself, accord- ingly, took position on the borders of Picenum, expecting to receive the attack of Spartacus, who was hastening thither; and he sent Mummius, his 341 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pov O€ mpeaBevTiHV ayovta dv0 Taypara, KUKAW TEpPLeTrEULWED, érea Bat KeAXEvaas TOES Toeuiors, cupTrexecOat dé wn unde anpipaxeiy. o & dpa TO TP@TOv eT EATLOOS yever bar paxny Déwevos 77 }On: Kat TOAAOL jeev ETreT OD, Todnol d€ avev TOY OTrOY HevyorTES ErwWOnTAV. 0 be Kpdocos avurTov TE TOV M opprov edéEato TPAXEDS, | Kal TOUS oTpaTLOTAs oT Aifoy avdis ey yuntas NTEL TOV oThov, OTL gurd£ovot, TEVTAKOGLOUS é6€ TOUS TPOTOVS, Kat purALoTa TOUS Tpécavtas, els TEVTKOVTA Svavelpas dexadas af’ EKGTTNS amré- KTELVEV EVA TOV KAI} pep Aaxovta, TT pLoV Te TOUTO bua Toh@y Xpoviov Kodac pa ToiS OTPATLATALS eTAYAYOV. Kal yap aiaxvyn tov Oavdtou To TpoTe TpOcEaTt, Kal Sparat TOANG ppucsdy Kal oKxvOpara mTepl THY KOAaCLY aTavTwD Oewpévev. Oirw & ema TpEeyas Tous avdpas iyyev emt Tous TOAEp"LOUS. o be Sadptaxos umele w@per dia Aeveavias es THY Odaccav ev b€ Trop0ue AyoT pict Kidicoars ETLTUXOV Opunaev axpac bat Lixedias kat Siaxtrtovs avdpas éuBarov els THY vijcov aves exC@muphaar Tov douNLKOV exet TONELOY, ovTrw) Tohvy Xpovov area BnKoTa Kal pixpay Tad UTEKKAULATOY Seopevov. opL0- Aoynaavtes Sé of Kiduwes auto Kal bapa Aa- Bovtes eEnmatncay Kal drémdevcav. ovTw 57 Tar amo Jariaans avalevEas exdOice Tov oTpatoy ets THY ‘Pn nyivery XEppoa ov. ere oy So Kpdccos, Kal Tov ToTOV THD puow ope upyyouuevny to Séov, Wpunoev atroTetyicat Tov 342 549 CRASSUS legate, with two legions, by a circuitous route, with orders to follow the enemy, but not to join battle nor even skirmish with them. Mummius, however, at the first promising opportunity, gave battle and was defeated; many of his men were slain, and many of them threw away their arms and fled for their lives. Crassus gave Muimmius himself a rough reception, and when he armed his soldiers anew, made them give pledges that they would keep their arms. Five hundred of them, moreover, who had shown the greatest cowardice and been first to fly, he divided into fifty decades, and put to death one from each deeade, on whom the lot fell, thus reviving, after the lapse of many years, an ancient mode of punishing the soldiers. For disgrace also attaches to this manner of death, and many horrible and repulsive features attend the punishment, which the whole army witnesses. When he had thus disciplined his men, he led them against the enemy. But Spartacus avoided him, and retired through Lucania to the sea. At the Straits, he chanced upon some Cilician pirate eraft, and determined to seize Sicily. By throwing two thousand men into the island, he thought to kindle anew the servile war there,! which had not long been extinguished, and needed only a little additional fuel. But the Cilicians, after coming to terms with him and receiving his gifts, deceived him and sailed away. So Spartacus marched back again from the sea and established his army in the peninsula of Rhegium. Crassus now came up, aud observing that the nature of the place suggested what must be done, he determined to build a wall 1 102-99 B.O. 343 PLUTARCH’S: LIVES icOpov, Gua Kat THY GYOANY TAY oTpPaTLWTaY Udatpav Kai THY EevTopiay TOY TOAGWOY. péya ee, @ ? \ \ . ” \ \ ev ovv VY Kal YaXeETTOV TO Epyov, Hvuce SE Kal 4 ‘ , bd 9 , , a, KaTeipyacato Tapa do€av év OALyw Xpov@, Tappov éuBarav éx Oardcaons els Oaddraocav da Tov bY 4 , , > \ , avxévos stadiwmy Tpiaxoaiwy, evpos b€ cal Bdabos icov mevtexatiexa Today: Umép dé THs Tappov Tetyos EoTnoev Der Kal pwn Oavpacrov. ay oO LwdapTaKos nuérer Kal KaTEppOvEs TO WPOTOV* WS dé THs AElas EmtAectrovans wWpoiévat BovAdpeEvos r \ b} \ > , ION guveive TOY aTroTELYiopoY Kai AapBadvey ovdéev WY é€k& THS YEppovycov, vinta wihetodn «Kal mvevpa Te YEelpéptov trapapvadtas éywoe TIS é , >] \ “a \ ef \ , Tagppou pépos ov ToAv yn Kal VAN Kai KAdboLs Sévdpwv, GoTE THS TTpAaTLAS TEepat@aat TO TpiToV. XT. ’EdoBijOn pev odv o Kpacaos py AdBa ¢ A \ ys A > . A ¢€ , , TLS Open Tov waptaxov eri thy “‘Papny éAavvery, 3 4 \ a“ 3 “ ’ LA eOapeyoe Cé TrodA@v ex dvahopas atroctavTwv avrov Kat otpatoTredevaapevwv Kal avtovs éml Aevxavidos Aipvns, Iv pace tpémecOar bia Ypovou ylvowevnv yAuvKeiay Kal avOis ddpupav Kat # Ld 9 ‘ e La c Iges \ amrotov. Tovtos éredOwv o Kpdaaos éFéwoe prev 9 \ n , b / \ N , \ \ amo THS Aipvyns, adnpéOn S€ Tov hovov Kat thy SimEcy adtav éripavévtos oféws Tod Yaraptaxov Kal THY huyny éwieTHTALTOS. Teypadws b€ 1H BovrAn wpotepov ws xpn Kat Aoveovdnrov éx Oparns careiv cal oprrnjiov é& 344 CRASSUS across the isthmus, thereby at once keeping his soldiers from idleness, and his enemies from provi- sions. Now the task was a huge one and difficult,’ but he accomplished and finished it, contrary to all expectation, in a short time, running a ditch from sea to sea through the neck of land three hundred furlongs in length and fifteen feet in width and depth alike. Above the ditch he also built a wall of astonishing height and strength. All this work Spartacus neglected and despised at first; but soon his provisions began to fail, and when he wanted to sally forth from the peninsula, he saw that he was walled in, and that there was nothing more to be had there. He therefore waited for a snowy night and a wintry storm, when he filled up a_ small portion of the ditch with earth and timber and the boughs of trees, and so threw a third part of his force across. XI. Crassus was now in fear lest some impulse to march upon Rome should seize Spartacus, but took heart when he saw that many of the gladiator’s men had seceded after a quarrel with him, and were en- camped by themselves on a Lucanian lake. This lake, they say, changes from time to time in the character of its water, becoming sweet, and then again bitter and undrinkable. Upon this detach- ment Crassus fell, and drove them away from the lake, but he was robbed of the slaughter and pursuit of the fugitives by the sudden appearance of Sparta- cus, who checked their flight. Before this Crassus had written to the senate that they must summon Lucullus! from Thrace and Pompey from Spain, but he was sorry now that he Marcus Lucullus, brother of Lucius. 345 PLUTARCH’S LIVES y , , A A 4 y / 4 [8nptas, pstevoet, Kat piv NKewv exeivous Ea Trevde Scatpakacbat Tov ToAELOV, ELOws OTL TOD Tpoc- yevoueévou kat BonOijcavios, ovK ad’Ttod TO KaTOp- Owya Soke. mpatov pev otv stayvovs tots apecT@at Kai Kat Otay atpatevopévats, ov adn- an N fe , Q f b / youvto Laing Karvvixtos cai Kadatos, émibéa@at, f Y , bd e Aopov Tiva TpoxataryWopevous avdpas éEaxtayt- , b f f a“ f ALous amréoTELre, AavOdvery TEtpacbaL KEdEVCAS. o. & emetpwvto pev THY aicOnow aroxpimTew TA Kpavn Kataptréxyovtes, obOévtes 8 wre Svety ra “a 4 yuvatxav mpoOvopévwy Tois Todemlois extvdouvev- ‘ f \ aav, eb yn Kpaacos of€ws éripaveis payny “ ? , €OeTo Tag@y KapTepwTdTny, €v 4 TpLAKOGiouS ert Siayidiows Kal pupiots xataBarwv Svo pdvous eDpe KATA vwTOV TETPWpLEVoUS, Of & ANXoOL TaVTES “ , “ / éotates ev Tukes Kal payopevor Tots ‘Pwpaiors anéBavov. sy , N XN \ / ? b] LSraptacw S€ meTa THY TOVTWY TTAY ava- “A % “a Pao a Ywpouvte mpos ta pn ta UernrAwa, Koivros tov 5 ¢ cd mept Kpdocov nyepovwy xai Xxpoddas taplas , éEamtopevot TtapynKxorovlovy. émiatpévavtos &€ ~ id , yivetae huyn peyddn tov “Pwpaiwr, cal por tpwhévTa Tov Tapliay aprdcavtes aTecwOnaav. “~ 4 f , TovTo Tov Lwdptaxov amwrece TO KaTopOwna, a) , hpovniuatos eriyevouevou tots Spatrétats. ovKére yap nkiovy duyouayeity od éreiBovto tots WwW 3 3 ww ¥ ¢ XN Ad 3 a) 4 apxovaow, Grr’ dn Ka@’ odov ovtas ev Tots SrrXots , , al TepiaxovTes yvuykacav aibis omicw bia Tijs , ‘ a Aevxavias aye émi Tous Pwpatous, eg TavTO TO 346 CRASSUS had done so, and was eager to bring the war to an end before those generals came. He knew that the success would be ascribed to the one who came up with assistance, and not to himself. Accordingly, in the first place, he determined to attack those of the enemy who had seceded from the rest and were campaigning on their own account (they were com- manded by Caius Canicius and Castus), and with this in view, sent out six thousand men to preoccupy a certain eminence, bidding them keep their attempt asecret. And they did try to elude observation by covering up their helmets, but they were seen by two woinen who were sacrificing for the enemy, and would have been in peril of their lives had not Crassus quickly made his appearance and given battle, the most stubbornly contested of all; for although he slew twelve thousand three hundred men it it, he found only two who were wounded in the back. The rest all died standing in the ranks and fighting the Romans. After the defeat of this detachment, Spartacus retired to the mountains of Petelia, followed closely by Quintus, one of the officers of Crassus, and by Scrophas, the quaestor, who hung upon the enemy’s rear. But when Spartacus faced about, there was a great rout of the Romans, and they barely managed to drag the quaestor, who had been wounded, away into safety. This success was the ruin of Spartacus, for it filled his slaves with over-confidence. They would no longer consent to avoid battle, and would not even obey their leaders, but surrounded them as soon as they began to march, with’ arms in their hands, and forced them to lead back through Lucania against the Romans, the very thing which Crassus 347 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kpacap OT EVOOVTES. Hon yap o Top7nios 550 T pogvwy amnyyedderTo" kat 61) apxatpearatovres Hoa ovK oAtyou THY vinny Exelv@ TOU TohepLov T poarjKety' édOovta, yap. evdus paxeiobar Kal KaTardvoely TOV TOAEMOV. ET ELYOMEVOS OUV Sraryovi- cacbat Kal Tapas TpaToTedevaas Tots TonELLOLS W@puTTE Tadpov, pos hy ExT OGVTES ot d0bA0t 7 pogeLaxovro Tois EpyaCopevors. del b¢ TeLovery éxatépwOev éexBonfovvtwy opwy thy avayKnv o Td pTaKos amTrav TapeTage TO oTpdTevpa. Kat (Tm p@rov pev TOU imTOu | mpooaxdevros auT@ oT Aa dpEvos 70 Ethos Kal ELTOV OTL VUK@V [LEV eXce TOROS immous Kal Karovs Tev TONEMLOY, NTT wMEVvOS 6é ov o€tTrat, Kateapate TOV tirTov ewElTA 7 pos Kpaocor aurov aBoupevos bua TOMO O7TAwWY Kal TpavLUaTwY éxelvou pev OUK ETUXED, ExaTovTapxas 5é dv0 TULTETOVTAS aveine. TENOS dé guy ovTev TOV mept aQUuTOr, AUTOS ET OS Kal KuxrAwlels & v6 TOAAWY GPUVOHEVOS KATEKITN. Kpdaaou 5€ TH TUXN \pygapevou Kat oT patny)- TAVTOS apiara. Kal TO TOMA TO KLvOUVO Tapacxov- TOS, OUWS ov duepuye TO catopbopa THY Topaniou do€av. of yap Siaduryovtes eumecovres * auT@ diefpOdpycay, Gore Kat yparvrat Tpos THY TUYyKAN- Tov OTL waxy ev TOUS paréras pavepa Kpaaaos vevixnKev, autos 6é ToD _Toewou tTHy pifav avnpnxe. Tloprnios pev obv amd Xeptwpiov xal 1 S:aguydyres Cumersyres Coraés’ correction of the MSS. Siamecdyres. Cf. Pompey, xxi 2, from which Graux would correct S:a Tee advTes. 348 CRASSUS also most desired. For Pompey’s approach was already announced, and there were not a few who publicly proclaimed that the victory in this war belonged to him; he had only to come and fight and put an end to the war. Crassus, therefore, pressed on to finish the struggle himself, and having encamped near the enemy, began to dig a trench. Into this the slaves leaped and began to fight with those who were working there, and since fresh men from both sides kept coming up to help their comrades, Spartacus saw the necessity that was upon him, and drew up his whole army in order of battle. In the first place, when his horse was brought to him, he drew his sword, and saying that if he won the day he would have many fine horses of the enemy’s, but if he lost it he did not want any, he slew his horse. Then pushing his way towards Crassus himself through many flying weapons and wounded men, he did not indeed reach him, but slew two centurions who fell upon him together. Finally, after his companions had taken to flight, he stood alone, surrounded by a multitude of foes, and was still defending himself when he was cut down. But although Crassus had been fortunate, had shown most excellent generalship, and had exposed his person to danger, nevertheless, his success did not fail to enhance the reputation of Pompey. For the fugitives from the battle! encountered that general and were cut to pieces, so that he could write to the senate that in open battle, indecd, Crassus had conquered the slaves, but that he himself had extirpated the war. Pompey, accordingly, for his 1 Their number is given as five thousand in Pompey, xxi. 2. 349 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘| Rnpias emipaves eOpiapBevae, Kpdacos 6é Tov pev péyav PpiauBov ovo avTos aiTew emexeipnaen, edoxel dé xal tov trefor, oovay dé Kadoupevon, ayevvas Kat Tap afiav én _Sovhie@ TOA Ep OptapPeboat. ti & ovtos éxeivov dtageper, Kat TeEpl THS KAHNTEwWS, ev TH MapKérXrou Bio yéypa- TTAL. XII. Mera b¢ tavta tov Ilopumniov avrobev €mi THY UTaTelav KQNOULEVOD, érmidas EX@v O Kpdocos cuvaptewv Guws ovK axvnoe TOU Top- miov SenOivar. deEdpevos b¢ THY xXpetav da pevors EKELYOS (emreOuper yap apbas yé THs del YapiTos Tivos oetdétyv daBetv TOV Kpaacor) eamrovdace Tpod ups, Kal TEAOS elmey éKKXN- ovatov WS oux eXaT Tova wept TOU cuvdpxovTos eFet Xa piv } Teplt THs apxis. ov pay ewewvav etl TAVTNS THS prrogpocuvys Els THY apynv KaTa- OTAVTES, adh Odiryou Seiy trept TavTwv Stage po- pevot Kal tTavtTa dua Kohaivorres GXAnroLS Kat ptroverxovvTes amrohiTeuTov Kal dm paxTov QUTOLS TI uTaTélav éroincav, TANVY OTL Kpdacos “Hpaxret peyarny Ovalav trotnodapevos eloTiage TOV Ojuov ato pupiwv TpaTrel@v Kal oiTov eweT pnoev els Tpiunvov. 76n dé THS apxis avrois TENEVTOT)S ETUYOV pev exKAnaralovtes, avnp dé TLS OU TOV em Pavan, LTITEUS ‘Popatov, arypoiKos dé TO Bip Kal idewrns, ‘Ovatios! Adpnruos, dvaBas ¢ err TO Biya Kal ™ poehOwp * Oxpev Senryetto Kata tous Omvous ad’Tw yevouéernv. “‘O yap 1?Ovarios in Pompey, xxiti. 1, [dios Graux would therefore read here avéuari Paios. 2 xpoeAOav with Stepi Coraés, and S: Ow poeAOay with Stephanus, Coraés, and S: xpocer bay. 359 CRASSUS victories over Sertorius and in Spain, celebrated a splendid triumph; but Crassus, for all his self- approval, did not venture to ask for the major triumph, and it was thought ignoble and mean in him to celebrate even the minor triumph on foot, called the ovation, for a servile war. How the minor triumph differs from the major, and why it is named as it is, has been told in my life of Marcellus.! XII. After this, Pompey was at once asked to stand for the consulship, and Crassus, although he had hopes of becoming his colleague, did not hesitate to ask Pompey’s assistance. Pompey received his request gladly (for he was desirous of having Crassus, in some way or other, always in debt to him for some favour), and eagerly promoted his candidature, and finally said in a speech to the assembly that he should be no less grateful to them for the colleague than for the office which he desired. However, when once they had assumed office,” they did not remain on this friendly basis, but differed on almost every measure, quarrelled with one another about everything, and by their contentiousness rendered their consulship barren politically and without achievement, except that Crassus made a great sacrifice in honour of Hercules, feasted the people at ten thousand tables, and made them an allowance of grain for three months. And when at last their term of office was closing, and they were addressing the assembly, a certain man, net a noble, but a Roman knight, rustic and rude in his way of life, Onatius Aurelius, mounted the rostra and recounted to the audience a vision that had come to him in his sleep. “Jupiter,” he said, “appeared to me 1 Chapter xxii. 270" £.C; 351 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Z, EUS,” eon, poe pavels TpooeTater els KoLvov elmely OTWS fy) mm porepov meptidnte TOUS UmaTOUS arobéacbat THY apxny n pirous yeveo Bar.” TavTa A€yovTos Tov avOpar-ov Kal TOU Onpov diadrar- tea Oa KehevovTos, O pev opmijios 7 novytav Hyyev ET@s, o éé Kpdaaos éuBadov THY befvav avT@ TpOoTeEpos, “ Ovdér,” elTrev, “ @ avopes, olpa, mont- Tal, Tamelvov TpaTTELy ovo dvaEvov eHavTov KATAaPXOMEVOS EvVOLas Kai Pirias pos Tlopm pion, Ov Upels pijmtw yeveeavta Méyav avyyopevoate Kal pare peetéyovte Bovrns epndicacbe OpiapBov.” XIII. ‘H per ovv virateta TOU Kpdooov 1aoT éaxev fia pynns, 7 bé Topnreta mavTaTragw aTedAns Kal aT paxtos avT@ ouprlen, ouTE yap Bovrjs éFétacw otf imméwv érioxelry ovT arroripna ty TORT OY emoncato, KatTou oup- ap xovTa ‘Popaiwy EXOVTE TOV Tpaoraroy Aov- Tatiov KatAov. adda dacwy emi Seuvov opunoavtt TO Kpacow TON TELL, Kat Ptatop, Alyumroy ToLew brrorent} ‘Paopaios, ati Siva tov Kardov éppwuéevws’ €x 5€ rovTou ryevouévns Siapopas éxovtas atobéa Bat THY apyny. "Ey &€ tois wept Katedivay Tpaypact peyarous Kal piKpod Sejcaow dvatpéeyar tiv “Popny, rato pév TLS vToVvoIa TOU Kpagoou Kal mpoo- nrOev vO pw7ros ovopa Sev amo TAS curapocias, ovdels b€ eiotevaev. Ouws &° ) Kixépav év Tit 55] Oyo pavepos mV Kpacow Kal Kaicape THY aitiay TpoatptBopevos. arr’ ovTcs bev O Aaryos eFeb00n meTa THY audoiv TerevTyy, ev b€ TH Llepi Umateias 352 CRASSUS and bade me declare in public that you should not suffer your consuls to lay down their office until they become friends.” When the man said _ this and the people urged a reconciliation, Pompey, for his part, stood motionless, but Crassus took the initiative, clasped him by the hand, and said: “ Fellow-citizens, I think there is nothing humiliat- ing or unworthy in my taking the first step towards good-will and friendship with Pompey, to whom you gave the title of ‘Great’ before he had grown a beard, and voted him a triumph before he was a senator.” XIII. Such, then, were the memorable things in the consulship of Crassus, but his censorship! passed without any results or achievements whatever. He neither made a revision of the senate, nor a scrutiny of the kuights, nor a census of the people, although he had Lutatius Catulus, the gentlest of the Romans, for his colleague. But they say that when Crassus embarked upon the dangerous and violent policy of making Egypt tributary to Rome, Catulus opposed him vigorously, whereupon, being at variance, both voluntarily laid down their office. In the affair of Catiline,? which was very serious, and almost subversive of Rome, some suspicion attached itself to Crassus, and a man publicly named him as one of the conspirators, but nobody believed him. Nevertheless, Cicero, in one of his orations,* plainly inculpated Crassus and Caesar. This oration, it is true, was not published until after both were dead; but in the treatise upon his consulship,® 1 65 B.C. 2 63-62 B.c. 3 Not extant. 353 VOL. II. A A PLUTARCH’S LIVES ) Kixépov vUKTMP dyoi tov Kpdocov age- Kéa0at 7 pos avTov emia TONY coptCovta * Ta Tept TOV Kartedivay eEnyouperny,) @S 70n BeBaobvta THY cuvepociar. o 8 ovp Kpdaaos del ev épiaes Tov Kixépwva ba touto, Tov dé Bramrev dvapavdov euTOO@Y ele Tov viov. oO yap IIovAtos wv pidororyos Kat diropal ns eEnptnTo Tov Kixépwvos, @oTe Kai cup peta Bareiy avT@ THY eo Oita Kptvopéev@ Kal TOUS addous veous TavTa movobyTas Tapacxelv. TéXos O€ TOY TATEPA TEeicas pirov eToinoen. XIV. ‘O 6€ Kaicap as emaviprOev ato Tis eTapXias, TapacKevalopevos UTaTelay peTeévas Kat K paccor opov Kal Topaniov avOis ev Stapopais mpos aXAXAOus Svtas, ove Oarépov denGeis éBovreto AaBeiv éyOpov tov ErEpov, ovTE pndeTépov cuvepyouvTos nrmete catopbwa eww. em pattev ovv diadrayas AUTOS TMpPOTKELMEVOS Kal d0adoKwv as KATANVOYTES GARHAOVS avfouct Kixépevas kat KatXous Kal Kdtovas, ov ovdels hovyos, dy éxeivor TUVEVEYKOVTES €lS TAUTO TAS pidias Kat Tas éTaLpeias évl Kparet Kal pea yvopn THY TON dywoty. melas dé Kal SiadddEas cunyarye Kal cuvertnoer éK TOY TPLOV tox ov dpa ov, 7 KaTENUTE ‘Pew pator THY SovrAnv Kai Tov Onpov, ovx éxelvous dv adrAnArAoV peEiCovas, GANG Ov exeivwr EauTOV péytaToOV aTrEepyacdpeVvos. evOds yap apOeis tr’ dudotépwy Urratos amedet- 1 xoul(ovTa . . . e&nyounérny Sintenis’ correction of the MSS. kxoulCovra wept rod Karidlya xal (nrovpévny, which Coratés and Bekker retain. 354 CRASSUS Cicero says that Crassus came to him by night with a letter which gave details of the affair of Catiline,! and felt that he was at last establishing the fact of a conspiracy. And Crassus, accordingly, always hated Cicero for this, but was kept from doing him any open injury by his son. For Publius Crassus, being given to literature and learning, was attached to Cicero, so much so that he put on mourning when Cicero did at the time of his trial, and prevailed upon the other young men to do the same. And finally he persuaded his father to become Cicero’s friend. XIV. Now when Caesar came back from his province and prepared to seek the consulship, he saw that Pompey and Crassus were once more at odds with each other. He therefore did not wish to make one of them an enemy by asking the aid of the other, nor did he have any hope of success if neither of them helped him. Accordingly, he tried to reconcile them by persistently showing them that their mutual ruin would only increase the power of such men as Cicero, Catulus, and Cato, men whose influence would be nothing if Crassus and Pompey . would only unite their friends and adherents, and with one might and one purpose direct the affairs of the city. He persuaded them, reconciled them, and won them both to his support, and constituted with that triumvirate an irresistible power, with which he overthrew the senate and the people, not by making his partners greater, the one through the other, but by making himself greatest of all through them. For owing to the support of both he was 1 Cf. Plutarch’s Cicero, xv. 355 aa 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ¥9n Aaputpas. vmatevorvt. 8 alto! Whdi- , / TUupEevol oTpaTEvpaTwY Hyepoviay Kat Vanda- , tiay eyxetpicavTes WaTEP Eis AKpoTroALW KaTé- aTnaay, oloueror Kal’ ijovyiav veunoecOar ta \ ‘ ? , ’ f a a ova Tpos adrAnAOUs Eexelv@m PeBavovvTes Hr eAayev apyXny. Iloparnios peéev ody Umo dirtapxias apétpov tabr émpatte tav d€ Kpdocov voonpatwv to “ , apyaiov 7 didoT\ouvTia Katvov Epwta wpocda- “~ a “ 4 Bodoa nai Snrov eri tais Kaioapos aowwretacs é Tpotaiwy Kat @piapBwv, ois ye povois édart- tovabat mwpovyovtTa Tots addots, avTOY OUK 3 “ > 9 L4 \ > ww 3 ~ \ avixev ovd éhwdnoe mpiv ets ON\Opov akre7 Kal dnpocias suudopas TedkevTjoat. Kaicapos yap a , ” ets Aovxav 7oduv ex Vadatias cataBavtos dAdo Ve , > 7 \ ha \ Te TOAAOL Papatwv adpixovto, Kai Iloparnios cat r f O27 , \ >] \ bd Kpdooos iota TVYYEVOLEVOL TPOS AYTOV EyvOTar éyxpatéaTtepov ExecOat TOV TPAYpLUTwY KAL Tacar a “ , ? ud’ éavtois TwoeioOar THv ryepoviav, Katoapos \ 9 a ad , bed A> / ev év Tois OmrAOLS pévovTos, adXas be eTTAPYias , f \ / , kal otpatevpata lloumniov Kat Kpacoov XaBov- “~ / , 6 , twv. évtav0a & od0s Fw pa dSevtépas vratetas , 4 aiTnots’ Hv peTLOVT@Y exEelvwy Edel TULTPATTELY Y ~ N “~ Kaicapa, Trois te didos ypadovra Kat TOY oTpa- “ é TLWTOV TELTOVTA TOAAOLS APYatpEectaaovTas. ¢ XV. Ent rovrocs of epi Kpaocor ets ‘Popny > Ud 3 \ = iad ‘ érravenOovtes evOus Jjoav vromtoa, Kal Torus éywpe: da mdvtwv NOyos ovK ém ayad@ yezo- 1 airg after this word xadds is bracketed by Sintenis and Bekker. 356 CRASSUS at once triumphantly elected consul!) And during his consulship they voted him armies to command, and put Gaul into his hands, and so, as it were, established him in an acropolis, thinking to share the rest with one another at their leisure if they secured to him his allotted province. Now Pompey did all this from an unbounded love of power; but to that ancient infirmity of Crassus, his avarice, there was now added a fresh and ardent passion, in view of the glorious exploits of Caesar, for trophies and triumphs. In these alone he thought himself inferior to Caesar, but superior in everything else. And his passion gave him no rest nor peace until it ended in an ingltorious death and public calamities. For when Caesar came down to the city of Luca? from Gaul, many Romans came thither to meet him, and among them Pompey and Crassus. These held private conferences with Caesar, and the three determined to carry inatters with a higher hand, and to make themselves sole masters of the state. Caesar was to remain in his command, while Pompey and Crassus were to take other provinces and armies. But the only way to secure this end was by soliciting a second consulship. Since Pompey and Crassus were candidates for this, Caesar was to co-operate with them by writing letters to his friends and by sending many of his soldiers home to support them at the elections. XV. With this understanding, Crassus and Pompey returned to Rome, and were at once objects of suspicion ; report was rife through the whole city that their meeting with Caesar had been for no good 1 59 Bo. 2 56 B.c. 357 tw PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4, \ 4 b ] “~ 9 A “A “~ vévat tnv avvodov avtav. év 5€ TH Bovary 4 - MapxerXivou cat Aopetiov Houtniov épwtravtav El péTELoLY UTraTElaVv, amexpivatTo TuyoV pev \ peTiévat, Tuyov bé pn peTiévar’ Kal Tad épwra- pevos Edy petsévar tots Stxatows ToriTats, p71 peteevat S€ Tois adixots. Tovtov be do0€avtos uTEepnpavous atroxptaas Kat TeTUpwpévas Trotel- e a afar petpiwtepov o Kpdaoaos eizrev, et TH TWOAE / , sumpepel, meTéevat THY apyny, et SE 7, TeTavceE- aba. 80 Kai tives COdppnocav Urateiay peters A , “a Oetv, wv Fw Kal Aopitios. yevouevor 8€ davepav nw 4 éxetvoy év Tats mapayyeAtats ol péev addat , es deloavtes atréatynoay, Aopitiov 6€ Katwy oixetov wv \ 4 b] , 3 4 ovta Kal dirov é€Odppuvey éyxedevopevos Kal Tapoppav eExecOat THs EXTrLOOS WS UTEPHAYOUVTA nn val ta . ° THS Kowns érevOepias: ov yap vmateias Lop- « A \ 4 ariov Setcbat cat Kpdooov, adda tupavvidos, ovd apyis aitnotw, adr’ aprayny érapyiav Kat otpatomédwy elvat Ta TpaTTOpeEva. r a \ \ / fad \ “ e rf lavta b€ cai A€éywv odTw Kal dpovav o Katwv al ‘ povovoy Bia mpoiyev eis ayopay tov Aopuitiop, Kal auviaotavto ToAXOL pos avtovs. Kal TO bf 4 Oavpalov ovx ortyov Hv, “Ti $1 devtépas obtor oo e t ‘ , be 4 > irXX vi 4 Vpnfovaty vTrateias; TL O€ TANLY ET AAADNXWD; , > 3 9. CF ‘ +) > NX ww e a TiS ov pe Erépwv; wodrol 8 eiaiv avdpes nyity b] , f é 4 \ wf ovx avakioe Oi)j7ov Kpaoow xat Iloprniw oupr- apye.” ék tovtov detcavres ot tept Topmanioy ovdevos ieiyovTo T@Y axoapoTaTwy Kal Biatota- A a , e ld TwY, GANA Tpos WaaL Tois AAXrOLS AOYOV UPevTeEs 358 55 € CRASSUS purpose. In the senate, also, when Marcellinus and Domitius asked Pompey if he was going to be a can- didate for the consulship, he replied that perhaps he was, and perhaps he was not; and when asked the question again, he said he should solicit the votes of the good citizens, but not those of the bad. Since lis answers were thought to have been made in pride and arrogance, Crassus said, more modestly, when the question was put to him, that if it was for the interest of the city, he would be a candidate for the office, but otherwise he would desist. For this reason divers persons were emboldened to sue for the consulship, one of whom was Domitius. When, how- ever, Pompey and Crassus openly announced their candidature, the rest took fright and withdrew from the contest; but Cato encouraged Domitius, who was a kinsman and friend of his, to proceed, urging and inciting him to cling to his hopes, assured that he would do battle for the common freedom. For it was not the consulate, he said, which Crassus and Pompey wanted, but a tyranny, nor did their course of action mean simply a canvass for office, but rather a seizure of provinces and armies. With such words and such sentiments Cato all but forced Domitius to go down tu the forum as a candi- date, and many joined their party. Many, too, voiced their amazement thus: ‘ Why, pray, should these men want a second consulship? And why once more together? Why not have other colleagues? Surely there are many mtt: among us who are not unworthy to be colleagues of Pompey and Crassus ! ”’ Alarmed at this, the partizans of Crassus and Pompey abstained from no aisorder or violence, however extreme, and capped the climax by way- 359 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TO Aoputi VUKTOS ere pera TOY adda KaT- EpKoperey KTELVOUTL LEY TOV dvéXovTa 70 POS TpO avTod, TUVTLTP@KOUaL be TOAANOUS, OV HY Kal Katwv. tpewdapevoe 5€ xal xatakdeicavtes els THY olxiay éxeivous avnyopevOnaay Urratot Kal pet OU ToAUY ypovoyv avOis GrroLs TEpLaKXOVTES To Biya Kat tov Natwva Tis ayopas éxBaXdovtes! Kab Tivas UTooTaVTas ATOKTELVAVTES, Kaicap: pev aXXND emedogay TevTaeTLav THs apxis, abrots d6€ Tav érapyiov eyndicavto Xvupiav Kal "TBnpias cuvapporepas. KAnpovpeveoy Oé Supiav éXaye Kpdoaos, ta 0° “IPnpixa Top- an 71 2)L0S. XVI. "Hp 6€ ov« dikova Los. O KX7}pos amaou. of Te yap ToAXOL Hopmyiov Thy paxpav elvat Tis TOAEWS éBovnorTo, Kal TToparjios Ep@V TIS yuvat- KOS avrooe Ta TOANQ drat piBerv Euednre, Kpaoaos dé Ud Xapas evdvs EX TETOVTL TO KANPD Kara- pavns nv oveer eUTUX TMA ha pr porepov EauT@ yeyovevat TOU TApPOVTOS NYOUPLEVOS, WS pores éy addoTpiows Kal Toots nov iav aye, 7 pos d€ TOUS cuvnders TONG Keva Kal perpakrwoy eye Tap WrLKiaY Tv €avTOU Kal puow, Kora. KOLTAGTHS 1) coBapos TO Bio yeyouas. Tove © eT NpPEVOS KopLon Kal SrepOappévos ov Lupiav ovde IIdp@ous 6 opov eTOLELTO THS eum patias, aX’ @s matéitavy arodavev ta AovxovrAXov 7 Pos Teypavny Kal Toprntou 7 pos McOpidarny, axpt Baxrptov kai Ivddv cal ths EEw Oaddacans avipyev éavtov Tais €XTioL. 1 In codex Matritensis Graux found after this word pera ray olawy (together with his friends). 360 CRASSUS laying Domitius, as he was coming down into the forum before day-break with his followers, killing his torch-bearer, and wounding many, among whom was Cato. After routing their opponents and shutting them up at home, they had themselves proclaimed consuls! and a short time afterwards they once more surrounded the rostra with armed men, cast Cato out of the forum, slew several who made resistance, and then had another five years added to the proconsulship of Caesar in Gaul, and the provinces of Syria and both Spains voted to them- selves. When the lot was cast, Syria fell to Crassus, and the Spains to Pompey. XVI. Now the lot fell out to the satisfaction of everybody. For most of the people wished Pompey to be not far away from the city; Pompcy, who was passionately fond of his wife,’ intended to spend most of his time there; and as for Crassus, as soon as the lot fell out, he showed by his joy that he regarded no piece of good fortune in his whole life as more radiant than the one which had now come to him. Among strangers and in public he could scarcely hold his peace, while to his intimates he made many empty and youthful boasts which ill became his years and his disposition, for he had been anything but boastful or bombastic before this. But now, being altogether exalted and out of his senses, he would not consider Syria nor even Parthia as the boundaries of his success, but thought to make the campaigns of Lucullus against Tigranes and those of Pompey against Mithridates seem mere child’s play, and flew on the wings of his hopes as far as Bactria and India and the Outer Sea. 155 3B.c. ? Julia, Caesar’s daughter, who died in 54 B.c. 361 3 5) PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kaito To ypagevre _TEpi TOUTWY vopep I] apOt- KOS Tore LoS Ov 7 poo iv. oer av b¢ TaVTES OTe mpos tovtTo! Kpdaaos émtontrat cai Kaicap ¢x Tanratias eypadev QUT@ THY oppny éTawa@v Kal mapobivey ert Tov TOKE BOD. éret O€ dnuapyav "Arrfios Emedre pos TY 飀odov evavTiwa er Gat, kal auviotavTo oAXol Nareraivortes el TLS avO parrots ovdev adixodaw, avr éveTrevoots, Torenjowy amet, Seiaas o Kpaaaos édenOn Tlourniou mapayevéobat Kai TUT poTrenyar peya yap Hv éxetvou TO Tpos Tor oxdov akiwpa: Kal TOTE TAPETKEVAT HEVOUS Todous éviatacbat Kat xataBoav o Opmpevos ™po avTou parop@ Brep- pate Kat Tporon Karem pavver 0 Tloparnios, act vmretKey ow hy de avrav mpoiovaty. 0 8 "Arnios amavtijaas mpatoy pev ato dwvijs exw@rue Kal SvepapT upero Ty Badilew, €mretta TOV barnpeTny exéXevey arvrdpevov TOU TOLATUS KaTe- Kee. arrwv oe One pov ouK eWUTOY, oO pev UT NPETNS adie tov Kpaaaov, o & ’Arnios Tpo- Spapov € émt THY TUANY EOnxev eoxapioa KQLCLEVNDY, Kal tou Kpaacou "1Ev0pEVOU KaT avTny em upeay Kal KaTaaTEéevowy apas eTnpato Seas pev auras Kal pprxwoers, Seevous 6€ Twas Jeous Kal addoxo- Tous ém autTais Karo Kal ovo md Sev TAUTAS pact ‘Popaior Tas apas amoOétous Kai Tadavas TOLAUTHY EXEL Suvapuy @S Tepepuryety pndéeva TOV eva xeDevtav aurais, KAKOS d€ Tpdaoe Kal TOY XprjTapevon, oGev ovK emt Tots TUX’ Vatv avTas ove” UmTo TOAAGY apacGal. Kai TOT ovY E“éupovTo Tov 1 rotto Bekker adopts rovroy from Reiske, 362 553 CRASSUS And yet in the decree which was passed regarding his mission there was no mention of a Parthian war. But everybody knew that Crassus was all eagerness for this, and Caesar wrote to him from Gaul approv- ing of his project, and inciting him on to the war. And when Ateius, one of the tribunes of the people, threatened to oppose his leaving the city, and a large party arose which was displeased that anyone should go out to wage war on men who had done the state no wrong, but were in treaty relations with it, then Crassus, in fear, begged Pompey to come to his aid and join in escorting him out of the city. For great was Pompey’s reputation with the crowd. And now, when the multitude drawn up to resist the passage of Crassus, and to abuse him, saw Pompey’s beaming countenance in front of him, they were mollified, and gave way before them in silence. But Ateius, on meeting Crassus, at first tried to stop him with words, and protested against his advance; then he bade his attendant seize the person of Crassus and detain him. And when the other tribunes would not permit this, the attendant released Crassus, but Ateius ran on ahead to the city gate, placed there a blazing brazier, and when Crassus came up, cast incense and libations upon it, and invoked curses which were dreadful and terrifying in themselves, and were re- inforced by sundry strange and dreadful gods whom he summoned and called by name. The Romans say that these mysterious and ancient curses have such power that no one involved in them ever escapes, and misfortune falls also upon the one who utters them, wherefore they are not emptoyed at random nor by many. And accordingly at this time they found 363 Ww PLUTARCH’S LIVES "Arniov, et du iv éyadérawe T@ Kpdoow mony, els avTHV apas adixe Kal decodatpoviay TocauTny. XVII. “O 8€ Kpdooos eis Bpevréctoy HrOev. étt 8° aotatovons yeta@or THs Oardoans ov 4 > > 3 , a ‘ n~ , TEplepervev, GAN avryxOn Kal GuXva TAY TOLwY amvéBare, tv 8 addnv dvaraBov Stvapiv 2 , “ ‘ , e XN XN XN nmevyero meth Oia Varatias. evpwv 8 Top Baocttéa Aniotapov ruvu peév dvta ynpatov Hn, xtifov7a b€ véay Tod, erécxwev eirav: “7D Baaired, Swoexatns @pas oikodopety apxn.” ¢ f yeruaas 8 0 Ladatis: ‘’AXX’ ovd autos,” eiver, “@ avToKpatop, Ws Op@, Tpwt ALay émt LapGous f 39 q b] e , ‘ £ f ‘ v éxauvets.” vd o Kpuacos éEnxovta péev ern qTaparrdtTwv, TpeaBuvtepos S€ tTHv Ow 4} Kal e , > , > 3. ON vs \ f Hrtkiav. adtixopevov 6 avtov edé€ato Ta mpdy- pata Tis edTidos afiws TO TpwTov. Kal yap éCevEe padiws tov Kvdpatny xat diunyaye tov 4 P : 3 “ ‘ p f My uh aoTpaTov acgarws, Kat Todes Todas Ev TH Mecomotapia xatéoyev éxovoiws mpocbepévas. éy uta &, 5 “AToAAWVLOS ETUPaYVEl, OTPATLWTOY éxatoy avaipeGévtwy émayayov thy duvayuy avtois Kai Kpatnoas Siujprace Ta yphpata Kal tous avOpwrous atédoto: Znvodotiay éxaXouv Thy Todt ot” EAAnves. eit TavTns adrovans beEd- MEvOS aAUTOKPATWP LTO THS TTpaTLas dvaryopevOij- \ ? 3 ? \ ‘ ? s vat ToAAHnY whrEv AiaYuYNnV, Kal TaTTELVOS Ehavy Kal Tepl Ta petfova SvcEATIS OVTW TAEOVEKTNMA X ? 4 > A de b) Cal HLKPOV NYATNKWS. éuBarov dpovpas Tats TpocKexwpyxkuiats Torey, wy aptOpos Hy 364 ( CRASSUS fault with Ateius because it was for the city’s sake that he was angered at Crassus, and yet he had in- involved the city in curses which awakened much superstitious terror. XVII. But Crassus came to Brundisium.! And though the sea was still rough with wintry storms, he would not wait, but put out, and so lost a great number of his vessels. With what was left of his forces, however, he hurried on by land through Galatia. And finding that King Deiotarus, who was now a very old man, was founding a new city, he rallied him, saying: “ O King, you are beginning to build at the twelfth hour.” The Galatian laughed and said: “ But you yourself, Imperator, as I see, are not marching very early in the day against the Parthians.” Now Crassus was sixty years old and over, and looked older than his years. On_ his arrival, things went at first as he had hoped, for he easily bridged the Euphrates and led his army across in safety, and took possession of many cities in Mesopotamia which came over to him of their own accord. But at one of them, of which Apollonius was tyrant, a hundred of his soldiers were slain,” whereupon he led up his forces against it, mastered it, plundered its property, and sold its inhabitants into slavery. The city was called Zenodotia by the Greeks. For its capture he allowed his soldiers to salute him as Imperator, thereby incurring much disgrace and showing himself of a paltry spirit and without good hope for the greater struggles that lay vefore him, since he was so delighted with a trifling acquisition. After furnishing the cities which had come over to his side with garrisons, which amounted ' 54 Bc. 2 Cf. Dio Cassius, xl. 13. 365 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ¢ , \ , 32 Le a 3 + émraktoxtrtot TreCot yirstos O° lrmels, aveywpnoerv 3 \ > Ry , Ul \ , > , autos év Lupia d:axetpacwy Kai deEopevos avrobe \ €\ a . A f ’ / Tov viov HKovTa trapa Kaioapos 逫 Tadatias auTov Te KEexoounpévovy aptoTetots Kal xXLALoVs (wets €mtN€KTOUS ayovTa. Todrto mpa@tov dpaptet edokev 0 Kpaaaos peta ye Thy OTpaTElaV aUTHY péytoTOY apapTnua THY yevouevwv, OTL Tpoow xwpelv déov ExecOai Te BaBvr@vos cai Yerevxeias, dua peveav aet WadpGors ToAEewY, Ypovov évédwKEe Tos TroAEpiols Trapa- nw ” \ , \ 3 ~ oKevis. emevTa Tas év Xupia SiatpiBas nTi@vTo ”~ Ld a U Y YXpnuatiotixas paAdov ovoas 7} oTpatTynyiKds* ov \ ev > \ 3 , > ‘ nn yap OrAwy apiOuov éFeTalwv ovde yupvaciay Totovpevos apiddas, aAAa Tpocodous ToAEwY exroyllomevos Kal Ta ypnpata THs ev ‘leparvrove Geod otabpots Kai TpvTavais peTtayerptComevos > \ ‘ e , 3 f ‘ \ , Q emi woAAas nuépas, Eriypapwv S€ Kai dnuots kal Suvdetats oTpaTlwTO@Vv KaTaXdoyous, elt avieis ap- yuptov didovtas, 7d0€er Kal Kateppovetto TovTois. yiverar 5€ Tp@TOVY aL’T@ onpetov ato THs Oeod s A e \ sf , © . € . TavtTns, iv of pev Adpoditny, ot d€”Hpav, a bé THY apYas Kal oméppata Tao. €& vypav Tapa- gyYovcayv aitiay Kat vow vopifovor, Kat Try mavtwv els avOpwrous apyny ayabav xatabeit~a- cav. é€tovtwy yap €x Tov tepod TpwTOS €aparr Kata Tas TUAAaS oO veavias Kpéazos, elt’ ér’ alto TEepiTec@v Oo WpEec BUTEPOS. XVIII. "Hdn S€ tas duvapers éx TOV Yetpadior auvabpoitovtos avtov mpécBets adixovto wap ’Apoaxou Bpayvy tiva Noyor Kopifovtes. Epacav 366 CRASSUS in all to seven thousand men-at-arms and a thousand horsemen, he himself withdrew to take up winter quarters in Syria, and to await there his son, who was coming from Caesar in Gaul, decorated with the insignia of his deeds of valour, and leading a thousand picked horsemen. This was thought to be the first blunder which Crassus committed,—after the expedition itself, which was the greatest of all his blunders,—because, when he should have advanced and come into touch with Babylon and Seleucia, cities always hostile to the Parthians, he gave his enemies time for preparation. Then, again, fault was found with him because his sojourn in Syria was devoted to mercenary rather than military purposes. For he made no estimate of the number of his troops, and instituted no athletic contests for them, but reckoned up the revenues of cities, and spent many days weighing exactly the treasures of the goddess in Hierapolis, and prescribed quotas of soldiers for districts and dynasts to turnish, only to remit the prescription when money was offered him, thereby losing their respect and winning their contempt. And the first warning sign came to him from this very goddess, whom some call Venus, others Juno, while others still regard her as the natural cause which supplies from moisture the beginnings and seeds of everything, and points out to mankind the source of all blessings. For as they were leaving her temple, first the youthful Crassus stumbled and fell at the gate, and then his father fell over him. XVIII. No sooner had he begun to assemble his forces from their winter quarters than envoys came to him from Arsaces! with a wonderfully brief 1 In subsequent passages called Hyrodes. 367 tw “~ PLUTARCH'’'S LIVES , 3 \ e , ¢ 4, e ‘ > / yup, ev pev v0 Pwpaiwy o otpatos amréotadtat, TOAELOV AoTroVvdoY elvat Kal adtddAdraKTOD, Et SE Ths TaTpioos axovans, ws muvOavovtar, Kpdaoos Ines fod nw ad iA 9 4 ‘ idiwy evexa Kepdav SrrrAa TdapOors érevyvoye Kat Yopav kateiAnde, petpiavery "Apoaxny cal TO pev Kpdacoou yijpas oixteipev, adiévat 5€ “Pwpaiors \ Ww a ” , aA a Tous avdpas, ods Eyer Ppevpovpévovs parAXov 7 @povpovvtas. mpos tavta Kpadooou Koptracar- ¢ bd NS U } , \ 3 , , TOS WS EV REANEUVKELA OWTEL TAS aTrOKpiCEls, yerAa- cas 0 wmpeaRuratos Tav mpésBewv Ovayions Kai n Le , , \ t «wD a ” THS Yetpos vTtias SecEas TO pécov: “'Evrevoen, > « * , , , , a elvev, “a Kpacoe, pucovtat Tpiyes TpoTEpoy 7) \ , ” av Over Ledeveecar. Ovrtor peév ovv amndAavvov ws Baciréa ‘Tpwdnv ? / 3 \ a , a morkeuntéa ppdcovtes, é€x S€ TOY TOEwWY aS 3 f € “ “a ; , , eppovpovy Pwpato ths Mecotrotapias, tapaBo- Aws tives SuexTrecavtes atta Ppovtidwy aviyyenr- AO, AVTOTTAL peEVv YyeyovoTEes TOU TE TANOGOUS THY Todkepiwv Kal TOV aywrworv OY Hywvicavto Tpoc- paxopmevot Tails TroAcow, ola Sé hirel Tuvta pos a U ’ , ¢ ww X e TO Sewvotepov eEayyéXXovTeEs, &S AduKTOL per ot avopes Si@xovtes, GAntto Sé pevyovtes, BEAN SE A55 6 Oé wn ¥ \ } > On \ Kaiva’ TpolEovTa TIS OWrews Kai Trp OPO nvat Tov BadXovta Ywpobvta dia Tod TpoatuyovTos, TOY d€ Katappdxtwy 6TAa Ta perv Oia TavTos alet- aOat, Ta 5é€ mpos pndev évdiSovat metrompéva. 1 xawa MSS., Coraés, Sintenis,!) and Bekker; xzrnva (winged) from Pseudo-Appian. 368 CRASSUS message. ‘They said that if the army had been sent out by the Roman people, it meant war without truce and without treaty; but if it was against the wishes of his country, as they were informed, and for his own private gain that Crassus had come up in arms against the Parthians and occupied their territory, then Arsaces! would act with moderation, would take pity on the old age of Crassus, and release to the Romans the men whom he had under watch and ward rather than watching over him. To this Crassus boastfully replied that he would give his answer in Seleucia, whereupon the eldest of the envoys, Vagises, burst out laughing and said, point- ing to the palm of his upturned hand: “O Crassus, hair will grow there before thou shalt see Seleucia.” ? The embassy, accordingly, rode away to King Hyrodes, to tell him there must be war. But from the cities of Mesopotamia in which the Romans had garrisons, certain men made their escape at great hazard and brought tidings of serious import. They had been eyewitnesses both of the numbers of the enemy and of their mode of warfare when they attacked their cities, and, as is usual, they ex- aggerated all the terrors of their report. “When the men pursued,” they declared, “there was no escaping them, and when they fled, there was no taking them; and strange missiles are the precursors of their appearance, which pierce through every obstacle before one sees who sent them; and as for the armour of their mail-clad horsemen, some of it is made to force its way through everything, and some 1 In subsequent passages called Hyrodes. 2 Cf. Dio Cassius, xl. 16. 369 VOL. HL BB PLUTARCH’S LIVES rat “A , \ 4 TadTa TOV aGTpaTLwT@Y aKovovTwy TO Opacos cr e / ‘ + Q\ b tA UMeMINTEV. WeTElapevot yap ovdéy “Appeviwy , 3 r A Stadhépery IldpOous ovde Karaéoxoy, obs aywv cal pépwv AovKovaAdros ateime, cal tod ToAépov TO YaXETO@TATOY Hyovpevot paxpav odov EcecOat ‘ / by , . A ? > / Kai dtwkiv avOpwrwyv eis yeipas ove adgtEopevwr, / A wap é\Tidas ayava Kal Kivduvoyv péyay mpocedo- KWV, WOTE Kal TOV év TéAEL Tivas olecbat Set > , ‘ , 3 ig ‘ A ad emiayovta Tov Kpagocov aifis vrép tay bdXwv , r e 4 yvopnv tpobécbat. Tovtwy iv Kdaaios o Tapas. ¢ al \ i \ @ 4 ¢ > \ navyn 6€ mapedijXouvy Kal ol pavTets ws aeél \ ra) \ / , ~ jTovnpa onpeta Kat dvaéxOvta tpodhaivorto TO \ A ¢ A ’ > 4 Kpdcow 61a tov iep@v. add’ ovTE TOVTOLS Trpoc- etyev ovte Tois Erepoy Te ANY errEtyecOat Tapatvovaty. XIX. Otvx tHeecta 8 adtov ’ApraBafns o > f A bd f 3 ‘ 3 ‘\ Appeviov Bactrevs éréppwoev: 1G yap eis TO atpatoTesov pe” é€axicyidiwy imméwy. Kai e \ ~~ ? A N \ ovToL pev édeyovTO guAaKes Kal mTpOTOp_ Tol Baciréws: érépous 5€ pupiovs Umicyveito Kata- @paxtouvs Kal Tpiapupiovs mefovs oixoaitous. emetOe 5€ Kpaagoy éuBareiv &: ’Appevias evs THY Ilap@iav: ov yap povoy év apOovos dSeadkev thy A a OTPATLAV AVTOV TApeXOVTOS, GANA Kal TrOpEvCE- aba. 8° dadareias, dpyn wodrdAa Kal Aodous an , ied Guveyets Kal ywpia Svairma mpos Tv immroy, }) 37° CRASSUS of it to give way to nothing.” When the soldiers heard this, their courage ebbed away. For they had been fully persuaded that the Parthians were not different at all from the Armenians or even the Cappadocians, whom Lucullus had robbed and plundered till he was weary of it, and they had thought that the most difficult part of the war would be the long journey and the pursuit of men who would not come to close quarters; but now, contrary to their hopes, they were led to expect a struggle and great peril. Therefore some of the officers thought that Crassus ought to call a halt and recon- sider the whole undertaking. Among these was Cassius,! the quaestor. The seers, also, quietly let it become known that the omens for Crassus which came from their sacrifices were always bad and in- auspicious. But Crassus paid no heed to them, nor to those who advised anything else except to press forward. XIX. And most of all, Artabazes the king of Armenia gave him courage, for he came to his camp with six thousand horsemen. These were said to be the king’s guards and couriers ; but he promised ten thousand mail-clad horsemen besides, and_ thirty thousand footmen, to be maintained at his cwn cost. And he tried to persuade Crassus to invade Parthia by way of Armenia, for thus he would not only lead his forces along in the midst of plenty, which the king himself would provide, but would also proceed with safety, confronting the cavalry of the Parthians, in which lay their sole strength, with many mountains, and continuons crests, and regions where the horse 1 Caius Cassius Longinus, afterwards one of the assassins of Caesar. 371 w 1+ =} bo ma | 6 PLUTARCH’S LIVES povn WapOwy ddrxn, mpoBadrropuevov. o dé THY vA a a“ mpoOvpiay avtovd Kal tiv AauTpoTHTa THs Bon- ~ 3 Oeias petpiws nyamnaoe, BadvetcBar 5 &dn dua ‘ e Mevo7rotapias, 67rov ToAXovs Kat ayabous Po- 7 ” ? / e \ 2 3 / = paiwy avdpas amédeTev. o pev otv Appévios ért TOUTOLS ATHAQaUVED: A ‘ , / \ \ To be Kpacow SraiBalovre THY oTpaTLaV ‘ “a ” kata To Levypa Toddat pev vTepphueis Bpovtat TepreppynyvurTo, ToAXAA O€ Kal HoTpamTev! évavTia TO OTpaTo, Tvedpa bé véhet Kal MpNnaTHpe pmepery- a a \ A / / Hévoy épeicay avtov Kata Tis oyedias avéppnke TOANA Kal cuvetpier’ &€BANOn bé Kai Kepavvois Sualv 0 Y@pos ov oTpatomredevery Euedrrev. (ros dé trav oTpaTnyixay éeripavas Kexoounpevos Bia cuveTiom@Uuaas Tov nvioxoy eis TO petOpov vTo- Bpvxwos nhavicOn. Aéyeva O€ Kal TOV dETaY O mpatos aplels amo TavTosaTou peTacTpadjvat. mpos 8€ tTovToLs cuvérrece preva THY SiaBactv METPOULEVOLS TA ETLTNOELA TOLS OTPATLWTALS TPO- , A \ No te8 “a id ta wavtav dofjnvat haxovs Kat adas, & voutfover la , ad ‘Pwpatot wévOtpa Kal mpotidevtat Tois véxvoey, autov te Kpdaoaou énunyopodvtos éFémece havn a U “~ devas avyXéaca Tov oTpatov. Ep yap TO Fedypa TOU ToTapov Siarvew Oras pnoels avTav erav- ° wv a On. Kai déov, ws nadeto Tod pPnyatos THY atotiayv, avadaBely cat dtacadijaat mpos tovs ATOOELALOVTAS TO ELPNMEVOY, HMEANTEV VITO avda- s , . ‘ > , ‘ > , deltas. TéXOS b€ TOV ELOtopevov KaBappov eo hayia- 1 nal Horpaxtev MSS., Coraés, and Bekker: xarhorpaxrey with Pseudo-Appian. 372 CRASSUS could not well serve. Crassus was tolerably well pleased with the king’s zeal and with the splendid reinforrcements which he offered, but said he should march through Mesopotamia, where he had left many brave Romans. Upon this, the Armenian rode away. Now, as Crassus was taking his army across the Euphrates at Zeugma,! many extraordinary peals of thunder crashed about them, and many flashes of lightning also darted in their faces, and a wind, half mist and half hurricane, fell upon their raft, breaking it up and shattering it in many places. The place where he was intending to encamp was also smitten by two thunderbolts. And one of the general’s horses, richly caparisoned, violently dragged its groom along with it into the river and disappearcd beneath the waves. It is said also that the first eagle which was raised aloft, faced about of its own accord.” __ Besides all this, it happened that when their rations were distributed to the soldiers after the crossing of the river, lentils and salt came first, which are held by the Romans to be tokens of mourning, and are set out as offerings to the dead. Moreover, Crassus himself, while haranguing his men, let fall a phrase which terribly confounded them. He said, namely, that he should destroy the bridge over the river, that not one of them might return. And although he ought, as soon as he perceived the strangeness of his expression, to have recalled it and made his meaning clear to his timorous hearers, he was too obstinate to do so. And finally, when he 1 A town in Syria, on the right bank of the Euphrates, deriving its name from a bridge of boats there made across the river. 2 Cf. Dio Cassius, xl. 18. 373 PLUTARCH’S LIVES CeTo, Kal Ta oThayxva TOU _bavTews aire mpoabovros €&éBare Tav yeipavr 颒 @ Kai pardicta dua xepaivortas Lowy ToUs Tapovtas epevdlace kat ‘‘Tovdrov,” én, “7d yhpas: anra Tay ye STrwY ovdev dv éxpiyor Tas yelpas.’ XX. Bi TOUTOV Tapa Tov TOTALOY €€nXauver émTa pev eX OV OTALTOV Tdywata Kal TETPAKLC- Xerceov OALyou amobéovTas inmets, Yrrous dé Tots immevor TapaTAncious. TeV dé Tpodpomwy TivEs Tro oxomias emraveGovres Hy yedAov avO payray pev Epnuov elvar THv xwpar, ixnov & évTeTUXn- KEVAL TOAADY ixvertv olov € éx petaBorijs oTiow Sewxopmevory. a0ev AUTOS TE Kpdoaos ere padrov EVEATILS PY, Kal Tots oTpariorars TavTaTact TOV TlapOev Tapéatn Kata poveiv, ws oux adiEopevorv els xelpas. Gums & ot repl Kdootov aifus due- AéyovTo TO Kpdocg, Kat Tapyvowv parduota wey €y TTOAEL Tul TOV Ppoupoupevov dvaraBeiv THY dvvapty, a axpr ov Tt muOnrat Tepl TOV TONE whey BéBaror, el dé p1), Xeopew emt DedevKeias mapa TOV TOTAaLOV’ EvTOpiaYy yap Ta otTNya THS ayo- pas mapéEew a apa cuyKaTaipovta pos TO oTpa- ToTmesov, Kal puraxa. Tov py cuxhoOivat Tov ToTapov €xXovtas am loans del mpos évaytious payetsOar Tous TrodEmIOUS. XXT. Tatra tov Kpaocov dtackoroivtos étt Kat Bovdevopévov TapayiveTal purapxos "Apa- Bov, ‘A pud wvns évopa, Sodepos Kal Tan ipBoros dvnp xal TavT@V dca TUviveyKev ets oO pov 7] TUY1) KAKG, peylarov auTots Kal TerXELOTATOY 374 CRASSUS was making the customary sacrifice of purification for the army, and the seer placed the viscera in his hands, he let them fall to the ground; then, seeing that the bystanders were beyond measure distressed at the occurrence, be smiled and said: “ Such is old age ; but no weapon, you may be sure,.shall fall from its hands.” XX. After this, he marched along the river with seven legions of men-at-arms, nearly four thousand horsemen, and about as many light-armed_ troops. Some of his scouts now came back from their explora- tions, and reported that the country was destitute of men, but that they had come upon the tracks of many horses which had apparently wheeled about and fled from pursuit. Wherefore Crassus himself was all the more confident, and his soldiers went so far as to despise the Parthians utterly, believing that they would not come to close quarters. But, never- theless, Cassius once more had a conference with Crassus, and advised him above all things to re- cuperate his forces in one of the garrisoned cities, until he should get some sure information about the enemy; but if not this, then to advance against Seleucia along the river. For in this way the trans- ports would keep them abundantly supplied with provisions by putting in at their successive encamp- ments, and, by having the river to prevent their being surrounded, they would always fight their enemies on even terms and face to face. XXI. While Crassus was still investigating and considering these matters, there came an Arab chief- tain, Ariamnes by naine, a crafty and treacherous man, and one who proved to be, of all the mischiefs which fortune combined for the destruction of the 375 9) ~”~ PLUTARCH’S LIVES td “~ ¥ wv wv ”~ yevouevov’ tovtov & noecav evior tav Lloumnip ouverTpatevpévayv atoAavcavTa Tt Tis eKEivov , AN f , @ diravOpwrias kai d0Favta diroppwparov eivat: tote & Udeito TH Kpacow peta yvouns tev Baciréws atpatnyov, et Suvatro tapatpévas avTov dmwTdTw TOD ToTayod Kal TOV UTwWpEL@Y 9 ta b ] nn b ] \ \ 4 eis medtov éxBadeiy ayaves Kat TepteNavvopevon. wavta yap Ssevoovyto paddov 7 KaTa oTopa 4 ¢ , AN 9 A \ mpoohépecOar “Pwpaiors. €AOwv ovv mpos Tov Kpdocov o BapBapos (av 5€ Kal miBavos eitretv) Tloparniov péev ws evepyéetnv émrnvet, Kpaoooy dé THs Surdpews paxapicas éeuéudeto THs Sta- TpiBAS péAXOVTA Kal TapacKevalopevor, @OTEp OTAwY aUT@ SEencov, ov yetpav ovdé Today TaV Taxiatov ér avOpwrous ot maXrat Cntovdaw aptra- GAaVTES TA TLULWTATA TOV XPNMaATOV Kal cwuatov eis XxvOas 7 ‘Tpxavois avartécOa. “ Kaitou paxecbat mérrovtas,” &bn, “ orevdew Eder, mpiv advacav €v TavT@ yevéo Par thy dvvayuv avadapan- gavtos Bacthéws’ érel viv ye Lovpnvas vypiv mTpoBéBrntar kai Swrraknns éf avtovs avabde£a- \ , e b ] 9 “~ 4 3 33 pevoe THY diwkiw, 0 & ovdayhH pavepds éoTiv. Tadra &€ hv weubdh wdvta. by yap evdus 4 , \ N 4 9 . . >] f Tpwdns d:e\@v thy Suvayty avtos pev "Appeviav b ] , 4 > a é ys 4 5 | émopOe. tivvupevos ‘Aptaovdadny, Lovpyvay § 5 ry 3 AN £ 4 9 ¢ a 4 agpixev él Pwpatous, ovx vTepppocvvn xXpw- Hevos, ws Evtot pac. ov yap hv Tov avToU Kpaocoov uev anrakiovv avtaywvoty, avdpa 376 CRASSUS Romans, the greatest and most consummate. Some of the soldiers who had served under Pompey in these parts knew that the fellow had profited by the kindness of that commander and was thought to be a friend of Rome; but now, with the knowledge of the royal generals, he tried to work his way into the confidence of Crassus, to see if he could turn him aside as far as possible from the river and the foot- hills, and bring him down into a boundless plain where he coyld be surrounded. For nothing was farther from the thoughts of the Parthians than to attack the Romans in front. Accordingly, coming to Crassus, the Barbarian (and he was a plausible talker, too) lauded Pompey as his benefactor, and complimented Crassus on his forces. But then he criticised him for wasting time in delays and pre- parations, as if it was arms that he needed, and not hands and the swiftest of feet to follow after men who had for some time been trying to snatch up their most valuable goods and slaves and fly with them into Scythia or Hyrcania. “ And yet,’ said he, “if you intend to fight, you ought to hasten on before all the king’s forces are concentrated and he has regained his courage ; since, for the time being, Surena and Sillaces have been thrown forward to sustain your pursuit, but the king is nowhere to be seen. Now this was all false. For Hyrodes had promptly divided his forces into two parts and was himself devastating Armenia to punish Artavasdes, while he despatched Surena to meet the Romans. And this was not because he despised them, as some say, for he could not consistently disdain Crassus as an antagonist, a man who was foremost of the Re | PLUTARCH’S LIVES € tA ~ r Pwpaiwy mpwtov, Aptaovacdn b€ mpoctoAepeiv 556 “a > 4 “ Kat tais “Appeviwy émuovta Kxwpaws éFarpeiv, > % \ , a 4 N 4 ania Kat twavu doxet Katadeicas Tov Kivduvov > ‘ N > A A ” ‘ 4 QUTOS pev ehedpeverv Kal Kapadoxety TO pédAOP, “4 ~ Loupyvav 6€ mpoxabeivar TEtpacopevoy wayns Kal , \ , a> AA \ 9 a 6 weptéer€ovta tous ToXrepuiovs. ovb€ yap HY TeV 4 e TuyovTwy o Noupyvas, adda TAOUT@ pev Kal / \ , 4 4 yévet kat Oo€n peta Baciréa SevTepos, avdpeta be kal decvotnte Tov Kal’ avtov ev lapOows mpatos; yd \ U ‘ A , ¢ 3 ‘ ere d€ peyéBer Kal KadAXrEL THpaToS ws ovOEls ef + 4 be 6] e S b i , % ETepos. é€Endkauve O€ Kal’ eavtov ae xtdALats , la aKevodopovpevos KapnaArots, Kai &taxoaias amnvas b , 4 e al \ 4 émnyeTo madAakidwy, immeis 5€ Katappaxrot a“ 4 yirAtot, wAeioves S€ TOY KOovdwY TapéeTELTOY, elye 6€ TOUS TUuTaVTas iTTEls Gwod TEAdTAS TE tf Kat dovAOUS pUpiwy OUK aTrOdéoVTAaS. KATA YEVOS \ a > > ~ > , “ 4 pev ovv €& apxns éxéxtyto Bacidel yevopévp a € , llapOwv éritiBévat to btabnya tpa@tos, Tpwdny \ “A 3 ‘ b 4 > II Ud Qg 4 5€ rovTov avtov é€eAnAapévov ets lapGous xatn- Nein , > a \ , Tre yaye, Kal LEedevKELAY AUT@ THY pEeyadny € “~ “~ \ , 9 A Tpatas émiBas TOU Teiyous Kal TpEYrdpevos Lota \ ‘ 4 Yyelpl TOS avTioTavTas. ovTW SE yEeyovws ETN “ , % , TpladkovTa KaT €Kxéivoy TOV Ypovoy evRovadrtas 4 Kal auvécews Sofav elye peytatnv, ols ovyx \ A Hxtota Kat tov Kpacaov éaodn re, d1a Bapoos Kat a ‘\ / \ “~ dpovnua TpwTov, eita vO Séovs xal cuppopay a 4 TALS ATUTALS EVYELPWTOV YEVOLMEVOD. La te 4 e w 3 , XXII. Tor’ odv o BapBapos, ws Ereioev autor, =~] 378 CRASSUS Romans, and wage war on Artavasdes, attacking and taking the villages of Armenia; on the contrary, it seems that he was in great fear of the danger which threatened, and therefore held himself in reserve and watched closely the coming event, while he sent Surena forward to make trial of the enemy in battle and to distract them. Nor was Surena an ordinary man at all, but in wealth, birth, and consideration, he stood next the king, while in valour and ability he was the foremost Parthian of his time, besides having no equal in stature and personal beauty. He used to travel on private business with a baggage train of a thousand camels, and was followed by two hundred waggons for his concubines, while a thousand mail-clad horsemen and a still greater number of light-armed cavalry served as his escort ; and he had altogether, as horsemen, vassals, and slaves, no fewer than ten thousand men. More- over, he enjoyed the ancient and hereditary privilege of being first to set the crown upon the head of the Parthian king; and when this very Hyrodes was driven cut of Parthia, he restored him to _ his throne, and captured for him Seleucia the Great,! having been the first to mount its walls, and having routed with his own hand his opponents. And though at this time he was not yet thirty years of age, he had the highest reputation for prudence and sagacity, and it was especially by means of these qualities that he also brought Crassus to ruin, who, at first by reason of his boldness and conceit, and then in consequence of his fears end calamities, was an easy victim of deceits. XXII. At this time, accordingly, after the Bar- 1 Seleucia on the Tigris, built by Seleucus Nicator. 379 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aToomdaas Tov ToTapov Oia péowy rye TeV Tediwy odov émleKh Kal KoUdNY TO TPBTO?, Elita poxOnpav, dppov Badeias wrodexouévns Kai Tediwy adevdpwov kal avidpwv Kai wpds ovdév ovdapn mépas épixtov atcOnce: Tavopévov, OTE pn povov Sires Kat yadreroTnTt THs tropelas amrayopeverv, dAXa Kal TO THs OpewsaTrapapu- Onrov adupiay trapéyery ov utov apoaww, ov petOpov, ov wpoBorAny dpovs KaOcévtos, ov Troav SiaBdacrdvovaav, ard ateyvas Tedayiov Te xedpa Owe TLVOY epnpcov TEPLEX OVT@V TOV oTpa- TOV. 7v pev ovv Kal ato TOUTWY oO Boros HroTTOS: érel 6€ xai tapa ’Aptaovacdov tov ’Appeviou Taphnaav ayyero: Ppalovtes WS TOAAW cuvéyotto Toh wW puevtos eT avTov Tpwdov, kai réurrew pev éxeiv@ Bornferav ov duvatat, Tapavet 6¢€ Kpdoow pddtota pév éxet tparécOat Kal yevo- pevov pet *Appeviwy opod dtaywvicacbat pods tov ‘Tpwdnv, et d€ un, TopeverPat Kai orpato- medevery del Ta imTactpa hevyovTa Kal TpocYw- poovta tots opevots, Kpaaaos pev oddéy avtt- ypawas tm’ opyns Kal oKatoTyTOs aTrexpivato vov pev ‘Appevious un ayoralev, adilis & api—ecbar dixnv éemiOijcwv *Aptaovacdn tis Tpocoaias. —— : ae Oi 8é€ wept Kaactov adbOis nyavaxtouy, Kai Kpasoov pév axOopevov avtots émavcayvto voule- Toovres, dia Se tov BdpBapov édordopovy “ Tis ce Saipwv Tovnpos, ®@ KdKiate avOpwrar, nyaye mpos nas; tiae S€ dapyaKots Kal ryonTeiats éreccas Kpdacov eis épnuiav axary xai Budov éxyéavta Tv otpat.av odov odevery Nopdds ry- 380 — CRASSUS barian had persuaded Crassus, he drew him away from the river and led him through the midst of the plains, by a way that was suitable and easy at first, but soon became troublesome when deep sand succeeded, and plains which had no trees, no water, and no limit anywhere which the eye could reach, so that not only did thirst and the difficulties of the march exhaust the men, but also whatever met their gaze filled them with an obstinate dejection. For they saw no plant, no stream, no projection of sloping hill, and no growing grass, but only sea-like billows of innumerable desert sand-heaps enveloping the army. This of itself was enough to induce suspicion of treachery, and soon messengers came from Artavasdes the Armenian declaring that he was involved in a great war with Hyrodes, who had attacked him with an overwhelming force, and could not therefore send Crassus aid, but advised him above all things to turn his course thither, join the Armenians, and fight the issue out with Hyrodes ; but if not this, then to march and encamp always where mountains were near and cavalry could not operate. Crassus sent no reply in writing, but answered at once in rage and perversity that for the present he had no time to waste on the Armenians, but that at another time he would come and punish Artavasdes for his treachery. But Cassius was once more greatly displeased, and though he stopped advising Crassus, who was angry with him, he did privately abuse the Barbarian. “‘ Basest of men,” he said, “ what evil spirit brought you tous? With what drugs and jugglery did you persuade Crassus to pour his army into a yawning and abysmal desert and follow a route more fit for 381 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , a ¢ M4 » / oTapyYyn p.rrov 7 Pwpatwy avtoKpatopt tpoc- , 39 e \ 4 > ‘ A , ykovoav;” o b€ BdpBapos avynp av Troikiros éxeivous pev vronmintwy eOappurve Kal Tapexaret puixpov étt Kaptepnoat, Tors dé oTpatiwTas apa “ / auptrapabéwy Kal wapaBonbav érécKxwrre peta , ‘“e a fy “A oe & \ K / 50 4 YEAWTOS pets O€ O1A NKaptavias odevety oleaGe xpnvas Kal vapata Kal oxias Kal AovTpAa dyad) Kal ravdoxeia trobobytes; ov péuvnabe S¢ tiv “ApaBwy SveErovtes kai "Acavpioy peBo- f 99 ef \ e c , ptav;” ottw péev o BapBapos s:eravdaywynoe A tous ‘“Pwpuaiovs, cal mpi 7) yevéoOat havepos > “a 3 / 9 \ ‘ , éfaratov adinmevoey, ov XaG@v tov Kpaaaor, ara Kxal TodTo Teicas, ws Umepydcetat Kal dStatapake: Ta TeV TOdEpIOV. XXIII. Adyetar &€ THs huépas éxeivns Tov Kpdaooy ovy warep €005 eati Pwpaiwy otparn- oe 9 , a ) > 9 e , yois év gotvtxid. mpoedGeiy, add ev ipatio , 4 a \ 9. ’ , , pera, Kal toto peéev evdus adddfae spovon- a a , cavta, Tav S€ onpa:av évias pods wWoTEp TET N- , \ , b) ‘ 4 yulas joAAa Tabovtas avedéa Bat Tors pépovtas. av o Kpdocos catayen@v €meTaXvvEe THY Topetar, f b “a \ ? ” mpocBialopevos axodovOety thy pPdrayya Tois immevot, Tpiv ye 67 TOV éml KaTaoKOTHY atro- aotarévTwy oAlyo. TpooTeNacavTes aTnyyeray 2 ‘ w 9 \ a é aToA\wA€vat TOvS aAXNOVS UTO TV TONELLWD, autous 5€ ports éexduyeiv, emievar b€ payoupévous f ”~ \ , \ w e¢ wArAnOEt TOAK@ Kai Oapaet Tos avdpas. amrayvTes e bal pev ovy eOopvBnOnaav, o S€ Kpacaos éEerdayn mavtdtTact Kat da oTrovdijs ov Tavu KaVEecTNK@S 382 D5 CRASSUS a robber chief of Nomads then for a Roman im- perator?”’ But the Barbarian, who was a subtle fellow, tried to encourage them with all servility, and exhorted them to endure yet a little while, and as he ran along by the side of the soldiers and gave them his help, he would laughingly banter them and say: “Is it through Campania that you think you are marching, yearning for its fountains and streams and shades and baths (to be sure !) and taverns? But remember that you are traversing the border land between Assyria and Arabia.’ Thus the Barbarian played the tutor with the Romans, and rode away before his deceit had become manifest, not, however, without the knowledge of Crassus, nay, he actually persuaded him that he was going to work in his interests and confound the counsels of his enemies. XXIII. It is said that on that day Crassus did not make his appearance in a purple robe, as is the custom with Roman generals, but in a black one, and that he changed it as soon as he noticed his mistake; also that some of the standard-bearers had great difficulty in raising their standards, which seemed to be imbedded, as it were, in the earth. Crassus made light of these things and hurried on the march, compelling the men-at-arms to keep up with the cavalry, until a few of those who had been sent out as scouts came riding up and announced that the rest of their number had been slain by the enemy, that they themselves had with difficulty escaped, and that their foes were coming up to fight them with a large force and great confidence. All were greatly disturbed, of course, but Crassus was altogether frightened out of his senses, and began to draw up his forces in haste and with no great consistency. 383 ee) PLUTARCH’S LIVES TAPETATTE, TP@TOY wey, ws ot mept Kdaarov n£Eioup, : \ “A e a “A apatay Thy darayya Tov oTALTa@V él mrElaTOY 3 4 “A 4 ‘ avdywv Tov wediov mpos Tas KuKAwWaELS, TOUS 8 € ~ 4 a ‘ immets Stavéuwv Tots Képaciy: émerta pet éboke, Kal , guvayayov audictopoy éroinae kal Bald mrw- Giov év dwdexa o7reipais Tpoepyouévns TOY TAEUPAY , \ a ° ExdoTns. Tapa € oreipay iAny imréwp ETakev, ws \ ¥ A b] \ e a , 3 Mt pndev Exor pwépos évdeés immixns Bonbeias, adra 4 a TavTayoGev oparas mpocdéporto Teppaypévos. a Ss: , A Tay 6€ Kepatwy ta pev Kaacie, To b€ TO véw Kpdoo trapébwxev, avdros & ets péoov KatéoTn. s ee ¢ oA Kat mpodyovres ovtws él petOpov 7rAGov 6 xarettrat Baditocos, ov ToAvD pev adAwWS oOVdE apOovoy, aopevors S€ TOTE TOS TTpAaTIMTaLS pavev év adyp@ Kal Kavpatt Kal Tapa THY adAAnY émritrovoy Kai dvudpov Topeiav. ot pev ovv TAEt- oTOL TOY HYyELOVwY wWovto deiv évTavla KaTauNr- capévous Kal vuxtepevoavtas cal muopévous, ? > , “~ LA “ a éfp’ dcov olov Te, TANGOS Kal Tak TOV Todepiwr, ve °° e aA 5 ? 6] , ? de “ au npépa ywpeitv ém avtouvs: Kpagaos 6€ TO mail Kal Tois wept avTov immedaw éyKkerevo- pévars ayery Kal ovvarrrew érrapGeis exéXevoev éatatas év Taker hayeiy nat TLety TOUS Seopevous. Kai mply » TovTO Sia TavtTwy yevécBat Kados, Hyev ov axédnv odd ws eri payny diavatravor, , A , GXN d€eia Kal curtovm xpwpevos TH Topela 4 v . , e A \ 60 péxpt 00 KaTwopOnaar oi Trodeutor, Tapa dokav bad , wv +. “A e ovTe ToAAol davévres ovTE coRapoi Tots “Po- pain. To pev yap TAHGos vTéeaTEtde TOis Tpo- 384 CRASSUS At first, as Cassius recommended, he extended the line of his men-at-arms as far as possible along the plain, with little depth, to prevent the enemy from surrounding them, and divided all his cavalry be- tween the two wings. Then he changed his mind and concentrated his men, forming them in a holiow square of four fronts, with twelve cohorts on each side. With each cohort he placed a squadron of horse, that no part of the line might lack cavalry support, but that the whole body might advance to the ‘attack with equal protection everywhere. He gave one of the wings to Cassius, and one to the young Crassus, and took his own position in the centre. Advancing in this formation, they came to a stream called Balissus, which was not large, to be sure, nor plentiful, but by this time the soldiers were delighted to see it in the midst of the drought and heat and after their previous toilsome march without water. Most of the officers, accordingly, thought they ought to bivouac and spend the night there, and after learning as much as they could of the number and disposition of the enemy, to advance against them at day-break. But Crassus was carried away by the eagerness of his son and the cavalry with him, who urged him to advance and give battle, and he therefore ordered that the men who needed it should eat and drink as they stood in the ranks. And before they were all well done with this, he led them on, not slowly, nor halting from time to time, as is usual on the way to battle, but with a quick and sustained pace until the enemy came in sight, who, to the surprise of the Romans, appeared to be neither numerous nor formidable. For Surena had 385 - VOL. Ill, CC ~) PLUTARCH’S LIVES TaxTos Loupyvas, tiv Sé Aaumpornta KatéxpuBe TOV OTAMY ipatia Kal SipOépas mpoicyecbat Kedevoas. ws 8 éyyus éyévovto nai onpeiov npOn wapa Tov otpatnyod, Tpa@Tov pev errip- Travto Pboyyijs Bapelas kat Bpopou dpixwdous to tedtov. IldpOot yap ov népagw ovdé odd- meyEw émotpivovaww éavTods eis payny, adr pomtpa Bupaorayi Kat Koita wepiteivavtes NXELOLS YadKois Gua Tordrayoev émidovTovan, Ta O€ POéyyetat BvOiov te Kal Sewov, wpvyn Onpiwder kat tpayvtTynte Bpovtis peutypévov, ev TWS GuUvEewpaKoTEs STL TOV aicOnTNpiwy axon TAPAKTLKWTATOV eoTL THS Wuxs Kal Ta Tepl zavTny TaOn TAXLOTA KiVEl Kai padtoTa ekioTyCt Thy Sedvoav. XXIV. 'ExrerAnypévor b€ taHv ‘Pwpaiwov bia Tov HKoV, eEaiduns Ta TpoKadvupaTta TeV STAwWY xataBadovres @pOncav adtoi te droyoerdeis xpaveot kal Owpak, tod Mapyiavod atdijpov attABovtos of Kal mepiraputrés, of O immo. KaTaTeppaypévot YaAKols Kal otdnpois oKeTa- cpacw, o d€ Loupyvas péytatos Kat KddNdMOTOS autos, 7H 6€ Kat’ avdpeiavy do€n thy OnrtrnTa Tov KadAOUS OUK €oLKws, GAA MydiawTEpov €EOKEVATHEVOS EVTPippact TpoTwTOV Kal KOuNS Suaxpicet, Tov adAwY LlapOwy Ett XxvOiKas emt TO PoBepov TO avacirrAw! KopwvTwY. Kal TPa@TOV pev dSievoovvto Tois KovTOis EiaeXavvovTEs WHEY nat PuifecOar tovs mpotaxtovs: ws 8 éwpwv TO 1 +g avaclAdAw the correction of Schaefer (avagiAAw Coraés) : Tay avacidAwy, 386 CRASSUS veiled his main force behind his advance guard, and concealed the gleam of their armour by ordering them to cover themselves with robes and skins. But when they were near the Romans and the signal was raised by their commander, first of all they filled the plain with the sound of a deep and terrifying roar. For the Parthians do not incite themselves to battle with horns or trumpets, but they have hollow drums of distended hide, covered with bronze bells, and on these they beat all at once in many quarters, and the instruments give forth a low and dismal tone, a blend of wild beast’s roar and harsh thunder peal. They had rightly judged that, of all the senses, hearing is the one most apt to confound the soul, soonest rouses its emotions, and most effectively unseats the judgment. XXIV. While the Romans were in consternation at this din, suddenly their cnemies dropped the coverings of their armour, and were seen to be themselves blazing in helmets and breastplates, their Margianian steel glittering keen and bright, and their horses clad in plates of bronze and _ steel. Surena himself, however, was the tallest and fairest of them all, although his effeminate beauty did not well correspond to his reputation for valour, but he was dressed more in the Median fashion, with painted face and parted hair, while the rest of the Parthians still wore their hair long and bunched over their foreheads, in Scythian fashion, to make themselves look formidable. And at first they purposed to charge npon the Romans with their long spears, and throw their front ranks into confusion; but when they saw the depth of their formation, where shield 387 cc 2 6 PLUTARCH’S LIVES te Bubos tod cuvacmicpod Kai Tov avdpev TO pcvipoy Kal TapeoTnKos, aviyyov omicw Kal axidvacBar doxobvtes dpa Kai dradvew tHv take éXavdavov év xuxcrw TeptBarrovtes TO TALWOiov aut@v. Kpdocov 6€ Tovs wWirovs éxdpapetv KENEVTAVTOS, OVTOL ev OV OAV TPOHADOY, AAG ToANO’s Tokevpaciv évTvyovTes TayD Kal oup- Tapevtes avdis évedvovto Tols omdéitats, Kal Tapetxov adkoopas apyiy Kal d€ovs, op@ct Tov TOVOY TOV dioTaY Kal THY pony TAA TE pyyvor- Tov Kal dia TavTos hepouéevwv opoiws avTiTUTrOV Kat paraKkovd oTeyao patos. Ot 6€ TlapGor stactavtes ex pnnous tpEavto tofevery dua TravTaxobev, ov THY axpiBy Tokelay (1) yap cuvéxera Kal tuKvotns TOV ‘Pwpyalwy ovdé T@ Bovroperm Stapaptavey avdpos tapetyev), evTovous Oé Tas TAHYyAas Kal BLaious Sid0vTeEs ato ToEwY KpaTaim@y Kal peyddrov Kai TH TKONLOTNTL THS Kap nvayxacpévov TO BéXos aTogTEAXOV- Tov. Wvovv avTodev 75n poyOnpa Ta ‘Pwpaiwv’ cal yap pévovtes ev Taker cuveTitpwoKovTo, Kal Yopely omoce TEelpwpmevol TOD pev Troteiy ioov ametyov, opoiws & Eracyov. uTédevyov yap apa Banrdovrtes ot Wdp8ot, cal rovtTo Kpatiaota ToLodvaL peta XKvOas: nai aopwratov ¢aotiv apuvopévous ere cwlecOar xal THs puyhs adatpeiv TO aicypov. XXV. “Aype pev otv rmifov avtovs éxyea- pévous Ta Leryn oxy cecIar payns 7 ovvarev Ets yelpas, exaptépavy: ws & éyvwoav btt TodXdai 388 CRASSUS was locked with shield, and the firmness and eom- posure of the men, they drew back, and while seeming to break their ranks and disperse, they surrounded the hollow square in which their enemy stood before he was aware of the manceuvre. And when Crassus ordered his light-armed troops to make a charge, they did not advance far, but encountering a multitude of arrows, abandoned their undertaking and ran back for shelter among the men-at-arms, among whom they caused the beginning of disorder and fear, for these now saw the velocity and force of the arrows, which fractured armour, and tore their way through every covering alike, whether hard or soft. But the Parthians now stood at long intervals from one another and began to shoot their arrows from all sides at once, not with any accurate aim (for the dense formation of the Romans would not suffer an archer to miss his man even if he wished it), but making vigorous and powerful shots from bows which were large and mighty and curved so as to discharge their missiles with great force. At once, then, the plight of the Romans was a grievous one; for if they kept their ranks, they were wounded in great numbers, and if they tried to come to close quarters with the enemy, they were just as far from effecting anything and suffered just as much. For the Par- thians shot as they fled; and next to the Scythians, they do this most effectively ; and it is a very clever thing to seek safety while still fighting, and to take away the shame of flight. XXV. Now as long as they had hopes that the enemy would exhaust their missiles and desist from battle or fight at close quarters, the Romans held 389 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES / a , , > 3s? # Kapnrol Tapectact Tokevpatwv mrnpEls, ap wy ? e a la 3 ." MEPLENAUVOVTES OL TWPWTOL AapBavoverr, oudev f e “ e hal a mTépas op@v o Kpdagos 7Ovper, Kat oKortrety 3 # b) i / \ ‘ ef a éxéXevev, ayyérous Téurpas TmpOS TOY UVLOV, OTWS Tpocpitar Bidoetat Tois évaytios Tmpiy H KUKNW- Ojvat. pdrtota yap éxelvw mpocémimtoy Kat TeplinTEevov TO KEpas WS KATA VOTOU YyevnaoLEvoL. AaBwv ovy o veavias immeis TE yiALovs TplLaKo- S t e f \ / 9 ‘ gious, @Y ol XtALoL Tapa Katoapos ynoav, Kat tokotas mevtaxocious Kai Tav éyytata Oupeo- \ a dopwr oxTH oTetpas suvnyayev els EuBornv. TOV Sé TldpOwyv of mepteAavvovtes, elite TédMacw b 4 e wv , vw “a ‘ évruyovtes, ws Evioi dao, cite AaBety Tov Kpdooov arwtatw tod Tatpos atpatynyovrtes, 3 4 f O27 e N 4 e 3 oTtiaw otpewartes ediwxov. o 6€ Bonaas ws ov / e ww wv . \ 3 “a pévovat of avodpes, HrAauve, Kal auv avT@ Knv- a ¢ \ 4 e \ /3 , ‘ agwpivos te Kat MeyaBaxxos, 0 pev eviruyia Kat popn Siapépwv, Knvowpivos 5¢ Bovreutixoy exov 9 gel \ ‘ 9 a e a \ , akliwpa Kab Seivos eitety, éraipor 6 Kpdooou kat / > ¢ 4 b] f \ “ mapaTAnato KaP nrLxiay. €miatropéevon b€ TOV e / 9 \ ‘ \ 9 / , \ inméwy ovd€ To Telov aTredeiteTO TpobUmia Kal yapa THs eXmidos* wiKav yap wovTo Kat dioxKeLy, Ld ? 4 , bad N > 4 dyp. ot mov mpoedOovtes naOovto THY aTaTny, 4 ful a“ 4 , ‘ peTaBadrAopévoyv Apa Tov devyey SoxovvTwv Kat , w ? ld b) “ w TrELOVWY GAXwY eTIdepopevarv. évtavdla EaTnaay, olopevor auvaery avTois Els YElpas oALyots Ode 399 ae CRASSUS out; but when they perceived that many camels laden with arrows were at hand, from which the Parthians who first encircled them took a fresh supply, then Crassus, seeing no end to this, began to lose heart, and sent messengers to his son with orders to rorce an engagement with the enemy before he was surrounded; for it was his wing especially which the enemy were attacking and surrounding with their cavalry, in the hope of getting in his rear. Accordingly, the young man took thirteen hundred horsemen, of whom a thousand had come from Caesar, five hundred archers, and eight cohorts of the men-at-arms who were nearest him, and led them all to the charge. But the Parthians who were trying to envelop him, either because, as some say, they encountered marshes, or because they were manceuvring to attack Publius as far as possible from his father, wheeled about and made off. Then Publius, shouting that the men did not stand their ground, rode after them, and with him Censorinus and Megabacchus, the latter distinguished for his courage and strength, Censorinus a man of senatorial dignity and a powerful speaker, and both of them comrades of Publius and nearly of the same age. The cavalry followed after Publius, and even the infantry kept pace with them in the zeal and joy which their hopes inspired ; for they thought they were victorious and in pursuit of the enemy, until, after they had gone forward a long distance, they perceived the ruse. For the seeming fugitives wheeled about and were joined at the same time by others more numerous still. Them the Romans halted, supposing that the enemy would come to close quarters with them, 39! qr PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 , @ \ A , a TOUS TrONEMLOUS. OL OE TOLS KAaTAppPUaKTOUS TpoTa- 3 , “ ‘Pp , x é ww of Eavtes évavtious Tots Pwpaiots, Tv 8 adAnv immov ATAKTOV TEpl AUTOUS EXaUVOVTES, Kal TUYTAPATTOV- TES TO Tediov, aviotaaay éx BvOod Oivas appov Ko- VLOPTOV ETAYOVTAS ATAETOY, O pHTE Sropay padiws / , \ e , e. , pyre HbéyyecOat Tovs ‘Pwpaiovs, eihoupévous e év OAlyw Kal cupTintovTas GAAnAOLS BadrecOnt \ 3 ; > e 7 +399 9 N , bd ? Kat aToOvnaKev ov padiov ovd o€uv Odvatov, aX Umo oTagpov Kal oduvns dvcavacyetobvtTas Kal Kudvdoupevous TreEpt TOls Oia TOLS €vaT oO pavetV TOI tTpavpaact, Bia Te TEtpwpévous EEEAKELY NYKLOTPO- q aA prevas axidas cal deduxvias da hreBav cal vevpov , a Tpodavappnyvuvat Kal AvpaiverOar odas a’tovs. aA , Oitw &€ ToAAGY aATOOYNTKOVTwY aTpaKToOL Kal e a 2 \ ’ , ~ , ot Ca@vtes joav mpos adxynv: Kxal tod Tlordiou a a \ , mapaxanrovvTos éuSarelv els THv Katddpaxrov, a “ , “ émedeixvucay éavT@v Yeipas te Oupeois cup- / \ Ud \ meTepovnuévas Kai Todas Siapmraké mpoceAnda- e ‘ N pévous mpos Tovdagos, wate Kai Tpos puyny ‘ aunydvovs elvat Kat Tmpos auvvav. adros ovbv ¢ a , ‘ Tous inmmeis Tapopyncas mpocéBare pev éppo- pévas Kal ovvy ve Tols avdpacw, Hv bé avucos év a “a “a , Te Tais TWAnyais Kal TH pvrattecOal, Taiwy pev al 4 doOevéot Kai puxpois Sopations Awpaxas @mpo- Buipoovs xal otdnpods, Tmatopevos bé Kovtois els evaTaAy Kal yupva copata Tov Tadatav: Tov- Tos yap €Oupper purtota, Kal peta ToUTwY Epya Oavpaota duemputteto. TOY TE Yap KoYTOY émerapBuvovto, Kal cupmAexopevoe TOvS avdpas 392 _w¢ ae CRASSUS since they were so few in number. But the Parthians stationed their mail-clad horsemen in front of the Romans, and then with the rest of their cavalry in loose array rode round them, tearing up the surface of the ground, and raising from the depths great heaps of sand which fell in limitless showers of dust, so that the Romans could neither see clearly nor speak plainly, but, being crowded into a narrow compass and falling one upon another, were shot, and died no easy nor even speedy death. For, in the agonies of convulsive pain, and writhing about the arrows, they would break them off in their wounds, and then in trying to pull out by force the barbed heads which had pierced their veins and sinews, they tore and disfigured themselves the more. Thus many died, and the survivors also were incapa- citated for fighting. And when Publius urged them to charge the enemy’s mail clad horsemen, they showed him that their hands were riveted to their shields and their feet nailed through and through to the ground, so that they were helpless either for flight or for self defence. Publius himself, accordingly, cheered on his cavalry, made a vigorous charge with them, and closed with the enemy. But his struggle was an unequal one both offensively and defensively, for his thrusting was done with small and feeble spears against breastplates of raw hide and steel, whereas the thrusts of the enemy were made with pikes against the lightly equipped and unprotected bodies of the Gauls, since it was upon these that Publius chiefly relied, and with these he did indeed work wonders. For they laid hold of the long spears of the Parthians, and grappling with the men, pushed them from 393 10 1] PLUTARCH'’S LIVES aTrO TOV imareoy éwOouv TH Bapurnte Tov omrAto pod SvaKwyrtous 6vTas, TOOL dé TOUS éauTav aTro- AeiTovTeEs immous Kal brobudpevot Tots éxeivav ETUTTTOV els TAS yaorepas: a & dvecKiptov vn oduuns, Kal cupnatowTes €v TAUT@ Tous émtBatas Kat TOUS mohepious dvaT ed uppevous am vnaKov. emiete dé tous Taddras padtota 70 Te Garros cal 70 bixvos, audotépwv andes ovtas: Kal TaV iTTWV ATONWAELTAV OL TAELTTOL TPOS évaVTiOUS eLavvopevot TOUS KovToUvs. éBidcOnoav ovv ava- Xwpiaa ™ pos TOUS oTrALTaS, € EXOVTES tov Ilomdsov UTO Tpavu“aTwDY On KAKOS bcaxelpevov. dovres dé Jiva Bouvvwetn wrAnciov éxwpovy én’ adtip, Kal TOUS pev immous ev péo@ Karédnaay, eEwOev b€é Tots Oupevis TVYKNELTAVTES WOVTO Gov apuvet- aOat Tous SapBapovs. dnéBarve d€ Touvavtiov. ev pev yap 7 Oar Tots OmtaOev a Aus ve TOS Ta pe xovaow ot TPOTAKTOL paaravny, éxel 5 addov UTEP adXov Cia Thy dvwpariay dVEXOVTOS TOU Xeptov: Kal paddXov «el TOV KATOTLDY éEatpovros, ovdev VY TO Ceapevyov, arn éBadrovT0 WUaVTeEs Oparas, odupopevor THY ake Kal aTpaKToy AUT@VY TENEUTID. "Hoav dé wept Tov TomAtov avdpes ‘EdAnves dv0 TOV avToOe KATOLKOUVT OY ev K dppais, Jepeowy- jLos Kal Nuxopaxos, ot ouveTreGor autov uTeten- Geiv per avT ov KAL Srapevryer eis “lyvas, mov npnpevny Ta ‘Pwpaiwv Kal ov paxpav ovcav. oO 6€ dycas ovdéva Setrov ovTws Evea Oat Oavatov ov poAnbets Toros dTronetyet TOUS drrohAupévous Se autév, éxelvous pev éexédevae awlecOar xa 394 «= Y CRASSUS their horses, hard as it was to move them owing to the weight of their armour ; and many of the Gauls forsook their own horses, and crawling under those of the enemy, stabbed them in the belly. These would rear up in their anguish, and die trampling on riders and foemen indiscriminately mingled. But the Gauls were distressed above all things by the heat and their thirst, to both of which they were unused ; and most of their horses had perished by being driven against the long spears. They were therefore compelled to retire upon the men at-arms, taking with them Publius, who was severely wounded. And seeing a sandy hillock near by, they all retired to it, and fastened their horses in the centre ; then locking their shields together on the outside, they thought they could more easily defend themselves against the Barbarians. But it turned out just the other way. For on level ground, the front ranks do, to some extent, afford relief to those who are behind them. But here, where the inequality of the ground raised one man above another, and lifted every man who was behind another into greater prominence, there was no such thing as escape, but they were all alike hit with arrows, bewailing their inglorious and ineffectual death. Now there were with Publius two Greeks, of those who dwelt near by in Carrhae, Hieronymus and Nicomachus. These joined in trying to persuade him to slip away with them and make their escape to Ichnae,a city which had espoused the Roman cause and was not far off. But Publius, declaring that no death could have such terrors for him as to make him desert those who were perishing on his account, ordered them to save their own lives, bade them farewell, and 395 PLUTARCH’S LIVES deEtwaupevos avédvoev, adtos bé TH yEtpt Xpnaa- \ \ Oat pn ovvdpevos (Sted AaTo yap Bédet), Tov \ a uTacTLaTHy éxédevoe TratdEa TO Eiger, Tapa- U ¢ a TXoV TO TAEUPOV. opoiws 6€ Kal Kyvowpivor 3 a / : s > IaN CaN aTro@arety N€yovaw: MeyaBaxyos & adtos avtov dueypycato, Kai Tov GAXwY Ol SoKLLwTATOL. TOS > + ¢ V4 ’ 4 e td ~ 0 vuToAcAELppévovs avaBaivovtes ot dapat tots xovtois SinrAavvov paxopévous: Cavtas 8 od TAElovas aA@vai gdact Tevtaxociwy. tas be a \ / Keparas Tov Tept tov IlémAcov aroKxoWavtes ¥ 3 \ ’ ‘ \ / nravvov EvOus eri TOY Kpdoaov. XXXVI. Elye 6€ 7a kat’ adtov obtws. ws éxe- ‘ eX 5] a a * 4 Aevoe Tov vioy euBarety trois TlapOows Kat tis Hyyetkev AUT@ paxpav tpotny elvae Kai diwkev a fa a, itXupav TOV ToAEuioV, Ewpa bé Kal Tovs Kal? e e / aA QUTOV OUKETL TpocKEpévous opolws (éxel yap éppuncav ol TAeioTto), pixpov aveOappnae, Kal e A cuvayayav UTeaTENEV Ev YwWplols TPOTAVTEGL TOV OTpPAaTOV, avTixa TpocdoKa@v Tov viov émajEew 3 % a , a \ , e % a avo THS SiwEews. Tov dé tephbévTwY UO TOD IlomwAtou wpos aitov, ws éxivduvevev, of pev rpo- f 3 f >] \ , tot duepOapyaav e€urrecovtes els tous BapBapous, e 3 e f 4 3 4 of & vaTtepor poyis Stadvyovtes amiyyyedXov Vv ‘ , > \ a \ \ oiyea@at tov Tlomduov, et uy Tayeia Kal oA Bo Gera jap éxeivov yévorto. Tov 6 Kpdaoov dpa \ lA f ‘ a 4 +O\ Ww ToAXa TAaOn KaTéETYE Kai AOYLT UO peEv OvdEeV ETL TOV TpaypLaTw éwpa, Pohw Oé Tepl TOD cUETAYTOS dua Kai T0Ow Tov tatdos EXxopevos BonOeiy Kai pn BonGetv, TEeROS W@puryoe mpoayey THy Sivapuy. 396 560 CRASSUS dismissed them. Then he himself, being unable to use his hand, which had been pierced through with an arrow, presented his side to his shield-bearer and ordered him to strike home with his sword. In like manner also Censorinus is said to have died ; but Megabacchus took his own life, and so did the other most notable men. The survivors fought on until the Parthians mounted the hill and transfixed them with their long spears, and they say that not more than five hundred were taken alive. Then the Parthians cut off the head of Publius, and rode off at once to attack Crassus. XXVI. His situation was as follows. After ordering his son to charge the Parthians and receiving tidings that the enemy were routed toa great distance and hotly pursued, and after noticing also that his own immediate opponents were no longer pressing him so hard (since most of them had streamed away to where Publius was), he recovered a little courage, and drawing his troops together, posted them for safety on sloping ground, in immediate expectation that his son would return from the pursuit. Of the messengers sent by Publius to his father, when he began to be in danger, the first fell in with the Barbarians and were Slain; the next made their way through with difficulty and reported that Publius was lost unless he received speedy and abundant aid from his father. And now Crassus was a prey to many conflicting emotions, and no longer looked at anything with calm judgement. His fear for the whole army drove him to refuse, and at the same time his yearning love for his son impelled him to grant assistance ; but at last he began to move his forces forward. 397 PLUTARCH’S LIVES "Ev tout 8° of woAéuioe Tpoced épovTo Kray Kal mata goBepwrepor, Kal TOAAA TOV TULTG- vov avis meptepuxato Tovs “Pwpyaiovs étépas eaxns apynv tpocdoxa@vtas. ot 5€ THY KEeharnv tov IlowAiov Kopifovtes vrép alyuns dvatenn- yuiav éyyus mpoceddcavtes avéberEav, UBpet muv- Oavopevot ToKéas avTov Kai yévos: ov yap 87 mpeéerety ye Kpdaocov watpos dvavépotatov Kai KakiaTou yevvatoy ottw maida Kal dAapmpov apethn yeverPar. tovto To Oéapa ‘Pwpaiwy irép dtavta tadara Sea tas wuyas KatéxAace Kal TapéAvaev, ov Oupob Tpos dpuvav, domep Wy Etkos, aXAG Ppixns Kal Tpopov TACW eryyevopevov. Katto. tov ye Kpdocor avtou hair potarov € év TO tote TAO havnvat Aéyovo.w. é€Boa yap émiwv tas Takes: “’Kyov, ® “Pwpatot, tovTO TO TévOos idtov é€otiy: 1 6&6 peyaddn Ttvyn Kal Soka Tijs ‘Popns ev byiv Estnxe cwlopévors AOpavotos Kal GNTTHTOS. El O€ Kal €“ov TLS OiKTOS adnpNuéevou maiba wdavtwv aptatov, emieiEacGe tovTo opyy Mpos TOUS TOAELLOUS. apédecbe THY yapav avTor, Tinwpnaacbe THY WLOTNTA, £1) KATATAaYHTE TOS ryeyevnptevows, ec Set Te Kal Tabeiv peyddwv edie- pévous. ovdé AovKovrAd0s Tiypavny avaipwrt Kabetrev, ovoe LanTioy ‘Avtioxoy, xeAias dé vaus ot TWaXatot mepl Sueehav amwecay, év 6” Itaria TONNOUS avTOKpaTopas Kab oTparTnyous, dv oddels mponttneis e€xwAucEV avUTOUS KpaTi}cat TeV VEVLKNKOTMOY. Gv yap evTLyia TA Pwuaiwy, cddAa 398 CRASSUS At this point, however, the enemy came up with clamour and battle cries which made them more fearful than ever, and again many of their drums began bellowing about the Romans, who awaited the beginning of a second battle. Besides, those of the enemy who carried the head of Publius fixed high upon a spear, rode close up and displayed it, scornfully asking after his parents and family, for surely, they said, it was not meet that Crassus, most base and cowardly of men, should be the father of a son so noble and of such splendid valour. This spectacle shattered and unstrung the spirits of the Romans more than all the rest of their terrible experiences, and they were all filled, not with a passion for revenge, as was to have been expected, but with shuddering and trembling. And yet Crassus, as they say, showed more brilliant qualities in that awful hour than ever before, for he went up and down the ranks crying: ‘“ Mine, O Romans, is this sorrow, and mine alone ; but the great fortune and glory of Rome abide unbroken and unconquered in you, who are alive and safe. And now if ye have any pity for me, thus bereft of the noblest of sons, show it by your wrath against the enemy. Rob them of their joy; avenge their cruelty ; be not cast down at what has happened, for it must needs be that those who aim at great deeds should also suffer greatly. It was not without bloody losses that even Lucullus overthrew Tigranes, or Scipio Antiochus; and our fathers of old lost a thousand ships off Sicily, and in Italy many im- perators and generals, not one of whom, by his defeat, prevented them from afterwards mastering his conquerors. For it was not by good fortune merely that the Roman state reached its present 399 two PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tha pog vvy KLL GpeTH Weos Ta Seva YwpovvTwy eis ToUTO TponAbe Suvapews.” XXVII. To:aita réyov cal twapabapovver o Kpdaocos ov rodXovs Ewpa TpoOvpws UTaxovor- Tas, GANG Kal cuvararukat Kedevaas THrEyEE TOD aoTpatov tiv Katndeav, ws acbevy Kal odyaY Kai avoparov Kpavynv er0u1}oavTo" " 66 mapa TOV BapSapav Nappa Kal Opaceia carel Key. TpaTropevay Sé€ mpos epryov ot wey immorat * TRayLot TEPLEAAUVOVTES eTofevor, avrot oé Tots KOVTOLS Ot _TPOTAKTOL Xpwopevor auvéa TeARov €ts OALYOV TOUS ‘Pwpatous, TAY Gaol TOY UTO TOV TofeupaTov Pevyovres Oavarov ATPETOAPLOV Tapa- Borws ets avtous peperOar, pix pa pev BrarTov- TES, o€éws dé Ouijoxovtes UTO Tpavpatov peyarov Kal KaLplov, TaXuy éermPovvtTmy TO oe nP@ TOP KOVTOV els Tous LITITOUS, TOAAGKLS 6€ Kat é.a duet avdpav UTO popns Siatropevopevov. ovTw 6€ d ayo- vio cpevor VUKTOS eT Love NS amy yNTaY, ELTTOVTES ort Kpdcow Xapivovrac VUKTA plav aroOpnvija a TOV ViOV, HY apa jn BEXTLOV UTEP eau Tou oKeypd- pevos €AOciy padrrov €Oerxan pos "Apadeny 7 Koma Oivat. Otro. pev ovv ETAVALO AMEVOL TANGtov € év éAtriat peyaras Hoay: vot d€ Xarerr) TOUS ‘Pwpaious KaTérapBavey, OvTE Tapns TOV KELLEVWY OUTE Geparreias TOV TETP@MEVDY Kai _ Wuxoppayourrey TOLovpevous Aoyov, exaatou } éautTov amoxhatov- TOS. apuxta yap epaiveto THD TE 7) mepav auToU Tpoopeivact Kal vUKTwp eis Tredtoy ayaves éuBa- 1 ixwdra: with the MSS. (including 8) : olxéras al readras (slaves and vassals). 400 CRASSUS plenitude of power, but by the patient endurance and valour of those who faced dangers in its behalf.” XXVII. Even as he spoke such words of encourage- ment, Crassus saw that not many of his men listened with any eagerness, but when he also bade them raise the battle cry, he discovered how despondent his army was, so weak, feeble, and uneven was the shout they made, while that which came from the Barbarians was clear and bold. Then, as the enemy got to work, their light cavalry rode round on the flanks of the Romans and shot them with arrows, while the mail-clad horsemen in front, plying their long spears, kept driving them together into a narrow space, except those who, to escape death from the arrows, made bold to rush desperately upon their foes. These did little damage, but met with a speedy death from great and fatal wounds, since the spear which the Parthians thrust into the horses was heavy with steel, and often had impetus enough to pierce through two men at once. After fighting in this manner till night came on, the Parthians withdrew, saying that they would grant Crassus one night in which to bewail his son, unless, with a better regard for his own interests, he should consent to go to Arsaces instead of being carried there. The Parthians, then, bivouacked near by, and were in high hopes; but it was a grievous night for the Romans. They took no steps to bury their dead nor to care for their wounded and dying, but every man was lamenting his own fate. Escape seemed impossible, whether they waited there for day to come, or plunged by night into a limitless plain. 401 VOL. III. DD je | PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovo: of TE TpavpaTiat TOANNY arropiay Trapel- Yov, Kal Kopitev, éuTrodmy TO Taxee THS huyis écouevot, Kab atrodeizev, Bon THY arodpaciy éEayyeXobvtes. tov dé Kpdocou, xaitrep aittov aTavtwv vopilovtes, emoGouv Guws THY TE OrYpey Kal THY dwvnv. o dé Kal éavtov éyKexaduppmevos UTO o@KOTOUS éxELTO, Tapdadetypa Tols ToONXOIS TUXNS, Tois 8 ed’ dpovovoty aBovrias Kal dtro- Tepias, Ou’ HY OUK HYadTA TPATOS Oy Kal péytaTos év pupidow avOpwarwy tocavtats, adr ote Eveiy jtovov avdpav datepos éxpiveTo, TOU TavTos atro- deity vouiCov. Tote 8 obv abtov "Oxraovios o mpecBevTis Kal Kdoows dvictacav xat rapeBdppyvov. ws & ANNYOpevKEL TavTaTagLY, AUTOL GUYyKaNécaVvTeEs éxaTovtapxas Kat Aoxyayovs, ws ed0€e Bovrevo- uévots py) pevery, avictacay Tov oTpaTov aveu odAmiyyos Kai &¢ naovxias TO Tpa@Tov’ eit ai- cOopévoy ws atredeiTovtTo TOY dduvdTwY, aKocpia Seva) Kal auyxvols pet oiuwyis kat Bons tod oTpatomedoy KaTetyev. éx ToUToV dé Tapay? Kal mrola mpoiovtas avtous UTENaUBavev, ws émide- POMEVOY THY TOAELIWY. Kal TOANAKIS peV EXTPE- TOmevol, TOANAKLS O€ eis TAEW KAOLOTA EVOL, TOV Sé Tpavpatiav 6004 mapnKorovOovy Tovs pev avarapBavovtes, tous b€ dtotiBépevot, Stat piBnv elyov, TARY Tplaxociwy imméwyv, ods "Iyvartios éywy mpocéuke tais Kappars wept mécas vuxtas. PbeyEdpevos Sé “Pwpaicti tots TeryopuAaxovcy, 402 56 CRASSUS And their wounded caused them much perplexity : they were sure to impede flight if they were carried away, and if they were left behind, their cries would herald to the enemy the retreat of their companions. Although the soldiers held Crassus to blame for all their ills, still they yearned to see his face and hear his voice. But he was lying on the ground by himseif, enveloped in darkness, to the multitude an illustration of the ways of fortune, but to the wise an example of foolish ambition, which would not let him rest satisfied to be first and greatest among many myriads of men, but made him think, because he was judged inferior to two men only, that he lacked everything, At this time, then, Octavius the legate and Cassius tried to rouse him up and encourage him. But since he was in utter despair, they called together on their own authority the centurions and captains, and wnen they had decided, upon deliberation, not to remain where they were, they put the army in motion without trumpet signal, and in silence at first. Then the sick and wounded perceived that their comrades were abandoning them, and dreadful disorder and confusion, accompanied by groans and shouts, filled the camp. And after this, as they tried to advance, disorder and panic seized upon them, for they felt sure that the enemy was coming against them. Frequently they would change their course, fre- quently they would form in order of battle, some of the wounded who followed them had to be taken up, and others: to be laid down, and so all were delayed, except three hundred horsemen under Ignatius, who reached Carrhae about midnight. Ignatius hailed the sentinels on the walls in the Roman tongue, and 493 DD 2 ln PLUTARCH’S LIVES e 4 / ? , , A w ws umnKovaay, éxedevoe Korrwvriw Ta apxovti ppatev ote yéyove payn peyarn Kpdoow pos Ilap@ovs, dddo & ovd€v eira@v oS abtov batts Hv aT yAavvev ert TO Ledypa, Kul Sv€awoe pev TOUS gUY AUTO, KaK@s 8 HKOVTE KATANITTMOY TOY OTpa- , 3 ‘ ¥ Y ww , . id ¢ THyov. ov pny aXrXr wvnoé ye tov Kpaacoy 1) Tpoapipeioa TOTE TO Kotwviw dwvy cupdpovy- \ gas yap OTe ovdey xpnatov ayyédrAew ExovTos €oTt TO TaXOS Kal TO TUYKEYUpLEVOY TOD AOyoU, , > \ > 4 ‘ , Tapnyyetrev evOus eEomr CeaPat tous oTpatiwrtas’ Kal dpa TO TpaTtov aicBecbae tov Kpacaoy épv ‘AA , ’ 4 ’ f \ 0b@ yeyevnpévoy dravtncas: dvehduBave Kai TAPETELTE THY OTPATLAY ELS THY TOALY. XXVITT. Ot 5€ WapOoe vurros pev aicbopevor Thy aTodpacty ovK ediwxor, dua § Huépa Tovs ev €v TO OTpaToTédw KaTarkadbévtas ov peEious ‘4 > , b 4 > N “a TETpAKLTYiAiwy éevedOovTes aTréchakay, év 5é TO TEOLW TAAVWLEVOUS TOAAOUS (TTATaMEVOL TUVEAA- Bov. tésaapas 8 opovd omreipas, as ett vuKtos améppnte Bapyovtzjtos 0 mpeaBevtns, éxtrecovaas a e a , ¥ , 4 Ths obod TeptaxorTes Ev TiVt AOd@ SuépOespavy dpuvouévas, TAnY avdpav eixocw. Tovtous &é a a 2 ca) yupvots tots Eiheaty wOovpévous be’ adtav Oav- , ¢ ‘ é / 5 ’ “ 10 ’ pedoavtes elEav, xal dtéEodov artotat Badny eis tas Kadppas édidocayv. ~ / X Toe 68& ovpiva mpocérece wevdns Royos éxtmepevyevat Kpaacaooy peta tav apiotwy, To & * , els Kappas ovveppunkos oyXov élvat cvpptx roy , ~~ A +7 ovx afiwy otrovdis avOpwrwv. olopevos odv 404 CRASSUS when they answered, ordered them to tell Coponius, their commander, that there had been a great battle between Crassus and the Parthians. Then, without another word, and without even telling who he was, he rode off to Zeugma. He saved himself and his men, but got a bad name for deserting his general. However, the message shouted to Coponius at that time was of some advantage to Crassus. For Coponius, concluding that the haste and brevity of the message argued a bearer of no good news, ordered his men to arm forthwith, and as soon as he learned that Crassus was on the march, he went out to meet him, relieved him, and escorted his army into the city. XXVIII. During the night the Parthians, although they were aware of the flight of the Romans, did not pursue; but as soon as day came, they attacked and slaughtered those who had been left behind in the Roman camp, to the number of four thousand, and then rode about and seized many who were wandering in the plain. Four cohorts together, also, which Vargontinus the legate had suffered to get detached from the main body while it was still dark, and which had lost their way, were surrounded on a sort of hill, and cut to pieces as they fought, all except twenty men. The Parthians, admiring these men, who tried to push their way through them with drawn swords, made way for them and _ suffered them to pass through and march deliberately to Carrhae. A false report now reached Surena that Crassus, along with the men of highest rank, had made his escape, and that the fugitives who had streained into Carrhae were a mixed rabble unworthy of his notice. 405 tw PLUTARCRH’S LIVES arroGeBdyxevat TO THS viKns TéXOS, ETL 8 dpe doFav kal pabety BovXopevos tarnOés, oTrws 7 mpoopéevwn évtav0a TodtopKoin Kpdagov 1 di@Kxor Kaiper edoas Kappnvous, UTome met TIA TOV Tap aULT@ StyAWTTWY TPOS TA TeiXN, Kedevoas ievTa “Popaixip diddNextov KaXdely Kpaocov auTov H) Kdocuor, WS Loupijva dia Aoyou eG €Xovtos autols auyyevéoOat. tavta tov diykwrtov dpa- TAVTOS, WS UTTNYYEAY Tols TEpl Kpaaaoy, édéyovTo Tas TpoKRja ets" Kal pera jutKpov Koy aro TOY Bap8dpov "ApaBes, of Kpdooor ev Kal Kdootop an dvrews eyvepttov, ev TO oTpaToTeOwM TWpO Tis paxns yeyovores. ovTot Tov Kdootov iSdvres d amo TOU TELXOUS, édeyov OTL Loupijvas omévoetar Kat Sidwav avtois pirors ovat Bactréws owlecOa, Mecororapiay exdtTovaw" TobT0 yap opav Avat- TENES apporépors Tpo THS eaXaTns GVAYKNS. deEapevou Sé Tov Kagciov, xal TOTOV opia- Ofvat Kai Xpovov aktodvros, ey @ cuviagt Loupynvas Kat Kpdogos, otTw papevor TOwnoey am 1avvov. XXIX. “HoGeis ody 0 Novpyjras émt ro TOUS dvdpas évéxer Oat ™7 TOALOPKiG, pe? pe par em ye TOUS [TapGous TONG Ka uBpivovtas Kal KeevovTas, eb | Bovovtau TUXely oTOvoay” Pwpaior, Kpdocov éyxetpicat ogiat Kat Kaoavov bebe- [eévous. ot 6 1X9 ovT0 bey ATATNpEVOL, MaKpas Sé xal Kevas Tas A ppevieov édrribas cataBddreuv TW Kpdacow ppacarres eLyovTo dpagpov Kal TOUT eet wndeva Tpo xatpot Kappnvov mu0éa Bat. muv0averat § 6 1avtwy aTiaTOTAaTOS Avopouayos, 4060 a6 CRASSUS Supposing, therefore, that he had lost the fruits of his victory, but being still in doubt and wishing to learn the truth, in order that he might either wait there and lay siege to Crassus in the city, or else let Carrhae alone and pursue him, he sent one of his attendants who could speak both languages up to the walls, with orders to call out in the Roman tongue for Crassus himself or Cassius, saying that Surena wished to have a conference with them. The interpreter gave this message, and when it was reported to Crassus, he accepted the invitation. A little while afterwards there came from the Barbarians some Arabs, who knew Crassus and Cassius well by sight, having been in their camp before the battle. When these men saw Cassius on the wall, they said that Surena proposed a truce, and offered them safe conduct if they would be friends of the king and leave Mesopotamia ; for this he saw was more advan- tageous to both parties than any resort to extreme measures. Cassius accepted the proposal, and asked that time and place be fixed for a conference between Surena and Crassus. The men said that this should be done, and rode away. XXIX. Now Surena was delighted that the men were where he could besiege them, and when day came, he led his Parthians up against the city. With many insults they ordered the Romans, if they wished to obtain a truce, to deliver Crassus and Cassius into their hands in fetters. The Romans were distressed to find themselves deceived, and telling Crassus to abandon his distant and vain hopes of aid from the Armenians, prepared for flight, of which none of the men of Carrhae were to know beforehand. But Andromachus, the most faithless of men, learned of 407 Ld PLUTARCH’S LIVES uto Kpacaou kal tovtTo matevOsls Kal THs 0b00 THY HyE“oviav. ovdey odv EXaBe Tous LlapBous, eEaryyéddovtos Tow ’Avdpopdxou Ka” Exactov. emrel O€ VUKTOUAYELV OU TUTpLOV aUTOIS ear ove€ pacsov, €Ener dé VUKTWP o Kpaagos, Omrws Thy KabvaTeprawar To\v TH O.wker otpatTnyov 0 ‘Avpopayxos adddoTE aXras odovs uUpnyetTo, Kat TEAOS efetpewrev ets Eryn Babéa Kai ywpia tadpwr peoTa THY Topetay, Xaremny eal ToAuT avi) yevopevay Tois eT LE TOMEVOLS. éyévovTo yép TEVES ot pn dev uyees Tov ‘Avdpopaxov otpépev Kat Te plediT TELY ELKATAVTES ovK nKorovOnaar, adra Kaacios péev émavndOev eis Kadppas maddy, Kai TOV obnyav (A paBes 5’ Haav) dvapevey Kedevov- T@V aX pL av cEAHVN Tapadrakén Tov oKopTior, “AXD’ eyorve, eiTmav, “TL TOUTOU Hannes poBodpar TOV ToEoT Ny,” aT AaUVEV Ets Lupiav pe inréwr TevtTaxociwy: aXXot dé XPNo dpevor TiaTots o€nyors eda Bovro Yo pioy opewwan, a KanetTar Livvaka, Kal KaTéaTn aay év ao panei 7 po HLEPQs. ovrot WeEpt TEVTAKLTXLALOUS noav yyetro 6 avTa@y avnp ayabos ’Oxtaavios. Tov 6é€é Kpacoor népa catehapBavev €TL- Boudevopevor } UT ‘Avépopdyou TEpl TAS dvaxw- plas Kal 70 EXos. Hoav 5€ réacapes otretpat ou avT@ Oupeodhopay, immeis b€ TAVTENOS Oriryor Kal T EVTE paBoovxor, pel? Ov ET LTOVOS els THY odov Kat pores KATAGTUS, }0N TOV ToXepioy €TLKEL- Hev@V, Ocov OwbEexa atadiovs aTorTr@Y TOD ouppitae tots wept tov "Oxtaovioy ém’ adXov 1 em:BovAevduevov Bekker reads &11 dyduevor (still led), with Psendo-Appian. 408 CRASSUS it, for Crassus not only confided the secret to him, but made him the guide for the journey. Accordingly, everything was known to the Parthians, for Andro- machus reported to them all the details. But since it is not the custom, and so not easy, for the Parthians to fight by night, and since Crassus set out by night, Andromachus, by leading the fugitives now by one route and now by another, contrived that the pursuers should not be left far behind, and finally he diverted the march into deep marshes and regions full of ditches, thus making it difheult and circuitous for those who still followed him. For there were some who conjectured that the twisting and turning of Andromachus boded uo good, and therefore did not follow him. Cassius, indeed, went pack again to Carrhae, and when his guides, who were Arabs, urged him to wait there until the moon had passed the Scorpion, he said that he feared the Archer! even more than the Scorpion, and rode off into Syria with five hundred horsemen. And others, too, employing trusty guides, reached a hill country called Sinnaca, and established themselves in safety before day came. These were about five thousand men, and they were led by Octavius, a brave man. But day found Crassus a prey to the wiles of Andromachus in the difficult places and the marsh. There were with him four cohorts of men-at-arms, a few horsemen all told, and five lictors. With these he got back into the road, with great difficulty, when the enemy at once pressed upon him, and since he was about twelve furlongs short of a junction with Octavius, he took refuge on another hill, not so 1 Sagittarius, the sign of the zodiac following Scorpio. 499 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ® dvapevryes Aopoy, ovy ovTw pe adimmoy 0vd’ oXUpoY, VT oKElpevor S€ Tots Levvaors Kat cuvnpTn- pevov avyévt pAKpO bua pécov KaTAaTELVOVTL Tou mediov mpos Tobrov. jv ovv év dryer tots mepi tov ’"Oxtaoviov o xivdvvos avTOv. Kal TP@TOS “Oxraovios €0eu per orion avobev éntBonBav, eita oi Aotrrol Kaa avTes EAUTOUS _emep porto, Kab 1 POG TED OVTES Kal do dpevot TOUS TONELLOUS amo To AOpou TEpLerXov ev péerw Tov Kpdooov xal 7 poeBadrov70 TOUS Oupeous, peyadnyopobvtes @S ouK éoTt HapGors BéXos 6 & mpooneccitar TH TO pacte TOU avTOKpaTOpos mplv 1) opas atavtas omep auTOU paXopevous aTroOaveiv. XXX. ‘Opav ody 0 Lovpyvas Tous Te IlapGous ap BAUTSpov 7301) KivOvvevorTas, Kal Hy h Te vok eTLOKY Kal TOV Opa@v ot ‘Pwpaior AdBwvrat, TAVTUTAGLY AUTOUS éTopLévous GANT TOUS, emripye TS Kpdoow SoXov. adelOnoar pev yap évtot TOY ALY padwTwv GK NKOOTES év T@ otpatoTrédo Tey BapBdpov Tpos GAANnAOUS eiTNOSES diareyo- péveay ws ob Bovreras Baotrevs do movdov aUuT@ ov moNepov elva Tos “Pwpatous, Thy de giriav avadaBeiv yapttt, Kpacaw XPNTapevos pirav- Opwrres, Ed YOVTO b€ paxns ot BdpBapor, Lou- pijvas, dé peta 7 @Y aplaT@v 7 pocehdoas aT péya TO AOhW Tob bev To£ov Tov TOVvOY GUAKE, THY b¢ SeE vay T poureven, exdet dé TOV Kpaacop eT cupSacers, elTr@v OTL TIS pev avdpevas Kal SUVA LEWS GKOVTOS TeTrelparat Bacrrews, ™pao- Ta 8 avtois xat prrogppos vyny EXD eme- Seixvutat amevdouevos amtovet Kat Trapéywv awlecbat. 410 CRASSUS difficult for cavalry nor yet so strong a position, but one that lay below Sinnaca and was connected with it by a long ridge running through the midst of the plain. His danger was thercfore to be seen by Octavius. And Octavius ran first with a few men to bring him aid from the higher ground; then the rest of his men, reproaching themselves with cowardice, plunged forward, and falling upon the enemy and sweeping them from the _ hill, enveloped Crassus round about, ard covered him with their shields, boldly declaring that no Parthian missile should smite their imperator until they had all died fighting in his defence. XXX. And now Surena, observing that his Parth- ians were already less impetuous in their attacks, and that if night should come on and ihe Romans should reach the hills, it would be altogether impossible to capture them, brought a stratagem to bear on Crassus. Some of his Roman captives were first released, who, while in his camp, had heard the Barbarians saying to one another, as they had been ordered to do, that the king did not wish the war between him and the Romans to be waged relentlessly, but preferred: to regain their friendship by doing them the favour of treating Crassus kindly. Then the Barbarians ceased fighting, and Surena with his chief officers rode quietly up to the hill, unstrung his bow, held out his right hand, and invited Crassus to come to terms, saying: “I have put your valour and power to the test against the wishes of the king, who now of his own accord shows you the mildness and friendliness of his feelings by offering to make a truce with you if you will withdraw, and by affording you the means of safety.” 4ll 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , b] 4 A aA > e QA mpo0vpws édé€avTo Kat weptyapels joav, o 4é Kpdaoos obdév 6 Te pr) OV amatns éodharpévos Um’ avuTo@v, kal TO aidvidrov tHS petaBoris w td tA >] id , ’ > 3 aroyov nyoupevos, ovy vmyKovev, adr éBov- NeveTO. Tov b€ aTpatiwtav BowvTwy Kal Ke- AevoVTwWI', ELTA AoLdopovYTwY Kal KaKiCovTOY ws mpoBdrrgovTa payoupévous avtovs ols avTos apv- oats els Aoyous ov Cappet cuverOeiv, mparTov pev émetpato OeiaPat cal Néyerv GTL TO AELTOMEVOV “ / A Bépos THS Hhpépas Staxaptepnoavtes év Tols dpet- pots kal tpayéot Svravtat bia vuKTos tévat, Kal Y CAN b , 4 7 X 4 X THY Odo eSELKYUE, KAL TapexdAet THY éATiOA pH mpoéc0ar Tis owrnpias éyyus ovons. ws 66 “~ \ YaneTavovTes avT@ Kal Ta OTA KpovorTESs nreidouv, poBnOeis eywper, Kal TocovTov etme / Bee i "Oo Svs \ II f \ a@ pETATTPAPELS ktaovie Kat lletpwvte kat door mTapeoTe Pwpaiwy apyov7es, vuets opate THs Ewns 6600 THY AVAYKNY, Kal TUVLTTE TAPOVTES WS Alay pa , N\ , “~ 3 ov eo > 4 Tacx kal Biata,tois § addots drracty av pwrots NéyeTe cwOEvTEs ws Kpdooos anatnGeis UO TOY , b] >] 4 ¢ ‘\ A a) > fA 39 TOAELLWY, OUK EXOOOELS UTO TOV TOALT@V ATWAETO. XXXII. Od pny epetvar of trepi tov Oxrtaovior, GNX cuyxatéBawov amo Tod rAodhou: Tos é e , € , € 4 b , paBsovyous éropévovs 0 Kpdacos amjdacev. mpatot d€ tav BapBdpwv amyjvtncav avt@ 8vo piE€AXNVES, Of Kal TpoceKvYncay Tov Kpacaov ral e , amo TOV inmwv aropevol, Kal TpoTayopEvoayTeEs e A “~ 4 , , éAAaS hwvy Tapexdrovy mpoTéuyar Tivas, ols 412 ; ) ryy “ “a , / © A v * laita tod Lovpyva R€yovTos of pév adrot FOF nn CRASSUS When Surena gaid this, the rest of the Romans eagerly accepted his proposal and were full of joy, but Crassus, whose every discomfiture at the hands of the Barbarians had been duc to fraud, and who thought the suddenness of their change a strange thing, would not reply, but took the matter into consideration. His soldiers, however, cried out and urged him to accept, then fell to abusing and reviling him for putting them forward to fight men with whom he himself had not the courage to confer even when they came unarmed. At first he tried entreaties and arguments. If they would hold out for what was left of the day, during the night they could reach the mountains and rough country; and he showed them the roed thither, and exhorted them not to abandon hope when safety was so near. But when they grew angry with him, and clashed their arms together, and threatened him, then he was terrified and began to go towards Surena. As he went, however, he turned and said : “ Octavius and Petronius and ye other Roman commanders here present, ye see that I go because [ must, and ye are eyewitnesses of the shameful violence I suffer; but tell the world, if ye get safely home, that Crassus perished because he was deceived by his enemies, and not because he was delivered up to them by his countrymen.” XXXII. Octavius, however, and those about him, did not remain, but went down from the hill with Crassus; the lictors, who were following him, Crassus drove back. The first of the Barbarians to meet him were two half-breed Greeks, who leaped from their horses and made obeisance to him; then addressing him in the Greek tongue, they urged him to send a party forward to assure themselves that Surena and 413 wt PLUTARCH’S LIVES emiderEerar Lovpivas éavtov Kal Tous i mepl autov avoTrAous Kal aatdnpous ™ poo ep omevous. o 6é Kpdacos aTEKpPLVATO pev Os, el K eae éAaXLoTOV elxe tov Chy Aoyoo, oux ay eis yelpas avrots nrGev, 6 pms be duo ‘Pwo xtous adehpovs éreue Tevoopevous emt Tice Kal TocoL cuviacty. obs evdus ovrdaBov 0 Loupyvas KaTETXED, auros dé peta TOV aploTwV im TOTNS 7 poanet kar “Tt ToUT , Eby, “ mrelos 0 “Powpaiwv avToKpdtwp, n pets dé oxovpeda 5” ;’ Kal Tpocayayety exéheuoev im mov avT®@. Tob oe Kpdacou picavros oure AUTOV GpapTaVveEely OUT EXELVOY, WS cKaT EP WaT plov €OTL TOLOULEVOUS THY arvooor, elvat pev auTodev edn omoveas Kal elp yn 6 Loupyvas ‘Tpwdn Te Baotret Kal ‘Pe pators, ceiy 6é ypdwacbar Tas cuvOjKas emt TOV TOT POV mpoaedOovras: _ Ov yap Upels ye, eb, “‘ aravu HV LOvES opoAoyLav oi wpator,” Kal T pouTeive THY oeftav aUT@. péeTa- TEUTOMEVOV & immov ovdev epn Oeiv- « Baordevs yap col didwat TouToVv. dua © iwros te TO Kpaco@ TapEerTn XpvToxyaartvos, ot te avaBonrets QUuTOV a papevot mepteSiBaoav Kal TapelTovTo TANYT TOV immov eT LTAXUVOVTES. ’"Oxraovios be mpatos dvtthauBavetar TOY Yahwvar, Kal per exetvov els TOV NeALapyeov Hetparos, cia ot ovrrot TepliaTavTo Tov te inmov avaxomrety TrELpwpLEvor ral tovs melovvtas tov Kpacaov é€ ExATEPOU bépous _Gperxov Tes. ota pob dé yevo- pevov Kal Tapas, elra TAN OY, ‘Oxtaovios pev dvagTaaas TO Eidos EVOS TOV BapBapwv KTetvet Tov immoxopoy, étepos b€ tov ‘Oxtaoviov éx TaD 414 CRASSUS those about him were advancing to the conference without armour and without weapons. Crassus replied that if he had the least concern for his life, he would not have come into their hands; but neverthe- less he sent two Roscii, brothers, to enquire on what terms and in what numbers they should hold their meeting. These men were promptly seized and detained by Surena, while he himself with his chief officers advanced on horseback, saying: “ What is this? the Roman imperator on foot, while we are mounted ?”’ Then he ordered a horse to be brought for Crassus. And when Crassus answered that neither of them was at fault, since each was following the custom of his country in this meeting, Surena said that from that moment there was a truce and peace between King Hyrodes and the Romans, but it was necessary to go forward to the river Euphrates and there have the contracts put in writing; “for you Romans at least,” said he, ‘‘are not very mindful of agreements,” and he held out his right hand to Crassus. Then when Crassus proposed to send for a horse, Surena said there was no need of it, “ for the king offers you this one.” At the same time a horse with gold-studded bridle stood at Crassus’s side, and the grooms lifted Crassus up and mounted him, and then ran along by him, quickening his horse’s pace with blows. Octavius was first to seize the bridle, and after him Petronius, one of the legionary tribunes ; then the rest of the Romans in the party surrounded the horse, trying to stop him, and dragging away those who crowded in upon Crassus on either side. Scuftling followed, and a tumult, then blows. Octavius drew his sword and slew the groom of one of the Barbarians, but another smote Octavius down from 415 ~I PLUTARCH’S LIVES omaGev Tatukas. Lletpwrvios 5€ GtrrXov peév ovK evtropnaev, eis S€ Tov Owpaxa TANYELS aTrETION- gev aTpwtos’ Tov 6€ Kpdoaov dvopa opakubpns Hdap0os avéxtewvev. Oi & ob hacwv, adn’ Er Epov per elvat TOV aT 0- KTelvavTa, TOUTOV d€ Ketévou THY Keparyy amro- Kora Kat THY beEtav. etxaleTae dé TabTa pan- Nov 7) yivw@oKEeTaL TaV yap TapovTwY ot pev exer payopevor trept Tov Kpaaocov avnpébnaar, ao & evdus averrndynaav éri Tov Aogdov. émedAPovtTwy be tov UdapOwv xat rAeyorvTwyv ott Kpdocos pev Steny dédwxe, Tors & dddous Kehevel Loupijvas Kattévat GappovyTas, ot pev evexelpioay auToUS cataBavres, ot 6é Tis VUKTOS é€oTupnoaD, Kal ToVTwWY OAlyo. TavTaTace StecwOnaav: Tovs S’ ddXovs éxOnpevovtes ot “ApaBes ouverap- Bavov xal dépOeipov. Réyovtae 8 ot wavtes Siopvptoe pev atrolaveiv, pupto dé arovat CaVTES. XXXII. ‘0 be Louprjvas. THY ceharny Tod Kpdocou Kal THY Xelpa TWpos ‘Tpodyy émrepapev ets A pyeviay, airs diadous Aovyov UT ayyéXov eis Dedevaeray & ws CovrTa Kpaccov a ayol, Taped Kev- aleTo TOLT IY Teva yeAoiav bBper mpocaryopevov OpiauBov. O pev yap eupepea TAaTos Kpacow Tov LX MART OV Ddios Ilaxxiavos, ¢cO7Ta Bacidexny yuvarKos evdus Kat ovday Geis Kpdaaaos UTAKOVELY Kal AVTOKPAaTWP TOLS Kadovow, ép’ imtrov cad y- pevos AryeTO* po avrou dé carnuyeral Kat pasdsodyot tives OV OU[LEVOL KAapLyrOLS 7) \auvov" cEnptyt0 6¢ Tay paBdwv Baddvtia Kai Tapa Tous 416 564 CRASSUS behind. Petronius had no offensive weapons, but when he was struck on the breastplate, leaped down from his horse unwounded. Crassus was killed by a Parthian named Pomaxathres. Some, however, say that it was not this man, but another, who killed Crassus, and that this man cut off the head and right hand of Crassus as he lay upon the ground. These details, however, are matters of conjecture rather than of knowledge. For of the Romans who were present there and fighting about Crassus, some were slain, and others fled back to the hill. Thither the Parthians came and said that as for Crassus, he had met with his deserts, but that Surena ordered the rest of the Romans to come down without fear. Thereupon some of them went down and delivered themselves up, but the rest scattered during the night, and of these a very few made their escape; the rest of them were hunted downby the Arabs, captured, and cut to pieces. In the whole campaign, twenty thousand are said to have been killed, and ten thousand to have been taken alive. XXXII. Surena now took the head and hand of Crassus and sent them to Hyrodes in Armenia, but he himself sent word by messengers to Seleucia that he was bringing Crassus there alive, and prepared a laughable sort of procession which he insultingly called a triumph. That one of his captives who bore the greatest likeness to Crassus, Caius Paccianus, put on a woman’s royal robe, and under instructions to answer to the name of Crassus and the title of Imperator when so addressed, was conducted along on horseback. Before him rode trumpeters and a few lictors borne on camels; from the fasces of the 417 VOL. III, EE ~ PLUTARCH’S LIVES TeAEKELS Tpdapatot kepada’ ‘Pwpyaiwy aroreTpy- pévat, xatorey 8 ettrovto Ledeuxides Eraipat pouc- oupyo., ToAAa Bwworoya Kal yedoia 8 dopdrev eis OndvTHTA Kai dvavdpiav tod Kpaaaou déyov- gat. TavTa pev ov TavTes eOewrTo. Thv 6€ yepovoiay tav Nedreveéwy aOpotcas elonveyxey axohacta BiBdia Tov "Apioteidou Manotaxov, ott tTat’Tad ye Kxatavrevodpevos: evpéOn yap év tois ‘Pwoxiov oxevoddpas, Kat mapéoye 7 Lovpyjva xabvBpicar wodrddad Kat KaTacKaryat Tous ‘Pwpaious, ef undé morepodrTes améyecOat Tpaypatwy xal ypaypatov Sivavtat TOLOUTWY. Tots WévTOL LEdevKEdoL edoxEr Topas avnp Aicwtos elvat, Tov Loupyvay opw@at Thy TeV MirAnolaxk@y dxortactnpaTwv mypay éEnptnpévov mpooGer, dmiabev b€ HapOixny SUBapw éperxo- pevoy €v ToTauTals TrAaAXAAaKOwY apatats, TPOTOV Tia Tais REeyouévats éyidvats nal oxvtadats dvtTiyoppws Ta pev eudarh nal mpocbia pépy poBepa kai Onpiwdn dSopaci Kat to£os Kal ixrmas mpoBarropévny, Kat ovpay O€ THs Pararyyos els Yopelas Kal KpoTada Kal Yadpous Kai Tavvvxidas GKONATTOUS META YUVALKOY TEXEUT@OAaY. WeKTOS pev yap 0 ‘Pwaxtos, avaidets 5é WapOoe ta MiAn- giaxa wWeéyovtes, wv toddo. BeBacirevKacw éx 1 Probably a collection of love stories,the scenes of which were laid in Miletus. Of its author, who flourished perhaps in the second century B.c., almost nothing is known, 418 CRASSUS lictors purses were suspended, and to their axes were fastened Roman heads newly cut off; behind these followed courtezans of Seleucia, niusicians, who sang many scurrilous and ridiculous songs about the effeminacy and cowardice of Crassus ; and these things were for all to see. But before the assembled senate of Seleucia, Surena brought licentious books of the “ Milesiaca ””! of Aristides, and in this matter, at least, there was no falsehood on his part, for the books were found in the baggage of Roscius, and gave Surena occasion to heap much insulting ridicule upon the Romans, since they could not, even when going to war, let such subjects and writings alone. The people of Seleucia, however, appreciated the wisdom of Aesop? when they saw Surena with a wallet of obscenities from the “ Milesiaca” in front of him, but trailing behind him a Parthian Sybaris in so many waggon-loads of concubines.? After a fashion his train was a counter- part to the fabled echidnae and scytalae among serpents, by showing its conspicuous and forward portions fearful and savage, with spears, archery, and horse, but trailing off in the rear of the line into dances, cymbals, lutes, and nocturnal revels with women. Roscius was certainly culpable, but it was shameless in the Parthians to find fault with the ‘‘Milesiaca,’ when many of the royal line of their 2 In the fable of the two wallets, which everyone carries, one in front containing his neighbour’s faults, which are therefore always before his eyes; and one behind containing his own faults, which he therefore never sces. 8 Cf. chapter xxi. 6. 419g i) io] bo PLUTARCH’S LIVES Miadrynoiwov xai “Iwvidwy éraipav yeyovores "Apoaxioat. XXXIII. Tovtwy 8 ampartopévav ‘Tpadns eruyxavev 78m Sup Aarypevos ‘Aptaovdady 7 “A ppevicn Kal thy adeXnv avtod ‘yuvaixa I] axopy T@ Tratol Kalaporoynpevos, éatedcers Te Kal motot ot’ GAX}AWY Hoav avTois, Kat ToAXA TapeLaonyeTo TOV aTo THS EEXAdbos axovcpdTov. hv yap ovte hovis ovte ypappatwv “Tpedns EXAquicey aTELpOS, 0 & ‘Apraovdadns xal Tpa- ypdias emoler Kal oyous éypade Kal ioTopias, av eviat dtracwfovta. ths 6€ Keharis tod Kpac- gov Kopicbeions eri Oipas annpyévar pev Roav at tpdtela, tpaywoiav b€ vmoxpityns “laowv évopa Tpadrrdavos ndev Eipiridou Baxyav ta Tepl thy Ayavnv. evdoxipuorvtos & adtod Sed- AdKNS ETLTTAS TO avOpOvt Kai TpogKuVIGas Tpov- Badev ets pécov Tov Kpdacou thy xeparyy. KpoTt@ 5é trav Hdpdwy peta xpavyis Kal yapas dpapevor, Tov pev NtArAaKyY KaTEKALVAY Ot UTNpETAL Bac ihéws KerXevoavtos, 0 © ‘lacwy ta pév tod TlevOéws TKEVOTOLHATA TAPEOWKE TLL TOV YOPEVTOVY, THS dé TOD Kpaocov Keparis NaBopevos Kal avaBax- xevoas em épaivey éxetva TA béAN peT’ évdovara- Tov Kat WOnS bépopev €& opens EXtKa VEOTO MOV émt wédabpa, paxaptav Onpav. 1 Euripides, Bacchue, 1170-72 (Kirchhoff paxdpioy). 420 CRASSUS Arsacidae were sprung from Milesian and Ionian courtezans. XXXII. While this was going on, it happened that Hyrodes was at last reconciled with Artavasdcs the Armenian, and agreed to receive the latter’s sister as wife for his son Pacorus, and there were reciprocal banquets and drinking bouts, at which many Greek compositions were introduced. For Hyrodes was well acquainted both with the Greek language and literature, and Artavasdes actually composed tragedies, and wrote orations and histories, some of which are preserved. Now when the head of Crassus was brought to the king’s door, the tables had been removed, and a tragic actor, Jason by name, of Tralles, was singing that part of the “ Bacchae”’ of Euripides where Agave is about to appear.! While he was receiving his applause, Sillaces stood at the door of the banqueting-hall, and after a low obeisance, cast the head of Crassus into the centre of the company. The Parthians lifted it up with clapping of hands and shouts of joy, and at the king’s bidding his servants gave Sillaces a seat at the banquet. Then Jason handed his costume of Pentheus to one of the chorus, seized the head of Crassus, and assuming the role of the frenzied Agave, sang these verses through as if inspired : ‘We bring from the mountain A tendril fresh-cut to the palace, A wonderful prey.” 1 Pentheus, king of Thebes, the son of Agave, refused to recognize the divinity of Dionysus, whereupon the god infuriated the women, and Agave killed her own son. She appears in the Bacchae with his head in her hand, exulting over the death of the supposed wild beast. 421 AT. éuov 76 yépas” y ‘ w~ avarnojaas o Hopakddpns (ériyyave 5€ Seervdv) 9 fg \ ~ ¢ ¢t ~ a avTehapBaveto TNS KEeparijs, @s éauT@ Aéyeuv ~ ~ A 5 s “~ e . > e€ TavTa paNrdov 1) Exetv—@ TpoaHKov. HaOeis & oO , Bactrevs tov pev ols matpiov éotw edwpncarto, ~ 9 3 , , ¥ 9 r 4 t@ & “ldcovt tdXavtov EbwKev. els ToLotro dacw , , é€odvov thy Kpdocey atpatnyiay doTep Tpaywotay TENEVTIGAL. ? / \ ~ 9 4 e , w~ 5 Aikn péevtot kat TIS @poTHTOS ‘Tpwdny cal THs 5 , > , 4 , a“ @ 2s , A émtopkias Louvpivay akia peti rev. Lovpyvav pev \ 3 \ \ , € , ‘ w~ yap ov peta TodUY xpovoy Tpwdns PBovm tis f , 4 dofns ameéxterver, ‘Tpady d¢ aroBarovte laxopov TO Pwpatwv payn xpatnOévta, Kal voorjcavtt pooov ets UVdpwra tpateicav, Ppadrns oO vids b] , b] 4 4 b] 4 A emt Bovrdevwy axovitov edwKev. cavabeEapevns b€ Tis vooouv TO huppaxoy els EauT1V, MOTE TUvEK- ~ ~ , ‘\ KptOnvat, Kat TOU cwpaTos Koudiabévtos, emt THY Tayiatny TeV obay €wv 6 Ppaitns anérmtev auTOoV. 1 Euripides, Bacchue, 1179 (Kirchhotf, XO. 2fs a@ Badovca mpwra;). PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 Kal TavTa pev Tavtas ETEepTrev: ddopévwn Sé€ TeV 5 epeEns apotBaiwy mpos Tov yopor, XO. tis éhovevcen ; | 422 CRASSUS This delighted everybody ; but when the following dialogue with the chorus was ehanted : (Chorus) “Who slew him?” (Agave) “ Mine is the honour,” Pomaxathres, who happened to be one of the banqueters, sprang up and laid hold of the head, feeling that it was more appropriate for him to say this than for Jason. The king was delighted, and bestowed on Pomaxathres the customary gifts, while to Jason he gave a talent. With such a farce as this the expedition of Crassus is said to have closed, just like a tragedy. However, worthy punishment overtook both Hy- rodes for his cruelty and Surena for his treachery. For not long after this Hyrodes became jealous of the reputation of Surena, and put him to death; and after Hyrodes had lost his son Paeorus, who was defeated in battle by the Romans,? and had fallen into a disease which resulted in dropsy, his son Phraates plotted against his life and gave him aconite. And when the disease absorbed the poison so that it was thrown off with it and the patient thereby relieved, Phraates took the shortest path and strangled his father. 1 A poet competing at the Athenian City Dionysia exhibited three tragedies and a satyric drama, ‘‘ the four Spey being performed in succession in the course of the same day. 2 38 B.c. Cf. Plutarch’s Antony, xxxiv. 1. According to Dio Cassius, xlix, 21, Pacorus fell on thesame day on which Crassus had been slain fifteen years before. 423 PLUTARCH’S LIVES NIKIOY KAI KPAZSZOY ZYPKPISIS I. Ky 6€ tH ouyxpices mpw@tov o Nexiou a ral Yr a 4 3 mAovTOsS TH Kpaccov mapaBadXopevos apeptTro- Tépav EXEL THY KTHTW. ArAAWS LEV Yap OUK avy TIES Soxtpacere THY ATO peTddArA.wWY epyaciay, HS Ta ~ N 7 mTrEloTa Tepaivetat Sta KaKoUpywy 7) BapBdpwr, eviwy Sedeyévay kal Pbetpopevwy év ToTTOLS UrOv- ows Kal vocepois’ tapaBadAopévn b€ mpos Ta y 4 4 \ \ N \ a 3 XVArAa SnuloTpata Kal Tas EPL TO TUP EpyoAa- Bias, €mlerxestépa gaveitar. Tavrais yap o a a A \ Kpdcaos avadavdov ws T@ yewpyety expiro Kat A f a ‘ ha , Smet 7@ SaveiCew: & S€ CEapvos Hy EdAeyXopmEvos, emt xépdecty ev Bovrn réeyery Kal Tovs cUppdyous Gduxely Kal yuUvata Teptiwy KoraKevev Kal CUVETLKPUTTELY TOUS TOVNpOUS, TOUTwWY aiTiav ovde yevdh TOTE Nuxias ehafev, arArAws b€ ded0vs KAL TPOiEMEVOS apyvptoy UTO OetALias TOIS ouKopay- Tats éyAevalero, mpaypa mormv Llepixret pev , A bd a icws kal Apicreidn un mpetrov, avT@O avayKaior ovK ev TepuKOTL pos TO Bappetv. @ Kai AuKodp- yos UaTEpoY Oo pNTwWP eTappHoldcaTO Tpos TOV Sipuov, altiavy éxywv eEwvncacbat tiva TOY oUKO- gavrav: “"Héouat yap,” elmev, “ei tooodtov ypovov TemorTevpevos Tap Lpiv didovs Tepwpa- pat Tpatepov 7) AanBavwv.” ¢ \ a é Ud , \ € Hy 6€ tais damavats qodtTiKwWTEpos pev o Nexias ava@yjpact cat yupvaciapxiats Kat bida- 424 COMPARISON OF NICIAS AND CRASSUS COMPARISON OF NICIAS AND CRASSUS I. In comparing the men, first, the wealth of Nicias was acquired in a more blameless manner than that of Crassus. For although it is true that the working of mines cannot be highly regarded, since most of it is carried on by employing malefactors or Barbarians, some of whom are kept in chains and done to death in damp and unwholesome places, still, when compared with the public confiscations of Sulla and the making of contracts where fire is raging, it will appear in the more favourable light. For Crassus openly utilized these opportunities as men do agriculture and money-lending. And as for the practices which he denied when on trial, namely, taking bribes for his voice in the senate, wronging the allies, circumventing weak women with his flatteries, and aiding base men to cloak their iniquities, no such charges, even though false, were ever made against Nicias; nay, he was rather laughed at for spending his money lavishly on informers out of cowardice, a practice unbecoming, perhaps, in a Pericles and an Aristides, but necessary for him, since he was not well stocked with courage. And for this practice Lycurgus the orator, in later times, boldly took to himself credit before the people, when accused of buying up one of these informers; “J am glad indeed,” he said, “ that after such a long political career among you, I have been detected in giving rather than receiving money.” As for their outlays of money, Nicias was more public spirited in his noble ambition to make offerings 425 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oxariats yopwv Pirotipovpevos, wy & o Kpacaos » , dvaddwoev éeotidoas apa Tocavtas pupiadas ’ , ¢ 4 , LNB ° a é avOputav, eta Opéwas radu, ovdev jv pépos & ’ od Nexias éxéxtnTo cvv ols avadwoev, wate Oavya- w , A \ 4 b] 4 Cecr, ef Teva AEANOE TO THY KAKLaY avwpariay elval Tiva TpoTroV Kai dvoporoyiav, dpavTa TOUS alsxpa@s sudAdéyovTas ET aXpHoTwS ExXéorTas. II. Ilept pév rod mAovTov tocavta: tots be f “~ \ , “ ’ X xed ToAtTevpace Tou pev Nixiov tavovpyov ovdéy ovbe ww 5 ] \ , , tb] \ 4, adixov avdée Biawv wpocectiw ovdée Opacurns, a aA , bd a GAn’ éEnwarato wadXov vTd AdKiBrasou Kal TO , ¢ 3 bf , “ \ r , Onuw Tpogyer per evraBeias. tov dé Kpdaaaov \ \ b] ~ ‘ ¥ A 4 TOAAHY pev ev Tais mpos ExOpay Kat didrcav peta- Borais dmiatiav cal averevOepiav Kxatnyopovat, Bia 8 ovS avdtos ijpvetro thy Umarzeiay pettévat, : , wv A , , picOwoapmevos avopas tovs Katou cal Aopitio Tas yelpas Tposoiccvtas. ev S€ TH Tepl TaV érapyiav Wn podopia tod Syyov modAol pepy frpwOnaav, émecov b€ Téacapes, autos 8’, Grrep e “ ’ a , , nas ev TH Sinyrjoe Tapednrvde, Acvxcov *Avva- 4 Nov, avdpa Bovreutyy, avTtrAéyovta VE watakas els TO TpoowTrov e&éBarer nuaypLevov. ‘Os &€ wept tadta Biatos o Kpacaoos xal , Cad a J , bd , N \ TUPAVULKOS, OUTWS av TddLY exeivou TO Wopodeés ey TH ONLTELA Kal ATOAMOV Kat TOS KAKioTOLS e / ~ , b , wv e ‘ vderpévoy TOV peytotwy eTiAXnWewv akov. o be Kpadaaos tyyndos tepi ye Tadta Kal peyadd por, 5 ¢ ry ov mpos Kréwras etd “TarepBorous, wa Ala, rod 426 56 COMPARISON OF NICIAS AND CRASSUS to the gods and provide the people with gymnastic exhibitions and trained choruses; and yet his whole estate, together with his expenditures, was not a tithe of what Crassus expended when he feasted so many myriads of men at once, and then furnished them with food afterwards. I am therefore amazed that anyone should fail to pereeive that viee is a sort of inequality and incongruity of eharaeter, when he sees men amassing money shamefully and squandering it uselessly. I]. So much regarding their wealth. And now in their political eareers, no ehieanery nor injustice, no violence nor harshness attaehes to Nicias, but he was deceived the rather by Aleibiades, and made his appeals to the people with too much caution. Whereas Crassus is aceused of much ungenerous faithlessness in his vacillations between friends and enemies; and as for violenee, he himself could not deny that when he stood for the consulship, he hired men to lay hands on Cato and Domitius. And in the assembly whieh voted on the allotment of the provinees, many were wounded and four killed ; and Crassus himself (a faet which escaped us in the narrative of his life), when Lueius Annalius, a senator, was speaking in opposition, smote him in the face with his fist and drove him bleeding from the forum. But if Crassus was violent and tyrannieal in these matters, Nicias went tothe other extreme. His timid- ity and cowardice in the public serviee, and his sub- servienee to the basest mer, deserve the severest eensure. Crassus, indeed, showed a certain loftiness and largeness of spirit in this regard, for he con- tended not with men like Cleon and Hyperbolus, 427 te PLUTARCH'S LIVES ’ a v >] \ ‘ N / ay@vos Gvtos, aAXNa Tpos THY Kaicapos AapTpo- TynTa Kal tpets tov Tloumniov AptapBovus, ovy ¢ , >] > b f € / \ , umevEas, GNX avTapas Eexatépm THv Suva, aktwpate b€ THs TiyuNntiKhs apxns wat Lopmiiov 4 “~ UmepBaropevos. Set yap ert peylotots ov TO averipOovov, adAa TO apTpov ev TodTELA ‘ / A bd a ‘N AauBavev, peyOe Suvdpews eEapavpovvta Tov ddovov. « & €& atavtos ayanas aodddetay Kat novyxtav, cat dédras “AXwiBiadnv pév érl tod Byyuartes, év 6é dro AaxedSatpovious, Mepdixxav f \ bf , , w 0 é€v Opaxn, twodrAnv evpyxwpiav % roms Exet A , , fol aXYONHS é€x pécov yevouevov Kadjobat awré- KovTa Ths atapakias ceavT@ atépavoy, ws Evtoe codictal N€yovoty. oO pev yap Ths eipnvys Eows “A = e b] “~ \ “a XN , Oetos Hv ws adnOes, Kal TO ADTAL TOV TOAEMOV "EXANVIK@TATOY TrOALTEUpLAa Kal THS Tpakews évexa TavTys ovx akiov Nixig mapaBareiv Kpac- ~~ > ‘ y # f f a \ gov, ovd « TO Kaortov dépwv médXayos 1 Tov ? ‘ >] N Te € >) / ¢ 4 f Ivdov w@KEavov TH Pwpatov nyepovia T poo wptaey. / 4 ? “ III. lovee pévroe ypwpevov apetis aic@avo- pévn Kal KpeiTTova OvTa TH Suvaper Xwpav ov dotéov Tois Tovypots OVS upynv pn apxovaw ovdé TioTl amioToupEevols, OTrep etroinaey o Nuxias, N r , ‘ wv 4 > ] “A f A Tov KrXéwva pydev ovta mréov é€v TH Tore TIS a0 TOD Bipatos avatayuVTias Kal Kpavyhs avTos els TO OTpaTHyEly KaTacTICAaS. OUK éTAtYa pev yap) éya tov Kpacaov év toig Xtraptaxetous €7e!- 1 yey yap Stephanus, Bekker, and S: pér. 425 COMPARISON OF NICIAS AND CRASSUS far from it, but against the brilliant Caesar, and against Pompey with his three triumphs; and he did not shrink from their path, but made himself a match for each in power, and in the dignity of his censorial office actually surpassed Pompey. For in the supreme struggles of a political career one must not adopt a course which awakens no envy, but one which dazzles men, throwing envy into the shade by the greatness of one’s power. But if, like Nicias, you set your heart above all else on security and quiet, and fear Alcibiades on the bema, and the Lacedaemonians at Pylos, and Perdiccas in Thrace, then there is ample room in the city where you can sit at leisure, removed from all activity, and “ weaving for yourself,” as sundry Sophists say, “a crown of tran- quillity.” His love of peace, indeed, had something godlike about it, and his putting a stop to the war was a political achievement most truly Hellenic in its scope. And because Nicias did this, Crassus is not worthy of comparison with him, nor would he have been even though in his ardour he had made the Caspian Sea or the Indian Ocean a boundary of the Roman empire. III. When, however, a man wields superior power in a city which is open to the appeals of virtue, he should not give a footing to the base, nor command to those who are no commanders at all, nor confidence to those who deserve no confidence. But this is just what Nicias did when, of his own motion, he set Cleon in command of the army, a man who was nothing more to the city than a shameless brawler from the bema. I do _ not, indeed, commend Crassus, in the war with Spartacus, 429 PLUTARCH’S LIVES xGevra dacoov 7 do paréatepov Stayovicacbar, KALTOL prrorimias ay To betoar a) Tlouarnios ehOwy apertat THY bofay | auTov, cabamep agetreTo MeredXov Mopptos THY KoptOov- TO 6 TOU Nexiov Tavramacw atotrov Kat detvov. ov yap éAmidas ovde paotayny exovons ebécrn TO eX9p@ prrorepias Kal APXAS, adda xivduvov Up opwpevos ev TH oTpaTynyla péyay nyarnee, TO Kal auTov éy _aopanel Bépevos, mpoeo Oat TO KOLVOV. KalTOL Oo YE Oemrotondis, 1 iva wn padros av@pwTos € ev Tots Tlepotxois Kat adpwv oTpaTnyn- Tas ATONET Thy TONY, apyupio TNS apyiis aT éaTN TEV auror, Kal Karov, 6 ore parLoTa, wpa, mTpaypata Kai xivduvous & exougapy vTEp THS Toews Tn Snpapxiay, peri Oev- o 8 avTov éml ray Mivwav cai KvOnpa Kai MyAtous TOUS TadalTo- pous pvAatrmy oT PAT nyo, Eb be 1 Séoe payer bat Aaxedatpoviors, dr oOudmEvos THD Nrapvda. Kal TH Kr€wvos arretpig Kal Opacurnre vaus Kal dvdpas kal omda Kal oTpaTnyiay eurretpias axpas Seouéevnv mapadibous, ov THYv éavTov mpoleTat do£ayp, arnra THY Tis? mar pidos dod dretay Kar awrnpiav. 60ev batepov oby Exwv ovdé Bovdo- HEvos Lupaxovaias Tone ety nvayxatero, Sox dy ov Aoyig pe TOU cupepovTos, aAXG paatavy Kat pararia, TO Tap avuTov atootepeiy Stxedlas THY TONY. "Exetvo pévtor peyadrs émtetkeias onpetov, Ste Sucyepaivovta TO Todepety ael Kal pevyovta TO ef 8 Coraés and Rekker, after Bryan: 2 +}v ris Stephanus, Bekker, and S: ris. 430 COMPARISON OF NICIAS AND CRASSUS for pressing forward into action with greater speed than safety, although it was natural for a man of his ambition to fear that Pompey would come and rob him of his glory, just as Mummius had robbed Metellus of Corinth; but the conduct of Nicias was altogether strange and terrible. For it was not while it afforded him good hopes of success, or even of ease, that he renounced his ambition to hold the command in favour of his enemy, but when he saw that his generalship involved him in great peril, then he was content to betray the common good at the price of his own safety. And yet Themistocles, during the Persian wars, to prevent a worthless and senseless man from ruining the city as one of its generals, bought him off from the oflice ; and Cato stood for the tribuneship when he saw that it would involve him in the greatest toil and danger in behalf of the city. Nicias, on the other hand, kept himself in the command against Minoa, and Cythera, and the wretched Melians, but when it was necessary to fight the Lacedaemonians, stripped off his gencral’s cloak, handed over to the inexperience and _ rashness of Cleon ships, men, arms, and a command re- quiring the utmost experience, and so betrayed not only his own reputation, but the security and safety of his own country. Wherefore he was afterwards forced, against his wish and inclination, to wage war on Syracuse, for it was thought to be no calculation of what was expedient, but merely his love of ease and lack of spirit which made him use all his efforts to rob the city of Sicily. There is, however, this proof of his great reasonable- ness, namely, that although he was always averse to war 431 =I PLUTARCH’S LIVES OTpaTnyely OUK €TAavOYTO YELLOTOVODYTES WS bd , A “a \ 4 éumepotatoyv kal Bédtiatov. Oo dé Kpacow \ Tapa TAVTA TOV Kpovov edtepevw atTpaTnyias ovx e “ “a \ b \ ‘ / b umnp&e tuyelv, TAY érl Tov SovdAtkov ToAEpuov €F avayens, Loprniov cai MetérXou cal AovxovAA wv appotépwv ATOVTWY, KALTOL TOTE TLULMpEV@ [GXL- ata Kal duvamévm TrEiaTOV. ard’, ws EotKe, Kal Tois amovdalovat Tepl avtov édoxer KATA TOD KwpuKoy “avnp apiotos” elvat “Tada TrID ev ’ , ” \ A ¢ , ION » damio.. Kat tTobto “Pwpaiouvs ovdév aynoer > / e N “a , > “ éxBiacOévtas vmo THs dtXapyias avtod kal , > a \ \ bod 4 dirotipias. “AOnvaios pev yap axovta Nixiav éFérepwav eri tov worepov, ‘Pwpaious 6é Kpdo- aos axovtas éEnyayev' nal d:a wév TodTOV 77 TONS, éxeivos S€ dia THY TOALY NTVYNGED. IV. Ov pny adda padrov Eotw év TovTaLs TOV Nixiav ématveiy 7) wWeéyew tov Kpdocov. o per yap éuTrepta Kai Noytau@ Ypnadpevos ryEepovos Eu povos ov aurntratnfn tais éXriat TOV TOMTOV, GQXN anette kal améyvo An Wvea Oat XixeXiav o & ws em pdotov Epyov tov HapOixdv opprijaas moAe- / Hov juaptev. wpéexOn dé peyadwv, Katoapos ta éomrépia kat Kertovs cal L'eppavovs xatactpe- doueévou cat Bpettaviav, avtos énl thy éw xal \ ? ‘ , , , tyy ‘“Ivduxiy éddcat Odracaay Kal mpocepydaca- aBat thv *Aciav ols Woprnios émmrdOe ral AotxovAXos avrécyev, avdpes evpevets Kal pos , > of mavtas Gyalot Stapeivavtes, Tpoedopevot 8 Spota 432 COMPARISON OF NICIAS AND CRASSUS and avoided military command, the Athenians ceased not to elect him to it, believing him to be their most experienced and best general, Whereas Crassus, though he was all the while eager for military command, did not succeed in getting it except in the servile war, and then of necessity, because Pompey and Metellus and both the Luculli were away. And yet by that time he had acquired the greatest honour and influence in the city. But it would seem that even his best friends thought him, in the words of the comic poet, “The bravest warrior everywhere but in the field.” 1 And yet this did not prevent the Romans from being overwhelmed by his ambitious love of command. For the Athenians sent Nicias out to the war against his will ; but the Romans were led out by Crassus against theirs. It was owing to Crassus that his city, but to his city that Nicias, suffered misfortune. IV. However, in this there is more ground for praising Nicias than for blaming Crassus. The former brought into play the experience and calculation of a wise leader, and did not share the deceitful hopes of his fellow-citizens, but insisted that it was beyond his power to take Sicily ; whereas Crassus made the mistake of entering upon the Parthian war as a very easy undertaking. And yet his aims were high ; while Caesar was subduing the West,—Gaul and Germany and Britain,—he insisted on marching against the East and India, and on com- pleting the reduction of Asia which had been begun by Pompey and Lucullus. Now these were men of good intentions and honourably disposed towards all, and yet they elected the same course as Crassus, and ? An iambic triimeter of unknown authorship (Kock, Com. Ait. Frag. iii. p. 493). 433 VOL. It. F F 3 cn PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kpdcow kai tas avtas UToGécets NaBovtes, éret kat loprnio tis apyis Sidopevns 7 cuyKAnTOS nvavttoiTo, Kat Kaisapa pupiabas tptdnovta Teppavev tpeydupevoy cuveBovrevev o Katov éxdodvat Tois yTTNMEvOLS KaL TPéYrat TO pHMLMA TOU TapacTovOnpatos ets exetvov: o be SHpos éeppocBbat dpdcas Katwvi, rervtexaidexa tpépas GOvev eTIWikKia Kat Tep:yapNs av. Tas odV aY dieveOn Kal wocas éOuaev Hpépas, eb Kpaaaos éx Bafuroros éypawe wav, cit eredOwav Myéiapr, Hlepciéa, ‘Tpxavovs, Nodca, Baxtpa, ‘Pwpaiwv évTapxias amébecEev ; citep yap adixely ypy, Kata tov Kipiridny,’ aovyiar ayew pn duvapévous pndé yphaOar tots wapovow ayabois edotas, ov Sxavbdeav, ov Mévénv éxxomtéov, ovdé devyovtas Adyiunjtas amoXeXouToTas THY EavT@Y, WoTEP dpvidas eis E1épav YoOpay aTroKexpuppévous, EKO 7- patéov, adda TOAAOD TINTEOY TO UO.KELVY, fi) pasiws pd eri trois TUYOaLW, Bs Te Padr(Gv 4H pLLKpOoV, Tpoieuevous TO OiKxatov. ol Se THY pEV TIS ’AreEuvdpov otpateias opuny éemaivodrtes, thy b€ Kpdcoov wWéyovtes, ovk ed TA TPOTA KpLvoVaLY ed TOV TEAEVTALWD. "Ep 6€ Tais aTparnyials avtais Nexdov pev OUK rye yevyaia: Kal yap payais Todas évixnae TOUS TOAEpOUS, Kal TOU AaBeiv VYvpaxov- aas OAlyov édénae, kal Tavta 8 avrov ovK Errat- 1 Eteocles in the Phoenissae, 524 f. (Kirchhoff) : elnep yap adixetvy xpn, Tupavsl5os wept KdAAtorov adbixerv: ThAAG 8° evoeBelvy Xpewy. 434 COMPARISON OF NICIAS AND CRASSUS adopted the same principles. For Pompey met with opposition from the senate when his province was allotted to him, and when Caesar routed three hundred thousand Germans, Cato moved in the senate that he should be delivered up to those whom he had vanquished, and so bring upon his own head the punishment for his breach of faith; but the people turned contemptuously from Cato, sacrificed to the gods for fifteen days in honour of Caesar’s victory, and wete full of joy. What, then, would have becn their feelings, and for how many days would they have sacrificed to the gods, if Crassus had written to them from Babylon that he was victorious, and had then overrun Media, Persia, Hyrcania, Susa, and Bactria, and declared them Roman provinces ? “For if wrong must be done,” as Euripides says, when men cannot keep quiet, and know not how to enjoy contentedly the blessings which they already have, then let it not bein raiding Scandeia or Mende, nor in beating up fugitive Aeginetans, who have forsaken their own, and hidden themselves away like birds in another territory, but let a high price be demanded for the wrongdoing, and let not justice be thrown to the winds lightly, nor on the first best terms, as if it were some trifling or insignificant thing. Those who have praise for Alexander's expedition, but blame for that of Crassus, unfairly judge of a beginning by its end. V. As to the actual conduct of their expeditions, Nieias has not a little to his credit, for he con- quered his enemies in many battles, and barely missed taking Syracuse, and not all his failures were due to himself, but they might be ascribed to his 435 PLUTARCH’'S LIVES aev, WAX Kal voTOY av TIS aitidaaLto Kai POdvov T@V olKoL TrodtTOY: Kpdooos 8& Sia wAROOS apapTnpatwy ovdév TH TUYN YpnoTov aTrobei- EacGar mapixev. wate Oavpdtew avtod tip aBertepiav ov THs WdpOwv dvvapews nrtnbeicay, ANAG THS “Pwpaiwv edtuyias Trepiyevomevyy. "Eret & 0 pev pndevos TOV ATO pavTLKAS KaTA- poverv, o d€ TavTa UTEpop@Y Opmoiws atTrwXovTO, Yarern pév év TovTots 7) acparea cai dvoxpitos, émLetKéa TEpov 6€! TOU Tapavopou Kal avdasous TO peta Sofns twaraas «cal cuijGous 8 evraBeav GPLAPTAVOMEVOD. Epi wévTOL THY TEAEUTHY CpuETTOTEPOS oO Kpacoos o¥ tapasous éautov avdée Sebeis ovdé pevaxiabeis, arr’ eiEas Tois Piros Seopévors Kal mapaotrovonGels vo TwY TrorAcuiov: o dé Nixias aia \ypas Kai axreEovs éATrIOL GwTHpias UTOTETHY Tols TroAeulols aioxiova éavt@® Tov Oavatov erroinaev. 1 énsecxeotepoy Se a following abrjs of the MSS. is suspected by Corats, lamely defended by Sintenis, and bracketed by Bekker. 436 COMPARISON OF NICIAS AND CRASSUS disease and to the jealousy of his fellow-citizens at home ; but Crassus made so many blunders that he gave fortune no chance to favour him. We may not therefore wonder that his imbecility succumbed to the power of the Parthians, but rather that it prevailed over the usual good fortune of the Romans. Since one of them was wholly given to divination, and the other wholly neglected it, and both alike perished, it is hard to draw a safe corclusicn from the premises ; but failure from caution, going hand in hand with ancient and prevalent opinion, is more reasonable than lawlessness and obstinacy. In his end, however, Crassus was the less worthy of reproach. He did not surrender himself, nor was he bound, nor yet beguiled, but yielded to the entreaties of his friends, and fell a prey to the perfidy of his enemies; whereas Nicias was led by the hope of a shameful and inglorious safety to put himself into the hands of his enemies, thereby making his death a greater disgrace for him. 437 A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES A Acharnae, 95, the largest deme, or townshlp, of Attica, some eight miles to the north of Athens. Aesop, 419, a Greek writer of fables, who flourished in the first half of the sixth century B.O. Fables bearing his name were popular at Athens in the tlme of Aristophanes. Agatharchus, 41, of Samos, proml- nent at Athens as a theatrical scene-painter 460-420 B.c. Cf, the Alcibiades, xvi. 4. oa 33, a deme, or township, of Attica, some two or three miles east of Athens. Anacreon, 5, of Teos, a popular yric poet honoured at the courts of Polycrates of Samos and Hipparchus of Athens, llved circa 563-478 B.O. Anaxagoras, 11, 21, 53 f., 291, of Clazomenae, influential at Athens as an advanced thinker from about 460 to 432 B.c. Andros, 35, the most northerly island of the Cyclades group, to the S.E. of Euboea. Antisthenes, 5, the Socratic, a pupil of Gorgias and friend of ocrates, circa 450-366 B.c. Archilochus, 5, of Paros, a roving soldier-poet of the earlier part of the seventh century B.C., famous for his satyric lamblcs. Arginusae islands, 109, three small islands lying between Lesbos and the malnland of Asia Minor. PLUT. III. Autocleides, 293, an Athenian, of unknown da author of & work on sacrificial ritual and tradition. B Balissus, 385, a small tributary of the Euphrates, south of Carrhae. Brasidas, 237, the ablest and noblest Spartan leader during the first decade of the Pelopon- nesian war. He attempted to rob Athens of her allied cities in the north. Brundisium, 365, an Important city on the eastern coast of Italy (Calabria), with a fine harbour. It was the natural point of de- parture from Italy to the East, and the chief naval station of the Romans on the Adriatile Sea. C Carrhae, 395, 403-409, a town in the northern part of Mesopo- tamia. Casinum, 135, the last city of Latlum towards Campania on the Vila Latina. Catana, 263-267, an ancient city on the eastern coast of Sicily, about midway between Syracuse and Tauromenium, directly at the foot of Mt. Aetna. Caunians, 309, Caunus was a clty of Caria, In Asia Minor, belonging to the Rhodians. 439 DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES Chersonesus, 35, 59, the Thracian Chersonesus (peninsula), extend- ing southwards into the Aegean Sea west cf the Hellespont. Cholargus, 4¥, an Attic deme, or township, of uncertain site. Clazomenae, 255, an Ionlan city situated on the southern shore of the hay of Smyrna. Critolaiis, 21, of Phaselis in Lycia head of the Peripatetic school of philosophy at Athens, orator and statesman, eigiity-two years of age when, in 156 B.c., he was sent on an embassy to Rome (see the Cato Major, xxii.). D Damon, 11, probably the same person as Damonides of Oea (pn. 22): Damonides, 27, of Oea, probably the same person as Damon {p. 13). Delos, 35, 217, the central island of the Cyclades group, east of Attica. Diphilus, 209, a prominent poet of the New Comedy, 336-250 H.c, Duris, 79, the Samian, a pnyil of Theophrastus, historian and, for a time, tyrant of Samos, circa 350-280 B.C. E Egesta, 251, or Segesta, an anelent city in the N.W. of Sicliy, neither Greek nor native Sicilian, sald to have been founded by Trojans. Kieusis, 41, the sacred city of the Mysteries, some twelve miles west of Athens. Ephorus, 79, of Cymé in N.W, Asia Minor, a pupil of Isocrates, author of a highly rhetoricaf Plead of Greece from the ‘““Porian Invasion"? down to 340 B.c., in which year he died. 440 Epidaurnus, 103, a city on tlic north-eastern coast of Pelopon- nesus, noted for its cult of Aesculapius. G Galatia, 365, the central province of Asia Minor, occupied by Gallic tribes from Europe ijate in the third century B.C. H lieracleides, 79, 103, calied Ponti- eus from his birth In Heracleia of Pontus, a pupil of Plato nnd Aristotle, and a learned and voluminons writer on almost all possible subjects. Iiyreania, 377, 435, a district of eentral Asia lying immediately south of the Caspian Sea, ] Tdomenens, 31, 103, of Lampsacus, a pupil and friend of Epieurny (342-270 B.C.), author of bio graphical works entitled ‘* The Socratics "and “*The Dema- gogues. Ion, 13, of Chios, a popular poet at Athens between 452 and 421 h.c., and anthor of a prose work entitled ‘ Sojourns,”” in which he recounted his experiences with famous men of his time, 1, Lampon, 15, the most famous seer of his time, apparently trusted by Pericles. He played a prom- inent part in the colonization of Thurii, 444 B.c. Leocrates, 53, commander in the final trlumph of Athens over Aegina (456 B.C.). Leontini, 251, an ancient Greek city of Sicily, lying between Syracuse and Catana, about eight miles inland DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES Luca, 357, the southermost city in Caesar’s province of Cisalpine Gaul, afterwards included in Etruria. Lyéurgus, 425, Athenian orator and statesman, 396-323 B.«¢. M Margiana, 387, a district in central Asia lying south of Scythia and west of Bactria. Melissus, 75, a native of Samos, and a disciple of Parmenides. Malic- ious report made him a teacher of Themistocles (Themistocles, hi. 3). Metellus, 431, Quintus Caecilius, surnamed Macedonicus, won vic- tories over Macedonian and Achaean armies in Greece, but could not bring the war to a close before he was superseded by Mummius (146 B.©.). Mummius, 431, Lucius, superseded Metellus in 146 B.c., and com- pleted the subjugation of Greece by the capture of Corinth. Myronides, 53, leader of the “ re- serves’ in the Athenian victory over Corinth in 458 B.c., and in the following year victor over the Boeotians at Oenophyta. N Naxos, 35, 219 (Nuxians), the largest island of tke Cyclades group, lying half-way between Attica and Asia Minor. Naxos, 267, an ancient Greek city of Sicily, on the N.E. coast, just south of Tauromenium. P Parmenides, 11, of Elea in Italy, founder of a school of idealistic philosophy (see Zeno the Eleatic). Pasiphon, 219, of Eretria, a notor- ious imitator of the Socratic disciples, to whom he attributed his own compositions, circa 300-250 B.C. Petelia, 347, an ancient city and district of Bruttium. Pheidias, 5, 89 f., of Athens, the greatest sculptor and statuary of Greece, ob. 432 B.C. Philetas, 5, of Cos, a poet and critic of the earlicr Alexandrian school, who flourished under the first Ptolemy (circa 318-275 B.C.). Philistus, 209, 277, 307, the Syracusan, an eyewitness of the events of the Athenian siege of Syracuse, which he described thirty years later in a history of Sicily. Philochorus, 293, the most cele- brated writer on the antjquities of Athens, 306-260 B.c. Polycleitus, 5, of Argos, a famous sculptor, statuary, and architect, who flourished cirea 452-412 B.C. Polycrates, 77, tyrant of Samos from about 530 till his death in 522 B.c. His career forms one of the great features of the third book of Herodotus. Poseidonius, 175, of Apameia in Syria, a distinguished Stoic ior a resident in Athens, hodes, and Rome, contempor- ary with Cicero. Protagoras, 291, of Abdera in Thrace, the first to call himself a ‘‘sophist,”” and to teach for pay. Ona third visit to Athens, about 411 B.c., he was accused of impiety and fled, but only to perish at sea. Pylos, 231, 245, 247, an ancient city on the west coast of Messenia, in Peloponnesus, On a promon- tory commanding the north entrance to the great bay of Pylos (the modern Navarino). S Seleucia, 367 f., 369, 379, 417 f., the Seleucia which was built by Seleucus Nicator, on the right 441 ¢ DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES bank of the Tigris, about forty miles N.E. of Babylon. Sphacteria, 231, an island lying in front of the great bay of Pyios. StesimErotus, 25, 47, 75, of Thasos, a sophist and rhapsodist of note at Athens during the times of Cimon and Pericles. T Tanagra, 33, a town in eastern Boeotla, between Thebes and Attica. Thapsus, 267, a peninsula just to the north of Syracuse. Theophrastus, 67, 103, 111, 241, the most famous pupil of -Aris- totle, and his successor as head of the Peripatetic school of philosophy at Athens. He was a native of Eresos in Lesbos, and died at Athens In 287 B.c., at the age of eighty-five. Timaeus, 209, 275, 307, of Tanrome- nium in Sicily, whose life fails between the years 350-250 B.C., during a long exile in Athens wrote a voluminous history of his native island from earliest times down to 264 B.c. Timon, 11, of Phiins, a composer of satiric poems on earlier and current systems of philosophy, 320-230 II.C. 442 Tolmides, 53, 59, 61, leader of an Athenian naval expedition round Peloponnesus in 455 B.c., and of ocher expeditions by sea. Tralles, 421, a large and flourishing city of Caria, in Asla Minor. x Xenarchus, 209, mp parents cited by Plutarch as an historian ; but no historlan of this name known. Xypeté, 41, an Attic deme, or township,. near Phalerum or Piraeus. Z Zacynthns, 291, an island off the N.W. coast of Peloponnesus, the moderu Zante. Zeno, 11, the Eleatic, a disctple of Parmenides, with whom he visited Athens when Socrates was a very young man (Plato, Parmenides, p. 127 a). Zeuxis, 41, of Heraclea in Magna Graecia, the most celebrated pare of antiquity, who flour- shed in the fatter part of the fifth aud the earlier part of the fourth centuries B.c OO OE TT Oe PLUTARCH’S LIVES WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY BERNADOTTE PERRIN IN TEN VOLUMES IV ALCIBIADES AND CORIOLANUS LYSANDER AND SULLA LONDON : WILLIAM HEINEMANN NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS MCMXVI 5) e cy ‘ ~ vou a . * - . . “ . * oom . - . PREFATORY NOTE As in the preceding volumes of this series, agree- ment between the Sintenis (Teubner, 1873-1875) and Bekker (Tauchnitz, 1855-1857) texts of the Parallel Lives has been taken as the basis for the text. Any preference of one to the other where they differ, and any departure from both, have been indicated. None of the Lives presented in this volume is contained in the Codex Seitenstettensis (S), the relative value of which is explained in the Introduction to the first volume. A few superior readings have been adopted from the Codex Matri- tensis (M*), on the authority of the collations of Charles Graux, as published in Burstans Jahresbericht (1884). No attempt has been made, naturally, to furnish either a diplomatic text or.a full critical apparatus. The reading which follows the colon in the critical notes is that of the Teubner Sintenis, and also, unless otherwise stated in the note, of the Tauchnitz Bekker. Some use has been made of the edition of the v PREFATORY NOTE Sulla by the Rev. Hubert A. Holden, Cambridge, Pitt Press Series, 1886. The translation of the Alcibiades has already appeared in my “ Plutarch’s Nicias and Alcibiades” (New York, 1912), and is reproduced here (with only slight changes) by the generous consent of the publishers, the Messrs. Charles Scribner’s Sons. The translations of the Cortolanus, Lysander, and Sulla appear here for the first time. All the standard translations of the Lives have been carefully com- pared and utilized, including that of the Sulla by Professor Long. B. PERRIN. New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. April, 1916. vi CONTENTS PREFATORY NOTE .. . . . 6 © «© © © © © © © © © f Vv ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK LIVES . . vii THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES . . ix ALOIBIADES se & oS 40 EAR ee ee SO Bo we ] CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS ............ #217 COMPARISON OF ALCIBIADES AND CORIOLANUS .... 218 LYSANDER .... 1... ee te ee te te ww ee) «6288 SULLA: x Sex Bou ho lat Esty ee ae a me BS ORS COMPARISON OF LYSANDER AND SULLA ....... 444 DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES ........... «4859 vii ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK LIVES. VouumE I. (1) Theseus and Romulus. Comparison. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. Comparison. (3) Solon and Publicola. Comparison. Vouume II. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. Comparison. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. Comparison. VouumeE III. (5) Pericles and Fabius Max- imus. Comparison. (14) Nicias and Crassus. Comparison. VotumeE IV. (6) Alcibiades and Coriola- nus. Comparison. (12) Lysander and Sulla. Comparison. VoLuME V. (16) Agesilaus and Pompey. Comparison. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. Comparison. Vili Votume VI. (22) Dion and Brutus. Comparison. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. Comparison. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. Comparison. Votume VII. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. Comparison. VoniumeE VIII. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. (21) Demetrius and Antony. Comparison. VoLumE IX. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. Comparison. VoLuME X. (10) Philopoemen and Flam- ininus. Comparison. (23) Aratus. (24) Artaxerxes, (25) Galba. (26) Otho. THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES. (1) Theseus and Romulus. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. (3) Solon and Publicola. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus. (6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. (10) Philopoemen and Flamininus. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. (12) Lysander and Sulla. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. (14) Nicias and Crassus. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. (16) Agesilaus and Pompey. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. (21) Demetrius and Antony. (22) Dion and Brutus. (23) Aratus. (24) Artaxerxes. (25) Galba. (26) Otho. ix ALCIBIADES VOL, IV. AAKIBIAAH2 I. To "AdKiBiddou yévos avwbev Evpucaxny tov Alavros apynyov éxew Soxel, mpos 5& wntpos ? 4 = ? , \ a Adxpatwvidns iv, éx Aewvouayns yeyovos tis Meyaxdéous. 06 S€ matnp adtov Knreuvias td.0- aoToA@ Tpinpe rept "Aprepuiovoy évdo~ws évav- paxnoe, batepov Sé Bowwrois payopevos epl Kopwveray améOave. tod dé "ArxiBiddou Iepr- Krys kal “Apidpwv of HavOirmov, tpoonxovtes KaTa yévos, émeTpoTrevoy. Aéyerat 8 ov xaxas Ste THS Ywxpatovs mpos > NA > / , 9 \ \ avtov evvoias Kal diravOpwirias ov pixpa Tpos Sokayv arédauaev, el'ye Nexiov pev cat Anpoabé- vous Kal Aaudxouv xat Poppiwvos OpacuBovrAov Te kal Onpapévovs, émipavay dvdpav yevopévov KaT avTov, ovdevds ovd 4 uNTNP dvopaTtos TETU- xncev, ArxiBiadov 5é kai titOny, yévos Adxawvay, ? 4 ” , \ yw Apverav dvopa, cal Zotvupov madaywyov io per, av To pev "AvricBévns, To 6¢ WAdtav iotdpnke. 2 Paris Editior a. 1624, 192 reas cry o a ’ ALCIBIADES I. Tue family of Alcibiades, it is thought, may be traced back to Eurysaces,! the son of Aias, as its founder; and on his mother’s side: he was an Alcmaeonid, being the son of Deinomache, the daughter of Megacles. His father, Cleinias, fitted out a trireme at his own cost and fought it glori- ously at Artemisium.2, He was afterwards .+slain at Coroneia, fighting the Boeotians, and Alcibiades was therefore reared as the ward of Pericles and Ariphron, the sons of Xanthippus, his near kinsmen.*‘ It is said, and with good reason, that the favour and affection which Socrates showed him contri- buted not a little to his reputation. Certain it is that Nicias, Demosthenes, Lamachus, Phormio, Thrasybulus, and Theramenes were prominent men, and his contemporaries, and yet we cannot so much as name the mother of any one of them; whereas, in the case of Alcibiades, we even know that his nurse, who was a Spartan woman, was called Amycla, and his tutor Zopyrus. The one fact is mentioned by Antisthenes, the other by Plato.® 1 Plato, Alcibiades I. p. 121. 2 480 B.C. 3 447 B.C. 4 They were first cousins, once removed. 5 Alcibiades I. p. 122. we Xs) 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES { Tlept pév otv tod KddXovus ’AAKiBidbou ovdev lows Set réyerv, TWAHY STL Kal Tratda Kal pEeLpaKLoV kal avipa mdon ovvavOijoay TH .ndicia Kai apa TOU cw@paTtos épdoptov Kal Hdvr Tapéoyev. ov yap, os Evperidns éreyé, wWavrov TOV KaNO@V Kal Loe nee ; fa 9 TO peToT@poyv Kadov éoTW, adArNa TovTO ‘AX- KiBiadn pet oriyov. aXAwv oi’ eddpviay Kal b \ , e a 5 . ae A \ A \ apethv cwpatos UTFnpke. TH Oé pov Kal THv TpavroTntTa éumpeycat Aéyovot kal T@ AAAM 6 A a , mudavoTnta Tapagyely yapw émitedovoay, mép- \ Vlas a , 9 a a / pntas 5€ Kat ‘Apiorodavns avtov Tis TpavAOTNTOS év ols émigrantes Oéwpor: Kir “AdxtBiadns elare mpos pe TpavAicas: “OrnGs Odwrov ; tHv Keparnv Kodraxos Exel.” opas ye todr “ArxiBiddys érpavrcev. kal "Apyitmos tov vidv Tod "AAKiBidbov cxor- tov “Babiler,” dyai, “ dcaxexrt6@s, Ootparcvov Edxov, OTrws éudhepyns padtota TH watpl do€evev Elva, Kracavyeveverat te nal tpavariberat.” II. To & 400s abrod moddas pév Dotepov, ws elxos é€v Tpdyuact peyddols Kal TYYaLs ToAU- TPOTOLS, aVOLoLOTHTAS pos aUTO Kal peTaRoras émedeiEato. guoer 5& ToAA@Y dvTwY Kal peE- , a > 9 ol \ 4 ? / yaXov Taday év avt@, TO diAoverKoy toyupoTaToV 4 ALCIBIADES As regards the beauty of Alcibiades, it is perhaps unnecessary to say aught, except that it flowered out with each successive season of his bodily growth, and made him, alike in boyhood, youth and man- hood, lovely and pleasant. The saying of Euripi- des,! that “beauty’s autumn, too, is beautiful,” is not always true. But it was certainly the case with Alcibiades, as with few besides, because of his excel- lent natura] parts. Even the lisp that he had became his speech, they say, and made his talk persuasive and full of charm. Aristophanes notices this lisp of his in the verses wherein he ridicules Theorus : 2— (Sostas) “Then Alcibiades said to me with a lisp, said he, ‘Cwemahk Theocwus? What a cwaven’s head he has!’ ”’ (Xanthias) “That lisp of Alcibiades hit the mark for 1» once. And Archippus, ridiculing the son of Alcibiades, says : “ He walks with utter wantonness, trailing his long robe behind him, that he may be thought the very picture of his father, yes, He slants his neck awry, and overworks the lisp.” 3 Il. His character, in later life, displayed many in- consistencies and marked changes, as was natural amid his vast undertakings and varied fortunes. He was naturally a man of many strong passions, the mightiest of which were the love of rivalry and the love 1 Cf. Aelian, Var. Hist. xiii. 4. 2 Wasps, 44 ff. The ‘‘lisp” of Alcibiades turned his r’s into l’s, and the play is on the Greek words xépat, raven, and KéAak, flatterer or craven. 3 Kock, Com. Att. Frag. i. p. 688. PLUTARCH’S LIVES jv Kal To gdtdompwrov, ws SHrov éate ois masbucois am opynpovevpacy. "Evy pev yap TO Tadaiew meloupevos, U vmép TOU pn Teceiv avayayov T pos TO oTOpa Ta dppara TOU mueloovTos, olos 7 ba ayetv Tas Xéipas. apevTos 6 THY AaPny Exeivov Kal elTrovTos: * Adxvets, @ Aree Biddn, cad dmep at yuvaixes,” * Our ae ele, “ aX’ @S ot A€ovTEs.” "Ere dé pix pos @y émavev dat parydnrous ev T@ CTEVOTO, Tis bé Boras KaOnnovans els auTov Gpaka poptiov ernet. mp@rov pev oop éxéheve meptpetvar TOV ayovTa TO fedyos: UTETLTTE yap 7 Born Th Tapoo@ This apakns: a metOouévou be be ary potKiay, GAN €mrayovTos, of ev aot maides bérXov, o 08 "Ad«eBeddys KaTaBarov emt Toma ™ po TOU Cevryous Kal Tapateivas éauTon, éxéhewev OUTWS, EL Aovherau, SueEenGeiy, Gare Tov ev avOpwrov d avaxpovoat To Cedryos ériow deicavta, tous 3 iSovras ext Nayfvat kal peta Bons ovp- Spapetv T pos auTov. "Ezrel S€ eis TO pavd dvew He, Tots pev aAXOLS UmnKove Sidackarors EmLeLKeas, To 8 avanety epevyev WS _ayevves Kat avedevde pov: TAHT pov pev yap kal AUpas xXphoww ovdey OUTE TY MATOS ovTe popdns édAEev0épw mpeTovans SuapGeiperv, avrous bé puoavros avOp@trou oropare Kal TOUS cubes a ay mavy pores Sraryvevat TO TpoTwroD, Ere O€ THY pev Avpay TO Xpopevep ouppdeyye- cBat Kat ouvacety, Tov avnov emia ropicery Kal amropparrety éxactov THY Te hwvny Kal TOV Norvyov aarpovpevov. - Atheitwoap ov, én, “@nBaiwv taides: ov yap ioact dtaréyecOar: 6 i a ' ALCIBIADES of preéminence. This is clearfrom the stories recorded of his boyhood. He was once hard pressed in wrestling, and to save himself from getting a fall, set his teeth in his oppo- nent’s arms, where they clutched him, and was like to have bitten through them. His adversary, letting go his hold, cried : “You bite, Alcibiades, as women do!” “Not I,” said Alcibiades, “ but as lions do. ”’ While still a small boy, he was playing knuckle- bones in the narrow street, and just as it was his turn to throw, a heavy-laden waggon came along. In the first place, he bade the driver halt, since his cast lay right in the path of the waggon. The driver, however, was a boorish fellow, and paid no heed to him, but drove his team along. Whereupon, while the other boys scattered out of the way, Alcibiades threw himself flat on his face in front of the team, stretched himself out at full length, and bade the driver go on if he pleased. At this the fellow pulled up his beasts sharply, in terror; the spectators, too, were affrighted, and ran with shouts to help the boy. At school, he usually paid due heed to his teachers, but he refused to play the flute, holding it to be an ignoble and illiberal thing. The use of the plectrum and the lyre, he argued, wrought no havoc with the bearing and appearance which were becoming to a gentleman ; but let a man go to blowing on a flute, and even his own kinsmen could scarcely recognize his features. Moreover, the lyre blended its tones with the voice or song of its master; whereas the flute closed and barricaded the mouth, robbing its master both of voice and speech. “ Flutes, then,”’ said he, “for the sons of Thebes; they know not 7 PLUTARCH’S LIVES nyt dé Tots "AOnvaiots, @s of watépes Aé€yovety, A A , apynyéres ’“AOnvad kal matp@os "AToANY EaTiv, @v % pev épptre Tov avrov, o 6 Kal Tov avANTHVY ey 4 ” a , 4 \ / éEéderpev.” totadta Tmraifov dua Kat otrovdalov e 3 U e , a , 9 / o ’AXxtBiadys avrov re Tod pabnpatos atréaTyGE kal tous aAXovs. Taxv yap buArOe RAoyos Eis TovSs Tatas ws ev Toray Oo "AdXKiBiaddys BdedUT- TOLTO THY AVANTLKHY Kal yAEvdlor TOs pavOar- ovras. SO0ev éFérece xopidn Tov edevdepwv Star piPav Kal mpoernrakiadn TavTaTacw oO aunos. III. *Ev 8 tats 'Avrupavros Aowbopiars yeyparr- tat 6Tt Tais av, eK THS oixias amédpa pos Anpoxpatn tia tov épactav: Bovropévov 8 2 \ 3 / 9 , A ? auTov amroxnpuTtev Apidpovos, IlepixrHs ovn ? , ? \ / e / a A \ elacen, ebmmy: et pev TeOvnen, MERE mig ova TO Knpuypa pavetovar mpotepov, et 5é aa@s éoTty, ” b) fo! A N 7 # ¢ &owotov avt@ tov Aowtrov Biov écecOar nal Gre TOV akoNovOovvTay Tia KTeiverey ev TH YPup- / / 4 , 5 A , tlov maNaliotpa EvAw mata~as. adXA TovTOLS pev ov akiov iaws mioreverv, & ye AoLtdopeta Oat Tis avT@ du’ &yOpav oporoyar elzrev. IV. "Hdn 8€ rodd@v Kal yevvaiwy daOpo.to- pévov Kal mepteTovTwy, ot ev AAdAoL KaTadaveis qoav THY AapTpOTHTA Ths @pas éxmewANypévor xal Oepatrevovtes, 6 5é Ywxpdtovs épws péya * Athene threw away the flute because she saw her puffed and swollen cheeks reflected in the water of a spring. Marsyas the satyr was vanquished by Apollo in a musical contest, and was flayed alive. 8 193 ALCIBIADES how to converse. But we Athenians, as our fathers say, have Athene for foundress and Apollo for patron, one of whom cast the flute away in disgust, and the other flayed the presumptuous flute-player.’’! Thus, half in jest and half in earnest, Alcibiades emanci- pated himself from this discipline, and the rest of the boys as well. For word soon made its way to them that Alcibiades loathed the art of flute-playing and scoffed at its disciples, and rightly, too. Wherefore the flute was dropped entirely from the programme of a liberal education and was altogether despised. III. Among the calumnies which Antiphon ? heaps upon him it is recorded that, when he was a boy, he ran away from home to Democrates, one of his lovers, and that Ariphron was all for having him proclaimed by town crier as a castaway. But Pericles would not suffer it. ‘If he is dead,’’ said he, “we shall know it only a day the sooner for the proclamation ; whereas, if he is alive, he will, in consequence of it, be as good as dead for the rest of his life.” Antiphon says also that with a blow of his stick he slew one of his attendants in the palaestra of Sibyrtius. But these things are perhaps unworthy of belief, coming as they do from one who admits that he hated Alcibiades, and abused him accordingly. IV. It was not long before many men of high birth clustered about him and paid him their atten- tions. Most of them were plainly smitten with his brilliant youthful beauty and fondly courted him. But it was the love which Socrates had for him that 2 An abusive oration of Antiphon the Rhamnusian against Alcibiades, cited in Athenaeus, p. 525b, was probably a fabrication and falsely attributed to him. It is not extant. 9 PLUTARCH’S LIVES papTuplov HY THs aperns Kal edpulas Tod tratdos, hv éudawopéevny TO eldee kai Stadraprroveav ? a 4 \ \ a \ 3 gs évopav, poBovpevos b€é Tov TODTOY Kal TO akiwpma Kal Tov TpoKaTadapBdvovta Koraxkelats Kal xXa- prow aortav Kal Eévwv Kal cuppdyov dydov, olos Vv apvverv Kal i) Teptopay ws huTov év avOet Tov oixelov Kaptrov atroBdadXov Kal dtadOeipov. ov- déva yap 7 TUYN Teptécyev EEWOeY Kal Trepréppake Tois Aeyouévors ayabots TocovTov wat’ ATpwToV e ‘ , / , ? / bo dirocodias yevéoOat, Kal Adyots aTpoaLTOV , N 4 e > 4 jwappynotav Kal dnypov éxovow: ws “ArdxiBiddys evOds €& dpyfs Oputropevos cal atroxderdpevos To THY TMpos yapw e€outdovyTwWY EicaKodaaL Tov vouletobvTos Kal wadevoytos, Guws Um ev- 4 \ duias éyvapice LwKpatn Kal TpocjKato, Svacyov \ , 9 50 3 , \ de Tovs TAovatous Kal évdoEous epactds. Tayu de 4 Tmounodpevos auvyiOn, Kal rOywV aKoVaas OvY 7) A v 5 ? a Q 4 Oe Xx noovny avavdpov épactov Onpevoytos, ovde pidy- / , a“ bd > 3% 27 patwyv Kal yravoews TpocattovvTos, GNX €dey- yovTos TO cabpov Ths uxis abrov Kal mrelodvros TOV KEVvOV Kal avontoy Tidgor, “a 4 f "Extn aréxtwp Sovdos ws KALvas TTEpov. \ \ \ lA e 4 a a kal TO péev Yoxpdtovs Hyjoato wpaypa T@ ovte Gedy smrnpeciav eis véwy émipéderay eivat Kal : a 3 \ e “A 4 cwrnpiay Katappovav & avtos éavtod, Javpalov a n A J, 9 , & éxelvov, ayarrav 5é thv diroppocvryy, aia xuvo- v pevos Se thy apetnv, éhdvOavev eidwrov Epwros, 190 ALCIBIADES bore strong testimony to the boy’s native excellence and good parts. These Socrates saw radiantly manifest in his outward person, and, fearful of the influence upon him of wealth and rank and the throng of citizens, foreigners and allies who sought to preémpt his affections by flattery and favour, he was fain to protect him, and not suffer such a fair flowering plant to cast its native fruit to perdition. For there is no man whom Fortune so envelops and compasses about with the so-called good things of life that he cannot be reached by the bold and caustic reasonings of philosophy, and pierced to the heart. And so it was that Alcibiades, although he was pampered from the very first, and was prevented by the companions who sought only to please him from giving ear to one who would instruct and train him, nevertheless, through the goodness of his parts, at last saw all that was in Socrates, and clave to him, putting away his rich and famous lovers. And speedily, from choosing such an associate, and giving ear to the words of a lover who was in the chase for no unmanly pleasures, and begged no kisses and embraces, but sought to expose the weak- ness of his soul and rebuke his vain and foolish pride, “He crouched, though warrior bird, like slave, with drooping wings.” ! And he came to think that the work of Socrates was really a kind of provision of the gods for the care and salvation of youth. Thus, by despising himself, admiring his friend, loving that friend’s kindly solicitude and revering his excellence, he 1 The iambic trimeter is of unknown authorship. IT PLUTARCH’S LIVES OS gnaw 0 TAdrov, aytépwra KT@UEVOS, adore Oavpatew & dmavras OpavrTras avTov Loxparer pev cuvoeitrvodvTa Kal cupmadaiovra Kal cvoKn- vouvTa, tois & adows épactais Xaderov ovTa kal Suvoxeipwrov, evioiws b€ Kal mavtdTace coBapas mpocpepopevov, damep "AviT@ TO "AvOepiavos. "Eruyyave ev yap Epa TOU “Adi Buddov, Eévous 6¢€ Twas eat ea éxdnet KaKeivov éml TO Setrrvov. o O€ THY pev KAHOLW aTreiTaTo, peOv- aOeis 8° olxoe pera Tov Etaipwv éexopace Tpos TOV “Avutop, Kal tais Ovpais emaTas Tov av- dpavos Kal Jeac dpevos dpyupep exTr@MaT ov Kat VpucaY TANPELS Tas tpamévas, éxéXevoe TOUS maidas TA Huon AaBavras olxade Kopitery ™ pos avrov, eioedOciv & ovK néimoev, AANA TAVTA mpdfas aminroe. TOV OUV Feveov Suvaxeparvortav Kal AeyovTav OS UBproriKds Kat UTEPNHAVOS eln 7™@ "AvuT@ KEXPNEVOS 0 “AdciBiddns, ee “Errvereaos pev ody,” 6 “Avutos épn, “wal piravO pdmras: a yap é&fv avTe AaBeiv aWavTa, TOUTMOY Huiy Ta pépn KaTahéhouTev.” V. Obra dé xal Tois GANOLS Epartais &xpyTo’ TrAnV eva PETOLKLKOV avO pwror, Os pact, ov TONAG KEKTN MEVOD, arroSopevov d5é mdvta Kal TO cuvax ev els ExaTOV oTAaTHpAasS TO "Ad«iBiddy poo pépovra Kal Seopevov haBeiv, yehacas eal nabels exahecev ért Seinvov. éoridoas: dé Kal prod pornGets 76 TE xpuatov amédwxev auT@, kal mpocétake TH vaTepaig TOUVS WVOULEVOUS Ta Ten ta Snpoota tais Timats uTepBadrew AVTW@VOU- 12 ALCIBIADES insensibly acquired an “image of love,’ as Plato says,! “to match love,” and all were amazed to see him eating, exercising, and tenting with Socrates,? while he was harsh and stubborn with the rest of his lovers. Some of these he actually treated with the greatest insolence, as, for example, Anytus, the son of Anthemion. =e This man was a lover of his, who, entertain- ing some friends, asked Alcibiades also to the dinner. Alcibiades declined the invitation, but after having drunk deep at home with some friends, went in revel rout to the house of Anytus, took his stand at the door of the men’s chamber, and, observing the tables full of gold and silver beakers, ordered his slaves to take half of them and carry them home for him. He did not deign to go in, but played this prank and was off. The guests were naturally indignant, and declared that Alcibiades had treated Anytus with gross and overweening insolence. “Not so,’ said Anytus, “but with moderation and kindness; he might have taken all there were: he has left us half.” V. He treated the rest of his lovers also after this fashion. There was one man, however, a resident alien, as they say, and not possessed of much, who sold all that he had, and brought the hundred staters which he got for it to Alcibiades, begging him to accept them. Alcibiades burst out laughing with delight at this, and invited the man to dinner. After feasting him and showing him every kindness, he gave him back his gold, and charged him on the morrow to compete with the farmers of the public revenues and outbid them all. 1 Phaedrus, p. 255. 2 Cf. Plato, Symposium, p. 219 e. 13 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Vg , \ a »? , \ \ Q pevov. tapactoupévov S€ tov avOpmrov da TO A , a A b] A > } TONAWY TANAVTWY ElvaL THY wVHY, NITrEeiAnTE | pactiyooev e pn tTadta mparto Kat yap 194 eruyyavev éyKarav Te Tois TeAN@vals idiov. EwOev ovv mpocAOav'! o pétotxos eis ayopay éréOnKxe TH a a , @vy tdravtov. érrel & of reA@vat cvaTpEepopevot Kal ayavaxtobvres éxéXevoyv avoudatew éyyunryy, fe) , @s ovK dv evpovtos, OopuBoupévou Tod avOpwrrou \ b] fe) e \ e 69 A LA Kal avaxwpobvros, EoT@s o AnxeBiddys atwOev ‘ ™pos TOUS apxovras, : "Eye yparpar ,” eby, ““ €uos 3 didos éotiv, éyyuopa. radr dxovoavres OL Teravar €EntropnOncav. eiwOores yap del Tats Sevrépars @vais ypewdruteiy Tas mpwras, ovxX EwWpov aTadraynv autos ovcay Tov mpadypaTos. 207 \ a > , > , 4 e éSéovro 87 Tov avOpwemov apyuvpiov Sdedovres: oO 3 ral & AdrxrBiddns ove ela NaBeiv EXaTTOv TaNavTou. dsd0vT@v 5€ TO TdadAavTOv éxéXEVoEV aTOCTHVAaL , a AaBovtra. Kaxeivoy pév odTaS @héANCED. VI. ‘O 88 Swxpartous pws moddods Exar Kat peydrous dvTtaywuoTas TH pev expatet Tov "ArnBiddov, de evpviay amropévwv TaY AoYyov - avtod Kal thy Kapdiav otpedovtwv Kai Saxpva > 4 wv x @ \ “ , éxyeovtwy, éote & Gre Kal toils KodAake moAAas ndovas wToRddXovaew évdidors éavTov, aTwri- acBaive Tod Ywxpatouvs Kal Sparetevov aTEexXvas exurnyelto, Tpos Lovoy éxeivoy éxwv TO aideiabar \ ‘\ a A > e “A Kat To poPetcOar, Trav & addNwY UTrEpopav. ¢ 2 ‘O pev ody KredvOns reve tov éEpw@pevov vd’ 1 wpoeA@dy Coraés and Bekker, after Reiske: xpoceA@dy 14 ALCIBIADES The man protested, because the purchase demanded a capital of many talents ; but Alcibiades threatened to have him scourged if he did not do it, because he cherished some private grudge against the ordinary contractors. In the morning, accordingly, the alien went into the market place and increased the usual bid for the public lands by a talent. The contractors clustered angrily about him and bade him name his surety, supposing that he could find none. The man was confounded and began to draw back, when Alcibiades, standing afar off, cried to the magistrates : « Put my name down; he is a friend of mine; I will be his surety.” When the contractors heard this, they were at their wit’s end, for they were in the habit of paying what they owed on a first purchase with the profits of a second, and saw no way out of their difficulty. Accordingly, they besought the man to withdraw his bid, and offered him money so to do; but Alcibiades would not suffer him to take less than a talent. On their offering the man the talent, he bade him take it and withdraw. To this lover he was of service in such a way. VI. But the love of Socrates, though it had many powerful rivals, somehow mastered Alcibiades. For he was of good natural parts, and the words of his teacher took hold of him and wrung his heart and brought tears to his eyes. But sometimes he would surrender himself to the flatterers who tempted him with many pleasures, and slip away from Socrates, and suffer himself to be actually hunted down by him like a runaway slave. And yet he feared and reverenced Socrates alone, and despised the rest of his lovers. f It was Cleanthes who said that any one béloved of 15 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éauTod pev éx TOV OTA xpareta Gan, tois & avtepacrais TONNAS daBas mapexely abixrous eauT@, THY yaoTépa héyou Kal Ta aidoia cal TOV Aarpov" "ArxBradys 6 i per apéret Kal pos ndovas aryary tos” v) yap wd Bov«vdidou Neyo- pévn mapavouia eis TO copa TIS Siairns brrowiav TOLAUTHY Sidwowv. ov pny adda paddov avTov TIS prdoripias émNapBavomevot Kal THS Piro- dofias ot diapGeipovres évéBarrov ov Kal? apav Els peyaror paypoovyny, avarreil ovtes QS, érav T p@Tov apEnrar Ta Onpoota pare, ov {LOvov apavpacorra, TOUS adddous oTparnyous Kal onpa- yoryous evOus, adda Kal THv Ilepixdréous Svvapuy év TOLS SENAnoe Kal dofav vrepBarovpevov. WOTrEp ov 0 aidnpos év TO Tupl pahaca opevos avbis varo Tob ux pod TUKVOUTAL Kal ovUvELCL Tois popiors els avo, obtas éxeivoy o Loxparns Opirpews diaTAewy Kal Navvorntos Oo dKts av AdBou, mélov TO AOYO Kal cvaTEAAWY Tametvov émrotet Kal droApov, nrixwv évdens éote Kal GTEANS TOS AapEeTHY pavOavorta. VII. Thy 5é madixny nrtKiav Tapahhacawv meaty ypapparodivacKkady Kat BiBdiov 7TH Ev ‘Opnpixor. elrovTos Oé TOU biSacKddou pndev Exeuv ‘Opnpou, Kovdino KabiKopevos avrov map- jrOev. érépou Oé€ PyTavros exetv “Opnpov id’ aurTov Simpl wpevor, “Bir,” epn, a ypappata biddoxes, * ‘Opunpov émravopOoby ixavos av; ovxt TOUS VvéoUS TraLdevers ;” Tlepuxre? 5€ Bovropevos évtuxeiv émt Oupas 16 ALCIBIADES him must be “downed,” as wrestlers say, by the - ears alone, though offering to rival lovers many other “holds” which he himself would scorn to take,— meaning the various lusts of the body. And Alcibiades was certainly prone to be led away into pleasure. That “lawless self-indulgence ” of his, of which Thucydides speaks,! leads one to suspect this. However, it was rather his love of distinction and love of fame to which his corrupters appealed, and thereby plunged him all too soon into ways of pre- sumptuous scheming, persuading him that he had only to enter public life, and he would straightway cast into total eclipse the ordinary generals and public leaders, and not only that, he would even surpass Pericles in power and reputation among the Hellenes. Accordingly, just as iron, which has been - softened in the fire, is hardened again by cold water, and has its particles compacted together, so Alcibiades, whenever Socrates found him filled with vanity and wantonness, was reduced to shape by the Master’s discourse, and rendered humble and cautious. He learned how great were his deficiencies and how incomplete his excellence. < VII. Once, as he was getting on past boyhood, he accosted a school-teacher, and asked him for a book of Homer. The teacher replied that h¢@ had nothing of Homer’s, whereupon Alcibiades fetched him a blow with his fist, and went his way. Another teacher said he had a Homer which he had corrected himself. ‘ What!” said Alcibiades, “are you teach- ing boys to read’ when you are competent to edit Homer? You should be training young men.” He once wished to see Pericles, and went to his 1 vi. 15, 4. 17 vo LL. IV. C PLUTARCH’S LIVES MrAGev avtod. uvOdpmevos S€ wn cyorakew, ara wn b oxoTew Kal’ éavtov Srws atroda@cet AOyov AOn- vaio, amiov o ArKiBiddns, “ Eira,” &pn, “ Bér- TLOY OUK HY aKOTELY avTOY STrwsS OUK aTrobacEL 4 Noyov ’APnvaiots ;” “E de 4 A bd 4 \ 9 Te 5é petpdxiov wv éotpatevaato THY «es Tlotidacav otpateiav, nai Ywxpdtn avoKnvov elye Kal Tapaotdatny év Tos ay@ow. ‘toxupas dé yevouéevns pmaxyns npiotevoay pev apporepot, tov & ’AdxiBidbov tpavpate wepitecovTos oO Lwxpatns mpoéotyn Kal juuve kal padrdsota 67 TpodijArAws Ecwoeyv AUTOV META TOY OTAWV. éyiveToO pev ovv TH SixatoTdt@ Ady@ Dwxpatous TO apt- otetov’ émel & of otpatnyol dia TO akiwpa TO "ArKiBiadyn orovddfovtes éfaivovto repiOeivar \ , € A / ” \ THhv So-av, 0 Lwxpdtns Bovropevos avkecOar TO diAoTipoy év Tols KaNois aVTOD TP@TOS epwapTUpEL Kal mapexdrer otehavody éxeivov nal diddvat THY WavoT Aap. "RE de “A > \ A , , / ‘\ TL O€ THS Ert AnALM paynNsS yEevomeEevnsS Kat gpevyovtav AOnvaiwyr, éxywv tamov o AAKuBiddys, Tov O€ XwKpdtous telh pet OrAiywv aTroYwpodr- TOS, OV TapyAacev tOwv, GAAA Tapétep we Kal TEpLNMLUVEV, ETTLKELLEVOV TOV TrOAEuL@Y Kal TroA- Aovs avatpotvTwv. «Kal tadta pev otepov émrpaxOn. VIII. “Imaovixm 5¢ t@ KadXiov matpi, nat Sofay éxovts peydAnv cai Svvapiv avd AUTO Kal yévous, évétpipe xovdvaAor, ovx um’ opyns 7 Siagopas tivos mpoaxOeis, adr eri yérdwTL, 18 195 ALCIBIADES house. But he was told that Pericles could not see him; he was studying how to render his accounts to the Athenians. ‘“ Were it not better for him,” said Alcibiades, as he went away, “to study how not to render his accounts to the Athenians? ”’ While still a stripling, he served as a soldier in the campaign of Potidaea,} and had Socrates for his tent- | mate and comrade in action. A fierce battle took place, wherein both of them distinguished them- selves; but when Alcibiades fell wounded, it was Socrates who stood over him and defended him, and with the most conspicuous bravery saved him, armour and all. The prize of valour fell to Socrates, of course, on the justest calculation ; but the generals, owing to the high position of Alcibiades, were manifestly anxious to give him the glory of it. Socrates, therefore, wishing to increase his pupil’s honourable ambitions, led all the rest in bearing witness to his bravery, and in begging that the crown and the suit of armour be given to him. On another occasion, in the rout of the Athenians which followed the battle of Delium,? Alcibiades, on horseback, saw Socrates retreating on foot with a small company, and would not pass him by, but rode by his side and defended him, though the enemy were pressing them hard and slaying many. This, however, was a later incident. VIII. He once gave Hipponicus a blow with his fist —Hipponicus, the father of Callias, a man of great reputation and influence owing to his wealth and family—not that he had any quarrel with him, or was a prey to anger, but simply for the joke of the 1 482-431 B.c. Cf. chapter iv. 4. ® 424 B.c. Cf. Plato, Symposium, p. 221 a. PLUTARCH’S LIVES cuvdépwevos pos TOUS éTatpous. meptBontov dé THS acedyelas év TH monet ryevoperns cal ouv- aryavaKTOUVT@Y, Oorep eixos, aNTAVTOD, ap’ nuepa mapiy O "AdKtBiddys éml tTHhv oiKiav Tob ‘Tarrro- vixou, Kal THY Oupav Kowpas eta fiOe _T pos aurov kat Gels TO iudtiov mapedidov TO copa, pacti- ‘yoop Kal _eondbeu KedEvOV. o 6é cuveyva Kat THY opyny adiner, Dartepov 5é ths Ovyatpos ‘Inmaperns € eTrolng aro vupptov. “Evtot dé pac, oux ‘Inmovixor, anra KaAviav, TOV viov avtod, Sodvat TO “ArxiBiady TH ‘Inra- péeTny éml déxa TaXrdvros* eita pevror TEKOUTNS adda TWarw déxa mpoceran patar TOV “AdxiBrddyy, @S TOUTO ovvépevov eb yévowvTo Taides. oO O€ Kahdas érrtBoudny dedorxas mpoanrde TO nue Ta Xpnpara d:d00s Kal Tov oixov, dvrep avT@ ouptréon [7 KaTadeT ove ryeveay an oBaveiv. Evtaxtos § ovoa Kal pirav6pos 7 ‘Innapern, AvToupern 8 on’ avtou mepl TOV ya pov éraipats févats Kal a dorats TUVOVTOS, ék _THS oixias anwotca ™ pos TOV adeho ov @XeTo. Tov o> “AdKiBiddou T) ppovrisorros, GANA T upavTos, ees TO THS amo- Aeiypews yedupa Tapa TP Gpxovee Jecba, py Se ET Epoor, GA abryy Tmapovoay. @S ovp mapyy TouTo wpdtovoa Kata TOV vopoy, érreNO@v oO "Ad«rBradys Kal auvaprdacas auTny annrde ov ayopas olKxade Kopiveor, pndevos evavtiab vat pnd adedeabar TOAMHTAVTOS. cpetve pévTOL map auT@e HEXpL TehevTis, eTEAEUTITE dé per ov Tou xpovov eis “Edecov Tob A nt BtdBov TEVTAVTOS. 20 ALCIBIADES _ thing, on a wager with some companions. The wanton deed was soon noised about the city, and everybody was indignant, as was natural. Early the next morning Alcibiades went to the house of Hipponicus, knocked at his door, and on being shown into his presence, laid off the cloak he wore and bade Hipponicus scourge and chastise him as he would. But Hipponicus put away his wrath and forgave him, and afterwards gave him his daughter Hipparete to wife. Some say, however, that it was not Hipponicus, but Callias, his son, who gave Hipparete to Alcibiades, with a dowry of ten talents; and that afterwards, when she became a mother, Alcibiades exacted other ten talents besides, on the plea that this was the agreement, should children be born. And Callias was so afraid of the scheming of Alcibiades to get his wealth, that he made public proffer to the people of his property and house in case it should befall him to die without lineal heirs. Hipparete was a decorous and affectionate wife, but being distressed because her husband would consort with courtezans, native and foreign, she left his house and went to live with her brother. Alcibiades did not mind this, but continued his wanton ways, and so she had to put in her plea for divorce to the magistrate, and that not by proxy, \put in her own person. On her appearing publicly o do this, as the law required, Alcibiades came up and seized her and carried her off home with him through the market place, no man daring to oppose him or take her from him. She lived with him, moreover, until her death, but she died shortly after this, when Alcibiades was on a voyage to Ephesus. 2I 5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aitn péev ody od Travterds ebokev 7 Bia trapa- vouos ovd amdvOpwros elvat’ Kal yap 0 vomos Soxel Sta TodTO Tpodyew THY amoXEiTrovaaY Ets TO Snpociov avTyny, Gras éyyéevntas TO avdpl oupSivat Kal KaTaoyxelv. IX. "Ovros 5¢ xvvds ait@ Oavpactod 76 péye- Qos Kat 76 eldos, bv EBSounKovTa pyvav éwynpévos éruyxavev, améxowe THY ovpay TayKaXov ovcav. éritimavtTwv dé Trav cuvndwov Kat AeyovTwv StL mavres émt TO Kvvi Sdxvovtar Kai NoLdopodoty avrov, émiyerdoas, “ Tiverat toivur,” eiirev, “5 Bovropat: BovrAopas yap’ AOnvaiovs tobro Nanely, iva pn TL xetpov Tepl éwod Néeywou.” X. Tperny & aitd wdpodov eis 76 Sypdorov yevéo Oat A€youas peta Ypnpdtov émiddcEws, OVK éx TapacKkevns, adAa Traptovta OopvBovvTwv "AOnvaiwy épécOat THY aitiav Tod BopuBov, wvb0- pevov 6€ Ypnpudtov eridocty yivesOar wapedOeiv kat émidovvary tod 8é Syuou Kpotodvtos Kal Bodvtos td’ ndovis, émirabécOat Tod dptuyos Sv éruyyavev éxywv év TO ipatio: mronOévtos ovv , oY] a bd A \ kal Staduyovtos ete parrov éexBojoat Tovs "AOnvaiovs, moAXods S€ cuvOnpavy avactavtas,, raBeiv & adtov ’Avtioyoy tov KuvBepyytny Kat atrodotvary 86 mpocdiréotatov Te ‘AdAKiBiady yevéoOar. Meydaas 8 ait@ KrNevotddas él Thy ToAtTEetay 22 ALCIBIADES Such violence as this was not thought lawless or cruel at all. Indeed, the law prescribes that the wife who would separate from her husband shall go to court in person, to this very end, it would seem, that the husband may have a chance to meet and gain possession of her. IX. Possessing a dog of wonderful size and beauty, which had cost him seventy minas,} he had its tail cut off, and a beautiful tail it was, too. His comrades chid him for this, and declared that everybody was furious about the dog and abusive of its owner. But Alcibiades burst out laughing and said: “That’s just what I want; I want Athens to talk about this, that it may say nothing worse about me.” X. His first entrance into public life, they say, was connected with a contribution of money to the state, and was not of design. He was passing by when the Athenians were applauding in their assembly, and asked the reason for the applause. On being told that a contribution of money to the state was going on, he went forward to the bema and made a contribution himself. The crowd clapped their hands and shouted for joy—so much so that Alcibiades forgot all about the quail which he was carrying in his cloak, and the bird flew away in a fright. Thereupon the Athenians shouted all] the more, and many of them sprang to help him hunt the bird. The one who caught it and gave it back to him was Antiochus, the sea captain, who be- came in consequence a great favourite with Al- cibiades.? | Though great doors to public service were opened 1 J.e. 7000 drachmas, or francs. 2 Cf. chapter xxxv, 4-6. 23 PLUTARCH’S LIVES A a , a avoiryovtos Tov Te yévous Kal TOD TWAOUTOU THs TE mept Tas paxas avdpayalias, diiwv Te TOAN@Y , A Kal oixelwy vrapyovTwr, at ovdevds nEiov par- a A , a Nov THS TOD ANOyou yapiTtos ioxvelv ev Tots Pe \ oy \ a, See ee Y moos. Kal Ste pwev Suvatos Hv eltety, of Te fe A , KMpLLKOL papTupodaL Kal TOV pNnTOpwY o duvaTa- Tatos év To Kata Me.diou, Néywv Tov "AdXaBiddny kal Sewvoratov etmeiv yevéoOar mpos Tots adXots. eb 5€ Oeodpdotm mictevouev, avdpt didrnxow Kal toToptK@® map ovtwodv TeV dtrdocddwr, eUpety pev nv ta SdovtTa Kal vonoat mdvTwv e “A ixavoratos o AdNKiBiddns, Cyra@v dé ph povov & A , > \ \ ¢ a a) > S \ al dei Néyew, GANA Kal ws Sef Tois dvouace Kal TOIS / a pypwactvy, ove evtropav Sé, woAAdKis éopdAXreTo Kal petakv Néywr arreovwtra Kal SréderTre, NéEEws 4 b] , > / \ Siadvyovens aitov, dvarkauBdavev cal d:acko- TOUMEVOS. e > ¢ XI. At & triortpodiat wepiBontot ev éyévovto \ A le) Kab TO wANBEL TOY apudtov: érta yap aAXos ovdeits Kabnxev ’Odvpriacw idsiarns ovdé Ba- / 4 a fel atheus, povos 6€ éxeivos. Kal TO vixnoas Sé Kad ded to 0 b ré : f evtepov yeveoOar xal tétaptov, ws Bov«vdidys ° e +] / dnow, o & Evpimidns tpitov, tmepBdddrer Nap- , \ 4 a mpoTnte Kat Oofn maoav tiv ev Ttovtos gu- 4 4 >» ©¢ > / 9 A Vv horipiay. Aeyet 8 o Eupumidns év tO aopare TavTa: 24 196) ALCIBIADES to him by his birth, his wealth, and his personal bravery in battle; and though he had many friends and followers, he thought that nothing should give him more influence with the people than the charm of his discourse. And that he was a powerful speaker, not only do the comic poets testify, but also the most powerful of orators himself,! who says, in his speech “ Against Meidias,” that Alcibiades was a most able speaker in addition to his other gifts. And if we are to trust Theophrastus, the most versatile and learned of the philosophers, Alcibiades was of all men the most capable of discovering and understanding what was required in a given case. But since he strove to find not only the proper thing to say, but also the proper words and phrases in which to say it; and since in this last regard he was not a man of large resources, he would often stumble in the midst of his speech, come to a stop, and pause a while, a particular phrase eluding him. Then he would resume, and proceed with all the caution in the world. XI. His breeds of horses were famous the world over, and so was the number of his racing-chariots. No one else ever entered seven of these at the Olympic games—neither commoner nor king—but he alone. And his coming off first, second, and fourth victor (as Thucydides says?; third, accord- ing to Euripides), transcends in the splendour of its renown all that ambition can aspire to in this field. The ode of Euripides? to which I refer runs thus :—- 1 Demosthenes, Ayainst Meidias, § 145. 2 In a speech of Alcibiades, vi. 16. 2. $ An Epinikion, or hymn of victory, like the extant odes of Pindar, 25 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé 8 detcopat, ® Krewviou rai. KaXov a vikat Kadrd\uoTov 8, 6 pndels AAXOS ‘EAA avor, apmate T para Spapety Kab Selnepa wal TpiTa, Bival 7’ arrovnti, Avs otepOévta 7 éXaia Kkapuxt Body trapadodvar: XII. Todro pévrot TO Naptrpov emidhavéctepov érroinoev 4 TOV TOAEwY diroTiMia, TKNVAV pev yap auto Kexoounpéevny SiampeTras eotnoav b , A \ @ a e , Edéorot, tpodas 5€ taro cal wAnOos lepetwv a e , 4 9 ‘ / \ \ Taperyev 4 Xiwv ors, olvov b€ AéoBiot Kat Thv arAnv vrosoxnv agedas éEoTi@vtTL ToAXOVs. Ov pny adr Kal SiaBor.y Tis } KaxonOera yevopevyn mept THv gidotipiay éxetynv amdéelova Royo TApeaxe. Aéyerat yap ws hv “AOnvnot Aropndns, avyp ov tovynpos, “ArAKiBiadov diros, ériOvpdov &é vicny ‘Odrvprixny avT@ yevécOar Kal wvvOavo- a / > / 3 \ > pevos apya Snuootoy “Apyeious elvat, tov ’AX«Kt- 4 29 A > ww , if \ 4 Budénv eidas év"Apye: péya Suvdpevov cal didrous éyovTa ToNXoUs, ETecev aT mpiacOa Td appa. ™ pu wevos dé 0 “AraBeadys idtov ameypdayvato, Tov 6é Avopydn Naipew elace yareTTas hépovta Kal paptupopevov Oeovs Kal avOpwrous. _paive- Tat dé Kal Sinn ovoTaca epi TOUTOU, Kal Aoyos "Tooxpatet yéypatras Trept ToD Levryous warép tov 1 Aids orepbévta 7 édrala kdpuxt Boay with Hermann and Bergk (Poet. Lyr. Gr. ii. 4p. 266) : Bis orepOevr’ érala «dpune Body (Bekker, Boar). 26 ALCIBIADES “ Thee will I sing, O child of Cleinias ; A fair thing is victory, but fairest is what no other Hellene has achieved, To run first, and second, and third in the contest of racing-chariots, And to come off unwearied, and, wreathed with the olive of Zeus, To furnish theme for herald’s proclamation.” XII. Moreover, this splendour of his at Olympia was made even more conspicuous by the emulous rivalry of the cities in his behalf. The Ephesians equipped him with a tent of magnificent adornment ; the Chians furnished him with provender for his horses and with innumerable animals for sacrifice ; the Lesbians with wine and other provisions for his unstinted entertainment of the multitude. However, a grave calumny—or malpractice on his part— connected with this rivalry was even more in the mouths of men. It is said, namely, that there was at Athens one Diomedes, a reputable man, a friend of Alcibiades, and eagerly desirous of winning a victory at Olympia. He learned that there was a racing-chariot at Argos which was the property of that city, and knowing that Alcibiades had many friends and was very influential there, got him to buy the chariot. Alcibiades bought it for his friend, and then entered it in the racing lists as his own, bidding Diomedes go hang. Diomedes was full of indignation, and called on gods and men to witness his wrongs. It appears also that a law-suit arose over this matter, and a speech was written by Isocrates! for the son of 1 Oration xvi., De bigia. 27 PLUTARCR’S LIVES "ArcrBiadouv maidos, ev @ Tisias éotiv, ov Aropndns, o dixacdpevos. a , XIII. "Evel & adjxev abrov eis Thy Twodttevav v 4 v ‘ ” > \ b éTL petpaKioy wy, Tovs pev AANous evOus éra- A 4 meivwoe Snuaywyots, ayava 8 elxe mpos Te Paiaxa tov Epactotpdtov cal Nexiav tov Nixn- 4 \ \ 4 b) e , , patou, Tov pev 70 Kal HrALKiav MpojKovTa Kal A A 9 oTpatnyov apiotov elvar Soxobyta, Paiaxa § apYouevov, womep avtos, av&dvecOar Tore Kal yvopiwov dvTa tatépwv, édatTovpevoy bé Tos TE LA \ \ \ 4 3 \ A 9Q7 ddnows Kal trept Tov NOyov. evTevKTLKdS yap Loia \ N 907 a“ a , 9 a“ ? kal wiBavos édoxes warrov 7 hépey ayavas év , 4 9 4 e ww / Sn Suvatos. Hv yap, os Eimonis dnet, Aanreiv dptotos, advvat@tatos Aéyev. déperar Sé Kal Noyos Tis Kat ’"Ad«uBiddov bro} @aiaros yeypappévos, dv & pera TaY adroD yéyparras Kal StL THS TWoAEWS WOAAG TWoprTreta Npucd Kal apyupa Kextnpévyns AdXKLBiddns ex prro Taow avtois @atrep idStots mpos THY Kad” nuépay Siartav. "Hy 8€ tes “TarépBoros TepiPoidns, ob péuvntar péev @s avOpa@rrouv tovnpod Kal @oveuvdidns, Trois 5é Kwptxois ood Te Tact SiatpiBny ae oxwmrTo- pevos év tois Oedtpos mapetyev. atpemrTos Se TpOS TO KAK@S akovelv Kal aTraOns ov ddtywpia 1 $9d with Coraés: kal, 28 ALCIBIADES Alcibiades “Concerning the Team of Horses.” In this speech, however, it is Tisias, not Diomedes, who is the plaintiff. XIII. On entering public life, though still a mere stripling, he immediately humbled all the other popular leaders except Phaeax, the son of Erasi- stratus, and Nicias, the son of Niceratus, These men made him fight hard for what-he won. Nicias was already of mature years, and had the reputation of being a most excellent general; but Phaeax, like himself, was just beginning his career, and, though of illustrious parentage, was inferior to him in other ways, and particularly as a public speaker. He seemed affable and winning in private conversation rather than capable of conducting public debates. In fact, he was, as Eupolis says,} “A prince of talkers, but in speaking most in- capable.” And there is extant a certain speech written by Phaeax? “ Against Alcibiades,’ wherein, among other things, it is written that the city’s numerous ceremonial utensils of gold and silver were all used by Alcibiades at his regular table as though they were his own. Now there was a certain Hyperbolus, of the deme Perithoedae, whom Thucydides mentions ® as a base fellow, and who afforded all the comic poets, without any exception, constant material for jokes in their plays. But he was unmoved by abuse, and insensible 1 In his Demes (Kock, Com. Att. Frag. i. p. 281). 2 This has come down to us among the orations of Andocides (Or. iv.). It is clearly a fictitious a ee » put by its unknown author into the mouth of Phaeax (cf. §§ 2 and 41). 3 viii. 73, 3. 29 PLUTARCH’S LIVES doEns, jv dvatcyuvtiav Kal daovotavy otoav 197 evToApiay vor Kal avdpeiav Karodaorv, ovdevi peév ipecxev, expnto 8 avt@ todAdkts 0 SHpyos ére- Oupav mpotnraxilew Tous év a€twpats Kal cvKo- gdavtety. avareabels otv bm avtod tore TO SaTpaxov emipépey Euerrcv, © KoAoVovTES aél TOV mpovyovta S0&n kal Suvdwer TOV ToMToY édav- vovot, TapapvOovpevor Tov POovoy padrov % TOV poBov. érrel S€ SHrov nv Ott évl TOY TpLdV TO doTpaxoy éoicovel, cuvyyaye TAS oOTaceELS Ets tavtov o AdxiBiddys, cat Starex Gels mpos Tov Nexiav cata rod ‘TrepBorou tHv dctpaxodpopiayv er pewrev. ‘Os & Evtoi hacw, od mpos Nixiav, adrAa pds Daiara SvareyGeis nal tiv éxeivov mpooraBov érarpiav é&ndXace tov “TrépBorov ovd adv mpoc- Soxnoavta. avros yap ovdels evéruntev ets ToUTov Tov KoAacpov ovd adokos, Os Tov Kal TlAdtav 6 Kxwpixds elpnxe Tod ‘TrepBorov pvno- Geis, Kaitos rémpaye Tov mpotépwy' pév aéta, autov 6€ Kal ToY oTtypdaTwDv dvatta. ov yap ToLovTwy ceiver datpay’ ctipébn. Wepl wey Ov TOUTwWY Ev ETEPOLS LAAXoOV ElpnTat TA io TOpoUpeva. XIV. Tov & “ArxiBiddnv o Nexias ody Frrov nvia Oavpalopevos bid TeV ToAeniov 4} Tie- 1 gporépwy with Kock (Com. Att, Frag. i. p. 654): rpdwrwy (worthy of his ways). 30 ALCIBIADES to it, owing to his contempt of public opinion. This feeling some call courage and valour, but it is really mere shamelessness and folly. No one liked him, but the people often made use of him when they were eager to besmirch and calumniate men of rank and station. Accordingly, at the time of which I speak, persuaded by this man, they were about to exercise the vote of ostracism, by which they cripple and banish whatever man from time to time may have too much reputation and influence in the city to please them, assuaging thus their envy rather than their fear. When it was clear that the ostracism would fall on one of three men—Phaeax, Alcibiades, or Nicias—Alcibiades had a conference with Nicias, united their two parties into one and turned the vote of ostracism upon Hyperbolus. Some say, however, that it was not Nicias, but Phaeax, with whom Alcibiades had the conference which resulted in winning over that leader's party and banishing Hyperbolus, who could have had no inkling of his fate. For no worthless or disreputable fellow had ever before fallen under this condemna- tion of ostracism. As Plato, the comic poet, has somewhere said, in speaking of Hyperbolus, ‘“‘ And yet he suffered worthy fate for men of old ; A fate unworthy though of him and of his brands. For such as he the ostrakon was ne’er devised.”’ However, the facts which have been ascertained about this case have been stated more at length elsewhere.! XIV. Alcibiades was sore distressed to see Nicias no less admired by his enemies than honoured by 1 Cf. Nicias, xi. 37 PLUTARCH’S LIVES eo a a , \ @ e pevos UTO TOV TOALT@Y. mMpokevos pev yap HY Oo "ArxKiBiddyns trav AaxeSatpoviwv, Kal Tovs arov- > “ ‘ 4 ” b] 4 Tas avtav mept IvAov advdpas eOepdamrevoer: > > 9 “ / \ / 4 A >. / émel 5 éexetivoi te dua Nixiov pddtota THs etpHvns TuyovTes Kal tovs avdpas atoraBovtes UrreEp- nyatrov avtov, év te Tois "EXANot NOYos FV ws Tlepexréous pev cuvarravrzos avtois, Nixiov dé AUaGaVTOS TOV TrOAEMOV, Of TE TAELOTOL THY Eipn- ynv Nexiecov wvopafov, ov petpiws avi@pmevos o ’AAKiBiddns cat POovav éBovreve cUvYvELW opxiwv. Kal mpatov pev "Apyetous aicBavopevos pice xal poB@e tav Xtaptiatav CnrodvTas atrootpopynv, érmidas avtois évedidov xpida 77s "AOnvaiwy cvuppayias, xal mapelappuve TeuTov Kal Stadreyopevos Tols MpoecTaau Tov Syuov py Sedrévar pnd dtretxey Aaxedarpovioss, > \ \ > / / , GAG pos AOnvaiovs tpémecOat Kal Treptpmeverv Scov ovdémm peTapeNdopévous Kal THY EeLpHYNny aguevtas. ’Ezet 5¢ Aaxedarpovios mpos te Tovs Botwtovs émromnoavTo cuppaxtav nal Ildvaxtov ovy éoros, @omep eet, tois "AOnvaiors tmapédwxav, adda KatTarvaavtes, opyttouévous AaBwv tors *AOn- 4 4 ” b] 4 \ , vaious ére parroy é€etpaxuve, cal tov Nexiav COopvBer nat SiéBarrev eixota Kxatnyopav, Ste Tovs €v Shaxtypia TOV Trodeuiwy arrohndOevtas avtos pev éFedreltvy ovx nOéAncEV oTpaTHnYyO”, 32 ALCIBIADES his fellow-citizens. For although Alcibiades was resident consul for the Lacedaemonians at Athens, | and had ministered to their men who had been taken prisoners at Pylos,! still, they felt that it was chiefly due to Nicias that they had obtained peace and the final surrender of those men, and so they lavished their regard upon him. And Hellenes everywhere said that it was Pericles who had plunged them into war, but Nicias who had delivered them out of it, and most men called the peace the “* Peace of Nicias.”’2 Alcibiades was therefore dis- tressed beyond measure, and in his envy planned a violation of the solemn treaty. To begin with, he saw that the Argives hated and feared the Spartans and sought to be rid of them. So he secretly held out hopes to them of an alliance with Athens, and encouraged them, by conferences with the chief men of their popular party, not to fear nor yield to the Lacedaemonians, but to look to Athens and await her action, since she was now all but repentant, and desirous of abandoning the peace which she had made with Sparta. And again, when the Lacedaemonians made a separate alliance with the Boeotians, and delivered up Panactum to the Athenians not intact, as they were bound to do by the treaty, but dismantled, he took advantage of the Athenians’ wrath at this to embitter them yet more. He raised a tumult in the as y against Nittas, and slandered him with accusations all too plausible. Nicias himself, he said, when he was general, had refused to capture the enemys men who were cut off on the island of 1 In 425 p.c. Cf. Nicias, vii-viii. 2 Ratified in 421 B.c. Cf. Nicias, ix. 33 VOL. IV. D PLUTARCH’S LIVES érépov & é&edovtay adijxe xat amédmxe yaptlo- pevos Aaxedatpovioss: eit’ éxeivous wey ovK Erretce diros av Bowwtois uy cvvopvvo'Pas pndé Kopuy- 4 Biow, "AOnvaiows: dé Kcwrver? tov Bovddpevov tav ‘EAAjvev dirov eivar kal cUppayor, eb pi / , Sofere Aaxedatpoviots. ay de , A / A , x 6€ TovUTOV KaKas phepouévw TO Nexia trap- joay @oTEp KaTA TUYNY TpéaBes amo THS Aaxe- Saisovos, avtofev te Aoyous emteKets ExoVTES kal mpos Tay TO cupBiBactixoy Kat Sixacov avroxpdtopes ‘Kev aaKovtes. arodc~apévns be A A A \ / na e / / é THs BovAns, tod bé Snpov TH totepaia pér- Novtos exxAnoidlerv, Seicas o "AAKiBrddns / \ / ? , / SierpadEato tous mpéaBes ev Adyos yeverOar mpos avtov. ws dé cuvmrOov Ereye: ‘Ti temov- A A a oN ec nN ef Bate, dvdpes Yrapriatar; mas érabev wpas Gre Ta THs BovrAns ael pérpia kal dirdvOpwra mpos TOUS evTUyxXdvovTds é€aTiv, o 5é SHwos péya hpovet Kal peyddov opéeyetar; Kav ddoxnte KUptot wavtwov adgiy$a, mpootattrwv Kat Biatoperos 198 ayvwpovnoe. pepe 64, THY evnOeav TavTny adévres, et BovrecOe ypnoacOar petpious ’AOn- vaio Kat pnoev éexBiacOivar Tapa yvouny, ovTw dtaréyeoOe trepl Tay Sikaiwy @s OvK dVTES AUTO- 1 *A@nvafors Coraés and Bekker, with C: ’A@nvatous. 2 «waves Coracs, after Reiske : xcwAvevy. 34 ALCIBIADES Sphacteria, and when others had captured them, he had released and given them back to the Lacedae- monians, whose fayeur he sought; and then he did not persuade thoseSsame Lacedaemonians, tried friend of theirs as he was, not to make separate alliance with the Boeotians or even with the Corinthians, and yet whenever any Hellenes wished to be friends and allies of Athens, he tried to prevent it, unless it were the good pleasure of the Lacedaemonians. Nicias was reduced to great straits by all this, but just then, by rare good fortune as it were, an embassy came from Sparta, with reasonable proposals to begin on, and with assurances that they came with full powers to adopt any additional terms that were conciliatory and just. The council received them favourably, and the people were to hold an assembly on the following day for their reception. But Alcibiades feared a peaceful outcome, and managed to secure a private conference with the embassy. When they were convened he said to them: “What is the matter with you, men of Sparta? Why are you blind to the fact that the council is always moderate and courteous towards those who have dealings with it, while the people’s assembly is haughty and has great ambitions? If you say to them that you are come with un- limited powers, they will lay their commands and compulsions upon you without any feeling. Come now, put away such simplicity as this, and if you wish to get moderate terms from the Athenians, and to suffer no compulsion at their hands which you cannot yourselves approve, then discuss with them what would be a just settlement of your case, assuring them that you have not full powers to act. 35 Dp 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES V4 4 5 e A 4 Kpatopes. ouptrpatopev O npueis Aaxedatpoviors yapifopevot. tatta & eimav Spxous édwxev avtoits Kal petéatncev amo Tod Nikiov, waytda- Tact mioTevovtas avT@ Kal Oavydlovras aya Thy detvoTnTa Kal atveowv, ws ov TOD TUXOVTOS avdpos ovcav. TH Oo torepaia cuvnyOn pev o Shuos, eiaonrOov 5 ot mpécBes. épwrapevoe & wird tod *AAxKt- Bidéov mdvu diravOpores éf’ ols aduypévor TvyYdvouvow, ovK epacav Kew avToKparopes. > \ @ e 9 lA > 7s A “A evOvs ody o ‘AAKtBiddns évéxerto peta Kpavyns ? n eo > ) a > > 9 , Kal Opyis, @orep ovK AOLKOV, GAN doLKovpeEvos, b) , ‘ 9 A \ N aTioTous Kal TadtBorous atroKadov Kal pndev Uylées ponte mpakat pyr elev Heovtas, érn- / >] e / e A b , yavaxtes & 4 Bovdn, Kal o Shpos éyarérauve, / A tov d€ Nixiav éxmAnkis elye xal xatnpeca Tov avipov tis petaBorts, ayvootvTa thy atatny Kal Tov dorov. XV. Odtw 8 Trav AaxeSatpovioy éxtrecovrar, \ atTpatnyos amrodeaxyOels o 'AdKiBiddns evOds b / \ “ 9 , 4 Apyetous cat Mavrtwvets cat "Hrevovs cuppayous éroinae tois “AOnvaiow. Kal tov pev Tpotrov ovdels THS Tpakews ernver, péya 8 Hv TO TeTpay- pévov um’ avtod, diactijcas Kal Kpaddvat IleXo- jTovyvnoov oriyou Seiy aracav, Kal TocavTas / A aomidas év nuépa pd mept Mavriveav avtitdEat , 4 A b A Aaxedatpoviow, Kal toppwtatw tav *AOnvav ayava KatacKevdcat Kal Kivduvoy avtois, ev & péya pev ovdev 7 vixn tpocéOnxe KpaTHnoacwy, Eb 36 ALCIBIADES I will codperate with you, out of my regard for the Lacedaemonians.” After this speech he gave them his oath, and so seduced them wholly away from the influence of Nicias. They trusted him implicitly, admired his cleverness and sagacity, and thought him no ordinary man. On the following day the people convened in — assembly, and the embassy was introduced to them. On being asked by Alcibiades, in the most courteous tone, with what powers they had come, _ they replied that they were not come with full and independent powers. At once, then, Alcibiades assailed them with angry shouts, as though he were the injured party, not they, calling them faithless and fickle men, who were come on no sound errand whatever. The council was indignant, the assembly was enraged, and Nicias was filled with consternation and shame at the men’s change of front. He was unaware of the deceitful trick which had been played upon him.! XV. After this fiasco on the part of the Lace- daemonians, Alcibiades was appointed general, and straightway brought the Argives, Mantineans, and Eleans into alliance with Athens.2 The manner of this achievement of his no one approved, but the effect of it was great. It divided and agitated almost all Peloponnesus; it arrayed against the Lacedaemonians at Mantinea® so many warlike shields upon a single day; it set at farthest remove from Athens the struggle, with all its risks, in which, when the Lacedaemonians conquered, their victory brought them no great advantage, 1 This parliamentary trick of Alcibiades is related also in Nicias, chapter x. 2 420 B.c. 3 418 B.C. 37 2 + PLUTARCH’S LIVES & éadddrncay, épyov nv thy Aaxedaipova trept- ryeveo au. Mera dé THY paynv ev0 ds éméOevTo KaTaNvELY év “Apyet Tov Ojpov ot xideot Kab THD TOMY Drrijoov Tovey" AaxeSatpoviot &é Ta, paryevoMevoL KaTéAvoay THY Onpoxpariav. avbis de TOY TONAQY éfeveyKapevov Ta Omha Kal Kparno dv- Twv, émeNov o “AdKiBudons THY TE viknv é€Be- Baiwoe To SH, Kal Ta paxpa reixn TUVETTELTE kadelvar Kak Tpoopigavtas tT Oardoon THY mokw é&arras TAvTaT act THS "AOnvaiov duva- pews. Kal TEKTOVAS Kat ALBoupyous EK TOV "A@nvav exomae Kal Tacay évedeixvuto 7 po- Oupiay, oux, HT TOV EauT@ KT@LEVOS 4 TH TOneL Xapu Kat tox vv. érretoe 5€ Kal Ilarpeis opoiws Telyert paKpois cuvara Th daracon THV TOAD. elTOvTos b¢ TLWOS TOUS Tarpedow ome “ KaTa- TiovuvTa. wupas "AOnvaior is "lows," elev oO "ArKiBiddns, “Kata peux pov Kal Kata TOUS Todas, Aaxedatporiot d€ Kara THY Keparny Kal ab pows.” Ov pny adda Kal THs vis cuveBovrevev avT- éyeoOat Tots "APnvaioss, Kal Tov épv ’Aypavhov mpoBarrouevov ael Tots edn Bors dpKov epyy BeBasodv. opvvouar yap Spots Xprcac Gas THS "Arrinhs Tupots, Kpiais, apréedos, édaiass, oixetay troteicOat SidacKkopevoe THY Twepov Kat Kapmopopov. XVI. "Ev 6€ ToLovTous mohiTed pact xa oryous Kal ppovnpare Kal Oewvornte TOANY aw madev Thv Ttpudny HS Ssaitns Kal wept moTovs Kal 38 ALCIBIADES whereas, had they been defeated, the very existence of Sparta would have been at stake. After this battle of Mantinea, the oligarchs of Argos, “The Thousand,” set out at once to depose the popular party and make the city subject to themselves; and the Lacedaemonians came and deposed the democracy. But the populace took up arms again and got the upper hand. Then Alcibiades came and made the people’s victory secure. He also persuaded them to run long walls down to the sea, and so to attach their city completely to the naval dominion of Athens. He actually brought carpenters and masons from Athens, and displayed all manner of zeal, thus winning favour and power for himself no less than for his city. In like manner he persuaded the people of Patrae to attach their city to the sea by long walls.2, There-— upon some one said to the Patrensians: “ Athens will swallow you up!” “Perhaps so,’ said Alcibiades, “ but you will go slowly, and feet first; whereas Sparta will swallow you head first, and at one gulp.” However, he counselled the Athenians to assert dominion on land also, and to maintain in very deed the oath regularly propounded to their young warriors in the sanctuary of Agraulus. They take oath that they will regard wheat, barley, the vine, and the olive as the natural boundaries of Attica, and they are thus trained to consider as their own all the habitable and fruitful earth. XVI. But all this statecraft and eloquence and lofty purpose and cleverness was attended with great luxuriousness of life, with wanton drunken- 1 417 B.c. 2 419 Bc. 39 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Epwtas vBpicpatra, Kat OnrUrntas écOntov € A e > 9 a \ , aNovpyav EXKopévey St ayopas, Kal TroAvTéXELaY UTEpHphavoy, EXTOUAaS TE KATATTPwLaTwY ev TAis Tpinpecw, GTrws padraKkwrepov éeyxabevdor, Ket- \ re) piats, GANA py) caviot, TOY oTpwLaTwY émI- / > , , / IQA Baddopévwv, aomidos te Suaxpvoou Toinaw ovdév ld lel émionpwov TaY TaTtpiwy éxovoay, adr ~“Epora 4 a Kepavvopopov, dep! opavTes ot pev evdokor peta tov BoeduvTTecBat nai Svaxepaivey époBodvto \ a ‘ THY OALywpiay avTOD Kal Tapavopiav, ws TUpaV- \ \ ? / “A \ / \ , S yika Kal adXOoKoTa, Tod bé Sypwov to maOos TO mpos avToy ov Kaxas é&nyovpevos o *’Apioto- davns tadt’ elpne: Tlodet pév, éyOaipes S€é, Bovrerar 8 eye, ere S€ paAXov TH vTrovoia muélwv MdXiota peév déovta pn 'v rode Tpéderv nv © éxtpédy Tis, TOLS TpOTrOLS VarNpeETeEtD. 9 A / , émidocers yap Kal yopnyiar Kal pidrotipnpata \ \ / e \ A > / \ Mpos THY ToL vIrepBoAnV Nn aTrOELTTOVTA Kal Sofa mpoyovey kal Adyou Svvayis Kal ow@paros evTrpémera Kal pwn pet EuTretpias TOY TodEm- K@V Kal GAKs TdvTa TaANA cUYyYXwpeElV éroieL \ / , \ b / 9 AN \ / Kal pépey petpiws tors ‘APnvaious, del Ta mpao- TATA TOV OvOUaTwY Tols apapTynmact TLOEmEévOUS, mavolas Kal dirotipias. 1 Gwep. Either some verb is to be supplied from the context for the preceding accusatives (so Coraés), or @wep is to be deleted (so Bekker and Sintenis?). 40 199 ALCIBIADES ness and lewdness, with effeminacy in dress,—he would trail long purple robes through the market place,—and with prodigal expenditures. He would have the decks of his triremes cut away that he might sleep more softly, his bedding being slung on cords rather than spread on the hard planks. He had a golden shield made for himself, bearing no an- cestral device, but an Eros armed with a thunderbolt. The reputable men of the city looked on all these things with loathing and indignation, and feared his contemptuous and lawless spirit. They thought such conduct as his tyrant-like and monstrous. How the common folk felt towards him has been well set forth by Aristophanes! in these words :— “ It yearns for him, and hates him too, but wants him back ;”’ and again, veiling a yet greater severity in his metaphor :— ‘¢ A lion is not to be reared within the state ; But, once you've reared him up, consult his every mood.” And indeed, his voluntary contributions of money, his support of public exhibitions, his unsurpassed munificence towards the city, the glory of his ancestry, the power of his eloquence, the comeliness and vigor of his person, together with his experience and prowess in war, made the Athenians lenient and tolerant towards everything else; they were forever giving the mildest of names to his transgressions, calling them the product of youthful spirits and ambition. 1 Frogs, 1425; 1431-1432. 41 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Olov jy nal 1d ’AydOapyov elpEar tov Cwypa- gov, elta ypayravta Thy oixiay adelvat Swpn- cdpevov: kal Tavpéav dvtixopnyotvTa paticat , e \ fo} , N \ / diXoTLwOvpEVvOY UITép THS vikyns’ Kal TO MydrLav yuvaixa ék TOV aixparotwv é£edopmevoy Kat , , / 3 2 A \ \ cuvovta Opéras traiddpiov é€E avtis. Kal yap tovTo ptAdvOpwroyv éxddovy: mAnv Ste Tovs MyAriovs Bndov arocdhayivat tyv mAcioTnv aitiav écye, TO Whicpate cuverTTrOD. "Apictopavtos 5¢ Newéay ypdwpavtos év rais ayxanas avras KaOnuevoy "AdxiBiadnv éyovcar, éOedvto Kal auvérpeyov yaipovtes. ot 5é mpeo- Burepot Kat TovTois ebvcyépawvov @s TUpavUiKots , 290 / \ b] Va > kat Trapavopos. édoxe Sé cal "Apyéotpatos ovK , amo Tpotrov Aéyery ws 7) ‘EAAaS ovK av TveyKe dvo0 ’AdKtBiddas. Ee \ be Ti € 4 @ b] / : met O€ Tinwv o picdvOpwos evnuepnoavtTa N d 4 / 3 N fo! Tov 'AdKiBiddnv Kal mpoteptTopevoy amo THs éxxrnaias eripavas ob waphdOev ovd éFéxrAuwev, @otep ei@ber Tos AAXOUS, GAN amavtTycas Kal deEcwodpevos, “Kd y’,” edn, “oets adEopevos, ® wait péya yap avln Kaxov arace TovTats,” ob pev éyérwr, ot 8 éBrAacdypovur, évious 5é Kal mavu TO AeVOey érréotpepev. odTws axpiTos Hv 7H Soka Tept auTod bua THY THS PiTEws avopadiay. XVII. Sexertas 5€ wal epexréovs eri Covros 42 ALCIBIADES For instance, he once imprisoned the painter Agatharchus in his house until he had adorned it with paintings for him, and then dismissed his captive with a handsome present. And when Taureas was supporting a rival exhibition, he gave him a box on the ear, so eager was he for the victory. And he picked out a woman from among the prisoners ot Melos to be his mistress, and reared a son she bore him. This was an instance of what they called his kindness of heart, but the execution of all the grown men of Melos! was chiefly due to him, since he supported the decree therefor. Aristophon painted Nemea? with Alcibiades seated in her arms; whereat the people were delighted, and ran in crowds to see the picture. But the elders were indignant at this too; they said it smacked of tyranny and lawlessness. And it would seem that Archestratus, in his verdict on the painting, did not go wide of the mark when he said that Hellas couldnot endure more than one Alcibiades. / Timon the misanthrope once saw Alcibiades, after a successful day, being publicly escorted home from the assembly. He did not pass him by nor avoid him, as his custom was with others, but met him and greeted him, saying: “It’s well you're growing so, my child; you'll grow big enough to ruin all this rabble.” At this some laughed, and some railed, and some gave much heed to the saying. So undecided was public opinion about Alcibiades, by reason of the unevenness of his nature. XVII. On Sicily the Athenians had cast longing 1 In the summer of 416. Cf. Thue. v. 116, 2-4. 2 A personification of the district of Nemea, in the games of which Alcibiades had been victorious. Cf. Pausanias, i. 22, 7, with Frazer’s notes. 43 PLUTARCH’S LIVES érreOvpouv "AOnvaior, cal TeXeuTHCAaYTOS HIrToVTO, Kat Tas RAeyouevas PBonfeias Kal cuppayias erepmov éxaaToTe ToS adiKoupévols WTO Yupa- xovotov émiBdOpas THs pelSovos otpateias Ti- € “ Oévtes. 0 8€ Tavtdmact Tov épwra TodTov ? , 7 An \ / \ a / avapréEas avTav, Kal meicas pn KaTa pépos pndé Kata puxpov, GAA peyddw oTOAW TAEv- cavras émixerpely Kal KatactpépecOar THY VAooY, "AnrxtBsabdys Hv, tov te Shpov peyada tetocas érmile, adtos te pelovwy dpeyouevos. apynv yap elvat, Tpos & NATIKEL, SLevoetTo THS oTpaTeias, ov Tédos, WaoTEp Of NoLTTOL, YuKerAtav. Kal Nixias fev @S YaXreTrov Epyov by Tas Yupaxovcas édetv amétpeme Tov Onpov, ’AAKiBrddns 5€ Kapyndova kat AtBunv overpotroX@v, éx b€ TovTwY Tpoc- 4 +] / } TI 4 ro yevonevwv Itadiav cat lleXotovynaov non Trept- Barropevos, drlyou Setv épodia tod modéuou DiceAlav éroveito. Kal Tovs pev véous avTobev elyev 67 Tais éXtricwv émnppévovs, TOY dé TpEeo- Butépwv nxpo@vtTo moka Oavydoia Tepl Tis oTpaTelas Tepawovtwv, @oTEe TOAXOUS ev Tats Tanraiotpats Kal Tois HutkuKAlors KabélecOar THS TE VHTOV TO axa Kal Oéow AtBdns rat Kapyndovos trroypddovras. U VA N / , Lwxpatn pévtos tov gdirocopoy xal Mérova \ > / QA / A 4 \ TOV aoTpoNoyoy ovdey eATricaL TH WoNEL YONTTOV \ n” amo THS oTpatelas éxeivns Aéyovoty, O pév, WS Gotxe, TOD cuvnOovs Satpoviov yevopévov Kar 44 ALCIBIADES eyes even while Pericles was living ; and after his death they actually tried to lay hands upon it. The lesser expeditions which they sent thither from time to time, ostensibly for the aid and comfort of their allies on the island who were being wronged by the Syracusans, they regarded merely as stepping stones to the greater expedition of conquest. But the man who finally fanned this desire of theirs into flame, and persuaded them not to attempt the island any more in part and little by little, but to sail thither with a great armament and subdue it utterly, was Alcibiades; he persuaded the people to have great hopes, and he himself had greater aspirations still. Such were his hopes that he regarded Sicily as a mere beginning, and not, like the rest, as an end of the expedition. Sowhile Nicias was trying to divert the people from the capture of Syracuse as an undertaking too difficult for them, Alcibiades was dreaming of Carthage and Libya, and, after winning these, of at once encompassing Italy and Pelopon- nesus. He almost regarded Sicily as the ways and means provided for his greater war. The young men were at once carried away on the wings of such hopes, and their elders kept recounting in their ears many wonderful things about the projected ex- pedition. Many were they who sat in the palaestras and lounging-places mapping out in the sand the shape of Sicily and the position of Libya and Carthage.! Socrates the philosopher, however, and Meton the astrologer, are said to have had no hopes that any good would come to the city from this expedition ; Socrates, as it is likely, because he got an inkling of 1 Cf. Nictas, xii. 1-2. 45 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpoonpuatvovtos, o b¢ Mérwyeite Seioas x Noyto- pod TO péeANOV ETE MAVTLKTS TLL TpOT@ YpPN- , b] , 4 \ \ lel gdpevos eoxiato peunvévat, Kal AaBov dada Katopevny olos Hv avtov THy oixiay vpaTTerp. éviot S€ gact mpoomoinna pev pavias pndev ésxevdcba. tov Métwva, xatampnoa 6é Thy > / , x @& , A A oixiay vuxtwp, el EwOev mpoerOovta SeicOar Kat avTiBonreivy ert cupdopa tyrKavTn Tov viov b] B PS mm b] a . = avT@ TapeOjvas THS oTpaTelas. Exelvos pev odV éruxev av nklov, wapaxpovadpevos TOS ToAtTaS. XVIII. “O dé Nexias deov pév npé0n otpatn- yos, OVX HKiotTa THv apxynv Kal dia TOV ovVdp- Ul » 2 , a a "AG , \ xovtTa dhevywv: éepaiveto yap Tots nvaios Ta A 4 ToD woAéuou BéATLov E€erv pu) wWpoepevors TOV "ArKiBiddnv axpatov, dd\rA& py Oeions mpos THY ToApav avtod Tis Nuxiov mpovoiass Kal yap o , \ 4 e / 4 7 Tpitos oTpaTnyos Adpayos nALKLa TPONK@V OWS dig a pn pon a édoxes pndev ArTov eivat tou "AdXntBiddov &a- \ , > a b) A Wupos Kat diroxivduvos év Tols ayw@ou Bovdevo- pévav b€ mept mAnOovs Kal TpdTrov TapacKeuis érreyeipnoev adOts o Nuxtas évioracba xa nata- 4 \ , > “ \ “~ qmavely Tov TONEMOV. avTertrovTos bé Tov ’"AXAKI- Biadov Kal Kpatynoavtos, éypawe TOV pPNnTopwv Anpootpatos kal eirev @S Ypt) TOUS TTpaTHYOUS avToxpatopas élvat Kal THs TapacKeuns Kal Tod MONELOUV TAVTOS. 4 A "Esipndicapévou S€ tod Syuou Kab yevouéevav éTOiMwY TaVTwWY TpOS TOV Ex7oUY, Ov YpNCTA 46 20 ALCIBIADES the future from the divine guide who was his familiar. Meton—whether his fear of the future arose from mere calculation or from his use of some sort of divination—feigned madness, and seizing a blazing torch, was like to have set fire to his own house. Some say, however, that Meton made no pretence of madness, but actually did burn his house down in the night, and then, in the morning, came before the people begging and praying that, in view of his great calamity, his son might be released from the expedition. At any rate, he succeeded in cheating his fellow citizens, and obtained his desire.! XVIII. Nicias was elected general against his will, and he was anxious to avoid the command most of all because of his fellow commander. For it had seemed to the Athenians that the war would go on better if they did not send out Alcibiades unblended, but rather tempered his rash daring with the prudent forethought of Nicias. As for the third general, Lamachus, though advanced in years, he was thought, age notwithstanding, to be no less fiery than Alcibiades, and quite as fond of taking risks in battle. During the deliberations of the people on the extent. and character of the armament, Nicias again tried to oppose their wishes and put a stop to the war. But Alcibiades answered all his arguments and carried the day, and then Demostratus, the orator, formally moved that the generals have full and independent powers in the matter of the armament and of the whole war.? After the people had adopted this motion and all things were made ready for the departure of the fleet, there were some unpropitious signs and portents, 1 Cf. Nicias, xiii. 5-6. 2 Cf. Nicius, xii. 3-4. 47 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 maphy ovde Ta THs EopTns. “Adwviwy yap eis Tas e / bd / @ 4 16 n nuepas exetvas KalynKovtTwy eldwrXa TrOoANAYOU vexpots exxoptlopévors Guota mWpovKevTo Tais yuvacki, cal tadds éeuipodvto KomTopeval, Kal Opnvous noov. pevtot Tov ‘Eppav meptxorn, pd vuetl Tov mreloTwv axpwTnpiacOevTwv TA , A w 4 Tpocwma, ToANOVS Kal THY TEpippovovYTaY TA to.avra Suetdpakev. ér€xOn pev ody Ste Kopiv- Oiot Sta tTovs Yuvpaxovaious aotxous dvtas, ws emisYétews Eoomevns WPOS TOV OiwVaV H peTa- 4 yv@oews TOU TONEuOU, TadTa Spdcetay. ov pny @ , A A Wf)? e e 4 wf? ¢ HITTETO Ye TOV WOAA@Y OVO’ ovTOS Oo AoYos OVO oO A A \ » \ > / b ? TaY onpetov Sewvov elvar pndev oiouévav, Addr ola “ / ¥ 9 4 4 > e dire pépey axpatos akdrAactwv véwv eis Bp 3 “A e VA 9 A > @ / éx Travduas bTopepouevwv’ opyn 8 aya Kal poBo TO yeyovds AauBavortes WS ao cuvwpocias él Tpaypact pmeyddos TeTOApNpevov, Aatracay é&n- talov wrrovotay TiKpas 7 Te BovAN cuvLodca Tepl 4 € A 9 > i e lA Ul tovTwy Kal o Shuos ev oriyats Huépars ToAAaKis. XIX. ’Ev &€ rovt@ SovAous tivas al peToixous , b ] A e \ ” mponyayey “Avdpoxrns o Snuaywyos addNwv TE ayadpdtov tepixoTas Kal puaTnpiwy tap’ olvov avopupnoers tod "ArdxtBiddov cal trav didrwv KaTnyopodyras. €édeyov b€ Beddwpov pév tiva Spav ta tod xnpuxos, LlovAutiova b€ Ta Tod Sadovyxou, Ta Sé Tod tepopavtou tov ’AdXKtBiddny, tous & addXous étaipovs mapeivas Kal pveicbar 2 wvoTas Wpodayopevopevous. TadtTa yap &v TH 48 ALCIBIADES especially in connection with the festival, namely, the Adonia. This fell at that time, and little images like dead folk carried forth to burial were in many places exposed to view by the women, who mimicked burial rites, beat their breasts, and sang dirges.! More- over, the mutilation of the Hermae, most of which, in a single night, had their faces and forms disfigured, confounded the hearts of many, even among those who usually set small store by such things.1 It was said, it is true, that Corinthians had done the deed, Syracuse being a colony of theirs, in the hope that such portents would check or stop the war. The multitude, however, were not moved by this reasoning, nor by that of those who thought the affair no terrible sign at all, but rather one of the common effects of strong wine, when dissolute youth, in mere sport, are carried away into wanton acts. They looked on the occurrence with wrath and fear, thinking it the sign of a bold and dangerous con- spiracy. They therefore scrutinized keenly every suspicious circumstance, the council and the assembly convening for this purpose many times within a few days. XIX. During this time Androcles, the popular leader, produced sundry aliens and slaves who accused Alcibiades and his friends of mutilating other sacred images, and of making a parody of the mysteries of Eleusis in a drunken revel. They said that one Theodorus played the part of the Herald, Pulytion that of the Torch-bearer, and Alcibiades that of the High Priest, and that the rest of his companions were there in the réle of initiates, and were dubbed Mystae. Such indeed was the purport 1 Cf. Nicias, xiii. 2, 7. 49 VOL. IV E PLUTARCH’S LIVES elaaryyedig yeypamTat @eccarov Tov Kipevos elaayyeltNavTos “Ada Beddqy aaeBetv Tepl TO Gea. T pax vvOMEVOV dé Tov Snpov Kal TiKpas pos “AdeiBiddnv € EXOVTOS, Kal Tov ‘AvOpok)eous (ny yap ovTos expos év Tous padiora Tov “Ad«iBuddou) mapoEvvorTos, éy apxn pev éra- paxOnoav ot mepl TOV "AdKtBuddny. aia Popevor dé tous Te vavTas, Gor Tet euedRov els Linea, evvous dvTas avtois Kal TO oTpaTiw- TLKOD, “Apyetov dé xal Mavtivéwy yiriov évrwv OTALT@Y GKOVOVTES avadaveov AeyovTwv OS bs! "Ar«eBiadnv TT PATEVOWTO SuatrovTtov Kal paxpay orpareiay, cay O€ Tis dyvwmovh mepl TovTor, evdvs aroatnces au, aveOdppovv Kab Tapio Tato T@ Katp@ Wpos THY aTroNoyiar, dare TOUS eXOpovs marty aOupeiv Kal poPetabas [T) mrepl THY Kptoty ) Of 0s apBrvTEpos avT@ yévntar Sia THY Xpelav. _Ipos TavT ovv Texvatovar TOY pyTopov TOUS ov Soxobvras éyOpovs Tod “ArdciBidbov, pucobvTas 6€ avrov OuUX HTTOV TOY OpohoyoUvTOY, avigra- pévous ey TO Spo ervey @S aToToOv éoTtV avToKparopt oTpAaTHY@ THALKAUTNS arrobedeuy- pév@ Suvdpews, 70 pora pevns oTpaTias Kal TOV ouppaywv, peTakv KAnpobvras Sikactnpioy Kal vdwp OrapetpobvTas aTrohhuvas TOV Katpov" “"AdrAa viv pev ayaby TUXN mheéTo, Tou dé TONELOV diam pax Oevros én Tois avTois vopors amonroyeia Bu Tapov. ovK erdvOave pev ovp v) Kaxondeva Tis avaBoris TOV “ArKuBiddny, GNX édeye Twaptov ws Sevov dati aitias arro- 5° 201 ALCIBIADES of the impeachment which Thessalus, the son of Cimon, brought in to the assembly, impeaching Alcibiades for impiety towards the Eleusinian god- desses. The people were exasperated, and felt bitterly towards Alcibiades, and Androcles, who was his mortal enemy, eggedthemon. At first Alcibiades was confounded, But perceiving that all the seamen and soldiers who were going to sail for Sicily were friendly to him, and hearing that the Argive and Mantinean men-at-arms, a thousand in number, de- clared plainly that it was all because of Alcibiades that they were making their long expedition across the seas, and that if any wrong should be done him they would at once abandon it, he took courage, and insisted on an immediate opportunity to defend himself before the people. His enemies were now in their turn dejected; they feared lest the people should be too lenient in their judgement of him because they needed him so much. Accordingly, they devised that certain orators who were not looked upon as enemies of Alcibiades, but who really hated him no less than his avowed foes, should rise in the assembly and say that it was absurd, when a general had been appointed, with full powers, over such a vast force, and when his armament and allies were all assembled, to destroy his beckoning opportunity by casting lots for jurors and measuring out time for the case. ‘Nay,’ they said, “let him sail now, and Heaven be with him! But when the war is over, then let him come and make his defence. The laws will be the same then as now.” Of course the malice in this postponement did not escape Alcibiades. He declared in the assembly that it was a terrible misfortune to be sent off at the 51 E 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES AuTovTa KAO éavTod Kal dtaBorads éxmréptrecOar petéwpov em) tocauTns Suvapews: arobavety yap TpoonKEly p17) NUTAYTL TAS KATH YOpias, AVCaVTL 5é xal gavévte xabap@ tpérecOae mpos Tovs WoAEplous un SedoLKOTL TOUS ouKopdvras. XX. ’Eel & ove ereBev, anda, TWAciv éxedevov adron, avnxen HETR TOV cvoTpariyev exo ; TpLnpELS MEY OV TOAA@ THV TecoapdKovta Kal éxaTov amrodeovaas, omAitas 5€ mevTaKiaxiAlous Kat éxatov, tofotas Sé nal adevdovytas Kat yedovs mepl tptakociovs Kal ytdious, Kal Thy adAnv Tapackeuny akioroyov. tmporBarov 8 ‘Iraria Kai ‘Phyov érav, elanynoato youn oto , : / 9 ; \ / \ bd ; TpoT@ Tokeuntéoy éoti. Kat Nexiou pév avtiré- yovtos, Aapdyou Sé mpocbepévov, wrevoas «es Ltuxerdtay mpoonyayeto Kardvynv, addrdro Sé oddév erpake petamepmros U1 Tov AOnvaiwv émi thy Kpiawv evOds yevopevos. — TIparov pév yap, otrep elpntat, uypai tives wrovriat cat SiaBoral xara tod “AdnBiddou mpocénimtov amo SovAwY Kal peToixwv erecta Tov éxOpav amovtos avtod KaBartopévav odo- Spotepov, nal toils mept tovs ‘Epuads bBpicpact Kab T& pvoTixd cupTAEKOYTMOV, WS ATO plas éml vewTEepiap@ Tuvwpocias weTpayyéva, Tors fev omwaovv éraitiabévtas évéBadXov axpitous eis TO Seapwrnptov, HYOovTo b& Tov “AXKuBiddyv Ln AaBovtes bro Tas Wgdovs ToTe unde Kpivav- 52 ALCIBIADES head of such a vast force with his case still in sus- pense, leaving behind him vague accusations and slanders ; he ought to be put to death if he did not refute them; but if he did refute them and prove his innocence, he ought to proceed against the enemy without any fear of the public informers at \ home. \S XX. He could not carry his point, however, but was ordered to set sail. So he put to sea? along with his fellow generals, having not much fewer than one hundred and forty triremes; fifty-one hundred men- at-arms; about thirteen hundred archers, slingers, and light-armed folk ; and the rest of his equipment to correspond. On reaching Italy and taking Rhegium, he proposed a plan for the conduct of the war.? Nicias opposed it, but Lamachus approved it, and so he sailed to Sicily. He secured the allegiance of Catana, but accomplished nothing further, since he was presently summoned home by the Athenians to stand his trial. At first, as I have said, sundry vague suspicions and calumnies against Alcibiades were advanced by aliens and slaves. Afterwards, during his absence, his enemies went to work more vigorously. They brought the outrage upon the Hermae and upon the Eleusinian mysteries under one and the same design ; both, they said, were fruits of a conspiracy to subvert the government, and so all who were accused of any complicity whatsoever therein were cast into prison without trial. The people were pro- voked with themselves for not bringing Alcibiades to trial and judgment at the time on such grave charges, 1 About the middle of the siunmier of 415 B.c. 2 Cf, Nicias, xiv. 3. 3 Chapter xix. 1. 53 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 Tes, ém airiass THMKAUTALS. O be TH ™ pos éxetvov opyn TapaTer@v oixetos q piros q curyiOns Xarerwrépors avtois exXpncaro. TOUS 5é pqvicavras 0 pev Bov«vdidys dvopaa at TAapHKey, addot S évouatouat AvorretSav Kal Tevxpov, ov cal Dpvvryos éotw 0 KaptKos TavTi WETTOLNKWS* "0. pirral! ‘Epph, Kal purdacou, pn) TET OV aurov TapaKkpoven Kal mapacxns da Bornv suche Avoxnretda BovrAopévp Kaxov Te dpav. Kat’ PvrAdfopar Tevxpo yap ovxt Bovropar pnvutpa Sodvat, TO Tadrapvaig Eéve. Kairos BéBasov ovdev ovo laxupov ou pqvuovtes edeixvucay. els & avrav EPWT@{LEVOS ST WS Ta Tpocwma TOV ‘Eppoxom dav yopicere, Kat ATTOK PLY [LEV0S OTe T pos THY cehvny, éopany Tob TavTos, evs Kal véas ovans or€ Tabr’ ed paro- 01 OopuBov pev Taper xe Tois voov éxouat, Tov Sjyov 8 ovdé tovTo badaxesrepov emoinoe ™ pos Tas d:aBoras, arn’ dorep Bpynaev €& a APXTS, OVK eravcaro pépeov ral éuBarrov eis 76 Seo ppwTnplov ov TIS Karem ol. XX. Taw ovv dcebevtwv Kal purarromevav emt Kpic et ToTe Kar "Avdoxtons Hv 0 Put@p, Ov ‘ENA dviKos ce ouyypageds els TOUS ‘Odvecéws dmoyoveus avaryaryev. edoxes de ptaodnpos Kal Oduyapxtxos 6 "Avdoxidns, dmomrov be ovyx 1 § supplied by Coraés and Sint.?; Bekker supplies xa}, after Bryan. 54 ALCIBIADES and any kinsman or friend or comrade of his who fell foul of their wrath against him, found them exceedingly severe. Thucydides neglected to men- tion! the informers by name, but others give their names as Diocleides and Teucer. For instance, Phrynichus the comic poet ? referred to them thus :-— “ Look out too, dearest Hermes, not to get a fall, And mar your looks, and so equip with calumny Another Diocleides bent on wreaking harm.” And the Hermes replies :— “I’m on the watch; there’s Teucer, too; I would not give A prize for tattling to an alien of his guilt.” And yet there was nothing sure or steadfast in the statements of the informers. One of them, indeed, was asked how he recognized the faces of the Hermae-defacers, and replied, “ By the light of the moon.” This vitiated his whole story, since there was no moon at all when the deed was done. Sensible men were troubled thereat, but even this did not soften the people’s feeling towards the slanderous stories. As they had set out to do in the beginning, so they continued, haling and casting into prison any one who was denounced. XXI. Among those thus held in bonds and imprisonment for trial was Andocides the orator, whom Hellanicus the historian included among the descendants of Odysseus. He was held to be a foe to popular government, and an oligarch, but what most made him suspected of the mutilation of the 1 Tn vi. 53, 2 2 Kock, Com. Att. Frag. i. p. 385. 55 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Heicta THS Tov ‘“Epuav epixomHs eroinoey oO péyas “Epps, 6 mwAnoiov avtod tis oixias avdOnua tis Aiynidos durjs Spupévos: ev yap Odiyots Wavy Tov emipavav povos ayedov axépatos Epewve: 516 Kal viv ’Avdoxidov xareitat, Kal mavtes ovTws dovoudlovar THs émvypapis avTLapTupovens. LuwéBn 5é 1T@ 'Avdoxidn pddtotTa TeV THY auTny aitiav éyovtTav év TO Seapwrnpio yevérOar auvnOn Kal dirov évdoEov pév ovy opotws éxeive, cuvéces 5é Kal TOAUN TeEpiTTOV, dvopa Tipacov. ovTos avaTreiOe. Tov “Avdoxidny éavtod ratnyopov Kat Twowv adrAdrdwv yevécOat pH ToOAN@Y: Opo0XO- yyoavTt yap aoerav elvat cata wWhdtopa Tov dnpov, TA be THS Kpicews AdnrAa Tact, Tols 5é duvatois hoBepwrata: Bértiov 6 cwOjvat Wevd0- HEVOY 1) ETA THS aUTHS aitias aroVaveiv addofws, Kal TO Kown oKoTrobyT. cupdhépov vardpyetv, Odiryous Kal apdiBdrous mpoéuevoy, modNoOvUS kat ayabovs é€eXeoOar tis dpyhs. tadta Tov Tipaiov Aéyovtos nab d:ddcxKovtos o *Avdoxidns éreia On, Kal yevowevos pnvutns Ka@ abtod nat Kal étrépwy éxye THhv ex TOD Wndiopatos aderav autos ods S @vomace mavTes TAnY TaV huyov- Tov aT@AovTO. Kal wictews Evexa mpooéOnKxev avrois oixétas idtous 0 Avédoxidns. Ou pry 6 ye Simos THY Opynv aracay apjrev 56 ALCIBIADES Hermae, was the tall Hermes which stood near his house, a dedication of the Aegeid tribe. This was almost the only one among the very few statues of like prominence to remain unharmed. For this reason it is called to this day the Hermes of Ando- cides. Everybody gives it that name, in spite of the adverse testimony of its inscription. Now it happened that, of all those lying in prison with him under the same charge, Andocides became most intimate and friendly with a man named Timaeus, of less repute than himself, it is true, but of great sagacity and daring. This man persuaded Andocides to turn state’s evidence against himself and a few others. If he confessed,—so the man argued,—he would have immunity from punishment by decree of the people; whereas the result of the trial, while uncertain in all cases, was most to be dreaded in that of influential men like himself. It was better to save his life by a false confession of crime, than to die a shameful death under a false charge of that crime. One who had an eye to the general welfare of the community might well abandon to their fate a few dubious characters, if he could thereby save a multitude of good men from the wrath of the people. By such arguments of Timaeus, Andocides was at last persuaded to bear witness against himself and others. He himself received the immunity from punishment which had been decreed ; but all those whom he named, excepting such as took to flight, were put to death, and Andocides added to their number some of his own household servants, that he might the better be believed. | Still, the people did not lay aside all their wrath 57 PLUTARCH’S LIVES évraida, AAXNd pAaAXov aradXayels TOV ‘Epyoxo- midayv watep cxordlovtTs TH Ovo mpos Tov "ArxiBiddnv Gros eppuyn, nal TéXos amrécTethe THV / > 9% b) , 1 b 4 b) , le) Larapwiav én’ avtov,! ov pavrws avo ye TovTO mpootdtas, pr BiavecOar pnd amtecOar Tod , 9 \ A VA , “A 4 TWUATOS, GNAA TH peTpip Ayo ypHoGar Kerev- ovras axonrovbeiy émlt xpiow Kal meiOev Tov Sipov. époBodvto yap tapayas tod otpatev- patos év Toreuia yR Kal ordow, 5 padiws dv éEeipyacato BovAnbeis o ’"ArxiBiddns. Kal yap >] , b) , > A \ \ A nOvpovv amiovTos avTov, Kal ToAAny TpLBHV mpocedokwv Kab phxos apyov év tO Nexia tov , 4 / , 9 4 Lo Todepov EF, kaSaTrep puwTos adnpnpévou TOY mpagewv. o yap Adpayos tv péev TodeutKos Kal b] , 9 gs 9 ? fo! 909 9 A avipwdns, akiwpa 8 ov mpoohy ovd dyKxos avT@ dca reviav. XXII. Evdds pév ody arrotrAéwv o ’AdKiBiddys adeiketro Meconvny ’A@nvaiovs. taoav yap oi péAXOVTES evdsbovae THY TrOALY, Ods exeivos ELdas lA a / / > 2 cadbéotata Tois Yvpaxovoiwy pirors éunvuce kal S:épOerpe thy mpakEw. év 5é @oupiors yevopuevos Kal amoBas THs Tpinpous Expurev éavTov Kal diépuye tovs Entodvras. émuyvovtos Sé Tivos Kal eimovtos: “Ov mortevers, @ 'ArdkiBiddn, TH matpior;” “Ta péev Ar,” hy, “mavra mept dé THS Wuxhs THs éuis odd TH pntpi, wnTws ayvoy- caca Thy péNalvay avti THS AevKTS émeEvéyey 1 én’ abroy with M and Cobet: xpds airév. 58 ALCIBIADES at this point, but rather, now that they were done with the Hermae-defacers, as if their passion had all the more opportunity to vent itself, they dashed like a torrent against Alcibiades, and finally dis- patched the Salaminian state-galley to fetch him home. They shrewdly gave its officers explicit command not to use violence, nor to seize his person, but with all moderation of speech to bid him accom- pany them home to stand his trial and satisfy the people. For they were afraid that their army, in an enemy's land, would be full of tumult and mutiny at the summons. And Alcibiades might easily have effected this had he wished. For the men‘ were cast down at his departure, and expected that the war, under the conduct of Nicias, would be drawn out to a great length by delays and inactivity, now that their goad to action had been taken away. Lamachus, it is true, was a good soldier and a brave man ; but he lacked authority and prestige because he was poor. XXII. Alcibiades had no sooner sailed away than he robbed the Athenians of Messana.! There was a party there who were on the point of surrendering the city to the Athenians, but Alcibiades knew them, and gave the clearest information of their design to the friends of Syracuse in the city, and so brought the thing to naught. Arrived at Thurii, he left his trireme and hid himself so as to escape all quest. When some one recognised him and asked, “Can you not trust your country, Alcibiades?” “In all else,” he said, “ but in the matter of life I wouldn’t trust even my own mother not to mistake a black for a white ballot when she cast her vote.” And 1 In September, 415 B.c. 59 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ”~ ” a > 3 a Cd 7 3 w“ wWidov.” wtotepov & axovoas 6tt Oavatov avtov J @e ld cc? 3 3 7) 9 ce 5 4 KaTeyvwxev 4 Troduss “"AXN eyo, etre, “ detEw avrois Ott fo.” Tay pev ov eicayyeAtay otTws Eyovoay ava- ypadovat “@eccaros Kipwvos Aaxiddns *AXd«Kt- 4 La 4 > , >] la) Buddnv Kreviou SxapPovidny eionyyerrev adixety A ‘\ , mept to Oew, thy Anpuntpav xat tnv Kopnp, aTOppovpevoy Ta pvotnpia Kat SerxvuovtTa Tots avTov étaipois év TH oixia TH éavTov, EyovTa 4 \ OTOANY olavrrep oO tepopavTns! Exwv Serxvuer TA iepd, xal ovopatovtra avrov pev tepodavTnr, , Q “ 4 A U TlovAvtiova Sé Sadobyov, xnpuxa 5é @eodwpov Pynyaia, tous 8 AAXous Etaipovs pvoTas Tpoc- \ ayopevovta kal émomtTas Tapa Ta vomtpa Kal Ta xabeotynKxoTa UTo te Evporridav cat Knpixav an A A bd) / 9 cal tay lepéewy Tov é& ’EXevaivos.” épnynv avtTov KatayvovTes Kal Ta Xpnpata. SnpevoavtTes éTt KatapaoOar mpocelndhicavto mdvtas tepets e J Kal iepeias, ov pwovny hact Beavw tHhv Mévwvos 7A. nO ? a \ \ , , ypavrnvey avtreteiy mpos To Wndtopa, pac- fa) a“ e KOVOAV EVYOV, OU KaTAPMV lépelay yEeyoveval. XXIII. Tocotvrwrv b€ cateyyndicpévav *AXKi- Bidéov Kal xKateyvacpévwv, éTUyyave pév ev # , \ a) , Apyet dvatpiBwv, @s To mpatov éx Bovpiwov ? . 4 , amroépas eis IenXorovyncov SdiexopicOn, poBov- pevos 5é Tous éyOpovs Kal Tavtatact THS Tartpi- Sos dmreyvaxms e@reprpev eis Xmdptnv, abtov doetav avTe® yevecoOat wal miotw él peifoce xpeiais Kal @edelars Ov TpoTEpov avTOVS auvVO- pevos EBNawve. Sovtov && Tov Xraptiatav Kal ' 6 lepopdvrns with CM@: iepopdyrns. 203 ws ALCIBIADES when he afterwards heard that the city had con- demned him to death, “I'll show them,” he said, ‘that I’m alive.” His impeachment is on record, and runs as follows : « Thessalus, son of Cimon, of the deme Laciadae, im- peaches Alcibiades, son of Cleinias, of the deme Scam- bonidae, for committing crime against the goddesses of Eleusis, Demeter and Cora, by mimicking the mysteries and showing them forth to his companions in his own house, wearing a robe such as the High Priest wears when he shows forth the sacred secrets to the initiates, and calling himself High Priest, Pulytion Torch-bearer, and Theodorus, of the deme Phegaea, Herald, and hailing the rest of his com- panions as Mystae and Epoptae, contrary to the laws and institutions of the Eumolpidae, Heralds, and Priests of Eleusis.” His case went by default, his property was confiscated, and besides that, it was also decreed that his name should be publicly cursed by all priests and priestesses. Theano, the daughter of Menon, of the deme Agraule, they say, was the only one who refused to obey this decree. She declared that she was a praying, not a cursing priestess. XXIII. When these great judgments and con- demnations were passed upon Alcibiades, he was tarrying in Argos, for as soon as he had made his escape from Thurii, he passed over into Peloponnesus. But fearing his foes there, and renouncing his country altogether, he sent to the Spartans, de- manding immunity and confidence, and promising to render them aid and service greater than all the harm he had previously done them as an enemy. The Spartans granted this request and received him 61 PLUTARCH’S LIVES deEapévev, Tapayevopuevos mpoOvpws ev pev evOvs >] , la \ > , éEepydoato, pédAAovtas Kal avaBaddopévous Bonbeitv Xvpaxovoiors éyeipas Kat mapo€vvas , 4 wv \ la) A 9 f) mépat Cvrurmov apyovta kal Opaioat tH éxei tov “A@nvaiwy Sivayw: Eérepov 5é, Kevely tov > , 4 > ae \ \ bd , N A avtodev trodenov émrt tovs ’AOnvaiouvs: to dé Tpitov Kal péytotov, émiteryicat Aexédetav, 08 a Qn 4 \ , Parrov ovdev Stespydcato Kai Kxatoxopbopyce THY TOMY. bd “A N , , bp) 3 Evdoxipdy o¢ Snuooig Kal Gavpabopevos ovx HTTOV LoLa TOUS TrOAAOUS KATEONUaAywyEL Kal KaT- eyonteve TH Siaitn Aaxwvitwv, aoO opavTas év Xp@ KoupiavTra Kal WuypodovTodyTa Kal paln cuvovta Kal Cou@ pédave Xpw@pevov atriateiv Kat Statropety, eb wrote payerpov emt THs oiKxias ovTOS avnp éoxev 7 mpocéBre We pupeyrov 4 MiAnoias 4 nvécxeto Oryeiv yAavidos. Hy yap, Os pact, pia Sevotns aitn TOV TOoAN@Y ey avT@ Kal pnxYavn Onpas avOporwv, cvveEopowtcba Kal cvvopo- qwaQeiy tois eémitndevpace kat tais dvairass, o€uTépas TpeTOu“evm TpoTasS TOU YapatNéovTos. TAY exeivos pév, WS NéyeTaL, Tpos ev éEaduvaTet YpGua TO AEvKOY adopotody éavTov’ ’AAKLBLASN dé d:a yYpnota@y iovtt kal movnpwy opoiws ovdev * > la 27Q> 9 ? 3 9 > , 5 fv apipntov ovd aventitndSevtov, dXN évy Lwdpry yupvactiKos, evtedns, cKVOpwrros, év "lwvia y~d- ‘ A mountain citadel of Attica, about fourteen miles from Athens towards Boectia, commanding the Athenian plain 62 ALCIBIADES among them. No sooner was he come than he zealously brought one thing to pass: they had been delaying and postponing assistance to Syracuse ; he roused and incited them to send Gylippus thither for a commander, and to crush the force which Athens had there. A second thing he did was to get them to stir up the war against Athens at home; and the third, and most important of all, to induce them to fortify Deceleia.1 This more than anything else wrought ruin and destruction to his native city. At Sparta, he was held in high repute publicly, and privately was no less admired. The multitude was brought under his influence, and was actually bewitched, by his assumption of the Spartan mode of life. When they saw him with his hair untrimmed, taking cold baths, on terms of intimacy with their coarse bread, and supping black porridge, they could scarcely trust their eyes, and doubted whether such a man as he now was had ever had a cook in his own house, had even so much as looked upon a per- fumer, or endured the touch of Milesian wool. He had, as they say, one power which transcended all others, and proved an implement of his chase for men: that of assimilating and adapting himself to the pursuits and lives of others, thereby assuming more violent changes than the chameleon. That animal, however, as it is said, is utterly unable to assume one colour, namely, white; but Alcibiades could associate with good and bad alike, and found naught that he could not imitate and practice. In Sparta, he was all for bodily training, simplicity of life, and severity of countenance; in lonia, for and the shortest routes to Euboa and Beotia. It was occupied by the Spartans in the spring of 413 B.c. 63 PLUTARCH’S LIVES } , > / e 1 ? ® 4 @ , avos, emitepT ns, pabupuos, év Opdxyn peOvotixos, ? a e , / ” évy @ertadots tmmactixos, Ticadépyn 8€ Te 4 ‘\ e , ” \ , cAaTpaTyn TvveV vTEpEeBarev OYK@ Kal TONVTEAELG Thy Ileporxny peyarorpémetay, ovy avrov éEtaTas otTw padiws eis Erepov é& érépov Tpdrrov, ovde a , an / 3 7” A macay Seyopevos T@ HOer petaBornv, GAN Sti TH voc ypwpevos Euerdre Avtreiv Tovs evTvyydvov- A 4 a Tas, els Tay ael TO TPOTHopon EexEivoLs OXHpA Kat 6 wAdopa KaTedveTO Kal Katépevyev. ev yoy TH Aaxedaipou mpos Ta &EwOer Hv eirety “‘Ov mais a 9 "AYLANEWS, GAN exeivos’ ein Av ‘avdTos,’ olov Av- “A 9 , 99 a + 9 A a > Kouvpyos émraidevoe’” Tots 8 adnOivois adv Tis ée- gavncey avtod wdbeot Kal mpaypacw: “Koti ”) WANQAL yun.” \ a ) 7 Tepatav yap thy “Aytéos yuvaixa Tod Bacthéws , a OTPATEVOLEVOU Kai ATrOOnMOUYTOS OUTW StéhOELpev @ote kai ve €€ "AdXKiBiddouv cal pn apvetabat, Kal Texovons traiddpiov adppev Ew pev Aewtvyi- a \ > 9 \ ? A / Snyv xareicbat, to 8 évtos avtov Wibupifopevov dvoya pos Tas didas Kal Tas dmabdovs bo THs pntpos AAKiBiddnv elvat: TocodTos épws KaTelxXe THhv avOpwrov. o 6 évtpudav ereyev ovy BBpet TovTO TpaTTEy ovdSé KpaTovpevos Ud Hdovijs, arr Gras AaxeSatpoviwvy Bacirtevowow ot &é& 8 avToU yeyovoTes. oUTW TpaTTO“EVa TAUTA TrOA- Aol KaTnyopovy mpos Tov "Ayw. éiotevoe Sé 1 The first part of the passage in quotation marks is an adaptation of an iambic trimeter by some unknown poet, 64 ALCIBIADES luxurious ease and pleasure ; in Thrace, for drinking deep; in Thessaly, for riding hard; and when he was thrown with Tissaphernes the satrap, he outdid even Persian magnificence in his pomp and lavishness. It was not that he could so easily pass entirely from. one manner of man to another, nor that he actually underwent in every case a change in his real character ; but when he saw that his natural manners were likely to be annoying to his associates, he was quick to assume any counterfeit exterior which might in each case be suitable for them. At all events, in Sparta, so far as the outside was concerned, it was possible to say of him, “‘ No child of Achilles he, but Achilles himself,’! such a man as Lycurgus trained”; but judging by what he actually felt and did, one might have cried with the poet, “Tis the selfsame woman still 2!” For while Agis the king was away on his campaigns, Alcibiades corrupted Timaea his wife, so that she was with child by him and made no denial of it. When she had given birth to a male child, it was called Leotychides in public, but in private the name which the boy’s mother whispered to her friends and attendants was Alcibiades. Such was the passion that possessed the woman. But he, in his mocking way, said he had not done this thing for a wanton insult, nor at the behest of mere pleasure, but in order that descendants of his might be kings of the Lacedaemonians. Such being the state of things, there were many to tell the tale to Agis, and he be- lieved it, more especially owing to the lapse of time. which Plutarch uses entire in Morals, p. 51ce. Cf. Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag.” p. 907. 2 Electra, of Helen, in Kuripides, Orestes, 129. 65 VOL. IV. F PLUTARCH’S LIVES TO Ypov@ padrdioTa, STL TELa MOD yevopévou hoBn- Deis eFédpaye Tov Oadrdpov mapa THs yuvatKxos, elta Séxa pnvaev ovxéti cuvnrOev avtn, pe’ ods yevouevov tov Acwtuxidny arépnoev €€ avTov py yeyovévat. Kal d:a TovTO THs Bacidetas é£étrecev votepoy o Aewrvyidns. XXIV. Mera o€ thy év BKerdia Tov AOnvaiwy dvotuxiay émpécBevoay eis Yaraptnv aya Xior kat AéoBiot nal Kufixnvol mept amootdcews. mpatrovtav o¢ Bowwrav péev AeoBiots, Papva- Balov 8& Kubixnvots, "ArxiBiddn ecobevtes etXovto Xiows mpo mavtwv BonOeiv. éxmdevoas dé xal altos améotrnoev ortyou Seiy amracay "lwviav, cat moka auvev tois Tav Aaxedai- viwy otpatnyois éBAartTe Tovs ‘AOnvaious. o & "Ayis éxOpds pev taipyev avt@ Sia tip yuvaixa kaxas TeTTovOas, nYOeTo Sé Kat TH S0En- Ta yap mrelotTa yiverOar nal mpoywpeiv ov "ArKBiddny Aoxyos Fv: Tov 8 AAV Yrapriatav ot Suvatw@tatos Kal didotipotatoe Tov *AAKLBia- dnv dn éBapivovto ba POovov. icyvoay otv kat SuerpdEavto tovs olxobev apxovras éri- oteitNat TOS “Iwviay Strws atroKTEeivwoty avTOD. ‘O & jovyh apoyvods nal doBnbeis Tav pév mpatewy tracev éxowever Tots Aaxedatpoviors, TO 8 eis yeipas iévar ravraracww épevye, Ticadépyn dé, T@ Bactrtéws catpdry, Sods éavrov tarép acharcias evOds tv trap avt@® tmpaTos Kal péytotos. TO pev yap ToAUTpoTOY Kal TepLTTOV 1 Cf. Lysander, xxii. 4-6. 2 With these words the two years which had elapsed since the flight of Alcibiades (xxii. 1) are passed over, so far as the 66 ALCIBIADES There had been an earthquake, and he had run in terror out of his chamber and the arms of his wife, and then for ten months had had no further inter- course with her. And since Leotychides had been born at the end of this period, Agis declared that he was no child of his. For this reason Leotychides was afterwards refused the réyal succession.! XXIV. After the Athenian disaster in Sicily,? the Chians, Lesbians, and Cyzicenes sent embassies at the same time to Sparta, to discuss a revolt from Athens. But though the Boeotians supported the appeal of the Lesbians, and Pharnabazus that of the Cyzicenes, the Spartans, under the persuasion of Alcibiades/ elected to help the Chians first of all. Alcibiades actually set sail in person and brought almost all Ionia to revolt, and, in constant association with the Lacedaemonian generals, wrought injury to the Athenians. But Agis was hostile to him because of the wrong he had suffered as a husband, and he was also vexed at the repute in which Alcibiades stood; for most of the successes won were due to him, as report had it. The most influential and ambitious of the other Spartans also were already envious and tired of him, and soon grew strong enough to induce the magistrates at home to send out orders to Ionia that he be put to death. His stealthy discovery of this put him on his guard, and while in all their undertakings he took part with the Lacedaemonians, he sedulously avoided coming into their hands. Then, resorting to Tissaphernes, the King’s satrap, for safety, he was soon first and foremost in that grandee’s favour. For his versatility Sicilian expedition is concerned. They are covered by the narrative of the Nicias (xv.-xxx.). 67 F 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avuTov THs _Sewornros ovK Ov am ods, andra caxonOns Kal pidomrovnpos, eOavpatev o SapBapos: tais 8é cal’ pepay év TO avaxordter Kal oup- Starracbar Napiouy obdey F nv areyKTOV nOos ovde puaus avdhwros, anXa Kal dedtoct Kal povoidaw Opcos To auyyevéoOar xal mpooveip éxetvov 7)60- vav Twa Kal peroppoa yyy mapeiye. TANK OdY @y Kal pony év toils pddiota Ilepowy 0 Teoadépvns, odtas évedioou T@ “ArKBiddy KoAa- KEVOMEVOS bo8 | UrrepBadrewy avTov GVTiKONAKEVOY éxetvos. ov yap eKEKTITO Tapaceicwy TOV Kan- ALoOTOY Kal poate Kal AeLpavev Drycervaov evexev, Siat puBas EXovTa, Kal KaTapuyas NOKNLEVAS Backes Kal TEplLTTOS, ‘AdKeBeddyy KaNELv éBero- Kal TWavTes OUTW KadodVTES Kal Tpoca- yopevovTes dteTéXovp. XXV. ‘Amoyvous otv o ’AXKiBiddns Ta TOV 2rapriaréy Os anicTa, Kal poBovpevos TOV “Ay, éxaxovu Kal 61éBarre Tpos TOV Tioapeprny, ovK éav BonOety avtois mpodvpos ovde KaTadveL TOUS ‘AOnvaious, adda YMox pws Xopnyouvta Ori Bevv Kal amoxvatie atpéua Kal mouelv appo- TEpous Bactret xetponders kal KaTamovous vn aGdrAnrwv. o & émeiOero padiws Kxai dfros mv ayarav Kat Gavpdlov, jor atroBverecOar Tov "ArKiBiddnv éxatépobev vd TaV “EXAnvwYr, TOS S , Adnvaious peTapedeo Gar Tots yoodeiar mepl avTov KAKOS mao XovTas, ax GecOas dé xaxetvov Hon Kal poPeiaar py Twavrdtace THS TOAEWS avatpeBeians Ure Aaxedatpoviows yévntat picov- PEVOS. 68 ALCIBIADES and surpassing cleverness were the admiration of the Barbarian, who was no straightforward man himself, but malicious and fond of evil company. And indeed no disposition could resist and no nature escape Alcibiades, so full of grace was his daily life and conversation. Even those who feared and hated him felt a rare and winning charm in his society and presence. And thus it was that Tissaphernes, though otherwise the most ardent of the Persians in his hatred of the Hellenes, so completely surrendered to the flatteries of Alcibiades as to outdo him in reciprocal flatteries. Indeed, the most beautiful park he had, both for its refreshing waters and grateful lawns, with resorts and retreats decked out in regal and extravagant fashion, he named Alcibiades ; everyone always called it by that name. XXV. Alcibiades now abandoned the cause of the Spartans, since he distrusted them and feared Agis, and began to malign and slander them to Tissa- phernes. He advised him not to aid them very generously, and yet not to put down the Athenians completely, but rather by niggardly assistance to straiten and gradually wear out both, and so make them easy victims for the King when they had weak- ened and exhausted each other. Tissaphernes was easily persuaded, and all men saw that he loved and admired his new adviser, so that Alcibiades was looked up to by the Hellenes on both sides, and the Athenians repented themselves of the sentence they had passed upon him, now that they were suffering forit. Alcibiades himself also was presently burdened with the fear that if his native city were altogether destroyed, he might come into the power of the Lacedaemonians, who hated him. 69 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ev 6¢ 7H Sau Tore TavrTa Ta Tpdypata Tots "AOnvaiors oxedov bripye Kaxeiev oppopevot TH vauTikh Suvaper Ta pev avexT@vTo TaV ade- 4 \ 9 D1 , e “ 4 4 la) oToOTMV, TA O éfvAATTOY apaws YE TwS ETL TOUS modelos Kata Odrattray dvTes aktopayo, Tt- / 4, \ \ 4 ¢ cadépyny S¢ poBovpevor Kal Tas Neyouevas doov ovTw Trapetivar Powiooas Tpinpets TEevTHKOVTA Ve \ ” bd > f > , Kal éxaTov ovoas, @v adixopévoy ovbeyia co- , \ e 4 fo s a > tnpias éAmis wiredeireTo TH Toda. Tavita § elms "ArAKiBiddns éreputre Kpvpa mpos Tovs év Sau Svvatots trav "AOnvaiwr, érridas évdid0vs mapé-e tov Trcadhépynv dirov, ov Tois TrodXois , > N 4 b] , ed \ “~ yapetopevos ovdé TloTEvwY ExEivoIs, GANA TOS aptoTos, eb TOALHoELaY avdpes ayalol yevopevor kal mavoavtes UBpivovra tov Shuov avrot &i éavTav cate Ta Tpdypata Kal THY TOALY. | e \ 9 wv ‘ “A “A Ou pev ovv addot ododpa mpooeixov To 9 , le) A la) AdxtBiady trav b€ otpatnyav els, Ppvvryos e , e Y ef ® \ 9 o Acpadvarns, bromtetaas, Step Hv, Tov ’Ad«Kt- , 2Q/ a bd / A Buadnv ovdey te padrov odyapyias 7) SnpoxKpa- tias Seopuevov, Cntodvta 5é€ mdavtws Katedbein, 9 a “A / / \ 2 éx StaBoAns Tod Snuov mpoBeparevery Kai wro- SvecIat tovs Suvatovs, avOiotato. KpaTovpmevos 5é TH yvopn kal davepads dn Tod "AdKtBuddou \ > , > , iA ‘ 9 , yeyovws éxOpos, eEnyyetre xpvda pos ‘Aatvoxov TOV TOV TodrEpwy vavapyov, éyKENEVOpLEVOS guratrecOat kal avdAdNapBavew ws éraudorept- 6 Covra tov ArxiBiadnv. érernber 5 apa mpodo- 79 | 205 ALCIBIADES At this time! almost all the forces of Athens were at Samos. From this island as their naval base of operations they were trying to win back some of their Tonian allies who had revolted, and were watching others who were disaffected. After a fashion they still managed to cope with their enemies on the sea, but they were afraid of Tissaphernes and of the fleet of one hundred and fifty Phoenician triremes which was said to be all but at hand; if this once came up, no hope of safety was left for their city. Alcibiades was aware of this, and sent secret mes- sages to the influential Athenians at Samos, in which he held out the hope that he might bring Tissaphernes over to be their friend. He did not seek, he said, the favour of the multitude, nor trust them, but rather that of the aristocrats, in case they would venture to show themselves men, put a stop to the insolence of the people, take the direction of affairs into their own hands, and save their cause and city. Now the rest of the aristocrats were much inclined to Alcibiades. But one of the generals, Phrynichus, of the deme Deirades, suspected (what was really the case) that Alcibiades had no more use for an oligarchy than for a democracy, but merely sought in one way or another a recall from exile, and therefore inveighed against the people merely to court betimes the favour of the aristocrats, and ingratiate himself with them. He therefore opposed him. When his opinion had been overborne and he was now become an open enemy of Alcibiades, he sent a secret mes- sage to Astyochus, the enemy’s naval commander, bidding him beware of Alcibiades and arrest him, for that he was playing a double game. But without his 1 During the winter of 412-411 B.c. 71 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TNs MpodoTn Siareyopevos. Tov yap Trcadepynv éxtreTT@Anypevos 0 "Actvoxos, cal Tov ’“Ad«tBiadnv Opav map avT@ péeyay dvtTa, KaTeunvuce TA Tov Dpuvvixou mpos avtovs. o & ‘Ad«iBiddns evOvs eis Xdpov Emeue tovs tov PDpuvixou KaTNyOpycovTas. ayavaxtotytwy Sé Tavtwv Kat cuvictapevav émt tov Ppiviyov, ody spav évrépay Stapuyhy éx tav TapovTwy émexeipnoev 7 idcacOat peilour Kax@ TO KaKkov. avOis yap éreprve mpos tov "Actvoxov, éyxadov pev vTéep THS pNvdcews, erayyeNromevos 5é Tas vais Kal TO oTpatomedov TOV "AOnvaiwy broxeiptoy avT@ mapetewy. Ov pv EBrawé ye tovs *AOnvaiovs 7 Tod @pvvixouv mpodocia dia trav "Aotvoyouv Tanip- mpodociav. Kal yap Taita Kateite Tov Ppvvixou 8 mpos Tous wept Tov "ArKiBiddnyv. o Sé Ppvvryos mpoaabopevos Kal mpoadeyopuevos Sevtépay xaTn- yoptav mapa tod ’AAKtBiddov, pbdcas avtos mpoeime Tois “AOnvaiors Ste pédArXovow émimrey ot TroNeutot, Kal Tapnvece mpos Tais vavolv 9 elvat Kal meptteryicat TO oTpatoTredov. érret 5é mpatrovtwyv tadta tay AOnvaiwy Ke ypap- pata rdw Tapa Tov AdKiBiadov, durdtrecBat KeNevovtos tov Dpiwxov ws mpodidovTa Tots ToXeEpios Toy vavaTabuov, nriatTnaaV oldpevot Tov ’AndxiBiddyy eidota cadas THY TOV ToAEuLOV Tapackeuny Kal Sidvoray droyphoOat mpos THY 10 tod Ppuvixou StaBoryw ovx adyOas. Torepov 72 ALCIBIADES knowing it, it was a case of traitor dealing with traitor. For Astyochus was much in awe of Tissaphernes, and seeing that Alcibiades had great power with the satrap, he disclosed the message of Phrynichus to them both. Alcibiades at once sent men to Samos to denounce Phrynichus. All the Athenians there were incensed and banded themselves together against Phrynichus, who, seeing no other escape from his predicament, attempted to cure one evil by another and a greater. He sent again to Astyochus, chiding him indeed for his disclosure of the former message, but announcing that he stood ready to de- liver into his hands the fleet and army of the Athenians. However, this treachery of Phrynichus did not harm the Athenians at all, because of the fresh treachery of Astyochus. This second message of Phrynichus also he delivered to Alcibiades. But Phrynichus knew all the while that he would do so, and expected a second denunciation from Alcibiades. So he got the start of him by telling the Athenians himself that the enemy were going to attack them, and advising them to have their ships manned and their camp fortified. The Athenians were busy doing this when again a letter came trom Alcibiades bidding them beware of Phrynichus, since he had offered to betray their fleet to the enemy. This letter they disbelieved at the time, supposing that Alcibiades, who must know perfectly the equipment and purposes of the enemy, had used his knowledge in order to calumniate Phrynichus falsely, Afterwards, ! 1 In the summer of 411 B.c., Phrynichus having been deposed from his conimand at Samos, and showing himself an ardent supporter of the revolutionary Four Hundred at Athens. 73 PLUTARCH’S LIVES peévtoe Tov Ppvuyov évos TOY TrepiTroA@v” Eppewvos év ayopa watdtavtos éyyepidiw xal d.adbei- pavtos, ot ’AOnvato. dinns yevopévns tod peév Ppuvixou mpodociay Katewndiaavto tebvynKortos, tov & “Eppova cai tovs pet avtod avotavtTas éaTrepavwcay. XXVI. ’Ev 8€ 1H Xdpm toTe Kpatjoavtes ot "AriBiddov dirot tréumovot Tletcavdpov eis doTv KivnoovTa Thy TodtTEelav Kal wapalap- puvoovta Tovs Suvatous TOY TWpaypLaTa@V ayTiAap- BaveoOat Kxai Kxatadrvew tov Shuov, ws ért tovtos Tod “AAKtBiddov Tiscadépynv avtois irxov Kal ovppayov mapéEovtos. aitn yap HY mpopacis Kal TovTO TpdaoxKnpa ToOIs KAaMLoTaCE Thv odLyapytav. eel 8 loxyvoav Kat Tapédafov | Ta WpdypatTa ol TevTaKicyidtot Reyomevot, tetpaxootot € bytes, EAdyioTa TH ’AdKiBiddy mpocetyov On Kal paraxwTepov Hrtovto Tov ToAé“ov, Ta pev amiorovvTes Ett wWpos THY petaBornv Fevorra0ovc. Tots moditats, Ta 8 oi0pevoL AAXAOv évdwcev avTois Aaxedatpovious del mpos odyapyiav émitndciws Eyovtas. 6 pev ovv KaTa THY TOdLW SHwos axkwv bro Séous nouxiay nye’ Kal yap amerparynaay OUK odLryoU TOV évavTloupévwv davep@s Tois TeTPaKocioLs’ of 8 év Yayo tadta TuvOavopevos Kal ayavax- TouvTes WppynvtTo marci evOds él tov Tlepaca, Kal petarreurpdapevor Tov “AdxiBiadny Kai oTpatn- yov atrobetEavtes éxéXevov nyetaOar Kal KaTadveL TOUS TUpayvouSs. € 9 > ” bd f 4 A O & ovy olov av tis é€aidvns yapeTt Tav 74 ALCIBIADES however, when Hermon,! one of the frontier guard, had smitten. Phrynichus with a dagger and slain him in the open. market-place, the Athenians tried the case of the dead man, found him guilty of treachery, and awarded crowns to Hermon and his accomplices, XXVI. But at Samos the friends of Alcibiades soon got the upper hand, and sent Peisander to Athens to change the form of government. He was to encourage the leading men to overthrow the de- mocracy and take control of affairs, with the plea that on these terms alone would Alcibiades make Tissaphernes their friend and ally. This was the pretence and this the pretext of those who estab- lished the oligarchy at Athens. But as soon as the so-called Five Thousand (they were really only four hundred) got the power and took control of affairs, they at once neglected Alcibiades entirely, and waged the war with less vigour, partly because they distrusted the citizens, who still looked askance at the new form of government, and partly because they thought that the Lacedaemonians, who always looked with favour on an oligarchy, would be more lenient towards them. The popular party in the city was constrained by fear to keep quiet, because many of those who openly opposed the Four Hundred had been slain. But when the army in Samos learned what had been done at home, they were enraged, and were eager to sail forthwith to the Piraeus, and sending for Alcibiades, they appointed him general, and bade him lead them in putting down the tyrants. An ordinary man, thus suddenly raised to great 1 The name is wrong, and has crept into the story by an error which can be traced. Hermon was ‘‘ commander of the frontier guard stationed at Munychia ” (Thue. viii. 92, 5). 75 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOMO péyas yeyovas érraQe xa nyatneoe, mavta Seiy evdus olopevos xapiver Bar Kar pndev avTUAeyeLy Tots éx mAayntos Kal puydsos avurTov veQY TOTOVTwWY Kal oTpatomeésou Kal Suvapews THMKAUT AS amodeiEacw Tyyepova, Kal TTPATHYOV; aX’ OrrEep iy dpxovre peydrp TpoanKoy, av0icta- cbat pepopevors un’ opyns, KwAvaas éFapapteiy, ToTE you Ta mpaypata Th TodEL TEpLpaVves érwoev. él yap dpavres anérhevoap oixace, Tots pe Tmohepiors evOus exe UTApKEv "Teviay dmacay, kal Tov ‘EXAjoTovTov * apaxel, Kat TAS vnTOUS, "AOnvaiors be 7 p0s ’A@nvaious paxec Bar TOV TONEMLOV els THY TONY euBadovtas: OV pLovos pada ra [T) yevérbar | Suex@AvC eV 0 "ArxBuadns, ov povov TeOav Kai biddoxwv Td TAHOs, GAXNa Kal Kad’ eva TOUS ev avriBorav, tav © ema Bavopevos. TUVET PATTE 8 avT@ kal @pacvBovros 0 2Terpreds aa TApov Kal KeKparyas nV yap, @s NéyeTal, peyaropwvoratos "A@nvaiwv. "Exeivo Te on Kadov Tob "ArKtBiadou Kat Sevtepov, 6 Ott vrocxopevos TAS Powiocas vais, as TpoaEeseXov7o Aaxedarpovior Baciréws Té [- spavtos, 1) HETATTHTELY TOS avrovs 7) Svan pdge- aOat wndé pos éxeivous Kop Ohvar, Sia Tayéwy éfémrevce. Kal Tas pev vais expaveicas mepl “Aotreviov ovK Hnyayev oo Troadéprns, arn’ exrevoato TOUS Aaxedatpovious, THY S aitiav Tov arotpéWwat tap apdorépors o ‘AdKeBiddns 1 nal roy EAAhororvrov Bekker: ‘EAAhomovtov. 76 206 ALCIBIADES power by the favour of the multitude, would have been full of complaisance, thinking that he must at once gratify them in all things and oppose them in nothing, since they had made him, instead of a wandering exile, leader and general of such a fleet and of so large an armed force. But Alcibiades, as became a great leader, felt that he must oppose them in their career of blind fury, and prevented them from making a fatal mistake. Therefore in this instance, at least, he was the manifest salvation of the city. For had they sailed off home, their enemies might at once have occupied all Ionia, the Hellespont without a battle, and the islands, while Athenians were fighting Athenians and making their own city the seat of war. Such a war Alcibiades, more than any other one man, prevented, not only persuading and instructing the multitude together, but also, taking them man by man, supplicating some and constraining others. He had a helper, too, in Thrasybulus of Steiris| who went along with him and did the shouting ; for he had, it is said, the biggest voice of all the Athenians. A second honourable proceeding of Alcibiades was his promising to bring over to their side the Phoenician ships which the King had sent out and the Lacedaemonians were expecting,—or at least to see that those expectations were not realized,—and his sailing off swiftly on this errand. The ships were actually seen off Aspendus, but Tissaphernes did not bring them up, and thereby played the Lacedaemonians false. Alcibiades, however, was 1 This illustrious commander, the son of Lycus, is to be distinguished from Thrasybulus, the son of Thraso (chapter xxxvi. 1). 77 PLUTARCH’S LIVES elye, kal parXov éte Tapa Tots Aaxedatpoviors, as Siddoxwov tov BdpBapoy avrovs id’ atTav qjeptopayv amroAAupévous tovs “EAAnvas. ov yap jv ddnrov Ott Tois érépors Svvayis TocavTn Mpoayevouevn Tous érépovs adnpetto Kody TO Kpadtos THs OaXatTN. XXVII. ’Ex tovtov catervOnoay peév ot teTpa- kootot, Tov "AdXKtBiddov dirov mpodvpws cur- AapBavouévwy trois ta SHyov dpovoict: Bovdo- pévov dé TaV év doter Kal KeNEVOVTMY KaTLEVAL tov "ArKiBiddnv avdtos Peto Setv py Kevais yepot pndé ampaxros, oixt@m Kab YdpiTL TOY TOANOD, GX’ évdoEws KaterGetv. 510 rpwTov pév orIiyats vavoly é« Yadpou weptémrer THY Kyidieov cat Kear Oaraccav: éxei 8 axovoas Mivéapov tov SZrap- Teatnv eis “EXAnoTovTOV dvaTEiv TO TTOA® mavtt Kat Tovs A@nvatous éraxoXovbely, nireiyeTo BonOjoat tots otpatnyots. Kal Kata TUyND Ets TOUTO KaLpod auVnvUcE TAéwV OKTwKaldeKa Tpl- pec, év @ Tao aes oov Tais vavot TUpTET OVTES eis TO avTO Kal dravavpayodvTes trept “ABvdov dppotepoe Tois pev HnrT@pevor pépect, Tow Sé vix@vres aype SeiAns adyau peydd@ auvelyovTo. Kal mapecxe pev evartiav dofav apotéposs émipavels, Bote Oappeivy pév Tovs TrodEmious, OopuBetabat Sé tovs ’AOnvaiovs. tayd dé on- petov dpas ato THs vavapyidos didstov Opuncev evOus él rods Kpatodvtas Kal Sidxovtas TeV IleXovrovynciwv. tpeyrapevos 8 avtovs ébéwoer eis THY Yhv, Kal wpooKelpevos ExoTTTE Tas vas 78 ALCIBIADES credited with this diversion of the ships by both parties, and especially by the Lacedaemonians. The charge was that he instructed the Barbarian to suffer the Hellenes to destroy one another. For it was perfectly clear that the side to which such a naval force attached itself would rob the other altogether of the control of the sea. XXVII. After this the Four Hundred were over- thrown,! the friends of Alcibiades now zealously assisting the party of the people. Then the city willingly ordered Alcibiades to come back home. But he thought he must not return with empty hands and without achievement, through the pity and favour of the multitude, but rather in a blaze of glory. So, to begin with, he set sail with a small fleet from Samos and cruised off Cnidus and Cos. There he heard that Mindarus the Spartan admiral had sailed off to the Hellespont with his entire fleet, followed by the Athenians, and so he hastened to the assistance of their generals. By chance he came up, with his eighteen triremes, at just that critical point when both parties, having joined battle with all their ships off Abydos, and sharing almost equally in victory and defeat until evening, were locked ina great struggle. The appearance of Alcibiades inspired both sides with a false opinion of his coming : the enemy were emboldened and the Athenians were confounded. But he quickly hoisted Athenian colours on his flagship and darted straight upon the victorious and pursuing Peloponnesians. Routing them, he drove them to land, and following hard after them, rammed and shattered their ships. 1 They usurped the power in June, of 411 B.c.; they fell in September of the same year. 79 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal cuvetitpwoKxe, Tov avdpav éxveovtwv Kal WapvaBalov weln mwpoaBonOodvTos avtois Kat paxyopévov tapa tHv OdraTTay UTEP TOY vEwv. téXos b€ THY ev ToAELioV TpLaKOoYTAa AaPovTEs, avacwaartes b€ Tas aAUTOY, TpoTaLoY EcTNCAV. 4 \ A , 9 / \ Otte be apap Xpyocapevos evTuyia, Kat piroTtmovpevos evlus éyxadrAwTicacBar TO Ticadépvn, Eévia nal dopa TapacKevacdpevos Kal Oepatreiay Exywy Hyewovixny emopeveTo pos > “ b] \ ” hd , > \ avTov. ov pny étvxXev w@VY TpocEeboKnoEV, GAAG Tada. KaKxos axovwv o Ticadépyns tro tov Aaxedaipoviov, cai poBovpmevos aitiav ANaBeiy éx , ” 3 A \ 9 UO Bactréws, edokev ev xaip@ tov "*ArdxiBiddny agpiyOat, Kal cvrAdaBav adtov elpEev év Ydp- e 4 9 / A A \ b , Seow ws Avow éxeivns THS StaBorRs tTHv abdiiav TAaUTHY Ecopernv. XXVIII. Tpaxovra S pepav S:ayevopévov e 9 4 Vg \ 3 4 \ o “AdKiBiddns tarmou mobév evropnoas «al atroépas Tous dvAakas eis Kralopevas Srépurye. kal tov pev Ticadépvnv mpociséBarrAev ws br’ éxeivou pcOepévos, avtos dé TAEvVcas eis TO atpatovedov tav “A@nvaiwy xal sruOdpevos Mivédapov opod cai PapvdBatov év Kubixw ye- yovévat, TOUS pev OTPATLOTAS Trapwp_NCEV, WS avayKnv ovoav avtois Kal vavyayety Kal arelo- a , a paxeiv cal vy Ata reryopayeiy mpos Tovs ToAe- , fo) pulous: Ypnwata yap ov« elvas 1) TavTn Kpatovat: TrANpwaas Sé TAS va’s Kal KaTdpas eis TpotKov- 80 207 ALCIBIADES Their crews swam ashore, and here Pharnabazus came to their aid with his infantry and fought along the beach in defence of their ships. But finally the Athenians captured thirty of them, rescued their own, and erected a trophy of victory. Taking advantage of a success so brilliant as this, and ambitious to display himself at once before Tissaphernes, Alcibiades supplied himself with gifts of hospitality and friendship and proceeded, at the head of an imperial retinue, to visit the satrap. His reception, however, was not what he expected. Tissaphernes had for a long time been accused by the Lacedaemonians to the King, and being in fear of the King’s condemnation, it seemed to him that Alcibiades had come in the nick of time. So he arrested him and shut him up in Sardis, hoping that such an outrage upon him as this would dispel the calumnies of the Spartans. XXVIII. After the lapse of thirty days Alcibiades ran away from his guards, got a horse from some one or other, and made his escape to Clazomenae. To repay Tissaphernes, he alleged that he had escaped with that satrap’s connivance, and so brought ad- ditional calumny upon him. He himself sailed to the camp of the Athenians,! where he learned that Mindarus, along with Pharnabazus, was in Cyzicus. Thereupon he roused the spirits of the soldiers, declaring that they must now do sea-fighting and land-fighting and even siege-fighting, too, against their enemies, for poverty stared them in the face unless they were victorious in every way. He then manned his ships and made his way to Proconnesus, 1 Karly in the spring of 410 B.c. The Athenians were at Cardia, a city of the Thracian Chersonese. a 81 VOL. IV. PLUTARCH’S LIVES ynoov éxédevoev évTdos mepiBddrdguy Ta eTTA wroia Kal wapadvAdocev, Srws pndepia ois ToAeplows eriTNEOVTOS aUTOD yévotTo pwndamobev mpoaicOnats. "Ervye 5€ nab wodvv duBpov eEaiduns émi- mecovta Kal Bpovras Kal Copov cuvepyjcat cal cuveTixpira THY TapacKkeuny. ov yap povov TOUS ToAEpious éXabev, AAA Kal Tovs ’AOPnvaious ateyywkotas Hon éuBhvar Keretoas avynxOn. kal peta puxpov & te Copos SteAVOn Kal KaTo- POncav ai trav TleAotrovynciov vies aiwpovpevat ™po Tod ALwévoS TaV Kutixnvav. Seicas ovv o "ArKiBiddns pn Sia to wAROOS avTov mpoidovtes els THY YRV KaTapvywot, ToOvS pev STPATHYOUS éxéNevcey Hovyyn wAéovtas wtroAeiTedOat, avTOS dé tettapdxovra vavs éxov épaiveto Kal mpov- kaneito Tous troAeuious. érel 8 é&nrrarnyto Kal Katadpovncavtes ws él tocavtas avteen- Aacay, avtol pev evOds éEnmtovto Kal ouveTrré- xovTo, Tov & addAAwv Hon paxyopévors émipepo- ‘pévov éxTrayéevtes Epevyov. ‘0 8’ ’AAKtBiddns elxoat tails dpiatats SvextrAev- cas kal mpocBarov tH yn Kal amoBds, évéxerto Tots gevyouowy éx TOV vedv Kal Todds epOeErpe- Muvddpouv dé cat PapvaBatou wpoaBonbovvtwr Kpatncas, Tov pev Mivdapov dveirev éppwpévos ayovilopevov, o 5é PapvadBalos Epuye. mrodrA@v dé Kal vexp@v Kai StrAwY KpatnoavTes Tds TE vas atracas éhaBor, yetpwodpevor Oé Kai Kvfixor, 82 ALCIBIADES giving orders at once to seize all small trading craft and keep them under guard, that the enemy might get no warning of his approach from any source so ever. Now it chanced that copious rain fell all of a sud- den, and thunder-peals and darkness coéperated with him in concealing his design. Indeed, not only did he elude the enemy, but even the Athenians them- selves had already given up all expectation of fighting, when he suddenly ordered them aboard ship and put out to sea. After a little the darkness cleared away, and the Peloponnesian ships were seen hovering off the harbour of Cyzicus. Fearing then lest they catch sight of the full extent of his array and take refuge ashore, he ordered his fellow-commanders to sail slowly and so remain in the rear, while he himself, with only forty ships, hove in sight and challenged the foe to battle. The Peloponnesians were utterly deceived, and scorning what they deemed the small numbers of their enemy, put out to meet them, and closed at once with them in a grappling fight. Presently, while the battle was raging, the Athenian reserves bore down upon their foe, who were panic stricken and took to flight. Then Alcibiades with twenty of his best ships broke though their line, put to shore, and disem- barking his crews, attacked his enemy as they fled from their ships, and slew many of them. Mindarus and Pharnabazus, who came to their aid, he over- whelmed ; Mindarus was slain fighting sturdily, but Pharnabazus made his escape. Many were the dead bodies and the arms of which the Athenians became masters, and they captured all their enemy’s ships. Then they also stormed Cyzicus, which Pharnabazus 83 a 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES exALTOVTOS TOU PapvaSdtou Kal tay IleXorov- vnoiav SvapGapevrwr, ov povov tov ‘EXXnoTovTOV elyov BeBaiws, adra, Kal TAS GdrAns Oararrns efnhac av Kara KpaTos TOUS Aaxedatpoviors. Eddw O€ Kal Ypappara Lakwvicas ppavovra Tots "Eq@opots tv ryeyevnmervny aruxiay: "Eppet Ta Kaha: Mivdapos ametaova: TEewevTt Ta@Vvopes* atropiomes Ti xen Spav.” XXIX. Otro é pan vere ol peta tov ‘AXkKt- Buddov oTpatevaduevor kal TocovTov eppornoay OoT ana€ ody eve TOUS ardous KaTApLyVovaL TTPATLWOTALS EAUTOUS TrOAAGKLS NTTHMEVOLS aNT- THTOUS évTas. Kal Yap ov TOAAG mpoTepov ouve- BeBnnes TTaigavTos mepl” Egecor TOU @pacvAdov 70 XaArKobv averTavar TpoTraLov bao TOY "Edectov én aicxuvy TOV "AOnvatov. TadT ovy wmvetd.fov ot pera TOU “AdeiBiddov Tous META TOU Opacvrrov, peyaduvvovtes avTtovs Kal TOV oTpAaTHyor, éxeivots 66 pnre yupvaciov pnre a@pas év TTPATOTED ED Kolvavelv eédovtes. emrel é PapvaBatos i iarméas TE ToAAOUS EXov Kat rs emf} poev avtois euSeBrnxoow els THY "ABuénvar, o 0 3 AdurBrddys éxBonO na as én’ aurov _eTpeWaro kal KaTediw tev ay pt oKOTOUS pera TOU Opacvarov, Kal avepiry- vUVTO Kal Koy) dpiroppovovmevor Kal yaipovres émavjeray els TO oTpaToTedov. T7 8 vaTepaig oTHoAS TpOTTAaLOY eAENAaTEL THY DapvaBdtou Xe@pay ovdevos apiver as TONMAVTOS. tepels pEVTOL kal tepetas éraBe pév, adr’ adiicev dvev AUTpwv. Xarknoovioits & aghectace Kat 84 ALCIBIADES abandoned to its fate, and the Peloponnesians in it were annihilated. Thus the Athenians not only had the Hellespont under their sure control, but even drove the Lacedaemonians at a stroke from the rest of the sea. A dispatch was captured an- nouncing the disaster to the ephors in true laconic style: “Our ships are lost ; Mindarus is gone; our men are starving ; we know not what to do.” XXIX. But the soldiers of Alcibiades were now so elated and filled with pride that they disdained longer to mingle with the rest of the army, since it had often been conquered, while they were un- conquered. For not long before this,! Thrasyllus had suffered a reverse at Ephesus, and the Ephesians had erected their bronze trophy of victory, to the disgrace of the Athenians. This was what the soldiers of Alcibiades cast in the teeth of Thrasyllus’ men, vaunting themselves and their general, and refusing to share either training or quarters in camp with them. But when Pharnabazus with much cavalry and infantry attacked the forces of Thrasyllus, who had made a raid into the territory of Abydos, Alcibiades sallied out to their aid, routed Pharnabazus, and pursued him till nightfall, along with Thrasyllus. Thus the two factions were blended, and returned to their camp with mutual friendliness and delight. On the following day Alcibiades set up a trophy of victory and plundered the territory of Pharnabazus, no one venturing to defend it. He even captured some priests and priestesses, but let them go without ransom. On setting out to attack Chalcedon, which 1 During the summer of 410 B.c., after the victory of Cyzicus. 85 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES dedeyyevors dpoupav Kal appoo thy AaxeSatpoviov cpunpevos ToNEpElD, axovaas oe OTL THY AeElav TATAY EK THS Xwpas cuvayayoutes eis Biuvovs DmextiOevta * pirous 6 ovTas, Hycev €mt TOUS Gpous diya TO oTpaTeupa, Kal KnpuKa mpoTréunpas EVEKAGAEL TOLS Bivvois. ot 6€ Setcavtes THY TE Aelav amrédocay avT@ Kal didiav @pohoynoav. XXX. “Arrotery Comers be ths Xadkndovos ex Jararrns els OaXNatTTav, oO PapvaBafos HKev as Aveo THY ToAopKiay, Kal “Inmoxpatns 0 dppoarns éK TAS TOAEWS Eayayov THY ouv 208 auT@ Suvapuv emexetpet tois “A@nvaiots. o é Ader buddys cpa Tpos apporépous avriTagas TO oT PATEUHA; Tov pev PapydBatlov abox pas pevyerv jvaryKace, TOV 8 Inmoxpary SréPOerpe kal cvyvovs TOV meph | aT ov arrnbevtas. El?’ avtos pe éxtrAevoas els TOV EAAHoTOVTOV npyupororyer Kal 2mruBpiav elhev, aetdycas EavTOU mapa TOV Karpov. ou yap évd.dovres THY ToOALy gvvebevro pev avacynoey mupa ov avT@ perovons VUKTOS, nvaykacOnaay 5€ ToUTO Troha at ™po TOU KaLpov, TOV TUYwpMOTaY TLVA poBnbevres eLaipyns petaBadopevov. apbévros ouv Tov Trup- gov pn dere Ths oTparlas ovons éToiuns, avana- Rov dcop TpidKovTa Tept auTOV érreiryEeToO Spo Tpos TA TEe’VYN, TOVS AANOUS ExreaOau Kata TAXOS KeAevaas. avorxGeians dé tHs mvANS avT@ kat Tpoaryevopweveov Tols TpLaKovTa TENTATT OD elxoot Tapela Teg wv ed8ds ja 0er0 TOUS 2nruApravors é& évavtias peta TOV OTAwY ETTUpEepomévous. erret 1 jrexrideyvrar with M® and Cobet: é«rl@evra:. 86 ALCIBIADES had revolted from Athens and received a Lacedae- monian garrison and governor, he heard that its citizens had collected all their goods and chattels out of the country and committed them for safe keeping to the Bithynians, who were their friends. So he marched to the confines of Bithynia with his army, and sent on a herald with accusations and demands. The Bithynians, in terror, gave up the booty to him, and made a treaty of friendship. XXX. While Chalcedon was being walled in from sea to sea,! Pharnabazus came to raise the siege, and at the same time Hippocrates, the Spartan governor, led his forces out of the city and attacked the Athenians. But Alcibiades arrayed his army so as to face both enemies at once, put Pharnabazus to shameful flight, and slew Hippocrates together with many of his vanquished men. Then he sailed in person into the Hellespont and levied moneys there. He also captured Selymbria, where he exposed himself beyond all bounds. For there was a party in the city which offered to sur- render it to him, and they had agreed with him upon the signal of a lighted torch displayed at midnight. But they were forced to give this signal before the appointed time, through fear of one of the con- spirators, who suddenly changed his mind. So the torch was displayed before his army was ready; but Alcibiades took about thirty men and ran to the walls, bidding the rest of his force follow with all speed. The gate was thrown open for him and he rushed into the city, his thirty men-at-arms reinforced by twenty targeteers, but he saw at once that the Selymbrians were advancing in battle array to attack 1 In the spring of 409 B.c. 87 PLUTARCH’S LIVES § trrocravtt pev ov éhaivero owtnpia, mpos é TO ghuyely, aNTTNTOS Ape THs Hyépas exetvys ev Tais otpatnylais yeyovas, piroverkorepov Elxe, Th oddrruyylt oOnunvas cloTny éxédXevoey Eva TOV TapovTwy avetrety [nrAvBptavois "AOnvaious évav- tia bTAa pn tiOecOar. TovTO TO KNpUyua TOUS pev apPruTépous érroince mpos THY paynY, OS TOV TrONELioY évdov dvTMV aTravTwY, oi 5é TAais , eQ/ > / \ \ 4 ? éXrriaty notous éyévovTo mpos tas Ssadvaoes. €V © 5€ svotavtes adAHAOLs Cdidocay Noxon, érHrAGEv h oTpaTia TO’ AXKt Biddy, Kal Texpwatpopevos, OTrEp @ > \ a \ 4 ” WV, elpnvuixa dpovety tors YnrvBp.avots, ero \ \ / e a lA 9 py THY TOdW ot Opaxes Staprdcwow. oav Se modnrol, Ydpete TOV "AdKiBiddou xal &’ evvorav oTpatevopevot mpoOvpws. arrémeprev odv Tov- e 3 a 4 \ \ Tous dtravtas é€k THs ToAEws, Tous dé YnAvBpia- vous SenGévtas ovdév ndixnoev, GAAA YpnuaTa NaBaov cal dpovpav éycatactycas annrbev. XXXI. Ot b€ aodopKobytes tTHy Xadrkndova oTpatyyol amovoas éroincavto mpos PapvaBalov emi t@ Xphpata AaBeiv kal Xarxndoviovs vrarn- xoous madw 'A@nvaios elvat, tnv 5¢ PapvaBalou , \ bd a , \ , yapav pn adiceiv, DapvaBaloy 5é mpéoBeow "A@nvaiwy mpos Bactrdéa tropmiy pet’ aoparetas Tapacyeiv. ws ovv émaveNOovta tov *AXxKt- 10 € @ Ul > gos \ 9 N bd ‘4 \ Biddnv o DapydBalos nkiov cai avrov opocas tept TOV BMONYHMEVwY, OVK Edn TpOTEpoV 7 exeivov QaUTOLS Gmocat. Tevopévwv b€ trav Spxwv ért Bulavtious ade- 88 ALCIBIADES him. In resistance he saw no safety, and for flight, undefeated as he was in all his campaigns down to that day, he had too much spirit. He therefore bade the trumpet signal silence, and then ordered formal proclamation to be made that Selymbria must not bear arms against Athens. This proclamation made some of the Selymbrians less eager for battle, if, as they sup- posed, their enemies were all inside the walls; and others were mollified by hopes of a peaceful settlement. While they were thus parleying with one another, up came the army of Alcibiades. Judging now, as was really the case, that the Selymbrians were disposed for peace, he was afraid that his Thracian soldiers might plunder the city. There were many of these, and they were zealous in their service, through the favour and good will they bore Alcibiades. Ac- cordingly, he sent them all out of the city, and then, at the plea of the Selymbrians, did their city no injury whatever, but merely took a sum of money from it, set a garrison in it, and went his way. XXXII. Meanwhile the Athenian generals who were besieging Chalcedon made peace with Pharna- bazus on condition that they receive a sum of money, that Chalcedon be subject again to Athens, that the territories of Pharnabazus be not ravaged, and that the said Pharnabazus furnish safe escort for an Athenian embassy to the King. Accordingly, when Alcibiades came back from Selymbria, Pharnabazus demanded that he too take oath to the treaty; but Alcibiades refused to do so until Pharnabazus had taken his oath to it. After the oaths had been taken, he went up against Byzantium, which was in revolt against 89 PLUTARCH’S LIVES atatas mMOe Kal wepreteiyile THY Tod. ‘Ava- Ethaou 5€ cal Avxovpyou Kai tTivwy GANwY ouD- Gepévov emt cwtnpia trapadacery THY Tom», dsadovs AOyov ws aviotnoW avTovs mpdypaTa vewoTEepa ouvvucrdueva Trept THY “lwviav, jyépas atrémve tais vavol macais, vuctos © broctpéeas avros pev aréBn peta TOV oTAMTHY Kal mMpoceEd- Gav tots telyeow jnovyiay hyev, ai 5é vies emt TOV ALpéva TrAEVTACAL Kal Bralopevar Kpavyh Te ToOAAH Kat OopvBas kat odors aya pev é&é- TANTTOV TH ampoadoxyntm Tovs Bulavtious, dua 5é ois atrixifovor mapetyov én’ abdeias Tov "Arn Biddnv SéxecOa, mavrwv éml Tov ALpéva Kal Tas vais BonOovvrwv. od pny apayer mwpoc- eXwpnoav: ot yap Tapovtes év To Bufavtip HeXo- movynotot Kat Botwrot cal Meyapeis tovs pév aro TOV vewv éTpépavTo Kal KabeipEay eis Tas vads madw, tovs & "AOnvaious évdov évtas aicbopevor Kat cuvtdEavtes éavtovs éx@povv opoce. Kap- tepas 6€ payns yevopevns évicnoevy “AdneBiddns To deELov Képas Exwv, Onpapévys 6& To evwvupor, Kat TOY TodELiwv TOvS TrEpiyevomévous OGaoV Tptaxootous Cavras éXafe. Bufavtiov 58 peta thy paynv ovdels areé- Gavev ovd epuyev. emt tovTos yap ot avdpes mapédocav Tv TotW Kat TavtTa auvélevTo, pendev avtois tdsov breEeNopevor. 810 kal Sixny mpodoaias év Aaxedaiuavs petrywv o ‘Avakinaos go 209 ALCIBIADES Athens, and compassed the city with a wall.1 But after Anaxilaiis, Lycurgus, and certain men besides had agreed to surrender the city to him on condition that it be not plundered, he spread abroad the story that threatening complications in [Ionia called him away. Then he sailed off in broad daylight with all his ships; but in the night time stealthily returned. He disembarked with the men-at-arms under his own command, and stationed himself quietly within reach of the city’s walls. His fleet, meanwhile, sailed to the harbour, and forcing its way in with much shouting and tumult and din, terrified the Byzantians by the unexpectedness of its attack, while it gave the party of Athens in the city a chance to admit Alcibiades in all security, since everybody had hurried off to the harbour and the fleet. However, the day was not won without a battle. The Peloponnesians, Boeotians and Megarians who were in garrison at Byzantium routed the ships’ crews and drove them back on board again. Then, per- ceiving that the Athenians were inside the city, they formed in battle array and advanced to attack them. A fierce battle followed, but Alcibiades was vic- torious with the right wing, as well as Theramenes with the left, and they took prisoners no less than three hundred of the enemy who survived. Not a man of the Byzantians was put to death or sent into exile after the battle, for it was on these conditions that the men who surrendered the city had acted, and this was the agreement with them; they exacted no special grace for themselves. Therefore it was that when Anaxilaiis was prosecuted at Sparta for treachery, his words showed clearly 1 During the winter of 409-408 B.c. gi PLUTARCH’S LIVES > 4 A / \ > ? 4 A epavn TH NOY TO Epyov ovK aicyivarv. &dby yap ovx dv Aaxedarpovios, GAXa Bulavtios, ovdé THY Lawaptnv xivduvevovcav, adda 70 Buldytiov e le) A Opav, THs pev TOAEWS ATrOTETELY LA MEVNS, NSEVOS 5 etcayopévov, tov 8 dvta citov év tH wonder IleXorovynciwv nat Bowwrdv écOcovtav, Bufav- tiay b€ rewoevtTav civ Ttéxvors Kal yuvarkiv, od a a / b \ ; \ Mpooovvat Tols modelos, GAAA TroAgu@v Kal a 9 , 4 4 \ KaK@y atraddAdEat Tv TOALY, pLpwovpLEVOS TOUS > / 4 A \ e “a aptatous Aaxedatpoviwr, ols év KaXov amr@s Kal Sixatoy éots TO THS Tatpidos cupdépoyv. ot pev ovv Aaxedaimovot tadt adxovoavtes nbécOnoay Kal atréXvaay tous avdpas. XXXII. ‘O & ’ArKiBiddng, idetv te TOPGY Ady Ta olxot, cal ére parrov odOjvat Bovropevos Tois TOALTALS VEVIKNKwS TOUS ToAELLOUS TOTAU- Taxis, avnyOn, ToAAAIs péev dotiot Kal Aadvpots a Ss A b wn 4 KUKX@ KEekoopunpévwvy Ttav ‘ATTiKaY TPLNPwD, b ) , W / ToANAS & ehernopevos aiyuarwrous, ett 5é wrELw / 9 / a / ee. 3 9 aA Kopilwy axpootoda tav duehbOappéevov Ur avTod Kal Kexpatnuévov. haoav yap ovK éAdTTOVs ovp- audotepar Staxociov. “A && Aodpis o Sdpuos “AAntBiddov dackcov / a atroyovos elvar mpoatiOnat TovToLs, avr€ciy pev a N eipeciay Tois éXavvovct Xpvadyovoyv tov mrvOt0- vixnv, Kerevey 5¢ Kadrrurmidnv tov Tov tTpaye- a , ‘ \ Sia@v viroxpirnv, starovs Kal Evotidas Kat Tov Q2 ALCIBIADES that his deeds had not been disgraceful. He said that he was not a Lacedaemonian, but a Byzantian, and it was not Sparta that wasin peril. Considering therefore the case of Byzantium, he saw that the city was walled up, that no help could make its way in, and that the provisions already in the city were being consumed by Peloponnesians and Boeotians, while the Byzantians were starving, together with their wives and children. He had, therefore, not betrayed the city to its enemies, but set it free from war and its horrors, therein imitating the noblest Lacedaemonians, in whose eyes the one unqualifiedly honourable and righteous thing is their country’s good. The Lacedaemonians, on hearing this, were moved with sincere respect, and acquitted the men. XXXII. But Alcibiades, yearning at last to see his home, and still more desirous of being seen by his fellow citizens, noW that he had conquered their enemies so many times, set sail.1 His Attic triremes were adorned all round with many shields and spoils of war; many that he had captured in battle were towed along in his wake; and still more numerous were the figure-heads he carried of triremes which had been overwhelmed and destroyed by him. There were not less than two hundred of these all together. Duris the Samian, who claims that he was a descendant of Alcibiades, gives some additional details. He says that the oarsmen of Alcibiades rowed to the music of a flute blown by Chrysogonus the Pythian victor; that they kept time to a rhythmic call from the lips of Callipides the tragic actor; that both these artists were arrayed in the 1 From Samos, in the spring of 408 B.c. 93 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a&XXov evaryavtov apmrexopevous Koc pov, tati@ © aroupy@ THY vavapyisa mpoapepe Gat Tois rape- ow, GoTwep ek péOns emixwpacovtos, ovte co- TO{LTOS our’ “Edopos. ouTe Eevopav yeypader, OUT etKoS HY odT as €vT upfjcat ois "AOnvaious peTa puyny Kal cupdo TooauTas KaTEpXope- voy, arr éxeivos Kat Bebuds KATIPYETO, Kat KaTax- Gets ou _TpoTepov amréBn THs Tplnpous, mpl oTas emt TOU KATAS TP@LATOS Loety EdpumroAepov Te TOV dveyptov TapovTa Kal TOV addov dirov Kat alKelwy suxvors exdexopévovs Kal tTapakarodv- Tas. ‘Ere! S areBn, TOUS pev addous TTPATHYOUS ovo opay edoxouv atmavravres ot avOpwrrot, mpos & éxetvov TUYTPEXOVTES éBowy, nomalovro, Tapé- TELTOV, ETTEPAVOVY TPOTLOVTES, Ob be pn duva- pevot TpocenGeiv amrwlev éeavro, cai trois vEeous édeixvucav oi mpea Bure por. TOAU be Kal bd- Kpvov T@ xaipovre THS TONES GVEKEK PATO, Kat pynen Tpos THY Tapovoay euTUXiay TOY poo Oev ATUXTNLATOY, _oryebopevors @s ovT’ av Suerias Su7jpa prov our’ ao Tl TOV poo doxnevrav éEepuyev auTous edoavtas “AdceBiddny éml TOV TOTE T pany WaT ov Kat TAS Ouvdpews éxeivns, él vov THY TOMY TaparaBav OAlryou déovoay éxTTenTTMW- KEVAL THs Gararrys, Kara viv 5é pores T ev Tpoao Telwy Kpatodcay, avr HY dé mpos éavrTny crac talovaay, € ex Ava pay é ETL Nenpavev Kal TaTeL- vov avacTnaas ov povov! tis OaXarrns TO KpaTOS 1 udvoy with M® and Cobet : pdvov ye. 94 ALCIBIADES long tunics, flowing robes, and other adornment of their profession; and that the commander's ship put into harbours with a sail of purple hue, as though, after a drinking bout, he were off on a revel. But neither Theopompus, nor Ephorus, nor Xenophon mentions these things, nor is it likely that Alcibiades put on such airs for the Athenians, to whom he was returning after he had suffered exile and many great adversities. Nay, he was in actual fear as he put into the harbour, and once in, he did not leave his trireme until, as he stood on deck, he caught sight of his cousin Euryptolemus on shore, with many other friends and kinsmen, and heard their cries of welcome. When he landed, however, people did not deign so much as to look at the other generals whom they met, but ran in throngs to Alcibiades with shouts of welcome, escorting him on his way, and putting wreaths on his head as they could get to him, while those who could not come to him for the throng, gazed at him from afar, the elderly men pointing him out to the young. Much sorrow, too, was mingled with the city’s joy, as men called to mind their former misfortunes and compared them with their present good fortune, counting it certain that they had neither lost Sicily, nor had any other great expectation of theirs miscarried if they had only left Alcibiades at the head of that enterprise and the armament therefor. For now he had taken the city when she was almost banished from the sea, when on land she was hardly mistress of her own suburbs, and when factions raged within her walls, and had raised her up from this wretched and lowly plight, not only restoring her dominion over the sea, 95 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aTrobédwxev, AAA Kal welH VixOoay arodeixvuce TavTaxod Tovs ToAEpLOUS. XXXII. To pev ody Wydiopa tis Kxadodov mpotepoy éxexvpwto, Kpsetiou tov Kaddatoypou ypayravtos, ws autos év tais édXeyelats Teoln- kev, UTromtuvnoKewy tov ArXxiBiddny THs “apLTos éy TOUTOLS" Tyapn & 9 oe xarnyay’, éyo tavtny év ataciw eltrov, Kal ypayras Tovpyov edpaca TOE. ofpayis & nuetépns yrAottns él totacdece KetTaL’ Tote 6€ Tov Snpwou acuverOovtos eis THY éxxANoiav maperOov o ArxiBiddns, cal ta ev avtod wdOn 4 \ 3? , bd 4 \ b KNavaoas Kal oAopupdpevos, eyxadéeoas 5é piKpa , A “ kat pétpia TO Shue, TO 5é cuptrav avabels abTtod 4 A a a Tive TUX ToVNPaG Kal POovep@ Saipuou, mrEiora 5 > 4 a / \ \ \ a els EATLOAS TOV TOAEHLiOV KAL mpos TO BappeEiv diarexGeis cal rapopunoas, orepdvors pev éoe- gavabn xpuvcois, 1péOn S dua Kal nata yy Kal Kata OdrNacoayv avtoKpdtwp stpatrnyos. éyrn- dicavto o€ THY ovaiay arrobovvat avT@, Kal Tas apas adooiwmcacBat mad Evporridas Kal Knpv- Kas, as érotyoavtTo tov Snyouv wpooratavtos. 9 / \ a EA , e ¢ apoctoupévwv Sé THY adXNwWY, BMcodwpos oO tEpo- davrns “’AXXN’ eyo,” elarev, “ ovdé Katnpacd- nv avt@ Kxaxov ovdév, ef pndev adixet THY TOMY.” 96 210 ALCIBIADES but actually rendering her victorious over her enemies everywhere on land. XXXII. Now the decree for his recall had been passed before this,} on motion of Critias, the son of Callaeschrus, as Critias himself has written in his elegies, where he reminds Alcibiades of the favour in these words :— ““ Mine was the motion that brought thee back; I made it in public ; Words and writing were mine; this the task I performed ; | Signet and seal of words that were mine give warrant as follows.” 2 At this time,’ therefore, the people had only to meet in assembly, and Alcibiades addressed them. He lamented and bewailed his own lot, but had only little and moderate blame to lay upon the people. The entire mischief he ascribed to a certain evil fortune and envious genius of his own. Then he descanted at great length upon the vain hopes which their enemies were cherishing, and wrought his hearers up to courage. At last they crowned him with crowns of gold, and elected him general with sole powers by land and sea. They voted also that his property be restored to him, and that the Eumolpidae and Heralds revoke the curses wherewith they had cursed him at the command of the people. The others revoked their curses, but Theodorus the High Priest said: “ Nay, I invoked no evil upon him if he does no wrong to the city.” 1 Nearly three years before, in the late autumn of 41] B.c., after the overthrow of the Four Hundred. 2 Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graeci, ii.4 pp. 279 ff. 3 In the early summer of 408 B.c. 97 VOL. IV. H PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXIV. Otrw dé Tod "ArKiBiddov AauTpas evnpepouvTos vréOpatrev éeviovs duws o THS KaBo- Sov KaLpos. q yap muEpa KATETNEVTED, eSparo Ta Wduvtnpia tH Oecd. Spaot 5é Ta dpyta IIpaktepyidas @apynrtavos Extn POivovtos a7rop- pnta, Tov te Koopov KabeXovtes xalt TO &dos Kataxaduaytes. GOev é€v tais padoTa TeV atoppddov tiv nuépay TavTny ampaxtov 'AOn- vaiot vopifovow. ov dtrodpdvas ody ovd ev- pevas eSoxes mpocdeyouévn tov “AdKiBiddnv % Oeds wapaxarvrrecOat nal amreratvew éavriis. ov pny adr TraVvTwWY yeyovoTov T@ 'AdKtBiddy Kata yvouny, Kal wrANnpoupévev ExaTov TpLnpwv als avOus éxmdelv Euerre, gdiroTipia Tis ovK ayevyns Mpoomecovca KatTéoxyev avTov ayxpL puoTnpiov. "Ad’ ob yap érreteryicOn Acxédeta xal tov eis "EXevotva mapodwv éexpdtovy of modéuot qTapovres, ovdéva KOopOV Elev 1) TEETH TrEpTrO- pévn Kata OddratTavy, adda Kal Ouciar Kal Nopetat kal mwoAAd TeV Spwpévwov Kal’ odov tepav, Otay éEeXavvwor Tov laxyov, Um’ avayens é€eXeimreto. Kadov ovv épaiveto TO “ArdKiBiddy kal mpos Oe@v oototnta Kal mpos avOporwr SoEav amododvat TO TaTpLov aya ToisS ‘Epos, mapatéwpavta meln THY TerETHY Kal Sopvdopn- TAVTA TAPA TOUS TOAELLOUS' yap aTpEe“noaVTA Kouion KoAovcEW Kal TaTretvocey Tov “Ay, 7 paxnyv tepav Kal OeodtrAH mepi TaV aytwrdtov 98 ALCIBIADES XXXIV. But while Alcibiades was thus prospering brilliantly, some were nevertheless disturbed at the particular season of his return. For he had put into harbour on the very day when the Plynteria of the goddess Athene were being celebrated. The Praxier- gidae celebrate these rites on the twenty-fifth day of Thargelion, in strict secrecy, removing the robes of the goddess and covering up her image. Where- fore the Athenians regard this day as the unluckiest of all days for business of any sort. The goddess, therefore, did not appear to welcome Alcibiades with kindly favour and good will, but rather to veil herself from him and repelhim. However, all things fell out as he wished, and one hundred triremes were manned for service, with which he was minded to sail off again; but a great and laudable ambition took possession of him and detained him there until the Eleusinian mysteries. Ever since Deceleia had been fortified, and the enemy, by their presence there, commanded the approaches to Eleusis, the festal rite had been cele- brated with no splendour at all, being conducted by sea. Sacrifices, choral dances, and many of the sacred ceremonies usually held on the road, when Iacchus is conducted forth from Athens to Eleusis, had of necessity been omitted. Accordingly, it seemed to Alcibiades that it would be a fine thing, enhancing his holiness in the eyes of the gods and his good repute in the minds of men, to restore its traditional fashion to the sacred festival by escorting the rite with his infantry along past the enemy by land. He would thus either thwart and humble Agis, if the king kept entirely quiet, or would fight a fight that was sacred and approved by the 99 C J H 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ , 9 ” fo) *>) ” @ Kal peyiotav év dee THs Tatpidos payxeicbar, , fol Kat mavtas é€ev pdptupas tovs modTas THS avipayabias. A a , ‘Os 6¢ Tad? éyvw cal mpocirev Evpodridars kal Knpvkt, oxorovs péev ert tay axpwov éxdbice Kal mpodpopous tivas am’ nuépa mpockérreprper, iepets 6€ Kal pvotas Kal puoTtaywyous avada- \ a v4 9 , Bav rat rots dross Treptxarvpas Hyev ev KOTLm@ Kal peta orwmras, Oéapa ceuvov cal Oeomperres THY oTpaTnyiay éxelyny émiderKvupevos, UTO TOV un =PO0ovoivtwyv ‘tepodavtiavy Kal pvaotaywyiav Tpocayopevouernv. pndevos O€ THY TrodEpion émiPécOat TorApnoavtos acdharas éravayayov els THY ToAL, HpOn pev avTos TO hpovnpate Kal THY oTpatiav émhpev ws apayov Kal GHTTHTOV ovaav exeivou oTpaTHyoUVTOS, Tovs 4é doptixovs Kal wévntas odtws ednpaywynoey WoT’ épav Epwta Oaupacroy im’ éxeivov tupavveicOat, Kal réyeuv évious Kal mpootévat TapaKeArEvopéevous Sirws Tov POovov KpeitT@Y yevouevos Kal KaTa- Bareov Wndicpata Kal vopuous nal ddvdpovs ? , \ ; , e A 4 \ , aToXNuyTas THY TodLVY ws av mpakn Kat xXpN- ontat Tois mpaypact, py Sedias TOvS auKO- davtas. XXXV. Avros pév ody éxeivos iv elye Suavoray “ l4 ” 4 ? ig , wept THS Tupavvidos adynrov €or: ot Se dvvaTo- aA a / > , > AN TAaTOL TOV TrONLT@Y HoPyOévres EcTrovdacay avToV éxtrevoa THY TaxioTny, Tad T adrAa WHdicd- pevol Kal ouvdpxovtas obs éxelvos OédXnoEv. Too ALCIBIADES gods, in behalf of the greatest and holiest interests, in full sight of his native city, and with all his fellow citizens eye-witnesses of his valour. When he had.determined upon this course and made known his design to the Eumolpidae and Heralds, he stationec sentries on the heights, sent out an advance-guard ab Wréak of day, and then took the priests, mystae, and mystagogues, encompassed them with his men-at-arms, and led them over the road to Eleusis in decorous ‘end silent array. So august and devout was thé ‘spectacle which, as general, he thus displayed, that he was hailed by those who were not unfriendly to him as High Priest, rather, and Mystagogue. No enemy dared to attack him, and he conducted the procession safely back to the city. At this he was exalted in spirit’ himself, and exalted his army with the feeling that it: was irresistible and invincible under his comynand. People of the humbler and poorer sort he so captivated’ by his leadership that they were filled with an amazing passion to have him for their tyrant, and some proposed it, and actually came to him in solicitation of it. He was to rise superior to envy, abolish decrees and laws, and stop the mouths of the babblers who were so fatal to the life of the city, that he might bear an absolute sway and act without fear of the public informer. XXXV. What thoughts he himself had about a tyranny, is uncertain. But the most influential citizens were afraid of it, and therefore anxious that he should sail away as soon as he could. They even voted him, besides everything else, the col- leagues of his own choosing. Setting sail,! there- 1 Towards the end of October, 408 B.0o. To! PLUTARCH’S LIVES éxmrrevoas bé Tais éxatov vavol Kal mpoo Bade “Avopo, pax pep exparne ev avr@v Kat Aake- Saspovice 6 daot Taphoay, ovy elae S& THY TodLD, dvXXA TodTO TOV Kaav! éyeXnLaTWY mMpwTOV wnnpee KAT avTod ToS exh pois. "Eotxe 8, Tus GANS, Lo THS avTod bofns KatadvOnvar Kal "AdaeBiddns. peyaAn yap ovoa Kal TONS Kale cuvec ews yénouca ap’ Ov catap0wcer, brotrov avtod TO €ANElTrOV, @s Ov omovoacayTos, dmortig Tov un SuvnO Hvar Traperxe’ onovidcavra yap obdey av Staduyetv. imefov dé Kat Xipus: éaX@KkoTas dxovoer bat kat Thy adrnv. Lopiav. dOev HyavaKtouy py TAY TATA pnd e045, as éBovAovTo, muvPavopevor é:a- TET pay HEVOD, ovyx Urroroyebopevor THY axXpn- -parriay, ap’ is Tone HEV mpos avOpwrrous Bacihéa “méyav xopnyov éxovtas nvayxaleto mToddd«ts éxT@Aéwy Kal atroreitwv TO oTpaToTeEdoy pLoOovs kal tpodas mopitev. Kal yap TO TedEVTAILOV éyxAnua Sia tavTny éraBe THV aitiav. Avadvdpov yap él tHv vavapyiay amoota- Nevtos vTG AaxKedatpoviwy, Kal TeTp@Borov avi 4 A ? / 3 e ” \ TpiwBorov T@ vavTyn dudovtos €& wy EXaBe Tapa Kupouv xpnpatov, avtos 7on yAioxpas yopnyav kal TO Tpt@Borov amApev apyuporoynowy él Kapias. 6 & amoradets eri tav veav ém- \ 9 , J ‘ \ 4 / perntns “Avtioxos ayabos pev fv xuBepv7yrns, avontos S€ TaAXa Kal hoptixos: éywv 5é mpoo- 1 «awov with Bekker, M® and Cobet: rowdy (public). 102 11 ALCIBIADES fore, with his one hundred ships, and assaulting Andros, he conquered the islanders in battle, as well as the Lacedaemonians who were there, but he did not capture the city. This was the first of the fresh charges brought against him by his enemies. And it would seem that if ever a man was ruined by his own exalted reputation, that man was Alcibiades. His continuous successes gave him such repute for unbounded daring and sagacity, that when he failed in anything, men suspected his inclination; they would not believe in his inability. Were he only inclined to do a thing, they thought, naught could escape him. So they expected to hear that the Chians also had been taken, along with the rest of Ionia. They were therefore incensed to hear that he had not ac- complished everything at once and speedily, to meet their wishes. They did not stop to consider his lack of money. This compelled him, since he was fighting men who had an almoner of bounty in the Great King, to leave his camp frequently and sail off in quest of money for rations and wages. The final and prevailing charge against him was due to this necessity. Lysander, who had been sent out as admiral by the Lacedaemonians, paid his sailors four obols a day instead of three, out of the moneys he received from Cyrus; while Alcibiades, already hard put to it to pay even his three obols, was forced to sail for Caria to levy money. The man whom he left in charge of his fleet, Antiochus,! was a brave captain, but otherwise a foolish and low-lived fellow. 1 Cf. chapter x. 1. 103 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Taya mapa Tod ’AdBiddou pnd dv émimréo- ow ol Trodéutoe Stavavpayeiv, odtws &eEvBpice Kal Katedpovncey Wate THY AUTO TANPWadpEVOS Tpinpn Kal Tov GA\wvy piay émimredoa TH "Edéow xail Tapa tas mpepas TY ToAEpioV veov TONKA Kal mpaTTov Kal POeyyopmevos axodacTa kat Bwoporoya wapeFedavvery. TO pev ovv TpaTov Avoavbpos oriyats vavoly émravayGeis édiwoxey avtov, tav & ’AOnvaiwv émruBonbovvtwv wacats avaylels Kal kpatnoas avtov Te diépOetpe tov Avtioyov cal vads é\aBe wodXas Kal avOpo- TOUS Kal TpoTaLoy EoTnoev. ws b€ TADT HKoVcEV o ’AdxiBiddns éraverOav eis Sadpov, avyyOn TAVTL TO OTOAM Kal TpovKarelTo Tov Avaavdpov. o 8 nydatTa veviknkws Kal ovK avTaVHyeTo. XXXVI. Tav 5é picovvtwv Tov "ArKiBiadnv év T® otpatoTréde OpacvBovros 0 Opdowvos éyOpos dv amijpev cis "AOnvas xatnyopyjcwv. Kal Tous éxel trapokivas éXeye pos Tov SHpwov ws "ArkiBiddns SiépOapxe Ta mpdyyata Kal Tas vads amorwrexev, evTpupav TH apxXy Kal Tapa- d:d00s THY oTpaTnyiay avOpwros éx ToTwY Kal vauvTikns omeppodoyias Suvayévois Tap avT@ péytotov, Orws avtos én’ dbelas yYpnpatilnras TepiTAéwy Kal axoractaivy peOvoKxopevos Kat cuvev étaipas "ABudnvais nal "lwviow, épop- povvtwy dt Odéiyou TaY TroAEov. évexddrouv 104 ALCIBIADES Although he had received explicit commands from Alcibiades not to hazard a general engagement even though the enemy sailed out to meet him, he showed such wanton contempt of them as to man his own trireme and one other and stand for Ephesus, indulging in many shamelessly insulting gestures and cries as he cruised past the prows of the enemy's ships. At first Lysander put out with a few ships only, and gave him chase. Then, when the Athenians came to the aid of Antiochus, Lysander put out with his whole fleet, won the day, slew Antiochus himself, captured many ships and men, and set up a trophy of victory. As soon as Alcibiades heard of this, he came back to Samos, put out to sea-with his whole armament, and challenged Lysander to battle. But Lysander was satisfied with his victory, and would not put out to meet him. XXXVI. There were those who hated Alcibiades in the camp, and of these Thrasybulus,! the son of Thraso, his particular enemy, set sail for Athens to denounce him. He stirred up the city against him by declaring to the people that it was Alcibiades who had ruined their cause and lost their ships by his wanton conduct in office. He had handed over—so Thrasybulus said—the duties of commander to men who won his confidence merely by drinking deep and reeling off sailors’ yarns, in order that he himself might be free to cruise about collecting moneys and committing excesses of drunkenness and revelry with courtezans of Abydos and Ionia, and this while the enemy’s fleet lay close to him. His enemies 1 Not the illustrious commander (chapter xxvi. 6), who was the son of Lycus. 105 PLUTARCH’S LIVES S avt@ xal Thy TOV TELXOY KaTacKEUNDY, & KaTE- oxevacev év @paxyn tept BiodvOnv abta xata- huyny as év TH watpids py Suvdpevos Brody 7h > a pn Bovropevos. of & “AOnvaio: metobévtes étépous elAOVvTO oTpaTnyous, évdexvipevor THY a / Tpos éxeivov opynv kal Kaxovorav. & bn muvOavo- e 3 Ul A 9 a b a pevos o AdxiBiadns Kal dedotxas arrnrbev éx Tod \ oTpatoTéoou TavTatracl, Kai suvayaywy Eévous ? / a ? 4 \ 207 ‘ émrodéuet toils aBacirevtors Opativ idia, Kat TONAG YPHMATA TuUVHyaryev ATO TOV GALT KOMEVOY, A f al fal kat tois “EAAnow aya Tois mpocotkovow ddeav aro Tav BapBdpwy Tapetyev. +) \ 9 e 4 / / \ Emel & ot rept Tudéa xat Mévavdpov xa ld e “A "Adcipavtoy otparnyol, Tacas opovd tas bmap- Ul A ; A 9 / Yovoas tote vats tois ‘AOnvaios Eyovtes év A , a) A Alyos trotapots, eiwbecav érimrety T@ Avodvipe A > , vavNoxoovte Tept Aduryaxov au’ nuépa mpoxa- , Novpevo. Kal mddw dvaotpépery oTricw Kal A cid \ Sunpepevery ataxtas Kal dpedos, ate 6n KaTa- A e 3 aA hpovodvtes, éyyds By o Adi Biddns ov trepetdev 10 b] J > @& 4 2510 oud nuéANoEV, GAN imT@ TpOTEAdcas EdLOacKE fa) e fo) TOUS OTPATHYOUVS STL KAKHS OppovaL év xXeoptoes b] , , b) 4 > \ aALpévols Kal TOA OUK EYOUGLY, AANA TrOppwOeEV a \ éx Ynotod ta émuTHdELa AapPdvovTeEs, Kal TreEpE- op@vTes TO vauTLKOY, Otay emi THS YHS yévntat, , TAavapevov Strot Tis Oérdor Kal Stacrretpopevor, avrepoppobvtos avTois atéXou mpos émitaypa povapytxov eiOiopévov olwnh TavTa Toteiv. 1 With these words Plutarch’s story leaps over the events ‘ne and a half years, from the spring of 407 to the autumn fe) B.C. 106 212 ALCIBIADES also found ground for accusation against him in the fortress which he had constructed in Thrace, near Bisanthe. It was to serve, they said, as a refuge for him in case he either could not or would not live at home. The Athenians were persuaded, and chose other generals in his place, thus displaying their anger and ill-will towards him. On learning this, Alcibiades was afraid, and departed from the camp altogether, and assembling mercenary troops made war on his own account against the Thracians who acknowledge no king. He got together much money from his captives, and at the same time afforded security from barbarian inroads to the Hellenes on the neighbouring frontier. Tydeus, Menander, and Adeimantus, the generals, who had all the ships which the Athenians could finally muster in station at Aegospotami,! were wont to sail out at daybreak against Lysander, who lay with his fleet at Lampsacus, and challenge him to battle. Then they would sail back again, to spend the rest of the day in disorder and unconcern, since, forsooth, they despised their enemy. Alcibiades, who was near at hand,? could not see such conduct with calmness or indifference, but rode up on horseback and read the generals a lesson. He said their anchorage was a bad one; the place had no harbour and no city, but they had to get their supplies from Sestos, a long way off; and they permitted their crews, whenever they were on land, to wander and scatter about at their own sweet wills, while there lay at anchor over against them an armament which was trained to do everything silently at a word of absolute command. 2 In his stronghold.near Pactye (Xen. Hell. ii. 1, 25). 107 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXVII. Tatra 6e AéyovTos Tov "AAKiBiddov, Kab TapaLvoovTos Els Snorov peOoppicat Tov TTONOV, ov mpoceixov ot orpaTayot Tudeds 6é kal Tpos UBprv éxéXeve ev amtoxwpelv, ov yap éxeivov, GAN éTEpous otpatnyev. oO “ANKE Biddns Urovojoas TU Kal mpodocias €y avutots anne, Kab Tots TpoTe“Trovat TOV amo TOD OTpaTO- médou yvepi pov éXevyev OTL pn mpoTnraxta Gels obras UTO TOV OTpPATHYa@V OALryals av Hpépas nvaycace Aaxedatpoviovs dvavavpayeiy avrois aKovtas 7) Tas vais aTroNTelv. édoKer 5é TOIS peer dnalovever Gas, Tois & elxota Aéeyety, el Opaxas ex yijs emayaryav Tohous aKovTia Tas kal inmeis oo waxouTo kat Statapatto To oTpatomedov aura. “Orn pevToL Tas Gpaptias TOV "AOnvaiey op0as cuveide, TAaXD TO épyov évapTupycer. addvw yap avrois Kat am poo doKyTos TOU Avoavépov ™ poo- TEC OVTOS, OKT e povat T ply} pes eEepuyov peTa Kovevos, at & addat ptxpov dmonelmoue at dtaxootwv annxOncav ax padeorot. Tov © ap- Opworav Tpioxihious éXov _bavras anéopagtev o Avaavépos. érhaBe dé Kal Tas "AOnvas Ody Xpove kal tas vais évérpynce xal Ta paxpa TetXn caetnrev. "Ex é&é TOUTOV hoBnOeis o “AdusBiddys dpxov- Tas non Kal yns Kal Jardrrns TOUS Aaxedatpovious eis BiOuviav peTéaTn, TOANG pev ayo Xpnpata, TOANG dé Kopilov, ere dé meio KaTadiTov év ols @KeL Tetxeow. éy Oé Biduvig madi ovK odbya TOV LOL@OV atrohéras Kal mepixoTels bao TOV ékel Opaxdv, eyvw pev dvaRaivew mpos 108 ALCIBIADES XXXVII. In spite of what Alcibiades said, and in spite of his advice to change their station to Sestos, the generals paid no heed. Tydeus actually insulted him by bidding him begone: he was not general now, but others. So Alcibiades departed, suspecting that some treachery was on foot among them. He told his acquaintances who were escorting him out of the camp that, had he not been so grievously in- sulted by the generals, within a few days he would have forced the Lacedaemonians to engage them whether they wished to do so or not, or else lose their ships. Some thought that what he said was arrant boasting ; but others that it was likely, since he had merely to bring up his numerous Thracian javelineers and horsemen to assault by land and confound the enemy’s camp. However, that he saw only too well the errors of the Athenians the event soon testified. Lysander suddenly and unexpectedly fell upon them, and only eight of their triremes escaped with Conon; the rest, something less than two hundred, were captured and taken away. Three thousand of their crews were taken alive and executed by Lysander. In a short time! he also captured Athens, burned her ships, and tore down her long walls. Alcibiades now feared the Lacedaemonians, who were supreme on land and sea, and betook himself into Bithynia, taking booty of every sort with him, but leaving even more behind him in the fortress where he had been living. In Bithynia he again lost much of his substance, being plundered by the Thracians there, and so he determined to go up to the court of | 1 In the spring of 404 B.c., some eight months later. 10g PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘ApraképEny, éauTov TE pn Xelpova Oepscro- Khéous Teta MEV Batre: paveicbar vopi tov, Kal pelt Tova, Tip mpopacty’ ov yap él Tovs TodiTas, @S éxeivov, GX dep Tis TAT pioos éml tous Toheuous Umoupynaew Kal denoecIas THS Baciréws Suvdpews” evTropiay O€ THs dvodou peTa acpaneias padioTa DapvaBalor ol opevos mapécev, wyETO Tm pos auTov els Dpvyiav, Kat ouvolinye Geparrevo & apa Kat TLMOMEVOS. XX XVIII. “AOnvaior dé Xareras pev & epov xal THS mryepovias arroarepnOevres’ émrel 6€ Kat THY éhevdepiav aehopevos aura O Avoav8pos avdpdat TpladkovTa TapédwKe THY Tod, ols ovK eXpr}TavTo cwlerOau Suvdpevor Loyeo pois, amro- AWAOT@V Hn TOV TpaypLaTwv, cuviecay, oropupo- pevot Kat _ ueEvovres Tas aGpaptias auTaVv Kat aryvoias, av peylorny émoLovvTo THD SevTépay pos “Adc Bedony opyny. amreppion yap ovdév adik@v avTos, GAN UTNPETH Karen nvartes on yas dmoBadovre vans aax pas, aiaytov avtot TOV KpaTLoTOV Kab TOKE LL OT TOV dspethovro THS TOAEWS TT PATHYOD. ért & ovp Sues eK TOV TApovTwv avépepe TES érTris _Gpvdpa pay TavTa- Tacw éppew 7a, T pdry ara, TOV "A Onvatoy *AdKe- Buaédou TEpLovTos” ouTE yap ™ pOTEpov nyannce pevryor aT paywoves ci Kal pel? nouxias, OUTE pov, e&& ta Kal éavTov ixavas eXel, Tepiowerat Aaxedarpovious UBpifovtas Kal tovs TpLdKxovTa qapovoovTas. Tadta 8 ovK fv aroyov otTws ovetpotroNety ( IIo ALCIBIADES Artaxerxes. He thought to show himself not inferior to Themistocles if the King made trial of his services, and superior in his pretext for offering them. For it was not to be against his fellow countrymen, as in the case of that great man, but in behalf of his country that he would assist the King and beg him to furnish forces against a common enemy. Thinking that Pharnabazus could best give him facilities for safely making this journey up to the King, he went to him in Phrygia, and continued there with him, paying him court and receiving marks ot honour from him. XXXVIII. The Athenians were greatly depressed at the loss of their supremacy. But when Lysander robbed them of their freedom too, and handed the city over to thirty men, then, their cause being lost, their eyes were opened to the course they would not take when salvation was yet in their power. They sorrowfully rehearsed all their mistakes and follies, the greatest of which they considered to be their second outburst of wrath against Alcibiades. He had been cast aside for no fault of his own; but they got angry because a subordinate of his lost a few ships disgracefully, and then they themselves, more disgracefully still, robbed the city of its ablest and most experienced general. And yet, in spite of their present plight, a vague hope still prevailed that the cause of Athens was not wholly lost so long as Alcibiades was alive. He had not, in times past, been satisfied to live his,exile’s life in idleness and quiet ; nor now, if his means allowed, would he toler- ate the insolence of the Lacedaemonians and the madness of the Thirty. It was not strange that the multitude indulged in II! PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOUS TOUS, omoTe Kal Tots TpudKovTa ppovri- Cew émrnet Kal diarruvOdver Gan Kal Aoyov every jWNeloTov wv éxetvos émpatte Kal dievoetro. TéhOS bé Kputias édidacKe Avoavdpov @S “AOn- vaiwy ovK ote Snpoxpatoupevov do paras dipxewv Aaxedatpoviors THS EAA dbos" "AOnvaious dé, Kay T pews mavy Kal Kad@s TTpos dduyapyiav éywouv, ovx édoe Cav “AdKLBeddys aT pepety émt tav KadectwTav. ov pay érreia On ye 7 po- Tepov tovtTos 0 Avoavdpos 7) Tapa. Tav oiKot TEN@Y oKUTadAnY éAOciv KENEVOUTAY éx TrOO@V momnoacbat TO “AdutBiddny, ere KaKelvov poBnGevrov THY ofbrnta Kat peyadom paypoov- ynV TOD avopos, eiTe T@ "Ayo: xaptlopevery. XXXIX. ‘Os ody o Avaavdpos érrepnyre 7 pOs TOV PapraBalov TavTAa TpdTTEew KENevO, o Sé Maryaiw te @ ASEAPD wal LovapiOpn 78 Deiep mpoaéTate TO epyov, éruxe pev €v Kon Tei THS Dpvyias o "ArreBiadys TOTE StarT@pevos, Eyov TipavSpav pe? avtod THY éTat ay, Or é KaTa Tous b Dmvous el6e TOLAaUTHY’ € oKel Tept- keia Bar per autos THY éoOjra Tijs éraipas, exelyny dé THv Kepamyy ev tals aryKdhaus éxov- CAV AUTOU KOG LEY TO TPOTWTTOV domep YUVALKOS Droypagovaay Kal apipvdrodcav. Erepot 6é pacw ietv THY Kepadny GTOTEMVOVTAS avrou ToOvS mept TOV Mayaiov év Tols Umvots Kal TO copa Kato- pevov. adra THY pev Grip od mod yevér Oat Néyouet TPO THS TEEUTHS. Oi dé meupdevres Tos avTov OUK eTohunoay eicebein, GANG KUKAM THD oixiay TEPLOTAVTES évetriTpacav. aicOdpevos 8 6’AdKBiddns TOY I12 to ALCIBIADES such dreams, when even the Thirty were moved to anxious thought and inquiry, and made the greatest account of what Alcibiades was planning and doing. Finally, Critias tried to make it clear to Lysander that as long as Athens was a democracy the Lace- daemonians could not have safe rule over Hellas; and that Athens, even though she were very peacefully and well disposed towards oligarchy, would not be suffered, while Alcibiades was alive, to remain undis- turbed in her present condition. However, Lysander was not persuaded by these arguments until a dispatch-roll came from the authorities at home bidding him put Alcibiades out of the way ; either ” because they too were alarmed at the vigour and enterprise of the man, or because they were trying to gratify Agis. XXXIX. Read, Lysander sent to Pharna- bazus and bade him do this thing, and Pharnabazus commissioned Magaeus, his brother, and Sousamithras, his uncle, to perform the deed. At that time Alcibiades was living in a certain village of Phrygia, where he had Timandra the courtezan with him, and in his sleep he had the following vision. He thought he had the courtezan’s garments upon him, and that she was holding his head in her arms while she adorned his face like a woman’s with paints and pig- ments. Others say that in his sleep he saw Magaeus’ followers cutting off his head and his body burning. All agree in saying that he had the vision not long before his death. The party sent to kill him did not dare to enter his house, but surrounded it and set it on fire. When Alcibiades was aware of this, he gathered together 113 VOL. IV. I PLUTARCH’S LIVES pev ipa ieov Ta WrEloTa Kai TOV oT TPOLATOY cuvayayov emréppipe ™@ Tupi, TH 8 apiotepa vetpl THY éavTou Xrapisa qreptertéas, T) Sefua TTATALEVOS 70 eyxerpidiov éFérrecev amabiys imo Tob mupos Tplv » SvabréyeoOar Ta ipatia, Kat TOUS BapBapous opOels Stecxédacer. ovoeis yap Drréwewvev auTov ovd els xelpas ouvirber, aXr aoa Tay tes éBadndov aK ov TiO Kal rokevpacw. ottw & avtod TETOVTOS kal TOY BapBapwv amen ovtov, " Tepdvdpa TOD vexpoyv aveideTo, Kal Tots airrijs meptBarovca Kal Tepicadupaca XiTw- vioKols, €x TOV TapovTwY éxndevoe AaLTIPAS Kal prdoripas. Tavtns Aéyouat Ouyatépa yeve Oar Aaitéa thv Kopiv0iav pev m poo aryopevdeicay, € éx 5¢ ‘Txxdpwv, LeKedKcoo TOG HATOS, aixuddwTov yeVvOpEVnv. €or 5€ Ta ev ara mepl Tis “Adar Biddov TENEUTHS OpmoroyovaL TovTats, aitiav dé pacw ov DapvaBalov ovde Avcavépov oude Aaxedatpovious mapacxeiv, autov 6é Tov “Adu Biddyy ye pipav TLUOY dvepDapkora yuvatov exe ouv aur@, TOUS o adehpovs TOU yuvaiou THY. bBpw jou peTpiws aden eum phoat TE THY oixiay vuKTwWp, ev 7 LALTOMEVOS eroyyavev o ’AXKiBiadns, Kar Kara- Bareiy avtov, domep elpnrat, dua Tov mupos €£arXopevov. 114 ALCIBIADES most of the garments and bedding in the house and cast them on the fire. Then, wrapping his cloak about his left arm, and drawing his sword with his right, he dashed out, unscathed by the fire, before the garments were in flames, and scattered the Barbarians, who ran at the mere sight of him. Not a man stood ground against him, or came to close quarters with him, but all held aloof and shot him with javelins and arrows. Thus he fell, and when the Barbarians were gone, Timandra took up his dead body, covered and wrapped it in her own garments, and gave it such brilliant and honourable burial as she could provide. This Timandra, they say, was the mother of that Lais who was called the Corinthian, although she was a prisoner of war from Hyccara, a small city of Sicily.1_ But some, while agreeing in all other details of the death of Alcibiades with what I have written, say that it was not Pharnabazus who was the cause of it, nor Lysander, nor the Lacedaemonians, but Alcibiades himself. He had corrupted a girl belonging to a certain well known family, and had her with bim; and it was the brothers of this girl who, taking his wanton insolence much to heart, set fire by night to the house where he was living, and shot him down, as has been described, when he dashed out through the fire. 1 See the Nicias, xv. 4. 115 12 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS O3 TAIOZ MAPKIO2Z I. ‘O Mapkiwv oixos év ‘Pon Tov tratpiKion moAANovs Taperxev évdoEovs avdpas, @v Kal Mdpxios fw “Ayxos, 0 Nowa Ouvyarpidois Kal peta TurAdNov ‘Ootidtov Bactreds yevopevos. Mdpxioe 8 Foav cat Toros xal Koivtos ot TrElaTov owp Kal KaANCTOY ev ‘Papyn KaTayay- évtes, Kat Kyvowpivos, bv Sis améderke Tiyunt ny 6 Pwpaiwy Sijyos, elta tn’ avtod meaOeis éxetvou vopov eto Kal éendicato pnderi thy apxnv dis éEeivar peter Ociv. T'dios 6¢ Mapxcos, uTép ov TAade yéypaTrTaL, Tpadels UTS pNTpL XNpA Tatpos 6ppaves, améderke THY Ophaviay addXa [ev éyoucayv Kaka, mpos Sé To yevéoOat omovdatoy dvépa xat dtahépovta tay ToAXNOY Ovdey EuTrOd@Y ovcay, dAXraws S€ Tots havroLs aiTiacOat Kai Yréyerv Tapéxovcay avTny ws apereia dtapOeipovoar. 6 8 avtos avnp éuaptipynce Kal tois Thy hvac iyyoupevors, éav ovca yewvaia Kat aryadh; qadetas évdens yevynT au, TOANG TOES Xpnarois opod patra TVVATIOTINTELY, domep edyevh xepav év yewpryia Oepameias py TUXOdcaV. TO yap LaxupoV avTod pos aTavtTa THs yvouns Kal Kaptepov opyas Te peyadas Kal tehectoupyous Tav Karov é&épepe, 118 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS I. Tue patrician house of the Marcii at Rome furnished many men of distinction. One of them was Ancus Marcius, the grandson of Numa by his daughter, and the successor of Tullus Hostilius in the kingship. To this family belonged also Publius and Quintus Marcius, the men who brought into Rome its best and most abundant supply of water. So likewise did Censorinus, whom the Roman people twice appointed censor, and then, at his own instance, made a law by which it was decreed that no one should hold that office twice. Caius Marcius, whose life I now write, lost his father at an early age, and was reared by his widowed mother. He showed, however, that such loss of a father, although other- wise bad for a boy, need not prevent him from becoming a worthy and excellent man, and that it is wrong for worthless men to lay upon it the blame for their perverted natures, which are due, as they say, to early neglect. On the other hand, the same Marcius bore witness for those who hold that a generous and noble nature, if it lack discipline, is apt to produce much that is worthless along with its better fruits, like a rich soil deprived of the husband- man’s culture. For while the force and vigour of his intelligence, which knew no limitations, led him into great undertakings, and such as were productive of the highest results, still, on the other hand, since he 119 PLUTARCH’S LIVES | Oupois TE av TaN Xpepevov aK PATOL Kal ptno- VELKLALs aT pen ToLs ov padzov avd evdppoarov avO parrots cuveivar Tapetxen, GNNA THY ev 7dovais kal Tovols Kal bro yYpnudtov an dbevav avrou Gavpuatovres wal ovoudtovres _eyeparevay Kal Sicacoa vyny Kai dvOpeiay, € éy Tais ToheTucats au TaANLD opudtass as eéemax0H Kal aXapw Kat oduyapxKLKny eva yépatvov. ovdéy yap ado Movowy evjevetas amoXavove ty avOpemot Tocob- Tov Gaov eEnpepaaas TV puow be hoyou Kal matdeas, T® NOYO SeEapevny TO Ber plop Kal 70 aryav amroBadovoay. drXwS pev obv év Tous TOTE Xpovors » ‘Poun padiora Tis GpeTHS TO TEPL TAS TONE MLKAS Kal oTpaTimTiKas exudate mpagecs, kat paptupel TO THY apeTHVy UT avToV évl TO THs dvSpeias OVOMATL Tpocaryopever Oar, Kal TOUTO TOU yévous Ovoua Kowov woTapxyew & THY avdpeiav idia Kadovow. II. O be Mdpxuos eTépev padrov eur ans yeyovas 7 pos TOUS TONE[LKOUS ayavas, evOus €x mat60s Ta Ora, 1a expos ele, Kat TOV éme- KTNTWVY OUOEY epryov olopevos elvat Tots fa TO ovppuTov SarAov Kal ouryyeves éEnptupévov & éxouce Kab Taper Kevac UEVOP, obras oxnoe 70 COLA pos dmacav idéav payns dare kal Deity eda- oo elvat kal Bapos exetv év AaBais Kal év ram adats TONE MOU bucexBiacrov. ot yoov épuv EXOVTES etpuxias del Kal apeThs 7 pos airo, év ols édelrovTo, THY Tob THMLATOS HTLBVTO pounv dtpentov odcav Kal mpos pndéva Tévov amay- opevovaav. 120 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS indulged a vehement temper and displayed an un- swerving pertinacity, it made him a difficult and un- suitable associate for others. They did indeed look with admiration upon his insensibility to pleasures, toils, and mercenary gains, to which they gave the names of self-control, fortitude, and justice ; but in their intercourse with him as a fellow-citizen they were offended by it as ungracious, burdensome, and arrogant. Verily, among all the benefits which men derive from the favour of the Muses, none other is so great as that softening of the nature which is produced by culture and discipline, the nature being induced by culture to take on moderation and cast off excess. It is perfectly true, however, that in those days Rome held in highest honour that phase of virtue which concerns itself with warlike and military achievements, and evidence of this may be found in the only Latin word for virtue, which signifies really manly valour; they made valour, a specific form o virtue, stand for virtue in general. II. And so Marcius, who was by nature exceedingly fond of warlike feats, began at once, from his very boyhood, to handle arms. And since he thought that adventitious weapons were of little avail to such as did not have their natural and native armour developed and prepared for service, he so practised himself in every sort of combat that he was not only nimble of foot, but had also such a weight in grapplings and wrestlings that an enemy found it hard to extricate himself. At any rate, those who from time to time contended with him in feats of courage and valour, laid the blame for their in- feriority upon his strength of body, which was inflexible and shrank from no hardship. I2I PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 4 \ , / v III. ‘Eotpatevoato 5é mpwtny otpatetay ere petpdxtov, 6te Tapxuvip t@ Bactrevoarvte THIS e , Pons, celta éxtrecovtt, weTa ToAAaS pdayas Kal HTTaS woTEep Exyatov KUBov adiévTe TrELOTOL pev Aativarv, toddol dé cal tov adXwv "I tadww- a A ‘ TOV aouvedapBavov Kal cuyxatHyov él thy € , b b / U a A 4 Pony, ovx exelv@ yapiComevoe padrov 7 poB@ 4 b) 4 , 4 Ta Popaiwr avfopeva cai P0ov@ xataBdarndovtes. bd 4 A 4 AXA A > 9 3 , EV TAUTN TH an TOANAAS TpoTras eT appoTepa 4 , > , b] , 3 AapBavovon Mapxios aywvilopevos evipwotes év bd “A , ” e al 4 Over TOD Sextatopos, dvipa ‘Pwpatov wecovra TAnoiov iOwy ovK nUéeANGEV, GAN ETH TPO AUTO \ U lo) 4 kal Tov émibepopevovy TOV ToAELiwV aLUVYOMEVOS / ATEKTELVEY. WS OV ExpaTnoEY O oTPATHYOS, év TpwTOLS Exeivov EaTepavace Spvos cTepavy. Todrov yap 0 vopfos TO TWoAditny vTEpacti- \ VA > , v \ , cavtTt TOY oTépavov amodébaxer, elite 69 padtoTa 4 n tusnoas 8¢ “Apxddas thy Spiv Baravndayous ume TOU Geod Ypnou@ mpocayopevOévtas, eiTe ws le) , TAaXD Kal travtaxod Spuds ovcay evTropiay oTpa- Tevopévots, elite Aros TroAtéws (epov dvTa TOV THS \ Spvos otépavov oidpevos él cwrnpia toritouv didoc0ar mpetovtas. éott Sé % Spis TeV pev aypiwv KaddKapTotatov, Tov é TWacav iaxu- , @ \ 4 >» 9 a A e 4 poratov. nv dé Kal aitiov am’ avTns 7 BddXavos \ N N , ” oe A AY Kal TOTOV TO pedLTELOV, OYroy CE TapEetye Ta 1 By Lake Regillus, 498 (?) B.c. 2 Karly colonists of Rome, under Evander. 122 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS Ill. He made his first campaign while yet a stripling, when Tarquin,.who had been king of Rome, and then had been expelled, after many unsuccessful battles, staked his all, as it were, upon a final throw. Most of the people of Latium and many also of the other peoples of Italy were assisting him and marching with him upon Rome, to reinstate him there, not so much from a desire to gratify him, as because fear and envy led them to try to overthrow the growing power of the Romans. In the ensuing battle,! which long favoured now this side and now that, Marcius, who was fighting sturdily under the eyes of the dictator, saw a Roman soldier struck down near by. He ran to him at once, stood in front of him, defended him, and slew his assailant. Accordingly, after the Roman general had won the day, he crowned Marcius, among the first,. with a garland of oak leaves. This is the civic crown which the law bestows upon one who has saved the life of a fellow-citizen in battle, either because the oak was held in special honour for the sake of the Arcadians,? who were called acorn-eaters in an oracle of Apollo®; or because they could speedily find an abundance of oak wherever they fought ; or because it was thought that the garland of oak leaves, being sacred to Jupiter, the city’s guardian, was fittingly bestowed upon one who saved the life of a citizen. The oak, moreover, has the most beautiful fruit of all wild trees, and is the sturdiest of all trees under culti- vation. Its acorn used to be food, and the honey found in it used to be drink‘ for men, and it furnished them with the flesh of most grazing 3.Cf. Herodotus, i. 66. ‘ In the shape of mead. 123 PLUTARCH’S LIVES rei Ta, TOV VE WopEveov Te Kal TITNVOV, Onpas Opyavov pépovaa Tov iEov. "Ev éxeivyn dé TH paxn Kal TOUS Atockovpous emupavivar Neyouar, Kal pera, THY payny evOds 0 Ofvat peopevors idp@rte Tots iarmroes ev aryopa THY pieny dmraryeNNovTas, ov vuv Tapa THY Kpn- vn VEDS éorw avrois iSpupevos. b0ev Kal THY MEPaY eTTLvixLov ovcar, év T® "lovAiw pyri ras eldous, Avocxoupors avLEpOKAct. IV. Néwy 5é, as Eouxer, “avdpaiv émrupavera Kat TLLN TAS [eV ehagpas pedoripous puces mpwiai- TEpov aA sa o Bévvuat, Kal arrorivmhyot TAXU TO Supades avTav Kal aapixopov" Ta é éuBpidn Kat Beara ppovnpata, avlovow ai Tial Kal Aap pivovoty doTep bro TVEULATOS éryerpopeva 7 pos TO parvopevov KaNov. ov yap ws poo Bov arrorapBavovtes, GAN ws évéx- upov didovTes alaxvvovrat hv Sdofav Kata- Memely Kad pt) Tos avTots épryors bmepBarecOas. TovTo Taba Kal o Mapxos avTos auT@ Chop avdpayabias mpovOnke, KALVOS Te ael Bovdopevos elvat TALS mpafeow d dproretats dpia tetas ouviyrre Kal Aapupa hapvpous emépepe, Kal tots mporépos del TOUS aTepous nryeLovas eixe wept THS exeivou TLLAS épilovas, Kat paptupias brepBareoGau." TOANGV YE Tot ToTE Pwpaioss ary over Kat TONE- pov rYEvopEvOY, é& ovdevds aotepdvwtos iAGev ovd aryépac Tos. "Hy d€ Tots pwev adXots n 60fa THS aperijs TENOS, éxeivp Sé tas SoEns ) THS wnTpos evppoovvn. TO 1 nad papruplas brepBaréoba: bracketed by Bekker. 124 215 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS creatures and birds, since it bore the mistletoe, from which they made bird-lime for snares. In the battle of which I was speaking, it is said that Castor and Pollux appeared, and that immediately after the battle they were seen, their horses all a-drip with sweat, in the forum, announcing the victory, by the fountain where their temple now stands. Therefore the day on which this victory was won, the Ides of July, was consecrated to the Dioscuri. IV. It would seem that when a young man’s ambition is no integral part of his nature, it is apt to be quenched by an honourable distinction which is attained too early in life; his thirst and fastidious appetite are speedily satisfied. But serious and firm spirits are stimulated by the honours they receive, and glow brightly, as if roused by a mighty wind to achieve the manifest good. They do not feel that they are receiving a reward for what they have done, but rather that they are giving pledges of what they will do, and they are ashamed to fall behind their reputation instead of surpassing it by their actual exploits. It was in this spirit that Marcius vied with himself in manly valour, and being ever desirous ot fresh achievement, he followed one exploit with another, and heaped spoils upon spoils, so that his later commanders were always striving with their predecessors in their efforts to do him honour, and to surpass in their testimonials to his prowess. Many indeed were the wars and conflicts which the Romans waged in those days, and from none did he return without laurels and rewards of valour. But whereas other men found in glory the chief end of valour, he found the chief end of glory in his mother’s gladness. That she should hear him praised 125 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yap éxeivnv érraivovpevov axodaas Kal oTepavov- pevov deity Kat _TmepiBanretv daxpvovcav up’ 700v7s evTtoTraTov aurov évomile Troely Kal paKapta- TaTov. TovTo & apénret Kal TOV "Errapewovdar gaciv eFoporoyjcacbar TO mdBos, evTuxiay TOLOUMLEVOV aurod beyioray ort THY év AeveT pots oTparnyiay QaUTOU Kal vixny 6 ) TAaTHp Kal 7) enTNP Ett Caves érreidov. GAN éxetvos pev apporépov iméhavoe TOV yovewv ouvndopeveoy Kal cuvevn- pepovyTon, Mdpxtos 6é 77 patel Kal TAs Tod TAT pos odetrety Xaperas olowevos OUK éveTrip- TNATO THY Ovorovupriar evppaivor Kal Timo, adda Kat yuvaixa Bovropevns Kal Seoperns Exelvns,? eynpe Kal THY oixiay @KEL ryEevopevav TWALSWY OOD META THS PNT POS. Vv. "Héy be Kar dofay avuTov Kal Svvapuy aTro THS apeTHns év TH TONEL peyarny EXOVTOS, 7 Bourn Tois TAOvotoLS apivovca T pos TOV Sijpov €aTa- ciace TOAAG Kal dewva mwaoxew v7r0 TaY daveto- TOV SoxovvtTa. Tovs pev yep KEKTNLEVOUS MET pLO TavTwVY apynpodvTo TaV dvTwY évexUpacpols Kal Tpacest, Tovs 6€ WaVTEAMS aTrOpOUS avTous am iyov Kal Ta coLaTa, cabeipyvucay auTov, @TELAAS éxovra TETPOLEVOY jokNas Kal Tem ovn- KOT@D év Tals vTrép THS maT pibos oTpareLass, av THY TedevTalay edeEavro 7 pos LaBivous, TOV Te TNOVOLWTATOV _ emaryyethapeverv peTpiacew Kat THs Bovdns Tov dpxovra Madpxov Ovarnéprov eyyuicadbas wypioaperns. émrel 6é KaKelvny aywovcapmevors THY paynv TmpoOdvmws Kal KpaTy- 1 Seouévns exelyns with M®: Seouéyns. 126 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS and see him crowned and embrace him with tears of joy, this was what gave him, as he thought, the highest honour and felicity. And it was doubtless this feeling which Epaminondas also is said to have confessed, in considering it his greatest good fortune that his father and mother lived to know of his generalship and victory at Leuctra. But he was su blessed as to have both his parents share in his pleasure and success, whereas Marcius, who thought he owed his mother the filial gratitude also which would have been.due to his father, could not get his fill of gladdening and honouring Volumnia, nay, he even married according to her wish and request, and continued to live in the same house with his mother after children were born to him. V. The reputation and influence procured by his valour were already great in the city, when the senate, taking the part of the wealthy citizens, began to be at variance with the common people, who thought they suffered many grievous ills at the hands of the money-lenders. For those of them that were possessed of moderate means were stripped of all they had by means of pledges and sales, while those who were altogether without resources were led away in person and put in prison, although their bodies bore many marks of wounds received and hardships undergone in campaigns for the defence of their country. The last of these had been against the Sabines, and they had undertaken it upon a promise of their wealthiest creditors to deal moder- ately with them, and after a vote of the senate that Marcus Valerius, the consul, should guarantee the promise. But after they had fought zealously in that battle also, and had conquered the enemy, no 127 PLUTARCH’S LIVES cact TOV ToAEuiov ovdev eyiveTo Tapa Tov SavetoTav emreelKes, ove J Bovry ™ poem oveiTo penvncat TOV Gpwodoynpevenv, GAN’ ayopmévous wade Teple@pa kat pvaoralopevous, OopuBor b¢ Kal TVTTACELS jnoav éy TH TONE movnpat, Kat TOUS TONE ULOUS oix arabe Tapaxwdes eXov O Ojos, Gr éuBarovtes emupTrONOUY Thy Xapav, Tav & apxYovTwv eis Ta Oma Tous éV nALKla. KadovvTwy ovdels varnovey, obTe deat no ay aL yvouas rad Tov év TENEL. Kal TIVES jeEv PovTo deity idier Bar ois mevyoe Kal Naraoas TO oup- TOVOV ayav Kat VO-LMOV, éviot © ayTeTELvon, ay Hy Kal Mapetos, ov TO TOV Xpnwarov péyeorov HYOUpEvos, apxny dé cal Tetpav UBpews bx Aov cat OpacuvrTnros eTavigTapevou Tois vopols, Et cwdpovovc, tmavew kal oBevvvery TapaKxedevo- Hevos. VI. Luviovens dé rept TOUTE TOANGKLS eV ory x pore THs Bovdajs Kat. pndev TéEhos éx- pepovens, TVETAVTES OF TEVTES advo Kal mapa- Kaeo aves aNAHAOUS arréNT OV THV TTOALY, eat katara Bovres Gpos O vov tepov KanelTat, Tapa tov “Aviwva troTapov exadeCorto, TpaTTovTEs prev ovdev Biarov ovdé otactactiKkoy, éxtremTwxevat Se THS TOMS LTO TOY TAOVGiWY TadaL cade dépa 8€ Kat Udwp Kat torov evrapivar TavTa: THY Iradiav AUTOS mapéefey, ov TAEOY OV oixovat THY ‘Peopnv om dpxel avrois, aXn’ 4 TiTpwoKer Oat cat aTroOvicKety Virép TOV TAOVALwY OTPATEVOMEVOLS. Tair’ &éescev 4» Bovdrn, Kat tors émrieckets 128 216 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS consideration was shown them by their creditors, and the senate did not even pretend to remember its agreements, but again suffered them to be seized in pledge of payments and haled away to prison. Then there were tumults and disorderly gatherings in the city, and the enemy, not unaware of the popular confusion, burst in and ravaged the country, and when the consuls summoned those of military age to arms, no one responded. In this crisis, the opinions of those in authority were again at variance. Some thought that concessions should be made to the plebeians, and the excessive rigor of the law relaxed ; but others opposed this, and among them was Marcius. He did not regard the financial difficulties as the main point at issue, and exhorted the magistrates to be wise enough to check and quell this incipient attempt at bold outrage on the part of a populace in revolt against the laws. VI. The senate met to debate this question many times within the space of a few days, but came to no definite conclusion. The plebeians therefore banded together on a sudden, and after mutual exhortations forsook the city, and taking possession of what is now called the Sacred Mount, established themselves beside the river Anio.1 They committed no acts of violence or sedition, but only cried aloud that they had for a long time been banished from éhe city by the rich, and that Italy would everywhere afford them air, water, and a place of burial, which was all they had if they dwelt in Rome, except for the privilege of wounds and death in campaigns for the defence of the rich. These proceedings alarmed the senate, and it sent 1 Three miles from the city (Livy, ii. 32, 2). 129 VOL. IV. K PLUTARCH 'S LIVES paddiota Kal Snpotixovs Tov mpeaBuTépwr eEarr- éotetke. mponyopes Sé Mevnyos *Aypimras- Kal TOANG ev Tod Sypou Seopevos, TOAAG O UITrep THs BovAts tappnotalopevos TENEUTOVTL TO ADV TepinrGev eis oxjua pvOov Stapynuovevopuevov. épn yap Tov avOpwrrov Ta péXn TWavTa TMpos THY yaotépa otacidoat, Kal KaTnyopeiv avTis ws pons adpyov cat adovpBorov Kxabelouévns ev To cwopatt, Tov 5 adrNowv els Tas éxeivns opé£ets TOvouS TE phEyaNOUS Kal NeLTOUpYias HTropEevovTwY: THVv S€ yaoTépa THs evNOcias avTaV KaTayenray, ayvoovvtewy GTi THY Tpod>nY UTToAapBdver pev Ets éauTny atracay, avatéures § aves éE avtis Kal Stavéyet toils aAXNots. ‘ Odtws ody,” Edn, “ Kal ThS oUYyKAnTOU AOYos eoTiv, @ WodrtTal, Tpos Upas Ta yap éxel TUYYdvOYTA TIS TpoanKovons émipedcias Kal olxovouias Bovrevpata Kal mpay- para waow viv emipéper cal Stavéuer TO Ypn- olpov Kat wpérXspov.” VII. "Ex tovrov Sdinddaynoav, aitnodpevor Tapa THs BovAns Kat TuxovTEes avdpas aipeioOar mévte TpooTatas TaY Seopévwv BonOeias, Tovs vov dnuapyous Kadovupévous. elNovTo 5é TWpwToLs, ols éypjoavto Kal Ths dtTOcTAaTEWSs HyELOCL, TOUS mept Bpotrov ‘lovviov nat 2xivviov BérXovtov. émel O 7 TOA Els ev HADEV, EOS ev TOis OTAOLS Hoav ot TodAoi, kal Tapelyov avToUs Tois dpyouct XpijoGat mpoOvpws ert Tov ToAEpLOV. ‘O 6€ Mdpxtios ob’ adtés 4Sopevos ols 6 Shpuo 130 : CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS out those of its older members who were most reasonably disposed towards the people to treat with them. The chief spokesman was Menenius Agrippa, and after much entreaty of the people and much _ plain speaking in behalf of the senate, he concluded his discourse with a celebrated fable. He said, namely, that all the other members of man’s body once revolted against the belly, and accused it of being the only member to sit idly down in its place and make no contribution to the common welfare, while the rest underwent great hardships and per- formed great public services only to minister to its appetites ; but that the belly laughed at their simplicity in not knowing that it received into itself all the body’s nourishment only to send it back again and duly distribute it among the other members. “‘ Such, then,” said Agrippa, “is the relation of the senate, my fellow-citizens, to you; the matters for deliberation which there receive the necessary attention and disposition bring to you all and severally what is useful and helpful.” ! VII. A reconciliation followed, after the people had asked and obtained from the senate the privilege of electing five men as protectors of those who needed succour, the officers now called tribunes of the people. And the first whom they chose to this office were Junius Brutus and Sicinius Vellutus, who had been their leaders in the secession.2, When the city was thus united, the common people at once offered themselves as soldiers, and the consuls found them ready and eager for service in the war. As for Marcius, though he was displeased himself 1 Cf. Livy, ii. 32, 9-11; Dionysius Hal., Antig. Rom. vi. 86. 2 Cf. Livy, ii. 33, 1-3. 131 K 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES love evdovans THS dpioToKpaTias, Kat TOV aAXNov TAT piKiwv TONNOUS opay TO avTo TeTop- Ooras, buws Tapexdnet pn arroneitrea Oat TOV Onporixay éy Tots rept TIS TaTpios aywou, GNNA TH aperi paddov 4 7H Suvaper paiverOar Siapépovras avTODV. VIII. "Ep 5é tT Ovorovoxwr eOver, T pos ods emohepour, n Kopiohavav TOMES akiopa péeyloTov eixe. TauvTyY oY Tod UTaToU Kopuviov TEpL- oTpatoTedevaavros, oi Aowtrot Ovorovdona det- cates él TOUS ‘Pepaious cuveBonBovy mavTa- xobev, ws 7 pos Th TOAEL ToLnaopevor pany Kat 2 duvobev é emexXetpnoovTes aurois. émrel & 0 Kowi- VLOS dehov THY Suvapuy QUTOS pév AaTHVTA TOTS éEwbev ETLovcL TOV Ovorovoxor, Adpxwov dé Titov, avd pa ‘Popator év Tots aplorors, emt THs TodopKias amenure, KaTappov7c avres ot Kopio- ANavoL TOV TapovT oy emelirbov, Kab T poo paxo- pevor TO mpaTov expatouv Kat Katediwxov eis 3 TOY YapaKa TOUS ‘Pepaious. év0a on Mapeos éxSpapov ou orLyors Kat cataBarov TOUS mpoopifavras auTe paktora, tovs & dAXous oTnoas Emupepopevors, dvexaretro peyary Bon TOUS ‘Papatous. Kal yap HY, domep n&iov TOV TT PATLOTHY o Karo, ov xerpt Kat TwANYT povor, aXe Kal TOV porns Kat dyes ™ poowTrou hoBepos evtuxel TONELIO Kal dvouToaTaros. ab porbopeveoy dé TONNGY Kal cuvioTapevey Trept 4 aur ov aT eX @povv Ot ToNemLoL Seioavtes. o & ovK nYaTNOEV, GAN érnKorAoWWEr Kal cuVHAAaUVEV 132 ' a CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS to have the people increase in power at the expense of the aristocracy, and though he saw that many of the other patricians were of the same mind, he never- theless exhorted them not to fall behind the common people in contending for their country’s welfare, but to show that they were superior to them in valour rather than in political power. VIII. Among the Volscians, with whom _ the Romans were at war, the city of Corioli took highest rank. When, therefore, Cominius the consul had invested this place,! the rest of the Volscians, fearing for its safety, came to its aid against the Romans from all parts, designing to give them battle in front of the city and to attack them on both sides. Thereupon Cominius divided his forces, going forth himself to meet the Volscians who were coming up outside, and leaving Titus Lartius, one of the bravest Romans of his day, in charge of the siege. Then the men of Corioli, despising the forces that were left, sallied out against them, overcame them in battle at first, and pursued the Romans to their camp. At this point Marcius darted out with a small band, and after slaying those who came to close quarters and bringing the rest of the assailants to a halt, called the Romans back to the fight with loud cries. For he had, as Cato thought a soldier should have,? not only a vigour of stroke, but a voice and look which made him a fearful man for a foe to encounter, and hard to withstand. Many of his men rallied to support him, and the enemy withdrew in terror. With this, however, he was not satisfied, but followed 1 It is in connection with the attack on Corioli that Livy first mentions Marcius (ii. 33, 5-9); also Dionysius Hal. (vi. 92). | 2 Cf. Cato the Elder, i. 6. 133 cr PLUTARCH’S LIVES non TpoT pom doqv pebyovtas axpe Tov TUB. éxet 8 opav TOT PeTOLEVOUS TOU Sune TOUS “Pwpaiovs, TONAOY bev aro TOU Tel yous Berov T pos pepopevery, to 6€ cvveoTeceiy Tous petryou- ow eis mod avopov TOE LL GY ‘yépoveay éy Tots Sido ovrav ovdevos els voov éuBarécbar TOAPL@VTOS, Guws emriaTas Tapendret Kat Trape- Odppuver, ave@XOau Boay vTO THS TUXNS TOUS Si@xovot padrov 7 Tois evyovot THY TOM. ov today é Bovropévov émaxonoubely, ao d- pEvOS bia TOV TONE LLCOY évijNato Tais TvAaLS Kab cuvEerceTede, pendevos TO Tp@ToV aria xeiv no UToo THvat TONMITAVTOS, emeita dé, @s KaTetdov dAdyous TavTamacww évOov dvras, oupBonOovvrwr Kal T POG MAXO Meron, ava pepiyLEVvOS opod pirous Kal Troheptous daria Tov ayava heyeTat kal Yetpos Epyots Kal Today Taxet Kal TONMM LATE puxiis drycovelowevos év TH monet, Kal KpaTav andvTay ™pos ods Opotcere, TOUS pev eFaoat T pos Ta éoxata pépn, Ttav 8 QT ELTA LEVOY Kal Kxata- Barovrov Ta oma TONNY ddevav T@ Aapxio mapacxely éEwler é émdyovte TOUS ‘Peopatous. IX. Otte bé THs Toews drovons kal Tov ThetoT@v ev apmayais évT@V kal duadopnoect Xpnpatov, 0 Mdpxuos nyavaxrer Kal Boa, deuvov WYOUpEvos, Tov umdtov Kal TOY avy éxeiv@ ToAL- TOV TAXA TOU CUMTET TOKOT OV TOUS mroNepiors Kal Srapaxopevor, avTous xpnmariverbar TEpt- tovtas 7) Tpopdcer Xpnpatic pod Tov xivduvoy amodipdcxew. emer 8 ov moddol mpooeixov 134 bo cam | CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS hard upon them, and drove them at last in headlong flight, up to the gate of their city. There, although he saw the Romans turning back from the pursuit, now that many missiles from the walls were reaching them, and although not a man of them dared to think of bursting into the city along with the fugitives, full as it was of enemies in arms, he nevertheless took his stand, and exhorted and encouraged them to the exploit, crying out that fortune had opened the city for the pursuers rather than forthe pursued. Only a few were willing to follow him, but he pushed his way through the enemy, leaped against the gate, and burst in along with them, no man daring to oppose him at first or resist him. Then, however, when the citizens saw that few of the enemy all told were inside, they rallied and attacked them. En- veloped thus by friends and foes alike, Marcius is said to have waged a combat in the city which, for prowess of arm, speed of foot, and daring of soul, passes all belief; he overwhelmed all whom he assailed, driving some to the remotest parts of the city, while others gave up the struggle and threw down their arms. Thus he made it abundantly safe for Lartius to lead up the Romans who were outside. IX. The city having been captured in this manner, most of the soldiers fell to plundering and pillaging it. At this Marcius was indignant, and cried out that he thought it a shame, when their consul and their fellow citizens who were with him had perhaps fallen in with the enemy and were fighting a battle with them, that they on their part should be going about after booty, or, under pretext of getting booty, should run away from the danger. Only a few paid 135 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aure, TOUS Bovdopevous avaraBov éBadsfe TV odov 7 TO orpateupa T POKEXWPNKOS nadero, TOANGKLS pev émroT puvev Tous ovV auT@ Kat Tapaxanev Ln évd.dovat, TOMAGKLS dé rols Deots EUXO[EV0S Ty) amronepOjvac TAS HaXns, GX’ eis katpov éAGeivy év @ avvaywuettar Kal ovyKiv- duvevoet Tois moALTaLs. "Hy 6€ rote rots “Pwpyaiors e005 eis tak Kabiotapevors Kal péXAovat Tovs Oupeovs ava- Aap Baver Kat mepilavrvadat THY TH Bevvov aya Kat dad jKas arypaous yiver Oat, Tplav ) TETTA- pov éma.xovovTor ovopyatovtTas TOV KANpovopov. tatbta 467 mparrovTas HON TOUS JT TPATLOTAS Mapxtos év oper TOY Tone piov 6VTWY KaTE- AapBave. Kal TO pep 7 Pa@Tov évious dverdpafev obbeis per CAlywv, aiparos TmepiTrhews Kal iSpéiros: emel dé mpoa 6 pa,poov TO UTare Tept- xapns THY beftay évéBare Kal THs TOAEWS amnyyetre THY doar, 0 be Kopivtos TEpLeTTT U- faro avrov Kab kaTnomdcato, TOLS pev mu8o- pévots TO ryeyevn evov cat opOwpa, tois & elkagact Oapaos mapéoTn, Kat Bon Tapexdrouy Gryew Kai ouvanrew. o 6€ Mapetos porns € TOV Kopinov TOS Staxexoo pntat Ta TOV ToAEpieov Stra Kal Tov TéTAaKTat TO PAX MwTATOD. éxelvou de Pjoavtos | olecPat Tas KaTa péoov oTetpas ‘Avtiat@v eivat, TOA KOT ATO Kal poevi hpovnwatos Uprepevor, “AE ce Tow, 0 Mdpkcos ehn, “ Kal aiTovpat, Kar TOUTOUS Taktov n mas ToOvs dv pas.” éom@KeV ovv oO UmarTos, Pav- pacas avrod TO 7e0Ovpmor. CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS any heed to his words, whereupon he took those who were willing to follow, and set out on the road by which, as he learned, the consul’s army had marched before him, often urging his companions on and beseeching them not to slacken their efforts, and often praying the gods that he might not be too late for the battle, but might come up in season to share in the struggles and perils of his fellow-citizens. It was a custom with the Romans of that time, when they were going into action, and were about to gird up their cloaks and take up their bucklers, to make at the same time an unwritten will, naming their heirs in the hearing of three or four witnesses. This was just what the soldiers were doing when Marcius overtook them, the enemy being now in sight. At first some of them were confounded when they saw that he had a small following and was covered with blood and sweat; but when he ran to the consul with a glad countenance, gave him his hand, and announced the capture of the city, and when Cominius embraced and kissed him, then they were encouraged, some hearing of the success which had been gained, and some but guessing at it, and all called loudly upon the consul to lead them into battle. But Marcius asked Cominius how the enemy were arrayed, and where their best fighting men were placed. And when the consul told him he thought the troops in the centre were those of the Antiates, who were the most warlike of all and yielded to none in bravery, “I ask and demand of you, then,” said Marcius, “ post us opposite these men.” The consul, accordingly, granted his request, astonished at his ardour. As soon as spears began to fly, Marcius darted out 137 PLUTARCH’S LIVES T POEKOPALLOVTOS OUK avTéaXov of KATA CTOMa TOV OvorotcKwv, arr @ mpooeputte pepe. THS dadrayyos evOus SiexéxotrT0, tav & éxaTepwbev émistpepovtTwy Kal meptrapBavovtwy Tois ToS Tov avopa, deicas 6 Umatos Tovs KpatioToUs TOY mwep. abrov é&éreutrev. ioxupas dé mept Tov Mapt.ov payns yevouévns cal trodd@v év OdLYH VEKpQ@V TrecToVvTwY, éyKeipevor Kal KataBralopevot TOUS ToAELloUsS EWOAYTO, Kal TpETTOMEVOL THPOS diwkw avtav tov Madpxuov nkiouv bro Te Kapatou Bapvv évra Kal tpavpdtev dvaywpeiv émi ro oTpatotedov. ettav & éxeivos STL vix@VvTwV ovK Erte TO Kdpvew, ehetteTo Tois hevyovaw. HTTHON 5é€ kal TO NoLTOY oOTpPdTEeUpA, TOAA@Y pev SLa- POapévtwy, ToAAY 5é adSVTMDV. X. T7 8 torepaia rob Aapxiov mapayevopévou Kal TOV GdAXov GOpotlopévwyvy mpos Tov Urarov, avaBas éri to Biya, Kal trois Oeois tHv mpérrov- gav amodovs éml tnrLKovTOLs KaTopOmpactY evdnuiav, mpos tov Mdpxiov tpéretat. Kat Tp@Tov pev avTov Gavpactov ératvoy elie, TOV bev autos év TH waxy yeyovas OcaTns, TA Sé TOD Aapkiou paptupobvTos. Greta, TOAA@Y xen patov Kal imrov ‘yeyoverey aixparetov Kai avOpwrov, éxéXevoev autov é€eréoOar Séxa TAaVTa TPO TOD véuelv Tos AAAos. avev Sé exelvwv aploTeloy avT@ Kexoopunpéevov arrov édwpnoato. tav bé ‘Pwpyaiwy éraivecavtwv 6 Mdpxios mpoekOav tov pev trrov edn déyecOar 138 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS before the line, and the Volscians who faced him could not withstand his charge, but where he fell upon their ranks they were speedily cut asunder. Those on either side, however, wheeled about and encompassed him with their weapons, so that the consul, fearing for his safety, sent to his aid the choicest men he had about his person. Then a fierce battle raged around Marcius, and many were slain in short space of time ; but the Romans pressed hard upon their enemies and put them to rout, and as they set out in pursuit of them, they insisted that Marcius, who was weighed down with fatigue and wounds, should retire to the camp. He answered, however, that weariness was not for victors, and took after the flying foe. The rest of their army also was defeated, many were slain, and many taken captive.! X. On the following day, when Lartius had come up, and the rest of the army was assembled before the consul, Cominius mounted the rostra, and after rendering to the gods the praise that was their due for such great successes, addressed himself to Marcius. In the first place, he rehearsed with praise his astonishing exploits, some of which he had himself beheld in the battle, while to others Lartius bore witness. Then, out of the abundant treasures and the many horses and prisoners that had been taken, he ordered him to choose out a tenth, before any distribution to the rest of the army ; and besides all this, he presented him with a horse, duly caparisoned, as a prize of valour. After the Romans had applauded this speech, Marcius came forward and said that he accepted the horse, and was de- 1 Cf. Dionysius Hal. vi. 94. 139 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a A \ Kal Yaipew Tots émraivors Tov apyovtos, Ta dé f \ a \ GrArAa ptabov, ov Tiny ynyovmevos éav, Kal aya- 4 e z ee A , ce is 0 ‘4 THoev ws els Exactos THY veunoeD. Eat- A l4 J A 4 9” 66 N hy petov 5€ puiav airoduar yapwv,” épn, “Kal déoprac a / rAaBeiv. Hv poe Eévos ev Ovorovonors Kal diros, avnp émeikns Kal pérptos' ovTos édAwKe vov Kal yéyovey éx wAovciov Kal paxapiov Soddos. TONA@Y OUV AUTO KAKOY TrapovTwY ev adedreiy apKel, THY TpacW.” ’ \ 4 a , f ’ f Emi rovtors AexGeior Bon te peiCwov arnvrnoe a , TO Mapxio, cal mretoves ot Oavpalovres éyévovTo \ A) TO LN) KPATOUMEVOY U1rO YpnuaTwv Tavdpos h THV a , 3 éy Tois wodéuots avdpayabiay. Kai yap ols dOovou te Kail SnjrXov mpos avTov UrréKetTo TiLw- A / LU “ a Héevov eKxTTpETT@S, KaKElvols ToTEe TOV RaPetv a A ” 4 \ a peydra TH wt AaBeiv akvos edoke, nal wadrov a“ ’ , avTod THY apeTny HyaTnoaV, ab hs KaTedpoves a \ \ \ TnALKOUTMY, 4 Ov wv nkiodTO. TO pev yap Ev fp) / 4 , >] A a“ Q yphabar Xpnuact KdAXov eat H SrroLs, ToD Oé xpHcbat TO un SetoOar Ypnudtwy cEuvorTeEpor. XI. ’Evei 6€ émavcato Bons nat OopvBov to A , mwAnGos, vrotaBov o Kopiveos, “’AXN éxeivas > @ la) pév, elmev, “® ovotpati@tat, Tas Swpeads ov Sivacbe BidfecOar wy Sexopuevov tov avdpa pndé / a Ud , BovrAdpevoy XaBeiv: hy bé od Extiv ert TovT@ b80- / ? , A > A \ , pernyv anacacba, Sapev avT@ Kal Whndiowpcba xareicbat Koptoravov, e¢ pn xal mpo nuov 7 a a > : mpakts avtn TovTo bédwxev.” €x TovUTOV TpiTOV 54 ¥ \ 4 €oxev Ovoya Tov KoptoXavov. 140 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS lighted with the praises of the consul, but that he declined the rest, holding it to be pay, not honour, and would be content with his single share of the booty. “ But I do ask one special favour,” he said, “and beg that I may receive it. I had a guest- friend among the Volscians, a man of kindliness and probity. This man is now a prisoner, and from wealth and happiness is reduced to subjection. Since, then, many evils have befallen him, let me at least free him from one, that of being sold into bondage.” At such words as these still louder shouts greeted Marcius, and he found more admirers of his superiority to gain than of the bravery he had shown in war. For the very ones who secretly felt a certain jealous envy of him for his conspicuous honours, now thought him worthy of great rewards because he would not take them; and they were more delighted with the virtue which led him to despise such great rewards, than with the exploits which made him worthy of them. For the right use of wealth is a fairer trait than excellence in arms; but not to need wealth is loftier than to use it. XI. When the multitude had ceased shouting their applause, Cominius took up the word again and said: “Ye cannot, indeed, my fellow-soldiers, force these gifts of yours upon the man, when he does not accept them and is unwilling to take them; but there is a gift which he cannot refuse when it is offered. Let us give him this gift, and pass a vote that he be surnamed Coriolanus, unless, indeed, before such act of ours, his exploit has itself given him this name.” Thence came his third name of Coriolanus.! 1 Cf. Dionysius Hal, vi. 94. 141 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES "Qu cal parsota SFrov eotiy 6Tt TOV GvopaTtar idvov jv o Tdios, to 8é Sevtepov oixias yévous xowvov 0 Mdpxuos, To 6€ tpitw datepov EypnoavTo mpakews Tivos 4 TUYNS 7 Ldéas apeTAns émOéTO, xabarep “EdXAnves éridevto mpdkews pev err@ve- pov Tov Ywrhpa cal tov Kadrrivixov, ideas dé Tov Dicxwva Kai tov Tpurov, apetns 5é tov Evep- yérnvy Kat tov PDirdderAgpov, evtuxias 6 Tov Evdaipova t@ Sevtépw tov Bdttwv. éviow Sé Tav Baciiéwy Kai cKoppata Ttapéoyey éri- KAnoes, as Avtuyova tov Adcava xa Irone- pai~ tov AdOupov. emi mréov 58 TO yéver TOVT@ kat “Pwpaios xéypnvtat, Acadnpatov tiva tev MeréArAwy Karécavres, OTL ToALY ypovoy EXKosS éywv qmeptevoote: Siadedepévos! to pétwtrov, Erepov 5é Kédepa orrevcavta pe? apépas odtyas THS TOD TaTpos TeXEeUTHS eTuTadious povoyaywDy ayavas Tapacyelv, To TaXOS Kal THY okUTNTA THS TmapacKeuns Oavydoartes. eviovs 5é auvtvyxia yevérews péxpte viv xarovot, IIpoxdov pév, éav amoénpobvtos Tmatpos yévnrat, wat Ioorovupor, dv reOvnxotos: & 8 av Sidvp@ yevopévp cupBH meptBidvar, Oatépov TedeuvTHoavTos, Ovoricxop. Tov dé cwpaTLKaY Ov povov LvAXas ovdé Niypovs 1 S:adedeuévos with M@: wepidedenevos. 1 Soter, Saviour; Callinicus, Of noble victory; Physcon, Fat-paunch ; Grypus, Hook-nosed; Euergetes, Benefactor ; Philadelphus, Sister- or Brother-lover; Eudaemon, Prosperous ; 142 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS From this it is perfectly clear that Caius was the proper name; that the second name, in this case Marcius, was the common name of family or clan; and that the third name was adopted subsequently, and bestowed because of some exploit, or fortune, or bodily feature, or special excellence in a man. So the Greeks used to give surnames from an exploit, as for instance, Soter! and Callinicus; or from a bodily feature, as Physcon and Grypus; or from a special excellence, as Euergetes and Philadephus ; or from some good fortune. as Eudaemon, the surname of the second Battus. And some of their kings have actually had surnames given them in mockery, as Antigonus Doson and Ptolemy Lathyrus. Surnames of this sort were even more common among the Romans. For instance, one of the Metelli was called Diadematus, because for a long time he suffered from a running sore and went about with a bandage on his forehead ; another member of this family was called Celer, because he exerted himself to give the people funeral games of gladiators within a few days of his father’s death, and the speed and swiftness of his preparations excited astonishment.2. And at the present day some of them are named from casual incidents at their birth, Proculus, for instance, if a child is born when his father is away from home ; or Postumus, if after his death; and when one of twin children survives, while the other dies, he is called Vopiscus. Moreover, from bodily features they not only bestow such surnames as Sulla, Niger, and Rufus, but also Doson, Always-promising; Lathyrus, Vetchling; Sulla, Blotches (2); Niger, Black; Rufus, Red; Caecus, Blind ; Claudius, Lame. 2 Cf. Romulus, x. 2. 143 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ouode ‘Pougous, adAXa Kat Kaixouvs cat Krwdious eTovupias TiOevrat, Kaas eOifovTes MaTE Tupro- TTA LNT ANAHV Tia cMpaTiKnD aruxlay évet- bos nyeta ae pnde Aoopiay, GXn’ Os oixelous Urraxovew ovopacwy. G\vAa tadTra pev étépw yever ypapns T poo nkee. XII. Navoapevp dé TO TON MY THY oTdow em ryetpov avOes ot nparyeryot, KQLVHY [ev ovdepiay aitiay EXOVTES ovd éyKAnua Sixatop, & d€ Tais ™ poTepaes avtay Ssadpopais Kat Tapaxais avary- Kaiws emncorovnae - KaKd, tara TOLoUpevoL mpodac tv emi TOUS TAT PLKLOUS. dor opos yap 1 meaty Kal aryewprynTos dreheipOn THS X@pas, aryopas S émera dxrou TapacKeuny bua TOV TONE- pov o feaupos OuK edwxev. iaxupas ou aroptas yevouernns, op@vres ot Snparywryol pyr” aryopay exovra par’, el Taphv ayopa, XpnwaTov ev- WopouvTa Tov Ojon, évéBadrov Aoyous Kal StaBoXas KaTa TOV TOVOiwWY, WS ExEiVvOL TOV ALmov eTayotey avToOts UTO wyNoLKaKias. "Ex 6é€ tev OvedtTtpavav Fre mpeoBeia THY TOALV mapadioovrav Kal deopevay G@TOLKOUS amro- oTéANELy. voros yap eumerovoa, Aowp@dys autots Tog oUTOV 6X8 pov Kat pOopav aTreipyaoaro TOV avOpoTrav ooTeE pores TO Séxatov Too TAVTOS drone Gijvar pépos. ebokev ovv ois voov éxovow els Séov yeyovévat xal Kara, Katpov v7) Ypela TOV OverTpavav bid Te THY _arropiav Kougia nod Seopevors, Kal THY oTaow aya oKe- ddoev rmifov, et TO OopvBoty padtoTa Kai 144 219 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS such as Caecus and Claudius. And they do well thus to accustom men to regard neither blindness nor any other bodily misfortune as a reproach or a disgrace, but to answer to such names as though their own. This topic, however, would be more fittingly discussed elsewhere. XII. The war was no sooner over than the popular leaders revived the internal dissensions, without any new cause of complaint, or just accusations, but making the very evils which had necessarily followed in the wake of their previous quarrels and dis- turbances a pretext for opposing the patricians. For the greater part of the land had been left unsown and untilled, and the war left no opportunity to arrange an importation of market supplies. There was, therefore, a great scarcity of food, and when the popular leaders saw that there were no market supplies, and that if there were, the people had no money to buy them, they assailed the rich with slanderous accusations of purposely arraying the famine against them, in a spirit of revenge. Moreover, there came an embassy from the people of Velitrae, who offered to hand their city over to the Romans, and begged them to send out colonists for it. For a pestilential disease had assailed them, and wrought such death and destruction among their citizens that hardly the tenth part of the whole number was left. Accordingly, such of the Romans as were sensible thought that this request of the people of Velitrae had come at an advantageous and opportune time, since the scarcity of food made it needful to ease the city of its burdensome numbers; at the same time they also hoped to dissipate its sedition, if the most turbulent elements 145 VOL. IV. L PLUTARCH’S LIVES ouvetrnpevov Tots Onuaywyois @oTEep TepiTTMpLA THS TOAEWS VOTEpoV Kal Tapaya@des atroxabapein. TOUTOUS TE 61) KATAXEYOVTES Eis THY aTroiKiay é€é- mweutrov ot brato, Kal aotpateiay émiyyedXov eh b \ > , 3 / a eTépots él Tovs Ovorovoxous, aayoAiav Te TOV 9 , , 4 \ , eugvriov pnyavepevor OopiBwv, nat vopilovtes éy Ordos Kal otpatoTrédm Kal Kowvols ayeou avOis yevopévous wAovciovs ofovd Kal mévynTtas kat Snpuotixovs Kal tatpixious, Huepwtepov av dtateOjvat mpos ANAHAOUS Kal HoLov. XIII. ’Eviotavto dé Nowrrov of Tept Bxivvrov kat Bpotdtov Snpaywyoi, Bodvtes épryov @poTaTov avToUS TH MWpaoTtaTw THY dvouaTwY aTroLKiay mpocayopevaavtas avOpwrovs mévntas @oTEp b , 3 a > A > t 97 eis Bapabpov @éeiv, éxtréutrovras eis TOALY aépos TE vooEpod Kal vexp@v aTddwy yésovcay, ad- AoTpio daiou Kal Trarapvaim cvvotxitopévous: eitTa WaTrEp OUK apKoupéevous TOUS pey UT ALpLOD StoAAVvat TOV TOALTOY, TOUS 5€ ALM TpoagBar- Aew, Ett Kal woAEwov avaiperor emdyev, STS \ \ b a “A Ul a 5 LA pndey Kaxoy arn THs Todews, STL Sovdevovca Tois WAovoiots atreime. ToLtovTwY avaTrLmTXa- pEvos Aoywv Oo SHpos oUTE TO KaTadOyw TpocTeE TOV UTaTwWY pos Te THY atrotKiay SuEBERANTO. Tis 6é Bovrjs Statropoupévns 0 Mapxctos, 76n pectos oy dyKou Kal péyas yeyovas Te Ppovn- pare kal Oavpalopuevos bd TOV KpaTtioTwY, pave- 146 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS in it, and those which made most response to the exciting appeals of the popular leaders, should be purged away, like unhealthy and disturbing refuse from the body. Such citizens, therefore, the consuls selected as colonists and ordered them forth to Velitrae. They also enlisted others in a campaign against the Volscians, contriving thus that there should be no leisure for intestine tumults, and believing that when rich and poor alike, plebeians as well as patricians, were once more united in military service and in common struggles for the public good, they would be more gently and pleasantly disposed towards one another. XIII. But the popular leaders, Sicinius and Brutus, with their following, at once rose up in opposition, crying out that the consuls were dis- guising a most crue] deed under that most inoffensive name, a colony, and were really pushing poor men into a pit of death, as it were, by sending them forth into a city which was full of deadly air and unburied corpses, to be associated with a strange and abominable deity ; and then, as if not satisfied with destroying some of their fellow-citizens by famine, and exposing others to pestilence, they proceeded further to bring on a war of their own choosing, that no evil might spare the city, which had but refused to continue in servitude to the rich. With their ears full of such speeches as these, the people would neither answer the consular summons for enlistment, nor look with any favour on the colony. The senate was in perplexity. But Marcius, who was now full of importance, and had grown lofty in spirit, and was looked upon with admiration by the 1 Cf. Dionysius Hal. vii. 13. 147 £2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pos my pada Ta, Tots dnpwayayois avO.aTdpevos. Kal THV pep arrotkiay améarethay, emer epLoLs peyarous Tous Aaxovras éFeNOeiv avayKaaavTes” pos be THY, oTparelap TAVTAT ACW amrayopevov- TOD, auTos 6 Mapxcos TOUS Te TWENATAS avahaBev Kal Tov addov daous TEL, Karébpape THY "AyTLaTov X@pav. Kal TwoXuUy pév oiTov evpwr, TOAAT 6é Aetg Opeppator Kat avdparrodwv TEPLTUX OV, auT@ poev ovdev efetreTo, TOUS dé oTpaTEevaapevous TONAG ev dryovTas EXOD, TOANG be épovtas, emavijbev és Thy ‘Pouny, OOTE TOUS addous peTAameNOpMEéevous Kal pO ovycav- Tas TOS evmopycacty ax Ger bas 7? Mapxio xai Baptverbar tyv Sofav avtod Kal THY d¥vapmtY, @sS €ml TOV Ofjpov avfouevny. XIV. "Odiryou 66 xpavov per nee bev braretap 0 Mapxtos, exaUTTOVTO dé of Toro, Kal TOV Ofjov aldas TLs elyev avépa Kat ryever Kal dper i mpa@Tov aT ipaoas Kal cataBaneiv éml ToToUToLS Kal THALKOUTOLS EVEPYETN MATT. Kal yap EOos av Tots meTLodar THY a apyny jTapakaneiv Kai be£tob- cba TOUS ToXlTas év patio KATLOVTAS eis THD ayopav avev XuTaVvOS, eire Hadov exTamevouvTas éavTous T@ oXNMATL 7 pos THY dénow, elTe Setk- vbvtas ols joav arethat mpopavi, Ta ovpBora Tis avdpeias. ov yap browig dntrov diavouns dpyupiov Kal dexac wav atwotou éBovdovro 7 poo - “evat Kal aXiTwva ToOis TroAtTaLs TOV SedopeEvoV Cf. Dionysius Hal. vii. 19. 2 There is nothing of this candidacy for the consulship in Livy (ii. 34, 7-35). Marcius urges the senate to take advan- tage of the famine and exact from the plebeians a surrender 148 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS most powerful men of the city, openly took the lead in resisting the popular leaders. The colony was sent out, those that were chosen for it by lot being compelled to go forth under severe penalties; and when the people utterly refused military service, Marcius himself mustered his clients and as many others as he could persuade, and made an incursion into the territory of Antium. There he found much corn, and secured large booty in cattle and captives, no part of which did he take out for himself, but brought his followers back to Rome laden with large spoils of every sort. The rest of the citizens therefore repented themselves, envied their more fortunate fellows, and were filled with hostility to Marcius, not being able to endure the reputation and power of the man, which was growing, as they thought, to be detrimental to the people.! XIV. But not long after, when Marcius stood for the consulship,? the multitude relented, and the people felt somewhat ashamed to slight and humble a man who was foremost in birth and valour and had performed so many and such great services. Now it was the custom with those who stood for the office to greet their fellow-citizens and solicit their votes, descending into the forum in their toga, without a tunic under it. This was either because they wished the greater humility of their garb to favour their solici- tations, or because they wished to display the tokens of their bravery, in case they bore wounds. It was certainly not owing to a suspicion of the dispensing of money in bribery that the candidate for the votes of their tribunate. This so exasperates the people that they try Marcius in absentia and banish him, whereupon he goes over to the Volsci. Plutarch’s story (xiv.—xx.) agrees closely with Dionysius Hal. vii. 21-64. 149 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 ~ 3 \ A , 9 \ \ auTa@v' ove yap meTa TOAVY XpovoY wYN Kal: mpaats emevanrGe, Kal cuvepiyn Tais exxrAnoLac- TiKais Whois apyvptov. éx 6é€ tovToU Kat dixac- Tov Oiyodca Kat aotpatorédwv 1 Swpodoxia TEepleaoTnaEV eis povapyiav THY Wort, eEavdpa- qwoolcapmevn Ta OmrAa TOS ypnuacWW. ov yap Kax@s EovKev eiTrety Oo eltrav STL Tp@TOS KaTéNUTE Tov Shuov 6 mwp@tos éotiadoas Kat Sexaoas. . \ dhaivetas 6 Kpuha Kat KaTa pLKpov Urroppéov ovK nN ” > ¢ , la \ / > evOus Exdnrov év Paoyn yevéoOar TO KaKov. ov e a e yap topev Gotis Av o Sexadcas mpatos évy Popun oF A } 4 b @ , oe , “A huov 7) Stxactnpov: "AOnvynas Sé A€yeTat TpPe- > Y 7 a a_ > e 9 Tos apyuptov Sodvat dixactais “Avutos o ’AvGe- U “ piwvos, mpodocias wept IlvAou Kpevopevos, ev Tots a “A e , TleAorovynotakois 46n tTerXevT@OLY, OTNViKA TO 4 € , \ “puaoby ete yevos Kal axnpatov év ‘Pan tH dyopayv KaTetyev. XV. ’AAAA tod ye Mapkiov roddds wrro- , ? \ 3 N “~ b) 4 2 e datvovtTos wtTetkas amo TONN@Y aywovwY, EV OtS émpa@tevoev ertaxaideca ETN TUVEYHS TTPATEVO- MEVvOS, eOvewTOUVTO THY apeTHV, Kal AOYOY GANH- 4 a ots edidocav ws éxeivov atrodetEovTes. érrel Oé, fo e / 3 e \ fol ES é > 4 THS Huéepas ev 7 THY YHpov eer hépey evaTacns, e 4 ? bd \ > / A e \ ol o Mapxios es ayopay éveBare coBapas vireo Tis BovAins mporeptropevos, Kai mavTEes Ob TraTpixcot Tept avTov éyévovto davepot mpos pndey ovT@ pndérrote ctrovddoartes, éEérecov avOis of Tod- \ a \ \ , n Nol THS Mmpos avTOY Evvolas, Eis TO VEe“EeTay Kal 150 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS of the citizens was required to present himself before them without a tunic and ungirt. For it was long after this time that the buying and selling of votes crept in and money became a feature of the elections. But afterwards, bribery affected even courts and camps, and converted the city into a monarchy, by making armies the utter slaves of money. For it has been well said that he first breaks down the power of the people who first feasts and bribes them. But at Rome the mischief seems to have crept in stealthily and gradually, and not to have been noticed at once. For we do not know who was the first man to bribe her people or her courts of law; whereas at Athens, Anytus, the son of Anthemion, is said to have been the first man to give money to jurors, when he was on trial for the treacherous failure to relieve Pylos,} toward the close of the Peloponnesian war ; a time when the pure race of the golden age still possessed the Roman forum. XV. So when Marcius disclosed his many scars from many contests, wherein he had been a foremost soldier for seventeen years together, the people were put out of countenance by his valour, and agreed with one another to elect him. But when the day for casting their votes came, and Marcius made a pompous entry into the forum escorted by the senate, and all the patricians about him were clearly more bent on success than ever before, the multitude fell away again from their good will towards him, and 1 A stronghold on the western coast of Messenia, in Peloponnesus.- It was occupied and successfully defended by the Athenians in 425 B.c. (Thuc. iv. 2-41). In 410, the Lacedaemonians laid siege to its Messenian garrison, which surrendered after an Athenian fleet had failed to relieve it (Diodorus, xiii. 64, 5 f.). 15 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pO oveiv Um opepopevot. 7 poony dé To mabet TOUT Kal déos, ei ‘yévouro THS apXis KUpLOS aynp cpio TOK paTtKOS kal Too obTov éXov év Tois TwaTpe- Ktous dkiwpa, pn TavTatacw adédrotTo Tov Onpwou Thy érevOepiav. ; =Odrw 87 hpovicavTes ameynpicavto TOV Mapecov. as 8 avnyopevOnoav Erepor, Bapéws pev TveryKev y] Bovhn doxovca mpomenmraKiabat padQov éauTay TOV Mdpeiov, AUTOS e €KELVOS ov per pies eoxev ovd émrtetx@s mpos TO cupBe- Bnxos, are 67) WrEloTA TO Ovpoedet Kat puro- veik@ péper TIS Wuxi. @s ExXovTE peyeFos Kal Ppovnpa, KEXPNLEVOS, To 6 éuBpbes cal TO mpGov, ob TO Trela Tov aperh TONITE METECTLY, érykex papevov ovK EXov vTdO Aovyou kal qratdetas, oude THY épnyuta Evvoixov, @ os [Idtov édeyer, aiddserav eid@s Str Sel padcTa Stadhevyey emixerpobvTa mpaypace Kowois Kal avO parrots ouerein, Kal yever Bas THS TOAAG yedoperns UT éviov dveEixaxias épaatyy. Grn am ovs Tes Ov del Kal atevns, Kal TO VUKaY Kal KpaTeiy aTravT@V wavtTws avopeias epyov nryovpevos, ovK acdevetas Kat paraxias, éx TOU TovovvTas kai meTrovOortos pardioTa THS puyis, Gonep oldnpa, TOV Oupov avadibovens, anne. Tapaxijs HEaTos @v Kat miKpias qwpos Tov Ofjuov. of & év HAtkia TOV TATpLKLOD, 6 TL Te wy ev TH monet part.oTa yaupovpevov evyeveta Kal dvGoby, det TE Gav- pacras éomovddKecay mepl TOV avdpa, Kat TOTE mporKelmevor Kal TwapovTes ovK eT ayab@ Tov Oupor éEeppimifoy avtov T@ cuvayavaxteiy Kat 152 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS drifted into feelings of resentment and envy. These feelings were reinforced by their fear that if an aristocrat, who had such weight with the patricians, should become supreme in the government, he might altogether deprive the people of their liberties. So, being in such a state of mind, they rejected Marcius and others were proclaimed elected. The senators were indignant, thinking the insult directed rather at them than at Marcius, and he himself could not treat the occurrence with restraint or forbearance. He had indulged the passionate and contentious side of his nature, with the idea that there was something great and exalted in this, and had not been imbued, under the influence of reason and discipline, with that gravity and mildness which are the chief virtues of a statesman. Nor did he know that one who undertakes public business must avoid above all things that self-will which, as Plato says,! is the “companion of solitude’ ; must mingle with men, and be a lover of that submissiveness to injury which some people ridicule so much. But since he was ever a straightforward man and obstin- ate, and since he thought that conquest and mastery in all things and at all times was the prerogative of bravery, rather than of effeminate weakness (which breaks out in anger, like a swelling sore, from the troubled and wounded spirit), he went away full of indignation and bitterness towards the people. The younger patricians, too, that element in the city which made most vaunt of noble birth and was most showy, had always been amazingly devoted to the man, and, adhering to him now, when their presence did him no good, fanned his anger by their sympa- 1 In a letter to Dio (Hpist. iv. ud fin.). 153 PLUTARCH’S LIVES cuvaryelv. hv yap nye“ov avtois Kal diddoKaros EDLEVIS TOV TrOAELLKOV ev Tals TTpaTElats, Kat as ? a / \ ? / Chrov apetns avev POovov mpos aAANHAOVS yav- p@cat Tovs KatopOovvTas. XVI. ’Ev rovt@ Sé citos feev ets “Poyunr, mous pev wvyntos é& “Itadias, ovx éAdtTav Sé Swpntos €x Yupaxovaadv, Térwvos tod Tupavvov méppavros' Wate Tos TAEiaTous ev Edict yevéoOat xpnotais, dua HS aropias Kal THs S:apopas tTHv Tod amadXayncecOat tpocsbo- a b] A 9 “~ b] , k@vras. evlus ovv Bovajns abpotcGetons mept- @ \ e on »” @ 9 60 \ A xubeis o Sios FEwOev exapadoxet To TEéXos, éxrrifwv ayopa te ypnoecOar prravOpwr@p Kat mpoika tas Swpeas veunoecOar. Kal yap évdov Hoav ot TravTa thy BovAny tetOovtes. 0 péevTOL Mdpxios dvacras opddpa xabmpato trav yape- Copévwv Tois TroAXois, Snpaywyovs Kal mpodoTas aTOKAA@Y THS apioTtoKpatias Kal o7éppata movnpa Opacvtntos Kat Bpews eis Gyrov 3 / / > | e A A “A \ apetpéva tpépovtas nal’ abtav, & Kad@s pev ele pin TWeptideiy ev apyh pvopeva pnd ioxupov apxXn THrALKaUTy Totnoa, Tov Shpov, Hon Se Kat goBepov elvat t@ tavra Bovropévots avtois e UA \ \ bd , \ UmTdpyev Kal pndév axovtas BidtecOar, pode mweiBecOat Tots wmdtow, GN avapxtas éyovtas nyepovas idtovs apxYovtas mpocaryopevev. émt- Socers pev ovv cal Savopds, datrep “EXAjvov ot Kpaticta Snuoxparovpevot, KabélecOas >Wndito- peévovs &bn travTeda@s eis Kowdov GrAOpov tHV 154 bo CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS thetic vexation and sorrow. For he was their leader and willing teacher of the art of war in their campaigns, and inspired them in their victories with a zeal for valour, which had no tinge of mutual jealousy. XVI. In the meantime grain came to Rome, a great part of it bought in Italy, but an equal amount sent as a present from Syracuse, where Gelo was tyrant. Most of the people were consequently in great hope, expecting that the city would be delivered both from its scarcity and its discord. The senate, accordingly, was convened at once, and the people, flocking about the senate-house, awaited the result of its deliberations. They expected that the market-price for grain would now be moderate, and that what had been sent as a present would be distributed gratis. For there were some in the senate who so advised that body. But Marcius rose in his place and vehemently attacked those who favoured the multitude, calling them dem- agogues and betrayers of the aristocracy, and declar- ing that they were nourishing, to their own harm, the evil seeds of boldness and insolence which had been sown among the rabble; these they should have choked when they first sprang up, and not have strengthened the people by such a powerful magis- tracy as the tribunate. But now their body was for- midable, because it got everything that it desired, allowed no constraint upon its will, and refused to obey the consuls, but had their own leaders in anarchy, whom they styled their rulers. To sit there, more- over, voting such a people largesses and supplies, like those Greeks where democracy is most extreme, he said was nothing more nor less than maintaining them in their disobedience, to the common destruc- 155 PLUTARCH’S LIVES atreiOevay avTav epodiate. “Ou yap Xa pry ye Sntrov dycovaw arrovap Savery TOV TTPATELOY as eyKaTtéhitrov, Kal TOV aToaotacewy als T pOnKAVTO THY jTwatpioa, Kal Tov bia Boror a as édefavro Kara THS Bovrjs: GXn Upepevous dia oBov Kat KoNaKevovTas buds TadTA d:dovar Kal ovyxwpety eMmicavres, ovdev &€ovar mépas areeias, oude Tava ovTat Staepopevor Kat oractatovres. OOTE TovTO pév éott Kody pavixov: eb O€ coppovod- pep, adarpnoopela, THY onpapxiay avTev, avai- peow ovcap bratetas Kal idoracw Tis TOAEWS, ovKert [uLas, WS TrPOTEpor, ovens, GNra Sedeypéevns Tony wndérrote cunpivar pnd opoppovirat pdé mavoac bas VocoUVTAs Nas Kal TApATTOMEVOUS var’ G\AnAwY édcovear.” XVII. Tova Toabra, Neyo oO Mapxuos vTep- puars elye Tous véous cuvevPovaravTas avT@ Kat TOUS qroucious odiryou deiy dravras, povor éxetvov avipa tiv money exer anTTnTOV Kat dKONGKEUTOV Bo@vtas. évot be TOV m pea Bute- pov NVAVTLOVYTO, Upopwpevor TO drroRnoopevov. anéBn 6é Xpnerov oveev. of yap Srpapxor mapovtes, ws ja00o0vT0 Th youn kpatobvra TOV Mdpxuop, eféSpapov els TOV Bxdov peTa Bors Tapakehevopevor ouvictacba Kai BonOety avrois TOUS moddous. exednotas dé JopvBwsous ryevo- pévns, Kal TOV oryoov ods oO Mapxios elrrev avaryo- pevdévrer, Onion édenaev eurrecely UT opyns pepoperos els THD Bovdyy o 0 Ofjpos: ot Oé Snpapxot tov Mapxiov tHv atitiay érotobvto, Kal wéurov- 156 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS tion of all. “For they surely will not say that they are getting these as a grateful return for the military services which they omitted, and the secessions by which they renounced their country, and the ca- lumnies against the senate which they have counten- anced. They will rather be confident that your fears drive you to subserviency and flattery when you make them these gifts and concessions, and will set no limit to their disobedience, nor cease from their quarrels and seditions. Such action on our part would there- fore be sheer madness; but if we are wise, we shall take their tribunate away from them, for it makes the consulship null and void, and divides the city. This is no longer one, as before, but has been cut in two, so that we can never grow together again, or be of one mind, or cease afflicting and confounding one another.” XVII. With many such words as these Marcius was beyond measure successful in filling the younger senators, and almost all the wealthy ones, with his own fierce enthusiasm, and they cried out that he was the only man in the city who disdained submis- sion and flattery. But some of the older senators op- posed him, suspecting the outcome. And the outcome was wholly bad. For the tribunes were present, and when they saw that the proposal of Marcius was likely to prevail, they ran out among the crowd with loud cries, calling upon the plebeians to rally to their help. Then there was a stormy session of the as- sembly, and when the speech of Marcius was reported to it, the people were carried away with fury and almost burst in upon the senate. But the tribunes made their formal denunciation of Marcius, and sum- moned him by messenger to come before them and 157 PLUTARCH’S LIVES b] 4 > \ > , e XN Tes €xdXouvv avTovy atroNoynaopevov. as Oe y ¢ ‘\ / A e 4, mpos UBpw tous meupOévras éEjracev vrnpéras, “ / avtol peTa TOV ayopavopwv Koy ak€ovtes Bia Tov avodpa, Kat Tov cwpatos émedapBdvovTo. acvotavres & of tarpixio. tovs pév Snuapyous atretpiiyavto, tots 8 ayopavopuors Kai mAnyas évéBanov. Tore pév otv éotrépa xataraBotoa thy Tapa- \ / ¢ > e 4 \ an b] xnv otédXucev: aya & apépa tov Shor éeEnypiw- pévov op@vTes ot Urata. Kal auvtTpéyovta trav- Taxobev eis THY ayopay Eacav UTrép TIS TOAEWS, \ \ b) f > / a kat tHv BovAnv dOpoicavtes éxéNevov oKorTrety Straws émriexéoe Oyous Kal Soypace ypnotois Tpaivwct Kal KataoTyTwot TOUS TOAAOUS, WS Ov 4 @ C4 x9 C¢ N , bud dtrotipias ovcav mpav, ovd brép doEns Gysdrav, J “A 3 \ \ b] a \ 5] , El whpovovetv, aAAA Katpov eTrLadhary Kat o€vp, evyv@povos ToNtTelas Kal diravOpwrrov Seopevov. eiEdvrwy S€ TOV TrEicTwY TpoEdOovTEs WS EeVTV partota TO Snum Stedéyovto Kal KateTpdivor, atroAvopevot te Tas SiaBoras emiexas Kal TO vovOetourts kai SdxvovtTs. petpiws ypwpevot, Trept 5é tipHs w@viwy nal ayopas ovdév SvoicerOat mpos avtovs pacKoytes. XVIII. ‘Os obdv éevedidou to rovAvd tod Sypyou Kat gavepov hv T@ Koopiws Kal cadpovas akovew ayouevov Kal KnNOvpEVvoV, avéoTnaay ot Snpapyor, TH pev BovrAy swdpovoian tov Shpov b / isd ” 4 / \ \ avOureiEew Goa Karas exer pdoxovtes, Tov 5é Mapxvoy atroroyeicGar Kedevovtes, eb un dyno 158 222 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS make his defence. And when he insolently drove away the officers who brought their message, they went themselves, attended by the aediles, to bring him by force, and tried to lay hands upon his person. But the patricians, banding together, drove the tri- bunes away, and actually beat the aediles. By this time, then, evening had fallen, which put an end to the tumult; but as soon as it was day, the exasperated people came running together from all quarters into the forum. When the consuls saw this, they were alarmed for the city, and convening the senate, urged them to consider how, by reasonable proposals and suitable resolutions, they might soothe and pacify the multitude, since it was not a time for ambitious rivalry, nor would they be wise in contend- ing for their dignity, but the crisis was severe and critical, and demanded measures that were considerate and humane. The majority of the senate acceding to these views, the consuls went out and reasoned with the people as well as they could, and tried to mollify them, answering their accusations in a reason- able manner, and making only a moderate use of admonition and tebuke; as regarded the price of provisions and market supplies, they declared there should be no difference between them. XVIII. Accordingly, the greater part of the people showed signs of relenting, and it was evident, from their decorous and sober attention, that they were on the way to be controlled and won over. Then the tribunes rose and declared that since the senate was now acting soberly, the people in their turn would make such concessions as were fair and honourable. They insisted, however, that Marcius should make answer to the following charges: Could he deny that 159 PLUTARCH’S LIVES emit auyxvoe: THS ToNtTElas Kal KaTadUoEL TOD Sywou thy Te BovAny trapokvvey Kal Kadovpevos tn avtav areOjoat, TéX0s bé TOUS ayopavopLous TUTTOV év ayopa Kal mpoTnAraki~wov éudvrXor, Gaov én avT@, TOAeLov eEepyacacbat Kal mTpo- ayaryeiv eis O7Aa TOUS TOAiTas. Edeyor 5é TadTa Bovropevos tov Madpxioy 7 tarevov atrodetEa, Tapa duo upévta To Ppovnpa Kal OcpatrevovtTa Tov Onpov, TH ioe. Ypw@pevov aviKeaTov amtepyadcacOat thy mpds avTov opynv: 6 wadXoV HAmlov, op0as croyalopevot Tod avdpos. "Eotn bev yap ws atoAoynodpmevos, Kal mapeé- cXEY AUTO ciwTnv Kal Hovyiav o Shpos: as 8 nptato Tpos Tous avOpwrrous SentiKov Tiva NOYOV mpoadexXopevous ov povov éTraxGet rappycia xpi- oOat nai meio KaTnyopia THs Tappyatas, dAdNa Kal Tovw hovyas kal dsabéoes mpoowtou Thy éyyus tmepowias Kal dduywpias dpoBiay émberxvipevos, o pev Snpos éEetpaxvvOn Kal pavepos hw dvcava- aoxeTav kat Bapvvopevos Tots Aeyouéevots, Tav é Snuapxyov o Opacitatos Xxivvros puxpa Tots auvapxouat diarex Geis, elt’ eis pwécov avayopevoas wos Odvatos to tov Snudpywy tov Mapkiou KaTéyvwoTatl, TpocéTake Tols ayopavopmols avaya- yovras avrov él thv dxpav evs @oat Kata THs UTroxerpéevns hapayyos. damtouevoy bé TaV ayopavouwy tov awpatos édofe péy Kal ToY ONMOT@Y Tors HptxTov Elvas TO ryeyvomevov Kal UTepnpavor, ol O€ TATPLKLOL TAVTAaTAGLY EXTTAVTES 160 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS he had instigated the senate to violate the constitu- tion and abrogate the powers of the people? When summoned to appear before them, had he not refused ? And finally, by insulting and beating the aediles in the forum, had he not done all in his power to incite the citizens to arms and bring about a civil war? They made this demand with a desire either that Marcius should be publicly humiliated, if, contrary to his nature, he curbed his haughty spirit and sued for the favour of the people; or, if he yielded to his natural promptings, that he should do something which would justify their wrath against him and make it implacable. The latter was what they the rather expected, and they rightly estimated the man’s character. For he came and stood before them as one who would defend himself, and the people were quiet and silent in his presence. But when, instead of the more or less deprecatory language expected by his audience, he began not only to employ an offensive boldness of speech, which at last became actual denunciation, but also to show, by the tone of his voice and the cast of his countenance, that his fearlessness was not far re- moved from disdain and contempt, then the people was exasperated, and gave evident signs that his words roused their impatience and indignation. Upon this, Sicinius, the boldest of the tribunes, after a brief conference with his colleagues, made formal proclamation that Marcius was condemned 'to death by the tribunes of the people, and ordered the aediles to take him up to the Tarpeian rock at once, and cast him down the cliff below. But when the aediles laid hold of his person, it seemed, even to many of the plebeians, a horrible and monstrous act; the patricians, 161 VOL. IV. M PLUTARCH'S LIVES xa Tepirabyoavres Opyunoay amd xpavyns Bon- Getv, ot Sé Kal xepol rods émridayBavopévous aveipyovres kal Katapuyvivtes éavtois tov Mdp- xcov' éviot 5€ Kal tas yelpas dpéyovtes édéovTo TOV TOANOY, erreLdy) AOYOU Te Kal Puvis ovdéy pov hv év axocpia tocavTy Kal OopiBous, axpe oo cupdpovncavtes ot iror Kai oixeion TOV Snudpywv as dvev dovov ToAdod TaY TaTpiKior ovx éotw éEayayeiy ovde kod\adoa, Tov Mdpxuop, Erercay avTous aperety THs Tywpias TO GANOKOTOV cat Bapv, pn Bia pnd axpitov atroxriyivtas, Gra TH SHuw wWihov éemeveyxeiy arrodovtas. éx TovTOU KaTacTas Oo YKivylos NpwTa Tovs matpixious Tt BovAduevor TOY Madpxiov aparpodr- Tat Tov Snuov Bovropévov xoralew. éxeivov dé Tdadw avtepwravroyv “Ti pev ov diavociobe kal ti BovrcoOe vets, avdpa “Pwpaiwv év rots Gpiotos avev Kpicews ra Tipwpiay @pnv Kat mapavopov ovTws ayovtes;” “’ANAA TavTHp pév,” elev 6 Yexivvtos, “ buets py toteicbe mpddhacuy Siapopds cal ordcews mpos Tov Shor 6 yap afvodte, Sidwow vpiv, KpOjvar tov avdpa. aot dé, Mdpxte, mpoayopevopev eis tpitny ayopav Tmapeivat Kad TreiOerv TOvS TOALTAS, Eb ndev aduKels, as Wnd@ Kpivodvtas.” | XIX. Tore péev ody nydaynoav of TaTtpixtot Thv Siddvow, kat tov Madpxiov aopévws eyovres am7jrdov. év 5€ To perakd ypovm THs TpiTNS aryopas (ayopas S€ trotovot “Pwpaios oe Hpépas arns, vouvdivas Kadobvtes) érrrida péev avrots mapéoxe Suaxpovoews otpateia yevouévn mpos 162 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS moreover, utterly beside themselves, distressed and horror stricken, rushed with loud cries to his aid. Some of them actually pushed away the officers making the arrest, and got Marcius among them- selves; some stretched out their hands in supplica- tion of the multitude, since words and cries were of no avail amid such disorder and confusion. At last the friends and kindred of the tribunes, perceiving that it was impossible, without slaying many pa- tricians, to lead Marcius away and punish him, per- suaded them to remit what was unusual and oppressive in his sentence, not to use violence and put him to death without a trial, but to surrender him and refer his case to the people. Then Sicinius, becoming calm, asked the patricians what they meant by taking Marcius away from the people when it wished to punish him. But the patricians asked in their turn: «* What then is your purpose, and what do ye mean, by thus dragging one of the foremost men of Rome, without a trial, to a savage and illegal punishment ?”’ “‘ Well then,” said Sicinius, “ye shall not have any such excuse for factious quarrel with the people; for they grant your demand that the man have a trial. And we cite thee, Marcius, to appear before the citizens on the third market-day ensuing, and con- vince them, if you can, of your innocence, assured that they will decide your case by vote.” XIX. For the time being, then, the patricians were satisfied with this truce, and went away in glad poss- ession of Marcius. But in the time which inter- vened before the third market-day (for the Romans hold their markets every ninth day, calling them, therefore, “nundinae”’), a campaign was undertaken against the city of Antium, which led them to hope 163 M 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES "Avtidtas, > pKkos EEovca Kat xpovov év @® vesponOns o Shyos Eotat, THS Opyhs amopapav- Ocions } TavTeras éxtrecovans 5° aoxyodiav Kat ToAeuov éreta Oé, oS TaxyY SiadrvodpeEvot TPOS tous Avtiatas émavirOor, éyivovto sivoboe TOV qTaTpexiwy wodAdkKis, dedidTav Kal. oxoTrovYTwY Sirws tov te Mdpxiov ov mponcovtas Tov Te Sipov avOus ov tmapéEovow éxtapatrew tots Snpa- yoryots. “Amos pev ody Kdravéuos aitiay éxov éy Tois partcta pucodnpos elvar Svepaptupero, Aeywv tHv te BovAny avTov’s avaipyoew Kal TponcecOar Tavtdmact THY ToNTELay, eb KUPLOV HS Whnpov Kata tev Tratpixiwy déEovTat yevo- pevov Tov SHuov: ot S€ mpecRuTatro Kat Snporti- K@tTatot Ttovvavtiov nkiovy ov yarerov ovde Bapiv, adda mpdov cal piradvOpwrov bro Ths éEovaias évecOar tov Siuov' ov yap Kxatadpo- voovte THs Bours, GAN olopéve Katadpoveic bat Tusny Kal trapapvOiav yevnoecOar THY Kpiow, ao8 dpa Thy iidhov \aBovras arroOncecOas THY opyny. XX. ‘Opev obv o Madpxtos edvoia pev avrod, Poh Sé tov SHuov thy ciyKANTOY aTropoUperny, npwrTynoe TOUS Onudpyous ti KaTNYyoOpovaLY avTov kal qept tivos xptOnodpevov ert tov Shpov é&- dyovow. etltrovtwv 5 éxeivev Ott Tupavvis éote TO éykAnua Kail tupavveiv Siavoovpevov arrodet- Eovow avrov, ottws éEavacras avros én mpos 164 2 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS that the issue might be avoided altogether. The campaign would last long enough, they thought, for the people to become tractable, after their rage had languished or altogether disappeared by reason of their occupation with the war. But presently, when the citizens returned home after a speedy settlement of their dispute with Antium, the patricians were in frequent conclave, being full of fear, and deliberating how they might not surrender Marcius, and yet pre- vent the popular leaders from throwing the people again into tumult and disorder. Appius Claudius, indeed, who was counted among those most hostile to the claims of the people, said with all solemnity that the senate would destroy itself and utterly betray the government of the city, if it should suffer the people to wield their vote in judgement on the patricians. But the oldest senators, and those most inclined to favour the people, maintained on the con- trary that it would not be rendered harsh or severe by its exercise of this power, but mild and humane ; for since it did not despise the senate, but rather thought itself despised by that body, the prerogative of trying a senator would be a solace to its feelings and a mark of honour, so that as soon as it proceeded to vote it would lay aside its wrath. XX. Marcius, therefore, seeing that the senate was in suspense between its kindly feelings towards him and its fear of the people, asked the tribunes what the accusations against him were, and on what charge he would be tried if they led him before the people. They replied that the charge against him was usurpation, and that they would prove him guilty of planning a usurpation of the government. There- upon he rose of his own accord and said he was going 165 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tov Sipov dn Badifeww arrodoynoopevos Kal pndéva tpotoyv Kpicews pndé, av ad@, Ko- Adoews tTrapaiteicOar: ‘‘Movoy Sras,” én, a \ “roto KaTnyopyonte Kal pn revoncbe THV 4 Bovrw.” os 8 w@poroynoav, émrt rovTos 7 xplaw éyivero. > , \ fe) / a \ b \ vveGovtos 5é Tod Snuou mpeTov pév ov KaTa AOyous, GAAA Kata guards éBidlovto yiverOat \ , a ? , \ , thy ~Wndodopiav, TaY eVvTOpwY Kal Yyvwpi_wv Kal OTPATEVOMEVwY TOV ATropoV Kal TTOAUTT Pay jLova Q a le , \ Vv > a Kal Tov Kadov dpovtifovta pndev dyAov émi- a / te) ¥ \ mpocGev tais ~rydois qotodytes. emetra TH Tupavvides adévtes aitiay dvamobextoy ovcar, b , lA > 7 a / A ¢ lA éxelvwv Tad e€pué“ynvtTo TOV AGywV ods o Mdpxuos , 9 3 A a , \ b mporepov elev ev TH BovrAH, KwXVOV pEeV eTreVw- vioat Thv ayopay, aderécbar Sé tHv Snuapxiav Tov Onpou KerEevov. Kawov Sé KaTnyopnoav 3 A , \ \ “A v4 ray avtov KaTnyopnua THY Stavouny TOV Aadvpar, & AaBav éx rHs AvTiata@v yopas ovK avnveyKev Ets TO Snpoctov, GAAA Siéverpe Tots pe’ avTOv oTpa- Tevopevois’ wud ov o) Kal pddoTa éyeTas a \ 4 b ‘ SiatapayOjvat tov Mdpeiov. od yap mpocedo- Knoev ovd evtropnoe mpos Tov OYAOV €xK TOD , / a ? > 9» A \ TapavTika AOyov TWWAaVaY, GAN émaivodyTL TOUS oTpatevaapévous OopvBnaav avT@ TrEioves GvTES ¢ N 4 / > A “ a Ol pi) oOTpaTevodpevot. TédOS 8 ovY Tals duvrais 166 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS at once before the people to make his defence, and would deprecate no manner of trial, nor, should he be found guilty, any form of punishment; “ Only,” said he, “see that ye confine yourselves to the charge mentioned, and do not play false with the senate.” The tribunes agreed to this, and on these terms the trial was held. But when the people were come together, in the first place, the tribunes insisted that the votes be cast not by centuries,! but by tribes, thus making the indigent and officious rabble, which had no thought of honour, superior in voting power to the wealthy and well known citizens of the military class. In the second place, abandoning the charge of usurpation, which could not be proven, they dwelt again upon the speech which Marcius had previously made in the senate, when he protested against the lowering of the market-price of grain, and urged them to take the tribunate away from the people. They also added a fresh charge against him, namely, his distribution of the spoils which he had taken from the country of Antium; these, they said, he had not turned into the public treasury, but had dis- tributed them among those who made the campaign with him. By this accusation Marcius is said to have been more disturbed than by all the rest. For he had not expected it, and was not ready at once with an answer which would satisfy the people, but began to praise those who had made the campaign, whereupon he was clamorously interrupted by those who had not made it, and they were the more numerous. In the end, therefore, the vote was taken 4 Out of the 193 centuries, the richest class alone had 98, against 95 of all the other five classes put together. 167 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a Va / e a . a > Vv Ths Whdouv Sofeions at xabatpovoat Ttpeis éryé- vovto. wy dé tiunua Ths caradixns adios Puy. peta Sé THY avayopevawy o pev Shuos ovdérroTe viKnoas paxn Toreulovs Tocov’Toy éppovnaev Scov Tote dpovav Kai yeynOas anne, THY 8é BovaAny axos ove kai xathnpera Sewn, metapedo- pévnv Kai dvogopodcay ert TO py TavTAa ToLhoaL kal traQeivy mpotepovy 4 Teptideiy UBpicavta Kat xXpnodpevov é€oucia TocavTn Tov Sjpov. ovder O édeu TOTE Trpos Sidyvwow écOATos 7 Tapacnpev e bd > 3 \ Ly a @ , e , ETEpwY, GAA EvOUS Fv SHAOS OTL SNnuOTNS O Kai- poy cat o duadopav Stet watpixtos. XXII. TIAny adtos 0 Mdpxuos, avéxmdnxtos Kal arateivwros, Kal oynuatt cal Badiopatt cal mpocanr@ KkabeortnKkws, év Tact ToOis GAOL Epat- vero TemovOocw aovptabns éavT@ povos, ovy UT ANoyiopod Kal mpaoTyntos, ovdée TE Hépecv ‘4 N , > b 3 \ A e b peTpias TO cupBeBnKos, GAN eurabyns dv or opyjs Kal Bapudpocivns, Sep ayvoovety ot ToAAol AVInV ovoav. Stray yap eis Oupov pera- Bary, xaOdmwep éexrupwOcica TO TaTretvov atro- 4 \ 9 , e \ a \ e Barre Kal dpyov: 4 Kai Soxet Spactixds o Oupovpmevos ws Oepuds o mupéttav, olov év oduyp@ Kat dvataces Kal Gyx@m yevouévns THS lp) b] / \ “ 4 > / lA A) spuxjs. édyrwoe O€ Tois Epyos avtixa pada THY d:.d0eowv tavtnv o Madpxcos. KicedOav yap olxade, nal thy pntépa Kal THv yuvaixa peta KrXavOuod Kal Bons crodupopévas domacdapevos Kal Kerevoas peTtpiws pépew Td 168 224 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS by tribes, and a majority of three condemned him.! The penalty assigned was perpetual banishment. After the result was announced, the people went off in greater elation and delight than they had ever shown for any victory in battle over their enemies ; : but the senate was in distress and dire dejection, repenting now and vexed to the soul that they had not done and suffered all things rather than allow the people to insult them in the exercise of such great powers. And there was no need. now of dress or other marks of distinction in telling one class from another, but it was clear at once that he who rejoiced was a plebeian, and he who was vexed, a patrician. XXII. Albeit Marcius himself, who was neither daunted nor humbled, but in mien, port, and count- enance fully composed, seemed the only man among all the distressed patricians who was not touched by his evil plight. And this was not due to calculation, or gentleness, or to a calm endurance of his fate, but he was stirred by rage and deep resentment, and this, although the many know it not, is pain. For when pain is transmuted into anger, it is consumed, as it were, by its flames, and casts off its own humility and sloth. Wherefore the angry man makes a show of activity, as he who has a fever is hot, his spirit being, so to speak, afflicted with throbbing, disten- tion, and inflation. And that such was his condition, Marcius showed right quickly by his conduct. He went home, where his mother and his wife met him with wailings and loud lamentations, and after embracing them and bidding them to bear with equanimity the fate that had come upon them, he 1 Dionysius Hal. (vii. 64) says that nine of the twenty-one tribes voted to acquit Marcius. 169 PLUTARCH’S LIVES cupBeBnkos, evOvs amiav éBad.lev ert Tas Tvdas. éxel O€ TOV TaTptKimy ouod TavTwY TpoTrEL- 4 o A Ld \ y \ TOVTWVY AUTOV OUTE TL AaBwY OUTE TLVdS SenOets > VA a A 4, - v GNnANATTETO, TpEels 7 TETTAPAS TeAAaTAS EXwV wept avrov. nuépas 8 oGriyas & Tiow aypots avTos Kal’ éautoyv UT TOAwY StevexOels Siaro- (ol if e \ e lA oe b w 9? > ylopuav, otous o Oupos UTéBadrrXev, Oor OUT Ets Kadov ote cupépov ovdév, dAr’ 7H TO ‘Pwpaious “ > ?- , , \ N peTenOeiv, éyivwonxe Todenov Tia Bapvy Kat Spopov dvactioas én’ avtovs. a@puncev ovv dia- metpacbat mo@tov OvorovoKxwr, axpalovras pév eldws Ett Kal capact nal xpnyact, tails dé ye- yevnpévais evayyos Frtais ov TocodToy arro- Awr€va, THS Suvdpews Goov éyyeyovévar didXo- vetxias avtots Kal apyhs oldpevos. XXII. "Hy 5€ tus avnp e& ‘Avtiov modews Sta Te WAovTOY Kal avdpeiav cal yévous émipdverav 9 gos A ” ] a“ > , akiopa Baoiuxoy éywv év waow Ovorovoxots, 4 4 ? / e \ , 4 dvoua TurAXos 'Apudidios. 87rd TovTOV picovpevovy e A e A e 2Q/ e , , 0 Mapxios éavtov ws ovdéva ‘Papaiwy éyivwcke: Ul b LJ “A , TONAGKLS yap ev atretNais Kal TpoKAncect KaTAa Tas paxas yevopevor, Kal Koumrdcavtes Sia TO > 7 a a , évdpudXov ola veaviay troheutkav dirotipias Kat Ciro. pépovary, locov mpoceKTHTAVTO TH KOLVa TO Kat GdXjrAwv EyOos. ov pny adda péyeOds Te , 54 \ 4 ci a 4 ppovnpatos Exovta Tov TudXov opay, Kal padota 57 Ovorovcoxarv éribupobvra “Pwpaious AaBnv wapacyovtas év pépet Kodovaat, waptupiay aré- Aue TH elrrovTs “Ovp@ paxecOar yareTrov: & 170 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS straightway departed and went to the city gate. Thither all the patricians in a body escorted him, but without taking anything or asking for anything he departed, having only three or four of his clients with him. For a few days he remained by himself at some country place, torn by many conflicting coun- sels, such as his anger suggested to him, purposing no good or helpful thing at all, but only how he might take vengeance on the Romans, At last he determined to incite some neighbouring nation to a formidable war against them. Accordingly, he set out to make trial of the Volscians first, knowing that they were still abundantly supplied with men and money, and thinking that they had been not so much crippled in power by their recent defeats as filled with contentious wrath against the Romans. XXII. Now there was a certain man of Antium, Tullus Aufidius by name, who, by reason of his wealth and bravery and conspicuous lineage, had the standing of a king among all the Volscians. By this man Marcius knew himself to be hated as no other Roman was ; for they had often exchanged threats and chal- lenges in the battles which they had fought, and such emulous boastings as the ambitious ardour of youthful warriors prompts had given rise to a mutual hatred of their own, in addition to that of their peoples. However, since he saw that Tullus had a certain grandeur of spirit, and that he, more than all other Volscians, was eager to retaliate upon the Romans, if they gave him any opportunity, Marcius bore witness to the truth of him who said!: “ With anger it is hard to fight; for whatsoe’er it wishes, 1 Heracleitus, Fragment 105 (Bywater, Heraclits Ephesti relequiae, p. 41). 171 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Yap av bern, Wuxiis ovelran. c AaBov yep éabijra Kal oKEUNY év 7} padtara pay Soke bs hv Ewedrev opwpevos, oaTrep ‘Oduaceds, "Avdpav duvopevéwy xatédu trod. XXIII. "Hy & éomépa, Kal ToAXol pev avr TpooeTvyXavor, eyvapite & ovdeis. éBadslev odv emt THY olxiay TOU TvAXov, Kat TaperaedOov adve m™pos THY éxTtiav éxdbice ow}, Kal THY Keparny eycadurpdpevos ouxiay 3 Hryev. ot de KaTa THY olKiay Javpdoartes avactija at pev ovK eroApunoay (Hy yap Tl Kal Tept avToy akioua Kat Tov oyYnpaTtos Kal Ths cLwmns), eppacay dé T@ TuAAw mepl Setarvoy ovtt THhv aromtay Tob mpay- patos. 0 é eEavacras KE Tpos avrov, Kat avEK pLVE Tis Ov adinras kal rivwv Sedpevos. ovTas ovy O Mapxtos arokadvyrapevos Kai pe- Kpov avarXov, “Ee PIT O pe ylvwokes, w Tvrnre,” elrrev, “GX opav amiorets, avaryKn pe KaTHYOpOV épauTOv yevec Bau. Ddios Ef pub Map- KLOS, ) wreiora ge Kal Ovorovaxous é epyacapevos KaKG, Kal THhv ovK éaoay apveta Bat TAUTA Tept- pépov m poo nyopiay TOV Koptodavov. ovdev yap adXo TOV TOAK@V TOvOV Kal cwyOvvev éxeivav exT No dunv ErabXov 7) TO Tapadonpov Gvopa THS T pos Upas éxOpas. kal robo pou mepteatev avadaiperov: ta & adAAa opod tdvta pov Snpou Kal UBpet, paraxia dé nal mpodocia TOV év téder xal tooripey Grea TEpNLae, Kal guyas edj apa, Kal yeyova THS éoTias THS ons ixéTns, ovxX umép adetas Kal catnpias (Ti yap ede pe 172 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS that it buys, even at the cost of life.” For, putting on such clothing and attire as would make him seem, to any one who saw him, least like the man he was, like Odysseus, “ He went into the city of his deadly foes.” } XXIII. It was evening, and many met him, but no man knew him. He proceeded, therefore, to the house of Tullus, and slipping in unawares, took his © seat at the hearth? in silence, covered his head, and remained there motionless. The people of the house were amazed, and did not venture to raise him up, for his mien and his silence gave him a certain dig- nity ; but they told Tullus, who was at supper, what a strange thing had happened. Tullus rose from table and came to him, and asked him who he was, and why he was come. At this, then, Marcius uncovered his head, and after a slight pause, said: “If thou dost not yet recognize me, Tullus, but disbelievest thine eyes, I must be my own accuser. I am Caius Marcius, he who has wrought thee and the Volscians most harm, and the surname of Coriolanus which I bear permits no denial of this. I have won no other prize for all the toils and perils which I have undergone than the name which is a badge of my enmity to your people. This, indeed, cannot be taken away from me; but of everything else I have been stripped, through the envy and insolence of the Roman people, and the cowardly treachery of the magistrates and those of my own order. I have been driven into exile, too, and am become a suppliant at thy hearth, not for the sake of security and safety,— 1 Odyssey, iv. 246. we Tae place of refuge for the suppliant. Cf. Odyssey, vii. . 173 4- PLUTARCH’S LIVES Setpo Ree poRovpevov amrobaveiv;) ddr Sixas AaBeiv yontwv, cai rAapRavov 75n Tapa Taev éxBarXovtwy 7@ oé Toteiy esavTod KUpLov. et pev odv éoti cor Oupos émiyetpety Tots TroAcpioss, (Ot, Tais waits cuppopais, w yevvaie, yYptoat, Kal KoLVvoY evTuynpa moincov OQvorovcKav THY éunv aTuxXiav, TocovT@m BéATLOY UTEP UuowW TrONELy- covTos 7 Wpos Luas, bo@ Torepodotr BéATLOY OF yiv@okovTes TA Tapa TOS TOAELLOLS TOV aryVO- ovvrwv. et & areipnkas, oT éym BovrAopar Chv ovTe aol Karas yes colew madras pev eyOpov avd pa, cab tovéuov, viv & dvadedr nal aypn- oTOD. ‘Os otv tadtra 6 TuAXos Heoucer, Hon Te Oavpacras kai thy SeEtavy éuBarov, “’Avi- ataco, elmev, “@ Mapxie, cal Odppe. péya yap nuty ayabov tKeus b Sots aeautov, érmte dé peiCova Tapa OvorovcKxov.” Kal Torte pev eiotia diroppovovpevos tov Mdpxuov, ev 8& tats émov- cats nuépats EBovAevovto Trept TOU ToAguou Kal” éauTous. XXIV. Thv dé ‘Pouny 7 te Tov TAT pLKLoV Suopévera Tmpos TOV OHpmov, OvY HeioTa THY TOD Mapkiov xatadixny airiay éyovtav, érdpatte, kal Toa Satmovia pavrets Kat Lepets Kal idco@ras mpoanyyesrov akia ppovtidos. ey dé rAéyerat ToLovTO TL yevéc Oat. ‘Titos Hv Aativos, avnp otk ayay émipayns, ampaynov O€ Kal pétptos GAXwS 1 Livy simply says that Marcius was kindly received by the Volscians, and that he lodged with Tullus (ii. 35, 6). eae er a agree closely with Dionysius Hal. vii. 67 and viii, 1. 174 29 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS for why should I come hither if I were afraid of death ?>—but with a desire to take vengeance on those who have driven me forth, which I take at once when I put myself in thy power. If, then, thou art eager to assail thine enemies, come, good Sir, take advantage of my calamities, and make my individual misfortune the good fortune of all the Volscians ; I shall fight better for you than I have against you, in just so far as those who know the secrets of their enemies fight better than those who do not. But if thou hast given up hope, neither do I wish to live, nor is it for thine advantage to spare one who has long been an enemy and a foe, and now is unprofitable and useless.” When Tullus heard this, he was wonderfully pleased, and giving him his right hand, said: “ Rise up, Marcius, and be of good courage. In giving thyself to us, thou bringest us a great good, and thou mayest expect a greater one still from the Volscians.” Then he entertained Marcius at table with every mark of kindness, and during the ensu- ing days they took counsel together concerning the war.! XXIV. But at Rome, owing to the hatred of the people by the patricians, who were especially em- bittered by the condemnation of Marcius, there were great commotions, and many signs from heaven were reported by seers, priests, and private persons, which could not be ignored. One of these is said to have been as follows. There was one Titus Latinus,? a man of no great prominence, but of quiet and modest life in general, and free from superstitious fears, as * The story is found in Livy, ii. 36, and in Valerius Maximus, i. 7, 4. 175 PLUTARCH’S LIVES cat xaBapos Serordaipovias, éte 8 wadAdov ara- Covelas. ovtos dvap eldev ws tod Atos eis Syruv HKovTos avT@ Kal KeAevovTos eimely Tpos THY avyknTtov STL KaKOv TOY opynoTHY eEcTELdaY avT@® Tpo THS TouTHS Kal atepTéoctaToy. Lowv dé thy dypev éXeye un Wavy ppovticar TO TpwToV as 6é xal Sevtepov ide@v Kal tpitov nuédyoe, qmatdsos Te xXpnotov Oavatov eémideiv kal Tov capatos advw mapelévtos axparys yevérOar. tavtTa & év krwidim dhopddnv xopicBels eis TIHV TUYKANTOY aTrnyyerev. arrayyetrAas 5, OS hacty, evOds obeTo pavvipevov attrod TO capa, Kat dvactas anne Ov avtod Badifwv. Oavyaocavtes ovv ot Bovrevtal woAdnY érroL_noavTo Tod Tpay- patos Enrnov. "Hy 68 tosodtov: oixérny tis attotd tapadovs olKérats éTépots _ exedevgEV eEdryetv ov aryopas pacruyobytas, elt amoxreivat. tadTa mpat- Tovow avtois Kal tov avOpwrov aixiSopévacs, otpopas Te TavTodatras Um’ Gduvns oTpepopmevon kal Kiwwnoers adAXas atepreis TH Trepitradecy KLVOUPMEVOY, 1 TOT) KATA TYUYNY HKOAOVONKEL. Kat ToAXOl pev eva yVepavoy TAY TAapOYTwY, OUT dypuy thapav opa@vres ovTE KivnoELS TpETTOVEAS, ovdels 8 érreEnADev, GANA DRotdopiar povoy éyévovTo Kal KaTapal TO TWeKPAS oUTWS KoAaCorTE. Kal yap expavro TOAAH Wpos TovS olKéTAs €metxeia ToTe, Ota adtoupyiay Kal TO Kowvwvety Siaitns juepwrepov Exovtes mpos avtTovs Kat auvnbéctepov. hv Sé peyddn Kodacts oiKéTou TAnUpEeAncayTos, ef EdAov audéns, @ TOV pusov 176 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS he was also, and yet more, from vain pretensions. This man dreamed that Jupiter appeared to him, and bade him tell the senate that the dancer, whom they had appointed to head his procession, was a bad one, and gave him the greatest displeasure. After having this vision, Titus said, he gave it no thought at all at first, but after he had seen it a second and a third time, and still neglected it, he had suffered the loss of an excellent son by death, and had himself be- come suddenly palsied. This story he told after having been brought into the senate on a litter, and no sooner had he told it, they say, than he at at once felt the strength return to his body, and rose up, and went away, walking without aid. In amazement, then, the senators made a careful in- vestigation of the matter. Now, what had happened was this. A certain man had handed over one of his slaves to other slaves, with orders to scourge him through the forum, and then put him to death. While they were executing this commission and tormenting the poor wretch, whose pain and suffering made him writhe and twist himself horribly, the sacred procession in honour of Jupiter chanced to come up behind. Many of those who took part in it were, indeed, scandalized at the joyless sight and the unseemly contortions of. the victim, but no one made any protest; they merely heaped abuse and curses on the head of the master who was inflicting such a cruel punishment. For in those days the Romans treated their slaves with great kindness, because they worked and even ate with them themselves, and were therefore more familiar and gentle with them. And it was a severe punish- ment for a slave who had committed a fault, if he 177 VOL, IV. N 2 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES brepelSovaty, apapevos SveEEAOo Tapa THY yetT- , e A \ \, ? A ~ viacw. 06 yap TovTO TrAaGap Kal odOeis Tapa TAY cuvoiKwv Kal yertovey ovKxéTL TriotW Elyev. éxadeito 5é hovpxupep’ 6 yap ot “EXANvEs vr0- le) e “ A oTaTHv Kal oTnpiypa, ToUTO Pwyatoe povprav ovop.afovarv. XXV. ‘Os obv o Aativos amnyyere thy orev n e a nA Ld avrois Kat Suntopouv Goris hv o THS TouTHS TOTE mponyovpevos atepmTyns Kal Kaxds opxnoTns, aveuyvnoOnoav évior dia THY aroTiay Ths Tibw- plas éxelvou tod Oepdmovros, by pactiyourTes > , > > a“ 999 , éEnyayov Ov ayopas, eit COavatwoav. ouppovn- oavTwv ody TOV iepéwv & Te SeaTroTys Sixny Gdwxe, \ A ry LY A \ / = > kal TO Oe@ THY TouTnY Kal Tas Oéas adbts && apxns émeréXour. "Eotxey oov 0 Nopas td 7 ad\dNa TOY Lepav copwtatos eEnyntis yeyovevat, kal TovTO TrayKd- Aws ye vouoPeTHaat pos evAaBeLay avTois. OTA ~ ol e yap apyovTes 7) iepets mpdttaci Te TaV Oeiwr, oO a A > KhpvE mpoeict peyarn povy Boar, “Ox aye.” onpaiver © hwvyn, todito mpatte, mpocéeyew a 7 A e A N cy) bd] a) KeXevovaa Tois Lepois Kal pndév Epyov éuRanelpy \ \ , 2 / e a ce) petakd pndé ypeiav adoyxodias, ws TA ThEicTAa TOY avOpwrivav avayxaim rivi tpot@ Kai dca Blas Tepawopeva. Ovaoias 5é cal Topas Kal Oéas ? According to Livy (ii. 36 and 37), it was at the hy nea of the great games, which was made necessary by the 178 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS was obliged to take the piece of wood with which they prop up the pole of a waggon, and carry it around through the neighbourhood. For he who had been seen undergoing this punishment no longer had any credit in his own or neighbouring house- holds. And he was called “ furcifer’’; for what the Greeks call a prop, or support, is called “furca”’ by the Romans. XXV. When, therefore, Latinus had reported his vision to the senators, and they were at a loss to know who the unpleasant and bad dancer was who had headed the procession referred to, some of them were led, owing to the extraordinary nature of his punishment, to think of the slave who had been scourged through the forum and then put to death. Accordingly, with the concurrence of the priests, the master of the slave was punished, and the pro- cession and spectacles in honour of the god were exhibited anew.! Now it would seem that Numa, who in other respects also was a very wise director of sacred rites, had very properly sought to secure the people's reverent attention by means of the following ordin- ance. When, namely, magistrates or priests perform any religious function, a herald goes before, crying with a loud voice, “ Hoc age.” The meaning of the cry is, Mind this! and it warns the people to give heed to the sacred rites, and suffer no task or demand of business to intervene,? implying that men per- form most of their duties under some sort of com- pulsion and by constraint. And it is customary for ee made known by the dream of Latinus, that the olscians were sent out of the city, as described by Plutarch in chapter xxvi. 1. Cf. Numa, xiv. 2. 179 N 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ov povoy é& aitias TnALKavTNS, aGAXAa Kal d1a puixpas ‘Pepaious eos early dvarapBavery. dar- Tou Te yep évos TOV ayovT@v Tas Kadovpevas Onacas arovicavos, Kal Tarw Tov mvLoxou: 7] api Tepa, xeupl TAS jvias cvhrafovTos, aids epngicavro THY TOUTHY emiTeneiv. év b¢ Tots Karo Npovats pilav Puaiav TplaKovTaKes émoinoay, dei TWOS eArelpLaros 7 T POoKpOVTLATOS yiver Oar Soxobvros. ToLavuTn péev evAaBeLa pos TO Oetov ‘Pwpaiov. XXVI. ‘O &e Mdpxtos kat TuAXos év “Avtio Tots duvatwrdrors pupa SuehéyorTo, Kal Tape- KdXouy, ws oracavovew ot “Pwpaio. mpos aXAHXOUS, TOV _ Tone Wov eFeveryneiv. trav oe dvowmoupever, btt joroveat duéTers 7 Hoav avrots Kal avoxal yeyernpeévat, mpopact avTot ‘Popator maperxov, EK TLVOS browias i n dia Boris év Beats Kai ayoot anpvgavres aTrLevat Ovorovexous po Hrtou SuvovTos ek THS TONEDS. évioe O€ paw anary Tov Mapxiov Kal dor wyevéc Dau TOUTO, TEL WavTos eis ‘Popnv Wpos TOUS apxovras OUK anrnO7 KATHYOpOV TOV Ovodovoxwnr, @s év Tats Jéars Stavoovpever emBéa Bar TOUS ‘Peopators Kal THY TOA europa. mayTas fev yap avtovs TO enpuy a TOUTO Vo MEVETTEPOUS eroinge Tots ‘Popaiors: o 6é€ TUAXos emt petCov aipeov To maya Kal ma o€vvev TEAOS émetae méupavras els ‘Peynv THY TE Yopay atrattely Kal Tas Tones, Ooas adypnvTat Todkéum TaV Ovorov- 1 See the following Comparison, ii. 2. * According to Livy (ii. 37, 1-7), it was Tullus himself 180 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS the Romans to renew sacrifices and processions and spectacles, not only for such a reason as the above, but also for trivial reasons. For instance, if one of the horses drawing the sacred chariots called Tensae gives out; or again, if the charioteer takes hold of the reins with his left hand, they decree that the procession be renewed. And in later ages, a single sacrifice has been performed thirty times, because again and again some failure or offence was thought to occur. Such is the reverent care of the Romans in religious matters. XXVI. But Marcius and Tullus were secretly con- ferring at Antium with the chief men, and were urging them to begin the war while the Romans were torn by internal dissensions. And when shame restrained them from this course, because they had agreed to a truce and cessation of hostilities for two years, the Romans themselves furnished them with a pretext, by making proclamation at the spectacles and games, because of some suspicion or slanderous report, that the visiting Volscians must leave the city before sunset. Some say! that this was due to a deceitful stratagem of Marcius, who sent a man to the consuls in Rome, bearing the false charge that the Volscians purposed to fall upon the Romans at the spectacles, and set the city on fire.2. This pro- clamation made all the Volscians more embittered against the Romans; and Tullus, magnifying the incident, and goading them on, at last persuaded them to send ambassadors to Rome? and demand back the territory and the cities which had been who came to the consuls, as had been planned with Marcius. Plutarch agrees rather with Dionysius Hal. viii. 3. 3 Livy speaks only of a revolt (ii. 38, jin.). Plutarch agrees with Dionysius Hal. viii. 4-10. 181 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 oxwv. ot dé ‘Pwpaio: Tov mpécBewv axovaarTes bo nyavaxTnoav, Kat amexpivavto mpotépouvs pev avarippecOat Ta Stra TOvs OvorovcKovs, taTé- pous 6€ xataOnoecOat ‘Pwpaiovs. ék Tovrou \ 3 / Ul e UA 3 cuvayayov éxxrAnotav tavdnuov o TuAXaos, ézret Tov ToAEuOV eyndicavro, cuveBovrAEvEe TOY Map- Ktov Kadéoat, pndevy AVT@ pvnotkaKodvTas, GANA TWLITTEVTAVTAS OTL GUppAYaY apEernoEL Ooa TOAE- A > 4 pov ove EBrarpev. XXVIII. ’Esret dé crAnOels o Mdpxios xai d1a- \ \ A a AexGels mapos TO TAHOOS ody Arrov amo TeV , a a 4 > AN \ 2 4 \ NOoyav % TOV Grrwy dvnp Sewos épdvn kat a a 4 Tonemtcos Kal TO ppovety nal ToApav TrepLTTos, > , \ , N > amodetxvuTat peta TuAXOV aoTpaTnyos avTo- “a \ \ Kpadtwp Tov modéuov. Sedtas S€ TOY YpovoY > 4 \ > , v év ® TTapackevacacbat rovs Qvorovorous et, HN Words yevouevos Tov KaLtpov adéAnTar THS 4 \ \ wv \ A , A mpakews, TA wey ANNA TOUS KATA TrOkLY SuvATOUS Kal adpxovras éxédeve ouvayev Kal tropitery, avtos 5€ tovs mpoOupyotadrous dvev Katadoyou , e 4 > “ a > # ? metoas éxovtas avT@ avvekeAOeciv, evéBarev eis THVv TOV ‘Popaiwy addvw cal undevos mpocdoxav- / Tos. OOev numopnae Actas ToTavTNS bony ayovTas Kat pdépovtas Kal ypwpévous ev TH oTpatoTrédp tovs OvdorovoKovs arertrety. fv bé ptxpotatov A a , , 4 Epyov avt@ THs oTpaTelas Exelvyns 1) EvTropia Kal TO TOANA BAdApat Kal KaK@oat THY Ya@paV: ov . a \ \ 8 &vexa tat érpatte, péya, TO rovs Tarpixious 182 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS taken from the Volscians in war. But the Romans, after hearing the ambassadors, were full of indigna- tion, and replied that the Volscians might be first to take up arms, but the Romans would be last to lay them down. Upon receiving this answer, Tullus called a general assembly of his people, and after they had voted for the war, advised them to call in Marcius, cherishing no resentment against him, but firmly convinced that he would be more helpful as an ally than he had been injurious as a foe. XXVII. Marcius was therefore called in, and held a conference with the assembly; they saw from his speech that he was as eloquent as his exploits in arms had taught them that he was warlike, and were convinced of his surpassing intelligence and daring; so they appointed him general with Tullus, and gave him full powers to conduct the war. Fearing, then, that the time needed to equip and marshal the Volscians would be so long as to rob him of his best opportunity for action, he left orders with the magis- trates and chief men of the city to assemble and provide the remaining forces and supplies that were requisite, while he himself, after persuading the most ardent spirits to march forth as volunteers with him and not stop for formal enrolment, burst into the Roman territory of a sudden, when no one expected it. Consequently he secured such abundance of booty that the Volscians had more than they could possibly do to use it in their camp or carry it off home. But the abundant supplies secured, and the great injury and damage done to the enemy's country, were, in his eyes, the most insignificant result of that expedition ; its chief result, and his main object in making it, was to furnish the people of Rome with 183 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpocdiaBanrely To Onuw. Tayap ada TavTa dv- / pawvopevos Kat diadOeipwv, Tovs exelvwy aypous isyupas épvrarte, nal ov ela Kaxovpyely ovdé 4 NapBavew é& exetywy ovdév. dOev év d:aBorais ” a > / \ a \ ? A ETL UANXOV EVEVOYTO Kal TAPAYats POS AAANAOUS, of pev marpixuo. Tos ToAXOls eyKaXovYTES WS dvipa Suvatov adixws éxBarovdow, o dé Shpos éxeivous yTiatTo Sia pvnotxaxiav émayew Tov Mdpxiov, eita rodepoupevwv étépwv Oeatas Kabncbat, pvraxa rod wroVTOU Kal TaV xpN- parov éw Tov wodewoy avtov éxovtas. TadTa dtatrpatapevos o Mapxios, cal peydda mpos To Oappeity nal Kxatadpovely Ta&Y TodEuiwy Tovs OvorovcxKous wpernoas, annyayey aoparas. XXVIII. ’Evel 66 taca tayv xal tpo8ipws 9 tTav Ovorovoxov Suvayis 7OpeicOn TroAAy daveica, pépos pev eyywoay vote tails 4 e \ > , / ‘ 4 > \ ToNEoLY UTEP aodanrelas, mépet be oTpaTevery ert ‘\ e 4 ey / \ a e A e tovs ‘Pwpaious: édéc0ar 5€ TeV Hyemouav o Mdpxios ewxe TO TUAW THY érépav. o SE TvAAos, etrav ws ovdév apeTh NevTOMEvoV abTod oy Ma Opa, TUX Sé Berti Evov € Tov Madpxuop opa, tuxn 5é Bertiove xexpnpévov év a e , , A A Tais payats amacais, éexéNevoev Hyeicbar tav 227 éEovrwmyv, avtos 6é tds Te ores ropévwv gurakev Kxal Tols orpatrevopévots wtroupynoew 27a mpocpopa. paddov ody érippwobels o Mdp- Klos Exw@per Tpatov él Kipxacov, Tod arrotKioa 1 There is nothing of this preliminary foray in Livy. It is on the main expedition (chap. xxviii.) that the patrician lands 184 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS fresh charges against the patricians. For while he maltreated and destroyed everything else, he kept a. vigorous watch over the lands of the patricians, and would not suffer anyone to hurt them or take any- thing from them. This led to still further accusa- tions and broils between the parties in the city; the patricians accused the people of unjustly driving out an influential man, and the people charged the pa- tricians with bringing Marcius up against them in a spirit of revenge, and then enjoying the spectacle of what others suffered by the war, while the war itself protected their own wealth and property outside the city. After Marcius had accomplished his purposes, and greatly helped the Volscians towards courage and scorn of their enemies, he led his forces back in safety.! XXVIII. The entire force of the Volscians was assembled with speed and alacrity, and was then seen to be so large that they determined to leave a part of it behind for the security of their cities, and with the other part to march against the Romans. Moreover, Marcius left it to the choice of Tullus which of the two divisions he would command. Then Tullus, remarking that Marcius was clearly in no wise inferior to himself in valour, and had enjoyed a better fortune in all his battles, bade him lead the division that was to take the field, and he himself would remain behind to guard the cities and provide what was requisite for the army abroad.? With a stronger force than before, then, Marcius set out first against Circeii, a city which was a colony of Rome; are spared (ii. 39). According to Dionysius (viii. 12), Tullus led one division into the territory of the Latins, Marcius the other into that of Rome, and both brought back enormous booty. 2 Cf. Dionysius, viii. 13. 185 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘Pwpaiwv, Kal tavtny évdodcav éxovciws ovdéev NOLKNTE. peTa O€ TaUTHY éerropOer THY AaTivav xapay, evraiba mpocpayeta Oar mpoa dex opevos QUT TOUS Pwpatous vIrep TOV Aativay oUp- paxXov dvTwmy kal roAddKis avdTovs émtKaXov- pévov. érret 5€ Kal To TAOS amrpoOupov eyéveto Kal tots brdrois oddyos Ere Tepiny THs apyns xpovos, ev xuvSuveverw ovK éSovdovto, Kal oud tavra tous Aativous atrémeupav, obTws 0 Map- Klos mr aUTas TAS TrOAELS Hye, Kal TorEpivous Kal Aaovixavovs xat TleSavous, ére 5&€ Bwravods avTioTavTas aUT@ KaTa& Kpdtos éA@V, TA TE cMpata relay éeToncato Kal Ta xpnpata &- npTace. Ttav S€ mpooTiWenévwy émipédecav érrovetTo ~TOAAHY, OTrwas pnd aKkovTos avToD Brarrowto, Toppwratw stpatomedevorv Kal THs yapas aTreXOMEVOS. XXIX. ‘Evel 8 cat Borras word ov TAéious aradious éxatov atéyovoay tis “Pduns érov Xpnuatwv TWorArXOyv éxpatnoe nal mavras OdLYOU dely Tovs év nrsxia SvépOerpe, THv 8€ Ovorovonwy ovd of pevew ev tals modeor TaxOévres éxap- Tépouv, GAN eépovto avy Tois SAWS Tpos Tov Mapxuov, éva oT PATH YOY Kal povov apxovra éav- TOV ylyM@oKeEW ExeivoY elvat AEyorTES, HY dvoya Kata nacay avtov thy ‘ItaXiay péya Kat Soka Oavpactn, THS apeTis évds cwopatos petabécer ToTOUTOV aTEepyacapévns TO TrapdaAoyov év Tos T pay wad. Ta && tav ‘Popaiwv otdéva Koopov eixe, paxyecOar pev atreyvaxoray, év 6¢ cvcTacect Kat NOYOLS oTaclacTLKOiS ConuépaL Mpds AGAANHNOUS 186 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS this surrendered to him of its own accord, and he did it no harm. Next, he laid waste the country of the Latins, where he expected that the Romans would engage him in defence of the Latins, who were their allies and by frequent messengers were calling upon them for help. But the commons were indifferent to the appeal, the consuls were unwilling to risk a campaign during the short time left of their term of office, and therefore the Latin envoys were dismissed. Under these circumstances Marcius led his forces against their cities, and taking by assault those which offered resistance to him, namely, To- lerium, Lavicum, Pedum, and later Bola, he made slaves of the inhabitants and plundered their property. But for those who came over to him of their own accord he showed much concern, and that they might suffer no harm, even against his wishes, he encamped as far as he could from them, and held aloof from their territory. XXIX. But after he had taken Bola, a city not more than twelve miles away from Rome, where he got much treasure and put almost all the adults to the sword; and after the Volscians even who had been ordered to remain in their cites grew impatient, and came trooping in arms to Marcius, declaring that he was the sole and only general whom they would recognize as their leader, then his name was great throughout all Italy, and men thought with amaze- ment how the valour of a single man, upon his changing sides, had effected such a marvellous turn in affairs. At Rome, however, all was disorder; its citizens refused to fight, and spent their whole time in cabals and factious disputes with one another, until tidings 187 PLUTARCH’S LIVES évTwv, axpt ov Aaovivov darnyyénOn TEpuTErye- Somevoy UTO TOV mrohepiov, Strov «al Jeav lepa ‘Popators TaTp@oV améKeLTo, Kal Tov yyévous joav avrots ap ai, Ore a) T POT ny TOMY exelyny KTioa rov Aivetav. éx de TOUTOU Oavpacrn perv" éoxe kat aOpoa petaBorn yayns TOV Ojpov, dros 6e Kopoy | Kat Tapddoyos Tous TATPLKLOUS. Oo mev yap Shpos Gpynoe Avew THY Tou Mapxiou Karadicny kal Kanrely avtov eis THY Tony, n Oe Bova cwaxGeica kal oKxoTrovca Tepl TOU BovrXevpatos aréyyw Kral dtexwducer, cite Twav- TOS évic rad bat prrovexobca mraaw ols o Ojos eorrovbater, elt’ adAwS YapLTL Tob Sypou TOV dy8pa Th) Bovropévn eareneir, ele Kaneivov auToV 780 TeTroLnpern du” opyhs, StL wavras éroiet KAKOS ovx, bro TAVTWV aryvapovnbets, Kal THS mar pioos aurov ederEev exOpor, € év 7 TO KUpLWOTAaTOV Kat Kpdtia Tov bépos éeyivwone cupraboby aur® Kal Tuvadixovpevor. | eFevexDeions dé Ths yaduns els TOUS ToNoUs, O pev Ofjpos axupos iv ToD vibe Kal vowe TL Trovety avev mpoBovreupuaros. XXX.~O Mapxuos axovoas éTt paiddov eFetpa ivdy, Kal THY momopKiav amoTrav ért THY TOA UT’ opyiis exwpet, Kal wept tas Neyo- pévas Knorhias Tapous KATEOTPATOT édeuceE TETTapaKovTAa THS TOAEWS oTadious apertas. apbeis dé poBepos Kal ‘Tok OopuBov TAPATYOv, Gmws ev TO mapovte THY OTAOLV émavaev" ovdels yp ere Tots Todos érohunoer avrectreiy our apxov OuTE Bovrevtns mept roo tov Madpx.iov kaTayev, adr opavres ev TH wore Stadpopas 188 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS came that the enemy had laid close siege to Lavinium, where the sacred symbols of the ancestral gods of the Romans were stored up, and from which their nation took its origin, since- that was the first city which Aeneas founded. This produced an astonishing and universal change of opinion in the commons, as well as one which was altogether strange and unex- pected in the patricians. For the commons were eager to repeal the sentence against Marcius and invite him back to the city; whereas the senate, on assembling and considering the proposition, rejected and vetoed it; either because they were angrily bent on opposing all the people’s desires ; or else because they were unwilling that Marcius should owe his restoration to the kindness of the people; or because they were now angry at Marcius himself, seeing that he was injur- ing all alike, although he had not been ill-treated by all, and showed himself an enemy of his whole country, although he knew that the most influential and powerful men in it sympathised with him and shared in his wrongs. When this decision of the senate was made public, the people was powerless ; ; it could not by its vote enact a law, without a previous decree of the senate. XXX. But Marcius, when he heard of it, was yet more exasperated, and raising the siege of Lavinium, marched against Rome in wrath, and encamped at the so-called Fossae Cluiliae, only five miles distant from the city. Although the sight of him produced terror and great confusion there, still, it put a stop for the present to their dissensions ; for no one longer, whether consul or senator, dared to oppose the people in the matter of restoring Marcius. On the contrary, when they saw the women running frantic in the 189 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yuvaik@v Kal mpos tepois ixecias cal daxpva a \ 4 4 + ae | a , mpeaButav Kal Senoes, mavtTa & évdoed TOAMNS / A “a \ Kal CWTNpiwY AOyioMaV, cUvéyvwcay opOas TOY a 2 oN \ \ a , , Sjuov éml tas dsadXayas to’ Mapkiouv tparré- \ \ \ “a \ e 4 ed cba, rnv 5& BovAny tod mavtos apaptavery, STE mavoacbat Karas eiyev opyfis Kal prnovkaxias, apxyopévnv. edokev otv maot mpécBeus atro- otTetAa mpos Tov Mapxiov éxeitve te xad0odov , > A / \ U > A didovtas ets THY TaTpioa Kal TOY TOAELOY avTots Adoas Seouévous. ot Sé weupbévres dtd BovArj‘s Hoav pev émitHndevot TO Mapkie, mpocedéxovto 5é modAnv epi ye TAS MpwTas atTravTHcEs lA > 3 \ > 4 \ , hiroppoovvnv tap avdpos oixeiou Kai avynOous. > / \ a > bé ? \ \ a éyiveto 5€ ToLtovToY ovdev, GAA bia TOD oTpaTO- médouv TOY TroAchio aXOérTes eveTUYXavOY avT@ / pet Oyxou Kabefouévw Kat Bapityntos ovK avex- Ths. exwv b€ Tovs mpwtovs TaY Ovorovorwv e a > # 4 ® , A Twept avrov, éxéreve Aéyery Ov Seopevor TUyyd- / a vovol. eLTovtwy dé AOyous émteKets Kal dirav- A 4 Opwmous év 70a. Te mpéTovTs Kal Travoapévon, \ “ A GTTeKpLVaTO TA pev TLKP@S UITép avTOD Kal pos b] \ ba 54 @ \ ® e \ “A O 9 ? e opynv ov érabe, ra S bTép Ta OvorovcKav ws a“ \ oTpaTnyos, amrododvat Tas TONES Kal THY Ywpar, ev ’ , t y \ , Sonv amreTe“ovTo Trodeu@, KEerXevwv, Kal Whdt- ? 4 bd / @ , cacbat Quorovokos toorronritevay HvTrep Aartt- ” \ ’ 3 A A \ >? N a vous’ adANV yap ove elvar BeBatov 7H THv emt Tots v 4 b A “ icots kal Sexatoits amradrXaynv tod Trodéuou. / de B a r+ > a“ e / A xpovoy dé Bours edwxev avrois Huépas Tptid- 190 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS city, and the aged men resorting to the sacred shrines with suppliant tears and prayers, and everywhere an utter lack of courage and saving counsels, then all agreed that the people had done well to seek a reconciliation with Marcius, but that the senate had made a total mistake in beginning then to indulge its wrath and revengeful spirit, when it had been well to lay such feelings aside. It was, therefore, unanimously decided to send ambassadors to Marcius, offering him the privilege of returning to his country, and begging him to stop his war upon them. More- over, the messengers from the senate were kinsmen and friends of Marcius, and expected to be treated with great friendliness in their first interview with a man who was a relative and associate of theirs. But matters turned out quite otherwise; for after being led through the camp of the enemy, they found him seated in great state, and looking insuf- ferably stern. Surrounded by the chief men of the Volscians, he bade the Romans declare their wishes. They did so, in reasonable and considerate language, and with a manner suitable to their position, and when they had ceased, he made an answer which, so far as it concerned himself, was full of bitterness and anger at their treatment of him, and in behalf of the Volscians, as their general, he ordered the restitution of the cities and territory which had been torn from them in war, and the passage of a decree granting the Volscians, as allies, equal civic rights, as had been done for the Latins. For no respite from the war would be secure and lasting, he said, except it be based on just and equal rights. Moreover, he gave them thirty days for deliberation, and when the ambassadors were IgI PLUTARCH’S LIVES KovTa’ kat Tav mpécBewv aedMovrav evOds avétevEev éx THs ywpas. XXXI. Tobro 6) mparov aitiaypa trav Ovo- v4 ~ NovoKwv ob Warat Bapuvopevos THv Sivapt avTod kat POovoivtes éAdpBavov: av Hv Kal o TUAXos, ota \ e \ A M , be LO 4, bJ idia péev bro ToD Mapkiou pndev adicovpevos, év $ 9 , 4 4 & avOpwrive wae yeyoves. HyOGeTo yap juav- pwpévos tavtdmact th S0&n Kal trapopwpevos vmod TaV OvorovoKwV, wavTAa povoyv HyouLévwv ? la! s N 4 A N ¥ > 4 avtois eivas tov Mdpxuoy, tos 66 adXous akEtovv- Twv, Soov exeivos avTois petadacer Suvduews Kal apxXns, ayatay éyovras. ev at mpatar KaTn- yopias xpudha Steotre(povto, Kal cvvicTamEVvoL TOS DJ 4 > A , 3 A GAAHAOUS NHyavaKtovy, Kal mpodociay éxdXouy Tv avatevéw, ov Teryav ovd Srrwv, adrArAG Katpov, ols cal TaAXa mdvta cwlecOut Kal wddLV amoAAvobar wépuKev, HpEepav TpidKovTa TO Toréu@ Sedouevor, ob peiCovas ovdév ev éAadtrovt Npove AauRdvew petaBoras. “A € \ Kairos tov ypovoy tovtov o Mdpxuos ove apyov Sufyev, GAAA Tors cumpdyous TOV TrodEpLoV EpOerpev émta@v Kat wepiéxom@Te Kat TOAES éTTA peyanas Kal modvavOpwrrovs édaBev. ot Sé e a al \ b 9 / 3 > + Pwpaio: BonOeiv pev ove éroApwv, aX Sxevov TANHpELS Hoav avTaV ai Yuyai, Kal Tots éxvevap- Knkoot Kody Kal maparerdupévots capaci opoiws SiéxevTo mpos Tov wodeyov. eel 8 o : a is nothing of this withdrawal of forces in Livy (ii, 39). 192 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS gone, he immediately withdrew his forces from the country.! : XXXI. This was the first ground of complaint against him which was laid hold of by those of the Volscians who had long been jealous of him, and uneasy at the influence which he had acquired. Among these was Tullus also, not because he had been personally wronged at all by Marcius, but be- cause he was only too human. For he was vexed to find his reputation wholly obscured and himself neglected by the Volscians, who thought that Marcius alone was everything to them, and that their other leaders should be content with whatever share of influence and authority he might bestow upon them. This was the reason why the first seeds of denuncia- tion were sown in secret, and now, banding together, the malcontents shared their resentment with one another, and called the withdrawal of Marcius a betrayal, not so much of cities and armies, as of golden opportunities, which prove the salvation or the loss of these as well as of everything else; for he had granted a respite of thirty days from war, although in war the greatest changes might occur in much less time than this. And yet Marcius did not spend this time in idle- ness, but fell upon the enemy’s allies, harassed and ravaged their territories, and captured seven of their large and populous cities.2) And the Romans did not venture to come to their aid, but their spirits were full of hesitation, and their attitude toward the war was that of men who are completely benumbed and paralyzed. And when the time had passed, and 2 Cf. Dionysius, viii. 36. Chapters xxviii.-xxx. in Plutarch agree closely with Dionysius viii. 14-35. 193 VOL. TV. O PLUTARCH’S LIVES A an e \ ypovos 5:90€ kal raphy avOis o Mapxios pera wn la Tht Suvapews amdons, éxtéurrovor mpeoRerav 4 A 4 4 e y ~ madwv tov Mapkxiov Senoopérvnv vdécbar tis fo! A 4 opyis Kal Tous OvoArovanous €x THs Kwpas aTraya- / , yovTa WpaTtTev Kat réyey & TL av apdorepots oinrat Bédttov elvar: PoRo pev yap ovdev evdwcety e , ov 4 fe) 4 ” Pwpatous, éav 5€ Tevos TOY hiravOpwrrwv oinTat Sely tuxeiv tovs Ovdorovaoxous, amrav avurtois \ af? yevnoecOa Ta GTrAa KaTAaBepévors. Tpos TAavO e , 0 Mapxcos épn pndev as Ovorovcrwr arroxpiver Bat / a otpatnyos, as 5é ‘Pwpyaiwv Ere ToAiTns Tapatvely Kal Tapaxanreiy petpiotrepa ppovicavtas émi tots Sixalots heey mpos avTov ey nuépats TpLowy, a / & wpoxareirar Wndicapévous: ei & Erepa So€cte, 4 a ylyVOoKELY OVK OvaaY avTots adetav avOis peTa , aA Aoyor xevav Badilovow eis TO oTpaTOTrEdoD. XXXII. ’ExaverOovrov Sé tov wpéo Bewv axov- € / 4 ? a a \ caca 7 Bovdn, xaatrep év NELMOVE TTONA® Kat 40 A , wv N b x ¢ na b an KAVOMVE THS TOAEWS, Apaca THY ah lEpas adjcev. 4 \ “a A / boot yap hoav tepeis Oey 7 wvaTHpiwv opyractal A 4 A \ >, 9 > A / 9 > n pvrakes 7) THY aT OLWYO@Y TAaTpLOV OoVaAaY EK Tadatov pavTikny ExovTes, TOVTOUS TaVTAaS aTrL- , \ \ , évat Tpos TOV Mapxtov érndicarto, Kexoo pnpévous bd 4 a @S NV éExdoT@ vomos év Tals iepoupytats: Néyetv dé > \ a TavTd, Kal TapakaXety OTrws araddAdE~as Tov f “a ToXeLov ovTW Srareyntar Tept THY OvorAovcKwY a ‘4 TOUS TONLTALS. EedéEATO [EV OUD ELS TO OTPATOTTEOOV \ ba Tous avopas, addo 8 oddev dSwxev odd éEmpakev 399 9 ovd ele paraxwtepov, arr éd ols mpdrtepov 194 bo CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS = pf? Marcius was at hand again with his entire force, ie sent out another embassy to entreat him to moderate his wrath, withdraw the Volscian army from the country, and then make such proposals and settle- ments as he thought best for both nations; for the Romans would make no concessions through fear, . but if he thought that the Volscians ought to obtain certain favours, all such would be granted them if they laid down their arms. Marcius replied that, as general of the Volscians, he would make no answer to this, but as one who was still a citizen of Rome, he advised and exhorted them to adopt more moderate views of what justice required, and come to him in three days with a ratification of his previous demands; but if they should decide otherwise, they must know well that it was not safe for them to come walking into his camp again with empty phrases. XXXII. When the embassy had returned and the senate had heard its report, it was felt that the city was tossing on the billows of a great tempest, and therefore the last and sacred anchor was let down. A decree was passed that all the priests of the gods, and the celebrants or custodians of the mysteries, and those who practised the ancient and ancestral art of divination from the flight of birds,—that all these should go to Marcius, arrayed as was the custom of each in the performance of their sacred rites, and should urge him in the same manner as before to put a stop to the war, and then to confer with his fellow- citizens regarding the Volscians. He did, indeed, admit this embassy into his camp, but made no other concession, nor did he act or speak more mildly, but told them to make a settlement on his former | 195 o 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éxéreve TrovetaOas Tas Stadvoess 7) SéxecOar Tov jToNewov. eTaveNOovtTwy ody TaV Lepewy EdokEV aTpemoovTas év TH TOAEL TA TELXN HUrAaTTEW Kal mpoaBddXovtas droxpoverOat Tovs rodEulous, év T@ yYpovm pardioTa Kal Tois ATO THS TUYNS maparoyols TiHewévors Tas éAmridas, érrel Oe abTaV Ye TWTHPLOY OvdeY NicTaVTO WpaTTOVTES, GANA TapAXn Kat Troe kat dnun movnpa THv TONY Kateixev, aXpL ov cuveBy TL Tpayua TO Todha- xis th ‘Opnpov Aeyoueve,! un mdvu de mevBovte * TOUS WOANOUS, Guotov. RéyovTos yap avTOD Kat dvadwvobtvtos émi Ttais peyddais mpakeot Kai Tapandoryots- To 8 ap eri dpeoi Onxe Bea yravKwmes "AOnyn: \ _\ Kat TO "AAA Tis aBavatwy Ttpétev dpévas, 6s y evi Oup@ dnpov OnKe hati: \ N Kal TO "H te oiacdpevos 7) Kal Oeos ws éxédeve: Katadpovovot ws advvatos wpadypact Kat pudev- pac amiaToLs TOY ExdoTOUV AOYLO MOY THS Tpo- atpécews amictov® Kxabtotdvtos. ov oret Sé a eA ? \ \ \ > 4 \ , tovTo Opnpos, addXa Ta pev eixoTa Kal avv7nOn lag... Aeyouévy Coraés and Bekker, after Reiske (Amyot): tov... Aeyoudvwr. 2 welOovr: Bekker, after Reiske : we@@ov. 3 amorov Bekker has dxpari (powerless to determine). 196 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS terms, or else accept the war.! Accordingly, when the priests had returned, it was decided to remain quietly in the city, guarding its walls, and repulsing the enemy, should he make an attack. They put their hopes in time especially, and in the vicissitudes of fortune, since they knew not how to save them- selves by their own efforts, but turmoil, terror, and rumours of evil possessed the city. At last some- thing happened that was like what Homer often mentions, although people generally do not wholly believe it. For when some great and unusual deed is to be done, that poet declares in his stately manner :— “He then was inspired by the goddess, flashing-eyed Athene”’;? and again :— “ But some immortal turned his mind by lodging in his heart A fear of what the folk would say ’”’ ;% and again :— “Kither through some suspicion, or else a god so bade him do’”’ ;4 but people despise Homer and say that with his im- possible exploits and incredible tales he makes it impossible to believe in every man’s power to de- termine his own choice of action. This, however, is not what Homer does, but those acts which are natural, customary, and the result of reasoning, he 1 Cf. Livy, ii. 39, 12; Dionysius, viii. 38. 2 Odyssey, xviii. 158 = xxi. i. (77 8 &pa). 3 Not to be found now in Homer. 4 Odyssey, ix. 339. 197 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal KaTa Noyov Wepawopeva TO ef’ Huiv arrodé- dwat, Kat Aéyes SjtoU ToANAKLS" Avtap éyw Bovdevoa kata peyadyTopa Oupovr: KaL, “Os dato, Unrcitwu & ayos yévet, ev 5é of 7)TOP oTnGecotv Aaciotor Sudvdsya pepunprtev: KQL TAALD, GANA TOV Ov TE wei?’ ayaba dpovéovta, Saidppova Bedrepodov- THV J N “ b] , N 4 4 \ év 6€ Tais atoTos Kai twapaBoXos wpakeot Kai ghopas tivos évOovawwdovs Kal Tapactacews deo- pévats ovK avatpodvTa totei tov OBeov, adda A 2 ¢ KivovvTa THY Tpoaipedty, ovd opmas evepyalopevon, adrAa havracias oppav aywyovs, als ovdé Trovet AS “~ ? 4 b) \ A e 4 , Thv mpakiv aKovatov, GAAA TO Exovoim Sidwcey apxnv, cal 76 Oappely nal 76 eXmriCerv por riOno. h yap atradXAaxtéov GAws TA Oeia maons aitias ? a a x» ¢ A a fs v Y / Kal apxis Tov Kal’ Hwas, H Tis Av adXos Eln TpOTTOS @ BonOodo.v avOpwros cai cuvepyovow; ov TO capa Sntov TAATTOYTES HUY, OVSE TAS YeElpas, e a“ 4 > \ \ \ 4 b) ‘ @s det, weratiOévtes avtol Kal tous méodas, adAXa THS WuyXs TO WpaKtiKoy Kal TpoatpeTiKoY apyats tTiot Kal davraciais Kal érevoiais éyeipovtes 7H Touvavtioy aToaTpEepovTes Kal LoTavTEs. 198 CAIUS -MARCIUS CORIOLANUS attributes to our own volition, and he certainly says frequently :-— « But I formed a plan within my lordly heart” ;! and also :— ‘‘So he spake, and Peleus’ son was sore distressed, and his heart Within his shaggy breast between two courses was divided ”’ ; 2 and again :— « But him no whit Could she persuade from his integrity, the fiery- hearted Bellerophon ”’ ; while in exploits of a strange and extraordinary nature, requiring some rush of inspiration, and des- perate courage, he does not represent the god as taking away, but as prompting, a man’s choice of action; nor yet as creating impulses in a man, but rather conceptions which lead to impulses, and by these his action is not made involuntary, but his will is set in motion, while courage and hope are added to sustain him. For either the influence of the gods must be wholly excluded from all initiating power over our actions, or in what other way can they assist and co-operate with men? They certainly do not mould our bodies by their direct agency, nor give the requisite change to the action of our hands and feet, but rather, by certain motives, conceptions, and purposes, they rouse the active and elective powers of our spirits, or, on the other hand, divert and check them. ' Odyssey, ix, 299. 7 Iliad, i. 188f. 3 Iliad, vi. 161 f. 199 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXII. "Ev 6€ 17 “Popn tore tov yuvarnay GAAat wey pos AAXots lepots, at 6é MrEloTAaL Kai OKLLOTATAL TEpl TOV TOD Kamitwriou Aros Bapov ixérevov. év d€ tavtais Hv 7 TlowAsKoAa Tov peydra Kal ToAAa Pwpaious év te Trodénots Kat TorLrelats wpeAnoavtos aderghyn Ovarepia. Mozr- ALKOAAS sev OdV eTEOYNKEL TrpOTEpOV, WS ev TOtS Tepl éxeivou yeypampmévols totopnKapev, 7 O€ Ovarepia Sdfav eiyev ev TH TOAE Kal TLLNDY, Soxotca TO Bio pn KaTacyvvey TO yévos. OEP ovv Aéyw wabos é~ativns Tadotca, Kal Kat érrivotay ovK abeiaatov arypapevn TOU cuudéporTos, QUTN TE avéaTN Kal Tas GANAS avacTHCAaca TaTAaS qxev ert tHv oixiay ths tov Mapxiou pytpos Ovoroupvias. as 8 ea7nrOe nal xatéraBe peta THS vuod KabeCouéevny cal Ta Tratdia To Mapkiou MW pos TOLS KOATFOLS EXOUTAD, ev KUKAM TEPLTTHOATA Tas yuvaixas avtis “ Adras ye nets,” elrrev, “ @ Ovodoupvia, nai ov, OvepyAia, yuvaines Aropev ™ pos yovaixas, obte Bovdis yopicapevns ovr GpXovros KerevoavTos, GAN Oo. Geos TpaVY, ws EOLKEV, OLKTELPAS TIV iKETELaY, OpUnV TrapéoTNoE devpit TpamrécOat mpos tuas Kat SenOjqvat co- Tnplav mev avtais Kal Tois GAXNOLS TroALTALS, Upiy 5é wrecOeioats eripaverrépay dépovta So€av Fs ai LaBivov Ouyatépes exyov, eis gtrdiav kal Eipnvnv eK Todé“wv cuvayayotocat TaTtépas Kai 1 Chapter xxiii. 2 “Then the matrons came in a body to Veturia, the mother of Coriolanus, and Volumnia, his wife. Whether this was the result of public counsel, or of the women’s fear, 200 230 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS XXXIII. Now in Rome, at the time of which I . speak, various groups of women visited the various temples, but the greater part of them, and those of highest station, carried their supplications to the altar of Jupiter Capitolinus. Among these was Va- leria, a sister of that Publicola who had done the Romans so many eminent services both as warrior and statesman. Publicola, indeed, had died some time before, as I have related in his Life;1 but Valeria was still enjoying her repute and honour in the city, where her life was thought to adorn her lineage. This woman, then, suddenly seized with one of those feelings which I have been describing, and laying hold of the right expedient with a pur- pose not uninspired of heaven, rose up herself, bade the other women all rise, and came with them to the house of Volumnia,? the mother of Marcius. After entering and finding her seated with her daughter- in-law, and holding the children of Marcius on her lap, Valeria called about her the women who had followed, and said: “We whom thou seest here, Volumnia, and thou, Vergilia, are come as women to women, obeying neither senatorial edict nor consular command; but our god, as it would seem, taking pity on our supplication, put into our hearts an im- pulse to come hither to you and beseech you to do that which will not only be the salvation of us our- selves and of the citizens besides, but also lift you who consent to do it to a more conspicuous fame than that which the daughters of the Sabines won, when they brought their fathers and husbands out I cannot ascertain.”—Livy, ii. 40, 1. In Dionysius also (viii. 39, 40), whom Plutarch seems otherwise to be following, Veturia is the nother, and Volumnia the wife, of Marcius. 20I PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 avopas. Sevte mpos Mdpxuov tovoat pel? MOY cuvawaabe TAS. ixeTnptas, Kal paptupicare Th Tar pio. paptupiav anrnO7 Kal Sixatay, ort TONG TwaoxYovuca KAKOS ovdey OUT’ empage Secvov ov” éBovdeuce Tmeph tuav Se opyny, aD aTrooLowa ty vuas exelv Kay pndevos Tuyxdvery médrAn TOV CTT LELKOV. 5 Taira ris Ovarepias el TTOvENS aveBonoay at Aovrral ‘yuvaixes, Tipetrato dé 7 Ovorovpyia: “Kai Tov KOLvay npety cumpopan, @ _yuvaikes, ioov peter, Kat idia T pat Topev Kaxds amroNé- cacat THD Mapxiov Séfay Kal apeTnV, TO capa 5 avrov Tobs TOV TodEuLwY SirAOLs Ppovpovmevov paddov 7 ow lopevov epopiaau. péytotov & npey TOV aTUXNLaTOV eoriy, | et 78 TiS TAT pioos otras 6 eEnaGevnner @ or év nuiv éxew Tas édrridas. ovK oida yap él TLva ToUjoeTae NOYov HuaV Eexeivos, el rye bndéva moira THs maTpt6os, iy cat NT POS Kat cyuvaKes Kal TEéEKVOD T poeTipna ev. ov env anna xpija De piv haBovoat al Kopitere pos éxeivor, el penodev AXXO, Tals Umép THS tTatpidos ixeotiass évaTrorrveda au Suvapevas.” XXXIV. ’Ex« rovrov ra tre radia Kat tHv Ovepy:Aiay dvactjcaca peta TOV AAXwY yuvac- cov éBadiley eis TO otTpatoTedov TaV Ovorov- oxwov. 7 8 ois a’Ta@v TO 7 OlKTpOY Kal Tots TroAeulous éveroina ev aid@ Kal ovwmny. €éT TUXE S 0 Mdpxvos emt Brpatos xadeCopevos pera TOV 2 HYELOVIKO@V. ws ouv ele mpootoveas Tas yuvat- kas, COatpacev’ éruyvous b¢ THY pNTEpa TPw@THY Badifoucav éBovr€7TOo peév éppévery Tois atpérrots 202 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS of war into friendship and peace. Arise, come with us to Marcius, and join with us in supplicating him, bearing this just and true testimony in behalf of your country, that, although she has suffered much wrong at his hands, she has neither done nor thought of doing harm to you, in her anger, but restores you to him, even though she is destined to obtain no equitable treatment at his hands.” These words of Valeria were seconded by the cries of the other women with her, and Volumnia gave them this answer :—“O women, not only have we an equal share with you in the common calamities, but we have an additional misery of our own, in that we have lost the fame and virtue of Marcius, and see his person protected in command, rather than pre- served from death, by the arms of our enemies. And yet it is the greatest of our misfortunes that our native city is become so utterly weak as to place her hopes in us. For I know not whether the man will have any regard for us, since he has none for his country, which he once set before mother and wife and children. However, take us and use us and bring us to him; if we can do nothing else, we can at least breathe out our lives in supplications for our country.” XXXIV. After this, she took the children and Vergilia and went with the other women to the camp of the Volscians. The sight of them, and the piti- fulness of it, produced even in their enemies rever- ence and silence. Now it chanced that Marcius was seated on a tribunal with his chief officers. When, accordingly, he saw the women approaching, he was amazed ; and when he recognized his mother, who walked at their head, he would fain have persisted 203 PLUTARCH’S LIVES exevous Kat amraparTHrous Aoyta pots, Yevopevos dé Tou maBous éXdTTwov Kal cuvrapayGeis T™pos THY Oyu ovK éTAH KadeCouerp mpoaeneiv, adda, kataBas Oarrov h Badny Kal amavTnoas T paTny bev jon deato THY pnTépa Kal Téia Tov Xpovov, cia 6é THY yuvaixa kal Ta Téxva, LnTE daxpuor ere ponte ToD prrogpoveta ar perdopevos, GXN @omEp UTO pevpaTtos PépecOat Tod mafous éauTov évdEdWKOS. XXXV. "Evel 6€ tTovTwy any elye Kal THY pnTépa Bovropévny bn AOyov apyxeev nero, TOUS TOY OvorovcKxwv mpoBovdous Tapacrno d- JEVOS House TAS Ovorouprias Toabra Aeyovons: ““Opas HED, @ Tat, Kav aura i) Aeywouen, eo Pare Kal poppy TaY aOrhiwv To paT ov Tex maLpo- [éVOS, Olav olKoupiay jpiv a) on puyn TE PLETTOLN- gato: Noyioa, 66 viv ws ATUXETTATAL TAT@V apiypela yuvarKan, als 70 nOvrtov Jéapa po- ep@ratov ” TUXN TETOUNKED, euot Hep vLoD, rautn 8 avéipa Tois THs marpisos Teixeow iSety dvrucabipevov. 08 éore Tois aol aruxias maons Kal KaxoTpayias Tapapvdtov, ebyerOar Geois, jpiv aTropworarov yeyoven. ov yep olov te Kal TH Tat pio. vieny dpa Kal got cwTnpiay aireio Oat Tapa, Tav Seay, GAN & Tis av mpiv KaTAapaoaLto TOV exo par, Taira Tais TpeTepacs éveoti evyais. avayen yap y) TIS matpibos 4 cov reper Bau yuvackl on Kal TEKVOLS. eyo & ov TEPLUEVED TAUT HY pou Sarria THY TUXNY toon TOV TONE HOV, GNX’ eb py oe TEL OLLpt pudiav Kat opovotay avtl S:ahopas Kal caxav Oéuevov apdo- 204 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS in his previous inflexible and implacable course, but, mastered by his feelings, and confounded at what he saw, he could not endure to remain seated while they approached him, but descended quickly from the tribunal and ran to meet them. He saluted his mother first, and held her a long time in his embrace, and then his wife and children, sparing now neither tears nor caresses, but suffering himself as it were to be borne away by a torrent of emotion. XXXV. But when he was sated with this, and perceived that his mother now wished to say some- thing, he brought to his side the councillors of the Volscians, and heard Volumnia speak as follows: ‘‘Thou seest, my son, even if we do not speak our- selves, and canst judge from the wretchedness of our garb and aspect, to what a pitiful state thy banish- ment has reduced us. And now be sure that we who come to thee are of all women most unhappy, since fortune has made the sight which should have been most sweet, most dreadful for us, as I behold my son, and this wife of thine her husband, encamped against the walls of our native city. And that which for the rest is an assuagement of all misfortune and misery, namely prayer to the gods, has become for us most impracticable ; for we cannot ask from the gods both victory for our country and at the same time safety for thee, but that which any one of our foes might imprecate upon us as a curse, this must be the burden of our prayers. For thy wife and children must needs be deprived either of their country or of thee. As for me, I will not wait to have the war decide this issue for me while [ live, but unless I can persuade thee to substitute friend- ship and concord for dissension and hostility, and so 205 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tepwy evepyéerny yevérOar wadrov 7 AULE@VA TAY fo) \ érTépwv, ovTw Stavood Kal twapacKxevale ceavToy @s TH Tatpioc wy mpoocpi—as Suvdpevos mplv 7 vexpay vrepBivat THY Texovaay. ov yap éxelyny a A pe Set rv jyuépay avapévery év 4 Tov viov é7r- A 4 e \ A A A ovropas OptapBevopevov bro TAY TOALTOV 7H Oprape- Bevovra xata Tis TaTpidos. ef wev ovv aki® oe \ / A > / > , THY Tatpida coat OvorovcKous atro\écavTa, yareny oot cal Svodiaitntos, @ Wai, wpoKerTat oKéris: ove yap StapOeipar rovs Troditas Kadov, OUTE TOUS TeTLaTEVKOTAS TpOdoDVAaL SikaLoyy VvoV » 5 ‘ a > , / Q 8 amadXaynv Kxaxov aitovpeOa, cwrnpiov pev apporépots opoiws, évdoFov 5é cal Kadiv padrov Ovorovcxors, 6tt TH Kpatety SdEovar Sudovar Ta péytota tov ayabay, ovy Hrrov AapBavortes, > / N 4 e 4 wv ww etpnynv Kai didiav, @v padiota pev aitios Eon ylvomevwv, pn yivopéevay 5é€ povos aitiav &Ees > » , v > A € s a ? wap audorépots. adnros 8 wy oO TrOAELOS TOUT Eyer mpoonropy, tt cor viK@vTe pev GraoropL TIS Tmarpioos elvat trepieo tiv, HTT@pmevos 5é Sokets UT’ Opyns evepyéerats avopact Kal dirols TOY peyicToV cuphopav airos yeyovévat.” XXXVI. Tatra tHs Ovoroupvias Aeyovons o Mapxuos nxpoadro pndév aroxpivomevos. éret dé kal Tavoapevns ELOTHKEL TLWTaY ToNVY Ypovory, avOis 7) Ovoroupria: “Ti aiyds,” elev, “ & tral; 4 9 ~ Q ‘4 ao a MTOTEpOV Opyh Kal pvnoiaxia TavTa cuyywpeiv 4 ? A \ \ 4 4 KaXov, ov Kadrov dé pntpl xapicacbar Seopévn 206 3] CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS to become a benefactor of both parties rather than a destroyer of one of them, then consider and be well assured that thou canst not assail thy country with- out first treading underfoot the corpse of her who bore thee. For it does not behoove me to await that day on which I shall behold my son either led in triumph by his fellow-citizens or triumphing over his country. If, then, I asked you to save your country by ruining the Volscians, the question before thee would be a grievous one, my son, and hard to decide, since it is neither honourable for a man to destroy his fellow-citizens, nor just for him to betray those who have put their trust in him; but as it is, we ask only a relief from evils, something which would be salutary for both parties alike, but more conducive to fame and honour for the Volscians, because their superiority in arms will give them the appearance of bestowing the greatest of blessings, namely peace and friendship, although they get these no less themselves. If these blessings are realized, it will be chiefly due to thee; if they are not, then thou alone wilt bear the blame from both nations. And though the issues of war are obscure, this is manifest, that if victorious, thou wilt only be thy country’s destroying demon, and if defeated, the world will think that, to satisfy thy wrath, thou didst bring down the greatest calamities upon men who were thy benefactors and friends.” XXXVI. While Volumnia was saying this, Marcius listened without making any answer, and after she had ceased also, he stood a long time in silence. Volumnia therefore began once more: “Why art thou silent, my son? Is it right to yield everything to wrath and resentment, but wrong to gratify a 207 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ , a \ n“ U 2 wept THALKOUTM@Y; 7) TO peuvncOaL TreTOVOOTA KAKQ@S avdpt peydX\@ mpoonKxe, TO & Evepyecias, als evepyerodvra, aides bd TaY TEKOVTMD, oéBecOa. Kai tidy ovKx avipos Epyov éati peyadrov kal aya0ov; Kai pnv ovderl padrov EM peTTE TNPELY YapLW WS Col, TLKPAS OUTwS ayYapt- 3 otiay éreEtovtTt. Kaitos Tapa THS TaTpisos On , Pf > I: A N 3” 7) , —peyanras OiKas atretAndhas, TH UNTpL ovdEeptav yapw atrodédwxas. Hv pev odv ootwtaroyv dvev Tivos avayKns TuxXely pe Tapa cod Seopévny ovTw Karov Kat Sixaiwy: py meiOovca S€é Ti peiSopar THS coxdrns edrisos ; ;°" Kab tadr eiTrovaa mpoominrer Tois Tool avrob peTa TIS 4 yuvaicos apa Kat tov téxvwv. o 8 Mapxtos ? / cc ¥ , @ a ”» 9» , avaBonoas: ‘Ola eipyacai pe, @ pntep, e€avi- oTnow avtny, kal thy Sektay miécas ohodpa- a A , “ Nevixnxas, elev, “evtuxyn pev tH marpids 4 b] \ sf DJ 4 wv \ e N Col vienv, enol & orcOptoy’ are yap vio cov 4 an Povns NTT@pEVvos.” TovTO 8 eiTrev, Kai Bpayéa TH pntpl kal TH yuvarxi SvareyGels tdta, Tas A > 4 > e 4 A > A Py 4 pep arrétreprev eis ‘Pony mdrtv avtas Seomévas, aA N \ 4 > , > 4 THs b€ vuKTos TapedOovans amnyayev Ovodov- GKOUS, OV TOV aUTOY TpPOTTOV OVS opoiws dtaKet- 5 pévous atravtas. ot pev yap éuéudhovTo Kai Tov dvdpa xat tHv mpakiv, ot dé oddétepa, mpos SidAvow Kal eipnvnv oixeiws Exovres, Evior Sé / \ ducyepaivovres Ta tTpatropeva tov Madpkioy Gums ov tovnpov évouttov, adAA ouUyyvworTOV éemixracOévra tTHAIKaUTaLS avayKals. avTeitre 208 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS mother in such a prayer as this? Or is the remem- brance of his wrongs becoming to a great man, while the remembrance, with reverence and honour, of the benefits which children have received from their parents is not the duty of a great and good man? Surely for no man were it more seemly to cherish gratitude than for thee, who dost so bitterly proceed against ingratitude. And yet, although thou hast already punished thy country severely, thou hast not shown thy mother any gratitude. It were, therefore, a most pious thing in thee to grant me, without any compulsion, so worthy and just a request as mine; but since I cannot persuade thee, why should I spare my last resource ?’’ And with these words she threw herself at his feet, together with his wife and children. Then Marcius, crying out “ What hast thou done to me, my mother!” lifted her up, and pressing her right hand warmly, said: “Thou art victorious, and thy victory means good fortune to my country, but death to me; for I shall withdraw vanquished, though by thee alone.” When he had said this, and had held a little private conference with his mother and his wife, he sent them back again to Rome, as they desired, and on the next morning led away his Volscians, who were not all affected in the same way nor equally pleased by what had happened. For some found fault both with him and with what he had done; but others, who were favourably dis- posed towards a peaceful settlement of the dispute, with neither; while some, though displeased with his proceedings, nevertheless could not look upon Marcius as a bad man, but thought it pardonable in him to be broken down by such strong compul- sions. No one, however, opposed him, but all followed 209 VOL, IV. P PLUTARCH’S LIVES 8 ovdeis, GANG TravTES EltrOVTO, THY apETNV “LaAXOV avtov Oaupatovtes 4 THY eFouciav. XXXVII. ‘O 6€ ‘Pwpaiwv Siuos ev bom poBo Kai kwodvve KadeotnKxes TOD TrONE“OU TrapoYToS, aicOnow Tapéoxe pardrXov rAvOEevTOS. dua yap apewpwv tovs OvorovcKxous avalevyvvovtas ot wept Ta teiyn, Kal wav evOUs iepov avegryet orehavnbopovvtay wotrep él vitn Kal OvovTwv. pdmota S€ TH Tept Tas yUVaiKas ayaTnoEL Kal Tih THS Te BovAns Tov te TANOGoVS atravTos &vonros Hv Yapa THS Toews, Kal AeyovTwV Kal voylovtmv yeyovévas THs ow TNplas Trept- gavas eéxetvas aitias. wWndtoauévns 5é THs BovAis, 6 te av avtais aktwowaor yevécOat pos Sofav xdpw, todTo Totjoar Kal Twapacxeiv Tovs apxovtas, ovdev nkiwaav dAdo 4 Tuyns yuvateias tepoy topvcacOa, To pev avadrdopa oupBaropeva. tap avtTav, iepoupyias 5é nal TiuLas, Goat Oeois Tpérover, Snpwooia Ths Toews avanaBovons. érrel dé BovdrAn THY péev didoTt- play émnvece, Snuooias dé Samdvats éroinoato Tov vewy Kal TO Ed0s, OVSEev ATTOY adTal ypnuaTa ouvetoeveyKovaat SevTEpoy ayakpa KaTecKevacay, 0 69 Kal daot Paopaio: xabiotdpevov ev TO LEP@ HOéyEacOai ti ToLodTOv: “@Meodire? pe Oeope yuvaixes S€0@KATE.” XXXVITI. Tavrnv cai dis yevéoOar thy ova vOoXoyovcty, ayevnToLs bumolta Kal YaXerwa Wer lad yer?) / 210 232 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS him obediently, though rather out of admiration for his virtue than regard for his authority.! XXXVII. But the Roman people showed more plainly, when they were set free from the war, the greatness of their fear and peril while it lasted. For as soon as those who manned the walls descried the Volscians drawing their forces off, every temple was thrown open, and the people crowned themselves with garlands and offered sacrifices as if for victory. But the joy of the city was most apparent in the honour and loving favour which both the senate and the whole people bestowed upon the women, declar- ing their belief that the city’s salvation was manifestly due to them. When, however, the senate passed a decree that whatsoever they asked for themselves in the way of honour or favour, should be furnished and done for them by the magistrates, they asked for nothing else besides the erection of a temple of Women’s Fortune, the expense of which they offered to contribute of themselves, if the city would under- take to perform, at the public charge, all the sacrifices and honours, such as are due to the gods. The senate commended their public spirit, and erected the temple and its image at the public charge,? but they none the less contributed money themselves and set up a second image of the goddess, and this, the Romans say, as it was placed in the temple, uttered some such words as these : “ Dear to the gods, O women, is your pious gift of me.” 2 XXXVIII. These words were actually uttered twice, as the story runs, which would have us be- 1 Compare Livy’s story of this interview and its results oN 3-9). Plutarch agrees rather with Dionysius, viii. 2 Cf. Livy, ii. 40, 11. 3 Cf. Dionysius, viii. 56. 211 Pp 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a 4 e ua IQ/ \ \ b f cOnvat me’Povtes nuas. idlovTa pev yap ayar- pata davivat kat Saxpuppoodvra Kai tivas peOrévta voTtioas aipatweders ovK advvatov éoTe: \ 4 , a“ Kat yap Evra Kat Aor TrodrAaKIS Bev EevPa@TA , / cuvadyovet yovtmov vypoTnTos, TOoAAAS 5é ypotas aviaow é& éavtav, Kai déyovtar Badas éx rod meptéyovTos, ols ea onpaiverv To Satpoviov ovdev A 60 wy, 8 \ be \ nn N dv ddfere Kwrvev. Suvatov 6 Kal puyp@ Kal A 4 orevaypn@ wWwodov duotov éxBaddrdew ayddpata \ a A , , kata pn—w h Stactaciy popiwy Buatorépav év , / 4 \ A \ lA Baber yevopévnv: évapOpov dé dovnv kal b&a- NeKTOY OVTHW cady Kal TrepiTTHVY Kal apTioToLoV 4 éy awvy@ yevéoOar TavtaTaciw ayryyavov, é \ \ \ \ \ \ pnde thy wpuxnv Kai tov Oedv advev coparos fa! 4 ‘4 ~ opyavixod Kal Sinpmoopévov pépect RorytKois ”~ > a yéyovev HYelv Kal OvaréyecOar. Strov & Huds 7 e , ” > 4 \ A A totopia qoANots atroBialerar Kat miBavois pdp- , A TuawW, avopotov aicOnoe waBos eyyivomevoy TO A a a , \ PavractiK@e THS wuyxns cvvavarreiOer to Soa, @otrep év mvows akovety ovK aKovovTes Kal Brérrew ov Brétrovtes Soxodpev. ov pny adAa A e > > 4 \ / \ \ Gg. \ v Tois wm’ evvoias Kal didrdtas mpos Tov Beov ayav A \ a b] 4 éumabas éyovot, Kai pndev abereiv nd avaive- A \ / cOat tay ToLovTwY Svvapévoats, péya TrpOS TioTeY > \ N 4 \ g ¢e A “ A éotl To Oavpdovov cal pn Kal Huds THs TOU A \ “A , Geod Suvdpews. ovdev yap ovdapas avOpwrrive wv , v mpocéotxev ovte Guat ote Kivnow ovtTe TéxYNY A aA a 4 ovT ioxytv, ovd ef TL TroLel TOY Huiv aTroLnT@YV a A , > Kal unxavata: TOY dpnxyavov, Tapddoyov eat, 2T2 CAIUS MARCIUS’ CORIOLANUS lieve what is difficult of belief and probably never happened. For that statues have appeared to sweat, and shed tears, and exude something like drops of blood, is not impossible; since wood and stone often contract a mould which is productive of moisture, and cover themsélves with many colours, and receive tints from the atmosphere ; and there is nothing in the way of believing that the Deity uses these phenomena sometimes as signs and portents. It is possible also that statues may emit a noise like a moan or a groan, by reason of a fracture or a rupture, which is more violent if it takes place in the interior. But that articulate speech, and language so clear and abundant and precise, should proceed from a lifeless thing, is altogether impossible ; since not even the soul of man, or the Deity, without a body duly organized and fitted with vocal parts, has ever spoken and conversed. But where history forces our assent with numerous and credible witnesses, we must conclude that an experience different from that of sensation arises in the imaginative part of the soul, and persuades men to think it sensation; as, for instance, in sleep, when we think we see and hear, although we neither see nor hear. However, those who cherish strong feelings of good-will and affec- tion for the Deity, and are therefore unable to reject or deny anything of this kind, have a strong argu- ment for their faith in the wonderful and transcend- ent character of the divine power. For the Deity has no resemblance whatever to man, either in nature, activity, skill, or strength; nor, if He does something that we cannot do, or contrives some- thing that we cannot contrive, is this contrary to reason ; but rather, since He differs from us in all 213 PLUTARCH’S LIVES GANG parrov ev tact Siadépwy TorV paddLoTA a , Tois épyows avopoltos €oTt Kal TapndXAaypévos. ara Tov pev Ociwy Ta TONG, Ka’ “HpdxderTor, amiatin Svahuyyaver un yiwoaKxerOar. XXXIX. Tov d€ Mdpxiov, as éravardev eis \ Mv b) N a , A 4 to “AvtTiov amo THS oTpateias, plio@y TTarat c kat Bapuvopevos d:a POovov o TvAXAos éreBov- hevey avereiv evOus, ws ct viv Stadvyo, AaBnv e ff > 4 ‘\ \ , \ évépav ov tapéEovta. ‘rodXovs bé cvoTHoas Kal ? > 9 > N > +f ? 4 ¢€ mapacKeudoas én’ avtov éxédevoev evOvvas wUTr0- axeiv tots OvorovcoKxos, arodovta thy apxnr. o 5é hoBovpevos id:@Tns yevéeoOar too Tudou oTpatnyobvTos Kal Suvapévou péytorov év Tots éavtod qoXitais, édXeye THY apyny aTrodwceL OtorovcnKos, éav Kedevwot, Kal yap RaPeiv 4 , > ? \ 4 , TavT@v KedevovTov, evOuvas dé Sid0vat Kal Noyov 3 QA “a a a 4 9 ovdé viv TwapatteiaOat Tois BovAopévous “Avtia- TOV. ‘yevopevns ovv éxkAnalas, ot Taperxevac- pévor TOV Snpaywyav anuotdpevor Tapwtvvoyv To a bd > 3 4 n / ‘ \ wAHO0s. eel & avactdvts TO Mapkio To pev ” a e 3 > A b / \ a dyav BopuBody in’ aidods évedidov Kat Trapelyev adeds Réyerv, of Sé BéATIOTOL Kal pddoTa Yatpovtes cipjvn Tov AvriaTav éyévovTo pavepot pet evvolas axovodpmevoe Kat Stxaiws KpivovvTes, édeccev o TvAXAOs THY aTroNoyiav Tov avdpos. qv yap év tots padtota Seuvos eitreiv, Kal Ta 214 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS points, in His works most of all is He unlike us and far removed from us. But most or the Deity’s powers, as Heracleitus says,! “escape our knowledge through incredulity.” XX XIX. But as for Marcius, when he came back to Antium from his expedition, Tullus, who had long hated him and been oppressed with jealousy of him, plotted to take him off at once, believing that if his enemy escaped him now, he would never give him another chance to seize him. Having, therefore, ar- rayed a large party against him, he bade him lay down his command and give the Volscians an ac- count of his administration. But Marcius, afraid of being reduced to private station when Tullus was in command and exercising the greatest influence among his own countrymen, said he would resign his com- mand to the Volscians, if they bade him do so, since it was at their general bidding that he had assumed it ; and that he was ready, and would not refuse even before that, to give a full account of his administra- tion to all the people of Antium who desired it. An assembly was therefore held, at which the popular leaders who had been set to the work rose and tried to embitter the multitude against him. But when Marcius rose to speak, the more disorderly part of his audience grew quiet, out of reverence for him, and gave him opportunity to speak fearlessly, while the best of the men of Antium, and those that were especially pleased with peace, made it clear that they would listen to him with favour and give a just de- cision. Tullus, therefore, began to fear the effect of the man’s plea in self-defence ; for he was one of the most powerful speakers, and his earlier achievements 1 Fragment 116 (Bywater, p. 45). 215 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpoaev Epya peilova THv Xapuv ele THS UoTe- pov aitias, padrov 6 5rws 70 eyaAn pa. Tov peyé0ous THS YaptTos i paptuptov. ov yap dy édofav ddixeia Bas THY Poyny Umoxeipiov M1) daBovtes, el un ToD AaBeiv éyyds eyévovTo Sia Madpxuov. Ovxér’ ovv édoke Sia pédrew ode metpacbat TOV TOANOD, Grn’ éyxparyovres ot Opactrarot TOV TWETTOTOY @S OvK gore adxovotéov ovee TepLomrT ov Ovorovexoss TOV mpodorny Tupay- voovTa Kal bn Karat Oéuevov THY apxny, T™poome- TOUTES a8 poot biépOerpav avrov, Kal ™ poonwuvev ovdels TOV TapovT@v. bre b€ Tois TrElaTOUS OvK émpaxOn KATA yvouny, eo woav avriKa ouvopa- povTes éx TOV TOhEOY éml TO cOma Kal Oarxpavres evTi pos Kal TOV Tapov SwAos Kal Aapupots Koo unoavres WS apiaTews Kat oTpaTnyou. ‘Po- patos O€ THY TEAEUTHY mudopevot, Grdo wey oudev anedeiEavro onpetov ouTE TLLAS OUT épyijs 7 pos avrov, aiTncapevars bé Tals yuvakiv em érpewrav arromevOfja at béxa pijvas, doTEp eos y exdorn TaTépa Kat maida Kat aderpov. odTos yap my 6pos Tov paxpoTatou mevOous, év w@pice Nopas loptridsos, ws év Tots wept éxetvou yeypapupévors dednXOTAL. Tov 8é Mapxiov evO vs érrobet Ta Ovorovanar T pay ward. Tp@Tov pev yap TTATLaTaYTES 7 pos Aixavovs cuupaxouvs Kal gdirous dvtas virép 1<*Then, after he had withdrawn his troops from the Roman territory, they say that he was overwhelmed with hatred in consequence, and lost his life, different writers giving different details of his death. In Fabius, who is by 216 sas CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS secured him a gratitude which outweighed his later fault; nay more, the very charge against him was but so much proof of the great gratitude which was his due. For they would not have thought themselves wronged in not getting Rome into their power, had not the efforts of Marcius brought them near to taking it. . Accordingly, the conspirators decided to make no more delay, and not to test the feelings of the multi- tude; but the boldest of them, crying out that the Volscians must not listen to the traitor, nor suffer him to retain his command and play the tyrant among them, fell upon him in a body and slew him, and no man present offered to defend him.! However, that the deed was not wrought with the approval of the majority of the Volscians, was seen at once from their coming out of their cities in concourse to his body, to which they gave honourable burial, adorning his tomb with arms and spoils, as that of a chieftain and general. But when the Romans learned of his death, they paid him no other mark either of honour or resentment, but simply granted the request of the women that they might mourn for him ten months, as was customary when any one of them lost a father, or a son, or a brother. For this was the period fixed for the longest mourning, and it was fixed by Numa Pompilius, as is written in his Life.? The loss of Marcius was keenly felt at once by the Volscian state. For, in the first place, they quarrelled with the Aequians, who were their allies and friends, over the supreme command, and carried their quarrel far the most ancient authority, I find that he lived even to old age” (Livy, ii. 40, 10). Chapter xxxix. in Plutarch agrees closely with Dionysius viii. 57-59, who says that Marcius was stoned to death. 2 Chapter xii. 2. 217 PLUTARCH’S LIVES NYEMOVIAS, AYpL TPavpdTwY Kal Povwy mponov- emetta payn KxpatnOévtes tro ‘Pwopaiwv, ev 7 TvAXos aTréOave nat Td avOodv pardtoTta Ths Suva- pews SvepOdpn, Starvceas aicyiotas nydrnoapy UMNKOOL YEVOMEVOL, KAL TO TPOTTATTOMEVOY AUTOS TOLNGEW OMONOYHOAaYTES. AAKIBIAAOY KAI KOPIOAANOY 3YTKPISI5 > 4 . A 4 eé e / I. “Exxepévov b€ tay mpakewr, boas nryov- Ul \ , 93 gos 9 \ \ peBa Noyou Kal pynuns akias elvat, TAs pév TOXeE- puxas em” ovdéTEpoy TraLovaas poTY meyaAnV Opa EoTLy. Oparas yap audotepor TOAAa pev oTpa- A ¥ \ ? , \ \ \ TLWOTIKAS Epya TOAmNS Kal avdpeias, TOA O€é Kal Téyyns Kal mpovoias otpatnyobvtTes émedetEavto, TAnVv ef poy tis Oédoe Tov "AdKiBiadnv, Ste Kat Kata yhv Kat kata OdratTav év ToANOIs ayact n \ ~ b , ae yucav Kat katopOwr dueréXeoev, arropaive TEdELo- / Tepov otTpatnyov: é7rel TO ye TapovTas Kal ap- xovtas opOody det mpodndws Ta oixeia Kal mpo- SndoTepoy av mddw BrAdrreyv peltotapévous appotépos umnpee. todsteiav dé tHv pev ’AD- 4 A ¥ \ \ \ A a KiBidoov THY ayav Aapvpay Kal TO pt) KaBapedov avaywyias Kai Bwoporoxyias év Te pds yap e A “a “a optreiy Tois TroANO’s ot swdpoves éBdedUTTOVTO, Thv 6¢ Mapxiov wavraracw ayapw Kal brepn- 218 ALCIBIADES AND CORIOLANUS to the length of bloodshed and slaughter; in the second place, they were defeated in battle by the Romans, wherein Tullus was slain and the very flower of their forces was cut to pieces, so that they were glad to accept most disgraceful terms, becoming sub- jects of Rome, and pledging themselves to obey her commands.! COMPARISON OF ALCIBIADES AND CORIOLANUS I. Now that all the deeds of these men are set forth, so far as we consider them worthy of recol- lection and record, it is plain that their military careers do not incline the balance either way very decidedly. For both alike gave many signal proofs of daring and valour as soldiers, as well as of skill and foresight as commanders; except that some may give the preference to Alcibiades, because he was continually successful and victorious in many struggles by sea, as well as by land, and declare him therefore the more consummate general. It is certainly true of each that, when he was at home and in command, he always conducted his country’s cause with manifest success, and, contrariwise, inflicted even more mani- fest injury upon it when he went over to the enemy. As statesmen, if the exceeding wantonness of Al- cibiades, and the stain of dissoluteness and vulgarity upon all his efforts to win the favour of the multi- tude, won the loathing of sober-minded citizens, it was equally true that the utter ungraciousness of 1 Cf. Livy, ii. 40, 12 £. 219 4 PLUTARCR’S LIVES pavoy Kat odLyapKLKnV ryevomerny euionoev 0 ‘Papaiwv Sjpuos. ovderépav pev ovdv em aiveTéov’ 0 b€ Snuayoyov Kal Xaprlopevos TOV 70s ov b0fovaer Snparyoryety T porn aeSov Tov TOUS TOX- Aovs dpepmToTEpos” aiay pov pev yap 70 KOna- KEUELD Ofjpov € éTl TO duvac bat, 70 8 box veLv éx TOU poBepor eivat Kai Kaxoov Kab mLélely pos TO aioe xP Kal aBixov é éoTiv. | Or Tolvuy amdovs TUS 0 Mdpxios vrret- oe T@ TPOT@ yeryovevat Kal avdéxacros, o 0 dé “ArKBiadns Tavoupyos év TH TodtTela Kal ava- AnOns, ovK aOnXOv éoTL. pddora dé KaTnyopou- aw avtov Kaxonberay Kai arraTny, n TOUS Aaxe- Sarpoviov mpéo Reus TApaxpovoapevos, OS Oovev- bidns io ropyxe, THD eipyvny éXvoev. GAN airy pev 7) TOMTELa, Katmep els. TONE MOV adds EpL- Badovca THV TOAD, ioyupav érroinae Kal go- Repay, ths Mavtivéwv Kal “Apyetav cunpayias be’ “AdKeBudsou Tpooryevouerns® Mépxtos & Ott pev andtn kai avros é&eTodéuoce ‘Popalous Kal Ovorovexous diaBadov pevdas TOUS Heovras eri Ty Oéar, Atoviaros ¢ ioTopnKev™ 4 8 aitia paviro- TEPOV ToLEet 70 epyov. ov yap €x ptrovercias ovode TONLTLRIS payns 7 apiddns, WS éxelvos, Grr’ opyn Xapelopevos, jap ms ovdéva gnoly o Aiwy} atronaBeiv yaptv, woAAA THs Iradias pépn cuve- tapate wal TOANAS TOAELS OVdeY AdLKOVTAS TH mpos THY watpida Ovpo mapavdrwoe. KxaiTtoe 1 Alwy Bekker corrects to “Iw», after Bryan. The verse . ovdels yap opyns xdpw amelAnder, xarep.. . is attributed to Menander in Stobaeus, Flori]. xx. 6 (Kock, Com. Att. Frag. iii. p. 188). 220 234 ALCIBIADES AND CORIOLANUS Marcius, together with his pride and oligarchical demeanour, won the hatred of the Roman people. Neither course, then, is to be approved ; although the man who seeks to win the people by his favours is less blameworthy than those who heap insults on the multitude, in order to avoid the appearance of trying to win them. For it is a disgrace to flatter the people for the sake of power; but to get power by acts of terror, violence, and oppression, is not only a disgrace, it is also an injustice. II. Now, that Marcius is usually thought to have been rather simple in his nature, and straightforward, while Alcibiades was unscrupulous in his public acts, and false, is very clear. And Alcibiades is particularly denounced for the malicious deceit by which he cheated the Lacedaemonian ambassadors, as Thucy- dides relates! and put an end to the peace. But this policy of his, although it did plunge the city again into war, made it nevertheless strong and for- midable, by reason of the alliance with Mantinea and Argos which Alcibiades secured for it. And yet Marcius himself also used deceit to stir up war between the Romans and Volscians, when he brought a false charge against the visitors to the games, as Dionysius relates;? and the motive for his action makes it the worse of the two. For he was not influenced by ambition, or by rivalry in a political struggle, as Alcibiades was, but simply gave way to his anger, from which passion, as Dion says, “ no one ever gets a grateful return,’ and threw many districts of Italy into confusion, and needlessly sacrificed many innocent cities to his rage against his country. 1 V. 45; ef. Plutarch’s Nicias, x. ; Alciades, xiv. 2 See Coriolanus, xxvi. 2; Dionysius Hal., Anéig. Rom. viil. 2. 221 PLUTARCH’S LIVES kat “Ar«iBuddns du’ opyiv peyadov aitios cup- ghopav xatéotn Tois ToAtTats. GAA STE Tpw@Tov éyva pmeTapeNomévous, evyv@povnoe, Kal madLV atroppipels ovK ébynaOn Tois oTpatTnyois auapta- vovow ovdé mapeide xaxa@s Bovrevopévouvs Kat Uf b) > e > , > ” xuvouvevovTas, GAX’, dep “Apsotetdns érratvetras / , \ / a > 9 / partota mpakas 17 pos MeutoTroKNea, TOUT ETrOLNGE, \ \ 4,9 > I. 4 ‘ \ Mpos Tvs TOT apxovTas ov irous dvtas EXO wv Kal , \ 4 lA , \ ” dpdoas 7d déov kal SbdEas. Mapxios 5€ mpadtov \ 4 “A DJ , \ S b) e >a ev OANVY KAKOS eETrOLEL THY TrOALY OVX Ud OANS , bJ \ A 4 A S / TaQbav, a\Aa TOD BeXTioTOU Kal KpatioToU pépous cuvadsxnBevtos avt@ Kal cuvadrynoavros: éreta TodAals mpecBeias Kal dSenoece piav iwpévov bd A \ » > \ 2Q>) Vv 2 7 opyny Kat ayvotay ov TeyxOels ovd elEas ESnAwWC EV émt T@ StadOecipas tHv Twatpida Kal xataBanreiv, ovy Strws aTroAdBy Kal KaTéXOn, Bapvv ToAELOV Kal aotrovoov émavynpnpévos. tovtm dé! dyoe tis dtadépery’ “AXKiBiadnv pév yap éemiBovdevo- pevov vd Xraptiatav dea Séos Gua Kat picos 9 a n \ b , 4, N avT@y petaothvar pos ‘AOnvatouvs, Mapxip dé wavta dixata Trotodvtas OvoXovanKous ov KadwsS 3 > a \ \ e ‘ > Ld elyev éyxatadiTeiv. Kal yap Hyer atrodebeKTO Kal peylotny Tiotiy elye peta Suvdpews, OVX WS Exelvos, ATOXPHLEVOV MAaANOY 7) YpwWpEevwOVv AUTO Aaxedaipoviwv, év TH Toe Teptioy Kal KUALY- Sovpevos av0is ev TO otpatowéd@ téXos eis TAS 1 rovrp 5¢ Coraés and Bekker read rovrw ye with C, and Bekker assumes a lacuna before the words. 222 ALCIBIADES AND CORIOLANUS It is true, indeed, that Alcibiades also, through his anger, was the cause of great calamities to his countrymen. But just as soon as he saw that they were repentant, he showed them his goodwill, and after he had been driven away a second time, he did not exult over the mistakes of their generals, nor look with indifference upon their bad and perilous plans, but did precisely what Aristides is so highly praised for doing to Themistocles: he came to the men who were then in command, although they were not his friends, and told them plainly what they ought to do. Marcius, however, in the first place, did injury to his whole city, although he had not been injured by the whole of it, but the best and strongest part of it shared his wrongs and his distress; in the second place, by resisting and not yielding to the many embassies and supplications with which his countrymen tried to heal his single wrath and folly, he made it clear that he had under- taken a fierce and implacable war for the overthrow and destruction of his country, not that he might recover and regain it. Further, in this point it may be said there was a difference between them, namely, that Alcibiades, when he went over to the side of the Athenians, was moved by fear and hatred of the Spartans, who were plotting to take his life ; whereas it was dishonourable for Marcius to leave the Vol- scians in the lurch when they were treating him with perfect fairness. For he was appointed their leader, and had the greatest credit and influence among them, unlike Alcibiades, whom the Lacedae- monians misused rather than used, who wandered about aimlessly in their city, and again was tossed to and fro in their camp, and at last threw himself 223 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ticagépvov yeipas adjKxey avrov: ae un vn Ata A fol \ b , , “A un POapnvat tas ’AOnvas travrarace trodav xateNOeiy eOeparreve. III. Xpyyata roivuy o pev “AdniBidins Kai AaBeiv odx ed TorddrAdKs ex Swpodoxi@y Kal dva- GécOat Kaxds cis TpUpyy Kal dxoraciav icropynTac: Mdpxiov 5€ avv tin Sed0vtes of otpatnyot AaBeiv ovK Erretcav. 610 Kal parioTta Tots TOA- Dots errayOns hv év tais wept ypeav Stadhopais \ \ io e > >? \ 4 3 9 mpos TOV SHmov, Ws ovK emi Képdeotv, GAA Sz UBpiw Kat twepippoovvyy trois mévnow émnpedlwv. "Avrimatpos pév ody év émioToAn tive ypadwv mept THs ApiototéXous Tod dtroadgou TEdeUVTIS, “TIpos tots aAAots,” dynoiv, “Oo avnp Kal To 9 meiBew elye’” tas 5& Mapxiov mpdfes rat dperas TovTO pn mMpoodv éraxOeis érroinoey avtots Tots ev TaOovat, Tov GyKov avTOv Kal THv S épnuia ovvoixov, ws WAdtov eimev, avOddecay §:." 3S / a 9? > , ? , pn UTopeivavtas. Tod & ’"AdKiBiddov tovvavrtiov émiatapmevov ypnoOat Tots mpootuyydvovoty ot- , > \ 3 , \ 4 Kelws, ovdey Oavyactov ev ols Kat@pOov trv SoEav avOeiy wet edvoias Kal Tins Eevnpepovoay, Grou Kal TOY dpapTndtwy évia ToANaKis | ydpw elye kal @pav. Oey odTos pév ov pixpa Brarvas ovd ? , \ , 4 3 / 4 6diya iv TOALY Guws amedeinvUTO TOANAKLS HyEu@Vv Kal oTpaTnyos, éexelvos Sé peTi@v érri 1 woAAdus bracketed by Bekker. 224 ALCIBIADES AND CORIOLANUS into the hands of Tissaphernes; unless, indeed, he was all the while paying him court in order that the Athens to which he longed to return might not be utterly destroyed. III. Furthermore, in the matter of money, we are told that Alcibiades often got it ill by taking bribes, and spent it ill in luxury and dissipation; whereas Marcius could not be persuaded to take it even when it was offered to him as an honour by his commanders. And for this reason he was especially odious to the multitude in the disputes with the people concerning debts, because they saw that it was not for gain, but out of insolence and scorn, that he acted despitefully towards the poor. Antipater, writing in one of his letters about the death of Aristotle the philosopher,! says: “In ad- dition to all his other gifts, the man had also that of persuasion’; and the absence of this gift in Marcius made his great deeds and virtues obnoxious to the very men whom they benefited, since they could not endure the arrogant pride of the man, and that self- will which is, as Plato says,? “the companion of solitude.” Alcibiades, on the contrary, understood how to treat in a friendly manner those who met. him, and we cannot wonder that when he was suc- cessful his fame was attended with goodwill and honour, and flowered luxuriantly, since some of his errors even had often charm and felicity. This was the reason why, in spite of the great and frequent harm done by him to the city, he was nevertheless many times appointed leader and general; while Marcius, when he stood for an office which was his 1 See Comparison of Aristides and Cato, ii. 4. 2 See Coriolanus, xv. 4. 225 VOL. IV. Q PLUTARCH’S LIVES ToAAais aptoteiats Kal avdpaya0iats apxyny mpoonkovaav é&érecev. ovTw TOY pev ovde TWATXOVTES KAKOS EOVVAVTO pLoEiY Ob TrONTAL, TO 5é qepinv Paupalopevy 1) pireio a, IV. Kal ydp tos Mdpxios pév ovdev dmedeifaro TH TOAEL OTPATHYOV, GAAA Tois TodEulots KATA Ths tatpioos: ’AX«iBiadou dé kal otpatevopévov ToAAGaKLES Kal OTpaTHYOUVTOS aTéXavaay oi ‘AOn- vaiot Kat Tapmy éxpate. tTav éxOpav Scov éBov- AeTO, Kal pn Tapovtos ioyvoav at daBonrai: Mdpxzios 5é trapev id ‘Popaiwy KxatedixdaOn, mapovta 5é€ Ovorodoxor SiéPOecpav, od dexaiws pev ovd oaiws, aitiay 5é tod evrAdyou Tapéoxev avtos, Ste Snpocia tas Siadvoers pr) mpoocdegd- pevos, toia bé mrewcbels Ud Ta YyUvatKaV oOvK édvoe THY ExOpav, GAXA TOU ToAéuou pévoVTOS amT@\ece TOV Katpov Kat SiéPOecpe. Treicavta yap &e. Tovs memurtevxotas ameAdOeiv, ev Tov mpos éxetvous Sixaiov mrelotov émovetto Noyov. ei 5é pnddv eppovtiteyv OvorovcKwv, GdrrdA THY opyny éuTARoaL THY éavtov BovropeEvos evnye Tov ToNEnoV, elt EAnEev, ov Sua THY pNTépa Karas elye heicacbat Ths TaTpiOos, GAAA ody TH WaT pid. THS MNTPOS* épos yap Hv Kal 7h uATNp Kal 7 yuVy THs Tatpidos iy émodopKer. To 5é Sypociass ixeotats Kal Senoes mpécRewv nal ALTais Lepéwy 226 30) ALCIBIADES AND CORIOLANUS due in view of his valorous achievements, was defeated. And so it was that the one could not make himself hated by his countrymen, even when he was doing them harm; while the other was after all not beloved, even while he was admired. IV. For Marcius did not, as a commander, obtain any great successes for his city, but only for his enemies against his country ; whereas Alcibiades was often of service to the Athenians, both as a private soldier and as a commander. When he was at home, he mastered his adversaries to his heart’s content ; it was when he was absent that their calumnies pre- vailed. Marcius, on the contrary, was with the Romans when they condemned him, and with the Volscians when they slew him. The deed was not in accordance with justice or right, it is true, and yet his own acts supplied an excuse for it, because, after rejecting the terms of peace publicly offered, and suffering himself to be persuaded by the private solicitations of the women, he did not put an end to hostilities, but allowed the war to continue, while he threw away for ever its golden opportunity. For he should have won the consent of those who had put their trust in him, before retiring from his position, if he had the highest regard for their just claims upon him. If, on the other hand, he cared nothing for the Volscians, but was prosecuting the war merely to satisfy his own anger, and then stopped it abruptly, the honourable course had been, not to spare his country for his mother’s sake, but his mother together with his country ; since his mother and his wife were part and parcel of the native city which he was be- sieging. But after giving harsh treatment to public supplications, entreaties of embassies, and prayers of 227 - Q 2 _PLUTARCH’S LIVES aTnvas xXpnodpevov celta yapicacOar TH pnp THY dvaY@pnoL, ov THS PNTPOS Hv Ton, GAN aTimia THs Twatpidos, oilxtm Kal Tapaitnoe dia pilav yuvaixa owlouérvns, @s ovK akias calecOar dc’ aithy. érridOovos yap ydpis Kal w@pn Kal aydpistos adnOes nal mpos ovderépovs Exovca TO EvYyVapov aveyapnoe yap pte Trevadels bd TOV TrONELOULEVOY NTE Teiaas TOUS TUpmTTOAE- povuvTas. “Qv aitiov airdvtwv 76 advopirntoyv Tod TpoTrov kal diay vrrepidhavoy Kat avOades, 5 Kal’ avo pev eTTraXOés Eats Tois ToAXois, TH 5é hiroTipo @Mpooov yiverat tTavtdmaciw adypiov Kal ama- pairntov. ov yap Oeparrevovat Tovs TOANOUS WS pn Seopevoe tins, elta YanreTraivover py TYVyXa- vovTes. é7rel TO ye py AcTrapH unde OepatrevTiKov dyAwv evar kal MérerXos eclye cal “Apiotetdns cal Evrapevovdas adda TO Katadpovety arnOas av Onuos éote kal dodvat cai apedécOae Kvptos, éfootpaxtlopevoe Kat aToXELpoTovovpevot fat katabixalopevoe toAAdKis ovK wpyifovTo Tots TONTALS AYVWLOVOVELY, GAN Hyatrwv avOis peTa- peropévovs Kal SinAXAaTTOVTO TapakadovvTov. Tov yap tKiota Oepamrevtixovy xtota Tpérres TLULWPNTLKOV ELVAL TOV TOAADY, WS TO YaXeTraivery pardLoTa pn TUYXaVoVYTA Ths Tints ex TOU opodpa yMixerOar puopevov. V. “ArxtBiddns pév odv ovK Hpvetto TLL@pmEVvos yvaipey kal dvodopety Trapopwpevos, O0ev éerretpato 228 ALCIBIADES AND CORIOLANUS priests, then to concede his withdrawal as a favour to his mother, was not so much an honour to that mother, as it was a dishonour to his country, which was thus saved by the pitiful intercession of a single woman, and held unworthy of salvation for its own sake. Surely the favour was invidious, and harsh, and really no favour at all, and unacceptable to both parties; for he retired without listening to the per- suasions of his antagonists, and without gaining the consent of his comrades-in-arms. The cause of all this lay in his unsociable, very overweening, and self-willed disposition, which of itself is offensive to most people, and when combined with an ambitious spirit, becomes altogether savage and implacable. Such men pay no court to the multitude, professing not to want their honours, and then are vexed if they do not get them. Certainly there was no tendency to importune or court the favour of the multitude in men like Metellus, Aris- tides, and Epaminondas ; but owing to their genuine contempt for what a people has the power to give and take away, though they were repeatedly ostra- cised, defeated at elections, and condemned in courts of justice, they cherished no anger against their countrymen for their ingratitude, but showed them kindness again when they repented, and were recon- ciled with them when they asked it. Surely he who least courts the people’s favour, ought least to resent their neglect, since vexation over failure to receive their honours is most apt to spring from an excessive longing after them. V. Well, then, Alcibiades would not deny that he rejoiced to be honoured, and was displeased to be overlooked, and he therefore tried to be agreeable 229 aan ra LIVES poo gids elvat Tots Tapovar Kal KeXapLaMEvOs” Mapxcov dé Oepamrever per ovK éla Tous TUMaY Suvapévous Kat abgew TO Umepnpavor, opyny dé Ka Avmny apehouperp To Pehoripwov Trapelye. Kai AUT’ got & TUS av aitidcalto TOU av- dpos' Ta 8 aa qjwavta Aa pa. Ta@ppoovrns dé Kal Ypnuatov éyKpareias évexa Tots api Tous Kai Ka apardrors TOV EdAgjvev aEvov avrov mapaBadnevp, ovK "AdKiBrddy pa Aia TO Opacu- TAT@ tepl TavTa Kal OdLywpoTaT@ TOD Kadov yevopeva. ALCIBIADES AND CORIOLANUS and pleasant to his associates; but the overweening pride of Marcius would not suffer him to pay court to those who had the power to honour and advance him, while his ambition made him feel angry and hurt when he was neglected. These are the blame- worthy traits in the man, but all the rest are brilliant. And for his temperance and superiority to wealth, he deserves to be compared with the best and purest of the Greeks, not with Alcibiades, who, in these regards, was the most unscrupulous of men, and the most careless of the claims of honour. 231 LYSANDER AYZANAPOSX I. ‘O "AxavOiov Onoavpos év Ach pois ém- ypagny € exe TOLAUTHY" ae Bpacidas Kal “AxavO or amr AOnvaiwy: ” 510 xal TroAXol Tov évTos €oToTA Tov otKov Tapa Tais Ovpass NOvov avdpravTa Bpacidov vopitovew elvat. Avadv8pou dé éorw elKoviKos, €D udda Kouevros eer TO TAKAUG Kat Toryova caderpevou yevvaiov. ov yap, Os évtot acy, A pyetov peTa THY peyddny HrTay € éml Trév- Jee KapevTov ol Lraptuaras ™ pos 76 aytimaov avrois TAS KOMLAS GryANOWEVOL Tois Temparywevors avicay, oveé Baxyradav tov &x Kopiv@ov puyov- TOV els Naxedaipova TAaTEWOY Kal apoppov dua 70 xeipac Oat Tas Keparas pavévtay ets Cijvov avrol TOD Komay HrGov, adda Ka TOUTO AvKoup- yeLov eat. Kal pacw aurov elmety @S 1) KOU TOUS pev Kanovs eUmpeTTeaTépous opacOa. trorei, Tous 6é aiaxpovs poBepwrtépous. II, Aéyerar be ) Avadvdpov TaTnp “Apioro- KhetTos oiklas mev ov yeverdat Baciduxijs, GAdws dé yévous elvat TOU TOY ‘Hpakredav. eTpagny bé ) Avcavdpos éy evia, Kal mapéaxev éauTov EVTAKTOV, WS EL TLS ddXos, 7 pos TOUS € to Lous Kat 1 In sB.c. 424, Brasidas won Acanthus, a town on the Chalcidic peninsula, away from its alliance with Athens (Thue. iv. 84-88). 2 Herodotus, i. 82. 234 434 LYSANDER I. Tue treasury of the Acanthians at Delphi bears this inscription: “ Brasidas and the Acanthians, with spoil from the Athenians.”! For this reason many think that the marble figure standing within the edifice, by the door, is a statue of Brasidas. But it really represents Lysander, with his hair very long, after the ancient custom, and growing a generous beard. For it is not true, as some state, that because the Argives, after their great defeat, shaved their heads for sorrow, the Spartans, in contrary fashion, let their hair grow long in exultation over their victory ;? nor was it because the Bacchiadae,? when they fled from Corinth to Lacedaemon, looked mean and unsightly from having shaved their heads, that the Spartans, on their part, became eager to wear their hair long; but this custom also goes back to Lycurgus. And he is reported to have said that a fine head of hair makes the handsome more comely to look upon, and the ugly more terrible.‘ II. The father of Lysander, Aristocleitus, is said to have been of the lineage of the Heracleidae, though not of the royal family. But Lysander was reared in poverty, and showed himself as much as any man conformable to the customs of his people ; 3 An oligarchical family, deposed from rule in Corinth by Cypselus, about 650 p.c. (Herod. v. 92). 4 Cf. Lycurgua, xxii. 1. 235 PLUTARCH’S LIVES b) , N / , e lol A ” avdp@on Kal KpeiTTova Taans HndovAS, TWANV Eb TLVA TLUL@pmévoLs Kal KaTOpOOVGLY ai Kadai Tpakes emipépovot. tavtTns 5é ok aloypov éoti HTTa- \ , 3 iA 4 \ > A bd c0at Tovs véous év {raptyn. BovrAovrar yap evOus é& apXIS TWacyelv Te TOvs Tratdas avTav pos dokay, aXyuvopévous TE TOIS Yoyots Kal peyaXuvopLevous \ a e 4 uTO TaV éTraivoy: o bé aTrabns Kal axivntos év 4 TOVTOLS WS AtAOTLBWOS pos apeTnV Kal apryds Katadpoveitar. To pev odv diroTLLov avT@ Kat dtrovercov éx THs Aaxwvixns tapéueve tradeias , eryryevopevov, Kal ovdéy Te péya ypn THY pvow év TovTots aitiacOar Deparrevtixds S¢ Tov Svvatav PadXov 7} KaTa Yraptiatyny dvoee Soxet yevécOat, 4 4 > , , 5) ral v kai Bapos éEoucias bia ypetav éveyxety evKoXos: O TONTLKHS SELVOTHTOS OV pLXPOY EvLoL TroLODY TAL 9 pépos. “Aprotorérns S€ Tas peydras hicess atro- daivav pedayyortKds, ws THY Yoxpatovs Kat ¢ a IAdtwvos cai Hpakréous, totopet cat Avcavdpov ovK evOUs, ANNA pec BUTEpor OYTA TH WeXayYoMa : pea Birep fi weharyyonie TEPLTTET ELD. “Iétov S€ avtod pddtcTa TO KaAe@s TreviaV / “ , \ dhépovta, cal pndapod xparnOévra pndé d:adOa- 4 A pévta xXpnpacw avTov, éuTrAjoar thy Tatpida lA \ / \ aA TRovTOV Kal dtroTAOVUTLAS Kal Tradcat Oavpalo- f a A Hévny eri Te pn Oavpdley rAodTOY, eiodyovTa / o) Xpuciov nal dpyupiov wAnOos peta tov ‘“ArteKxov , A TodELOV, EavT@ 5 pndeuiav Spayuny virodeTd- 4 \ a Hevoy. Atovvoiov d€ tov tTupdvvov méprpaytos > A A ; A aA avTov Talis Ouyatpdot ToAUTEAH YLT@MA TOY 2 36 LYSANDER of a manly spirit, too, and superior to every pleasure, excepting only that which their good deeds bring to those who are successful and honoured. To this pleasure it is no disgrace for the youth in Sparta to succumb. Indeed, from the very first they wish their boys to be sensitive towards public opinion, distressed by censure, and exalted by praise ; and he who is in- sensible and stolid in these matters, is looked down upon as without ambition for excellence, and a cum- berer of the ground. Ambition, then, and the spirit of emulation, were firmly implanted in him by his Laconian training, and no great fault should be found with his natural disposition on this account. But he seems to have been naturally subservient to men of power and influence, beyond what was usual in a Spartan, and content to endure an arrogant authority for the sake of gaining his ends, a trait which some hold to be no small part of political ability. And Aristotle, when he sets forth that great natures, like those of Socrates and Plato and Heracles, have a tendency to melancholy, writes also! that Lysander, not immediately, but when well on in years, was a © prey to melancholy. But what is most peculiar in him is that, though he bore poverty well, and though he was never mastered nor even corrupted by money, yet he filled his country full of wealth and the love of wealth, and made her cease to be admired for not admiring wealth, importing as he did an abundance of gold and silver after the war with Athens, although he kept not a single drachma for himself. And when Dionysius the tyrant sent his daughters some costly tunics of Sicilian make, he would not receive them, 1 Problema, xxx. 1. 237 PLUTARCH’S LIVES DeKEABY, OvK éraBev, elroy poetic bar wy dua TavTa paddov aicxpal pavocty. arr ddLyov Uatepov Tpos TOV avTOoV TUpavvov éx THs avTns TOES aTroaTanels mpeo Beut ys, T POoTréMYaVvTOS auT@ dvo0 oTohas éxeivou xal KedXevoavTos iY Rotheras TOUTOV Ehopuevov Th Ouyatpi Kopiter, avuTny exelyny épn BéXtov aipnoccOau, Kal XaBov auotepas amnrev. III. ‘Evel dé rod Tledomovynataxod TONE MOU PAKS NapBavovtos, Kal pera THY év Lexedig TOV Onvaiwy KaKoT paryiav avutixa per érddEov ovTey éxtreceia bat TIS ararrns, ov TONN@ dé Do Tepov aTrayopeva ety TavtaTacw, “AdKiBiadys amo THS puyis €TLTTAS TOIS mpdypact peyadny petaBorny é érroinge Kal KatéoThCe TOUS VAUTLKOUS ayavas eis avtTitaXov avrtots, Seioavtes ovv ob Aaxedarpovrot manip kal YEVOMEVOL tals mpo- Ouplats Kawvot mpos TOV TrOAEpOD, as WYYEWOvOS TE devvod Kal TapacKevis eppwpevertépas Seopevor, EK TPE TOUT LY él THY THS Gararrns myepoviav Avoavdpov. yevopevos & év ’Edéco, nal tv TONY eUpav eivouv fev avT@ al Aaxwvilovoav mpoOuporata, TpaTTovoav 88 réTe AUTpas Kal KLV- Suvevovcay éxBapBapwOjvac Tots Tepacnots eBecr dua Tas emmmtias, a are 84 THs Avotas TEpLKEX UpE- yns kat tov BaciwKav oTparnyav avroOt ta Troha, StatprBovtar, oT patomedov Baropevos Kat Ta WAOLA mavtay ev ErnerO au Kedevoas EXEL TA poprnya, Kal vauTnyiay Tpinpwv exel KaTa- oTKevac duevos, Tals pay ew roptais TOUS Arpévas avTav avéraBev, épyaciass 6é THD aryopay, xpn- paticopav Sé Tovs olxovs Kal Tas Téxyvas eve- 238 LYSANDER saying he was afraid they would make his daughters look more ugly. But a little later, when he was sent as ambassador to the same tyrant from the same city, and was presented by him with two robes, and ordered to choose which of them he would, and carry it to his daughter, he said that she could choose better herself, and went off with both of them. III. The Peloponnesian war had now been carried on for a long time, and after their disaster in Sicily! it was expected that the Athenians would straight- way lose their control of the sea, and presently give up the struggle altogether. But Alcibiades, returning from exile and taking the command, wrought a great change, and made his countrymen again a match for their enemies by sea.2, The Lacedaemonians, accord- ingly, were frightened again, and summoning up fresh zeal for the war, which required, as they thought, an able leader and a more powerful armament, sent out Lysander to take command upon the sea.2 When he came to Ephesus, he found the city well disposed to him and very zealous in the Spartan cause, al- though it was then in a low state of prosperity and in danger of becoming utterly barbarized by the admixture of Persian customs, since it was enveloped by Lydia, and the King’s generals made it their headquarters. He therefore pitched his camp there, and ordered the merchant vessels from every quarter to land their cargoes there, and made preparations for the building of triremes. Thus he revived the trafic of their harbours, and the business of their market, and filled their houses and workshops with 1413 n.c. Cf. Thue. viii. 2. 2 Cf. Alcibiades, xxxii. 4. * In the autumn of 408 B.c. 239 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ~~ 9 n s TANTEY, WOTE TPWTOV am éKElvov TOD \YpovoU THv Tod év édmide TOD Tept adTHY VdV oVTOS wv f \ / f dyxou Kal peyéGous da Avoavdpoyr yevéo Bat. / A A IV. [IvOdpevos 5€ Kipoy eis Yapders apiyOat Tov Bactréws viov, avéBn StareEopevos avT@ Kat / Ticadépvov xatnyopnowv, ds éxwv mpootaypa Aaxedatpoviots Bonetvy nal tis Oardoons é€- erdoat tovs "AOnvaiouvs, éboxer 60 *AXKtBiadnv udiéuevos ampoOvmos eivar Kal yAloxpws yopn- yav TO vauvtixov POecipew. jv de xal Kip@ Bovdo- péve Tov Ticadépyny ev aitias eivat Kal Kaxas aKovew, Twovnpoy évta Kal mpos avdrov dia , ” AY 4 \ a d Stadepopevov. Ex te 59 TovTwY Kal THS aNANS cuvdtartnoews o Avoavipos ayannbels xal TO n a e \ Oeparevtik@ padiota Ths opsdcas EX@v TO pELpa- 3 , \ \ 4 > N \ 3 Ktov ém@éppwoe TOS TOY TrOAEpOY. ETeEL dé aTTAN- 4 / > A e a) e ce) AatTecOat Bovropevoy avTov éoti@y o Kiupos n&iov py SiwOeic8ar Tas wap avtov pidodpo- auvas, adr’ aiteiy 6 Bovroto nal ppalew ws > N e “A > ? e \ e J ovoevos aTAM@S atroTevEopEvoyv, UTrohaBav o Av- é 6 ay \ 4 > >] 9 ce Lif 4 ° gavopos, Wel ToWwur, eltrev, “ oUTWS EYXELS, Kipe, wpoOupias, aitodpai ce cal twapaxadr® mpocbecivar T@ pcO@ TaV vavTav Bord», Sirws tetpw@Borov avti tpiwBdorov AauBavwctv.” Ha- Geis odv o Kiopos él tH irotipia tod avdpos J > A P A va > r > / f pupious avT@ dSapetxous Eaxer, é& My éripeTpnoas ov O6BoXov Tots vav bra Z vA Tov ov Tots vavTais Kal Naumpuvdpevos OMy@ Vpovm Tas vavds TOY Torepioy Kevas érroinoey. > 4 \ e \ \ \ A amepoiT@v yap oi ToAAOl mpos Tous WAéov be- 240 LYSANDER profits, so that from that time on, and through his efforts, the city had hopes of achieving the stateliness and grandeur which it now enjoys. IV. When he learned that Cyrus, the King’s son, was come to Sardis,! he went up to confer with him and to accuse Tissaphernes, who, though he was commissioned to aid the Lacedaemonians and drive the Athenians from the sea, was thought to be remiss in his duty, through the efforts of Alcibiades,? showing lack of zeal, and destroying the efficiency of the fleet by the meagre subsidies which he gave. Now Cyrus was well pleased that Tissaphernes, who was a base man and privately at feud with him, should be ac- cused and maligned. By this means, then, as well as by his behaviour in general, Lysander made him- self agreeable, and by the submissive deference of his conversation, above all: else, he won the heart of the young prince, and roused him to prosecute the war with vigour. At a banquet which Cyrus gave him as he was about to depart, the prince begged him not to reject the tokens of his friendliness, but to ask plainly for whatever he desired, since nothing whatsoever would be refused him. “Since, then,” said Lysander in reply, “thou art so very kind, I beg and entreat thee, Cyrus, to add an obol to the pay of my sailors, that they may get four obols instead of three.’’® Cyrus, accordingly, delighted with his public spirit, gave him ten thousand darics, out of which he added the obol to the pay of his seamen, and, by the renown thus won, soon emptied the ships of his enemies. For most of their seamen 1 He succeeded Tissaphernes as satrap of Lydia. 2 Cf. Alcibiades, xxv. 1-2. 3 Cf. Xen. Hell. i. 5, 6f. 241 VOL. IV. R PLUTARCH’S LIVES dovtas, ob b¢é MEVOVTES dm pobupo. Kat aracvades eyivovto Kal Kane mrapeixov oonpepat Tols oTpaTn- yois. ov pny andra Kaimep ovTwS TEepioTdcas Kal KAKMOAS TOUS TohepLous O ) Nbcavdpos a@ppaver vaupaxeiv, Spactnptov 6 évra TOV ‘AdoBeddny Kal veav mrnOee TepLovTa Kat paxas Kal Kata viv Kal Kara Oddarray els éxeivo ypovou Tacas ajT- TNHTOV ayovec peévoy dedorxas. V. ’Errel dé 0 pe ‘AdwiBiddns els Dwxaiav éx Sdpou OueTrAevoev émt TOU aTohov KATANTOV ‘Avtioyov Tov KuBepynrnyv, o oé ‘AVTLOXos olov éepuBpilov TO Avadvipy Kal Opacuvopevos érré- TAEUTE duo T pti perv eis TOV Arpéva TOV "Edeoiov Kal Tapa Tov vavoTad pov yehore Kal TaTayy Npwpevos coRapas trapnauver, aryavar- THOAS O O Avcavépos Kal KaTaoTdoas TO 7 P@TOV ov Tohhas TOV Tpinpav ediwxey avTov, Lowy 5é av TOUS ‘AOnvaious BonBoivras addas émipou, Kail TéXOS évaupdxovy TUL TETOVTES. évica 6é Avcavdpos, Kal mevTexaidena Tpinpets aBov éaTnoe TpoTraLov. él TOUT@ TOY “Adar Buddyy O pev éy aotet Sipos apyiobels aTEXELPOT ONT ED, ume dé TOY év Zapp oTpATLaT@DV arypalopevos Kal KaKOS akovwy amém devo ev eis Xeppornaov ék Tod otpatomésov. TAUTHY bev ovv Thy paxny, KaiTrep ov peyadny TH modager ° yevopevny, 7 TUXN d2 "AdXniBiddny o ovopac Thy érroincey. ‘O &é Avaavépos aro TOV TWOAEWY ELS “Edecov HETATTELTOMEVOS ods édpa pddiora tals Te TOA- pats Kat Tois ppovnpacw brép TOUS TOAAOUS dvTas, apyas tréometpe Tov Batepov er avTod yevopéevwv Sexadbapyiav Kal vewrepiopav, mpo- 242 LYSANDER came over to those who offered higher pay, and those who remained were listless and mutinous, and gave daily trouble to their officers. However, al- though he had thus injured and weakened his ene- mies, Lysander shrank from a naval battle, through fear of Alcibiades, who was energetic, had a greater number of ships, and in all his battles by land and sea up to that time had come off victorious. V. But after this, Alcibiades sailed away from Samos to Phocaea, leaving Antiochus, his pilot, in command of the fleet; and Antiochus, as if in bold mockery of Lysander, put in to the harbour of Ephesus with two triremes, and rowed ostentatiously past his ships, as they lay drawn up on shore, with noise and laughter. Lysander was incensed, and launching at first only a few of his triremes, pursued him ; then seeing that the Athenians were coming to the rescue, he manned others, and at last the action became general. Lysander was victorious, too, captured fifteen triremes, and set up a trophy. Thereupon the people of Athens, flying into a passion, deposed Alcibiades from his command, and finding himself slighted and abused by the soldiers at Samos, he left the camp and sailed off to the Chersonese. This battle, then, although actually not a great one, was made memorable by its bearing on the fortunes of Alcibiades.} Lysander now summoned from their various cities to Ephesus men whom he saw to be most eminent for confidence and daring, and sowed in their minds the seeds of the revolutionary decadarchies? after- wards instituted by him, urging and inciting them to 1 Cf. Alcibiades, xxxv.-xxxvi. * Governing bodies of ten men. PLUTARCH’S LIVES TpéTov Kal Trapok-vver éTaipika cuvictacbat Kai Mpocéxely TOV VOY TOlS TpaYyLATLY, WS Gua TH KatadvOjnvar tous "AOnvaiovs tav te Snpwv amaniakopevovs Kxal duvactevoovtas év Tais matpiat. Tovtwy dé tHy wiotw éxdoTtm de Epywv mapetye, Tos On yeyovdtas Pidrous avT@ kal Eévous eis peydAa mpdyyata Kal Tipas Kal oTpaTnyias avaywv, Kal ocuvadieav Kai ouvek- apaptavav avtos brép Tis éxeivwv wreovettas, @oTe Tpocéxe Atravtas avT@ Kal yapilerOar kal qoeiv, érmifovtas ovdevos atuxnoey Tov peytotwv éxelvou xpatovvtos. 8:0 Kal Kad- AuKpaTibay ovT’ EVOds Hdéws eldov EADdVTA TO Avodvip» siddoxyov Tis vavapxias, ovTE, ws vaotepov didovs meipay avnp épaiveto mavTwv apiotos Kal SixatoTatos, npécxovtTo TH TpoT|e THS Hyeuwovias amrody Te Kal Awpioyv éyovons Kat adnOivov. adda TOvTOU péev THY apeTHY WoTrEP ayadrpatos pwixod Kddros eOavpatov, émodouv 6é THY éxeivou aotrovdny Kal TO pidétarpov Kai vpemodes Cn Touv, Bate aOupety éxmrNéoVvTOS AVTOD kat Saxpvew. VI. ‘O &€ tovrovs te t@ Kadndexpartida duc- peveotépous emotes éTt padAdov, kal tav bo Kvpov ypnudtwv avt@ debouévwr eis TO vauTixov Ta TeplovTa TaAL eis apdeis avetreprpev, AUTOV aiteiv, eb BovNorTo, Tov Kaddxpatidav Kal oxo- meiy Straws Opéror Tovs atTpati@tas Kedevoas. Téros O€ atromAéwv euaptipato mpdos avTov StL 244 436 LYSANDER form political clubs in their several cities, and apply themselves to public affairs, assuring them that as soon as the Athenian empire was destroyed, they could rid. themselves of their democracies and be- come themselves supreme in power. Moreover, by actual benefits he gave them all a confidence in this future, promoting those who were already his friends and allies to large enterprises and honours and com- mands, and taking a share himself in their injustice and wickedness in order to gratify their rapacity. Therefore all attached themselves to him, courted his favour, and fixed their hearts upon him, expecting to attain all their highest ambitions if only he re- mained in power. Therefore, too, they neither looked kindly upon Callicratidas at the first, when he came to succeed Lysander in the admiralty,! nor afterwards, when he had shown by manifest proofs that he was the justest and noblest of men, were they pleased with the manner of his leadership, which had a certain Doric simplicity and sincerity. They did, indeed, admire his virtue, as they would the beauty of a hero’s statue; but they yearned for the zealous support of Lysander, and missed the interest which he took in the welfare of his partisans, so that when he sailed away they were dejected and shed tears. VI. Lysander made these men yet more dis affected towards Callicratidas. He also sent back to Sardis what remained of the money which Cyrus had given him for the navy, bidding Callicratidas ask for it himself, if he wished, and see to the maintenance of his soldiers. And finally, as he sailed away, he called Callicratidas to witness that 1 Late in the year 407 B.c. It was Spartan policy to change their admiral yearly. 245 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Jaraccoxpatobv TO vavTLKOY Tmrapadidwaw. o 6€ Bovdopevos éréyEar TI prhotipiay drabovixny Kal Kevny ovoav, ‘ Ovxoodr,” (eon, a AaBov év apiotepe Lapov Kat TepiTAEVTAS ets Mianrov éxel pot mapados Tas _Tpinpers: dedrévar yap ov xpn TapaT NeovTas Tpas TOUS év Zdue Tonepious, el Jaraccoxpatobpev.” 7 pos TavTa ¢iT@v o Avaavépos 6 STL OVK auros, GNX’ éxetvos dpxor TOY veaV, amemXevoev els Tedorevvnoor, év TON TOD Kadrrxpartidav arropig KaTahim@. ouTeE yap oixobev adixto Xpjpata Kouitwv, ote Tas TONELS apyuponoyelv Kat BuateoOar poxOnpa: Tpatrovaas Um épetve. Novtrov obv hv emt Oupas iovtTa TOV Baciréws oT parnyan, @aOTrEp Avoav- Spos, ately: ™ pos & mavTwv adver taros erbyXa- ver, avnp érevbépios Kal peyardodpor, Kal macav ud ‘EX Hrray * ‘EAAnow NYOUMEVOS EU TTpE- Teo TEpay elvat TOU KoAaKevey Kal portray ent Ovpas avO por av BapBapov, TOAV Ypuciov, AXXO & ovdév xadov exovTa. "ExBialomevos dé bird THS drropias, avaBas els Avoiay evdus emopevero els THY otxiav Tov Kupov, Kat ppates mpooétakeyv St Kanddxparidas ° pavapxos Tres SiarexOfvar Bovrdpevos auTe. trav & én Oupacs TLvVOS el7rOVTOS, ss "AAD ov axon viv, & féve, Kupo iver yap,” ade- AeoTaTa Tes O Kadvuxparioas, i Ovder,” é ep, = dewvor- avTov yap éoT@sS avapeva, wey pt Tn. TOTE pev ouv b0fas aypotKkés Tis elvar Kal KATO yeraobels tard Trav BapBapor annnrber émrel de kad Sevtepov éay emi Oupas ov mapeiOn, Bapéws 246 LYSANDER the fleet which he handed over to him was in com- mand of the sea. But he, wishing to prove the emptiness and vanity of this ambitious boast, said : ‘In that case, keep Samos on the left, sail to Miletus, and there hand the triremes over to me; surely we need not fear to sail past the enemy at Samos if we are masters of the sea.”” To this Lysander answered that Callicratidas, and not he, was in command of the ships, and sailed off to Peloponnesus, leaving Callicratidas in great perplexity.!_ For neither had he brought money from home with him, nor could he bear to lay the cities under forced contribution when they were already in an evil plight. The only course left, therefore, was to go to the doors of the King’s generals, as Lysander had done, and ask for money. For this he was of all men least fitted by nature, being of a free and lofty spirit, and one who thought any and every defeat of Greeks at the hands of Greeks more becoming to them than visits of flattery to the houses of Barbarians, who had much gold, but nothing else worth while. Constrained, however, by his necessities, he went up into Lydia, proceeded at once to the house of Cyrus, and ordered word to be sent in that Callicratidas the admiral was come and wished to confer with him. And when one of the door-keepers said to him: “But Cyrus is not at leisure now, Stranger, for he is at his wine’’; Callicratidas replied with the utmost simplicity: “‘No matter, I will stand here and wait till he has had his wine.” This time, then, he merely withdrew, after being taken for a rustic fellow and laughed at by the Barbarians. But when he was come a second time to the door and 1 Cf. Xen. Hell. i. 6, 2. 247 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éveynav eis “Edecov @yeTo, TroANa pev €rra- p@pevos Kaka Tols mMpwTors evtpupPnOciow wb7r0 BapBdpov xai diddkacw adtovs bBpivev dia TAodTOY, ouviwv dé pds TOvs TapovTas H UNV, Stav mp@tov eis Yraptny mwapayévnta, wavTa mownoe UmTép Tod StadrvOjvar tors "EXXAqvas, os dhoBepol tois BapBdpors elev avtol cal mavoawro THS exeivov em’ ANANNOUS Sedpevor Surapews. VII. "AAA@ Kardrxparidas pév aka rtijs AaxeSaipovos Stavonbeis, nal yevdopuevos Tois ax- pots evdptrXros tav “EXXAjver b1a Stxatocvvny Kat peyarowvyiav cal dvdpetay, weT ov TOoNUY ypovoVv év "Apywovoas xatavavpaynoels npavicOn. Ta 5é mpaypdtav trodepopévwry of cvppayot mrpec- Betav wéurovtes eis Sardptny yrodvtTo Avoavdpov él Thy vavapxiav, @s Todv mpoOupoTEepoy av- TLANWOMEVOL TOY TpayLaTawV exelvou oTpaTNYoUY- tos. Ta S€ avTa Kat Kipos akiav éméoredrev. érrel dé vopos HY ovK e@v Sis Tov avTOY vavapyety, éBovrovro te Xapiler Oar trois cuppayous ot Aaxe- datpoviot, TO mév dvopa THs vavapyias “Apaxm Tit TrepréBecav, Tov 5é Avoavdpoy émistoNéa TH Noy, TO O Epym KUptov andvtwv ékérepav. Tos peéev ovV TAEiCTOLS THY TrOALTEVOLeVOY Kal duvapévav év tais mwodceot madat TOOoUpeEVvos nKev HATov yap éte waddov laxtvoev Sv avdtod mavraTract Tov Syuwwv Katadvbévtayv ois 5é TOV aTOdY Kal yevvatoy ayaTaoLt TOV Tryepovev 437 248 LYSANDER was refused admittance, he was indignant, and set off for Ephesus, invoking many evils upon those who first submitted to the mockery of the Barbarians and taught them to be insolent because of their wealth, and swearing roundly to the bystanders that as soon as he got back to Sparta, he would do all he could to reconcile the Greeks with one another, in order that they might themselves strike fear into the Barbarians, and cease soliciting their power against each other. VII. But Callicratidas, after cherishing purposes worthy of Lacedaemon, and showing himself worthy to compete with the most eminent of the Greeks by reason of his righteousness, magnanimity, and valour, not long afterwards lost the sea-fight at Arginusae and vanished from among men.! Then, their cause declining, the allies sent an embassy to Sparta and asked that Lysander be made admiral, declaring that they would grapple much more vigorously with the situation if he were their commander. Cyrus also sent to make the same request. Now the Lacedae- monians had a law forbidding that the same man should be admiral twice, and yet they wished to gratify their allies; they therefore invested a certain Aracus with the title of admiral, and sent out Ly- sander as vice-admiral,? nominally, but really with supreme power. So he came out, as most of those who had political power and influence in the cities had long desired, for they expected to become still stronger by his aid when the popular governments had been utterly overthrown ; but to those who loved simplicity and nobility in the character of their leaders, 1 In the late summer of 406 B.c. (Xen. Hell. i. 6, 33). ” In the spring of 405 B.c. (Xen. Hell. ii. 1, 7). 249 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TpoTrov, 0 Avcavdpos 76 Kadnuxpatisa Tapa- Barrépevos edones mavoupyos eivar Kal copuaris, an drats T2 TOAAG StatrotkiArwv Tov TOE OU Kal TO Sixatov érl TO AvovtehobvTe peyahuver, et dé un, TO oud épovre Xpwpevos as Kan, Kal TO arndes ou poet TOU Wrevdous Kpeitrov you - Hevos, an’ ExaTEpOU Th xpela THY TEND opitev. tav & afvovvTov H41) Tonepely peta S0A0uv Tovs ag’ ‘Hpaxhéous yeyoveras KaTayedav éxédever” = ‘Orrov yap 7 NcovTH un éedixvettar, TpocpamTéov éxel THY GNwTEKHDY.” VIII. Tosatra dé adtod nai ta rept Mianrop ioTopyntar. TeV yap pirov cal Eévwv, ols vmé- oXETO cuyKaTaduoely Te TOV Ofyov Kal ouven- Bareiv TOUS Siapopous, peraBaropevor kal dvan- Aayévtwy Tots éyOpois, havepas pev HOecIar 7 pogeTroteiTo Ka ouvdiadrarrew, Kpvpa dé Aosdopaiv autos Kal Kcaxilov mapatuve émt- Béa8as Tois ToNois. ws dé nadero rytvomevny THY emavacTacty, o&éws BonOicas Kal Tapercen- Gav eis: THY Todw ols Tparous emuTuyot TOV vet epilovt ey eXanéTratve TH pova Kal T pootyye TpaxXUvo"EVOS és émiOioav dieny avtois, TOUS 5€ adXous exédeve Gappeiv Kal pndev ert T poo - Soxayv Sevov avtov TapovTos. vrrexpiveto 5é Taira, kal dvetroiKenrne, TOUS SnpoTixw@Tarous Kal Kpatio Tous Bovropevos a) gevyery, AX atroda- vei éy TH TOE peivartas. & kal cuvéBn: mavres yap ameahdynoay of Katamistevoartes. Arropvnpovevetat Sé Ud ’Avdpoxdeidou AOryos TOAAHY Tiva KAaTHYOp@V TOU Avaoavépou Trepi TOUS 250 LYSANDER Lysander, compared with Callicratidas, seemed to be unscrupulous and subtle, a man who tricked out most of what he did in war with the varied hues of deceit, extolling justice if it was at the same time profit- able, but if not, adopting the advantageous as the honourable course, and not considering truth as in- herently better than falsehood, but bounding his estimate of either by the needs of the hour. Those who demanded that the descendants of Heracles should not wage war by deceit ‘he held up to ridicule, saying that “where the lion’s skin will not reach, it must be patched out with the fox’s.” VIII. Of such a sort were his dealings with Mi- letus, according to the record. For when his friends and allies, whom he had promised to aid in over- throwing the democracy and expelling their oppo- nents, changed their minds and became reconciled to their foes, openly he pretended to be pleased and to join in the reconciliation; but in secret he reviled and abused them, and incited them to fresh attacks upon the multitude. And when he perceived that the uprising was begun, he quickly came up and entered the city, where he angrily rebuked the first conspirators whom he met, and set upon them roughly, as though he were going to punish them, but ordered the rest of the people to be of good cheer and to fear no further evil now that he was with them. But in this he was playing a shifty part, wishing the leading men of the popular party not to fly, but to remain in the city and be slain. And this was what actually happened; for all who put their trust in him were slaughtered. Furthermore, there is a saying of Lysander’s, re- corded by Androcleides, which makes him guilty of 251 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 Spkous evyéperav. exédXeve yap, ws hyo, TovS peéev raidas aotpaydXols, Tous dé avdpas Gpxots éFaratay, atroytpovpevos Tlonvxpdtn Tov Lasuov, ovK opOas TUpavvoy atpaTnyos, ovde Aaxwvixov TO xphoGar tois Oeois womep Tois Todepioss, parrov 5é UBpiotixwTepov. o yap bpxw Tapa- Kpovopevos Tov ev evOpov oporoyel Sedsévar, Tob 5é Jeod xatadpoveiv. IX. ‘O & ovv Kaipos els Sdapdas petaTepya- pevos Tov Avaavépon, Ta pév &dwxe, TA 5 btrésyeTO, yeavieva dpevos eis THY Exeivou Yap Kal et pndéev o matnp 860n KaTaxYopnynocew Ta oixela: Kav émtdimrn wavta, KataKoew pn tov Opovov éd’ @ KaOnpevos éxypynuatile, ypucodv Kal apyupouv 2 dvta. tédos dé eis Mydiav dvaBaivey mpds Tov matépa, Tovs Te opous améderEe TOV TrOACwY AapBave éxeivov, cai tTHv avTov Sieriotevaoev apyny domacdpevos 6é cal Senels ur) vavpaxeiv "A@nvaiots, mpiv adtov adixécbar wadw, adi€- ecOat 5é vais éyovta qwoddas Ex Te Dowinns cat Kiduxias, avéBawev ws Bactréa. Avoavdpos 5€ ute vavpayeiy ayyopdrA@ TAT- Oe. dSuvdpevos punte apyos KabélecOar peta veav TocovTaV, avaxGels evias TpoonyayeToO TOV VHTWY, Alyway te kai Ladapiva mpocpitas xatédpapev. 3 ets 66 THY "Attixny adtoBas Kal Tov "Ayw adoTtaca- pevos, KaTtéBn yap autos éx Aexedelas mpds autor, érédecEe TO mel TapovTe THY TOD vauUTLKOU ie ae re oe eo 1 Cf. Xen. Hell. ii. 1, 13 f. 2 In the spring of 413 B.c. the Spartans had fortified Deceleia, a few miles N.W. of Athens, and stationed there a 252 LYSANDER the greatest recklessness in the matter of oaths. It was his policy, according to this authority, “to cheat boys with knuckle-bones, but men with oaths,” thus imitating Polycrates of Samos; not a proper attitude in a general towards a tyrant, nor yet a Laconian trait to treat the gods as one’s enemies are treated, nay, more outrageously still; since he who over- reaches his enemy by means of an oath, confesses that he fears that enemy, but despises God. IX. Well, then, Cyrus, summoned Lysander to Sardis, and gave him this, and promised him that, ardently protesting, to gratify him, that he would actually squander his own fortune, if his father gave him nothing for the Spartans; and if all else failed, he said he would cut up the throne on which he sat when giving audience, a throne covered with gold and silver. And finally, as he was going up into Media to wait upon his father, he assigned to Lysander the tribute of the cities, and entrusted his own government to him; and embracing him in farewell, and begging him not to fight the Athenians at sea until he was come back, and promising to come back with many ships from Phoenicia and Cilicia, he set out to go up to the King.! Then Lysander, who could neither fight a naval battle on equal terms, nor remain idle with the large fleet at his disposal, put out to sea and reduced some of the islands, and touching at Aegina and Salamis, overran them. Then he landed in Attica and saluted Agis, who came down in person from Deceleia? to meet him, and displayed to the land forces there the - permanent garrison under Agis the king. Lysander’s ravaging of Aegina and Salamis was just before his siege of Athens, according to Xenophon (Hell. ii. 2, 9). 253 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pounv, as TAEWY i Bovnaorro, kparoy THS Oarar- TNS. Ov pay anna TOUS "AOnvatous aia Bopevos St@KovTas avTov GAX@ Spop@ 1a vnowy epevyev els THY ‘Aciay. Kat TOV ‘EX qo TovT ov epnpov KataraBov errexel pel Aapraxnvois avTos x Jararrns Tats vavat, Odpagk 5é TO Tel oTpATe ouvavucas ets TO aUTO poo éBane TOES TeLXEo LV. edo d€ THY TOMY Kata Kpatos StapTacat Tols OTPATLWTALS Edexev. o be TOV "AOnvaioy oT TONS 6ydonKovTa Kal éxaTov TPLNPwV éruyyave pev apts Kabwppic- pevos eis “EXavotvta THs Xeppovycou, muvd avo- pevot O€ arrohwhévat THY Adprpaxov evOvs Els Lnorov KaTaipovat. KaxetOev emtartiad wevor mapéTrevd av els Alyos TOTAMOUS, avTiTépas TOV Tohepiov ere vauAoXOvVT OV mept THY Adp- paxov. éoTpatyyouv 6é TOV "AOnvaiwv aNNot TE TAeLous Kal PDiroxdijs o o meioas Tore Yynbicacbat Tov Of pov amoKomTely TOV defvov dytixerpa TOV dda KopEeveny Kara moAepov, Strws Sopu pev hépery pn SvvevTar, KoTnv 5€é éLavvact. X. Tore pev obv aveTravovTo waves, eAmriCovres els THY vaTEpatay vavpaynoew. 0 6é Avaavépos GdAa pev Stevoeito, TpogeTaTTE dé vavTais Kat xuBepyirais, @S ary @Vv0s dpa TpEPA eA aad qepl épOpov eu Baiverv eis TAS Tpinpets Kal KabéC- ecOat Koo ne Kat TLwT Hs Sexopuevous TO Tapay- YeAAOuEVO?, as 6 atts Kal TO melov ev Taker Tapa THY Oddrarray novyater. dviaxovTos dé Tov HALou kal TOY ’"AOnvaiav HeTwmnooy a andacats ériTAeovTwV Kal mpoKadoupevwy, ayTITp@poUs 254 LYSANDER strength of his fleet, with the mien of one who sailed where he pleased and was master of the sea. But on learning that the Athenians were pursuing him, he fled by another route through the islands to Asia. Finding the Hellespont unguarded, he himself attacked Lampsacus from the sea with his ships, while Thorax, co-operating with the land forces, assaulted the walls. He took the city by storm, and gave it up to his soldiers to plunder.! Mean- while the Athenian fleet of a hundred and eighty triremes had just arrived at Elaeus in the Chersonese, and learning that Lampsacus had fallen, they straight- way put in at Sestos. There they took in provisions, and then sailed along to Aegospotami, over against their enemies, who were still in station at Lampsacus. The Athenians were under the command of several generals, among whom was Philocles, the man who had recently persuaded the people to pass a decree that their prisoners of war should have the right thumb cut off, that they might not be able to wield a spear, though they might ply an oar.? X. For the time being, then, all rested, expecting that on the morrow the fleets would engage. But Lysander was planning otherwise, and ordered his seamen and pilots, as though there would be a struggle at daybreak, to go on board their triremes in the early morning, and take their seats in order and in silence, awaiting the word of command, and that the land forces also, in the same manner, remain quietly in their ranks by the sea. When the sun rose, however, and the Athenians sailed up with all their ships in line and challenged to battle, although 1 Cf. Xen. Hell. ii. 1, 18 f. 2 See the note on xiii. 1. 255 aa PLUTARCH’S LIVES éxwv Tas vavs Kal memANpwpévas Ere vuKTOS OVE avnyeTo, TéuTr@Y O€ UaNpeTixa Tapa TAS TPwTAS TOV VEOV aTpEeuety exédeve Kal pévery ev Takes WN PopuBoupévous pnd avrextréovtas. ottw Sé trept SeiAnv atromAcovtwy oricw tav "AOnvaiwy ov MPOTEpoyv ek TOV vEe@V TOUS OTpaTLWTAS APHKED, et pn Sv0 Kal Tpets Tpinpers, As Emeurpe KaTAacKo- qous, €dOeiv iSévtras atroBeBnxotas Tovs TroNEMi- ous. 7H 8 vorepaia madwv éyivovto TadTa Kat TH Tpitn péxpe TeTapTyNs, Bote ToAV Tots *"AOn- vatows Opdcos éyyevécOas cal xatadpovycw ws SedtoTwy Kal cuverTAaApévoVv TOV TrodELiov. "Ev rouvrm dé ’AdrKiBiddns (ervyxave yap wept Xeppovnaov év trois éavtod retyeot StarTt@pevos) inT@ Mpocerdoas pos TO oTpaTevpa Tav ‘“AOn- valwy YTLATO TOs oTpaTHYOUS TpATOV pev OU Karas 00d dogaras otpatoredeverv ev aiytanots Sucdppols Kal avaTreTTtTapévols: Errevta moppwOev éx Ynorov ta émiTndcca AapBavovtas duapravery, déov eis Atpéva Kal worw Xnotov St drélyou TepiTNEevoavTas, aTwTépw yevécOas TOV TONELLOY éfoppovvTwy otpatevpate povapyoupévm Kal mavTa mpos PoBov d&éws ard cuvOnpatos virnpe- Touvtt. Tadta 5é avtod didacKovtos ovK érret- Oovto, Tudevs 5é Kal wrpos Bp arexpivato, djocas OUK Exeivov, GAN éTépovs oTpaTNYyElDv. XI. ‘O péev obv ’AdAKtBid&ys brorrevoas te Kal tmpodocias év avtois amnANaTTETO. TéuTTY 256 LYSANDER he had his ships drawn up in line to meet them and fully manned before it was light, he did not put out from his position, but sending despatch-boats to the foremost of his ships, ordered them to keep quiet and remain in line, not getting into confusion nor sailing out to meet the enemy. And so towards evening, when the Athenians sailed back, he did not allow his men to leave their ships until two or three *triremes, which he sent to reconnoitre, came back, after seeing that the enemy had disembarked. On the following day this was done again, and on the third, and at last on the fourth, so that the Athenians became very bold and contemptuous, believing that their enemies were huddling together in fear. At this juncture, Alcibiades, who was living in his’ own fortress on the Chersonese, rode up to the Athenian army and censured the generals, first, for having pitched their camp in a bad and even danger- ous place on an open beach where there was no road- stead ; and second, for the mistake of getting their provisions from distant Sestos, when they ought to sail round the coast a little way to the harbour and city of Sestos, where they would be at a longer remove from their enemies, who lay watching them with an army commanded by a single man, the fear of whom led it to obey his every order promptly. These were the lessons he gave them, but they would not receive them, and Tydeus actually gave him an insolent answer, saying that he was not general now, but others.? XI. Alcibiades, accordingly, suspecting that some treachery was afoot among them, went away. But 1Cf. Xen. Hell. ii. 1, 20-26; Plutarch, Alcibiades, Xxxvi. 4—xxxvii. 1. 257 VOL. IV. s , wl PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé juépa TOV ‘AOnvaiev TOT apEevov Tov éqt- mAouy Kal mad AT EPXOMEVOY, woTrep eLw0ecar, OAtyOpes Tavu Kal KAT Ah povnrixas, o Avaavépos eK TE LT OV Tas: KaTacKoTous vads éxéXevoe TOUS Tpinpapxous, Stav idswat Tous "AOnvaious éxBe- Anxoras, éhabver aTroaTpeypavTas oriow Taxet qavti, Kal yevopévous KaTa pécov Tov Tropov aonioa Xarehy emdpacGas mpppabev érrimhov ovpBonror. autos 6€ TOUS xuBepynras Kal Tpinp- dpxous em umécov dvexaheiro Kal Tapappya cup- exe éxag Tov ev takes TO. TANpwWpA Kal TOUS vavtas Kal Tous emiBaras, 6 dtapv 6é onpavOn, pera Tm poupias Kab popns eda wvew éml Tous TONE pious. as 6€ % Te aamls amo TOV ve@v 71p9n Kat TH oarTuyye THY avaryoryny éonpacvev amo THS vavapyisos, érémeov per at vHes, 1 TLLARGVTO dé oi treCol Tapa Tov aiyradoy emt THv aixpav. TO 6é petaev Tov nmet pov Sidornpa TaUTy mevrecat- dexa otadiwy éoti, cal Taxéws vo oTrousis Kat mpoOupias TOV éXavVOYTOY TUVIpNTO. Kove dé T™ pwTos 0 TOV “AOnvaiov oTpaTHYOS ATO THS ys id@v emumhéovTa TOV OTOAOV eLaipuns aveBonoer euBaiver, Kat mepiTrad av TO KAK@ TOUS pev exdnet, TOY b€ édeiro, Tous dé jvarynate awAnpovv TAS TOLNPELS. jv 8€ oddev épyov avrob Tis oTOVONS eoxedac mévov Ttav avOpotTrav. was yap é&éBnoap, ev0vs, ate undev mpocdoxartes, nyopagov, érrda- vOVTO Tepl THY Kwpar, exaQevoov bro Tats oKnVvais, pia rorravobrTo, TOppwoTaTo TOU péddov- TOS aTretpia TOV nyoupeven ¢ ovTes. dn b€ Kpavyt) Kail poliw mpoohepopévwyv TOY TroAemtov oO pev 258 , 439 LYSANDER on the fifth day, when the Athenians had sailed over to the enemy and back again, as was now their wont, very carelessly and contemptuously, Lysander, as he sent out his reconnoitring ships, ordered their com- manders, as soon as they saw that the Athenians had disembarked, to put about and row back with all speed, and when they were half way across, to hoist a brazen shield at the prow, as a signal for the onset. And he himself sailed round and earnestly exhorted the pilots and trierarchs to keep all their crews at their post, sailors and soldiers alike, and as soon as the signal was given, to row with ardour and vigour against the enemy. When, therefore, the shield was hoisted on the lookout ships, and the trumpet on the admiral’s ship signalled the attack, the ships sailed forth, and the land forces ran their fastest along the shore to seize the promontory. The distance between the two continents at this point is fifteen furlongs, and such was the zealous ardour of the rowers that it was quickly consumed. Conon, the Athenian general, who was the first to see from the land the onset of the fleet, suddenly shouted orders to embark, and deeply stirred by the threat- ening disaster, called upon some, besought others, and forced others still to man the triremes. But his eager efforts were of no avail, since the men were scattered. For just as soon as they had disembarked, since they expected no trouble, some went to market, some walked about the country, some lay down to sleep in their tents, and some began to get their suppers ready, being as far as possible removed from any thought of what was to happen, through the inexperience of their commanders. The shouts and splashing oars of the oncoming enemy were already _ 259 s 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kovwv oxte® vavoly brebérdevce cat Siaduyor atremépacev ets Kumpov mpos Evayopar, tais 5é 54 > , e 4 \ \ avras ememecovtes ot IleXoTovyictot tas pev Kevas TavTaTracw Hpovy, tas & &tt wANpovpevas éxomrrov. ot b€ avOpwrot mpos TE Tais vavotv > A ” \ f > A anéOvnoxov dvorrot Kal omopdbes eruBonBobvtes, éy TE TH YH Hevyortes amoRdvtwv Tav TrONEpLioY / éxtetvovto. AapBaver dé o Avaavdpos tptaxiALous avdpas aixpad@rtovs peTa TOY sTpaTnyav, amTray \ \ 4 v A 4 a 5é TO vavotabpov dvev tis Hapddov cal tov \ Ké by a 2 b , de peta Kovwvos éexduyovoay. avadnoapevos oe Tas vads Kal dStatropOnoas 76 otpatoTredov peta avrod Kal Tatavwv avérdevoev eis Adprpaxor, A Epyov éNaxiot@ Tove péytotov éFepyacpévos, N \ LA a / , Kal ouvnpyxas Bp yg Xpovov prxcorov Kal , ? mwotktAwTatov wdbect Te Kal TUYaLS ATTIC TOTATOV TOV TPO AUVTOD TroAépwv, ds pupias pophas ayo- vov Kal mpaypatov petaBoras apeiipas, Kal oTpatnyous Scous ovde of cUmTaVTES Of TPO AVTOD a , THs “EXAdSo¢ dvarocas, évds avdpos evBovrig kab dewvornre ouvTpnto® 520 Kal Oetov TLVES HYYN- TavTO TOUTO TO épyov. XII. "Hoay 5€ tuves of rods Atocxovpous émt A A A THs Avoavépou vews éExatépwOev, Ste TOD ALpevos , A aA eEémre. mpatov éml tovs rodcpiouvs, doTpa Tots oiakwv émiddprypar réyovtes. of S€ Kal THY TOU 4 A “A a NGouv wracw émi TH WADE ToVT@ onpEtov pace 260 LYSANDER heard, when Conon, with eight ships, sailed stealthily away, and making his escape, proceeded to Cyprus, to Evagoras; but the Peloponnesians fell upon the rest of the ships, some of which they took entirely empty, and others they disabled while their crews were still getting aboard. And the men, coming up unarmed and in straggling fashion, perished at their ships, or if they fled by land, their enemies, who had disembarked, slew them. Lysander took three thousand men prisoners, together with their generals, and captured the whole fleet, excepting the Paralus! and the ships that had made their escape with Conon. So after plundering his enemy’s camp and taking their ships in tow, he sailed back to Lampsacus, to the sound of pipes and hymns of victory. He had wrought a work of the greatest magnitude with the least toil and effort, and had brought to a close in a single hour a war which, in length, and the incredible variety of its incidents and fortunes, surpassed al] its predecessors. Its struggles and issues had assumed ten thousand changing shapes, and it had cost Hellas more generals than all her previous wars together, and yet it was brought to a close by the prudence and ability of one man. Therefore some actually thought the result due to divine intervention. XII. There were some who declared that the Dioscuri? appeared'as twin stars on either side of Lysander’s ship just as he was sailing out of the harbour against the enemy, and shone out over the rudder-sweeps. And some say also that the falling of the stone was a portent of this disaster; for ac- 1 One of the sacred state-galleys. It now carried the news of the disaster to Athens (Xen. Hell. ii. 1, 28). 3 Castor and Pollux. 261 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yevécOar xatnvéxOn yap, ws 7 S0€a Tav TONKO?, > > A f , 9 > \N a é€ ovpavod mrappeyeOns ALOos ets Atos troTtapous. Kal Seixvutat pev ert viv, ceBopévov avtoyv Tov Xeppovnaitav: déyeras dé’ Avakayopav wpoeurrety A \ @S$ TOV KaTa TOV ovpavov évdedenevwvy TwpaTwr, N J 4 A , Ca yevouévov Tivos OALcOnMaTOS 7 addrov, pits éstat Kal mr@ats évds dtroppayévtos: elvat Sé Kal A ” 4 ? P] Aa , , é Tay dotpwv Exactov ove év 7 mepune Xopa ALOwd5n yap dvTa Kal Bapéa Adprrery pév avTepeio er A a 7f9/ \ ¢ \ , Kal tjepixrAdoes TOU aidépos, ErxecOar dé Uo Bias oduyyoueva Sivn Kal Tove THs Wepipopas, ws Tov a \ a A a kal TO mpaTtov éxpatyOn pn Teceiy Sevdpo, TaV uypav cat Bapéwy dir ox pivopévery TOU TAVTOS. "Eote 5€ tts mBaverépa boa TaUTNS, eipnKoT wy évioy ws ot Siattovtes a darépes ov pvots eiciv ovd emivéunots aidepiov mupos ev dépt Katac Bevvupévov \ \ v > , Oe »/ 3 \ ¥ wept Thy éEarpiy avTny, ovdé aépos Ets THY avw xopav Ane AvVOévTOS ExTpHots Kal avadreéts, pies 6¢ xal mra@ots obpavioy cwopdtav olov évdoces tiv Tovov Kal mepitporou! Kivncews éxTrarav hepopévwv ov pos TOY olKOUpEVOY TOTOV THS YS, GANA TeV TrEeioTwV EKTOS ES THY 4 > Ld @ 4 8 \ N\ @ 4 peyadny extrimtovtayv Odrattay: O10 Kai Navla- vouot. Te S ’Avakayopa paptupel Kal Aaipayxos év Tois Tlepi evo eBeias, iotop@v Ste 7po TOU TEeceiv tov riOov ed’ nuépas éESSounKovta Kal révteE TUVEYOS KATA TOV OUpavoy éEwPATO TrUpLVOY Tapa 1 wepitpérou the correction of Coraés: raparpdémov (unusual). 262 LYSANDER cording to the common belief, a stone of vast size had fallen from heaven at Aegospotami,! and it is shown to this day by the dwellers in the Chersonese, who hold it in reverence. Anaxagoras is said to have pre- dicted that if the heavenly bodies should be loosened by some slip or shake, one of them might be torn away, and might plunge and fall down to earth ; and he said that none of the stars was in its original position ; for being of stone, and heavy, their shining light is caused by friction with the revolving aether, and they are forced along in fixed orbits by the whirling impulse which gave them their circular motion, and this was what prevented them from falling to our earth in the first place, when cold and heavy bodies were separated from universal matter. But there is a more plausible Apinion than this, and its advocates hold that shooting stars are not a _flow or emanation of aetherial fire, which the lower air quenches at the very moment of its kindling, nor are they an ignition and blazing up of a quantity of lower air which has made its escape into the upper regions ; but they are plunging and falling heavenly bodies, carried out of their course by some relaxation in the tension of their circular motion, and falling, not upon the inhabited region of the earth, but for the most part outside of it and into the great sea; and this is the reason why they are not noticed. But Daimachus, in his treatise “On Religion,’ supports the view of Anaxagoras. He says that before the stone fell, for seventy-five days continu- ally, there was seen in the heavens a fiery body of 1 In 468-7 B.c., according to the Parian marble (ep. 57) and Pliny, N.H. ii. 149 f. 263 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tappeyedes, & OaTreEp vepos proryoesses, ov oxordfon, anna TOAVTTAGKOUS Kal Kexdac pevas popas pepo- pevov, @aTE UITd odhou Kal wWNaYNS aTroppHyve- peva mupoesh} omdo para peer Ba ToAAAXoOv kal aotparrey, OoTrep ot Siar rovtes daTepes. émrel O€ evraidda THS vis éBpice Kat wavodpevor poBou Kal OayuBous OL emuxwptot aouvnnrOor, OhOn TupOos pev ovdev & epyov ove ixvos TogovT0," ALOos dé Kei [EVvOS, GANws pev peyas, ovOev dé HE pos, @S elrreiy, exetvns TH mupoeidods TEPLOXAS exon. 6Tt pév ovy evyvopovey 0 Aaipyaxos ax poaTay Setrae O7dos € cori" eb L Oe adrnOns o 0 NOYos, efedeyyer Kara Kpatos TOUS pacxortas é éx TLVOS aKpwpElas amoKomeioay TVED WAC! kat Caras TET pay, vro- AnPOeia ar & @oTEp ot sTpoPeroL, kal hepopevny, qT pa@Tov évédwne Kar SeAvOn TO mepiowvicar, expuphvas Kail TeoetD. et te) vn Aia Tip pey ny GvTMS TO halvopevov eri TONS mpépas, | a Béous dé xal d0opa petaBoray & aépt maperXev Els TrVEv- para Auasotepa Kal Kujoes, bp’ @y TVVETUYXE Kat Tov ALBov expiphvas. TavTa pev ovv ETEp@ YyevEs ypadis StaxprBerréov. XIII. ‘O éé Avcavépos, émeL TOV Tpia LL "APnvaiwv, ods éda Bev aX pWarwrous, vUTO TOV cuvedpor Odvatos KaTéYyVOoTO, Kahéoas Diroxréa Tov oTpaThyov auToOv npeotncer Tiva Tiaras Sixny éavt@ rotavtra wept “EAAnvev cvpBeBov- 1 TogovTo Coraés and Bekker adopt Reiske’s correction to TocoUTou. 1 See en ear 5. According to Xenophon ( Hell. ii. 1, 31 f.), however, the Athenians had passed a decree that, if victorious in the sea-fight, they would cut off the right hand 264 440 LYSANDER vast size, as if it had been a flaming cloud, not resting in one place, but moving along with intricate and irregular motions, so that fiery fragments, broken from it by its plunging and erratic course, were carried in all directions and flashed fire, just as shoot- ing stars do. But when it had fallen in that part of the earth, and the inhabitants, after recovering from their fear and amazement, were assembled about it, no action of fire was seen, nor even so much as a trace thereof, but a stone lying there, of large size, it is true, but one which bore almost no proportion at all to the fiery mass seen in the heavens. Well, then, that Daimachus must needs have indulgent readers, is clear; but if his story is true, he refutes utterly those who affirm that a rock, which winds and tempests had torn from some mountain top, was caught up and borne along like a spinning top, and that at the point where the whirling impetus given to it first relaxed and ceased, there it plunged and fell. Unless, indeed, what was seen in the heavens for many days was really fire, the quenching and extinction of which produced a change in the air resulting in unusually violent winds and agitations, and these brought about the plunge of the stone. However, the minute discussion of this subject belongs to another kind of writing. XIII. Lysander, after the three thousand Athenians whom he had taken prisoners had been condemned to death by the special council of allies, calling Philocles, their general, asked him what punishment he thought should be visited upon him for having given his fellow-citizens such counsel regarding Greeks.! of every prisoner ; and the crime of Philocles was that he had ordered the crews of two captured triremes to be thrown over a precipice, : 265 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 ANeuKwS TOs WoNtTals. o S€ ovdéy TL TpoS THY a 3 5 ‘\ > / \ a e acuppopay évdovs éxédevoe pn KATNYOpEly Ov oudeis eats Sixactys, GANA viK@VTA TpdTTEL amep av vixnbeis Eracyev' celta ANovaedpevos Kal AaBov yAavida Aaprpayv mpwrtos érl rHv chaynv- nyetTo Tots TOTALS, WS \oTOpEl Meddpactos. ex 2, 4 ¢ 4, 3 \ , 6€ TovTov mAéwy o Avaavdpos ért tras modes "AG , \ > 4 > + 4, > nvaiwy pev ols émetvyo. éxéXeve TavTas els "AOnvas amévarr feicecOar yap ovdevos, arr > 4 a A ¥ 4 A , A 3 dtooddéay bv av Ew AGByn THs TONEwWS. TadTA & émparre xal cuvydavuvev Aravtas eis TO Gotu Bovropevos ev TH Tove TaXY ALmov ioyupoV yevéoOar kal ond, bres pm) Tpdyuata Tapda- TXOLEVY AUT@ THV TOALOPKiay EvTrOpwS UTTOMEVOVTES. Kkatadvwv é Tous Sypous Kal Tas GANas ToATELas, &va wey appoorny éxdotn AaKxedatpoviov KaTérLTre, déxa 6¢ Gpyovtas x Tov im avtod cuyKexpoTn- 4 pévov kata Todt étatperav. xal tadtra mpdr- TwVv opoiws év Te Tals TwoAEeulats Kal Tails cup- PaXOLS yeyernuévats ToAEoL, TapéeTAEL TYOAALOS, TpoTov Tia KatacKevalouevos EavT@ THY THIS "EAAGSoS Hryepoviav. ote yap aptoTtivdny ovTeE 4 > , \ A 3 3 6¢@ wAouTivdny amedeinvue Tovs ApxYovTas, ANN’ érat- petats wal Eeviars yapilouevos Ta wpdypata Kal Kuplous Trot@v Tins Te Kal KoAdoEws, ToAXats 5é mapayiwopevos autos odayais Kai cuvexBar- Nw TOvs TaV dirwv éyOpors, ovK érecnes edidou a_e A an , > aA tots "EXAnoe Seiya ths AaxeSaipovioy apy7s, 266 LYSANDER But he, not one whit softened by his misfortunes, bade him not play the prosecutor in a case where there was no judge, but to inflict, as victor, the punishment he would have suffered if vanquished. Then, after bathing and putting on a rich robe, he went first to the slaughter and showed his country- men the way, as Theophrastus writes. After this, Lysander sailed to the various cities, and ordered all the Athenians whom he met to go back to Athens, for he would spare none, he said, but would slaughter any whom he caught outside the city. He took this course, and drove them all into the city together, because he wished that scarcity of food and a mighty famine should speedily afflict the city, in order that they might not hinder him by holding out against his siege with plenty of provisions. He also suppressed the democratic, and the other forms of government, and left one Lacedaemonian harmost! in each city, and ten rulers chosen from the political clubs which he had organized throughout the cities. This he did alike in the cities which had been hostile, and in those which had become his allies, and sailed along in leisurely fashion, in a manner establishing for him- self the supremacy over Hellas. For in his appoint- ments of the rulers he had regard neither to birth nor wealth, but put control of affairs into the hands of his comrades and partisans, and made them masters of rewards and punishments. He also took part him- self in many massacres, and assisted in driving out the enemies of his friends. Thus he gave the Greeks - no worthy specimen of Lacedaemonian rule, nay, 1 The specific name for the governor whom the Lace- daemonians sent out to the islands and cities of Greece during their supremacy. 267 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5 G\Aa Kal Oo Kwpikds @edrroptros Eotxe Anpetv amrecxatwy tovs Aaxedarpovious tais xarnriowr, e \ C4 \ A , 6tt Tous “EXAnvas Hototov totTov THs éXevOEpias yevoavtes G£os évéyeav: evOs yap hv TO yedpa duoxepés nal mixpov, obte Tovs Syuous Kuptous TOV Tpaypadtav €wvtos elvat tod Avadvdpou, Kat TOY OrLyoV Tois OpacuTdtots Kal hiAoverKoTaToLS TAS ToAELS eyyerpiCovTos. XIV. Acatpipas S€ wepi tadta ypovov ov , \ 4 b ] / \ ToAvy, Kal wpotéuryas eis Aaxedaipova tous amayyeXouvTas OTL TpoaTAE peTa VewV Stakociwy, , \ 3 \ w \ 4 “ ouvéwste mept Arrixny “Aytds cai Ilavoavia trois Baciredow os TaXd ovvalpnowy THY TOMY. éTret 5é dvteiyov ot ’AOnvaio, AaBov tas vais made > 9 , 4 N A \ v 4 eis Actav Stemépace: kai TOY pev AAV TOAEwY e A e a 4 , \ OMaNaS aTacaY KaTéAvE TAS TrOALTELaS Kal KaO- , , “a \ J e 4 iotn Sexadapyias, woAN@Y pev év Exdotn ohatro- pévov, ToAX@Y bé hevyovtwv, Dapious bé wavtas éxBarov amapédwmxe tois guydot Tas TrOdELs. 2 Xnorov 8 “AOnvaiwy éeyovtwy adedopevos ovK elacev oixety Xnotiouvs, GAAA Tois yevopévots UT > “A , N “ ” N avuT@ KxuBepyntais Kai Kerevotais Edwmxke THY TOALY Kal THY Y@pay véwerOat. pos 6 Kal rpa@Tov avréxpovaav ot Aaxedatpovos Kal tovs XNHoTious ¢ > A \ , , > 3 3 ” 4 3 avis eri thy Xwpay KaTHyayov. GAN éxeiva ye tod Aucavépou tmavres ndéws Ewpwv of "EAXnves, 441 Alywntas te dia wood Ypovou THY avTa@v Tod 268 e LYSANDER even the comic poet Theopompus was thought ab- surd in likening the Lacedaemonians to tavern- women, because they gave the Greeks a very pleasant sip of freedom, and then dashed the wine with vinegar ; for from the very first the taste was harsh and bitter, since Lysander not only would not suffer the people to be masters of their affairs, but actually put the cities into the hands of the boldest and most contentious of the oligarchs. XIV. After he had spent some little time in this business, and had sent messengers to Lacedaemon to report that he was sailing up with two hundred ships, he made a junction in Attica with the forces of Agis and Pausanias, the kings, believing that he would speedily capture the city.1_ But since the Athenians held out against them, he took his ships and crossed again to Asia. Here he suppressed the governments of al] the remaining cities in like manner, and set up decadarchies, many citizens being slain in each city, and many banished; he also drove out all the Samians, and handed their cities over to the men whom they had banished.? Moreover, when he had taken Sestos out of the hands of the Athenians, he would not permit the Sestians to dwell there, but gave the city and its territory to be divided among men who had been pilots and boatswains under him. And this was the first step of his which was resisted by the Lace- daemonians, who restored the Sestians again to their country. But there were other measures of Lysander upon which all the Greeks looked with pleasure, when, for instance, the Aeginetans, after a long time,? re- 1 Cf. Xen. Hell. ii. 2, 5-9. 2 This was after the fall of Athens (Xen. Hell. ii. 3, 6 f.). 5 They had been expelled by the Athenians in 43] B.c. 269 PLUTARCH’S LIVES > atro\apBavovtas Kat Myrious Kal Yxiwvaious vr ? a. / ’ / > / avtTov avvoixrlopévous, éEeXavvopevov AOnvatwv ‘ \ , Kal TAS TONES ATOOLOOYTMD. ” \ \ \ > wv “ 4 e N ‘Hén 5€ nat toils év doter KaKa@s Exel UTO “ , a ALpov TuvOavopevos KaTéTrAEVG EV eis TOV Iletparad “ > Kal TWapeoTncato THY TOALY, avayxacbeicay ép ols éxeivos éxéNeve TroinoacOar tas Stadvoers. , , > \ > A , e kaitot Aaxedatmoviov éotiy axodaat AeyovT@Y ws 4 a ¢ Avoavépos pév &yparpe tois épopos Tade: ““AXO- Kayre tat "AOavar,” Avaodvipe 8 dvréypapav ry 9 i &popor s ‘Apxet TO ve EaX@Kelv. GAX cimpen elas Napw ovTOS 6 AOoyos TérAaaTAL. To 8 adrnOvov Soypa tav éfopwv ottws clxe \ UA a 4 “Tade Ta tédAn Tov Aaxedatpovioy éyva KaB- / \ a \ \ Barovres tov Iletpasa xal ta paxpa oxédrn, fa A 4 \ n Kal éxBavtes ek TAaT@Y TOV TOMEWY TAY AUTOV A ” a a e yav éyovtes, tadtad xa SpavtTes Tav eipavay EXOLTE, at YpnoorTe, Kal Tovs Puyddas avévtes. Tept Tav vawv To TANOEOS, oKOLOY Ti Ka THVel A / Soxén, TavTa TotéeTe. TavTny 5é mpocedéEavTo \ 4 e b A V4 “A THY oxuTadnyvy ot ‘AOnvaio. Onpapévovs Tod vA UA @ , ¢€ \ Ayvovos auvpBovrevoavtos’ OTe Kat hac v7r0 n A LA Tav véwy Tivos Snuaywyav Kreopévous épwTw- pevov et TOAMG TavayTia Bepiotoxre? mwparrev / \ , a Kal réyev, trapadidovs Ta Teiyn Tots Aaxedat- poviots, & Aaxedatpoviwy akovtwy éxeivos apv- > a cc? b 2Q7 2 , e éotnoev, eitrety: ““AXX’ ovd€év, @ petpakiov, UTrE- vavtioy éy@ mpatTw BeworowrE Ta yap avTa A , A a Telyn KaKelvos éTt GwTNPLa TOY TOTO aDv- 270 LYSANDER ceived back their own city, and when the Melians! and Scionaeans? were restored to their homes by him, after the Athenians had been driven out and had delivered back the cities. And now, when he learned that the people of Athens were in a wretched plight from famine, he sailed into the Piraeus, and reduced the city, which was compelled to make terms on the basis of his commands. It is true one hears it said by Lacedae- monians that Lysander wrote to the ephors thus: ** Athens is taken”; and that the ephors wrote back to Lysander: “‘Taken’ were enough”; but this story was invented for its neatness’ sake.? The actual decree of the ephors ran thus: “This is what the Lacedaemonian authorities have decided: tear down ‘the Piraeus and the long walls; quit all the cities and keep to your own land; if you do these things, and restore your exiles, you shall have peace, if you want it. As regards the number of your ships, what- soever shall be decided there, this do.”’4 This edict was accepted by the Athenians, on the advice of Theramenes the son of Hagnon, who, they say, being asked at this time by Cleomenes, one of the young orators, if he dared to act and speak the contrary to Themistocles, by surrendering those walls to the Lacedaemonians which that statesman had erected in defiance of the Lacedaemonians, replied: “ But I am doing nothing, young man, that is contrary to Themistocles ; for the same walls which he erected 1 The island and city of Melos were captured and depopu- lated by the Athenians in the winter of 416-415 B.c. 2 The city of Scioné, on the Chalcidic peninsula, was captured and depopulated by the Athenians in 421 B.c, To illustrate the Spartan passion for brevity of speech. * Cf. Xen. Hell. ii. 2, 20. 271 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éoTyoe Kal pets én cwTnpla cataBarovper. et 8€ Ta TEeixn Tas Toes evdaipovas érroiet, macéy eet mparrew KaxtoTa THY Yraptny aTELYLoOTOV ovcav. XV. ‘O é ou Avcavépos, Os mapéraBe Tas TE vavs anacas Any S@dexa Kal Ta TEX TOV "AOnvaiwr, & extn emt Sexaty Mouvuytdivos pnvos, év h Kal thy év Yarapive vavpaxiav évikwv TOV RépBapov, éBovrevoev evdds Kat THY TONMTELADY petacthiaat. SsvaoreBes 6€ Kai Tpax ews pepov- TW, aTrodTEiAaS TPOS TOV Ojjuov é épn THV mohey ethnpevat _Tapactrovoobcay: éoTava yap Ta teixn TOV Ti PEp@Y ev als édee xaOnphabat Tapy- XNHEVOD. éTépav ouv ef apyis m poOnaew yve)- pny qept auTay @S TAS oponroyias AedvKoTeor. évior 6€ Kal m™ poTeOhvat pact @S arnOars UTEep avdpanobia pod yweunv év Tots Tunpaxors, ore Kal TOV ©nBaiov EptavOov elanyncacbar TO fev aotu KaTacKkaypan, thv 8é Xeopav aveivat pnroBoror. celta, évTot cuvoucias YEvOMEVIS TOY TyeHovery Tapa TOTOV; cai} TLvOS Dwxéws GaavTos éx THs Evperidou ’HrXéxtpas tyv mdapodov s ) apx7 Ayapépvovos & a) Kopa, HnAvbov, "Hréxtpa, roti cay aypoteipay avdap, mavTas emixraabivan, Kal pavivat oXETALOV epyov THY ovTwS EvKrAEA Kal ToLoOvTOUS avdpas hépovcay dveneiy Kal Sepyacac bat TOALD. ‘O & obv Avacavépos évddvtwv tov "APnvaiwv 1 wapa xérov xal Bekker follows Coraés in transposing to kal wapa xérov. 272 LYSANDER for the safety of the citizens, we shall tear down for their safety. And if walls made cities prosperous, then Sparta must be in the worst plight of all, since - she has none.” . XV. Lysander, accordingly, when he had taken possession of all the ships of the Athenians except twelve, and of their walls, on the sixteenth day of the month Munychion, the same on which they con- quered the Barbarian in the sea-fight at Salamis, took measures at once to change their form of government. And when the Athenians opposed him bitterly in this, he sent word to the people that he had caught the city violating the terms of its surrender ; for its walls were still standing, although the days were past within which they should have been pulled down ; he should therefore present their case anew for the decision of the authorities, since they had broken their agreements. And some say that in very truth a proposition to sell the Athenians into slavery was actually made in the assembly of the allies, and that at this time Erianthus the Theban also made a motion that the city be razed to the ground, and the country about it left for sheep to graze. Afterwards, how- ever, when the leaders were gathered at a banquet, and a certain Phocian sang the first chorus in the “Electra” of Euripides,! which begins with “O thou daughter of Agamemnon, I am come, Electra, to thy rustic court,” all were moved to compassion, and felt it to be a cruel deed to abolish and destroy a city which was so famous, and produced such poets. So then, after the Athenians had yielded in all 1 Verses 167 f. (Kirchhoff). 273 VOL. IV. T PLUTARCH’S LIVES pos atavta, WoAAAS pev EF AoTEos peTaTrEprpa- peevos avryrpioas, maoas dé Tas év TO oTpaTo- mee cuvayayev, Ta TeiXn KatécKxamrTe kal Tas Tpunpets Katepreye ™pos TOY avnor, éarepavw- peéveov Kab marlovTov apa TOV TULA OY, @S Exetyny THY hpépav dpyovaay TiS énevdepias. evOus be Kal Ta mepl THY ToheTelav éxivnce, TptdKovTa pev év date, Séxa: dé ev TTespacet KATAOTHTAS adpxovras, euBarov dé ppoupav ELS THY ax poTrody, cal KanniBtov dppoaTny, av pa Lraptedt ny, emLaT TAS. émrel dé ovTOS Avrto- AvKOV TOV aOanr ay, ép’ @& TO ovpTOcLoY Oo Fievo- pav TeTOLNKe, THY Baxrnpiav Stapapevos Taioew Epedrev, 0 bé Ta oKxehav TUVApaMEvos avéTt peer QuTOY, ov TUYNYAVaKTHG EV O Avcav6pos, GANA Kal TUVETETLLNTE,. dnaoas avurov ovx érriotacbat erevOépwv apxew. adda Tov pev AdvroduKov of TpiaKovTa To KadruBio xapifouevor puxpov daTEpov dveinov. XVI. ‘O bé Adcarédpos a6 TOUTWVY yEvOMEVOS, avros pev ert Oparns éferrhevae, TOV 6 pn- pdtav td wepiovta Kal éaas 8a eas avros 7 atepavous €déEaTo, TONNOY, @S €tKOS, b5ovrev avopt Swvatwordre Kal TpoTov TWa KuUplo TIS ‘EdAd60s, améatetnev eis Aaxedaipova da Tv- Mimmou Tov TTPATHYNTAVTOS mepl LuKeMay. O 5é, ws AéyeTar, Tas padas TaV ayyeiov KaTwbev 1 ouverer{unoe Bekker adopts Reiske’s correction to éwrert- LNGEe. 1 Cf. Xen. Hell. ii. 2, 23. ? The scene of the “ ‘Symposium ” is laid at the house of 274 442 LYSANDER points, Lysander sent for many flute-girls from the city, and assembled all those who were already in the camp, and then tore down the walls, and burned up the triremes, to the sound of the flute, while the allies crowned themselves with garlands and made merry together, counting that day as the beginning of their freedom.! Then, without delay, he also made changes in the form of government, establishing thirty rulers in the city and ten in Piraeus. Further, he put a garrison into the acro- polis, and made Callibius, a Spartan, its harmost. He it was who once lifted his staff to smite Auto- lycus, the athlete, whom Xenophon makes the chief character in his “Symposium” ;? and when Auto- lycus seized him by the legs and threw him down, Lysander did not side with Callibius in his vexation, but actually joined in censuring him, saying that he did not understand how to govern freemen. But the Thirty, to gratify Callibius, soon afterwards put Autolycus to death. XVI. Lysander, after settling these matters, sailed for Thrace himself, but what remained of the public moneys, together with all the gifts and crowns which he had himself received,— many people, as was natural, offering presents to a man who had the greatest power, and who was, in a manner, master of Hellas,—he sent off to Lacedaemon by Gylippus, who had held command in Sicily.2 But Gylippus, as it is said, ripped open the sacks at the bottom, Callias, to which Autolycus and his father have been invited, together with Socrates and some of his friends. As Spartan general sent out to aid the Syracusans, he had turned the success of the besieging Athenians into disaster. See the Nicias, chapters xviii. ff. 275 T 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avadvoas Kal apehey cuxvov apy vptov é& éxa- oTOU made cuvéppayev, ayvonoas 6Tt ypa.e- paTiOvov éviy éxaor@ TOV ap. wov onpaivov. 2 éNov dé els Lmdpryy & a, pev vpnpnto Katéxpuyper vmod TOV képapov THS otxias, Ta O€ ayyela trapé- dwxe Tots epopous Kal Tas appayidas émréderEev. érrel bé avorEavtov Kal apiOwovvTay Sreparver Tpos Ta ypappara TO THOS Tou dpryupiov Kal Tapetye Tots epoposs dmopiav TO mpayya, ppater Gepdrav tov I'vAiwmovu pds avtovs aiv- Edpevos vu7rd TO KEPApK@ Kourdea Gat TONGS yraixas. qv yap, @s éotKe, TO dpary. a TOU wreioTov TOTE vouicpaTtos bia Tous *AOnvaious yAauxes. XVII. ‘O (Bev ovy TvXerrros atoy pov ovTw xal GryEVvES épyov én apm pois rois eum poo ev Kal peyddos épyagduevos petéotncev éavTov ex Aaxedatpovos. ot i be povipararot TOV Lrap- TLAT@V oux Kota Kai dia TovTO THY TOU vopio- paros loxyuv poPnbévres, ws ovyl TOV TUXOVTOV ATTOMEVNV TOALT@Y, TOV TE Avaavdpor Foss sie Kab StepapTupayto Tois epopors an oStoTopmet- aOat wav TO apyiptov | Kal To xXpvolov womTep Kpas em aryeoryiwous. ot 5€ mpovlecav yvepuny. 2 cal @edrroputros bev pnat 2xrpapiday, "Edopos de Proyiday elvas Tov amrognvapevov Os ov xPn mpoadexer Oa vopicpa Ypvoovy Kal apyv- pody eis THY TOALY, GAA XpncIa TH Tarpiy. touto 6é€ Vy atdnpobv, TpaTov pev G€e Kata- Barropevoy é éx TUPOS, Straws 421) KATAXAAKEVOLTO, ahha dca THY Badiy do Topov Kat adpaves yivo.To, éreita BaptiotaOyov nai SvoTapaKopictov Kal 276 rh loFegl | a LYSANDER and after taking a large amount of silver from each, sewed them up again, not knowing that there was a writing in each indicating the sum it held. And when he came to Sparta, he hid what he had stolen under the tiles of his house, but delivered the sacks to the ephors, and showed the seals upon them. When, however, the ephors opened the sacks and counted the money, its amount did not agree with the written lists, and the thing perplexed them, until a servant of Gylippus made the truth known to them by his riddle of many owls sleeping under the tiling. For most of the coinage of the time, as it seems, bore the effigy of an owl, owing to the supremacy of Athens. XVII. Gylippus, then, after adding a deed so dis- graceful and ignoble as this to his previous great and brilliant achievements, removed: himself from Lace- daemon. And the wisest of the Spartans, being led by this instance in particular to fear the power of money, which they said was corrupting influential as well as ordinary citizens, reproached Lysander, and fervently besought the ephors to purify the city of all the silver and the gold, as imported curses. The ephors deliberated on the matter. And it was Sciraphidas, according to Theopompus, or Phlogidas, according to Ephorus, who declared that they ought not to receive gold and silver coinage into the city, but to use that of the country. Now this was of iron, and was dipped in vinegar as soon as it came from the fire, that it might not be worked over, but be made brittle and intractable by the dip- ping.! Besides, it was very heavy and troublesome 1 Cf. Lycurgus, ix. 2. 277 PLUTARCH’S LIVES GTO TOAAOD TiIWOs TANOOVS Kal GyKoV pox pay Twa afiav Suvdpevov. kivduveve. 5€ Kal TO TapTrav apxaiov obTaS exec, oBerLa rots Xpo- peveov vouic pact} atdnpois, éviwy 5é Karcoise ap @v tapapévet TAHOOs Ett Kal vov Tay KepuaTov oBodovs xareia Iau, Spaypnv b€ tovs &F dBorous: ToTOUTMY yap 7 yelp mepiedparreto, Tap dé Avadvépov pirov UrrevavTLoupevoy Kal oTovoac avTwv ev TH ONL KaTapeivat Ta Xpnwara, Snuooig pev eSokev eta dryer Oat VOL La, ToLovTop, ay 8€ Tis aX@ KEKTNLEVOS isia, Cnpiay Bpuoav Odvarov, OoTrEp Tov Avkoupyov TO VO[ULo a poPnberros, ov THY éml T@ vopiopate prrapyuptay, iy ovK adnper TO ey) Kex Tio Oat TOV wrqy, @S TO KexTha Oar THY TOA EeLce- TOLELTO,” Ths xpetas afiay TpocdapBavovans kal CiAov. ov yap hv Snpocig TL{L@ [LEVOV opavTas idig Kata povely @S ax pyaton, kal T pos Ta oixeta vopitery € EKAOT@ pndevos a£tov Tpaypa TO Kowy, odTwS evdoxtpoiv Kat GryAT @MEVOV, aNAG Kat TONS TAXLOV ATO TOV KOLVOV émeTnOevpatov emtppeovaty ol Ora pot Tots iStwrexois Bio 7 y| Ta Kal’ Exactov duc Ojpara, Kal maby TAS rodents avaTipaAnoe 1 aybaTov TovnpaVv. TO yap Oo cuvd.act péper au Ta pépn paGAXo», Oray ev0p T™ pos TO NEtpoD, eLKOs, ai dé ard pépous eis dhov dpaptias Todas évoracets: Kal BonBeias amo TOV DyLawvovTov EXovoLY. ot O€ Tals pev oixtass TOV TOMTOY, dws ov md pevo els auTas vopic- ie Tov doBov éréctnaav dvrAaka Kai Tov vopor, 1 youlopact Bekker corrects to voulopar:. 2 eiceroretro Bekker adopts Coraés’ correction to eloerole:. 278 443 LYSANDER to carry, and a great quantity and weight of it had but little value. Probably, too, all the ancient money was of this sort, some peoples using iron spits for coins, and some bronze; whence it comes that even to this day many small pieces of money retain the name of “oboli,” or spis, and six “oboli’’ make a “drachma,” or handful, since that was as many as the hand could grasp. But since Lysander’s friends opposed this measure, and insisted that the money remain in the city, it was resolved that money of this sort could be intro- duced for public use, but that if any private person should be found in possession of it, he should be punished with death; just as though Lycurgus had feared the coin, and not the covetousness which the coin produced. And this vice was not removed by allowing no private person to possess money, so much as it was encouraged by allowing the city to possess money, its use thereby acquiring dignity and honour. Surely it was not possible for those who saw money publicly honoured, to despise it privately as of no service; or to consider as worthless for the indi- vidual’s private use that which was publicly held in such repute and esteem. Moreover, it takes far less time for public practices to affect the customs of private life, than it does for individual lapses and failings to corrupt entire cities. For it is natural that the parts should rather be perverted along with the whole, when that deteriorates; but the diseases which flow from a part into the whole find many correctives and aids in the parts which remain sound. And so these magistrates merely set the fear of the law to guard the houses of the citizens, that money might have no entrance there, but did not keep their _ 279 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avtas Sé Tas uydas avexTAHKTOVS Kal atrabeis mpos apyvptoy ov dueripnoav, éuBadovtes ets CHrov ws ceuvod 67 TLVOS Kal “EeydNOU TOD TAOV- teiy dtravras. rept pev ovv TovTav Kal di érépas mov ypagns yyraueba Aaxedatpoviorv. ~ XVIII. ‘O S&€ Adcavdpos éorncev amd Tay Aadtpwov év Acrdois aitod yadrkhv eixova nal TOV vavdpywyv éxdoTov Kal ypvcods aaTépas tav Atocxovpar, of mpo Tav Aevetpixav ndavi- cOncav. év dé to Bpacidov kal ’Axavbiov Onoavp@ tpinpys éxecto Sia yYpvcod TreTronpevn Kat édédavtos dveiy rnxav, iy Kipos avt@ viKn- thptov émep ev. ‘Avakavdpidns 6€ o Aeros toTope: Kal trapaxatadnKcny évtad0a Avadvdpov KetoOat TaddavTov apyupiouv Kal pvas TevTnKOYTA dv0 xal mpos TovTols evdexa oTaTHpas, ovY opo- Aoyoupeva ypaddwv Trois wepl TAS Tevias Tov avdpos oporoyoupévots. Tote 5 ovv o Avaavdpos Scov ovdels tav mpocbev ‘EAAjvav Suvnbels éSoxer ppovnpate Kai oyx@ pellou xexphabar Tis UVAPEWS. T Pare pév ydp, @ totopet Aodpss, "EAAjvev éxeiva Bwpors at Tors avéoTnTAaV ws Ge@ xal Ovoias Cvcav, eis mpa@tov Se mataves jaOncav, wv évos apxnv atropynpovevovat ToLayoe’ Tov ‘EdXddos ayabéas oTpatayoy an’ evpyyopou Lwdptas vpyncoper, @, in) Tlacay. Ldpuor S€ Ta Tap’ avtois “‘Hpaia Avaodvdpea Kane &ndicavto. tav dé toutav Xoipirov 280 LYSANDER spirits undaunted by the power of money and in sensible to it; they rather inspired them all with an emulous desire for wealth as a great and noble object of pursuit. On this point, however, we have censured the Lacedaemonians in another treatise.1 XVIII. Out of the spoils, Lysander set up at Delphi bronze statues of himself and each of his admirals, as well as golden stars of the Dioscuri, which disappeared before the battle of Leuctra.? And in the treasury of Brasidas and the Acanthians 3 there was stored a trireme two cubits long, made of gold and ivory, which Cyrus sent Lysander as a prize for his victory. Moreover, Anaxandrides the Delphian writes that a deposit of Lysander’s was also stored there, consisting of a talent of silver, and fifty-two minas, and eleven staters besides; a statement that is inconsistent with the generally accepted accounts of his poverty. At any rate, Lysander was at this time more powerful than any Greek before him had been, and was thought to cherish a pretentious pride that was greater even than his power. For he was the first Greek, as Duris writes, to whom the cities erected altars and made sacrifices as to a god, the first also to whom songs of triumph were sung. One of these is handed down, and begins as follows :— “ The general of sacred Hellas who came from wide-spaced Sparta will we sing, O! io! Paean.” The Samians, too, voted that their festival of Hera should be called Lysandreia. And the poet Choe- 1 Inst. Lacon. 42 (Morals, p. 239 f.). *-An omen of the defeat of the Ppartans in that battle (371 B.c.). 3 Cf. chapter i. 1. 281 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pev ael wept avtov elyey ws KoopycOVTa TAS / \ a > , \ / mpakes Sia trountexns, Avtiroy@ 5é roioavTe petpious Twas eis avTov atixyous Habeis eduxe , 9 , \ 9 , \ Lo TANCAS apyupiouv Tov Tidov. “AvtTiupdyou 5é Tod Korogwviov nat Nixnpdtov tivos ‘Hpaxrewtov rompact Avodvdpea Staywvicapévwy én’ avtoo N , > , e 9 , tov Nixnpatov éotepdvwcerv, o dé ‘Avtipayos axXGeabels Hpdvice TO Toinua. IAdtwv Sé véos av Tote, Kat Oavpdlwv tov *Avripayov ént rH mountixh, Bapéws hépovta THv HTTav dverauBave kal tmapeuvbetro, Tois ayvoovat KaKov elvat da- HEvOS THY ayVoLaV, BoTrep THY TUPAOTHTA TOL 1 Brérovowv. érrel pévtoe 0 KtBapmdds "Aptorovous e , 4 \ J A éEdxis Tlv0ca vevexneas érnyyédXNeTo T@ Av- , 4 A / lA cdvdpm diroppovovpevos, av viknon mtanru, Avodvépov xnpvtew éavtov, “"H S0dXov;” elev. XIX. ’AAN 7H wey dirotipia tod Avadvdpov Tois mpwtos Kal icotipots qv eras povov. e , a ee lel / \ Drrepowias dé TONS dua vi prdrorepig bua TOUS Oepatrevovtas éyyevomerns T@ HOE Kai BapvTytos, ovTEe TLnS ovTE TLwplas péTPOY HY Tap avTo Snpotixov, ara dirtas pev GOra cal Eevias avuTrevOvvo. Suvactetat wodewv Kal tupavvides 9 / a“ \ , , bd , aveFéractot, Ovpod 5é pia WANnpwats aTrorécOaut Tov amrexOopuevov' ovde yap puyeiv éEjv. adda kat Mirnoiwy botepov tovs tod Snuouv mpoicta- pévous Sedias py hiywot, nal mwpoayayeiv Tovs xexpuppevovs Bovropmevos, @pooe pun adixnoety: 282 LYSANDER rilus was always kept in his retinue, to adorn his achievements with verse; .while with Antilochus, who composed some verses in his honour, he was so pleased that he filled his cap with silver and gave it to him. And when Antimachus of Colophon and a certain Niceratus of Heracleia competed with one another at the Lysandreia in poems celebrating his achievements, he awarded the crown to Niceratus, and Antimachus, in vexation, suppressed his poem. But Plato, who was then a young man, and admired Antimachus for his poetry, tried to cheer and console him in his chagrin at this defeat, telling him that it is the ignorant who suffer from their ignorance, just as the blind do from their blindness. However, when Aristonoiis the harper, who had been six times victor at the Pythian games, told Lysander in a patronizing way that if he should be victorious again, he would have himself proclaimed under Lysander’s name, ‘That is,’’ Lysander replied, “as my slave?” XIX. Now to the leading men, and to his equals, the ambition of Lysander was annoying merely. But since, owing to the court that was paid to him, great haughtiness and severity crept into his character along with his ambition, there was no such modera- tion as would become a popular leader either in his rewards or punishments, but the prizes he awarded to his friends and allies were irresponsible lordships over cities, and absolute sovereignties, while the sole punishment that could satisfy his wrath was the death of his enemy; not even exile was allowed. Nay, at a later time, fearing lest the active popular leaders of Miletus should go into exile, and desiring to bring from their retreats those also who were in hiding, he made oath that he would do them no 283 PLUTARCH’S LIVES miatevoavtas S€ Kal mpoeNovras amoohatar Tols OALyapxiKols Tapédwxev, ovK- EXATTOVAS é6xTaKkoctwy acuvapdotépovs dvtas. Fv be xal Tov GdXwv év Tais TOAETt SnuoTLKaV Povos ovK apOunros, ate On py Kat’ idias povoy aitias avTod KTElvovTos, AANA TodAais pev exOpais, moANais 8& mreoveEias Tov Exactayohs dirov yaptCopévouv Ta ToLtavTa Kal avvepyouTos. GOev evdoxipnoev EteoxAs o Aaxedatpovios eiav ws ovx av 7 ‘EdXds Sv0 Avaodvdpous jveyxe. Td dé avto TodTo Kal rept “AdKtBiddov dyol @eo- gdpactos eimety “Apyéotparov. aA éxet pev bBpis jv xal tpudy ody adbadeia TO pdduora Svoyeparvopevov' tHv 8¢ Avadvdpou Sivauw 7 Tov TpoTov yareToTns dpoBepav emote. xal Bapetav. Oi 8¢ Aaxedarudviot tots pév AdAXots Ov Tavu Wpocetyov éyxanovow: éret 5€¢ PapydBalos aé:- Kovpevos im avtod THY yopay adyovtos Kal dhépovtos améorerrev eis THY UaadpTHv KaTNYyOpous, ayavaxThnoavtes ot Epopar Tav pev hirwv avTod Kal cvatpatnyov éva Owpaxa AaBovtes apyvpiov idiea Kextnpévoy amréxteway, éxeive Sé oxuTadnv Ereprpay Hee KeNevovtes. "Eote 8€ 1 oxutddyn towodTov. érav éxtréu- Twol vavapyov h stpaTnyor oi épopot, Evra dvo atpoyytka pnKos Kal mdyos axpiBas amico- cavTes, WaTE Tais Tomats épappotery mpos GAANAA, TO ev adtol duddtrovat, Oatepov Sé TO Teptro- pévm Sidcact. taita Sé ta EvAa oxuTdras Kanovow. Stay ovv atoppntov te Kal péya 284 444 LYSANDER harm; but when the first put faith in him and the second came forth, he delivered them all over to the oligarchs for slaughter, being no less than eight hundred of both classes. In the other cities also untold numbers of the popular party were slain, since he killed not only for his own private reasons, but also gratified by his murders the hatred and cupidity of his many friends everywhere, and shared the bloody work with them. Wherefore Eteocles the Lacedaemonian won great approval when he said that Hellas could not have borne two Lysanders. Now this same utterance was made by Archestratus concerning Alcibiades also,! as Theophrastus tells us. But in his case it was insolence, and wanton self-will, that gave most offence; whereas Lysander’s power was made dreadful and oppressive by the cruelty of his disposition. The Lacedaemonians paid little heed to the rest of his accusers, but when Pharnabazus, who was out- raged by Lysander’s pillaging and wasting his terri- tory, sent men to Sparta to denounce him, the ephors were. incensed, and when they found Thorax, one of Lysander’s friends and fellow-generals, with money in his private possession, they put him to death, and sent a dispatch-scroll to Lysander, ordering him home. The dispatch-scroll is of the following character. When the ephors send out an admiral or a general, they make two round pieces of wood exactly alike , in length and thickness, so that each corresponds to / the other in its dimensions, and keep one themselves, | while they give the other to their envoy. These pieces | of wood they call “scytalae.’”” Whenever, then, they ; 1 Cf. Alcibiades, xvi. 5. 285 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dpdcat BovrAnbact, BuiBdiov Wowep ipavra paxpov Kal otevov troLovyTes TepiediTTOVaL THY Tap avtTois cxuTdadyny, ovbev SidrELwpa TWoLovYTES, GAA TavTayodey KUKAw THY erripdvetav aUTAS a , 4, “ \ 4 T@ BiBAip KatadauBavortes. tovto Sé€ TroLN- gavtes & BovrovTat Kataypadovow eis Td BuBMiov, domep eotl TH cKUTAAN TrEpLKeipevor’ dtav b€ ypawwou, adedovtes TO BiBdtov avev tov EvNov mpcs Tov oTpaTNyoV aTrocTéAAOVGL. deEduevos 5é éxeivos GANwS pev ovdey avaré~a- cOat Sivatar TOV ypappdtrov cuvadny ovK éyov- Twv, AAA Suectacpévwv, THY dé Tap avT@ oxuTadAnv NaBov TO Tuna TOU BiBdLov Tept avuTnvy wepléteev, Wate, THS Edixos ets Takw opotws amoxabiotapévns, éemiBdrrovta Tots TpPO- Tos ta Sevtepa, KUKrA@ THY OYW éemadyew TO auvexyes aveupioxovoay. Kareitar 5€ opworipws TO ude oxuTadrn To BiBAlov, ws TO pEeTpodovTe TO ETPOUpLEVOD. XX. “O 5 Avcavbpos, éXMovens THs cxuTddNsS mpos autoy eis Tov ‘EXAjorovtov, SuetapayOn, Kal wadtota Tas tov PapvaBdalov Sed:a5 Katn- yopias, éamrovdacev cis AdyoUs avT@ auvedOetv, @s AUcwY THY Stahopdv. Kal cuveOwv éeiTo ypaxpau trept avtov mpos Tovs apyovTas érépav €TLTTOAY WS OUdeY NdLKNLEVOY one éyxaXovvTa. mpos Kpytra S€ dpa, To Tod Adyou, KpnTtivwv nyvoes tov PapydBalov. srocyopevos yap avavta troncev, pavepas pev éyparpev olay o Avcavipos nkiwoev émictoAny, xcpida Se elyev érépav avrTot yeypappévnyv. év d¢7@ Tas odpa- 286 LYSANDER wish to send some secret and important message, they make a scroll of parchment long and narrow, like a leathern strap, and wind it round their “seytale,” leaving no vacant space thereon, but covering its surface all round with the parchment. After doing this, they write what they wish on the parchment, just as it lies wrapped about the “scytale’’; and when they have written their message, they take the parchment off, and send it, without the piece of wood, to the commander. He, when he has received it, cannot otherwise get any meaning out of it,—since the letters have no con- nection, but are disarranged,—unless he takes his own “scytale” and winds the strip of parchment about it, so that, when its spiral course is restored perfectly, and that which follows is joined to that which precedes, he reads around the staff, and so discovers the continuity of the message. And the parchment, like the staff, is called “scytale,” as the thing measured bears the name of the measure. XX. But Lysander, when the _ dispatch-scroll reached him at the Hellespont, was much disturbed, and since he feared the denunciations of Pharnabazus above all others, he hastened to hold a conference with him, hoping to compose their quarrel. At this conference he begged Pharnabazus to write another letter about him to the magistrates, stating that he had not been wronged at all, and had no complaints to make. But in thus “ playing the Cretan against a Cretan,” as the saying is, he misjudged his opponent. For Pharnabazus, after promising to do all that he desired, openly wrote such a letter as Lysander demanded, but secretly kept another by him ready written. And when it came to putting on the seals, 287 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yidas éemiBadrrXyev évarrdEas ta BiBALa pndev diahépovta TH det, Sidwow exeivny avT@e THv Kpupa yeypaupévnv. adixopevos obv o Avcavdpos els Aaxedaipova Kai ropevbeis, @otrep G05 éotiv, eis TO apxetov, amédwxKe Tos epopols TA ypappata tov DapvaBalov, temesopévos avnpncOar To MéytoTov avTov TOV éyKAnudToVY nyaTaTo yap Oo PDapvaBalos bro taév Aaxedaipoviwv, mpoOupo- Tatos év TO TOAD TAY Baciriéws oTpPaTHYaV yeyervnuévos. érret 5é avayvovres of Epopor THY émirtoAny ederEay avT@, Kal oUVTKEY @S Our ap ’Odvaceds dot aipvros pdvos, TOTE pev iaxupas TEAopuBnpévos annrOev Huépars 5é oAriyais Dotepov évtvy@v toils dpyovow &bn Sety aitov eis "Appovos dvaBnvat cat TO Obed Gicat Ouaias as cb~ato Tpo TeV ayovwrv. enol Lev ovv GdANDas hac avT@ TodLopKodVTL THY TOV "Adutaiwyv mod éy @paden Kata rovs Hrvovs Tapacthva. Tov “Appwva: 510 Kal THY ToNLOp- 4 > , e fe) fal 4 Pd Kiay adeis, os Tov Oceod mpoatdk~avtos, éxéXeuvce ‘ 9 4, Vv 4 N N tous Adutatous “Aupou Ovew Kxal tov Geov éotrovoacev eis THY AiBunv tropevfels é€thdca- afar. tots b€ mreiotos édoKet mpooynpa Tot- a N 4 bd \ \ > / \ eto Oat tov Oeov, adrAws 5é Tovs éhopous SedorKws \ \ ¥ \ > A > e 4 ” Kal Tov olKoe Suyov ov hépwv ovd vTropévwrv ap- xecOar mrdvns dpéyerOar Kal Tepipoitncews TLVOS, otep trios ex vouns abétou Kal NeLwavos a A > \ , \ XN , V4 avbis hewv éri datvnv cal mpos TO cvvnbes Epyov 288 445 LYSANDER he exchanged she documents, which looked exactly alike, and gave him the letter which had been secretly written. Accordingly, when Lysander arrived at Sparta and went, as the custom is, into the senate- house, he gave the ephors the letter of Pharnabazus, -convinced that the greatest of the complaints against him was thus removed ; for Pharnabazus was in high favour, with the Lacedaemonians, because he had been, of all the King’s generals, most ready to help them in the war. But when the ephors, after reading the letter, showed it to him, and he under- stood that “‘ Odysseus, then, is not the only man of guile,” ! for the time being he was mightily confounded and went away. Buta few days afterwards, on meeting the magistrates, he said that he was obliged to go up to the temple of Ammon? and sacrifice to the god the sacri- fices which he had vowed before his battles. Now some say that when he was besieging the city of Aphytae in Thrace, Ammon really stood by him in his sleep ; wherefore he raised the siege, declaring that the god had commanded it, and ordered the Aphytaeans to sacrifice to Ammon, and was eager to make a journey into Libya and propitiate the god. Butthe majority believed that he made the god a pretext, and really feared the ephors, and was impatient of the yoke at home, and unable to endure being under authority, and therefore longed to wander and travel about somewhat, like a horse which comes back from unrestricted pasturage in the meadows to his stall, and is put once more to his accustomed work. 1 An iambic trimeter of some unknown poet. * In an oasis of the great desert of Libya. Cf. Cimon, xvill. 6 f. 289 VOL, 1V. U PLUTARCH’S LIVES avOis ayopevos. iv pev yap "Eqopts THs atrody- N pias tavtns aitiay dvaypadet, peTa piKpov adnynoopat. XXI. Monss 6€ cal yarerras apePjvar diam pa- Ui e \ A 5] , ge / e \ Eduevos to tav éhopwy é€éerdevcer. of Sé Bactnrets arrodnunaavros avtod cuudpovncartes Ste Tais éraipeiacs Tas TONES KaTéyoV 51a TaYTOS ” 4 i > A e 4 ¥ apyer Kal xupios éote tHS “EXXddos, Erpaccoy bras atodwaovaet Tots SnudTas Ta wWpaypata Tovs éxeivou didous éxBadovtes. ov pny aAda TaALy Tpos TaVTA KLYNMATOS yEevopévou, Kal TrpPw- a b \ a b] / > s an tTwv tav ato DvaAjs "AOnvaiwy ériBepévwr tots TpidKkovtTa Kal KpaTovvTwr, éraveOar dia Taxéwy o Avoavdpos érece tovs Aaxedatpovious tais > / a ‘ , A oduyapyiais BonBeiy nal tovs Snpovs Kordleuv. Kal wpwtots Tois TpidKovTa Tréutrovaly éxaToV TaXavTa Tpos TOY ToAELOV Kal OTpaTHYOY avTOV Avcavépov. ot 6é Bactrets POovobvtes Kal Sed:0- \ , \ > 4 4 P / Tes pn wary &ryn tas 'AOnvas, eyvwoay éFvévat \ ¢ , ce by de! \ ¢ / , Tov érepov avtav. é&ndOe 5é o Ilavoavias, Noyw pév uirép Tov Tupavvev émi tov Sihuov, épyp Sé , \ , id A , e 4 KaTahvowy Tov Todepmov, ws pn Tadtv o Av- aavdpos 5a tav dirwv Kvptos yévorto Tav ’AOn- vav. TovTo pev ovv duerpdtato padiws: Kai Tovs b , 4 \ A \ A AOnvaious S:adrd£as kal catatravaoas THY oTadoLW ageireto Tod Avadvdpou tHv didotipiav. driyo dé votepoy atoctavTwy mdadv Ttav ’AOnvaiwr autos pev aitiay EdaBev, ws éyxexadwopévov TH oAryapyia tov SHuov avels adOis éEuBpi t yapxia Ae $ us pioas Kal 290 LYSANDER Ephorus, it is true, assigns another reason for this absence abroad, which I shall mention by and by.! XXI. After he had with great difficulty procured his release by the ephors, he set sail. But the kings, when he had gone abroad, became aware that by means of the societies which he had formed, he had the cities entirely in his power and was master of Hellas ; they therefore took measures for deposing his friends everywhere and restoring the management of affairs to the people. However, fresh disturbances broke out in connection with these changes, and first of all the Athenians from Phyle attacked the Thirty and overpowered them. Lysander therefore came home in haste, and persuaded the Lacedae- monians to aid the oligarchies and chastise the democracies. Accordingly, they sent to the Thirty, first of all, a hundred talents for the war, and Lysander himself as general. But the kings were jealous of him, and feared to let him capture Athens a second time; they. therefore determined that one of them should go out with the army. And Pausanias did go out, ostensibly in behalf ot the tyrants ? against the people, but really to put a stop to the war, in order that Lysander might not again become master of Athens through the efforts of his friends. This object, then, he easily accom- plished, and by reconciling the Athenians and putting a stop to their discord, he robbed Lysander: of his ambitious hopes. A short time afterwards, however, when the Athenians revolted again, he himself was censured for taking the curb of the oligarchy out of the mouth of the people, and letting them grow bold and insolent again; while 1 Chapter xxv. 3. 2 That is, the Thirty in Athens. 2g! u 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Opacvvac ban, T@ O€ Avadvépe mw poceO nKxato dofav avdpos ov T pos eTEpOV yvapw ovdé Oearpi- KOS, GANA pos TO TH Yrdptn ocvpdépov avle- KdoTWS aTpatnyourTos. XXII. *Hp 6¢ Kal ™@ oye Gpacvs Kal Karta TANKTLKOS TPOS TOUS aytiteivovTas. “Apryetous pev yap audiroyoupEevors mepl vas. Spwv kai dixaso- TEpa TOV Aaxedatpovior olopévors eye detEas THY paxatpar, ““O tavtns, épn, “ KpaT ov Beén- TiOTa Tmept y7ns Spev Suareyerar.” Meyapéws dé avdpos év Tie Tuhhoyp mappnoia Xpneapevov T pos avtov, “Oi oryou gov, eltev, “@ Féve, TOAEWS Séovrat.” Tous 6€ Bowrous émauortepi- Covtas 7pwTa TOT €pov opBois TOUS Sopa KEKALLEVOLS Siaropeuntat THY Y@pav auTav. émel 6é TOY Kopuiar apecTwoTwv TApepy.opEvos 7 pos Ta TelXn TOUS Aaxedatuovious € éwpa m poo Badrew dxvouvTas, Kal Nays TIS ahOn Siamndav THY Tadpov, “ Ovn aicxuverde,” epn, “ TovouTous poBovpevor moveutous, @v of Aaywot & apyiav Tots Telyery éyxadevdovary ;” "Exrel dé "Ayis o Bactrevs eTeNeUT ITED aded- pov pev "Aynoidaov KATA TOY, viov O€ vourlope- vov Aewrtuxisoay, épaatns Tob "Aynotddou yeyo- YOS O Advcavdpos € émetoev AUTOV ayrthapBavecBat THs Bactheias ws “Hpaxneibnv 6vTa YyvnoLov. oO yap Aewruxidas dtaBornv elev é& ’AXxiBiadou yeryovevat, TUVOVTOS Kpupa TN “Aytdos yuvatnl Trpaig nal dv Xpovov pevyov | éy Lrrapty beé- TpuBev. o Oe “Ayes, as pact, x ‘\povou AoyLT MO TO Tpaypa cuVvedwov, ws ov Kunoeey EE avTOd, TapT- 292 LYSANDER Lysander won fresh repute as a man who exercised “his command in downright fashion, not for the gratification of others, nor yet to win applause, but for the good of Sparta. XXII. He was harsh of speech also, and terrifying to his opponents. For instance, when the Argives were disputing about boundaries, and thought they made a juster plea than the Lacedaemonians, he pointed to his sword, and said to them: “ He who is master of this discourses best about boundaries.”’ And when a Megarian, in some conference with him, grew bold in speech, he said : “ Thy words, Stranger, lack a city.” And when the Boeotians tried to play a double game with him, he asked them whether he should march through their territory with spears upright, or levelled. And once when the Corinthians had revolted, and, on coming to their walls, he saw that the Lacedaemonians hesitated to make an assault, a hare was seen leaping across the moat ; whereupon he said: ‘Are ye not ashamed to fear enemies who are so lazy that hares sleep on their walls ?”’ When Agis the king died,! leaving a brother, Agesilaiis, and a reputed son, Leotychides, Lysander, who had been a lover of Agesilaiis, persuaded him to lay claim to the kingdom, on the ground that he was a genuine descendant of Heracles. For Leotychides was accused of being a son of Alcibiades, who had secret commerce with Timaea, the wife of Agis, while he was living in exile at Sparta. Now Agis, as they tell us, being convinced by a computation of time that his wife had not conceived by him, ignored 1 In 398 B.c., after returning home from a victorious campaign (Xen. Hell. iii. 3, 1). 293 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pére tov Acwrtuyisou Kal havepos Av avarvopevos > _\ , \ \ , ? a. avTov Tapa ye TOV NoLTrOV Ypovoy. é7rel 58 voowV ‘4 A eis “Hpaiay éxouiacbn nal terevTav Ewerre, TA A nn A la) bev utr’ avtod Tov veavioxouv, Ta dé UO TOV 4 / an dirwv éxrdutrapnbets eévavtiov woAdav amépnvev A \ n vioy autov tov Aewtuyisav, cai Senfeis trav TapovtTwy émiysaptuphcar tavta mpos tovs Aa- xedatpovious améBavev. odTot pev ovdv éuap- , A a 4 \ > 9 , Tupouy TavTa T@® Aewtvyida: tov & *Aynoidaov \ v Mw. QA a A AaptTpov ovta TadNAa Kal cvVaywuioTH T@ Av- \ cavdpp ypepevov EBraTte AcoreiOns, avip evdo- , KiuLos ETL YpNTLONOYLa, ToLOvdE pavTEevA TpOpe- pwv eis THY YwrOTHTA TOD "AynotrAdou: Dpaleo by, Xraptn, caiwep peyaddravyxos eovca, pn o€8ev aptitrodsos BXdotn yor) Bacrreia. Snpov yap poyPot oe Kataacynoovaty derTTOL POto.Bpotov 7 él xipa xurALvdopevov Tone- peoto. TONAGY OV UTOKATAKALVOMEVWY TPOS TO AOdYLOV / Kal TpeTouévwy mpos tov Aewtuyiday, o Av- é ? bd 0a ¥ N / \ , cavdpos ovx opOas pn tov ArotreiOn tHv pavreiav UToNapBave: ov yap av TpooTtaicas Tis apyYn Aaxedaipoviwy, Svaxepaivery tov Oeov, adda \ ? \ Va 3 0 a YoOrnY evar THY Bacirciay eb voOo Kal KaKas yeyovotes Bactrevcovar civ! ‘Hpaxrcidais. Tor- abTa Néywr kal Suvapevos mrciotoy érece, Kal , \ > , yivetat Bactrevs "Aynotraos. 1 giv supplied by Sintenis alone. 294 446 LYSANDER Leotychides, and manifestly repudiated him up to the last. But when he was carried sick to Heraea and was about to die, he yielded to the entreaties of the young man himself and of his friends, and declared in the hearing of many that Leotychides was his own son, and after begging those who were present to bear witness of this to the Lacedae- monians, died. Accordingly, they did so bear witness in favour of Leotychides. Moreover, Agesilaiis, who was otherwise illustrious, and had Lysander as a champion, was injured in his-claim by Diopeithes, a man in high repute for his interpretation of oracles, who published the following prophecy with reference to the lameness of Agesilaiis } :— “ Bethink thee now, O Sparta, although thou art very proud, Lest from thee, sound of foot, there spring a maimed royalty ; For long will unexpected toils oppress thee, And onward rolling billows of man-destroying war. Many, therefore, out of deference to the oracle, inclined to Leotychides, but Lysander declared that Diopeithes did not interpret the prophecy correctly ; for it did not mean that the god would be displeased if one who was lame should rule the Lacedaemonians, but the kingdom would be maimed if bastards and ill-born men should be kings in a line with the posterity of Heracles. By such arguments, and because he had very great influence, he prevailed, and Agesilaiis became king.? 1 Cf. Plutarch’s A gestlaiis, ii. 2. 2 Cf. Plutarch’s A gestlazis, iii. 3-5; Xen. Hell. iii. 3, 2 f. 205 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXIII. Ev6ds ovv abrov eFopua Kal Tpoo- TpeTrev oO Avoavépos eis thy "Aciav oT pareve, UmorOels eAribas @S KaTaducovTe Tépoas kal peyiore yevnaouever, pos TE TOUS ev "Acta one éyparpev aiteia Oar KENEVOV mapa Aaxe- arpovioy oT paTayov “Aqnothaov él tov pos 2 Tous BapBapous TOMO. ot 8é émeiPovto Kal mpea Bets reptrov ets Aaxebaipova deopévous’ 6 doxet THS BactXelas ovK éXaTTOV “Aynoid@ KaXOV vraptar dua Avoavdpor. GRD au ptdort wot pices addwos poev ov Kanal 7 pos Tas mryepovias elai, TO O€ pooveiy Tois opotos dia d0fav ov pix pov ep obtov TOV Kaha mpafewy éxouau ToLovvTar yap avraywvicTas THS aperhs ols wdp- 3 eoTt XpijoPa cuvepyois. “Aynathaos pév ovy emnyaryeTo Avoavépov éy Tos ‘TpidKovTa TUp- Bovdors @S pdduora, Kal TpPaTe TOV pidov Xpno opevos: émrel O€ eis THY "Aciav Taparyevope- vov impos éxeivoy péy ovK EXOVTES ot dv pom ot cvvnbas Bpaxéa Kal amavis SiehéyouTo, Tov 5é Adcavdpor é éx TOMAS THs mpoabev opurtas ob TE piror Ocpamrevovtes of te dromrot SeSouxores 4 epottav emt Oupas Kal Tapnxodov0 ovr, olov év Tparywdiacs eTLELKOS oupBaiver Tepl Tous wiro- KpuTas, Tov pev ayyéAou TLVOS vn OepdtrovtTos emreKelpevor » 7 pOOWTrOV evdoxipeiy Kal TpwTaywv- tateiy, tov dé duddnpa Kal aK T pov popotyra pn de axoveo Gat POeyyopuevor, OUT TED TOV cbyBovrov | ay TO wav akiopa Tis apis, T@ dé Bacirei tovvopa THs Suvdpews Epnpov amrenetTreTo. 1 émixeluevoy Bekker adopts Coraés’ correction to wepixel- mevov. 296 LYSANDER XXIII. At once, then, Lysander tried to rouse and incite him to make an expedition into Asia, suggesting hopes that he would put down the Persians and become a very great man. He also wrote letters to his friends in Asia, bidding them ask Agesilaiis of the Lacedaemonians as general for their war against the Barbarians.1 They obeyed, and sent ambassadors to Lacedaemon with the request, and thus an honour not inferior to that of being made king was obtained for Agesilaiis through the efforts of Lysander. But with ambitious natures, which are otherwise not ill qualified for command, jealousy of their equals in reputation is no slight obstacle to the performance of noble deeds ; for they make those their rivals in the path of virtue, whom they might have as helpers. Agesilaiis did indeed take Lysander with him among his thirty counsellors, intending to treat him with special favour as his chief friend; but when they were come into Asia, the people there, who were not acquainted with him, conferred with him but rarely and briefly, whereas Lysander, in consequence of their large intercourse with him in former times, had them always at his door and in his train, those who were his friends coming out of deference, and those whom he suspected, out of fear. And just as in tragedies it naturally happens that an actor who takes the part of some messenger or servant is in high repute and plays leading réles, while the one who bears the crown and sceptre is not even listened to when he speaks, so in this case the whole honour of the govern- ment was associated with the counsellor, and there was left for the king only the empty name of power. 1 Cf. Plutarch’s Agesilazis, vi. 1 f. 297 @ PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5 yevérOar pev odv laws Eder TWA THS ExpEAODS TavTns dirotipias éradyy kal cvotadHvar Tov Avcavépov dypt tay Sevtepetwy’ TO Sé TravTEedos amoppinrat Kal MpomnraKioat bud dofav evepyerny avbpa kat didrov ovn jv aftov ‘Aynotha@ mpoc- eivat. TIp@tov péev odv ov tapetyey ait@ mpadkewr aboppds, ovdé érattev éd wHyepovias’ érerta uTép Ov alcBotd TL WpaTTOVTa Kal omovddtovTa tov Avoavépov, del TovTovVs TavTwWY aTrPaKTOUS kat Tov émiTUYOVTMY EXaTTOY ExOVTAS aTETELTE, Taparvov novyn Kal dtayvywy Hv éxeivou 6 duvayiy. érel 6€ TOY TdavToYv Stayaptavev o Aveoavdpos éyvw tois dirous thy map avTod oTrovony évavTiopa yivouevny, autos Te TO BonOeiv é€édurre Kaxeivwy édeito wy Wpocrévae pndé Oepa- mevewv aUTOV, GAAA TH Bactrei StaréyeoOar Kal tois duvapévois wpereivy Tovs TLuwVTAas aUTOUS 7 parrov év TO TapovTt. tadta axovovtTes oat TOAAOL TOU pev eVOYAELY AUTOV TEpL TpayLaTwV ameiyovto, Tas b€ Oeparreias ov KaTédtTTOV, ANA mTpoopoitavres ev Tots TepiTraTots Kal yupvaciots 447 Ett “aAXOV H TpoTEpov Hviwy Tov "AynoiAaovy b1r6 POovov Ths TuHs, @oTE Tois TOAXOIS Yraptedtais! nyepovias TpayuaTwy Kal Stotxnoes TOAEWY ATTO- 528005 tov Avcavdpov améderEe xpeodaitny. eita olov épuBpitwv mpos tovs “Iwvas, ‘“’Arrtovtes, ébn, “viv tov éuov Kpeodaitny OeparrevéTwaar.” 8 édokev ody 7H Avadvdpm 1d AoYwY pos avToV 1 Srapridtra:ts the correction of Emperius: orpariéracs (soldiers). 298 LYSANDER It is true, perhaps, that there should have been some gentle handling of this excessive ambition, and that Lysander should have been reduced to the second place ; but entirely to cast off and insult, for fame’s sake, a benefactor and a friend, was not worthy of the character of Agesilaiis. In the first place, then, he did not give him opportunities for achievement, nor even assign him to a command ; and secondly, those in whose behalf he perceived that Lysander was earnestly exerting himself, these he always sent away with less reward than an ordinary suitor, or wholly unsuccessful, thus quietly undoing and chilling his influence. So when Lysander missed all his aims, and saw that his. interested efferts for his friends were an obstacle to their success, he not only ceased to give them his own aid, but begged them not to wait upon him nor pay him their court, but to confer with the king, and with such as had more power to benefit those who showed them honour than was his at present. Most of those who heard this refrained from troubling him about their affairs, but did not cease paying him their court, nay rather, by waiting upon him in the public walks and places of exercise, they gave Agesilaiis even more annoyance than before, because he envied him the honour. Therefore, though he offered most of the Spartans! commands in the field and governments of cities, he appointed Lysander his carver of meats. And presently, as if by way of insult to the Ionians, he said: “Let them be off, and pay their court now to my carver of meats.” Accordingly, Lysander determined to have a con- 1 Agis took thirty Spartans with him as counsellors and captains (Plutarch’s A gessaiis, vi. 3; Xenophon’s A gesiaiis, i. 7). 299 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éNciy: Kat yiverat Bpayus cal Aaxwvixos advTav Suddroryos. “"H cards ybes, @ Aynoidae, hirous an 9 \ 4 co > “ , é€Xattouv. Kat os: ““Ay ye éuov BovrNwvTar , 9 \ \ v Q > A AA petCoves evar: tovs d€ avEovtas tH eunv divapuy \ , IA , % 669 > » , Kal peTéxe autis Sixacov. AXX’ tows per, @ "Aynoindae, col AéXNeKTaL KAaAALOV 7H Epol Té- mpaxtat Séouat 5€ cov xat Sta Tovs éxTos J 4 A ‘ e A 9 , b] “” 4 avOpwrrovs, of wpos Nuas aTroBXéTovat, évTavOd pe THS GeavTov otpatnyias tTakov, Strov Tetay- pévov Hxrota pev érraxOyn, wardrov bé ypnotpov éxeabat ceavT@ vopifers.” XXIV. ’Ex rovtouv mpeoRevtis eis ‘EXAnoTov- Tov éméumeto: Kat tov pey ‘Aynoivaov & dpyis SJ 9 b lh \ Le) 4 , elyev, ovx nuérer 5€ tod ra déovTa mpdtrey, LrvOpidarny Se tov léponv mpooxexpovxora DapvaBaly, yevvaiov avépa nal otpatiav éxovta jwept avTov, atootnaas hyaye mwpos tov *Ayn- 4 ” IQs 4 3 a ‘ \ aidkaov. addo bé ovdev eypnoato avT@ Tpos TOV TOAELOV, GANA TOD Ypovou SveAOdvTOS arémAEUCEV eis THY Lardptnv atipws, dpytCopevos pev TH "A x / “ oe ,} \ aX, x , ” ynoia@, picay 6é Kal THY GANV TONTElaY ETL padXov % aMpoTtepov, Kal ta mddrat SoxodvTa auyKxetoOar cai peunxavncbat mpos petaBornv Kal vewtepta pov éyvaxws éeyyetpety ToTEe Kal pT Stapérrewv. "Hy 6é todd. tov dvaytyOévtav Awptedow ‘Hpakredav cai xateovrwy eis TeXorovvnaov TOAD pev ev Lardptn Kat Naumpov nvOnce yévos, ov mravtl 6€ avtay Ths Backs pethy Svadoxis, 300 LYSANDER ference with him, at which a brief and _ laconic dialogue passed between them. “Verily, thou knowest well, Agesilaiis, how to abase friends.” To which Agesilaiis: “ Yes, if they would be greater than I; but those who increase my power should also share in it.” “Well, perhaps thy words, Agesilaiis, are fairer than my deeds; but I beg thee, even because of the strangers who have their eyes upon us, to give me a post under thy command where thou believest that I shall be least annoying to thyself, and more serviceable than now.” } XXIV. Upon this, he was sent as ambassador to the Hellespont; and though he was angry with Agesilaiis, he did not neglect to do his duty, but induced Spithridates the Persian, a high-minded man with forces at his command, to revolt from Pharnabazus, with whom he was at odds, and brought him to Agesilaiis22 The king made no further use of Lysander, however, in the war, and when his time had expired, he sailed back to Sparta without honour, not only enraged at Agesilaiis, but hating the whole form of government more than ever, and resolved to put into execution at once, and without delay, the plans for a revolutionary change which he is thought to have devised and concocted some time before. | They were as follows. Of the Heracleidae who united with the Dorians and came down into Pelo- ponnesus, there was a numerous and glorious stock flourishing in Sparta; however, not every family belonging to it participated in the royal succession, 1 Cf. Plutarch’s A gesilaiis, vii.—viii. 1-2; Xen. Hell. iii. 4, 7-9. 2 Cf. Plutarch’s A gesilazis, viii. 3; Xen. Hell. iii. 4, 10. 301 ‘ PLUTARCH’S LIVES arn éBacirevov éx dvety oixwv povoy Kvputrav- tidar kat "Ayiddar mpooayopevouevor, tois dé GAXors ovdev Erépov mréov Exe ev TH TodTELa dia thy ebyéverav bmHpyev, ai Sé am’ apeTAs Tipal Tact mpovKevTo Tots Suvapévols. ToVTwY ovv yeyovws o Avcavédpos, ws eis Sofav Tov mpd- Ecwv np0n peyarnv cat dirous éxéxTnTo ToAXOUS cal dvvaptv, AyOeTo THY TOY opav UT’ avTodD pev av€avopévnv, bd érépwv 5é Bactrevopevny ovdey BéXTLOV avTOD yeyovorar, Kal Stevoetto THY apxny é« tev dveiy olxwy peragtnoas eis KoLvoV atrodobvat traow ‘Hpaxrcidats, ws dé Evtot hacuy, oux ‘H pakreidas, adrra Lrapridrass, va pn n ToD ad’ ‘Hpaxdéeovs, ara TOV olos ‘Hpakhijs TO "yépas, aperh Kptvopévav, 7) Kaxelvov eis Oeav Tuas avyyayev. Amite 5é THs Bactreias o0Tw Sixalopévns ovdéva mpd avtovd Yraptiatny av aipeOnoecOat. XXV. IIparov pév otv éereyeipnoe Kai tape- oxevdoato Teibe St éauvtod Tovs ToNiTas, Kal Novyoy éFeueréra mpos THY UTOOEoLW yeypampévov tro Kréwvos tod ‘ANtkapvaccéws. eretta THY atoriav kal To péyeOos Tov KaLvoToMoupevou Tpayuatos opav itaywrépas Seouevov BonGeias, @otep év tpaywdia pnxavav aipwv él tovs jToMiTas, Aoyta WuOdYpnoTa Kal Kpnaopous ouP- eTiOer xal Kxatecxevatev, ws ovdéy wpednod- ' Cf. Plutarch’s A geatlatis, viii. 3. 302 LYSANDER but the kings were chosen from two houses only, and were called Eurypontidae and Agiadae. The rest had no special privileges in the government because of their high birth, but the honours which result from superior excellence lay open to all who had power and ability. Now Lysander belonged to one of these families, and when he had risen to great fame for his deeds, and had acquired many friends and great power, he was vexed to see the city increased in power by his efforts, but ruled by others who were of no better birth than himself. He therefore planned to take the government away from the two houses, and restore it to all the Heracleidae in common, or, as some say, not to the Heracleidae, but to the Spartans in general,! in order that its high prerogatives might not belong to those only who were descended from Heracles, but to those who, like Heracles, were selected for superior excellence, since it was this which raised him to divine honours. And he hoped that when the kingdom was awarded on this principle, no Spartan would be chosen before himself. XXV. In the first place, then, he undertook and made preparations to persuade the citizens by his own efforts, and committed to memory a speech written by Cleon, the Halicarnassian, for.the purpose. In the second place, seeing that the novelty and magnitude of his innovation demanded a more audacious support, he brought stage machinery to . bear upon the citizens,” as it were, by collecting and arranging responses and oracles of Apollo; convinced 2 In the Greek theatre, gods were swung into view, above the plane of the action, by means of a huge crane. Cf. Themistocles, x. 1. 393 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Hevos UO THS KvXéwvos Seevotntos, e pn PoBo Oeod tut Kal Serorvdatpovia mpoexmrAHn~as Kal Yetpwadpevos UTayayot Tpos TOV AGYOV TOUS TONL- tas. "Edopos pév ovv dyno avtov, ws THY TE Ilv@iav émuyerpnoas SiadGeipar cai tas Awdo- vidas avOis avareiOwov Sua PDepexréovs arré- tuyev, eis “Appovos avaRnvar Kai dvaréyeoOar Tois mpodyntais woAU yYpvaiov S:ddvta, Tous Se Sucyepaivovtas eis Ladptnv twas atrooteiNat tov Avodvdpov xatnyopnoovtas, émel S€ arre- AvOn, tovs AiBvas amiovtas elwety: “’AAN Hmets ye BéATIOv, @ Sraptiarar, xpiwovpev, drav nKnTe mpos nuas ets AtBdnv oixnoovtes,” ws 57 Xpnopod Tivos vTos Tadatod AaKxedatpovious | €v AtBin xatouxhoa. tHv S€ GAnv émriBovarAnv Kat oxevwpiay Tod TAdTpATOS Ov PavAnY ovaay ovde ad av étvxev apEapévnv, adAa ToddAS Kal peydras boGéces, wotrep ev Staypaypate pabnpatix®, wpocAaBodcay cal dia AnupdToV Yarerav nat dvotopictwy él To cuprépacpa Tpoiovoay, nuEls avayparpouev avdpos iotopiKod kal dtrocopou Aoy@ KaTakoXovOnaavTes. XXVI. "Hy yovacov ev Tldévt@e xvew é& ’Amon- Awvos ddyevov, @ TOAAOL pév, WS ELKOS Hp, nmiorouvv, TodXdol O€ Kal Tpoceiyov, wate Kal TEKOvENS TaLddpLiov appev bd TroAdKOY Kal yvo- pipwv orovddkerOar thy éxtpodyv adtod cat Thv émipérecav. dvona S¢ TO Tradl LetAnvos éx 8 twos aitias éréOn. tadtnv rAaBov o 304 448 LYSANDER that Cleon’s clever rhetoric would not help him at all unless he should first terrify and subdue his countrymen by vague religious fear and superstitious terror, and then bring them under the influence of his argument. Well, then, Ephorus tells us that after an attempt to corrupt the Pythian priestess, and after a second failure to persuade the priestesses of Dodona by means of Pherecles, he went up to the temple of Ammon and had a conference with that god’s interpreters there, at which he offered them much money, but that they took this ill, and sent certain messengers to Sparta to denounce him ; and further, that when Lysander was acquitted of their charges, the Libyans said, as they went away, “ But we will pass better judgments than yours, O Spartans, when ye come to dwell with us in Libya” ; for they knew that there was a certain ancient oracle bidding the Lacedaemonians to settle in Libya. But since the whole plot and concoction was no insignificant one, nor yet carelessly undertaken, but made many important assumptions, like a mathe- matical demonstration, and proceeded to its con- clusion through premises which were difficult and hard to obtain, we shall follow, in our description of it, the account of one who was both a historian and a philosopher.! XXVJ. There was a woman in Pontus who declared that she was with child by Apollo. Many dis- believed her, as was natural, but many also lent an ear to her, so that when she gave birth to a male child, many notable persons took an interest in its care and rearing. For some reason or other, the name given to the boy was Silenus. Lysander 1 Probably Ephorus. 395 VOL. IV. X PLUTARCH’S LIVES Avcavépos a apxny, Ta AoWTrA Tap éautov mTpoce- TEKTALVETO Kal ouvuparver, OvK ONéiyoLS Xpe- pevos ovee pavrous TOU pudov cuvayonarais, of THY Te pnuny THS yeverews TOD TaLoos els mor ayuTonTas ™ porryoy, aov Te ovo ex Acrdav dyTixopicavres els THY Lmdprny Kare- Badov kal diéametpay, @s €v ypaypacw datrop- PHToLs UITrO TAY lepéwy pudarrowrTo TAT araLoL én TIVES xpNs ol, Kat haBeiv ove efeore ToUTOUS ovo évtuxely Oepurov, él pa Ths apa yeyovas e& ’Arroddwvos adixotto TO TOAD VY pov@ kal cuvdnpa tois purdrrovar THS YEVETEWS yvopt- pov Tapacyeov Kopla arto Tas déATOUS eV als qoav ol i xpno pol. Tovtwy 6€ T POKATED KEVAG HEVOV eu TOV LetAnvoy érAOovra TOUS x nT LOUS amavtety Qs ‘AmddNwvos matoa, Tous é TULTpaTToVTas TOV lepéov eFax ptBoiv Exacta Kal Scary ave- obat mept Ths. YEverews, Tédos O€ TETTELG MEVOUS d70ev Os "ATroAXwVOS Vid betEar Ta ypaupara, TOV b¢ dvayvavar TOANOV TApovT@v aras TE pavreias Kal 7s évexa Taha wéeTAaoTaL ‘ THY Tepl THS Bactrelas, as dewvov ein Kal Awiov Lnaptiatass € é TOV AGpioT@Y TOALTAY aipoupevots TOUS Bacireas. "H6y dé Tov Ledqvod pevpaxiov yeyovoros kal 7 pos THY mpativ 7 HKovTos, elemere TOU Spdparos o 0 voav pos aTOAMG * TOV UTOKPLT@V Kal TUVEpYaV evs, @S én’ avTo TO epryov nrGev, atrodetAtdoavrTos Kal avadvvtos. ov pay epopadn ye tov Avodp- Spov Cavros ovOév, ddA peta Thy TENEUTHD. 1 rhAAa wérAacra the correction of Coraés ; waoa: Bekker : mwAdoa, with the MSS. 306 LYSANDER took these circumstances for his foundation, and supplied the rest of his cunning fabric himself, making use of not a few, nor yet insignificant, champions of the tale, who brought the story of the boy’s birth into credit without exciting suspicion. They also brought back another response from Delphi, and caused it to be circulated in Sparta, which declared that sundry very ancient oracles were kept in secret writings by the priests there, and that it was not possible to get these, nor even lawful to read them, unless someone born of Apollo should come after a long lapse of time, give the keepers an intelligible token of his birth, and obtain the tablets containing the oracles. The way being thus pre- pared, Silenus was to come and demand the oracles as Apollo’s son, and the priests who were in the secret were to insist on precise answers to all their questions about his birth, and finally, persuaded, forsooth, that he was the son of Apollo, were to show him the writing. Then Silenus, in the presence ot many witnesses, was to read aloud the prophecies, especially the one relating to the kingdom, for the sake of which the whole scheme had been invented, and which declared that it was more for the honour and interest of the Spartans to choose their kings from the best citizens. But when at last Silenus was grown to be a youth, and was ready for the business, Lysander’s play was ruined for him by the cowardice of one of his actors, or co-workers, who, just as he came to the point, lost his courage and drew back. However, all this was actually found out, not while Lysander was alive, but after his death. PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXVII. ’Everevtnce Sé ply é& ’Acias érrav- ereiv TOV "Aynotnaor, éuTrec@v els Tov Boww- TLKOV Tmohepov, i) parrov euBarov THY ‘Edd dba. NévyeTaL yap apporepws: Kal THY aiTiav ot Mev TEVES €XELVOU Tovovaw, ot be OnBaiwv, ot de Kony, OnBaiors peev éyeadoortes THY ev AvAtés TOV LEepa@v Sidppupy Kal ort Tav wept “Avdpo- KNELONY Kal Apdideor VpPHMLaAcl Bao trrkois dta- pOapevtor émt T@ Aaxedatpoviots “EXAquicoy MEpla Theat arédepov éréGevto Pwxevar cal thy Xepav auTo erropOnaav, Avoav6por 5é pac opyh hépe Ste ris Sexdrns avTeTornTavTo Tov TONELOV Onfaio Hover, TOV aGdhov TULLAaX wv houxavovra, Kal qept Xpnwatov HyavanTnc av a Avaavdpos eis Lraprny améoTetne, padicta be emt TS Wapacyxeip apxiv "AOnvaious édevbe- pOrews a6 TOY TpidKovra Tupdvver, ods Av- cavdpos peep KaTéaTNGe, Aaxedarpovvot bé Suvapuy cal doBov avtois ™ poo TLOevTes eynpicavro TOUS pevyovras é& "AOnvav aryearyipous elvau jTavtTa- x oben, éxamrovOous dé TOUS €VLT TA LEVOUS TOUS dyovot. 7 pos TauTa yap avrepnpic avo ©n- Baiou Yndiopara mpéeTovTa Kat adehpa Tals ‘Hpaxréovs rat Atovicou mpageow, oixiay pev aveoyOar Taocav Kal todww év Bowwtia ToIs Seopevots "AOnvaiwy, Tov 5€ TO aryopevep guydd. pn BonOncavra onpiav bet rew Tddavtov, dv dé Tus "AOnvate d1a Tis Bowwrias émt tos Tupav- 1 In 395 b.c., the aggressions of Sparta led to an alliance between Thebes and Athens against her. In the following year Corinth and Argos joined the alliance, and the whole 308 449 LYSANDER XXVII. And he died before Agesilaiis returned from Asia, after he had plunged, or rather had plunged Hellas, into the Boeotian war.! For it is stated in both ways ; and some hold him responsible for the war, others the Thebans, and others both together. It is charged against the Thebans that they cast away the sacrifices at Aulis,? and that, because Androcleides and Amphitheus* had been bribed with the King’s money to stir up a war in Greece against the Lace- daemonians, they set upon the Phocians and ravaged their country. It is said, on the other hand, that Lysander was angry with the Thebans because they alone laid claim to a tenth part of the spoils of the’ war, while the rest of the allies held their peace ; and because they were indignant about the money which he sent to Sparta; but above all, because they first put the Athenians in the way of freeing them- selves from the thirty tyrants whom he had set up, whose terrorizing power the Lacedaemonians had increased by decreeing that fugitives from Athens might be brought back from every place of refuge, and that all who impeded their return should be declared enemies of Sparta. In reply to this the Thebans issued counter decrees, akin in spirit to the beneficent deeds of Heracles and Dionysus, to the effect that every house and city in Boeotia should be open to such Athenians as needed succour; and that whosoever did not help a fugitive under arrest, should be fined a talent; and that if any one should carry arms war, which dragged along until 387 B.c., is usually known as the ‘‘ Corinthian war.’ 2 In the spring of 396, when Agesilaiis vainly tried to sacrifice there, in imitation of Agamemnon (Plutarch’s A gesilatis, vi. 4-6; Xen. Hell. iii. 4, 3f£., and 5, 5). 3 Cf. Xen. Hell. iii. 5, 1 and 4. 3°9 PLUTARCH’S LIVES vous émda comity, pLnTe opav Twa @nBaiov pire 4 axoveuv. Kal OUK eynpiaavto pev odTws “EX- Anuina Kab piravOpora, Tas dé mpages ToIs ypappacuy | opotas ov _Taperxov, aAAG @pacu- Bovros Kal of avy avTo Durjy caTaraBovres éx OnBav apunOncay, Otha Kab XPnwaTa, Kat To Aabeivy nai To adp~acAat OnBaior avrois cupTrapacKevac dvTov. aitias péev obv TAUTAS édaBe cata Tav OnBaiwv o » Nucavdpos. XXVIII. "H8y dé TayTdaTract Xanrerros dy opyny bia tH pedaryxortay emuteivouc ay Ets ‘yijpas, Tapwtuve Tous epopous Kab TUvETTELTE pivas gpovpav én’ avrous, Kal AaBov rhv nye- poviay éfeaTparevaer. Sorepov dé nal Hav- caviay Tov Baciréa pera oTpaTLas aTéaTELNAD. 2 adda Ilavcavias peév Kier mepiehDay da TOU _ KiGarpdvos éuParrev émehdev ets THY Botwriav, Adcav8pos dé dia Doxéov amrnvTa oTPATLOTAS EXeov TrodAOUS" Kal THY pev ‘Opxopevioy TOALV Exovoiws mpooxywpnoacay éraBe, THv Sé AeBa- devav emeh Ow SueTropOncev. : émepe dé 7™@ Ilav- cavia Ypaupara KeNevov eis ‘AMaptov ex ITha- Tawi TUvaT TEL, @S avros Gp npépa 7 pos Tois TelXeot TOV ‘AMaptiov ryevTT Opevos. TavTa Ta ypappata ™ pos TOUS On Baious arnvex9n, TOU Kxopilovros ELS KATAOKOTOUS TLWas euTerovTos. 3 ot dé po BeBonOnxorev avrois ‘AOnvatey THY pev Tod éxeivors Steriatevoav, avTtot dé mepl 1 Cf. Xen. Hell. ii. 4, 1 f. 2 Lysander was commissioned to raise a force of allies in Phocis and the neighbouring country, with which Pausanias 310 LYSANDER through Boeotia against the tyrants in Athens, no Theban would either see him or hear about it. And they did not merely vote such Hellenic and humane decrees, without at the same time making their deeds correspond to their edicts; but Thrasybulus and those who with him occupied Phyle, set out from Thebes to do so,! and the Thebans not only provided them with arms and money, but also with secrecy and a base of operations. Such, then, were the grounds of complaint which Lysander had against the Thebans. XXVIII. And since he was now of an altogether harsh disposition, owing to the melancholy which persisted into his old age, he stirred up the ephors, and persuaded them to fit out an expedition against the Thebans; and assuming the command, he set out on the campaign. Afterwards the ephors sent out Pausanias the king also with an army. Now it was the plan that Pausanias should make a circuit by the way of Mount Cithaeron, and then invade Boeotia, while Lysander marched through Phocis to meet him, with a large force. He took the city of Orchomenus, which came over to him of its own accord, and assaulted and plundered Lebadeia. Then he sent a letter to Pausanias, bidding him move from Plataea and join forces with him at Haliartus, and promising that he himself would be before the walls of Haliartus at break of day. This letter was brought to Thebes by some scouts, into whose hands its bearer fell. The Thebans therefore entrusted their city to a force of Athenians which had come to their aid, while they themselves set out early in the was to unite his troops (Xen. Hell. iii. 5, 6). Plutarch’s language is obscure. 311 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpa@tov Umvov eEopynoavres épOacay odiryp TOV Avcav6épor é év ‘Addpr YEVOMEVOL, Kar pépet Tul maphrGov Els THY Toy. éxeitvos 5€ TO pev ™p@Tov eyveo TnDv oTpariay idpvaas él Aogpou Te pipevelv TOV Navoaviav: Erre:ta mpoiovons THS T)LEpAS at pepetv ov Suvdpevos, AaBov Ta Stra Kat TOUS ouppayous Tapoppycas OpOip Th parayye Tapa THY odoy YE Wpos TO TELXOS. Tov o€ @nBaiov ot pev é&w pepernicores év apto rep THY OAL Aa Bovres eBadilov em TOUS éoyaTous TOV TOE pLicoy tro thy Kpnynv thy Kiocotcav Tpoaaryopevoperny, év0a pvBoroyotar Tas TeOjvas vATLOV éx THS Noxelas atrohoboat TOV Atovucoy- cal yap OLVwTTOV émaTihBer TO xpBpma Kal Savyes Kal qty Hua Tov. ot bé Kpnovoe oTupaKes ov Tpoow TepiTrepvKacLy, a TeKpHpla THs “Pada- pavOvos avrTods KATOLK HT EOS ‘Add priot ToLouy- Tal, cal Taov avrod Sexviovew "ANed Kadodv- TES. éote O€ Kal TO THs “AXKunvns pynmetov eyyus" évtav0a yap, os pace, exndevOn CVVOLK- noaca “Padauavovi peta tHv ‘Apditpiwvos TENEUTHD. Oi 5 év TH Toner OnBaior peta tov ‘Adtap- TLV cuvteraypevor TEwS pev novxavov, émel dé TOV Avcavépov & apa Tos WpwroLs mpoomeddlovra ™@ TELNEL KaTetoop, eEamivns | avorEavres Tas TUAAS Kal mpoomecovtes avTov TE peta TOU pavTews «at éBanov Kal TOV adrov dduryous Tuas: oi yap qreloToL Ta éws avéepuyov 1 pos THV parayya. TOY de é On alov OUK avUEVT OY, ana T poo KeLpeveov avtois, eTpdtrovta TAVTES dva tovs dodovs devyev, kal yidtoe mimrovew 312 -LYSANDER night, and succeeded in reaching Haliartus a little before Lysander, and a considerable part of them entered the city. Lysander at first decided to post his army on a hill and wait for Pausanias; then, as the day advanced, being unable to remain inactive, he took his arms, encouraged his allies, and led them along the road in column towards the wall of the city. But those of the Thebans who had remained outside, taking the city on their left, advanced upon the rear of their enemy, at the spring called Cissusa. Here, as the story goes, his nurses bathed the in- fant Dionysus after his birth; for the water has the colour and sparkle of wine, is clear, and very pleasant to the taste. And not far away the Cretan storax- shrub grows in profusion, which the Haliartians regard as a proof that Rhadamanthus once dwelt there; and they show his tomb, which they call Alea. And near by is also the memorial of Alemene ; for she was buried there, as they say, having lived with Rhadamanthus after the death of Amphitryon. But the Thebans inside the city, drawn up in battle array with the Haliartians, kept quiet for some time ; when, however, they saw Lysander with his foremost troops approaching the wall, they suddenly threw open the gate and fell upon them, and killed Lysander himself with his soothsayer, and a few of the rest; for the greater part of them fled swiftly back to the main body. And when the Thebans made no halt, but pressed hard upon them, the whole force turned to the hills in flight, and a thousand of them were slain, Three hundred otf 313 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES aura. dn édavov dé xal OnBator TplaKootot mpos Ta Tpaxea ral xaptepa Tots Tone pLOLs cuvextrecovtTes. ovTot 5& Hoav év aitia Tov haxwvitery, Wy amovddlovres dtodvoacbar Tos moditats nal oda@v avtav adedovvtes ev TH bib Eet rapavarwOnoav. XXIX. Te dé Navoavia To 1a0os aryyehreT at Kal? odov éx Tdatracav els Ocomas Topevopevep’ Kat cuvTadpevos Hye m™pos TOV ‘Adéaptov. HCE dé kal @pacvBounros é €x OnBor dyov Tous "AGn- vaious. Bovrevopévov b€ tov Tlavoaviov TOUS veKpous UToamovdous aTratteir, dvagopobvres ot mpecBuTepor TOV Lmapriaroy avToi TE nal? EauTous HryavaKrouy, kal t@ Baciret T Poo Loves éuaptupavto pn Sa omovday avarpeia Aas Av- cavdpor, GNA be Om ov wept Tov cawpartos aywvicapévouvs Kal vixnoavtas odtwm Tov avopa Odarrew, yTTw@pévoits 5é Kadov évtad0a KeicOat pera Tod atpatnyod. tadta TOV pec Butépwy NEYOVT@Y Opav o Tavoavias peya pev prov vmepBareo bar paxn TOUS @nBatous a apre kexpatn- KoTas, éyyvs b€ Tav TELX OV TO COpa TOU Av- oavdpov TAPATETTOKOS, ore anrenrny divev oTovoay Kal viKn@ow elvat THY dvaipeoty, emeprpe KnpuKa Kal OTTELT A[LEVvOS anrnyaye THY Svvapy OTL. TOV dé Avoavépov n ™ p@TOV Kopitovres Umép Tovs Gpous eyevorto THs Bowwtias év pirn kal cumpaxioe xepa Th Tavoréwy caTéedecar, ov yov TO pvnpetov éoTt mapa Tnv odov els Xacpo- vetav éx Aeddhav TOPEVOpEVOLS. ’Evratéa 8 THs oTpaTias KatavAtcapévns 314 450 LYSANDER the Thebans also lost their lives by pursuing their enemies into rough and dangerous places. These had been accused of favouring the Spartan cause, and in their eagerness to clear themselves of this charge in the eyes of their fellow-citizens, they exposed themselves needlessly in the pursuit, and so threw away their lives.} XXIX. Tidings of the disaster were brought to Pausanias while he was on the march from Plataea to Thespiae, and putting his army in battle array, he j came to Haliartus. Thrasybulus also came from Thebes, leading his Athenians. But when Pausanias was minded to ask for the bodies of the dead under a truce, the elders of the Spartans could not brook it, and were angry among themselves, and coming to the king, they protested that the body of Lysander must not be taken up under cover of a truce, but by force of arms, in open battle for it; and that if they conquered, then they would give him burial, but if they were vanquished, it would be a glorious thing to lie dead with their general. Such were the words of the elders; but Pausanias saw that it would be a difficult matter to conquer the Thebans, flushed as they were with victory, and that the body of Lysander lay near the walls, so that its recovery would be difficult without a truce, even if they were victorious; he therefore sent a herald, and after making a truce, led his forces back. And as soon as they had come beyond the boundary of Boeotia with Lysander’s body, they buried it in the friendly soil of their allies, the Panopeans, where his monument now stands, by the road leading from Delphi to Chaeroneia. Here the army bivouacked ; and it is said that a 1 Cf. Xen. Hell. iii. 5, 17-20. 315 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éyerat Twa Tov Pwxéwv € érépp pH Tapatuyovre TOV aryava Senyoupevov, elev WS ot TONE MLOL 7 ooméootey avtois Tov Avoavdpou tov ‘Omnritny Hon 6taBeBnxoros. Javpdoarra dé Lmapridryy dvbpa Tow Avadvipov dtXov épéaOau Tiva Aeyou TOV ‘Omdirny ov yap eldevar Tovvopa: “Kai pny éxel ye, " pdvar, “ TOUS porous TeV OL TOAEuLOL catéBadov. TO yap Tapa TH TOMY petO pov ‘Omrirny KaXovot.” axovoavTa dé Tov 2rap- TLATHV exdaxpioae Kal evmrety OS did everov éoTLv avOpa@r@ TO TeTpwpévov. HV yap, as E0LKE, TO Avodvép@ Sedopévos ypnopos odtas Exar: ‘Onditny Keddbovra purakac bai oe Kedevon ys te Spdxov?’ vidv dodov KatoTicOev iovta. tives O€ TOV Onnirqy ov pos ‘Adidpre@ petv Aeyovawy, ava T™pos Kopavevav Xetpdppouy elvac TO Pirapo TOTapD ouppepopevov Tapa THY mor, 8 ov Tara bev ‘Ordiav, pov 6é "loopavtov Mpocaryopevovaerv. 0 6€ dtroxteivas TOV Adcavdpor “AMapTeos avnp dvopa Neoxopos emia npov eixe THS aaridos Opaxovra: Kal TOUTO onpatvey 0 XpNg 140s etxalero. AeyeTat dé Kal OnBaios U76 Tov Tehorovimovanov TONE Lov éy ‘Topnvig ryeve- cae XpNT pov apa THY Te 7 pos Anrip paynv wal THY TPOS AmMapre TAUTNY exeivns Dotepov ret TPLAKOTT@ yEevopevnyv Tpopnvvovta. nv 6€ ToLov- TOS ’"Eoxyatiay wepvrako AvKOUS KapaKxecot Sox- Eveov Kab Aodov "Opyanridny, bv ad@rnk ovmoTe AeLTreL. 316 LYSANDER certain Phocian, recounting the action to another who was not in it, said that the enemy fell upon them just after Lysander had crossed the Hoplites. Then a Spartan, who was a friend of Lysander, asked in amazement what he meant by Hoplites, for he did not know the name. “ Indeed it was there,” said the Phocian, “ that the enemy slew the foremost of us; for the stream that flows past the city is called Hoplites.” On hearing this, the Spartan burst into tears, and said that man could not escape his destiny. For Lysander, as it appears, had received an oracle running thus :-— “Be on thy guard, I bid thee, against a sounding Hoplites, And an earth-born dragon craftily coming behind thee.” Some, however, say that the Hoplites does not flow before Haliartus, but is a winter torrent near Coroneia, which joins the Philarus and then flows past that city; in former times it was called Hoplias, but now Isomantus. Moreover, the man of Haliartus who killed Lysander, Neochorus by name, had a dragon as emblem on his shield, and to this, it was supposed, the oracle referred. And it is said that the Thebans also, during the Peloponnesian war, received an oracle at the sanctuary of Ismenus which indicated beforehand not only the battle at Delium,} but also this battle at Haliartus, thirty years later. It ran as follows :— “When thou huntest the wolf with the spear, watch closely the border, Orchalides, too, the hill which foxes never abandon.”’ 1 424 B.C. 317 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov pev ovv rept Andsov ToTov éoxaTiav Tpoc- etre, Kal” dv 4 Botwtia TH Attixn odvopos éotiv, "Opxaridny 5€é Addor, dv viv "AX@Trexov Kadovorr, éy Tois Tpos Tov ‘EXtKkava pépect Tod “AXLapTou KELpLEVOV. | XXX. Tosavtns 5é r@ Avoavdp@ tis TedEv- THs yevouevns Tapayphua pév ovTwS TveyKay ot Lmaptiatar Bapéws, w@ote TH Bactred xpiowv mpoypawat Oavaticny: ny ov>x brootas éxetvos els Teyéav épuye, Kaxet xateBiwoev ixétns ev TO tepever THS “AOnvas. Kal yap 4 wevia tod Av- advdpov terevtncavTos éxxarudlecica havepo- Tépav ETOiNTE THY APETHV, ATO XPHLATOV TOAAGY Kat duvapews Oeparreias Te TOAEwY Kal Bactiéws TOCAUTNS MNOE pLKPOV emrLNALTPUVAVTOS TOV OlKOY els ‘YPNUadTwY Aoyov, ws iaTopet Bedtroptos, © PadXov erratvodyTt TucTEevaEev AY TLS fh WéyovTt, Weyer yap Hdsov 4h érratvei. ypovm oé bartepov “Egopos yo avtiroyias Twos cuppayiKns év Lwdptn yevoueyvns, kal Ta ypapyata sa- oxéacbar Senoay & map éavtT@ Kxatéoyev Oo Avoavdpos, éXOeiv ert thy oixiay tov Aynoidaov. evpovta dé To BiBrjLov, év ® yeypappévos Hv o Wepl THS ToAtTELas AOOS, WS yen TAY EvpuTav- Tidav Kai "Ayiadav thy Bacirelav aderopévous els éoov Ocivas nal troveto bas Ti aipeciy ex TOV apioTwv, opuicas peév eis TOvS TOALTAS TOV NOYOY é£eveyxetv xal tapadecxvivat tov Avcoavdpor, olos av ToditTns Svadrabo, Aaxpatiday dé, dvdpa 451 318 LYSANDER Now by “border,” the god meant the region about Delium, where Boeotia is conterminous with Attica ; and by Orchalides, the hill which is now called Alopecus, or Fox-Aill, in the parts of Haliartus which stretch towards Mount Helicon. XXX. Now that Lysander had met with such an end, at the outset the Spartans were so indignant about it that they summoned the king to trial for his life; but he evaded it, and fled to Tegea, where he spent the rest of his days as a suppliant in the sanctuary of Athena. For the poverty of Lysander, which was discovered at his death, made his ex- cellence more apparent to all, since from the vast wealth and power in his hands, and from the great homage paid him by cities and the Great King, he had not, even in the slightest degree, sought to amass money for the aggrandizement of his family. This is the testimony of Theopompus, who is more to be trusted when he praises than when he blames; for he takes more pleasure in blaming than in praising. But after some time had passed, according to Ephorus, some dispute arose at Sparta with her allies, and it became necessary to inspect the writings which, Lysander had kept by him; for which purpose Agesilaiis went to his house. And when he found the book containing the speech on the constitution,} which argued that the kingship ought to be taken from the Eurypontidae and Agiadae and made acces- sible to all Spartans alike, and that the choice should be made from the best of these, he was eager to pro- duce the speech before his countrymen, and show them what the real character of Lysander’s citizen- ship had been. But Lacratidas, a prudent man, and 1 Cf. chapter xxv. 1. 319 PLUTARCHR’S LIVES dpovipoy Kal TOTe mpoecTatTa TaV épopar, émi- NaBéoOat Tod ’Aynotddou, Kal ettrety ws Sel py avoputte tov Avoavédpov, ddAda Kal Tov Aoyov avT@ ovyKaTopUTTELY OUTW aUYTETaypmEeVvoY TLOAa- VOS Kal TAaVOUpyws. Ov pnv adda tds Te GAXaS Timas aTrédocav avT@ TeAEUTHOAVTL, Kal TOUS pYnoTEVTApévouUS Tas Ovyatépas, eita peta THhv TedeUTHY TOD Avo dydpou wévntos eipeBévtos atrevtrapévous éfn- piwoav, 6Tt TWAOVELOY pev vomilovTes EOepamrevor, Sixasoy Sé Kal ypnotov ex THs Tevias émiyvovtes éyxaTéditrov. Hy yap, ws orev, ev YrapTn Kat ayapiov oixn Kal ovuyapiou nal Kxaxoyapiou: Tavtn S€ UTAyov pddLoTa Tovs avTl TOY ayabav Kal oixeiwy Tois TWAovciots KNOEVOVTAaS. TA MeV ovv Tept Avaavdpov otTws iaTopnocapey Exovta. 320 LYSANDER at that time the principal ephor, held Agesilaiis — back, saying that they ought not to dig Lysander up again, but rather to bury the speech along with him, since it was composed with such a subtle per- suasiveness. However, they paid him many honours at his death. In particular, they imposed a fine upon the men who had engaged to marry his daughters, and then, after Lysander’s death, when he was discovered to be poor, had renounced the engagement. The reason given for the fine was that the men had paid court to Lysander while they thought him rich, but when his poverty showed them that he was a just and good man, they forsook him. For there was, as it appears, a penalty at Sparta not only for not marrying at all, and for a late marriage, but also for a bad marriage; and to this last they subjected those especially who sought alliance with the rich, instead of with the good and with their -own associates. Such, then, are the accounts we have found given of Lysander. 32 ae VOL. IV. ¥ Digitized by Google SULLA ZYAAA T Aedxvos be KopvijAsos 2wdAas yéver pev iy éK TAT pLKLeoV, ods evmarpioas a ay Tus elroL, TOY dé Tporyovev avTov Aéyouat ‘Pougivoy vTaTevoal, Kal TOUT dé THs Tomas emupaverTépav yevéo Oat THY aropiay. etpeOn yap dpyupiou Kothou KEKTN- pévOS Umep déxa Aitpas, Tov vosov py SSovTos" emt TouTm O¢ THs BovArts é&érecev. of Se per’ éxetvov 48m Tamewda mpatrovtes SueTékeray, avTos TE Lwdras € éy ovK aO ovors eTpagy TOUS TATPWOLS. ‘YEvOpEVOS dé perpaxtov @Ke Tap éTépots évolxvov ov TOAU TEADY, WS Dotepov aveldi lero Tap agiav evTuyely Soxav. TELVUvOLEVD pev yap avuT@ Kal peyadnyopobyte pera thv éy AtBin otpateiav AéyeTai Tes eimety TOV KANBY TE Karyad av avdpor, “Kal mas av eins ov Xpnaros, Os TOU TATPOS cou pdev KATANTOVTOS TocavTa KeKTNO aL; ” Kal yap OvK ert TOV Biwv éy nOeoww opOiats Kat KxaBapois pevovToy, GAN’ eyKEKLKOTOY kal mapadedey- péveov Tpudis Kat mohuTeAelas Chrop, els ioov Gpcos dvetdos ériDevro TOUS Umapxoue ap Sh naed atroNoavTas Kal TOUS Teviay TaTppay 7) dua gurafavras. Datepov 5é 4dn KPATOUVTOS avTov Kat TroAXovs AT OKTLYYUVTOS, arrehevOeptKos av pw- Tos, Soxav KpuTrrew &va Tov Tpoyeypappeveo Kal Kataxpnpviler Oar did TobTO péedrwv, wveldice€ 324 SULLA I. Lucius Cornetius Suita belonged to a patrician, or noble, family, and one of his ancestors, Rufinus, is said to have been consul, although he was not so conspicuous for this honour as for the dishonour which he incurred. For he was found to be possessed of more than ten pounds of silver plate, contrary to the law, and was for this reason expelled from the senate. His posterity became at once obscure, and continued so, nor did Sulla himself enjoy a wealthy parentage. When he was a youth, he lived in lodgings, at a low price, and this was afterwards cast in his teeth when men thought him unduly pros- perous. For instance, we are told that when he was putting on boastful airs after his campaign in Libya, a certain nobleman said to him: “ How canst thou be an honest man, when thy father left thee nothing, and yet thou art so rich?” For although the Romans of that time no longer retained their ancient purity and uprightness of life, but had degenerated, and yielded to the appetite for luxury and ex- travagance, they nevertheless held in equal oppro- brium those who lost an inherited wealth and those who forsook an ancestral poverty. And afterwards, when he had at last become absolute in power, and was putting many to death, a freedman, who was thought to be concealing one of the proscribed, and was therefore to be thrown down the Tarpeian rock, 325 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov LwaArav srt TOMY Xpovov év pd cuvorxia dinTa@vto, pépovres évoixtov avros yey Tov dive Suayudious voUupous, exeLvos be TOV bmoxato Tploxudious, dare THS TUXNS avr av TO pevagy xUrLous Elva vOUmpOUS, of mevTnKoVTA Kal Siaxo- gias Spaxpas “ArriKas Suvavtat. tadta pep ovv iaTopovot Tepl THS Tahasas TOU dra, TUXNS. II. Tod 3€ cwpatos avrod 70 pep ado eiSos él Tov avipiavtov daiverat, THY dé TaV Opparov YRavKoTnTa Seas TiKpav Kal dixparov ovoay 1) poa Tov T™poowmou poBepwrépav érroiet 1 poo - ee eEnvOe yap TO épvOnua TPAXD Kal omopadny KaTopemeywevov TH AevKoTyTL” mMpos 6 Kal Tob- vopa Aéyovatv avT@ yevécOat Tis ypoas em iBerov, Kal TOV "AOnynat yepuplaTa@v emeaKwye Tus eis TOUTO TroLnaas: ouxdpivov éo8 o YwrAXas addhito TeTAacpévov. Tois dé ToLovToLS TOV Texpnpiov OUK aTOTOV éoTe xpioae mept avdpos, dv ovTH pidooKappova huces yeyovevar Aéyovew, @oTe véoy péev OvTa Kat adokov ett pera pipov Kal yeXwrotrooy Sta- TaaGas Kat cuvaxohactaivew, émret be KUpLOS amr dvT@v KaTerTN, ouvayayovra TOY amo cKNVTS Kal Oeatpov Tous (TAaLWTATOUS oonpepau Tiverv rat StamArnnriver Bas TOUS cKOppATL, TOD TE 7/pws dwporepa pat rey Soxobvta, Kat 7 pos TP Katara x vrew TO afiopa THS apxiis TONG TOV Seopeveov emipercias 7 poiguevov. ov yap WV T@ SUAXNa wept Setrvov ovte xpijcacGat orovdaiov 326 45 SULLA cast it in his teeth that they had long lived together in one lodging house, himself renting the upper rooms at two thousand sesterces,! and Sulla the lower rooms at three thousand. The difference in their fortunes, therefore, was only a_ thousand sesterces, which are equivalent to two hundred arid fifty Attic drachmas. Such, then, is the account we find of Sulla’s earlier fortune. , II. His personal appearance, in general, is given by his statues ; but the gleam of his gray eyes, which was terribly sharp and powerful, was rendered even more fearful by the complexion of his face. This was covered with coarse blotches of red, interspersed with white. For this reason, they say, his surname was given him because of his complexion, and it was in allusion to this that a scurrilous jester at Athens made the verse :— Sulla is a mulberry sprinkled o’er with meal.” Nor is it out of place to mention such testimonies in the case of a man said to have been by nature so fond of raillery, that when he was still young and obscure he spent much time with actors and buffoons and shared their dissolute life; and when he had made himself supreme master, he would daily assemble the most reckless stage and theatre folk to drink and bandy jests with them, although men thought that he disgraced his years, and although he not only dishonoured his high office, but neglected much that required attention. For when Sulla was once at table, he refused to be serious at all, but, 1 In Sulla’s time the sestertius was a silver coin worth between two and three pence, or about five cents.. The Attic drachma was a silver coin worth about eight pence, or twenty cents. 327 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovdev, GA’ evepyos dv Kal oxvO pwTroTepos Tape TOV a@Xov Xpovov, aO poay ehauBave peraBor.nv OmTOTE | Tp@tov éauToV eis cvvovolav caTaBarot Kal TOTOV, dare prpmdois Kal opynotais Tacos evar Kal T pos maoav évrevEty Uroxetptos Kal KaTavtns. TAUTNS dé TiS averews Eouke yeyo- vévat voonpa Kal 7 Wpos Tovs épwTas eux épera Kar f puas avTOV TIS prdndovias, iis ovee ynpacas émavaaro, Mytpofiou | dé TaV a6 cKnVIS Twos Epa@v dietéXeoev Ett véos wv. Kal cuynyTnoev avT@ To ToLOvTOV: ap~dpevos yap Epav Kos pév, evmropou oé yuvarkes, 6vopa NexoTorews, Kat dua cuvnderay Kal xdplv, hv ad’ pas elyev, ets épa- pévou oXT pa TepteOay, arent pn. KANpoVvopLos vTO THS avOparrov TENEUTWOONS. exAnpovopunae 6é Kal TH paytputar, ayamnets @amEp vios um auThs: Kal petpios ev a aro TOUT@Y evTropyaen. III. “Arrodety Gels dé Tapias bmarevovre Mapip THY Tparny vrrateiay, ouveférevoey els AuBunv TONE [TO wY "loyopOav. YEvOpEVOS 5é én oT paro- TEOOU TA TE aha, Tapeiyev EQUTOV _evddK por, Kat Katp@ TapaTerovTe Xpnodpevos eD dirov érroun- ATO TOV TOV Nopadov Bactiéa Boxxov. Tpea- Beutas yap avrod AnoTnpLov Nopadicoy expuyov- Tas brrobeEdpevos Kat prrogpovndeis, daipa Kat TOMMY acdanry TaApacxXev aTréa TELAEV. 0 dé OKXOS éTUyyave pev ETL ye Wwanrat yauBpov 6 ovTa puowy Kat poBovpevos TOV "loyop0ay, tote 5é nTTnweve Kal mepevyore ™ pos avtov émuBovrevwy éxadet Tov YWAXav, & exelvou padtota Bovdo- 1 1 véos &v before this phrase Bekker assumes a lacuna in the text; Sintenis would transpose it to follow apiduevos ydp. 328 SULLA although at other times he was a man of business and wore an austere look, he underwent a complete change as soon as he betook himself to good-fellowship and drinking, so that comic singers and dancers found him anything but ferocious, and ready to listen and yield to every request. It was this laxity, as it seems, which produced in him a°* diseased propensity to amorous indulgence and an unrestrained voluptuousness, from which he did not refrain even in his old age, but continued his youthful love for Metrobius, an actor.1 He also had the following experience. He began by loving a common but wealthy woman, Nicopolis by name, and such was the charm of his intimacy and youthful grace that in the end he was beloved by her, and was left her heir when she died. He also inherited the property of his step-mother, who loved him as her own son. By these means he became moderately well off. III. Having been appointed quaestor to Marius in his first consulship,? he sailed with him to Libya, to make war upon Jugurtha. He was put in charge of the camp, and won great credit for himself, _ especially by improving a favourable opportunity and making a friend of Bocchus, the king of Numidia. For he hospitably entertained ambassadors of the king, who had escaped from Numidian robbers, and sent them on their way with gifts,and a safe escort. Now Bocchus had for a long time hated and feared his son-in-law, Jugurtha, who had been defeated and lad fled to him for safety, and was then plotting against him. He therefore invited Sulla to come 1 The sense of the obscure Greek is clear from chapter xxxvi. l fin. Capps suggests ds... . dv. 2 107 B.c. 329 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Pevos THV oun An Kal mapasoow Tov "loydp6a yever Oa 7 H ov avtov. KOLVWTELEVOS dé TO Mapip Kal AaBov TT PATLOTAS odious 6 YwvAdAas TOV peéytorov bmredu xivduvov, 6 OTL BapBapg | Kal mpos TOUS oiKeloTaTous amiate WioTEVOAS, vTép Tob 3 maparaBelv Erepov éavtov évexeipioer. ov pany ara o Boxxos apport épeov KUptos YEVOMEVOS, Kal KaTagThaas éauTov ets avaryeny TOU Ta,pacmov- Sfjoae Tov erepon, Kal TONG Sievex Gels TH youn, TENOS exvpwce THY Tperny mposoctay Kal Wape- dwoxe TO BAG TOV "ToyopOav. 0 pev ovv Opi- apRevav érrl TOUT® Mapuos nv, » d€ d0&a Tov catoplaparos, iy O Mapiov POovos SvANG 4 mpoceriBet,. WapeNvirel TOV Mépoy HOUXT. Kal yap auTos 0 LuAras puae. TE peyahavxos Ov Kal TOTE TpaTov ék Btov TATELVOD Kat aryVOTOS év TiVL NOY@ yeyoves Tapa Tois ToAiTats, Kal TOD Tipaa Bau yevopevos, eis TOUTO diAoTimias 7 ponnr- Oev doe yruypdpevos éy Saxturim popely etxova THS mpagews, Kal TaUTH YE Xpwpevos del dueré- Aecev. Hv 5é 4 ypady Boxxos fev Trapadioouvs, . BWwrras be TraparapBivey TOV "I oryop0av. IV. "Hvia pev ouv TadTa Tov Mapior- ére dé TYOUpEVOS édaTrova TOU pOoveia Aart TOV DwAXaY, éyphTo Wpos Tas oTpaTelas, TO pev devTepov UTAaTEvoY mpeo Beuth, To O€ TpiToV Kea pxy, | Kal Tora oe éxetvdv TOV Xenoipov xkatwp0odTo. a peo Bevav TE yap nryeuova, Textoodywv Koma - Nov etre, Kat xedvapxyev peya Kal TroAvav8 pwrov eOvos Mapaovs emreLoe dirous yevea Bar Kal cup 2 waxous “Pwpaiwov. éx 5& to’twy tov Mapiov 453 33° SULLA to him, wishing to have the seizure and surrender of Jugurtha effected through Sulfa rather than through himself. Sulla imparted the matter to Marius, and taking with him a few soldiers, under- went the greatest peril; he put faith in a Barbarian, and one who was faithless towards his own relations, and to secure his surrender of another, placed himself in his hands. However, Bocchus, now that he had both in his power, and had laid himself under the necessity of proving false to one or the other, although he vacillated long, finally decided upon his original betrayal, and handed Jugurtha over to Sulla. It is true that the one who celebrated a triumph for this was Marius, but those who envied him attributed the glory of the success to Sulla, and this secretly annoyed Marius. And indeed Sulla himself was naturally vainglorious, and now that he had for the first time emerged from his lowly and _ obscure condition and become of some account among his countrymen, and was enjoying a taste of honour, he was arrogant enough to have a representation of his exploit engraved on a seal-ring which he wore, and continued to use it ever after. The device was, Bocchus delivering, and Sulla receiving, Jugurtha. IV. Of course this distressed Marius ; but since he considered Sulla to be beneath his envy, he used him. in his campaigns, during his second consulship as legate, or lieutenant, and during his third as military tribune, and through his agency performed many successful services. For instance, as legate, Sulla captured Copillus, chieftain of the Tectosages; and as tribune, he persuaded the great and populous nation of the Marsi to become friends and allies of Rome. But perceiving that Marius was vexed with 331 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aicO omevos dy opevov avT@ Kal pnKere mpoie- pevov noéws Tpdkewy adoppds, adra éviaT dpevov TH avnaet, Karig, TO cuvapxovTe TOU Mapiov, T poo everpev éaurov, avdpi XpneT@ } ev, auprv- TEp@ 5é mpos TOUS aryavas. ud ov Ta Tpara Kat peyote, TLOTEVOMEVOS | els Sbvapev dua S0&n T pore. Kad TOAe mM ev aipet ToNU pépos TOV év tals "AMtrect BapRapur, émidTrovens 6é Tis aryopas avadcEdpevos THY emiperevay TOOAaUTHY émoinoe Tmepuovatay, @oTE TOV Karhov oTPATLO- Tov év a Govors Stayovtwy Kal Tots Maptov mpoaTapacyeiy. ep 3 ono avTOS LoyuUpas aviacat Tov Mdpiov. 7 pév ovv éxOpa Bpaxetay ovTw Kal peepaxrady Aa Bodoa THY mporny vmr0- Oeow Kal apxny, eita Xwpotoa d:° aipatos euudiou Kal oT daewy avnker Tov él Tupavvida Kal auyxvow GT aVTOV TMpayyatay, amederte TOV Evpiriény copov dvépa Kal ToAditiK@V émLoTN- pova VOONMATOV, dtaxeXeva dpevov purdrreabat THY pirorepiay as oheO prorat ny Kal KaKiotnV Saipova Tois Xpwpévors. Vv. ‘O & LvAAas olopevos auTe THY ATO TOV TONE MLK DY bo€av é éml Tas ToNTLKaS mpakes Stap- Keiy, kat dovs éautov aro THS oTparelas evOds emt Thv TOD OnjLov mpakiv, € emt oT paThyiay TOM TERY ameypayyaro Kat SiepedaOn THY 8 airiay Tots bxrous avatiOnar. onal yap autous THY Tpos Boxxov elooTas purtay, Kat mpoadexouevous, él Tpo THS oTpaTHYylas ayopavomoin, KUYnyéota Aap- ' In his Memoirs. Cf. chapter vi. 5. 2 Phocnissac, 532 ff. (Kirchhoff). 332 SULLA him for these successes, and that he was no longer glad to give him opportunities for action, but opposed his advancement, he attached himself to Catulus, the colleague of Marius in the consulship, a worthy man, but too sluggish for arduous contests. By him he was entrusted with the leading and most important enterprises, and rose to power and fame. He not only subdued in war a large part of the Barbarians of the Alps, but when provisions ran low, he undertook the task of furnishing them, and made them so abundant that the soldiers of Catulus lived in plenty, and had some to spare for those of Marius. At this, as Sulla himself says,1 Marius was greatly distressed. So slight and puerile were the first foundations and occasions of that hatred between them, which afterwards led them through civil bloodshed and irreparable discords to tyranny and the confusion of the whole state. This proved that Euripides was a wise man, and acquainted with the distempers of civil government, when he exhorted men to beware of ambition as a Getty most injurious and fatal to its votaries.? V. Sulla now thought that the reputation which he had won in war was sufficient to justify political activities, and therefore at once exchanged military service for public life,’ offered himself as a candidate for the city praetorship, and was defeated. The responsibility for his defeat, however, he lays upon the populace. They knew, he says, about his friendship with Bocchus, and expected that if he should be made aedile before his praetorship, he would treat them to splendid hunting scenes and 3 He returned to Rome in 101 B.c., and waselected praetor in 93 B.C. 333 PLUTARCH’S LIVES apa kat AtBuxdv Onpiwv ayavas, érépovs atro- detEar oTpaTnyous WS AUTOY ayopavopety avayKa- covtas. éoxe S€ THY aAnOA THS arroTedEews aitiav ovy oporoyav o YwArdAas érdéyyeoOae tots Tpadyuaci. éviavT@ yap KaToTW éeTvye TIS otparnyias, Tod Sypyou To wév tt Oepatreia, TO Sé Kal Xpnpact tpocayayouevos. S10 67 Kal otpatn- yodvtos avtod, kal mpos Kaicapa pet’ opyis ELTOVTOS WS XpHoETAL TH LOia mpos avTov éEovoia, yerdoas 0 Kaicap, “’Op0as,” &dn, “thy apxynv idiav vouivers: Exes yap avTHY TpLdpeEvos. Mera b€ thy otpatnylav eis THY Karmasdsoxiav aTOoTEANETAL, TOV pev Euhavhn AOyov EXwY TpOS Thv otpateiav "AptoSapldavnv natayayety, aitiav dé adn8n MiOpiddtnv emicxeivy trodvTpay- povouvta Kal meptBarXopevoy apxny Kai dvvayty oUK é€XaTTOVAa THS UTapxovans. diay peéy ovUV Sivapv od modAnV émnyeTo, Ypnadpevos dé Tots cuppayols mpoOvpols, Kal aroNNOUS pev aUTOV Karrasorav, mi«iovas § adOts "Appeviov mpoa- BonOodvtas atroxtetvas, Topdtov pev é&nracev, "AptoBaplarny 5é amédeake Bacinéa. AvatpiBovtt 5é av’t@ Tapa tov Evdparny éytuyxyaver Idp0os ’OpoBatos, ’Apodxov Bact- A€ws mpeaRevtys, oUTw MpoTepov AAAS éTrL- peplywevov TOV yevov' GAA Kal TovTO THs pe- yarns Soxed AAA TUYNS yevéoOal, TO TPwT@ ‘Papaiwy éxeivy LdpOous cuppayias cal dirias deouévous Sia rAOywv EdOciv. Ste Kal réyeraL 334 SULLA combats of Libyan wild beasts, and _ theretore appointed others to the praetorship, in order to force him into the aedileship. But subsequent events would seem to show that Sulla does not confess the real reason for his failure. For in the following year he obtained the praetorship, partly because he was subservient to the people, and partly because he used money to win their support. And so it happened that, during his praetorship, when he angrily told Caesar! that he would use his own authority against him, Caesar laughed and said: “You do well to consider the office your own, for you bought it.” After his praetorship, he was sent out to Cap- padocia, ostensibly to reinstate Ariobarzanes, but really to check the restless activities of Mithridates, who was adding to his dominion and power fully as much as he had inherited. Accordingly, he took out with him no large force of his own, but made use of the allies, whom he found eager to serve him, and after slaying many of the Cappadocians themselves, and yet more of the Armenians who came to their aid, he drove out Gordius, and made Ariobarzanes king again. | ; As he lingered on the banks of the Euphrates, he received a visit fram Orobazus, a Parthian, who came as’an ambassador from king Arsaces, although up to this time the two nations had held no intercourse with one another. This also is thought to have been part of Sulla’s great good fortune, that he should be the first Roman with whom the Parthians held con- ference when they wanted alliance and friendship 1 Not the dictator, who was only seven years old at this time. 335 PLUTARCH’S ' LIVES T pels Sid pous mpoGépevos, TOV pev “A ptoBaplavn, tov 6€ ‘OpoBdfe, tov dé avTe, pécos appotv Kabelopuevos Xpnwariver. ép’ @ TOV pev Opo- Bafov batepov 0 TOV TlapOav Bacrrevs amé- KTewve, TOV dé YAAaY ot pev éemnverav évtpupy- cavta Tois BapBapors, of Se as popticoy HTedoavTo Kal a dxaipas plroripor. ia TopelTar dé Tis avnp TOY peta ‘OpoBafou cataBeBnKoran, Xarsaios, els TO TOU YWwAAa T pg wrrov aniav Kal Tais KWHoETE (THs Te Savoias eat Too Toya TOS ov Tapépyas emiaTiaas, aNAA pos TAS THS TEXYNS Umobéaes THY puow eTuaKerapevos, eiTety @S avayKaiov ein TovTOY TOV avdpa peyio- TOV ryevéo Gat, Javpatew bé Kal viv TOS avéxeTa py TPOTOs Oy ATaVTWV. avaxwpnoavte dé aur dixny édhaxe Swpav Kyvowpivos, @S TOAAA xPH- pata TUVELNOXOTE Tapa Tov vowov ex pidns Kal oUppaxov Bacireias. ov pnp aT VTNG EV éml TH Kpiowv, aX» anéatn THS KaTnyopias. VI. ‘H pévro mpos Mdpiov avt@ ardaus avep- peifero KaLvny vmobeow haBovoa THY Boxxov prrorimiay, Os Tov Te Onpwov apa. Jepaevev év ‘Popp Kal TO LAG XaprCowevos aveOnne elKovas? év Kamitoni Tpomaropépous Kal Tap avtais “puc our ‘ToyopOav td éavtod YvAra mapadido- pevov. eh @ TOU Mapiov BapvOvpoupévov Kat Kadaupetv EmuxerpovvTos, ET Epo dé apuvev TO LuANa, Kat TIS TOAEWS écov ovTrw Siaxexavpevns vn’ dupoir, O oUppaxLKds TOAELOS TAaNaAL TUPO- 1 eixdvas Coraés, Sintenis', and Bekker, with the MSS. Sintenis? adopts Cobet’s correction to Nixas (Victories), to agree with Marius, xxxii. 2. 336 454 SULLA On this occasion, too, it is said that he ordered three chairs to be set, one for Ariobarzanes, one for Orobazus, and one for himself, and that he sat between them both and gave them audience. For this the king of Parthia afterwards put Orobazus to death ; and while some people commended Sulla for the airs which he assumed with the Barbarians, others accused him of vulgarity and ill-timed arro- gance. It is also recorded that a certain man in the retinue of Orobazus, a Chaldaean, after looking Sulla intently in the face, and studying carefully the movements of his mind and body, and investigating his nature according to the principles of his peculiar art, declared that this man must of necessity become the greatest in the world, and that even now the wonder was that he consented not to be first of all men. When Sulla came back to Rome, however, Censorinus brought suit against him for bribery, alleging that he had collected large sums of money . illegally from a friendly and allied kingdom. How- ever, Censorinus did not put in an appearance at the trial, but dropped his impeachment. VI. Moreover, Sulla’s quarrel with Marius broke out afresh on being supplied with fresh material by the ambition of Bocchus, who, desiring to please the people at Rome, and at the same time to gratify Sulla, dedicated on the Capitol some images bearing trophies, and beside them gilded figures representing Jugurtha being surrendered by Bocchus to Sulla. Thereupon Marius was very angry, and tried to have the figures taken down, but others were minded to aid Sulla in opposing this, and the city was all but in flames with their dispute, when the Social war,! 1 90-89 B.c., following the revolt of Rome’s Italian allies. 337 Vor. TV. Z PLUTARCH’S LIVES Hevos él THY TOA avadap Was TOTE THY oTaoLW erécyev. ev TOUT@, PEYiOT@ Kal TOLKINWTAT@ yevouev@m Kal wréloTa Kxaxa xal BaputTatous mapacxovT. Kxwduvouvs ‘Pwpaiow, Madpios pev ovdev awodciEas péya Suvnbels rAEyXE THY TroOXeE- \ > ‘\ b] A ec / / 4 pLKnY apeTiy axpns Kal pouny Seouévny, {vAras dé mora Spdcas a&va Aoyou Sokav Exyev iHrye- povos pweyaXou peéev Tapa Tots ToNTaLs, weyiaToU Sé mapa tois Pidous, evtuyertatouv Sé Kal Tapa A b) A 9 >] b 4 > AN f A 3 Trois éyOpois. GAN’ ov“ Errale TavTo Tipolé~ TO tov Kovwvos, ds, els THY TUYNY avTOD Ta KaTOp- Oopata tav éyOpov TiWenévwv Kai ypadovtev év mivakt Kotuwpevov éxetvov, tThv b€ Toyny duti@ \ ’ / ’ 7 \ Tas qwoNes meptBadrXovGay, aypoxtCopevos Kat YanreTaivwv mpos TOs TAVTA ToLobVTAS WS aTrO- OTEpOUpEVOS UT avTaY THS emi Tais mpdkeot SoEns, éhn ToTé pos TOV OHpov, érravnKwVv éx oTpaTelas 2 4 } , ce? a 4 ev Keywpnnévas Soxovons, “’AdXAA Tad’TNS ye Ths otpateias ovdév, avdpes "AOnvain, tH TVX , 39 \ ‘ \ @ ef 4 péteotl. mpos Tupobecov pév otv ghaciw otto dhavévta pirotipov avtiperpaxieverOat Td Saipo- C4 \ wv n Jf 9 \Y o& viov, MoTE pnodev ETL TPGEaL AauT POV, GAAA GdWS amotuyyYavovTa tais mpdkeot kal mpoaxpovovta TO Synum Tédros extreceiy THs TOAEWS* BAXas Oé ov povoy ndéws Tpoatéyevos TOY ToLODTOV evdaL- povicnov Kal SArov, adda Kal cuvavEwv Kal cuveTrBeidlwv Ta WpaTTopeva, THS TUYNs &€FF- TTeEV, elTe KOMT@ YpwpeEvos €l6’ odTwWS ExwY TH 5 do€n mpos TO Oeiov. Kal yap év Tots bTopynpact 338 SULLA which had long been smouldering, blazed up against the city and put a stop for the time being to the quarrel. In this war, which proved of the greatest moment and most varied fortunes, and brought innumerable mischiefs and the gravest perils upon the Romans, Marius was unable to render any great service, and proved that military excellence requires a man’s highest strength and vigour. Sulla, on the other hand, did much that was memorable, and achieved the reputation of a great leader among his fellow-citizens, that of the greatest of leaders among his friends, and that of the most fortunate even among his enemies. But he did not feel about this as Timotheus the son of Conon did, who, when his adversaries ascribed his successes to Fortune, and had him represented in a painting as lying asleep, while Fortune cast her net about the cities, was rudely angry with those who had done this, because, as he thought, they were robbing him of the glory due to his exploits, and said to the people once, on returning from a campaign in which he was thought to have been successful: “In this campaign, at least, men of Athens, Fortune has no share.”” Upon Timotheus, then, who had shown himself so covetous of honour, the deity is said to have requited his youthful petulance, so that from that time on he did nothing brilliant, but miscarried in all his undertakings, gave offence to the people, and was finally banished the city ; whereas Sulla not only accepted with pleasure such felicitations and admiration, but actually joined in magnifying the aid of Heaven in what he did, and gave the credit of it to Fortune, either out of boast- fulness, or because he had such a belief in the divine agency. For in his Memoirs he writes 339 z 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yévpagev bre TOV Kaas avT@ BeBovreba ba oKoWWTOD ai Li) KATA Yyo"Nv, GAO 7 pos Katpov TOT OAM [LEVAL m pagers ememrTov els dpewvov. ert dé Kal 80’ ov onoe qT pos TOXNY ed _Tepuxevat pan- Nov 7 7) ™ pos TONE MOY, TH TUX THS apeTiis ™ Nov eouxe ve mew Kal dheos é@uTOV Tov Satpovos moved, bs ye Kal THS TWpos MéredAov opovotas, to Ortwov avd pa Kal KndeaT HY, € evTuxiav Tia Oevay aitratas: TOANa yap avT@ Tm paypata Tmapéetew emidofov ota, ™pQoTaTov éy TH Kowvavia ryever Oar THs apxX7s. eTl be Aeveorro pev év Tots Tro) pact, dv éxeiv@ THY ypadny avarebetce, Tapatvei pndey od tas aryeta Bau BéBatov ws 6 te av auT@ mpoatdtn VUKTMP TO Sarpoviov. ex Tre LTOMEVOU dé avtou pera Suvdpews eis TOV | TULpay LKOV TOE Lov taropel xaopa THis ys peya yevéo Gat mept AaBepyny éx &€ TouvTou mp avaBrdoat TONU Kal proya apt pav oTnpicat 7 pos TOV ovpavov. eimeiv 8% nal Tovs padvrecs @S avnp ayabos dyer dtaopos Kal mepiTTos apkas anah- Aa€er TH Tonret TApAaXas Tas ma pouoas. TovTov 6€ avrov elvat onow o LwAras- THS pev yap dypews iStov elvat TO wept THY Kony Xpuownor, apetnv Sé ovK aicxuver Bas papTupay eavT@ per mpagers Karas oUTw Kal peydAas. Tadta peév ouv Tepl THS Geornros. Tov dé aAXov TpoTor avepanros Tis éouxe yeyovevar kal Stddopos mpos éavtor, adedéa Bat TOAAA, YapiaacIat Trelova, TUMAT AL Taparhoyas, maparoyws épuBpica, Oepareverv av Séo70, 340 455 SULLA that, of the undertakings which men thought well- advised, those upon which he had boldly ventured, not after deliberation, but on the spur of the moment, turned out for the better. And further, from what he says about his being well endowed by nature for Fortune rather than for war, he seems to attribute more to Fortune than to his own excellence, and to make himself entirely the creature of this deity, since he accounts even his concord with Metellus, a man his equal in rank, and a relative by marriage, a piece of divine felicity ; for whereas he expected much annoyance from him as a colleague in office, he found him most obliging. And still further, in the dedication of his Memoirs to Lucullus, he advises him to deem nothing so secure as what the divine power enjoins upon him in his dreams. And he relates that when he was dispatched with an army to the Social war, a great chasm in the earth opened near Laverna, from which a great quantity of fire burst forth and a bright flame towered up towards the heavens ; whereupon the soothsayers declared that a brave man, of rare courage and surpassing appear- ance, was to take the government in hand and free the city from its present troubles. And Sulla says that he himself was this man, for his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance, and as for bravery, he was not ashamed to testify in his own behalf, after such great and noble deeds as he had performed. So much, then, regarding his attitude towards the divine powers. In other respects he seems to have been of very uneven character, and at variance with himself; he robbed much, but gave more ; bestowed his honours unexpectedly, as unexpectedly his insults; fawned on 341 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Opurrrec Bar ™ pos Tovs Seopévous, @ dare ayvocia bat TOTEpOV UITEpOTT NS pvoes padov n Kohat ryeryove. 8 THY pev yap év Tais Tipe pias dvouadiar, ef Ov eruxev QiTL@V arrotupmavilovTos avrou Kab 1randw 7a péeyloTa TOY adianuarov mpaas pépovros, Kal SiaddarTouévou peep éml Tots aynKerTOLs peta evKoNlas, 7a 5é puxpa cat paira TpoaKpovc para opayais Kat Snwevoeow ova Ley HeTLOvTOS, oUTOS ay TLS SravTacevev Qs puoer ev opyny yanerrov dvTa Kat TLMMPNTLCOY, Uptepevov dé THiS mixpias 9 hoyio pe Tpos TO cupépor. ev aUT@ ye TOUT@ TO TUMPAXLKGD TOMO TOY OTPATLWTODY avuTov oT para y UK Ov avopa wpecBevtnv, AdPivov dvopa, Evrous Kat riBots Siaxpnoapevarr, maphie Kal OUK emeEHN ev adiknpa Toa obTOD, anrja Kal TE LYUVOMEVOS dredidou Aoyou @S mpoOuporépors bid TOUTO Xxprcouro T pos TOV TrOAELOV avrois Leo pévors TO adpaptnua ov avppayabias. tav & éyKANOUVTMV OUdEV eppovricer, aria 78 KaTanrd- oa Mdpvuov Stavooupevos al Tov Mpos TOUS TUpL- paxous mohewou Tédos exe SoxodvTos arr obet- xO fvat oTpaTnyos ért MiOpudarny, EOeparreve THv bd’ eauT@ oTpariay. 10 Kai mapeOov eis THY TOALY UTraTos pev amro- SelxvuTas pera Koivrou Toumniov, TEVTNKOVTA érn yeyoves, yapei d€ ydapov évdoforarov Kar- Kidiay Th MeréAAov Guyarépa Tob apxvepews. éf & ToAAd _HeD es atop moov ot Snpotexol, rronRol bé Tay TPOTOY EVELETOV, | ovK akvov HYOUMEVOL THS yuvatKos Ov aEov UTaTelas Expivay, 1 In 88 B.c. 2 In the seventy-seventh, one of the lost books. 342 SULLA those he needed, but gave himself airs towards those who needed him; so that one cannot tell whether he was more inclined by nature to disdain or flattery. For as regards the irregularity of his punishments, cudgelling to death as he did on any chance grounds, and again gently submitting to the greatest wrongs ; readily open to reconciliation after the most irre- parable injuries, but visiting small and insignificant offences with death and confiscation of goods; here one might decide that he was naturally of a stern and revengeful temper, but relaxed his severity out of calculating regard for his interests. In this very Social war, for example, when his soldiers with clubs and stones did to death a legate, a man of praetorian dignity, Albinus by name, he passed over without punishment this flagrant crime, and solemnly passed the word about that he would find his men more ready and willing for the war on account of this transgression, since they would try to atone for it by their bravery. To those who censured the crime he paid no heed, but purposing already to put down the power of Marius and, now that the Social war was thought to be at an end, to get himself appointed general against Mithridates, he treated the soldiers under him with deference. When he returned to the city, he was appointed consul with Quintus Pompeius,)} in the fiftieth year of his age, and made a most illustrious marriage with Caecilia, the daughter of Metellus, the Pontifex Maximus. On the theme of this marriage many verses were sung in ridicule of him by the common people, and many of the leading men were indignant at it, deeming him, as Livy says,? unworthy of the woman although they had judged him worthy of the 343 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e € ll ws dyow o Tiros. ov povny &€ TavTny éynper, b) A , A "4 , A >] 4 ” GNAG TpwTHY peVv ETL pe_paKiov wv IdLay EayxeE Thv Kal Ouydtpiov avT@ TeKovcay, Elta pet éxetynv Aidav: tpitny Sé Krotnriav, fy ateméu- \ a) ato yey ws oteipay évtipws Kal pet’ evdynpias - A 9 , Kat dpa mpocbeis, drdéiyats 8€ DoTtepov 1pépats \ a“ \ ayaryouevos thy MeréAXav edoke Sa tTodTO THY 12 KArorAtav od Karas aitidcacOar. tiv pévTot MeréAXav év waot Ocparretwv SdrerérXeoev, WoTE \ N e , “A 4 \ , Kat Tov Pwpaiwy djpov, Ste Tovs wept Maptov guydbas éreOvper Katayayely, apvouvpévov tov LvAra, Seopevov éeruBoncacbar tHhv MerédXav. 997 \ N a 3 , e \ \ osm éddxet 6€ kal Trois "AOnvaios EX@v TO doTU Tpoc- a ; / 14 \ , 2 oN eveXOjvat tpayvtepov, Ott tTHv MerédAXay aro a / \ Tov Teiyous yepupivovtes éXoLdopnoav. adda TavTa wév UaTtepov. VII. Tote 8€ tiv vmatetay mpos Ta pédXdOVTA \ nA \ A PiKpov ayoupevos, erTonto TH yveun jwpos TOV \ / bd la \ b) a MiOpidatixov moAenov. avtavictato Sé avT@ Maptos vio Sofopuavias Kal dirotipias, aynpatov TaQ@v, avnp TO Te compat. Bapus Kal Tais évayxXos atreipnkas otpatetas 1d ynpas éxdnpwv 2 xai Siatovtioy trodtéuov édiduevos. Kal Tod , \ ? a / € , LUAAa pos Tas émdiTels mpdkes opynoavTos aA / els TO oTpatoTredov, avTos oikoupaV éTeKTaiveTo \ e THY OACOpiwTaTHy exeivnyv Kai Goa cipmavTes ot e Todeuoe THv “Popny ovx éBdaay atrepyaca- a 4 pévny otdoty, ws Kai To Satpovov avTots m1 poEean- pnve. wip pev yap avtopatov ex Tav TA onpeia 344 SULLA consulship. And this was not the only woman whom he married, but. first, when he was still a stripling, he took Ilia to wife, and she bore him a daughter ; then Aelia, after her ; and thirdly, Cloelia, whom he divorced for barrenness, honourably, and with words of praise, to which he added gifts. But since he married Metella only a few days afterwards, he was thought to have accused Cloelia unfairly. To Metella, however, he always showed great de- ference in all things, so that the Roman people, when it longed for the restoration of the exiled partisans of Marius, and Sulla refused it, in its need called upon Metella for aid. It was thought also that when he took the city of Athens, he treated its people’ more harshly because they had scurrilously abused Metella from the walls. But this was later.) | VII. At the time of which I speak, deeming the consulship a slight matter in comparison with things to come, his thoughts soared to the Mithridatic war. But here he found a rival in Marius, who was possessed by ambition and a mad desire for fame, those never ageing passions. He was now unwieldy ‘ in body, and in the recent campaigns had given up service on account of his age, and yet set his heart upon foreign wars beyond theseas. And when Sulla had set out for his camp on unfinished business,? he himself kept at home and contrived that most fatal sedition, which wrought Rome more harm than all her wars together had done, as indeed the heavenly powers foreshowed to them. For fire broke forth of its own accord from the staves which supported 1 Cf. chapter xiii. 1. 2 Sulla was occupied with the siege of Nola, in Campania. 345 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sopatwv iropepovtoy dvéhape kal Kates BéaOn ponss, KopaKes 5é tpeis Tous veora ous els THY oOov ™ poaryaryovTes KaTépayon, ta 6é Aeinpava may els THY peor aay avnveyxav. Kal puav bé év LEep@ Xpuaov avaKel evov Siadaryovrov piay ot Cdxopot wayn Ondevay AapBavovary, 7 a) 6e év aur Th mayn Texodoa TEVTE KATAVANWCE Ta, Tpla.. TO 58 mavTov peyLarop, é& avepéhov Kat Scaipou Tov TEPLEXOVTOS AXNGE oe TAahTUyyos ogy amoteivouca Kal Opnvedy Pboyyov, dare mavras exppovas yevécOar Ka Katam Tear 61a TO Beye Gos. Tuppnvav dé ob Aoyeoe petaBomny érépov yevous amrepaivovTo Kal peTaKoo ppnow arroonpat- yew TO Tépas. Elva uev yap oxTeD 1 ra cupTavTa yevn, Siapépovta Tois Biows Kal Tous nOeow adr Lov, exdatw b€ apwpicbar Xpovev aptO pov io tou Oeov CULT PALO LEvOD éviavTov peydXov Tepid. Kal oTav airy oXn TéENOS, érépas evi Tapevns KivetcOat Tt onpetov ée ys 7 ovpavod Savpdovor, as O7jAov elvat ToIS me pov- TUKOGL Ta TOLAUTA Kal pepadnnoaw evdus 6 Ort Kat TpoTrots addous Kat Bious avO pwrrot Xpw@pevor yeyovact, Kat Oeois HTTOV i) Haddov TOV Tpo- TEp@V pédoves. Ta TE yap adXAa dhaciv év TH TOV yeveoy apeiyrer hapBavery peyddas KALVOTO- pias, Kal THY pavTLeny TOTE pLev avferBar TH Ton Kal _Kkatartuyy dave Tals Tpoaryopevaeat, xadapa Kal pavepa onpeta Tov Oatpoviou T poTre j.- TovTos, avbis o éy érépp ry évet TaTrELVe TpaTrey, avtooyédiov ovoay Ta TroAAa Kai 8 apudpar 1 dere before this word Sintenis? reads dyépdxwy, after Suidas. 346 456 SULLA the ensigns, and was with difficulty extinguished ; and three ravens brought their young forth into the street and devoured them, and then carried the remains back again into their nest ; and after mice had gnawed consecrated gold in a temple, the keepers caught one of them, a female, in a trap, and in the very trap she brought forth five young ones, and ate up three of them. But most im- portant of all, out of a cloudless and clear air there rang out the voice of a trumpet, prolonging a shrill and dismal note, so that all were amazed and terrified at its loudness. The Tuscan wise men declared that the prodigy foretokened a change of conditions and the advent of a new age. For according to them there are eight ages in all, differing from one another in the lives and customs of men, and to each of these God has appointed a definite number of times and seasons, which is completed by the circuit of a great year. And whenever this circuit has run out, and another begins, some wonderful sign is sent from earth or heaven, so that it is at once clear to those who have studied such subjects and are versed in them, that men of other habits and modes of life have come into the world, who are either more or less of concern to the gods than their predecessors were. All things, they say, undergo great changes, as one age succeeds another, and especially the art of divination ; at one period it rises in esteem and is successful in its predictions, because manifest and genuine signs are sent forth from the Deity; and again, in another age, it is in small repute, being off-hand, for the most part, and seeking to grasp 347 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal KOTELVOY opyavev TOU MéAXXOVTOS am ropevny. TavTa per ovv of Aoytwratot Tuppnvav Kal mréov TL TOV GAXwDv eidévat Soxobyres énvBororyouv. THS dé ovyedyjtou TOUS pavrect mepl TOUTO@Y avo\a- Covens Kat Kadnpevns év To yao Ths ’"Evuods, atpovdos eloen Tn mavT@v opevTe@y TeTTUYA pépeov TO oTOpaTe, Kat TO pev éxBarwv pépos avrod KaTENTre, To 66 & EX cov dari Oev. UpewpavTo 57 OTATLW Ob TEPATOTKOTOL Kal Stadopay Tov KTN- parixay 7 pos TOV aoTiKOY OYAOV Kat aryopaiov- povdevra yap ToUTOV elvat xaOdmep tértiya, Tous 6€ ywpitas apoupaious. VIII. Mdpzos 81) mrpocrAapBaver Snpapxyobvra LouNmixvop, avOpwrrov OUVOEVOS SevTepov év Tabs axpats Kaxtats, Wore pay Entei Tivos €oTiv éTépou pox Onporepos, GNA pos Ti boxOnporatos éau- TOU. Kal yap porns Kal TOMA Kal mheovebia Wwept adrov Hv amepiaKeTrTOS aisxpod Kal TravTos KAKOV, OS ye THY ‘Pow paiwv TONLTELAY éfehev- Geprxois Kal perotKous TAY avapavdov nptO pec Tiny dia tTparrétns ev ayopg KELHEVNS. erpepe dé TpLrxtALous paxarpopopous, Kal TAHGos immiKav vEeavigKary Tpos aay éTotwory Tmepl avrov elXev, ods ayTicvyKANTOV avopate. vopov O€ Kupo@oas pndeva TUYEANTLCOV vIrep dioxedias Spaxpas OpetAeLv, AUTOS aTréALTTE pera THY TedEUTHY oprn- patos pupiddas Tptaxoatas. ovTos eis TOV Ojjpov agpeOeis urd Tov Mapiov, cal ovvtapatas wavta 1 The Greek of this sentence is acknowledged by all editors to be corrupt. The translation follows Coraés. 348 SULLA the future by means of faint and blind senses. Such, at any rate, was the tale told by the wisest of the Tuscans, who were thought to know much more about it than the rest. Moreover, while the senate was busied with the soothsayers about these prodigies, and holding its session in the temple of Bellona, a sparrow came flying in, before the eyes of all, with a grasshopper in its mouth, a part of which it threw down and left there, and then went away with the other part. From this the diviners apprehended a quarrelsome dissension between the landed proprietors and the populace of the city and forum; for the latter is vociferous like a grass- hopper, while the former haunt the fields (like. the sparrow). VIII. Marius now made alliance with Sulpicius who was a tribune of the people, a man second to none in prime villainies, so that the question was not whom else he surpassed in wickedness, but in what he surpassed his own wickedness. For the combination of cruelty, effrontery, and rapacity in him was regardless of shame and of all evil, since he sold the Roman citizenship to freedmen and aliens at public sale, and counted out the price on a money-table which stood in the forum. More- over, he maintained three thousand swordsmen, and had about him a body of young men of the equestrian order who were ready for everything, and whom he called his anti-senate. Further, though he got a law passed that no senator should incur a debt of more than two thousand drachmas, he himself left behind him after death a debt of three millions. This man was now let loose upon the people by Marius, and after confounding all 349 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ta mpdypata Biq Kal oonpe, vopous eypadev aAXous TE poxOnpods Kal TOV didovra Mapi@ Tob MiOpbarixod TONE MOV THY nyepoviap. ampagias dé bia Tabra TOV UTATOV Wapicapevenr, én - ayayov avrois exxdnovatovar mept Tov vewv TOV AtooKxovpwov xo aAXous TE modous Kal TO Tloparniou TOU virdtou peupaxtov érrl THS aryopas aveinev’ auTos dé Toparnios Aabav é&éduye. DwvAras Sé eis tHv oixiay Tov Mapiou ouvotwy Geis jvaynaaOn 7 poe Tas anpagias ddoae’ Kal da TovUTO TOV Tlopmniov é émrapxovTa Tavoas” 0 ) DovAri- LOS ovK adetheTo TOU Lure THV brateiay, aXNG TV emi McOpidarny OTPATELAV MOvOY Ets Mdpvoy peTnveyKe? Kal 7 éwret XeAudpyous evOvs els Noda TaparnYopevous TO oTpatevpa Kal pos tov Mdpiov afovtas. IX. DBOdcavtos 5é tov YAAa Siagpuyeiv eis TO ar patorredop, Kal TOV oTpATLOT aU, @S émuOovto TavTa, KATANEVTAYTWY TOUS XuAudpxous, ot Tept Tov Mdpvov avdis € éy TH TONE TOUS Luda dhirous avy pouv Kal Xpnwata Suifpmatov auTav. hoav be peTacTdacels Kal puyal, TOY pev Els TOMY amo oT ToT éOov, Trav & exeioe Siagorreav Tey éK THS TrOhEWs. ” dé GUYKANTOS HY Mev OVY aUTIS, adda tois Mapiou xal LouvAmictov St@xeito poo Tay- pact, tuOopéevn 5é Tov YvrAXrAav éml THY TrOALY uae émepure Suvo TOY oT paThyar, Bpodrov Kat Lepovidov, atrayopevoovtas avT@ Badifew. TOUTOUS Spactrepov Jonna diarexGévras wp- penoay pev avenely ot oTpaTLarat, Tas 6¢ paBdous 1 xavcas Coraés and Bekker, after Muretus: wohoas. 35° cl SULLA things by force and the sword, he proposed certain vicious laws, and particularly one offering to Marius the command in the Mithridatic war. To prevent voting on these, the consuls decreed suspension of public business, whereupon Sulpicius led a mob against them, as they were holding an assembly near the temple of Castor and Pollux, and, amongst many others, slew also the young son of Pompeius the consul in the forum; but Pompeius himself made his escape unnoticed. Sulla, however, after having been pursued into the house of Marius, was forced to come forth and rescind the decree for suspension of public business; and it was because he did this that Sulpicius, although he deposed Pompeius, did not take the consulship away from Sulla, but merely tansferred the expedition against Mithridates to the command of Marius. He also sent military tribunes at once to Nola, who were to take over the army there and conduct it to Marius. IX. But Sulla succeeded in making his escape and reaching the camp first, and his soldiers, when they learned what had happened, stoned the tribunes to death ; in return for which, Marius and his partisans in the city went to slaying the friends of Sulla and plundering their property. Then there were re- movals and flights, some passing continually from camp to city, and others from city to camp. The senate was not its own master, but was governed by the dictates of Marius and Sulpicius, and when it learned that Sulla was marching against the city, it sent two of the praetors, Brutus and Servilius, to forbid his advance. These men addressed Sulla with too much boldness, whereupon his soldiers 35! PLUTARCH’S LIVES ral deopuevns Hn Badiferv evOus é& éfodou, mravta yap éceo Oar Ta Sixaca, THs BovAns Wnpicapévns, @moroynoe pep aUTOU KaTaoTpaToTredeva ety Kab diaper petv exéXeve vopas, dorep coder, TO oTpatoTréow TOUS wyepovas, & dare TOUS mpéa Bets amenOeiy mistevoavtas: éxetvorv &é dred ovr ay evOds éxtréuras Aevxiov Bdowdndopv Kal Ddiov Moppuoy KaTarapBdver THY mUdnY 6s avTav Kat Ta TetXn Ta TWepl TOV dogov TOV Aioxvdivor- elt’ QUTOS a andon onoubdh cuvimte. Téav b¢ Tepl Tov BaowdXov els THY TrOALD é eumed OvT@Y Kal Kpatouv- TOV, 0 TONUS Kal dvoTrros Ojos amo TOY Teyev Kepdue Kat Ow Baddovtes ema Xv @UTOUS TOU Tpoow Xewpev kab oUverTELAAY ELS TO TEelyos. ev TouT@ dé O LwAdas Taphy 76n, Kal cuvidav TO ryevoevov éBoa Tas oixias Upamrew, Kal AaBov dada KaLopevny eV @pet TPATOS avTos, ral TOUS rokétas éxéheve vpjabat Tots mupoBoros a avw TaV oTeyac pat OV etepevous, Kar ovdéva hoyta pov, arr épmradns & Ov Kal TO Oup@ Tapadedwoxars THY TOV TpaccopEevev myepovian, és ye TOUS ex Opous povov éwpa, girous dé kal ouryryevets Kal oixelous 6lS ovdéva oryou Gépevos oud oi TOV KAT HEL d:a TUpOS, @ TOV aitiov kal pn didyvoots ovK Hy. TouT@y 6¢ yevoweveov Mapuos eEwaGels mwpos TO THS Djs iepov exddet dua KNpuypLaros émr é\év- Gepia To oixeTixov: érreNOovtTwr O€ THY TrOdELioV xpatnOels é&étreve THS TOAEWS. X. Dvaras be THY Boudny cuvayayov katayn- diterat Odvatov aitod te Mapiov xai odiywv 354 SULLA deputation from the city, which begged him not to advance to an immediate attack, since the senate had voted that he should have all his rights; he therefore agreed to encamp there, and ordered his officers to measure out the ground, as was usual, for the camp, so that the deputation returned to the city believing that he would do so. But no sooner were they gone than he sent forward Lucius Basillus and Caius Mummius, who seized for him the city-gate and the walls on the Esquiline hill; then he himself followed hard after them with all speed. Basillus and his men burst into the city and were forcing their way along, when the unarmed multitude pelted them with stones and tiles from the roofs of the houses, stopped their further progress, and crowded them back to the wall. But by this time Sulla was at hand, and seeing what was going on, shouted orders to set fire to the houses, and seizing a blazing torch, led thé way himself, and ordered his archers to use their fire-bolts and shoot them up at the roofs. This he did not from any calm calcu- lation, but in a passion, and having surrendered to his anger the command over his actions, since he thought only of his enemies, and without any regard or even pity for friends and kindred and relations, made his entry by the aid of fire, which made no distinction between the guilty and the innocent. Meanwhile Marius, who had been driven back to the temple of Tellus, made a proclamation calling the slaves to his support under promise of freedom ; but the enemy coming on, he was overpowered and fled from the city. X. Sulla now called together the senate, and had sentence of death passed on Marius himself and a 355 o A A PLUTARCH’S LIVES adrwv, év ols Louvrtixcos Hv o Syuapyos. adda , \ b 4 e \ iA LovAmixtos pev arecdhayn mpodobels bd Oepa- qovtTos, dv Oo YwvAAas nrEevOépwoev, Elta KaTeE- xpnyvice, Mapio 8 érexnpufev apyuptov, ovK EVYVOLOVWS OVSE TTONLTLKOS, @ Ye pxpov Ep- mpocOev wtroxeiptov eis THY oikiay Sovs éavTov aoparas apeiOn. Kaitos Mapio rote pr Siévte LvAAav, GAN arroGaveiv bd DovArixiov mpoe- , 4 a e a 9 > @ ? 4 pévey, TavTwY KpaTeiy UTApyev, GAN Byws édei- \ e A 3y / \ > \ \ aato: Kal peP nuépas ortyas THY adTny AaABHY jwapacxyeov ovK étTvxe TaV opoiwy. ed ols o LvAAas THY pev TUyKANTOV adnrws nviacer 7 Se Tapa Tov Sypov dvopévera cal véperts av’T@ dhavepa 5: Epywyv annvra. Neovov pév ye tov adergidoiy avTtod cal Lepovnioy apyas pett- , > 4 , e. hf ovtas atroyyndiadpevor cal kabuBpicavtes ETEpOUS KatéoTnoav apxovTas, ods padtoTa TLLOVTES @ovTo utTreiy exetvov. Oo 5é TOUTOLS TE TWpOCE- motetTo Yaipew, ws Tov Sywov TO Troveiv & Bov- Notto Se’ avroy dtoAavovTos THs éXEevOeEpias, Kal Oeparrevwv TO THY TOAAOY plaos braTov KaTE- oTnoey amo THS évavtias oatdcews Aevetov Kivvay, apais xai Spots xatadaBov evvoncey Tos éavTov mpdypuactv. o S¢ dvaBas eis To , A Kamitwruov éxwv ev TH Xetpt ALOov wpvuer, eira émapacdpevos éaut@ py pudrdtTovTe THY mWpos éxeivov evvorav éxireceiy Tihs TOAEWS, WOTEP O ALOos bua Tis yetpos, xaTéBare yapale Tov ALGov bY 9, / / \ \ > OUK OALYwWY TrapovTwY. TaparaBov 5é THY ap- 356 458 SULLA few others, among whom was Sulpicius the tribune of the people. But Sulpicius was killed, after he had been betrayed by a servant, to whom Sulla first gave his freedom, and then had him thrown down the Tarpeian rock ; moreover, he set a price on the head of Marius, an act both ungrateful and impolitic, since it was in his house that he had found refuge and surrendered himself a little before this, and had been let off safe. And yet had Marius at that time not let Sulla go, but given him up to death at the hands of Sulpicius, he might have been absolute master in Rome ; nevertheless he spared his life, and when after a few days he had given him the same opportunity, he did not obtain like mercy. By these proceedings Sulla won the secret dislike of the senate; but the people’s hatred and indignation was made manifest to him by their acts. For instance, they ignominiously rejected Nonius his nephew, and Servius, who were his candidates for offices, and appointed others, whose preferment they thought would be most vexing to him. But he pretended to be pleased at this, saying that the people, in doing as it pleased, enjoyed a freedom which was due to him, and out of deference to the hatred of the mul- titude allowed Lucius Cinna, a man of the opposite faction, to be invested with the consulship, after binding him by solemn oaths to be favourable to his policies. And Cinna went up to the Capitol with a stone in his hand and took the oaths, and then, after praying that if he did not maintain his goodwill towards Sulla, he might be cast out of the city, as the stone from his hand, he threw the stone upon the ground in the sight of many people. But as soon as he had entered upon his office, he 357 PLUTARCH’S LIVES xv evOus emexel pet Ta xaderrara Kiveiy, Kat Oveny em) Tov 2vANav Taperxevace kal KaTn- yopety éeméarnoev Ouvepyivioy, € éva TeV Snuapyor, Ov exEivos dpa 7 Sixactnpie yaipev éaocas él Mc6pidarny a arh XI. Aéyerar Ke bd TAS Hméepas éxeivas év als 0 YwAdras aro Ths “Iradias éxiver Tov aronon, Dra TE TOANG Mipidarn Siar ptBovte wept TO Tlépyapov emirKnyrat bas ova, al Ninny ore davnpopov KaPrewerny UTO TOV Tlepyapnver € én avToyv éx Tivwy opydvev avabev Soov ovum TIS keparis pavovoay curt piBivas, Kal TOV oTeé- pavoy éxmecovta Kata Tob Gear pou péper Oar yapale d:aé put ropevon, Hote ppinny pev TO OnLD, adupiay be TONANY MiOp.idarn Tapacxetv, KaiTrep avT@ TOTE TOV T pay wary éX1rtdos Tépa T pox wpouvTev. auros pev yap ’Aciay te ‘Po- paiwv cal Bubuviay cai Karraésoxiav tov Bacr- Aéov adnpnpévos év lepydpw xabjoro, TOVTOUS Kal duvac elas Kat Tupavvidas Siavéwov Tots pirors, TOY dé maidev O pev ev Tlovre@ Kal Booropo THV Tahavay axpe Tov vmép THY Mata- TW GOLKHTO@D apxiy Kateixev ovdevos Taper oxXdodvTOs, "Aprapabns dé Opaany cat Maxedoviay emrnet orpaT@ peyddep T pod aryouevos, drXous bé oi oTpaTnyot TOTOUS eXetpodvto Suvapers & éxovres, av o peytaTos “Apxedaos Tais ev vavoly opod Th cuprdons ETLKPATO@V THS Gararrns Tas Te Kuxrddas vycous éSovX00To Kal Tav aAXwY Boat Manéas évros iSpuvtat, cal thv EvBotay avdtiy elyev, x O€ "AOnvav opumpevos Ta péxpr Ser- 358 SULLA tried to subvert the existing order of things, and had an impeachment prepared against Sulla, and appointed Virginius, a tribune of the people, to be his accuser. But Sulla, ignoring alike accuser and court, set out against Mithridates.! XI. And it is said that about the time when Sulla was moving his armament from Italy, Mithridates, who was staying at Pergamum, was visited with many other portents from Heaven, and that a Victory with a crown in her hand, which the Pergamenians were lowering towards him by machinery of some sort, was broken to pieces just as she was about to touch his head, and the crown went tumbling from her hand to the ground in the midst of the theatre, and was shattered, whereat the people shuddered, and Mithridates was greatly dejected, although at that time his affairs were prospering beyond his hopes. For he himself had wrested Asia from the Romans, and Bithynia and Cappadocia from their kings, and was now set down in Pergamum, dispensing riches, principalities, and sovereignties to his friends ; and of his sons, one was in Pontus and Bosporus, holding without any opposition the ancient realm as far as the deserts beyond Lake Maeotis, while Ariarathes was overrunning Thrace and Macedonia with a large army, and trying to win them over; his generals, too, with forces under them, were subduing other regions, and the greatest of them, Archelaiis, who with his fleet controlled the entire sea, was subjugating the Cyclades, and all the other islands which lie to the east of Cape Malea, and was in possession of Euboea itself, while from his head-quarters at Athens he was bringing into revolt from Rome the peoples of Greece 1 In 87 B.o. 359 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tahias EOvn tHs “EAXdbos adiorn, pxpa ™ poo Kpovoas TE _ Xatpoveray. évtav0a yap auT@ Bper710s ovppas aT HVTHTE, m peo BevTiis pev ov Levriov, Tob otpatyyod Tis Maxedovias, avnp S€ ToAuy Kal dpovycer Siadpépwv. oUTOS "Apxedaw Sten pevparos Pepopevp ba Tis Bowwrias éml «mXetotovy avticrTas, Kat Tpict maxars ¢ Srarywvic dpevos mept Xarpdvecay, éFewoe Kat ouvéoretbe Taduy emt THv Oadarray. Aev- kiou 5é AevxorXou KedEVTAYTOS autov un w- pety émvovTe AAG Kal Tov eyndic pévov exelvep éav morepov, evO ds exMT OV THV Bowwriay o OTe w 7 pos Devt cov anjdauve, Kaimep aUT@ TOY ™pay- peatov édribos mépa 7 pox@pouyvTw@v Kal THs ‘Ed - Addos Ol KELWS éxovans 7 pos pera Bodny dua THv éxeivou Karoxayabiay. ada yap Bpetri@ péev TavTa ra UT poTaTa TOV TET PAY WEVOV. XII. SwrArAas S€ tas pe addas Tones evOUS elyev eqreTt ea Bevopevas Kal Kahovoas, tais &€ "AOnvats Sta Tov TUpayvov ‘Aptatiova Bact- Never Par jvaryKac pevais a8 pous émreoTn Kal Tov Tletpava TeptiaBov émohvopKet, Lnxavny Te Twacay epiatas Kal pdxas TavTooaTras ToLou- HEVOS. Kaitou Xpovoy ov TONY avacXopeve mapiy axwvduvas éXely THY avo TOMY, bao pod ouynywevny 0 TH xpelg TOY avaryKatov ‘eis Tov éoyaTov kaupév" aX’ emrevryopevos els ‘Peony cal Sedcas tov exe? vewTepta LOD, TON ois pev xivdvvors, torrais 8é Haxaus, pleya- Aas 5 Samdva natéorevde Tov TONE MOY, ye dixa THS GANS TapacKevis y mepl T PNXAVNpaATA Tparypwateta Cevryeot pupiots optKols 360 459 SULLA as far as Thessaly, although he met with slight reverses at Chaeroneia. For here he was confronted by Bruttius Sura, who was a lieutenant of Sentius the praetor of Macedonia, and a man of superior courage and prudence. This man, as Archelaiis came rushing like a torrent through Boeotia, opposed him most fiercely, and after thrice giving him battle at Chaeroneia, repulsed him, and drove him back to the sea. But when Lucius Lucullus ordered him to give place to Sulla, who was coming, and to leave the conduct of the war to him, as the senate had voted, he at once abandoned Boeotia and marched back to Sentius, although his efforts were proving successful beyond hope, and although the nobility of his bearing was making Greece well-disposed towards a change of allegiance. However, these were the most brilliant achievements of Bruttius. XII. As for Sulla, he at once received deputations and invitations from the other cities, but Athens was compelled by the tyrant Aristion to side with Mithri- dates. Against this city, therefore, Sulla led up all his forces, and investing the Piraeus, laid siege to it, bringing to bear upon it every sort of siege-engine, and making all sorts of assaults upon it. And yetif he had been patient a little while, he might have captured the upper city without hazard, since it lacked the necessities of life and was already reduced by famine to the last extremity. But since he was eager to get back to Rome, and feared the spirit of revolution there, he ran many risks, fought many battles, and made great outlays that he might hasten on the war, in which, not to speak of his other munitions, the operation of the siege engines 3601 6 PLUTARCH’S LIVES exopnyeiro, ca? Hyépav évepyois oat mpos THY virnpeciav. émirertrovons Se THS Ans Sead TO KomTec0ar TOAAA TOV Epyov TrepiKNopEva ToOis avt@v Bpibecr Kal muptrovcicbar Baddopeva cuvexas ro Tay Todepiov, émexeipnoe Tois tepois adoeot, Kal thy te “Axadnueay Exetpe Sevdpopopwrdrnv mpoacteiwy ovcay nal ro Av- kecov. eémel b€ Kal xpnudtwv ee. moddOr pos TOV T ONELOD, exiver TA TH ‘Edd ddos dovna, TovTo pev é& ‘Eridavpou, TrovTo 5é é& "Odvptrias, T&2 KadAMOoTA Kal ToAUTEeXeoTAaTA TaV avabn- paTwy peramepropevos. éypawe Sé xal tots "Apduxtioow eis Aeddovs Ste Ta Ypnuata Tov Geov BéXrLoy cin xopscOfvat mpos avToy: 7 yap gurakev acharéotepov Kal atroypnodapevos atrobwoew oux éXdaTTw Kal Tov dirov atécTetre Kdduv rov Paxéa xerevoas orabu@ traparaBety éxaotov. o b€ Kaddis ee pev eis Aerdods, wKvet O€ TAY iepa@v Oyetv, Kal TrohAa TOV ’Apde- KTUOVOY TapovT@Y aTEeddKpucEe THY avayKny. évioy 6¢ dhackdvtwv dxodaat Pbeyyouéevns THs év Tots avaxtopots KtOdpas, elite Tiatevoas elTE Tov XwAdrav Bovrcpevos euBareiv eis Secodac- poviav, éréotethe mpos avtov. o 5&¢ axomrev aytéypatre Oavpdley tov Kdduv, ef prt) ovvinory Ste Yaipovtos, ov yarertraivovtos, ein TO ddew ate Oappodvra NapBdvew éxéXevcev, WS 1d0- Hévou Tov Oeod cal dudovTos. Ta pev ovv adrr\a Siédabe tovs ye TodXOovs “EAAnvas éxtepurropeva, tov 5é apyupoiv miOon, Os qv UTdAOLTOS ett TOV Bactrtxav, Sa Bdpos 362 SULLA called for ten thousand pairs of mules, which were employed daily for this service. And when timber began to fail, owing to the destruction of many of the works, which broke down of their own weight, and to the burning of those which were continually smitten by the enemy’s fire-bolts, he laid hands upon the sacred groves, and ravaged the Academy, which was the most wooded of the city’s suburbs, as well as the Lyceum. And since he needed much money also for the war, he diverted to his uses the sacred treasures of Hellas, partly from Epidaurus, and partly from Olympia, sending for the most beautiful and most precious of the offerings there. He wrote also to the Amphictyons at Delphi that it was better to have the treasures of the god sent to him ; for he would either keep them more safely, or, if he spent them, would restore as much. And he sent Caphis, the Phocian, one of his friends, with the letter, bidding him receive each article by weight. Caphis came to Delphi, but was loth to touch -the sacred objects, and shed many tears, in the presence of the Amphictyons, over the necessity of it. And when some of them declared they heard the sound of the god’s lyre in the inner sanctuary, Caphis, either because he believed them, or because he wished to strike Sulla with superstitious fear, sent word to him about it. But Sulla wrote back jocosely, expressing his amazement that Caphis did not understand that singing was done in joy, not anger ; his orders were therefore to take boldly, assured that the god was willing and glad to give. Accordingly, the rest of the treasures were sent away without the knowledge of the most, certainly, of the Greeks; but the silver jar, the only one of 363 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat péeyeBos ov Suvapevwv avarafely tev wTro- fuvyiwv, avayKxalopevot Kataxortewv ot “Apdi- KTUoves eis pynpnv éBdadrovto TodTo pév Titov Prapwvivov cat Mavov *Axirtov, rodto $&é Aipinsov Tladvov, ov o pev ’Avtioyov é&eXaaas THs “EdAdbos, of 5€ Tovs Maxedovev Bactreis KATATONE LNG AVTES ov povoy atréayovTo TaV tep@v tov “EdAnuixdr, ara Kal dapa wal Tuny avTois Kal cemvornra ToAXAnY mmpocébe- 7 aav. GAN’ éxeivor pev avdpav te cwppovav Kat pepabnxoTwy owt Tois apyovot trapéyey Tas Nelpas Hryovpevot KaTa vopov, avTot Te Tais yruyais Baotdtxol wai tais Samdvais evteXcis OvTes, peTpiots exXp@vtTo Kal reTaypévols avaro- pact, TO KOAaKevELY TOUS oTpaTLOTAS aioxtov 8 Hryoupevos tov Sedsévas Tovs mrodepious: of de Tote otpatnyol Bia To mMpwreéiov, ovK apeTh, KT@PEVOl, KaL waAXOv err’ GAANXAOUS Sedpevoe TOV StAwY i TOUS ToAEmioUs, HvaykalovTo Snuayw- yelv ev TO aTpatnyeiy, ei Oy eis Tas iouTadeias TOls oTpaTevomevots avnALTKOY @votpEvoL TOUS qovous avTa@v, éhaGoyv w@viov OAnV THY TaTpioa motnaavtes Eautouvs te SovAOUS THY KakioTov emt T® Ttav BerTiovwvy adpyew. tadta éEnrauve Mdpiov, eit’ avOis éri SvAXNav KatHye, tadra "Oxtaoviov rovs tept Kivvay, radta PrAdKKov 9 Tovs wept DipBpiay adroyerpas erroincev. av 1 The gifts of Croesus, king of Lydia (Herodotus, i. 51). 2 Manius Acilius Glabrio, consul in 191 3B.c., defeated Antiochus the Great at Thermopylae, and forced him to return to Asia. 364 SULLA the royal gifts! which still remained, was too large and heavy for any beast of burden to carry, and the Amphictyons were compelled to cut it into pieces. As they did so, they called to mind now Titus Flamininus and Manius Acilius, and now Aemilius Paulus, of whom one had driven Antiochus out of Greece,? and the others had subdued in war the kings of Macedonia®; these had not only spared the sanctuaries of the Greeks, but had even made additional gifts to them, and greatly increased their honour and dignity. But these were lawful com- manders of men who were self-restrained and had learned to serve their leaders without a murmur, and they were themselves kingly in spirit and simple in their personal expenses, and indulged in moderate and specified public expenditures, deem- ing it more disgraceful to flatter their soldiers than to fear their enemies; the generals of this later time, however, who won their primacy by force, not merit, and who needed their armies for service against one another, rather than against the public enemy, were compelled to merge the general in the demagogue, and then, by purchasing the services of their soldiers with lavish sums to be spent on luxurious living, they unwittingly made their whole country a thing for sale, and themselves slaves of the basest men for the sake of ruling over the better. This was what drove out Marius, and then brought him back again against Sulla; this made Cinna the assassin of Octavius, and Fimbria of 5 Flamininus defeated Philip V. of Macedon at Cynos- cephalae in 197 B.c., and Aemilius Paulus crushed Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, at Pydna, in 16S B.c. See Plutarch’s Flamininus, xv. ; Aemiius Paulus, xvi.—xxii. 365 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovX TxtoTa LAras évédwonxev apxas, ért TO StapGeipew Kal peTaKanety TOUS vn ad ots Tar- TOMEVOUS KaTaxopnyOv ets TOUS od’ auTe@ Kal Satavwmevos, Wate Gua Tovs ddAous eV Els mpodociar, TOUS 5¢ id avT@ eis dowrtiay dia- PO cipor XenwaTov deia Bat ToAAaY, Kal partoTa pos TV ToMopKiay éxelyny. XIII. Aecvos yap TLS dpa Kab amapaiTntos elev aurov Epas édely Tas ‘AOnvas, elite Ondo Tit 7 pos THY marae cKiapaxodvTa Tijs TOAEWS d0fav, elre Oup@ Ta TKOMPATA pépovra Kal Tas Bwporoyxias, als avtov Te Kat thy MerédrXayr a arr6 TOV TELXOY éxda Tore yepupifov Kal KaTopyou- pevos efnpéOrter o 0 | TUpAVVeS 'Apiation, av pw os ef acehyeias omod Kal @LOTNTOS EX@V ourKeEL- pévny thy vpuxny, kal Ta XEipiota, TOY Mc8pu- daTiK@v cuvEeppynKora, VOONLAT OY Kat Tadav els éavTov dverhnpos, Kal TH Woes pupious pev ToAELOUS, TOANAS 5é Tupavvidas Kal ordaoets Siarrepevyvia ™ poTepov domep voonpa Gavarn- popov ELS TOUS eoxdtous KaLpous eet iBémevos- 6 és, ite Spaxpav @viov ToD pedipvou TaV TUp@DV ovTOS év doTEL TOTE, TOV avO pworrev TLTOUMEVOY TO Tept THY ax porrokuy puopevov mapbéviov, vrodn- para &é Kal AnkvOous épOas éaOvovter, aUTOS evdehex as moTous peOnpepivois Kal Kwpols Xpo- peevos Kal muppixifov Kal yeAwToTroLeD pos TOUS Tohemlous Tov pev lLepov THS Beod AVYVOY arTre- 1 According to Appian, Bel/. Civ. i. 71, Octavius, the consul, a supporter of Sulla, was killed at Rome by Censori- nus, acting under the orders of Marius and Cinna, in 86 B.c. Valerius Flaccus, chosen consul to succeed Marius, in 86 B.c., 460 SULLA Flaccus.!_ And it was Sulla who, more than any one else, paved the way for these horrors, by making lavish expenditures upon the soldiers under his own command that he might corrupt and win over those whom others commanded, so that in making traitors of the rest, and profligates of his own soldiers, he had need of much money, and especially for this siege. XIII. For he was possessed by some dreadful and inexorable passion for the capture of Athens, either because he was fighting with a sort of ardour against the shadow of the city’s former glory, or because he was provoked to anger by the scurrilous abuse which had been showered from the walls upon himself and Metella by the tyrant Aristion, who always danced in mockery as he scoffed. This man’s spirit was compounded of licentiousness and cruelty; he had made himself a sink for the worst of the diseases and passions of Mithridates ; and in these her last days he had fixed himself, like a fatal malady, upon a city which had previously passed safely through countless wars, and many usurpations and seditions. This man, although at the time a bushel of wheat sold in the city for a thousand drachmas, and although men made food for themselves of the fever-few which grew on the acropolis, and boiled down shoes and leather oil-flasks to eat, was himself continually indulging in drinking-bouts and revels by daylight, was dancing in armour and making jokes to deride the enemy, while he suffered the sacred was sent into Asia to thwart Sulla and conduct the war against Mithridates, but was murdered there by his mutinous lieutenant, Fimbria, in the following year. See chapters xx. 1; xxiii. 6; Lucullus, xxxiv. 2. 367 coe “ PLUTARCH’S LIVES aBnKora 51a oravev éXatou mepietde, TH Se é iepo- pavrde Tupev 7 lex TOV TpoaatTouan TETTEPEWS errepape, Tous dé Bovdevras kal vepeis ixerevovTas OLR TELpaL THY TOM Kal diadvcacbar Tpos Lwr- Aap Tokevpwace BdaddXwv Ser Kédacey. Ope dé 78n Tou pots eB erreprpev vmép eipyvns Svo 7 TpEts Tay oUpTOTaY mpos ovs oder a&vovyras ow THpPLOV, ANNA TOV Onoéa Kal TOV Evpodsov Kal Ta Mndixa | gTEmvohoyoupévous 0 uANas “ “ATiTe,” elev, “@ paKd LoL, Tous AOyous TOUTOUS ava- Aa Bovres: éyw yap ov prropad jaw eis "AOnvas vo “Pwpaiov ere up Ony, arrNa Tos adgiota- peevous KaTATTpEYyopuevos. ° XIV. ’Ep 6e TOUT NeyeTal Tas ev Kepapern@ a peo BuT@y axovoavtas Srareyopuévev T pos adda Nous Kal kaxilovrorv TOV TUpavvop, @s pn puddt- TOVTa TOU TEiYoUS THY mepl TO ‘Errdayadkov Epodov xat mpoaBorny, 7 povn Suvatov elvar Kal pasdiov vrepRivat TOUS Tonepious, amraryryeihas TavTa Wpos TOV LwAAav. o 5é ov ated povnaen, avra émeN av VUKTOS Kal Jeac dpevos Toy ToTov NOG Lov elyeTo Tob épyou. ever 5é autos oO LwAAas € €v TOUS Uropynpact TOV Tpartov émtBayra TOU Tel xous Mapxoy "Arniov avTtaTavTos aur TmoAepiou Sovra TY eK katadopas 7 paver TEpLKAGG aL TO Eihos, ov pny upécOat THs apas, GNAG peivat Kat KaTacxeiy. Karehn pon pev ov e n Torts exeOev, ws AOnvaiwy ot mpcaRvtTatot 1 The Outer Cerameicus, s.e. the suburb before the Dipylon, or Sacred Gate, through which one left the city for | Eleusis. 368 SULLA lamp of the goddess to go out for lack of oil; and when the chief priestess begged him for a twelfth of a bushel of wheat, he sent her so much pepper; and when the senators and priests came to him in sup- pliant array, and entreated him to take pity on the city and come to terms with Sulla, he scattered them with a volley of arrows. But after a long time, at last, with much ado, he sent out two or three of his fellow-revellers to treat for peace, to whom Sulla, when they made no demands which could save the city, but talked in lofty strains about Theseus and Eumolpus and the Persian wars, said: “Be off, my dear Sirs, and take these speeches with you; for I was not sent to Athens by the Romans to learn its history, but to subdue its rebels.” XIV. But at this juncture, as it is said, certain soldiers in the Cerameicus ! overheard some old men talking with one another, and abusing the tyrant because he did not guard the approaches to the wall at the Heptachalcum,? at which point alone it was possible and easy for the enemy to get over. When this was reported to Sulla, he did not make light of it, but went thither by night, and after seeing that the place could be taken, set himself to the work. And Sulla himself says, in his Memoirs, that Marcus Ateius was the first man to mount the wall, and that when an enemy confronted him, he gave him a downward cut on the helmet with his sword, and shattered the weapon; he did not, however, yield ground, but remained and held his own. At any rate, the city was taken at this point, as the oldest 2? An unknown feature of the wall, somewhere between the Piraic, or western gate, and the Dipylon, or Sacred Gate, opening to the N.W. 369 VOL, IV. BB PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 Steuvnpovevoy. autos dé DvrAAas 7 petaku THs Tlevpaixns miAns Kal tis iepds KataaKdypas Kal cuvouadvvas, epi péecas vuKtas eiondauve, ppixwdns bd te cdrruy& nal Képact rodXois, adharayu@ kal kpavyh ths Suvvdpews ep dprrayiy Kal hovoy ademevns bm’ avtod, nal hepopevns da tov otevwrayv! éoracpévors tots Eidecty, wate apiOuov pndéva yevécOar Tov amroa paryév- TOV, AANA TP TOT TOD puvéyTos aipatos ett vov petpetoBat T6 THOS. avev yap TOV KaTa THY aNAnv moAw avatpeOévrmy co Tept THY ayopay govos érécye mavta tov évtos Tov Aurvdou Kepapetxov mrodXois S€ A€yerar Kai dia wudA@Y KaTaKAVoaL TO TpodoTELov. GAAA TOY oUTwS aro0avovtwav, TtocovTwy ‘yevopévwv, ovK édAdo- coves Hoav of sas avrovs SiabGeipovtes oixte@ kal w00~ THs Tatpidos as avatpeOnooperns. TovTO yap atroyvavar cat goPnOnvar thy co- Tnpiav éroince tovs BeATiotous, ovdey ev TO LwrAAG PirdvOpwrrov ovdé pétpiov eATicavtas. ava yap TovTo péev Mediov xal Kadrryudavros tav duyddwv Seouévov xal mpoxvaArvooupévey avrov, ToUTO bé TOY aUYKANTIKaY, Soot ouUVE- atpatevoy, éEaitoupévav THY WoALY, AUTOS TE peatos Oy On THS Tiwwplas, eyKwOpLoy TE TAY maratav "AOnvaiwv iterav épn yapiterOar TOAAOIS ev OALiyous, CavTas Se TEOVNKOGL. ‘Enety 8€ tas "AOnvas adtos dnow ev ois vTropynpact Maprtias xaravdais, Ts Hepa 1 rev orevwrav Bekker, after Coraés: crevwray, 1 In Plutarch’s time. 37° SULLA Athenians used to testify.1 And Sulla himself, after he had thrown down and levelled with the ground the wall between the Piraic and the Sacred Gate, led his army into the city at midnight. The sight ot him was made terrible by blasts of many trumpets and bugles, ang by the cries and yells of the soldiery now let loose by him for plunder and slaughter, and rushing through the narrow streets with drawn swords. There was therefore no counting of the slain, but their numbers are to this day determined only by the space that was covered with blood. For without mention of those who were killed in the rest of the city, the blood that was shed in the market-place covered all the Cerameicus inside the Dipylon gate; nay, many say that it flowed through the gate and deluged the suburb. But although those who were thus slain were so many, there were yet more who slew themselves, out of yearning pity for their native city, which they thought was going to be destroyed. For this conviction made the best of them give up in despair and fear to survive, since they expected no humanity or moderation in Sulla. However, partly at the instance of the exiles Meidias and Calliphon, who threw themselves at his feet in supplication, and partly because all the Roman senators who were in his following interceded for the city, being himself also by this time sated with vengeance, after some words in praise of the ancient Athenians, he said that he forgave a few for the sake of many, the living for the sake of the dead. He took Athens, as he says himself in his Memuirs, on the Calends of March,? a day which corresponds 2 86 B.c. Cf. the description of the capture of Athens given by Appian, Bell. Mith. xxx. 371 BB 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pada oupmimrer Th voupnvig rob ‘AvOe- STN PL@VOS Bnvss, év @ KaTa TUYNV Dropynpara ToNAa ToD did THY emopBpiay OAEOpou Kal THiS pOopas exelyns dpaaw, Os TOTe Kal Tepl Tov Xpovov éxetvov padiora Tow xataxhua poo oup- TET OVTOS. éadwxotos 5¢ Tov doreos Oo pév TUpay- vos €ls THY ax pomromy KATApvyov érroMopKelTo, Koupiwvos emt TOUT TETAYMEVOU" xal Xpovov eyKaprepnaas auxvov avTos éauTov éve eiptoe diner mea Beis. Kat TO Saipovtoy evus eT eg 7)- pnve: THS yap aQuriis nue pas TE Kal pas éxetvov Te Koupiov xariye, cai vepov €& aiO pias cuvpa- povTov TAGS duBpov KaTapparyev emhnpwa ev Ddatos THY dc poTromy. elre! O€ xal Tov Iletpaca per’ ov TrOoNUY ' Xpovov 6 LwARas, Kal Ta TAELOTA Karéxavoev, @Y Ww Kat 7» PDidrwvos omdoOynKn, Javpalopevov épyor. XV. "Ey 6¢ TovTe Tagians 0 Midpidarov oTparyyas éx Opdens Kat Maxedovias cataBeBn- Kkws déxa pupidot meCav Kal pupiors immevdoe Kal TeO pirrous evevi}KovTa Sperarnpopors éxddet Tov "Apxéeraoy, € ETL vavroXobvTa Tept THV Movvuxiav Kal NTE THS Oardrrns Bovdopevov amrooT ivat pajre mpoOvpov ovTa cupTréexea Oat Tots ‘Po- patos, adda XpovorpBety TOV T ONE MOV Kal Tas evTropias aQUTOV an aueee a& 87 TONY paddov exelvou ouvopoy o YvAAaS avelevEer els Botwrtiay éx Xopiov YMox pov ral unde ey eipnvy Tpepecy ixavov dvtwv. Kal Toig ToAdois eddnes ohadr- 1 fae Bekker, after Emperius: elxe. 1 In the time of Deucalion, the Noah of Greek tradition. (Cf. Pausanias, i. 18, 7.) 372 SULLA very nearly with the first of the month Anthesterion. In this month, as it happens, the Athenians perform many rites commemorating the destruction and devastation caused by the flood, believing that the ancient deluge! occurred at about this time. On the capture of the town, the tyrant took refuge in the acropolis, and was besieged there by Curio, who was appointed to this task. He held out for a considerable time, but was driven by the pangs of thirst to give himself up. And the Deity at once gave a manifest token in the matter; for at the very hour of the day when Curio brought his prisoner down, clouds gathered in an open sky, and a quantity of rain fell and filled the acropolis with water. Not long after, Sulla took the Piraeus also, and burnt most of it, including the arsenal of Philo,? a marvellous work. XV. Meanwhile Taxiles, the general of Mithridates had come down from Thrace and Macedonia with a hundred thousand footmen, ten thousand horse, and ninety scythe-bearing four-horse chariots, and sum- moned Archelaiis to join him. Archelaiis still lay with his fleet at Munychia,? and was neither willing to quit the sea, nor eager to join battle with the Romans, but planned to protract the war and cut off their supplies. But Sulla understood the situa- tion much better than Archelaiis did, and there- fore transferred his forces into Boeotia, away from regions that were far from fertile, and unable to maintain a population even in time of peace. Most people thought that he had erred in his calculations, 2 It must have been finished in 330-329 B.c. See Frazer on Pausanias, i. 1, 2. 2 One of the three harbours of the Piraeus. 373 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Neo Bau Tov NoyLo LOY, BTL THD "Arricny Tpaxetav ovaav Kal Svavmmov aT OMT OY évéBanev € €aUTOV medidot Kal a dvaTren Ta pevars Tails Tepl THY Bovw- Tia Xwpars, ope éy appace nal irarous THY BapBapixny ovoay anny. GANA pevyav, Oorep elpnra, Aepov Kal omaviv qvaycatero Sia@Kewv Tov éx THS paxns civbuvop. Ere be ‘Oprijatos aurov epoer, oTparnytKos avip rad ptdoverkos, Ov éx Gerrarias dyovra TO ZwrdrAG dvvauw ev Tots arevois ot BapBapor mapepudarTov. dua ratra pe eis THY Bowwtiav avelev£er o Oo {vAAas ‘Opr7j- atop O€ Kadgus, PETE POS OY, érépas dois wevod- PEvOS TOUS BapBdpous dia tod Tapvaccod Kar- fryev vn’ auray THY T:O6pay, ouT a Too avTny WOALY ovcav ban vov éoTUy, ada pouptov \aTropparyt Kpnev@ TEPLKOTTOMEVOD, eis 6 Kal madat Tore Poxéov ot FlépEnv émiovra hevyovtes averxeva- cavTo Kal Svea dOncar. evraida KATaCTpATO- medevoas ‘Opraatos npépas pev aTreKpOVTaTO TOUS TroNepious, vUKTOp oy emt Tartpwvida Tals Suaxepiars xkaTaPpas arravTncavrt tT WAda PETA THS Suvd pecs ouveuste. XVI. Tevopevor dé Koh KatarapBavovrar Bouvov é éx pero ECTOTA TOV "EXatexey mediov, ebyewv Kat appiiaph cal mapa THV pilay dap éyovra: PrroBorwros Kahetrat, Kat THY pvow avrovd Kal thv Géow éerratret Oavpacins o 0 LvUAXas. arparoTeseva avres dé TAVTATAGLY odiryou Tots TONE [LOLS KaTepavna av immels ev yap ov Telus TevTaxocioy Kal yidiwv éyévovto, Twelol 374 SULLA because he had abandoned Attica, which was a rough country and ill-suited for cavalry movements, and thrown himself into the plains and open districts of Boeotia, although he saw that the strength of the Barbarians consisted in chariots and cavalry. But in flying from scarcity and famine, as has been said, he was compelled to pursue the danger arising from battle. And furthermore, he was anxious about Hortensius, a bold and capable general, who was leading a force from Thessaly to Sulla while the Barbarians were closely watching for him in the passes.! For these reasons Sulla transferred his army into Boeotia. But Hortensius was rescued by Caphis, a countryman of mine, and conducted by different routes, of which the Barbarians were ignorant, past Parnassus to a spot just below Tithora. This was not so large a city then as it is now, but a fortress surrounded on all sides by steep cliffs, into which those of the Phocians who in ancient times fled before the advance of Xerxes betook themselves and were saved. Having encamped here, Hortensius repulsed the enemy by day, and at night descended to Patronis by difficult paths and made a junction with Sulla, who came to meet him with his army. XVI. When they had thus united their forces, they occupied a hill which rose out of the midst of the plains of Elatea, a fertile hill, thickly grown with trees, and supplied with water at its base. Philo- boeotus is its name, and its situation and natural advantages are most highly praised by Sulla. As they lay encamped here, they appeared to the enemy altogether few in numbers ; for they were not more than fifteen hundred horse, and less than fifteen 1 At Thermopylae. 2 Cf. Herodotus, viii. 32. 375 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 &¢ wevraxicxthiwv Kal pupiwy éXatrouvs. SOevy éxBracdpevot rov ’ApyéXaoy ot Aovtrol oTpatyyol kal wapardEavtes Thy Sivapu, évérdAnoav irtov, dppatav, aoTiowv, Oupedv TO trediop. Thy S¢ xpavynv cal addaraypnov ovK Exteyev oO anp COvav tocovTay dua Kabtotapéeven eis rake. qv Sé apa Kal TO Kouta@des Kal coBapoyv avTav THS WoduTEAELas OUK apyov ovdse axXpNoTOY «is éxmAnkw, dAr’ ai te pappapvyat tav sirdwv HOKNPEVOY Kpve@ TE Kal apyvpw Sstamperras, at te Badai trav Mydieav nat YxvOicav yeraver dvapepiypévar yark@ Kal atdnp@ DAdprorte qupoeon Kat hoBepav év Tm careverOat Kat SiapépecOar mpocéBarov au, date Tots “Po- patos vo Tov YapaKa ovaoTéArELV EauTOUs, Kat Tov LW~Adav pndevl Aoyo To OduBos avdTav aderety Suvdpevov, BidlecOai re darrodidpdcKov- tas ov Bovdopevov, novxyiav dyew Kal dépew Bapéws éepuBpilovras opwvtTa xoutracue «Kal yéXore tovs BapBdpovs. avnce pévTot TovTO pdducta TayTwY avTOV. ot yap évavTios KaTa- dpovncavres étpadmovto mpos atatiav odXdn», ovdé GAAWS UInKOOL TaY aTpaTnyav dtd TWoAv- apytay dvresy woe! GAdyou pev ev TH Yapane Stexaprépoup, o 5é mreiotos ByNoS aprayais Kat awopOnuace Serealopevos odoy nuepav tToANdv amo Tov orparorédov Sveometpero. xai tHv Te roav Tlavoréwy todw éxxoas réyovrat cal tip AcBadéwv Svaprracat Kal ovAjnoas TO pavreton, ovdevos oTpatnyou mpootraypa Sovtos. 1 Sore supplied by Coraés and Bekker; Sintenis prefers xal, with Schaefer. 376 46 SULLA thousand foot. Wherefore the rest of his generals overpowered the objections of Archelaiis and drew up for battle, filling the plain with their horses, chariots, shields, and bucklers. The air could not contain the shouts and clamour of so many nations forming in array. At the same time also the pomp and ostentation of their costly equip- ment was not without its effect and use in exciting terror; indeed, the flashing of their armour, which was magnificently embellished with gold and silver, and the rich colours of their Median and Scythian vests, intermingled with bronze and flashing steel, pre- sented a flaming and fearful sight as they surged to and fro, so that the Romans huddled together behind their trenches, and Sulla, unable by any reasoning to remove their fear, and unwilling to force them into a fight from which they wanted to run away, had to sit still and endure as best he could the sight of the Barbarians insulting him with boasts and laughter. This, however, was of service to him above all else. For owing to their contempt of him, his opponents lapsed into great disorder, since even at their best they were not obedient to their generals, owing to the great number in command. Few of them there- fore consented to remain within their entrenchments, but the largest part of the throng was lured away by plunder and pillage, and was scattered about the country many days march from their camp. They are said to have destroyed the city of Panope, and to have sacked Lebadeia and despoiled its oracle, although none of their generals ordered them to do so. 377 5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘O dé SuUAXas, év dupa avdtod rodewv arronr- Avpevor, SvcavacxeTav Kab AvTrovpmeEvos, OvK ela Tovs oTpati@tas ayordtew, GANA Tpocadyav avtovds nvayxale tov te Knducov éx Tov petOpov jTapatpémey Kai Tadpovs opvccay, avdtavAav ovdert did0vs Kal Trav évdd0vTay arrapairntos 9 \ 4 big bd 4 ‘ _épeotas KodNaoTNS, OTwS aTrayopevaoavTeEs TpOS ‘A Ta épya Sia Tov Tovoy damwdowvtat Tov Kivdvvoy. 6 kal avvéBn. Tpitnv yap nuépav épyalopmevos Tod YvAAa wapeElovtos édéovTO peTa KpavyTs Gyew él tovs modeuiovs. o 8 ov payerOar BovAropévav, arAra wn Bovropévav rroveiy Epnoev elvat TOV AOYOV: Ee Sé dVTWS EXOVOLY GYOVICTLKOS, éxéXevoevy On META TOV OTrov eAOeEiv exeice, SetEas avrois Thy 7 pOTepov bev yevopévny axpo- wow tay Ilaparotapiwv, tore S5¢ avnpnuévns Tihs Wodews AOgos EXeltreTO TreTpwdNS Kad TrEpi- xpnpvos, tod “HévaAiou Siwpicpévos Bpous Bcov o "Acaos éréyer péwv, elra cuprimtoyv bro THY pilav adranv T@ Kndic@ cal cuvextpayuvopevos oyupay évatpatoTededoat THY axpav trove. Sto kal Tous yadxdotibas opay TaV ToNEuLov wOov- pévous é auTnv o XWaAras éBovrAcTo POFjvae KataraBov Tov ToTov: Kal catéhaBe yYpnodpevos TOUS OTPATLOTALS mpoOupors. émel O€ aToxpovo- Deis éxeiBev o Apxeraos appnoev ert thv Xaipo- vetav, of S€ avoTpaTevoduevon THV Xatpwvewy édéovro tod YwArAa py Wpoécbar THY ToAW, éxmréutret TOV yitudpyov &va TaBivov peta tay- patos évos Kal tovs Xatpwveis adinot, BovrAn- Gévras pev, ov pay SuvnOévtas POfvat tov 378 SULLA But Sulla, though chafing and fretting while cities were destroyed before his eyes, would not suffer his soldiers to be idle, but led them out and forced them to dig ditches and divert the Cephisus from its channel, giving no man a respite, and showing himself an inexorable chastiser of those who were remiss, in order that they might be worn out at their tasks and induced by their hardships to welcome danger. And so it fell out. For on the third day of their drudgery, as Sulla passed by, they begged and clamoured to be led against the enemy. But Sulla said their words showed not a willingness to fight, but an unwillingness to labour; if, however, they were really disposed to fight, then he bade them take their arms and go at once yonder, pointing them to what had formerly been the acropolis of Parapotamii. At this time, however, the city had been destroyed, and only a rocky and precipitous crest remained, separated from Mount Hedylium by the breadth of the river Assus, which then falls into the Cephisus at the very base of the mountain, becomes impetuous in its flow after the confluence, and makes the citadel a strong place for a camp. For this reason, and because he saw the Chalcaspides, or Bronge-shtelds, of the enemy pushing their way towards it, Sulla wished to occupy the place first ; and he did occupy it, now that he found his soldiers eager for action. And when Archelaiis, repulsed from this site, set out against Chaeroneia, and the Chaeroneians in Sulla’s army besought him not to abandon their city to its fate, he sent out Gabinius, one of his tribunes, with one legion, and let the Chaeroneians .also go, who wished, but were unable, to get into the city before Gabinius. So 379 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TaBinov. odtws jv ayabos nat mpobuporepos eis TO Coat TAY GWOAvat Seopéevwv. o dé loBas ov TaBinov gdnov meupOivar, ddra *Epixcov. 7) MEV OVV TOS uUaY Tapa TocodTOY éFépuye TOV xivduvov. XVII. "Ex 5é AcBadetas nat rod Tpodwviov pipai te ypnotal Kal wxndopa pavtevpata Tots ‘Pwpatous éEeréutrovto. tept oy ot pev émeywptot mrelova Aéyovow ws Sé AAAs avTos év SexaT@ TOV UTouynpatay yéypade, Koivtos Titios, otk apavns avnp tov év mH “EXAdds mpaypatevo- pévov, he mpos avrov Hon ti év Xatpwveia VeVLKNKOTA payny, atayyédXov Ste Kal Sevtépav 0 Tpopavios avtoOs waxnv Kal vinenv tpornpaive éyTos OAlyou Ypovov. pera dé TovTov avnp TaV év tafe otpatevopéevay dvoya Larovynvios ayn- veyke trapa Tov Oeod tédos olov ai Kata THY "Iradiav mpakers Euedrov EFev. apuorepor 5é TaUTa Trept THS OudHs Eppalov? TO yap 'OAvpTri Aut nal ro KddXos Kal TO péyeOos TapaTAncvoy iseiy Epacav. ’Emevd7 5€é 5:é8n Tov “Accor o {vAXas, aped- Gav bd To “Hdvdov ro “ApyerAd@ Tapectpato- médevoe, BeBAnpévo xapaxa KaptTepov éy péc@ tov ’Axovtiov kal trod Hévdiou mpos tots Xeyo- pévors Acoiou. o pévTou ToTos éy @ KaTECK- voce aypt viv "ApyéXaos at’ éxetvouv Kadetrat. Siadkirav Sé piav nyépav o wAdXas Movupivar pev éyovta taypa Kal orretpas dv¥0 wpd& TO Tots ToONEuLOLS EvOYAHTAL TrapaTaTromevols aTéNTEY, 380 463 SULLA efficient was he, and more eager to bring succour than those who begged that succour should be given. Juba, however, says it was not Gabinius, but Ericius, who was thus sent. At any rate, so narrowly did my native city escape its peril. XVII. From Lebadeia and the cave of Trophonius favourable utterances and oracles announcing victory were now sent out to the Romans. Of these the inhabitants of the country have more to say; but Sulla himself has written in the tenth book of his Memoirs, how Quintus Titius, a prominent man among the Romans doing business in Greece, came to him immediately after he had won his victory at Chaeroneia,! with tidings that Trophonius predicted for him a second battle and victory in that neigh- bourhood within a short time.? And after him, a legionary soldier, Salvenius by name, brought him from thé god a statement of the issue which affairs in Italy were going to have. But both agreed about the source of their oracle; for they said they had beheld one who in beauty and majesty was like unto Olympian Jove. Sulla now crossed the Assus, and after advancing to the foot of Mount Hedylium, encamped over against Archelaiis, who had thrown up strong en- trenchments between Mounts Acontium and Hedy- lium, at the so-called Assian plain. The spot in which he encamped, moreover, is to this day called Archelaiis, after him. After one day’s respite, Sulla left Murena behind with one legion and two cohorts, to obstruct the enemy if they attempted to draw up their forces, while he himself held sacrifices on the 1 As described in chapter xix. * Near Orchomenus, as described in chapter xxi. 381 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 avTos dé Tapa TOV Kngicov | eaparyidtero, Kat TOV lep@y ryevomeveov exper mpos Thy KXatpwvear, dvadaypopevos Te THY AVTOOL oTpaTuay Kal KaTo- omevos TO Kahoupevov @ovprov UTO TOV TroAE- pelcov TPOKATELATPLEVOV. Gore O€ Kopudr) Tpaxeia Kal o7poBirases bpos, O Kadodpuev ‘OpGorayor, umé 5é avTo TO peipa Tou ModAov Kal @oupiou veos *ArroAXwvos. avopacrar dé o Geds ato Oovpois, Ths Xaipwvos PNT POS, Ov obecarny yeryo- 5 vevar ths Xatpwveias iaropobaty. ot o€ pace THY Kddy@ dobetoar t bre Tob Tvdiov caOnyepova Boop éxet havivat, cal Tov ToTov am avTis olTw mpoaayopevOjvat' Oop yap oi Poivixes tHv Bodv KaNovot. TIpooravros be Tov {vAAa ™ pos Tv Xatpwverav O TETANY LEVOS év TH TOnet xerdiap os, é€wimrhic- févous aywv Tous lee AS arqvTnce orépa- 6 voy dadvns Kopilov. @s be SeEapevos jondcaro TOUS oTpariadtas rat Tapopunce 1 pos Tov Kivdv- vov, evTvyXavovaww auT@ dv0 TaV Xatpwvewy avdpes, ‘Oporsixos Kat "Avafibapos, UpioTapevor TOUS TO |, Bovpiov KATAaXOVTAS exxowpery, dAdryous oTpaTi@ras jap éxeivouv AaBovres: _atpatrov yap elvas Tots BapBapars adnrov, aro Tov Kadov- peévou Hetpdyou Tapa To Movoeiov éml To Gov- ptov umép Keharys ayovcay, 7 mopevOevres ov Xarerras émimecciabar cat Katanevoey avwlev 7 avtovs Y TUY@TELY eis TO mediov. rou oe T' ae- viov TOUS avbpaar HapTupyiaavTos avdperay Kat ior, éxédevoev emuxerpely 0 LWwAXas: auros dé TUVvETATTE THY parayya Kat Sudverpe Tous imqo- tas éml Képws éxatépov, To SeEvov avtos exwv, TO 382 SULLA banks of the Cephisus, and, when the rites were over, moved on towards Chaeroneia, to pick up the forces stationed there, and to reconnoitre Thurium, as it is called, which had been already occupied by the enemy. This is a conical-shaped hill with a craggy peak (we call it Orthopagus), and at its foot is the river Molus and a temple of Apollo Thurius. The god got this surname from Thuro, the mother of Chaeron, who was founder of Chaeroneia, accord- ing to tradition. But some say that the cow which was given by Apollo to Cadmus as his guide, ap- peared there, and that the place was named as it is from her, “thor” being the Phoenician word for com. As Sulla drew near to Chaeroneia, the tribune who had been stationed in the city, with his men in full armour, came to meet him, carrying a wreath of laurel. After Sulla had accepted this, greeted the soldiers, and animated them for the coming danger, two men of Chaeroneia accosted him, Homoloichus and Anaxidamus, and engaged to cut off the troops in possession of Thurium if he would give them a few soldiers; for there was a path out of sight of the Barbarians, leading from the so-called Petrachus along past the Museum to that part of Thurium which was over their heads, and by taking this path it would not be difficult, they said, to fall upon them and either stone them to death from above, or force them into the plain. After Gabinius had borne testimony to the men’s courage and fidelity, Sulla ordered them to make the attempt, while he himself proceeded to form his line of battle, and to dispose his cavalry on either wing, taking command of the 383 PLUTARCH’S LIVES & ev@vvpov arodovs Movprva. TdrBSas 8 nai ‘Opryoios ot mpecBevtal ometpas émitaKtous ExovTes Eoyatos mapevéBarov érl tay axpwv pvraKes pos Tas KUKA@GELS’ EWPAVTO yap ot WONEMLOL KaTAGKEVaLoVTES LIriTeval ToAXOIS Kal Widots todw@xeoww eis emtotpopny TO Képas ev- kapmées Kat xovdov, os paxpav avaktovres al KuxAwaoouevos Tovs ‘Pwpatous. XVIII. “Ev 8 tovt@ tov Xatpwvéwr ’Epixcov apxYovta Tapa Tov jvAAa AaBovtwv Kal Tepter- Govrwv dadnrws TO @Bovpiov, elta émipavévtor, OopuBos Hv trodvs Kal duyn tev BapBdapev Kat govos tir’ dAAnAwWY O TAEioTOS. Ov yap té- pewvav, GAA KaTa Mpavovs Pepopevoe Tois TE Sopace Tepiémimtov avTol Tois éauTa@v Kal Kate- Kkpnuvilov wOodvTes GAANXAOUS, avwbev érmtKet- pévav TOV Todemiov Kal Ta yupVva TraLovTwD, @oTE TplaxtALoUS Teceiy Tepl TO Bovptovy. TAY 5é hevyovtwy Tovs pév eis Takw Abn Kabectas o Moupzjvas atretépveto nal débOerpev brravridfov, ot 8€ w@odpevoe pds TO Pidiov otpatoredoy Kat Th darayye pupony éurrecovres avéTAnoav Séous Kal Tapayhs TO TrEioTov pépos, Kal SrarpiBny Tols otpaTnyots éverroincay ovy Heista Brapa- cavautovs. df€éws yap 6 YwAXas Tapaccopévors émayayev Kal To pécov SidoTnpua TO TaXEL oUDP- eLov adeireto THY TaY Sperravnpdpwr évépyecav. Eppwtar yap pardiota pnxet Spopov opodpornta kal puunv tH Sve—eAdoes Sidovtos, at dé éx 384 SULLA right himself, and assigning the left to Murena.! His lieutenants, Galba and Hortensius, with cohorts of reserves, stationed themselves on the heights in the rear, to guard against attacks on the flanks. For the enemy were. observed to be making their wing flexible and light for evolution with large bodies of horse and light infantry, purposing to extend it and _envelop the Romans. XVIII. Meanwhile the Chaeroneians, over whom Ericius had been placed in command by Sulla, made their way unnoticed around Thurium and then showed themselves suddenly, producing great confusion and rout among the Barbarians, and slaughter at one another’s hands for the most part. For they did not hold their ground, but rushed down the steeps, falling upon their own spears and crowding one another down the precipices, while their enemies pressed upon them from above and smote their exposed bodies, so that three thousand of them fell on Thurium. Of the fugitives, some were met by Murena, who had already formed his array, and were cut off and slain; others pushed their way towards the camp of their friends, and falling pell-mell upon their lines, filled the greater part of them with terror and confusion, and inflicted a delay upon their generals which was especially harmful to them. For Sulla promptly charged upon them while they were in confusion, and by abridging the space between the armies with the speed of his approach, robbed the scythe-bearing chariots of their efficiency. For these are of most avail after a long course, which gives them velocity and impetus for breaking through 1 Cf. chapter xvii. 3. Archelaiis had followed Sulla towards Chaeroneia, leaving Murena free to join his chief. 385 VOL. IV. cc PLUTARCH’S LIVES Bpaxéos apécers aim paxrou Kat apBretar, «ada- Ep Berov Taaww ov AaBovrwv. O cy Kab TOTE tols BapBapors amrnvTa: Kal Ta Tpara TOV ap- patov apy as , Eedavvopeva Kal mpooTimrovTa ved pers exkpovaavtes ot “Pepaior peta KpOTov kal yéX@ros GAXa Hrovy, OoTrep ciwOacwy év Tais Oeatpixais immoSpopiaus. rou TebOev ai mebat Suvapecs suveppayncay, TOV pev BapBdpav Tpo- Barropevoy Tas capicas paxpas Kal TeLpD WEVOV 7 cwWATT LC We THV parayya Siarnpeiv ev rake, tov 6€ “Pwopaiwy TOUS pep vacous avrob Kata- Baxrovror, TAG a PEveOY dé Tas paxaipas Kal TapaKpovopevary Tas: capicas, @S TaXLOTA Tpoa- pifevav aurois be opyny. TMpoTeTaryMEVOUS yap EWPOV TOV Tohepiov pupious Kal TEvTaKiaXtANLOvs Oeparovtas, ods € éx TOV TOAEWY KNPUYpacLY édEv- Gepobyres ot Bacrréws oTpatnyol KaTehoxelov ELS TOUS omiTas. Kab TU EXATOVTAPXNS heyeras ‘Peopaios elmrely ws év K poviors povov eldein TIS mappnotas dovAous HETEXOVTAS. TOUVTOUS pev ovv bia Babos Kal wuKvoTnta Bpadéws éEwboupevous vm TOV oTALT@Y Kar Tapa puow péveuv TOAMOV- TAS at Te Bedoapevovar Kai ot ypoa ot, Xpo- pévov aperdéis tov xatoTw ‘Pwopatwv, aréotpe- gov kal cuveTaparron. XIX. "Apxeddou 5é ro SeEvov Képas ets KUKAO- ow avayovtos, ‘Oprijavos épijxe tas omreipas Spopep por pepopévas as euBarev mrarytors. émiotpéevravtos 5é taxyéws éxeivou Tovs rept avrov 1 The festival of Saturn, a time of general license and mirth, when masters treated their slaves as equals. 386 464 SULLA an opposing line, but short starts are ineffectual and feeble, as in the case of missiles which do not get full propulsion. And this proved true now in the case of the Barbarians. The first of their chariots were driven along feebly and engaged sluggishly, so that the Romans, after repulsing them, clapped their hands and laughed and called for more, as they are wont to do at the races in the circus. Thereupon the infantry forces engaged, the Barbarians holding their pikes before them at full length, and en- deavouring, by locking their shields together, to keep their line of battle intact ; while the Romans threw down their javelins, drew their swords, and sought to dash the pikes aside, that they might get at their enemies as soon as possible, in the fury that possessed them. For they saw drawn up in front of the enemy fifteen thousand slaves, whom the king’s generals had set free by proclamation in the cities and enrolled among the men-at-arms. Anda certain Roman centurion is reported to have said that it was only at the Saturnalia,' so far as he knew, that slaves participated in the general license. These men, however, owing to the depth and density of their array, and the unnatural courage with which they held their ground, were only slowly repulsed by the Roman men-at-arms; but at last the fiery bolts and the javelins which the Romans in the rear ranks plied unsparingly, threw them into confusion and drove them back. XIX. Archelaiis now extended his right wing to envelop Sulla’s line, whereupon Hortensius? sent his cohorts against him on a quick run, intending to attack his flank. But Archelaiis wheeled swiftly 2 See chapter xvii. 7. 387 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tarrets Sicxidtovs, éxOMBopevos | vro wAnGous MpogegTEAAETO Tois Opelvois, KATA puUKpOV aTrop- prryvipevos THS pararyyos car meptrapBavopevos 2 wire TOV TONE pLLcov. arv0opmevos 6€ 0 O Lwhras a amo Tod Sebvod pyro T ULTENTWKOTOS els maynY édiwxe Bon bev. "Apxedaos dé TO KoviopT®@ THs éddoews 6 Grrep iy Texunpdpevos, ‘Oprijacov pev eta aipeu, autos oe emaTpewras Opynoev 60ev o vAXas + 7 pos TO befeov, as épnpov a&pxovTos aipn- cov. apa oe Kat Mouprvg Tafians errye TOUS Karmcdomesas, date THs Kpavyts StyoOev pepo- pévns Kal Tav dp@v avramodwovt@y THY ‘TeEpt- NXNTL, emiaTHTavTa Tov YvAAav Staropeiy 3 oTroTépwae xpn mpooyevécbar. dokav Se THY éavTob Takw dvahapBaverv, Movupiva pev dpa- ryov émreprpev ‘Oprijccoy éyovra téccapas omei- pas, auros dé THY TeLT THY érea ae Kehevoas él To SeELov nretyeTo kat nal éavTo pe afto- paxcos non TO "Apxyerdw TUVETTHKOS, éKELVOU dé émupavévtos mavrdnacw ¢ébeBidcarto, Kal KpaTjoavTes édioxov Wpos TE TOV TOT apLOv Kat 4 70 "AxovTLov pos Tm pot pom dony pevyovtas. — ov nv & ye Lwrras TpeAN CE Moupyva xuvduvevov- TOS, anra Gpynce Tos éxel Bonbeiv: tdov dé ViKGVTAS, tote THs Siwews peTeixe. ToARol bev ovv év TO medio tav BapBdpwyv aynpodrTo, Theloroe be ™® Xdpaxt mpoopepomevot Kare- KOTNG AY, Gore puplovs dtamreceiv. eis Xarxida Hovous aro TOTOUT@Y pupiddov. o &é LwAdas héyet Téscapas Kal Séxa emilntiiga, Tay avrod TTPATLOTOY, eita Kal Tovtwy dvo0 mpos THY 5 éomépav trapayevécOar. 810 xa) tois TpoTraiors 388 SULLA against him his two thousand horsemen, and Hor- tensius, forced aside by superior numbers, was keeping close to the hills, separating himself little by little from the main line, and getting surrounded by the enemy. When Sulla learned of this, he came swiftly to his aid from the right wing, which was not yet engaged. But Archelaiis, guessing the truth from the dust raised by Sulla’s troops, gave Horten- sius the go-by, and wheeling, set off for the right wing whence Sulla had come, thinking to surprise it without a commander. At the same time Murena also was attacked by Taxiles with his Bronze-shields, so that when shouts were borne to his ears from both places, and reéchoed by the surrounding hills, Sulla halted, and was at a loss to know in which of the two directions he ought to betake himself. But having decided to resume his own post, he sent Hortensius with four cohorts to help Murena, while he himself, bidding the fifth cohort to follow, hastened to the right wing. This of itself had already engaged Archelaiis on equal terms, but when Sulla appeared, they drove the enemy back at all points, obtained the mastery, and pursued them to the river and Mount Acontium in a headlong flight. Sulla, however, did not neglect Murena in his peril, but set out to aid the forces in that quarter; he saw, however, that they were victorious, and then joined in the pursuit. Many of the Barbarians, then, were slain in the plain, but most were cut to pieces as they rushed for their entrenchments, so that only ten thousand out of so many myriads made their escape into Chalcis. But Sulla says he missed only fourteen of his soldiers, and that afterwards, towards evening, two of these came in. He _ therefore 389 PLUTARCH’S LIVES émréyparpey “Apy ral Nixnv kat ‘Agpoditny, Os ovy HT Tov evTuxia KaTopIwcas i Sewvornre Kaul Suvdpet TOV TONELOV. aNAG TOUTO pev TO Tpo- qTa.ov éaTnKe Ths TESLAOOS paxns a 7 P@TOV evexdivay Ol TEpL "Apxédaov Tapa * TO Modov petOpor, Erepov 6€ €OTL TOU @oupiou Kara Kopu- pay BeBnxos emt TH KUKAOTEL TOV BapBapor, ry pa Lact ‘EXAquixois émianpaivov ‘Oporsixov kal ‘Avagidapov dpiareis. TAUTNS Ta eT WViKLa THS paxns Hryev ev OnBars, mept tHv Oidiuro- Sevov Kpyivnv Kxatacxevadcas Ovupérnv. of Sé Kpivovtes joav “EXAnves x TOV GAAwV avaKke- KAnpévot ‘TONEwD, érrel 7 pos ye @nBaious adian.- AaKTMS elye, kal THIS X@pas avT@Y ATrOTELOPLEVOS THV jpioecay T®@ IIvOiw cal tO "Oduye nathé- pwcev, éx TOV _mpoaddav Kedevoas amodisoc0a Ta XpHpata Tois Geois a aTEp AUTOS ether. XX. Mera TavTa TmuvOavopevos PrdKKov aro Tis évaytias oT ao ews dratov npnpevov StaTrepav Tov "Tovtoy peta Suva pews, hoy HEY ert M6 pe- darny, EPY? dé én éxeivov avror, @ppnoev ert @ertarias ws ATAVTHT OY. yevouév@ dé avT@ Tepl TOM Mehitevav adixvobvTo Toda Bev ayyenNiat mopbeia Oat Ta KATOT LY avOis ove édat- TOVL OTpATLG BactrLnh THs 7 poTepov. Aopudaos yap eis XarxiSa karaxOels TapacKev? veay TOAAH, €v als iryev OKT@ pupiddas noKnpévas Kal ouvretaypévas apiota 569 THS MiOpibatixgs 1 wapa with Bekker, after Emperius: péxp: mapa. 1 A deity of good fortune among the Romans. So named ‘‘ because in it Oedipus washed off the blood of his murdered father” (Pausanias, ix. 18, 4). 39° SULLA inscribed upon his trophies the names of Mars, Victory and Venus,! in the belief that his success in the war was due no less to good fortune than to military skill and strength. This trophy of the battle in the plain stands on the spot where the troops of Archelaiis first gave way, by the brook Molus, but there is another planted on the crest of Thurium, to commemorate the envelopment of the Barbarians there, and it indicates in Greek letters that Homoloichus and Anaxidamus were the heroes of the exploit. The festival in honour of this victory was celebrated by Sulla in Thebes, where he prepared a stage near the fountain of Oedipus? But the judges were Greeks invited from the other cities, since towards the Thebans he was irreconcileably hostile. He also took away half of their territory and consecrated it to Pythian Apollo and Olympian Zeus, giving orders that from its revenues the moneys should be paid back to the gods which he had taken from them.’ XX. After this, learning that Flaccus, a man of the opposite faction, had been chosen consul ‘* and was crossing the Ionian sea with an army, ostensibly against Mithridates, but really against himself, he set out towards Thessaly in order to meet him. But when he was come to the city of Meliteia, tidings reached him from many quarters that the regions behind him were ravaged again by an army of the king which was no smaller than the former. For Dorylaiis, having put in at Chalcis with a large fleet, on which he brought eighty thousand of the best trained and disciplined men in the army of 3 Cf. chapter xii. 3-6. 4 With Cinna, to succeed Marius, who died in 86 B.c. 391 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTpaTlas, evOvds eis Bowwtiav evéBane Kat maTetxe THDV xwpay, 7 poOupovpevos eis paxny emlomd- cacba. Tov 2Urray, ov Tpooex ov "ApXerag StaxwdvovTt, Kal Aovyov TEpl THS TpoTépas paxns Suadsd0vs ws OvK dvev mpocootas pupiddes Toa- Tat dsapOapeiev. ov pny ara o Luvs TAXEWS DrooTpEyas amedeife TO Aopvrdw TOV “ApXE- Aaov dvdpa Ppovepov Kat THiS ‘Popaiwy eds poTaroy apeTis, WOTE PUK pa avTov 7 2vALa mepl TO Tiadacctov éumeo ovTa ™p@rov elvat TOV OUK af tov Tov Kpiver Oar bua HAXNS: adra Satdvats Kal Xpore TpiBew TOV TONEHOV. Gpuas 5é Oapoos Te T@ “Apxerdo Tapeiyey O TpOs Opxopevd T6908, év @ KATETTPATOTEDEVTADY, evpverTatos @v imToKpAaTovaty evaywvicacbat. TOV yap Bowwriwv mediov 6 Th Tép éoTt Kad- NtoTOVY Kal peyvorov, TovTO Tis (Opxopevior éEnpTnpevov TONEWS omarov AVATEN TAT OL KAaL adevdpov dypt tov édrov év ols o Ménas Kar avaniocKeTalt TroTapos, aVAaTEANOV pev vo THY Toy tav 'Opyopeviwy todvs Kal TAWIpwos Ev anyais povos TOV SEdAquicdv ToTapay, av&éo- HEVOS dé vTo TpoTas Oepuvds, done o Ne?Xos, Kal hépwv omota Tots excel Ta vopeva, Thay dxapTa, Kal avavky. Toppa dé ov Tpocrow, anna TO pev TAELo TOV evdvs Els Aipvas Tuphas Kal éXwoEs adaviterat, pépos dé ov TOD Tw Kygio@ TULplyvUTaL, Tepl OV padiora TOTCOV ” Aluvyn OoKel Tov audyTeKov éxpépew Kddapmov. XXI. ’Ered dé eyyus KaTETTPATOTEsEVaaY, O pev “Apyéraos novyavev, o d€ LUAAaS wpuUTTE 392 SULLA Mithridates, at once burst into Boeotia and occupied the country. He was eager to entice Sulla to battle, disregarding the protests of Archelaiis, and giving it out that in the previous battle so many myriads had not perished without treachery. Sulla, however, turning swiftly back, showed Dorylaiis that Archelaiis was a man of prudence and best acquainted with the Roman valour, so that after a slight skirmish with Sulla near Tilphossium, he was first of those who thought it expedient not to decide the issue by a battle, but rather to wear out the war by dint of time and treasure. Nevertheless, Archelaiis was much encouraged by the nature of the country about Orchomenus, where they were encamped, since it was most favourable as a battle-field for an army superior in cavalry. For of all the plains of Boeotia this is the largest and fairest, and beginning from the city of Orchomenus, it spreads out smooth and treeless as far as the marshes in which the river Melas loses itself. This rises close under the city of Orchomenus, and is the only Greek river that is copious and navigable at its sources; moreover, it increases towards the time of the summer solstice, like the Nile, and produces plants like those which grow there, only stunted and without fruit. Its course is short, however, and the greater part of it disappears at once in blind and marshy lakes, while a small portion of it unites with the Cephisus, some- where near the place in which the stagnant water is reputed to produce the famous reed for flutes.! XXI. When the two armies had encamped near each other, Archelaiis lay still, but Sulla proceeded ! The Boeotians excelled with the flute. See Alcibiades, li. 4-6. 393 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tap pous exatépwen, 6 Grrws, él Suvacto, TOV OTE- pea Kal LIT aolLey GTFOTE [LO EVOS Tous TOXE- pious acevev els Ta &Xn. Tav dé ovK dvacyxo- ever, GNX’ @S apelOnaav UTrO TOV OT PATHYOV, evTavens Kat pudny éXNaUVOVTMY, OU povov ot Tept Ta &pya Tov aura dtecxeddaOncav, GNNG Kal TOU TapareTayMEvov cuvex On TO TAELOTOV puy- OVTOS. évOa 8h LwArAas avTos anroTrnoncas TOU iirqrov Kat onpeiov avapTracas @Geito Sta TOV ghevyovtwyv eis Tovs Toheuious, Bowy “ "Eyot pe évtav0d mov Kadov, ® ‘Pwpuator, reNevTay, Upmeis 6é Tois nruvdavonevors jou Tpoded@xare TOV avToKpaTopa, pep névoe ppaterv as év ’Opyo- pev@. TovTouvs te 57 TO pnOev éeméatpeve, Kat tav én Tob beEod Képws o7TrEelpav duo tpoceBonOnaav, as étayayou TpereTat TOUS Tonepiovs. avayaryov dé puxpov orice, Kat Sous pus ov avrois, addus arretadpeve TOV ya- paka TOV Tone Lien. at b€ avOus év Taber panr- Nov 7h T pOTEpov T pooepépovTo. Kal Atoyevns bev O THs "Apxedaou yuvarKos vids apiorevov él tod SeEov TEPLOTTOS émecey, ob 6& roforas, TOV ‘Popateov éxBralopever, ou EXOVTES ava- or popyy a8 poots Tois dia Tots ex Xetpos @orEp Eiheot tratovres aveKon Tov auTous, TéNOS b¢ kataxderaBevres els TOV xdpaKa poxOnpas v6 TpaupdTov Kal povou Stevuxtépevaar. npepas be Tad 7 Xapace TOUS oTpaTLaTas Tpocaya- ryeov o Svdas ameradpevev. eFerOovras dé TOUS TOANOUS ws ert pdynv cuuBarov TpéTreTal, Kal 1 ¢dvov Bekker adopts Reiske’s correction to pdBov (terror). 394 SULLA to dig trenches on either side, in order that, if possible, he might cut the enemy off from the solid ground which was favourable for cavalry, and force them into the marshes. The enemy, however, would not suffer this, but when their generals sent them forth, charged impetuously and at full speed, so that not only Sulla’s labourers were dispersed, but also the greater part of the corps drawn up to protect them was thrown into confusion and fled. Then Sulla threw himself from his horse, seized an ensign, and pushed his way through the fugitives against the enemy, crying : “‘ For me, O Romans, an honour- able death here; but you, when men ask you where you betrayed your commander, remember to tell them, at Orchomenus.’” The fugitives rallied at these words, and two of the cohorts on his right wing came to his aid; these he led against the enemy and routed them. Then he fell back a little distance, and after giving his men breakfast, again proceeded to fence the enemy’s entrench- ments off with his ditches. But they attacked him again in better order than before, Diogenes, the step-son of Archelaiis, fought gallantly on their right wing, and fell gloriously, and their archers, being hard pressed by the Romans, so that they had no room to draw their bows, took their arrows by handfuls, struck with them as with swords, at close quarters, and tried to beat back their foes, but were finally shut up in their entrenchments, and had a miserable night of it with their slain and wounded. Next day Sulla again led his soldiers up to the enemy’s fortifications and continued trenching them off, and when the greater part of them came out to give him battle, he engaged with them and routed 395 JU) PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ \ b] / , 9 \ , e a” mpos Tov éxelvwv hoBov ovdevos pévovrTos aipet Kata Kpa@tos TO oTpaTomedov. Kal Katémrdnoay aToOynaKovTes aipatos Ta Edn Kal vexpav THY ALuvnv, @oTe pwéxpt viv ToANA BapBapixa Toka Kai kpdvn Kal Owpdewv omdcpata oldnpav Kat payaipas éuBeBamticpévas tois TéApacw evpi- oxecOal, oyedov erav Staxociwy aro THS payns éxeiyns StayeyovoTov. Ta pev ovv mept Xas- pwveray Kal mpos ’'Opxopev@ tTowadta éyeTar yevéo Oat. XXII. Kivva 6€ cai KdpBavos év ‘Popy tots émipavertatols avopdct Ypwpevov Tapavouws Kat Btaiws, rodXot THY Tupavvida pevyovtes womep els Mpéva TOD YWAAa TO oTpaToTEdoY KaTEpEporToO, Kal Tepl AUTOV OALryou Ypovou oxXHpa BourHs éeye- yover. Kat MerérAXAa ports Staxrtepaca éauvtny kal tovs tatdas, heey ayyéXNovaa THY oiKiav avtod Kal Tas émavnres td trav éyOpav éeutre- apnobat Kal Seopévn trois olxor BonOetv. atropov- péva 8 avt@, nal pnte ths watpidos aperetv Urom“evovTt KaKOUpEeVNS UTE ETTWS ATELTLY ATENES NT@v ToTovTOY épyov, Tov MiOpdatiKov TOAELOY, émivoovvTt, Tapayiveras Andraxos gum opos "Apxeé- Aaos, edmidas Tivas Kal NOyous KpUha Trapa Tov Bacirixod Kopitwv “Apyeddov. «al To wpaypa LwAAas oUTwsS NyaTnTEV waTE auvTOS Eis NOYOUS orevoar TO Apyedd@ ouveOeiv: nal ovvndrbov émt OaratrTn tept AndLov, of To tepov Tod ’AroA- Awvos €atw. apEayévou Sé rod “Apyeddou &a- NéyeaOat, Kal Tov BvAAav akwdvtos adévta THv 1 Plutarch must, therefore, have written this Life shortly before 115 a.p. 396 466 SULLA them, and such was their panic that no resistance was made, and he took their camp by storm. The marshes were filled with their blood, and the lake with their dead bodies, so that even to this day many bows, helmets, fragments of steel breastplates, and swords of barbarian make are found embedded in the mud, although almost two hundred years have passed since this battle Such, then, are the accounts given of the actions at Chaeroneia and Orchomenus. XXII. Now since Cinna and Carbo? at Rome were treating the most eminent men with injustice and violence, many of these had fled from their tyranny and were repairing to Sulla’s camp as to a harbour of refuge, and in a little time he had about him a semblance of a senate. Metella, also, who had with difficulty stolen herself and her children away, came with tidings that his house and his villas had been burned by his enemies, and with entreaties that he would come to the help of his partisans at home. But while he was in doubt what to do, and could neither consent to neglect his country when she was outraged, nor see his way clear to go away and leave unfinished so great a task as the war with Mithridates, there came to him a merchant of Delos, named Archelaiis, who secretly brought from Archelaiis the king’s general certain vague hopes and propositions. The matter was so wel- come to Sulla that he was eager to have a personal conference with Archelaiis; and they had a meeting on the sea-coast near Delium, where the temple of Apollo is. Archelaiis began the conference by urging Sulla to abandon Asia and Pontus and sail 2 Elected consul with Cinna in 85 B.c. 397 PLUTARCH’S LIVES "Aciav nat tov Tovrov émi tov év “Payn morcnov wrelv, Xpjuata AaBovta Kal Tpinpes Kai bv- vay donv BovroTo Tapa Tod Bacthéws, Utro- AaBov o LvAras MiOpidartou pev apereiy Exérevev, avrov &€ Bactrevev ayt’ éxeivou cvppayor ‘Pwpatwoy yevouevov cal mapaddvta tas vais. apootovpévov dé tov *Apyerdou Hv mpodo- ota, “ Kita,” épn, “od peév, @ "Apyérae, Karr- masoKns @v cal BapBdpov Baciréws SotXos, et 5é Bovret, hiros, ovy Vropévers emt tHrALKOUVTOLS ayabois 76 aioxpov, éuol dé Hyeuour “Popaiwy évTe nal Lrra ToAuds StaréyecOar epi ampo- Socias, Waotrep ovK exeivos dv Apyxédaos, o puy@v pev éx Xatpwveias orLyooTos ato pupiddwv dvo- caldexa, KpudOels &€ Svo jyépas év tots ‘Op- youeviwy éXecw, GBatov dé tHv Bowwtiay vie vexpov wAROous atroreXoLTTAS ;” éx TOUTOU pETA- Barov o ’Apyédacs Kxal mpoocxuyncas édeito mavoac0at Tov Todéuou Kal StadrrayHnvat pos tov MiOpidarnv. SeEapévou S€ tod SvrArAa THv mTpokAnot éeyévovto auvOnKcat, MiOpidarnv pev "Aciav adeivas nat Tladdayoviav, éxorinvas dé BiOvvias Nixoundes cal Kamadoxias! ‘Apto- Baplavyn, xataBareiy 8€ ‘Pwpaiow dsucyiita TadXavTa Kal Sovvat vais éBdounKovtra yad- KHpELS PETA THS oixelas TapacKeuys, LaAdAav dé éxeiv@ tHv Te AAANY apynv BeBaoby Kal ovp- paxov ‘Popaiwv ydivec@ar. XXIII. Tovtwv oporoynbévrayv davaorpéepas éBddile Sta @ettarias cat Maxedovias éri tov “EAAjoTovToy, éxov pe? abtod tov “Apyénaov év 1 «al Kawnadoxlas Bekker, after Coraés: Kawmnadoxlas. 398 SULLA for the war in Rome, on condition of receiving money, triremes, and as large a force as he wished, from the king. Sulla rejoined by bidding him take no further thought for Mithridates, but assume the crown himself in his stead, becoming an ally of the Romans, and surrendering to them his ships. And when Archelaiis expressed his abhorrence of such treason, Sulla said: “So then, thou, Archelaiis, who art a Cappadocian, and a slave of a barbarian king, or, if thou wilt, his friend, wilt not consent to a disgraceful deed for such great rewards; but to me, who am a Roman commander, and Sulla, thou darest to propose treachery? as if thou wert not that Archelaiis who fled from Chaeroneia with a few survivors out of one hundred and twenty thousand men, and who lay hid for two days in the marshes of Orchomenus, and who left Boeotia impassable for the multitude of dead bodies!” Upon this, Archelaiis changed his tone, and as a humble suppliant besought him to desist from the war and be reconciled with Mithridates. Sulla granted the request, and terms of agreement were made as follows: Mithridates was to renounce Asia and Paphlagonia, restore Bithynia to Nicomedes and Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes, pay down to the Romans two thousand talents, and give them seventy bronze-armoured ships with their proper equipment ; Sulla, on his part, was to confirm Mithridates in the rest of his dominions, and get him voted an ally of the Romans. XXIII. When these agreements had been made, . Sulla turned back and proceeded by way of Thessaly and Macedonia towards the Hellespont, having 399 2 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tin. Kal YOO HOAVTOS emia paras Tept Adpiscav EMT TNT aS THY mopelay, @s €vos TOV UT avToV HryEwovey Kal oTpaTnyav érrewen On. Tatra Te 57 StéBarr€ 70 Tepl Xatpoverav epyov @S ovxt callapas ayovrader, Kal 6tt ToUs AaAXOUS Mi pr- barn pidous, obs elev aixpadorous, atodovs oO SUAAas "A piotiwva p-ovov TOV TUpAVvov avetre dua sree "Apxedaw Sudgopov 6 évTa* padMota e n d00cioa Yh TO Kamradoxy puptov TrEOp@rY ev Evfoia, Kal TO ‘Popaiov ptXov avrov ral oT UMMAX OV UT O Wwhara avaypaphvar. mept peep OvY TOUTMY AUTOS Oo LUAXaS ev TOls UTOpYHpacLY amronoyetran. Tore &é _ mpeo Bevtev Tapa TOU Mc6piddrov Tapayevouévwy Kal Ta pev adda packovTmy déyver Gat, IadAayoviar dé akvowvTov un adar- peBvas, TAS dé vats ovdé 6rAwS oporoynOhvac, yvarerrnvas o LwaAras, “Ti pare; ‘e eire, “McOpe- Odrys Tagdayovias ayruovetr as Kal mepl TAY veo eapvos € éoTe, Ov éry@ T poo KuyHa ew évoptCov, EL THY deEvav avTo KaTahevrrotpe yeipa, St Hs rocovTous ‘Popaiwv avelrev ; ; éTépas pEVTOL Ta a gavas adnoet StaBdvros els ‘Aatav éuou: viv oé év Tlepydpp KaOrjpevos 6 ov ovx éwpaxe Stactpa- TnYyEL TONELOV. Ob pev ovv m peo Bets poBndevres novxator, o 0 be "Apxedaos édetTo Tov >vAAa Kat KATET PAVE THY opty, Gm TOmevos TIS beftas avrod «al Saxpiov. TENOS & éewcev arro- oTadHvat avtos! mpos Tov McOpiddtyv: Stampa€- 1 amooraAjva avrds Sintenis! and Bekker, after Emperius : amocraAjvat. The best MS. (S8) has adrovs. 400 46, SULLA Archelaiis with him, and in honour. And when Arche- laiis fell dangerously ill at Larissa, Sulla stopped his march, and cared for him as if he had been one of his own commanding officers. This raised the suspicion that the action at Chaeroneia had not been fairly fought, as well as the fact that Sulla released the other friends of Mithridates whom he had taken captive, but put to death Aristion the tyrant alone, by poison, who was at enmity with Archelaiis; the strongest ground for the sus- picion, however, was his gift to the Cappadocian of ten thousand acres of land in Euboea, and his bestowing upon him the title of friend and ally of the Romans. At any rate, on these points Sulla defends himself in his Memoirs. At this time also ambassadors from Mithridates arrived, and when they declared that he accepted the other terms, but demanded that Paphlagonia be not taken away from him, and that as to the ships no agreement whatsoever should be made, Sulla flew into a passion and said: ‘ What say ye? Mithridates maintains his claim to Paphlagonia, and refuses to give the ships, when I thought he would prostrate himself humbly before me if I should leave him but that right hand of his, with which he took the lives of so many Romans? However, he will quickly talk in another strain after I have crossed into Asia; now he sits in Pergamum and directs a war which he has not seen.” The am- bassadors, accordingly, were frightened, and held their peace; but Archelaiis entreated Sulla, and tried to soften his anger, laying hold of his right hand and weeping. And finally he obtained Sulla’s consent to send him in person to Mithridates ; for 401 VOL, IV. D D PLUTARCH’S LIVES écOa yap éd ols Botretar THY eipyyny, ec Sé px qmelOo., KTEVELY aUTOS aUTOV. emt ToUTOLS éK- méuwas éxeivov avtos eis THY Madixnv évéBare, Kal Ta TONG StaTropOncas TdAw dvétpeper Ets Maxedoviav, cat tov ’Apyédaov ébéEato epi @irimmouvs ayyé\Novta Karos Exe wWdvta- SetcOar Sé mavtws avT@ Tov Midpiddrnv ets Noyous eAOeiv. aitios & Hv padruota DipBpias, Os TOY aro THS ETépas oTdoEws ApxYovta PraKKov avedwov Kat Tov MiOpidatixav otpatnyav Kpa- Thoas ém avutov éxeivov éBddihe. tadtTa yap Seicas o McOpiddarns paddov eideto TH AAG giros yevécOar. XXIV. LuvArGov odv r7s Tpwados év Aapdava, MiOpidarns pev Exov vais avtToO. Staxocias évnpes Kal THs mwelns Suvdwews omditas pev Siopupious, imeis 5é éEaxioyiriovs Kal avyva Tav Spetravnpopav, YvAAas 5 réocapas oteipas Kal Es 1 immets. amavtnoavros &é€ Tob McOpidatov Kai thy SeE:av mpoteivavtos, npwTn- oey avTov et KatadvoeTat Tov TroAEwov ed ols a@poroyncev "Apyédaos’ otwravtos b€ Tov 9 - oihéws, 0 LUANaS “AANA pny,” Edn, “ THY deo- pévov éatl TO Tpotépous Aéyetv, Tois 5é Vix@oer éFapxel TO owwav. érrel dé apk—dpevos THs atroXoyias 0 McOpiddatys érrerpato Tov ToAemou Ta pev eis Saipovas tTpéTrev, TA S5é avTOUS aiTLa- Oat tovs ‘Pwpaious, vrorkaBeov o YwaAdas édn mara pev Evépwv axoverv, viv & avros éyvaoxévar tov MiOpidarnv Sevotarov syta pnropevev, ds 402 SULLA he said that he would have the peace ratified on Sulla’s terms, or, if he could not persuade the king, would kill himself. Upon these assurances Sulla sent him away, and then himself invaded the country of the Maedi, and after ravaging the most of it, turned back again into Macedonia, and received Archelaiis at Philippi. Archelaiis brought him word that all was well, but that Mithridates insisted on a conference with him. Fimbria was chiefly responsible for this, who, after killing Flaccus, the consul of the opposite faction,! and overpowering the generals of Mithridates, was marching against the king himself. For this terrified Mithridates, and he chose rather to seek the friendship of Sulla. XXIV. They met, accordingly, at Dardanus, in the Troad, Mithridates having two hundred ships there, equipped with oars, twenty thousand men- at-arms from his infantry force, six thousand horse, and a throng of scythe-bearing chariots; Sulla, on the other hand, having four cohorts and two hundred horse. When Mithridates came towards him and put out his hand, Sulla asked him if he would put a stop to the war on the terms which Archelaiis had made, and as the king was silent, Sulla said : “But surely it is the part of suppliants to speak first, while victors need only to be silent.” Then Mithridates began a defence of himself, and tried to shift the blame for the war partly upon the gods, and partly upon the Romans themselves. But Sulla cut him short, saying that he had long ago heard from others, but now knew of himself, that Mithridates was a very powerful orator, since he 1 See chapter xii. 8 and note. 403 pp 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES én mpdkecw ottw movnpais Kal mapavopots NOyov eyovTwy evirpéretavy ovK NropnKkev. é€- eréyEas 5€ Ta Trempayuéva TiKpas UI avToD Kal KaTnyopicas, Tad npwTnoev el Totet TA TUY- ceipeva St “Apyedrdov. gdyaavtos 5€é soceiv, odTws nomdaaTo Kal TepiiaBav epirnoev ator, "AptoBaplavnv Sé avis nat Nexopndnv tovs proBap pd Bacireis mpocayaywv Sindd\akev. 0 pev odv MiOpiddtns éBdopunxovta vais tmapadots «al toforas mevtaxoctous eis lovtov amémdevoev. O 8 YvAras, aicPopevos dyPopévous Tors otpatiwtas TH Stadvce (Tov yap ExOioTov TaY Bactréwy kal Sexatrévre pupiddas Hyépa pia tev év ’Acia ‘Popaiwy xatachayivat tapacKeva- cavra Seivoy nyouvTo peta TAOUTOU Kal Nadvpav opav éexmréovta ths ’Acias, iv Etn Téocapa ANenraTav Kal hoporoyav SueTédXecev), aTreNoyetTo Mpos avTovs ws ovK dv aua DipBpia cal MiOpe- Sdrn modepeiv, ef suvéotnoav audorepor Kat autov, Suvnbeis. | XXV. ‘Opunoas 5é exetOev ert DipBpiav mpos @vareipos otpatoTedevovta Kai mrAnoloy KaTa- tevEas, Tdppov TH otpatoTréd@ mepréBarev. ot dé ro Dip Spiov ctpari@tar povoyiTwves €x TOU otTpatoTédou mpoiovtes naomwalovTo Tous éKxeivou a cuvehapBavov avtois Tay épywy mpoOvpws. dpav 5é 6 DipBpias tiv petaBorgrv Kal Tov UAXNav ws adiddXaktov Sedoixws avTos éavToy év T@ oTpatoTrédy SuépOerpe. 1 In the late autumn of 88 8B.c. The cities of Asia Minor were glad to obey the orders of Mithridates for a general 404 SULLA had not been at a loss for plausible arguments to defend such baseness and injustice as his. Then he reproached him bitterly and denounced him for what he had done, and asked him again if he would keep the agreements made through Archelaiis. And when he said that he would, then Sulla greeted him with an embrace and a kiss, and later, bringing to him Ariobarzanes and Nicomedes the kings, he reconciled him with them. Mithridates, accordingly, after handing over to Sulla seventy ships and five hundred archers, sailed away to Pontus. But Sulla perceived that his soldiers were incensed at the peace which he had made; they thought it a terrible thing to see the most hostile of kings, who had caused one hundred and fifty thousand of the Romans in Asia to be massacred in a single day ! go sailing off with wealth and spoils from Asia, which he had for four years continued to plunder and levy taxes on. He therefore defended himself to them by saying that he would not have been able to carry on war with Mithridates and Fimbria too, if they had both joined forces against him. XXV. Then he set out from thence against Fimbria, who was encamped near Thyateira, and halting his army near by, began to fortify his camp. But the soldiers of Fimbria came forth from their camp without any armour on, and welcomed Sulla’s soldiers, and joined them eagerly in their labours, and when Fimbria saw this change in their allegiance, fearing that Sulla was irreconcileable, he laid violent hands on himself in the camp. massacre of the resident Romans. Cf. Appian, Mithridates, xxii. Valerius Maximus (ix. 2, 4, Ext. 3) gives the number of slain as 80,000. 405 2 bo PLUTARCH’S LIVES SwrAras 8é Kown pev eCnuliwoe tiv ’Aciav Stopupious taddvros, idia dé Tovs olxous é&é- tpiev DBper Kal Todopkia trav émictab wevov- Twy. éTéTaKTo yap éExdoTns nuépas TH KaTAaAUTH tov févov Sidovat téscapa tetpadpa at mapexey Seitvov avt@ xal dirols, Soovs av €0édn Karel, taFiapxov dé wevtnxovta Spaypas AapBdvev THs jpépas, écOn7Ta Sé GAAnV pev olKoup@v, adXnv be eis ayopay TpoepKopEvos. XXXVI. "AvayOeis 5€ mdcats tais vavoly é& "Edécouv tpitaios ev Tletpacet xabwppicOn: Kai punbels éFeinev éaut@ thy "AmedANKOVOS TOD Tniov BiBroO nny, ev y Ta TAEioTAa TeV 'Apio- ToTéXous Kal Meoppdctov BiBriwv Hv, odtrw ToTE capes yrwptlopeva tots moddots. RéyeTae Sé kopic0eions avths eis “‘Pwynv Tupavviwva tov ypapparixov évonevacacOa Ta Todd, Kal Trap’ avtov tov ‘Podsov Avdpérixov evropnocayta Tov avtiypagev eis pécov Oeivar Kal avayparyar Tous viv gepopévous trivaxas. ot 6&8 ampecBvrepot Ilepuratyrixot paivovrar pev ab” éavtods yevo- pevot Yaptevtes kal diroroyor, Tav bé "Apictote- Nous Kal Beodpacrov ypappdtwv ovte roAXots ovTe axptBas évtetuxnxotes 51a TO TOV Nnréws Tov Xxnriov KAnpov, @ Ta BiPrAia Katédutre @codpactos, eis adirotipous Kal idtwras av- Opwirous mepiyevér Oat. 1 rodtopxig MSS., Coraés, Sintenis!, Bekker : rAcoveéle after Solanus. 1 Cf. Lucullus, iv. 1. 2 Cf. Strabo, xiii. 1, 54. Scepsis was a city of the Troad, 406 468 SULLA Sulla now laid a public fine upon Asia of twenty thousand talents,! and utterly ruined individual families by the insolent outrages of the soldiers quartered on them. For orders were given that the host should give his guest four tetradrachms every day, and furnish him, and as many friends as he might wish to invite, with a supper; and that a military tribune should receive fifty drachmas a day, and two suits of clothing, one to wear when he was at home, and another when he went abroad. XXVI. Having put to sea with all his ships from Ephesus, on the third day he came to anchor in Piraeus. He was now initiated into the mysteries, and seized for himself the library of Apellicon the Teian, in which were most of the treatises of Aristotle and Theophrastus, at that time not yet well known to the public. But it is said that after the library was carried to Rome, Tyrannio the grammarian arranged most of the works in it, and that Andro- nicus the Rhodian was furnished by him with copies of them, and published them, and drew up the lists now current. The older Peripatetics were evidently of themselves accomplished and learned men, but they seem to have had neither a large nor an exact acquaintance with the writings of Aristotle and Theophrastus, because the estate of Neleus of Scepsis, to whom Theophrastus bequeathed his books, came into the hands of careless and illiterate people.? and a centre of learning under the Attalid dynasty of Per- gamum. The writings of Aristotle and Theophrastus were hidden in an underground cellar by their owners, to keep them from being taken to Pergamum, and came in a damaged condition into the possession of Apellicon. 407 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES BwArAr| 6é SiatpiBovre mept Tas "AOnvas adynpa. vaprades peta Bdpous els rovs todas é eveTrecer, 6 dynow o 2rpdBov moddypas pedo pov elvac. dtamrAevaas ovv els Aidnpov EX PATO TOI Oeppots bdace, pabupar a apa Kal guvdinpepevov Tots mept TOV Avévucov TexviTass. TepiTaTouvTos bé mT pos THY Oararray aduels tives tx Obs avT@ Tayxddous T poonveyKav. na dels d€ Tos dapous, Kat qrv- Gopevos Os e€ “AAG * elev, “Ere yap oT Tes “Adaiov; ” épn’ eTuyXave yap, OTe THD 1 pos ‘Opxoper@ paxny VEVLKNKOS édimKe TOUS TrOE- lous, apa Tpets Tones THS Bowwrtias, "AvOnéova, Adpupvay, “Aras 1 avnpnKes. tav & avO pana UTr0 déous adaver YEVOMEVOOY, Siaperdidoas éxé- Nevoev aTrLEevaL Xaipovras, @S ov peta pavhov oude akiov dAsyopias HKOVTAaS TrapalTnTov. ‘AXator pev éx TouTou Aéyovar Oappycavtes avles eis THY TOMY TUvENOeEtD. XXVII. Svarras 8 S:a @etrarias cai Maxe- Sovias cataBas emt OdratTav TapeaKevaleTo XerAtaes vavoi kal Siaxociars amo Avppaxiov draadretv eis Bpevrécuov. 7 de ‘Atroddwvia wAnaotov éori, xal Tos aura To Nuvpdarop, tepos TOTS éx xMoepas vaTrns Kat AeLpaver avadibous mupos mWwyyas omopdbas evdehex Os péovtos. év- rav0a pact Korpmpevov an@var odTupov, oloy ot TAdoTaL Kal ypadels eledfovow, axGevra 6é WS LvAAay épwracbat Se Epynvéwy TorAdAOY GoTIS ein’ POeyEapuevou 5é ports ovdevy GuvETas, ada 1 ‘AdA@y, ‘AAds with Coraés (in notes): ‘AAa@y, ‘AAalas. 1 In some passage not now extant. 408 SULLA While Sulla was tarrying at Athens, his feet were attacked by numbness and a feeling of heaviness, which Strabo says! is premonitory gout. He there- fore crossed the straits to Aedepsus and used the hot waters there, taking a holiday at the same time, and passing his time pleasantly with the theatrical artists. Once, as he was walking along the sea- shore, certain fishermen brought him some very fine fish. Being delighted with their gift, and learning that they were from Halae, “ What!” said he, “ is any man of Halae still alive?” For when he was pursuing the enemy after his victory at Orchomenus, he had destroyed three cities of Boeotia together, Anthedon, Larymna, and Halae. The men were speechless with terror, but Sulla smiled and bade them depart in peace, since they had brought with them no mean or despicable intercessors. The men of Halae say that this gave them courage to go back again in a body to their city. XXVIT. And now Sulla, having passed through Thessaly and Macedonia down to the sea, was pre- paring to cross from Dyrrhachium to Brundisium with twelve hundred ships.? Near by is Apollonia, and in its vicinity is the Nymphaeum, a sacred precinct, which sends forth in various places from its green dell and meadows, streams of perpetually flow- ing fire. Here, they say, a satyr was caught asleep, such an one as sculptors and painters represent, and brought to Sulla, where he was asked through many interpreters who he was. And when at last he uttered nothing intelligible, but with difficulty 2 His fleet had sailed round Peloponnesus from Piraeus. According to Appian (Bell. Civ. i. 79), Sulla crossed from Patras to Brundisium. 409 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tpayelay Tia Kal padiota peueymevny immou TE NPEMETLO UD Kal Tpayou pnKacLe hovny adpévtos, éxTrAayéevta Tov YvAXaV arrodioTOpTjncacbat. MéAdovtos dé Tous OTPATLOTAS dvatreparouy, Kal Sedsotos 7 THS “Itadias émriAaBopevor Kata moves éxaoroe Stappuaol, mpa@tov pev wpocay ad’ atitav tmapapevely cal pndév éxovoiws Kax- oupynoew tHv ‘Iradiav, éreta ypnudtwv Se0- Pevov TONNGY OpaVvTeEs, aTNPXoOVTO Kal auVecé- epov ws Exaaros eiyev evrropias. ov pny édé€aTo TY amwapxynvy Oo wAras, GAN éerawécas Kal Tapoppnoas diéBawev, as pnow avtos, emi TEVTEKALOEKA OTPATHYOUS ToNE“Lous TWeVvTHKOVTA kal tetpaxocias ometpas éxovtas, éxdndoTaTa tov Jeod tas evTvyias TpoonpaivovrTos avT@. OvaavTos pev yap etdeers 9 S1é8n rept Tapavta, Saduns otepdvou tuTrov Exwv 6 AOBds HON, Kal Anpvicxwy Svo KaTnpTnuEvwv. juxpov Sé mMpe Tis StaBdoews dv Kaprravia rept to Tiparov dpos nucpas whOnoayv Svo tpdyor peyadror cup- depopevo. kal wdvta Spavtes nal waoyorrtes & oupBaiver payopuévors avOpwros. hv b€ apa ddacpa, xal aS puLKpov aipopevov amo yis Ste- oTeipeTo TOAAAXOD TOU dépos eidwdots dpaupois dpuoloy, eitTa OUTS NhavicOn. Kai peT ov TONUY Npovov évy TH TOm@ TOUT@ Mapiov Tod véov Kal NopBavod rod imdatou peyddas Suvdpes enaya- yovrwv, o wANaS oUTe Tdakw arrodo’s oUTE AoXioas TO oixelov aoTpdTevpa, payn Sé mpobv- pias Kowwns Kal pope TorAuns atroypnadpevos 2 In the spring of 83 B.c. The main part of his forces, at any rate, must have landed at Brundisium. 410 469 SULLA emitted a hoarse cry that was something between the neighing of a horse and the bleating of a goat, Sulla was horrified, and ordered him out of his sight. When Sulla was about to transport his soldiers, and was in fear lest, when they had reached Italy, they should disperse to their several cities, in the first place, they took an oath of their own accord to stand by him, and to do no damage to Italy without his orders; and then, seeing that he needed muci money, they made a free-will offering and contri- bution, each man according to his abundance. Sulla, however, would not accept their offering, but after thanking them and rousing their courage, crossed over to confront, as he himself says, fifteen hostile commanders with four hundred and _ fifty cohorts, But the Deity gave him most unmistake- able foretokens of his successes. For after he had sacrificed at once where he landed at Tarentum,! the victim’s liver was seen to have an impression of a wreath of laurel, with two fillets hanging from it.? And a little while before he crossed over from Greece, there were seen on Mount Tifatum in Campania, in the day time, two great he-goats fighting together, and doing everything that men do when they fight a battle. But it proved to be an apparition, and gradually rising from earth it dispersed itself generally in the air, like vague phantoms, and then vanished from sight. And not long after,? in this very place, when Marius the younger and Norbanus the consul led large forces up against him, Sulla, without either giving out an order of battle or forming his own army in companies, but taking advantage of a vigorous general alacrity and a 2 The typical triumphal crown. 3 In 83 B.c. 411 PLUTARCR’S LIVES eTpewaro TOUS ToAepious Kal KaTéxreLcev eis Karrinv TOALY TOV NopBavov, ETTaKtaxiALous dmoxreivas. TOUTO aitvov auTe@ ryevéoOat pnat Tou pH StadvO van TOUS OTPATLOTAS Kara, TOAELS, ana Tuppelvat Kal aan aua nha TOY évavTiov TodhaT Aaa Loy 6vT@V. év b¢ LernBig onaoty oixernv Llovtiov Deopopntov evtuxely auT@ ré- youra Tapa THS "Evvods Kpartos mohewou Kal vienv arraryyennewy: el O€ un OTEVT ELEY, eumrenpy- ceaGat TO Kamir@Asov- & Kal oupBivar THS neepas exelvns 7s 0 av pwr os Tponyopevacy: my dé aitn mpo plas vovev Kuvtiriov, as vov ‘TouMas Kadrovpev. ert O€ Mdpxos AevronrnXos, els TOV UTO LvAAA TT PATH YOUVTOY, mept Didevtiav éxxaioexa oretpaus T pos MEVTHKOVTA TOV TO- eplov avriTax Gels Th pev mpodupia TOV TTPATLWTAY ETLaTEVED, avotrAous 6é TOUS TON Novs éEyov @KVEL. BovAevopevou dé avtod Kat SiapehovTos, amo Tov mAnoiov Tediov AeLwova EYOVTOS aupa pepovea paracn TONG TOV avOéov émeBare TH oTpaTla Kal KATE TrELPED, avToparas eT LPEVOVTE. xal TepiTrimTOvTa TOUS Gupeois Kal TOUS xpaveow QUT@V, MOTE paiver Oar Tots 10- Neploes éoTepavepevous. YEVOpEVOL dé vm TOU- TOU mpoOuporepor ovveBanrov wal VIKNTAVTES OKTAKLTXLALOUS émi puptors améxtTewav Kai To otparomedov elXov. ovTos o AevKoAXos abe pos ny Aevxodrov tod MiOpidatrnv dotepov Kat Tuypavny KATATONUNGAYTOS. XXVITT. ‘O 3€ Yvaras Ere trodXois oTpato- médots Kal peyddais Suvdpeocs mepixexupevous 412 SULLA transport of courage in them, routed the enemy and shut up Norbanus in the city of Capua, after slaying seven thousand of his men. It was on account of this success, he says, that his soldiers did not disperse into their several cities, but held together and despised their opponents, though these were many times more numerous. He says, moreover, that at Silvium, a servant of Pontius met him, in an inspired state, declaring that he brought him from Bellona triumph in war and victory, but that if he did not hasten, the Capitol would be burnt}; and this actually happened, he says, on the day which the man foretold, namely, the sixth day of Quintilis, which we now call July.! And still further, at Fidentia, when Marcus Lucullus, one of Sulla’s commanders, with sixteen cohorts confronted fifty cohorts of the enemy, although he had confidence in the readiness of his soldiers, still, as most of them were without arms, he hesitated to attack. But while he was waiting and deliberating, from the neighbouring plain, which was a meadow, a gentle breeze brought a quantity of flowers and scattered them down upon his army; they settled of their own accord and enveloped the shields and helmets of the soldiers, so that to the enemy these appeared to be crowned with garlands. This circumstance made them more eager for the fray, and they joined battle, won the victory, killed eighteen thousand of the enemy, and took their camp. This Lucullus was a brother of the Lucullus who afterwards subdued Mithridates and Tigranes. XXVIII. But Sulla, seeing that his enemies still surrounded him on all sides with many armies and 1 Cf. Publicola, xv. 1. 413 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aUvT@ TOUS Tohepious opav mavtax dev iprrero Suvd pet wal bu amdrns, TpoKadovpevos els dva- Aves TOV Erepov ray imarav Lanriova. befa- pévov & éxeivov avAXoyor pev éyivovro Kat Kowonoryial TAELOVES, del dé Tiva Tapayaryny Kat mpopacw euBarrov ) 2wAAas SuepOerpe TOUS mept Lanmiova, Tots éavtod TTPATLOITALS, noKn- pévors T pos an drny a yonTéiav Gracay Oomep auTos 0 HYEHOV. elovoves yap eis ‘TOV xépaxa TOY Tohepionn Kat ava pryVUpEVOL TOUS pev evdus apyupio, tous 5€ vrocyécecs, Tous é6e KoNaKev- ovTes Kal avarreiOovres “mpoanyovTo. térxos Se Tob 2uAAa pera /oTerpav elxoot mpoaedbovros eyyus Ob pep homaoavro TOUS TOU Lanmiwvos, ot bé a dyractacdpevor Tpogex@pnoar o b€ Lentriov Epnjuos ev TH oKnVA Anpbels 4 dh gall DvAAas dé Tais eixoce omeipass aorep nOdow épyice TEO- capdxovra Tas TOV Tohewiov madevoas ann- yayev eis TO arparomedov a&mavtas. ore Kat KdpBova paow eimety @S aNwTTEKL Kat A€ovTe TONE LOY év 7H ZvANa Wuxn Katovxovow vio THS GNaITEKOS aVL@TO LadXov. ‘Ex TOUTOU Tmeph Liyvuov Mdptos doydonxovra Kal qévre oTrelpas Exwv mpovKaneiro LvAAav. dé kal avy mpod ujsos “hy Starywvicac Gat Kar éxeiyny Thy "uépav" eTuyXave yap Sy Ewpaxas Tordvoe KaTa Tous dirvovs. édoxet Tov yépovTa Mdpvov reOvnxora wanda TH rracot Mapip mapat- velv pudagacbat THY émuovcoay nuépav Os peyd- Aqv abt@ buatuyiay pépoveav. did ToiTo pév 2) mpobupos ) ees nv payer Gar, Kal pere- mwéutrero tov AodoBéAr\av dadrwblev octpatore- 414 4 0 SULLA large forces, had recourse to craft as well as force, and invited Scipio, the other consul, to make terms of peace. He accepted the proposal, and several meetings and conferences were held ; but Sulla con- tinually interposed some pretext for gaining time, and gradually corrupted Scipio’s soldiers by means of his own, who were practised in deceit and every kind of jugglery, like their general himself. For they entered the camp of their enemies, mingled freely with them, and gradually won them over to Sulla’s cause, some at once with money, others with promises, and others still with persuasive flatteries. And finally, when Sulla drew near with twenty cohorts, his men greeted those of Scipio, who answered their greetings and went over to them. Scipio, who was left alone, was taken in his tent, but dismissed ; while Sulla, who had used his twenty cohorts as decoy-birds to catch the forty cohorts of the enemy, led them all back to his camp. It was on this occasion, too, that Carbo is said to have remarked that in making war upon the fox and the lion in Sulla, he was more annoyed by the fox. After this, at Signia, Marius, with eighty-five cohorts, challenged Sulla to battle. Now Sulla was very eager to have the issue settled on that day ; for he had seen a vision in his dreams, as follows. He thought he saw the elder Marius, who was long since dead, advising his son Marius to beware of the ensuing day, since it would bring him a great calamity. For this reason, then, Sulla was eager to fight a battle, and was trying to get Dolabella, who was encamped at some distance, to join him. But 41s 5 i? 2) PLUTARCH’S LIVES devovta. Ttav oé Torepiov epia Tapéveov Tats obois Kal amopparrovray OL TOU Lora, T™ poo - pay opevor Kal odorratobytes é exapvor" kab Twos 6u8 pos apa Tots Epyors Tr LYEVOMEVOS padrov éxdKMOEV AUTOUS. dev ot tafiapyot T poo Lov Tes TO LUANG ed€ovTo THY paxny dvaBaréa Gat, Seuuvivtes & Gua tovs oTpatioras épptupévous v7r0 KoTrov Kal T POT AVATFAVOLEVOUS Napate roils Ov- peois KexAtpévors. émel 5é cuvexwopnoer Giccov Kat TPOTTary La xkatalevéews eSwrxev, apxopevay av- TOY Tov xdpaxa Baddew Kal tappov dpvocery ™ po THS otpatoredeias, emnhauve coBapas o Mdpuos TWpoinmevwy WS aTaKTouvs Kal teBopuBn- pévous Stacxeddcwp. vrata Te LwAAG THY Kara, TOUS Unvous poviy ) Saipov ouverénet. opy? yap avuTov Tots oTpATLOT ALS mapéorn, Kat Tava dpevol Tov Epyov TOUS pep vacous Kare antay eri TH Tah py, oT ac dpevor dé ra Eipn Kat ouvarardtavres ev Xepow Hoay TOV TONE ULV. ot Sé€ ov TONY UméaTno av Ypovov, GANG yiveTat TOUS povos abtav TPATrEVTOD. Méptos dé dev- you els TI pawvearov 70n Tas TWUAAS EvpE KEKNEL- pévas: Kkarwodtouv dé avobev aeBévros évlaaas éauTov dvenn pan pos TO TELXOS. éviot Oé pac, av Kat Dawearérdas early, aude aia bécbat THS pans tov Mapuov, aX é& a arypuTvL@y kal KoT wv UTO TKLA TLL Yapat KATAKNVEVTE TOU ouvOn- Paros Sobévtos evSodvat mpos Dmvov, elra, pondes éFeyelpecOar THs duyts yevouéevyns. ev tavTn TH waxy SvAXas gyno El KoouT pets povous atroBanetpy, amroxreivar dé TOV TONE uLeD Sic pupious xa Aa- Beiv fOvtas oxtaxicxyirious. Kal Tadra 5€ opoiws 416 SULLA the enemy beset the roads and hemmed Sulla in, and his soldiers were worn out with fighting to open a passage. Much rain also came upon them while they were at work and added to their distress. The tribunes therefore came to Sulla and begged him to defer the battle, showing him the soldiers prostrated with weariness and resting on their shields, which they had laid upon the ground. Sulla yielded reluctantly, and gave orders to pitch a camp, but just as his men were beginning to dig a trench and throw up the rampart before it, Marius attacked them confidently, riding ahead of his lines, and hoping to scatter his enemies while they were in disorder and confusion. There the Deity fulfilled the words which Sulla had heard in his dreams. For Sulla’s rage imparted itself to his soldiers, and leaving off their work, they planted their javelins in the trench, drew their swords, and with a general shout came to close quarters with their enemies. These did not hold their ground long, but took to flight, and were slain in great numbers. Marius fled to Preneste, but found the gate already closed. A rope was thrown down to him, however, and after fastening this around his waist, he was hoisted to the top of the wall. But there are some who say, and Fenestella is one of these, that Marius knew nothing of the battle, but was forced by loss of sleep and weariness to cast himself upon the ground in a shady place when the signal for battle was given, and there gave way to sleep, and was then roused with difficulty when the rout took place. In this battle Sulla says he lost only twenty-three men, but killed twenty thousand of the enemy, and took eight thousand prisoners. His other plans were carried out with like 417 VOL, IV. EE PLUTARCH’S LIVES evTuyetto bia TeV otparnyav, Llopmniov, Kpac- aov, MeréAXov, Sepoviriov. ovdéy yap 7) pixpa MW pooKxpovaayTes oUToL peyaAas ouvétpipay duva- pels TOV TWoAepLiwv, BoTE TOV pdaddtoTa THY évavtiay otdow ovvéyovtra KdpBova victrop atroépavta tH éavtod otpatiay eis AtBunv éx- mrACVTAL. XXIX. Tov pévros rerevtaiov dyava xadamep Epedpos aOXntH Katarov@ mpoceveyOeis o LYav- vitns Tereoivos éyyus fAGe tov odhrat Kat kataBanrety éri Ovpais THs ‘Popns. éatrevde pev yap dua Aaptrovip te Aevxavd yeipa todd HY aBpoiaas emi Ipaweoroyv ws éEaptacopevos THs modtopKias tov Mapuov: éret 5€ AodeTo YwAXNaY pev Kata oropa, Llourniov 5& cat’ ovpav Bon- Spopobvtas ém’ avtov, elpyopevos ToD mpoow Kat oTigW TokEpoTHS avnp Kal peyadwoyv ayovev EWTrEelpos apas vunros én’ avTny éyw@per travtl To oTparoTréd@ thv ‘Papunv. Kal px pod pev edénoev éumeceiy eis apvAaxtoyv’ atrocyev Oé THs KoA- Aivns mUANS Séxa oTadious ernudcaTo TH TONEL, peyarodppovayv Kati tals éXtriow émrnppévos ws TOTOUTOUS HYE“LoVas Kal THALKOUTOUS KATETTPATN- ynxos. dua 8 nuépa Tov NaptpoTaTwav véwv éEimmacapuévwv er avtov dANOUS TE TOAAOUS Kal Knravécov “Ammov, evyevt) nat ayabov avdpa, 4 J ? bd , Ww DJ a katéBare. OopvBov 6, olov eixds, ovTos ev TH mover Kal Bons yuvatkeias Kal Stadpopav ws aMoKOMevwV KaTa KpaTos, TpwTos whOn BadrBos 1 Cf. Plutarch’s Pompey, vi.-viii. 2 Cf. Plutarch’s Crassus, vi. 418 SULLA success by his generals, Pompey,! Crassus,? Metellus, and Servilius. For with few or no reverses these anni- hilated large forces of the enemy, so that Carbo, the chief supporter of the opposite faction, ran away from his own army by night, and sailed off to Libya. XXIX. In Sulla’s last struggle, however, Telesinus the Samnite,? like a third wrestler who sits by to contend with a weary victor, came near tripping and throwing him at the gates of Rome. For he had collected a large force, and was hastening, together with Lamponius the Lucanian, to Praeneste, in order to relieve Marius from the siege. But when he learned that Sulla to his front, and Pompey to his rear, were hurrying up against him, since he was being hemmed in before and behind, valiant and highly experienced soldier that he was, he broke camp by night, and marched with all his army against Rome itself. And he came within a little of breaking into the city in its unguarded state ; indeed, he was only ten furlongs from the Colline gate when he bivouacked against it, highly en- couraged and elated with hopes at the thought of having outgeneralled so many great commanders. And when, at day-break, the noblest youth of the city rode out against him, he overwhelmed many of them, including Appius Claudius, a man of high birth and character. There was a tumult in the city, naturally, and shrieking of women, and running hither and thither, as though the city were taken by storm, when Balbus, sent forward by Sulla, was first 3 At the close of the Social war, in 89 B.c., the Samnites and Lucanians alone persisted in their hostility to Rome. The Marian party had conciliated them, but they regarded Sulla as their bitterest foe. 419 EE 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES amo YWANA Tpocedavvoy ava KpaTOS iTTedoLY értaxocio. Starurav dé doov avarrifat tov idpata tav immo, elt avOis éyyadivocas da tayéov éEnmareto TOY TONELiOD. "Ev tovt@ 8 Kal YvAras épaiveto: Kal Tovs mpwrous evOus apioTav Kerevon eis Taw Kabiotn. moira d€ AodoBéAAa Kai Tovpxovarou Seopévwv émiryxety Kal 7) KATAKOTOUS ExovTa Tous avdpas atroxwwouvedaas rept TaY éoyaTwv (ov yap Kdp- Bova cat Maptov, aAXd Zavvitas cal Aeveavois, Ta éxOtota TH Popun cat Ta TokemKwTaTa pira, cuudéper Gar), Tapwodpevos avtous éxéXevee o7- paivery Tas oddTrUyyas apyny épddov, ayedov ets a@pav dexatny Hon THS nuépas Kataotpepovons. yevouévou S€ dyavos, olos ovy Erepos, TO yey deEvov, ev & Kpuccos éréraxto, NauTpas évixa, T@ S€ eVovdu@ TovodvTt Kal Kaxds éyovTt LUAAaS mapeBonOer, NevKdy immov éyov Booed rat ToOwKeoTaTOY: ad ov yvwpicavtTes avtov Svo TOY Trodeuiov SveTEeivovTO Tas AOYYAS ws ad7}- TOVTES. AUTOS pev OdY OV TpoEVonce, TOD SB immoxopov pactitavtos Tov immov &b0n tape- vex Gels Toa oUTov cov wept Thy oupay Tov tmmou TAS Alypmas oupTETOVEAS Eis THY YHY Tayhvas. Aévyerat O€ Eywv Te Ypvcodv ’AmoAXNwWVOS ayad- patiov éx Acddhav dei wév avto Kata Tas paxas wepipepe €v TH KOATI@, GANA Kal TOTE TOUTO katagirety otra 67 rAéyou: “°O, Tv6ce “ArodXor, Tov EvTUY) LWAAaY Kopynrov ev tocovTas ayo- aw adpas Aaptrpov Kal péyav évtavOa pirers emi 420 471 SULLA seen riding up at full speed with seven hundred horsemen. He paused just long enough to let the sweat of the horses dry off, and then quickly bridled them again and attacked the enemy. At this juncture, Sulla also made his appearance, and ordering his vanguard to take food at once, proceeded to form them in order of battle. Dolabella and Torquatus earnestly besought him to wait a while, and not to hazard the supreme issue with his men fatigued and spent; for they were to contend not with Carbo and Marius, but with Samnites and Lucanians, the most inveterate enemies of Rome, and the most warlike of peoples. But he put them by, and commanded the trumpets to sound the charge, though it was now getting on towards four o'clock in the afternoon. In the struggle which followed, and no other was so fierce, the right wing, where Crassus was posted, was brilliantly successful ; but the left was hard pressed and in a sorry plight, when Sulla came to its assistance, mounted on a white horse that was mettlesome and very swift. By this horse two of enemy recognised him, and poised their spears for the cast. Sulla himself, now, did not notice this, but his groom did, and with a cut of the lash succeeded in sending Sulla’s horse along so that the spear-heads just grazed its tail and fixed themselves in the ground. There is also a story that Sulla had a little golden image of Apollo from Delphi which he always carried in his bosom when he was in battle, but that on this occasion he took it out and kissed it affectionately, saying: “O Pythian Apollo, now that thou hast in so many struggles raised the fortunate Cornelius Sulla to glory and greatness, can it be that thou hast brought 421 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ovupars HS maTtpidos adyaywv, aloyiota Tots 7 €avtod cuvatoNotpevov oXritais;” ToLtaira dace Tov YwAXrav GeokrAvToOvVTA TOUS pev avTe- Bonreiv, Tots dé arretheiy, TOV O€ emtdapBaveo Pac Téros 6€ TOD eUovupov oy prBevtos aya pie- yOévTa Tots pevdyouow elg TO oTpatomesov Kara~ purely, TOROS amoBahovra TOY éTalpwv Kat yopiwov. OvK OArtryoL 5é Kal TOV ex TIS TONEWS emt Oéav mpoeOoves aTWXOVTO Kal KaTETATH- 8 Onoay, & OOTE THV pev Toy otecOar ramen pax Gar, jap OAlyov 6é kal THY Mapiou Too pkiay Av- Ofvan, TOAN@Y €K THS TpoTijs Oo apeveov éxet kat Tov él Th ToALopKia TETA' LEVOV ‘Opedrav Aoveprrtov dvalevyvivar KaTa TAXOS KENEVOVTOY, as aTrohw@hoT os Tov YwaAra Kat THs “Pwpuns éxo- péevns UT TOV ToAEwLOv. XXX. "Hdn 6é vuntos ovans Babetas WKOV ELS TO TOU LUA otparomedov Tapa TOU Kpdooou Seimvov avTe Kal Tots TTPATLOTALS METLOVTES* @S yap évinnoe TOUS qonepious, eis “AvTeuvav Kata- Su@Eavtes éxet kaTeaTpaToT ébevaay. TavT’ ouv muOopevos o SwAdas, xa Ste TOV Tohepicoy | ot TrELoTOL dioh@hacw, Tcev Els “Avrepvay ap THER, Kal TplayLeAL@v eT LRN PUKEVO a. MevOV 7 pos avrov Umea XETO dwaetv THv dapdnreiay, el Kako Tt TOUS adous € épyacdpevor ToAepous ENOoLEV 7 pOs 2 avrov. ot de Mla TEVTAVTES én é0evto TOUS Aovmrois, Kal ToONol KATEKO moa or adAOD. ov unv ada Ka TovTous Kal TOV AAXWY ToOds ‘Tepuyevo- pevous els eEaxwoxtALovs adpoaas Tapa TOV im- “qomov, exadEL THY OUYyKANTOV Els TO THS SULLA him to the gates of his native city only to cast him down there, to perish most shamefully with his fellow-countrymen?” Thus invoking the god, they say, he entreated some of his men, threatened others, and laid hands on others still; but at last his left wing was completely shattered, and with the fugitives he sought refuge in his camp, after losing many friends and acquaintances. Not a few also of those who had come out of the city to see the battle were trodden under foot and killed, so that it was thought that all was over with the city, and that the siege of Marius in Praeneste was all but raised ; indeed many of the fugitives made their way thither and urged Lucretius Ofella, who had been appointed to conduct the siege, to break camp with all speed, since Sulla had fallen, and Rome was in the hands of the enemy. XXX. But when the night was now far advanced, messengers came to the camp of Sulla from Crassus, to fetch supper for him and his soldiers; for after conquering the enemy, he had pursued them into Antemnae, and was encamped before that city. When, therefore, Sulla learned this, and also that the greater part of the enemy had been destroyed, he came to Antemnae at break of day. There three thousand of the inhabitants sent a deputation to him to sue for mercy, and he promised them safety if they would do some mischief to the rest of his enemies before coming to him. So they, trusting to his promise, attacked the rest of the people in the city, and many were slain by one another's hands. However, the survivors of both parties alike, to the number of six thousand, were collected by Sulla in the circus at Rome, and then the senate was 423 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 “ e , e > 3 4 4 > / Evuois tepov. apa & avros te rAéyew éevnpyeto 4 Kal KaTéxoTrTov of TeTaypéevot TOUS EEaKLOXLALOUS. Kkpavyhs 5€, as elxos, ev YwOpPio pLKp@ ToTOU’Tm@Y ohattonévov pepouevns Kal TOY ouvyKANTLK@Y exTrAayéevT@V, WoTEp ETUyyave Néeywv aTpéTT@ Kal cabeotnkoTt TO Tpocwm@ mpocéyew éxédXevoev bd \ n 4 \ > / ‘ avTous T@ Aoyo, Ta O EEw ytvopeva pn ToNV- Tpayyove* vovleTeicOar yap avTov KedeVTaVTOS éviovs TOV TOVNnpaD. Tovro cai t@ Bpadutatm “Popaiov vojoac TapéaTncev ws adAdayn TO xKpHua Tupavvidos, ’ ’ \ l / \ ° ed oux amraddNayn yeyove. Mapios péev ovv at apyns xarerros av érérewev, od petéBare TH > / \ 4 4 \ 4 éEovcia thy piow 2vAdas 5é petpias Ta A “ A / TPOTA Kal TOATLKHS Omtdynoas TH TUYn Kal Sofav dpiotoxpatixov Kal Snpwderods Hryepwovos mapacywv, éte 5é cal diroyerws éx véou yevo- pevos Kal pos olKTov vypos, Mate padiws éme- Saxpvev, eixotws mpocetpiivato tais peyddats éFouvciats SsaBornv os Ta HON every ovK ewoats ? A : b n , 9 > \ éml tav é€& apyhs TpoTwv, GAN éEuTAnKta Kat Xatva kai amdvOpwra toovcats. TOTO Lev OUV eite Kivnois éott Kal petaBorAr dioews td 4 A TUXNS, ElTE p~aAXOV UTroKELMEeVNS aTroKadAUY IS év 9 / / A , éEovcia Kaxias, érépa tis av Stopicere mpay- 4 pateta. XXXI. Tod 5 AAA Tpds TO odatTew Tpa- 424 bo SULLA summoned by him to meet in the temple of Bellona,! and at one and the same moment he himself began to speak in the senate, and those assigned to the task began to cut to pieces the six thousand in the circus. The shrieks of such a multitude, who were being massacred in a narrow space, filled the air, of course, and the senators were dumbfounded ; but Sulla, with the calm and unmoved countenance with which he had begun to speak, ordered them to listen to his words and not concern themselves with what was going on outside, for it was only that some criminals were being admonished, by his orders. This gave even the dullest Roman to understand that, in the matter of tyranny, there had been an exchange, but not a deliverance. Marius the elder, at any rate, had been naturally harsh at the outset, and power had intensified, not altered, his disposition ; but Sulla had used his good fortune moderately, at first, and like a statesman, and had led men to expect in him a leader who was attached to the aristocracy, and at the same time helpful to the common people. Furthermore, from his youth up he had been of a merry temper, and easily moved to tears of pity. Naturally, therefore, his conduct fixed a stigma upon offices of great power, which were thought to work a change in men’s previous characters, and render them capricious, vain, and cruel. However, whether this is a change and reversal of nature, brought about by fortune, or rather a revelation, when a man is in authority, of underlying baseness, were matter for determination in some other treatise. XXXI. Sulla now busied himself with slaughter, 1 Both the circus (Flaminius) and the temple were in the Campus Martius. 425 PLUTARCH’S LIVES / 4 ¥ b \ ¥ sd DJ 4 Topévou Kal hovwv ovte apiOuov obte Gpov éxov- Tov éumiTAAVTOS THY TOALY, AVaLpoULéVWY TOA- A b] A NOV Kal Kat idias ExOpas, ols ovdev HY Tpayua N , b / 9 A \ / mpos YwAXrav, epievTos avtTov Kal yaptfopévovu A A oo Tots Tept avTov, érodAunoe TOV véwy els, Taios Mértedros, ev TH cuyKAjT@ ToD BAAa mubé- aOat ti tépas éotat TOY KaKa@V, Kal Tot Tpo- eXOovtos avtod det wemaicbat Ta ytvopeva a ‘ec , 4.99 4 oc mpocdoxav. “ IlapartovpeOa yap,” eimev, “ ovx ods ov eyywxas avatpeiy THS Tiuwpias, GAAA “A ? 4 A ” , 29 ? Ths apptBortas ovs eyvwxas owlev. amTo- Kpwapévov 6€ ToD DWaAAa pndéto ytvooKelv ods adbinow, tToraBav o MéteAXos, “ OvKody,” Edn, 39 “ Syrwaor ods médrets KoAdLELV. Kalo YwAraS épn todTo troijcew. eviot 5é ov Tov Méteddop, fal e Gr\rAa Povdidiov tia tov Wpos yapw opedovy- TOV TH BAG TO TEeACVTAIOY ELTrEly EyovCLD. o & ovv LWwaAdXAas EevOvs oydonxovta mpoéypaev, ovoevt Tov év TéNEL KOLYWOdpMEVOS. ayavaKTOUV- be , / e / } x \ rAX Tov € wdvTov, pilav Huépay Siadua@v adrOUS , mpoeyparev elxoot kal Staxocious, eita tpiTy / J 4 > \ \ a, Le) Tau ovK éXdTTOUS. él 5é TovToLs Snunyopav eltrev Goovs peuvnpévos TUyxXaVvor Tpoypadety, Tous 6€ viv dtaravOavovtas avfis mpoyparyrev. , A \ e , \ A mpoeypaye S€ TO pev UrrodcEapév@m nal dracw- \ , , n TavTs TOV Tpoyeypapupevov, Enpiav tHS pidav- , e 7 , > 9 4 > ev Opwrias opitwy Pavatov, ovK abdedgov, ovy vior, A A / ou yoveis UreFeAopevos, TO 5€ ArroKTeivayTt yépas SULLA and murders without number or limit filled the city. Many, too, were killed to gratify private hatreds, although they had no relations with Sulla, but he gave his consent in order to gratify his adherents. At last one of the younger men, Caius Metellus, made bold to ask Sulla in the senate what end there was to be of these evils, and how far he would proceed before they might expect such doings to cease. “We do not ask thee,” he said, “to free from punishment those whom thou hast determined to slay, but to free from suspense those whom thou hast determined to save.” And when Sulla answered that he did not yet know whom he would spare, “ Well, then,” said Metellus in reply, “let us know whom thou intendest to punish.’’ This Sulla said he would do. Some, however, say that it was not Metellus, but Fufidius, one of Sulla’s fawning creatures, who made this last speech to him. Be that as it may, Sulla at once proscribed! eighty persons, without communicating with any magistrate ; and in spite of the general indignation, after a single day’s interval, he proscribed two hundred and twenty others, and then on the third day, as many more. Referring to these measures in a_ public harangue, he said that he was proscribing as many as he could remember, and those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe at a future time. He also proscribed any one who harboured and saved a proscribed person, making death the punishment for such humanity, without exception of brother, son, or parents, but offering any one who slew a proscribed 1 A list of the persons proscribed was posted in public, and those whose names were on the list might be killed by any one who chose to do it. 427 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dv0 TdXavtTa THs avdpodpovias, Kav SovA0s Sear 0- , en > fF a , 9 Thy Kav Tatépa vids avédn. 6 S€ TavTwY ade- Kotatov eéoke, THY yap Tpoyeypappéevov HTi- woe Kal viols Kal viwvovs, kal TA ypnpaTa lA 290 7 4 ? > mavrwav ednwevoe. mpoeypadovTo dé ovK év ‘Poun povov, adda Kal év don oder THS ’ / : l ” \. 4 \ Iradias: Kal hovevopévwr aire vacs Hv Kxabapos Geod ovte éxtia Eévios ovTE olxos TaTpP@osS, AANA kal mapa yuvakl yapetais advdpes éoddttovto Kal wapa pntpdot aides. joav 5é of be b] \ ? , \ > QA lA opyny atroAAvpevoe Kai bu’ ExyOpay ovdev pépos Tov dia Ypnpata opatTopévwv, GAA Kal réyewv émnet tots Korafovow ws Tovde pév avnpnKkev > / 4 4 \ a y¥ 4 oixia peyaddn, Tovde dé KHTos, aAXNov BdaTra Oeppa. Koivtros 5& Avpyrtos, avnp ampaypov Kal TOTOUTOY AUT@ peTEeivat TOV KaKa@v vouilwv 4 ” a 5] A >) > \ ooov aAXdots cuvadyety aTuXOUCLY, Els ayopaVy CMav aveyivwoxe Tovs Tpoyeypappmévous' evpov dé éavtov, “ Olpot TdXas,” eltre, “ Si@xes pe TO ev "AXBave yopiov.” Kal Bpayd mpoedOav tro Tivos aTmechayn KaTadiw€avTos. XXXII. ’Ev rovt@ 5¢ Mdptos péev ddtoKdpevos éautov SépOetpe, LvrAras be els Tpaweordoy \ A 3Q7 b v , > @ Sav mpata pev idia cat avdpa Kpivwv éxo- ralev, ita WS OV GYOANS ovoNS WdavTas aOpows eis TavTO oUvayayov, pupiouvs Kal dioxXtdious évTas, éxéXevoev atroodattey, wove te Evo 428 SULLA person two talents as a reward for his murderous deed, even though a slave should slay his master, or a son his father. And what seemed the greatest injustice of all, he took away all civil rights from the sons and grandsons of those who had been pro- scribed, and confiscated the property of all. Moreover, proscriptions were made not only in Rome, but also in every city of Italy, and neither temple of God, nor hearth of hospitality, nor paternal home was free from the stain of bloodshed, but husbands were butchered in the embraces of their wedded wives, and sons in the arms of their mothers. Those who fell victims to political resentment and private hatred were as nothing compared with those who were butchered for the sake of their property, nay, even the executioners were prompted to say that his great house killed this man, his garden that man, his warm baths another. Quintus Aurelius, a quiet and inoffensive man, who thought his only share in the general calamity was to condole with others in their misfortunes, came into the forum and read the list of the proscribed, and finding his own name there, said, “ Ah! woe is me! my Alban estate is prosecuting me.”” And he had not gone far before he was dispatched by some one who had hunted him down. XXXII. Meanwhile Marius the younger, at the point of being captured,! slew himself; and Sulla, coming to Praeneste, at first gave each man there a separate trial before he executed him, but after- wards, since time failed him, gathered them all to- gether in one place—there were twelve thousand of them—and gave orders to slaughter them, his host 1 According to Appian (Bell. Civ. i. 94), as he was trying to escape from Praeneste by an underground passage. 429 PLUTARCH’S LIVES b.d00s adevay. 0 6€ evyevads mavu pyoas T™ pos avuTOV ws OvdéTTOTE TwTNpLAS xapoy éloerat T@ govel Tijs mart pibos, avapy Geis exeov cuyeate- KOTN Tots monritas. dof dé KQLVvOTATOV ryeve- Oat TO mepl Aevxvov Karshivar. obT0s yap OUT TOV TparywaTov KEK PLLevov aunpnkas aderdov eden Tou LUNA, TOTE mporyparpas TOV avOpwTrov os Swvra: Kai Tpoeypagn. TOU- tov 0oé€ TO LwrAAG Xapu exTivery Médpxov Tuva Madpvoy TOV &x THS évayTias oTaoEws amro- KTELWVAS THY pev Keparny €v ayopa Kabeloperep T YvrAa TpoonveyKe, T@ 5é TeptppavTnpi@ TOU "ArdAAwvos eyyds dvte TmpoceN@v arreviiyato Tas yelpas. XXXITI. "EE 5€ Tav dhovixav Kal Ta hound TOUS avO parrous eAurret, SuxTaTopa pev yap éauTov avnyopeuae, db: éra@v éxatov eixoot TOvTO TO yevos THS apyis dvahaBov. epnpiadn dé avTe TdvTwv adea THY yeyovoTwy, pos Sé TO pédXov éoucia Gavatov, dnpevoews, KAnpov- XLav, KTigews, TopOjcews, aperéc Oar Bactreiav, Kat @* Bovdorto Xapioac bau. Tas bé Sia- mpacels TOV Sednpwevpevary OLKWV odT ws vmepn- paves emote TO kat Seorotixas émi Bnpatos Kcabeloperos, a Bore TOV apatpécewy émax Gea répas airod Tas Swpeds elvas, Kat yuvatély evpopdors kat Aup@dois Kal pipors Kal Kabdppacw é£e- AevOepecois eOvav Xopas Kal 7 OAEWY Xapelo- pévou mpoaodous, évious dé yapous aKovoiws Cevyvupéevav yuvarxav. Tloumniov ye tou Bov- 1 xa) 6 with Bekker, after Reiske: 9. 430 4 3 SULLA alone receiving immunity. But this man, with a noble spirit, told Sulla that he would never owe his safety to the slayer of his country, and joining his countrymen of his own accord, was cut down with them. But that which Lucius Catiline did was thought to be most monstrous of all. This man, namely, had killed his brother before the civil struggle was decided, and now asked Sulla to pro- scribe the man, as one still living; and he was proscribed. Then Catiline, returning this favour of Sulla’s, killed a certain Marcus Marius, one of the opposite faction, and brought his head to Sulla as he was sitting in the forum, and then going to the lustral water of Apollo which was near, washed the blood off his hands. XXXIII. But besides his massacres, the rest of Sulla’s proceedings also gave offence. For he pro- claimed himself dictator,! reviving this particular office after a lapse of a hundred and twenty years. Moreover, an act was passed granting him immunity for all his past acts, and for the future, power of life and death, of confiscation, of colonization, of founding or demolishing cities, and of taking away or bestow- ing kingdoms at his pleasure. He conducted the sales of confiscated estates in such arrogant and im- perious fashion, from the tribunal where he sat, that his gifts excited more odium than his robberies. He bestowed on handsome women, musicians, comic actors, and the lowest of freedmen, the territories of nations and the revenues of cities, and women were married against their will to some of his favour- ites. In the case of Pompey the Great,? at least, 1 In 81 B.c. 2 The title of Great was first bestowed on him by Sulla himself (cf. Pompey, xiii. 4). 431 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aopevos oixecwoacbat tov Madryvov, ty pev elye yapLeTHy adeivar mpooéragen, Alpidiay 86, Leav- pou Ouyarépa Kal (MerédAns THS éavtod YUVALKos, aroamdaas Maviov PAaBpiwvos erycdpova, oup- @KLoEVv auto améBave 5é 4 Kopn Tapa T@ Toparnt TiKTOVOa. Aovepytiou dé Ogérra TOU Mapvov ex OMLOpK HG aVTOS aiToupevov Kal HET LOVTOS brratetay TpPQTOV pev éx@dvev™ as dé €xelVvOS VITO TONN@Y omovdalopevos els THY aryo- pav évéBanre, meurpas Twa TOY Tept avTov EKATOVTAPXOY arreapage Tov avopa, cabelouevos autos éml Bypatos év TO Atoc Koupeip kal TOV povov epopav avolev. TeV be avO porrwy TOV exaTOvTapX nv cuhraPovtov Kat T pos ayayovTa@y TP Aypare, CLOT HT AL Kedevoas TOUS GopuBovvras autos épn Kededoat TOTO, Kal TOV ExaTovTapynV adetvat mpooérager. XXXIV. ‘O PEVTOL GpiapBos avTov TH ToNv- Téedela Kal KaWOTnTL TOV BaotdtKkov adupov coBapos Yevopevos petfova Koo pov éoxe Kat karov Oéaya Tous puyddas. ot yap évdoEotatot Kal dwaTetatot TOV ToMTaV eo Tepavapevor Tapelmovro, cwThpa Kat TaTépa TOV {vANav arroxanobvres, aTe én du’ éxeivov ets Tap marpiba KaTtovTes Kal Koputouevot jwaidas Kal yuvaixas. Hon O€ ournpn Levon amrdvrov, dmodoyea pov éy EXKAHOLA TOV mpatewy | ToLovpevos oux éAdocov omovdy TAs evtuxias q Tas avdpayabias xaTn- pOpeito, Kal mépas éxéXevoev éauTov emi ToU- tas Evtuyi mpocayopevecOar: todTo yap o te Geo to SULLA wishing to establish relationship with him, he ordered him to divorce the wife he had, and then gave him in marriage Aemilia, daughter of Scaurus and his own wife Metella, whom he tore away from Manius Glabrio when she was with child by him; and the young woman died in childbirth at the house of Pompey.! Lucretius Ofella, who had reduced Marius by siege, gave himself out as a candidate for the con- sulship, and Sulla at first tried to stop him ; but when Ofella came down into the forum with a large and eager following, he sent one of the centurions in his retinue and slew him, himself sitting on a tribunal in the temple of Castor and beholding the murder from above. The people in the forum seized the centurion and brought him before the tribunal, but Sulla bade them cease their clamour, and said that he himself had ordered this deed, and commanded them to let the centurion go. XXXIV. His triumph, however, which was im- posing from the costliness and rarity of the royal spoils, had a greater ornament in the noble spectacle of the exiles. For the most distinguished and in- fluential of the citizens, crowned with garlands, fol- lowed in the procession, calling Sulla their saviour and father, since indeed it was through him that they were returning to their native city and bringing with them their wives and children. And when at last the whole spectacle was over, he gave an account of his achievements in a speech to the people, enu- merating the instances of his good fortune with no less emphasis than his deeds of valour, and finally, in view of these, he ordered that he receive the surname of Fortunate (for this is what the word 1 Cf. Plutarch’s Pompey, ix. 2. 433 VOL. IV. FOF PLUTARCH’S LIVES OAuUE pardiota Bovnerat SnAobv" autos dé Tots “KAAnot ypapav kat Xpnuarivov éautov ’Eza- ppodrrov dymyopeve, Kal Trap piv év Tots Tpo- matos otTws avayéypartars AETKIOS KOP- NHAIOS STAAAS EDTA®POAITOS. ere 5é “A VA , 4 / \ \ THs MeréAAns madia texovons diduya TO per ” fe \ \ A ce) 9 / appev Dadcorov, To dé OAV Datotav wvopace: \ \ > \ \ ¢ N € a a TO yap eutuyés Kal thapoy Pawpaior patvotov Kanovow. otTw Sé apa ov tais mpdkeow ws ToS EvTUY NAc éeTrioTEVEV, OTE, TALTOAAWY pev avnpnpévov br’ avtod, Katvotopias bé yevo- pévys Kal petraBorrs év TH ToAEL TOTAUTNS, ATrO- OécOar tiv apxynv Kal Tov Shuov apyYatpectov UTATLK@V Trolnoat KUpLOV, aUTOS 5é pH WPOTEA- Oeiv, GAN év dyopG 70 oO Ua mapexov Tois Bov- e > Nopévors UrevOuvov watrep ihtwTyns avactpéde- cOat. Kai Tis Tapa yvuounv aitod Opacis avnp 4 > / = (4 e A kal troréwos érridotos fv dtratos aipeOnoecOat, Mdpxos Aémidos, ov de’ éavtov, adrra Tloparnio omovoatorte Kal Seopévm Tov djpou yapilopéevov. 5:6 Kal yaipovra TH vixn Tov Tlopmniov o XvAXas OA ’ ! t Loe fgg € fo iOov amlovTa Kadéoas mpos éauTor, “ Os Kadov, Edn, “cov TO TOAiTEVLA, @ veavia, TO KatXov mpotepov avayopedoar Aémidov, trod mdvtwv api- oTou Tov éumAnKTOTATOV. Wpa pévTOL GOL py Kabevdery ws ia YUPOTEPOV TETOLNKOTL KATA CAVTOD N 3 / 3 A \ = e , ~ TOV aVYTAYWOVICTHD. ToUTO pev ovv 6 YwAXas 474 iA > / \ > J e 4 womep ancléotice’ TaXY yap éEuBpicas o Aére- 434 SULLA “ Felix” most nearly means). But he himself, in writing to the Greeks on official business, styled himself Epaphroditus, or Favourite of Venus,) and on his trophies in our country his name is thus in- scribed: Lucius Cornelius Sulla Epaphroditus. Be- sides this, when Metella bore him twin children, he named the male child Faustus, and the female Fausta ; for the Romans call what is auspicious and joyful, “‘faustum.” And to such an extent did he put more confidence in his good fortunes than in his achieve- ments, that, although he had slain great numbers of the citizens, and introduced great innovations and changes in the government of the city,? he laid down his office of dictator, and put the consular elections in the hands of the people ; and when they were held, he did not go near them himself, but walked up and down the forum like a private man, exposing his person freely to all who wished to call him to account. Contrary to his wishes, a certain bold enemy of his was likely to be chosen consul, Marcus Lepidus, not through his own efforts, but owing to the success which Pompey had in soliciting votes for him from the people. And so, when Sulla saw Pompey going away from the polls delighted with his victory, he called him to him, and said :8 “What a fine policy this is of thine, young man, to elect Lepidus in preference to Catulus, the most unstable instead of the best of men! Now, surely, it is high time for thee to be watchful, after strength- ening thine adversary against thyself.” And in say- ing this, Sulla was something of a prophet; for 1 Cf. chapter xix. 5 and note. 2 Sulla restored the ancient powers of the senate, and reduced those of the tribunate. He resigned the dictatorship in 79 B.C. 3 Cf. Pompey, xv. 1f. 435 FF 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dos eis woAdcuov Katéatn Tots wept tov Tlop- Wniov. XXXV. ’ArroPvwv Sé THs ovcias amdans o LwAras TO ‘Hpaxr? Sexarny éotidces éroretro T@ On torvtereis: Kal TocodTOY TWEepL_TTH Hv Tapackevn THS Ypelas @oTe TauTAnOH Kal” ExdoTnV Huépav eis TOV TroTamov Oa puTTTetaAaz, tiverOas O€ olvov éra@v Teccapdxovta Kal Tadato- tepov. dia pecov Sé THs Ooivns TroAUNLEpoU yevouevns améOvncxev 1 Meréd\X\a voow Kal TOY lepéwy TOV LVAXNAV OVK EWVTWY AUTH TpocEd- Geiv ovdé THv otxiay TO Kndet pravOjvat, ypaya- pevos dudAvowy Tod yduou pds aUTHV Oo LAXas évt Cooay éxédevoev eis éErépay olkiay peTaKope- cOjvat. Kal TodTo pév dxptBas TO voptpov Urd devordarpovias érnpnoe Tov bé THs Taps optlovra Thy SaTdvnv voyov avTos eicevnvoyas TtapéBn, pndevos dvarw@patos deroduevos. trapéBatve Sé Kal Ta Trepl THS evTEAcias TOV SetTrVwY UT’ avTOUD TeTAyMEVva, TOTOLS Kal GuVdeiTTVOLS TpUdas Kal Bwporoytias Exovat Tapyyopav TO TévOos. "OX iyor O€ unvav Sayevopévwr jv pev Oéa povo- paxov, ova bé Tov ToTwv Staxexpiméevov, ANN éTt TOV Oedtpov cuppmtyods avipdat Kat yuvackiv OvTOS, ETUXYE TANCiOV ToD YwvAAA KabeComevy yuvn Thy ow edmpeTns Kal yévous NapT pod: Meoodra yap iw Ouyatnp, ‘Oprnciov & Tob pytopos aderdy, Ovarrepia 5é toivoua: cuveBe- Bice S6€ avTH vewotl mpos dvdpa SssdoTacts. avTn Tapa tov YwArav éEoriaOev wapatropevo- evn THY TE YElpa Tpos avToVY amnpEicato Kal 436 SULLA Lepidus speedily waxed insolent and went to war with Pompey and his party.} XXXV. On consecrating the tenth of all his sub- stance to Hercules, Sulla feasted the people sumptu- ously, and his provision for them was so much beyond | what was needed that great quantities of meats were daily cast into the river, and wine was drunk that was forty years old and upwards. In the midst of the feasting, which lasted many days, Metella lay sick and dying. And since the priests forbade Sulla to go near her, or to have his house polluted by her funeral, he sent her a bill of divorce, and ordered her to be carried to another house while she was still living. In doing this, he observed the strict letter of the law, out of superstition; but the law limiting the expense of the funeral, which law he had himself introduced, he transgressed, and spared no outlays. He transgressed also his own ordinances limiting the cost of banquets, when he tried to as- suage his sorrow by drinking parties and convivial banquets, where extravagance and ribaldry prevailed. A few months afterwards there was a gladiatorial spectacle, and since the places for men and women in the theatre were not yet separated,? but still pro- miscuous, it chanced that there was sitting near Sulla a woman of great beauty and splendid birth ; she was a daughter of Messala, a sister of Hortensius the orator, and her name was Valeria, and it so hap- pened that she had recently been divorced from her husband. As she passed along behind Sulla, she rested her hand upon him, plucked off a bit of nap 1 On the death of Sulla, in 78 B.c., Lepidus headed an insurrection, and attempted to overthrow the constitution. Pompey adhered to the senatorial party (Cf. Pompey, xvi.). 2 As they were in the time of Augustus. 437 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kpoxuda ToD ipatiov omacaca TrapnrGev él THY éauTis xopav. éuBr¥EWavtos 5é Tov LUAAa Kal Gavpacartos, “Ovdév,” én, “ deuvov, avto- KPaTop, adda Bovropar THS OTS Kay pLiKpov evTuxias petaraBeiv.” TOUTO Hove ev OUK anows O Zuhvas, adda Kal bios evOvs i UTOKEKYLG - Hévos* npwTa yap Drom eure avrijs svopa, Kal ‘yevos cal Biov evavOavev. éx be TOUT@D press OLpLaToV én’ aA doug éyiverTo Kal TWapeTrLoTpo- pal ouvexeis TpoTwTODV Kat pedtaparov d:a- dooes, TEAS be opodoryiar kal auvbécecs Tept vapor, éxeivy pev tows dpewmror, LwAAas dé, el Kal Ta pddorTa cappova Kat yevvaiay, GNX OvK éKx oad povos Kal Karns eynuev apxis, Gyfrer kat Aapupia petpaxiov dixny trapaBrnbeis, id’ av Ta aloxiota Kal avaidéctata raOn xiveicbat mépuxev. XXXVI. OF phy adda Kai TavTnv éxwov eri THS oiKias cuviy pipos yuvackt nal ceOapiotpiass cat Oupedcxots avOpwrrors, emt aTtBddav ab 7{LEpas TupTivey. ovTot yap ol TOTE Tap aut @ Suvdpevot peyeotov jo av, “Pwaoxios o Kwp@dos Kat apt O apxipipos Kat MnrtpoBtos O Avatpods, ob Kaim ep €€@pov ryevojLevou Over eet He pe mav- TOS epav OUK dpvovpevos. bev cat Thv vooov ar aitias edad pas apEapyevny éFéO pewe, Kal TwoNUY xpovov myvoes Wepl TA OTNAYKVA yeyovas EuTrUOS, up is Kal THY capKa dia Gapeioar els pUeipas peTeBare TATAV, WOTE TOANOY oe Tpepas dua Kat VUKTOS apa..pouvTav pendev elvat pépos TOU Emriytvopévou TO drroK pivouevor, GAA Tacav écOnra Kal AovTpov Kal aTrovimpa Kal ceriov 438 SULLA from his mantle, and then proceeded to her own place. When Sulla looked at her in astonishment, she said: “It’s nothing of importance, Dictator, but I too wish to partake a little in thy felicity.” Sulla was not displeased at hearing this, nay, it was at once clear that his fancy was tickled, for he secretly sent and asked her name, and inquired about her family and history. Then followed mutual glances, continual turnings of the face to gaze, interchanges of smiles, and at last a formal compact of marriage. All this was perhaps blameless on her part, but Sulla, even though she was ever so chaste and reputable, did not marry her from any chaste and worthy motive; he was led away, like a young man, by looks and languishing airs, through which the most disgraceful and shameless passions are naturally excited. XXXVI. However, even though he had such a wife at home, he consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long. For these were the men who had most influence with him now: Roscius the comedian, Sorex the archmime, and Metrobius the impersonator of women, for whom, though past his prime, he continued up to the last to be passionately fond, and made no denial of it. By this mode of life he aggravated a disease which was insignificant in its beginnings, and for a long time he knew not that his bowels were ulcerated. This disease corrupted his whole flesh also, and converted it into worms, so that although many were employed day and night in removing them, what they took away was as nothing compared. with the increase upon him, but all his clothing, 1 Cf. chapter ii. 4. 439 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avarripmracbat Tov pevpatos éxeivou Kal THs Pbopas: tocovTov é&nvOer. &10 TOANGKIS THS npépas ets DOwp évéBawvev éxxrvlov TO apa kal ATOPPUTTOpLEVOS. i dé ovdev dpedos: éxparet ue? n peraBory T@ TAYXEL, KAL TEPLEyiVETO TAVTOS Jappoo TO TANI OS. hee, dé TOY pev mavuy Taraov “Axaotov POeipracavra TOV TleAtov TehEUTHO aL, Ttav oé VaTEPOV “Adkpava TOV peAomrooy Kal Pepexvdny TOV Deodoryov Kal Kaddobevn TOV ‘Orv Gov ev pee ppovpovpevor, & Ett O€ Mov«cov Tov VOpLKov. é det Kal TOY am’ ovdEVvOS pev Xpnotod yyw pi- poy dé dAXwS émipvna Ojvar, NeyeTas TOY apEavTa TOU Sovhixod Tohe wou mept uKeMav dparerny, Ewvoup 4 évopa, peTa THY adwotv eis ‘Pwounv ayo- pevov UTO plerprdcews amoGavetv. XXXVII. ‘O 6€ ZvAXas ob povov Tpoeyven THY éauTov TEdEUTHY, adda TpOTrov Twa Kat ryéypade cept auTns. TO yap eixoo TOY Kal bev- TEpoV TOV Dropynuarav po dveip nLEp@v q éreXevTa ypahwv émavaato- Kat yot Tous Xaddatous auT@ TpoeuTrety as d€ot BeBiwoxora KaX@S avTov év awh TOV evTUXNLaToV KaTa- otpéeypar Aéyer 5é Kal Tov vidv avTod, TeEOvnKOTA pure pov eum poo Oev THs MeréAAns, pavyvat Kara TOUS Umvous éy eo Ort pavhy TApPETTOTA Kat deopevov Tov TAT pos mavoas Jat TOV ppovtiswy, lovra 5€ ou auT@ Tapa THY wNnTEpa MeréAAay ev Hnovxia Kat am parywovers Ch ber aUTHS. ov pay ératcars ye TOU TpdaTTey Ta Snpocla. béxa pev yap nuepars eumpoobey ris TedevTijs TOUS év Atcasapyeia otacidlovtas SiadddEas vomov 440 479 SULLA baths, hand-basins, and food, were infected with that flux of corruption, so violent was its discharge. There- fore he immersed himself many times a-day in water to cleanse and scour his person. But it was of no use; for the change gained upon him rapidly, and the swarm of vermin defied all purification. We are told that in very ancient times, Acastus the son of Pelias was thus eaten of worms and died, and in later times, Aleman the lyric poet, Pherecydes the theologian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, who was kept closely imprisoned, as also Mucius the jurist ; and if mention is to be made of men who had no excellence to commend them, but were notorious for other reasons, it is said that the runaway slave who headed the servile war in Sicily,! Eunus by name, was taken to Rome after his capture, and died there of this disease. XXXVII. Sulla not only foresaw his own death, but may be said to have written about it also. For he stopped writing the twenty-second book of his Memoirs two days before he died, and he there says that the Chaldaeans foretold him that, after an hon- ourable life, he was to end his days at the height of his good fortunes. He says also that his son, who had died a little while before Metella, appeared to him in his dreams, clad in mean attire, and besought his father to put an end to anxious thoughts, and come with him to his mother Metella, there to live in peace and quietness with her. However, he did not cease to transact the public business. For instance, ten days before he died, he reconciled the opposing factions in Dicaearchia,? and prescribed a code of 1 B.c. 134; cf. Diodorus, xxxiv. 2, 23. 2 An earlier name for Puteoli. 441 PLUTARCH’S LIVES eyparpev avtois Ka” bp TOMLTEVS OVTAL’ po pas dé npEpas Tudo pevos Tov apxovra T'pdvov, OS opeihov Snpoovoy _Xpeos ovK aTrobidwour, adn avapéver THY avrou TENEUTHD, pererréuyato TOV av0 pwrrov eis TO S@martov" Kal TEpLaTngas Tous UinpeTas exédeua € Tvivyew, TH b€ Kpavyy Kal T omapary wep 76 aTrooTn pa pitas wrnOos aiparos éEéBarev. éx 6é TOUTOU THs Suvapews émedTrOV- ons Sraryaryoy THY VUKTA pox Onpas atréGave, Svo maidas € Ex THS MerédAns vyTious KATAMTEOV. n yap Ovarrepia peta THY TENEUTHY avrov Guyd- TpLov amrekunoey, o Tlooroupay éxaouv" TOUS yap Datepov THS TOV TaTépov TENEUTHS yEVOMEVOUS otto ‘Pwpaios mpocayopevovaty. XXXVIII. "Oppnoay pep ouv Tool Kar cuver tno ay 1 pos Aémsdov ws elpEovtes TO Tapa xnoetas Tis vevopic wévns® Tlopanios 6€, kaiTrép éyKaX@v TO 2vAXAa (wevov yap avrov ev Tais SiaO jrcass TOV pideov mapedumre), ToUs pev YapiTe kal dence, Tovs de aren Siaxpovadpevos els ‘Pon TrapéeTrepye TO TOpa, Kal tais tadpais dapdrevay & pa, Kal TEND TApeaXe. Aevyerar bé TocovTo wAHOOs a dpwopar ov “emevery Ket TAS yuvai- KAS AUT@ Bote avev Tav ev hophyact dena Kat dtaxoc tous Svaxopslouevoy wracOnvatr peév eldw- ov edperebes avTov YwAXra, wAacOHvas Se Kat paSdoiyov ex TE MBavarob TOAUTEANOUS Kal KLYVALO OV. THS dé TMepas ocuvvepous &wOev ovans, Bdap é& oupavov m po Soxavres évaTns Hpav “orALs @pas TOV vex pov. avéwou 6€ AapTTpOv 442 SULLA laws for their conduct of the city’s government; and one day before he died, on learning that the magis- trate there, Granius, refused to pay a debt he owed the public treasury, in expectation of his death, he summoned him to his room, stationed his servants about him, and ordered them to strangle him; but with the strain which he put upon his voice and body, he ruptured his abscess and lost a great quantity of blood. In consequence of this his strength failed, and after a night of wretchedness, he died, leaving two young children by Metella.! For it was after his death that Valeria gave birth to a daughter, who was called Postuma, this being the name which the Romans give to children who are born after their father’s death. XXXVIII. Many now joined themselves eagerly to Lepidus, purposing to deprive Sulla’s body of the usual burial honours ; but Pompey, although offended at Sulla (for he alone, of all his friends, was not mentioned in his will), diverted some from their purpose by his kindly influence and entreaties, and others by his threats, and then conveyed the body to Rome, and secured for it an honourable as well as a safe interment. And it is said that the women contributed such a vast quantity of spices for it, that, apart from what was carried on two hundred and ten litters, a large image of Sulla himself, and another image of a lictor, was moulded out of costly frank- incense and cinnamon. The day was cloudy in the morning, and the expectation was that it would rain, but at last, at the ninth hour,? the corpse was placed upon the funeral pyre. Then a strong wind smote 1 Cf. chapter xxxiv. 3. 4 J.e. in the middle of the afternoon, 443 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KaTaLyicayTos els TH. Tupav Kal proya TONNHY éryelpayTos EpOn TO copa guycopsabey oe ogov 70n THS Tupas Paparvoperns Kab TOU mupos aTLOVTOS exxuOhvat ToNUY 68pov Kal Katacyxelv axpe VUKTOS, @OTE THY TUXNY avroo Soxetv TO Tope ouvOamrew Tapapevovaay. TO pev ouv punpetov ev T@ medi tov “Apews dott: TO 5é emiypappa aol auto Urroypayrapevov KaTahirely, ov Kepararov éotiv ws ote TOY hirwy Tis avTOY Ew Tov ovTE THY ExO pov KaKas UTrepeBaneTo. AYZSANAPOY KAI SYAAA 3YPKPIRIS I. ’Enret 66 Kal TO TOUTOU dueAnrAvOapev ior, omen On 7 pos THY oUyKpLaLy. TO pev ovv ad’ EAUTOV avincews apxny AaBovar peyaros yeE- vécOat KOWOV apport épors vmrnptev, idsov be Avadv6pou 70 Bovropevav TOV TOMT@VY Kab UylaivovTwy saas éo €V apxas raBeiv, Bua- cacbat Sé pndev axovtwv pnd icxdoat Tapa TOUS VO{LOUS. "Ev 5€ Styootacin Kal o mayKaKxos éd\dNayeE TLL, domep év ‘Pwun tote SiepPappevov Tov Sjpou Kat vooourTos avtois Tov TOMTEVPLATOS ddNos adrax ob ev dvia Tato Suvacrns. Kat ovdev mv Oavpactov ef YWAras Hoxev, Ste TAaveias wat 444 476 COMPARISON OF LYSANDER AND SULLA the pyre, and roused a mighty flame, and there was just time to collect the bones for burial, while the pyre was smouldering and the fire was going out, when a heavy rain began to fall, which continued till night. Therefore his good fortune would seem to have lasted to the very end, and taken part in his funeral rites. At any rate, his monument stands in the Campus Martius, and the inscription on it, they say, is one which he wrote for it himself, and the substance of it is, that no friend ever surpassed him in kindness, and no enemy in mischief. COMPARISON OF LYSANDER AND SULLA I. AND now since we have completed this Life also, let us come at once to the Comparison. In this respect, then, they were alike, namely, that both were _ founders of their own greatness; but it was a peculiar virtue in Lysander that he obtained all his high offices with the consent of his fellow-citizens, and when affairs were in a sound condition; he did not force anything from them against their will, nor did he acquire any power which was contrary to the laws. ‘‘ But in a time of sedition, the base man too is in honour,” ! and so in Rome at that time, since the people was corrupt and their government in a distempered state, men of various origin rose to power. And it was no wonder that Sulla held sway, when such men as 1 A proverb in hexameter verse, attributed to Callimachus of Alexandria. Plutarch uses it also in the Niczas, xi. 3, and in Morals, p. 479 a. 445 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Laropvivor MerédXovs HAavvOY éx Tis TONEWS, brarov dé amecpaTTovTo maives évy éxxrAnoLals, apryupicp dé Kal Ypuoig Ta Ora TrapedapBavov @VOV [EVOL TOUS OT PATEVOMEVOUS, Tupl dé Kal ordnpe TOUS VO [L0US ériOecay Bralopevor Tous avTtheyovTas. OUK aitiapat dé tov év ToLovToLs Tpary pace peytotov toxdoat Siamrpakdpevor, anna. onpetov ov Tiepat Tov BédreaTov elva TO ye- véo Oat T p@ToOV obrw ‘Tovnpa mparrovens THs Torews. 0 O€ aro THS Lmdprns eUVOMOULEVTS TOTE pada Kal swppovovans € émt Tas peyioras EXT ELT OMEYOS Hryepovias Kal mpagers oxedov dploTov apis ros éxpiveto Kal T POT OV T P@TOS. 60ev o ev roAdAKis THY apynv arodous Tois TOMLT ALS avéraBe TOAAEKLS* Oépeve yap % n Tem THS apEeTAs éxouga TO mpwretoy’ 0 6€ amrak aipeBels TT PATEVLATOS NyEpeov, érn TUVEX DS béxa, vov _ bev imarop, viv dé SueTaTopa TOL@V éauror, ae 5é dy Tupavvos, év Ttois dios emevev. II. "Errexeipnoe pep ou 0 Avaavépos, as elpnTat, HeTATTHO AL Ta mept THY TONTELAY T™ pqo- TEpov Kat VO pL eT Epov H YwaAras metBoi yap, ov be Oro ovoée mavra ovAANnBSnv avatpav, domep éxeivos, GX avTny émavopOovpevos THY KaTadoTaciwy Tov _Bacthéwv: ") Kal pucet Trou Sixasov edoxet, tov é& apiarev dipta Tov dpxeuw ép monet THS ‘EAAd60s mVOUpeDy | by apeTny, ov bc evryeveray. BomTep yap _Kuvnyos ov onret TO eK KUVOS, ara Kuva, Kal imrTreKos: inmrov, ov TO é& immou: ti yap, av é& immou jyiovos yévntac; 446 COMPARISON OF LYSANDER AND SULLA Glaucia and Saturninus drove such men as Metellus from the city, when sons of consuls were butchered in assemblies, when silver and gold purchased arms and men to wield them, and laws were enacted with fire and sword in defiance of all opposition. Now I do not blame the man who, in such a state of affairs, forced his way to supreme power; but I cannot re- gard his becoming first man, when the city was in such an evil plight, as a proof that he was also the best man. Whereas Lysander, since Sparta was at the height of good government and sobriety when she sent him forth upon the greatest commands and undertakings, was virtually decided to be first of her first men, and best of her best. Lysander, therefore, though he often surrendered his power into the hands of his fellow-citizens, as often received it back again, since the honour accorded to virtue continued to rank highest in the state; but Sulla, when he had once been chosen leader of an army, remained in arms for ten years together, making himself now consul, and now dictator, but always being a usurper. II. It is true, indeed, that Lysander attempted, as I have said, to change the form of government, but it was by milder and more legal methods than Sulla’s; by persuasion, namely, not by force of arms, nor by subverting everything at once, as Sulla did, but by amending merely the appointment of the kings. And it seemed but natural justice, in a way, that the best of the best should rule in a city which had the leadership in Hellas by virtue of his excellence, and not of his noble birth. For just as a hunter looks for a dog, and not the whelp of a certain bitch, and a horseman for a horse, and not the foal of a certain mare (for what if the foal should prove to be a mule?), 447 PLUTARCH’S LIVES obTws ) TOALT LKOS Gpapryactas TOU TAVTOS, éav py nth Tov apYovTa Tis éoTwW, GAA ex TOS. avrot yé ToL Lrapriaras Baothevovras Evious aeihovro THY apxny, OS ov Bacthxovs, adda pavrous Kal TO pnodev évTas. ei 58 Kaxia kal pera yévous aT ipov, oud apern Ss evyévecar, arr’ ad’ EQuTAs EVTLov. Ai toivuy ddiciat Te pev OTép pirov, ™@ S aX pe didov em pdx Onaar. Aveavdpos (Mey yap opororyet ras Ta mheiora dua TUS. éraipous ef - apapreiy Kal Tas mAéeioTas a paryas uTép THS excivov anepyacacGat duvacteias kal Tupavyidos: LwAAas dé Kal Hopmniov TreptéKowpe TO oTpare- @TLKOV dOovncas, cat AoroRéAXa THY vavapxiay emrexeipnae dous aperéo Gar, Kat Aouxpyttov ‘Opedray aytl TorAdK@y Kal peyddor UTaTelay pva[evov ev opbarpois anoapagat mpocéTate, pplenv kat déos ep TrOLaY 7 pos abroy av pwr ots aract Sta THS TOV pirtarav dvatpécens. IT. "Ett 6¢ padAXov % mepl Tas doves Kal Ta Xpijpara oToven deixvucr Tob pey HYEMOVLKND, Tou O€ TUpAvYLKnY THY Tpoatpeciy ovcav. Oo pep yap ovdeyv adkoAacToV ovdE erpaKades € év éEovcia kal Ouvdpet THMKAUTD paiverat Svarremparypévos, aXD’, el 6 Tis AAXos, extrepevyas TOUTL TO TreplaKTov’ “Olxot Néovtes, ev tbrralOpw dé aro- TEKES* OUT cad pova Kat Aakovixny Kat Kekoas pevny émedetkvuTo Tavraxov thy diatrav. 0 Oe obTe vEOS av ) Trepl Tas emudupias cnet pate dua THY Teviay ovTE ynpacas Oia THY HrLKAY, 448 COMPARISON OF. LYSANDER AND SULLA so the statesman makes an utter mistake if he en- quires, not what sort of a man the ruler is, but from whom he is descended. And indeed the Spartans themselves deposed some of their kings, for the reason that they were not kingly men, but insignifi- cant nobodies. And if vice, even in one of ancient family, is dishonourable, then it must be virtue itself, and not good birth, that makes virtue honourable. Moreover, the acts of injustice which one wrought, were in behalf of his friends; while the other’s ex- tended to his friends. For it is generally agreed that Lysander committed the most of his transgres- sions for the sake of his comrades, and that most of his massacres were perpetrated to maintain their power and sovereignty; but Sulla cut down the number of Pompey’s soldiers out of jealousy, and tried to take away from Dolabella the naval command which he had given him, and when Lucretius Ofella sued for the consulship as a reward for many great services, ordered him to be slain before his eyes, causing all men to regard him with fear and horror because of his murdering his dearest friends. III. Still further, in their pursuit of riches and pleasures we discover that the purpose of one was more befitting a commander, that of the other more characteristic of a tyrant. For Lysander appears to have perpetrated no act of wantonness or youthful folly while he enjoyed such great authority and power, nay, if ever man did, he avoided the praise and re- proach of the proverb: “Lions at home, but foxes abroad ”’; so sober, Spartan, and restrained was the way of life which he everywhere manifested. But Sulla allowed neither the poverty of his youth to set bounds to his desires, nor the years of his old age, 449 VOL. IV. GG PLUTARCH’S LIVES ada, Tous Treph ydpov Kal Todpposvvns elo nyelTo VOMOUS Tois ToAiTats avTos Epav Kal porxevor, OS once LarovaTL0s. 60ev ovTw THY TONY TTOX NY Kal Kevny eroinde Xpnpdr ov Gore Tais cuppaxiar kal piraus TONE LY apyupiou TwWNELWV THV érevdepiav Kal THY avrovopiay, KatToe TOUS ToAvapyupwratous otkous Kal peyiatous oonwepae MpevOVTOS avrTod Kal amroKnpuTTOVTOS. ara per pov ovden 7 hy Tov pum Toupéver Kal KaTaxopn- youpeveov els TOUS Kohakas. TWa yap €LKOS elvat hoyic mov 17 peda Tpos Tas Tap olvov auvovatas avrov Kal Xapitas, Os €v havep@ tote ToD Sijpou TEPLETTOTOS ovatay ) peyarny Svamimpac Kev TLULTS THS Tuxovans eis &va TOY pirov éxéXeve xata- Knpiacew, érépou bé THY Tiny UTepBaropévov kal tov KHpuUKOS TO mpoo tebe a@yopevoavTos Sunyavdntnce, “Aeiva Yes @ pirou Tonirat, Kat TUPAVYLKA waaXe,” GpeEvos, ‘el Ta éua pot Nadupa babe Gar Ba ekeatw @s Bovdopar.” Avoavépos 5é kai tas avT@ Sobeicas Swpeds peta TOV addov anémeppe Tots mwoMTats. Kab ovK éTrawa TO Epyou" lows yap Braye ) KTNOEL TOY XonudTov THY Lndpryv obTOs Goov ovK éBrawe ™H apatpéret THY ‘Payny éxelvos’ ANNA Tex unpLov TOUTO TroLovpLAL THS adthorhoutias Tob avdpos. idsov d€ TL TrpOsS THY éauTov TOMY éxdtepos émabe. LvrAras pev yap GKONaTTOS OV Kal TONUTENNS éowd porte TOUS TohiTas, Avoav- 6 pos 5 av avros amreixeTo Tad ay eve noe Ty ONLY, @OTE dpaptavetv TOV pev avutov évta YEeLpova TOV idtcov VOMOV, tov 6é aurod Yel povas amepyaCouevov tovs Troditas’ detc0ar yap édidake 450 7 di COMPARISON OF LYSANDER AND SULLA but continued to introduce marriage and sumptuary laws for the citizens, while he himself was living in lewdness and adultery, as Sallust says. In these courses he so beggared and emptied the city of her wealth that he sold to allied and friendly cities their freedom and independence for money, although he was daily confiscating and selling at public auction the wealthiest and greatest estates. Nay, there was no measuring what he lavishly squandered and threw away upon his flatterers. For what calculation or economy could be expected in his convivial associ- ations and delights, when, on a public occasion, with the people standing about, at the sale of a large property, he ordered the crier to knock it down to one of his friends at a nominal price, and when an- other bidder raised the price and the crier announced the advance, he flew into a rage, saying: “It is a dreadful wrong, my dear citizens, and a piece of usurpation, that I cannot dispose of my own spoils as I wish.” But Lysander sent home for public use even the presents which had been given to him along with the rest of his spoils. Not that I commend what he did; for he, perhaps, by his acquisition of money for Sparta, injured her more than Sulla injured Rome by robbing her of it; but I offer this as a proof of the man’s indifference to riches. Moreover, each had a peculiar experience with his own city. Sulla, who knew. no restraint in his extravagance, tried to bring the citizens into ways of sobriety ; while Lysander filled his city with the passions to which he himself was a stranger. The former erred, therefore, in falling below the standard of his own laws ; the latter, in causing the citizens to fall below his own standard, since he taught Sparta to want 451 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THhv Sardaprnv av avTtos éuabe wn mpocdeicat. Kal Ta ev TOALTLKG TAUTA. IV. Tlonépeov dé aydot Kal oTpatnyiKais mpafeot Kal wrnOer TpoTraiwy Ka peyeber Kwov- veov aavyKpLTos o ‘2vAdas. 0 pévTor ye Svo viKas efnveyxato vavpaxiats éuct- mpoa Ono dé avT@ THY "AOnvev TOMOpKiaY, épyp méev ov peyandny, TH 5e 60&n Aapmporarny yevopmevny. Ta év Bowwtia kal ‘AM pT Sua Tuxig pep lows empdxOn Twit, xaxoBouhia dé TpoaéorKev OuK avapEivavTos Scov ovT@ Tapodaay éx IIda- TALQV Tv peydday TOU Bacthéws Suvapuy, adrA Oup@ Kal prror iia Tapa Katpovy w@capévouv T pos TO TELXOS, Gare Tous TUXOVTAS avOpaous éx- mndycavras év ovdevt hoy kataBanrel avtov. ov yap Os Kron Spores ev AeveTpous avrepeioav emrietpevors TOIS Toneptors, OVOE OS Kipos ovde as ‘Errapetvovbas KaTéyov eyKenMKoTas Kat TO vinta, , BeBarovpevos TANYD Katpig TEPLET ET ED” GAN’ ovTot pev Baciréwy Kal otpatnyov Java- tov améOvyoxop, Avaavdpos dé wehTaa Too Kat ™ podpopov dingy AKNEWS Tapavarwaas éavTov, évapTupnce Tots mahavois Lraptidrass 6 Ort Kadeos epudatrovTo TAS TeLtyouaxias, év als oux um avd pos povov TOU TUXOVTOS, GAA Kat UTO Tatoos Kal yuvareos an oBaveiv av Tv TUX OL TANYEVTA TOV KpaTLaTov, OoTEp tov ‘Aytrr\éa gaclv tro tov Ildpidos é év Tais TUAaLS avatpeOijvat. 2wAXas pev ovv boas éx mapatatens EViKNGE vixas Kal xatéBane pupiddas Tohepioov oveé aprOunoat padiop € éoTiy: aur ny bé THV ‘Pony dls elhe, kal tov Tlepacd tov "AOnvav ov po 452 COMPARISON OF LYSANDER AND SULLA what he himself had learned not to want. Such was their influence as statesmen... IV. But as regards contests in .war, achievements in generalship, number of trophies, and magnitude of dangers encountered, Sulla is beyond compare. Lysander, it is true, won two victories in as many naval battles; and I will add to his exploits his siege of Athens, which was really not a great affair, al- though the reputation of it was most brilliant. What occurred in Boeotia and at Haliartus, was due, per- haps, to a certain evil fortune ; but it looks as though he was injudicious in not waiting for the large forces of the king, which had all but arrived from Plataea, instead of allowing his resentment and ambition to lead him into an inopportune assault upon the walls, with the result that an inconsiderable and random body of men sallied out and overwhelmed him. For he received his death wound, not as Cleombrotus did, at Leuctra, standing firm against the enemy’s onsets, nor as Cyrus did, or Epaminondas, rallying his men and assuring the victory to them; these all died the death of kings and generals. But Lysander threw away his life ingloriously, like a common targeteer or skirmisher, and bore witness to the wisdom of the ancient Spartans in avoiding assaults on walled cities, where not only an ordinary man, but even a child or a woman may chance to smite and slay the mightiest warrior, as Achilles, they say, was slain by Paris at the gates. In Sulla’s case, at any rate, it is no easy matter even to enumerate the pitched battles which he won and the myriads of enemies whom he slew; Rome itself he captured twice, and he took the Piraeus of ® 453 PLUTARCH’S LIVES xabarep Avcavépos, GAAa TroANOIs ayaou Kal peydnros, exBarov Apxéraov éx THs yhs él Thy Oadnattrayv, xatécyev. ote b€ péya Kal TO TeV avTiaTpaThnyov. Tpudny yap ola cal tradiav mpos ’Avtioyov Siavavpayeiy tov “AdxtBiddov xuBepyytnv, Kat Diroxréa Tov: AOnvaiwy éEarr- atav Snpayoyov, "Adofov, dxpav yA@ooay nKovnpévov: ods ovK av immoxou@ MiOpidarns oddé paBdovxy@ Mapuos jEiwoe TapaRanrelv Tov éavtov. Tav é N / > V4 A e r mpos LWArav avtapapévwv dvvactav, vrdtwv, oTpaTnyav, Snuaywyav, iva Tovs addous edow, 4 tis Rv “‘Pwpaiwv Mapiov doBepwrepos 4 McOprda- tou Bacttéwv Svvata@tepos 7 Aapmaviov Kat Terecivou trav Itadixav paxiporepos; wv éxeivos \ \ 9¢/ \ be es \ 82 > s Tov pev é€éBare, Tov O€ virétake, Tous O€ a7ré- KTELVE. V. To &€ wavrwv péytotov, a> eyo vopito, Tav eipnuévay exeivo éotiv, Ott Avoavdpos pév Kkat@p0ov wavta Tov oiKkoL cuvayorfouévwr, v4 \ \ A \ , e \ LwrAras 6€ huyas Ov Kal KatTecTactacpevos LTO aA nA / A Tav éxOpav, kal” by ypovov nravVETO eV avTOD 4 4 de > / }- de b) LQ yuvn, catecxamTeTo 5é oixia, piros dé amréOvnoxor, 9 AN 3 v4 a > 4 ? autos év Bowrig ais dvapiOunross pupiaot e A 4 Tapataccopevos Kal Kivdvvevov UTrép THS TaTpi- VA dos, toTn tpotraov, kat MiOpidatn cuppayiav PS PS 4 \ Py , > \ \ bd @ \ yO Oa lo) voovTt Kal dvvapwy emi Tovs ExOpovs ovdev ovdaLy 454 e 478 COMPARISON OF LYSANDER AND SULLA Athens, not by famine, as Lysander did, but by a series of great battles, after he had driven Archelaiis from the land to the sea. It is important, too, that we consider the character of their antagonists. For ‘I think it was the merest child’s play to win a sea- fight against Antiochus, Alcibiades’ pilot, or to outwit Philocles, the Athenian demagogue, “Inglorious foe, whose only weapon is a sharpened tongue” ;! such men as these Mithridates would not have deigned to compare with his groom, nor Marius with his lictor. But of the dynasts, consuls, generals, and demagogues who lifted themselves against Sulla, to pass by the rest, who among the Romans was more formidable than Marius? who among the kings was more power- ful than Mithridates? who among the Italians was more warlike than Lamponius and Telesinus? And yet Sulla banished the first of these, subdued the second, and slew the others. V. But what is of more weight, in my opinion, than any thing yet mentioned, Lysander achieved all his successes with the co-operation of the authori- ties at home; whereas Sulla, though he was over- powered by a hostile faction, and an exile, at a time when his wife was being driven from home, his house being demolished, and his friends being slain, when he himself, too, was confronting countless myriads of enemies in Boeotia and risking his life for his country, set up his trophy of victory; and not even when Mithridates offered him an alliance and forces to wield against his enemies at Rome, would he make 1 An iambic trimeter of unknown authorship (Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 921). 455 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pararov éveSconev oudé piravOpwrov, aXN oude Tm pocetrrev avde THY defray évéBane TpOoTEpov 7) mubec ba Ta. povTos 6Te Kab THY "Aciav adinat Kab Tas vans mapacidoct Kat Tots Bactrebow eBloratas kat Bidvvias nal Karraéoxias. @v ovdev Srws Soxed YUAAaS KadANOV epyov ovee amo peiCovos elpydoOas pov" patos, OTL TO Kowov TOU oixetov mpoobev Géwevos, Kal xabamep ot yevvator KUVES ovK avels TO Ofrypa Kal THY raBnv ™ poTepov ) Tov avTayovisT ay amevmely, TOTE 7 POs THY TOV iSteov a&puvay Gpunoer. ent nae dé Kal 70 Tept Tas “AOnvas & yeu TLva, pony els nOous avyxpiow* elye 2wrras pev vIrép THS M:Opisarou Suvdpews kal nryepwovias TONE U- cacay avTe THY TOA éAOV édevOépav adijce Kat aUTOvO"OY, Avoavdpos b¢ TOG AUTHS nyewovias Kal apxns éxiecovoay ovK PuTELpEV, GANA Kal THY Snjwoxpatiav vi depsmnee a@poTaTous QuTh Kal Tapavopovs atré eve TOUS Tupavvous. "Opa 67 oKoTrElLDy, pay ov TWoNU Tadnovs du- apapTdvepev arrop aLvouevor TEOVa eV KaTwp- Owxévas 2vAday, ehaT Tova dé eEnuaptycévas Avaav6pop, Kal TO pev éyxpareias Kal awdpo- -TUUNS, To SéaTtpaTnyias Kal avdpeias amrodsdovTes TO Trpwreiov. 456 COMPARISON OF LYSANDER AND SULLA any concession whatsoever, or show him kindness even; nay, he would not so much as greet him or give him his hand, until he heard him say personally that he would relinquish Asia, hand over his ships, and restore Bithynia and Cappadocia to their rightful kings. No act of Sulla’s whatsoever appears more honourable than this, or due to a loftier spirit, because he set the public interests before his own, and, like dogs of noble breed, did not relax his bite or let go his hold until his adversary had yielded, and then only did he set out to avenge his own private wrongs. And besides all this, their treatment of Athens is of some weight in a comparison of their characters. Sulla, after taking the city, although it had fought against him to support the power and supremacy of Mithridates, restored her to freedom and indepen- dence; whereas Lysander, although she had fallen from such a great supremacy and empire, showed her no pity, but took away her democratic form of government, and appointed most savage and lawless men to be her tyrants. We may now consider whether we shall err very much from the truth in pronouncing our verdict that Sulla won the more successes, while Lysander had the fewer failings; and in giving to the one the preéminence in self-control and moderation, to the other, in generalship and valour. 457 Digitized by Google A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES 459 Digitized by Google A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES A Abydos, 105, a city of Mysia, on the eastern shore of the Hellespont, nearly opposite Sestos on the European side. Acastus, 441, mythical king of Iolcus in Thessaly. He was one of the Argonauts, and took part in the Calydonian boar-hunt. Aedepsus, 409, a town on the N.W. coast of Euboea, nearly opposite Thermopylae on the mainland. Aegospotami, 107, a stream on the western side of the Hellespont, nearly opposite Lampsacus, with a town of the same name upon it. Agatharchus, 43, of Samos, pro- minent at Athens as a theatrical scene-painter, 460—420 B.o. Alcman, 441, the greatest lyric t of Sparta, who lived from about 670 to about 630 B.o. He was a Lydian by birth, and was brought to Sparta as a slave. Alcmene, 313, wife of Amphitryon king of Thebes, and mother of Heracles by Zeus. After the death of Amphitryon she married Rhadamanthus. Amphictyons, 363, officers of the Amphictyonic League, which comprised the peoples whose common sanctuaries were the temple of Apollo at Delphi and that of Demeter at Anthela, near Thermopylae. Amphitryon, 313, mythical king of Thebes, and husband of Alcmene. PLUT. IV Anaxagoras, 263, of Clazomenae in Tonian Asia Minor, prominent at Athens as an advanced thinker from about 460-432 B.c., when ‘tthe enemies of Pericles brought about his banishment. Anaxandrides, 281, the Delphian, probably of the third century B.C., author of a work on the plundered offerings of Delphi. Andronicus, 407, the Rhodian, head of the Peripatetic school of phi!- osophy at Rome in the middle of the first century B.O. Antemnae, 423, an ancient city of Latium, some three miles south of Rome, just below the junction of the Anio with the Tiber. Anthesterion, 373, the eighth month of the Attic calendar, correspond- ing to the latter part of February and first part of March. Antigonus Doson, 143, a grandson of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and king of Macedonia 229-221 B.C. Antilochus, 283, otherwise unknown. Antimachus, 283, of Colophon, a celebrated poet of Lysander’s time, called ‘“‘clarus poeta’’ in Cicero, Brutus, 51, 191. Antisthenes, 3, the Socratic, a upil of Gorgias and friend of ocrates. Antium, 149, 163, 167, 171, 181, 215, a city of Latium, on the sea- coast about forty miles south of Rome. Anytus, 13, 151, an influential politician at Athens, afterwards 461 DICTIONARY OF rincipal accusers of r whose death he was sent into exile by the Athenians. Apellicon, 407, of Teos, a Peri- patetic philosopher, and a great collector of books by foul means and fair. He was obliged to fly from Athens to save his life, but returned to be prominent under the tyrant Aristion. He was not living when his library was taken to Rome. Archestratus, 43, 285, perhaps the choral poet mentioned in the Aristides, i. 4, as flourishing dur- ing the Peloponnesian war. Arginusae, 249, a group of three small islands between Lesbos and the mainland. Ariobarzanes, 335, 337, 399, 405, became king of Cappadocia in 93 B.C., but was soon afterwards expelled by Tigranes, king of Armenia,the son-in-law of Mithri- dates. Aristion, 361, 367, 401, illegitimate son of an Athenian Peripatetic philosopher named Athenion, to whose property and citizenshi he succeeded. He also taugh philosophy. He was sent as an ambassador of Athens to Mithri- dates, in whose confidence he established himself, and on re- turning to Athens in 88 B.c. made himself tyrant of the city through the patronage and in the interest of that monarch. Aristophon, 43, a distinguished Athenian painter, brother of the great Polygnotus. Aglaophon, however, was probably the author of the painting here spoken of. Arsaces, 335, Arsaces IX. in the succession of Parthian rulers bearing this name. He seems to have asked for and obtained an alliance with Rome. Asia, 359, 397, 399, the country on the west coast of Asia Minor out of which the Romans formed the province of Asia in 129 B.o. Aspendus, 77, a city of Pamphylia 462 one of the Socrates, a PROPER NAMES in southern Asia Minor, on the river Eurymedon. Aulis, 309, a town of Boeotia, on the strait of Euripus, nearly opposite Chalcis in Euboea. It was the rendezvous for the ex- pedition of the Greeks under Agamemnon against Troy. -B Battus, 143, Battus II., the third king of ¢yrene, on the north coast of Africa. His reign began in 588 and ended soon after 570 B.O. Bola, 187, an ancient town in Latium, of uncertain site. . Bocchus, 329, 331, 333, 337, a king of Mauritania, who betrayed Jugurtha to the Romans in 106 B.C. ; Bosporus, 359, the kingdom of this name extended along’ the northern shore of the Euxine sea, on either side of the strait be- tween that sea and Lake Maeotis, the strait called the Cimmerian Bosporus. C Cappadocia, 335, the eastern dis- trict of Asia Minor, between Pontus on the north and Cilicia on the south, and bordering on Armenia. Callisthenes, 441, of Olynthus, a philosopher and historian, who attended Alexander the Great on his expedition in the East until put to death by him in 328 B.o. Capua, 4138, the capital city of ampania, finally subdued by the Romans in 211 B.o. Carbo, 397, 415, 419, 421, Cnaeus Papirius, one of the leaders of the Marian party. After his flight to Libya (p. 419) he was taken prisoner by Pompey and cruelly put to death (Pompey, chapter x.). Catiline, 431, Lucius Sergius, the DICTIONARY OF famous conspirator in the consul- ship of Cicero, 63B.0. (Cicero, chapters x.—xxii.). Censorinus, 387, Caius Marcius rominent among the leaders of he Marian party and in many conflicts with Sulla. He was finally taken prisoner and put to death by Sulla in 82 B.0. Cicero speaks of him (Brutus, 67, 237) as well versed in Greek literature. Chalcedon, 85, 87, 89, a Greek city in Bithynia opposite Byzantium. Chalcis, 389, $91, a city in Euboea, on the strait of Euripus, nearly opposite Chalcis in Boeotia. Chersonese, 243, 255, 257, 263, the Thracian Chersonese, or penin- sula, on the west of the Helles- pont. Choerilus, 281, of Samos, 479-399 B.O., author of an epic poem on the Persian wars. Cinna, 357, 397, Lucius Cornelius, leader of the Marian party during Sulla’s absence in the East (87- 84 B.0.). He was consul in 87, 86, 85, and 84. He was slain in a mutiny of his soldiers at Brun- disium, where he hoped to pre- vent the landing of Sulla. Circeii, 185, a town of Latium, on the sea-coast about eighty miles S.E. of Rome. Cithaeron, Mt., 311, a range of mountains separating Attica and Boeotia. Clazomenae, 81, an Ionian city on the southern shore of the bay of Smyrna. Cleanthes, 15, of Assos, a Stoic philosopher, who succeeded Zeno as head of the school at Athens in 263 B.o. His Hymn to Zeus is still extant. Cleon, the Halicarnassian, 303, 305, & rhetorician who flourished at the close of the fifth and the beginning of the fourth centuries 0 B.O. Critias, 97, 113, a brilliant foliower of Socrates, like Alcibiades, and later one of the Thirty Tyrants. He was author of tragedies and elegiac poems. PROPER NAMES Cyzicus, 67, 81, 83, a Greek city on the Propontis, in Mysia. D Datmachus, 2638, 267, perhaps the same person as the ‘Daimachus of Plataea (Comparison of Solon and Publicola, iv. 1), a historian who flourished in the latter part of the fourth centary B.C. Dionysius, 237, the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse from 405 to 367 B.c. Dodona, 305, a town in Bpirus, famous in earlier times for its oracle of Zeus, the influence of which among the Greek states was subsequently assumed by the oracle of Apollo at Delphi. Dolabella, 415, 421, 449, Cnaeus Cornelius, consul in 81 B.0., and afterwards proconsul of Mace- donia. In 77, he was prosecuted by Julius Caesar for maladmini- stration of his province (Caesar, iv. 1). Duris, the Samian, 93, 281, his- torian and for a time tyrant of Samos, a pupil of Theophrastus. He lived about 350-280 B.c. He was an extravagant and sensa- tional writer. Dyrrhachium, 409, a city on the coast of illyricum known in Greek history as Epidamnus. It was a free state, and sided with the Romans consistently. E Ephorus, 95, 277, 291, 305, 319, of Cymé, pupil of Isocrates with Theopompus, and author of a highly rhetorical history of Greece from earliest times down to 340 B.o., in which year he died. Epidaurus, 363, a city on the east coast of Argolis in Peloponnesus famous for its shrine and cult o Aesculapius. Eumolpus, 369, a mythical Thracian bard and warrior, called in to aid Eleusis against Athens, and slain by Erechtheus. 463 DICTIONARY OF Evagoras, 261, king of Salamis in Cyprus, extravagantly praised, in the oration of Isocrates bearing his name, as a mild and just ruler. He was a constant friend of Athens from the time here men- tioned till his death in 374 B.c. F Fenestella, 417, a Roman historian who flourished during the reign of Augustus. Fidentia, 413, a town of Cisalpine Gaul (now northern Italy), on the Via Aemilia, south of the Po. G Gelo, 155, tyrant of Syracuse 485-— 478 B.0., and victor over the Carthaginians at Himera in 480 B.C, Glaucia, 447, Caius Servilius, prae- tor in 1008B.0., a partizan of Marius, and partner of Saturninus in the pop tumults of that year. e perished with Satur- ninus. Cicero compares him to the Athenian demagogue Hyper- bolus (Brutus, 62, 224). H Heraea, 295, a city of north- western Arcadia in Peloponnesus. I Isocrates, 27, the celebrated Attic orator and rhetorician, 436-338 BO. ~ J Juba, 381, Juba II., king of Mauri- tania. He lived from 508B.c. to about 20 4.D., was educated at Rome, and became a learned and voluminous writer. Among his works was a History of Rome. 464 PROPER NAMES Jugurtha, 329, 331, 337, king of Numidia 112-106 B.c., when he was brought a prisoner to nee and starved to death in 4. L Lamponius, the Lucanian, 419, 455, one of the principal leaders of the Italians in the war with Rome (90-88 B.c.). Lampsacus, 107, 255, a famous Greek city on the Asiatic side of ene Hellespont, opposite Aegos- potami. Larissa, 401, an important city in N.E. Thessaly. Laverna, 341, of unknown site. Lavicum, 187, an ancient town in Latium, of uncertain site. Lavinium, 189, an ancient town of Latium, near the sea-coast, about seventeen miles 8.E. of Rome. Lepidus, 435, 437, 443, Marcus Aemilius, father of the triumvir. He was driven from Italy by Pompey in 77B.C., and died shortly afterwards in Sardinia. M Maedi, 403, a powerful le in the west of Thrace. is Maeotis, Lake, 359, the modern ase of Azov, north of the Black ea. Malea, Cape, 359, the S.E. extremity of Laconia in Peloponnesus, now Cape St. Angelo. Marsi, 331, a warlike nation in central Italy, often victorious over the Romans. They were finally subdued soon after 89 B.c., and admitted to Roman citizen- ship. Metellus 341, 843, 419, Quintus Caecilius, surnamed Pius, consul with Sulla in 80 B.c., and one of his most successful generals. After Sulla’s death in 79 B.c., he went as proconsul to Spain to prosecute the war against Ser- DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES torius (Crassus, chapter vi.). It has been shown that Metella, the wife of Sulla, was not the daugh- ter of Metellus Pius, but of Metellus Daimaticus, his uncle. Metellus, 447, Quintus Caecilius, surnamed Numidicus, consul in 109 B.O., and conqueror of Jugurtha. As censor in 102 B.c., he attempted to expel Saturninus and Glaucia from the senate, but was prevented from doing so and himself expelled and driven into exile for a year (100-99 B.0o.). ‘Meton, 45, the astrologer, the most famous mathematician and astro- nomer of his time. In 432 B.0., he published a new calendar with a cycle of nineteen years, in- tended to reconcile the lunar and solar years. Mithridates, 335, 343, 351, 359, the sixth king of Pontus bearing this hame, commonly called Mithri- dates the Great, 120-63 B.o., the most formidable enemy of the Romans in the East. Mucius, 441, probably Publius Mucius Scaevola, consul in 133 B.O. Munychion, 273, the tenth month in the Attic calendar, correspond- ing to the latter part of April and first part of May. N ~tet Niceratus of Heracleia, 283, other- wise unknown. Nicomedes, 399, 405, the third king of Bithynia bearing this name. He was reseated on his throne in 90 and 848.0. by the Romans, and reigned ten years after the second restoration till his death in 74 B.C. Nola, 351, 353, an ancient and im- rtant town in Campania, some wenty miles S.E. of Capua. Norbanus, 411, 413, consul in 83 B.c. After his defeats by Sulla and Metellus, he fled to Rhodes, where he put an end to his life. VOL. IV. P Panactum, 33, a fortress of Attica on the confines of Boeotia, be- trayed to the Thebans in 420 B.o. (Thuc., v. 3, 5). Pedum, 187, an ancient town of Latium, of uncertain site. Peenun, 359, 401, the chief city of Mysia in Asia Minor, from 363 to 133 B.c., the seat of the Attalid dynasty. The last Attalid be- queathed his kingdom to the Romans. Pharnabazus, 67, 81-89, 111, 113 115, 285, 287, 289, 301, satrap of the Persian provinces about the Hellespont from 412 till 393. Pherecydes, 441, of Syros, a writer on cosmogony and mythology who flourished about the middle of the sixth century B.o. Philippi, 403, a city of Macedonia on the river Strymon, formerly called Crenides, renamed by Philip the father of Alexander the Great. Phocaea, 243, the most northerly of the Ionian cities in Asia Minor. Phyle, 291, 311, a fortress on Mt. arnes commanding the road from Athens and Eleusis to Thebes, some sixteen miles from Athens. Pompeius, Quintus, 343, 351, sur- named Rufus, tribune in 199, raetor in 91, and consul with ulla in 888.c. Sulla left him in charge of Italy on setting out for the East, but he was murdered ue the soldiers of Pompeius Strabo who had been assigned to his command. Pontus, 305, 359, 397, the district extending along the S.E. shore of the Euxine Sea, the seat of the kingdom of Mithridates. Praeneste, 417, 499, 423, 429, an ancient city of Latium on a spur of the Apennines about twenty- three miles east of Rome. Proconnesus, 81, an island in the western part of the Propontis. Ptolemy, Lathyrus, 143, Ptolemy VITI,, king of Egypt 117-81 B.o., surnamed also Soter and Philo- metor 465 DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES R Rhadamanthus, 313, mythical son of Zeus and Europa, brother of Minos the king of Crete. He fied from Crete to Ocaleia in Boeotia, where he married Alemene. He became one of the judges in the lower world. Roscius, 439, a great actor, from whom Cicero learned much, and of whom he often speaks in high babes of praise (cf. pro Archia, 3 Ss Sallust, 451, 86-348.0., historian of the Conspiracy of Catiline, of the Jugurthine War (111-106 B.0o.) and also, in a work that is lost, of portions of the Civil Wars. Saturninus, 447, Lucius Appuleius a Roman noble who allied himself with Marius and the popular party, tribune in 102 and 100 B.o., in which year he perished at the hands of a mob. Selymbria, 87, 89, a Greek city on the northern shore of the Pro- pone: some forty miles west of yzantium. Servilius, 419, Publius Servilius Vatia Tsauricus, made consul by Sulla in 79 B.o. In the following year he was sent as proconsul to Cilicia to clear the sea of pirates. He was successful, and received the surname of Isauricus from one of the robber tribes which he subdued. Sestos, 107, 109, 255, 257, 269, the chief town of the ‘Thracian Chersonese, opposite Abydos on the Asiatic side of the Hellespont. » 415, an ancient city of atium, now Segni, some thirty- five miles 8.E. of Rome, in the Volscian mountains. Silvium, 413, a town in the interior of Apulia, of uncertain site. Sphacteria, 35, an island stretching in front of the harbour of Pylos, on the western coast of Pelo- ponnesus. 466 T Tarentum, 411, a great and power- ful city in 8.E. Italy, at the head - of the gulf to which it gave its name, Taureas, 43, competed with Alci- biades as choregus in a dithy- rambic contest at the Greater Dionysia (cf. Demosthenes, Or. xxi. 147). Tectosages, 331, a Celtic people dwelling at the foot of the Pyrenees in Gallia Narbonensis. Tegea, 319, an ancient and powerful city in southern Arcadia of Peloponnesus. Theophrastus, 25, 267, 285, 407, the most famous pupil of Aristotie, and his successor as head of the Peripatetic school at Athens. He was born at Eresosin Lesbos, and died at Athens in 287 B.o. at the age of eighty-five. Theopompus, 95, 277, 319, of Chios, a fellow-pupil of Isocrates with Ephorus, historian of Greece from 411 to 3948B.0., and of Philip of Macedon (360-336 B.0.). He is always censorious of Athens and her popular leaders. Theopompus, the comic poet, 269 an Athenian poet of the Old an Middle Comedy, who wrote as late as 380 B.O. Theramenes, 3, 91, 271, a brilliant naval commander who co- operated successfully with Alci- biades in the closing years of the Peloponnesian war. He was one of the Thirty Tyrants and favoured a moderate course, but fell a victim to the jealousy and hatred of Critias. Thyateira, 405, a large city in the north of Lydia, about forty-five mniles 8.E. of Pergamum. Timon, 43, the misanthrope, an Athenian of the time of the Peloponnesian War. He is at- tacked by the comic poets as a man-hating solitary. Plutarch devotes chapter lxx. of his Antony to a sketch of the man. A dia- logue of Lucian bears his name. DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES Timotheus, 339, from 375 to 354 B.C. one of the most popular and successful Athenian commanders. Tolericum, 187, an ancient town in Latium, of uncertain site. Torquatus, 421, perhaps the Man- lius Torquatus who was pro- praetor of Africa about 70 B.o. Troad, 403, a district in the north- western angle of Mysia, bordering on the Hellespont and the Aegean Sea, named from ancient Troy. Tyrannio, the grammarian, 407, a native of Amisus in Pontus. .He was brought as a captive to Rome by Lucullus in 72 B.o. (Lucullus, xix. 7). There he became a teacher, was patronized and praised by Cicero, and amassed wealth. Vv Velitrae, 145, a city of Latium, on the southern slope of the Alban hills, about thirty miles S.E. of Rome. 467 | PLUTARCH'S LIVES. VoLUME I. THESEUS AND ROMULUS. LYCURGUS AND NUMA. SOLON AND PUBLICOLA. VoLumK II. THEMISTOCLES AND CAMILLUS. ARISTIDES AND CATO MAJOR. CIMON AND LUCULLUS. VoLuME III. PERICLES AND FABIUS MAXIMUS, NICIAS AND CRASSUS. VoLuME LV. ALCIBIADES AND CORIOLANUS. LYSANDER AND SULLA. PLUTARCH’S LIVES WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY BERNADOTTE PERRIN IN ELEVEN VOLUMES V AGESILAUS AND POMPEY PELOPIDAS AND MARCELLUS LONDON : WILLIAM HEINEMANN NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS MCMXVII 306280 ‘ * et * a . ’ s 4 - Jd 9 A ’ ’ . oF , Ye al 4 , ’ > a , » ' aos BER TR oe ae + ¢ . Fr ‘ PREFATORY NOTE As in the preceding volumes of this series, agree- ment between the Sintenis (Teubner, 1873-1875) and Bekker (Tauchnitz, 1855-1857) editions of the Parallel Lives has been taken as the basis for the text. Any preference of one to the other, and any departure from both, have been indicated. An abridged account of the manuscripts of Plutarch may be found in the Introduction to the first volume. Of the Lives presented in this volume, the Agesilaus and Pompey are contained in the Codex Sangermanensis (S*) and the Codex Seitenstettensis (S), and in a few instances weight has been given to readings from the Codex Matritensis (M*), on the authority of the collations of Charles Graux, as published in Burstans Jahresbericht (1884). No attempt has been made, naturally, to furnish either a diplomatic text or a full critical apparatus. For these, the reader must still be referred to the major edition of Sintenis (Leipzig, 1839-1846, 4 voll., 8vo). The reading which follows the colon in the critical notes is that of the Teubner Sintenis, and also, unless PREFATORY NOTE otherwise stated in the note, of the Tauchnitz Bekker. All the standard translations of the Lives have been carefully compared and utilized, including that of the Pompey by Professor Long. B. PERRIN. NEW Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. March, 1917. vl CONTENTS PAGK PREFATORY NOTE... . © as Het a HS 4 Vv ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION . . . Vill TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES a 1X AGESILAUS ... ..... «2 ee ee ee ees l POMPEY ... . |. 2... D'S COMPARISON OF AGESILAUS AND POMPEY... .. .... 326 PELOPIDAS ............. +... . . 889 MARCELLUS ........... .. 2... 2... 6 485 COMPARISON OF PELOPIDAS AND MARCELLUS. .. . . . 22 DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES. . . . .. » e883 Vii ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK LIVES. VoLuME I. Voutumer VI. (1) Theseus and Romulus. (22) Dion and Brutus. Comparison. | Comparison. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. | (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Comparison. | — Paulas. (3) Solon and Publicola. Comparison. Comparison. | Votume VII. Vode dl | (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. My | Comparison. (4) Themistocles and | (17) Alexander and Julius Camillus. Caesar. (9) es and Cato the VoLUME VIL. Comparison. (15) Sertorius and Kumenes. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. | Comparison. | Comparison. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. VouumME III. ites © VonLuME IX. = Poe as i me (5) Pericles and Fabius Max: | (21) Demetrius and Antony. ae . Comparison (14) ed a ROA (aaa (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. Comparison. We SES VoLUME X. VorumE IV. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and (6) Alcibiades and Coriola- Tiberius and Caius nus. Gracchus. Comparison. Comparison. ; (12) Lysander and Sulla. (10) Philopoemen and Flam- Comparison ininus. | Comparison. VoLuME V. | VotumE XL (16) Ayesilaiis and Pompey. _ (23) Aratus. Comparison. | (24) Artaxerxes (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. (25) Galba. Comparison. _ (28) Otho Vili THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES. (1) Theseus and Romulus. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. (3) Solon and Publicola. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (5) Pericles and Fahius Maximus. (6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. (10) Philopoemen and Flamininus. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. (12) Lysander and Nulla. (132) Cimon and Lucullus. (14) Nicias and Crassus. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. (16) Agesilaiis and Pompey. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. (21) Demetrius and Antony. (22) Dion and Brutus. (23) Aratus. (24) Artaxerxes. (25) Galba. (26) Otho. ATHSIAAO2 I. "Apyidapos o ZLev§iayov Bacthevoas eme- gavirs Aaxedaipovior, catérctrev viov éx yuvaiKos evdokipou, Aapmidots, "Aye, Kal toXv VEWTEPOV ef Evrwdas THS MeAnourrisa Ouyat pos, "Ayn- cidaop. émrel 6e TAS Bactreias “Ayide T™poan- Kovons KaTa& TOV VOpOV iduadrns edoxet Broredoety o ’Aynatraos, 7xXOn THY heyouevny ayoyny év Aaxebaiponr, oKAnpay poev odoay TH Siaitn cat TONUTOVOY, maidevovcay 5é Tovs véous dpyecOat. 5:0 kai haow ord tod Ytpwvidou THY 2mdprqy mpoanyopebaAar s SapacipBporor,” Os pddora vd tav bay Tous TOMTAS Tots vopous meOnvious Kal xerpon Gets jTovvaar, domep tmrqrous evOds é& apxis Sapalopévous. TAUTNS adinawy 0 vOpos Ths avayKns Tous él Bacvreig fi a ara Taioas. “Aynoidw 6é Kal tovTo vanpéev i i dz0p, éAOety eri ro apxew pn amaidevtov Tob dipxe- ca.) 616 Kal TOND TOY Bacthéwy evappoaro- TaTOV aurov Tois varnKools Tapeaxe, TO pucet NYE HOVLRD Kal BaotntK®@ mpooxtnadpevos aro THS aryoryns TO Snporexoy kal prravOpwror. II. ’Ev 6€ rats xaXovpévars aryédas TOV oup- tpepopévoy traiiwv Avocavdpov éxyev épactny, 1 rod &pxerbas with M® and Cobet: &pxeodat. AGESILAUS.; | I. Arcuipamus, the son of Zeuxidamas; after an illustrious reign over the Lacedaeméaians,. left behind him a son, Agis, by Lampido, a woltisn of honourable family; and a much younger.’ son, | Agesilaiis, by Eupolia, the daughter of Melesippidus.- The kingdom belonged to Agis by law, and it was. thought that Agesilaiis would pass his life in a private station. He was therefore given the so-called ‘“agoge,’ or course of public training in Sparta, which, although austere in its mode of life and full of hardships, educated the youth to obedience. For this reason it was, we are told, that Simonides gave Sparta the epithet of “ man-subduing,” since more than in any other state her customs made her citizens obedient to the laws and tractable, like horses that are broken in while yet they are colts. From this compulsory training the law exempts the heirs-apparent to the throne. But Agesilaiis was singular in this also, that he had been educated to obey before he came to command. For this reason he was much more in harmony with his subjects than any of the kings; to the commanding and kingly traits which were his by nature there had been added by his public training those of popularity and kindliness. II. While he was among the so-called “bands ” of boys who were reared together, he had as his 3 B 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES eemayata pddota Te’ Kdculo THS picews avroo. Prdoverkoraros . “yap dv kal Oupoedé- oOTATOS év Tous véous welt: ‘avTa TpwTevew Bovdo- HEvos, kal 70 opodpdy, Exov Kal parySatov dpaxov Kat SvcexBiactoy, evTrevOeia Tad ad Kab m™pqo- THT TOLOUTOR’ se olos $58 pndév, aiaxivy dé mdvra Tovely, ta T poo Tarr oWeva, kal trois Woyots anyiver bas HaNXov 7) Tous TOVvOUS Bapvveo Gar’ 2 TH; 82. TOU oxéhous Tnpwotv ij Te Opa TOD ca- PLTOS s inBodvros ¢ em EK pUTTE, Kal TO padiws pepe naat apes TO ToLobTo, mraifovra Kal CKOTTOVTA 23. ‘Srp@Tov éavTov, ov puxpov hy érravopJwpa tov ° ° e * - S°ardBous, adrNa Kal thy dirotipiay éxdnrotépay rote, pos pndéva movoy pndé mpakw arra- yopevovtos avtod dia tHv ywrotnTa. THs é popdis elxova péev ovn Exomuev (adTos yap ovK rO€ > \ \ 3 @g / > A ce , nGednoev, adra Kal atrolynckwy amettre * unTe TAaCTAY pynTE piunrav” Tia Troicacbar Tod g@pmatos eikova), rNéyeras Sé puxpos Te yevérOat 3 xal thy dypw evdxatadpovntos’ 4 5é iNapoTns Kal To evVOupov ev atravte Kaip@ Kal Tarywades, > 6 \ de \ \ dé 4 A , axGewvov O€ Kal TpaXU pNoETTOTE NTE PWV LNTE del, TOV KANOY Kal Mpaiwy épacpiwTEpoy avToV aypt ynpws tapeiyev. ws 5¢ Oeddpactos taropel, tov ‘Apyidapov é&npiwoav of éhopoe ynpavra yuvaixa puxpdv: “Ov yap Bacureis,” Epacav, 597 “appv, ara Bacrreidra yevvace..” ITI. Baotrevovtos 5é “Ayidos Heev AraiBiddys > , \ > , .Y , éx LiKedias guyas ets Aaxedaipova: nat ypovov oumTw Toduy év TH Tore Sidywv, aitiay éoxe TH 4 AGESILAUS lover Lysander,! who was smitten particularly with his native decorum. For although he was contentious and high-spirited beyond his fellows, wishing to be first in all things, and having a vehemence and tury which none could contend with or overwhelm, on the other hand he had such a readiness to obey and such gentleness, that he did whatever was enjoined upon him, not at all from a sense of fear, but always from a sense of honour, and was more distressed by censure than he was oppressed by hardships. As for his deformity, the beauty of his person in its youthful prime covered this from sight, while the ease and gaiety with which he bore such a misfortune, being first to jest and joke about himself, went far towards rectifying it. Indeed, his lameness brought his ambition into clearer light, since it led him to decline no hardship and no enterprise whatever. We have no likeness of him (for he himself would not consent to one, and even when he lay dying forbade the making of “either statue or picture ’’ of his person), but he is said to have been a little man of unimposing presence. And yet his gaiety and good spirits in every crisis, and his raillery, which was never offensive or harsh either in word or look, made him more lovable, down to his old age, than the young and beautiful. But according to Theophrastus, Archidamus was fined by the ephors for marrying a little woman, “ For she will bear us,” they said, “not kings, but III. It was during the reign of Agis that Alcibiades came from Sicily as an exile to Sparta, and he had not been long in the city when he incurred the charge of illicit intercourse with Timaea, 1 Cf. Lycurgus, xvii. 1; Lysander, xxii. 3. PLUTARCH’S LIVES yuvatkl Tov Baciréws, Tipaia, ouveivat. Kal TO yevondev €F auras maddpiov ov« épn yea Kely 0 "Ayts, arr’ é& "AdKtBiddou yeyovévat. TOUTO 5é ov mavu SuoKodws Thy Tipatay éveyxeiv gnot Aoupis, adrAa Kal p darken sad olKoL pos Tas ei\Awtioas ’AXKeBiadnv to tratdiov, ov Aewrtuyi- ony, Kaneiy" Kal HEVTOL Kal TOV seers avTov ov Tpos DBpuw TH Tiaia pavas mrnoraley, adda prdormovpevov Bacirevec Bar LrapTuitas vro Tav é& éavtod yeyovotwy. sia TavTa pev THS Aaxedaipovos ‘AdKeBiadns vrefNnroe, poBn- Deis TOV “Ayu 0 dé traits TOV poev adXov x povov Dromros ay TO “Ayt6e, kal yvnoiou Tiny ovK elye rap avT@, vorovvts o€ TpOoTed WY Kal Saxpiwr é Emetoev UVLOV arropivat TOANKOY évaviov. Ov pv adda TerEUTHCAYTOS TOU "Aytdos o Avoavdpos, 760 KATAVEVAVLAYXNKOS ‘AOnvaious Kal peyearov év Ywrdptn Suvdpevos, TOV "Aynat- Aaov él TH Bactretav 7 poryyev, @s ov ™poor- Kovaay 6vrt vow To Acwruyidy. modArol é Kal TOV addov moray, dua TH dpeTny © TOU “Aqnatddov kat TO ouvtTerpadOar Kal peTeaXn- KEvaL TNS ayaryAs, eh tNoTLWovVTO Kal ouver parrov avr@ mpoOvpws. nv Oé AvorreiOns a avnp Xpn Modo- ryos év Lrapry, HavTEay TE Taharay UTOTEDS Kal Sonav Trepl Ta Ocia copes elvat Kal TEPLT TOS. ovTos ovK by OepsTov elvat Yw Ov syevéobar THS Aaxedaipovos Baotréa, kal ypnopov év tH Sinn TOLOUTOY aveyivwo Ke’ Ppdteo 5, Lardptny, Kattep peyddavxos éovea, pn céGev aptimobos BAdoty ywrn Bacireia: 1 Sid thy dperhy Coraés and Bekker, after Bryan: rhy aperhy. 6 AGESILAUS the wife of the king. The child, too, that was born of her, Agis refused to recognize as his own, declaring that Alcibiades was its father. Duris says that Timaea was not very much disturbed at this, but in whispers to her Helot maids at home actually called the child Alcibiades, not Leotychides ; moreover, that Alcibiades himself also declared that he had not approached Timaea out of wanton passion, but because he was ambitious to have the Spartans reigned over by his descendants.! On this account Alcibiades withdrew from Sparta, being in fear of Agis; and the boy was always an object of suspicion to Agis, and was not honoured by him as legitimate. But when the king lay sick, the supplications and tears of Leotychides prevailed upon him to declare him his son in the presence of many witnesses. Notwithstanding this, after the death of Agis,? Lysander, who by this time had subdued the Athenians at sea and was a man of the greatest influence in Sparta, tried to advance Agesilaiis to the throne, on the plea that Leotychides was a bastard and had no claim upon it. Many of the other citizens also, owing to the excellence of Agesilaiis and the fact that he had been reared with them under the common restraints of the public training, warmly espoused the plan of Lysander and co-operated with him. But there was a diviner in Sparta, named Diopeithes, who was well supplied with ancient prophecies, and was thought to be eminently wise in religious matters. This man declared it contrary to the will of Heaven that a lame man should be king of Sparta, and cited at the trial of the case the following oracle :-— ‘* Bethink thee now, O Sparta, though thou art very glorious, lest from thee, sound of foot, there 1 Cf, Alcibiades, xxiii. 7 f. 2 In 398 B.c. 7 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Snpov yap vovooi ce KaTacyncovoty aeXTrTOL A 4 GOc.Bpotov 7 éri Kdua KvdALvdSopevoy TroNE- polo. 5 mpos tadta Avoavdpos Ereyey ws, ef mavu go- A \ A Boivro tov ypnopov of Yraptiatar, pudraxtéov a \ 4 avrois ein tov Aewruyidnv: ov yap e mpoc- mraicas Tis Tov moda Bacirevar, Te Oe@ Sia- / ? 3 > \ , A \ ¢ , héperv, GAN’ et on yunovos @v pndé “Hpakretdns, “ \ \ 9 a e \ 3 TOUTO THY YoAnY elvac Bacirelav. o be *Ayn- airaos épn cal tov Tlocedé xatapaprupeiv tod Aewrvyidouv thv vobeiav, éxBadovta cetopn@ Tod 3 Oardpou tov “Ay: at’ éxeivou dé whéov 4 Séxa a 4 penvav SedOovtav yevérOar tov Acwrvyidnv. IV. Otto &é xai da tatta Bacidevs aro- SeryOeis 0 “Aynairaos evOds elye xal ta ypr}- na wW e 4 ? 4 \ pata tov “Aytéos, as voOov ameracas tov Aew- Tuyidnv. opav dé tovs amo pnTpos otKetous émverkels pev dvras, tayup@s Sé Tevopmévous, arré- VELLEV AUTOIS TA Huicca TOV KPNUaTwV, edvoLay e a \ , bd \ , \ / éaut@ Kal dofav avti POovov Kal dvopeveias él TH KAnpovopia KxatacKevalopevos. 6 &é dyow o Bevoday, ott wavta tH watpids rebo- yy A C4 A A 4 fevos toxyve TrrEloTOV, wWaTE Trotety & BovAoLTO, 2 rowovTov éoTt. TaY épopwy hv ToTe Kal Tov \ , A YepovTwY TO péytoTov ev TH TodLTELa KpdTOS, Ov ot pev eviavTov apyovo. povov, ot Sé yépovtes \ a da Biov tavtny éxovor Thy Tiny, érl TO py mavta ois Bactredow e€etvar ocvvtayberrtes, AGESILAUS spring a maimed royalty ; for long will unexpected toils oppress thee, and onward-rolling billows of man-destroying war.” To this Lysander answered that, in case the Spartans stood in great fear of the oracle, they must be on their guard against Leotychides; for it mattered not to the god that one who halted in his gait should be king, but if one who was not lawfully begotten, nor even a descendant of Heracles, should be king, this was what the god meant by the “maimed royalty.” And Agesilaiis declared that Poseidon .also had borne witness to the bastardy of Leotychides, for he had cast Agis forth from his bed- chamber by an earthquake, and after this more than ten months elapsed before Leotychides was born.! IV. In this way, and for these reasons, Agesilaiis was appointed king, and straightway enjoyed possession of the estates of Agis as well as his throne, after expelling Leotychides as a bastard. But seeing that his kinsmen on his mother's side, though worthy folk, were excessively poor, he distributed among them the half of his estates, thereby making his inheritance yield him good-will and _ reputation instead of envy and hatred. As for Xenophon’s statement 2 that by obeying his country in every- thing he won very great power, so that he did what he pleased, the case is as follows. At that time the ephors and the senators had the greatest power in the state, of whom the former hold office for a year only, while the senators enjoy their dignity for life, their offices having been instituted to restrain the power of the kings, as I have said in my Life of 1 Cf. Alcibiades, xxiii. 8; Lysander, xxii. 3 ff.; Xenophon, Hellenica, iii. 3, 2. 4 Xenophon’s A gesilazia, vi. 4. 9 PLUTARCH’S LIVES @s év Tois qept Aveovpyou yeypam ran. 5:0 Kat TATpLKHY TLVa TpoS aUTOUS amo TOD madatov dieréXouv evOds ot Bacireis piroverkiay Kat bta- popav maparapSdvovres. o 6¢€ “Aynoihaos emi THY évavtiay odo 7rOe, Kal TO TroAeuety Kal TO m™poakpovey avrois éacas eOepareve, waons pev amr éxelvov mpdfews dpxopevos, ei 6€ KAN- Gein, Oarrov Badnv Tr ELYOMLEVOS, oodKus de TUX OL Kadnpevos € ev TO Bactrux@ Jaw Kat xpn- parila, é eT Lovat tots epopous Urefaviatato, TOV & es TH yepovotay ael KATATATTOMEVOD éxdor@ Xraivav emeure cal Bobv apiareiov. éx 6é TOUTOY Topay Soxav kal peyadvvew Tod akiopa TIS éxeivav apyns, édavOavey abkwv thv éav- Tou Suvapuy Kal Th Bacireig mpoaTBeuevos péyeOos ex Tis mpos adtov edvolas cuyywpot- pevov. V. Ev 6é Tais 7 pos TOUS dddous mohiTas opidtas exOpos nv Gwe mTrT OT EpOS H piros. Tous pev yap éx povs AOLKWS ovK EBraTTe, ToIs be pirous rae Ta Mt Sikata cuven pare. Kal Tovs fev pous nox bveTo Te Thay xatopfowvras, TOUS 4 pirous ovx éduvato éyety dpapTtavov- Tas, anna Kal BonOav TYAARETO kal ovveta- papravev aurois: ovdev yap @ETO TOV purucdy brroupynpatov aicxpov elvat. trois 8 ad d:a- popous TTATAT 1 P@TOS cuvax Popevos kat den- Oetor | CULT pPaTTOV T pod vuos ednparyaryer Kat TpoonyeTo TavrTas. Op@vTEs OUV OL Epopor TavTa Kal , PoBovpevor THv Sivapuy ébnulocav avrov, airiay wrreitrovres OTL TOUS KOLWOUS TOALTAsS idLoUS KTATAL. Io 598 AGESILAUS Lycurgus.! Therefore from the outset, and from generation to generation, the kings were traditionally at feud and variance with them. But Agesilaiis took the opposite course. Instead of colliding and fighting with them, he courted their favour, winning their support before setting out on any undertaking ; and whenever he was invited to meet them, hastening to them on the run. If ever the ephors visited him when he was seated in his royal chair and administer- ing justice, he rose in their honour; and as men were from time to time made members of the senate, he would send each one a cloak and an ox as a mark of honour. Consequently, while he was thought to be honouring and exalting the dignity of their office, he was unawares increasing his own influence and adding to the power of the king a greatness which was conceded out of good-will towards him. V. In his dealings with the rest of the citizens he was less blame-worthy as an enemy than as a friend ; for he would not injure his enemies without just cause, but joined his friends even in their unjust practices. And whereas he was ashamed not to honour his enemies when they did well, he could not bring himself to censure his friends when they did amiss, but actually prided himself on aiding them and sharing in their misdeeds. For he thought no aid disgraceful that was given toafriend. But if, on the other hand, his adversaries stumbled and fell, he was first to sympathize with them and give them zealous aid if they desired it, and so won the hearts and the allegiance of all. The ephors, accordingly, seeing this, and fearing his power, laid a fine upon him, alleging as a reason that he made the citizens his own, who should be the common property of the state. 1 Chapters v. 6 f.; vii. 1 f. 11 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kaamep yap ot puorxol TO velKoS oloyTaL Kal THY Epwv, él Tov Sdov eEatpeDein, oTHvat pev adv ta oupama, mavoacbar dé mavToy © THY yeveoty Kal euvnow vIro THS Tpos TavTa TavT@Vv appovias, oUTws EolKeYv O Aaxevixes vopoberns vmeccaupa TAS aperiis euBaneiv els Thy TONt- Telav TO diNOTLLOV Kau prdoverov, aelb Tle TOLS ayabois Stapopay Kal G&puthrav elvas pos addj- Nous Bovdopevos, THY dé avOumreixovaay TO avENeYKT ED Xapww apyny Kal avayavirrov ovcay OUK ép0as omovoray héyeoOau. TOUTO 66 apéet TUVEWpAKevaL kal Tov “Opnpov olovtTai TivEs* ov yap av Tov "Ayapépuvova Toijoat Yaipovta Tov "‘Odvacéws Kal Tod "AXIAAEOS els _AoSopiay mpoax Devrov s exTraryhots eméecow, él en peya Tots Kowwots ayabov évopebev elvat TOV ) Tos aXdX1- ous CipNov Kat THY Siapopav TOV aploTwv. TavTa ev oov ovK ay ovTws TLS ATMS TVYKW- proecev- ai yap drepBoral TOV prroverkiay yane- mal tais modect Kal peyddous Kivdvvous Exovat. VI. Tod dé ‘Aynovddou THY Bactdeiav veworh Taperhngoros, amnyyerroy tives €& “Acias hKov- TES @S O Tlepowy Baoinrevs TapacKkevalorto pEYaN@ oro Aaxedatpovious éxBareiy tis Oaracons. o Oe Avcavdpos ero upev aves els “Actay dmoaradhvas kai BonOjoa Tots pirors, obs autos pév apxovtas Kal KUpLous TOV TONEwY amédure, Kaxas O€ XPapevor Kal Braiws Tots Tpaywact ekememtop t UTO TOV TOM- TOV Kal aréOunoKov, averreiae Tov “Aynoihaov érifécOar TH oTpateia Kal mWpoToAEuHoar THs 1 xdvrwy Coraés and Bekker have wdvyrws (utterly), an early, anonymous correction. . 12 AGESILAUS Natural philosophers are of the opinion that, if strife and discord should be banished from the universe, the heavenly bodies would stand still, and all generation and motion would cease in consequence of the general harmony. And so the Spartan law- giver seems to have introduced the spirit of ambition and contention into his civil polity as an incentive to virtue, desiring that good citizens should always be somewhat at variance and in conflict with one another, and deeming that complaisance which weakly yields without debate, which knows no effort and no struggle, to be wrongly called concord. And some think that Homer also was clearly of this mind; for he would not have represented Agamemnon as pleased when Odysseus and Achilles were carried away into abuse of one another with “ frightful words,” 1 if he had not thought the general interests likely to profit by the mutual rivalry and quarrelling of the chieftains. This principle, however, must not be accepted without some reservations ; for excessive rivalries are injurious to states, and productive of great perils. VI. Agesilaiis had but recently come to the throne, when tidings were brought from Asia that the Persian king was preparing a great armament with which to drive the Lacedaemonians from the sea. Now, Lysander was eager to be sent again into Asia, and to aid his friends there. These he had left governors and masters of the cities, but owing to their unjust and violent conduct of affairs, they were being driven out by the citizens, and even put to death. He therefore persuaded Agesilaiis to undertake the expedition and make war in behalf of 1 Odyssey, viii. 75 ff. 13 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘EAAdb0s, atratdtw SiaBdvra Kal dOdcavta THY 2 Tot BapBdpov mapacnevnv. dpa bé Tois év "Acia dirous eréotedre tréurre eis Aaxedaipova kat otpatnyov "Aynoidaov aiteicAat. mapen- Oav ov eis tO TAROos *Aynairaos avedéEaTto Tov WoAEuov, ce Solev avT@ TpldKovTa pev HryE- povas Kab cupBovrous Yraptidtas, veodapoders 5é Aoydbas Stoxyerious, tHv 5é cuppayinny eis 3 éEaxtoxytriovs SUvauv. cupmpatrovtos 5é Tod Avadvdpov mavta tmpoOipws éeyndicavto, Kal tov Aynoidaov é&éreprov evOds1 éxovta Tovs Tpiaxovta Yraptiutas, oy 6 Avaavopos hy wpa- Tos,” ov da THY éavTod So-av nal Svvapiv povor, GANA Kal dia tHv "AynoiAdov diriav, @ petfov édoxer tHS Bacireias dyabov StavempaxOar THv oTpatnyiay éxeiyny. 4 ‘A@pofouévns Sé ths Suvduews eis Teparotor, autos eis Avdriéa xateXOov peta tov dirov kal vuetepevoas édofe Kata Tovs Umrvous eitreiv Tia mpos autov: “°Q Bacired Aaxedarpoviwr, OTe mev ovdels THS “EAAAOos Oo“od GuuTaans atre- 599 deiyOn otpatnyos 4 wpotepov “Ayapéeuvov cat ov vov pet’ éxeivov, évvoeis SntrovOev érrel 5é TOY pev auTav apyes éxeive, Tots dé avTois mroAEuets, a7r0 dé TOY avTaY TOTMY Opuas él TOY TrOAELOY, ELKOS éott kal Oicai ce tH Oe@ Ovoiay iv Exetvos év- 5 tad0a Ovoas ébérdevcev.” apa 6€ mas vTndOe Tov ‘Aynoidaoyv 0 Tis Kopns ohayiacpos, iy o TmatTnp éopake teabels toils pdvtecw. ov pny 1 étéweumwev ebOis MSS.: eféxeuror after Reiske. 2 rpdros S: ebOds rpOtos. 14 AGESILAUS Hellas, proceeding to the farthest point across the sea, and thus anticipating the preparations of the Barbarian. At the same time he wrote to his friends in Asia urging them to send messengers to Sparta and demand Agesilaiis as their commander. Accord- ingly, Agesilaiis went before the assembly of the people and agreed to undertake the war if they would grant him thirty Spartans as captains and counsellors, a select corps of two thousand enfran- chised Helots, and a force of allies amounting to six thousand. They readily voted everything, owing to the co-operation of Lysander, and sent Agesilaiis forth at once with the thirty Spartans. Of these Lysander was first and foremost, not only because of his own reputation and influence, but also because of the friendship of Agesilaiis, in whose eyes his procuring him this command was a greater boon than his raising him to the throne. While his forces were assembling at Geraestus,} Agesilaiis himself went to Aulis with his friends and spent the night. Ashe slept, he thought a voice came to him, saying: “ King of the Lacedaemonians, thou art surely aware that no one has ever been appointed general of all Hellas together except Agamemnon, in former times, and now thyself, after him. And since thou commandest the same hosts that he did, and wagest war on the same foes, and settest out for the war from the same place, it is meet that thou shouldst sacrifice also to the goddess the sacrifice which he made there before he set sail.’’ Almost at once Agesilaiis remembered the sacrifice of his own daughter? which Agamemnon had there made in obedience to the soothsayers. He was not disturbed, 1 In the spring of 396 B.c. 2 Iphigeneia. Cf. Euripides, Zph. Atd., 1540 ff. (Kirchhoff). T5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sterapafev avtov, adr dvacrtas Kal Sinynoa- pEvOS TOUS pirors Ta pavévra THV pev Oedv épn Tiuinoeww ols elKos éoTt Xatpeny Gedy ovaay, ov ppnoer Oar dé thy admdGeav! tod TéTe oTpatn- you. Kal KatactéWas éhaov exéhevoey amrdpta- oOau Tov éavTou pdvTtv, ovy @omep elaber TOUTO movely 0 UTTO TOV Bovwrév TETOY HEVOS. dKxovoavTes ovv ot Bovwrapy ae pos opyny kunbevres & ere par v UmnpeTas, amaryopevorTes TO "Aynotrd@ pn Ove Tapa TOUS V0 [0US Kal Ta TWaTpLa Bowwrav. ot 6€ kal TadTa amnyyerav Kal a pnpia b1ép- pray aro TOD Bopod. xareras ody exwv O ‘Aynathaos anémhet, Tots te OnBaiors Sropyta- pévos Kal yeyoves duced Sia TOV olwvor, @S aTehav auT@ TOV mpakewv yevng omeveoy Kal THS aTpateias ért TO T poo irov ovK adifouerns. VII. ’Evret dé 7 Hucev els "Edecor, evOds afiopa péya Kal Suvapus 7 jv éraxOns Kal Bapeta mepl TOV Avcavdpor, dxdov porravtos él ras Ovpas éxdo- TOTE kal TavT@V mapaKohovd ouyt oy Kal Jepa- TevovT@V éxeivon, @S évopa pey Kal oxTpa Tis oTpaTayias tov *Aynoidaov _eXOvTa,” bia TOV vopov, Epy@ O€ Kuptov évra * aravTov Kal dvva- pevov Ka T pat TovTa. wavra Tov Avcavdpov. ovdels yap Setvorepos ovdé poBepwrepos éxeivou Tay eis THY “Actay ATOTTANEVTOV eryéveTo oT pa- THYOY, ovoé peifova tors idrous avnp aS evEpyeTngeD ode KaKad Tp MKadTa TOUS éyO pous éroinoev. av étt tpocphatwv évtwv ot avOpwrrot 1 anaderay S and Amyot: ayuablay (stupidity). - Exovra Coraés, after Reiske: dvra. 3 xbpiov dvrTa Reiske: xuptoy. 16 AGESILAUS however, but after rising up and imparting his vision to his friends, declared that he would honour the goddess with a sacrifice in which she could fitly take pleasure, being a goddess, and would not imitate the cruel insensibility of his predecessor. So he caused a hind to be wreathed with chaplets, and ordered his own seer to perform the sacrifice, instead of the one customarily appointed to this office by the Boeotians. Accordingly, when the Boeotian magis- trates heard of this, they were moved to anger, and sent their officers, forbidding Agesilaiis to sacrifice contrary to the laws and customs of the Boeotians. These officers not only delivered their message, but also snatched the thigh-pieces of the victim from the altar.! Agesilaiis therefore sailed away in great distress of mind ; he was not only highly incensed at the Thebans, but also full of ill-boding on account of the omen. He was convinced that his undertakings would be incomplete, and that his expedition would have no fitting issue. VII. As soon as he came to Ephesus, the great dignity and influence which Uyeda enjoyed were burdensome and grievous to him. The doors of Lysander were always beset with a. throng, and all followed in his train and paid him court, as though Agesilaiis -had the command in name and outward appearance, to comply with the law, while in fact Lysander was master of all, had all power, and did everything.? In fact, none of the generals sent out to Asia ever had more power or inspired more fear than he; none other conferred greater favours on his friends, or inflicted such great injuries upon his enemies. All this was still fresh in men’s minds, and 1 Cf. Xenophon, Hell. iii. 4, 3 f. 2 Cf. Xenophon, Hell. iii. 4, 7. 17 VOL. V. 2 Cc PLUTARCH’S LIVES pvnmovevovres, GAXws Sé Tov pev *“Aynoidaov aderH kal ALTOV év Tals optdiats Kal SnuortiKov opavres, exeiv@ O€ THY avTny opoltws spodpoTnta Kal tpayvTnta Kail Bpayvdoyiav Tapovaar, UTéMLTTOV ALTO TavTatact Kal wovm mpocetxov. éx 5é TovTov mp@Tov pev ot Aovtrol Lrapriarar yarerras epepov Umnpérar Avadvdpov paddov 7 avpBovro: Baciréws ovtess érevta 8 avtos o "Aynainaos, ef kal un POovepos jv pndée HYGero TOLS TLULWMEVOLS, GAAA HiroTipwos Hy sPodpa Kat diroverxos, éboPeiro yy, Kav évéyxwat Tt Napmpov ai mpdtets, trovTo Avaodvdpov yévntar dia THv SoEav. odTws ovv érrotet. IIp@tov aytéxpove tais ovpBovAtals avoid, Kal T pos as exeivos éomovddKer padora, mpaters é@v Yaipey nal Tapaped@v, Erepa pd éKeivwv émpattev’ émetta Tav évtuyyavovtwy Kai Seo- pévov ods aicOotto Avodvip@ pddota Terrot- Ooras, ampaxtous améreute Kal wept Tas KpiceEls Gpoiws ols éxeivos émrnpedtot, TovTous Eder mWAéOV éyovtas ameetv, kal Tovvaytiov ods davepos yévorto mpoOupovpevos wpereiv, YadeTrOv Hy ju) Kal EnutwOjvar. ytvopévov Sé TovTwy ov Kata Tuxnv, GAN olov é« mapacKevys Kat opuards, aicOopevos THY aitiav o Avcavdpos ovK arre- KpUTTETO Tpos TOUS dirous, GAN Ereyev ws Ov avrov atipatowto, Kal tapexadre. Oeparrevew iovras tov Bacthéa Kal tovs paddov avTov Suvapévous. VIII. ‘Os otv taita mpdtrew Kai réyeuv éSoxer POdvoy excive pnyavepevos, ett padXov ? a lA , > 4 > J avtov KaBawacbat Bovrcpevos ‘AynotAaos arré- 18 AGESILAUS besides, when they saw the simple, plain, and familiar manners of Agesilaiis, while Lysander retained the same vehemence and harshness, and the same brevity of speech as before, they yielded to the latter’s in- fluence altogether, and attached themselves to him alone. Asa consequence of this, in the first place, the rest of the Spartans were displeased to find them- selves assistants of Lysander rather than counsellors of the king ; and, in the second place, Agesilaiis him- self, though he was not an envious man, nor displeased that others should be honoured, but exceedingly ambi- tious and high-spirited, began to fear that any brilliant success which he might achieve in his undertakings would be attributed to Lysander, owing to popular opinion. He went to work, therefore, in this way. To begin with, he resisted the counsels of Lysander, and whatever enterprises were most earnestly favoured by him, these he ignored and neglected, and did other things in their stead ; again, of those who came to solicit favours from him, he sent away empty-handed all who put their chief confidence in Lysander; and in judicial cases likewise, all those against whom Lysander inveighed were sure to come off victorious, while, on the contrary, those whom he was manifestly eager to help had hard work even to escape being fined. These things happened, not casually, but as if of set purpose, and uniformly. At last Lysander perceived the reason, and did not hide it from his friends, but told them it was on his account that they were slighted, and advised them to go and pay their court to the king, and to those more influential with him than himself. VIII. Accordingly, since his words and acts seemed contrived to bring odium upon the king, Agesilaiis, wishing to despite him still more, Ig c 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES derEe Kpeodaitny Kat mpooetmev, @S heyerau, TONY aKovoyTav’ “Nov ovbv Jeparrevérwoay obro1 GAT LOVTES TOV pov xpeodaitny. ayOomevos ovv oO Adaavdpos Aeryet mpos autov: ““Hidess dpa capas, ‘Aynatnae, dirous ératroov.” “Ny At’,”?} épn, Tous 逓ou peilov duvacbat Bounoévovs.” Kat o Avcaavdpos, “ “AAN tows,” ébn, “ TavTa ool NeAEKTAL Bérrvov 7 H émor TET PAK TAL. 80s 6é poe TLVa ragw Kal XeOpav év0a eH AVITOV éropat ool Xprotwos.” ex TovTov mTéueTar pev ed ‘EdAqorovtor, Kal LrOpidarny, avdpa Ilépony, ato TIS PapvaBalov XoOpas pera Xpneadtav TUXVaY Kal Staxociwy LIT EW ayaye pos TOV "Aynatiaon, OUK EAnVE dé TIS opyiis, aGvArja Ba- pews pepav non TOV ovmov Xpovoy éBovnevev Ors TOV dveiv oixov tiv Bactréiav aehopevos eis perov dmaow arrodoin Lraptiatats. Kal edoxer peyadav av arepydcacbas Kivnow €K TAUTNS Tis Stapopas, éL Be 7 pOTEpov eTehev- Tyaev eis Botwriav oT parEvoas. odTas au piro- Tuo. Pvoes ev tais TOALTELALS, TO dyav Th) purafduevas, Tov ayaboo petCov TO KaKov éxouce. Kat yap et Avaavdpos ay popttxos, GoTEp WV, vTepBardov TH prroripia TOV KaLpov, ovK myvoes dnt ovOev "Aynainaos & étépav dpeumrToréepav étrav- opBwawv ovcoay avdpos evd0oEou Kal prroripou TANLPEAODVTOS. Grr’ ore TAUT@ maer pare éxelvos dpxovros efovatay yu@vat pHnTEe OVTOS dyvolay éveyKetv curious. IX. Emel 5¢ Ticadépyns ev apyn pev goBn- 1 N} Al? Cobet, comparing Xenophon, Hell. iii. 4, 9: Hidew (I know how to humble). 20 600 AGESILAUS appointed him his carver of meats, and once said, we are told, in the hearing of many: “Now then, let these suppliants go off to my carver of meats and pay their court to him.” Lysander, then, deeply pained, said to him: “TI see, Agesilaiis, that thou knowest very well how to humble thy friends.” ‘ Yes indeed,” said the king, “those who wish to be more powerful than I am.’”’ Then Lysander said: ‘Well, perhaps these words of thine are fairer than my deeds. Give me, however, some post and place where I shall be of service to thee, without vexing thee.” 1 Upon this he was sent to the Hellespont, and brought over to Agesilaiis from the country of Pharnabazus, Spithridates, a Persian, with much money and two hundred horsemen. He did not, however, lay aside his wrath, but continued his resentment, and from this time on planned how he might wrest the kingdom from the two royal families, and make all Spartans once more eligible toit. And it was thought that he would have brought about a great disturbance in consequence of this quarrel, had not death overtaken him on his expedition into Boeotia.2, Thus ambitious natures in a common- wealth, if they do not observe due bounds, work greater harm than good. For even though Lysander was troublesome, as he was, in gratifying his am- bition unseasonably, still, Agesilaiis must surely have known another and more blameless way of correcting a man of high repute and ambition when he erred. As it was, it seems to have been due to the same passion that the one would not recognize the au- thority of his superior, nor the other put up with the folly of his friend and comrade. IX. At first Tisaphernes was afraid of Agesilaiis, 1 Cf. Lysander, xxiii. 9. 2 Cf. Lysander, xxiv.-xxviii. 2t PLUTARCH’S LIVES Gels tov “Aynairaoy érrotnaato amoveds, a TAS movels auT@ Tas “EXAnvidas adyoovtTos avTo- 4 4 a \ ” vonous Baciréws, totepov Se mecOels yeu Sivamuy ixavny éEnveyxe Tov ToAEpMoV, GopEVOS O "Aynairaos édéEato. mpocdoxia yap hv peyary THS oTpateias: kal Sewov Hyelro Tovs pév ov Elevodavre pupious Axew él) OdratTav, oodxis > / b \ 4 / éBouvrAnOnacayv avtol tocavtdxis BactX\éa vevixn- KoTas, avrov 5é Aaxedatpoviwy apxovTos 7you- péevov yhs kat Oaraoons pndev Epyov aé€tov A \ pununs pavivat mpos tovs “EXAnvas. evdus ovv auuvouevos amdtn Sixaia tiv Trcadépvous PUVOUL H] ‘eels pP > J > / e > \ , 4 émtopkiav, éréderEev ws emt Kapiav mpodtwvr, éxel 5é tHv Sivaywv tod BapBdpov avvabpot- ” ? , 2 7 \ t cavtos apas eis Povyiav eveBare. Kal mTrodets \ \ \ / > , bY pev etre ovyvas kal ypnuatwv agOovwv éxv- a \ plevorev, érridecxvipevos tois iro Ott TO pev oTeladpevov adixety TOY Oeay Extt KaTadpoveir, év 5€ t@ waparoyilecOat rods TrodEpiovs * Ov , \ , ) / \ \ povov To dixatov, GArAa Kal Soka woAAN Kal TO pel” HSovas Kepdaivey &veott. Tots bé immedow bd] \ fe) e A > , J, éxatTwOels Kal tov iep@v adoBwov davévtor, avaywpnoas eis “Edecov tmmixov ouviyye, Tots / EVTFOpOLs TrpOELTT@Y, EL p47 BovAoVTaAL oTpaTEeverOan, Twapacyeiy Exactov tmrov avd’ éavtod Kal avdpa. modXol & Hoav ovo, cal ovvéBaive TO ’Aynat- Ad@ TAX TOAAOUS Kal ToNEuLKOUS eyELY lrrTeis a a a € \ avti deika@v omrditav. eutcOodvTo yap ob py 4 / Bovdopevor otpatever Oar Tovs Bovdopmevous oTpa- 22 AGESILAUS and made a treaty in which he promised him to make the Greek cities free and independent of the King. Afterwards, however, when he was convinced that he had a sufficient force, he declared war, and Agesilaiis gladly accepted it. For he had great ex- pectations from his expedition, and he thought it would be a disgraceful thing if, whereas Xenophon and his Ten Thousand had penetrated to the sea, and vanquished the King just as often as they ‘themselves desired, he, in command of the Lace- daemonians, who had the supremacy on sea and land, should perform no deed worthy of remem- brance in the eyes of the Hellenes. At once, then, requiting the perjury of Tisaphernes with a righteous deception, he gave out word that he was going to lead his troops against Caria ; but when the Barbarian had assembled his forces there, he set out and made an incursion into Phrygia. He captured many cities and made himself master of boundless treasure, thus shewing plainly to his friends that the violation of a treaty is contempt for the gods, but that in outwitting one’s enemies there is not only justice, but also great glory, and profit mixed with pleasure. However, since he was inferior in cavalry and his sacrifices were unpropitious, he retired to Ephesus.and began to get together a force of horse- men, commanding the well-to-do, in case they did not wish to perform military service themselves, to furnish instead every man a horse and rider. There -were many who chose this course, and so it came to pass that Agesilaiis quickly had a large force of warlike horsemen instead of worthless men-at- arms.! For those who did not wish to do military service hired those who did, and those who did not 1 Cf. Xenophon, Hell. iii. 4, 15. 23 PLUTARCH’S LIVES V4 \ tevecOat, of dé pn RBovAropevoe immevety Tos BovAopeévous trmevew.’ Kat yap Tov ’Ayapéuvova fo) aA ee 4 / ? \ \ Totjoat KaX@s Tt Onrevav immov ayadnv AaBov N\ ” a, b] A “~ Kaxov avdpa Kal mAovotov amndrrgake Ths oTpa- teias. érrel dé KeXeVoavToOS aVTOD TOUS aiyparo- Tous adimodvovrTes érimpacKov of NahupoTa@dat, Kal THS wev eo OHTOS Hoav wvyTal Troddoi, TOV 5é TWUATOV NeVKaY Kal aTad@v TavTdtact bia TAs oKxiatpadias yupvoupévoy Kateyédov @s axpn- e , oTwy Kat pnoevos akiwv, émiatas o ‘Aynoidaos, ce Od 4 99 ? ce t , @ “a bY: dro. pév,” elev, “ols payerbe, tadta de vrép av payerbe.” X. Karpod dé dvtos adOis éuBareiv eis tH ToNepiav mpoeitev eis Avdiav damdfev, ovKétt 50 > 00 \ T 4 : > > 9 a aevoopevos evtavla tov Licadepynv: arr eExetvos éautov éEnrdatnoe, dud THY EutrpocOev amdrnv amictav T@ “Aynotkd@, Kal viv yobv avrTov df A , , v , dpecOat tHs Kapias vopifwv otans Sucimmou a e an a TOA TO lTWLK@ NELTropevov. érrel Sé, ws Tpoei- e mev, 0 AynatrXaos hKev eis TO TEplL Lapoes Tredtov, nvayKdateto Kata aomoudny éxetOev av BonOeiv o Ticadhépyns: xal tH inmm@ SieFeravvav bépOerpe , \ : TONNOUS TAV ATAKTWS TO Tediov TopOovYTAV. evvonoas ovv o ‘Aynotraos StL Tots TroAEplots ovTw mTapects TO TeCov, avT@ Sé THs Suvdyews ovudev atrea TLV, EoTrevoe Staywvicacbatr. Kat Tots Hey immevow avapuitas TO TeATACTLKOD, éXNavVELY éxéXNevoev ws TaytoTa Kal tpocBdArew Tois évaytiow, avtos dé evOds Tovs omditas éripye. yevouevns 5€ tporr7js Tov BapRapwv éraxodovby- 1 guioBovvro . . . inmeveww bracketed by Sintenis? and Cobet. The sentence is wanting in Apophtheg. Lacon. 12 (Morals, p. 209 b). 24 601 AGESILAUS wish to serve as horsemen hired those who did. Indeed, Agesilaiis thought Agamemnon had done well in accepting a good mare and freeing a cowardly rich man from military service.1 And once when, by his orders, his prisoners of war were stripped of their clothing and offered for sale by the venders of booty, their clothing found many purchasers, but their naked bodies, which were utterly white and delicate, owing to their effeminate habits, were ridiculed as useless and worthless. Then Agesilaiis, noticing, said: “These are the men with whom you fight, and these the things for which you fight.”’ X. When the season again favoured an incursion into the enemy’s country,? Agesilaiis gave out that he would march into Lydia, and this time he was not trying to deceive Tisaphernes. That satrap, how- ever, utterly deluded himself, in that he disbelieved Agesilaiis because of his former trick, and thought that now, at any rate, the king would attack Caria, although it was ill-suited for cavalry, and he was far inferior in that arm of the service. But Agesilaiis, as he had given out that he would do, marched into the plain of_Sardis, and then Tisaphernes was forced - to hasten thither from Caria with aid and relief; and riding through the plain with his cavalry, he cut off many straggling plunderers there. Agesilaiis, ac- cordingly, reflecting that the enemy’s infantry had not yet come up, while his own forces were complete, made haste to give battle. He mingled his light- armed infantry with his horsemen, and ordered them to charge at full speed and assault the enemy, while he himself at once led up his men-at-arms. The Barbarians were put to flight, and the Greeks, 1 Iliad, xxiii. 296 ff. 2 In the spring of 395 B.c.; cf. Xenophon, Hell. iii. 4, 16 ff. 2s ini eet gp ss ig PLUTARCH’S LIVES cavtes ot “EAXXAnves eda Bov TO _aTparoredov at TOANOUS aveidov. ex TAUTNS THS MAXNS ov povoy vmipfev auTots diryery: Kal pépery adeas THhv Bact- Aéws YOpav, GAAA Kat Sixeny emidely Teoapépyny d.d0vTa, pox Onpov dvdpa Kal TO yévet TOV “EAAN- yov amex Gerratov. eremrpe 4 yap. evdeas o 0 Bact- EUS TiOpavarny em auTov, Os éxeivou pep THY Keparny aTreTEME, Tov 6é “Aynatiaoy néiov dta- Avo dpevov arom ety oixase, Kab Xpipara 5500s avT@ mpooemener. o 6é Tis pev elpyvs ébn THD TOM elvyat Kupiay, avTos be TwouTiCOY Tous oTpatiatas HoecOat padrrov f) mAOVT@Y avTOS: Kal adAws ye pévroe vouifey “EXAnvas Kadov ov Sdpa hauBaverv, adrd Aagupa Tapa TOV TOAE- piov. Gyms be TO TOpavorn xapilerBa Bovdo- HEVOS, Ste Tov KoLvoy éxO pov ‘EdAqvey éreTt- pwopnTo Tusadépyny, arr nyayev ely Ppuyiav TO oTpaTeupa, AaBov épodiov tap avrod tpidKovTa Tadavra. Kai xa o86v dv oKuTadny Séxerar mapa TOV oixot TEAOVY KEAEVOVTAY avTOV apyew apa Kat Tov vauTiKod. TovTO pove mavTov brhp£ev ‘Aynode. Kal pérytatos pev Hv dmohoyouperes Kat TOY TOTE Covrav emupavérraros, @S elpnxe Trou Kal Ocoroprros, ¢ éavT@ ve pny edi8ou bu’ ape- THY dpovety peilov 7 C7 bua THY aryepoviav. tore &€ ToD vavTiKod KATAGTHTAS dpxovra Tletcavdpov dpaptetv edokev, 6 ore mpeo Butépav Kat ppoviwa- Tépwv TAapovTmy ov oKeyapevos TO THS TWaTpisos, aNAA THY OlKELOTHTA TEBE | Kal TH yuvatKl Xape- - Copmevos, Hs. aderpos fw 6 IletcavSpos, éxeivp mapédwxe THY vavapxiay. 26 AGESILAUS following close upon them, took their camp and slew many of them. As a result of this battle, the Greeks could not only harry the country of the King without fear, but had the satisfaction of seeing due punish- ment inflicted upon Tisaphernes, an abominable man, and most hateful to the Greek race. For the King at once sent Tithraustes after him, who cut off his head, and asked Agesilaiis to make terms and sail back home, offering him money at the hands of envoys. But Agesilaiis answered that it was for his city to make peace, and that for his own part, he — took more pleasure in enriching his soldiers than in getting rich himself; moreover, the Greeks, he said, thought it honourable to take, not gifts, but spoils, from their enemies. Nevertheless, desiring to gratify Tithraustes, because he had punished Tisaphernes, that common enemy of the Greeks, he led his army back into Phrygia, taking thirty talents from the viceroy to cover the expenses of the march. On the road he received a dispatch-roll from the magistrates at home, which bade him assume control of the navy as well as of the army.! This was an honour which no one ever received but Agesilaiis. And he was confessedly the greatest and most il- lustrious man of his time, as Theopompus also has somewhere said, although he prided himself more on his virtues than on his high command. But in putting Peisander in charge of the navy at this time, he was thought to have made a mistake; for there were older and more competent men to be had, and yet he gave the admiralty to him, not out of regard for the public good, but in recognition of the claims of relationship and to gratify his wife, who was a sister of Peisander. 1 Cf. Xenophon, Hell. iii. 4, 27 ff. 27 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XI. Adtés 5¢ tov otpatoyv KaTaoTHaas eis THY umd DapvaBalo rerayuéevny yapay od povoy év apOovois Sufye aot, ddr Kal ypjuata cuviye mwoArd: Kal mpoedOav dypt addayovias mpoo- nyayeto tov Baciréa trav Iladdayovwv, Koruy, ériOuunoavta tis pidias avtov & apetny Kat qwiotw. 6 5€ XmOpidatns, os amoctas Tod PapvaBalov 76 mpa@tov HAGE mpos Tov *Aynot- Naov, det cuvarredjper Kal cuvertpdtevey AUTO, Kado TOY viov pev Eyov, MeyaBarny, od tratdos dvTos pa ahodpas “Aynaidaos, Karnv 8é cal , / , Ouyarépa mapOévov év aprunig iydpou. TavTaY emretoe ynuat Tov Koruy 0 AynotXaos: Kal AaBov Tap avTovD xXLALous Lairets Kal SucyiAlous TeATA- oTas avOus aveyopnoev eis Povyiay, cal Kaxas érroiee THY DapvaBalov ywpay ovy vTropévovtos ovdé TioTEvovTOS Tots épvpactV, AAA Exwv ael Ta WrAEloTa avy EavT@ TOV Tipiwy Kal ayamnTav efexapet Kal vrépevyey GdANoTE GAAaXOCE Tis Xwpas peOidpvopevos, HEXpt ov tapadvAdtas avtoy 0 wiOpidarns Kat traparaBov ‘Hpiridav Tov Yraptiatny éX\aBe TO otpatomedov Kal Tov Xpnuatov aravrwv expatnce. &Oa dh wixpos av o ‘Hpimidas éketractys tov Krarévtav, Kal tovs BapBdpovs avayxdtwy amoriOecOar, Kat wavta épopav Kai dvepevy@pevos, Tapwevuve Tov LrOpidatnv, @ote ameeciv evOvs eis Yapdets peta tov IladAayovor. Tobdto Néyetas TO “Aynoird@ yevéoOar TravTwv 602 28 AGESILAUS XI. As for himself, he stationed his army in the province of _Pharnabazus,' where he not only lived in universal plenty, but also accumulated much money. He also advanced to the confines of Paphlagonia and brought Cotys, the king of the Paphlagonians, into alliance with him, for his virtues, and the confidence which he inspired, inclined the king to desire his friendship. Spithridates also, from the time when he abandoned Pharnabazus and came to Agesilaiis, always accompanied him in his journeys and expedi- tions. Spithridates had a son, a very beautiful boy, named Megabates, of whom Agesilaiis was ardently enamoured, and a beautiful daughter also, a maiden of marriageable age. This daughter Agesilaiis per- suaded Cotys to marry, and then receiving from him a thousand horsemen and two thousand targeteers, he retired again into Phrygia, and harassed the country of Pharnabazus, who did not stand his ground nor trust in his defences, but always kept most of his valued and precious things with him, and with- drew or fled from one part of the country to another, having no abiding place. At last Spithridates, who had narrowly watched him, in conjunction with Herippidas the Spartan,? seized his camp and made himself master of all his treasures. Here, however, Herippidas, who had too sharp an eye to the booty that was stolen, and forced the Bar- barians to restore it, watching over and enquiring into everything, exasperated Spithridates, so that he marched off at once to Sardis with the Paph- lagonians. This is said to have annoyed Agesilatis beyond all 1 In the fall of 395 B.c.; cf. Xenophon, Hell. iv. 1, 1 ff. . 2 The leader of the second company of thirty Spartan counsellors sent out in the spring of 395 n.c. Cf. Xenophon, Hell, iii. 4, 20. 29 PLUTARCH’S LIVES apiapotarov. 7x Oro pev yap dvdpa yevvaiov aroBeBAnKas TOV 2rd udaTnv Kal avy avT@ Suvapuv ovK ody nD, no UVETO de TH d:a8onr} THS pLKporoyias Kal averevbepias, hs ov povov auton, ara cal Thy TaTpiba xalapevoucav del Tape- ney epidoripeito. Xeopis 6é Tay eupavav Tov- TOV éxveter auTov ov bet plas ) ToD ma.i8os épas ever rary Lev0s, éb Kal Wavu TA.pOVvTos avrob T@® ptrAoveix@ _Xpapevos émetparo VEAVLKDS amo- paxeoGar 1 pos THY émiBupiav. Kat TOTE ToD eyaBatov MPOOLOVTOS WS domac opévov Kal girnoovros e&éxdivev. erred b€ exetvos aioyuv- Geis éravoato Kal TO _Aoutrov anwbev i6n Tpoon- yopeven, ax Oopevos ad mad Kal HET ApedopEvos TH gvyi TOU prdjpatos, O ‘Aynatraos TT poo €- Tr OverTo Oavpdter 8 6 Te &n Tade@v avTov o Meya- Barns amé ordpatos ov dirodppovoito. “Xv yap aittos,” sot cvvners épacar, “oux, vTrooTas, adda Tpéras 70 hirnpa Tod Kanrod Kal pofnGeis: émret Kal viv av ENOor cot Teta Oels é éxetvos évTos pdr patos: GXn OTs avdus OUK arrobeiacess. Xpovov ovv TWA TPOS EAUT@ rYEVvOMEVOS o ’Ayn- otXaos Kal Siacwmncas, $6 Ovder,” épn, “ dewov? meiBew Upas éxetvor: eyo yap pot Sox thvav Tay pdyav tap Tepl Tov Pihaparos aiov av paxecOar Tad 7 TavTa boa TeOéapat Xpucia pot ryevér Gan.” TOLOUTOS Lev Hy Tob MeyaBarou TapovTos, ame ovtos ye pny oie TEPLKAWS éaxev @S Nader ov elrrety et TaN av petaBano- pévou Kal havévtos évexaptépynoe py prrynOjvac. 1 dewdv Reiske’s correction of the deiv of the MSS., adopted by both Sintenis and Bekker ; Stephanus read Se? (there is no need). 30 AGESILAUS else. For he was pained at the loss of a gallant man in Spithridates, and with him of a considerable force, and was ashamed to labour under the charge of petti- ness and illiberality, from which he was always am- bitious to keep not only himself, but also his country, pure and free. And apart from these manifest reasons, he was irritated beyond measure by his love for the boy, which was now instilled into his heart, although when the boy was present he would summon all his resolution and strive mightily to battle against his desires. Indeed, when Megabates once came up and offered to embrace and kiss him, he declined his caresses. The boy was mortified at this, and desisted, and afterwards kept his distance when addressing him, whereupon Agesilaiis, distressed now and re- pentant for having avoided his kiss, pretended to wonder what ailed Megabates that he did not greet him with a kiss. “It is thy fault,” the king’s com- panions said; “thou didst not accept, but didst decline the fair one’s kiss in fear and trembling ; yet even now he might be persuaded to come within range of thy lips; but see that thou dost not again play the coward.” Then, after some time spent in silent reflection, Agesilaiis said: ‘“‘ There is no harm in your persuading him; for I think I would more gladly fight that battle of the kiss over again than to have all that my eyes behold turn into gold.”” Of such a mind was he while Megabates was with him, though when the boy was gone, he was so on fire with love for him that it were hard to say whether, had the boy come back into his presence, he would have had the strength to refuse his kisses.} 1 Cf. Xenophon’s Agesiladis, v. 4-7. 31 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XII. Mera tadra PapraBalos els ovyous avT@ ouvenGeip nOEANGE, Kai ouvipyey duxporépous av Eévos O Kulixnvos ‘Arroddopavns. mpoTEpos dé pera TOV piror 0 “Aynaidaos éXOav eis TO Xo ptor, bm6 oKuG TLL TOAS ovans Babeias KaTa- Barov éavTov, ‘évradda Teplemeve TOV Papva- Balov. o &€ ws emf rbev, vroBeBAnpEvwv avT@ Kwdloy Te padaxov Kal Toiiriwy daridov, aide- abels TOV "Aynotdaov ovTw KaTaKelpevov KaTE- Kdivy Kal avuros, @s eTUXED, éml THs Toas yawate, KaliTep éoOijra Oavpactny hewroTyTL Kab Baas évdeduras. domac duevor dé adANAOUS 6 peev PaprvdBalos ovx ayrropet Aoyor Suxator, are 57 TOAha Kal peydna Aaxedatpoviors XPT Lwo0s ryeyoves ép T@ T pos 'AOnvatous TONE MED, pov dé TopOovpevos un’ avT@v: o bé "Aynatnaos, opa@v TOUS op auT@ Zraptiaras t vn aiaxuvns KUTTTOV- Tas els THY vhv Kal Starropobytas (aducovpevov yap é@ peop TOV PapvaPatov), : ‘Hyeis,” eltrev, “a PapvaBate, Kal piror GVTES T poTepov Baot- Néws expopeba TOUS éxetvou T payuact puduxers Kal viv TONEpLOL yeryovores TONE ULES. éy ov Kal oé Tav Bacldéws KTHpaTwWY opavTes eEivat Bovdopevon, elxoTa@s b10 cob Brdarropev éxetvov. ag’ hs 8 av nuépas oeauTov afioons “EAAnVov dirov Kal TUM LAX OV paddov 7 Sovrov Neyer Iau Bactréas, TAaUTHY _vopite THY parayya Kal Ta St7Aa Kal tas vais Kal mavTas nas TOV ody KTNMAT OV puraxas elvat Kal tips éhevdepias, 7s dvev Kahov avOpwrrots ovdey oude tnrwrTov €or. ex TouToU éryet T pos. auTov 0 PapvaBatos iy ele dtavoiav. “’Eyo yap,” elrrev, “ éay jeev GdAov éxméuyrn PBacirevs otpatnyov, ~copar 32 AGESILAUS XII. After this, Pharnabazus desired to have a con- ference with him, and Apollophanes of Cyzicus, who was a guest-friend of both, brought the two together. Agesilaiis, with his friends, came first to the appointed place, and throwing himself down in a shady place where the grass was deep, there awaited Pharnabazus. And when Pharnabazus came, although soft cushions and broidered rugs had been spread for him, he was ashamed to see Agesilaiis reclining as he was, and threw himself down likewise, without further cere- mony, on the grassy ground, although he was clad in raiment of wonderful delicacy and dyes. After mutual salutations, Pharnabazus had plenty of just complaints to make, since, although he had rendered the Lacedaemonians many great services in their war against the Athenians, his territory was now being ravaged by them. But Agesilaiis, seeing the Spartans with him bowed to the earth with shame and at a loss for words (for they saw that Pharna- bazus was a wronged man), said: ‘‘We, O Pharna- bazus, during our former friendship with the King, treated what belongs to him in a friendly way, and now that we have become his enemies, we treat it in a hostile way. Accordingly, seeing that thou also desirest to be one of the King’s chattels, we naturally injure him through thee. But from the day when thou shalt deem thyself worthy to be called a friend and ally of the Greeks instead of a slave of the King, consider this army, these arms and ships, and all of us, to be guardians of thy possessions and of thy liberty, without which nothing in the world is honourable or even worthy to be desired.” Upon this, Pharnabazus declared to him his purposes. “ As for me, indeed,” he said, ‘‘if the King shall send out another general in my stead, I will be on 33 VOL, V. D PLUTARCH’S-sLIVES > e¢ A 9\ > » \ a A e / pel” ipov, dav & éuol wapab@ tHv nye“oviar, OA / / ? / e a N ovdey édXrciw Tpodumias apvropevos Umas Kal KAaKOS ToL@v brép éxelvov. tadta & axovaas o "Aynoidaos HoOn, Kal THs SeEas adtodD AaBo- , oc BOQ. ° cc 7 pevos Kal cuve-avaotds, “Eide,” elvev, “@ PapvaBale, rorodtos dv piros Hnuiy yévoto paNdov ) TONELLOS.” XIII. ’Amcovtos 5& tod PapvaBafou pera n 4 e eN\ e \ J A Tav phirwyv, o vies bTodePOeis mpocépapye TO "Aynotrd@ Kal pedidv eltev: “"’Eyo oe Eévov yn trae per8id Y I 3 / A 39 \ \ 54 bd @ , > a b a adeAdav eis leXomrovyncoy, tayupas érepedcito. Kat TL Kal TOV épwTtK@v avT@ ouvéTtpakev. npa- aOn yap aOAntob wados €& "AOnvav: érrei 5é / A \ \ » / > 4 péyas Oy Kai oxAnpos Odrvpmtriacw éxivddvevoev 9 a , \ \ ? / éxxpiOnvat, Kxatapevyes mpos tov *Aynotdaov e / 4 e \ A / e \ o Ilépons dedpevos irép rod mados: o bé Kal Tovto BovAdpuevos alt@ yapilecOar, para porLs 7 ‘\ A / Sverrpagaro ou TONG mparywarelg. — Tava pev yap nv axpiBns Kat voptpos, ev 1 "1dalouv with 8 and Xenophon (Hell. iv. 1, 39): *Adafov. 34 603 AGESILAUS your side ; but if he entrusts me with the command, 1 will spare no efforts to punish and injure you in his behalf.’’ On hearing this, Agesilaiis was delighted, and said, as he seized his hand and rose up with him, “QO Pharnabazus, I would that such a man as thou might be our friend rather than our enemy.” } XIII. As Pharnabazus and his friends were going away, his son, who was left behind, ran up to Agesilaiis and said with a smile: “1 make thee my guest-friend, Agesilaiis,’” and offered him a javelin which he held in his hand. Agesilaiis accepted it, and being delighted with the fair looks and kindly bearing of the boy, looked round upon his com- panions to see if any one of them had anything that would do for a return-gift to a fair and gallant friend ; and seeing that the horse of Idaeus, his secretary, had a decorated head-gear, he quickly took this off and gave it to the youth. Nor afterwards did he cease to remember him, but when, as time went on, the youth was robbed of his home by his brothers and driven into exile in Peloponnesus, he paid him much attention. He even gave him some assistance in his love affairs. For the Persian was enamoured of an Athenian boy, an athlete, who, owing to his stature and strength, was in danger of being ruled out of the lists at Olympia. He therefore had re- course to Agesilaiis with entreaties to help the boy, and Agesilaiis, wishing to gratify him in this matter also, with very great difficulty and with much trouble effected his desires.? Indeed, although in other matters he was exact and 1 Cf. Xenophon, Hell. iv. 1, 28-38, where Agesilaiis adds & promise to respect, in future, the property of Pharnabazus, even in case of war. 2 Cf. Xenophon, Hell. iv. 1, 39 f. 35 p 2 PLUTARCH’S} LIVES a a : / 5é tois hidxois mpodaci évourlev elvat TO ALav Sixacov. épetas yoiv émiatodNsov avtov mpos € , na Cal ce , ? \ N ISptéa tov Kapa rosodro: “ Nixias e pev pn 9 “A ” 5] N ? a c A A lA aduxet, apes eb b6 adixel, Huiv ages: mavTas 5é ades.” éy pev ovv Tois waAeioTots ToLODTOS e \ an , a) / ” ee Umrép Tav dirov o ’AynaotrAaos: eats 5é Sov \ \ a A A A Tpos TO cupépov ExpHro TE Kalp~ PANdXovy, WS édijrwoev, avalvyhs att@ YopuBwsecrépas yevo- n , pévns, dcbevovvta KaTAaNTT@DY TOY Ep@pmEevov. éxei- vou yap Seopévou kal KkanXodvTos avTov amuovta, petactpadels elev ws yarerrov édeciy aja Kat gpoveiv. rovti pev ‘lepwvupos o pirdcodos iaro- pnKev. | XIV. "Hén 5é aeptiovtros eviavtod Sevrépov “A / A Th OTpAaTNyla TONS aVw AoYyos eYwpe Tod ’Ayn- oiidov, Kal So€a Oavyactn Kateiye THs TE swppoavvns avTod Kal evTedAelas Kal MeTPLOTNTOS. éoxynvou pev yap atodnueav Kal’ avrov év Ttois e 4 e r aA N lel 4 ayiwratots iepots, & 7 TWodXol KaBopacw avOpw- a , Wot TWpatTovtTas Has, TOUTwWY Tovs Beovs TroLov- evos émomtas Kal paptupas: év 8é yudsdot oTpaTlwtT@yv TocavTais ov padiws av tis Elbe Ul 4 A > 4 4 davrotrépay ortBada tis ‘Aynotkdov. ampos TE Garros obtw Kal Yoyos elyev daoTrep povos ael vpncBat tais vmod tod Oeod Kexpapévats Bpats 4, a \ tmepucas. Horotov bé Oéapa tots KaTotKodoL THY 4 7 / "Aciav"EdAnow oav of madat Bapeis rai adgo- pyro. cal dvappéovtes bo tAOvTOV Kal TpYdys drapxo. cal otparnyol Sedsores Kat OeparrevovTes 36 AGESILAUS law-abiding, in matters of friendship he thought that rigid justice was a mere pretext. At any rate, there is in circulation a letter of his to Hidrieus the Carian, which runs as follows: ‘ As for Nicias, if he is inno- cent, acquit him; if he is guilty, acquit him for my sake ; but in any case acquit him.’”’ Such, then, was Agesilaiis in most cases where the interests of his friends were concerned ; but sometimes he used a critical situation rather for his own advantage. Of this he gave an instance when, as he was decamping in some haste and confusion, he left his favourite behind him sick. The sick one besought him loudly as he was departing, but he merely turned and said that it was hard to be compassionate and at the same time prudent. This story is related by Hieronymus the philosopher. XIV. Agesilaiis had now been nearly two years in the field, and much was said about him in the interior parts of Asia, and a wonderful opinion of his self- restraint, of his simplicity of life, and of his modera- tion, everywhere prevailed. For when he made a journey, he would take up his quarters in the most sacred precincts by himself,! thus making the gods overseers and witnesses of those acts which few men are permitted to see us perform ; and among so many thousands of soldiers, one could hardly find a meaner couch than that of Agesilaiis; while to heat and cold he was as indifferent as if nature had given him alone the power to adapt himself to the seasons as God has temperedthem. And it was most pleasing to the Greeks who dwelt in Asia to see the Persian viceroys and generals, who had long been insufferably cruel, and had revelled in wealth and luxury, now fearful and obsequious before a man who went about 1 Cf. Xenophon’s A gesilaiis, v. 7. 37 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avOpwrrov év tpiBave reptiovTa ALTO, Kal pos év pha Bpayv nal Aarwvixov appofovtes éavrovs Kal petacynpatifovtes, mate TWoAAOls ener TA Tov Tupobéou réyery, “Apns tupavvos: ypuadv 8 “Enddas ov dédoixe. XV. Kevoupévns 6€ rhs “Acias Kat aroAXa- Xoo Tpos amroaTacty UmetKkovons, dppo dpevos Tas avToOe modes, Kai tails TontTeias diva povov Kal duyis avOpa@rav amodsovs Tov wpoon- KOVTA KOTMOV, eyv@KEL TPdTw YwpeEly, Kal TOV ToAEHov dtdpas aro THS ‘EXAnviKAs OadratTns, Tept ToD cwpmatos Bacttel Kal ths év ’ExBa- Tavols Kal Yovooss evdaipovias SiapayerOar, cal TEploTracaL TP@TOV avUTOV THY aYOAHV, WS L) Kabéloirto Tovs ToNepwous BpaBevov trois “EXAnot kat SiadOeipwv rovs Snuaywyots. év rovTm &é adixveitar mpos avtov “Emixvdidas 6 Ymraptia- TNS, aTrayyéAXN@Y OTL TOAVS TepLeaTHKE THY UTApP- Tnv TorEpLos ‘EXANViKds, Kal KaNODaLY éxelvoV Ot Edopor kal KedXevovace Tots olxor BonOeiv. "O BapBap’ éEevpovtes “EXAnves Kana: 4 N +4 14 \ , 9 “A , Ti yap av TLs GAXO TOV POdvoy éxeivov wpocettrot Kal Thy ToTe cUaTacW Kal abvrakw ép’ éavTous Tov EAA jvav; of THs TUYNS advw hepopévns érre- AdBovto, Kal Ta Orda pos Tors BapBdpouvs Brérovta Kat tov morenov Hdn THS ‘EXAdSos éEwxicpévov avis eis Eavtovs erpepav. ov yap éywrye cuudépopat TO Kopw0io Anpapatw peya- e a ’ A 4 \ \ Ans HOovns atrovercihbOar hoavtt tovs pn Oea- 4 d b ) 4 9 “A 4 oapevous “EXAnvas AnréEavdpov év to Aapeiov Opove KaOjpevov, GX’ eixotws av ola daxpd- 38 604 AGESILAUS in a paltry cloak, and at one brief and laconic speech from him conforming themselves to his ways and changing their dress and mien, insomuch that many were moved to cite the words of Timotheus :— ** Ares is Lord; of gold Greece hath no fear.” ! XV. Asia being now unsettled and in many quarters inclining to revolt, Agesilaiis set the cities there in order, and restored to their governments, without killing or banishing any one, the proper form. Then he determined to go farther afield, to transfer the war from the Greek sea, to fight for the person of the King and the wealth of Ecbatana and Susa, and above all things to rob that monarch of the power to sit at leisure on his throne, playing the umpire for the Greeks in their wars, and corrupting their popular leaders. But at this point Epicydidas the Spartan came to him with tidings that Sparta was involved in a great war with other Greeks, and that the ephors called upon him and ordered him to come to the aid of his countrymen. “O barbarous ills devised by Greeks !”’ 2 How else can one speak of that jealousy which now leagued ‘and arrayed the Greeks against one another? They laid violent hands on Fortune in her lofty flight, and turned the weapons which threatened the Barbarians, and War, which had at last been banished from Greece, back again upon themselves. I certainly cannot agree with Demaratus the Corinthian, who said that those Greeks had missed a great pleasure who did not behold Alexander seated on the throne of Dareius, nay, I think that such might well have 1 Cf. Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graeci, iii.4 p. 622. * Euripides, 7roades, 766 (Kirchhoff). 39 PLUTARCH’S LIVES cat, cuvvonoavtas Str tavt *AreEdvdpm kal Makedoow amédwTov of TOTe ToUs TOV ‘EXAHVOV otpatnyous wept Acedxtpa xal Kopwveray cat KopivOov cal Apxadiav catayvnrwoar. Aynottde pévtos ovdev Kpeiacov h peiCov éote a >? " bd] 4 4 >Q\ Ths avaxwpnocws éxeivns Statrempaypévov, ovdé yéyove trapdbderypa tweOapyias Kal Sixatoovvns @ 4 ied XN > / Ww fal Erepov xdAdov. Strov yap ‘AvviBas Hon KaKds TpaTT@v Kat wepiwOovpevos éx THs "ITaXias pednra hors UTHKovGE Tots ert TOV OlKOL TrONELOV xkarovow, AréEavdpos S€ xal mpocetrécxwrfe muOopevos THY mpos "Ayw "Avterdtpov pdaynp, b , ‘ 66 "EB a wv Po) 4 A a e a evr oV oxev, @ avopes, Gte Aapetioy nels évix@pev évtavda, éxel tis ev Apxadia yeyovévar pvopaxta’” mas ove Hv aktov THY Brdaprny paxa- nA A \ / pica: THs ’“Aynotkdov Tihs mpos TavTny Kal a / a an Tpos TOvS vomous THs evAaBelas; OS apa TO THY okuTddAnv édOciy evTUYiav TocavTHnY Kal Svvapiv Tapovoay Kai tTHALKavTas EXTIOas Udy- youpévas adels xal mpoéuevos evOvds amrémrEvcev “2D , ’ } ” 9 \ € a ‘0 aterxeuTntw én épyw,’ worvy éavTov, toOov Tols ouppdyois atoNT@y, Kal wddtcta 87 Tov 9 , n 7 bY 4 , > la Epaciatpdtou tov Paiaxos €deyEas Noyor, eivrov- e ? M4 \ / s tos ws cial Snuocia pév Aaxedatpovioe Bedtioves, idta S€ "A@nvaio. Bactiéa yap éavtov Kal : é A 4 9 4 4 , otpatnyov apiotov émiderEduevos, ett Bedtiova VN eQ/ “a , Q/ i \ / Kat ndtova Tots Ypwpévors (Ota dirov Kal avv7ydn te) a 4 mapéeaxe. Tov dé Ileporxod vopicpatos xadpaypa 1 At Megalopolis, in Arcadia, 331 B.c., Agis fell fighting, and the Spartan rebellion at once collapsed. Alexander 40 AGESILAUS shed tears when they reflected that this triumph was left for Alexander and Macedonians by those who now squandered the lives of Greek generals on the fields of Leuctra, Coroneia, and Corinth, and in Arcadia. Agesilaiis, however, never performed a nobler or a greater deed than in returning home as he now did, nor was there ever a fairer example of righteous obedience to authority. For Hannibal, though he was already in an evil plight and on the point of being driven out of Italy, could with the greatest difficulty bring himself to obey his summons to the war at home; and Alexander actually went so far as to jest when he heard of Antipater’s battle with Agis,! saying: ‘‘ It would seem, my men, that while we were conquering Dareius here, there has been a battle of mice there in Arcadia.” Why, then, should we not call Sparta happy in the honour paid to her by Agesilaiis, and in his deference to her laws? No sooner had the dispatch-roll come to him than he renounced and abandoned the great good fortune and power already in his grasp, and the great hopes which beckoned him on, and at once sailed off, “‘ with task all unfulfilled,” 2 leaving behind a great yearning for him among his allies, and giving the strongest confutation to the saying of Erasistratus the son of Phaeax, who declared that the Lacedaemonians were better men in public life, but the Athenians in private. For while approving himself a most ex- cellent king and general, he shewed himself a still better and more agreeable friend and companion to those who enjoyed his intimacy. Persian coins were stamped with the figure of an archer, and Agesilaiis had not the slightest thought of returning home to help Antipater. 2 Iliad, iv. 179. 41 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ToboTny EXOvTOS, avalevyvior Edn puplous To£o- Tals UTr0 Bacthéws éfeAavvecOat THs ‘Acias: Tocovtwy yap eis ’AOnvas nal @nBas Kxopicbév- Tov Kal S1ado0evror TOUS Snpayoryois, éfemroXe- poOnoav ot Ojpor T pos TOUS Laraptidras. XVI. ‘Os 8€ SsaBas rov “ENAqoTovTov éBa- bile bia Tijs Spans, edenOn MeV ovdevos TOV BapBapur, TEMTTOV é T pos éxdo Tous émuvOdveto TOTEpoV @S pudtay 7 os Tohepiay Staropetnrat THY xepav. ol pev ovv ardow TAVTES PLNIUKDS edéxovTo Kat TApeT EMTOV, @s ExacTOS Cates elyev" ot 6é KaNOUpPEVOL Tparnrets, ols Kal EépEns edcoxer, @s Néyeras, dpa, THS 6t080v pa Gov NTOUY TOV “Aynot\aov éxaTov apyupiov TaXavTa Kal Tocavras yuvaicas. 6 be KATELP@vEVT aMEVOS avTous Kal bnoas: «Tt ovv ovK evOvs 7AOov Anpopevor; ” T pore, Kal ovpBarov avtois Tapa- TETAY MEVOLS eTpewaro Kal SiepOerpe Todos. TO 8 avto cal TO Bacirei Tov Maxedovav epwoTnua T poo errepurpe “pieavros dé Bovreroer Aan, “ Bov- NeverOw Toivuy éxeivos,” elrre, * mets bé 67 Topevopeba. Bavydoas ody thy TOApay avToD kal Seioas o Bactreds éxéXeuvcev Os dirov mpod- yey. Tov 6€ Bettarev Tois Tone pos ouppa- YouvTov émop0e tv ywpav. eis O€ Adpic cay erreurpe Flevorréa Kal KvOny mept hirias’ ova- AnpOevrov 5é€ tovTwy Kal Tapaduidac comevey ol pev adro. Bapéws pépovres @ovto Seiy Tov "AynotAaov meptotpatoTedevoavTa TroALopKeiv 1 According to Xenophon (Hell. iii. 5, 1 ff.), Persian money was distributed in Thebes, Corinth, and Argos. ‘* The Athenians, though they took no share of the gold, were none the less eager for war.’ 42 AGESILAUS said, as he was breaking camp, that the King was driving him out of Asia with ten thousand “ archers ”’ ; for so much money had been sent to Athens and Thebes and distributed among the popular leaders there, and as a consequence those peoples made war upon the Spartans.! XVI. And when he had crossed the Hellespont and was marching through Thrace,? he made no requests of any of the Barbarians, but sent envoys to each people asking whether he should traverse their country as a friend or as a foe. All the rest, accordingly, received him as a friend and assisted him on his way, as they were severally able; but the people called Trallians, to whom even Xerxes gave gifts, as we are told, demanded of Agesilaiis as a price for his passage a hundred talents of silver and as many women. But he answered them with scorn, asking why, then, they did not come at once to get their price ; and marched forward, and finding them drawn up for battle, engaged them, routed them, and slew many of them. He sent his usual enquiry forward to the king of the Macedonians also, who answered that he would deliberate upon it. “ Let him deliberate, then,” said Agesilaiis, “but we will march on.’ In amazement therefore at his boldness, and in fear, the Macedonian king gave orders to let him pass as a friend. Since the Thes- salians were in alliance with his enemies, he ravaged their country. But to the city of Larissa he sent Xenocles and Scythes, hoping to secure its friendship. His ambassadors, however, were arrested and kept in close custody, whereupon the rest of his command were indignant, and thought that Agesilaiis ought to 2 Agesilaiis followed ‘‘ the very route taken by the Great King when he invaded Hellas” (Xenophon, Hell. iv. 2, 8). 43 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THY Adpicoay, o O€ prycas oun av eOedfjoat @eo- cahiap 6Anv ANaBety aTrohéa as Tav avdpav TOV Erepov, bmoamovbous avTous anéhaBe. Kal TOUT lows é "Aynoikae Gavpacrov OUK mY, Os mru0o- pevos paxynv peyahny yeyovevat rept KopivOov, Kal av pas? Ttav tavu évdo—wv ws évt padiora aipvidiov drrohw)évat, Kat} LraptTiaT ey peev odUYyoUS TavTaTAce TeOvnKkévat, Tapmoddous dé TOV Toheor, ovK apn Tepixapns ovde €7rnp- HEVOS, adra Kal Taye Bapu atevatas, ‘ Ded THs “EXXdbos,” by, “ Tocovtous avépas atrodo- Aexulas id’ avris, Soot CavrTes eduvavto piKay ouov cupmavTas TOUS BapBdpovs paxXopevot.” TOV bé Papoanriov T POo KEL pevov auT@ Kal KaKOUVTwOY TO oTpaTeuua, TevTaKootors inmeboty euBaneiv Kedevoas ou avT@ Kal Tpeyrapevos éaTyce T po- maLov bro TO NapOaxiy. Kal THY viKny vmepy- yarrnaev exewny, ort TvTTHT a LEVOS iarmeKov avr os b:° éavrod TOUTY fov@ Tovs péytotov ed’ immixh ppovovvras ExpaTnoev. XVII. "Eytai0a Argpisas oixobev epopos ay aTHVTNTEV AUTO KEeXevwv EvOUS euBarely Els THY Bowwriav. o 86, KaiTrep amo petCovos TapacKevhys YaTEepov TovTO Touno at Sravoovperos, ovdév weTO deiv arreiOeiv Tots dpxovaty, adnra TOUS TE Hel? éauToOU 7 poet ev eyyus elvau THY meepay ép hy é€ "Acacias RKovat, Kal dvo popas peTeTréuyato TOV Tepl KopvGov TTpATEvopevwy. ot O€ év TH TONEL AaxeSatpovioe TLLOVTES avTov éxnipuéav TOV véwy atroypadecBar tov BovrAcpevoy t@ Bactret 1 Gydpas . . . wal rejected by Sintenis and Bekker, and questioned by Coraés, after Schaefers the words are wanting in Apophth. Lacon. 45 (Morals, p. 211 e). 44 605 AGESILAUS encamp about Larissa and lay siege to it. But he declared that the capture of all Thessaly would not compensate him for the loss of either one of his men, and made terms with the enemy in order to get them back. And perhaps we need not wonder at such conduct in Agesilaiis, since when he learned that a great battle had been fought near Corinth,’ and that men of the highest repute had suddenly been taken off, and that although few Spartans altogether had been killed, the loss of their enemies was very heavy, he was not seen to be rejoiced or elated, but fetched a deep groan and said: “ Alas for Hellas, which has by her own hands destroyed so many brave men! Had they lived, they could have conquered in battle all the Barbarians in the world.” However, when the Pharsalians annoyed him and harassed his army, he ordered five hundred horsemen which he led in person to attack them, routed them, and set up a | trophy at the foot of mount Narthacium. This victory gave him special pleasure, because with horsemen of his own mustering and training, and with no other force, he had conquered those whose chief pride was placed in their cavalry.” XVII. Here Diphridas, an ephor from Sparta, met him, with orders to invade Boeotia immediately. Therefore, although he was purposing to do this later with a larger armament, he thought it did not behoove him to disobey the magistrates, but said to those who were with him that the day was near for which they had come from Asia. He also sent for two divisions of the army at Corinth. Then the Lacedaemonians at home, wishing to do him honour, made proclamation that any young man who wished 1 394 B.c. Of. Xenophon, ell. iv. 2, 18—3, 1 f. 2 Cf. Xenophon, Hell. iv. 3, 9. 45 PLUTARCR’S LIVES BonGeiv. arroypanyapeévav be mavTov mpobupws, ot apxovres WEVTNHKOVTA TOUS Gx MaLoTaTous Kal poparewTarous exréeEavres aTréoTetNav. ‘O dé ‘Aynothaos elow Tudav mapenbav kal dvodevoas THY Oawxida pidny ovcar, érrel THs Bowwtias 1patov eméBn Kab mepl THY Xatpaverav Kateo TpaTon éevoey, dua pev Tov HALov _eKhet- TovTa Kal ytvomevov pnvoedi) Kateidev, Gua b¢ jeouce TeOvava Tletoavdpov NTTN Levov vaupaxia Tept Kvidov vm0 PapvaBatov Kal Kévevos. 3 nxGéoOn ey ov, as elKos; éml TOUTOLS wal dua TOV dvdpa Kat Sia THY mod, Sires bé pry TOUS OTPATLOTALS érrl pany Badifovor abu pia Kal poBos euméon, Tavavtia, héyery éxédevoe TOUS amo Oardrrns F HKovras, STL VIKOOL TH vavpaxig: Kal ™ poehOary avTos eorepavapevos COvcev evay- yédua Kal Sréreptre pepidas Tois dirows ad TaV TeOupévov. XVIII. ’Ezret 8e mpoiay Kal YEVvOLEVOS éy Kopwveia xateide tovs TOKEULOUS wal Katopon, maperdéaro Sous ‘Opxopeviors TO EV@VULOV Képas, autos 5é 70 deEvov emHyev. ol dé OnBaior TO pev SeEvov eixov avrol, 70 dé evovupov "A ryetou. Aeyer dé THY pany 0 Fevopay € éxelyny olav ovK addny TOV TWTTOTE yevéa Bar: Kal raphy avTos TO “Aynoirde cuvayovibouevos, é& ‘Actas SiaBe- 2 Bnxas. 7 pev ouv TpoTn ovppatis ouK éovev @Otc pov ode Gyava TrOAUY, GANA Ot TE @nBaior ? August, 394 B.c. 2 The soldiers of Agesilaiis were consequently victorious in a skirmish with the enemy, according to Xenophon (Hell. iv. 3, 14). 46 AGESILAUS might enlist in aid of the king. All enlisted eagerly, and the magistrates chose out the most mature and vigorous of them to the number of fifty, and sent them off. Agesilaiis now marched through the pass of Thermopylae, traversed Phocis, which was friendly to Sparta, entered Boeotia, and encamped near Chaeroneia. Here a partial eclipse of the sun oc- curred, and at the same time! news came to him of the death of Peisander, who was defeated in a naval battle off Cnidus by Pharnabazus and Conon. Agesi- laiis was naturally much distressed at these tidings, both because of the man thus lost, and of the city which had lost him; but nevertheless, that his soldiers might not be visited with dejection and fear as they were going into battle, he ordered the messengers from the sea to reverse their tidings and say that the Spartans were victorious in the naval battle. He himself also came forth publicly with a garland on his head, offered sacrifices for glad tidings, and sent portions of the sacrificial victims to his friends.? XVIII. After advancing as far as Coroneia and coming within sight of the enemy, he drew up his army in battle array, giving the left wing to the Orchomenians, while he himself led forward the right. On the other side, the Thebans held the right wing themselves, and the Argives the left. Xenophon says that this battle was unlike any ever fought,® and he was present himself and fought on the side of Agesilaiis, having crossed over with him from Asia.* The first impact, it is true, did not meet with much resistance, nor was it long contested, but the 3 Hellenica, iv. 3, 16. * Cf. Xenophon’s Anabasia, v. 3, 6. 47 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘ \ 3 , 9 / \ \ Ttayv tovs ‘Opyxopuevious étpéavto Kal Tous "Apyetous o “Aynaidaos: émel bé dxovoavTes b , a > 7? / @ \ 4 appotepo. Ta evavupa mieCecPar Kal pevyey dvéatperav, évtadda tis vixns axwdvvouv Tap- ovens, el THS KaTa oTOma payns VpécOat Tois l4 > lA \ 4 e , 4 @nBaiows nOéAnoe eal mate éEropevos Tapadrd- e \ a / ? , Eavtas, vio Oupod Kal giroverxias évavTios éya@pes Tois avdpdow, @oacOat Kata KpdTos J e \ b) bd VA 20 / Bovropevos. of S€ ody Frrov éppwpévws €d€- Eavto, cal paxn yiveras d0 bAov pev toxyupa Tov oTpatevpatos, ioxupotatn 8 Kar’ éxeivoy avTov éy TOs TevTHKOVTA TeTAYypEévOV, WV Els KaLpoV Gorcev iroTiwia TH Bactret yevéoBar Kal cwTHpLos. aywrilopuevor yap éxOvpws Kal tpo- KtvOUVEVOVTES ATPWTOV meV aUTOY OvK eduIOnTAY a 9 gurd£at, roddds bé da tev StrAwv SeEdpevoy ets \ A \ / \ / / bd / TO copa wANyas Sdpace Kal Eiheot ports avnp-— macay Cavra, xal oupdpatavres mpd avtov ToAANous pev avnpovy, TroAAol Sé Emimtov. os dé péya epyov jv w@aac8at mpotpoTddny Tous @nBaiovs, nvayxdcOnoav Srep &E& apxis ovK éBovrovtTo toijnoa. dtéeotnoav yap avtois THY ddrayya nal dvéoyov, elra ataxtotepoy dn Topevopevous, ws dteEétrecov, axodovOovytTes Kal / mapadéovres éx TAayiwy Eratoy. ov pny éTpé- / > > 3 4 e A \ N yravTo ye, GAX’ atrexwpnoav ot OnPBator pos Tov € a / A A Enuxdva, néya TH dyn Ppovowvtes, WS anTTNTOL xa?’ avbrovs yeyovores. 48 AGESILAUS Thebans speedily routed the Orchomenians, as Agesi- laiis did the Argives. Both parties, however, on hearing that their left wings were overwhelmed and in flight, turned back. Then, although the victory might have been his without peril if he had been willing to refrain from attacking the Thebans in front and to smite them in the rear after they had passed by, Agesilaiis was carried away by passion and the ardour of battle and advanced directly upon them, wishing to bear them down by sheer force. But they received him with a vigour that matched his own, and a battle ensued which was fierce at all points in the line, but fiercest where the king himself stood surrounded by his fifty volunteers,’ whose opportune and emulous valour seems to have saved his life. For they fought with the utmost fury and exposed their lives in his behalf, and though they were not able to keep him from being wounded, but many blows of spears and swords pierced his armour and reached his person, they did succeed in dragging him off alive, and standing in close array in front of him, they slew many foes, while many of their own number fell. But since it proved too hard a task to break the Theban front, they were forced to do what at the outset they were loth to do. They opened their ranks and let the enemy pass through, and then, when these had got clear, and were already marching in looser array, the Spartans followed on the run and smote them on the flanks. They could not, however, put them to rout, but the Thebans withdrew to Mount Helicon,? greatly elated over the battle, in which, as they reasoned, their own contingent had been undefeated. 1 Cf. chapter xvii. 2. They are not mentioned by Xenophon. 2 From the slopes of which they had advanced to the battle. 49 VOL. V. EK PLUTARCR’S LIVES XIX. ‘Aynothaos 5€, Kaimrep v7r0 TPAVLaTOY 606 TONY KAKOS TO copa Staxetpwevos, ov T pOTEepov ent oKNViy annrlev 7 i) popddny évex Oivat T pos THY ddrayya Kal Tovs vEKpoUS ely evTOS TOV Oro ouyKEKopuis wEvous. Soot pévrou TOV TOXE- pi@y eis TO lepov Karepuyov, mavTas exéhevaev apeOjvan. ™Anolov yap 0 VES éotw 6 THS ‘Irevias "AOnvas, kai mpd avTod tpoTraLov éorn- xev, 6 waddrat Bowwrtot LrapTovos oTpaTnyouvTos evravda vino ayes "AOnvatous cal Torpidny QITOKTELVAVTES éoTnaay. apa é pepa Bovdo- pevos eEeheyEar TOUS @nBaiovs 0 "Aynotdaos, él LapaxodvT an, orepavodabat pev exéhevae TOUS TTPATLATAS, avnely dé TOUS avrnras, torava 6€ xal Koo pely TpoTracov OS VEVLKNKOTAS. as 6é émewrpay ot TONE [LOL vex pov dvaipecty attodvtes, éomreloato, Kal THY ViKNV OUTWS éxBeBarwc dpevos els Aerdovs arexopiaOn, udev aryouevear, cal THY TE TOMMY émeTévet TO Jed ral TH Sexdrny améOve Tav ex Tis *Aolas Aaghvpwov éxaTov TaNdvTov YEVOMEDTY. "Ered Se aTrevoa TNO eV oixase, mpoa pidns pev Hv EevOds Tots TroXtTaLs Kal TepiBrer705 am0 TOU Biov kai tH Staitns: od yap, OorreEp ot TrELo TOL TOV OTPATHYOV, KaLVvos érravAdOev aro THs Eévns Kat KEKLUTLEVOS on GAOT piv eGov, kal ducKo- haiveov 7 pos Ta olKot Kab Cuyouax ar, anra opotis Tots pnden wrote TOV Evporav d1aBe- Bynkoot Ta Tapovta Timev Kal otépywv ov Setrvov 1 In 447 B.c.; cf. the Pericles, xviii. 2 f. 2 Cf the Nictus, vi. 5. 5° AGESILAUS XIX. But Agesilaiis, although he was weakened by many wounds, would not retire to his tent until he had first been carried to his troops and seen that the dead were collected within the encampment. Moreover, he ordered that all of the enemy who had taken refuge in the sanctuary should be dis- missed. For the temple of Athena Itonia was near at hand, and a trophy stood in front of it, which the Boeotians had long ago erected, when, under the command of Sparto, they had defeated the Athenians there and slain Tolmides their general.! Early next morning, Agesilaiis, wishing to try the Thebans and see whether they would give him battle, ordered his soldiers to wreath their heads and his pipers to play their pipes, while a trophy was set up and adorned in token of their victory. And when the enemy sent to him and asked permission to take up their dead, he made a truce with them, and having thus assured to himself the victory,” pro- ceeded to Delphi,? where the Pythian games were in progress, There he celebrated the customary procession in honour of the god, and offered up the tenth of the spoils which he had brought from Asia, amounting to a hundred talents. Then he went back home, where his life and conduct brought him at once the affection and ad- miration of his fellow-citizens. For, unlike most of their generals, he came back from foreign parts un- changed and unaffected by alien customs ; he showed no dislike towards home fashions, nor was he restive under them, but honoured and loved what he found there just as much as those did who had never crossed the Eurotas; he made no change in his 3 Leaving the army in command of Gylis the polemarch (Xenophon, Hell. iv. 3, 21). SI E 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5 prrakev, ov Aovtpov, ov Oepatreiav YUVALKOS, ou Srrheov Koo pov, OUK oixias KaTacKeuny, arnra ms Tas Ovpas adjcev odTws ovoas opodpa Taras, @s Soxely elvat, TavTAS éxelvas as éréO nev "Aptctodnpos. Kal TO Kxavvad pov pnow o Fevo- pov ovdéy TL oepvoTepoy elvat THS éexeivov Ouya- T pos i TOV GAXNOD. cavvabpa dé Kanodowy eldwra ypuTrav Evruva Kal Tparyehadav év ols KoptCouct 6 Tas qaidas év Tails Trourrais. O pev ov Revopav dvopa THS "Aynotddou Ourya.t pos ov véypage, kato Atxaiapyos é emnyavaxtnoey OS LTE THY “Aynoe- dou Juyatépa pare THY "Exrapuvevdou pntépa ylvaockovTwv nuov: nueis Se et popev év tais Aaxwvixais dvaypadais ovopatoméevny yuvatixa pev Agnotddou Kreopay, Guyarépas dé Etrwdlav ral IIpoavyav.’ gore dé Kat Aoyynv ibeiy adrod Keypev ny aypt vov év Aaxedaipou, pndéyv trav ad\Nwv Staépovcay. XX. Ov pay aGAXa opav évious TOV TOMT OD amo immotpodias Soxodvras ef elvai Tivas Kab peya* ppovodvtas, é émecce THY adeApHY Kuvioxav appa xkabeioav ‘Oduptiacw ayovicac ba, Bovdopevos evdeiEacbat Tos EdAnor WS ovdenas ear ApeTHnS, GNA mAoOUTOU kal damravys ue vin. 2 Fevoporvra dé Tov copoy EYwy pel” é€auTOU omrovdalopuevov ExéXNeve TOUS maidas év Aaxe- daipove TpepeLy peTaTrepYpapevon, as pabnoo- pévous TOV pa nyarov TO Kad TOD, apyerOau Kai apxew. Tov 6é Avodvdpou TETENEUTIKOTOS eUp@v éTaipeiay oA cuverTacar, iy éxeivos 1 Tpdavyay a reading mentioned by Stephanus, and aow found in S: [MypodAdrav. 2 uéya Cobet, van Herwerden, with F@: peydaa. 52 AGESILAUS table, or his baths, or the attendance on his wife, or the decoration of his armour, or the furniture of his house, nay, he actually let its doors remain although they were very old,—one might say they were the very doors which Aristodemus! had set up. His daughter’s “kannathron,”’ as Xenophon? tells us, was no more elaborate than that of any other maid (“ kannathra”’ is the name they give to the wooden figures of griffins or goat-stags in which their young girls are carried at the sacred processions).2_ Xeno- phon, it is true, has not recorded the name of the daughter of Agesilaiis, and Dicaearchus expressed great indignation that neither her name nor that of the mother of Epaminondas was known to us; but we have found in the Lacedaemonian records that the wife of Agesilaiis was named Cleora, and his daughters Eupolia and Proauga. And one can see his spear also, which is still preserved at Sparta, and which is not at all different from that of other men. XX. However, on seeing that some of the citizens esteemed themselves highly and were greatly lifted up because they bred racing horses, he persuaded his sister Cynisca to enter a chariot in the contests at Olympia, wishing to shew the Greeks that the victory there was not a mark of any great excellence, but simply of wealth and lavish outlay. Also, having Xenophon the philosopher in his following, and making much of him, he ordered him to send for his sons and rear them at Sparta, that they might learn that fairest of all lessons, how to obey and how to command. Again, finding after Lysander’s death that a large society was in existence, which that 1 The great-great-grandson of Heracles; cf. Xenophon, A gestlaiia, viii. 7. 2 These figures of animals were on wheels, and served as carriages (cf. Athenaeus, p. 139 f.). 53 OF PLUTARCH’S LIVES evVOus erravenOav amo THs "Acias cuvéotnoev énl N b 4 C4 > AN 3 , tov ’AynoiXaov, Opunoev avtrov éFereyyxev olos Hv Cav qoXitns: Kal Aoyov avayvods év BiBrip drodeAerppéevov, dv eypawe pev Kréwv o ‘AN- Kapvacces, euedrc 5é Aéyerv avaraBav o Avcav- Spos év Te Syuw wept mpaypdtwv Kawov Kal METATTAaTEWS TOU TOALTEVpLaTOS, NOEANTEV Eis péoov éeveyxeiv. érel 5€ Tus THY yepovTwV TOV Adyor dvaryvouvs kal hPoBnOels tHv ServdtnTa ouve- UA \ N 4 9 4 3 Bovrevoce wy Tov Avoavdpov dvoputtey, adda TOV AGYoV MAaAXOV av’T@ cuyKatopUTTEay, éretcOn kai Kabnovyake. rods Sé Urevavtioupévous avT@ A \ b) 4 4 \ davepas pev ov éBratrre, Starpatropevos &é wéutrecOai Twas det otpatnyous Kal adpxovTas é& avtav, émedeixvue yevomévous év tais éEovciats Tovnpovs Kal mEovextas, Elta Kpivopévors TWadL at BonOav Kai acuvaywrifopevos, oikeious éx / a Siadopwv érroveito Kal peOiotn Tpos avTov, WaTE pnGéva avtimanopr etvat. ‘O yap Erepos Bactreds *"Aynoimors, ate 87 \ TatTpos pev wv dhuydoos, HAuKia Se mavTdTace 4 tA N A 4 > petpaciov, puoet 5 mpdos Kal Kdcptos, oY OANA TOV TONTIKOY Empattev. ov pny adda Kal ToUTOV émroteito yelponOn. cuacitodvar yap ot a > \ > \ la / 4 Baotreis eis TO avto ghortavtes piditioy, Stav émtinu@ow. eidas odv evoyov dvta Tols épw- TLxots Tov AynoimoXty, @oTrEp NY AUTOS, del TLVOS 1 Cf. the Lysander, chapter xxx. 54 607 AGESILAUS commander, immediately after returning from Asia, had formed against him, Agesilaiis set out to prove what manner of citizen Lysander had been while alive. So, after reading a speech which Lysander had left behind him in book form,—a speech which Cleon of Halicarnassus had composed, but which Lysander had intended to adopt and _ pronounce before the people in advocacy of a revolution and change in the form of government,—Agesilaiis wished to publish it. But one of the senators, who had read the speech and feared its ability and power, advised the king not to dig Lysander up again, but rather to bury the speech with him, to which advice Agesilaiis listened and held his peace. And as for those who were in opposition to him, he would do them no open injury, but would exert himself to send some of them away from time to time as generals and commanders, and would shew them up if they proved base and grasping in their exercise of authority ; then, contrariwise, when they were brought to trial, he would come to their aid and exert himself in their behalf, and so would make them friends instead of enemies, and bring them over to his side, so that no one was left to oppose him. For Agesipolis, the other king, since he was the son of an exile,? in years a mere stripling, and by nature gentle and quiet, took little part in affairs of state. And yet he too was brought under the sway of Agesilaiis. For the Spartan kings eat together in the same “phiditium,” or public mess,? whenever they are at home. Accordingly, knowing that Agesi- polis was prone to love affairs, just as he was himself, * Pausanias, who was impeached in 395 B.c., went into voluntary exile, and was condemned to death. 3 Cf. the Lycurgua, xii. 1 f. 55 PLUTARCH’S LIVES UmTnpKe NOyou Tepl TOY ev Wpa Kal Tponye Tov veavioxov eis TavTO Kal cuvipa Kal cuvétrpaTte, a a 2 @ Oe 3 / NA de Tov AAaKwVLKOY EpWTWY OVdEY ALTYPOV, ALOW Oe TOAAHy Kal diroTisiav Kal CHrov aperns eyov- Tov, @S év Tots Trept AuKovpyou yéypaTrTat. XXI. Méyorov obv Suvapevos ev rH moder b1a- 4 4 N ig / b] \ > mpatretat TerXevtiav Tov opountplov adeAdoy ért Tov vavTiKoU yevéo bat. Kai TTpaTEVva dpevos els Kopw6ov autos pey pet Kata ynv Ta paxpa TetXn, tais 5¢ vavolv o Tedeutias!..... 'Ap- yetov S& tHv KopwOov éydvtwy tote Kai Ta wv @ / 9 9 M4 \ IcOuta auvterovvtwy, émipavels éxeivous per “A a 4 éEnNacey apts, T@ Oem teOuKoTas, THY: Tapa: \ ef > 4 b \ \ A okeuny dtracay arodumovtas émet 5€ Tov Kopw- 4 e/ Uf ” , ? / Giwv bcot puyddes Etruyov tapovtes edenOnoav avrod Tov ayava Siabeivas, ToUTO pev ovK érroin- > A bd / A 4 cev, avtav bé éxeivorv S:aTi0évtwy Kal cvvtedovv- TwY Tapéepeve Kal Tapécyev aodareav. boTEpov 5é direNOovtros avtod maddy bm’ "Apyeiwr HyOn v ; Ta IcO usa, cai reves ev évixnoav manu, eat Sé of vevixncores TMpoTepov, HTTHuEvot 5é Botepor, aveypadnoav. él tovtm dé TodANY amépnve Sevdiav KaTnyopely éavT@yv tous ‘Apyeious o b / ? \ 4 \ f \ AynotX\aos, eb cEe“voy ovTW Kal péeya THY 1 The lacuna after this name may be filled from the words kara OddAatray Tas vavs Kal Ta vedpia Hpnee, in Xenophon, Hell. iv. 4, 19. 1 Chapters xvii. 1 ; xviii. 4. 56 AGESILAUS Agesilaiis would always introduce some discourse about the boys who were of an age to love. He would even lead the young king’s fancy toward the object of his own affections, and share with him in wooing and loving, these Spartan loves having nothing shameful in them, but being attended rather with great modesty, high ambition, and an ardent desire for excellence, as I have written in my life of Lycurgus.! XXI. Having thus obtained very great influence in the city, he effected the appointment of Teleutias, his half-brother on his mother’s side, as admiral. Then he led an army to Corinth, and himself, by land, captured the long walls, while Teleutias, with his fleet, seized the enemy’s ships and dockyards. Then coming suddenly upon the Argives,? who at that time held Corinth, and were celebrating the Isthmian games, he drove them away just as they had sacrificed to the god, and made them abandon all their equipment for the festival. At this, the exiles from Corinth who were in his army begged him to hold the games. This, however, he would not do, but remained at hand while they held the games from beginning to end, and afforded them security. Afterwards, when he had departed, the Isthmian games were held afresh by the Argives, and some contestants won their victories a second time, while some were entered in the lists as victors in the first contests, but as vanquished in the second. In this matter Agesilaiis declared that the Argives had brought down upon themselves the charge of great cowardice, since they regarded the conduct of the # Plutarch confuses the expedition of 393 B.c. (Xenophon, sys iv. 4. 19) with that of 390 B.c. (Xenophon, Hell. iv. 5, 1 ff.). 57 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aywvobeciav Hyovmevor payerOat Tept avTis ovx éroApnoay. avTos S€ pos TadTa TdvTa petpiws mero Seiv Exe, Kal Tovs péev olor Yopods kal adyavas émexoope Kal ouprraphy del di- NoTilas Kal orrovdys peaTos Ov Kal ovTe Traidwv w 4 e / b / aA \ \ ovTe TapOévwv apirrns aTrorertTrOpevos, & dé TOUS bd @e 7 4 20 7 , adXous éwpa Oavpdlovtas édoxer wndé ywvockerv. kat tote Kaddrridns 0 tav tpayediav vTo0- / v 4 ” b a if KptTys, ovoua Kal Sokav éyov ev trois “Eddqot Kal oovdalouevos Urd TavTwy, Tp@Tov pev aNnVvTnoEev aUT@ Kal wpoceireyv, Ereita coRapas €is TOUS ouptrepiTatovvTas éuBadwv éavToY 3 / , 3 A v \ emedeiKvuTO vouilwy éxetvoy apkev Tivos ptdo- dpoouvns, Téros Oé elev’ “ OvK erriyitvecKels pe, @ Bactred;” Kaxeivos amoBrNévas mpos avTov 2 “? \ > , : , e elmev' “’AXAA ov auye éoot Kadrdridas o decxnrixtas;” odtw 5é Aaxedatpovior Tovs pipous KaXovet. Tapakanovpevos b€ maddy aKodoat TOU THY anodova pLpoupevov, TapynTnoaTo drcas, ce A b) A ” 39 le) dé > A M 4 UTas dKkouxa. Tov dé latpod Mevexpartous, émel KaATATUXY@Y éy Tiow aTreyvwopévats Oeparrei- ats Zevs érexrnOn, poprexas TaVTH Xpwpévou TH mpocwvuuia Kal bn Kat mpos éxeivov émiotetrat ToApnoavtos oltws: “ Mevexparns Zevs Raciret "AynotAd@ yaipew, avtTéypate ‘ Baowneds > s 4 e , b>] Aynotraos Mevexpares vytaivecy. XXII. AtatpiBovros 5é wept rv Kopiw6iev b A \ \ ¢ a / \ \ > 4 avtod nat to ‘Hpaiov etrnghotos Kal ra aixpa- AwWTA TOUS OTpaTLWTaS ayovTas Kal dépovTas 4 / a émtBrerrovtos, adixovro mpécBes éx OnBav trepr 58 AGESILAUS games as so great and august a privilege, and yet had not the courage to fight for it. He himself thought that moderation ought to be observed in all these matters, and sought to improve the local choirs and games. These he always attended, full of ambitious ardour, and was absent from no contest in which either boys or girls competed. Those things, however, for which he saw the rest of the world filled with admiration, he appeared not even to recognize. Once upon a time Callipides the tragic actor, who had a name and fame among the Greeks and was eagerly courted by all, first met him and addressed him, then pompously thrust himself into his company of attendants, showing plainly that he expected the king to make him some friendly overtures, and finally said : “ Dost thou not recognize me,O King?” The king fixed his eyes upon him and said: “ Yea, art thou not Callipides the buffoon?’’ And again, when he was invited to hear the man who imitated the nightingale, he declined, saying: “I have heard the bird herself.” Again, Menecrates the physician, who, for his success in certain desperate cases, had received the surname of Zeus, and had the bad taste to employ the appellation, actually dared to write the king a letter beginning thus: “ Menecrates Zeus, to King Agesilaiis, greeting.” To this Agesilaiis replied: “ King Agesilaiis, to Menecrates, health and sanity.” XXII. While he was lingering in the territory of Corinth, he seized the Heraeum,? and as he was watching his soldiers carry off the prisoners and booty, messengers came from Thebes to treat for 1 Cf. the Lycurgus, xx. 5. 2 The refugees in the Heraeum came out and surrendered of their own accord (Xenophon, Hell. iv. 5, 5). 59 ~~ PLUTARCH’S LIVES U e \ A \ > \ A / 27 dirtas. o S€ pro@y pév del THY TrOALY, Olopevos dé rote Kal cupdépew éevuBpicat, mpocetrotetro pnTe opay avtods pnte aKoveww evTUyyavorTan. érade 56 1payywa vepernrov' ote yap amnrAay- pévov tav OnBaiwv Heov tives atrayyédXovtes avT@ THY popay bro ‘Idixpdrous KaraxexopOa. Kal wdQos Todto péya bud ToANOD Ypovou auVreE- > a) \ \ LA bd \ 3 , Tegev AUTOS TOANOUS yap avdpas ayabous arre- Barov xpatnOévras bio Te TWeATATT@V OTATAS , 4, kal ptaSodopav Aaxedatpovious. "Averndnae pev odv evOds o ‘Aynairaos as s b \ ww , 2 BonOnowv: érel 5é &yvw Statrerpaypevous, av&ts ets TO ‘Hpaiov ice, cal tovs Botwtovs tote mpoo- eMMeiy Kerevoas, éxypnudatilev. ws 5 avOuBpi- Covtes éxeivor THS péev elpnyns ovK epéuvnvTo, n A 3 , >] 4 b] \ e mwapeOnvar dé nkiovy eis KopiwOov, opyicbels o "Aynairaos elmev: “ EKiye Bovreabe tovs hidrous Upav ideiy péya ppovodvtas éd’ ols evtuyovour, avptov acgharas vyiv tovto bTdp Ee.” Kal wapa- AaBSa@v avtovs TH boTepaia THY Te YwOpay TeV KopivOiwv éxomre Kal mpos tTHv Toy avTHy mpoanrev. ottw Sé rods KopivOious éFeréyEas apvverbat pn TOAMaVTAS, adie THY TpEeaReiav. avros 5€ Tovs mrepiAerctupéevous avdpas ex THs 4 > \ b a ? 4 \ popas avaraBeov amie cis Aaxedaipova, mpo nuépas otovpevos tas avatevEes nal madww oKoTaious Tas KATaNUCELS, STWS OL pLoODVTES Kat Backaivovtes Tov "Apxddov py eruyaipwow. 60 60! AGESILAUS peace. But he had always hated that city, and thinking this an advantageous time also for insulting it, pretended neither to see nor hear its ambassadors when they presented themselves. But his pride soon had a fall; for the Thebans had not yet de- parted when messengers came to him with tidings that the Spartan division had been cut to pieces by Iphicrates.1 This was the greatest disaster that had happened to the Spartans in a long time; for they lost many brave men, and those men were over- whelmed by targeteers and mercenaries, though they were men-at-arms and Lacedaemonians. At once, then, Agesilaiis sprang up to go to their assistance, but when he learned that it was all over with them,” he came back again to the Heraeum, and ordering the Boeotians then to come before him, gave them an audience. But they returned his insolence by making no mention of peace, but simply asking safe conduct into Corinth. Agesilaiis was wroth at this, and said: “If you wish to see your friends when they are elated at their successes, you can do so to-morrow in all safety.” And taking them along with him on the next day, he ravaged the territory of the Corinthians, and advanced to the very gates of the city. After he had thus proved that the Corinthians did not dare to resist him, he dismissed the embassy. Then he himself, picking up the survivors of the division that had been cut to pieces, led them back to Sparta, always breaking camp before it was day, and pitching the next camp after it was dark, in order that the hateful and malicious Arcadians might not exult over them. 1 At Lechaeum, the port of Corinth on the Corinthian gulf, in 390 B.c. (Xenophon, fell. iv. 5, 11-18). ? He had marched till he was ‘‘ well within the plateau of Lechaeum ” (Xenophon, Hell. iv. 5, 8). 61 fo PLUTARCH’S LIVES "Ex tovtou Xapelopevos Tous ‘Axarois SéBavev els ‘Axapvaviay or pared pet aura, Kal moNAny pev nXNacaTo eiav, paxn 5é Tovs ‘Axapvavas evixnoe. Seopéverv d€ Tov “Axavdy Straws TOV NELUOVA Tapapeivas apérnrar TOV OTOpoV TOV ToNEwov, TovvayTiov &pn Touno ety paddov yap poPnOncerbat Tov Toe pLOV avTous, édv éomap- pévny THV viv és dpas EXO UY ) kal ouveBn. maparyyehhopevns yap av&us ém’ avTovs oTpareias Sunhdayna av TOUS “Axatois. XXIII. ’Eed 5€ Kovov rai PapvaBalos To Bactréws VAUTLK® Jararroxpatovrres émopGouv 7a, mapada THs ANaxwuixns, ererxiaOn dé xai TO aotu tav’ APnvaiwy PapvaBatov xphnpuata Sovtos, édo0ke Tots Aaxedatpoviors ELpnUny moveta Oat T pos Bactnréa: wal méuTrovaw “Avrarkiday ™ pos Tepi- Balov, aisxlota, Kal TAPAVOMLOTATA Tous THY "Agiav xatotxobvras “EXAnvas, brrép av éroné- pnoev "Aynainaos, Bactret mapadiortes. d0ev HKLOTA guveBn TAS Kaxodofias TAUTNS ‘Aynothaw peTacxeiy. 0 yap “Avrarxibas EXO pos qv ave, Kal rnp elonvny é& Gravros émpattev ws Tov monéuou Tov "Aynoiraov av€ovtos Kal trovobvtos evdofatatov Kal péytatov. ov pny adda xal ™ pos TOV el ovTa TOUS Aaxedarpovious pndilerv o "Aynatdaos amexpivato aAXov Tovs Mnédous Aakavivew. Tois 5é wn Bovropevors SéyverOar THY eipnvny atretAov Kat KaTayyeddov WoAEMoV NVaYKaC EV € peeve amavras ols 0 Tépons édixaiwoe, pddtota ba Tovs @nBalovs, d7rws 1 In 390-389 B.c. (Xenophon, Hell. iv. 6, 3—7, 1). 2 [n 393 B.c. (Xenophon, Hell. iv. 8, 10). 3 The Great King’s satrap in Western Asia. 62 AGESILAUS After this, to gratify the Achaeans, he crossed over with them on an expedition into Acarnania,! where he drove away much booty and conquered the Acarnanians in battle. But when the Achaeans asked him to spend the winter there in order to prevent the enemy from sowing their fields, he said he would do the opposite of this; for the enemy would dread the war more if their land was sown when summer came. And this proved true; for when a second expedition against them was an- nounced, they came to terms with the Achaeans. XXIII. When Conon and Pharnabazus with the Great King’s fleet were masters of the sea and were ravaging the coasts of Laconia, and.after the walls of Athens had been rebuilt with the money which Pharnabazus furnished,? the Lacedaemonians decided to make peace with the king of Persia. To that end, they sent Antalcidas to Tiribazus,? and in the most shameful and lawless fashion handed over to the King the Greeks resident in Asia, in whose behalf Agesilaiis had waged war. Agesilaiis, therefore, could have had no part at all in this infamy. For Antalcidas was his enemy, and put forth all his efforts to make the peace because he saw that the war enhanced to the utmost the reputation and power of Agesilaiis. Notwith- standing this, to one who remarked that the Lace- daemonians were favouring the Medes, Agesilaiis replied that the Medes were the rather favouring the Lacedaemonians. Moreover, by threatening with war the Greeks who were unwilling to accept the peace, he forced them all to abide by the terms which the Persian dictated, more especially on account of the Thebans, his object being to make 4 The peace of Antalcidas was ratified by all the Greek states except Thebes in 387 B.c. (Xenophon, Hell. v. 1, 29 ff.). 63 PLUTARCH’S LIVES > , \ / ? , > / avTovopov tHv Bowwtiay addvtes aabevéorepor yevovtat. OHrov € TovTO Tots DoTepov eTroinger. > \ \ 4 ” ? VA \ > émel yap PoiBidas Epyov eipydcato Sewov év A \ > ] , A / , omovoais Kal eipnyn thy Kadpciav xataraBov, \ 4 \ b) , edd A Kal Tapes pev nyavaxtouy ot” EXXnves, KaXeTTasS \ »” e a \ 4 e dé édepov of Ymrapridtat, cal pdruora ot S:ade- popevo. TO 'Aynotrd@w pert’ opyns éemuvOdvorvto a 4 A tov DoiBidou Tivos tadTa KedXevoavTos Empaker, eis éxelvov THhv Umovotay TpéTroVTEs, OVK WKVNTE a / a / 9 \ ¢ a \ TO Por Bide Bondar deyet avagpavdov Ste Sel Thy mpakw avtny, el te ypjotmov exer, oxoteEly: TA yap ouudhépovta tH Aaxedaipov xaras exerv avtopuativea bar, Kav pndels KeAevan. Kaito TO NOYH TavTayod THY Sixatoobvnv aTépaive TPw- 4 A b) a by / \ \ v TEVELY TOY ApET@V* avdpeias pev yap ovdev Speros 2 elvat, pn Tapovons Stxatoovvys, et S€ Sixazot mavres yévouvro, wndev avbpeias SenoesOar. mpos 5é tovs Aéyovtas Ste tadta Soxed TH peydr@ a ¢¢ la 9 ? A b] a? 3 ‘6 4, 9 Bactnrei, “Ti & éxeivos éuod,” elie, “ wetfwv, et pn Kat Sixatotepos;” opOas Kal Karas olopevos Seiy T@ Stxai@ xabdrep pétpw Bacidix@ petpet- \ A a cOat thy vmepoyny tod peilovos. ty Sé THs > / a eLpnuns yevouevns éreuev avT@ tepl Eevias xal / b \ ¢ 4 3 ¥: 3 \ dirtas érictoAnv o BactXevs, ovx EraBev, evtrav a N Vd éEapKeiy Thy Kownv didrgcav, cal pndev idias SenoecOar pevovans éexeivns. év 5é tots épyots ouxéTe TavuTny dSiadvrdtrov thy Sokav, dArAa TH prrotipia Kal tH didovecia moddayod ouvex- pepopevos, Kal padiota TH pos OnBaiovs, ov povov éowae Tov PorBidav, aGdAda Kal THY Tod 64 609 AGESILAUS them weaker by leaving Boeotia independent of the King. This he made clear by his subsequent behaviour. For when Phoebidas committed the foul deed of seizing the Cadmeia! in a time of perfect peace, and all the Greeks were indignant and the Spartans displeased at the act, and when especially those who were at variance with Agesilaiis angrily asked Phoebidas by whose command he had done this thing, thereby turning suspicion upon Agesilaiis, he did not scruple to come to the help of Phoebidas, and to say openly that they must consider whether the act itself was serviceable or not; for that which was advantageous to Sparta might well be done in- dependently, even if no one ordered it. And yet in his discourse he was always declaring that justice was the first of the virtues; for valour was of no use unless justice attended it, and if all men should be just, there would be no need of valour. And to those who said, “This is the pleasure of the Great King,’ he would say, “How is he greater than I unless he is also more just?’’, rightly and nobly thinking that justice must be the measure wherewith the relative greatness of kings is measured. And when, after the peace was concluded, the Great King sent him a letter proposing guest-friendship, he would not accept it, saying that the public friendship was enough, and that while that lasted there would be no need of a private one. Yet in his acts he no longer observed these opinions, but was often carried away by ambition and contentiousness, and _par- ticularly in his treatment of the Thebans. For he not only rescued Phoebidas from punishment, but 1 The citadel of Thebes. It was seized by Phoebidas in 383 B.c. (Xenophon, Hell. v. 2, 26 ff.). 65 VOL. V. F PLUTARCH’S LIVES emevoev els auTny avadéfacbat TO adixnwa Kal KaTEeXELY THY Kadpeiay du éautis, TOY dé m™pary- parwoyv cal THS monuTelas “Apxiav kat Aecovriday amodeifat Kupious, dv dv o PaBidas eiaArAOe Kal xaténaBe THY ax poToAwy. XXIV. "Hy peév odv evOds ex tovdtwv vrovola PoiBidov ev epyov elvat, Botrevpa dé *Aynot- Adouv TO TET pary WEVOV' ai oe VaTepov m pagers Opodoyouperny emoingay THY aitiav. os yap éféBadov ot QnBaior rH ppoupar Kal Thy To nrevOépwaay, eyKahav avtois Stu tov ’Apyiav kat tov Acovtiday atrextovecay, Epy@m peéev Tu- pavvovs, oye be Todenap ous évras, éEnveyxe TONEMLOV Tos QUTOUS. Kal KreouBporos HON Bactrevov “Aynaimonsbos TeOvnKOTOS, eis Boto- Tlay érréuhOn peta duvapews: o yap "Aynotnaos, Os ern TeacapdKovta yeyovas ad’ 71Bns Kai oTpareias exon adeow t bao TOV VOMMY, Epuye TV oTparayiay * éxeivnv, aiaxuvopevos et PrLacioss oALyov eum poo Oev brép puyddov TETONELNKDS, avis ofOrjcerat OnBaiovs xaxds Tomy Sia Tovs Tupavvous. Hy dé ts Adxov Yhodpias ex THs: vmrevayTias oTaaEws 7 'Aynoita@ TETAYMEVOS ev Gcomeais apwoa rns, OUK ATOAMOS pev ovd adtNOTLpo0s avnp, del & érridov padrov i) ppevev ayab av perros. ovTOS émeOupav OVOMATOS peydndou, Kal tov Por- Biday vopi Sev évooEov yeyoveva Kal meptBontov amo Tov Tept OnBas TOMUNLATOS, éneiaOn TOAD KadALOV elvat Kal Aap porepov eb TOV Hewpara kataraBo. &° éavtovd Kal tav 'AOnvaiwy adé- 1 grparnylavy with Stephanus, Coraés, and S: ozparefay. 66 AGESILAUS actually persuaded Sparta to assume responsibility for his iniquity and occupy the Cadmeia on its own account, besides putting the administration of Thebes into the hands of Archias and Leontidas, by whose aid Phoebidas had entered and seized the acropolis. XXIV. Of course this gave rise at once to a suspicion that while Phoebidas had done the deed, Agesilaiis had counselled it ; and his subsequent acts brought the charge into general belief. For when the Thebans expelled the Spartan garrison and liberated their city,! he charged them with the murder of Archias and Leontidas, who were really tyrants, though polemarchs in name, and levied war upon them. And Cleombrotus, who was king now that Agesipolis was dead, was sent into Boeotia with an army ; for Agesilaiis, who had now borne arms for forty years, and was therefore exempt by law from military service, declined this command. He was ashamed, after having recently made war upon the Phliasians in behalf of their exiles,? to be seen now harrying the Thebans in the interests of their tyrants.° Now, there was a certain Lacedaemonian named Sphodrias, of the party opposed to Agesilaiis, who had been appointed harmost at Thespiae. He lacked neither boldness nor ambition, but always abounded in hopes rather than in good judgement. This man, coveting a great name, and considering that Phoe- bidas had made himself famous far and near by his bold deed at Thebes, was persuaded that it would be a far more honourable and brilliant exploit for him to seize the Peiraeus on his own account and rob the 1 In 379 B.c., with the help of the Athenians (Xenophon, Hell. v. 4, 2-14). Cf. the Pelopidas, ix.-xiii. 2 In 380-379 B.c. (Xenophon, Hell. v. 3, 13-25). 5 Cf. Xenophon, Hell. v. 4, 13. 67 r~ F 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Noto THY Oaddaccav, éx ys ampocdoxynras 4 émehOwv. Déyouat b€ TodTO wnxydvnyua yevérOar tov wept IleXomriday nai Mérwva Bowwrapyav. vtréteuav yap avOpwTovs AaKkwvitery Tpoc- Totoupévous, of Tov Yhodpiay émaivovvtTes Kal peyaruvovtes ws Epyou tTHALKOUTOU povoy ator, éripav Kai tapwpunoe averécOar mpakiv adixov bey opoiws éxeivn Kal trapdvopov, ToApns Sé Kal 4 > a / e / \ > \ > A 5 TUYNS evded yevopernv. mwepa yap abtov ev 7 / 4 @piacip medio xatédaBe nal xatédapwev éd- TigavTa vuKTos mpocpi€ew TO Iletpare?> Kal das ad iepav tivwv *EXevowd0ev idovtas Néyovat dpi~at kai mepupoBovs yevéoOat Tovs otpatiwtas. > \ \ A lA 3g / ¢ 3 A a autos 66 Tov Opdaous ékérrecev, ws ovKétt ANabeiv a \ a jv, Kai tia Bpaxeiay aprrayny Oéuevos aicxypas +) ’ sQ7 > \ 4 b \ 6 dveyxwpnoe xal ado~ws eis Tas Deomids. é« 5é 4 4 \ > A 5] 4, ? ToUToU KaTHyopot pev érréudhOnoav eis Yrdaprny €& "AOnvav, edpov S€ Katnyopias! pndev él tov Shodpiav Seouévous tovs apyovtas, AAA Oavdrou Kpiaty avT@ tTpoetpnKotas, tv éxeivos wrropévery amréyvw, poBovpevos tHv opyny tev ToNTOV > , \ ’ , , aicxuvopevwv tovs ‘AOPnvatovs cal Bovropévov cuvadixetobar Soxeiv, iva mn cuvadixeiv Sonactv. XXV. Elyev ody viov 6 Yhodpias Krewvupor, A / ov Tmaidos évTos étTs Kal Kadod thy dw *Apyi- ¢ 3 Ul a , eA ww \ dapos 0 ‘AynotAaou Tov Bactdews vios ijpa. Kat TOTE TUYNYOVLA Mey WS ElKOsS aUT@” KivduvEevorTL 1 xarnyoplas with S: xarnydpwr. 2 &s elxds abrg with S; other MSS. as ecixds hv: aitg. 68 AGESILAUS Athenians of access to the sea, attacking them un- expectedly by land. It is said, too, that the scheme was devised by Pelopidas and Melo, chief magistrates at Thebes.1 They privily sent men to him who pretended to be Spartan sympathizers, and they, by praising and exalting Sphodrias as the only man worthy to undertake so great a task, urged and incited him into an act which was no less lawless and unjust than the seizure of the Cadmeia, though it was essayed without courage or good fortune. For full daylight overtook him while he was yet in the Thriasian plain, although he had hoped to attack the Peiraeus by night. It is said also that his soldiers saw a light streaming from certain sanctuaries at Eleusis, and were filled with shuddering fear. Their commander himself lost all his courage, since con- cealment was no longer possible, and after ravaging the country a little, retired disgracefully and in- gloriously to Thespiae. Hereupon men were sent from Athens to Sparta to denounce Sphodrias. They found, however, that the magistrates there had no need of their denunciation, but had already indicted Sphodrias on a capital charge. This charge he de- termined not to meet, fearing the wrath of his countrymen, who were ashamed in the presence of the Athenians, and wished to be thought wronged with them, that they might not be thought wrong- doers with Sphodrias. XXV. Now Sphodrias had a son, Cleonymus, who was still a boy and fair to look upon, and of whom Archidamus, the son of King Agesilaiis, was en- amoured. In this crisis Archidamus naturally sym- pathized with his favourite because of the peril in 1 Their object was to embroil Athens and Sparta (Xeno- phon, Hell. v. 4, 20-24). 69 PLUTARCH’S LIVES jTept Tov watpos, auumpatreay dé havepws Kai BonOeiv ovx elyev: Hv yap o Xhodpias ex Tav Stahopwv tov ‘Aynotdkdov. tov bé Krewvipou TpooeNOovTos avT@ Kal peta Senoews Kat Saxpvwv éyruyovtos, Strws tov ’Aynoidaoy evvouy Trapd- oXN, padoTa yap éxeivov avtois poBepov elvat, Tpeis pev Téocapas Huépas aidovmevos Tov matépa Kai dedims ciwmh tapnKxorovOe TédosS 5é THs Kpioews eyyds ovaons éTOApNoeEY eEtTrEty \ N 3 A 4 , b “” mpos tov ‘AynotAaov ott KrAewvuyos avtov A e Senbein Trept Tod matpos. o d€’Aynaidaos eldas n e épavra tov "Apyidapov ovK éravoev: Hv yap o Kreovupos evOvs éx traidwv éridofos, eb tus Kat ” > A ” “a b] \ > # 4 adXos, avnp érecOat otrovdaios. ov pny évédwKée Tl TOTE dalihls h diravOpwrrov édktricar Seopevp TO Tatot, oxévrecOar 5é dyoas 6 TL KAAS ExoL A 4 € Kal mpetovtws, amirOev. aidovpevos ody oO b 4 9g / \ 4 a 4 Apxidapos é&éXertre TO Tpoctévat TO KrNewvupo, KaiTrep etwO@s TOAAAKLS TOUTO THS Hwépas ToLEty mpotepov. éx 6€ TovTOV KaKElvoL Ta KATA TOV Sdodptav padrr\govy améyvwcav, axpt ob TaV ’ 4 lé 9 A "4 4 AynotXaou pirwv “Etupoxdris év tive KotvoXoyia pos avToVS aTreyvpVaTE THY yvOunY TOD Aynat- QA AXdou: TO pev yap épyov ws Em pardtota eye avTov, GAXAwS ye UNV avdpa Tov Upodpiav ayabov ra] cia nyeicOat Kal Thy ToAW opav ToLovTwY oTpa- A e tiwtav Seopévnv. Ttovtovs yap o ‘Aynainaos EKAOTOTE TOUS AOYOUS ErroLEiTO TrEpi THS Sixns, TO mast yapiverOar Bovdrdmuevos, wate Kal Tov Knreavupov ev0vds aicbdvecOat tiv amovdny tod > 4 N A 4 \ fe) ‘4 ApyiSapou Kat Tovs dirous tovs tod Xdodpiou A a ‘ / Oappodvtas 5n BonOetv. tv Sé Kal herotexvos e 93 > 4 o Aynoiraos Stadepovtws: Kal qepi éxelvou To 7° 610 AGESILAUS which his father stood, but he was unable to aid and assist him openly, since Sphodrias was one of the opponents of Agesilaiis. But when Cleonymus came to him in tears and begged him to mollify Agesilaiis, from whom he and his father had most to fear, for three or four days he was restrained by awe and fear from saying anything to Agesilaiis as he followed him about; but finally, when the trial was near at hand, he plucked up courage to tell him that Cleony- mus had begged him to intercede for his father. Now Agesilaiis, although he knew of the love of Archidamus, had not puta stop to it, since Cleonymus, from lis early boyhood, had given special promise of becoming an earnest and worthy man. At this time, however, he did not permit his son to expect any advantage or kindness in answer to his prayer ; he merely said, as he went away, that he would consider what was the honourable and fitting course in the matter. Archidamus was therefore mortified, and ceased to visit Cleonymus, although before this he had done so many times a day. As a consequence, the friends of Sphodrias also were more in despair of his case, until Etymocles, one of the friends of Agesilaiis, conferred with them and disclosed the mind of the king, namely, that he blamed to the utmost what Sphodrias had done, but yet thought him a brave man, and saw that the city needed just such soldiers. For this was the way in which Agesi- laiis always spoke about the trial, in his desire to gratify his son, so that Cleonymus was at once aware of the zealous efforts of Archidamus in his behalf, and the friends of Sphodrias had courage at last to come to his help. It is a fact also that Agesilatis was excessively fond of his children, and a story is told of his joining in their childish play. Once, 71 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THs maLdlas Néyouctv, Ste puxpots Tots maLdtots @ , \ a tf ¥ ovo. KddNapov weptBeRnKkas Botrep tamov oiKor / 9 A € 4 A ‘4 cuverrattev, ofOels 5é v7r0 Twos THY dirwv Tap- exdrge pndevt dpdcat, ply av nal adtos matip Taidwy yévnTas. XXVI. ’ArrorAvOévtos 5 tod Xdhodpiov, nai A ? , e DJ 4 \ / tav AOnvaiwr, as érvOovto, mpos WoAELOV Tpa- Topevav, apddpa Kaxos o 'Aynoidaos HKovce, db: émiupiay atoTov Kal tadapiadn Soxav éurrodwv yeyovévas Kpioes Stxata, kal THY TWOAW Tapaitioy ameipyacbat tTapavounuatwy Tnr«- Koutwy eis tous “EXAnvas. eel b€ tov Kyre- ouBporov ovy éwpa mpdOupoy Gvta TrodEuety Tots @nBaios, oitw 59 xaipew tov vomov édoas @ mpooOev éypnto mepl THs oTpaTelas, avTos els Bowwtiav évéBarev 7dn Kal KaKxds érolet Tous @nBaiovs kai wadw avrémacyev, OoTEe Kal TPw- Oévros avtod mote tov ‘Avtradxiday eitrety: “"H xara ta didacKna\a tapa OnBatiwv dro- NapPRavets, 7 Bovropévous pndé emictapévous , 4 29 a \ 4 / payecOar Sdidakas.” te yap dvtt OnBatovs avrovs éauvT@y ToNEmtKwWTAaTOUS TOTEe ryevérOat gaci, tais woddais otpateias tov Aaxedat- povlwy ér avtovs @aoTEp eyyupvacapévors. S10 kat Auxodpyos 0 qwadatos év tais Kadovpévats Tptol pytpais ametre py WoAAdKIs ETL TOUS avTovs otpatevev, Strws pn Torepety pavOa- YWOL. "Hy &€ cai tots cuppadyous tov Aaxedatpovior 72 AGESILAUS when they were very small, he bestrode a stick, and was playing horse with them in the house, and when he was spied doing this by one of his friends, he entreated him not to tell any one, until he himself should be a father of children. XXVI. But after Sphodrias was acquitted,! and the Athenians, on learning of it, were inclined to go to war, Agesilaiis was very harshly criticized. It was thought that, to gratify an absurd and childish desire, he had opposed the course of justice in a trial, and made the city accessory to great crimes against the Greeks. Besides, when he saw that his colleague Cleombrotus was little inclined to make war upon the Thebans, he waived the exemption by law which he had formerly claimed in the matter of the expedition, and presently led an incursion into Boeotia himself,? where he inflicted damage upon the Thebans, and in his turn met with reverses, so that one day when he was wounded, Antalcidas said to him: “ Indeed, this is a fine tuition-fee which thou art getting from the Thebans, for teaching them how to fight when they did not wish to do it, and did not even know how.” For the Thebans are said to have been really more war- like at this time than ever before, owing to the many expeditions which the Lacedaemonians made against them, by which they were virtually schooled in arms. And Lycurgus of old, in one of his three so-called ‘‘rhetras,” forbade his people to make frequent expeditions against the same foes, in order that those foes might not learn how to make war. Moreover, the allies of the Lacedaemonians were 1 Cf. Xenophon, Hell. v. 4, 24-34. 2 According to Xenophon (Hell. v. 4, 35), he was asked to do so by the Lacedaemonians, who preferred him to Cleom- brotus as a leader. This was in 378 B.c. 3 Cf. the Lycurgus, xiii. 6. 73 PLUTARCH’S LIVES -émaxOns o ‘Aynotraos, ws de’ ovdev éyeAnpa Snpoctov, GAAa Puyo tive Kai A ea TOUS @nBaiouvs atrorécat SnTav. ovdey ovy _ edeyov Sedpevor pOeiper Bar Seipo Kaxeloe Kal’ ExaoTtov éviavTor, OALyous ToaobTou ovvaxodovbobvtes. évda Oé 57 eyeTae TOV "Aynaidaop, eFereyEar Bovdopevov avtav To TAOS, 7 00¢ pnXavnca- Oa. mavras exédevoe Kabioas TOUS TULLaXoUS per aN ov d.va,pepirywevous, idia dé TOUS Aaxe- Satpovious éd’ éauTov. cira éxmpuTTe TOUS Kepa- pels avicracbat Tm parov: as Oé avérTnoay ovrTot, devTepov exnpuT Te TOUS Xarxeis, elta TEKTOVAS Epes Kat oixodopous Kal TOV addov TEXVOY éxdorny. mavres ovv Orjiyou Sely avérrnoay of TULMAXOL, TOV bé Aaxedatpoviov ovdeis: amei- pyro yap avtots TeXYNY epydterBar Kat pavO ave Bavavoov. oUTw on yehdoas O “Aynatraos, s ‘Opare,” elmev, “@ dvdpes, 6 oo@ wrelovas buav TTPATLOTAS €xTrELTTO LEV mpeis. XXVII. "Ev 8é Meydpors, OTE THY oTpariay amrijyev eX OnBar, ava Baivovtos auToU ™ pos TO apxelov els THY axporrohw, ond pa Kai movov toxupov éraBe 70 Uryes oKéXos' &k 6é TOUTOU Sroynabev pectov aimaros édofe yeryoveva, Kal preyywovnv bmepBaddovaav mapetxev. tarpon é TLvOsS Lupaxovaiov THY UTO TE ohUP@ preBa oXacAaVTOS, ai pev ayn doves éEAn€ay, aipartos d€ oAXod Pepomevov Kat péov ros GVETLTXETOS etroyruxia TONM} Kal KivOuvos ofvs am’ auras TeprerTy TOV ‘Aynothaov. ov pV GNA TOTE ye THVv popav Tov aiparos éravae: Kal Kopiabels ets 1 Cf. the Lycurgus, xxiv. 2. 74 611 AGESILAUS offended at Agesilaiis, because, as they said, it was not upon any public ground of complaint, but by reason of some passionate resentment of his own, that he sought to destroy the Thebans. Accordingly, they said they had no wish to be dragged hither and thither to destruction every year, they themselves so many, and the Lacedaemonians, with whom they followed, so few. It was at this time, we are told, that Agesilaiis, wishing to refute their argument from numbers, devised the following scheme. He ordered all the allies to sit down by themselves promiscuously, and the Lacedaemonians apart by themselves. Then his herald called upon the potters to stand up first, and after them the smiths, next, the carpenters in their turn, and the builders, and so on through all the handicrafts. In response, almost all the allies rose up, but not a man of the Lacedaemonians ; for they were forbidden to learn or practise a manual art.! Then Agesilaiis said with a laugh : “You see, O men, how many more soldiers than you we are sending out.” , XXVII. But in Megara, when he was leading his army back from Thebes,” as he was going up to the senate-house in the acropolis, he was seized with a cramp and violent pain in his sound leg, which then swelled up, appeared to be congested, and showed signs of excessive inflammation. As soon asa certain Syracusan physician had opened a vein below the ankle, the pains relaxed, but much blood flowed and could not be checked, so that Agesilaiis was very faint from its loss, and in dire peril of his life. At last, however, the flow of blood was stopped, and Agesilaiis was carried to Sparta, where he remained 2 From a second incursion into Boeotia, made in 377 B.c. (Xenophon, Hell. v. 4, 47-55; 58). 75 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aaxedaipova ToAvY Xpovoy éaxyev appwoTas Kat T pos Tas oTpateias advvatws. "Ep 5€ T@ ypovm TovT@ TOAAA cuveBn wraic- para Tos Zmapridrais Kal Kata viv Kat Kara Oddarray: av iy TO Trept Teyvpas péyla top, d7rov mp@Tov ex mapaTagews kparnbevres v6 @n- Bator nrTnOncav. _okev ovv maou Gécbat mpos WwavTas elpnvny Kal cuvnrdov aro THS “Ed a605 m péa Reus ets Aaxedaipova TOUT OMEVOL Tas da- Avoes. av els nv ’Ervapevovéeas, avnp évdofos emt Taoeia Kat prrocogia, oTparayias bé melpav ow SeSwxws. oTos opawy TOUS adddous dmravras UTOKATAKALVOMEVOUS TO vAynciiay, povos éxpn- oaToO ppovnpare Tappnatay EXOvTL, Kal SieE Ne Aoyov, oux brép OnBatwv, GAA bTrép Tis ‘E AAdbos 000 KoLvov, Tov pep TONE LOV arrodel- KVU@V aifovra THY Lmdprnv ef av drravres ot octal KAKOS TaoxXovcL, THY dé etpnuny ioornte Kat TO Suxaip KnTaaDat Kedevov: OUTM yap avTiy dtapevety, icwv amdaytov YEVOMEDOY. XXVIII. ‘Opav ouv 7) “Aynalraos Umepguas dryauévous Kal T poaexXovTas auTe TOUS "EdAnvas, npornoev eb vopiter Sixacov elva Kat lcov av- Tovopeiabar THv Bowwriav. avrepwrnaavTos be Tou ‘Errapevvavdou TAXU Kat TeDappnxorws el KaKELvOS oleTat dtkavov avrovopeta Oat THY Aakw- viKnY, avarndnaas 0 O “Aynaihaos per’ opyis éxé- Nevoe every capas avTov el THY Bowwriav arpin- olv avTovopov. To dé auTo TOUTO Wadsy TOD ’Ezrapecvovdou dyoavtos, et Thy Aaxwvxny adin- 1 This battle, fought in 375 B.c., is not mentioned by Xenophon, but is described by Plutarch in the Pelopidas, 76 AGESILAUS for a long time in a weak condition and unable to take the field. During this time the Spartans met with many reverses both by land and sea, the greatest of which was at Tegyra, where for the first time they were overpowered by the Thebans in a pitched battle.! There was, accordingly, a general sentiment in favour of a general peace, and ambassadors from all Hellas came together at Sparta to settle its terms.? One of these ambassadors was Epaminondas, a man of re- pute for culture and philosophy, although he had not yet given proof of capacity as a general. This man, seeing the rest all cringing before Agesilaiis, alone had the courage of his convictions, and made a speech, not in behalf of Thebes, his native city, but of all Greece in common, declaring that war made Sparta great at the expense of the sufferings of all the other states, and urging that peace be made on terms of equality and justice, for it would endure only when all parties to it were made equal. XXVIII. Agesilaiis, accordingly, seeing that the Greeks all listened to Epaminondas with the greatest attention and admiration, asked him whether he considered it justice and equality that the cities of Boeotia should be independent of Thebes. Then when Epaminondas promptly and boldly asked him in reply whether he too thought it justice for the cities of Laconia to be independent of Sparta, Agesi- laiis sprang from his seat and wrathfully bade him say plainly whether he intended to make the cities of Boeotia independent. And when Epaminondas answered again in the same way by asking whether chapters xvi. and xvii., doubtless on the authority of Ephorus (ef. Diodorus, xv. 81, 2). * In 371 B.c. (Xenophon, Hell. vi. 3, 3-20). 77 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ow auTovopon, ovr TPAXEWS éaxev o ’AynaoiXaos Kal THY mpopac ww Hyams ev Os evOus eEareipae TO TOV OnSaier évopa TIS ELPHVNS KAL TrpoELTrEty TOE HOV avtois: tous dé \addovs if EdAnvas dianr- Aayevras éx€éevo ev amvevat, Ta pev AKETTA THS ELpNVNS, 7a 5é ane ra TOU Trohepou Tovouvras. Epryov yap nv macas éxxabapar cat Ssardoae tas dp troyias. "Eruye d€ Kat’ exeivov Tov Xpovoy év Poxetow ov o Kr«opSporos peta Suvdpews. evOvs ovdv Tre Tov ot epopor KehevovTes avrov ért On- Batous a dyey TO oTpdTevpa* Kat TOvS TULpaXoUS wepitréutrovtes HO postov, an poOupous pev OvtTas Kat Bapuvopevous Tov ToAEnov, ovTw dé Bap- podvras avTinéyerv ovdé areOeiv tois Aaxedat- poviors. TOANOY be onpelwv pox Onpav ryevo- péveo, @S €v TO tept "Exrapewavdou yeypamras, Kal Tl poGcov Tob Adxwvos évavtiovpévov ™ pos Thy aoTpateiav, ovK avixev 0 ’Aynaoidaos, GAN e€érpage TOY TONELOY, edmiSov avrois ev THs "EAAdSdos GANS Urapxovens, exoTrovday dé TaV OnBatwv YEvOMEVOOY, KaLpov elvas Stany Aa Bel Tap avTov. Onrot dé TO ov Opyn padov q Aoyou~ yevecOar THV oTpareiay exetvyy 0 KaL- pos. TH yap. TeTpdde émi Séxa Tov Licpopo- pt@vos pnvos emoujnTavTo Tas o7rovoas év Aaxe- Saipovt, TH Sé TERT TD Tov ‘ExatopBasivos 7 HTTN- Onoav év Acverpors nuEpa@Vv eixoct Siaryevouévany. améBavov dé xtrwoe Aaxedatpovien kal Kreou- Bporos 0 Bactreds nal repli adrov ot KpdtioTot 1 According to one ae (loc. cit.), who makes no mention of Epaminondas, the Thebans had signed as Thebans, but on 78 612 AGESILAUS he intended to make the cities of Laconia inde- pendent, Agesilaiis became violent and was glad of the pretext for at once erasing the name of the Thebans from the treaty of peace and declaring war upon them.! The rest of the Greeks, however, he ordered to depart, now that they were reconciled with each other, leaving differences which could be healed to the terms of peace, and those which could not, to war, since it was a hard task to settle and remove all their disputes. At this time Cleombrotus was in Phocis with an army. The ephors therefore immediately sent him orders to lead his forces against Thebes. They also sent round a summons for an assembly of their allies, who were without zeal for the war and thought it a great burden, but were not yet bold enough to oppose or disobey the Lacedaemonians. And although many baleful signs appeared, as I have written in my Life of Epaminondas,? and though Prothoiis the Laconian made opposition to the expedition, Agesilaiis would not give in, but brought the war to pass. He thought that since all Hellas was on their side, and the Thebans had been excluded from the treaty, it was a favourable time for the Spartans to take vengeance on them. But the time chosen for it proves that this expedition was made trom anger more than from careful calculation. For the treaty of peace was made at Lacedaemon on the fourteenth of the month Scirophorion, and on the fifth of Hecatombaeon the Lacedaemonians were defeated at Leuctra,—an inter- val of twenty days. In that battle a thousand Lace- daemonians fell, besides Cleombrotus the king, and the next day wished to substitute Boeotians for Thebans. This Agesilatis refused to permit. It would have recognized the supremacy of Thebes in Boeotia. * Not extant. 79 — PLUTARCH’S LIVES 6 Tov Lraptiatav. év ols Kal Krewovupov pact TOV Xpodpiou TOV Kaov Tpis wecovta po TOU Bacrréws Kat trocavtakis éEavactavta Kai payo- pevov Tois O@nBatos amrobaveiv. XXIX. LupBavros S€ trois Te Aaxedatpoviors TTALTWATOS an poo Soxjrov Kal Tous OnBaiors Tapa Sofay EUTUYT| MATOS olov ov yeyovev arrows “EAAnot ™ pos "EdAqvas aryaviTapevors, ovbdey dy Tes HT TOV eli oce THS aperiis Kal Hyaa On THY 2 HTTnMéevnv TOAL 1 THY YiK@TAY. oO peEv yap Fevodav gyoe TOY ayadav avdpav é éyew Te Kat Tas ép olvp Kal Tad pavas Kal Siar pias aftouynpovevtoy, opOas “Neyo éote S€ ovx T- TOV, GAXAa Kal padrov af.ov xatavoeiv Kal Oca- cat Tov ayabav & Tapa Tas TUXas mpatrover kal Aéyouet Seva xnpovobvres. ETuye pev yap y mods éoptny dyovoa xal Eévwv ovoa perry yuuvorrarbiat yap Hoav arywvilowevery xopay ev T@ Jedtpy’ Taphoav Cy amo Aevetpwv ot THY 3 ouppopay amaryyEXovres. ot 5€ Epopor, KaiTmep evOus 6 ovTos Katapavois & 6Tt SuepOaprar : Ta mpay- pata Kal Thy apyny aTrohw@réKac wv, ovTE Yopov eFen Oety elacav OUTE TO ox Tpa THs copThs peTa- Banetv THY TOMY, anra Kar’ oiKiay Tav Tedvew- TOY Tots T™poa7jkouar Ta dvopara TEU aVTES, avrol Ta mepl THV Géav Kal TOV ayava TOV Nopev 4 Em pat Tov. dpa é 7 mMEpa pavepav 76n yeyovoToy Tact Tov Te cwlopéevwv wal TOY TeOvewtTov, of pev TaY TeOvemTrwv tratépes Kal Kndectal Kal otKetot xataBaivovres els ayopav adA2Aous ébe- Evobvro Autrapol Ta Tm poownTra, ppov7jparos pearol Kat yous, ot 5€ TaY cwlopévwr, WaoTep emt 80 AGESILAUS around him the mightiest of the Spartans. Among these, they say, was Cleonymus, the beautiful son ot Sphodrias,! who was thrice struck down in front of his king, as many times rose again to his feet, and died there, fighting the Thebans. XXIX. Now that the Lacedaemonians had met with an unexpected reverse, and the Thebans with an unlooked-for success surpassing that of any other Hellenes at strife with Hellenes, the high conduct of the defeated city was no less to be envied and admired than that of the victorious city. Xenophon says 2? that in the case of noble men, there is much that is worth recording even in what they say and do at their wine and in their sports, and he is right ; and it is no less, but even more, worth while to observe carefully the decorum with which noble men speak and act in the midst of adversity. The city was holding a festival and was full of strangers ; for the “ gymnopaediae”’ were in progress and choirs of boys were competing with one another in the theatre ; then came the messengers of calamity from Leuctra. But the ephors, although it was at once apparent that their cause was ruined and their supremacy lost, would not allow a choral performance to be omitted, nor the fashion of the festival to be changed by the city, but after sending the names of the slain warriors to the homes of their kindred, they themselves con- ducted the spectacle and the choral contests to a close. On the next morning also, now that every- one knew who had survived the battle and who had been slain, the fathers and kindred and friends of the slain went down into the market-place and greeted one another with bright faces, full of pride and exultation ; while the friends of the survivors, as if 1 Cf. chapter xxv. 1. 2 Symposium, i. 1. 81 VOL, V. G PLUTARCH’S LIVES mévOet, peTa THY yuVvatKav olxor SréTpiBov, ei Sé Tis Um’ avayKns TpoédNOot, Kal oxHpaTt Kal dwv7 kal Bréupate tamewos épaiveto Kai cuvertan- pévos. rt dé waAXov Ta yuvatka@y ely Hv Kal mubécOar thy pev CovTa Tpocdeyopévny viov amd THs paxyns xatndh Kal ovwrndyjy, tas dé Ta TemTTWKEVaL AEyouévwY Ev TE TOls LEpois EVvOUS dvactpepopévas, Kal mpos aGAAnAaS tapas Kal dirotiuws Badifovcas. XXX. OD pay adAQ TOs TOAXOIs, as Aadi- CTAVTO Mev OL TUppayYolL, TWpoTEdoKGaTO O€ vErLKN- cas ’Errapewovdas xal peyadodpovay éuBareiv eis TleAorrovvnoor, évvora TOV ypnopay évéTece TOTE, Tpos THY YwAOTHTA Tov ’Aynatddov, Kal SvcOupia modAn Kal mroia pds TO Oeiov, ws dua tovTo mpattovons KaK@s THs ToAEws, OTL Tov aptimoéa tis Bactrelas éxBaXovtes etAovTo YoXAOV Kal Temnpwpévoy: 6 TavTos paddov av- Tovs edidacKke PpdlecOa Kai phuArdtrecBar TO Saipoviov. d2a 5é THY GAAnV Sbvapty avTod Kat apetnyv kat dofav ov povov éypa@vto Bacirel kal STPATNYP TOV KATA TOAELOV, ANAA Kal TOV TOAL- TLK@Y atropiav tatp@ Kal SiaitnTH, Tois év TH paxn Katadedudoactv, ods avtol tpécavtas dvopalovaty, OxvoovTes TAS eK TOV VOmwY aTimias mpocaye, TodXois ovo. Kati Suvatois, poBov- Hevol vewTEplopoy am’ avTavY. ov yap povov apxXhs ateipyovtat twaons, adrAa Kal Sobvai tiv TouTw@y yuvaixa xal raBeiv adokov éote tale 5é¢ 6 BovAopevos adtrovs Tav évytuyxavoyvTwY. of 82 AGESILAUS in mourning, tarried at home with the women, and if one of them was obliged to appear in public, his garb and speech and looks betokened his humiliation and abasement.!_ And a still greater difference was to be seen (or heard about) in the women; she who expected her son back from the battle alive was dejected and silent, but the mothers of those re- ported to have fallen immediately frequented the temples, and visited one another with an air of gladness and pride. XXX. The greater number, however, when their allies were falling away from them and it was ex- pected that Epaminondas, in all the pride of a conqueror, would invade Peloponnesus, fell to thinking of the oracles,? in view of the lameness of Agesilaiis, and were full of dejection and con- sternation in respect to the divine powers, believing that their city was in an evil plight because they had dethroned the sound-footed king and chosen instead a lame and halting one,—the very thing which the deity was trying to teach them carefully to avoid. And yet otherwise he had such power and valour and fame that they not only continued to employ him as king and general in matters pertaining to war, but also as physician and arbiter in their civil perplexities. For instance, upon those who had shewn cowardice in the battle, whom they themselves call “ tresantes, or run-anays, they hesitated to inflict the disabilities required by the laws, since the men were numerous and powerful, for fear that they might stir up a revolution. For such men are not only debarred from every office, but intermarriage with any of them is a disgrace, and any one who meets them may strike them if he pleases. Moreover, they are 1 Cf. Xenophon, Hell. vi. 4, 16. 2 Cf. chapter iii. 4 f. 83 a 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES de xaprepovar meptiovres auxpnpol Kal TaTrewwoil, TpiBwvas Te | ™ poo eppappEvous Xpoparos Barrod popovat, Kal fupdvras Hépos THs UmnVNS, HEpos dé Tpepovar. Secvov ouy Hy TOLOUTOUS é€v TH TOAEL Teptopay ToAXOUS ouK OdLryoor Seouevy oTpaTto- TOD. Kal vopob érny aipobyras TOV "Aynaidaoy. o 56 pnre mpoadeis TL pare apehov pnre peTa- yparpas eta NO ev els TO ™AHOos TOV Aaxepas- povioy" Kal pncas 5Te TOUS vopous Set onMEpov éav cabevoewy, € éx bé THS _on_LEpov THEpas Kupious elvat 7 pos TO NoLTroy, aya TOUS TE vomoUsS TH ToAEL Kal TOUS avdpas erruTipous epurate. Bov- ANopevos Sé THY mapotoav abupiay Kal KaTH- petay apereiv Tov véwy évéBarev eis "Apkadiar, Kal paxny bev i ioxupas épvrdtato suvarpas Tots évaytions, éheoy 5é TroAiyyny Tiva TeV Mavtivéwy Kal THY Y@pav emrdpapey, ehadporépay érroinae Tais eAmiot Kal dt THY TOMY, WS OV TaVTa- Tact aTreyvosnevny. XXXI. "Ex 6€ TovTou Tapiy els THY Aakw- YLKnY O "Erapewavdas peTa TOV ouppaxer, ovr éXdTTrovas & EXoov TET pAKio wUpLoV omhuréy. TON Aol dé Kal prot kat avottAot TWpos dpraryny auvnkorov0ouy, wate pupiabas ema TOU oUp- TAVTOS GxAov ouvera Baneiy Els THY Aaxovicny. Hy pe 57) Xpovos ouK ENATTMV eT@V éfaxoctov ag’ ov KAT@KOUY THY Aakedaipova Awpeeis: ev dé TOUT® mavt) TOTE TP@TOV apOncar évy TH Ywpa TONE ULOL, ™ poTEpov 5é ovdels eToApmnoev: arra adgwrov Kal a@ixrov ovcav _&MBarortes émup- moXouy Kal Sinpmatov a axpt Tob _ToTapov Kal Tis Toews, wndevos émeftovTos. 6 yap “Aynaidaos 84 Digit 613 AGESILAUS obliged to go about unkempt and squalid, wearing cloaks that are patched with dyed stuffs, half of their beards shaven, and half left to grow. It was a serious matter, therefore, to allow many such men in the city, when she lacked not a few soldiers. So they chose Agesilaiis as a law-gtver for the occasion. And he, without adding to or subtracting from or changing the laws in any way, came into the assembly of the Lacedaemonians and said that the laws must be allowed to sleep for that day, but from that day on must be in sovereign force. By this means he at once saved the laws for the city and the men from infamy. Then, wishing to remove the discourage- ment and dejection which prevailed among. the young men, he made an incursion into Arcadia,! and though he studiously avoided joining battle with the enemy, he took a small town of the Mantineans and overran their territory, and thus lightened and gladdened the expectations of his city, which felt that its case was not wholly desperate. XXXI. After this,2 Epaminonda$ entered Laconia with his allies, having no fewer than forty thousand men-at-arms. Many light armed and unarmed troops also followed him for the sake of plunder, so that a horde of seventy thousand, all told, made this in- cursion into Laconia. For a period of no less than six hundred years the Dorians had been living in Lacedaemon, and this was the first time in all that period that enemies had been seen in the country ; before this, none had ventured there. But now they burst into an unravaged and inviolate land, and burned and plundered as far as the river and the city, and no one came out against them. For Agesilaiis 1 In 370 z.c. (Xenophon, Hell. vi. 5, 10-21). 2 In the same year, after Agesilaiis had returned and disbanded his forces. ; 5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oux ela Tpos TodovTov, ws dnot Beoropros, “bedua kal KrAvdwva Trodémou”™ pdyecOat TOUS Aaxedatpovious, GANA THS WoAEwWS TA béoa Kab Kuparata Tois omAirass TEple TELpapevos éxa.p- Tépes Tas areas Kal Tas peyaravyias TOV O7Baiwr, T poKahoupevay éKELvOV ovowactl Kal Siapayer Oar Tepl THs KwOpas KENEVOVTOP, Os TOV KaKav airs éoTev exkavoas TOV TONEHOV. ovx HT TOV d€ TovTwY éedvTrour TOV ‘Ayyatdaov ob KaTa THY TOALY BopuBor Kai Kpavyal Kal Siadpopat TOV TE mpea Butépay Svcavacxeroutar Ta ylvo- peva Kal TOV YUVaLK@Y ov Suvapévov nouxatery, andra TauTamacw exppovey ova av ™ pos TE THY Kpavyny Kal TO TUp TOV ToAELioV. nVvia bé Kat to THs So0&ns avrov, OTe THV TOMY peyiorny TaparaBov Kal duvatwararny, éwpa oUvEerTAan- pévov avTHS TO afiopa Kal TO abynma KeKOOU- pévov, Kal avTos € Hoare TOANGKIS, ELT OV StL yuvn Adxawa KATTVOV ovx éwpaxe TONE LOD. Aéyerar 5é Kal ‘Avrarxisas, ’AOnvaiov TLvOS apdia BytovvTos vmép avdpeias Tpos avrov Kat el7rovtos, “Hyeis pévTOL TOAAAKLS vas amo TOU Knydicov edu@Eaper,” UmoTuyeiv’ "ANN Tyets ye ovdémroTeE buas amo Tou Evpwra.” Tapa- TANTS 5é xal mpos Tov "Apyeiov a amexpivaro 7 TOV LOnNMOTE pov Ma 2maptiatéy O pev yap elrre® " IloAAot UwOv év TH “Apyonids Keivrat, o 6é arr nyt noe: ““Tuav S€ ye ovdels ev tH Aa- KOVLK. XXXII. Tore pévToe TOV "Avtadxiday hac Epopo ¢ ovTa TOUS maioas els Kv@npa vrexOeaIax, mepipoBov yevouevov. o b€ ‘Aynaidaos, ém- 86 AGESILAUS would not suffer the Lacedaemonians to fight against such a “ billowy torrent of war,” to use the words of Theopompus, but surrounded the central and most commanding parts of the city with his men-at-arms, while he endured the boastful threats of the Thebans, who called upon him by name and bade him come out and fight for his country, since he had caused her misfortunes by lighting up the flames of war. But this was not the worst. Agesilaiis was still more harassed by the tumults and shrieks and running _ about throughout the city, where the elder men were enraged at the state of affairs, and the women were unable to keep quiet, but were utterly beside themselves when they heard the shouts and saw the fires of the enemy.! He was also distressed at the thought of what his fame would be, because he had taken command of the city when she was greatest and most powerful, and now saw her reputation lowered, and her proud boast made empty, which boast he himself also had often made, saying that no Spartan woman had ever seen the smoke of an enemy’s fires. It is said also that Antalcidas, when an Athenian was disputing with him over the valour of the two peoples and said, “ Yet we have often driven you away from the Cephisus,’ replied: “ But we have never driven you away from the Eurotas.” And a similar retort was made by a Spartan of lesser note to the Argive who said, “ Many of you lie buried in the lands of Argos” ; the Spartan answered : “ But not a man of you in the lands of Laconia.”’ XXXII. Now, however, they say that Antalcidas, who was an ephor, secretly sent his children away to Cythera, so full of fear was he. But Agesilaiis, when 1 « \ Kal AauTpov avOss EE apyns TO Pas opwans: érrel , Lf , IQ\ a \ ? , mpotepov yé pact ove Talis yuvarkly avtiBrEreLv Tous avdpas aiayuvopévous ed ols Extacav. XXXIV. Olnifopévns 8€ Meoonvns td Trav mept tov "Errapewovédar, cal Tov apxatwv moN- TOV TavTaxobeV cis avTHY cUuTropevopevor, b1a- 4 \ > > / > 4 20 7 payerBar péev ovk éTOAMwWY Ovde KwAVELY édV- A \ \ , A N b , vavTo, xareTras 5€ Kal Bapéws mpos tov “Aynai- Naop elyov, Tt Ywpav ovTe TANOEL THS NaKxwvixts éXdTTova Kal TpwTevovoay apeTH THS ‘EAAnViKA}s 4 A EYovTes Kal Kapmovpevot Ypovov TocovToy éri a b] / / 9 4 \ \ THS éxeivou Bactrcias amodwréxact. 610 Kai mporevopéevny vTo tav OnBaiwy THv eipyvny o "Aynairaos ovx édéEato. pi BovrAouevos Sé TO Noy MpoécOat Tois Epyw KpaTovot THY Ywpar, ca) , 4 GNAG PrroOvEelKov, exelvnv péev OvK aTrédXaBe, pLiK- pod &€ thy Yrdaprnv mpocaTéBare Katactpa- TnynGeis. étrel yap ot Mavtivets adOis atréotn- cav TaV OnBaiwv cal peteméutrovTo Tovs Aaxe- e datpoviovs, aicPopevos o ‘Errapewwvdas tov 9 i‘ ? 4 \ A , AynotNaov éFeotpatevpévoy peta ths Svvdpews \ / \ \ a > / Kal mpootovta, Aabwy tovs Mavrtiveis davétevEe \ > , ¥ > 9 > A \ , puntos éx Teyéas aywv em adtnv tyv Aaxedat- pova TO oTpaTevpa, Kal pixpov édénoe Tapan- 94 AGESILAUS Archidamus, no one could restrain himself, but first his father went to meet him, weeping for joy, and after him the chief magistrates, while the elderly men and the women went down in a throng to the river, lifting their hands to heaven and blessing the gods, as if Sparta had wiped away her unmerited disgraces and now saw the light shine bright again as of old; for before this, we are told, her men could not so much as look their wives in the face, out of shame at their disasters. XXXIV. But when Messene was built by Epami- nondas, and its former citizens flocked into it from all quarters,! the Spartans had not the courage to contest the issue nor the ability to hinder it, but cherished the deepest resentment against Agesilaiis, because a country which was not of less extent than their own, which stood first among Hellenic lands for its fertility, the possession and fruits of which they had enjoyed for so long a time, had been lost by them during his reign. For this reason, too, Agesilaiis would not accept the peace which was proffered by the Thebans. He was not willing to give up to them formally the country which was actually in their power, and persisted in his oppo- sition. As a consequence, he not only did not re- cover Messenia, but almost lost Sparta besides, after being outgeneralled. For when the Mantineans changed their allegiance,? revolted from Thebes, and called in the Lacedaemonians to help them, Epaminondas, learning that Agesilaiis had marched out from Sparta with his forces and was approach- ing, set out by night from Tegea, without the know- ledge of the Mantineans, and led his army against Sparta itself. He passed by Agesilaiis, and came 1 In 369 B.c. 2 In 362 B.c. PLUTARCH’S LIVES rAdEas tov ’Aynoidaov épnuov eEaidyns Kata- AaBety thv tod. Ev@vvov dé @Beomiéws, ws Kadrobévns dyciv, ws 6 Eevopav, Kpnrtos Twos, eEayyetNavtos T@ ‘AynotAa@, Taxv Tpo- mwéuas imméa Trois év TH TOAEL PpacovTa, PET ov TOAD Kal avTos TapHAGev evs THY Ywrdptyy. oriym 5€ daorepov ot OnBaios diéBawov rov Kv- , \ 4 a , 4 b pwtay Kal tpocéBadXov TH Trove, para Eeppw- lA “~ 3 , N 9 e la 9 4 pévws Tou AynotAaou Kai Tap nALKiaV eTap- VOVTOS. OU yap, ws TpoTEpov, acdadreias éEwpa Tov Katpov dvTa Kal duAaKns, GAAG padXov > / , N wv 4 amovotas xal roApns, ols tov addov xpovov ovdétroTe TicTevaas Ovd5é YpnadpEvos, TOTE LOVOLS amewoato Tov Kivduvoy, éx TaV Yetpav Tov ’Erra- petvovdov thy wow é€aprdcas, Kal othoas TpoTatov, Kal Tots tatot Kal Tais yuvatkiv ém- / 4 4 “A lol / ‘ deifas Ta KadANCTA Tpodeia TH TaTpidse TOS Aaxebatpoviovs amodidovtas, év b€ mpwtots Tov "Apyidapov daywulouevoy wvmepnpavws TH TE poun Tis Wuyns Kal TH KouhoTNTe TOU cwpaTos, 9 , > ON , (ol) 4 4 oféws émi Ta OrsBoueva ths paxyns diadéovtTa da TOV oTevaT@v Kal TavTayoD peET OAyw>D ’ / A , 9 , \ a avtepeloovta Tois trodepios: ‘Ioidav & Soxa, Tov PotBidou viov, ov Tois ToNiTals povov, GANA kal tots modeuios Béaya davivar xaivov) kal ayacTov. hv pev yap éexmpemns TO eldos Kal \ , A , ud \ 3 Ad \ «@ TO péyeBos Tov cwpatos, wpav Sé év FTO HOe- otov avOovow avOpwrot maptovTes eis avdpas éx tratowy elye, yupvos O€ Kal SarAWY TOV oKETTIOV- 1 xawdy with Amyot and S: xaddv (noble). 96 AGESILAUS within a little of suddenly seizing the city in a de- fenceless state.| But Euthynus, a Thespian, as Callisthenes says, or, according to Xenophon,? a certain Cretan, brought word to Agesilaiis, who quickly sent on a horseman to warn the people in Sparta, and not long after he himself also entered the city. Soon after his arrival the Thebans were crossing the Eurotas and attacking the city, while Agesilaiis defended it right vigorously and in a manner not to be expected of his years. For he did not think, as on a former occasion, that the crisis demanded safe and cautious measures, but rather deeds of desperate daring. In these he had never put confidence before, nor had he employed them, but then it was only by their aid that he repelled the danger, snatching the city out of the grasp of Epaminondas, erecting a trophy of victory, and showing their wives and children that the Lacedae- monians were making the fairest of all returns to their country for its rearing of them. Archidamus, too, fought among the foremost, conspicuous for his impetuous courage and for his agility, running swiftly through the narrow streets to the endangered points in the battle, and everywhere pressing hard upon the enemy with his few followers But I think sal Isidas, the son of Phoebidas, must have been a strange and marvellous sight, not only to his fellow-citizens, but also to his enemies. He was of conspicuous beauty and stature, and at an age when the human flower has the greatest charm, as the boy merges into the man. Naked as he was, without either defensive 1 «* Like a nest of young birds utterly bereft of its natural defenders” (Xenophon, Hell. vii. 5, 10). 2 Loc. cit. Cf. also Diodorus, xv, 82, 6. 3 Cf. Xenophon, Hell. vii. 5, 12-14. 97 VOL. V. H PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOV KAl ipaTtiwv, AiTTa KplodpEVvos TO THpa, Kat “A A , A TH pev Exwv yept Aoyynv, 7H Se Ethos, eEnXaro THS oiKtas, Kal dia péowy TOV paxYopévay waod- A / , Mevos év Tois TroAEuLOLs aveaTPEPETO, Taiwy TOV ‘ \ , bf , \ ¢ 9 mpootuxyovTa Kal KkataBddrov. étpwOn Sé v7 ? ‘ ” A > » \ 4 > ovdevos, elite Deo de apetny durdttTovtos avtov, elre petCov TL Kal KpeiTTOV avOpwrrov davels Tots > 4 9 \ LA 4 \ > , évavtiow. eat tovTm dé Aéyerat Tovs ehopous \ n oTrepavwcavras avToy elta yiAiwy Spaxpov émi- a 4 Bare Cnuiav, Ste yopis SrrrA@v Scaxivduveverv éTOApNoeD. \ XXXV. ’Oriyats 5€ Botepov nuépais wept THv Martiveray éwayéoarto, cal tov ’Emapevovdav HON KpaTouvTa Tov mpweTwv, ere bé éeyKelpevov kal Kataorevoovta thy diwkiv, “Avtixpatns \ Adxov broatas éraice Sopats pév, ws Acooxov- / ¢ , / \ / pions toropnke, Aaxedaipovio. 5¢ Mayarpiovas \ 4 le) le) ET viv TOUS aTroyovous Tov ’AvtTiKpdtous KaNod- gw, @S payaipa tatdEavTos. ottTw yap éav- \ € 4 > AN , a pacav Kal bmepnydryncav avtov o8@ Tod - "Erapervovdov Cavtos, @oTEe TLas pev éexetv@ Kat dwpeas WhdicacOat, yéver S atédevav, fv Ere Kal Kal’ Huds Eyer Kaddexparns, els rov ’Avte- Kpatous atroyovav. Meta &€ tay pdxynv cat tov Odvatov! rod "Exrapetvmvdou yevouevns eipnvns trois “EdAnot Mpos avTOvVs, amTHAaUVOY oi Tept Tov ’AynoidNaovy tov bpxov tovs Meconvious, ws Tod ov exor- tas. érret dé ot Nowtrol mavres edéxovTO Kal TOvs 1 roy Odvarov with S: 6dvarov. 98 616 AGESILAUS armour or clothing,—for he had just anointed his body with oil,—he took a spear in one hand, and a sword in the other, leaped forth from his house, and after pushing his way through the midst of the com- batants, ranged up and down among the enemy, smiting and laying low all who encountered him. And no man gave him a wound, whether it was that a god shielded him on account of his valour, or that the enemy thought him taller and mightier than a mere man could be. For this exploit it is said that the ephors put a garland on his head, and then fined him a thousand drachmas, because he had dared to hazard his life in battle without armour. XXXV. A few days afterwards a battle was fought near Mantinea, in which Epaminondas had already routed the van of the Lacedaemonians, and was still eagerly pressing on in pursuit of them,! when Anti- crates, a Spartan, faced him and smote him with a spear, as Dioscorides tells the story; but the Lace- daemonians to this day call the descendants of Anti- crates “ machaeriones,”’ or swordsmen, because he used a sword for the blow. For the Lacedaemonians were filled with such admiring love for him because of the fear in which they held Epaminondas while living, that they voted honours and gifts to Anticrates him- self, and to his posterity exemption from taxes, an immunity which in my own day also is enjoyed by Callicrates, one of the descendants of Anticrates. After the battle and the death of Epaminondas, when the Greeks concluded peace among them- selves, Agesilaiis and his partisans tried to exclude the Messenians from the oath of ratification, on the ground that they had no city. And when all the rest admitted the Messenians and accepted their 1 Cf. Xenophon, Hell. vii. 5, 22-24. 99 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a / ’ > A > / e 6pkous éAduBavov tap avTav, améoTnoav ot Aaxedatpoviot, Kal povots avtois moXepos Hv érmifovow avarnyeobat thv Mecanviav. Biatos ovv éd0xer Kat atevns Kal Todéuwv amANnoTOS 6 "Aynoiraos elvat, Tas pev Kotvas Stadvcets / 4 e 4 \ > 4 , TaVTA TPOTOY UTOPUTTWY Kai avaBdadAXw?, Tad dé vro yYpnudtwv atopias avayKxalopevos évox- Nelv Tols KaTAa TOA dirows Kal SaveilerOat Kal 4 4 > , n 5 A ouvepaviler Pat, déov ATNAAG Oat KAKAY Eis TODTO A a \ TEPLNKOVTL TO Kalp@, Kal pn THY aTacay apxXnv TOTAUTHY yevopéerny aderxota Kal TodEs Kal Yh cal @ddratTay, vTrép tav év Meoonvyn KTnuatwv Kat mpocodwv ofadater. 5 \ “A b / 4 a XXXVI. Ett be padrov nooknae Tax T® ? AltyuTti@ otparnyov émidovs éavTov. ov yap 9 gs ” A nétovy avdpa ths ‘“EdXAdbos dpiotov Kexpipuévov \ , . kat do—ns éumemAnKoTa THY oiKOULEeVNY, aTrO- , / 9 , , a \ otatyn Bacthéws, avOpwarr@ BapBdapw, xpijcae To oo pa Kal Tovvoua Kal Thv dofay atrodoa at Xpn- patron, epya pia Popopov Kat Eevayov Siam par- TOMEvOY. Ket yap umép dySonxovra yeyovos eT Kal map bre TpavuaTwV TO oe wa KaTaKeKop- pévos éxeivnv adOis avedéEato thy Kady Kal TmepiBrertov nyepoviay UTép Tis TeV ‘EAAnVOD , édXevGepias, ov Tautay GpeuTrrov elvat THY tdo- / A n a Tipiay’ TOU yap Kado KaLpov oiKelov elvat Kal iA al \oa@ \ \ “A bf a A a@pav, wadAov 6é dAws Ta KAAA TOV alcypav TE 4 / > N > / a 4 “€ peTpip duadéperv. ov pay eppovtTive” tovTwy o 1 Cf. Diodorus, xv. 89, 1 f. Ioo AGESILAUS oaths, the Lacedaemonians’ held aloof from the peace, and they alone remained: a$-war in the hope of re- covering Messenia.! Agesilaiis «was therefore deemed a headstrong and stubborn ian, . and insatiable of war, since he did all in his power.to undermine and postpone the general peace, and agin since his lack of resources compelled him to lay -butdens on his friends in the city and to take loans and -contribu- tions from them. And yet it was his duty to put an end to their evils, now that opportunity offeréd and not, after having lost Sparta’s whole empire, "vast as it was, with its cities and its supremacy on land and-- sea, then to carry on a petty struggle for the goods . and revenues of Messene. XXXVI. He lost still more reputation by offering to take a command under Tachos the Egyptian. For it was thought unworthy that a man who had been judged noblest and best in Hellas, and who had filled the world with his fame, should furnish a rebel against the Great King, a mere Barbarian, with his person, his name, and his fame, and take money for him, rendering the service of a hired captain of mercenaries.! For even if, now that he was past eighty years of age and his whole body was dis- figured with wounds, he had taken up again his noble and conspicuous leadership in behalf of the freedom of the Hellenes, his ambition would not have been altogether blameless, as men thought. For honourable action has its fitting time and season ; nay, rather, it is the observance of due bounds that constitutes an utter difference between honourable and base actions. Agesilaiis, however, paid no heed 1 Xenophon (A gesilaiis, ii. 28-31) has Agesilaiis take this step in order to punish the Great King and liberate again the Greeks of Asia. IOI YY ? PLUTARCH’S: LLVES ‘AynotXaos, ovdé weta:-rap akiav eivat et- roupynua Snpocioy o@bév, adda padrdov avaktov éavtou To Chy anpaxrov év TH Toke Kai KaO7- cba TeplpevovrTge “TOV Oavatov. GOev aOpoicas ' pcbogopouvs w*-aov o Tayos a’to ypnpdtov érreprpe, Ka} xXoia TANpwoas, avynyOn, TpLaKovta cupBovdous -éxav pel éavtod Yraptidtas, ws 1 POTEPOV.”, 4 "Emmet, 8¢ xarémdevoer eis tiv Alyurrrop, evOvs i rp@to. Tov BaciNikay Hryemoverv Kat SvorKnTav “-¢Radilov éri vaiv Oepatrevovtes avtov. jy Sé a kat Tov Gdov Alyurrtiwy smovdn Te peyadn 1 %' Kal mpocdoxia 81a tobvopa cal tiv S0£av Tov “+ "Agynotddou, nal ouvetpoxavov atavtes él thy 5 Oéav. ws 5€ é®pwv AapTpoTnTa pev Kal KaTa- oxevny ovdeniav, dvOpwrov S¢ mpeaRutny Kata- Keipevov ev Tut TOG Tapa THY Odragaay, EvTEAT Kal pixpov TO c@pa, Tpayv Kal Pavrov ipatov ALTEXOMEVOV, TOKOTTELY aUTOIs Kal yeAwToOTrOLEtY émrjel, Kal Néeyey StL TovTO Hv TO puvOodAoYOv- 6 pevov wdivetv Spos, Elta piv atrorekety. Ett dé BaAXov avtov tHv atotriav CGavmacay, Ste Eeviwy mpoocKkoucbévTwy Kal tpocaxGévtwy arevpa pEev Kal pooyous Kat yvas édaBe, tpaynuata é Kal Téwpata Kat pipa Siwbeiro, nal Pralopevwy AaBelv wal ALTrapovvTwY éexédNevTE TOIS ELhwoL S:dovat xopilovtas. TH pévtor arepavwrpic. BuBrAw dnoty avtov yoOévta Becdpactos Sa 617 Thv ALTOTNHTA Kal KaOapioTnTa TeV oTedpdvav aitnoacOa nat rAaBeiv, Ste ATréTAEL, Tapa TOD Bactréws. 1 &6polcas with Coraés and S: #@pace. 102 AGESILAUS to these considerations, nor did he think any public service beneath his dignity; it was more unworthy of him, in his opinion, to live an idle life in the city, and to sit down and wait for death. Therefore he collected mercenaries with the money which Tachos sent him, embarked them on transports, and put to sea, accompanied by thirty Spartan counsellors, as formerly.! As soon as he landed in Egypt,? the chief captains and governors of the king came down to meet him and pay him honour. There was great eagerness and expectation on the part of the other Egyptians also, owing to the name and fame of Agesilaiis, and all ran together to behold him. But when they saw no brilliant array whatever, but an old man lying in some grass by the sea, his body small and con- temptible, covered with a cloak that was coarse and mean, they were moved to laughter and jesting, saying that here was an illustration of the fable, “a mountain is in travail, and then a mouse is born.’ ® They were still more surprised, too, at his eccen- tricity. When all manner of hospitable gifts were brought to him, he accepted the flour, the calves, and the geese, but rejected the sweetmeats, the pastries, and the perfumes, and when he was urged and besought to take them, ordered them to be carried and given to his Helots. He was pleased, however, as Theophrastus tells us, with the papyrus used in chaplets, because the chaplets were so neat and simple, and when he left Egypt, asked and received some from the king. 1 Cf. chapter vi. 2. 2 361 B.C. 3 In Athenaeus, p. 616d, it is Tachos himself who makes this jest upon Agesilaiis, who replies in anger: ‘‘ Someday you will think me a lion.” 103 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXVII. Tore 6€ cuppitas 7@ Taye mapa- oxevalopevp Tpos THY oTpaTelay, oux, WOTEP nrmesen, andons oTpatTynyos amredeiyOn THs duva- Hews, GAG TOV paBodpopev povev, tou oe vau- TLKOU XaBpias o “AOnvaios: jryepav Sé cup ay- TOV avr os nv oO Taxos. Kat TOUTO ™ p@TOV jviace TOV “Aynaidaov: ETELTA THY adAqV ana- Covetay Kal Kevohpoovvny rod Aiyumtiov Bapuvo- pevos nvayKatero péperv’ Kal ouveférheva ev emt TOUS Poinxas auTe, mapa Thy akiav THY éavtob Kal THY gdvow wmeikwv Kai Kaptepav, axpt ov xatpov éXaBe. NextavaBis yap dvewpios Ov TOU Taxo Kal pépos EXOv vp’ éauT@ Ths Suvd pews améotn’ Kab Bacthevs b76 TOV Alyumriov avaryopevBeis d1€- TEL TETO 1 pos TOV ‘Aynathaov aki@v avT@ Bon- Oeiv» ta 8 avra Kat TOV XaBpiav mapexdnet, peyanas DmrLaxvoupevos apporépors Swpeds. ai- obopévov dé TavTa Tob Tayo «al TpaTropevou mpos Sénow avTav, ) pev XaBpias emretpaTo Kat TOV "Aynoinaov €v TH prria TOU Tax Twel\Owy cal mapa puv0ovpevos KaTeXew, o 6€ “Aynathaos elev Ste “Dol pév, @ _Xa8pia, KATA GEeauTov aduy “evo xpicGa. Tos éavTOU Aoyia pois éLeor, eyo o€ vmro THs marpisos | eS00nv Alyumrioss TT PATHYOS. ouK ovv av éxor Hot Karas ols emeuhOny TUMPLAXOS TONE HELV, eay pH mad 1 TaTpis KéXevon. Tata O€ EeliT@Y emreprpev els Lmapryy dv8pas, ot Tov pev Tayw KaTHyopya ely, émratvéces Bat dé Tov NexravaBuy Euedrov. Errep- yav S€ Kaxeivor deopevos tdv AaKxedatpoviwr, O bey @> WdadaLr TUppayos yeyovas Kal dildos, 104 AGESILAUS XXXVII. But now, on joining Tachos, who was making preparations for his expedition, he was not, as he expected, appointed commander of all the forces, but only of the mercenaries, while Chabrias the Athenian had charge of the fleet, and Tachos himself was commander-in-chief.!_ This was the first thing that vexed Agesilaiis; then, though he was indignant at the vain pretensions of the king in other matters, he was compelled to endure them. He even sailed with him against the Phoenicians, forcing himself into a subservience which was beneath his dignity and contrary to his nature, until he found his opportunity. For Nectanabis, who was a cousin of Tachos and had a part of the forces under his command, revolted from him, and having been proclaimed king by the Egyptians, sent to Agesilaiis asking for his aid and assistance. He made the same appeal to Chabrias also, promising large gifts to both. When Tachos learned of this and resorted to entreaties for their allegiance, Chabrias tried to persuade and encourage Agesilaiis to continue with him in the friendship of Tachos. But Agesilaiis said: “You, Chabrias, who came here on your own account, can decide your own case ; but I was given by my country to the Egyptians as a general. It would therefore be dishonourable for me to make war on those to whom I was sent as an ally, unless my country gives me a new command to do so.” After these words, he sent men to Sparta who were to denounce Tachos, and commend Nectanabis. Tachos and Nectanabis also sent and besought the support of the Lacedaemonians, the former on the ground that he had long been their ally and friend, the latter on the plea that he would 1 Cf. Diodorus, xv. 92, 2 f. 105 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e \ e Ww 4 \ o dé ws ebvous Kal mpoOumoTepos trepl THY TrodLY €comevos. axovoavtes ovv of Aaxedatpovioe Tots \ 3 , 9 , A b] 4 pev Aiyurrions atexpivavto davepas ‘Aynoia@ mept TOUTwY peAnoeLV, exeivp Sé éTécTELAay opav KeXevovTes OTrws Make TO TH Braptn cuudépov. ovtw 6) AaBwy tous pucOodopous o ’Aynoidaos amo tod Tayo petéotn mpos tov NextdvaBu, atoTov Kal aAXoKOTOU TpdypaTos TapaKkanup- A A / pate TO ocuphépovtTe THs tatpidos Ypnoapevos: érrel TavTns ye THs Tpoddcews adatpeDeions TO Sixatotatov bvona THs mpakews Hv mpodocia. Aaxedarpoviot 5é THY TpwTNY TOD KaAod peEpida TO THS TaTpioos cuuhépovte Sedovtes OTE pavOd- v7 b> / / 4 \ a \ youot ovte érictaytat Sikatoy AXXO TANY O THY Xmaprnv av&ev vopifovory. XXXVIII. ‘O pév ody Tdyaws epnuwbels trav , ptabodopwy eduyev, éx dé Mévdnros érepos erravi- Le 4 \ > , oratat T@ NexravaBid. Bactrevs avaryopevOets: Kal cvvayayov déxa pupiddas avOpwrev émrnet. Oapovvovtos Sé tod NextavaBidos tov *Aynot- Naor, Kal AéyouTos OTL TOAAQL MEV EloLY OL TrOAE- 4 \ , \ > bd l4 pot, puyddes b€ nal Bavavoot nat de’ azrecpiav b , 66 \ > \ A 3 “ 39 evcatappovntot, “ Kai wav ov To mAHOos avTav, o Aynoinaos elev, “ aAXa THY arreipiav poPod- \ pat Kal Thv apabiay ws duceEaTaTnTOV. at yap A v amdtat TO Tapadokoy émayovar Tois TPOS amuvay nw wn ¢€ UTovoovaL Kal TpocboKa@at TpeTropévols, o b€ py “ A , A mpocdoKav pnoé vrovoav pydev ov didwar TO —— 1 Xenophon, who can see no fault in Agesilaiis, says (A gesilavis, ii. 31): ‘* Accordingly, he chose between the two 106 AGESILAUS be well disposed to their city and more eager to promote her interests. The Lacedaemonians, accord- ingly, after hearing the messengers, made _ public answer to the Egyptians that Agesilaiis would attend to these matters ; but to Agesilaiis they wrote privately bidding him see to it that the interests of Sparta should not suffer. So Agesilaiis took his mercenaries and went over from Tachos to Nectanabis, making the interests of his country serve as a veil for a strange and unnatural proceeding, since when this pretext was removed, the most fitting name for his act was treachery.! But the Lacedaemonians assign the chief place in their ideas of honour to the interests of their country, and neither learn nor understand any other justice than that which they think will enhance the glory of Sparta. XXXVIII. Tachos, accordingly, thus deserted by his mercenaries, took to flight. But in Mendes another rival rose up against Nectanabis and was proclaimed king, and after collecting a hundred thousand men advanced against him. Then Necta- nabis sought to encourage Agesilaiis by saying that although the enemy were numerous, they were a mixed rabble of artisans whose inexperience in war made them contemptitle. “Indeed,” said Agesilaiis, “it is not their numbers that I fear, but the in- experience and ignorance of which you speak, which it is hard to overcome by stratagems. For stratagems array unexpected difficulties against men who try to defend themselves against them, if they suspect and await them; but he who does not await nor even suspect any stratagem gives no hold to the opponent that one who seemed to be the truer partisan of Hellas, and with him marched against the enemy of Hellas and conquered him in battle.’ 107 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Taparoyiloperp AaBnv, @oTEp ovde T@ Tanase OVTL pony O pn KLvOUpEVOS. éx TOUTOU Kal oO Mevénotos éreptre Twretp@v tov Aynoivaov. édet- cev ovv o NextravafBis, kal Kxedevovtos avTov StapdyecBar thy Taxiotny Kal pm) Xpov@ Tore- pelv mpos avOpwrous amreipous Aayavos, TOAVYELpia Sé mepiedeiv nal mepitadpedoa: Kai dOdoa TOANG Kal TpodaBely Suvapévous, ers “adDoOV ev vrowia Kal poe ‘VEVOMEVOS ™ pos avr ov aTre- Xepnoev eis TOW evEepKh Kal peyav éxovoay mepiBorov. o b¢ ’AynotNaos nyavanrTe pev amtiotoupevos Kal Bapéws Epeper, ALiTYUVOLEVOS 6é xal madw petacthvat Tpos Tov Erepov Kal TeXéws ately ampaxktos, nkoNOvVONnGE Kal ouD- evan AOev Els TO TELXOS. XXXIX. ’EqedGovrwv S$ tev Torepiwv Kal Tepitagpevov Tar THY TOA, aVOLs av Seiaas THY TodtopKiay o Aiyumrios éBovAeTo paxecOas Kal tous “EdAnvas wdra ovpmrpoOvpoupévous eixer: ov yap Hv év TO Ywpiw aitos. o dé "Aynoidaos OVUK €@V, GAAA KWAVOY Kove mev ETL PANAOV KAKOS h TpoTEpov Ure TaV AiyuTTioy Kal mpodd- TNS aTrEKAXELTO TOU Bactréws, epepe Se TPGOTEpOV On TAS | SuaBoras Kal mpocelye TO KaLP@ TOV OTPATHYNWATOS. "Hy d€ rorovde. tadpov éEwbev tryov of toné- poe Tept’ TO Tetyos Babeiavy ws TayTaTacw aTrokNelaovTes avTous. ws odv éyyus Hoay ai TENEVTAL TOV OpUypwaTOs aTraYT@VTOS avUT@ Kal TEptiovTos ev KUKAM THY TOY, EoTrépay avapei- vas yevéoOar Kat Kxerevoas éEorrrilec Oar Tovs "EAXnvas édeyev €Mwv wpds tov Aiydrreiov: ““O 108 618 AGESILAUS who is trying to outwit him, just as, in a wrestling bout, he who does not stir gives no advantage to his antagonist.”” After this, the Mendesian also sent and tried to win over Agesilaiis. Nectanabis was therefore alarmed, and when Agesilaiis urged him to fight the issue out as speedily as possible, and not to wage a war of delays against men who were in- experienced in fighting, but were numerous enough to surround him and hedge him in and anticipate and get the start of him in many ways, he grew still more suspicious and fearful of him, and retired into a city which was well fortified and had a large compass. Agesilaiis was incensed at this lack of confidence, and full of indignation, but since he was ashamed to change sides again and finally go back home without accomplishing any thing, he accom- panied Nectanabis and entered the city with him. XXXIX. But when the enemy came up and began to surround the city with a trench, then the Egyptian changed his mind, grew fearful of the siege, and wished to give battle, for which the Greeks also were very eager, since there were no provisions in the place. Agesilaiis, however, would not permit it, but opposed it, and was therefore maligned by the Egyptians even more bitterly than before, and called a betrayer of the king. But he bore their calumnies more patiently now, and sought to find the fitting moment for his stratagem. This was as follows. The enemy were digging a deep trench outside around the city, in order to shut its occupants up completely. Accordingly, when the trench had been carried almost around the city, and its ends were near one another, after waiting for evening to come and ordering the Greeks to arm themselves, Agesilaiis went to the Egyptian and said : 509 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yey Tijs TWTnplas, @ veavia, KaLpos ovTOS eoTw, Oy éy@ drapBeipas poBovpevos OUK éppatov ply énGeiv. érrel 66 7 ny Ob TONE |LLOL TH aod dhevav auTot Sia TOY yELpav TaperKevdKadt, TooauTnY opu&apevor Tadpoy, 4s TO pev eFeupyac uevov éKel- vows euToooy éoTt Tob TA ous, To 56 dsadetrov jyiv Sidwaw i iow Kal OLKai@ péeTpP@ SrapdyerOar TOs avrous, dépe viv, mpodupnGeis avnp ayabos yevée Iau kal pel OV EM LOTOMEVOS pow oabte ceavTov aya. Kal THY OTpaTiay. Huds yap ot pev Kata T TOMA TOV TONE LLOOY ovx Umopevodaty, oi | O€ arXow Sia THY Tappov ou Brdypovaw.” éOavpacev ov O NexravaBis TOU “AynotAdou THY Sewvornta, Kal dovs é éauTov els péoa TA TOV ‘EAH vev drrha Kat T pooner wy éTpeyrato padiws Tous avrisTay- Tas. @s 6€ anak éraBe rev 6 pevov avT@ TOV NexrdvaBw O ‘Aynothaos, avbus émiye TO aUvTO oTpaTHynwa kabarep marae pa, TOUS Tonepiors. TQ mev yap Urropevyay Kal & Ur dyov, Ta 6¢ dvre- TEpiXwpan, éuBarre To THO 0S aur ay €lS TOTTOV éyovta Siopvya Babeiav €& éxatépas mreupas Tapappeove ay, ov TO pegOov euppatas Kal Kara haBov TO PETOT Ths pararyyos éEicwaoe Tmpos TOUS payouévous TaV mohepionv To TAHOOs, ouK éeXovras mepiopouny Kab KUKAOO LD. d0ev ov ToNUY Xpovov a dvTioTavtes eTPATOVTO" Kal TroAXob pev avnpeOnoar, ot-dé hevyovtes éoxedacbncav kal Sveppvynoar. XL. ‘Ex dé ToUTOU Kaas pev eixe Ta mpay- pata Kab BeBaiws TO Aiyurrip Tos aoparevav’ ayarrav &é Kai $irog povotpevos édeiro peivar Kal cuvdiaxerpdc as per’ avrov tov ’AynoinXaov. 0 be @ppnto pos Tov olKoL ToAEpOY, Eidos YonUaTwV I1o AGESILAUS “Now is the time, young man, for us to save our- selves, and I would not speak of it until it came, for fear of vitiating it. The enemy have now worked out our safety with their own hands. They have dug their trench so far that the part which is finished hinders them from attacking us in great numbers, and the space between the ends gives us room to fight them on fair and equal terms. Come, then, be eager to shew yourself a brave man; follow with us as we charge, and save yourself and your army too. For the enemy in our front will not withstand us, and the rest will not harm us because of the trench.” Nectanabis, then, was filled with admiration for the sagacity of Agesilaiis, and putting himself in the centre of the Greek array, charged forwards and easily routed his opponents. And now that Agesilaiis had won back the confidence of Nectanabis, he brought the same stratagem to bear again upon the enemy, like a trick in wrestling. By sometimes pretending to retreat and fly, and sometimes attack- ing them on the flanks, he drove their whole multi- tude into a tract which had a deep canal full of water on either side. The space between these he occupied and stopped up with the head of his column, and so made his numbers equal to those of the enemy who could fight with him, since they were unable to surround and enclose him. Therefore after a short resistance they were routed ; many were slain, and the fugitives were dispersed and melted away. XL. After this, the Egyptian succeeded in estab- lishing himself firmly and securely in power, and showed his friendliness and affection by begging Agesilaiis to remain and spend the winter with him. But Agesilaiis was eager to return to the war at 1 The account of this Egyptian campaign in Diodorus, xv. 93, differs in many details. 11! 7 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Seopévnv thv wordt Kal Eevotpopotcayv. ampov- meprev ovv avToyv évtipws Kal peyanXompeTras, dAXas te AaBovta tipas nal Swpeds xal mpos Tov ToAenov apyupiov Siaxocta Kal TpLaKxovTa Ta- Lavra. yenpa@vos 66 dvros Hdn THS yAs eEXomevos tais vavol xai twapa thv AcBuny eis yopiov Epnuov Koutabeis, 6 KadXovat Meveddov Ampéva, Ovncxe, Bocas péev oySonxovta Kal técoapa étn, Bactrevoas 5é THs Yardprns évl tev Tec- capdkovta TAéov, Kal TOVTwY UTép TpidKovTA TdavTwV péeytaTos Kat SuvaTwTATOS yEevomevos Kal oxedov GAs THs “EAAdSos Hyenwv cal Bactreds vopta Geis aype THs év AcvKTpoLs paxns. "Edous 6€ dvtos Aaxwuixod trav pev adrwv ert Eévns amo8avovtwy avtod Ta ca@pata Kndeverv Kal atroXeirrerv, Ta b¢ TOY Bactdéwpy olxade Kopi- Ceww, of mapovtes Yraptvarar Knpov émitHEavtes T@ VEKPQ, MEALTOS Ov TrapOVTOS, amHyov eis Aaxe- Saipova. tay 5é Bactretay ’Apyidapos o vids 619 autov tapédaBe, nal dréperve TO yéver péxpts “Ayt6os, bv émeyepodvTa THY TdTpLoY avana- Bety modttetav atréxrewe Aewvidas wéurtov an "Aynotddou yeyovora. AGESILAUS home, knowing that his city needed money and was hiring mercenaries. He was therefore dismissed with great honour and ceremony, taking with him, besides other honours and gifts, two hundred and thirty talents of silver fur the war at home. But since it was now winter, he kept close to shore with his ships, and was borne along the coast of Libya to an uninhabited spot called the Harbour of Menelaiis. Here he died, at the age of eighty-four years. He had been king of Sparta forty-one years, and for more than thirty of these he was the greatest and most influential of all Hellenes, having been looked upon as leader and king of almost all Hellas, down to the battle of Leuctra. It was Spartan custom, when men of ordinary rank } died in a foreign country, to give their bodies funeral rites and burial there, but to carry the bodies of their kings home. Sothe Spartans who were with Agesilaiis enclosed his dead body in melted wax, since they had no honey, and carried it back to Lacedaemon. The kingdom devolved upon Archi- damus his son, and remained in his family down to Agis, who was slain by Leonidas! for attempting to restore the ancient constitution, being the fifth in descent from Agesilaiis. 1 In 240 B.c. See the Agzs, chapters xix., xx. 113 VOL, V. I Digitized by Google POMPEY 12 ITOMITHIO2 I. IIpos Tloprniov éorxe trovro Twabeiv o ‘Pw- 4 A > \ b > le) (4 e ? lA paiwy Shuos evOvs €& apyis, Sep o Alayvrou IIpoundeds mpos tov ‘Hpaxréa cobeis tn’ avtod Kal Néyov: ? a U lo) 4 iA EyOpob tratpos pot TovTo didtatov Téxvov. ovTe yap picos ovTws ioxyupoy Kal ayptov érre- deiEavto ‘Pwpaios mpos Erepov atpatyyov ws TOV Iloprniov tatépa XtpadBwva, Cavtos peév avrov 4 \ >] A 4 f 2 poBovpevo. tH év tots Sirros Svvayw (HY yap avnp ToNeux@tTatos), ere d€ améOave KEepav- vobeis, éxxoptlouevoy TO cha KaTaomwdoavTes amo Tov Néxous Kal KabvBpicavtes, oTE pnv LA = 4 / A a > VA evvolav avy Tad opodpotépav 7 Oacaov apEape- vyY 7) MaANOY EvTUXODYTL TUVaAKudTaCAaY h TTal- cavtt trapapeivacay BeBavotepov aArAOS EayXE ‘Pwpaiwy 7 Wopmrnios. aitia &€ tod péev picous éxeiv@ pia, Ypnuatov atAnoTos émiOvpia, TOUTD dé moddal Tov ayaracOa, cwhpocvvn Tept OL 5A b a 4 / iavtay, aoxno. év Omrots, meBavoTrns Royou, miotts HOovs, evappootia mpos évrevEw, ws p1)- 1 A fragment of the Prometheus Loosed (Nauck, T'rag. Graec. Frag.? p. 68). Prometheus was fastened to a cliff in 116 POMPEY I. Towarps Pompey the Roman people must have had, from the very beginning, the feeling which the Prometheus of Aeschylus has towards Heracles, when, having been saved by him, he says :— “T hate the sire, but dearly love this child of his.” ! For never have the Romans manifested so strong and fierce a hatred towards a general as they did to- wards Strabo, the father of Pompey; while he lived, indeed, they feared his talent as a soldier, for he was a very warlike man, but when he was killed by a thunderbolt,? and his body was on its way to the funeral pyre, they dragged it from its bier and heaped insults upon it. On the other hand, no Roman ever enjoyed a heartier goodwill on the part of his countrymen, or one which began sooner, or reached a greater height in his prosperity, or re- mained more constant in his adversity, than Pompey did. And whereas there was one sole reason for the hatred felt towards Strabo, namely, his insatiable desire for money, there were many reasons for the love bestowed on Pompey ; his modest and temperate way of living, his training in the arts of war, his persuasive speech, his trustworthy character, and his tact in meeting people, so that no man asked a Scythia by Zeus, whose eagle preyed upon the prisoner. Heracles slew the eagle and released the sufferer. 2 In 87 B.c. 117 fr PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sevos adutrorepov SenOjvat pndé Hdcov Uroupyjnoar Seopévw. mpocnv yap avtod rais ydptoe cal ro averraxOés bi80vT0s Kai TO cEepvoy AauBavorTos. II. Ev apy7 6é xai rhv div éoxev ov petpios cuvdnpaywyovcay Kal WpoevTuyydvovcay avTod THs povis. TO yap épdopioy dkiwpatixoy Hv piriavOporws, kal év 7TH veap@ Kai avOodvTt Stéhaivey evOds 7) ax TO yepapov Kal ro Bact- ALKOY TOD HOouvs. Hv Sé TLS Kal avacTOAH TIS KouNS aTpéua Kal To@v tepl Ta Supata pvOpav iypoTns Tov MpocwTou, ToLovoa paAdoV eyo- pévnv 7) patvopévny oporornta mpos tas "AndeEdr- Spov Tov Baciréws eixovas. 7 Kal Tovvopa TOA- NOY Ev APXH cvveTrupepdvTav ovK epevyerv o Top- mnios, Mote Kal yAevalovTas avTov évious Hd carey AdéEavdpov. 816 nal Aevxtos Didstrros, AVP UTATLKOS, TUYHYOPOV AUTO, wndev py Trovety Tapanoyov et Pidinios av piraréEavdpos €or. Prwpav Sé thy éraipav Epacay 7Hdn Tpeo- Butépay ovcay émieun@s ael pynpovevery THS yevopévns avTH ampos Tloptrniov optaAtias, dé- youcay @S OvK HY éxelym oUVavaTTaVoaperny adjnktws amedOeiv. mpos b€ tovTots Sinyeto Oar THv Prwpav ériBupjoat tiva tév Tloprniov aovvnbwv avris Tepivov, cal mpaypata mode mapexev TeipavtTa’ avtTns de. payévns ovK av GOerjoar ota Lloprrniov, exetve tov Teiviov SiaréyerOar: tov ovv Tlopmniov émitpéyrar peév T@ Vepviw, pnxéte S€ avdtrov drac0at To mapda- mav pode évtuxeiy avty, Kaivep épav Soxovvta: 118 POMPEY favour with less offence, or bestowed one with a better mien. For, in addition to his other graces, he had the art of giving without arrogance, and of receiving without loss of dignity. II. At the outset, too, he had a countenance which helped him in no small degree to win the favour of the people, and which pleaded for him before he spoke. For even. his boyish loveliness had a gentle dignity about it, and in the prime and flower of his youthful beauty there was at once manifest the majesty and kingliness of his nature. His hair was inclined to lift itself slightly from his forehead, and this, with a graceful contour of face about the eyes, produced a resemblance, more talked about than actually apparent, to the portrait statues of King Alexander. Wherefore, since many also applied the name to him in his earlier years, Pompey did not decline it, so that presently some called him Alexander inderision. Hence, too, Lucius Philippus, a man of consular rank, when pleading in his behalf, said that he was doing nothing strange if, being Philip, he loved Alexander. We are told that Flora the courtesan, when she was now quite old, always took delight in telling about her former intimacy with Pompey, saying that she never left his embraces without bearing the marks of his teeth. Furthermore, Flora would tell how Geminius, one of Pompey’s companions, fell in love with her and annoyed her greatly by his at- tentions ; and when she declared that she could not consent to his wishes because of Pompey, Geminius laid the matter before Pompey. Pompey, accordingly, turned her over to Geminius, but never afterwards had any thing at all to do with her himself, although he was thought to be enamoured of her; and she IIg ae PLUTARCH’S LIVES Le) \ J \ 3 e A 3 Lad 9 \ touto S€ avtay ovy éEtaipixas éveyKety, ara , A Tou vTo AUINS Kal mofov yYpovoy voojaat. , \ , ef , 3 A \ Katto. Thy PrAwpav odtTw Aéyovaw avOjaar Kal yevéoOat mepiBontov wate Kexidtov Méteddov avépidot Kal ypadais Kocpotvta Tov vewv TaV Atockovpwv, Kaxeivns eixova yparrapevoy ava- Oetvar Sua TO Kaddos. Tloptrynios 5é nal rH Anpuntpiov tod atredevOépou yuvatki, mreiotov toxvoavtos Tap avT@ Kal TeTpaKicytdiwy Ta- a \ AavTwWY aTOALTOVTOS OvclaY, éXpHTO Tapa Tov e a Ld > b A 2Q\ , avTov TpoTrOYV OUK émrtEeLKa@S OUVdE EXeVOEpiws, ho- BnGeis thy edpopdiav avtiis auaxov tiva kal / TeptBonroy ovcav, was pn pavein KEexpaTnpévos. ef 4 4 b] \ A \ \ ovUTw 5é mavu toppwOev evrAaBys ov mpos Ta ToLavTa Kal TepvAaypévos, Guws ov Sepvye Tov 9 A \ A éexGpav tov éml tovtT@ wroyov, GAN él tais yapetais éouxodarvteiro TOAAA TOV KOLV@Y Tap- é a / / PJ / tdety Kal mpoéaOar yapitopevos éxeivars. a \ \ Tis Se awept thy Startav evxorias Kal dLTO- TNTOS Kal arrouynuoveupa RéyeTat ToLvovTov. 9 \ A “A A \ LATPOS AUT@ vooodvTt Kal KaKaS EXOVTL TPOS TA , , , a €e A olTla KLXYANY TpocéTake AaBeiv. ws 5é EntobvTEs bp) @ Vv @ \ Pd [4 "4 4 ovY eUpov wriov (Av yap wap wpav), épn Sé Tis e l4 evpeOncecOat mapa AevKoAro Se étovs Tpehope- 2 ”» © vas, ‘‘ Kita,” eimev, “et pn Aeveorros étpuda, fo > Tlopmnios ovn dv &noe;” Kat yaipew édoas tov > \ % , A A tatpov éhaBé TL TeV evTopicTaV. TadTa pév ovv voTeEpov. ” \ a ITI. "Ere 8€ pecpdxvov dv Twavtdtact Kai Te N s TaTpl TVaTpATEVOLEVOS avTiTeTAaypEevm pos Kiv- 120 620 POMPEY herself did not take this treatment as a mere courtesan would, but was sick for a long time with grief and longing. And yet Flora is said to have flowered into such beauty, and to have been so famous for it, that when Caecilius Metellus was decorating the temple of Castor and Pollux with paintings and statues, he gave her portrait also a place among his dedications. Moreover, Pompey also treated the wife of Demetrius his freedman (who had the greatest influence with him and lIcft an estate of four thousand talents) with a lack of courtesy and generosity unusual in him, fearing lest men should think him conquered by her beauty, which was irresistible and far-famed. But though he was so extremely cautious in such matters and on his guard, still he could not escape the censures of his enemies on this head, but was accused of illicit relations with married women, to gratify whom, it was said, he neglected and betrayed many public interests. As regards his simplicity and indifference in matters pertaining to the table, a story is told as follows. Once when he was sick and loathed his food, a physician prescribed a thrush for him. But when, on enquiry, his servants could not find one for sale (for it was past the season for them), and some- one said they could be found at Lucullus’s, where they were kept the year round, “ What then,” said he, “if Lucullus were not luxurious must Pompey have died?” and paying no regard to the physician he took something that could easily be procured.! This, however, was at a later time. III. While he was still quite a stripling and was on a campaign with his father, who was arrayed against 1 Cf. the Lucullus, xl. 2. I2I PLUTARCH’S LIVES vav, Aevxidy twa Tepévrsoy elyev éEtaipov Kat avoKnvov. ovtos UTd Kivva teicbels yvpnpwaciy autos pev Euerre Llourniov aioxtevelv, report THD oKNYHY éumpnoev Tow oTparayoo. UNnvicews 5¢ 7@ Lowrie repi detarvov 6 ovte ™poaTrecouans, oibis SiatrapaxOeis, adrra Kal TMV mpoOuporepov L piroppovnadpevos Tov Tepévtvov, apa T@ rpartaBas ™ pos avdTravaw Umrexpuels THIS oKN- vas érade, Kal TO marpl ppoupav TEPLOTIOAS novyater. o Oe Tepevrtos, Os évouute KaLpov €lvaL, TTATALEVOS TO Eios a avéoTn Kal Th ott Bao. tod Toparniou mpooerOav OS KATAKELLEVOU TOX- Ads évepoper mANYAS toils oTpwpacw. éx dé TOUTOU ryiverau péeya Kivnpa pice. tod otpatnyod, Kal T™ pos aTroaTacw oppn TOV TTPATLWOTOY, Tas TE TKNVaS avagTovT wy ral Ta omha Aap Bavov- TOV. O per ouv oTpaTayos ov Tporjer Sedta@s TOV BopuBov, o &€ Topmnios év pérou avaoT pep o- pevos Kal Saxpdov i inéreve, TEAOS bé pirpas éavrov emt oTOMa Tpo Ths TUS TOU Xapakos éuTroO@v ExeLTO Kalov Kal Tatety KeNevov TOUS efvovtas, Gate ékactov dvaxwpelv im’ aidods Kal mavras oUT@ TANV oxTaKoclay petaBaréecbar Kal diar- Nayhvas TPOS TOV GTpaTHYOV. IV. “Apa 6€ T@ TereuTHoat Tov YrpaBova, Sixny KroT HS Exxev vrép avTov Snpociwy ypen- uaTOV 6 Tlopanios. Kat 7a pev TrEoTA hwpa- gas éva TOV atrerevOépwv o Topmnios vevoo pic- pévov "AréEavdpor, anéderke Tots dpxovew, avTOS dé iva Onparixa Kat BiPrAa Tav év "“Ackr@ AnpOevrav ever Katnyopeito, Taira dé éraBe pév Tapa Tov Tatpos édNovTOS TO “AcKAO?, aTrW- I22 POMPEY Cinna, he had a certain Lucius Terentius as tentmate and companion. This man was bribed by Cinna, and was himself to kill Pompey, while others were to set fire to the tent of the commander. But Pompey got information of the plot while he was at supper. He was not at all disturbed, but after drinking more freely even than usual and treating Terentius with kindness, as soon as he retired to rest stole out of the tent unperceived, set a guard about his father, and quietly awaited the event. Terentius, when he thought the proper time was come, arose, and ap- proaching the couch of Pompey with drawn sword, stabbed the bed-clothing many times, supposing him to be lying there. After this there was a great commotion, owing to the hatred felt towards the general, and a rush to revolt on the part of the soldiers, who tore down their tents and seized their arms. The general did not venture forth for fear of the tumult, but Pompey went up and down among the soldiers beseeching them with tears, and finally threw himself on his face in front of the gate of the camp and lay there in the way, weeping and bidding those who were going out to trample on him. As a consequence, everyone drew back out of shame, and all except eight hundred changed their minds and were reconciled to their general. IV. As soon as Strabo was dead, Pompey, as his heir, was put on trial for theft of public property. And although Pompey discovered that most of the thefts were committed by Alexander, one of his father’s freedmen, and proved it to the magistrates, still he himself was accused of having in his possession hunting nets and books from the booty of Asculum. Now, he did receive these things from his father 1 In 87 B.C. PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aece 5€ trav Kivva Sopvddpwv, Ste xatnnrOev, acapévov eis THY oikiav avTod Kal dtapracav- Tov. éytvovto b€ Ths dixns avT@ Tpoayaves ovUK OAiyoL TrPOS TOV KaTHYyopoV. év ols o€vs Apa Kal ’ ¢€ / 9 \ , / ” Tap HAtKiay evoTabns gatvoyevos dSo€av éoye peyarnv cal yapw, date ‘Avtictiov otpatn- A / yoovra xal BpaBevovta tiv Sixny éexeivny épa- cOnvat tod Tloumniov nal yuvaica Sidovae tiv éavtou Ouyatépa Kal mepi tovTov Tots didrors , , \ \ StaréyerOar. SeEapuevou Sé Lopmniov xai yevo- pévay év avtols atroppntayv oporoyLav, Guws ovK w: ‘\ \ \ A \ \ a EXaGe tTovs ToAAO’s TO Tpaypa dia THY TOD 9 ’ , , \ \ , J Avtiatiouv omovdnv. tédXos 5€ THY yvopny ava- yopevoavtos avtod Tay Sixacta@v amodvovaay, °” a WoTED EK TapayyéApatos o SHpuos érepwvyce A \ A fe) / rovtTo 87 TO Tois yapodow émipwvovpevoy é& U4 A , EJous tradatov, Taracin. \ a To dé G05 apyny rNaBeiv hace TtoravTnyv. Ste \ / a“ / b , > A 3 tas Ouyatépas TOY YaBivwv em Oéav ayavos eis ¢ 3 A Pony wapayevopevas of mpwrevovtTes apeTi e a a / Pwpaiwy iptrafov éavtois yuvaixas, adofot tives TeddtTar Kal Bothpes apdpevor Kopnv Kadnv Kal 4 4 peyarny exoutlov. OTws ovv fi) TpooTUX@V TIS A a apérntat Tov KpertTovwer, éBowy Oéovtes apa f “ / Taracto (Trav 6é yaptévtwv Kal yvwpipwv tis Hv e 4 o Tadacwos), aoTe Tov’s aKkovaavTas Tobvopa Kpoteity kat Boav olov cuvndopévous Kal avuver- atvouvtas. €x TovTov dact (cal yap evtUyIs 6 / 9 , A U 4 \ b] , yapuos amté8n to Taracip) tavTny thy éripo- 124 6 1 POMPEY when he took Asculum,! but he lost them when Cinna’s guards, on that general’s return to Rome, broke into his house and ransacked it. He had many preliminary bouts in the case with his accuser, and since in these he showed an acumen and poise beyond his years, he won great reputation and favour, insomuch that Antistius, the praetor and judge in the case, took a great liking to him and offered him his own daughter in marriage, and conferred with his friends about the matter. Pompey accepted the offer and a secret agreement was made between them, but nevertheless the people got wind of the matter, owing to the pains which Antistius took to favour Pompey. And finally, when Antistius pro- nounced the verdict of the judges in acquittal, the people, as if upon a signal given, broke out in the ancient and customary marriage acclamation, “ Talasio.” The origin of the custom is said to have been this. At the time when the daughters of the Sabines, who had come to Rome to see a spectacle of games, were haled away by the most distinguished Romans to be their wives, certain hirelings and herdsmen of the meaner sort seized a fair and stately maiden and were carrying her off. In order, therefore, that no one of their betters, on meeting them, might rob them of their prize, they shouted with one voice as they ran, “ For Talasius,” Talasius being a well-known and popular personage. Consequently, those who heard the name clapped their hands and shouted it themselves, as if rejoicing with the others and approving what they did. From this circumstance, they say,—and indeed the marriage proved a happy » one for Talasius,—this acclamation is used in mirth- 1 In 89 B.c. 125 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ynow pera tradcids yevéoOas Tois yapovou. oUTOS 0 AOYOsS TiBaVwTaTOS EoTL TOV mepl TOU Taraciov Aeyouevev. oAdryas 8 ovv dorepov Tpepas O Tloparnios Tyyayero THY "Avtiotiav. V. ’Ezet be T pos Kivvav eis TO OTpaTOTEdOV mopevdels éE aitias TLvOS Kal dia Borijs édeuce Kar TAaXU Aabov éxTrodwv émroinaey éavtov, OUK OVTOS é€upavous auto Opods duiOev € é€v To oTpaton ei Kal oryos OS avnpyKot TOV veavic Kop o Ktyvas: éx dé TOUTOU ot manat Bapuvopevot Kal pLoovvTeEs Gppnoay én’ avrov. o 6€ hevywv xal Katana. Bavopevos Ud Twos TOY hoyayay yup TP Eider SteKovTos T poo eTred€ TOLS “yovace Kab THD oppayiva T POUTELVE TOUT UpLOV ovcav. o be kal para UBpratiKas eiTra@v, “ "ANN ouK eyyuny Epyopat a ppary.ovpevos, adda avoovov Kab Tapa- vowov TLMMPTTOLEVOS TUpavvov, airéxTewev av- TOV. obra dé tod Kiva TENEUTTAVTOS édéEaTto pev Ta Tparypara al ouvel xe KapBov éurdnk- TOTEposS éxeivou TUpavvos, émjee dé 2urAas TOUS TrELoTOLS TOOELVOS, LITO THY TapoYTwY KaKOV ovde deomotou petaBorjy px pov nryoupevors arya Jov. ets TobT0 Tmponryaryov ai cuppopal THY TOALY, as Oovreiav emietxeatépay Enteiy atroyvwce THS ehevepias. VI. Tore odv-o Topmnios év TH Toenvide Tips Iradias d1ér peBev, eXcov perv adobe Kat Xwpia, To 8& wéov Tails TONET W ndopevos olxelos kal purines marpobev é exovaars 7 pos avuTov. opav oé TOUS emepaveaTatous Kal Bedtiorous TOY Toht- TOV aTrOAELTrOVTAS TA oixeta Kab mavraxodev ELS TO YUANA oOTpaTOTEdOY WoTEP Eis ALEVA KaTA- 126 POMPEY ful greeting of the newly wedded. This is the most credible of the stories told about Talasius.! But be it true or not, a few days afterwards Pompey married Antistia. V. Then he betook himself to Cinna’s camp, but because of some calumnious accusation grew fearful and quickly withdrew unnoticed. On his disap- pearance, there went a rumour through the camp which said that Cinna had slain the young man, and in consequence of this those who had long hated Cinna and felt oppressed by him made an onslaught upon him. Cinna, as he fled, was seized by one of the centurions who pursued him with drawn sword, and fell upon his knees and held out his seal-ring, which was of great price. But the centurion, with great insolence, said: ‘“‘ Indeed, I am not come to seal a surety, but to punish a lawless and wicked tyrant,’ and slew him. When Cinna had come to such an end,? Carbo, a tyrant more capricious than he, re- ceived and exercised the chief authority. But Sulla was approaching, to the great delight of most men, who were led by their present evils to think even a change of masters no slight good. To such a pass had her calamities brought the city that, in despair of freedom, she sought a more tolerable servitude. VI. At this time, then, Pompey was tarrying in the Italian province of Picenum, partly because he had estates there, but more because he had a liking for its cities, which were dutifully and kindly dis- posed towards him as his father’s son. And when he saw the best and most prominent citizens for- saking their homes and hastening from all quarters to the camp of Sulla as to a haven of refuge, he 1 Cf. the Romulus, chapter xv. 2 In 84 B.c. 127 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Péovtas, avTos ovx nkiwoev arrodpas ovbé acvp- Boros 05 ypntwv BonOeias, adra brrapEas Tivos Xapiros évdoEws ‘eal pera Suvdpews érdetv 7 pos avtov. O0ev éxives tovs Iltxnvovs datrorepo- pevos. ot O€ UITNKOVOY av’T@ Tpobvpws Kal Tots mapa KapBwvos jRxovow ov mpocetxyov. Odndiov Sé TLvos eltrovTos Sti Snuaywyos avTots é« Tat- Saywyelou taparemndnxev o Lloprnios, obras nyavaxtnoav wate evOus dverciv mpootrecovTeEs tov Ovndzov. "Ex tovtou Ilopmnios érn pév tpia Kai eixoat 4 e > > \ \ > 4 > yeyovas, um ovdevos be avo parray _amodebevy- pévos oTpaTnyos, avTos éavT@ Sovs To dpyev, év Avkipu@, wore peyddrn, Biya Gels év ayopa, Kal TOUS TpwTEevovtas avTav aberpovs Sto Ovevtt- Stous urép KapBwvos avtiumpatrovras diatdy- MATL METAOTHVAL THS TOAEWS KEAEUTAS, TTPATLO- Tas KaTéAEye, Kal NoXayoUs Kal taktapyous KaTa Koopov atrodeiEas ExadaTols TAS KUKA@ TWoAELS émnet TO auto Troy. éEaviotapévwy 6é Kai UToYwpouvTov daot TA KapBwvos éppovour, tav d€ adAAwy acpévas emididovtwmy avTovs, ovT@ Kataveipas év OALy@ YpoVv@ Tpla TdypaTa TérELa, Kal tpopyy Topioas Kal oKxevaywya Kal ayakas Kal THY GAANV TWaaav TapacKeEvHD, Hye TPOS LVA- av, OVK EmeELyomEvos Ovde TO AaOEiY ayaTrOD, ara StatpiBwv xa’ odov év TO KaKaS TroLEtV TOUS TroNEMLOUS, Kal TAY Goov earner THS Itadias Tetpwuevos adiotavat tod KapBavos. | VII. ’"Avéornoav otv én’ avtov tpeis apa oTpatnyot trodéutot, Kapivas cat KXotdos Kat Bpodrtos, ovK évavtios wavtes ovdé onobev, adr 128 622 POMPEY himself would not deign to go to him as a fugitive, nor empty-handed, nor with requests for help, but only after conferring some favour first, in a way that would gain him honour, and with an armed force. Wherefore he tried to rouse up the people of Picenum and made test of their allegiance. They readily listened to him and paid no heed to the emissaries of Carbo. Indeed, when a certain Vedius remarked that Pompey had run away from pedagogues to be a demagogue among them, they were so incensed that they fell upon Vedius at once and killed him. After this, Pompey, who was only twenty-three years old, and who had not been appointed general by anybody whomsoever, conferred the command upon himself, and setting up a tribunal in the market-place of Auximum, a large city, issued an edict ordering the chief men there, two brothers named Ventidius, who were acting against him in Carbo’s interest, to leave the city. Then he pro- ceeded to levy soldiers, and after appointing cen- turions and commanders for them all in due form, made a circuit of the other cities, doing the same thing. All the partisans of Carbo withdrew and gave place to him, and the rest gladly offered their services to him, so that in a short time he had mustered three complete legions, and provided them with food, baggage-waggons, carriages, and other needful equipment. Then he led his forces towards Sulla, not in haste, nor even with a desire to escape observation, but tarrying on the march as he harried the enemy, and endeavouring to detach from Carbo’s interest all that part of Italy through which he passed. VII. There came up against him, accordingly, three hostile generals at once, Carinas, Cloelius, and Brutus,! not all in front of him, nor from any one 1 All belonging to the Marian party. 129 VOL. V. : K PLUTARCH’S LIVES KvKA@ Tptol otpatomébois TEepixwpodvTEes ws dvaptacopevot. 6 5€ ovx decer, adda Tacav eis TavTO THY Siva cuvayayov w@pynoev ep év To tod Bpovtou orpatevpa, Tous immeis, év ols qv autos, mpotdgas. émel && Kal mapa Tav jwoneniov avreEimmevcayv ot Kertol, Tov mpewTov avrav! kal pwparewtatoy pOdver twaicas éx xetpos Sopate nal KxataBadov. of dé GAdo Tpamropevot Kal to telov auverapatay, wate guyny yevéoOat twavtav. éx dé TovTov otacid- oavtes of oTpaTnyol Tpos AAAHAOUS avEXwPNCAD, as Exaotos éruxe, Tlopuantp S&¢ mpocexwpovv ai Twodes, ws Sia poBov éoxebacpévwvy TOV TroAE- piov. avOis S€ Xxnriwvos émiovtos adt@ Tov badrov, piv év éwBorais vooawv yevéoOa Tas pdrayyas, ot Lenrriwvos domacdpevot Tovs Top- mniov peteBdrovto, Ucnriwy 5é &puye. Tédos Se KapBovos avtod epi tov “Apow motapov it- Téwy cuvyvas tras épévtos, evpwotws bTrocTas kal tperapevos eis Xarerra Kal adirma ywpia mavras éuBarryg. Sioxwv: of 5é THY cwTnpiay avéNriaTov opavTes évexeipitayv avTovs pEeTa TOV StAwY Kat TOV lrTeDv. VIII. Otrw $8 tatta YvAras érémvoro, mpos O€ Tas mpwTas ayyerias Kal dynywas bmép avtov Sedoix@s évy TocovTois Kal THALKOUTOLS avaotpepoméevou oatpatnyots . Trodepiots, ediwxe BonOycwv. yvors dé o Topsrnios éyyis dvta mpooérate Tois Hryepoow é€orrAifeav Kal dtaxoc- 1 roy mpdrov a’tav with CMS and Coraés: roy mpatov. 130 POMPEY direction, but encompassing him round with three armies, in order to annihilate him. Pompey, how- ever, was not alarmed, but collected all his forces into one body and hastened to attack one of the hostile armies, that of Brutus, putting his cavalry, among whom he himself rode, in the van. And when from the enemy’s side also the Celtic horse- men rode out against him, he promptly closed with the foremost and sturdiest of them, smote him with his spear, and brought him down. Then the rest turned and fled and threw their infantry also into confusion, so that there was a general rout. After this the opposing generals fell out with one another and retired, as each best could, and the cities came over to Pompey’s side, arguing that fear had scattered his enemies. Next, Scipio the consul came up against him, but before the lines of battle were within reach of each other’s javelins, Scipio's soldiers saluted Pompey’s and came over to their side, and Scipio took to flight.1 Finally, when Carbo himself sent many troops of cavalry against him by the river Arsis, he met their onset vigorously, routed them, and in his pursuit forced them all upon difficult ground impracticable for horse; there, seeing no hope of escape, they surrendered themselves to him, with their armour and horses. VIII. Sulla had not yet learned of these results, but at the first tidings and reports about Pompey had feared for his safety, thus engaged with so many and such able generals of the enemy, and was hastening to his assistance. But when Pompey learned that he was near, he ordered his officers to have the forces 1 Plutarch seems to have transferred this exploit from Sulla to Pompey. See the Sulla, xxviii. 1-3, and cf. Appian, Bell, Civ. i. 85. 131 K 2 Pom PLUTARCH’S LIVES plety THY Suvapuy, @s Kardiorn TO avToxpdaropt Kat Aaprpotatn pavein: peryddas yap nrrive Tap avTou TLS, éruye O€ perfoveor. @s yap eldev avTov 0 {ANAS MpoctovTa Kal THY OTpA- TLay Tapert Tay evavdpia TE Oavpacrny rar dua Tas catopbwces ernppevnv Kat (Napav, arronmn- Sijcas TOU larrov Ka T poaaryopevOets, Os eos, avuToKpaTwp dvrim poonyopevaev avToxpdadtopa TOV Hopsniov, ovdevos ay mpoadoxncavtos avdpi ve kat ponder Bounrjs peTEX ovTL xoweocad Gat Tob- voua TOUTO SvAAap, Tept ov Lenrioge Kab Mapious eTroe pel. kal tadr\a 8 Hv opmoro- yoovta tais T PWOTALS prdroppocvvats, breLan- oTALEvOV Te T™ poo LovTe 7 Touanip Kal HS Keparis amrdryovTos TO iparvov, & mpos aAXov ov padios éwparo ‘TOLD, Kaimep vray ToAX@Y Kal dryab av meph aUuTOV. Ou pny exovpiain rye TOUTOLS 0 Toprnios, GX’ evOvs els THY Kedreeny Um’ avTov TEuTrO- HEVOS, iv EXoV o MéredXos boxer py dev aEvov mpaTrew THs TapacKevys, ov Kadas Edn exewv mpecButepoy Kat mpovxovta b0En oTpatnyias aparpeiaOau, Bovropéve pévtot T® Meréedr Kal KENEVOYTL ouprrohenety kad BonOetv Erorpnos elvat. deEapévou 6¢ Tob MeréAXov Kal yparpavtos Key, euBarav els Thy Kertixnv avros te kal” éavtov épya Gavpacta Serr partero, Kal TOD Mereddov TO ) WAX LLOV Kat dapoaréov 78n oBevvdpevov v7r0 YNPwS avs éFeppimile Kal ouveteOeppacver, Oomep 0 péwv Ka TET VPM HEVOS Naricos T@ WeTN- yore Kal puxpe Tepeyvdets eyerat Tov qupos PadXov dvuypaivey Kal cuvavatnxeww. adda 132 POMPEY fully armed and in complete array, that they might present a very fine and brilliant appearance to the imperator ; for he expected great honours from him, and he received even greater. For when Sulla saw him advancing with an admirable army of young and vigorous soldiers elated and in high spirits because of their successes, he alighted from off his horse, and after being saluted, as was his due, with the title of Imperator, he saluted Pompey in return as Imperator. And yet no one could have expected that a young man, and one who was not yet a senator, would receive from Sulla this title, to win which Sulla was at war with such men as Scipio and Marius. And the rest of his behaviour to Pompey was consonant with his first tokens of friendliness; he would rise to his feet when Pompey approached, and uncover his head before him, things which he was rarely seen to do for any one else, although there were many about him who were of high rank. Pompey, however, was not made vain by these things, but when Sulla would have sent him forth- with into Gaul, where, as it was thought, Metellus was doing nothing worthy of the armament at his disposal, he said it was not right for him to take the command away from a man of great reputation who was his senior, but that if Metellus wished and bade him do so, he was ready to assist him in carrying on the war. And when Metellus accepted the proposal and wrote him to come, he hurried into Gaul, and not only performed wonderful exploits himself, but also fanned into fresh heat and flame the bold and warlike spirit of Metellus which old age was now quenching, just as molten and glowing bronze, when poured round that which is cold and rigid, is said to soften it more than fire does, and to melt it also 133 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES yap, @otep aOAnTOD wpwTtevoavTos év avdpdct Kal tovs tavrayod Kxabedovtos evddEws ayavas eis ovdéva AOryov Tas TraLdtKads TiIMevTaL viKxas OVS dvaypapovow, ottws as emrpake tote wpakes o Tloprnios, avtas nal’ éautas vreppueis otcas, mrANnOe bé Kal peyéOer TOV baoTépwv ayovev Kal TOAEUWY KaATAKEXwWopevas, ededleLY KivElY, BH Tepi Ta Tp@Ta TOAAHS StatpiBAs yevopévns TaV peyiorev Kal pardsota Synrovvrwv To 700s epywv ral TaOnpdtwv tod avdpos atrorerpO oper. IX. "Eel totvuy éxpatnce tis “Itadias o LwArAas Kal ductarwp avynyopevOn, Tovs pev ar- ous Hyewovas Kal otparnyovs nueiBeto mov- ctovs Toay Kal tpodywv émi apyas Kal yapito- pevos adOovas Kal mwpoOvpos av Exactos édeito, Tloumniov 5& Bavydtwv Sd’ dpernvy nat péya vopitwy dpedos elvat tois éavtod mpdypacur, eoTovdacey GUas yé Tws oiKeLoTNTL TpocOéa bal. cupRovroperns 5€ THS yuvatKos avTov THs Me- TéeAANS, WeiMovot Tov Tlouryiov amadXNayévta THs “Avtictias AaBely yuvaixa tHv YAXa Tpod- yovov Aiuidiav, é« Merédrrgns wal XKxavpou ye- yevnuevny, avdpl 6¢ cvvoixodcay H6n Kal Kvovoay TOTE. "Hv otv rupavuixad ta Tob ydpou Kal ois YvUAAa KaLpois PaArov 4 Tots Tlopmrniov tporots mpérrovTa, THS ev Aluidias ayopuéevns eyxdpovos wap érépov mpos avrov, éEedawwopévns Se ris 134 623 POMPEY down. However, just as athletes who have won the primacy among men and borne away glorious prizes everywhere, make no account of their boyish victories and even leave them unrecorded, so it is with the deeds which Pompey performed at this time; they were extraordinary in themselves, but were buried away by the multitude and magnitude of his later wars and contests, and I am afraid to revive them, lest by lingering too long upon his first essays, I should leave myself no room for those achievements and experiences of the man which were greatest, and most illustrative of his character. IX. So then, when Sulla had made himself master of Italy and had been proclaimed dictator, he sought to reward the rest of his officers and generals by making them rich and advancing them to office and gratifying without reserve or stint their several requests ; but since he admired Pompey for his high qualities and thought him a great help in his ad- ministration of affairs, he was anxious to attach him to himself by some sort of a marriage alliance. His wife Metella shared his wishes, and together. they persuaded Pompey to divorce Antistia and ma Aemilia, the step-daughter of Sulla, whom Metella had borne to Scaurus, and who was living with a husband already and was with child by him at this time. This marriage was therefore characteristic of a tyranny, and befitted the needs of Sulla rather than the nature and habits of Pompey, Aemilia being given to him in marriage when she was with child by another man, and Antistia being driven away from 1 Cf. the Sulla, xxxiii. 3. This was in 82 B.c. With a similar purpose Siflla tried to make Julius Caesar part with his wife, but Caesar refused (cf. Plutarch’s Caesar, i. 1). 135 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 , > 3 b] A ud 4 “ Avtiotias atiuas nal oixtpas, are 89 Kal rod matpos évayyos éeorepnuévns Sia tov avdpa: , ¢ 9 , > fo , xkatecgayn yap o ‘Avtiotios év t@ BovrcuTnpio Soxdv ta LrAra dpoveiy Sida Tlopaniov: 4 Sé pntnp auras émidotca tadta mponxato tov Biov éxovciws, @oTe Kal TOUTO TO TaDos TH Tepl TOV yapov éxeivoy tpaypdia mpocyevéoOat nal vi Aia ro thv Aiptriav edOds S:apOapivar rapa T@ Lloputarntle tixtoveap. X. "Ex rovtou ZxeNav yyyérreTo Ileprrévas ait@® KpariverOat cal toils weptovoty ETL TIS évavtias oTdoews opynTyploy Tapéyety THY VIC OD, aiwpoupévov xat KapBwvos avtob vavtixe Kat Aopetiou AtBin wpoomemtwKotos, aANwY Te TOAA@Y eTéxewva peyddov Wovpévov huyddwr, ¢ \ A v ? / 9 Soot tas mpoypadas EpOnoav atrodpavtes. emi 4 Io 9 4 \ fol / rovtous Lloumnios ameotadyn peta troAANS duvd- \ , \ 7f\ > A 4 pews. Kal Ileprévvas pev ev0ds avt@ Yxerias éféorn, tas 5 modes dvedaduBave reTpuvywpevas , , b a \ , cal diravOpotras wacals expynto wAnY Mapeprti- vov tav év Meconvyn. tmaparroupévwv yap avTov To Bia nal thy Sixatodociay as vom TadaLe e 4 bd , 66 O > 4 0 ” 9 Pwpaiwy aeipnpeva, Uv Wavoeole, eEltrev, “gpiy vrelwopuevas Eipy vomous dvaytvecxKov- res;” Gd0ke S€ xal tais KdpBwvos ovx avOpw- mivws évuBpicat cupdopais. eb yap hv avayKatov > ‘ Ld Mv > a > ‘ 4 avTov, @oTep jv iows, avereiv, evdus der A \ AaBovta, Kal rod KeXevcavTos av Hv TO Epryov. 136 POMPEY him in dishonour, and in piteous plight too, since she had lately been deprived of her father because of her husband (for Antistius had been killed in the senate- house! because he was thought to be a partisan of Sulla for Pompey’s sake), and her mother, on behold- ing these indignities, had taken her own life. This calamity was added to the tragedy of that second marriage, and it was not the only one, indeed, since Aemilia had scarcely entered Pompey’s house before she succumbed to the pains of childbirth. X. After this, word was brought to Sulla that Perpenna was making himself master of Sicily and furnishing a refuge in that island for the survivors of the opposite faction,? that Carbo was hovering in those waters with a fleet, that Domitius had forced an entry into Africa, and that many other exiled men of note were thronging to those parts, all, in fact, who had succeeded in escaping his proscriptions. Against these men Pompey was sent with a large force. Perpenna at once abandoned Sicily to him, and he recovered the cities there. They had been harshly used by Perpenna, but Pompey treated them all with kindness except the Mamertines in Messana. These declined his tribunal and jurisdiction on the plea that they were forbidden by an ancient law of the Romans, at which Pompey said: “Cease quoting laws to us that have swords girt about us!’ More- over, he was thought to have treated Carbo in his misfortunes with an unnatural insolence. For if it was necessary, as perhaps it was, to put the man to death, this ought to have been done as soon as he was seized, and the deed would have been his who 1 Earlier in the same year, 82 B.c., by order of the younger Marius, one of the consuls (Appian, Bell. Civ. i. 88). 2 The Marian party. 137 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e A 0 5é¢ Séoptov mpoayaywv avdpa ‘“Pwpaioy tpls Urarevoavta Kal mpo tov Bnywatos aTnoas KabeCopuevos avtos avéxpier, ayOopévov kal Bapuvopévav tav tTapovTwy: eita éxédNevcev amayayovtas avenelv. atrayOévta pévtoe paciv auTov, @s eldev EXKOpEevoyv HOn To. Eidos, SetoBat TOTTOV aUT@ Kal ypovov Bpayuy, a UTrO Kotdias évoyAoupéve, tapacxeitv. Tdios 5¢ “Ommtos o Kaicapos éraipos arravOperas dyoi cai Kolvro OvarrAcpio ypnoacGat tov Tloumniov. émriord- pevoy yap ws ~ate htrorAdyos avnp cal drrouabns éy dAtyous 0 Ovarréptos, os 7xOn mpos autor, émlioTacdapevov Kal cupmepitratnoavta Kal Trub0- pevov wv éxpnte cal padovta, mpoctatas ois varnpérass evOvds averety atrayayovrTas. 9 ? , A ANN "Orig pév, Stav mepi tav Kaicapos M4 } , a qokemioy 7) gdirwy Siaréyntat, aopddpa Sei 4 \ > 4 Doe \ \ miorevery peta evraBeias: Tloumnios &€ Tovs pev ev So€n paddiora TaY YwAXa Torepiov Kal davepas adoKopévous avayxaiws éxorale, Tov 8 drAdtav doovs é&jv treptewpa RavOdvovtas, > aed \ \ 4 \ ? e , évious d€ Kal ouveféreure. thv 8 ‘Tnepaiov , , b “A 4 , TOMY &yYWKOTOS avTOU KoAaLELY yevomevnY peTa a , Tav ToAeniov, LOévis o Snuaywyos aitnodpmevos , b) ” / / \ Sa Noyov ove Edy Sixaca trounce Tov Topzrniov, 9\ \ ” > N 9 A \ ? éav Tov altiov adels amrodéon Tovs pndev abi- Kovvtas. épopévou Sé éxeivov tiva éyet Tov oY e \ e / ” \ \ f aititov, éautov o {Oévs epn, Tovs pev dirovs a a“ “ TelcavTa TOV TodtTa@V, Tos O éxXOpovs Biacd- 138 624 POMPEY ordered it. But as it was, Pompey caused a Roman who had thrice been consul to be brought in fetters and set before the tribunal where he himself was sitting, and examined him closely there, to the dis- tress and vexation of the audience. Then he ordered him to be led away and put to death. They say, moreover, that after Carbo had been led away to execution, when he saw the sword already drawn, he begged that a short respite and a convenient place might be afforded him, since his bowels dis- tressed him. Furthermore, Caius Oppius, the friend of Caesar, says that Pompey treated Quintus Valerius also with unnatural cruelty. For, understanding that Valerius was a man of rare scholarship and learning, when he was brought to him, Oppius says, Pompey took him aside, walked up and down with him, asked and learned what he wished from him, and then ordered his attendants to lead him away and put him to death at once. But when Oppius discourses about the enemies or friends of Caesar, one must be very cautious about believing him. Pompey was compelled to punish those enemies of Sulla who were most eminent, and whose capture was notorious; but as to the rest, he suffered as many as possible to escape detection, and even helped to send some out of the country. Again, when he had made up his mind to chastise the city of Himera because it had sided with the enemy, Sthenis, the popular leader there, requested audience of him, and told him that he would commit an injustice if he should let the real culprit go and destroy those who had done no wrong. And when Pompey asked him whom he meant by the real culprit, Sthenis said he meant himself, since he had persuaded his friends among the citizens, and forced 139 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 7 pevov. ayacbels ody THY mappnoiav al TO ppovnua : Tov avdpos 9 Tlopmnios adice THS aitias mp@Tov éxeivoy, elta, TOUS adAous Gtravras. axavev Se tous TTPATLOTAS éy Tais odotrropiars aTaKTety, ohpayida Tais payaipats avtTa@v éré- Banreyv, tv o py puratas exonaleto. XI. Tadra mpdrrayv év YKxedLa cal TOMTEVO- peevos édéEaro Soyua cuyKAyTOU ‘kad ypaupara LvAAa KEeNEVOVTA els AwBinv wreiv nat To Epely Aoperio xata KpaTos, nO porxore TodaTTAaG Lay Suva hs € Eyov Mdpuos ov mahat Svetrépacen € eK AcBons ets Itadiav wal ovvéxer Ta ‘Popatov mpaypara, TUpavvos éK puydoos KaTacTas. 2 dFéws ou daravra TapacKevac devos ) Tlop- mnios Dumerias pev adpxovra Méppuov Katéhime TOV avdpa THs. aderpijs, autos 5é€ aynyeto vaval pev paxpats éxaTov elxool, poptnyois 5& otrov Kal Bern eat XpnHaTa Kat unXavas Kopivovaass OKTAKOGiaLS. KAaTATXOVTL auT@ Tais pev els Trveqy vavot, Tais dé Ets Kapxndova, Tay Tohe- peicov amooTayres ENT AKLTXIALOL TpoceXwpnoar, autos 5é Hye && evTent} TayWaTa. 3 Lup Rivas b¢ avrT@ mpaypa yedotov ioTopovct. oTpaTiatat ydp TES, Os EorKe, Onaaup@ Tept- TET OVTES éxaBov ouyva ypnuata. Tod bé mpary- patos yevopevou pavepov 60fa Tots adXo1s mapérrn mace Xpnudrov peoTov elvat TOY ToTov éy tais worte TUXaLs TOY Kapyndoviav amOTE- 4 Gerpeverv. ovdev obv ) Tloparnios elye xpnoOae TOLS CTPATLOTALS éml modAds npE pas Oncaupovs EnTovaw, adria | Trepuget yehav Kal Jecpevos o on00 puptddas Tocav’tTas opvocovcas Kal otpepovaas 140 POMPEY his enemies, into their course. Pompey, then, ad- miring the man’s frank speech and noble spirit, pardoned him first, and then all the rest. And again, on hearing that his soldiers were disorderly in their journeys, he put a seal upon their swords, and whosoever broke the seal was punished. XI. While he was thus engaged in settling the affairs of Sicily, he received a decree of the senate and a letter from Sulla ordering him to sail to Africa and wage war with all his might against Domitius. For Domitius had assembled there a much larger force than that with which Marius, no long time ago,! had crossed from Africa into Italy and con- founded the Roman state, making himself tyrant instead of exile. Accordingly, after making all his preparations with great speed, Pompey left Memmius, his sister’s husband, as governor of Sicily, while he himself put out to sea with a hundred and twenty galleys, and eight hundred transports conveying provisions, ammunition, money, and engines of war. No sooner had he landed with part of his ships at Utica,? and with part at Carthage, than seven thou- sand of the enemy deserted and came over to him; and his own army contained six complete legions. Here, we are told, a ludicrous thing happened to him. Some soldiers, it would seem, stumbled upon a treasure and got considerable amounts of money. When the matter became public, the rest of the army all fancied that the place was full of money which the Carthaginians had hidden away in some time of calamity. Accordingly, Pompey could do nothing with his soldiers for many days because they were hunting treasures, but he went about laughing at the spectacle of so many myriads of men digging and stirring up 1 In 87 B.C. 2 In 81 B.c. IAI PLUTARCH’S LIVES A a 4 > ‘ 9 / e \ v TO TredLov, Ews aTreiTrovTEs EKENEVOY AUTOUS aye 4 UA \ Dos e , e A darn Bovrgerat tov Lopryiov, as dtenv txavyy Ths aBeXreptas Sedwxoras. XII. ’Avriteraypévov Sé tod Aopetiov Kai Xapadpav tiva. mpoBeRAnpévov yareT HY rEepacar kal tTpaxelav, duBpos dua wvevpats Todvs Ewlev apEdpevos KaTetyev, BoTE ATOYVOVTA THS Huepas éxelyns payécacOar tov Aopériov avabuyny mapayyetvat. Lloumrnios b¢ tovToy avTod troat- ovpevos Tov Katpoyv o&éws earner Kat dvéBatve THv , € > 4 , yapdépayv. ot 5¢ ataxtws Kal OopuBovpevar ral ov WavTES OVSE OMaras UdiotavTo, Kal TO TvedWA , A 4 b) A tA > 4 mepine. THY Cadnv avtots mpooBdaAXov évayTiay. > \ b) \ N ‘ e , e \ 3 4 OU NV AAG Kal Tous Pwpatovs o Yelmwv eTapa- ? A ? , b) a > 7 Eev ov xadopavtas adAnAous axptBas, avToS te Tlopmnios éxtvdtvevoev ayvonbels amro0aveiv, EpWT@VTL oTpaTL@aTn TO GUVOnua Bpdbiov arro- K pia pevos. . ? “A Qodpevor S€ TOAX@ Hovm rovs Torepious (Aéyovra, yap amd Stcpupiov tpioxirtoe Sda- guyeiv) avtoxpatopa tov Ilopmniov nomdcarto. gnoavtos Sé éxeivou pn SéyecOas THv timnv Ews opOdov Eotnxe TO oTpatomedov THY TrodELIOV, E& dé avrov afvodar ravtTns THS TMpoonyopias, éxeivo a 7 a Npijvat mpotepov xataBanreiv, Opynaav evOvs éml Tov ydpaxa: Kat Tloparnios dvev xpdvovs nywvi- Seto Sedotxms to Tpotepov mados. adrjioxneras 57) TO otpatoredov Kat atrobvnoxe Aopétios. Tav ‘4 ¢€ \ > \ e 4 e N dé moNewy ai pev evOds tarnKovov, ai && Kata Kpatos €AnpOnoav. elre bé xal trav Bactdéwv 142 POMPEY the ground. At last they grew weary of the search and bade Pompey lead them where he pleased, assuring him that they had been sufficiently punished for their folly. XII. Domitius now drew up his army against Pompey, with a ravine in front of him which was rough and difficult to cross ; but a violent storm of wind and rain began in the morning and continued to rage, so that he gave up the idea of fighting that day and ordered a retreat. But Pompey, taking advantage of this opportunity, advanced swiftly to the attack, and crossed the ravine. The enemy met his attack in a disorderly and tumultuous fashion, not all of them indeed, nor with any uniformity ; besides, the wind veered round and drove the rain into their faces. However, the Romans also were troubled by the storm, since they could not see one another clearly, and Pompey himself narrowly escaped death by not being recognized, when a soldier de- manded the countersign from him and he gave it rather slowly. Nevertheless, they routed the enemy with great slaughter (it is said that out of twenty thousand only three thousand escaped), and hailed Pompey as Imperator. And when he said he would not accept the honour as long as the camp of the enemy was intact, but that if they thought him worthy of the appellation, they must first destroy that, his soldiers immediately made an assault upon the ramparts ; and Pompey fought without his helmet, for fear of a peril like the one he had just escaped. The camp was soon taken, and Domitius was slain. Then some of the cities submitted at once to Pompey, and others were taken by storm. King Iarbas also, the con- 143 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘Idppav TOV CUMMAXnTAvTA Aoperin, Thv 8é Bac treiav Tappa mapéedwxe. xXpwpevos Se Th TUYn Kal TH puun Tov TTPATEVLATOS els THY Nopadichy évéBane- Kab TOhOV o6dv TMEp@V édacas kal wdavtwv Kkpatnoas ols évéruye, Kat TO Wpos ‘Pepaious bé0s Hon TOV BapBapov éfeppunxos avs loxupov kal poBepov éyxaTa- oTnTas, ovde Ta Onpia dety ébn Ta THD AuBonv KatoKobvTa THs THY ‘Popatav a aireipa popns Kal TOALNS arronetrety. GOev év Onpass NeovTwy Kal ehepavT ov jépas Svérpupey ov aoddds Tais 5é Tacals, as pact, TegoapaxovTa TOUS Tohepious guveihe Kal AtBony éxelpwoaro Kat Sintnge Ta TOY Bacher, éros aywv éxeivo tétaptov Kal eixoo Tov. XIII. ’EsraverOovrs &é eis TrvKqy auT@e ypap- para Kopiterat DvAAAa mpooTarTovTos adiévat pev THY AaAXANnV OT paTLay, auTov dé pe” vos TAY MATOS meptuevery avuToOe Tov d:adeEopevov oTpAaTHyOV. émt tovTows adnrws pev avToS Xero kat Bapéws edeper, eppavas 5é 6 orpatos nyavanrer kal SenOévros tov Tlopantov 7 po- eeiv, Tov Te XWaAdav KaKOS Edeyov, xaxeivov ovK épacay tponcecOat Xepis avTay, aude elov WLOTEVELY ™@ Tupdvve. TO fev ovv TPATOY O Tloprnios émetpaTo mpavvety Kal mapiyopet autovs' as 8 oux évreiOe, cataBa S$ amo TOU Bypatos ent thy oxnvnv amne Sedaxpupévos. oi 6€ cuAAaBovtes avtov avOis ért tod Bnyatos KaTéaTnoay Kal TOND pépos THS Nwépas avy- AOOn, TOV péev péverv Kal ape KehevovT@V, TOU 5 meiPecOar Seouévov Kai py ataciatle, axpe 144 625 POMPEY federate of Domitius, was captured, and his king- dom given to Hiempsal. Taking advantage of the good fortune and momentum of his army, Pompey now invaded Numidia. He marched through the country for many days, conquered all who came in his way, and made potent and terrible again the Barbarians’ fear of the Romans, which had reached a low ebb. Nay, he declared that even the wild beasts in African lairs must not be left without experience of the courage and strength of the Romans, and therefore spent a few days in hunting lions and elephants. It took him only forty days all told, they say, to bring his enemies to naught, get Africa into his power, and adjust the relations of its kings, though he was but twenty-four years of age. XIII. On his return to Utica, a letter from Sulla was brought to him, in which he was commanded to send home the rest of his army, but to remain there himself with one legion, awaiting the arrival of the general who was to succeed him. Pompey himself gave no sign of the deep distress which these orders caused him, but his soldiers made their indignation manifest. When Pompey asked them to go home before him, they began to revile Sulla, declared they would not forsake their general, and insisted that he should not trust the tyrant.. At first, then, Pompey tried what words could do to appease and mollify them; but when he was unable to persuade them, he came down from his tribunal and withdrew to his tent in tears. Then his soldiers seized him and set him again upon his tribunal, and a great part of the day was consumed in this way, they urging him to remain and keep his command, and he begging them to obey and not to raise a sedition. At last, when their clamours and entreaties increased, he swore 145 VOL. V. L PLUTARCH’S LIVES ov T pogATapouyTov Kal KataBowvreov dpooev avarpnoew éaurov e BialowrTo, cal ports OUTS eT ava avTo. T@ S¢ LAA mpery ev WrOev a yedla Tov Hoprniov agpeordvan, Kal T pos TOUS pirous eltrev as apa TET pew LEVOV qv avT@ yevopevep yepovTe maideov ayavas aywvitecOat, dia TO kai Mdprov auT@ véov bvTa, Kopion wAELoTA mpdypara Tapa- axelv kal els Tous éaxdrous TEPLOTHTAL KLV v- vous, mud opevos dé TtarnOH, wat mavTas avOpo- TOUS aicBavopevas béxer Oar | Kat TAPATrELTELY tov Tlopmniov @pynwevous per evvo! }aS, éomevoev UrepBarérOar: Kal mpoehOarv aT nVvTno ev auto, rat beftwadpevos ay evi mpodvuotata peyarn pov Mayvov jowdaato, kal Tous TapovTas odTas éxédevoe mpoc aryopetoan. onpaiver 5é Tov peyav ) Madryvos. Erepot 5é dacw éy MBby 7 P@TOV avahavnpa Todt Tov oTpaToU TAVTOS yevérOat, KpaTos dé haBeiy Kat Sivapuy | vr LvAAa BeBatwb ev. avros PEVTOL wavTov vota- Tos Kal peTa TONUY _Xpovov eis “[Bnpiav avOv- TATOS exTrenpdels € emt DepT@ptov np&ato ypager EavTov év Tais éemeaTonais Kal Tots dtaTaypact Mayvov lloparniovy ovxért yap Hv émridGovov ToUvOLA avvndes ‘yevopevor. ‘ O6ev eLKOTOS aryaa ein wal Javpdcevev ay Tis tous mada. ‘“Pwpaious, ot tals ToLavTals éT6- KAnTETe Kal Tporwvupiacs ov Tas TONEMLKAS jueiBovro xal oTpaTLOTLKaS catopIwaets povov, adda, Kal Tas TohiTLKAS mpagers Kal apeTas éxOo MOU. Sv0 yoov Ma€ipous, Srrep éotl pe- yiorous, dynyopevaey o Shpmos: Ovanrnréprov pev éml t@ Stadrradkat otacidloveay avt@ thy avy- 146 POMPEY with an oath that he would kill himself if they used force with him, and even then they would hardly stop. Sulla’s first tidings of the affair were that Pompey was in revolt, and he told his friends that it was evidently his fate, now that he was an old man, to have his contests with boys. This he said because Marius also, who was quite a young man, had given him very great trouble and involved him in the most extreme perils. But when he learned the truth, and perceived that everybody was sallying forth to welcome Pompey and accompany him home with marks of goodwill, he was eager to outdo them. So he went out and met him, and after giving him the warmest welcome, saluted him in a loud voice as “Magnus,” or The Great, and ordered those who were by to give him this surname. Others, however, say that this title was first given him in Africa by the whole army, but received authority and weight when thus confirmed by Sulla. Pompey himself, however, was last of all to use it, and it was only after a long time, when he was sent as pro-consul to Spain against Sertorius, that he began to subscribe himself in his letters and ordinances “ Pompeius Magnus” ; for the name had become familiar and was no longer in- vidious. And herein we may fittingly respect and admire the ancient Romans; they did not bestow such titles and surnames as a reward for successes in war and military command alone, but also adorned with them the high qualities and achievements of their states- men. At any rate, in two such cases the people bestowed the title of “Maximus,” which signifies the Greatest : upon Valerius, for reconciling them with the senate when it was at variance with them;! and 1 After the famous secession of the plebs, in 494 B.c. 147 a” a L2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KAnTtov, PaBiov 5é “PodAXoyv, Ste wAovatous Tivas > > 4 ‘ , e€ amreXevOépwv yeyovotas Kal xatanedeypévous > \ 4 9¢/ els THY aUYyKANTOY €FEBarev. XIV. ’Ex rovrtov OpiauBov nre Llopsrnios, avréreye 5€ BaAras. UrdtTo yap } otpaTny@ Hovov, GAXr@ &é ovdev’ Sidwaww o vopuos. 620 Kal Lentiov o mpatos amd pelovev Kal KpEerTTOVOV ayavoyv év 'IBnpia Kapynbdoviov xpatioas ovK nrnoe OpiauBov: bratos yap ovK Hv ovdé oTpa- tTnyos. ef 5 Tloumrnios ovmm mdavu yeverov 9 A 4 > A ‘ Ad a eiveNd OptauBevwv els THY TOMY, Bovhijs dua ‘ 4 THY HAtKiay ov péTeoTL, TavTdtracw éridOovov écecOar Kal thy apxnv éavT@ Kal Thy Timny >] , “ \ Io e 4 wv. éxeivo. tadta mpos Ilopaniov o LUAXas Edeyev, @> ovK édowy, GAG évoTHooOMEVvos avT@ Kal KwWAVowY TO PirOverKov aTrEOodYTOS. ‘O &é Tlopmrnios ovy brémrnkev, adr’ évvoely éxéXevoe TOV TvAAAaY STL TOV HALOV avaTédXdoVTA mreloves 7 Sudpevov mpocKuvovcty, WS AUT@ peév av€avopévns, pecoupévns dé Kal papatvomérvns éxelv@ THs Suvapews. Ttavta o LWAXas ovK axpt- Bas éEaxovoas, copay Sé tos axovoavtas amd Tov mpoowTou Kal tod aoxnpatos év Oavpuate Totoupevous, NpeTo TL TO AEXOeY ein. TuUOopEVOS 5é xal xatatrayels tod Tlowrniov tHv ToApav aveBonae Sis edetfs, “ @prapBevedto.” ToAdNOv dé ducyeparvovtwy Kal ayavaxtovvToy, éTt pan- > , e ‘ b A € ov avtous, os gdact, BovAopevos aviav o Ilop- mnios, émexeipnoey élepdvtwy appate TeTTApov émtBas eicedXavvew' Hyaye yap éx AsBuns Tav 148 626 POMPEY upon Fabius Rullus,! because he expelled from the senate certain descendants of freedmen who had been enrolled in it on account of their wealth. XIV. After this, Pompey asked for a triumph, but Sulla opposed his request. The law, he said, per- mitted only a consul or a praetor to celebrate a triumph, but no one else. ‘Therefore the first Scipio, after conquering the Carthaginians in Spain in far greater conflicts, did not ask for a triumph; for he was not consul, nor even praetor. And if Pompey, who had scarcely grown a beard as yet, and who was too young to be a senator, should ride into the city in a triumph, it would not only make Sulla’s govern- ment’ altogether odious, but also Pompey’s honour. This was what Sulla said to Pompey, declaring that he would not allow his request, but would oppose him and thwart his ambition if he refused to listen to him. Pompey, however, was not cowed, but bade Sulla reflect that more worshipped the rising than the setting sun, intimating that his own power was on the increase, while that of Sulla was on the wane and fading away. Sulla did not hear the words distinctly, but seeing, from their looks and gestures, that those who did hear them were amazed, he asked what it was that had been said. When he learned what it was, he was astounded at the bold- ness of Pompey, and cried out twice in succession: “Let him triumph!” Further, when many showed displeasure and indignation at his project, Pompey, we are told, was all the more desirous of annoying them, and tried to ride into the city on a chariot drawn by four elephants; for he had brought many 1 Cf. the Fabius Maximus, i. 2. It was in the capacity of censor, 304 B.c., that Rullus thus purified the senate. 149 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Bactdnav cvxvors aixyparerous adda THS TANS arevorépas ovons améotn Kai pernOev éri tors immovs. émel S€ of oTpaTi@TaL pn TUYOVTES ey / 50 2 a b UA N NALKOY TpocEdoKnaay évoxrely EBovrOVYTO Kal GopuBeiv, ovdév fy dpovtiferv, GdrAd padrrdov 9 , \ , A 4 b] , adjoew tov OpianBov 7 KoraKxevoew éxetvous. cd &7; i> ir 9. A > \ \ tr bre 89 Kal LepouvtrLos, avinp émiudpavys cal pdrduora mpos tov OpiauBov evatas tov Tlopmaniov, viv ¥ \ Foe e fa) lA 3 a \ épn tov Lloumrniov opav Kal péyav adnOas kat aEvov tod OptauBov. Syrov & éotly Ste nai Bovrts av eernoas Tote padiws érvyev. GAN 3 b] 4 e / ‘\ ” > A ovK éaTrovoacer, MS Aéyouat, TO evdoEov éx TOD qapadotou Onpwpevos. ov yap iv Oavpacropv eé , « mpo nrtkias éBovAeve Ilopumanios, GAN bréprap- cd / , 3 4 A mTpov 6 pndémw Bovrcvwv eOpiauBeve. tovTo Sé avT@ Kxal mpos evvorav Uriipye TOV TOAD OU puKpov: Exaipe yap o Ohmos aUT@ peta Opiap- Bov év rots immcxois éEetralopéve. XV. SvAAas 5é Huiadto pev opav eis Soop ScEns mpdeoe Kal Svvdpews, aiayvvouevos 88 , e , « , oe , M7 KoAvEeW Houxiay Hye AH, OTe Bia Kal axovTos avtovd Aémidov eis brrateiay KaTéoTHoE, TvVapy- atpectdcas Kal Tov Sipov evvoia TH Tpds EavToV éxeiv@ otrovddlovra Tapacyav, Peacdpevos avrov amiovra peta mArAnOovs Sv ayopas o YWaAAas, “ oO a ”» + « AN a “A \ 4 4, TOS yap ovxl yevvaia radra Kal Kara, Kardou “A Fi N Tov wavtwv apiorov Aémidov Tov TwavTwy Ka- 150 POMPEY from Africa which he had captured from its kings. But the gate of the city was too narrow, and he therefore gave up the attempt and changed over to his horses. Moreover, when his soldiers, who had not got as much as they expected, were inclined to raise a tumult and impede the triumph, he said he did not care at all, but would rather give up his triumph than truckle to them. Then Servilius, a man of distinction, and one who had been most opposed to Pompey’s triumph, said he now saw that Pompey was really great, and worthy of the honour. And it is clear that he might also have been easily made a senator at that time, had he wished it; but he was not eager for this, as they say, since he was in the chase for reputation of a surprising sort. And indeed it would have been nothing wonderful for Pompey to be a senator before he was of age for it ; but it was a dazzling honour for him to celebrate a triumph before he was a senator. And this con- tributed not a little to win him the favour of the multitude ; for the people were delighted to have him still classed among the knights after a triumph. XV. Sulla, however, was annoyed at seeing to what a height of reputation and power Pompey was advanc- ing, but being ashamed to obstruct his career, he kept quiet. Only, when in spite of him and against his wishes Pompey made Lepidus consul,! by canvassing for him and making the people zealously support him through their goodwill towards himself, seeing Pompey going off through the forum with a throng, Sulla said: “I see, young man, that you rejoice in your victory ; and surely it was a generous and noble thing for Lepidus, the worst of men, to be pro- claimed consul by a larger vote than Catulus, the 1 In 79 B.c. 151 PLUTARCR’S LIVES KLO-TOV arroderx Phar TpoTEepov Unarov, cov TOV Sijmov ovTw TApATKEvaTavros; dpa PEVTOL oot pn xabevoery, adda T poo éXetv Tous Tpay pact" toxuporepov yap Tov avrayoves Tay TeavT@ KarTe- oxevacas. edn rwoe dé padiora Swaras 3 6Tt ™pos Tloprnjiov | ovK eULEVaS elxe Tais Sad jKass as eyparpev. érépous yap pidors Swpeds amro- ALT@V, Kal TOU TaLdOS anodetEas € emit porous, TOV Top niov dws maphnrdev. TveyKe pévroL TOUTO pet plas Tavu Kal TOMTLKOS exeivos, OoTE Aeri- Sou Kal Tevooy Gr\Xwv éevictapéevov yn Tapyvat TOV vexpov év TO Tredlm, pndé Snpooia THY expopav yeverOan, BonPijcar Gah mapacye dSokav aya Tals Tapais Kal dodpanretay. XVI. ’Ezrel 6é Taxy Tou LwUrra TENEUTHO AVTOS els pas Trappet Ta pavreipara, Kal AémiBos eloTrov@y éavTov ets THY éxelvou Suvapuy ov KvKL@ Te priv ovoe peta TX MATOS, anna evdds évy Tos Grrdous Rv, TA Tada vocobvTa Kal /Saduyovra TOV LvAXaY Umonelupata TOV oTdoewy aides avaKivev Kat mreptBarhopevos, 0 be cuvapyov avrov Karhos, @ TO xabapov Kal vytaivov pa- Mora Tis BovAjs xal rod Srypov mpoaelyen, Hv pev év akidpare coppocvyns kat Sixacoovrns peyloTos TOV TOTE ‘Popaior, edoxet be TohiTLKAs Hryepovias padrov q OTPATLOTLEAS oixetos elvat, TOV T Pay waTov avTav moOouvrov TOV Toparniov ov Steperdrnoey 6 mn Tpamnrat, mpoadels 6¢ Tots apia rots éavTov amredelyOn TT PATEVLATOS HYEL@V él TOV Aémdov 787 To\Aa THS “ITadrias Kexwn- KoTa Kal THY évTos | “Arey Tanrariav xatéyovra $a Bpovrov otparevpare. 1 karegnxevaxas with Bekker and 8: wapeoxevaxas. 152 POMPEY best of men, because you influenced the people to take this course. Now, however, it is time for you to be wide awake and watchful of your interests ; you have made your adversary stronger than your- self.” But Sulla showed most clearly that he was not well-disposed to Pompey by the will which he wrote. For whereas he bequeathed gifts to other friends, and made some of them guardians of his son, he omitted all mention of Pompey. And yet Pompey bore this with great. composure, and loyally, inso- much that when Lepidus and sundry others tried to prevent the body of Sulla from being buried in the Campus Martius, or even from receiving public burial honours, he came to the rescue, and gave to the interment alike honour and security.! XVI. Soon after the death of Sulla,” his prophecies were fulfilled, and Lepidus tried to assume Sulla’s powers. He took no circuitous route and used no pretence, but appeared at once in arms, stirring up anew and gathering about himself the remnants of faction, long enfeebled, which had escaped the hand of Sulla. His colleague, Catulus, to whom the in- corrupt and sounder element in the senate and people attached themselves, was the greatest Roman of the time in the estimate set upon his wisdom and justice, but was thought better adapted for political than military leadership. The situation itself, therefore demanded Pompey, who was not long in deciding what course to take. He took the side of the nobility, and was appointed commander of an army against Lepidus, who had already stirred up a large part of Italy and was employing Brutus to hold eigeipine Gaul with an army. 1 Cf. the Swla, chapter xxxvili. * 78 B.C, 153 3 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES Tov per obv adov expaTnae padias émeOov 627 O Topmnios: év dé Movutivy Tihs Daratias avre- KaOnro 7 Bpovre ouxvov xpovov: év & Aémedos emt THY ‘Payny p puels xat T poo Kanpevos EEwO ev Uratelav NTEL Sevrépay, oxo TOAA@ SedLTTO- pevos Tovs evoov. duce Se Tov $oBov émlaToms) mapa Topiarniou Kopobeioa Kat @pOoKxoros aivev payns TOV TONELOV. 6 yap Bpotros, elTe Trapa- Sous Tay Suvapup avTOs, elTeé mpodobels peta Baropevns éxeivns, evexel pice TO Tloparni TO TOUA, Kal ha Baw iT TEls TPOTOMTMOUS amrexo- pnoev els TONYVLOY TL TOV TrEpL TOV Iadov, 6 Strov ped” TMépay par, émiméurpavtos avuT@ Tob Top- malov Tepiviov, avnpeOn: Kal ToAADY éoyev a0 TOUTOU _Tloparijios airiav, yeypapars yap evOus év 4px THS petaBorgRs wpos THV oUyKANTOV WS éx@y auto mpoabo.to Bpodros, érépas adds Emre prev emLaTOAAs avn pnpévov tod av @Trov KaTHyopovcas. TOUTOV Bpodros Hy vios 0 Kai- capa ovv Kaoaio xreivas, avnp opoieas TO TwaTpl pyre ToEunoas unte aTroVaver, as év Tous Tept éxelvov yéypamrat. Aertéos pev ovv evs exTreg OV THs "ItaXias amemépacey ets Lapdova: KaKel voonaas érenevtnoe Oe’ adupiav, ov TOV TPaywaTov, OS pacw, ara Ypapparie Te pt- meawy €& ob pocxetan ° TWA THS yuvarnos epdpace. XVII. Aeridp bé ovdev dpotos TTPATAYOS ‘TAnpiav KaTeX ov DLepTaptos € em n@pelTo ‘Papatous poBepos, adomep én éoxarov * voonua TaV ép- pudov TONEY ets ToUTOV Tov avdpa auvep- PUNKOTWY, TrOAAOUS Mev HON TOV EXATTOVWY OTpA- 1 éx’ Zrxarov Stephanus, Coraés, and S: grxarov, 154 POMPEY Other opponents against whom Pompey came were easily mastered by him, but at Mutina, in Gaul, he lay a long while besieging Brutus. Meanwhile, Lepidus had made a hasty rush upon Rome, and sitting down before it, was demanding a second con- sulship, and terrifying the citizens with a vast throng of followers. But their fear was dissipated by a letter brought from Pompey, announcing that he had brought the war to a close without a battle. For Brutus, whether he himself betrayed his army, or whether his army changed sides and betrayed him, put himself in the hands of Pompey, and receiving an escort of horsemen, retired to a little town upon the Po. Here, after a single day had passed, he was slain by Geminius, who was sent by Pompey to do the deed. And Pompey was much blamed for this. For as soon as the army of Brutus changed sides, he wrote to the senate that Brutus had surrendered to him of his own accord ; then he sent another letter denouncing the man after he had been put to death. The Brutus who, with Cassius, killed Caesar, was a son of this Brutus, a man who was like his father neither in his wars nor in his death, as is written in his Life. As for Lepidus, moreover, as soon as he was expelled from Italy, he made his way over to Sardinia. There he fell sick and died of despondency, which was due, as we are told, not to the loss of his cause, but to his coming accidentally upon a writing from which he discovered that his wife was an adulteress. XVII. But a general quite unlike Lepidus, namely Sertorius, was in possession of Spain, and was threat- ening the Romans like a formidable cloud. As if for a final disease of the state, the civil wars had poured all their venom into this man. He had 155 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tTnyav avypnkota, MerérdrA@ 6é Ilim tore oup- memAeypLévov, avdpt AapTpP@ péev Kal ToremKg, Soxobvrs Sé apryorepoyv bro ynpws ErecOat Tois Katpois Tod troAguov, Kal amorelrecOat TeV mpaypdtov apralouévwy o€itTyTL Kal TaxXeL, TOU epTwpiov TapaBoAws Kal AnoTPLKwWTEpOY avT@ mpoopepouévov, Kat TapaTrovTos évédpais Kal TepLopouais avbpa vouipwv aOrAntTHy adyovov Kar Suvdpews otacipov Kai Bapeias Hyepova. pos tadta Iloumnios éywv thy otpatiay bd éEavTo Sterpatreto MerédArp reudOjnvar BonOos: kat KadrAov xerevovros ov diéAvev, GAX év ois Smo Hv rept THY WoALY, del TLvAaS TroLOvpEVOS mpopaces, ews Ewxav alt@ thy apynv Aevxiov Dirinwov yvepuny eitrovtos. Ore Kai dacw ev cuykrAnt@ mvOopévov twos Kal Oavydfovtos et Tlopmnjiov avOvmatov oierat Seiv éxrreupOjvar Midimtos: “Our éywye,” pavat tov Pirsrmop, “arn avl imdatwv,” as audortépouvs Tovs TOTE UmarevovTas ovdevos akious dvtTas. XVIII. ’Evel 5é€ tis “[Pnpias crvpdpevos 6 Ilopmrnios, ola pire mpos véov So€av iHyepuovos, étépous Tais éXmiow éroinae Tos avOpwrrous Kal Ta py wavy BeBalws TO Yeptopio cvvectara tov eOvav exiweito Kal peteBddrero, ddyous imepndavovs o Lept@pios Kata Tod Topsrniov Suéotreipe, Kal oxwTTWY Edeye VdpOnKos av aiTe Sefoat Kal oxvTous ert Tov Taida TovTOV, Ee pM) Tv ypabv éxeivny époBetto, ANéywv tov Méred- ov. gpym pévtror purarropevos adodpa kat 156 POMPEY already slain many of the inferior commanders, and was now engaged with Metellus Pius, an illustrious man and a good soldier, but, as men thought, too slow by reason of his years in following up the oppor- tunities of war, and outdistanced when events swept along at high speed. For Sertorius attacked him recklessly and in robber fashion, and by his ambus- cades and flanking movements confounded a man who was practised in regular contests only, and com- manded immobile and heavy-armed troops.!_ Pompey, therefore, who kept his army under his command, tried to get himself sent out to reinforce Metellus, and although Catulus ordered him to disband his soldiers, he would not do so, but remained under arms near the city, ever making some excuse or other, until the senate gave him the command, on motion of Lucius Philippus. On this occasion, too, they say that a certain senator asked with amazement if Philippus thought it necessary to send Pompey out as pro- consul. “No indeed!” said Philippus, “but as pro-consuls,”’ implying that both the consuls of that year were good for nothing. XVIII. When Pompey arrived in Spain,? the reputation of a new commander produced the usual results ; he transformed the men of Metellus with fresh hopes, and those nations which were not very firmly leagued with Sertorius began to be restless and change sides. Thereupon Sertorius disseminated haughty speeches against Pompey, and _ scoffingly said he should Have needed but a cane and whip for this boy, were he not in fear of that old woman, meaning Metellus.? In fact, however, he kept very close watch on Pompey, and was afraid of him, and 1 Cf. the Sertorius, xii. 5. 2 In 76 B.C. 3 Cf. the Sertorius, xix. 6. 157 PLUTARCH’S LIVES SeSorxas Tov Tlopmniov aodaréctepov éotparn- \ e 4 ¢ 9 wv »7 yet. Kal yap o Mérednos, Srrep ove av Tis wNnOn, SuerOpuTto tH Bio Kouidh pos Tas dovas évdedwxas, Kal peyaAn Tis eis OyKov Kal TroNv- a 3 / > 4 \ > 7F Téreay éEaidyns éyeyoves petaBorn Tepl autor, aorte TO Lloprnio cai todTo Oavpactny evvovay dpa Soé&n pépesy, emireivovtTe thy evTédXerav TIS Suaitys ov ToAAHS éritndevoews Seouévnv’ pvoes yap qv cadpewv cal tetaypévos év tats émOv- piats. Tod 5é modguou roAAds tdéas ExovtTos, nviace 4 N ae e lA e e \ parsora tov Tlopmrniov 7» Aavpwvos adwots vie Leptwpiov. KuxrovaIat yap avrov oinbels cat Te peyarnyopnaas, avros éEaigyns avedavyn tept- exopevos KUKA@ Kal dia TodTO KivEelcOat Sedias €MEelde KATATLLTPALEeVnY THY TOALY AVTOD TrapoV- e / \ / v e tos. ‘Epévucov 5é xal Tepiréwav, avdpas jrye- PoviKxovs TV Tpos YEepT@pLoy KatatrepevyoTwv Kal orpaTnyouvTap éxeiva, vixnoas tept Ovarev- tiav vrrép puplovs amréxretvev. XIX. ’EsrapOels Sé 1H wedke Kal péya dpo- vav ém avtTov éxmevde YepTwptov, WS py) peTa- A , / \ \ 4 ayo. THs viens MéreAXos. mepl 5é Yovepwve TOTAL THS Huépas Hdn TedevT@aNS avvéBadov Tas Suvdpets, Sedvores érrerOeiy tov Méreddor, O pev ws povos, o O€ ws pov@ Staywvicatto. TO \ 9 } > / wv e 93 , @ , pev ovv tédos audidofoy Ecyev o aywv: éExatépov yap Oarepov Képas evinnoe: tav b& otparnyav Tréov nvéyxato Leptwpios: érpépatro yap To 158 628 POMPEY therefore conducted his campaign with more caution. For Metellus, contrary to all expectation, had become luxurious in his way of living and had given himself up completely to his pleasures; in fact, there had been all at once a great change in him towards pomp and extravagance,! so that this circumstance also brought Pompey an astonishing goodwill, and en- hanced his reputation, since he always maintained that simplicity in his habits which cost him no great effort ; for he was naturally temperate and orderly in his desires. The war had many phases, but what most vexed Pompey was the capture of Lauron by Sertorius. For when he supposed that his enemy was surrounded, and had made some boasts about it, all of a sudden it turned out that he was himself completely en- veloped. He was therefore afraid to stir, and had to look on while the city was burned before his eyes.2,.. However, near Valentia he conquered Herennius and Perpenna, men of military experience among the refugees with Sertorius, and generals under him, and slew more than ten thousand of their men. XIX. Elated by this achievement and full of pride, he made all haste to attack Sertorius himself, that Metellus might not share in the victory. By the river Sucro, though it was now late in the day, they joined battle, both fearing the arrival of Metellus; the one wished to fight alone, the other wished to have only one antagonist. Well, then, the struggle had a doubtful issue, for one wing on each side was victorious; but of the generals, Sertorius bore away the more honour, for he put to 1 Cf. the Sertorius, xiii. 1 f. 2 Cf. the Sertorius, chapter xviii. 159 PLUTARCH’S LIVES xa” avrov éxelvos avtitayOeis. Tloumrnip 5é avip péyas immotn welds épwopynoe’ cTupredor- tov § eis TO avTd Kal yevopéveav év AaBais aré- oxnyav ai TAnyal trav E:pav eis tas yxelpas appoiv, ovx opotws: érpoOn pév yap o Tlopmnios poovov, éxeivou dé atréxoe THY Yelpa. TAELOVOD dé cuvdpapovtar ém’ adrov, 75n THs TpoTHS ye- yevnuevns, avertriotws Stépuye, mpoéuevos Tov iartrov Tots ToAEuiols PdvAapa ypvoa Kal Koopov dEtov TwodXoOd Trepixeipevov. Tavita yap Stavepo- pevot Kal TEpl TOUTWY paYopevOL POS ANAHXOUS atreneipOnoav. dpa dé npépa wapetdEavto peév auporepot tradi éxBeRatovpevot To vixnua, Me- Tédnou 5é mMpociovTos aveywpnoev Oo Leprowpios oxcdacbévtTt T@ oOTpaT@. ToLtadTar yap joav at Siarvoes Kal mddw ovvdpopal tav avOpeoTrav @orTe TOAAGKIS fLovoy TAavacOaL TOV LEepTw@pLoD, mwodnaks b€ adbis émiévar pupidot Tevrexaidera oTpatias, @omep Yeipappovy éLaiduns miutra- pevov. ‘O & otv Tlopmyios, evel peta tv paxnv annvTa te Merérd\r’\{m Kat wANnciov aA hoa, exérevoev tdheivar tas paBdovs, Oeparrevwv @S Wpovyovta tum tov MéredAdov. o é Kal tovTo SvexdAvoe xal tarda ypnoros Hy avyp wept avTov, ovdey ws UTaTiK@ Kal tpecBuTép@ véuwv éavT@ Wréov, GAN h TO aivOnpa Kown orTpatotredsevovtav eis Atravtas é&erréuteto Tapa ‘MeréAdovu: ra Todd 5é yupls éotpatoredevovTo. Siéxomrre yap avtous Kat diictn oixiros Ov oO 160 POMPEY flight the enemy in front of his position. But Pompey, who was on horseback, was attacked by a tall man who fought on foot; when they came to close quarters and were at grips, the strokes of their swords fell upon each other’s hands, but not with like result, for Pompey was merely wounded, where- as he lopped off the hand of his opponent. Then, when more foes rushed upon him together, his troops being now routed, he made his escape, contrary to all expectation, by abandoning to the enemy his horse, which had golden head-gear and ornamented trappings of great value. They fought with one another over the division of these spoils, and so were left behind in the pursuit.) At break of day, however, both generals drew up their forces again to make the victory assured, but on the approach of Metellus, Sertorius retired and his army dispersed. His men were accustomed to scatter in this way, and then to come together again, so that often Sertorius wandered about alone, and often took the field again with an army of a hundred and fifty thousand men, like a winter torrent suddenly swollen. Pompey, then, when he went to meet Metellus after the battle and they were near each other, ordered his lictors to lower their fasces, out of deference to Metellus as his superior in rank. But Metellus would not allow this, and in all other ways was considerate of him, not assuming any superiority as a man of consular rank and the elder, except that when they shared the same camp the watchword was given out to all from the tent of Metellus; but for the most part they encamped apart. For their versatile enemy used to cut off their communications 1 Cf. the Sertorius, xix. 4. 161 VOL. V. M PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tonreutos Kai Sewos év Bpayel roAdaxov tTept- gavnvar cal petayayely am addrAwv eis AAXOUS ayavas. Tédos b€ mepixomTeV pev ayopas, Ani- Copevos 5€ THY Yopay, émixparav 8 tis Oadrdo- > / > ‘ “ e b e N bd ons, eEeBarev apdotépouvs tis up eavtov ‘IBy- pias, avayxacBévtas eis adXOTpias KaTaduyey érapxXias amropia Tav émitndeiwv. XX. Tloprnios 5€ ta mreicota TeV dior éFarnrwxas Kal caTaxeypnpevos eis TOV TOAELOD, TEL YpHATAa THY OvYKANTOY, ws adiEopevos Ets "IradXiav peta HS Suvdwews ef my Téptrocev. e 4 N 4 , Ah A vratrevwov d€ Aeveorros tore cal Tlopmrnig peév av Suddopos, py@pmevos & éavt@ tov MiOpidatexov ToAELov, EoTrevoey ATrocTAaAnVaL Ta Ypnpata, poBovpevos aitiav Ilopmrnie wapacyxeiv Seopéve LepTwopiov adeivar kal mpos MiOpiddrnv tpare- cOat, Naptrpov pev eis SoEav, edpetayeiptatov Se dhawvopevoy avraywvictny. év tovtm bé OvncKet LepTa@ptos wre trav hirwv Soropovybeis: dv Ilep- jwévvas 0 KopupaoTatos éeTexeipnoey exeiv@ Ta aUTa TroLEtY, ATO TOY AVTA@V Lev Oppwpevos Suva- pewy Kal TapacKkevav, Tov 5é Ypw@pevoy avTais e / ? ” / La A) a € OfolLwWS OUK EXwV NoYtopov. EvOUS ovv oO Tlop- daw 3 \ e 4 > al 4 anios émeEeNOwv cal peuSopevov év Tols wpay- pace tov Ileprrévvay xatapabov, dércap avte déxa omreipas UpiKer, eis TO Tediov StacTraphvar KedXevoas. Tpatrouévov Sé pos TavTas éxeivov \ , QO 3 \ \ , kal Stmxovtos, a0pous émipavelts Kal cuvdras , 3 / 4 \ } @ 4 e paynv éxparnoe twavrwv. Kal duepOdpnoar oi 162 629 POMPEY and separate them, and showed great skill in appearing in many places within a short time, and in drawing them from one contest into another. And finally, by cutting off their supplies, plundering the country, and getting control of the sea, he drove both of them out of that part of Spain which was under him, and forced them to take refuge in other provinces for lack of provisions.! XX. When Pompey had exhausted most of his private resources and spent them on the war, he asked money of the senate, threatening to come back to Italy with his army if they did not send it. Lucullus was consul at this time, and was not on good terms with Pompey, but since he was soliciting the conduct of the Mithridatic war for himself, made great efforts to have the money sent,? for fear of furthering Pompey’s desire to let Sertorius go, and march against Mithridates, an antagonist whose subjection, as it was thought, would bring great glory and involve little difficulty. But in the meantime Sertorius was treacherously killed by his friends,® and Perpenna, the ringleader among them, attempted to carry on his work. He had indeed the same forces and equipment, but lacked equal judgement in the use of them. Accordingly, Pompey took the field against him at once, and perceiving that he had no fixed plan of campaign, sent out ten cohorts as a decoy for him, giving them orders to scatter at random over the plain. Perpenna attacked these cohorts, and was engaged in their pursuit, when Pompey appeared in force, joined battle, and won a complete victory. Most of Perpenna’s officers 1 Cf. the Sertorius, ard xxi. * Cf. the Lucullue, v. 5 In 72 B.c., two years ore Lucullus had set out against Mithridates. 163 M 2 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES A A @e 4 3 n 4 N \ TrEla TOL TAY Hyewovav évy TH pwayn Tov Sé Tlep- mévvav ayOévta mpos avTov améxtewev, ovK axyaptotos ovd apynuwv yevopevos TeV rept LiKxediav, ws éyxarovow vor, weyary Sé Scavola \ / a Kal awTnpim TOV OLov yvoOuN XpNnoapEvos. oO \ / le) yap Ileprévvas trav Yeptwpiov ypaypdtwv ye- \ a yovms Kuplos édeixvuey émictoAas Tov év ‘Popn Suvatwtatwy avdpov, of Ta Tapovta Kivnaat , aA BovrAopevot rpaypata Kal petacthoaL THY ToN- 4 > Ul \ 4 ? A b / Telav €xadovv Tov Leptwpiov eis THv Itariav. LY @ € Fue A \ , poBnbeis ovv o Lloutrnios tradta, py petfovas advactTynon TOY TeTaUpevwV TOAELOV, TOV TE Llep- , > “ A 3 9Q9 > A mévvay avetre Kal Tas émiatoAas ovd’ avayvous KaTéxavoev. XXI. ’Ex 5 tovTov Twapapeivas ypovov bcov \ Tas peyiotas KatacBéoat tapayas Kal Ta prcyuaivovta padtora KataoThoat Kal dvardoat TOV TpayLaTav, atiyev eis “Itadiav Tov otpa- Tov, axpdtovre T@ SovALK@ Trordéum Kata TYYHY \ depopevos. 810 kal Kpdooos o otpatnyos nreke TapaBorws THY pudyny, Kal KaTevTvXNCE, Staxe- Alous Tplaxoatous emt puplots KTElvas. Ov pV 9 \ U4 N Pune 9 Ul arrAa Kal tovtm Tov Tloumrniov evorovovens aUOS YE TWS TO KaTOpJa@paTL THS TUYNS, TEVTA- Kicxidtoe hevyovres ex THS payns evéTrEerov Ets 3 / A e/ / ” \ \ autov, ods atravras dtapOeipas, Eyparre Tpos THY auyKAntov UropOdcas ws Kpdooos pév €x trapa- Takews vevinnxe Tovs povoudyovs, avTos bé Tov Tovenov ex pilav twavtdmaciw avypnke. Kal 164 POMPEY perished in the battle, but Perpenna himself was brought before Pompey, who ordered him to be put. to death. In this he did not show ingratitude, nor that he was unmindful of what had happened in Sicily,! as some allege against him, but exercised great forethought and salutary judgement for the commonwealth. For Perpenna, who had come into possession of the papers of Sertorius, offered to produce letters from the chief men at Rome, who had desired to subvert the existing order and change the form of government, and had therefore invited Sertorius into Italy. Pompey, therefore, fearing that this might stir up greater wars than those now ended, put Perpenna to death and burned the letters without even reading them. XXI. After this, he remained in Spain long enough to quell the greatest disorders and compose and settle such affairs as were in the most inflam- matory state; then he led his army back to Italy, where, as chance would have it, he found the servile war at its height. For this reason, too, Crassus, who had the command in that war, pre- cipitated the battle at great hazard, and was success- ful, killing twelve thousand three hundred of the enemy. Even in this success, however, fortune somehow or other included Pompey, since five thousand fugitives from the battle fell in his way, all of whom he slew, and then stole a march on Crassus by writing to the senate that Crassus had conquered the gladiators in a pitched battle, but that he himself had extirpated the war entirely.? 1 Cf. chapter x. 2, where there is nothing to imply that Perpenna put Pompey under obligations to him, except that he made no resistance. ; 2 Cf. the Crassus, xi. 7. 165 PLUTARCH’S LIVES A 4, @ > A > a A tavta BovAopévors Hv Sc evvotay axpodcBat Kat réyey Tois “‘Pwpaiors. "IBnpiav 8é ral Yeptoprov a O\ 4 4 9 e / \ ovdé Trailwy av Tis elev érépou Kal uy Ilopsrniov TO Tay épyov eva. b ] 7 “A l4 a ? \ Ev tocavrn 5 Tin Kal mpocdoxia Tob avdpos ef IA e / , e > Suos évav kal vtroia tis Kal Séos, as ov Tpo- 4 \ 4 lA 9 nooméevov TO oTpatevpa, Badsovpévov be & OtAwv Kal povapxias dvtixpus él thy YWAda , 4 b 4 @ A b ] modTeiav. OOev ovK éXNaTTOVes Hoav Trav be eivolav TpexovTay Kal dirodpovovpévov Kal? odov of do8w taita motodytes. érrel Sé Kal TaUTHY aveire THY UTrovotay Oo Ilopmnios mpoevTov adnoew TO oTpaTevpa peta Tov ApiayBov, év airtacOat tois BacKaivovot mepinv vmdXorTor, a A VA 4 A e \ a A Ste TO Snum mpoovéwer padrrov éauTov Hh TH BovvAy, wal To THs Snpapyias akiwpa, YwAAa / ” ) / \ / kataBandorTos, éyvwKxev aviotavar Kal yapilecOat a a ? ® ? ’ > N yo: Tois TToANols, OrEep Hv adnOés. ov yap éoTu e > VA ee 4 9 4 A ovTivos éupavéotepoy 6 ‘Pwopaiwyv npadaOn dros Kal warrov érdOncev THY apynv avOus émdety éxeivny, @oTte Kal Tlopmrniov etriynuwa trovetc bar péya TOY Tov ToNLTEvATOS KaLpoV, ws OUK av e , 4 bh ® \ ¥ > 4 EvpovTa Yapty adAnV 7 THY evvoLav apeireTat TOV TWOMTOV, Eb TAUTHY ETEPOS TpoeAaBe. 4 ® b) A 4 4 XXII. Vadicbévros obv ait@ Sevrépov Optap- ie , 9 8 a a ft) \ 3M Bov kat braretas ov 1a tabta Oavpaortos edoKxer 166 POMPEY And it was agreeable to the Romans to hear this said and to repeat it, so kindly did they feel towards him ; while as for Spain and Sertorius, there was no one who would have said, even in jest, that the entire work of their subjugation was performed by any one else than Pompey. Nevertheless, mingled with the great honour shown the man and the great expectations cherished of him, there was also considerable suspicion and fear; men said he would not disband his army, but would make his way by force of arms and absolute power straight to the polity of Sulla. Wherefore those who ran out and greeted him on his way, out of their goodwill, were no more numerous than those who did it out of fear. But Pompey soon removed this suspicion also by declaring that he would dis- band his army after his triumph. Then there re- mained but one accusation for envious tongues to make, namely, that he devoted himself more to the people than to the senate, and had determined to restore the authority of the tribunate, which Sulla had overthrown, and to court the favour of the many; which was true. For there was nothing on which the Roman people had more frantically set their affections, or for which they had a greater yearning, than to behold that office again. Pompey therefore regarded it as a great good fortune that he had the opportunity for this political measure, since he could have found no other favour with which to repay the goodwill of his fellow-citizens, if another had anticipated him in this. XXII. Accordingly, a second triumph was de- creed him,! and the consulship. It was not on this account, however, that men thought him admirable 1 In 71 B.c. 167 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal péyas, GAN’ éxelvo Texpyploy erotovvTO TIS Napmporntos, dtt Kpdagos, avnp Tav TOTE ToN- Tevopévwov TAovawwtatos Kal Sewvotatos eizreiy Kat péyiotos, autov te Llopmrniov birepppovev kal tovs dAXovs aravtas, ovK eOdppnoey vra- relay petiévat mpotepov 4» Iloprniov denOjvar. kat pévroe Tloumnios nyamnoe, wanrat Sedpevos ypeias twos wmdpEar Kal diravOpwrias mpos avtov' mate Kal SeEvodcbat mpoPvpws Kai Trapa- Kanreiv tov Shor, émayyeAdopevos yap Eewv ovK éXaTTOVa Tod cuVdpYoVTOS H THS apyijs. ov pny GAN aroderyOévtes Uratos Srepépovto wavTa Kal mpocéKpovov adAdHAOLS* Kal év ev Th Bovag padrov ioyuev 0 Kpdoaos, év 5€ TO one peya To [oparniov Kparos my. kal yap améd@xe THY Snpapxiay avT@, «al tas Otxas Teptetoev avOis eis TOUS imméas vOo“@ pEeTadeEpo- pévas. Hdvotov dé Céapa TO Sip Trapéoyxev AUTOS EAUTOV THY OTPATELAY TAPALTOV[EVOS. "Edos yap é€ote “Pwpaiwy rots tmredow, Stay OTPATEVTWVTAL TOV VOMLMoY Ypovov, aye Eis ayopay Tov imov én Tovs dvo avdpas ods Tunas Kanovat, Kal KaTapiOunoapévovs TOV oTpAaTHYaV kal avtoxpatopav Exactov tp ols éotparevoavTo, kat Sovtas evOuvas tis otpateias adierOar. vépetat 6€ Kal Tin Kal atipia mpoanKkovaa Tots Biots éxdotov. Tote 6% mpoexdO@nvto pev ot truntat T'édduos kat AévtrAos ev Koop@, Kal mwapodos HY TeV 168 630 POMPEY and great, nay, they considered this circumstance a proof of his splendid distinction, that Crassus, the richest statesman of his time, the ablest speaker, and the greatest man, who looked down on Pompey himself and everybody else, had not the courage to sue for the consulship until he had asked the support of Pompey. Pompey, moreover, was de- lighted, since he had long wanted an opportunity of doing him some service and kindness, and there- fore granted his request readily and solicited the people in his behalf, announcing that he should be no less grateful to them for such a colleague than for the consulship. Notwithstanding, after they had been elected consuls, they differed on all points, and were constantly in collision.1_ In the senate, Crassus had more weight; but among the people the power of Pompey was great. For he gave them back their tribunate, and suffered the courts of justice to be transferred again to the knights by law.? But the most agreeable of all spectacles was that which he afforded the people when he appeared in person and solicited his discharge from military service. It is customary for a Roman knight, when he has served for the time fixed by law, to lead his horse into the forum before the two men who are called censors, and after enumerating all the generals and imperators under whom he has served, and render- ing an account of his service in the field, to receive his discharge. Honours and penalties are also awarded, according to the career of each. At this time, then, the censors Gellius and Lentulus were sitting in state, and the knights were 1 Cf. the Crassus, xii. 1 f. : 2 By a law passed in the time of Sulla, only senators were eligible as judges. 169 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ummrewy eFeralopevan, apn be Tlopmnios dvabev én aryopay KATEPXOMEVOS, Ta pev adda Tapaonpa THS apyijs EXOD, C avros be bua Xetpos dryoy TOV immov. ws d éyyus Hy Kat KaTapayns éryeryovet, Kerevoas Siacxelv TOUS paRdodopous TO Brnpate Mpoonyaye Tov iararov. qv O€ TO Syp@ Jaipa Kal colony Taca, Tous TE dpXovras aides dpa Kat Kapa T pos THY oyu éoxyev. lta o pev T peo BUTEpos porn “TluvOdvopai cou, @ Tloprnie Mayve, él Tacas éoTpaTevoas TAS KATA VO|LOV oTpaTelas;”” Ilopanios 5é peyadny povi, “Ideas,” elev, “ €oTpaTevpat, Kal Tagas UT eMauT@ avroxparopt. TOUTO axovaas ) Sfjwos efexparye, Kal Katacyxelp odKeTe THV Bony v7 yapas 7p, GX’ avactavtes of Tinral Tm poemep- Tov aurov oixade, yapilouevo. tots moAtTats ETroméevows Kat Kpotobaw. XXIII. "Héy dé Tis apys TE parvoperns TO Tloparnio, tis dé 7 pos K pdocop avEouerns Sia popas, Tdios Tes Avpyiios, afiopa pev UT TT LKOV éyov, Bio é am pdry wove KEX PNMEVOS, éxxAnoias ovens avaBas emt TO Bjpa Kal wpocehOav épn Kata TOUS Darvous auT@ TOV Aia davyvat, Kedev- ovTa Tots vmaTots ppdoat Pea ™ poTepov aTrobéa Oat THY apy y) pidous adrqhows yever Gan, pn0év- TOV dé TovTwv oO pes Tloumnios novyiay ryev ETTWS, O be Kpacoos apEdapevos beEvobo bas Kal mpog aryopevewy autov, ‘ Ovdéer,” elrrev, “‘ olpas qToLely ayEVVES ovde TaTELvon, a ToNiTaL, Top- mtg TpoTepos évdud0vs, Ov vpets paaytroy joey yevet@vra Méyav nktwoate Kadeiv, pnw 6é pETEXOVTE Bovans éyyndicacbe dv0 OptdpBovs.” €x TouTov dvadAayéevtes amréDevTo Thy apyYnv. 170 POMPEY passing in review before them, when Pompey was seen coming down the descent into the forum, other- wise marked by the insignia of his office, but lead- ing his horse with his own hand. When he was near and could be plainly seen, he ordered his lictors to make way for him, and led his horse up to the tribunal. The people were astonished and kept perfect silence, and the magistrates were awed and delighted at the sight. Then the senior censor put the question: “Pompeius Magnus, I ask thee whether thou hast performed all the military services re- quired by law?” Then Pompey said with a loud voice: “I have performed them all, and all under myself as imperator.” On hearing this, the people gave a loud shout, and it was no longer possible to check their cries of joy, but the censors rose up and accompanied Pompey to his home, thus gratifying the citizens, who followed with applause. } XXIII. When Pompey’s term of office was now about to expire, and his differences with Crassus were increasing, a certain Caius Aurelius, who, though belonging to the equestrian order, had never meddled in public affairs, ascended the rostra at an assembly of the people, and came forward to say that Jupiter had appeared to him in his sleep, bidding him tell the consuls not to lay down their office before they had become friends. After these words had been said, Pompey stood motionless, but Crassus took the initiative, clasped his hand and greeted him, and then said: “I think [ do nothing ignoble or mean, my fellow-citizens, in yielding first to Pompey, whom you were pleased to call Magnus when he was still beardless, and to whom you decreed two triumphs before he was a senator.” Upon this, they were reconciled, and afterwards laid down their office.! 1 Cf. the Crassus, xii. 3 f. 171 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal Kpdooos pev 6vrep €& apyins etrero tporov tod Biov SuepvrAatre, Ilopanios de tds Te TOAANaS avedveTo cuYHYyopias Kal THY ayopav KATA pixpov amérerTre Kal pone oTaViWS Els ‘TO 4 b \ / 3 \ § 4 Snpudatov, acl b€ peta wANOovs. ov yap iv Ett e LO v \ J A 1e. 6 “A > 4 padsov dyAov xwpis évtuyxety ovd dey avTopr, GAN Hdtrros opov woAAois Kal aOpoots édatvero, cepvotnta teptBarromevos é€x TovTOU TH dyreu kal dyxov, tats S€ Tov ToAN@V évTevEect Kal / ” 27 A \ 2 4 cuvnbetats AOixTov oldpevos Sev TO akiwpa b1a- Tnpelv. oO yap év tuatiw Bios émicharns éots mpos aookiay toils éx TOV GTrA@Y MeyadoLS Kat mpos iaoTnTa Snuotinny aovppeTpois’ avTol pev yap Kal évrad0a mpwtevew, ws éxel, dtxatovor, tots dé éxet epopévors EXaTTOv évtaiOa yovv bn mréov Exe ov avextov éott. 616 Tov év / 0 4 4 e b atpatomrésors Kal OpidpBows Aapmpov, Stav év ayopa NaBwou, vTO YElpa TrovobyTat Kal KaTa- Barxrovet, TO 5€ arroreyouévm Kal bToxywpodvTt \ > a \ \ 4 b] / Ul Thy éxel Tiny Kal Svvaply aveTridO ovov PvrAaTTOV- b] 4 »\ > \ \ 4 4 9 3 4 ow. €diAwoe 6€ AUTA TA TPAyHaTA MET OALYOV \ povov. XXIV. ‘H yap reipatixyn dvvapis opynOn peév éx Kudtxias To mp@tov, apynivy mapdBodrov da- a 4 / \ / Botca nal AavOavovoar, dpovnpa 6é kal Todpav 4 9 a a / / a“ éxyev €y TO Mibpidatine TOACLW, KPHoaca Tails a e e , ® e / BaowtKais vrnpeciars éavTnv. elta Popaiwv 3 n > , , \ 4 A e , év Tots éuduaAiors Trodémous trept Ovpas THs Pawns TULTETOVTWY, Epnos ovca dpoupas 7 Oaracca KaTa pulxpov avutovs édeiixeto Kal amponyer, 172 631 POMPEY Now, Crassus continued the manner of life which he had chosen at the outset; but Pompey ceased his frequent appearances as an advocate, gradually forsook the forum, rarely shewed himself in public, and when he did, it was always with a retinue of followers. In fact, it was no longer easy to meet him or even to see him without a throng around him, but he took the greatest pleasure in making his appearance attended by large crowds, encom- passing his presence thus with majesty and pomp, and thinking that he must keep his dignity free from contact and familiar association with the multi- tude. For life in the robes of peace has a dangerous tendency to diminish the reputation of those whom war has made great and ill suited for democratic equality. Such men claim that precedence in the city also which they have in the field, while those who achieve less distinction in the field feel it to be intolerable if in the city at any rate they have no advantage. ‘Therefore when the people find a man active in the forum who has shone in camps and triumphs, they depress and humiliate him, but when he renounces and withdraws from such activity, they leave his military reputation and power untouched by their envy. How true this is, events themselves soon showed. XXIV. The power of the pirates had its seat in Cilicia at first, and at the outset it was venturesome and elusive; but it took on confidence and boldness during the Mithridatic war,! because it lent itself to the king’s service. Then, while the Romans were embroiled in civil wars at the gates of Rome, the sea was left unguarded, and gradually drew and enticed them on until they no longer attacked navi- 1 88-85, 83-81, 74 B.c. 173 5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovKEeTL TOIs WA€oVGL povoy émiTLOEMEéVOUS, AANA Kalb vnoous cal jones Wa adtous €XKOTTOVTAS. 76n O€ kal ypnuact Suvatol Kal yévert Aaptpol kal ro} ppoveiv a£tovpevor Siadépew dv6pes évéBawov els Ta AnoTpiKa Kal peTetXov, @s Kal d0fav TW Kal dirotiiay tod Epryou PEpovtos. my Oé kal vavoTadpa Tohrax ot TELPATUKA Kat ppveTwpia TETELX LO HEVA, Kal oTOAOL ™ pooemumTov ov TANPOLATOV povov evavdplats oveé TEXVALS xuBepyntov ovee Ta eol vee Kab KovpoTna ty éEnoxnpévot mpos TO olxetov Epyov, aAXa Tob poBepor aAXov avTav TO emi Bovov cedures Kal Umepn pavor, oTuNiot xpuoais Kal TapaTreT do pa ou ddoupyois kal mAdTats emrapyupors, GoTep EVTPUPOVTOY | TO Kaxoupyew Kal Kahhom ouevory. avnol dé Kal parpol kal peOar mapa macav aKThy Kal copatav WYEMOVIK BY aprayal Kat TOAEWY Ai HadwTov arohuTpacers dvedos Hoay THS ‘Popaton 7 myemovias. éyevorTo & ovv ai pev ANaTpLOES VES vmrép Vidas, at 6é drovdaaL Toners UT QUTODV TeTpaKoavat. tav oé dovov Kal aBatov ™ pOTEpov lepav efexopav emLovTes 70 KaAdpuov, To Atdvupaiov, ro 2apob pax.ov, Tov épv ‘Eppwovy THS XGovias veo Kal TOV év "Emdavpe TOU ‘AcKdyt0i Kab TOV ‘ToO pot Kal Tawvapo Kal Kanaupig TOU Hocedavos, tov dé "ATrOAN@VOS Tov év "Anrig Kal Aevedds, THs dé “ "Hpas Tov év Lay, Tov év “Apyel, TOV éml Naki. Eévas 6é Ouctas éOvov avtol Tas év ‘Oddprre, Kal TeAETas Twas amoppytous érédouv, dv 7 ToD MiOpov xal pexX pe Setpo diacwleras paunseN eae 7 P@T OV Um éKelvon. 1 +b Sintenis, with SEA; Bekker, with inferior MSS., 174 POMPEY gators only, but also laid waste islands and maritime cities. And presently men whose wealth gave them power, and those whose lineage was illustrious, and those who laid claim to superior intelligence, began to embark on piratical craft and share their enter- prises, feeling that the occupation brought them a certain reputation and distinction. There were also fortified roadsteads and signal-stations for piratical craft in many places, and fleets put in here which were not merely furnished for their peculiar work with sturdy crews, skilful pilots, and light and speedy ships; nay, more annoying than the fear which they inspired was the odious extravagance of their equipment, with their gilded sails, and purple awnings, and silvered oars, as if they rioted in their iniquity and plumed themselves upon it. Their flutes and stringed instruments and drinking bouts along every coast, their seizures of persons in high command, and their ransomings of captured cities, were a disgrace to the Roman supremacy. For, you see, the ships of the pirates numbered more than a thousand, and the cities captured by them four hundred. Besides, they attacked and plundered places of refuge and sanctuaries hitherto inviolate, such as those of Claros, Didyma, and Samothrace ; the temple of Chthonian Earth at Hermione ; that of Asclepias in Epidaurus; those of Poseidon at the Isthmus, at Taenarum, and at Calauria; those of Apollo at Actium and Leucas; and those of Hera at Samos, at Argos, and at Lacinium. They also offered strange sacrifices of their own at Olympus,! and celebrated there certain secret rites, among which those of Mithras continue to the present time, having been first instituted by them. 1 A town in southern Asia Minor, one of the strongholds of the pirates. 175 6 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ilhetora be ‘Popators évuBpicarrtes, éTs Kal Tas od0vsS avTay avaBatvovres amo Oardoons eAnifovTo Kal Tas eyyus émavners é£éxomrov. ipTacay dé mote Kai TTPATHYOVS dv0 LeFridvov Kal BeAdivov ev Tas TE imoppupots, Kal TOUS UmrnpeTas apa « kal pap opopous OXOVTO ouv auTots éxelvots ExovTes. rw Oe Kal Ouya- ™p ‘Avtovion, Spray Bixod avdpos, els arypov Badifouca, | Kal TOAN@Y XPNWATOV arreduTpadn. éxetvo O€ Hv UBprotixn@tator. OmTroTe yap TLS éarwoxas avaBonoee ‘Pwpaios elvau kal Ttovvoua ppaceser, entre HX Oat 1 POO TOLOU{EVOL cal debué- va TOUS TE pmpous ématovro Kab Tpogem mT ov avTo, ouyyvapny eye avttBorobvres* 0 6 émeibero TAT ELVOUS opav Kal Seopévous. é« Tov- Tou 6€ of ev vrrédouv Tots Karxios QUTOV, Ob Sé TH Bevvov mepieBanrov, & @s 67 wn Wad aryvon Bein. moduy dé xpovov obta KATELPWVEVT d [EVOL kal amoNavaavTes TOU avOpdrou, TéXOS éV perp Té- haryer KALpaKa mpooBanrovres ex €evov éx Baivery Kal amvevar Xalpovta, Tov O€ pn Bovddmevov obobvtes avtot xarédvov. XXV. "Exreveiyato bé 7 Suvapes airy Twacav ood TL THY Kad Teas Oaraccay, QOTE ATNOUY xal aBatov éutropia mdon yevéoOat, TovTo én padiora ‘Peopaious eméatpewpe, Or1Bopévous 7H aryopa Kal omraviy peyddnv Tpoc SoK@vTas, eK TENA Tloparniov adaipnoopevov Trav TELPATOY Thv Odraccav. éyparpe be LaBivios, els TOV Tlopuarniou ovvibov, vomov ov vavapxiar, AVTLKPUS Sé povapyiay ait@ Sidovta kai Sivapyw emt TavTas av0 porous dvuTevOuvov. édidov yap 176 POMPEY But they heaped most insults upon the Romans, even going up from the sea along their roads and plundering there, and sacking the neighbouring villas. Once, too, they seized two praetors, Sex- tilius and Bellinus, in their purple-edged robes, and carried them away, together with their attendants and lictors. They also captured a daughter of Antonius, a man who had celebrated a triumph, as she was going into the country, and exacted a large ransom for her. But their crowning insolence was this. Whenever a captive cried out that he was a Roman and gave his name, they would pretend to be frightened out of their senses, and would smite their thighs, and fall down before him entreating him to pardon them; and he would be convinced of their sincerity, seeing them so humbly suppliant. Then some would put Roman boots on his feet, and others would throw a toga round him, in order, forsooth, that there might be no mistake about him again. And after thus mocking the man for a long time and getting their fill of amusement from him, at last they would let down a ladder in mid ocean and bid him disembark and go on his way rejoicing ; and if he did not wish to go, they would push him overboard themselves and drown him. XXV. This power extended its operations over the whole of our Mediterranean Sea, making it un- navigable and closed to all commerce. This was what most of all inclined the Romans, who were hard put to it to get provisions and expected a great scarcity, to send out Pompey with a commission to take the sea away from the pirates. Gabinius, one of Pompey’s intimates, drew up a law which’ gave him, not an admiralty, but an out-and-out monarchy and irresponsible power over all men. For the law 177 VOL. V. N cr PLUTARCH’S LIVES ¥ e , 7 A a > ‘. € 4 apyew o vopos ait@ THS évtos Hpaxdetov aTnvav Oardoons, nretpov 5é wdons éml ota- Siovs tetpaxoatous amo Oardoaons. TovTo dé ov a / Tavu TOAAG Ywpia THs 076 “Pwpaiwy otkoupéevys TO pétpov é&éhuyev, AANA TA peytota TOV eOvav \ nn / e 4 / kal tov Bacidéov oi Suvatetatot trepteAapBa- vovto. pos d€ TovTots éAécOat mrevrexaidexa > \ ) a. 9 \ a f mpeo Bevras avtoy éx Bovrns él tas KaTa MEpos Hyepovias, ypjwata 5é NapBdvew é€x Tov Ta- puetov Kal mapa Tov TeXwvav Goa BovXAoLTO Kal vais Staxocias, Kvptov évta mANnGouvs Kal KaTa- Noyou oTpaTias Kal TANPw_ATOV épEeTLKOD. "Avayvacbevtwy S¢ TovTav o pev Shuos vTeEp- guas édéEato, THs Sé cuyKAnTOU Tols peyloToLs cal Svvatwraross ok peilov pev pOdovov, poBov dé d&tov eivat 76 THs eEovcias amepiknmrov Kat dopictov. Oey éviotavto T@ vou, ANY Kai- gapos: ovtos S€ ouvnyopes TO vouw, Lloumrniov \ > , / e } , be \ pev édraxiota gpovtTifwy, vrodvopevos O€ TOV A 3 9 A € lo) Q 4 e \ ww Sipuov é& apyis éavTG Kal xT@mevos. ot 6€ adror tod Iloprniov adodpas xaOjmtovto. Kat TeV pey brdtav arepos, eimav mpos avrov 6tt ‘Po- pvrov Cnrov ov ghevEerar tavTov éxeiv@ TéXoOS, > Ul e ‘ “A / a éxwvovuvevoey via Tov mAnOovs ScadOaphvac: Kdtvov 6€ kata Tod vopov mpoceNOdvtos, TOAAT \ Ul e a a pev aidovpevos 0 StHpos novxiay mwapetyev, érrel \ \ a dé ToNAad peta Tins avetipOovas wtrép Tod Tlopaniov dSeAO@v cuveBovreve deidecOar Kal \ A py mwpoBdrXew TotovTov avopa xKivdivos érad- 178 632 POMPEY gave him dominion over the sea this side of the pillars of Hercules, and over all the mainland to the distance of four hundred furlongs from the sea. These limits included almost all places in the Roman world, and the greatest nations and most powerful kings were comprised within them. Besides this, he was empowered to choose fifteen legates from the senate for the several principalities, and to take from the public treasuries and the tax-collectors as much money as he wished, and to have two hundred ships, with full power over the number and levying of soldiers and oarsmen. When these provisions of the law were read in the assembly,! the people received them with excessive pleasure, but the chief and most influential - men of the senate thought that such unlimited and absolute power, while it was beyond the reach of envy, was yet a thing to be feared. Therefore they all opposed the law, with the exception of Caesar ; he advocated the law, not because he cared in the least for Pompey, but because from the outset he sought to ingratiate himself with the people and win their support. The rest vehemently attacked Pompey. And when one of the consuls told him that if he emulated Romulus he would not escape the fate of Romulus,? he was near being torn in pieces by the multitude. Moreover, when Catulus came forward to speak against the law the people had regard enough for him to be quiet for some time; but after he had spoken at length in Pompey’s praise and without any disparagement of him, and then counselled the people to spare such a man and 1 In 67 B.c., Pompey being then thirty-nine years old. * That is, he would be mysteriously put out of the way. Cf. the Romulus, chapter xxvii. 179 PLUTARCH’S LIVES AnAas Kal moréuots, “*H iva,” elmev, ‘‘ &ere ¥ A ? 4 a ” 9 A s GXXov, av atTroNeonTEe TOUTOV; EK [aS YYWLNS € , ¢ ee é > Ff 99 e \ ° vrepwvnoav atravtes, “Ye avtov. Oo pev ovv KdtnX0os, ws ovx érebev, avréotn “Pwonlov Sé mpocenGovtos ovdels Hxovcev o 5é Tols SaxTUXNOLS Sueonpaive pn povov, arAa SevTepov aipetobas Tlopmrniov. él rovrm Aéyerar Suvcyepdvavta ‘ fo) aA a “4 Tov Onpov THALKODTOY avaKpayely Bate UTEpTrETO- Héevov Kopaka THs ayopas tudwOjvat Kal Kata- mecely eis Tov dyAOov. Oey ov Soxet pHker Tod aépos kal Ssacrracu@ Kxevov ToAv AapBdvovTos > 4 \ / a 9 , 9 évoAtcOaivery Ta WimTrTovTa TOV opvewr, anrra TUTTOMEVA TH TANYH THs phovys, Grav ev TO »/ 4 \ A / \ } 3 a aépt oadov Kal KULA TOLnON TOAAN Kal LoxXUP depopevn. , \ @ , ® \ oe 4 XXVI_. Tore pév ody SredvOnoav 7 Sé juépa fe / a e Thy Wihov éroicew Euedrov, UreEnAGev o Top- “ a \ mnios eis aypov. axovoas S€ Kexup@aBat Tov / b) “A 4 > \ , e 3 ¢ vopov eianrGe vuxtwp els THY TOdW, ws érripGo- vou THs Tpos avTov arravTnoews Kal cuVdpopLAs bd / iu \ e +/+ \ ” \ écouévns. dua dé nuépa mpoehOwv EOvoe Kal yevouevns éxxAnoias avt@, SvempaEato mpoc- naBeiy Erepa woddAa ois erndiopévors 75n, puixpod Sumdacidcas Thy TapacKeuny. TevTa- KOTLAL Mev yap aUT@ vijes errANpeOncay, omrL- tov 5é pupiddes Sddexa xal revtaxioyirsot immeis nOpoicOncav. yepovixot 5é Kxal orpa- \ a THYyLKOL KaTeAéynoay amd BovrAns avdpes eixo- a , a attéacapes Um avtod, dvo 5é tapiat maphoav. ai 8€ tial Tav w@viwv evOus mecovaar Aoyov 180 POMPEY not expose him to successive wars and perils, asking, ““Whom else will you have if you lose him?” all with one accord replied, “Thyself.” Catulus, accordingly, since he could not persuade them, retired ; but when Roscius came forward to speak, no one would listen to him. He therefore made signs with his fingers that they should not choose Pompey alone to this command, but give him a colleague. At this, we are told, the people were incensed and gave forth such a shout that a raven flying over the forum was stunned by it and fell down into the throng. From this it appears that such falling of birds is not due to a rupture and division of the air wherein a great vacuum is pro- duced, but that they are struck by the blow of the voice, which raises a surge and billow in the air when it is borne aloft loud and strong. XXVI. For the time being, then, the assembly was dissolved ; but when the day came for the vote upon the law, Pompey withdrew privately into the country. On hearing, however, that the law had been passed, he entered the city by night, feeling that he was sure to awaken envy if the people thronged to meet him. But when day came, he appeared in public and offered sacrifice, and at an assembly held for him he managed to get many other things besides those already voted, and almost doubled his armament. For five hundred ships were manned for him, and a hundred and twenty thou- sand men-at-arms and five thousand horsemen were ‘raised. Twenty-four men who had held command or served as praetors were chosen from the senate by him, and he had two quaestors. And since the prices of provisions immediately fell, the people 181 PLUTARCH’S LIVES noouéva TO Snuw TapEryov, ws AUTO TOUVOLA TOU Tloumniov NéXuKeE Tov TroAELOV. Ov pv adda SteA@y Ta Terayn Kal TO dia- oTnpa Ths évtos Oardaoons eis pépn Tpicxatdexa, cal veav apiOwov ep éExdote nal dpyovta td€as, dua tavrayod TH Svvaper oxedacbecion Ta pev éumrimrovrTa TOY TeLpaTiK@V aOpoa TreptdapBavev ? \ bd A ‘ a e \ / evOus é€eOnpato nai xathyev' ot 5€ POdoartes StarvOfvar nal Svexrrecovtes Waowep eis opuAvos > 4 , , \ / éSvovto travrayolev xatadhepopmevor THY Kircxiay, 999 A b) N > / A v e 4 \ éd’ ods avtos éotéAXeTO vads Exywv éEEnKovTa Tas aplotas. ov pv ampotepov én’ éxeivous é€é- WNevoevy 4 Tavrdmact. KaOjpa. tev avTobt AnoTnpioyv TO Tuppynuxdy médXayos, TO AuBu«or, To «wept Lapdova nab Kupvov xat Suxeréav, / n nw Huepats TEecoapaKkovta Tais Tdoals, avT@e Te Xpw@wevos arpuT@ Kal Tols oTpaTNYyoIs TpoOUpmoLS. e A XXVIII. ’Ev 8é ‘Poépn rod brartov M[etcwvos a , opyn xal dOovm Avpatvopéevov THY TapacKeuTy kat StadvovTos Ta TWANPOLaTA, TO MeV VAUTLKOV ? s 4 > \ \ els Bpevréotoy treptémreprpev, avtos Sé d1d Tup- , > ¢ , > , > / pnvias ets Popnv avéBawev. aicOouevor 8e mavtes éFexvOnoay eis tHv Oddy, @aTEp OV TPO ce) > , HuEpPaY OALYywH ExtrépwryavtTes avTov. émote 5é . N b ) 4 A A THY Xapav To Tap édirida Ths petaBorjs TAaxos, iTrepBdrXrovaav adboviay tis ayopas éxovons. oe e ll , ’ SY \ € , > 60ev o Iletowy exivddvevoe tHv bmateiay adat- a / peOjvar, VaBuviov vopov yovtos 76n cvyyeypap- pévov. GAA Kal TobTO Svex@Avcev 6 Tloptnios, Kal TaAXa xXpnuaTioas émeKas kab Siatrpaka- 182 633 POMPEY were moved to say in their joy that the very name of Pompey had put an end to the war. However, he divided the waters and the adjacent coasts! of the Mediterranean Sea into thirteen districts, and assigned to each a certain number of ships with a commander, and with his forces thus scattered in all quarters he encompassed whole fleets of piratical ships that fell in his way, and straight- way hunted them down and brought them into port ; others succeeded in dispersing and escaping, and sought their hive, as it were, hurrying from all quarters into Cilicia. Against these Pompey in- tended to proceed in person with his sixty best ships. He did not, however, sail against them until he had entirely cleared of their pirates the Tyrr- henian Sea, the Libyan Sea, and the sea about Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily, in forty days all told. This was owing to his own tireless energy and the zeal of his lieutenants. XXVII. But the consul Piso at Rome, out of wrath and envy, was interfering with Pompey’s equipment and discharging his crews; Pompey therefore sent his fleet round to Brundisium, while he himself went up by way of Tuscany to Rome. On learning of this, the citizens all streamed out into the road, just as if they had not escorted him forth only a few days before. What caused their joy was the unhoped for rapidity of the change, the market being now filled to overflowing with provisions. As a consequence Piso came near being deprived of his consulship, and Gabinius had the requisite law already written out. But Pompey prevented this, as well as other hostile acts, and after arranging everything else in a reasonable manner and getting 1 Cf. chapter xxv. 2 183 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pevos wy édeito, KataBas eis Bpevtéciov é&é- 3 mAevoev. érreryouevos b€ TH Kalp® Kal Tapa- TACWY TAS TOAELS UTO TTrOVONS, Gwws ov TapHrGe ras ’AOnvas, avaBas 5é Kat Ovaas tots Pcois Kat Tpooayopevaas _ Tov S7jov evdus drew dveryi- YWOKEY Eis AUTOV ETLYEYpappéva povodTLYa, TO fev evTos THS TUANS Ed’ Goov dv avOpwrros oldas, él trocodrov é Beds: To © €xTOS: IIpocedoxapev, mpocexvvodpuev, cidouev, mpo- qéLTTO MEV. 4 érrel b¢ TOY GUvecTOTMY ETL Kal TAAYW LEVON EEW mevpatnpiwy éeviows SenBeiow émiecxas expnoato Kal TaparkaBeov Ta Tota Kal Ta THpaTA KAaKOY ovdev érroinoev, em’ édXrridos xpnerijs ot AoLtrot yevomevor TOUS pev AArous Sréehevyoy Hyeuovas, Tloumniw oé dépovtes éavtovs peTa Téxvwov Kal yuvaikav éveyeipttov. o dé mdvrwv édeidero, Kal padrdtota dia TovTwY Tovs Ett NavOdvovTas éEvyvevwv Kai rAapBdvev éxoraley ws avTovs éauTois avnxerta cuvetootas. XXVIII. Oc &€ wreiotor Kai Suvatwrator yeveas ey avTav Kal ypnpata Kal Tov axpnoTov dyAov év gdpoupiots Kal worticpace Kaptepois qept Tov Tavpov elyov atroxeipmeva, Tas 5é vads TAnpw@cavTes avtol mept to Kopaxnotov tis Kirtxias émimdéovta tov Tloumniov édéEavto: Kal maxns yevouéevns vixnBévtes érrodtopKodvTo. Tédos Oe Téurpavtes ixeTnpias Trapédwxav éavTovs Kal modes Kal vycous wy émexpatouy évrerxt- 184 POMPEY what he wanted, went down to Brundisium and set sail. But though his immediate business was urgent and he sailed past other cities in his haste, still, he could not pass Athens by, but went up into the city, sacrificed to the gods, and addressed the people. Just as he was leaving the city, he read two inscrip- tions, each of a single verse, addressed to him, one inside the gate :— ‘¢ As thou knowest thou art mortal, in so far thou art a god;”’ and the other outside :— ‘We awaited, we saluted, we have seen, and now conduct thee forth.” Some of the pirate bands that were still roving at large begged for mercy, and since he treated them humanely, and after seizing their ships and persons did them no further harm, the rest became hopeful of mercy too, and made their escape from the other commanders, betook themselves to Pompey with their wives and children, and surrendered to him. All these he spared, and it was chiefly by their aid that he tracked down, seized, and punished those who were still lurking in concealment because con- scious of unpardonable crimes. XXVIII. But the most numerous and powerful had bestowed their families and treasures and useless folk in forts and strong citadels near the Taurus mountains, while they themselves manned _ their ships and awaited Pompey’s attack near the promon- tory of Coracesium in Cilicia; here they were defeated in a battle and then besieged. At last, however, they sent suppliant messages and _sur- rendered themselves, together with the cities and islands of which they were in control; these they 185 PLUTARCH’S LIVES upevol, YaXeTras BracOhvat Kal dvom poorend- OTOUS. KkaTenvOn pev ovv oO TodE“os Kal Ta, mavTaxod AnaTypia TAS dardcons ebémecev ouK ev TELOVL Xpovep Tplav punvev, vais oé Todas per ddXas, evevT}KovTa dé XarrceuBorous Tape- raPev. avrous dé dio pupiwy TAEiovas ‘VEvouEVOUS avereiy péev ovde éBovrcvaato, peOeivar dé xat mepiidely oxedacbévtas %) auotavtTas adits, amropous Kal TodeutKovs Kal Todos | dvTas, OK @ETO Karas EXE. evvonaas ouv Ore ducer pev av6 pwrros ouTE ryeryovev ovr’ éoruv ay npepov o@ov ovd GpLKTOV, GAN’ eFioraras TH Kaki Tapa dvow ypdpevos, ect S& nal torwv kal Biwv peraBorais eEnuepovrat, kat Onpia be” diaitns Koweovodvra mpqotépas éxdveTat TO dyptov Kal Narerrov, é éyvw TOUS av6pas els vay perad épery ék TIS Gardaoons Kal Biov ryevetv emvetkobs, oup- eOrabevtas € ev mOheoey oixety wal yewpyeiy. évious per ovv at pixpat Kat Urépnpot TOV Kirixov modes edé€avro Kal KaTémEav éautais Xeopav mpochaBovoan, Thy 5é Lortov Tp pwomevny évary- xos vmod Teypavou TOU ‘Appevicov | Bacotréws avaraBav iSpuce qoNXous éV avrg. Tots 6é Todois OLKNTNPLOV edwxe Avpny THY ‘Axaiba, Xnpevoua av avépav torte, yy dé modAnv Kal ayabny éyovaay. XXIX, Tava pev OUV OL BacKaivorres éyeryou" TOUS b¢ Tepl Kpnrnv mpaxGetcr pos MéreAdAov ovd’ ot wavy dirobvtes avtov Exalpov. oO yap 1 «al woAAovs Coraés and Bekker, with S&: rots woAAods after Stephanus (most of them being, etc.). 2 8 supplied, after Emperius; Bekker has émov xat Onpla, after Coraés. 186 POMPEY had fortified, making them hard to get at and diffi- cult to take by storm. The war was therefore brought to an end and all piracy driven from the sea in less than three months, and besides many other ships, Pompey received in surrender ninety which had brazen beaks. The men themselves, who were more than twenty thousand in number, he did not once think of putting to death; and yet to let them go and suffer them to disperse or band together again, poor, warlike, and numerous as they were, he thought was not well. Reflecting, therefore, that by nature man neither is nor becomes a wild or an unsocial creature, but is transformed by the unnatural practice of vice, whereas he may be softened by new customs and a change of place and life; also that even wild beasts put off their fierce and savage ways when they partake of a gentler mode of life, he determined to transfer the men from the sea to land, and let them have a taste of gentle life by being accustomed to dwell in cities and to till the ground. Some of them, therefore, were received and incor- porated into the small and half-deserted cities ot Cilicia, which acquired additional territory; and after restoring the city of Soli, which had lately been devastated by Tigranes, the king of Armenia, Pompey settled many there. To most of them, however, he gave as a residence Dyme in Achaea, which was then bereft of men and had much good land. XXIX. Well, then, his maligners found fault with these measures, and even his best friends were not pleased with his treatment of Metellus in Crete. 187 PLUTARCH’S LIVES MéreAXos, olxetos av éexeivou tod cuvapEavtos év “I8npia +r@ Tloutrnie, ctpatnyos eis Kpnrny éméupOn mpotepov % tov Lloumniov aipeOfvar: Seutépa ydp tis Hv avtn TOY TrELpaTnpioy THY) pera thy év Kiduxia nal moddovs éyxatadaBov o MérerXos eEnper nal StépOerpev. ot 5é wepsovtes érs Kal qodtopKovpevot téurraytTes ikeTnpiav émexadovovto tov Iloumniov eis thy vicov, ws Ths éxeivou pépos ovcav apyins Kal mavrayolev éumimrovoay eis TO péTpov TO amd Oadrdoons. o b¢ deEduevos eypade TH MetérArAM KwrwV TOV morenov. eypade dé Kal tats modeoe pH Tpoa- éyey Merérr@, wal otpatnyoy ereprpe TOV bd’ éauvtov apyovtwy éva Aevniov ’Oxtaoviov, ds cuverceNOoy eis Ta TElLYN ToS TroALOPKOUpLEVOLS kal waxopmevos pet avTaY, ov povov émayOH Kal Bapvy, ad\Xa nal KatayéXactov érote: Tov Tlop- mniov, avOpa@ros avociows Kat abéors Tovvoma KiypavTa Kal wepiamrrovta thy avtov dofav aomep areEibadppaxov bro POdvou xal PiroTepias Ths mpos Tov Méteddov. ovdé yap Tov “Ayirréa Tovey avdpos épyov, GAAA petpaxiov TavTaTacww éumAnKTov Kal cecoBnpuévov mpos Sofav, ava- pevovta Tois aAXoLS Kal dtaxwrXVovTa BadreLv Exvopa, M7 tes KdS0s dporo Badr, 6 Sé Sevrepos édOo1: Tloumniov dé xal caley vmepuayotvta tav KoLV@Y ToAEuLov etl TO Tov OpiayBov aderéa Bat oTpAaTNYyOU TONAA TEeToVvNnKOTOS. ov pv éevédw- 188 634 POMPEY Metellus, a kinsman of the Metellus who was a colleague of Pompey in Spain, had been sent as general to Crete before Pompey was chosen to his command ; for Crete was a kind of second source for pirates, next to Cilicia. Metellus hemmed in many of them and was killing and destroying them. But those who still survived and were besieged sent suppliant messages to Pompey and invited him into the island, alleging that it was a part of his government, and that all parts of it were within the limit to be measured from the sea.1 Pompey accepted the invitation and wrote to Metellus putting a stop to his war. He also wrote the cities not to pay any attention to Metellus, and sent them one of his own officers as general, namely, Lucius Octavius, who entered the strongholds of the besieged pirates and fought on their side, thus making Pompey not only odious and oppressive, but actually ridiculous, since he lent his name to godless miscreants, and threw around them the mantle of his reputation to serve like a charm against evil, through envy and jealousy of Metellus. For not even Achilles played the part of a man, men said, but that of a youth wholly crazed and frantic in his quest of glory, when he made a sign to the rest which prevented them from smiting Hector, “‘Lest some one else win honour by the blow, and he come only second ”’ ; 2 whereas Pompey actually fought in behalf of the common enemy and saved their lives, that he might rob of his triumph a general who had toiled hard to win it. Metellus, however, would not give in, 1 Cf. chapter xxv. 2. 2 Iliad, xxii. 207. 189 PLUTARCH’S LIVES xev 0 MéredXos, GAAa Tos TE Tetpatas éEeAov ériuwpnoato, Kal Tov ‘Oxraoviov évy T@ oTpato- / / \ / 2 aA Twéd@ xabuBpicas Kal ANovdopHnaas adijxev. XXX. ’AayyerPévtos Sé eis ‘Pw&pnv trépas Eyely TOV TrELPATLKOV TrOAEMOY Kal TXOAnY ayovTa \ fw > 4 \ / / Tov Ilopmniov érépyecBar tas modes, ypader vouov els tav Snudpywy Mdddos, dons Acv- KONAOS apyer ywpas Kalb Suvapews, Toparniov TmaparaBovta tracav, tpocAaBovra 6é Kal Budv- viav, hv exer TXaBpiwv, rorenety MiOpiddty cat Teypavyn trois Baciredouv, Exovta Kal thy vautt- N 4 \ \ 4 a VA >? kny Svvapw Kal To Kpatos THs Oardaons éd ols é\aBev é& adpyis. tovtro 8 hv éf” &t 4 / \ e / e , avAAnBSnv yevécOat thy “Pwpaiwv ryepoviar: av yap édoxet povwy érapyiav pn edixveic bar TO TpoTépw vow, Ppvyias, Auvcaovias, l'adratias, Kamrasdoxias, Kirrxias, ths avw Koryidos, Ap- pevias, adrat mpocetifevto peta otpatotédwy \ 4 4 4 kai Suvduewv als AevdxorrXos KaTeTroAéunoe MOpidarnv Kxal Teypavnv. adda AevodXov fev atootepoupévou tHy Sofav wv KaTEeLpydcato Kat OpiduBov pardov 7} trodéuov Stadoynv Aap- Bavovtos, AttTwv AOYyos HY Tois aptaToKpaTtKois, xaitrep olopévors aduca Kal axapiota macye \ ” \ \ UA A of 4 Tov avopa, thv Se Stvayiv tod Tlopmniov Bapéws dhépovtes ws Tupavvida Kabiotapevny, idia Trape- 4 \ 4 e \ PJ VA KdXovv Kat tapePdppuvov avtovs émidaPécGar ToU vouou Kal pn mpoeccOar Ty édevOepiav. 190 POMPEY but captured the pirates and punished them, and then sent Octavius away after insulting and abusing him before the army. XXX. When word was brought to Rome that the war against the pirates was at an end, and that Pompey, now at leisure, was visiting the cities, Manlius, one of the popular tribunes, proposed a law giving Pompey all the country and forces which Lucullus commanded, with the addition, too, of Bithynia, which Glabrio? had, and the commission to wage war upon Mithridates and Tigranes, the kings, retaining also his naval force and his dominion over the sea as he had originally received them. But this meant the placing of the Roman supremacy entirely in the hands of one man; for the only provinces which were held to be excluded from his sway by the former law, namely, Phrygia, Lycaonia, Galatia, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Upper Colchis, and Ar- menia, these were now added to it, together with the military forces which Lucullus had used in his con- quest of Mithridates and Tigranes. But though Lucullus was thus robbed of the glory of his achieve- ments, and was receiving a successor who would enjoy his triumph rather than prosecute the war,’ this was of less concern to the aristocratic party, although they did think that the man was unjustly and thanklessly treated; they were, however, dis- pleased at the power given to Pompey, which they regarded as establishing a tyranny, and privately exhorted and encouraged one another to attack the law, and not to surrender their freedom. But when 1 More correctly, Manilius. The Manilian law was passed in 66 B.c. Cf. the oration of Cicero Pro Lege Manilia. 2 Glabrio, consul in 67 B.c., had been sent out to supersede Lucullus. 3 Cf. the Lucullus, xxxv. 7. IOI PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 évotavtos 8 Tod Katpod, Tov Shpov hoyOevtes 2¢/ \ , e / A é€éXurrov Kal Kateowwmnoay ot AoiTrOt, KatXos 5é Tod vosov TOANA KaTHnyopHnaas Kal tov dn- 4 4 \ 4 > / \ \ papyou, pndéva Sé teiOwv, exéXeve THY BourAnY amo Tov Bnuwatos Kexpayes troAddKes dpos Enteiv, @omrep ot mpoyovol, Kal Kpnyvov, Sirov KaTa- A , \ > , > , ? 5 guyotaa Siacdcer THY édevOepiav. éexupwOn 6 OV 0 VOMLOS, WS AéyovaL, Tacats Tals PuAais, Kal KUpLoS aTrodéberKTO gy Tapwv Oo Iloumnios dtrapv- e < a Tov axedov mY Oo YvAAas Srrdors Kal TodeuM THs ( , b] \ \ 4 \ 4 Tokews Kparnaas. autos 6é deEduevos Ta ypap- pata Kat wuOopevos Ta Sedoypéva, Trav dirov mapovtwv Kat cuvndopévav, tas odpds éyerat cuvayayely Kai Tov pnpov wardktar Kal eitrelv as dv Bapuvopevos 45n Kal Svaxepaivwy 76 ap- ‘ic nA an 9» , ¥ co” n 6 yew “Ded trav avynvitwv GOdwr, ws dpa KpelT TOV 9 4 “A ? 4 / > , 4 jv &va tav abddEov yevécOar, ci pndémotre mrav- copat aotpatevopevos pndée tov POdovoy TovTov >] \ 3 > A / A fe. / 39 éxdus év ayp@ Startnoopat peta THs yuvatkos. 635 249 / 9 Q9> e , , v é’ ols Aeyopuévous ovd’ ot Trav cuvyndes Epepov avTod THV Eipwveiay, yLYwaKoVTES OTL THS EupUTOU diroripias xal dirapxias bréxxavpa THY TpOS AevxorXov éywv Stadhopav perlovws Exatpev. \ XXXII. ’Apérer Sé nal ra Epya tayéws adrov amexdd\urre. tTavtayov yap éxrilels Svaypap- fata TOUS oTpaTLwWTAS aveKadeiTO Kal peTeTrép- METO TOUS UINnKooUs Suvdotas Kal Bacirels ws éavTov. émiwv Te THY Ywpay ovdév axivntor cia a“ e \ a U / 5) \ \ tov vio tov AevxoAXou yeyovoTwy, adAa Kal 192 POMPEY the time came, their hearts failed them through fear of the people, and all held their peace except Catulus ; he denounced the law at great length and the tribune who proposed it, and when none of the people would listen to him, he called out in loud tones from the rostra urging the senate again and again to seek out a mountain, as their forefathers had done,! or a lofty rock, whither they might fly for refuge and preserve their freedom. But still the law was passed by all the tribes, as we are told, and Pompey, in his absence, was proclaimed master of almost all the powers which Sulla had exercised after subduing the city in armed warfare. Pompey himself, however, on receiving his letters and learning what had been decreed, while his friends surrounded him with their congratulations, frowned, we are told, smote his thigh, and said, in the tone of one who was already op- pressed and burdened with command: “ Alas for my endless tasks ! How much better it were to be an unknown man, if I am never to cease from military service, and cannot lay aside this load of envy and spend my time in the country with my wife!’ As he said this, even his intimate friends could not abide his dissimulation ; they knew that his enmity towards Lucullus gave fuel to his innate ambition and love of power, and made him all the more delighted. XXXI. And certainly his actions soon unmasked him. For he sent out edicts in all directions calling the soldiers to his standard, and summoned the subject potentates and kings into his presence. Moreover, as he traversed the country, he left nothing undisturbed that Lucullus had done, but 1 In reference to the secession of the plebs to Mons Sacer. See the Coriolanus, chapter vi. 193 VOL, V. Oo PLUTARCH’S LIVES Koddoets avijce ToANOS Kal Swpeds adeireTo Kat mavrTa SAws erparrev émidetEar Tov avdpa piro- VELK@VY TOTS Jaupalovow ovdevos dvTa KUpLov. éyxanroovtos 5 éxeivou dia Trav dirwv, edoke cuveNOety eis TaUvTo: Kal auvirOov Tepl THY Tadariav. ola dé peyiorwr oT pPAaTIyOv al peytota cata pOwxorov dddvais dveo Teppevas ExovTes ood Kal Tas pafdous jot Umrnperat amr nyray" GNA AevKodXos pev éx TOTMY XMoEpav Kal KaTacKiov pooper, Tloparnios 5é ToAANY adevopov wal Kareypuypévny eTUYeE dtehnrvOas. iSovres ody oi roo AevxodAAov paBdodpopot Tod Tloparniov Tas dddvas abanrnreis Kar pepapap- pévas jTavratTaci, €K T@V loLwV Tpooparay ovody peTadsoovTes € emexoopnoay Kal KaTécTevrav Tas éxetvov paBsous. y onpetov édofev elvat tov ta AevxoAXou viKNnTn pla Kat THV dofay oiao- pevov épxerOat Topurniov. jw be AevxoAXos pev év bmarelas Te Taker Kal xa “Kay T™ peo- Burepos, To 5€ Tod Ioumrntov pet Cov aie pat Tots dual Opa Bocs. ov pnv AAAG THY ™POTny ép- TevEww Os éviv padloTa TONTIKAS Kal puro- ppovars érrornaavto, peyadvvovTes aNMPAOV Ta épya Kal gurndopevor Tois KaTO Papacy ev 5é Tois oyous wpos ovdev emverkes Ovde péTpLOV oupBavtes, ada Kal Aowdopyaarres, O pev els prdapyupiay tov AevKodAor, o &€ eis Ptrapxiav ExelvoVv, UTO TOV pidov pons dteAvOnoav. Kai AevorXos pev ev Tanaria dieyparre Xo- pas THs aixpaharov Kal Swpeas ddras ols éBov- NETO, Toumnios dé pax pov am wTépa oTpatomedev- cas éx@\veE TPOTeXELY AUT@, Kal TOUS TTPATLWTAS 194 POMPEY remitted punishments in many cases, and took away rewards, and did everything, in a word, with an eager desire to shew the admirers of that general that he was wholly without power. Lucullus ex- postulated through his friends, and it was decided that they should have a meeting; they met, there- fore, in Galatia. And since both were very great and very successful generals, their lictors had their rods alike wreathed with laurel when they met; but Lucullus was advancing from green and shady regions, while Pompey chanced to have made a long march through a parched and treeless country. Accordingly, when the lictors of Lucullus saw that Pompey’s laurels were withered and altogether faded, they took some of their own, which were fresh, and with them wreathed and decorated his rods. This was held to be a sign that Pompey was coming to rob Lucullus of the fruits of his victories and of his glory. Now, Lucullus had been consul before Pompey, and was older than he; but Pompey’s two triumphs gave him a greater dignity. At first, however, their interview was conducted with all possible civility and friendliness, each magnifying the other's exploits and congratulating him on his successes; but in the conferences which followed they could come to no _ fair or reasonable agreement, nay, they actually abused each other, Pompey charging Lucullus with | love of money, and Lucullus charging Pompey with love of power, and they were with difficulty separated by their friends. Furthermore, Lucullus, remaining in Galatia, as- signed parts of the conquered territory and made other gifts to whom he pleased ; while Pompey, en- camped at a little distance from him, tried to prevent any attention to his commands, and took away all 195 o 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES adravras adeiheto wAHY yiAlov E€axociwy, ods éevoutter vr’ avOadeias adyphorous pev EavT@, TH Aevxorr 8 Sucpeveis elvar. mpos dé tovTos dtactpwov Ta epya eudhavas edreye tpaywdiass kal oxtaypadias tmemoveunnévar BacidKais Tov AevKoAnor, ait@ Se pos addnOwny Kai cecwdpo- viopévnv Tov ayava rettecOa Sivapty, eis Ov- peovs Kat Eibn Kal tmmovs Mibpiddrov xata- gevyovtos. dauvvomevos 86 6 Aedxodros e&ddAM kal oxid mworéuou Tov Lloumyiov én payoupevov Babifew, eiOtcpévov GAXoTpiols vexpois, woTEp Opry apyov, émixataipev Kal reirpava Todéuwv oTapaccev. ovTw yap avTov émiypdyat Lep- Topi, Aeride, trois Yrapraxetors, Ta wev Kpdo- gov, Ta dé MeréAdov, ta Sé KdtAov xatwpba- koTos. Sev ov Oavydlew ef tov "Appenaxdv kal Wovrixay crodéuov broBddretat tHy Sd£ar, avOpwnos éavtov eis Sparetixoy OpiayBov dues yé ws euBarely unyavnodpevos. XXXII. "Ex tovrov Aevxorros pev arippe, Tloumnios 6¢ 7 oroA@ travtl thy petakd PDowi- kns Kat Boomépov Oddaccav ért ppovpd Si.a- AaBov, aitos éBddiLev ert Midpidarny, eyovra Tptapupious melors év ddrayye Kal Suoyidous immets, wdyeoOar 8 ux) Oappodvta. Kal mpartov pev avtod Kaptepdy dpos Kal Svcpayov, év @ oTpatomedevwy eruyev, ws avudpov éxdLTOVTOS, auto TovUTO Katacywy 6 [loumnios, Kal TH dioe Tov Bractavovtav Kal tails ovyKdwviats TOV TOTWY Tekpalpopevos exew mnyas TO yopior, 196 POMPEY his soldiers from him, except sixteen hundred, whose mutinous spirit made them, as he thought, useless to himself and hostile to Lucullus.1_ Besides this, he would belittle the achievements of Lucullus, de- claring that he had waged war against mimic and shadowy kings only, while to himself there was now left the struggle against a real military force, and one disciplined by defeat, since Mithridates had now betaken himself to shields, swords, and horses. To this Lucullus retorted that Pompey was going forth to fight an image and shadow of war, following his custom of alighting, like a lazy carrion-bird, on bodies that others had killed, and tearing to pieces the scattered remnants of wars. For it was in this way that he had appropriated to himself the victories over Sertorius, Lepidus, and the followers of Spartacus, although they had actually been won by Metellus, Catulus, and Crassus. Therefore it was no wonder that he was trying to usurp the glory of the Pontic and Armenian wars, a man who had contrived to thrust himself in some way or other into the honour of a triumph for defeating runaway slaves.” XXXII. After this, Lucullus withdrew from those parts, and Pompey, having distributed his whole fleet so as to guard the sea between Phoenicia and the Bosporus, himself marched against Mithridates, who had a fighting force of thirty thousand foot and two thousand horse, but did not dare to offer battle. To begin with, the king was strongly encamped on a mountain which was difficult of assault, but abandoned it, supposing that it had no water. Pompey took pos- session of this very mountain, and judging by the nature of the vegetation and by the channels in the slopes that the place had springs, ordered his men to 1 Cf. the Lucullus, xvi. 1-4. 2 Cf. chapter xxi. 2. 197 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éxéXevoev exBareiv travtayod dpéata. Kal pe- N > \ ef 3 4 ‘\ 4 otov hv evOus bdatos adOovov To stparorredop, aaote Jaupdley ef TO Tavtl ypovm todTo McOpr- Satns Hyvoncev. etreita TepioTparoTredevoas mwepueteiyicey avrov. o Oé wévte Kal TeTTapda- \ e / bd Kovta TroAsopKnbels nuépas EXabev atrodpas peta a , THs éppwpevertarns Suvdpews, KTeivas TOUS AY pT- oTous Kal vooovvtas. celta pévtot aepl tov Eudparnv catarkaBov adtov o Tlopriios mape- otparotrébevoe? nal Sedtas pn POdon Tepdcas Tov Eudpdtny, ée péowr vurtav éniyyey wmdI- opévnv thy otpatiay: Kal” by xpdvov RéyeTat Tov MiOpidarnv oyu év Brrvois idely ta pér- a / \ , Novta mpodnrovcav. edoKxer yap ovpip Tvevparte , \ N 4 a ; mréov TO Llovtixdy méXayos 76n Boozopovr a a \ Kabopav cai dirodpovetcOar tovs cuptrréovtas, e v7 3 / a \ / / as ay Ts emt ow Tnpia cage: Kau BeBatw xaipov: A > A ddvw 6€ avadhavivar wavtTay Epnuos éml NerTOd vavayiov Stadepopevos. éy Tovovrois dé avrov évta Tabect Kal ddopacw émiotaytes avéotn- e / , 9 4 fu 9 cav ot hiro, dpdlovtes érvevat Tlopmrniov. jy ov é€& avadyKns payntéoyv vrép Tod Yapakos, Kal mpoayayovtTes of atpatnyol thy Sivamw érakav. aicOopevos S€ THY TapacKkevny aditav o Ilop- o \ aA anios @KveL KATA GKOTOS eis Kivduvoy édOeiv, Kal KvKA@ povov eto Sety TrepLeNavvely, STrwS pn pevdyouev, nuépas Sé Kpeitrovs dvras émiye- peiv. ot d€ mpecBUTaTo TaY Taktapyav Se0- pevot Kal TapaKadrobvTes éEdpunoav adtov- ovee / 4 3 \ e lA yap oKOoTOS VY TayTdTaclW, adNAa GEAHVYN 198 636 POMPEY sink wells everywhere. At once, then, his camp was abundantly supplied with water, and men wondered that in all the time of his encampment there Mithri- dates had been ignorant of this possibility. Next, he invested the king’s camp and walled him in. But after enduring a siege of forty-five days, Mithri- dates succeeded in stealing off with his most effective troops ; the sick and unserviceable he killed. Then, however, Pompey overtook him near the Euphrates river, and encamped close by; and fearing lest the king should get the advantage of him by crossing the Euphrates, he put his army in battle array and led it against him at midnight. At this time Mithri- dates is said to have seen a vision in his sleep, re- vealing what should come to pass. He dreamed that he was sailing the Pontic Sea with a fair wind, and was already in sight of the Bosporus, and was greet- ing pleasantly his fellow-voyagers, as a man would do in his joy over a manifest and sure deliverance ; but suddenly he saw himself bereft of all his com- panions and tossed about on a small piece of wreckage. As he dreamed of such distress, his friends came to his couch and roused him with the news that Pompey was advancing to the attack. He was therefore compelled to give battle in defence of his camp, and his generals led out their troops and put them in array. But when Pompey perceived their prepara- tions to meet him, he hesitated to hazard matters in the dark, and thought it necessary merely to surround them, in order to prevent their escape, and then to attack them when it was day, since they were | superior in numbers. But his oldest officers, by their entreaties and exhortations, prevailed upon him to attack at once; for it was not wholly dark, but the moon, which was setting, made it still possible 199 fr PLUTARCH’S LIVES Katadepomévn tapeiyvey ETL TOV CMMATwWY ixavnY éroyiv. Kal todro pddota tous Bactdtxods éodnrev. érnecay pev yap ot ‘Pwpaioe xara YwTOU THY TEAnVHY EXOVTES* TrEeTLETpEVvOU OE Trept ras Svaes TOD PwTos, ai oxtal TOAD TOV Twp"d- tov éumpocbev mpoiovoar Ttois TroAemios érré- Barrpov, od Suvapévors 176 Stdornpa ovvideiv axp\Bas’ avr as ev yepoly dn yeyovoTtav tovs vacovs adévres pdtnv ovdevos édixovo. TovTO auvloovTes of ‘Pwyator peta Kpavyins éré- Spapov, Kal pnéte pévery TOAM@VTAS, adr’ exTreE- wANymévous Kal pevyovtas ExTEewvov, WoTE TOAD mnelovas pupiov atobavety, ad@vat S€ 7O oTpa- romedov, Adros 8¢ MiOpidarns év apxn pev dxtaxocios inmedot Suéxowe cal dieEnrAace tors ‘Pwpaiovs, taxv 5é TaV Adr\wv oKedacbeTwaY drTereihOn peta tpiav. év ols qv ‘Tiuxpdtea tadXaxis, det pev avdpodns tis ovca Kal trapdToXpos: ‘Tapixpatny yoov avtny o Bactideds éxddeu TOTE 5é dvdpos éyovea Ilépcov crodny Kai troy obte T® Copatt Tpos Ta pHnkn TAY Spdpov amnyo- pevoev ovTe Oepamrevovoa Tov Baciréws TO cOpa Kat tov tmmov éFéxapev, axypt HKov eis ywpiov Livwpa xpnudtwy Kal Keiundtwv BacidsKov pectov. é& ov AaBov o MiOpiddrns écOFras moduTeneis Stévere Tols auvdedpaunkdat pos autov éx ths huyns. dwKxe 5 cal tov dirov éxdot@ hopely Oavactmov Pdppyaxov, OTws aKwv pndeis vrroxelptos yévorTro Tots Trodepiots. ép- 200 POMPEY to distinguish persons clearly enough; indeed, it was this circumstance that brought most harm to the king’s troops. For the Romans came to the attack with the moon at their backs, and since her light was close to the horizon, the shadows made by their bodies were thrown far in advance and fell upon the enemy, who were thus unable to estimate correctly the distance between themselves and their foes, but supposing that they were already at close quarters, they hurled their javelins to no purpose and hit no- body. The Romans, seeing this, charged upon them with loud cries, and when the enemy no longer ventured to stand their ground, but fled in panic fear, they cut them down, so that many more than ten thousand of them were slain, and their camp was captured. Mithridates himself, however, at the outset, cut and charged his way through the Romans with eight hundred horsemen ; but the rest were soon dispersed and he was left with three companions. One of these was Hypsicrateia, a concubine, who always dis- played a right manly spirit and extravagant daring (for which reason the king was wont to call her Hypsicrates), and at this time, mounted and ac- coutred like a Persian, she was neither exhausted by the long journeys, nor did she weary of caring for the king’s person and for his horse, until they came to a place called Sinora, which was full of the king’s money and treasures. Thence Mithridates took costly raiment and distributed it to those who had flocked to him in his flight. He also gave each of his friends a deadly poison to carry with them, that no one of them might fall into the hands of the enemy against his will. From thence he set out 201 PLUTARCH’S LIVES rev0evy apunto pev er ’Appevias mpos Teypavny, éxeivou S€ amayopevovtos Kal tTddavTa éxaTov erixnpuEayTos aUT@, Trapapenpduevos Tas THYAS tov Kidparov dia tis Koryidos épevye. XXXII. loprrnios 5é ets "Appeviay évéBare Tov véouv Tiypavov Kxadobvtos avtov: dn yap apeoTnKes TOD TaTpOS, Kal auvnvTnoe TH Tlop- ant tept tov "Apatnv rotamov, bs avioyet wer éx Tov avtav To Evdpatn toTwv, atroTpeTopEevos dé mpos Tas avatoras eis 76 Kaomiov éuBdarree mwédayos. OvTOL Mev OV TpOoTyoV Gua Tas TrOdELS TaparapuBavovtes: 6 5¢ Bactrevs Tuypavns évay- vos ev bird AevKdAXou cuyTETpLpevos, HmEepov dé Twa TO TPOTY® Kal Tpdov TvOopEVvOS Elvat TOV Tlopmrniov, édéEato pév eis ta Bacirera ppovpay, dvaraBav 5& tots dirouvs Kal cuyyeveis avTos émopevero mapaddéa wv EavTop. ws 5é€ AOev tar- TOTS éTL TOV Yapaxa, paBdovyor Svo Tod Top- aniov mpocedOovtes éxéXevoay atoRhvat tod immov Kal metov édXOety ovdéva yap avOpoTrmv ed immov Kabelopevoy ev ‘Pwpaik@ orpatorréd@ mamote ob0jyat. Kal tadta ovv o Tuypayns éreiVero Kal ro Eidos avtois daroAvodpevos mapedioou: kal tédXos, wS Tmpos avTov ADE TOV Ilopmniov, apedopevos THY Kitapw opunoe po Tov Today Oeivat, kal kataBarwov éavrov, aicye- ora 61 TavTwV, TpooTecEiy aUTOD TOs yovacty. aA’ o Ilopmrnios &fOn tis SeEas adtod AaBo- fevos mpocayayéo8ar: Kal wAnciov idSpycdpmevos éavtod, Tov 5é vioy él Odtepa, Tov pev dAXAOV Ednoe Seiv aitidabat AevxorXov, tr’ éxeivou yap adnpjcbat Yupiav, Powilxnv, Kidrsxiav, Tarda- tiav, Lwdnvyv, & Se aype éEavtod ScateTHpykey, 202 637 POMPEY towards Armenia on his way to Tigranes ; but that monarch forbade his coming and proclaimed a reward of a hundred talents for his person; he therefore passed by the sources of the Euphrates and continued his flight through Colchis. XXXIII. Pompey then invaded Armenia on the invitation of young Tigranes, who was now in revolt from his father, and who met Pompey near the river Araxes, which takes its rise in the same regions as the Euphrates, but turns towards the east and empties into the Caspian Sea. These two, then, marched forward together, receiving the submission of the cities as they passed; King Tigranes, how- ever, who had recently been crushed by Lucullus, but now learned that Pompey was rather mild and gentle in his disposition, received a Roman garrison into his palace, and taking with him his friends and kindred, set out of his own accord to surrender himself. When he rode up to the Roman camp, two of Pompey’s lictors came to him and bade him dismount from his horse and go on foot; for no man mounted on horseback had ever been seen in a Roman camp. Tigranes, accordingly, not only obeyed them in this, but also unloosed his sword and gave it to them; and finally, when he came into the presence of Pompey himself, he took oft his royal tiara and made as if to lay it at his feet, and what was most humiliating of all, would have thrown himself down and clasped his knees in supplication. But before he could do this, Pompey caught him by the hand and drew him forward, and after giving him a seat near himself, and putting his son on the other side, told him that he must lay the rest of his losses to Lucullus, who had robbed him of Syria, Phoenicia, Cilicia, Galatia, and Sophene; but that 203 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Gav éxticavta town é€axioxiita TddavTa ‘Pwpaios tis adtxias, Twodnvijs 5é Bacrrevoew Tov viov. él tovTots o pev Tiypavns nydatrnee, kal Tov ‘Pwpaiwy doracapyéevwv aitov Bactéa TEeptyapys yEevouevos emnyyethaTo STpPATLATH Mev Hptvaioy apyupiou dace, éxatovTapyy Sé uvas déxa, xiALdpyY@ Sé TddavToy: o & vids édvadopet, kal KAnOels emt Setmrvov ovk &byn Iloprntov Sei- oOat tovaita Ttim@vtoss Kal yap avtos aAXOov evpnoev “Pwpaiwyv. éx tovtou Sefels ets tov OpiauBov épurdrrero. Kal per ov woNUY xpovoy éreprpe Ppadtys o IIdpOo0s amairav pev tov veavickov, ® avTod yauBpov, akidv bé TaOY Hye- poviav Spe xpjcOat tO Evdpdryn. Tloprrnios 88 dmexpivato tov peéev Tiypdvny TO tatpl uaddov i 7 wevOep@ TpoonKkey, Spm Sé ypynoecOas TH Sixaio. XXXIV. Katadirav 68 dpovpov *Appevias "Adpdviov avtos éBdbube Sta THv TrEeptovKovVTwY TOY Kavxcacov éOvav dvayraiws émi MiOpidarnv. pé- yiota O¢ avtTav éotiv é6vn!’AdXBavol cal" Bnpes, "TBnpes ev eri ta Mooyira pn nal tov Tlovtov kaOnxovres, "AXNBavol dé érl thy Ew Kal THY Kaotriav xexrAtpévor Odrdaccav. ovbtot mpatov pev atrodyvte Tlopmrnipy diodoyv &ocav yetpadvos 5¢ tHv otpatiay ev TH Xopa KaTadaPovTos Kal ths Kpovixts éoptis tots “Papatows cabnxovens: 1 vn bracketed by Sintenis. 204 POMPEY what he had kept up to the present time he should continue to hold if he paid six thousand talents to the Romans as a penalty for his wrongdoing; and that his son should be king of Sophene. With these terms Tigranes was well pleased, and when the Romans hailed him as King, he was overjoyed, and promised to give each soldier half a mina of silver, to each centurion ten minas, and to each tribune a talent. But his son was dissatisfied, and when he was invited to supper, said that he was not dependent on Pompey for such honours, for he himself could find another Roman to bestow them. Upon this, he was put in chains and reserved for the triumph. Not long after this, Phraates the Parthian sent a demand for the young man, on the plea that he was his son-in-law, and a pro- position that the Euphrates be adopted as a boundary between his empire and that of the Romans. Pom- pey replied that as for Tigranes, he belonged to his father more than to his father-in-law; and as for a boundary, the just one would be adopted. XXXIV. Then leaving Afranius in charge of Armenia, Pompey himself proceeded against Mithri- dates,! and of necessity passed through the peoples dwelling about the Caucasus mountains. The greatest of these peoples are the Albanians and the Iberians, of whom the Iberians extend to the Moschian mountains and the Euxine Sea, while the Albanians lie to the eastward as far as the Caspian Sea. These latter at first granted Pompey’s request for a free passage; but when winter had overtaken his army in their country and it was occupied in celebrating the Roman festival of the Saturnalia, they mustered no less than forty 1 In 65 z.c. 205 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yevopevot TETpAKLapUpLOV ovux éXaTTOUS émexet- pnoay avrTois, dia Raves TOV Kupvov ToTaov, o¢ éx TOY "T Rnpixdy o Opa@v avicTapevos Kar Sex opevos KQTLOVTO, TOV “Apafinu an "Appevias éEinar §0- Sexa oTOpacw eis TO Kdomvop. ot dé od daca TOUT cuppéperar TOV “Apd€ny, adda Kad éavTov, éyyus Sé trovetc Oar THY éxBodnv eis TAUTO TELAYOS. Hopmnjios 8é, Kaltrep evoThvas duva- Mevos Tpos THY didBaow Tots Tohepiors, mepteive SiaBdvras Kal? novytav’ eita em aryaryov éTpé- ato kal SuepOeupe TaparnGeis. T@ O€ Bactret SenBevre Kat méprapavre m peo Bers adels THY adt- Kiav Kal OTELTapEVOS, él Tous “I8npas éBadite, mrnber bev ovK éAaTTovas, HaXtpmerTepous dé TOV érépwv dvtas, loxupas dé Bovdopévous TO M6 po- barn xapiver da Kal Siw Beta Bar TOV Tloparniov. ovte yap M*yéors oure Tépoacs bmnkovgay "TP npes, Lepuryov 5é Kal THY Maxedover apy, ’AreEdvdpou bia Tayéwy x THiS ‘Tpkavias ama- pavros. ov pny GaXXAA Kal TOUTOUS payn peyann Tpeypapevos 0 Topmnios, WOTE amoGavetv pev évaxiaxthtovs, anavat b¢ mAeLous pupioy, els THY Kovyexny évéBane: wat T pos Tov aor QUT Lepovi Atos arnvrnge, Tas vads &ywv als éppovper tov Ilovrov. XXXV. “H pev ovv M6 pidarov SiwEss évdedv- KOTOS els Ta wept Boomopoy GOvn kai thy Marotw aropias ele peyaras: “AABavol dé aibis ae- oTOTES ave mpornyyenOnaar. 7 pos ods um opyiis Kal ptdoverxias emraTpeyras TOV TE Kupvov pos Kal TapaBorws wan. Stetrépacey emt mov oTaupols vireo Tov BapBdapwy atroKxeyapa- 206 638 POMPEY thousand men and made an attack upon it. To do this, they crossed the river Cyrnus, which rises in the Iberian mountains, and receiving the Araxes as it issues from Armenia, empties itself by twelve mouths into the Caspian. Others say that the Araxes makes no junction with this stream, but takes a course of its own, and empties itself close by into the same sea. Although Pompey could have opposed the enemy’s passage of the river, he suffered them to cross undisturbed ; then he at- tacked them, routed them, and slew great numbers of them. When, however, their king sent envoys and begged for mercy, Pompey condoned his wrong- doing and made a treaty with him; then he marched against the Iberians, who were not less numerous than the others and more warlike, and had a strong desire to gratify Mithridates by repulsing Pompey. For the Iberians had not been subject either to the Medes or the Persians, and they escaped the Macedonian dominion also, since Alexander departed from Hyrcania in haste. Notwithstanding, Pompey - routed this people also in a great battle, in which nine thousand of them were slain and more than ten thousand taken prisoners; then he invaded Colchis, where, at the river Phasis, Servilius met him, at the head of the fleet with which he was guarding the Euxine. XXXV. Now, the pursuit of Mithridates, who had thrown himself among the peoples about the Bos- porus and the Maeotic Sea, was attended with great difficulties; besides, word was brought to Pompey that the Albanians had again revolted. Turning back against these in resentment and wrath, he crossed the Cyrnus again with great difficulty and hazard, since the Barbarians had fenced off its banks with 207 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 Kwpévov, kal paxpas avtov éxdexouévns avudpou kal dpyaréas 0600, pupiovs aaxovs Bdatos éep- TANT dpevos t)AavveEV el TOUS TrOAEpLOUS, Kal KaTé- AaBe mpds “ABavte wotay@ Tapatetaypévous éEaxiopupious melovs Kal dSioycrALous taareis él pupiow, wmrdcpévous S¢ davAws Kal déppace Onpiwy Ttovs ToAXoUs. Hyeito SéavTav Baciréws 3 aberdds dvoua Kdots. otros év XEpat THS PAXNS yevouévns él tov Tloumniov oppnoas avrov EBarev ert tiv Tov Oedpaxos émimtuyny axovti- apart, Ilopmrnios 5é éxeivov éx yetpos Sueddoas avetrep. "Ev ravtn TH pdyn AéyovTar Kal ’Apatoves cvvaywovicacbat tois BapRdpos, aro Tov Tepl Tov @epuewdovra trorapov pov KaraBadcat. pera yap THY paxnv oxvrdevortes ot ‘Pwpator Tovs BapBdpovs wéXtats ‘Apalovixais Kal Kobdopvos évetuyxavov, capa dé ovdé&y &h0n yuvatxetov. 4 vépovras 5€¢ rod Kavedoov ta KaOnxovta impos THv “Tpxaviay Odraccav, ovy opopodcar Tois "AABavois, adAra Térar nal Ajyes otxodor dia pécou' Kal TovTos ETovs éxdaorou dvo0 pHvas eis. TavTO hort@oat Trept Tov Bepuwdovta trotapov Outrovow, eita Kal’ avtTdas amadXayeioa Bro- Tevovoly. XXXVI. ‘Opynoas 8 peta rhv paynv o Top- mnios éhavvew eri tiv ‘Tpxaviay nal Kaoriav Oadraccav, bro mAnOovs éptretav Oavacipov ATETPATN TPLOV OOOY HUEPaY aTroa Kar, Eis SE THY 2 pixpav Apyeviay aveyopnoe. Kal TO pev Edv- paiwy cal Mydov Bacirel réuact mpécBeus avréypawe gtrdcxas, tov §é TlapOov, es thy Topdunvnv éuBeBdnkota Kal wepixorrrovta Tous 208 POMPEY long stretches of palisades; then, since he must make a long march through a waterless and difficult country, he ordered ten thousand skins to be filled with water, and with this provision advanced upon the enemy. He found them drawn up on the river Abas, sixty thousand foot and twelve thousand horse, but wretchedly armed, and clad for the most part in the skins of wild beasts. They were led by a brother of the king, named Cosis, who, as soon as the fighting was at close quarters, rushed upon Pompey himself and smote him with a javelin on the fold of his breastplate; but Pompey ran him through the body and killed him. In this battle it is said that there were also Amazons fighting on the side of the Barbarians, and that they came down from the mountains about the river Thermodon. For when the Romans were despoiling the Barbarians after the battle, they came upon Amazonian shields and buskins; but no body of a woman was seen. The Amazons inhabit the parts of the Caucasus mountains that reach down to the Hyrcanian Sea, and they do not border on the Albani, but Gelae and Leges dwell between. With these peoples, who meet them by the river Thermodon, they consort for two months every year; then they go away and live by themselves. XXXVI. After the battle, Pompey set out to march to the Hyrcanian and Caspian Sea, but was turned back by a multitude of deadly reptiles when he was only three days march distant, and withdrew into Lesser Armenia. Here the kings of the Ely- maeans and the Medes sent ambassadors to him, and he wrote them a friendly answer; but against the Parthian king, who had burst into Gordyene and was plundering the subjects of Tigranes, he sent 209 VOL. V. P PLUTARCH’S LIVES e ‘ 4 , > / tA vmO Teypavn, meuypas pera red sega Svvapey efjrace Siw yJevra HEXpL THS ApBnrite OS. Oca S€ tov MOpiddtov wadXaxkidwov ayv7- XOncav, ovdepiav éyvw, macas bé Tois yovetor 3 J, > Kal oixeiots davéreurev. Yoav yap ai moddal Ouyarépes nal yuvaixes otpatnyav Kal duvvactov. > Y ae PY iy ? P uy 4 ‘ \ Tpatovixn 66, i) peytatov elyev aliopa Kat TO TohuxXpvaotatoy Tay dpoupiov epvdarrer, Hv pév, ws Eotxe, WrdrATov TLWOs OvY EVTUXOS TaAXa, , 4 of > \ mpeaRutou dé Ouyartnp, ottw dé evOus ere Trapa a ince aly A rnc Sacra motoyv Wrnvaca Tov MiOpidatny, Mote éxeiyny pev 4 bd v4 \ . 4 > , th aveTraveTo, fa dé m peo Burny amemeurpe vagopodvvTa TO Tpoapynoews TUYEly e7l- popovvTa TH pyde Mporpnoews x: € eLKovs. os pevrot wept GpOpov eéyepleis cider ” > lA \ > a N A évdov cxTrapdtoy yey apyvpav Kal xpvody Tpa- melas, dyrNov Sé Oeparreias woduvy, edvovyous be Kai TWaidas (waTLA TOV TWOAVTEADY TpoTHhéepovTas avuT@, Kai Tpo THS Ovpas immoy éEctTata Kexoopn- pévov Momep ot ToV dirwv tod Baciréws, yrEv- aopov elvat TO XpHua Kal maddy ryoupevos a@punoe hevye did Ovpav. tadv Sé OepatovTwv avTtNapBavopevwv, Kal NeyovTwv OTL Wrovatov teOvnkotos évayyxos olxov av’T@ péyay o Bactrevs , le) / dedwpntat, kal TabTa pixpai tives atrapxal Kal 4 a) Selypara TOV ahdov XPnpareov Kal KTNPATOV eloitv, OUTW TloTEvoas pods Kal THY ‘Trop- 7 3 > dupav avadaBov kal avarndnoas érl tov ‘airov naauve dia ths modews Bowov “’Eua tradra 499 N a TavTa €oTl. Wpos O€ TOs KaTayeA@VTAS Ov TouTo édeyev elvat Oavyactov, GA’ Ste wy AiOots fal ? “A Barxre tos aravtavras bd Hdov7As parvopevos. aA 6 TaUTNS pev HY Kal yeveads Kal aipatos 7 Xtpato- 210 POMPEY an armed force under Afranius, which drove him out of the country and pursued him as far as the district of Arbela. Of all the concubines of Mithridates that were brought to Pompey, he used not one, but restored them all to their parents and kindred; for most of them were daughters and wives of generals and princes. But Stratonice, who was held in highest esteem by the king and had-the custody of the richest of his fortresses, was, it would seem, the daughter of a humble harpist, an old man, and poor besides ; but she made such a swift conquest ot Mithridates as she once played for him at his wine, that he took her with him to his bed, but sent the old man away in great displeasure at not getting so much as a kindly greeting. In the morning, however, when the old man rose and saw in his house tables loaded with gold and silver beakers, a large retinue of servants, and eunuchs and pages bringing costly garments to him, and a horse standing before his door caparisoned like those of the king’s friends, he thought the thing a mockery and a joke, and tried torun out of doors. But the servants laid hold of him and told him that the king had bestowed on him the large estate of a rich man who had recently died, and that these things were only small fore- tastes and specimens of the goods and chattels still remaining. In this way he was with difficulty per- suaded, and putting on his purple robes and leaping upon his horse, he rode through the city, crying: “ All this is mine.’ To those who laughed at him he said that what he was doing was no wonder ; the wonder was that he did not throw stones at those who met him, for he was mad with joy. Of such a stock and lineage was Stratonice: But she 211 p 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES viKn. T@ dé Topanip Kal TO Xwplov Trape- didou TOUTO Kal dépa TONG 7 poo nvey Kev, @v éxelvos Goa Koopov tepois Kat Aapmpornta. 7@ OpiapBo mapéeey epaivero AaBov ova, Ta Lowa THY Lrparovikny éxéXeve Kec Tho Oa xai- povaay. opotws b€ Kal Tov Bactréws Trav I8npwv KdMvyy Te Kal Tpamelav Kal Opovoyv, amavra xpuaa, _TeppavTos avT@ Kal dendévros haBeiv, Ka TavTa Tols Tapia TapédwKxev eis TO by- poctov. XXXVII. "Ev 6é T@ Kawa ppoupip Kab ypap- pac arroppyrous 0 Tloparijios eveTuxe Tob M.6pr- datrov, kat dindOev ovx andas aura TOAD EXOVTA Tov nOous KaTaVvOnaty. UTouVnLaTa yap ny, €E a av epapadn dapuaxors addous TE TONAOVS kal Tov viov ‘A prapdOny avnpnKes Kal TOV ZapSiavov "Adcaion, bre Tapevdoxiunoev avrov immous aryovirT as ehavveov. hoav 6é avaryeypap- pevan Kal _kpioess évuTrvion, Ov Ta pev avTos éwpaxel, Ta O€ Evtas TOV yuvatKkav, éTLoTOAAl Te Moviuns T pos aurov dxohacro Kal wdadw éxelvou mpos auTnv. @eodpdvns Se Kal ‘PoutiAtou ovyov evpeOvat gyno. mapo vyTLKOY art Th avaipecw Tov év “Agia “Paopaiwy. 6 Karas elxd Sova ot TreiaToL xaxo7Pevpa Tov Geopdvous elvat, Taxa pev ovder avT@ tov ‘Povtidsov éoxora picobytos, elxos bé cal ba Topanior, ov TO Tatépa waptovnpoy amédecEev o “Poutirsos év Tals to Topiass. XXXVIII. ’Evreddev eis “Apicov erdOwv o Tloparnios amados vEewernTov vio prrotipias émabe. To\Aa yap tov AevKoAXoy énixepTo- pnoas, tt TOD ToAEpiou LavTos éypade Statakes 212 639 POMPEY surrendered this stronghold to Pompey, and brought him many gifts, of which he accepted only those which were likely to adorn the temples at Rome and add splendour to his triumph; the rest he bade Stratonice keep and welcome. In like manner, too, when the king of the Iberians sent him a couch, a table, and a throne, all of gold, and begged him to accept them, he delivered these also to the quaestors, for the public treasury. XXXVII. In the fortress of Caenum Pompey found also private documents belonging to Mithri- dates, and read them with no little satisfaction, since they shed much light upon the king’s character. For there were memoranda among them from which it was discovered that, besides many others, he had ‘poisoned to death his son Ariarathes, and also Alcaeus of Sardis, because he had surpassed him in driving race-horses. Among the writings were also in- terpretations of dreams, some of which he himself had dreamed, and others, some of his wives. There were also letters from Monime to him, of a lascivious nature, and answering letters from him to her. Moreover, Theophanes says there was found here an address of Rutilius, which incited the king to the massacre of the Romans in Asia. But most people rightly conjecture that this was a malicious in- vention on the part of Theophanes, perhaps because he hated Rutilius, who was wholly unlike himself, but probably also to please Pompey, whose father had been represented as an utter wretch by Rutilius in his histories. XXXVIII. From Caenum Pompey went to Amisus, where his ambition led him into obnoxious courses. For whereas he had roundly abused Lucullus be- cause, while his enemy was still alive, he would 213 PLUTARCH’S LIVES kal Swpeds évepe kal TLyuds, & svvnpnuévou TroAé€- pov kal mépas Exovtos eidPact Trovety ot vevten- 4 > NX > / 4 A KoTes, avtos év Boorropm MiOpidatov xparodytos kal cuvetroxotos aktouayov Sivayw, as 87 ouvrereneopévwv atravtwv, émpatte tavTa, d:a- Koopav Tas émapyias Kai Sdiavéuwv Swpeds, TOAA@Y pev nyenovav Kal duvactav, Baciréwv 5¢ Sadexa BapBdpwv adiypévwv mpds avdrov. cd IQN 3H \ 4 > , C4 50ev ovbé nEtwae Tov IldpOov avtiypddwrv, womep e / / 4 Le of Aowrroit, Bacttéa Bacittéwy TWpocayopevoat, Tois GAXoLs yapilopmevos. avrov Sé Tis Epws Kal Ciros elye Yupiav avadraBeiv nal da tHs ’Apa- , > \ \ > \ 4 4 e A Bias éri thy épvOpav érdoat Oddaccay, ws TO. mepiidvTe THY oiKovpevny TravTayobey “Oxeav@ ampoopifee vic@v' Kal yap év AiBuin mpatos adxype THs éxtos Oardoons Kpatav mponrbe, Kat \ bd > , 4 bd \ Co x7, ¢ ld Thv ev IBnpiq madw apyny wpicato “Pwpatois T® 'AtAavTiK@® TeArdye, Kal TpiTov évaryxos b \ 4 > V4 29 / > a > AdABavovs dubxav ordiyov édénoev euBarety els \ € , 4 e = 4 n Thy ‘Tpxaviay Oddaccay. ws ovv cuvdrpwv TH épv0pa tv mepiodov THs oTpatelas avioTaTo. Kal yap adddNws Tov MiOpiddtny éwpa SvcOnpatov ” a 5.4 4 / A dvta Tois Ordos Kal hevyovta YareTrwWTEpoY 1 payopevov. XXXIX. Avo rovtTm pev eitav ioxyuportepov e A A \ \ 9 , 3 EAUTOU TONEWLOY TOV ALLOY aTroNEipetY, ETéaTNTE PvrAaKas TOV vewy érl TOS TAEOVTAS eis Boo7ro- pov éumopovs: kat Odvatos hv 9 Enpia rots adtoKopévots. avarkaBov dé THs oTpaTLas THY 214 POMPEY issue edicts and distribute gifts and honours,—things which victors are wont to do only when a war has been brought to an end and finished,—yet he himself, while Mithridates was supreme in Bosporus and had collected a formidable force, just as though the whole struggle was ended, took the same course, regulating the provinces and distributing gifts; for many leaders and princes and twelve barbarian kings had come to him. Wherefore, to gratify these other kings, he would not deign, in answering a letter from the king of Parthia, to address him as King of Kings, which was his usual title. Moreover, a great and eager passion possessed him to recover Syria, and march through Arabia to the Red Sea,! in order that he might bring his victorious career into touch with the Ocean which surrounds the world on all sides; for in Africa he had been the first to carry his conquests as far as the Outer Sea, and again in Spain he had made the Atlantic Ocean the boundary of the Roman dominion, and thirdly, in his recent pursuit of the Albani, he had narrowly missed reaching the Hyrcanian Sea. In order, therefore, that he might connect the circuit of his military expeditions with the Red Sea, he put his army in motion. And, besides, he saw that it was difficult to hunt Mithridates down with an armed force, and that he was harder to deal with when he fled than when he gave battle. XXXIX. Wherefore, remarking that he would leave behind him for this fugitive a mightier enemy than himself, to wit, famine, he stationed ships to keep guard against the merchants sailing to Bos- porus; and death was the penalty for such as were caught. Then taking the great mass of his army, 1 7.e. the Persian Gulf. 215 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ A a . A a T f TANOdW cuyVnY mponye Kat Tov petra Tptapiou A , apos MiOpiddrnv atvxas aywvcapévov Kat mecovTwy évtuyayv atdpos ett Tois vexpots, Gave Napmpas xal grrotivws dravtas, 5 doxet / maparepbev ovy Axtota AevxoAd\w picous v / A \ > 3 aitiov yevéoOar. Yetpwodpevos 5é bs “Adpa- viov tous wept ’Apavoy “ApaBas xat xaraBas autos eis Yuplav, TavTnv pev ws oUK EXoVAGAY yunatous Baotreis émapyiay drédnve cal nrjpa tod Sypou “Pwpaiwyv, thy $b “lovdaiay xare- 4 aotpéato, xal cuvédaBev ’AptotoBovrov ov Baciréa. orges Sé tras péev extile, tas dé 9 , lA A > >) A , nrevbepov Koralwy tovs €v auTais Tupdvvovs. \ , 5 ‘ J A PS 4 tThv O€ mAetotrny dwatprBnv év +O Sexdlew érotetto, ToAewy Kal Bactréwy dydhiohntnpata A N A Stactov, éb' & 5é€ avros ovK éEtxvetto, wéuTmwv \ i 4 9 , \ Ul Tovs pirous, wamep "Appeviots nat TapOors rept \ ns Suehépovro y@pas THY Kpioty Totnoapévots én’ avT@ Tpels amréatetXe KpiTas Kal SrarraxtTds. péya pev yap Av dvopa THs Suvapews, ovK EXaTTOV dé Tis apetiis Kal mpaoTnTos’ @ Kal Ta TACioTA TOV Tept avToY dpapTnpata dirowv cal cuvnbwv améxpuTrTe, KwAve pev 7) KoAdLELY TOUS TroVn- pevopévous ov mepux@s, avtoyv 5é Tapéxwy Tois éytuyydvovalt TowvToy wate Kal Tas éxéeivov mrcovetias Kal Bapvtntas edxoros bropéverv. XL. ‘O 8 péytotov duvduevos map’ aire Anuntptos Hv ameevOepos, ovx adpwv eis Tarra veavias, dyav 5€ TH TUXN KXp@mevos: Tepl od Kal Totovde Te NéyeTat. Kdtwv o dirooogos ere pév 216 640 POMPEY he set out on his march, and when he came upon the still unburied bodies of those who, led by Triarius, had fallen in an unsuccessful combat with Mithri- dates,! he gave them all an honourable and splendid burial. The neglect of this is thought to have been the chief reason why Lucullus was hated by his soldiers. After his legate Afranius had subdued for him the Arabians about Amanus, he himself went down into Syria,? and since this country had no legimate kings, he declared it to be a province and possession of the Roman people; he also subdued Judaea, and made a prisoner of Aristobulus the king. Some cities he built up, others he set free, chastising their tyrants. But most of his time he spent in judicial business, settling the disputes of cities and kings, and for those to which he himself could not attend, sending his friends. Thus when the Armenians and Parthians referred to him the decision of a territorial quarrel, he sent them three arbiters and judges. For great was the name of his power, and not less that of his virtue and clemency. This enabled him to hide away most of the trans- gressions of his friends and intimates, since he was not fitted by nature to restrain or chastise evil doers; but he was so helpful himself to those who had dealings with him that they were con- tent to endure the rapacity and severity of his friends. XL. The one who had most influence with him was Demetrius, a freedman, a young man of some intelligence otherwise, but who abused his good fortune. The following story is told about him. Cato the philosopher, when he was still a young man, 1 Three years earlier. Cf. the Lucullus, xxxv. 1. ® In the spring of 64 B,c, 217 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dv véos, 46n 6é peyadny EXov d0fav cal péya ppovary, avéBawev eis “AvTioxeray, OvUK ovTOS avToOt Hlourntov, Bovropevos laTophoat THY TONY. auTos ev ovn, GaoTEp aei, welos éBd61- fev, ot Sé piror aouvwdevov trmous Xpwomevor. KkaTioov 5& po THs mUANS oy XOV avdpav év eoOhjoe AevKais Kal mapa THv obo évOev péev TOS épnBous, evOev Oe TOUS maidas Sraxexpimevous, edvaxéeparvey olopevos eis Tyuny Tia Kal Oepa- metav éavTou pndev Seopévou tavtTa yiverOat. TOUS pévToL pidous éxéhevoe KataBnvar Kal mopever Gar eT: auto yevopevous dé mAnotov 0 TavTa Siaxoc Lav éxeiva, kat KaQuotas exov orepavor Kal paBdoov aTrnVTNGE, TuvOavopevos Tap QUT@V Tov Anuntptov amoNeXotTact Kat more abi€erat. TOUS Mev OY pirous Tob Katovos yehos édaBev, 0 6€ Karav elroy, “0, ris aOrias Todews,” waphrOev, ovdev Etepov arro- KPLVA[EVOS. * Ov pv adda Kal Tots arrows TOUTOV TOV Anpitpiov HTTOv émidOovov érroiet auTos ) Tloparnios evTpupwpevos oT auTov Kal pay dug Ko- Natvov. héyerau yap, OTe TOAAAKIs ev Tals broboxais TOU Hoprniov T POO HEVOVTOS Kal dexo- pévov TOUS Gdrous € éxeivos non KATEKELTO coBapos, EXov &e OToOv Kata THS Kehadiys TO iwareov. ovTw 6é eis “Iradiav emravednrvd as EXEKTNTO THs ‘Pauns Ta Hotota Wpodorea Kal TaY 7Rn- Tnpiwv Ta KaAALOTA, Kal KHTOL TOAUTEAELS HoaV i a rater Anpntpiov: xairos Topanios avTos b TOU Tpitou pra Bov pert picos Kat apenas oiser: vatepov 5é “Pwpaiots TodTO 67 TO KAaAOV 218 POMPEY but had already great reputation and lofty purposes, went up to Antioch,! at a time when Pompey was not there, wishing to inspect the city. Cato him- self, the story goes, marched on foot, as always, but the friends who journeyed with him were on horse- back. When he beheld before the gate of the city a throug of men in white raiment, and drawn up along the road the youths on one side, and the boys on the other, he was vexed, supposing this to be done out of deference and honour to himself, who desired nothing of the kind. However, he ordered his friends to dismount and walk with him; but when they drew near, the master of all these ceremonies met them, with a wreath on his head and a wand in his hand, and asked them where they had left Demetrius, and when he would come. The friends of Cato, accordingly, burst out laughing, but Cato said, “O the wretched city!” and passed on without any further answer. However, Pompey himself made this Demetrius less odious to the rest by enduring his caprices with- out vexation. For instance, it is said that many times at his entertainments, when Pompey was awaiting and receiving his other guests, that fellow would be already reclining at table in great state, with the hood of his toga drawn down behind his ears.?_ Before his return to Italy, he had purchased the pleasantest suburbs of Rome and the most beau- tiful places of entertainment, and very costly gardens were called “ Demetrian’’ after him; and yet Pompey himself, up to the time of his third triumph, had a simple and modest house. After that, it is true, when he was erecting the famous and beautiful 1 Cf. Cato the Younger, chapter xiii. 2 A mark of slovenliness. 219 PLUTARCH’S LIVES kab treptBontov auatas Ogatpov, dorep éporxctov Tl, WApeTEKTHVATO AapTpOTépay oixiay éxetvns, averripOovov Sé xal tavTnv, ate TOY Yyevdmevor Seomrotny autis peta Lloumniov ciceXOovta Bav- pate xal wuvOavecOat rob Wopmrnios Mayvos éSeirrvet. TavTa pév ovv odTw AéyeTaL. XLI. Tod 8 Bactrtéws tev rept tHv Tétpav "ApaBwv mporepov pev év ovdevi Aoym Ta “Po- patwv tiUOepévov, tote 5é Seicavros ioxupas Kal ypawavtos Ott mavta TweiOecOar Kai Trovety éyuaxev, exBeBarwoacbar Bovrcpevos avtod thy Sudvotav o Lopmanios éorpatevoev emt thy Tétpav ou Tavu TL Tols TWOAACIS auEe“TTTOY TTpaTElav. amodépaciv yap wovro THs MiOpiddatov SduaFews elvat, kal mpos éxetvov HEliovv TpémecOat Tov apxyaiov avtaywvotnv, avlis avalwrupobyta Kal mapacxevalouevor, @ amnyyéAreTo, Sia Xxvbav cal Tlavovwv otpatov édavvew emt thy "Iradrtav. o &€ pdov olduevos avtod Katadvoew thv Svvauy woremovvTos TO cana AmpecOat devyovtos, ovx éBovreto tpiBeoOar patny Trepi tiv Siwkiv, étépas 5é rod moAéuov rapevOnxas émotetro Kal Tov ypovov elNxev. ‘H 8 ruyn trnv aropiav édXvaev. ovdKéte ya xn Thy dmop yap avtod ths Lérpas moAdny oddv airéxovros, Ady 5é THs Huépas éxeivns BeBAnpévov yYapaxa Kat yupvalovtos éautov imm@ Tapa TO oTpaToredop, Yypaunpatndopo: mpoonravvov éx Ilovtov xopi- Covtes evayyédta. dro. & evOus eios Tais aixpais tav Sopdrav Sadvats yap avacrédovrat. TouTous (Sovtes of oTpATLATAL cUVETPOXaCOV TpPOS tov Ilourniov. o S¢ mpa@tov pev éBovrEcTO T 220 641 POMPEY theatre which bears his name, he built close by it, like a small boat towed behind a ship, a more splen- did house than the one he had before. But even this was not large enough to excite envy, so that when he who succeeded Pompey as its owner entered it, he was amazed, and inquired where Pompey the Great used to sup. At any rate, so the story runs. XLI. The king of the Arabians about Petra had hitherto made no account of the Roman power, but now he was thorougly alarmed and wrote that he had determined to obey and perform al] commands. Pompey, therefore, wishing to confirm him in his purpose, marched towards Petra, an expedition which was not a little censured by most of his followers. For they thought it an evasion of the pursuit of Mithridates, and demanded that he should rather turn against that inveterate enemy, who was again kindling the flames of war and preparing, as it was reported, to march an army through Scythia and Paeonia against Italy. Pompey, however, thinking it easier to crush the king’s forces when he made war than to seize his person when he was in flight, was not willing to wear out his own strength in a vain pursuit, and therefore sought other employ- ment in the interval of the war and thus protracted the time. But fortune resolved the difficulty. For when he was come within a short distance of Petra, and had already pitched his camp for that day and was exercising himself on horseback near by, dispatch- bearers rode up from Pontus bringing good tidings. Such messengers are known at once by the tips of their spears, which are wreathed with laurel. As soon as the soldiers saw these couriers they ran in throngs to Pompey. At first he was disposed to finish his 221 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yuuvacia cuvtedety, Bowyvtwy dé Kal Seopévov carannonoas amo Tov immov xal rAaBov Ta ypadppara T porjet. Bnparos 5é ovK dvtos ovdé TOU OTpATLOTLKOD yevéo Oar POdcavros (6 qotovotv autol THS Yhs éxTouas Babeias NauBavortes Kal Kar addy Acov ouvrevres), bard THS TOTE anovdhs kal mpoOupias Ta oaypata TOV tmobuyiov oUp- popyaavres Epos : eEfpav. emt TovTo mpoBas 0 Ilopmrnios am nyyethev autots Ott Mi pidarns TéOvnKE oTacida ayTos Papvaxou Tou viod dia- Xpnodpevos avrov, Ta Sé éxet mdvTa _Tpayywata Dapvaxns KaTeKAnpwoato, Kal éavT@ Kat “Po- peatots yeypahe TOLOUMEVOS. XLII. "EK TOUTOU TO pev oTpaTeupa TH Xape Apa mevon, as eixos, évy Ouctass Kal cuvovatats duiryev, as ev TO M:Opidarov TOMATL _pupiwy TeOvnKoTOY Tohepiov. Topmnios 5é tails mpa- Ecou avtob Kal Tais oTparetars Keharny érite- Oerxws ov mmavu Pqdlas ouTw mpoadoxnGeicay, evd vs avétevEev éx Ths "ApaBias: Kab TAXD Tas év péow dreEeNOov é emapxias eis “Apioov adixeto, Kal KatéhaBe TOAAa pev Odpa mapa @Dapvaxov KEKOMLG UEDA, TOAAa Oe TOMATA TOV Bacirscer, auTOV be TOV Mipiddrov Vex pov ov Wavy yvo- pov amo ToD mpoowmov (rov yap éyxépadov éradev éxrhfat TOUS Oeparrevovtas)> ara Tails ovdais emeyiryvad cov ot Seouevoe Tou Oeduaros. ov yap avTos Toumnios ideiy U7réwetvey, adn ahootwadpevos TO vewernTov els Livomny aTré- meprpe. THs 8 eabfros, nv épopet, Kal TOV Srrhov TO péyeOos Kal THY NaumTpoTnTa Cavpace KaiToL 1 $~os Coraés and Bekker have eis Sos, after Solanus. 222 POMPEY exercise, but at their shouts and entreaties he dis- mounted from his horse, took the dispatches, and led the way into camp. There was no regular tribunal, nor had there been time to erect the military sub- stitute, which the soldiers make with their own hands by digging up large clods of earth and heaping them one upon another; but in the eager haste of the moment they piled up the pack-saddles of the beasts of burden and made an eminence of them. Pompey ascended this and announced to his soldiers that Mithridates was dead, having made away with himself because his son Pharnaces had revolted from him, and that Pharnaces had come into possession of all the power there, acting, as he wrote, in behalf ot himself and the Romans.! XLII. Upon this the army, filled with joy, as was natural, gave itself up to sacrifices and entertain- ments, feeling that in the person of Mithridates ten thousand enemies had died. Then Pompey, having brought his achievements and expeditions to such an unexpectedly easy completion, straightway withdrew from Arabia, and passing rapidly through the inter- vening provinces, came to Amisus. Here he found many gifts that had been brought from Pharnaces, and many dead bodies of the royal family, and the corpse of Mithridates himself, which was not easy to recognize by the face (for the embalmers had neglected to remove the brain), but those who cared to see the body recognized it by the scars. Pompey himself could not bring himself to look upon the body, but to propitiate the divine jealousy sent it away to Sinope. He was amazed at the size and splendour of the arms and raiment which Mith- ridates used to wear; although the sword-belt, which 1 This was in 63 B.C. 223 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov pev Echiothpa wemomnpévoy aro teTpakociwy taravtov Llomdtos KrAépas érradynoev "Apapad n, A \ , fue e A UA 4 Thy € Kitapy dios o rod MiOpiddatou aivtpodos édSwxe xpuda Senbevte Davote TH Yada rracdi, Oavpaotis ovcay épyacias. 6 rote tov Tlop- mniov dréda0e, Papvdens 5€ yvods totepoy éte- pwpnoato Tovs UpEedopevors. Atouxnoas 6€ ta éxei Kal KatacTnodpevos ed ” , > a A , olTws 76n Tavnyuptx@tepoy éexpnto TH Topeia. \ A 9 4 > , / ‘ Kat yap eis MetrvAnyny adixopevos tiv Te Toy nrevbépwae b1a Beoddvn, cal tov ayava Tov matpiov eOedcato Tay Tonto, UToBeow pilav v \ > , 4 e el 4 éyovta tas éxeivou mpakes. jabels 5é 7@ Oed- Tp@ Tepteypdvato TO eldos avTOD Kal Tov TuToOD, 4 N € 4 a @s Guotov atrepyacopevos TO év ‘Pan, petbov dé f e kal cepuvotepov. év dé “Pod@ yevouevos tavTav bev NKpodcato THY codicTay, Kal Swpeay ExdoT@ 4 ES af PY , de \ \ ? / TaXavTov edwnxe? Llogetowpyios O€ Kal THY aKpo- > f/f ” > 9 > n \ e agi avéypawev iy Eoxev én” adrod mpos “Ep- payopay Tov pytopa wept ths KaBorov CntHceEws 2 / > \ 3 , \ ‘\ \ avritakdpevos. év d€ AOnvais Ta pév pos TovS dirocogous Spyora tov Ilopmrniov: tH more é émdous eis éricKeuny TevTnKOVTa TaNaVTAa Aap- 4 > 4 4 9 / A mpotatos avOpareav Hnamivev éemiBnoecOa Tihs "Iranias cal ro8ay ofOyncecOat Tots olxot Tobod- aw. @& & dpa mpos Ta AapTpa Kal peydrda TOV \ a U4 9 al > / UA A amo THS TUXNS ayabay ae TLVa KEepavydvaL KaKOD poipay emiperds Eote Satpovi~, TOUTO UTTOLKOUpeEL mddat TapacKxevdlov ai’t@® AuvTNpoTépay THY \ \ érdvodov. é&uBpice yap % Moveia mapa rhv 224 POMPEY cost four hundred talents, was stolen by Publius and sold to Ariarathes, and the tiara was secretly given by Caius, the foster brother of Mithridates, to Faustus the son of Sulla, at his request; it was a piece of wonderful workmanship. All this escaped the knowledge of Pompey at the time, but Phar- naces afterwards learned of it and punished the thieves. After arranging and settling affairs in those parts, Pompey proceeded on his journey, and now with greater pomp and ceremony. For instance, when he came to Mitylene, he gave the city its freedom, for the sake of Theophanes, and witnessed the traditional contest of the poets there, who now took as their sole theme his own exploits. And being pleased with the theatre, he had sketches and plans of it made for him, that he might build one like it in Rome, only larger and more splendid.t And when he was in Rhodes, he heard all the sophists there, and made each of them a present of a talent. Poseidonius has actually described the discourse which he held before him, against Hermagoras the rhetorician, on Investigation in General. At Athens, too, he not only treated the philosophers with like munificence, but also gave fifty talents to the city towards its restoration. He therefore hoped to set foot in Italy with a reputation more brilliant than that of any other man, and that his family would be as eager to see him as he was to see them. But that divine agency which always takes pains to mingle with the great and splendid gifts of fortune a certain portion of evil, had long been secretly at work preparing to make his return a very bitter one. For Mucia his wife 1 Cf. chapter xl. 5. The theatre was opened in 55 B.c., and accommodated 40,000 persons. 225 VOL. V. Q PLUTARCH’S LIVES A d \ A e (a7) atroénuiav avtod. Kal moppw pév ov o ILopurrnios Pa my , s Kateppover TOD Aoyou: TAnaioy de ‘Itadias yevo- A al A ¢ pevos Kal axorAdlovTe TH AOYiou@ parrov, ws a 27 A \ Gouxe, THS aitias arrdpevos, Evepr ev auth THV ? ? ddeow, ote TOTEe yparas ovO’ Batepov ep’ ols a a“ / adinceyv ékeurov: év & émuctorais Kuxépwvos 7 aitia yéypamrras. XLIII. Aoyot 6¢ wavtodarol mepi tov Top- € Ul aniov mpoxatémiT Tov eis THY Pawpnv, cal GopuBos , \ Hv Words, ws EevOvs aEovTos émi Thy Tod TO / , oTpatevpa Kal povapyias BeBatas écopevys. Kpdaaos 5é rovs traidas Kal Ta ypipata AaBov treEnrOev, cite Seiaas adNOOs, elte WGAXoOV, wS LNW , , , a a \ Q éd0xe, TWiotw amodeitrwv tH StaBorAn Kal Tov POdvov trowav tpaxvtepov. evOvs otv émiBas b ) , € ian \ > > Iradias o Tlopanios nal cuvayayov eis éx- KAnoiav TOUS aTpatiotas Kal Ta TMpéTOVTA SiareyOeis xai giroppovncdpevos, éxédevoce U4 / e 4 , dsadvecOat Kata TomY éxdotovs Kal Tpétre- cat wpos Ta otxeia, peuyvnpévovs avOus emi \ 7 > A aA e ‘ A Tov OpiauBov avT@ avvedOciv. ovtw Se TIS oTpaTias oxedacbeions Kat truvOavopévoy amdv- Twv mwpayya avvéBy Oavpactov. opacar yap e , fu 4 v \ ’ at trodes Lloparniov Mayvov dvorXov Kat pet », 7 A / ef 9 ¥ ? , OMywv Tav cuvnbwv womep EE GAANS atrodnpias Statropevopevov, éxyecpevar bu’ edvotav xal tpo- méumovoa, peta pelCovos Suvdpews cuyKatiyov ets THV ‘Papny, et Te xuveiy Stevoetto Kal vewTEps- 226 POMPEY had played the wanton during his absence. While Pompey was far away, he had treated the report of it with contempt ; but when he was nearer Italy and, as it would seem, had examined the charge more at his leisure, he sent her a bill of divorce, although he neither wrote at that time, nor afterwards declared, the grounds on which he put her away; but the reason is stated in Cicero’s letters.} XLII. All sorts of stories about Pompey kept travelling to Rome before him, and there was much commotion there, where it was thought that he would straightway lead his army against the city, and that a monarchy would be securely established. Crassus took his children and his money and secretly withdrew, whether it was that he was really afraid, or rather, as seemed likely, because he wished to give credibility to the calumny and make the envious hatred of Pompey more severe. Pompey, accord- ingly, as soon as he set foot in Italy,? held an assembly of his soldiers, and after he had said what fitted the occasion, and had expressed his gratitude and affection for them, he bade them disperse to their several cities and seek their homes, remember- ing to come together again for the celebration of his triumph. When the army had been thus disbanded and all the world had learned about it, a wonderful thing happened. When the cities saw Pompey the Great journeying along unarmed and with only a few intimate friends, as though returning from an or- dinary sojourn abroad, the people streamed forth to show their good will, and escorting him on his way with a larger force, brought him with them back to Rome, where, had he purposed any revolutionary 1 Not in any which are extant. In a letter to Atticus (i. 12, 3) Cicero says that Pompey’s divorce of Mucia was heartily approved. 2 In 62 u.c. 227 Q 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ul ? , U A 4 Sew tote, pndev éxeivov Seouevoy tov otpatev- patos. XLIV. ’Evel &€ 6 vopos ov« ela mpo tod A A "4 OpiduBov mapedOciy eis THv roku, Emreprper “A \ “~ akiov eis tHv Bovrnv dvaBadécba Tas TeV tmdteav dapyatpecias, cai Sodvar tavtTny aiT@ Thv xapw Stws Tapov Iletowu ovvapxatpe- aidan. Katevos 5€ mpos thy akiwow évotavtos oux étuxe Tod BovAcvyatos. Oavpdaoas bé thy “A , A Tappnotav avtov Kal Tov Tovov @® pwovos éxpHTo ghavepas wrép Tav Sixaiwv, érmeOvpnoev aus yé mos KTncac0at Tov avdpa: Kal dveivy ovo aded- Le) A 4 \ \ 9 N b] 4 A prdav T@ Kdtove thv pév adtos éBovreTo AaBeiv yuvaixa, thv S€ Te Tatdt avvotxioat. tod &é Kadtovos vmidopée ; ‘ vs d1adbopa S$ umloouévou THY Trelpay, ws dtadVopav ovoav avtod tpoTroyv tiva Sexalopévou Sia Tis ? / C4 2 \ \ e \ a Ol\KELOTNTOS, ] TE AdEAdN Kal 7 YUVYT) YaAETTAS Epepov ef Tloxmniov Mdyvov aorpivetar xndec- , 9 4 de / 4 > 5 a THY. €v ToUT® oe Bovropevos mato aio ebEae Loparnjios ‘Agpanov d dpryuptov eis Tas puras auy- ALoKEY UIrép avroo, Kal TOUTO KaTLovTes is TOUS Ilopmrniov xymovs éAdpBavov, doTe TO Tpaypa mepiBontoy etvac «cat tov Tlowmniov axoveu “ N A KaKOS, NS autos apyns ep’ ols xatapOwaev ws peytotns Eruxe, TavTHY @vioy trotobvta Tots bv apeTns xtyncacbar py Svvapévos. “ Tovtav ? A pévtol, mpos Tas yuvaixas o Kdtov édyeoe, “Trav dOvEelo@ov KoLYwYnTéov oixetots Tloparniou yevopevos. ai dé axovoaca cuvéyvacay BéXTLOV avtTav exeivov NoyitecOar wept Tod TpeTrOVTOS. 228 POMPEY changes at that time, he had no need of the army that he had disbanded. XLIV. Now, since the law did not permit a com- mander to enter the city before his triumph, Pompey sent a request to the senate that they should put off the consular elections, asking them to grant him this favour in order that he might personally assist Piso in his candidacy. But Cato opposed the request, and Pompey did not get what he wished. However, Pompey admired Cato’s boldness of speech and the firmness which he alone publicly displayed in defence of law and justice, and therefore set his heart on winning him over in some way or other; and since Cato had two nieces, Pompey wished to take one of them to wife himself, and to marry the other to his son. But Cato saw through the design, which he thought aimed at corrupting him and in a manner bribing him by means of marriage alliance, although his sister and his wife were displeased that he should reject Pompey the Great as a family con- nection. In the meantime, however, wishing to have Afranius made consul, Pompey spent money lavishly on his behalf among the tribes, and the people went down to Pompey’s gardens to get it. As a consequence, the matter became notorious and Pompey was in ill repute ; the office of consul was highest of all, and he himself had therefore re- ceived it as a reward for his successes, and yet he was making this office a thing to be bought by those who were unable to win it by merit. ‘In these reproaches, however,’ said Cato to the women, “ we must have taken our share, if we had become allied to Pompey.” And when they heard this, they agreed that his estimate of the fit and proper was better than theirs.! 1 Cf. Cato the Younger, xxx. 1-5. 229 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XLV. Tod dé OpiduBov TO peryedet, Kaimep els Tmepas Svo peptic Oévtos, 0 _Xpoves OUK éEnpkecer, ara TOV T Opes KEVAT HEVOY TOANG THs Oéas eEerrecer, € éTépas arroxpevTa, TOMTENS aFiwpa Kal KOT [L0S eva. ypaupace dé T ponryoupevols édn- ANovTO Ta yevn Kal’ ov eOpidpBevev. Hv 5é Tade Ilovtos, Appevia, Karmaéoxia, IWaddayovia, Mnédia, Koayis, "I8npes, ’AdBavot, Zupia, Kudu- Kia, Megorortapia, Ta qTepl Powvixny Kal Tia- Lato tivyy, "lovsaia, "Apafia, Td TEeLpaT LOY drrav év OH Kal arden KATATETTONEMNLEVOV. év 6€ TOUTOLS ppovpta pev TwoKoTa. Xora oun éAdtT- Tova, Trodets b€ OV TrOAV TOV évaxoo wv am obé- ove at, TetpaTiKal dé vies oxTaKooLal, KaTOLKiaL dé Tohewv puads Séovaas TETTAPAKOVTA. mpos dé tovtots Eppate dua TOV Ypappareov ore TEVTAKLG - Mat y _ Hupudsbes ée TOV TEXOV UTTpXor, ék dé dv autos TPOTEKTHTATO TH WoNEL pupidbas OKTAKLG iAtas TevTaKogtas hapBdvovarr, ava- hépetar O€ Els TO 8noatov Tapetov év Yopio parte Kal KatacKevais apryuptou Kal Xpuatov dio pupa TddavTa, mupeE TOV Els TOUS OTpATLOTAS ded0- pévov, BY 0 TOUAaXLGTOV aipwY Kara hoyov Cpaxpmas elanhe Xerias TevTAKotas. aixua- AwrToL oi éeroumevOncay, a avev TOV GpXeTerpaT ay, ULOS Teypavou TOU “Appeviou pera YUvaLKos Kat Ouyat pos, avtov te Tuypdvou tov Bactréws yur Zocipn, cat Bactrevs lovdaiwy ‘AptoToBovdos, MiOpidarov dé abderdy xal wévte réxva, Kai Levdises yuvaixes, "ArBavav Sé Kal TBj pov Sunpot nal tov Koppaynvev Bacirews, Kal Tpo- Tata wduro\Aa Kal Tais payats todpiOya 230 643 POMPEY XLV. His triumph had such a magnitude that, although it was distributed over two days, still the time would not suffice, but much of what had been prepared could not find a place in the spectacle, enough to dignify and adorn another triumphal procession. Inscriptions borne in advance of the procession indicated the nations over which he triumphed. These were: Pontus, Armenia, Cappa- docia, Paphlagonia, Media, Colchis, Iberia, Albania, Syria, Cilicia, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia and Palestine, Judaea, Arabia, and all the power of the pirates by sea and land which had been overthrown. Among these peoples no less than a thousand strongholds had been captured, according to the inscriptions, and cities not much under nine hundred in number, besides eight hundred piratical ships, while thirty- nine cities had been founded. In addition to all this the inscriptions set forth that whereas the public revenues from taxes had been fifty million drachmas, they were receiving from the additions which Pompey had made to the city’s power eighty- five million, and that he was bringing into the pyblic treasury in coined money and vessels of gold and silver twenty thousand talents, apart from the money which had been given to his soldiers, of whom the one whose share was the smallest had received fifteen hundred drachmas. The captives led in triumph, besides the chief pirates, were the son of Tigranes the Armenian with his wife and daughter, Zosime, a wife of King Tigranes himself, Aristo- bulus, king of the Jews, a sister and five children of Mithridates, Scythian women, and hostages given by the Iberians, by the Albanians, and by the king of Commagene ; there were also very many trophies, equal in number to all the battles in which Pompey 231 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tacals as 7 avTos 7) Ota TOY OTpaTHYyaV evixnoe. péytotov 8é bripxe mpos Sd-av nal pndevi tadv matoTe ‘Pwpatwy yeyovos, ott Tov tpitov Opi- apBov ars Tis TpiTns HIreipov KaTHYyayev. é7rel Tpis ye Kal TpoTEpov Haav Erepot TEO pau BevKOTeEs: éxeivos 5¢ Tov pev mpa@tov ex ArBvns, Tov dé dev- tepov €& Evpwrns, Todrov 6¢ Tov TeXevTAalov amo THs “Acias eicayayov tpdtov Tiva THY oiKoUpE- ynv éddxet Tois Totaly UrAYyOa OprapBors. XLVI. ‘Hdsxia 6 tore Fv, Os pev of Kata mavta t® ‘AreEdvdpw trapaBdaddovtes avTov kal mpooBiBalovtes akiovot, vewTepos TaY Tpla- KovTa Kat rertdpwv étav, adrybeia Sé ois TETTAPAKOVTA TPOTHYEV. OS WYNTO y av éevTavOa tov Biov travodpevos, a&ypt ob tHv "ArXeEdvdpou TUxny éxxev: 6 5é eréxetva Ypdvos a’T@ Tas pev evTuxias HveyKev éemipOovous, avnxéatous Sé Tas | Svatuyias. ty yap é« mpoonkovtwy autos éxtT7- cato Suvami ev TH TOdEL, TAVTN KpwpeEvos UTrép GAXNwVY ov Stxaiws, Soov exeivols Layvos Mpoce- TiOer tHS éavtod So—ns adarpov, éXaGe pon Kal peyebe. THS avTod Suvdpews KatadvOets. kal kabarep Ta Kaptepwrata pépn Kal ywpia Tov qwodewv, Stav SéEnrat trodNepious, éxeivoss mpootiOno. thy avTav ioyvv, otTas Sia Tis Tloprniov Suvaduews Kaioap éEapbeis ert rv TOMY, @ KATA TOV ArAXwv loxvoe, TodTOV avé- Tpewre kal catéBarev. éempayOn &é ov Tas. Aevxodndor, ws émravnrOev é& ’Acias tro Top- 232 POMPEY had been victorious either in person or in the persons of his lieutenants. But that which most enhanced his glory and had never been the lot of any Roman before, was that he celebrated his third triumph over the third continent. For others before him had celebrated three triumphs; but he celebrated his first over Libya, his second over Europe, and this his last over Asia, so that he seemed in a way to have included the whole world in his three triumphs. XLVI. His age at this time, as those insist who compare him in all points to Alexander and force the parallel, was less than thirty-four years, though in fact he was nearly forty. How happy would it have been for him if he had ended his life at this point, up to which he enjoyed the good fortune of Alexander! For succeeding time brought him only success that made him odious, and failure that was irreparable. That political power which he had won by his own legitimate efforts, this he used in the interests of others illegally, thus weakening his own reputation in proportion as he strengthened them, so that before he was aware of it he was ruined by the very vigour and magnitude of his own power. And just as the strongest parts of a city’s defences, when they are captured by an enemy, impart to him their own inherent strength, so it was by Pompey’s power and influence that Caesar was raised up against the city, and Caesar overthrew and cast down the very man by whose aid he had waxed strong against the rest. And this was the way it came about. ' When Lucullus came back from Asia, where he 1 In 61 B.c., when this triumph was celebrated, Pompey was in his forty-sixth year. 233 f~ “a PLUTARCH’S LIVES amntov mepwBpicpévos, avtixa Te AapTpPas 17) avyKAntos édéEato, kal pardrov ére Tlopaniov mapayevopévou KoXovovea THv Sofav Hyepev ert THY TWokLTELaV. Oo € TaAXAA pev auBXALS Hv Hdy Kal KaTéypuKTo TO TpaKTLKoV, HOovR aYOARS Kal Tais tept Tov mrovTOV StatpiBais éavTov évdedw- Kos, ert dé Tloumrniov evOus aifas cal AaBopevos 9 I ? A l4 A lA A 4 évTovws avtod mepi te Tov Siatakewr as EXVEEV b ’ \ lA 9 b] A A éxpdret, kal méov elyev ev TH BovdAn cuvaywvi- Couevov Katovos. éxtrimtav 66 cal trepiwbovpevos o Ilopumrnios qvayxatero Snpapxyotot mpoadevryey Kal mpocaptacOat petpaxios ov o BSeAupotatos cat Opacitatos Kr wdi05 dvadaBov avtov brép- pie TO Snug, eal map’ dkiav cvrAwdovpevov év ayopa éXwv Kal tepipépwn éxpHTo TaY Tpos yapLY wv \ , / \ A OVAOU Kat KoNaKEelay ypaghopevav Kal Neyouéeveov BeBawwth, nai mwpocéte proOdv Are, @omTep ov KATALTXUVOY, ANAA EvEpyeTaV, bv VaTEpov EXaBeE mapa Ilopmrniov, mpoécBar Kixépwva, hirov évra kal mdetota 87 ‘TemoAtTevpevoy virép avTod. , \ 2 A \ / , xevduvevovte yap avT@ Kal Seouévm BonOetas ovde els Oyivy mponrdOev, GAA TOs HKovow 9 , \ # e / 4 v amoknelaas THY avrevovy étépats Ovpais BETO / amiav. Kuxépwv dé poBnbels tiv xpiow brek- A a , nrve Ths “Pons. 1 Cf. chapter xxxi. 1. 234 POMPEY had been outrageously treated by Pompey, the senate at once gave him a splendid reception, and after Pompey’s arrival, wishing to obstruct that leader’s reputation, it urged Lucullus all the more to take part in public life. In other matters Lucullus was already dulled and chilled past all efficiency, having given himself over to the pleasures of ease and the enjoyment of his wealth ; but he sprang at once upon Pompey and by a vigorous attack won a victory over him in the matter of those ordinances of his own which Pompey had annulled,! and carried the day in the senate with the support of Cato. Thus worsted and hard pressed, Pompey was forced to fly for refuge to popular tribunes and attach himself to young adventurers. Among these the boldest and vilest was Clodius, who took him up and threw him down under the feet of the people, and keeping him ignobly rolled about in the dust of the forum, and dragging him to and fro there, he used him for the confirmation of what was said and pro- posed to gratify and flatter the people. He even went so far as to ask a reward for his services from Pompey, as if he were helping him instead of disgracing him, and this reward he subsequently got in the betrayal of Cicero, who was Pompey’s friend and had done him more political favours than any one else. For when Cicero was in danger of condemnation and begged his aid, Pompey would not even see him, but shut his front door upon those who came in Cicero’s behalf, and slipped away by another. Cicero, therefore, fearing the result of his trial, withdrew secretly from Rome.? 2 Having been impeached for illegally putting Lentulus and Cethegus to death, he went into voluntary exile in 58 B.c. See the Cicero, chapters xxx. and xxxi. 235 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XLVII. Tore 5¢ Kaicap é\Oav ard otpatetas WWwato mwodTevpatos 6 TAcioTHY péev AUT@ Yapww év t@ trapovte Kal Svvamw cicadOis jveyre, \ oe WwW \ 4 péytota Sé Ilopmniov Brave nal thy Toru. Urateiay pev yap peTnes tpeTnv: opav Oé tt Kpdocov mpos Loptrniov Ssapepopévov Oatép@ mpocBémevos exOp@ YpynoeTat TO ETEp@, TpéTrETAL mpos OtadXayas apdhoivy, wpayua Kadov pev GrrAws Kab toduTiKov, aitia b€ davrAy nal pera , e ? 3 4 : \ 9 4 e Seevotntos um éxeivou auvrTebey émtBovrAws. 1 / io yap @oTeEp év oxader TAS ATTOKNIcELS ETAaVLGOVCA “A , 3 \ > aA A , THS TOAEWS Laxds Els Ev TUVENDODCA Kal yevomervn pia THY TavTa TMpaypata KaTacTacidaacay Kal KkataBaXrovoav avavrayouctov porny étroincev. 0 your Katwy tovs réyovtas bd THs Botepov n \ , , A yevouevns mpos Katcapa Lloumrnio dsvadopas A \ avaTpaThvar THY TOMY apapTavelv édeyev aitiw- \ a peévous TO TedEUTAloy: ov yap THY oTdalW oUvde \ ” mWy A \ 4 ‘ e 4 THY ExOpav, GAAG THY cvaTACLY Kal THY opovoLaY avT@v Th Model KaKOY TpaTOY yevéoOar Kal béytotrov. 7pé0n pev yap Uratos Kaicap: evOds 5é Oepatrevwy Tov aropov Kal mévnta KaTotKkias / \ 2 a ” > / \ TOAEWY KAL vowas aypav &ypadev, éxBaivev To THS apxns akiwpa Kal TpoTov tivda Snuapyiav Thv vTateiay xabtotds. évavtiovpévouv dé Tod , > A a \ ,° bd guvapyovTos avt@ BuBdov, cai Katwvos éppw- lA a a peveotata T@ BuBrAw trapecnevacpévou Bonbeiv, mpoayayov 0 Kaicap éri rod Bnpatos Topmniov eugavi Kal wpocayopevoas npw@Tnoev El TOUS 236 644 POMPEY XLVIT. At this time Caesar had returned from his province! and had inaugurated a policy which brought him the greatest favour for the present and power for the future, but proved most injurious to Pompey and the city. He was a candidate for his first consulship, and seeing that, while Crassus and Pompey were at variance, if he attached him- self to the one he would make an enemy of the other, he sought to reconcile them with one another, —a thing which was honourable in itself and con- ducive to the public good, but he undertook it for an unworthy reason and with all the cleverness of an intriguer. For those opposing forces which, as in a vessel, prevented the city from rocking to and fro, were united into one, thereby giving to faction an irresistible momentum that overpowered and overthrew everything. At all events, Cato, when men said that the state had been overturned by the quarrel which afterwards arose between Caesar and Pompey, declared that they wrongly laid the blame on what had merely happened last; for it was not their discord nor yet their enmity, but their concord and harmony which was the first and greatest evil to befall the city. Caesar was, indeed, chosen consul ; but he at once paid his court to the indigent and pauper classes by proposing measures for the founding of cities and the distribution of lands, thereby lowering the dignity of his office and making the consulate a kind of tribunate. And when he was opposed by his colleague Bibulus, and Cato stood ready to support Bibulus with all his might, Caesar brought Pompey on the rostra before the people, and asked him in so’ many words 1 He returned from Spain in 60 B.c. See the Caesar, chapters xiii. and xiv. 237 PLUTARCH’S LIVES vOLOUs émavoin” TOU dé TUULPHTAVTOS, “Ov«oby,” elrrev, “dy TIS TOUS Vopous Budbnrar, els TOV S7jpov agitn BonPav;” “ avu per ov, édy 0 Topumrnios, ee apitouae, pos TOUS amrethouvTas Ta Eidn pera Eidous al Oupeov Kopisov. TOUTOU Tloumnios ovdev ovTEe El7reiy OUTE TroLnoaL expe THS nye pas éxeivns hoptix@tepov e&do€er, Gore kal Tous pirous arronoyeta ar pdoKovtas éK- puyely avrov éml Karpov TO pipa. ToIS pévToe peTa TavTa T pat TouLevols havepos Hv non TavTd- Tao éauTOY TO Kaicape xpncacae mapadedw- kas. “lovAiavy yap tiv Kaicapos Ouyarépa, Kairie Kadwpororynwevny Kal yapeio bar pén- Nove ay OAyov nmEp@v, oudevos av mpoadoKn- TAVTOS eynpe Topmrnios, petNLry wa Kauri THS opyiis THY EAVTOD Ouyarépa Katawweécas, Pavore TO Taol Lwrra 1 pOTEpoVv eyyeyunuerny. avTOS Sé Kaicap é éynpe Kadroupviav Tnv Ieiowvos. XLVIII. "Ex dé ToUTOU Tlopanios eum dyoas OTPATLOTOY THY TOALVY arravra Ta mpdy para Big Katetye. BuPro TE yap eis dryopav T@ brary KATLOVTL beta AevxoAXov Kat Kdtwvos ave T poo Tea ovTEs KaTexhacay TAs paBdous, avTov d€ TUS KOT pov Kopivov ex Keparys tod BuBdov KaTETKebace, dvo0 5é Snpapyor TOV CULT POTEpL- TOVTOD eTpaOnaay. outa oé€ TOY eva TA LEVOY THY ayopay epnpadavres emexUpwa av TOV mepl THS Stavoyijs TOV YwWpioVv vopov" @ SedeacGels 0 0 Of 105 els Tacav Hon TIOacdds avTots éryeryover Kal KaTavTns mpatuy, ovdev TONUT PAY LOVED, adr’ em upepav oLwT TOUS ypapopévors THV pion. éxupwOncav ovv Ioprrnio pév ai dtatakers vrrép 238 POMPEY whether he approved the proposed laws: and when Pompey said he did, “ Then,” said Caesar, “in case any resistance should be made to the laws, will you come to the aid of the people?” “Yes, indeed,’ said Pompey, “I will come, bringing, against those who threaten swords, both sword and_ buckler.”’ Never up to that day had Pompey said or done any- thing more vulgar and arrogant, as it was thought, so that even his friends apologized for him and said the words must have escaped him on the spur of the moment. However, by his subsequent acts he made it clear that he had now wholly given himself up to do Caesar’s bidding. For to everybody’s surprise he married Julia, the daughter of Caesar, although she was betrothed to Caepio and was going to be married to him within a few days; and to appease the wrath of Caepio, Pompey promised him his own daughter in marriage, although she was already engaged to Faustus the son of Sulla. Caesar himself married Calpurnia, the daughter of Piso. XLVIII. After this, Pompey filled the city with soldiers and carried everything with a high hand. As Bibulus the consul was going down into the forum with Lucullus and Cato, the crowd fell upon him and broke the fasces of his lictors, and somebody threw a basket of ordure all over the head ot Bibulus himself, and two of the tribunes who were escorting him were wounded. When they had thus cleared the forum of their opponents, they passed the law concerning the distribution of lands; and the people, caught by this bait, became tame at once in their hands, and ready to support any project, not meddling at all, but silently voting for what was proposed to them. Accordingly, Pompey got those enactments of his ratified which Lucullus contested ; 239 PLUTARCH’S LIVES av Aeveorros Aprte, Kaicaps S¢ tyv évtos “AX- Tew Kal THY éxTos éxew Tadatiav cal Idduptovs eis Tevtaetiay Kal téccapa Tdyyata TédELa OTpaTiwTaY, Umdtovs dé els TO MéAXOV eElvaL Iletcwva tov Kaicapos mevOepov xa T'aBSinop, avopa tav Llopmrniov xordkwv brephuéctatov. IIpattopévwv dé tovtwv BuBros pev eis THY OlKiaVv KaTaKNELTaMEVOS OKT@ pNnVvaY ov mpondOev uTatevwv, GAN é&étrewtre Staypappata Bracdhn- pias apudoty éyovra Kal xatnyopias, Katrwv &é @omep érimvous Kal houBornrtos év tH BovrF Ta wédNovTA TH Worer Kal TO Lloparnl mapon- yopeve, AevKorXos S¢ drermav jovylay yey ws OvKETL TpOs ToALTELavy wpaios: Ste 57) Kal Tlop- anios &pn, yépovte 7d Tpudpdv awpotepov evar TOU ToALTeved Oat. TAY pévToL Kal avTos éua- AdooeTO TH THS KOpNs Epwre Kal mpocelyev éxeivn Ta TOAAA Kal ouvdsnpépevey év aypois Kal Knows, nuéerer O€ TOY KAT Gayopay TpatTo- pévov, wate nal Krddioy adtod xatadpovijcat Snpapyotvra tote Kat Opacuvtatwv adrvacbar mpaypatwov. émel yap é&éBare Kixépwva, xa Kdtwva mpopdce otpatnyias eis Kumpov arré meprre, Kaicapos eis Tandartiav é&eAndaxoros, aut@ 5& mpocéyovra tov Shyov édpa mavta mpatTovTse Kal moAtTevomévp mpos Kap, evOrs émexeipe TOV Lloparniov Suatakewy évias avatpeiv, kal Trypavny tov aixpddwtov adaprdcas elye avy avT@, Kal Tois dirous Sixas éerfye, teipav 240 645 POMPEY Caesar received the two Gauls and Illyricum for five years, together with four complete legions ; and it was decided that the consuls for the ensuing year?! should be Piso, the father-in-law of Caesar, and Gabinius, who was the most extravagant of Pompey’s flatterers. While this was going on, Bibulus shut himself up in his house and for the eight months remaining of his consulship did not appear in public, but issued edicts which were full of accusations and slanders against Pompey and Caesar; Cato, as though inspired and possessed by a spirit of prophecy, foretold in the senate what the future would bring to the city and to Pompey; while Lucullus renounced the struggle and led a life of ease, on the plea that he was past the age for political affairs; whereat Pompey remarked that for an old man luxurious living was more unseasonable than political activity. However, Pompey himself also soon gave way weakly to his passion for his young wife, devoted himself for the most part to her, spent his time with her in villas and gardens, and neglected what was going on in the forum, so that even Clodius, who was then a tribune of the people, despised him and engaged in most daring measures. For after he had driven Cicero into banishment, and sent Cato off to Cyprus under pretence of giving him military command, and Caesar was gone off to Gaul, and when he saw that the people were devoted to him because all his political measures were undertaken to please them, he straightway attempted to repeal some of the arrangements which Pompey had made; he took away his prisoner, Tigranes, and kept him about his own person; and he prosecuted some of his friends, 1 58 B.C. 241 VOL. V. R PLUTARCH’S LIVES > b] 4 An oh 4 4 év éxeivors THS Tloumrniov AapBdvev duvdpews. Tédos 8é, mpoedOovtos avTod mpos twa dixny, wv e ? e A A > 4 > U N éyov tp’ ait@ TAHOos avOpwrav acedyetas Kal dduywplas pmeoTov auvToOs pev els emihavh TOTTOV KatacrTas épwtnpata To.adra mpovBarrg« “‘ Tis éoTl avToKpdtwp aKkoXacTos; Tis avnp avdpa A / e , na A / 99 e Entei; tis évt SaxtvA@ Kvatar THY KEepadrry;” ot 5é, owep Yopos eis aporBaia ouyKexpoTnpévos, éxeivou thy tHRevvov avaceiovtos ép éxaoT@ “a »” péya Boawvtes arexpivayto: “ Topmrnios. XLIX. ’Hvia pév ody cal tadra Lopmrniov anOn tod KaK@s axovelv dvTa Kal wayns ToLAvTNS ” bd \ a bd / \ ametpov' nYOeTo 5é padrXov atcBavopyevos THY BovAny értyaipovoay avtT@ tpomnraxilopév Kat , , A / didovte Sixnv tis Kexépwvos mpodocias. éret dé \ a kal mwAnyas év ayopad péypt Tpavydtav suvéBy / 4 > / yevéo Oat, cal Krwdiov tis oixétns tapadvopevos év OxA@ 1a TOY TEpteaT@TaY Tpos TOV Llopmniov A / nreyxOn Eidos éxetv, TadTa Trovovpevos Tpopaccy, Grrws 56 Tod KAwdiou tHv acédyerav Kal Tas Bracdypias Sedids, odxért mponrAOev evs ayopay Saov éxeivos HpKXe Kpovoy, GAN oixovpav Sreréret Kal oKeTTTOmEevos peTa THY dirwv Eros dv éEa- Kéoatto THS BovAns Kal tav apiotav Tiy mpos > A > 4 / \ ? 4 \ avtov opynv. Kovarrgéovi pév odv KerevovTe THY "TovAiavy adetvas nal petaBarécbat mpos tiv v4 > \ A lA , b) auyKkAnTov amo TAS Kaicapos piAias ov mpoo- éoxe, Tots 5€ Kixépwva xatayayew aksodouw, dvipa kal Krwdio rodkeuioratov Kai tH Boudry \ Tpocdiréctarov, émreicOn Kal mpoayaywv Tov 242 POMPEY making a test of the power of Pompey by his pro- ceedings against them. And finally, when Pompey appeared at a public trial, Clodius, having at his beck and call a rabble of the lewdest and most arrogant ruffians, stationed himself in a conspicuous place and put to them such questions as these: “ Who is a licentious imperator?’’ “What man seeks for a man?” “Who scratches his head with one finger?’ And they, like a chorus trained in respon- sive song, as he shook his toga, would answer each question by shouting out ‘‘ Pompey.” XLIX. Of course this also was annoying to Pom- pey, who was not accustomed to vilification and was inexperienced in this sort of warfare; but he was more distressed when he perceived that the senate was delighted to see him insulted and paying a penalty for his betrayal of Cicero. When, however, it had come to blows and even wounds in the forum, and a servant of Clodius, stealing along through the crowd of bystanders towards Pompey, was found to have a sword in his hand, Pompey made this his excuse, although he was also afraid of the insolent abuse of Clodius, and came no more into the forum as long as Clodius was tribune, but kept himself con- tinually at home, where he was ever debating with his friends how he might appease the anger of the senate and the nobility against him. To Culleo, however, who urged him to divorce Julia and ex- change the friendship of Caesar for that of the senate, he would not listen, but he yielded to the arguments of those who thought he ought to bring Cicero back, who was the greatest enemy of Clodius and most beloved in the senate, and he escorted * The trial of Milo, in 56 B.c. Cf. Dio Cassius, xxxix. 243 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aderpov avrovd Sedpevoy crv yept TWOAAT, Tpav- peadtov év ayopa yevouévayv Kai Twov avaipcDév- b 4 a la \ , \ Tov, expatnoe Tov KAwdiov. Kal vou cateOov o Kixépwv thy te Bovany evOds 7Q@ Toprrnio dunrAXraTTE, Kal TO CLTLK@ VO“ TUVNYOPaY TpOTr@ Twi Twadw ys Kal Oaratrns, bonv éxéxtnVvTO “‘Pwpaior, xvprov emote. Iloumniov. ér avTo yap éyivovto Aiypméves, éutropta, Kaptrav Siabécess, évl AOy@, TA TOY TWEOVTMY TPadypaTa, Ta TOV 4 , . 9 n \ / yewpyouvtwyv. KaAwdios 5é nteato py yeypadOae \ , \ N / > > @& e / Tov vopov dia THY atTOdElaY, GAN OTwS O VOLOS ypadein yeyovévar THY otTodeiav, WoTEp eK ALTTO- upias avTod papawopévny tiv Sivamy apy7 véa madiv avatwrupodvTos Kal avadapuPdvovtos. érepor b€ tod brdtov YrwOjpos amodaivover TOUTO Godicpua, KaTakAEicavTos eis apynv pel- fo d@ > \ ? a Cova Lloprrniov, ows autos éxtreupOy I tonre- paiw to Bactret BonOav. ov pny adda cal Kaviédios etonveyxe Snpapxav vopov, dvev otpa- TLas Lloparniov Eyovta paBdovyous dvo0 diadddr- Tew AdeEavopedor tov Bacthéa. xai Toprrnios pev édoxer TH vopw pn Suaxepaiveayv, 4 48 / 2¢/ ? a / acuyxAntos é&éBanev, evarpeTTas oxnapevn Se- Ssévar wept tavdpos. jv 5é ypdppacw évruyxeiv Sreppimpévors Kat ayopav Kai mapa To RBovdev- , e ‘\ , / fn typtov ws 67 Irovcuaiov Seopévov Toptrniov avT@ otTpatnyov avtt tod YmwOhpos So0fvac. Tipayéevns S€ xal adXws Tov IITodepaiov ov« 1 In 57 Be. *The law made Pompey Praefectus Annonae for five years, 244 POMPEY Cicero’s brother, who was a petitioner for his re- turn, with a large force into the forum, where, though some were wounded and some killed, he nevertheless got the better of Clodius. And when Cicero returned to the city! by virtue of the law then passed, he immediately reconciled Pompey to the senate, and by his advocacy of the corn law he in a manner once more made Pompey master of all the land and sea in Roman possession. For under his direction were placed harbours, trading-places, distributions of crops,—in a word, navigation and agriculture.? Clodius alleged that the law had not been proposed on account of the scarcity of grain, but the scarcity of grain had arisen in order that the law might be proposed, a law whereby the power of Pompey, which was withering away, as it were, in consequence of his failing spirits, might be rekindled again and recovered in a new office. But others de- clare that this was a device of the consul Spinther, whose aim was to confine Pompey in a higher office, in order that he himself might be sent out to aid King Ptolemy.? However, Canidius, as tribune of the people, brought in a law providing that Pompey, without an army, and with two lictors only, should go out as a meditator between the king and the people of Alexandria. Pompey was thought to re- gard the law with no disfavour. but the senate re- jected it, on the plausible pretence that it feared for his safety. Besides, writings were to be found scattered about the forum and near the senate-house, stating that it was Ptolemy’s wish to have Pompey given to him as a commander instead of Spinther. And Timagenes actually says that Ptolemy left home * Ptolemy had taken refuge from his dissatisfied subjects in Rome, and wished to be restored. Cf. Dio Cassius, xxxix. 12-17, He is referred to again in chapter Ixxvi. 5. 245 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovens avdryicns ameOeiy dnot, Kat KaTanureiy Aiyurtov v7ro Oeopdvous meabévta TpaTTOovTos Tloparnio Xphpatia pous Kal oTparnyias Kaas indBecw. GANA TodTO pev oUx obras » @eo- pavous poxOnpia miOavov ws atrictov Lopmniov motel puts, ovK €yovaa Kaxonbes ovd averevOepov oUT@ TO PiAoTLpoV. L. "Emotadels d6 TH TWepl 70 OLTLKOV OLKOVOMia Kal mparyparela, TONAXOV peev aTréaTELNE 7 peo Beuras Kar pirous, autos 5é wrevoas eis Zinehlav Kal LapSova Kal AsBuny nO porte otrov. avarye- oGat dé HERO TVEVLATOS peyahou Kata Odrat- Tav GvTOS Kal TOV uBepyntar o dxvouvTar, T POTOS éuBas Kal Kehevoas THY aryKupay aipewy aveBonae “ TT dety avayKn, ov ouK dvdr Kn. TotavTn é TOA Kab mpoduuig XPOpEvos pera TUXNS aryabiis évéTrAnoe giTou Ta, éumopta Kat TRotov THY Odraccay, a WOTE Kal Tots éxtos avOpwrrois émap- Kéoas THY Teptova tay éxelvns THs TapacKevijs, Kal ryevér Oa xabatep éx mnyns apOovoy atrop- pony eis mavTas. LI. "Ev tovr@ 6é T@ pov heya mpav ob Kenrexol monepor Kaicapa: Kat doxav Toppw- TATM THS ‘Paouns ametvat Kal cuvnptija Gat Ben- yats Kai LounBors kal Bpetravots, édavOavev wo GeworTnros € éy péo@ TO ony Kal Tots KUpLTATOLS mpdry pact KaT@moAtTevopevos TOV Tloprrijiov. AUTOS péev yap ws capa THY TTPATLOTLENY bu- VapLy TEpLKElLEvOS, ovK él TOUS BapBapous, aX’ domep € éy Onpais Kal Kuvnyeciows Toig Tmpos éxel- vous ayaoe yupvaterr, Stem over, Kal Kateoxevater dpayov kai poBepav, xpvoov Sé cal apyupov Kal 246 646 POMPEY without sufficient reason and under no necessity, and that his abandonment of Egypt was owing to the persuasions of Theophanes, who was aiming to give Pompey profitable occupation in the holding of anew command. But this is not made credible by the baseness of Theophanes as much as it is made incredible by the nature of Pompey, in which am- bition was not of such a mean and base order. L. Having thus been set over the administration and management of the grain trade, Pompey sent out his agents and friends in various directions, while he himself sailed to Sicily, Sardinia and Africa, and collected grain. When he was about to set sail with it, there was a violent storm at sea, and the ship- captains hesitated to put out; but he led the way on board and ordered them to weigh anchor, crying with a loud voice: “To sail is necessary; to live is not.” By this exercise of zeal and courage at- tended by good fortune, he filled the sea with ships and the markets with grain, so that the excess of what he had provided sufticed also for foreign peoples, and there was an abundant overflow, as from a spring, for all. LI. Meanwhile, his Gallic wars raised Caesar to greatness; and though he was thought to be very far removed from Rome, and to be occupied with Belgae, Suevi, and Britanni, he secretly and cleverly contrived to thwart Pompey’s designs in the heart of the city and in the most important matters. For he himself, with his military force clothing him as the body does the soul, was carefully training it, not against the Barbarians merely, nay, he used its com- bats with these only to give it exercise, as if in hunting and the chase,—and was making it in- vincible and terrible; but all the while he was 247 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TadvAa Aahupa Kal Tov GAAOV TrODTOV Tov éx TONMWY TOTOUTWY TrEpiyLVopeEvoY eis THY “PomnV aTOOTEANWY, Kab StaTretpav Tais dwpodoKiats Kat suyXopnyav ayopavopots Kal otpatnyois Kal vrato Kal yuvattly av’Ta@v, @KEeLodTO TroNNOUS" 4 a ote UTEpBadovTos avTov Tas “AXrres kal Sia- veludfovtos év Aoven, Tov pey adrAwV dvdpav \ A e lA , ‘ Kal yuvatKav dudArAgopmévwov cal hepopévwv TOAD a A \ / 9 TrAHGos yevér Oat, cvyKANTLKOUS bé StaKocious, év \ Ton hy 2 4 > VA ols xat Iloumrnios hv nat Kpdooos, avOuTatov 5é xal otpatnyav éxatov elxoot paBdous ért - / / bd A \ \ e ” tais Katoapos Oupais ofOjvar. Tous péev ovdv ar- Nous atravtas éuTAnoas éATribwy Kal yonudtov atéoterre, Kpdoow S¢ cal Nopumniw mpdos adtov 4 A éyevovto cuvOnKat, peTiévar péev wrratelas éxel- / lA b a , vous kal Kaicapa ovAdapBdvev avtois, wéutrov- A a A a \ TA TOV OTPATLWTaV GUyvoUs emt THY Wihpop, éTav dé aipeOaor TayLoTAa, TWpaTTEeW pev EavTois éTrap- a , NiaV Kal aTpatoTrédwv Hyepovias, Kaicapi 6€ Tas Ww A > v 4 > 4 ovaas BeBatodv eis ANXnY TevTaetiav. éml Tov- tous é€evexOciow eis tovs odAXOUS YareTaS Epepov ot mpatou Kal Mapxerrivos ev TO SHu@ KkataoTas audoiv évavytiov npwTncerv eb peTiacl irateéiav. Kal TOV TOAN@Y aToKpivacOaL KEd- evovtwv, mpatos Ilopmrnios eimev os Taya pep ay peténOor, Taya 5é ovK av petérOou: Kpdocos 8é TOMTLK@TEPOV? OUT yap pn Tpdakew OTroTépwS a le) 4 dv ointa. T@ Kow® avvoicev. émipvopévov bé 248 POMPEY sending back to Rome gold and silver and the other spoils and the rest of the wealth which came to him in abundance from his numerous wars, and by tempting people with his bribes, and contributing to the expenses of aediles, praetors, consuls, and their wives, he was winning many to his side. There- fore when he crossed the Alps and spent the winter in Luca, a great crowd of ordinary men and women gathered there in eager haste to see him, while two hundred men of senatorial rank, among whom were Pompey and Crassus, and a hundred and twenty fasces of proconsuls and praetors were seen at Caesar's door. Accordingly, he filled all the rest with hopes and loaded them with money, and sent them away; but between himself, Pompey, and Crassus the following compact was made: these two were to stand for the consulship, and Caesar was to assist their candidacy by sending large numbers of his soldiers home to vote for them ; as soon as they were elected, they were to secure for themselves commands of provinces and armies, and to confirm Caesar’s present provinces to him for another term of five years. When all this was publicly known, it gave displeasure to the chief men of the state, and Marcellinus rose in the as- sembly and asked Pompey and Crassus to their faces whether they were going to be candidates for the consulship. As the majority of the people bade them answer, Pompey did so first, and said that perhaps he would be a candidate, and perhaps he would not ; but Crassus gave a more politic answer, for he said he would take whichever course he thought would be for the advantage of the common. wealth.2, And when Marcellinus persisted in his 1 This was in 56 B.c. Cf. the Caesar, chapter xxi. 2 Cf. the Crassus, xv. 1 f. 249 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Topanie Mapxedrivou Kal apodpas | éveuv Sox- obvTos, 0 Topmnios én TaVTOV adtK@TATOV elvas TOV Mapkednivoy, ¢ bs nape ovK &xet NOYLOS pev e& adwvou &.’ avtov, éuetixds 5é éx TEewarTiKod yevo- pevos. LII. Ov pny adda TOV G\N@OV atTocTavTwV Tov maparyyéddew vTratetay, Aevevov Aopéertov aTeov emetoe Kal mapeJappuve HN) amevmeiy: ou yap vmép apxis, Grn’ vmrép éhevOepias elvat TOV ay@va mTTpos Tous Tupavvovs. ot 6€ rept TOV Tlopmniov pondevres TOV TOVOD Tou Kadtevos, THV Bovdny EXOV | dracav anoonaan kat peTa- Bary TOU OnjLoU 76 Uytaivov, ovK Elacay eis ayo- pay ‘KaTenbeiv TOV Aopériop, aXn emiméepuapavres évoTrAOUsS avdpas a arréxTewav pev TOV T ponyoupevov Auxvopopor, eTpeyavro dé Tovs adddous" ETXATOS 6 Karwy dvexapnee, Tpobeis tov dekrov mHyuv apvvopevos po Tov Aopetiou. Tovatrn dé 08@ mapedOovres én THY apxny ovde Tanda, KOO MLGTEPOV Em paTTOV. adr ™ p@- TOV pev TOV Karwva Tov Onuov otpatnyov aipov- pévov Kal THY pipov em upépovTos, Tlopanios EXuoe THY ExKANTiAY olwvous aiTLapevos, aytl 6é Katwvos Bativov avnyopevoay, apyupi@ Tas puras SiapOeipavtes. erecta VOMOUS dua Tipe- Boviou dnuapxodvTos ela épepor, Kaicape pep, Gomep BONE os SevTepay € emtpeT poovTas WevTa- egTiay, Kpaoce 6 é Lupiav kal tHv émt Tapbous orparelay OvoovTas, anT@ dé Tlopani AtBinv aracav Kal “IRnptav € éxatépay Kab résoapa Tay- pata TTPATLOT OY, @v émexpnoe dv0 Kaicapt denbévte 7 pos Tov ép Tarartia TONE HOD. aNNa Kpdocos peéev é&Oev cis thy érapxiay aman- 250 POMPEY attack upon Pompey and was thought to be making a strong speech, Pompey remarked that Marcellinus was of all men most unjust, since he was not grate- ful to him for making him eloquent instead of speechless, and full to vomiting instead of famished. LIT. However, though all the rest declined to be candidates for the consulship, Cato encouraged and persuaded Lucius Domitius not to desist, for the struggle with the tyrants, he said, was not for office, but for liberty. But Pompey and his partisans, seeing the firmness of Cato, and fearing lest, having all the senate with him, he should draw away and pervert the sound-minded among the people, would not suffer Domitius to go down into the forum, but sent armed men and slew the link-bearer who was leading his company, and put the rest to flight ; Cato was the last to retire, after being wounded in the right arm while he was fighting to defend Domitius. By such a path they made their way into the office they sought, nor even then did they behave more decently. But first of all, while the people were casting their votes for the election of Cato to the praetorship, Pompey dissolved the assembly, alleging an inauspicious omen, and after corrupting the tribes with money, they proclaimed Vatinius praetor instead of Cato. Then, by means of Tre- bonius, a tribune, they introduced laws which, ac- cording to the agreement, continued his provinces to Caesar for a second term of five years, gave Crassus Syria and the expedition against the Parthians, and to Pompey himself the whole of Africa, both Spains, and four legions ; of these he lent two to Caesar, at his request, for the war in Gaul. But although Crassus went out to his province at the expiration of 251 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ANayels THS Umateias, Tlopmrnios 5é ro Oéatpov avadeiEas ayavas Hye yupvixovs Kal povalxous éml TH Kcabepocet, kab Onpav apidras év ols MEVTAKOGLOL NEOVTES avnpeOnaar, él waat 6é THY érehavtouayiav, éexmAnkTix@tatoyv Oéapua, wapé- oYEV. | LITI. *Ezi TOUTOLS dé Javpacrabels Kal arya. anbets, avOts ov éXdTTOVAa pOdvov Eaxer, OTL mpea Bevtais pirous mapasdovs Ta OTpaTEvpaTa Kal Tas emapxias, autos év Tots mepl Thy Iradiav nBnTnptors, PETLOY adore adaxoae, pera THIS yuvaixos Sufiyev, elre épav avThs, elTe épacav ovx, Dropevev atroNTe: Kal yap Kal TOUTO AeyeTau. kal mreptBontov Hv THS KOpNS TO pidav- Spon, ov Kad apap moovens TOV Top niov, Grn airtov éouKev q TE cappootvy Tob avdpos elvat pouny ywwebo KovTOS THY yeyapnwerny, Te cep vOTNS OvK dxparov, avr ebx apt éXouca THY outriav Kal pdduora yuvarkay aywyov, eb Set pnde Prwpav adavat THV éraipav \pevdopapru- prev. év 8 ovp ayopavopixois dpxatpeciors els xelpas TLV@V €EMovtwv Kal povevOevtwv Tepe QUTOV OvK OAtywv avaTrAnabels aiparos prrake 7a iparia. TOANOd 6é OopuBov Kal Spopov T pos THY ovKiay yevopevou TOV Kopilovray Ta iparoa Jeparrovtay, éTUxXe pev ” KOpn Kvovaa, Jeacapévn be Kady parypevny THY THBevvov eédurre Kat pores avnveyxev, ex S€ THS Tapax is éxelvns Kal Tov maQous amnuBrwoev. GOev ovdE Of padtoTa pephopevoe THY pos Kaicapa Topmniov duriav UTLOVTO TOV EpwTa THS yuvatkos. avOis pévTot Kunoaca Kal texovoa Orv Tratdioy éx TAY 252 POMPEY his consulship,! Pompey opened his theatre and held gymnastic and musical contests at its dedication, and furnished combats of wild beasts in which five hundred lions were killed, and above all, an elephant fight, a most terrifying spectacle. LIII. All this won him admiration and affection ; but on the other hand he incurred a corresponding displeasure, because he handed over his provinces and his armies to legates who were his friends, while he himself spent his time with his wife among the pleasure-places of Italy, going from one to another, either because he loved her, or because she loved him so that he could not bear to leave her; for this reason too is given. Indeed, the fondness of the young woman for her husband was notorious, al- though the mature age of Pompey did not invite such devotion. The reason for it, however, seems to have lain in the chaste restraint of her husband, who knew only his:wedded wife, and in the dignity of his manners, which were not severe, but full of grace, and especially attractive to women, as even Flora the courtesan may be allowed to testify. It once happened that at an election of aediles people came to blows, and many were killed in the vicinity of Pompey and he was covered with their blood, so that he changed his garments. His servants carried these garments to his house with much confusion and haste, and his young wife, who chanced to be with child, at sight of the blood-stained toga, fainted away and with difficulty regained her senses, and in consequence of the shock and her sufferings, mis- carried. Thus it came to pass that even those who found most fault with Pompey’s friendship for Caesar could not blame him for the love he bore his wife. However, she conceived again and gave birth to a | 1 In 54 B.c. 253 PLUTARCH’S LIVES MoivaVv éTEeNeUTHCE, Kal TO TraLdtov Ov TOAAAS nmepas érélnoe. wapecxevacpuévou 5é Tod Tlou- f, N ~ ° 3 b ] A a aniov To capa Sartre év “AdX\Bave@, Bracdpevos o Ojos ets TO “Apecoy aediov KxaTnveyxer, OlKT@ THs Kopns parrov 7 Tlournio Kat Kaioape vapitopevos. attav 8é éxeivwy peilov éedoxet Hépos atrovts Kaicape véuery o dhpuos 7) Tlourniep qwapovtTe THS TEAS. EvOds yap éxvpatvey 7H Tors, kal wavta Ta wWpaypatra odAov elye Kal doyous Stactatixovs, @S 7 TpOTEpoy TapaxadvUTTOVCA HadXov 7 Kateipyouca TAY avdpav THY dirapxiav OixeLoTns avypnTat. pet ov Toru bé Kat Kpdooos év IIdpOors arorwrws nyyédXeTo: Kal TodTO KoAvpa oy péya ToD cupTeceiy Tov éudvALov TONep“ov extrodwv éyeyover: SedsoTes yap éxelvov b 4 A \ b V4 e A appotepot Tots mpos aArAANNOVS ALaS YE THS > Sf , > \ \ > ~ e 4 N évéuevov Sixaiow. émel 5€ avetNey 1 TUXN TOV Epedpov tod ayawvos, evOds jv etrreiy TO Kwp- KOV, @S @ A \ 4 GTEpOS POS TOV ETEpoy e 4 Q A , > ¢ , uTanerdetar TH Yetpe O vTroKovieTaL. LA e 4 i“ 9 \ \ 4 > OUTWS 1 TUXN pLKpOV e€oTL TpPOS THY Pvawv. ov yap atomiumAnow avTis Thv éwtOupiav, Srrov TocovTov Bdbos nyenovias Kxal péyeBos evpv- xwpias Svoiy avbpotv ovx éréoyev, GAN axov- ovtes Kal dvaywooKovtes Ste “ TpuyOa S€ wavTa 666 bP) a @ a c @ 5 ” a 3 edacra.” tois Oeois, “éxaatos & Eupope Tuy, 254 POMPEY female child, but died from the pains of travail, and the: child survived her only a few days. Pompey made preparations to bury her body at his Alban villa, but the people took it by force and carried it down to the Campus Martius for burial, more out of pity for the young woman than as a favour to Pompey and Caesar. But of these two, it was thought that the people gave a larger share of the honour to Caesar, who was absent, than. to Pompey, who was present. For the city became at once a tossing sea, and everywhere surging tumult and discordant speeches prevailed, since the marriage alliance which had hitherto veiled rather than restrained the am- bition of the two men was now at anend. Aftera short time, too, tidings came that Crassus had lost his life in Parthia, and so what had been a great hindrance to the breaking out of civil war was re- moved ; for through fear of him both Pompey and Caesar had somehow or other continued to treat one another fairly. But when fortune had removed the third champion who waited to compete with the victor in their struggle, at once the comic poet's words were apt, and “ each wrestler against the other Anoints himself with oil and smears his hands with dust.’ 1 So slight a thing is fortune when compared with human nature; for she cannot satisfy its desires, since all that extent of empire and magnitude of wide-stretching domain could not suffice for two men. They had heard and read that the gods? “divided the universe into three parts, and each got his share of power,” and yet they did not think 1 Cf. Kock, Com. Graec. Frag. iii. p. 484. 2 Zeus, Poseidon, and Pluto; Iliad, xv. 189. 255 PLUTARCH’S LIVES @ A > (9 ff > al \ @ A e éavtots ovx évopslov apxeiv Svolv ovat THY “Po- patwyv apyny. LIV. Kaitos TWoprrnios eiré trote Snunyopav dTt wWacav apyny ANdBot TpoTepov 7) TpoTedoKnae kal xataBoto OatTov 7 wpocedoxnOn. Kat vy Aia paptupovaas elyev del ras Stadrvoes TaY oTpatorédwyv. tote dé Tov Kaicapa Soxav ov mponcecOar tH Sivauw efnres tails TwodTLKals b) a) 3 \ 9 \ b 4 A A +Q\ apyais oyupos elvac wpds avTov, GdXo Sé ovdev évewtépttev, ovde EBovrAEeTO Soxely amiotety, ANN’ UTEepopay padrov Kal xatadpoveiv. émrel dé Tas apxas ov Kata yvopunv éw®pa BpaBevopévas, dexalouévwv TAY TOMTOY, avapylay év TH ToAEL Tepeloe yevouevnys Kal Aoyos evOUs eyw@per TOAUS umép Suxtatopos, Ov mpaTos eis péoov eEeveyxeiv > / , e J “ , eroApnoe Aovxirrtos 0 Sypapyxos, TO Sym mapawav édéobae Suerdropa Tlopmniov. eT t- haBopevou dé Kdtwvos obros bev éxivduvevoe Thv Snuapyiav amoPanreiv, brép Sé Topzrniov \ a lé 9 A 4 e > Tool TOV dirwy amredoyouUVTO TrapLOVTES WS Ov Seopévou THS apyns éxetyns ovdé BovrAopévov. Kdtwvos $& Tlopmijiov érawécavtos «al mpo- ‘Tpevramévou THS evKoapias émipernOjvar, TOTE \ >) @ \ > AG) \ 10. pev aidecOels émewernOn, Kxal xatectdOnoav Urratoe Aopétios Kat Meoodnas, totepov 5é radu dvapxias ywopuévns Kal mrevdvwy On Tov Tept tov Sixtadtopos Royo éyeipovTwv iTapwrepor, hoBnOévtes of mepl Kdtova pn BracOdorr, éyvwoav apynv tiva TO Lloprnie mpoéuevor 256 648 POMPEY the Roman dominion enough for themselves, who were but two. LIV. Still, Pompey once said in addressing the people that he had received every office earlier than he had expected, and had laid it down more quickly than others had expected. And in truth his dis- banding of his armies was a perpetual witness to the truth of his words. But at this time he thought that Caesar was not going to dismiss his forces, and therefore sought to make himself strong against him by means of magistracies in the city. Beyond this, however, he attempted no_ revolutionary changes, nor did he wish to be thought to distrust Caesar, but rather to neglect and despise him. But when he saw that the magistracies were not bestowed according to his wishes, because the citizens were bribed, he suffered an anarchy to arise in the city ;! and forthwith there was prevalent much talk in favour of a dictator, which Lucilius the popular tribune first ventured to make public, when he advised the people to elect Pompey dictator. But Cato attacked him, and Lucilius came near losing his tribunate, and many of Pompey’s friends came forward in defence of him, declaring that he neither asked nor desired that office. And when Cato applauded Pompey and urged him to devote himself to the cause of law and order, for the time being he did so, out of shame, and Domitius and Messala were installed in the consulship?; but afterwards an anarchy arose again, and more people now agitated the question of a dictatorship more boldly. There- fore Cato and his party, fearing lest they should be overborne, determined to allow Pompey a certain 1 That is, no consuls were elected. * In 53 B.c., seven months after the regular time, 257 VOL. V. s PLUTARCH’S LIVES VOpLpov aTroTperat THS akpdTov Kal TupavyLKhs éxeivns. kat BUBros éyOpos av Tloprnio mpatos amepiyvato yvopny év cvyxrAnt@ Tlopaniov povov e lA ef A A > J A éeXéoGar dratovy 7 yap atradXaynoecOa Tis , \ ’ ’ , a , m Tapovons Thv TOALY akoopias, H SovrAEvoELY TO xpatiot@. avévtos 6€ mapaddfov tod Adyou 51a tov eitrovta, Katy dvaotas cal mwapacxyoy Soxnow @s avTinéEor, yevouevns ows elzre THY TWpoKkemevny yvopunv avTos péev ovK av eEio- eveyKely, eioevnveypévn Sé bd étépou meiecOas a ~ > ‘\ A @ v4 KEeAEVEL, TacaY pev apYXnY paAdov alpovpeEvos avapxias, Iloumniov dé pndéva BérATiov adpEev éy Tapayais TnAtkavTas vouitwv. SeFapévns 5é A a A 4 4 ef THs ~Bovdys, Kal >Wndioapevns SOtws diratos e \ e how bd 4 3 bd \ aipeOeis o Tlopmnios dpyoe povos, et dé adtos auvdpyovtos Senbein, un Oatrov Svoiv pnvoiv Soxtudaas édolTo, Kataotabels obtTws Kal atro- deryOels 51a YovAmexiov pecoBaciriéws vratos nomdleto diroppovws tov Kdtwva, mroAXv opo- Noyav xdpw Exe Kal Tapaxadov yiverOat 4 >Q7 aA > A 4 A 4 A ovupBovroy toia THS apyns. Kdrov dé ydpuv pév 54 > A \ Tw > 9g > > A évewy avT@ tov Tlopmniov ovx nkiou: bu’ éxetvov \ @ ? Oe 3 a 5 \ de ‘\ , 7 yap wv eimev ovdev ettreiv, da THY TOALY EsecOar 5é cvpPovdos idia Tapaxadovpevos, éav dé pu Tapaxadyjtat, Snpocia ppdoev to dpawvo- fevov. TovovTos péev ovv Kadtwv év tract. 1 In 52 B.c. 258 POMPEY legalized office, and so to divert him from the un- mixed tyranny of a dictatorship. Consequently, Bibulus, who was an enemy of Pompey, was first to propose in the senate that Pompey be chosen sole consul; for thus, he said, the city would either be set free from the prevailing disorder, or would become the slave of its strongest man. The pro- posal seemed strange, considering the man who made it ; but Cato rose, leading everybody to think that he was going to speak against it, and when silence was made, said that he himself would not have introduced the proposed measure, but that since it had been introduced by another, he urged its adoption, because he preferred any government whatever to no government at all, and thought that no one would govern better than Pompey in a time of such disorder. The senate accepted the measure, and decreed that Pompey, if elected consul, should govern alone, but that if he himself desired a col- league, he might choose whom he thought fit after two months had fully expired. Having in this way been made consul! and so declared by Sulpicius, the Interrex,2 Pompey addressed himself in a friendly manner to Cato, acknowledging that he was much indebted to him, and inviting him to give advice in a private capacity on the conduct of the government. But Cato would not admit that Pompey was indebted to him, declaring that none of his words had been spoken in the interests ot Pompey, but in the interests of the city; and that he would give him advice in a private capacity if he were invited, and in case he should not be invited, would publicly make known his opinion. Such, indeed, was Cato in everything. 2 One who held supreme power in the absence of regularly elected consuls. 259 s 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES LV. Ilopanios 8 mapedOav eis Hv modu éynue Kopynvtav Ouyarépa MeréAXov XKntriwvos, ov mrapOévov, GAAA Ynpav ATroAcEAcLpEeVNV VEewoTl IIomdiov tod Kpdooov raidés, 6 cvvexnoev ex mapOevias, év IldpOos teOvnxotos. évnv 8é rH Opn ToAAa irtpa diya trav ag’ dpas. Kal yap Tepl ypdppata KaXOS HoKnTO Kal qepl AVpaY Kal yewpetpiav, Kal rNoyov dirocddwv elOtoTo Npnoimws axoverv. Kal mpoonv rovtos 700s andtas Kab Teptepyias xabapov, & 57 véats mpoo- tpiBeras yuvatkl ta ToradTa paOnpata’ watTnp dé Kal yévous Evexa xai SoEns dueumtos. GAN 5uws Tov ydpou Tois pev ovK Hpecke TO pH) KAP” HAtKiav: vi@ yap avTOD cuvoLKely Mpav elyev 1 Kopyyria parrovr ot S€ Koprporepos td Tis TOAEWS HYOUVTO TrapewpaKévat Tov Llopmniov év TUYALS OVENS, Ov ExEivoy laTpoyv Hpntat Kal wove mapacédwxey avtnv' o b€ otedpavoidta: nal Over yapous, auTiy thy UTateiay ddetrdwv HyeicOat cupdopdyv, ovx av ovTw Tapavopws Sobcicav evTUXoVoNs THS TaTpioos. émel Sé Tais dixais trav Swpodoxiav Kal Sexacuav émiotds, Kai vomous yparras Kal” ods ai xpices éyivovto, Ta pev AANA cepwvas éBpdBeve Kal xabapas, adoda- Netay Gua Kal Kocpoy Kal Hovxiav avTov Tpoc- Kkabnpévov peO StrAwY Tots SuxacTypiors Tapéexor, Layntiovos 5 tod mevOepovd Kpivopévov, peta- meurpapevos olxade Tovs éEnKxovTa Kal TpLtaKoctous Sicactas évérvye BonOeiv, o dé xatnyopos anéactn Tis Stns wav Tov Zenriwva mpoTewropevov 260 649 POMPEY LV. Pompey now entered the city, and married Cornelia, a daughter of Metellus Scipio. She was not a virgin, but had lately been left a widow by ‘Publius, the son of Crassus, whose virgin bride she had been before his death in Parthia. The young woman had many charms apart from her youthful beauty. She was well versed in literature, in playing the lyre, and in geometry, and had been accustomed to listen to philosophical discourses with profit. In addition to this, she had a nature which was free from that unpleasant officiousness which such ac- complishments are apt to impart to young women ; and her father’s lineage and reputation were above reproach. Nevertheless, the marriage was displeasing to some on account of the disparity in years; for Cornelia’s youth made her a fitter match for a son of Pompey. Those, too, who were more critical, considered that Pompey was neglectful of the un- happy condition of the city, which had chosen him as her physician and put herself in his sole charge ; whereas he was decking himself with garlands and celebrating nuptials, though he ought to have re- garded his very consulship as a calamity, since it would not have been given him in such an illegal manner had his country been prosperous. Moreover, although he presided over the suits for corruption and bribery, and introduced laws for the conduct of the trials, and in all other cases acted as arbiter with dignity and fairness, making the court-rooms safe, orderly, and quiet by his presence there with an armed force, still, when Scipio, his father-in-law, was put on trial, he summoned the three hundred and sixty jurors to his house and solicited their support, and the prosecutor abandoned the case when he saw Scipio conducted from the 261 PLUTARCH’S LIVES > b a e \ “A A 4 = wv éE dyopas bd tav SixacTav, Tad ody Hove KAKQOS, ETL O€ UGAXOV STL AVGAS VvO"@ TOvS YyLVO- a , pévovs Tept TaV Kpiwopevwy érraivouvs, avTos ’ a 4 bd ‘, \ 4 eonrOe IXayxov érrarvecopevos. xat Katov (€rvye yap Kpivwv) émicyopevos Ta wra Tais xepoly oun edn Karas Exew avT@ Tapa Tov , 9 4 A > 4 4 e VA voov axovely TOV éeTraivwv. GOev o pev Kdtov atreBXHOn po Tov dépey Thy ~Arndov, éEdrw Sé a v € 4 \ 3 4 (o) trais addats o lINayxos cuv atoyvvn tov Wop- oh \ \ 34 7 4 e A e a mniov. Kal yap oriyats DaTtepov Hyépats ‘Trraios, > A e , V4 , 4 avnp viatiKos, diknvy devywv cal mapadvrdtas tov [loumniov éwi Setrrvov amiovta eXoupEvor, e ff A 4 / e A a ixéreve TOY yovatav AaBouevos. o 5é mrapHrAOev UTrepoTTiKas cirav SiapOeipey To Setrvov avtov, v ée \ / 4 DA v @ Gro Sé undev wepaiverv. ovTws ody aViCOS Eivat le) > 7 9s \ > 4 “A 0 Soxav aitias eiye. ta 8 AddAa KadOs aravta Katéotnoev els Taf, Kal TpoceiNeTO GuvdpyYovTA Tov qevOepov eis TOvS UiroAOlToUS TrévTE pHVas. évendiabn 5é avt@ Tas émapyias Exe ets AANV 4 4 4 4, bd TeTpaetiav, Kal yihkta TddavTa NapBavew Kal 4 9 4 94? ® , \ Ul Exactov éviautov, ad wv Opéree kal Seorxnoer TO OTPATLWTLKOD. LVI. Of S€ Kaicapos diroe tautnv apynv AaBovtes nEtovy tia yevéoOat nat Kaicapos ANoyor, dywuilouévou TocovTOUS aywvas UTép TIS nryemovias: yap uTatetas akvov elvar tuyetv érépas, 7) mpocAaBely TH oTpateia xpovov, ev @ lo) / > bid ? Oc > 4 TOV WETOVNMEVWY OVK ANOS ETrEAC MY adhatpn- A , > bd) > A ¥ \ / cetat THY Sokav, GAN avTos apker Kal TiunoeTat Kal’ novxiay o KaTepyacdpevos. ovons 6€ mrepl 262 POMPEY forum by the jurors. Once more, therefore, Pompey was in ill repute, and this was still further increased because, although he had put a stop by law to encomiums on persons under trial, he himself came into court to pronounce an encomium on Plancus. Cato, who happened to be one of the jurors, clapped his hands to his ears and said it was not right for him, contrary to the law, to listen to encomiums. Cato was therefore set aside before he could cast his vote, but Plancus was convicted by the other votes, to the disgrace of Pompey. For, a few days after- wards, Hypsaeus, a man of consular dignity, who was under prosecution, lay in wait for Pompey as he was returning from his bath for supper, clasped his knees, and supplicated his favour; but Pompey passed along contemptuously, telling him that, except for spoiling his supper, he was accomplishing nothing. In this way he got the reputation of being partial, and was blamed for it. Everything else, however, he suc- ceeded in bringing into good order, and chose his father-in-law as his colleague for the remaining five months of the year. It was also decreed that he should retain his provinces for another four years, and receive a thousand talents yearly, out of which he was to feed and maintain his soldiers. LVI. But the friends of Caesar took occasion from this to demand that some consideration be shewn for Caesar also, who was waging so many con- tests in behalf of the Roman supremacy ; they said he deserved either another consulship, or the prolonga- tion of his command, so that no one else might suc- ceed to his labours and rob him of the glory of them, but that the one who had performed them might himself continue in power and enjoy his honours un- disturbed. A debate arose on these matters, during 263 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a e , e \ 4 e \ “a TOUTWY apirrns, ws b7 Tapartovpevos UTép TOD 4 > 93 > , \ 4 e Ju 4 Kaicapos ér evvoia tov PGovov o Iopmrnios épn 4 , "4 A a ypaypata Kaicapos éxyev Bovropévov rAaPetv diddoyov Kat Tavoacbat Tis oTpatetas: bTraTelas pévTOL Kal wn TApOVTL KAAwS ExeLY altnow ad’To dofjvat. mpos tadta évotapéevwy trav treph Kdtwva Kal Kxerevovtav idiotny yevomevov Kat @ , e 7 / A A Ta OTAa Katabéuevoy eipicxecOai TL Tapa TaV TodMTaY ayabor, ovK éEepicas, GAN olov jrrnOels e Tew ee nw a 3 , 0 Iloprnios bromros Hy warXov wv edpover trept Kaicapos. émepe b¢ nal ras duvdpers amrartov as éypnoev avt@, Ta TlapOuxa rrocovpevos mpo- e 4 J ON 94? b] n \ daow. o 6 Kaitrep cidas éf’ ols diryteito ToUs oTpatiwtas, atrémemwe Karas Swpnodpevos. LVII. "Ex rovrouv dé Ilopmrnios év Neatronet , ’ a > 7 ’ \ voonoas emicparas aveppwoe, IIpakayopouv Sé 4 a metcavtos tous Nearonitas bvcav vrép avtod THWTHPLA. pLpoupevwy Sé TOVTOUS TOV TpPOTOLKwWY kat Tod mpdypatos obTw TepLiovtos THY Itadav a 4 4 9s? @C / Tacay, kal pixpa Kal peyddrn Tons ef’ Hyépas Todas éwptatle. Tous 5é atravTavTas TayTaxo- Bev ovdels éywper TOTOS, GAA Obot TE KAaTETip- mAavTO Kal K@mat Kab ALpéves EvwYoupévwy Kal Ovovtwv. rodrol 6€ xal orehavndhopodytes vid Aapradwy édéyovto Kal Tapéreptrov avOoBorov- A \ Mevov, WOTE THY KOmLony avTov Kal Topeiay Oéaua KndddNoTOV elvat Kal AapTpoTaToY. ov- Sevos pévtou TobTo NéyeTar TOY amTepyacapévoy 264 POMPEY which Pompey, giving the impression that it was goodwill towards Caesar that led him to deprecate the odium in which Caesar stood, said he had letters from Caesar wherein he expressed a wish to have a successor and be relieved of his command; he thought it right, however, that he should be per- mitted to stand for the consulship even in his absence. Opposition to this was made by Cato and his party, who urged that Caesar must lay down his arms and become a private citizen before he could obtain any favour from his fellow-citizens; and since Pompey made no contention, but as it were accepted defeat, there was more suspicion about his sentiments towards Caesar. He also sent and asked back the troops which he had lent him,! making the Parthian war his pretext for doing so. And although Caesar knew the real reasons for asking back the soldiers, he sent them home with generous gifts. LVII. After this Pompey had a dangerous illness at Naples,? but recovered from it, and on the advice of Praxagoras the Neapolitans offered sacrifices of thanksgiving for his preservation. Their example was followed by the neighbouring peoples, and so the thing made its way throughout all Italy, and every city, small and great, held festival for many days. No place could contain those who came to greet him from all quarters, but roads and villages and ports were filled with sacrificing and feasting throngs. Many also with garlands on their heads and lighted torches in their hands welcomed and escorted him on his way, pelting him with flowers, so that his progress and return to Rome was a most beautiful and splendid sight. And yet this is said to have done more than anything else to bring about 1 Cf. chapter lii. 3. 2 In 50 B.c. 265 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOV TOAE“OY aitiwy EXaTTOV yevécOat. dpovnua yap elondOevy wmepaipoy dua To peyeOer THs Napas Tos amd TOY TpayyaTwv Aoyiopous Kal Thy eis aGopares del Ta evTUXnpaTAa Kal Tas mpates avtov Oepévnv evAdBevav mpoéuevos eis axpatov é&érece Opdoos Kat mepippovnow Tihs Katoapos duvduews, ws obte StrAwY én” adTov oUTE TLVOS épywdous Tparyyarelas Seno opevos, GNNA TOAD paov KaSaipnowy % mpoTepov nvENcE Tov advopa. ampos S€ tovtos “Amos adixeto Kopitov é« Taratias iy éxpnoe Iopmiios Kaicape otpatiay: xai todda pév é€edbravpite Tas éxel mpateus kal Aoyous eFépepe BrAacdnpous mept Kaicapos, avtov 8¢ Tlopumrniov ameipws yew éXeye THS auTtod Suvdyews Kal S0Fns, érépots Stros mpos Kaicapa dpayvipevov, bv adtois KaTepydoerat Tol éxetvou oTpaTevpacty, Srav mpatov op07 TrocovTov Kal piaovs mpos Kaicapa cat mo0ov ampos Tloumniov évumrapyew avrois. qiutw 5 ovv o Tloumnios érnpOn, nal roravtns Kal tocauTns GrLywplas 1a TO Oappeiv éyévero peotos wate Kal Tov SedidTwY TOY TOoAEMOY KaTeyéAa, Kal Tovs A€yovTas av édavyn Kaicap éml Thy TOALY, OvY Opav Suvdpets als avTOY apv- voovTal, peccLOVv TO Trpocw@T@ Kal Staxexvpevos dperciy éxérXevoev? “"Orrov yap av,” edn, “ Ths Irarias éy@ xpotow T@ Todt THY Yhv, avadv- covTat Kat TwebiKal Kal immixal Suvapecs.” LVIII. "Hdn 6é wai Kaicap érepveto tots Tpaypacw éppwpevéotepov, autos pméev ovKéTt paxpayv THs “ItaXias atraipwr, eis 5é THY TONY del Tovs oTpaTL@Tas aTooTéAAWY apxatpecta- 266 650 POMPEY the war. For while the public rejoicing was so great, a spirit of exaltation entered into the conclusions which Pompey drew from the progress of events, and, throwing to the winds that caution which had thus far always given security to his successful achievements, he indulged himself in unlimited con- fidence and contempt for Caesar’s power, feeling that he would need neither an armed force to oppose him nor any irksome labour of preparation, but that he would pull him down much more easily than he had raised him up. Besides this, Appius came, bringing from Gaul the troops which Pompey had lent Caesar. He said much to belittle Caesar's achieve nents there, and gave out scandalous stories about Caesar. He also said that Pompey knew not his own power and reputation if he surrounded himself with other troops against Caesar, for he could put down Caesar with Caesar’s own soldiers as soon as he appeared on the scene, so great was their hatred of Caesar and their warm affection ror Pompey. In this way, then, Pompey was elated, and his confidence filled him with so great a contempt for his adversary that he mocked at those who were afraid of the war; and when some said that if Caesar should march upon the city, they did not see any forces with which to defend it from him, with a smiling countenance and calm mien he bade them be in no concern; “ For,” said he, “in whatever part of Italy I stamp upon the ground, there will spring up armies of foot and horse.” LVIII. And now, too, Caesar devoted himself to public affairs with greater vigour. He no longer kept himself far away from Italy, was always send- ing his soldiers back to the city to take part in the elections, and by means of his money was 267 PLUTARCH’S LIVES covTas, xpnpace 5é moddoOvs Urotxoupov Kal StadbGeipwy dpxovras:' av Kai Tlatros hv o baratos él yudAlors Kal TevTaKkoctots TaddvrToLs peraBaropevos, cal Kouvpiwv o Syuapyos apnya- vov wANOE Savetwv édevOepwbels bm’ avtod, cal Mdpxos *Avravios 8a didiav Koupiwvos ov w@bereito petéywov. édéxyOn pev ody Ste Tov adiypévov tis amo Kaicapos raftapyav éotos mapa to BovdreuTnpiov, Kal muvOopevos ws ov Siswow % Bovrn Kaicapse ypovov rhs apy, elev emixpovev TH xerpt TO Eidos, ‘\’AANA TOvTO Soca.” Kal Ta TpaTTopeva Kal Ta TapacKeva- Copeva TavTny elye THv Sudvoray. Ai pévtos Kovpiwvos aftooes nal mapardn- aes vmép Kaicapos édaivovto Snporixwrtepat. Sueiy yap n&iov Odrepov, 4 wat Topmrniov darras- teiv 7 nde Kaicapos adarpeioOar To otpatio- TiKov 7 yap idu@tas yevouévous ert tois SiKaiots péevovtas avtimdnous éf’ ols Exovaw atpeun- cew 0 dé Tov Erepov aabevn troy iy poBeitas Sivauw douTracidler. mpos tadta MapxédXov Tov UTaTOU AnoTHY aTOKaXNOdVTOS Tov Kaicapa, kal WndiferOat Troréutov KeXevovTOS ef I) KaTA- Ojcerat ta Stra, Kovpiwv suws ioyvoe pera "Avtwviou cal leicwvos cEenéyEar tTHv ovyKANTOV. éxéXevoe yap petacthvat tovs Kaicapa povov Ta Stra KatabécOat Kerevovtas, Tloumniov Se apxew Kal petéotnoav o mrcious. avis dé HeTaoTHVaL KedeVaaVTOS GooUs aupotépovs apé- 268 POMPEY secretly working upon many of the magistrates and corrupting them. Among these was Paulus the consul, who was won over by a bribe of fifteen hundred talents; and Curio the popular tribune, whom Caesar set free from innumerable debts ; and Mark Antony, whose friendship for Curio had in- volved him in Curio’s obligations. It was said, indeed, that one of Caesar’s centurions who had come back to Rome and was standing near the senate-house, when he heard that the senate would not give Caesar a prolongation of his term of office, struck his hand upon his sword and said: “ But this will give it.” And Caesar’s intrigues and prepara- tions had this purpose. And yet the requests and demands which Curio made in behalf of Caesar seemed to be very popular in their character. For he demanded one of two things: either that Pompey also should be required to give up his soldiery, or else that Caesar’s should not be taken away from him; for whether they became private persons on just and equal terms, or remained a match for each other with their present forces, they would make no disturbance ; but he who weakened one of them doubled the power of which he stood in fear. To this Marcellus the consul replied by calling Caesar a robber, and urging that he be voted a public enemy unless he should lay down his arms; nevertheless, Curio, aided by Antony and Piso, prevailed so far as to have the opinion of the senate taken. He therefore moved that those should withdraw to one side who wished that Caesar only should lay down his arms and that Pompey should remain in command; and the majority with- drew. But when he moved again that all those should withdraw who wished both to lay down their 269 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oxet TA SttAa Katabécbat Kal pydétepov dprerv, Tlopmnip pév eixoot cai dv0 povov, Kovpiov &é mavtTes ot NouTToL mpooéMevTo. KuKEivos pév ws VEVLKNK@S AapTpos vd yapas eis Tov Show éEnXato, KpoTw Kal Borais otehavarv Kai avOav deF.ovpevov avtov. év 6¢ 77H Bovag Topmnios ov Taphv' ol yap apYovTes oTpaToTédwv Eis THY 4 b) 3 , \ 9 \ > TOA ovK eigiaat. Mdpxedros dé avacras ovK ” , 9 , Va 3 b ) ec a Epn Adywv axpodcecOar KxaOnpevos, aAXr opav vmrephavopeva TOV “AATeEwy On Séxa TaypaTta Badbilerv, cat adtos éxréprpery tov dvtitaEopevov avrois UTép THS TaTpisbos. LIX. ’Ex tovrov tas éoOitas ws emi wévOe peteBadrovto. Madpxeddos bé mpds Lopmrniov bv ayopas éBadule THs BovAns érropévns, cal xata- N ] Sf 66 v4 9 oc 3? Due oTas évavtios, “ Kerevw ce,” elzrev, “ @ Toptrnie, Bonbeitvy tH Tmatpids nat ypnoOat tais mape- oKxevacpevars Suvdyeot kal nataréyey étépas.” Ta 8 avta tavta nal Aévtvos édevye, TOY atrobe- Seryuévov es TO méAXOV UTTdtwY ATEepos. apka- peévov O€ tod Llopmantov xataréyew ot pév ovx uTHKOVvoY, OrALyot 5é€ YAiaxpws Kal ampobdpws auvynecay, ot dé Treiovs dtadvces éBowv. Kal 9 / 4 ? A b ] , yap avéeyvw twa Kaicapos émictorny ’AvTwvios év TO Sym, Bracdpevos tHv BovAnv, éxovoav éraywyous GyAov mpoxAnces. nEiov yap ap- gotépous éxBavtas Tov émrapytav Kal Tas oTpa- Tiotixas Suvdpers adévras eri ro Sym yevécIat kal Tav wempayyévwy evOuvas vTroaxeiv. ot 5é / e 4 WW \ 9 A mept AévtXov vrratevovtes On BovAnv ov ourt- ww > , > J / you; apte Sé é€x Kirsxias aduypévos Kixépwov émpatte Starrayds, Stws Kaicap, é&edAOwv 270 651 POMPEY arms and neither to remain in command, only twenty-two favoured Pompey, while all the rest sided with Curio. Curio, therefore, felt that he had -won the day, and with a joyful countenance rushed before the people, who clapped their hands in welcome and pelted him with garlands and flowers. Pompey was not present in the senate, since com- manders of armies cannot enter the city ; Marcellus, however, rose and declared that he would not sit there listening to speeches, but since he saw ten legions already looming up in their march over the Alps, he himself also would send forth a man who would oppose them in defence of his country. LIX. Upon this, the city went into mourning, as in the presence of a public calamity ; and Marcellus, followed by the senate, marched through the forum to meet Pompey, and standing before him said: “I bid thee, Pompey, to defend thy country, to employ the forces now in readiness, and to levy others.’ Lentulus also said the same, being one of the consuls elected for the coming year. But when Pompey began to levy recruits, some refused to obey the summons, and a few came together reluctantly and without zest, but the greater part cried out for a settlement of the’controversy. For Antony, in defiance of the senate, had read before the people a letter of Caesar containing propositions which were attractive to the multitude. He asked, namely, that both Pompey and he should give up their provinces, dis- band their armies, put themselves in the hands of the people, and render an account of what they had done. But Lentulus, who was by this time consul, would not call the senate together ; Cicero, however, who was just returned from Cilicia, tried to effect a settlement of the dispute on these terms, namely, 271 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tadatias cat tv adAnv otpattav adgels racar, > \ 4 .Y a 3 A \ 4 éml duct tdypace cat TO “TAArpix@ thy Sevtépay e / / \ , urateiay weptuévyn. Topumniov 5é ducxorai- > , e , , 4 vovtos émetcOnoav ot Kaicapos diroe Odtepov tJ Aa \ 39 4 4 agdetvau' AévtAov 8 avtixpovoavtos Kal Katwvos avOis dpaptdvery tov lopumniov éEatatw@pevov Boavtos ov« Exyov at S:advoes trépas. LX. *Ev rovt@ Sé atayyéAretat Kaicap *Api- puvov, TOALY peydAnv THs “Itadias, KaTEArAnPos \ / ” x \ A e , \ lA kat Baditwy avtixpus éri thv Popny pera tTaons Tis Suvapews. TovTo dé Hv Weddos. éBabdife yap ov TAElovas exw iTTéwy TplaKoolwY Kal TevTA- KioxXtdiwv omrdiTav? tHy Sé adrAnv Svvapw éré- xkewa Tov” Adrrewv ovoay ov Treptépevev, Eure Et dpyw tetapaypévors Kal py mpocdoxaot Bovdo- Hevos paAXov 7 ypovoy Sods ex tapacKeuvhs uaye- cOar. Kal yap émi rov ‘PovBixwva mrotapov eM av, ds apapifev adt@ tHv SeSouéevnyv errapxiar, got olwmn Kal SveuédrdrAgnoev, a’tos dpa mpos e \ S XN , A 4 éavTov avAdXoytCopevos To péyeBos Tov TOALN- patos. elta, @omep of mpos Bdbos adzévtes axXaves aro Kpnuvod Twos éavTOvs, pvcas TO Noyicu@ Kal twapaxadruypdpevos mpos TO Setvov, kat tocodTov povoy EXAnvuati mpos tovs tapov- tas éxBonoas, “’AveppipOw xvBos,’ SeBiBale TOV OTpaToV. ‘Os 5€ rparov 7 dyun mpocémece Kai KaTEcye THD ‘Papny pera cerry Fews BopuBos Kat po Bos olos ovTw TpoTEpoY, ev00s pep 7) ovary pepopevn mpos tov Iloumryjiov ovvérpexe nal Taphoay at 272 POMPEY that Caesar should renounce Gaul and dismiss the rest of his forces, but should retain two legions and Illyricum, and wait for his second consulship. And when Pompey was dissatisfied with this, the friends of Caesar conceded that he should dismiss one of the two legions; but since Lentulus still opposed, and Cato cried out that Pompey was blundering again in allowing himself to be deceived, the settlement came to naught. LX. And now word was brought that Caesar had seized Ariminum,! a large city of Italy, and was marching directly upon Rome with all his forces. But this was false. For he was marching with no more than three hundred horsemen and five thousand men-at-arms; the rest of his forces were beyond the Alps, and he did not wait for them, since he wished to fall upon his enemies suddenly, when they were in confusion and did not expect him, rather than to give them time and fight them after they were pre- pared. And so, when he was come to the river Rubicon, which was the boundary of the province allotted to him, he stood in silence and delayed to cross, reasoning with himself, of course, upon the magnitude of his adventure. Then, like one who casts himself from a precipice into a yawning abyss, he closed the eyes of reason and put a veil between them and his peril, and calling out in Greek to the bystanders these words only, “ Let the die be cast,”’ he set his army across. As soon as the report of this came flying to Rome and the city was filled with tumult, consternation, and a fear that was beyond compare, the senate at once went in a body and in all haste to Pompey, and 1 In January, 49 B.c. See the Caesar, chapter xxxii. 273 VOL, V. T PLUTARCH’S LIVES apyai, muBopévov 5é tov TuAXov Tept ortpatias kal duvapews kal tod Tloumniov peta Tivos per- Anoews ABapaas eitrovTos Ett TOUS Tapa Kaicapos qKovras ETotpwous exer, vopiter Sé Kal tos KaTe- Neypevous WpoTepov ev Taxes cuvakewv Tptapupious évras, o pev TUAXOs dvaBonjaas, “’EEnmrdarnkas pas, @ Tlopmrnie,” cuveBovrevev ws Kaicapa mpéaRes atroorédndew, Paws Sé Tis, avnp TAAr- ha pev ov trovnpos, avOadeia 5é xal HBpet Tror- AdKis THY Kadtwvos olopevos atropipetoOar Trap- pnoiav, éxédXeve tov Tlopmrniov tO wodlt TuTTeww THY yy, as Umioxveito Suvdpes dvaxanovpevor. o O€ TAUTHY ev TveyKe THY akatplay paws TOD 5é¢ Katwvos vropipynocKxovtos wv ev apyn tept Kaicapos avt@ mpocirev, atrexpivato pavTiKke- Tepa pev elvar Ta Katou reyOérta, didixwtepa S¢ br avtod mempayOat. LXI. Kdtov d€ cuveBovrevev aipeicbar otpa- THyov avtoxpatopa Ilopmniov, émeumav bre TeV avTav éorte nal Tovety TA peyadda KaKa Kal wave. ovTos pev ody evOds éEFFAOe eis TuKediav (Er\axe yap avtny Tay érapylav) Kal Tov adAXwv ExacTosS eis Gg éxdnpwOn. tis 8 "Itadias ocxeddv SrNs aviotapéevns atropiay élye TO yivdpevov. of per yap &Ewbev pepomevoe hvyH twavtayobev eis Thy ‘Popnv évérirtov, ot 88 tiv “Popny oixodvtes é£émimrov avtot Kal améNevrov thy aod, év Neyuave kal tapadx@ TocovT@ TO peYv YpnoLLoV 274 652 POMPEY the magistrates came too. And when Tullus asked Pompey about an army and a military force, and Pompey, after some delay, said timidly that he had in readiness the soldiers who had come from Caesar, and thought that he could speedily assemble also those who had been previously levied, thirty thou- sand in number, Tullus cried aloud, “Thou hast deceived us, Pompey!” and advised sending envoys to Caesar; and a certain Favonius, a man otherwise of no bad character, but who often thought that his insolent presumption was an imitation of Cato’s boldness of speech, ordered Pompey to stamp upon the ground and call up the forces which he used to promise. But Pompey bore this ill-timed raillery with meekness!; and when Cato reminded him of what he had said to him at the outset about Caesar, he replied that what Cato had said was more pro- phetic, but what he himself had done was more friendly. LXI. Cato now advised that Pompey should be elected general with unlimited powers, adding that the very men who caused great mischief must also put an end to it. Then he set out at once for Sicily, the province which had fallen to his lot, and the other senators likewise departed for the provinces which had severally been allotted to them. But since nearly all Italy was in commotion, the course of things was perplexing. For those who dwelt out- side the city came rushing in hurried flight from all quarters into Rome, and those who dwelt in Rome were rushing out of it and abandoning the city, where, in such tempestuous confusion, the better element 1 In Appian, Bell. Civ. ii. 37, Pompey replies: ‘‘ You will have them if you follow me, and do not think it a terrible thing to leave Rome, and Italy too, if it should be necessary.” 275 | T 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aabeves &youcay, To bé amretOés iaxupov Kal Suc- peTaxeiptaToy Tols ApYovalv. ov yap Rv Tadaat \ , IQ\ v / a aA e A tov poBov, ovdé elacé tis ypnoOat tois éavTod Noytapots Llopsrniov, ddr’ @ Tis everoyyave mmd- \ a A Us Oa, poBnbeis AvINbels 7} Starropycas, TovT@ dhépwv exeivoy avetipmAn? cal Tavaytia ths av- THS Huépas expdtet Bovrevpata, nal mvbécOat \ A , 9O\ 9 > \ > a \ \ TEpL TOY TrONEMiMY OVOEY HY adnNOes avT@ 81a TO ‘\ > 4 bd a 9 > TWoNAous atrayyé\Nely O TL TUYOLEV, ELTA aTTLC- TouvTs YareTraivey. obtw by Wndicdpevos Tapa- xv opav Kal KeXevoas Atavtas ErecOar avT@ ‘\ ? N a \ \ 4 , Tovs amo BovAns, Kat mpoerav bre Kaicapos nynoeTat Tov amoNepbévta, ep Seinnv oviav amédimre THY TOA. of dé Brratoe pndé Ovaavres & vouiferar wpo Trodépwv Epuyov. jv dé cal wap’ td \ >. A A \ > A avTa ta Seva knrwrds avip THs mpds avTov evvoias TAY avOpwTrav, StL TWOAN@Y THY oTpAaTn- yiav peuhopévwv ovdels HY 0 pLoc@v TOY oTpAaTN- yov, A@AAA arelovas av tis edpe TOV Sta THY érevbeplav hevyovtwy tovs amoAdtreiy Woparniov pny Suvapévous. LXII. 'Odiyars 5é€ tortepov pépars Kaioap ciceXaoas Kal xatacxyov tiv ‘Papny trois pev GAnrows émiekas évérvye nal xatempaive, Tov dé Snpapyor évi MerérAXr@ KwdvovTe Xpnpata NaBety avtov é« Tov tapuelov Odvarov 7nTeiAnoe, Kat TpocéOnxe TH ATrELAH TpaxvTEpoy AGyov' epn yap @s TovTO doar yareTOv Fv avT@ padAov % 276 POMPEY was weak, and the insubordinate element strong and hard for the magistrates to manage. For it was impossible to check the reigning fear, nor would any one suffer Pompey to follow the dictates of his own judgement, but whatever feeling each one had, whether fear, or distress, or perplexity, he promptly infected Pompey’s mind with this. Therefore oppo- site counsels prevailed in the same day, and it was impossible for Pompey to get any true information about the enemy, since many reported to him what- ever they happened to hear, and then were vexed if he did not believethem. Under these circumstances he issued an edict in which he recognized a state ot civil war, ordered all the senators to follow him, declared that he would regard as a partisan of Caesar any one who remained behind, and late in the evening left the city. The consuls also fled, without even making the sacrifices customary before a war. But even amid the actual terrors of the hour Pompey was a man to be envied for the universal good will felt towards him, because, though many blamed his generalship, there was no one who hated the general. Indeed, one would have found that those who fled the city for the sake of liberty were not so numerous as those who did so because they were unable to forsake Pompey. LXII. A few days after this, Caesar entered and took possession of Rome. He treated everybody with kindness and calmed their fears, except that when Metellus, one of the tribunes, attempted to prevent him from taking money out of the public treasury, he threatened to kill him, and added to the threat a still harsher speech, namely, that it was easier for him to execute it than to utter it.! Having 1 Cf. the Caesar xxxv. 4. 277 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 mpakat. rpewrdpevos S€ roy MéredXov ottH, Kal raBov av exypnter, Sime Tloutrniov, éxBareiv omevowy €x THS ‘Itadias mply adixéoOar rhv é€F "[Bnpias avt@ Svvapiv. o S€ 1d Bpevtéccov KaTacYov Kal Troiwy evmopnoas Tovs meV e 4 > A > , A 3 9 n” 7 imatous evOds éuBiBaoas kai pet avTov oreipas Tpidxovta mpoekérep ev eis Avppayiov, Y«n- mlwova 5é tov twevOepov cal Tvaiov rov vidv es Duplav améoteke vavtTixdy KatacKkevdoortas. 3 autos 5¢ dpakdpevos Tas wvAas Kal ToIs Telxect Tous éAadpotdtous otpaTiotas éemtatTHaas, TOUS 5é Bpevrecivouvs atpeuety cat’ oixiay Kedevoas, C4 b] . \ 4 9 4 v4 SAny évros rHv TOW avéoxae xal Sretddpevae, Kat oKoAoT@v évérAnoe TOUS TTEVWTOVS TAY a“ b e ? , > A a dueity, 5¢ wv él Oddrattav avtos Katirev. 4 npépa S€ rpitn Tov pév addrov Sydov ev Tais vavoly elyev 75n Kal’ novxiav éuBeBnxota, Tots 5¢ ra telyn pvArdtrovow éEaidyns onpetiov apas cal catadpapovtas o£éws avadkaBav aterépacen. e AN An e 9 > , , \ 6 5é Kaicap, ws eidev exreAerppéva Ta reixyn, THY guy aicOopevos puxpod pev edénoe Siw@Kwv Tois otaupois Kal Tols opvypact TrepitreTns yevéoOat, n , 4 , trav b€ Bpervrecivwv dpacdytav gvdNaTToOpmeEvos THY TOALY Kal KUKA@ TeEpLiov avnypévous cdpE mavras wAnY Sveiv TOLwY aoTpaTLMTAS TLVas OU ToNXOUS exovT@V. LXIII. Of pév ody ddAXoe Tod Topmrnitov tov amotNouy év Tos apiotos TiMevTar otpaTnyn- pac, avros 6¢ Katcap éOavpaley Ore ral modmy 278 POMPEY thus driven away Metellus, he took what he wanted, and then set out in pursuit of Pompey, being anxious to drive him out of Italy before his forces came back from Spain. But Pompey, having taken possession of Brundisium, where he found plenty of transports, immediately embarked the consuls, and with them thirty cohorts of soldiers, and sent them before him to Dyrrachium; Scipio his father-in-law, however, and Gnaeus his son, he sent to Syria to raise a fleet. He himself, after barricading the gates and manning the walls with his lightest-armed soldiers, ordered the Brundisians to remain quietly in their houses, and then dug up all the ground inside the city into trenches, and filled the streets with sunken stakes,! all except two, by which he himself finally went down to the sea. Then on the third day, when he had already embarked the rest of his host at his leisure, he suddenly raised a signal for those who were still guarding the walls to run swiftly down to the sea, took them on board, and set them across to Dyrrachium. Caesar, however, when he saw the walls deserted, perceived that Pompey had fled, and in his pursuit of him came near getting entangled in the ditches and stakes; but since the Brundisians told him about them, he avoided the city,? and making a circuit round it, found that all the trans- ports had put out to sea except two, which had only a few soldiers aboard. LXIII. Other people, now, count this sailing away of Pompey among his best stratagems, but Caesar himself was astonished that when he was in 1 Ditches were dug across the streets, sharpened stakes planted in the ditches, and the whole work lightly covered so as to look undisturbed. Cf. Caesar, Bell. Civ. I. xxvii. 2 He had besieged it for nine days, and had also begun to close up the harbour (Caesar, Bell. Csv. I. xxv.-xxvii.). 279 PLUTARCH’S LIVES exyov oxupay Kat T poa Sox Gv Tas é& ‘TBnplas Suvdpets kal OJaraccoxpatrav é&éduTre Kal 7™pon- KATO Tyv “Iraniav. airiaras Kat Kixépwv bre THY @emirroxréovs € eMLpno ato otparyyiay paddov y| THY Tepuxréous, TOD TpaypaTov TOUTOLS opotov OVTWV, OVK éxelVvoLs. edi woe dé Kaicap Epye apodpa poBovpevos TOV xpovov. eo yap Novpépcov Topaniov dirov améatetrey eis Bpev- Téa Lo éml tois loos abtav Siadraynvar Nov- pEpLos dé Tlopanie ouveberdevaev. évred0ev 0 pev év peas 4 éEnxovta KUpLOS yeyovas avat- port THs “ItaXias ddns éBovnero pev evs Tlopmrniov SimKxerv, mrolwv Sé pi) TapovTaVv atoaotpéyas eis “1 Bnpiav Hravve, Tas éxet duvd- pets mpotaryayerbau Bovdopevos. LXIV. ’Ev ¢ 76 xpovep TOUT® peyary cuverTn Tloprnio Svvayuis, 7 pev apg! Kal TAVTEADS avavTayavia Tos (Roav yap at paxtpor TevTa- Koola, AeBupvidey bé - KaTAaCKOTTODV Umrep- | Baddov ap.Ouos), immets 66, ‘Pepatov wal "Irark@v 16 avOodr, ETTAKLTXLALOL, yeveot Kat TOUT Kat ppovnpace Sta épovres: Thy O€ rebny o ULPLLK TOD ovoav Kal pererns Seouevny éyupvatev év Bepoia KaOnpevos ovK apyos, Grn donep dnpdtovre Xpwpevos aur@ mpos Ta yuuvdowa. peyarn yap Rv porn m™pos TO Oappeiv Tos opaat Tloptrniov Méyvou éfneovta, pep érn Sveiv dei- TwovrTa yeyernpévon, é év 5é tols SirAoLs Gpthded wevov meCon, elra é LIrTroT ny avbus Eicopmevov TE TO Eidos aT parypovers Géovre TO imme Kat KATAKAELOVT A, WadLy EVYEPAS, ev 88 tois dxovticpois ob povov 1 év judéoas Bekker, after Emperius: juépats. 280 653 POMPEY possession of a strong city and expected his forces from Spain and was master of the sea, he gave up and abandoned Italy. Cicero also blames him! for imitating the generalship of Themistocles rather than that of Pericles, although he was situated like Pericles, and not like Themistocles. Moreover, Caesar had shown by what he did that he greatly feared a protraction of the war. For after capturing © Numerius, a friend of Pompey, he sent him to Brundisium with a request for a reconciliation on equal terms. But Numerius sailed away with Pompey. Then Caesar, who in sixty days had be- come master of all Italy without bloodshed, wished to pursue Pompey at once, but since he had no transports, he turned back and marched into Spain, desiring to win over to himself the forces there. LXIV. In the meantime a great force was gathered by Pompey. His navy was simply irre- sistible, since he had five hundred ships of war, while the number of his light galleys and fast cruisers was immense; his cavalry numbered seven thousand, the flower of Rome and Italy, preéminent in lineage, wealth, and courage; and his infantry, which was a mixed multitude and in need of training, he exercised at Beroea, not sitting idly by, but taking part in their exercises himself, as if he had been in the flower of his age. And indeed it was a great incentive to confidence when they saw Pompey the Great, who was now sixty years of age less two, but who nevertheless competed in full armour as a foot-soldier, and then again, as a horseman, drew his sword without trouble while his horse was at a gallop and put it back in its sheath with ease; while in hurling the javelin he not only displayed accuracy, 1 Kpist. ad Att. vii. 11. 281 PLUTARCH’S LIVES axpiBerav, adr\a Kab popnv émidecxvvpevov eis HjKos, 6 ToAXOl TaY véwv ovY UTEpéBaddov. émehoitwy dé cat Bactreis eOvav nai Suvaorat, kat tav amd ‘Pons nyepovixav apiOmos Fv évteXods BovAjs tepl avtov. ArAOe Sé Kai AaBinvos! atordrtr@v Kaicapa diros yeyovas kal ovveotpateupévos ev Tandartia, cal Bpodvros, vios @v Bpovrov tod mept Tadatiav odayévtos, dvnp peyaroppay ral pndérote Ilourniov mpoc- evT@v pnoe aomacdpevos mpotepov ws ovéa Tov TaTpos, TOTE Sé ws éAevOepodyTe THY “Payny vrérafev éauvtov. Kuxépwv 5€é, xaitep adda yeypadws xal BeBovrcupévos, Suws KxarndécOn un yevéoOar tod tpoxwvduvevovtos apiOpwod Ths matpioos. rAOe Sé cal Tidisos YéEti0s, éoya- Toynpws avnp Oatepov meTnpwpévos oKéXOS, ES Maxedoviay: by TOY GAdwY yeXoOvTwv Kal yAEva- Covrwv, o Llopmrnios idwv éEavéotrn nal mpocé- Spape, peya vouifwy paptvptov eivar Kai rovs map HAtkiav Kal mapa Sivayy aipovpévous Tov pet avtov Kivdvvoy avtl Ths acdanetas. LXV. ’Esrel 6€ BovAis yevopévns Kai yvopunv Kadtwvos ettovtos éepndicavto pndéva ‘Papaiwr dvev wapatafews avarpely pndé Svaprdalew morw vmnxoov ‘Pwpaiols, ére wadXov 4 Tlopsnitov pepis nyatnOn Kal yap ols pndév hv mpayya rod ToAé“ou Toppw Katoxovow % Sv’ daabéverav apmerovpévors, TH ye BovrAcoOat cuvyxaretiOevto kal T@ OYM GuvVEe“dyouy UTép TaV S.iKalwD, 1 AaBinvds with Coraés and Bekker: AaBewy. 282 sty POMPEY but also vigour in the length of his cast, which many of the young men could not surpass. There kept coming to him also kings of nations and potentates, and of the leading men from Rome there were enough about him to form a full senate. Labienus also came, having deserted Caesar, though he had been his friend and had served under him in Gaul; and Brutus, a son of the Brutus who had been put to death by Pompey in Gaul,! a man of lofty spirit, who had never spoken to Pompey nor even saluted him before, because he held him to be the murderer of his father, but now he put himself under his com- mand, believing him to be a deliverer of Rome. Cicero, too, although he had advocated other measures in his writings and his speeches in the senate, nevertheless was ashamed not to be of the number of those who risked all for their country. There came also Tidius Sextius, a man of extreme old age and lame of one leg, into Macedonia. The rest laughed and jeered at him, but when Pompey saw him, he rose and ran to meet him, counting it a great testimony that men past the years and past the power of service should choose danger with him in preference to their safety. LXV. When their senate convened and a decree was passed, on motion of. Cato, that no Roman should be killed except on a field of battle, and that no city subject to Rome should be plundered, the party of Pompey was held in still greater favour. For those even who took no part in the war, either because they dwelt too far away, or were too weak to be regarded, attached themselves to it in their wishes at least, and, as far as their words went, fought with it in behalf of the right, considering 1 Cf. chapter xvi. 3 f.; Brutus, iv. 1 f. 283 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Hyovupevot Oeois elvat kat avOpwrots éxOpov & pn Kal? Hdovnv éote vixady Topmrniov. Ov pny arXa cal Kaicap evyvopova rapeixev éavrov év T@ Kpareiy, ds Kal ras év “IBnpia tod Tlouaniov duvayes éXOv Kal KatatroAEunoas agjxe tovs orpatnyous, tois 5€ otpatimrats eypnro. Kal wadw vrepBarov tas “Adres Kat d:adpayov thy “Itadiav eis Bpevréciov heey év TpoTrais On TOD YEeLta@vos SvTos: Kal diaTrepdcas TO WéAXaryos avTos pev eis “"Opixov trapevéBarer, OvBovaArtov} S€ tov Tloprniov dirov aiypdro- Tov éywv ovv éavt@ mpos Topmrniov avéorenre, Tpokanrovpevos eis Ev auveMovtas dauorépous npépa tpitn mavta Siadriocat Ta otTpatevpata kat yevouevous hirous kal opooavtas émraveeiv eis ‘Itadiay. tadta Tlopranios atéts évédpav nryetto: Kal xkataBas okéws él Odrattav Karté- AaBe yYwpia cal Torovs pas te Tols welois oTpatoTédols umepadkels exovta, nal vavrAova Kal Katdpoes émipopovs Tois emiporTaoe sia Oaratrns, Bote wavTa mveiy avepov Lopmrniw otrov 7 oTpatlay f ypnpata Kxouifovtra, Kaicapa dé duayepetars ada yi opod Kal Kata OddatTay meprexopevov €& avdyKns Ptdopayelv, cal mpoo- BadXovta ois éptpact Kal mpoxarovpevoy éxdotote TA pev TELoTA VIKaY Kal KpaTety Tois axpoBortc pois, arrak dé puxpod cuvtpiBjvas Kal THhv orpatsay arroBaneiy, rod Lloparniov AXaurpas arywVvicapevou péxpt TpoTIAS aTavTwy Kat dovov SioxtrAiwv, BracacOar 5é Kal cvvetomeccivy ph SuvnPevtos 4 hoBnOévtos, wate eimety Kaicapa 1 OdiBovAAtory after Caesar, Bell. Civ. iii. 10: ’lovBioy. 284 654 POMPEY him a foe to gods and men who did not wish Pompey to be victorious. However, it is also true that Caesar showed him- self merciful as a conqueror; after defeating and capturing the forces of Pompey in Spain, he sent away their commanders, and took the soldiers into his service.1 Then he re-crossed the Alps, marched rapidly through Italy, and came to Brundisium shortly after the winter solstice.2 Crossing the sea there, he himself put in at Oricum, but he dis- patched Vibullius, the friend of Pompey, who was his prisoner of war, to Pompey, with a proposition that they should hold a conference, disband all their armies within three days, and after renewing their friendship under oath, return to Italy. This Pompey thought to be another snare, and marching swiftly down to the sea, he took possession of the posts, regions, and sites which offered strong posi- tions for land forces, as well as of the naval stations and landing-places which were favourable for those who came by sea, so that every wind that blew brought Pompey grain, or troops, or money; while Caesar, on the other hand, reduced to straits by sea and land, was forced to seek a battle, attacking Pompey’s defences and challenging him to come out all the while. In these skirmishes Caesar was for the most part victorious and carried the day; but once he narrowly escaped being utterly crushed and losing his army, for Pompey made a brilliant fight and at last routed Caesar’s whole force and killed _two thousand of them. He did not, however, force his way into their camp with the fugitives, either because he could not, or because he feared to do so, and this led Caesar to say to his friends: “ To-day 1 See Caesar, Bell. Civ. I. xli,-lxxxvii. 2 Of 49 B.o. 285 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tpos Tovs dirouvs Ste Yjuepov av 7H vinn mapa TOUS TrONEMLOLS HV, EL TOY ViK@VTA ElyoV. LXVI. ‘Em rovt@ péya dpovicavtes ot Top- mniov dia payns éorrevdov xptOjvar. Tlopmnios dé tots pev &w Bactrdedot xal otpatrnyois Kxat TOT WS veviKnKas eypade, Tov 5é THs paxns xivduvov wppader, TO Ypdve Kal tais atropiats KaTaTrovNepnoey vopilwy dvdpas dudyous pep ev tots Ordos Kal cuveOiopévous vixdy pet’ AXd1- AwY Torvv On Ypovoy, mpos 5é THY GAANDY oTpareiay Kal Trdvas Kal peraBaces Kal rddpov opv—es Kal reryav oixodopias amayopevovTas umTo ynpws, Kal 1a rodTO Tais yepoly éuhovat TaxloTa Kal ovuprraxhvat omevdovtas. ov pny GANA TPOTEPOV GUS yé Tas Tapirye TE\OwY TOUS wept avrov atpeuety o Llopmnios: eel Sé peta Thy payny o Kaicap bro tev aropiav avacras éBdabdile 80 "AOapdvwv cis @ettariav, ovKért xabextov fv 1d dpovnua tay avdpav, adda gdevryery Kaioapa Bo@rres of pév axorovbely rai Side éxédevov, of Sé dSiaBaivey eis “ItaNiar, ot 6é Oepatrovtas eis “Papnv cal pirous Ereprrov otxias mpoxatadnopévous éyyus ayopas ws av- Tika petiovres apxyas. é€Oedovtat dé mrodXol mpos KopyynAtay émdeov eis AéoBov evayyedrSopevor mépas yew Toy ToAELOY: exe yap adTHy vTeEkE- mepvev o Llopmrnios. "AOpacbeions 5¢ BovrAjs "Adpdvios pev arre- ghaiveto yopnv éyeo8at tis Itadias, ravtny yap elvat Tov roAéwou TO péytaTov GOXov, mpooti- 286 POMPEY victory would have been with the enemy if they had had a victor in command.” LXVI. At this success the followers of Pompey were so elated that they were eager to have the issue decided by a battle. Pompey, however, al- though he wrote to distant kings and generals and cities in the tone of a victor, feared the risk of such a battle, thinking that by imposing delays and distresses upon them he would finally subdue men who were invincible in arms and had been accus- tomed to conquer together now for a long time, but who for the other duties of a campaign, such as long marches, changes of position, the digging of trenches, and the building of walls, were incapacitated by old age, and therefore eager to come to close quarters and fight hand to hand without delay. Notwith- standing their over-confidence, Pompey had hitherto somehow or other succeeded in inducing his followers to keep quiet; but when after the battle Caesar was compelled by his lack of supplies to break camp and march through Athamania into Thessaly, their spirits could no longer be restrained, but, cry- ing out that Caesar was in flight, some of them were for following in pursuit of him, others for crossing over into Italy, and others were sending their attendants and friends to Rome in order to pre- occupy houses near the forum, purposing at once to become candidates for office. Many, too, of their own accord sailed to Cornelia in Lesbos with the glad tidings that the war was at an end; for Pompey had sent her there for safety. A senate having been assembled, Afranius gave it as his opinion that they should make sure of Italy, for Italy was the greatest prize of the war, and 287 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Pévat 5é rots Kparodoty evOds Yxeriav, Lapdova, Kupvov, ‘I8npiav, Taratiav amacav: hs te 67 mrelatos 0 AOyos Iloumniw marpidos dpeyovons Netpas éyyvbev, ov Karas Eyety Tepropay TpoTN- Naxilopevnv Kal SovrAevovaay oixeras Kal Kodak. tupavvev. autos Sé Ilopumrnios obte mpos Sdfav nyeiro Kadov avt@ Sevrépay guyny deve Kaicapa xal dS:oxeoOa, ths tHXYNS Stw@Kew Se- Sovons, otte Gotov éeyxatadinely Yenriova kal Tous qepl thy “EXAdéa cal @etrariay dvdpas Uratikous, evOUS bro Kaicape yevnoopévous pera Ypnuatov kal Svvdpewv peydrwr, Ths 5é ‘Payns paducta KyndecOar Tov amwTdtTw TodEpobyTa mept avrTis, das arabns Kaxdv ovoa Kal avy- KOOS TepiLevn TOY KpaTouVTa. LXVII. Taidra Wndiodpevos ediwxe Kaicapa, payns pev éyvoxws améyecOat, mordopKeiv Sé kal tpiBew tais aropias éyyvOev érraxodov0av. Kal yap addXws Tadra aoupdépery nyetro, Kal AGyos Tis eis aUTOY Hey ev TOIs immedot HeEpo- pevos, @ XPT) TaXLoTa TpEeYrapévous Kaicapa cuykatadvey Kaxeivov avTov. evior bé dace §1a TodTo Kal Kdtove pndév aktov orrovdns ypn- cac8a: Tloprniov, adrAa Kal wopevopevoy él Kaloapa ampos Oardoon xatardireivy em rijs atrookevis, poBnGévra py Kaicapos dvatpedév- Tos avayxdon Kaxeivoy evs atoBécBar tH apxnv. ovtw S€ mapaxor\ovdav atpéua ois joneptots év aitiars hv Kal xaraBonceow @s ov Kaicapa kataotpatnyay, adAa THY TaTpida Kad 288 POMPEY would at once put also into the hands of her masters Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Spain, and all Gaul; and since his native land, which was of the greatest concern to Pompey, stretched out suppliant hands to him close by, it was not right to allow her to be enslaved and insulted by servants and flatterers of tyrants. Pompey himself, however, thought it neither well for his own reputation to run away a second time from Caesar and to be pursued by him, when fortune made him the pursuer, nor right before Heaven to abandon Scipio and the men of consular rank in Thessaly and Hellas, who would at once come into the power of Caesar together with their moneys and large forces; but that he cared most for Rome who fought for her at the farthest remove, in order that she might neither suffer nor hear about any evil, but quietly await her master. LXVII. Having decided the matter in this way, Pompey set out in pursuit of Caesar, determined to avoid a battle, but to keep him under siege and harass him with lack of supplies by following close upon him. He had reasons for thinking this the best course, and besides, a saying current among the cavalry reached his ears, to the effect that as soon as they had routed Caesar they must put down Pompey himself also. And some say this was also the reason why Pompey called upon Cato for no service of any importance, but even when marching against Caesar left him at the coast in charge of the baggage, fearing lest, if Caesar should be taken off, he him- self also might be forced by Cato to lay down his command at once. While he was thus quietly following the enemy he was loudly denounced, and charges were rife that he was directing his campaign, not against Caesar, but against his country and the 289 VOL. V. U PLUTARCH’S LIVES TY BovAny, dtrws 61a TayTos apxn Kal pnderore TAvanTat Tots akvovar TAS OLKOULEVNS adpxeuw Xpopevos UmnpeTats Kal eee Aopeértios d€ avTov "AnvoBapBos * Ayapeéuvova KANOV Kal Bacréa Baciréwv émid Bovov érroiee. Kat Paw- vLos OUX TT TOV ny andns TOV mappnoratopeveov dxaipws ey 7 TKOTTELY, “"AvOpwrrot,” Boar, “ovdé tHTES Eotat Tov év Tovoxravm ciKwv na 2? 4 \ > 4 e \ b petadaBetv ;” Aevecos bé Adpdvios Oo Tas éy ‘TAnpia duvduers arroBadov év aitig 7 podogias yeyovas, ToTe O€ Tov Tlopmrniov opav puyopay- obvta, Gavpaterv éXeye TOUS xatnyopobvras avrod, TOs Tpos TOV EuTropoy THY eTapXLdY ov paxovTas mpoeOovres. Tatra kal Ta towabra TOG éyoures dvopa d0Ens HTTOVA Kal THS TWpOS TOUS dirous aidois TOV Topmniov éfeBidcavto Kal ouvenconadaavTo TALS EAUTOV éNTriot Kal oppais emaxohoviaat, 7 poe meEvov TOUS apiatous Aoyeonovs, é7Ep ovde 7 NoLouv cuBepyiry, entiye! rocovtwv eOvav Kai duvdpewy avToKpdatopt oTpaThny@ Tabeiv hv Tpoc- jKeov. o 8€ TeV pev taTpaLr ToS pn demote yvaptfopévous tais émiOupmiay émnverev, autos dé T@ vooourTt TAS. oTpatias evedwrxe, deiaas ent TwTnpig AUTTNPOS yevea ar. TOS yap ay Tes pycecev Dryvatvery éxetvous Tous avdpas, @v ot pev vTaTteias 76m Kab oTpaTnyias év TO o7Tparo- TEOw TepLvoaTobvTEs EMYOVTO, SG jipe dé xal Aoperi kal Lent rove Tepl Ths Kaicapos dpx- ee epives joav Kal prdoverkiat cal deEtwoes; Wamrep avtots Tiypdvouv tov ’Appeviou 1 unreye Bekker reads uhrovye, with C. 290 v POM PEY senate, in order that he might always be in office and never cease to have for his attendants and guards men who claimed to rule the world. Domitius Ahenobarbus, too, by calling him Agamemnon, and King of Kings, made him odious. And Favonius was no less displeasing to him than those who used a bolder speech, when he bawled out his untimely jest: “Omen, this year, also, shall we eat no figs of Tusculum?” And Lucius Afranius, who lay under a charge of treachery for having lost his forces in Spain, on seeing Pompey now avoiding a battle with Caesar, said he was astonished that his accusers did not go forth and fight this trafficker in provinces. With these and many similar speeches they forced Pompey from his settled purpose,—a man who was a slave to fame and loath to disappointthis friends,— and dragged him into following after their own hopes and impulses, abandoning his best laid plans, a thing which even in the master of a ship, to say nothing of a general in sole command of so many nations and armies, would have been unbecoming. Pompey himself approved of those physicians who never gratify the morbid desires of their patients, and yet he yielded to the diseased passion of his followers, for fear of offending if he tried to heal and save them. For how can one say that those men were sound and well, some of whom were already going about among the soldiers and canvassing for consul- ships and praetorships, while Spinther, Domitius, and Scipio were quarrelling, scheming, and conspir- ing over the pontificate of Caesar,? just as though Tigranes the Armenian were encamped over against 1 He was accused of taking a bribe from Caesar for the surrender of the Spains (see the Caesar, xli. 2). 2 Since 63 B.c., Caesar had been pontifex maximus. Cf. Bell. Civ. iii. 83. 2g! 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TapactpatoTresevovtos 1 Tov NaBataiwy Ba- oLrEws, GNX’ ov Kaicapos éxelvou Kal THS duvd- MEWS 7 xurALas peev npnKeEL TOAELS KAT KpaTos, EOvn 58 ‘ardelova Tptaxociwy UMHKTO, Deppavois dé Kal Tardrtais PE MAXNMEVOS ANTTNTOS éaas ovK av TIS apOunoa paxas éxaTov pupiddas alXparharv éxaBev, éxatov S€ atréxrewe Tpe wd- MEVOS €K mapaTatews. LXVIII. ’AXN Sums eryicel wevor kal Gopu- Boovtes, érrel xkatéBnoav eis TO Papo ddtov mediop, jvaryKac ay Bovday mpo0eivar TOV Tlop- mHiov, év n AaBunves 0 TOY itm éwy apxeov TpP@TOs dvacTas a moae Th) dvaxeopiaew éx Tis HaXnS, el pn Tpépatro TOUS trodeptous: Ta 6é aura Kal TavTEs @pvvcav. TH 6€ vuKTos édo£e Kara TOUS Umvous Tlopmnios els TO Jéat pov elavovTos avrou Kporeiy Tov Ofjov, autos 6é Koo pew vepov "Agpodirns vexnpopov TONNOLS Aadvpors. al Ta ev edpper, Ta dé breO parte avrov n Orbts, bedouxora Hn) TO yever TO Kaicapos els ‘Ad poditny avnkovTe dofa wal apm porns an’ avTov yévntar Kal maviKot tives OopuBot Sudtrovres eEavértncay avrov. éwOwys Se puraxis vmép Tov Kaicapos orpatonédov TOn- My naovxiay aryov Tos eFéXaprpe heya Gas, éx &é TOUTOU Lapras apbeioa proyoedns € émt To} Top- mntov katécnn ye Kal tovTo ieiv gnot Kaicap AUTOS em Lov Tas purakds. dpa oe NMEPG per AovTOS avroo mpos Skotodcay avatevryviev «al Tas oKNVaS TOY oOTpaTLWTa@V KaOaLpovYTwY Kal MpoTepTovTwy vrovuyia Kal Oepatrovtas, hrov ot oxoTot ppavovres Grrrda ToAXNa Kadopay év TO 1 éw) +d Coraés and Bekker, after Reiske: é7). 292 POMPEY them, or the king of the Nabataeans, and not that Caesar, and that army, who had taken by storm a thousand cities, subdued more than three hundred nations, and fought unvanquished with Germans and_. Gauls in more battles than one could number, taking a hundred times ten thousand prisoners, and slaying as many, after routing them on the battle-field. LXVIII. But notwithstanding, by their importuni- ties and agitations, after they had gone down into the plain of Pharsalia, they forced Pompey to hold a council of war, where Labienus, the commander of the cavalry, rose first and took an oath that he would not come back from the battle unless he routed the enemy; then all likewise swore the same oath. That night Pompey dreamed that as he entered his theatre the people clapped their hands, and that he decorated a temple of Venus Victrix with many spoils. On some accounts he was encouraged, but on others depressed, by the dream; he feared lest the race of Caesar, which went back to Venus, was to receive glory and splendour through him; and certain panic tumults which went rushing through the camp roused him from sleep. Furthermore, during the morning watch a great light shone out above the camp of Caesar, which was perfectly quiet, and a flaming torch rose from it and darted down upon the camp of Pompey; Caesar himself says he saw this as he was visiting the watches! At break of day, Caesar was about to decamp and move to Scotussa, and his soldiers were taking down their tents and sending on ahead the beasts of burden and servants, when the scouts came in with a report that they saw many shields moving to and fro in the 1 Cf. the Caesar, xliii. 3. It is not mentioned in the Commentaries. 293 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Xepare TOV TOAELiOV Srapepopeva, Kal xivnow elvat kal OopuBov avdpav én paxny éEvovTav. peta O€ TOUTOUS érepor Tapijoav ets Taku 75n Kxaliaracbar TOUS TT P@TOUS éyoutes. ) pev ovv Kaioap el @y THD mpoadoxwperny Fj KEL npepay, év 7} ‘T pos avdpas, ov T pos ALpov ovde Teviav paxovvrat, Kara TAXOS TPO Tis cxnvijs exédevae m pobeiva Tov gowxotv xiTeva: TobTo yap pays ‘Pwpaio éotl aovpPorov. ot dé OT pa- TL@T AL Jeagdpevoe pera Bors wal Xapas Tas oKNVas adévrTes epépovto mpos Ta OmAa. Kal Tov Ttaktapyav aryovTov eis hv de Tak, Exac- TOS, damep Xopos, dvev BopvBou MEepeXETN LEVWS els TaEwv) cal Tpaws Kadiararo. LXIX. [loparnios 88 TO pev deEcov avros exo emehdev avOicrac bat mpos ‘Avr@vov, év d€ TO péow Lxntiova Tov mevOepov avrérate KarBivo Aevxiw, To dé eDodvUpov ele pev Aevxtos Aopé- TLOS, éppooOn dé 7 wrOe TOY imma. evTavda yap ortyou dei Gmavres éppunaay as Kaicapa Biacopevoe kal 76 Séxatov Taypa Staxdwortes, ov Tretia TOs my 0 Aoyos @S paytuwrTdatov, Kal Kaicap év éxeivp TATTOMEVOS evwOet paxec Bar. KaATLO@Y be Ted pay wevOV lnwe ToTaUuTy TOV TON pLov TO EV@VU[OD, kat poBnbeis THY Nap- TpoTnTa Tob omc pod, petevréwato omreipas é& amo TOV emeTarypaTov kal KATET TNT EY oma bev TOU dexdrou, Kedevoas novyiav aye adnhous Tous Toheious évtas: Stay oé Tpogedavywa ty ot imtreis, bta TOV TpO“aYyov éxdpapovras mz) 1 poe- c8at tovs vaaods, MaoTrep ELM@PactY ot KpdTLOTOL 1 eis rdtwv bracketed by Bekker, 294 656 POMPEY enemy’s camp, and that there was a noisy movement there of men coming out to battle. After these, others came announcing that the foremost ranks were already forming in battle array. Caesar, there- fore, after saying that the expected day had come, on which they would fight against men, and not against want and hunger, quickly ordered the purple tunic to be hung up in front of his tent, that being the Roman signal for battle. His soldiers, on seeing this, left. their tents with shouts of joy, and hurried to arms. And when their officers led them to the proper place, each man, as if in a chorus, not tu- multuously, but with the quiet ease which training gives, fell into line. LXIX. Pompey himself, with the right wing, intended to oppose Antony; in the centre he sta- tioned Scipio, his father-in-law, over against Lucius Calvinus; his left wing was commanded by Lucius Domitius, and was supported by the main body of the cavalry. For almost all the horsemen had crowded to this point, in order to overpower Caesar and cut to pieces the tenth legion; for this: was generally said to fight better than any other, and in its ranks Caesar usually stood when he fought a battle. But Caesar, observing that the left wing of the enemy was enclosed by such a large body of horsemen, and alarmed at their brilliant array, sent for six cohorts from his reserves and stationed them behind the tenth legion, with orders to keep quiet and out of the enemy’s sight; but whenever the cavalry charged, they were to run out through the front ranks, and were not to hurl their javelins, as 1 Both Plutarch (not only here, but also in his Caesar, xliv. 1 f.) and Appian ( Bell. Civ. ii. 76) differ in their accounts of the order of battle from that which Caesar himself gives (Bell. Crv. iii. 88 f.). 299 PLUTARCH’S LIVES omevdovtes él Tas EchourAnias, GAA Traiey avo CuYTiTpwWoKOVTAaS GupaTa Kal mpoownra Tov TONELLOV? OU yap pevely TOUS KAaAO’S TOUTOUS kat avOnpovs truppiytatas 81a Tov w@paicpor, ovdé avTiBrdpetv arpos Tov aidnpov év opOarpois yevopuevov. év TovTois pev odv o Kaioap jp. ‘O 8 Tlopmrnios ad’ trmov ray rapdtakw ETLTKOTOV, WS EWPA TOUS peVv aYTLTdXOUS pEO” Hovyias Tov Katpov év Taker wpoopevortas, THs S id’ ait@ oTparias TO WrAELoTOY OK aTpELOdY, GAXa Kupaivoy amepia cal OopvBovpevor, ece un SiacracOn wavtdracw év apyh THS wayns, xal tapdyyeApa Tois mpoTtetaypévots edwxev éotatas év mpoBoAn Kal pévovtas apapotas Sé- xecOat tors Tworepious. o dé Kaicap airiitas TO OTpATHYNnUA TOUTO’ TOY TE yap TANYaV TOV €& éiSpopns Tovoy dpavpdcat, Kal THY paddtoTa TOUS TOAXOUS ev TO ouphépedOat Tois TrodEpLOLS TAnpodcav evOovatacpod Kal popas avteEopun- ow, dua cpavyh cat Spop@ Tov Ovpov ab~ovaar, agedovta mhEar nal xatawitat tovs avdpas. hoav dé ot pev peta Kaicapos dioxidtor mpos dtapupiors, ot dé peta Tourniov Bpayel wretoves nH OtTrAaoLoL TOUVTWD. LXX. "Hdn b€ cuvOnpatos Sidouéevov rapa appotépwv Kai Tis cddrvyyos apyouéevns éyKe- 296 POMPEY the best soldiers usually did in their eagerness to draw their swords, but to strike upwards with them and wound the faces and eyes of the enemy; for these blooming and handsome war-dancers (he said) would not stand their ground for fear of having their youthful beauty marred, nor would they face the steel when it was right at their eyes. Caesar, then, was thus engaged. But Pompey, who was surveying on horseback the battle array, when he saw that his antagonists were standing quietly in their ranks and awaiting the moment of attack, while the greater part of his own army was not at rest, but tossing about in waves of tumult, owing to its inexperience, was afraid that his array would be completely broken up at the beginning of the battle, and therefore ordered his front ranks to stand with their spears advanced, to remain fixed in their places, and so to receive the enemy’s onset. Now, Caesar finds fault with these tactics !; he says that Pompey thereby robbed the blows of his weapons of that impetus which a rapid charge would have given them; and as for that rushing counter-charge, which more than any thing else fills most soldiers with impetuous enthusiasm as they close with their enemies, and combines with their shouts and running to increase their courage, Pompey deprived his men of this, and so rooted them to the spot where they stood, and chilled their spirits. And yet Caesar's forces numbered twenty- two thousand, while those of Pompey were a little more than twice as many. LXX. And now at last the signal was given on both sides and the trumpet began to call to the 1 Bell, Civ. iii. 92. Appian (Bell. Civ. ii. 79) says Caesar does this in his letters. 297 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Never Iau Tpos Ty ova Tact, TOV pev TONN@Y ExacTos éoxomret TO Kad avrov, driryot 6€ “Po- paiov ol | BéXtea Tot Kae TLVES Eddjvev TapovTes éFco THS paxns, OS eyys Hv TO dewvor, éhoyifovro THY meovefiav Kat prroveriar, érrov pépovaea Thy rye LOVviav eEeOnuev. Orda yap ouryyever Kal tak&eus aderpat Kal Kowa onpeta Kal pias Toews evavdpia TocavTn Kal dvvapus avrn pos éavTny ouverimtey, emiderxvupern Hv dvOpo- mivny pvaoww, ws ev made syevopern Tup ov eoTL Kat paveddes. ny pep yap 70n Kal’ jovyiav xpnSovaw a apyev Kat dronavesv TOY KaTeLpyac- MEVOV TO reio Tov cal Kpatia Tov apeTh vas Kal ardcons vmnKooy, Hv © ert TPOTraLey | kai Opiap- Bov épwtt Bovropévous xapiter Bar cal dupavtas euTimrac bas IlapOixav TORE MOV n Teppavican. TonD bé Kat 2xvOia NELTrOEVvOV epryov kal "Ivédoi, Kat mpopacts OUK ado£os érl tara THs TA€ov- eEias npep@aat Ta BapBapixd. Tis 5 av 4h KvOop i inmos ) Tofevpata Idp0wv ) TWOVTOS ‘Ivddr € éméaxe pupiadas entra ‘Popaiwr € év Srrdots emepxopevas [loparntov wal Katcapos ayoupeven, ov évopa Tov ™poTepov icoua av h TO Pwopaior; ovTwsS apixta Kal Tokina kat Onpiwdn ira vixavtes émnrOov. torte dé addiprous Haxovpevor acuvnecav, ovode THY dofav aura, by WN THS mar pibos npeidoun, oleTeipayTeEs, axe Tis mpuepas éxeiyys GULKNTOV Tporaryopevopevery. y) pev yap yevopern ouryryevera Kal Ta ‘lovXias pirtpa Kat yapos éxetvos evO us Hy anaTnha, Kal Drona Kowwvias él xpela TUVLTTALEYNS o“npevpata, dirias & arnOivis ov perécyev. 298 POMPEY conflict, and of that great host every man sought to do his part; but a few Romans, the noblest, and some Greeks, men who were present without taking part -in the battle, now that the dreadful crisis was near, began to reflect upon the pass to which contentious- ness and greed had brought the sovereign Roman state. For with kindred arms, fraternal ranks, and common standards, the strong manhood and might of a single city in such numbers was turning its own hand against itself, showing how blind and frenzied a thing human nature is when passion reigns. For had they now been willing quietly to govern and enjoy what they had conquered, the greatest and best part of earth and sea was subject to them, and if they still desired to gratify their thirst for trophies and triumphs, they might have had their fill of wars with Parthians or Germans. Besides, a great task still remained in the subjugation of Scythia and India, and here their greed would have had no inglorious excuse in the civilization of barbarous peoples. And what Scythian horse or Parthian archery or Indian wealth could have checked seventy thousand Romans coming up in arms under the leadership of Pompey and Caesar, whose names those nations had heard of long before that of Rome, so remote and various and savage were the peoples which they had attacked and conquered. But now they were about to join battle with one another, nor were they moved even by a compassion for their own glory to spare their country, men who up to that day had been called invincible! For the family alliance which had been made between them, and the charms of Julia, and her marriage, were now seen to have been from the first suspicious and deceptive pledges of a partnership based on self-interest ; there was no real friendship in it. 299 PLUTARCH'S LIVES LXXI. ‘Os & ob ro Dapoddiov trediov avdpav Kal immov xal Stdwv avetrétrnoTO Kal paxns 7p0n tap apudhotépwv onpeia, mpwtos éx THIS Kaicapos ddrayyos éFédpaye Vdios Kpacciavos, avopov éxatov eixoot NOXayav, peydAny arrob.- Sovs tmdcyerw Kaicapt. mpatov yap avtov éfiwmy Tod yapaxos elde, xal mpocayopevoas HpeTo mas ppovoin mept THS wayns. o b€ tH Sekcav mpoteivas aveBonoe “Nixjoes Aaptpas, Kaicap: éué 6¢ ) Cavta tHpepov 7) vexpov émrarveé- gels.” TovTaV TOV AOYoY pEm“Ynuevos eEWpuNceE xal ouverectmdcato moAXovs Kal mporéBare KATA MéTOUS TOUS TrOAEuiOUS. ‘yevomévou Sé TOD ayavos evOus év Eipeot Kal ToAAaY hovevopévar, Bialopevoyv tpdocw Kal S:axorrovta Tos TpwToUS imoatas Tis WOE Sua Tov aotTopatos TO Eidos, Gore THY aixunv wepdcacay dvacyeiv Kata TO iviov. Ilecovtos 5¢ tod Kpacciavovd, cata tovTo peév jv iooppotros 7 ayn, TO dé SeEvov o Llopuarjios ov TaXéwS eTIAyEeV, GANA TaTTatver éwt Outepa Kal TO TOV iTTéwY avapevwn Epyov évdséTpiBev. 75n 5é éxeivos Tovs OvAALOUS aVIYyOV WS KUKAWTO[MEVOL tov Katoapa, kal tovs mpotetaypévous itmarets OAiyous dvtas éuBanrodvTes eis THY Pdddrayya. Kaicapos 6é€ onpeiov dpavtos, of peév immeis éFaveywopnaar, ai 5é émitetaypevat orretpar pos Thy KUKAwWOLY éexdpapmovaat, Tpioxidtot avdpes, 1 The name is Crastinus in Caesar’s own story of the battle (Bell. Cwv, iii. 91), 300 657 POMPEY LXXI. So then, when the Pharsalian plain was filled with men and horses and arms and the signals for battle had been lifted on both sides, the first to rush out from Caesar’s lines was Caius Crassianus,! a centurion in command of one hundred and twenty men, who was thus redeeming a great promise made to Caesar. For he had been the first man whom Caesar saw as he issued from the camp,: and ad- dressing him, he had asked him what be thought about the battle. The centurion stretched forth his right hand and cried with a loud voice: “ Thou wilt win a splendid victory, O Caesar; and I shall have thy praise to-day, whether I live or die.” Mindful now of these words of his, he rushed forward, carrying many along with him, and threw himself into the midst of the enemy. The combatants at once took to their swords and many were slain, and as the centurion was forcing his way along and cutting down the men in the front ranks, one of them confronted him and drove his sword in at his mouth with such force that its point went through to the nape of his neck.? After Crassianus had fallen, the battle was evenly contested at this point; Pompey, however, did not lead up his right wing swiftly, but kept looking anxiously towards the other parts of the field, and awaited the action of his cavalry on the left, thus losing time. These at last deployed their squadrons with a view to envelop Caesar, and to hurl back upon their supporting lines the horsemen whom he had stationed in front, only a few in number. But Caesar gave a signal, his cavalry retired, and the cohorts drawn up to oppose the enveloping move- ment ran out, three thousand men, and confronted 2 Cf. Caesar, op. cit. iii. 99, where Caesar gives Crastinus that high praise for which he was willing to die. 301 PLUTARCH’S LIVES umavtTialouat Tous ToAEmious, Kal TaploTdpEvoe Kal’ immav, ws éiddyOncav, IWndrois éxpavTo Tots Vaools, Epiesevor TOV TpocwTaV. ot Sé, ATE payns Taons amepot, ToLavTny dé wn TpoadoKn- caves unde mpopadorvtes, ovK eroApwy ovdeé nvei- YOVTO TAS TrANYas év Gupacet Kal oTopacty ovcas, GAN atroatpepopevot Kal Mpoicyopuevor TeV dew Tas Yelpas axes ETPdTOVTO. eEeuvyov- tov € ToUTwY dpednoavtes of Kaicapos éywpouv éml Tous Trelous, 7 waALTTA TOV imméwy TO Képas éyrirwpévov tepidpounv edidov Kal KiKrwow, dua dé Tovtwyv ék TAaylov mpooTecovTaY Kal KaTa otoua tov dexdtov mpoopikavtos ovx UTéwevay OVSE TULETTNAAY, OpaVTES ev @ KUKAW- cecOat Tovs Todeulovs HAmifov avTovs TOTO WaoKXovTas. | LXXII. Tpazropévwv 5 tovtwv, ws xateide Tov xovioptov o Tloumnios cal To qepl Tous im- mwéas maQos cixacev, @ peyv expnoato Oyo LO Yarerrov elieiv, padiota b€ Guotos Tapaddpove Kat TapaTAnye THY Stavotay, Kat und 6tt Mayvos éott Llopmnios évvoodyvts, pndéva mpocetav amne. Badnv eis TOY YdpaKxa, Tdvu Tois Erect mT péToVv exeivols: Zevs 5é marnp Aiav?’ inpituyos év doRov apace: otn 5€ tapwv, dridev S€ cdKxos Barev érta- Boeov, Tpéoce O€ TamTHvas ép opirou. 302 POMPEY their enemies, and standing close by the horses, as they had been directed, they thrust their javelins upwards, aiming at the faces of the riders. These, since they were without experience in every kind of fighting, and did not expect or even know anything about such a kind as this, had neither courage nor endurance to meet the blows which were aimed at their mouths and eyes, but wheeling about and putting their hands before their faces, they in- gloriously took to flight. Then Caesar’s soldiers, suffering these to make their escape, advanced upon the enemy’s infantry, attacking at just that point where the wing, left unprotected by the flight of the cavalry, could be surrounded and enclosed. And since this body attacked them on the flank, while at the same time the tenth legion fell upon their front, the enemy did not stand their ground nor even hold together, for they saw that while they were ex- pecting to surround the enemy, they were themselves being surrounded. LXXITI. After his infantry was thus routed, and when, from the cloud of dust which he saw, Pompey conjectured the fate of his cavalry, what thoughts passed through his mind it were difficult to say; but he was most like a man bereft of sense and crazed, who had utterly forgotten that he was Pompey the Great, and without a word to any one, he walked slowly off to his camp, exemplifying those verses of Homer!: But Zeus the father, throned on high, in Ajax stirred up fear ; He stood confounded, and behind him cast his shield of seven ox-hides, And trembled as he peered around upon the throng. 1 Iliad, xi. 544 ff., where Telamonian Ajax retires before . Hector and his Trojans. 393 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOLOVTOS Eis THY OKNYNY TapeNOov AaPODoyyos Kab- joTo, wéype ov Tots hevyouot troddol StwKovTes ouvercéTimTov? TOTE O€ Povnyv piav agels TavTHD, “Ovdxodv cat ért thv tapenBornv ;” ardo &é pndevy eita@yv,. dvactas xal AaBov écOAtTa TH Tapoven TUXN wpémovoay vrreEnOev. epuye bé Kal Ta NoLTA TaypaTa, Kal hovos év Te TTpaTO- TéEO@ TOAUS eyéveTo oKNVopuAdKwY Kal JepaTov- Tov: otpati@tas 5é povous éFaxtoxytNlous Trecetv gdnow “Acivvtos TloAN wv, pewaynpuévos éxeivny Thy paynv peta Kaicapos. Atpovvtes 5¢ 76 oTpatorredov COe@vro THY avotav Kal KoupoTnta TOV TOAEHiOY. Taca yap oKnVy pupoivats KxatéoteTrto Kal otpwpvais avOcvais HaoKknto Kal tparéfais éxtrwpdtov peorais: kal KpaTiipes olvou mpovKewro, Kab TapacKevn Kal Koo 0s HY TeOuKOTOV Kal ravnyupLlovTwY wadXoV h wpos paxny eEoTrAlopévwv. ottw tais éArtrict tepOappévor Kai yémovtes avontov Opdacous éml TOV TOAELOV EX@poUD. LXXIII. Topmrnios b€ pexpov €w tot yapaxos mpoeNO@y Tov méev imrov aPHKev, Oriywv O€ Kopt- 57 wept avtrov dvtwv, ws ovdels ediwxev, amrnjes xa? novyiav, év Siadroyiopois wy olovs eiKos AapBaverv avOpwrov Etn TéTTapa Kal TpLdKoVvTA yikav Kal Kpateiv amavtwv etOiopévov, ATTNs 4é kal puyhs ToOTe Tpa@Tov év yjpa NapBavovta Trei- pav, évvoovpevov b¢ é& Scwy aywvey Kal TrOAéLov nuEnuévnv arroBarwv wpa wa dokav cal dvvapmiy, 0! apo pixpov TooovToLs SirAoLs Kal imois Kal 1 6 Reiske’s correction of 7 in the MSS., which Sintenis and Bekker delete. 304 658 POMPEY In such a state of mind he went to his tent and sat down speechless, until many pursuers burst into the camp with the fugitives; then he merely ejacu- lated : “ What! even to my quarters?” and without another word rose up, took clothing suitable to his present fortune, and made his escape. The rest of his legions also fled, and there was a great slaughter in the camp of tent-guards and servants; but only six thousand soldiers fell,! according to Asinius Pollio, who fought in that battle on the side of Caesar. When Caesar’s troops captured the camp, they beheld the vanity and folly of the enemy. For _ every tent was wreathed with myrtle boughs and decked out with flowered couches and tables loaded with beakers ; bowls of wine also were laid out, and preparation and adornment were those of men who had sacrificed and were holding festival rather than of men who were arming themselves for battle. With such infatuated hopes and such a store of foolish confidence did they go forth to war.” LXXIII. But Pompey, when he had gone a little distance from the camp, gave his horse the rein, and with only a few followers, since no one pursued him, went quietly away, indulging in such reflections as a man would naturally make who for four and thirty years had been accustomed to conquer and get the mastery in everything, and who now for the first time, in his old age, got experience of defeat and flight ; he thought how in a single hour he had lost the power and glory gained in so many wars and conflicts, he who a little while ago was guarded by 1 Caesar says that fifteen thousand of Pompey’s soldiers fell, and twenty-four thousand surrendered. His own losses he puts at two hundred soldiers and thirty centurions (Bell. Civ. iii. 99). 2 Cf. Caesar, op. cit. ili. 96, 395 VOL. V. xX PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOROS Sopupopovpevos aTrepXeTat puxpos ovTw yeyovas Kat cuveotarpevos wate AavOaverv Cn- TovVTAaS TOUS TrOAEpiOUS. Tapapenrdpevos dé Adpiccay, ws 7Oev ext ta Téurrn, cataBadrov éauTov emt oTOpa Sedinxaws Ewe Tov TOTa pov, kal TwaAw dvacras éBadzsbe bua TOV Teprav, a ax pt ov KaThrber € émt Oddarrav. excel 6€ THS VUKTOS TO Aoumrov dvaT ava dMevos év KaruBio rwl Taynvewy, Kal mepl TOV épOpov émiBas Trotapiou mAotou, cal TOV eTOMevOV TOUS édevdépous avahaBor, TOUS bé Gepdmrovtas a dmvévat _Tpos Kaicapa KeAevoaS Kal pn Sedvévat, wapa ynv Koptlopevos eldev evperyeOn poprnyov avaryer bar pédXOUTAY, 15 evavKdper ‘Pwpatos a avnp ou mavu Lopani cuv7Ons, ryeva- oKwY dé THY Oi avtov: Ilerixtos érekaneiro. TOUT® ouveBeBrjKec THS TApoxXnuErns VUKTOS iSety KaTa Tovs Umvous Toparniov, ovy ov éwpaxe TONAGKLS, adda Tam eLvov ral KaTnpy, mpooo.a- Aeyomevov avT@. Kal TavTa Tots cupTAEovatY eTUYYavE Sumyoupevos, as 59 direl rept Tpayyd- Tov THAMLKOUTOY Aoyor Eyvewv avO pwrous oXOANV dyovras. ékaidyns 5é Tus TOV vavT@v éppage KATLO@V 6 Ste tAotov TOT LL0v amo THS yIs, épéa- oeTae Kal Katacetoval TWES avOpwmot 7a imatoa Kal Tas eipas épéyouct Tpos avTous. émlaTiaas ovv oO eTixtos evOus éyvw Tov Topaniov, oloy évap cide Kal Tn Edpevos THY Keparnv exédevoe TovsS vavTas. TO eporntov TapaBaneir, Kal TH deEtav éFéreve xa Tpooenarel TOV Tlopmjiov, Hon cupppove T@ oVnMaTL THY TUXnY Kat peta- Borny TOU avdpos. d0ev ovTe mapakdnoww ava- peivas ove Noro, GAN avaraBov 6 O7OUS exéhevoe pet avtov (AevtovAa Sé joav apdorepor Kai 306 POMPEY such an array of infantry and horse, but was now going away so insignificant and humbled as to escape the notice of the enemies who were in search of him. After passing by Larissa, he came to the Vale of Tempe, and there, being thirsty, he threw himself down on his face and drank of the river; then, rising up again, he went on his way through Tempe, and at last came down to the sea. There he rested for the remainder of the night in a fisherman’s hut. At early dawn he went aboard a river-boat, taking with him such of his followers as were freemen, but bidding his servants to go back to Caesar and to have no fear. Then he coasted along until he saw a merchant-ship of goodly size about to put to sea, the master of which was a Roman who, though not intimately acquainted with Pompey, nevertheless knew him by sight; his name was Peticius. This man, as it happened, had dreamed the night before that Pompey, not as he had often seen him, but humble and downcast, was addressing him. He was just telling this dream to his shipmates, as men who are at leisure are wont to make much of such matters, when suddenly one of the sailors told him that he saw a river-boat rowing out from the shore, and some men in it waving their garments and stretching out their hands towards them. Peticius, accordingly, turned his attention in that direction, and at once recognised Pompey, as he had seen him in his dream; then, smiting his head, he ordered the sailors to bring the little boat alongside, and stretching out his hand, hailed Pompey, already comprehending from his garb the change of fortune which the man had suffered. Wherefore, without waiting for argument or entreaty, he took Pompey on board, and also all whom Pompei wished to have with him (these were the two Lentul 3°97 x 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4, Pawvios) avijyOn- Kal pixpov botepov doves J \ aA Cd 4 of \ / amo Yijs aptArA@pevoy Anidrapov tov Bacthéa TpocavadauBuvovow. émet dé KaLpos hv Selmvou e “A U KQL TAPETKEVATEY O VAUKANPOS eK TOV TaporTwr, e 4 ’ A oa Sav 0 Pawvios oixet@v aropia tov Topmniov 4 apXoLevov avTov UirodvEe mpocédpape Kal UTeé- \ / \ \ \ 6 4 Auge Kal ouyyndere. Kal TO NOLTOV ex TOUTOU , “ mepiéemwv Kat Oepatrevwr dca Secrrotas So0vXo1, péxpt vilrews today Kal Seimvov rapackevijs, C4 , A ? dueTéXETEV, WOTE THY EXEVOEPLOTHTA THS Vroupyias éexeivns Ocacdpevoy dv tia kat To adedrés ral am\ac Tov eltetv A a / 4 , Dev totot yevvaiorowv ws Atay KaXov. LXXIV. Odtw 6€ tapamdcioas én *Apd- monews éxeiOev eis MetuAnvny éerepatovro, Bovdo- pevos THY Kopynriav avadraBeiv nal tov viov. émel O€ TpoTéaXe TH VNT@ KAT aiyiadopr, érep- ev eis TONY ayyeXov, OVX ws 7) KopyndAia tpoc- edoka Tois mpos yap amayyeddouévots Kal ypahopevots, éAmilovca Tov ToNé“ov KEexptiévov wept Auppaxvov Ett NouTrov Epyov eivat Lopumrnio Thv Katoapos diwkiw. év tovTows ovcay adrny KataraBav o ayyedos domdacacbat pév ody Té- pewve, TA O€ TWAELOTA Kal péyLoTAa TOV KaKaY TOIS Sdxpvot padrov 7) TH dovn Ppdcas omevdery éxérevoev, eb BovrXetai was Tloprniov ideiy émt yews plas Kat adXoTpias. 17 5é akovoaca Tpo- nKaTO pev auTnvy yapale nal mwodNvY ypovoy éxdpwv Kar dvavoos éxetro, worss S€ mas Eudpov 308 POMPEY and Favonius), and set sail; and shortly after, seeing Deiotarus the king hurrying out from shore, they took him on board also. Now, when it was time for supper and the master of the ship had made such provision for them as he could, Favonius, seeing that Pompey, for lack of servants, was beginning to take off his own shoes, ran to him and took’ off his shoes for him, and helped him to anoint himself. And from that time on he continued to give Pompey such ministry and service as slaves give their masters, even down to the washing of his feet and the preparation of his meals, so that any one who beheld the cour- tesy and the unfeigned simplicity of that service might have exclaimed : “Ah, yes! to generous souls how noble every task !""1 LXXIV. And so, after coasting along towards Amphipolis, he crossed over to Mitylene, desiring to take on board Cornelia and his son. And when he had reached the shore of the island, he sent a messenger to the city, not such a one as Cornelia was expecting in view of the joyful messages and letters she had received, for she was hoping that the war was ended at Dyrrachium, and that the only task left for Pompey was the pursuit of Caesar. The messenger, finding her in this mood, could not bring himself to salute her, but indicated to her the most and greatest of her misfortunes by his tears rather than by his speech, and merely bade her hasten if she had any wish to see Pompey with one ship only, and that not his own. When she heard this, she cast herself upon the ground and lay there a long time bereft of sense and speech. At last, 1 The verse is assigned to Euripides in Morals, p. 85a (Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag ?, p. 671). 399 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yevouevn Kat éumancaca Tov KaLpov ovK oVTa Opyvev Kar Saxpuov, eédpape dua THs TONEWS emt Oadratrav. aT aVvT HT aVTOS de ToD Hoparniov Kal deEamévou Tais ayKanats auTny DireperTro- peny Kal mepiTimrouaay, ““Opo ae,’ elrrev, ‘ avep, ov THs ons TUXNS Epyov, ara THS éuns, 7 poo EpptLLevov ev) oxadet Tov ™po ta&v Kop- vn dias yapov TEVTAKOTLALS vavol TAUTHV TEpt- TrevTaVTA Thv Odracoav. Ti fe mr0es ely Kat ovK amTéntres TO Bapet Saipove THY Kal oé SvoTu- tas dvaT \noacav ToT AUT NS; WS eUTUXTS pev ay menv Uv?) TPO TOD TlorAsov év IlapOots axodaat TOV mapGeviov dvbpa Ket wevov arrobavoica, oo). ppav dé Kal per éxetvoy, @amep @punoa, TOV EMAUTHS T poewevn Biov: éowlounv 8 apa xal Tloparnio Mayve cumpopa yevéoOat.” LXXV. Taira eimeity tnv Kopyndiav Aéyouat, tov 6é Tloprniov aroxpivacbau . Miav dpa, Kopynda, TOXxNY moeus THY dpetvova, i) Kal o€ Lows efn@arnaer, STt pot Xpovov TrELova TOU avy nbovs Tapewerver. anda Kal Tavita Se pe- peu YEvOpEvOUS avd pwrrous, kat THs TUXNS. ETL TeLpatéov. ov yap aveXTLaTOV eK TOUT@Y ava- AaBeiv éxeiva tov é& éxeivwv év TovTOLs yevo- pevov. “H_ peév obv yun HETETEUTETO Xpynuata Kat Jeparrovras éx Toews’ TOV be MirvaAnvaiov TOY Toprniov doTracapevoy kal TapaKxadovvTav elo enGeiv els THY Tod, ovx 7OEANCED, adda KaKEivous exéhevoe TO KparoovTe meOecOat Kai Gappeiv: evyv@pova yap elvat Kaicapa Kal XpnaTov. autos Oé Tpos Kparermov TPAT OMEVOS Tov girocopoy (KatéBn yap ex THs TodEws 310 659 POMPEY however, and with difficulty, she regained her senses, and perceiving that the occasion was not one for tears and lamentations, she ran out through the city to the sea. Pompey met her and caught her in his arms as she tottered and was falling. ‘I see thee,” she cried, “husband, not by thy fortune, but by mine, reduced to one small vessel, thou who before thy marriage with Cornelia didst sail this sea with five hundred ships. Why hast thou come to see me, and why didst thou not leave to her cruel destiny one who has infected thee also with an evil fortune so great? What a happy woman I had been if I had died before hearing that Publius, whose virgin bride I was, was slain among the Parthians! And how wise if, even after his death, as I essayed to do, I had put an end to my own life! But I was spared, it seems, to bring ruin also upon Pompey the Great.” LXXV. So spake Cornelia, as we are told, and Pompey answered, saying: “It is true, Cornelia, thou hast known but one fortune to be mine, the better one, and this has perhaps deceived thee too, as well as me, in that it remained with me longer than is customary. But this reverse also we must bear, since we are mortals, and we must still put fortune to the test. For I can have some hope of rising again from this low estate to my former high estate, since I fell from that to this.”’ His wife, accordingly, sent for her goods and servants from the city; and though the Mitylenaeans gave Pompey a welcome and invited him to enter their city, he would not consent to do so, but bade them also to submit to the conqueror, and to be of good heart, for Caesar was humane and merciful. He himself, however, turning to Cratippus the philosopher, who had come down from the city to 311 or PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 , 3 , > + \ , ovrouevos avtov), euéurpato Kal cuvdintropyce BSpaxéa repli ris mpovoias, UroxataxNLvopevou Tov Kpatintov cat wapayovros avrov éml tas dpei- > 4 cd \ \ ” vovas éd7ribas, GtTws pn AVITNpOS pndée AKaLpos > VA 3 \ \ > + N avrTihéyov ein. émrel TO peéev épécOar tov Tlop- aniov nv UTrép THS Tpovoias, Tov & atropaiverOat OTL Tos Tpaypacw Hon povapyias eeu bia tHv o > / / 66 Lal 9 Se KaxotroAtetay: épéoOar Sé “IIas, & Touraie, \ 4 , a a” 4 A \ Kal tive Texpmpim TrecOapev OTe BédXtLOV av ov lo 4 / b , / 39 > \ ™ tTvyn Kaicapos éxXpijow xpatnoas; addga TadTa péev éaréov worrep exer, TA THY Dewy. LXXVI. ’AvaraBav &€ tiv yuvaina cat Tous dirous éxopiteto, mpocicoxywy Spuois avayKaios ef > 4 9 \ 4 3 a vdwp fH ayopav éxovatv. eis S€ woAw elonrOe mpwtTnv Atrareav ths TlaudvaAdas. évtavda oé avT@ kal rpinpers tives amrnvrnoay éx KirsKias Kal oTpaTiMTaLs cuvEeNéyovTo Kal TOV TUYKANTI- Kav wad éEnxovta tept a’Tov joav. akovwy dé xal To vavtixoy éTt cuvertavat, Kal Katwva TOANOYS OTpaTLWOTAS avELANpoTA ‘TepaLovY Els 4 AtBuinv, w@dupeto mpos tovs didous, KaTapeupo- pevos éavtov éxBiacbévta te TEC ovpRanreiv, Th 5& Kxpettrou adnpirws Svvdpuer mpos pndév atoxypncacbar pndé weptoppicar +6 vavtixor, is4 \ a” 72. A ? 2 M4 Sqrov Kata yhv odanrels evOvs av ciyev avtimraXov > 7 “ ? \ \ , éx OarattTyns Twapectacay adknv kal dvvapyy TocauTny. ovdev yap auaprnua Tloumniov petfov oveé Secvorepov otparynynua Kaicapos 7} TO THY 312 POMPEY see him, complained and argued briefly with him about Providence, Cratippus yielding somewhat to his reasoning and trying to lead him on to better hopes, that he might not give him pain by arguing against him at such a time. For when Pompey raised questions about Providence, Cratippus might have answered that the state now required a monarchy because it was so badly administered ; and he might have asked Pompey: “ How, O Pompey, and by what evidence, can we be persuaded that thou wouldst have made a better use of fortune than Caesar, hadst thou got the mastery?” But this matter of the divine ordering of events must be left without further discussion.! LXXVI. After taking on board his wife and his friends, Pompey went on his way, putting in at harbours only when he was compelled to get food or water there. The first city that he entered was Attaleia in Pamphylia; there some triremes from Cilicia met him, soldiers were assembled for him, and he was surrounded again by senators, sixty of them. On hearing, too, that his fleet still held together, and that Cato had taken many soldiers aboard and was crossing the sea to Africa, he lamented to his friends, blaming himself for having been forced to do battle with his land forces, while he made no use of his navy, which was indisputably superior, and had not even stationed it at a point where, if defeated on Jand, he might have had this powerful force close at hand by sea to make him a match for his enemy. And, in truth, Pompey made no greater mistake, and Caesar showed no abler generalship, 1 Sintenis? follows Amyot in including this last sentence with the words supposed to be spoken by Cratippus: ‘‘ But these matters must be left to the will of the gods.” 313 PLUTARCH’S LIVES paxny ovTw paxpay atoomdcacbat THS vavTiKTS BonOeias. ov pnv GAN éx TOY TapovTwY Kpivetv Tt Kal wpatTew avayxalopuevos, él Tas trodes meptéeTreuTre? Tas © avTos TEpLTACWY HTEL \pT- pata kal vais émrAnpov. thy 8 o€vtnTa Tod ToNEmlov Kal TO TAYOS SedorKws, 41) TpoavapTracy Ths TapacKkeuns avtTov éwedOwv, éoxoTe: Kata- ghuyny éml Te TapovTs Kal dvaywpnow. éemapyia \ @ b) la UA 3 , , fev ovv ovdeyia pvEtmos épaivero Bovrevopevols autois, Tov dé Bactret@v autos péev atrépawve thv UdpOwv ixavwrdtny ovcav év Te T@ TapovTe déEacOat Kal mrepiBareiy ofas aoevets dvtas, adfis te pacar Kal mporéuar peta TrEloTHS a Aa 9 v e . 3 VA \ Suvvapews: tov 8 adddwv ot pév ets AtBinv kal had 4 \ , 4 \ A IoBav érperov thy yvopunv, Beoddver dé TO \ a A AeoBiw pavixov édoxee Tpi@v uepa@v TrodY adréxovcav Aiyurrov atodtrovta Kal Irone- a e , \ > , , \ \ / Haiov, nAtkiav pév avtitraéa, girtas 6€ Kal yd- pitos Twratpwas wtroypewv, IldpOous vroBaneiv e 4 éauTov, atic ToTaT@ yével, Kal Pwpaie pev avdpi KNdeoTH yevopévp Ta SevTepa AéyovTA Tpa@ToV elvat TOV GAXrwv pn Oérerv pndé TretpacOar THs éxelvou petproTntos, Apodkny 5€ trovetcOae Kv- ptov éavTov rov pndé Kpdocov duvnbévta Savtos: Kal yuvaica véav oixov Tod LKntiwvos eis Bap- f / ¢ \ 2) , N Pd , Bdpous Kkopilery UBpet cal axodNacia THv éFouvciay A e A \ 4 , X a petpouvtras, 4, Kav pn wdOn, So—En dé wader, 1 His father was Ptolemy Auletes, mentioned in chapter xlix. 5. He had been restored to his throne in 55 B.c. through Pompey’s influence. The son, Ptolemy Dionysius, 314 660 POMPEY than in removing the battle so far from naval assistance. However, since he was compelled to decide and act as best he could under the circum- stances, he sent messengers round to the cities; to some also he sailed about in person, asking for money and manning ships. But fearing the quick- ness and speed of his enemy, who might come upon him and seize him before he was prepared, he began to look about for a temporary refuge and retreat. Accordingly, as he deliberated with his followers, there appeared to be no province to which they could safely fly, and as for the kingdoms, he himself expressed the opinion that the Parthian was best able for the present to receive and protect them in their weak condition, and later on to strengthen them and send them forth with a large force ; of the rest, some turned their thoughts to Africa and Juba. But Theophanes the Lesbian thought it a crazy thing for Pompey to decide against Egypt, which was only three days’ sail away, and Ptolemy, who was a mere youth and indebted to Pompey for friendship and kindness shown his father,! and put himself in the power of Parthians, a most treacherous race ; to refuse to take the second place under a Roman who had been connected with him by marriage, and to be second to none other, nay, to refuse even to make trial of that Roman’s moder- ation, but instead to make Arsaces his lord and master, a thing which even Crassus could not be made to do while he lived; and to carry a young wife, of the family of Scipio, among Barbarians who measure their power by their insolence and licentiousness, where, even if she suffer no harm, but now fifteen years of age, had been left joint ruler of Egypt with his sister, Cleopatra. 315 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Secvov éotiv émi tois trowjoat Suvapéevors ryevo- Lévy. TOUTO povor, WS Paci, arrétpere THS ert tov Evdparnv ob00 Topumrniov: et 8n tes ére Top- mnlov Aoyto mos, GAN’ odyXi Saipwv exelvny bdn- yelTO THY OOD. LXXVII. ‘Os & odv évixa hevyew eis thy Aiyurrov, avayOeis amd Kumpov Serevxids tpe- npet meTa THS yuvatxos (rav & adAAwv of pev év pakpais opotws vavaiv, of Sé év oAKdow apa oVULTAPETAEOV), TO pev TréAaYoS StEeTrépacEY ac- paras, tulouevos dé tov IItoAeuaiov év IIn- Aovaiw KabycOar peta aoTpaTias, ToNe“ovrTa Tpos THY adEADHY, Exel KaTéa KE, TpOTeUAvaS TOV ppacovta T@ Baciret cal Senoouevov. o pev ovv IIroveuaios Hv Koptdn véos) o S€ mavtTa diérwv ta mpaypata Tobevos “Oporce Bourn tov duvvatwratov: édvvayTo dé péytaTov ods éxeivos éRBovreTo: Kal réyew exéXevoev Hy exer yvounv exactos. mv ovv Sevov rept Toprniov Mad-yvou Bovrever Oat TloPewdv tov edvotyov Kat @codorov tov Xiov, éri picO@ pntopicav rAoyov SiddoKxarov dvetdnupévov, cat tov Aiyumriov "AyLAAaY: Kopudatotatot yap Hoav év Katevva- aorais Kal ttOnvois Tots aAXOLS OVTOL GUuBovXoL. Kat TotovTov dtxacrnpiov yidov Lopmrnios én ayKUpOV TPOTwW THS YwWpas aTrocadevwv TeEpLeé- pevev, dv Kaicaps owtnpias yapw ovK fv aELov opetreLy. Tav péev otv GdAXAwV TocovTOY ai yvapat Seé- oTnoav Soov ot péev arredAavverv éxéXEvor, ot Sé kanety kal déyec0ar tov dvdpa: Beddotoy Se Sewotnta Adyou Kal fpntopelay émiderxvipevos 316 POMPEY is only thought to have suffered harm, her fate is a terrible one, since she has come into the power of those who are able to do her harm. This con- sideration alone, as we are told, diverted Pompey from journeying to the Euphrates, if indeed it was longer any calculation of Pompey’s, and not rather an evil genius, that was guiding him on this last journey. LXXVII. So when it was decided that he should fly to Egypt, he set sail from Cyprus on a Seleucian trireme with his wife (of the rest, some sailed along with him in ships of war like his own, and others in merchant vessels), and crossed the sea in safety ; but on learning that Ptolemy was posted at Pelusium with an army, making war upon his sister, he put in there, and sent on a messenger to announce his arrival to the king and to ask his aid. Now, Ptolemy was quite young; but Potheinus, who managed all his affairs, assembled a council of the most influential men (and those were most influential whom he wished to be so), and bade each one give his opinion. It was certainly a dreadful thing that the fate of Pompey the Great was to be decided by Potheinus the eunuch, and Theodotus of Chios, who was a hired teacher of rhetoric, and Achillas the Egyptian; for these were the chief counsellors of the king among the chamberlains and tutors also gathered there. And it was such a tribunal’s verdict which Pompey, tossing at anchor some distance off the shore, was waiting for, a man who would not deign to be under obligations to Caesar for his life. The opinions of the other counsellors were so far divergent that some advised to drive Pompey away, and others to invite him in and receive him. But Theodotus, making a display of his powerful speech 3t7 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ? \ / oudéTepov amrédnvey dodparés, adrrdaa de~apéevous \ (34 , 4 \ , pev E€erv Kaicapa roréumuov cai Seatrotnv Top- mniov, atwaapevovs 56 Kat Hopmrni tis éexBorjs Utaitious écecOat Kat Kaioapse tis St@kews: b] a KpadticTov ovy elvas peTatreprypapévovs avedeiv Tov avopa’ Kal yap éxcivm yapteicOat Kai TovTOV > a \ / 4 ov doBijcecOat. mpoceretre Oé Stapetdidoas, ws act, 6Tt vexpos ov daxvet. LXXVIII. Taira xvupocavtes er’ “AyirArd jTovvvta, THY mpakiv. o O€ Yewtipsoy tua , 4 of. , mara yeyovora Llourniov takiapyov tapana- Bov, cal YddPBiov Erepov Exatovtapyny Kal tpels / / . ) TéeTTApAS LIrNpeTas, avnyOn mpos THY Llopmrniou vabv. étuxov bé mdvtes els avTny ot SoKtm@TATOL A / a TOV cupTAcovToY éuBeBynKoTeEs, STrws Eldetev TO , MpatTouevov. ws ovv eldov ov BactrsKnv ovde \ IQN a) / > 4 e / Aaptpay ovbé tais Bcopdvovs édAriow opotav @ 4 > bY 9 \ a e 4 , UTOOOKHV, GAN él pias Grados TMpoomAéovTas , 4 , orALyous avOpwrovs, UireiSovTo THY OALywpiay Kal A . , T®@ Ilopmrnie mapnvour eis TwéXayos avaxpovecBat A A ef ” / > , b] 4 N\ Tnhv vadv, éws &Ew Bédous eiciv. ev TovTm bé 4 A P merXalovens THS adtddos POdcas o Lewripsos - 4 o ee eEaveotn Kat ‘Pwpaiori rov Tlopmniov avtoxpa- , e “A Topa mpoonyopevoev. o S€ ‘AytdAd\as aotacd- > NA e va) pevos avtov EXAnuoTtl mapexdre peTedety ets : { THY adtada’? Tévayos yap elvat Tod, Kal Babos ? bY Vas / A lf ig , ovk éxXeLy TAOIMOY TPLnpEL THY OdraTTAV UTOWap- @ ¢ \ A “A A pov ovoav. apa dé Kal vais Ties EwpOvTO TOV a) 4 al Baotrtcav wANpovpEvat, Kal TOV aiytadrov oTALTAL a 4 xv \ , > , KaTELYOV, WoT abUKTA Kal weTAaRarXopEvots Epai- 318 POMPEY and rhetorical art, set forth that neither course was ‘safe for them, but that if they received Pompey, they would have Caesar for an enemy and Pompey for a master; while if they rejected him, Pompey would blame them for casting him off, and Caesar for making him continue his pursuit; the best course, therefore, was to send for the man and put him to death, for by so doing they would gratify Caesar and have nothing to fear from Pompey. To this he smilingly added, we are told, “ A dead man does not bite.” LXXVIII. Having determined upon this plan, they entrusted the execution of it to Achillas. So he took with him a certain Septimius, who had once been a tribune of Pompey’s, and Salvius besides, a centurion, with three or four servants, and put out towards the ship of Pompey. Now, all the most distinguished of Pompey’s fellow-voyagers had come aboard of her to see what was going on. Accord- ingly, when they saw a reception that was not royal, nor splendid, nor in accordance with the hopes of Theophanes, but a few men sailing up in a single fishing-boat, they viewed this lack of respect with suspicion, and advised Pompey to have his ship rowed back into the open sea, while they were beyond reach of missiles. But meanwhile the boat drew near, and first Septimius rose up and addressed Pompey in the Roman tongue as Imperator. Then Achillas saluted him in Greek, and invited him to come aboard the boat, telling him that the shallows were extensive, and that the sea, which had a sandy bottom, was not deep enough to float a trireme. At the same time some of the royal ships were seen to be taking their crews aboard, and men-at-arms were occupying the shore, so that there seemed to be no 319 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a a a \ veto, Kab mpoohv TO Sidovat toils povedou THv an.istiav avtTny THS adikias aToNOyiav. aoTaca- A 3 “A pevos ovv THY KopynXiav mpoatroPpnvovaav avTov TO TéXos, Kal dvO éExaTovTapyas TpoeuPyvat Ke- Nevocas Kal TaV atredevbépwrv Eva Didirmov Kai , > , ” / > \ »5 Oepdrrovta UKvOnv svopua, deEvovpévwv avtov Abn “A \ N > A 9 a e 4 TOV mept Tov AxtddAav ex THS aALdOos, pEeTa- fa) e 2 otpadels mpos THY yuvaika Kat Tov viov Eire Lodoxr€ous iapBeia: ’O \ \ 4 b] 4 oTLS O€ TPOS TUPAVVOY EuTrOpEvETat, 4 9 \ “A A b , , xelvou att SodNos, Kav éXeVOEpos MOND. LXXIX. Tatra & écyata mpos tovs éavtov PO eyEdpevos evéBn? nal cvyvod S:acTHpatos dvTos emi THY YHV amo THS TpLNpous, ws OvdEls Tapa TOV N cuuTAEOVT@Y éyiveTo Novos PtdravOpwrros POS avTov, atoBréas eis Tov Lemriusov, “Ou by Tov oe, elev, “éy@ yeyovoTa cvaoTpaTLoTny 2-08 > A 9 9 A 9 4 A a E“ov audiyvo@ ;" Kaxetvos émévevoe TH KEpary / Oe ‘\ Oe @ / povov, ovdev mpocert@v ovdé dtroppovnbeis. aToN- ARs ovv wdrdLv ovans cromhs o Llopumnios éxov 3 , a / e 3 > A , ev BiBAim pLKp@® yeypappévov wT avtov Royov ‘EAAnUUKOY, @ Tapeckevacto ypiacbat mpos TOV a b , ig \ A nA IIrohepaiov, aveyivwckev. as dé Th vi Tmpoo- N Le) aA emrehalov, 7 wev Kopynria peta Tov dirwy ex THS Tpinpous TepiTabns ovca TO MéAAOV ATTETKOTELTO, kat Oappeiv pyeto moAAovs Opaoa pos THY 9 , a A >? \ a \ A avoBacw tov Bacidixov olov éri tenn Kat deEw- ae ouvepyopévous. év toute dé tov Llopumniov 320 661 POMPEY escape even if they changed their minds; and besides, this very lack of confidence might give the murderers an excuse for their crime. Accordingly, after embracing Cornelia, who was bewailing his approaching death, he ordered two centurions to go into the boat before him, besides Philip, one of his freedmen, and a servant named Scythes, and while Achillas was already stretching out his hand to him from the boat, turned towards his wife and son and repeated the verses of Sophocles :— Whatever man unto a tyrant takes his way, His slave he is, even though a freeman when he goes.} LXXIX. After these last words to his friends, he went into the boat. And since it was a long distance from the trireme to the land, and none of his companions in the boat had any friendly word for him, turning his eyes upon Septimius he said: “Surely I am not mistaken, and you are an old comrade of mine!” Septimius nodded merely, without saying anything to him or showing any friendliness. So then, as there was profound silence again, Pompey took a little roll containing a speech written by him in Greek, which he had prepared for his use in addressing Ptolemy, and began to read in it. Then, as they drew near the shore, Cornelia, together with his friends, stood on the _ trireme watching with great anxiety for the outcome, and began to take heart when she saw many of the king’s people assembling at the landing as if to give him an honourable welcome. But at this point, 1 Nauck, J’rag. Graec. Frag.* p. 316. The recitation of these verses is a feature common also to the accounts of the tragedy in Appian (Bell. Civ. ii. 84) and Dio Cassius (xlii. 4). 321 VOL. V. Y PLUTARCH’S LIVES THS ToD Dirimrov AapBavopevoy yetpos, BTras paov éEavactaln, Lewripsos drriabev rp Eiger Sue- Aavver Wpatos, elra YarAPios per’ exeivov, elra "AYLAAaS éomdoavto Tas paxaipas. o 8 tails xNepoly aupotépas tay THREevvoy épedxvadpevos Kata TOD TpoTwTrOV, uNdev EiTrav avattoy éavTOd pndé Tonoas, AAXAd orevdtas povor, évexaptépynoe Tais WAnyais, éEnKovta pev évos Séovta BeBrwoxas érn, pad 8 darepoy nucpa ths yeveOAtov Tedev- tTyoas Tov Biov. LXXX. O: & dao Trav vedv ws eOedoavto Tov hovov, oipwynv éEdxovatoy axpe THS yHs éxyé- ates épuyov, apdpevot TAS ayKUpas KaTa TaYOS. Kal mvevpa Aaprpoyv éBoyOer merayious vrrexOE- ovow, wate BovAropévous Si@Kewv arrotpaTécbat tovs Aiyumrtious. tod dé Llouaniov ray peév Keparny arrotéuvovaet, TO dé AAXO GHMA yupVoV éxBaXovtes aro THs GALabos Tos Seopévors ToLov- tou Oedpatos arréditrov. trapémewe 5é avTo @irumtr0s, Ews eyévovto peorol tHS SWews elra meptAovoas TH Jardoon TO copa Kal xeTeovip Til Ta éavToU TrepiateiNas, GAO 5é ovdEev Ex?, GANA TepioKoTray Tov aiytadoy edpEe piKpas adid- Sos Aeipava, madaid pév, apxodvta Sé vexp@ yUupLV@ Kai ovdé OAM TupKaidy avayKaiay Tapa- oxely. tTavtTa avyKopifoytos avTovd Kal ouvTt- Oévros émiatas avnp ‘Pwpaios 75n yépwv, tas Sé mpwtas otpatetas Ett véos Tloparniy cvvertpatev- pévos, “Tis ov, ® avOpwire, edn, “ Odrreuv davon Maryvov Ioprniov;” éxetvou dé dycayvtos @s atrenevOepos, “ ANN ov pov@ aol,” pn, “ Tod- TOTO KaXov vIrapee Kape 5é WorweEp EdpnpaTos 322 POMPEY while Pompey was clasping the hand of Philip that he might rise to his feet more easily, Septimius, from behind, ran him through the body with his sword, then Salvius next, and then Achillas, drew their daggers and stabbed him.! And Pompey, drawing his toga down over his face with both hands, without an act or a word that was unworthy of himself, but with a groan merely, submitted to their blows, being sixty years of age less one, and ending his life only one day after his birth-day. LXXX. When the people on the ships beheld the murder, they uttered a wailing cry that could be heard as far as the shore, and weighing anchor quickly, took to flight. And a strong wind came to their aid as they ran out to sea, so that the Egyptians, though desirous of pursuing, turned back. But they cut off Pompey’s head, and threw the rest of his body un- clothed out of the boat, and left it for those who craved so pitiful a sight. Philip, however, stayed by the body, until such had taken their fill of gazing ; then he washed it in sea-water, wrapped it in a tunic of his own, and since he had no other supply, sought along the coast until he found the remnants of a small fishing-boat, old stuff, indeed, but sufficient to furnish a funeral pyre that would answer for an un- clothed corpse, and that too not entire. As he was gathering the wood and building the pyre, there came up a Roman who was now an old man, but who in his youth had served his first campaigns with Pompey, and said: “Who art thou, my man, that thinkest to give burial rites to Pompey the Great?” And when Philip said that he was his freedman, the man said: “ But thou shalt not have this honour all to thyself; let me too share in a pious privilege thus 1 Ibi ab Achilla et Septimio interficitur (Caesar, Bell, Civ. ili. 104). 323 y 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES evaeBots SeFau KOLVOVOV, WS LN KATA mavra pe p- po pat THY arrofevwatv, avtl TroAA@Y avlapay TovTo youv eUpapevos, axfracGat Kal TeptaTethat tals épuais xepat TOV péytotov avToxpatopa ‘Pw- paiwv. ovTw pep éxndeveto Tlopmnios. tH So iorepatg Aevxctos AéytXos ovK cides Ta mem pary- péva, TAEDY amo Kurpov Kal Tapa yhv Kopilo- HEVOS, OS elde vexpov qupav Kal TaperTara TOV Didurrov, ouTw cab opapevos® Tis dpa,’ épn, ‘To TET Pw MEVOD evraila TENT AS avaTréTAUTAL; Kal pour pov dtarutreav Kal orevagas, Taxa 6é, ey elmre, “av, Tlouanie Mayve. Kai peta poxpov amroBas Kat currAnpOeis ameBave. Todto Tloptrniov rédos. ov TOAD bé arepov Kaicap édwv eis Alyurrov dyous TOT OUTOU KaTaTETANT MEvnY TOY pep mpoadépovra THY KeE- pari Os Tahapvatoy aneatpagn, Thy 5€ oppa- yida Tov Tlopmniov deEdpevos eddxpucen’ nv 6é yrugn Aéwv Evdnpns. Axirray dé Kal Tlodewvov anéagater avros 5é 0 Bactreds Mann herpOeis wept Tov TOTA{LOV npavicOn. ®codotov dé tov copia thy nm pev éx Kaiaapos dixn maphhbe: puyov yap Aiyurrop érhavaro TaTTELVa TparTov Kat pecoupevos: Bpodros Se Mépxos, 6 OTE Kaicapa KTetvas expatnaey, eFeupav aur ov év “Agia Kat macav aixiay aixtodpevos améctewev. Ta 8 Aeirpava Tou Topaniov Kopyydia deFapévn Ko- puobévra, wept tov ’ArXBavov Onxev. 324 vn 662 POMPEY offered, that I may not altogether regret my sojourn in a foreign land, if in requital for many hardships I find this happiness at least, to touch with my hands and array for burial the greatest of Roman impera- tors.” Such were the obsequies of Pompey. And on the following day Lucius Lentulus, as he came sailing from Cyprus and coasted along the shore not knowing what had happened, saw a funeral pyre and Philip standing beside it, and before he had been seen himself exclaimed: “ Who, pray, rests here at the end of his allotted days?” Then, after a slight pause and with a groan he said: “ But perhaps it is thou, Pompey the Great!’’ And after a little he went ashore, was seized, and put to death. This was the end of Pompey. But not long after- wards Caesar came to Egypt, and found it filled with this great deed of abomination. From the man who brought him Pompey’s head he turned away with loathing, as from an assassin ; and on receiving Pom- pey’s seal-ring, he burst into tears; the device was a lion holding a sword in his paws. But Achillas and Potheinus he put to death. The king himself, more- over, was defeated in battle along the river, and dis- appeared. Theodotus the sophist, however, escaped the vengeance of Caesar; for he fled out of Egypt and wandered about in wretchedness and hated of all men. But Marcus Brutus, after he had slain Caesar and come into power, discovered him in Asia, and put him to death with every possible torture. The remains of Pompey were taken to Cornelia, who gave them burial at his Alban villa. PLUTARCH’S LIVES ATHSIAAOY KAI NOMITHIOY SYTKPISIS I. "Exxecpévav odv tav Biwv ériipduwopev TO AOy~ TaXéws TA TroLodVTa Tas Stagopds, Tap aNAnra ouvdyovtes. eats dé TabTa: mpatov, ott llopmrnios éx tov Sixavordtov tpoTouv TapiAGev els Suvayiy Kal doEav, avtos opynBels ad’ éavtod Kal TOAAa Kal peydra YwAAa THY “Itadav aro TOV Tupdvywy érevOepodvTL TUYyKaTEpyacdpEVOS, "Aynotraos 5é€ tiv Bactreiav édoke NaBeiv ov'te Ta pos Oeovs apeurrros oUTE TA Tpds avOpwrroUs, xpivas vobeias Acwruyidny, bv viov avtod! aré- SecEev 0 adeApos yvyjotov, Tov 8& ypnopmov KaTet- pwvevadpevos TOY TEpl THS YwAOTHTOS. SevTepoy, 67 Llouanios YvAAav cal CovTa tipav SverérXece kat teOvnKdtos exndevoe Bracapevos Aémidov 76 capa, Kal T@ Tradl DPavote@ tiv attod Ouya- tépa avvexioev, ‘Aynoldaos b¢ Avaavdpov éx THS TuXovons Tpopdcews UTreEéppie kal xabv- Bpice. Kaitou {Aras pev ovK EAaTTOVeD EruKEV h Loprnip rapécyev, Aynoiraov dé Avcavdpos kat tHS Xmaptns Bacittéa Kal ts ‘“EAAdbos oTpatnyov éroinoe. tpitov bé, ai mepl Ta TON- Tua ToY Sixaiwy TapaBdacets Llopmnio pev dv oixeoTnTas éyévoyto: Ta yap wAciota Kaicapz kal Xntiov. cuveEnpapte Kndeotais ovow "Aynatraos 5é Ydhodpiav pev éd ols ’AOnvatous noiknoey amoQaveiy odeiiovta TO Tov TraLdos Epwrt yapiCouevos cEnprrace, PorBida 5é @nBaious 1 abrov bracketed by Sintenis*. 326 COMPARISON OF AGESILAUS AND POMPEY COMPARISON OF AGESILAUS AND POMPEY I. Now that their lives lie spread before us, let us briefly run over the points in which the two men differed, and bring these together side by side. They are as follows. In the first place, it was in the justest manner that Pompey came to fame and power, setting out on his career independently, and rendering many great services to Sulla when Sulla was freeing Italy from her tyrants; Agesilaiis, on the contrary, appeared to get his kingdom by sinning against both gods and men, since he brought Leoty- chides under condemnation for bastardy, although his brother had recognised him as his legitimate son, and made light of the oracle concerning his lameness. In the second place, Pompey not only continued to hold Sulla in honour while he lived, but also after his death gave his body funeral obsequies in despite of Lepidus, and bestowed upon his son Faustus his own daughter in marriage; whereas Agesilaiis cast out Lysander on the merest pretext, and heaped insult upon him. And yet Sulla got no less from Pompey than he gave him, while in the case of Agesilaiis, it was Lysander who made him king of Sparta and general of all Greece. And, thirdly, Pompey’s transgressions of right and justice in his political life were due to his family connections, for he joined in most of the wrongdoings of Caesar and Scipio because they were his relations by marriage ; but Agesilaiis snatched Sphodrias from the death which hung over him for wronging the Athenians, merely to gratify the love of his son, and when Phoe- bidas treacherously broke the peace with Thebes, he is 327 PLUTARCH’S LIVES jTapactovonaavtTs SHros Hy Ot’ avTo TO adixknpa mpoOvpws BonOav. xaborov dé dca ‘Pwpaious 50 aidé Tlopmriios 4 ayvotav aitiav oye BAdYat, Tavita Oupoe xatl gtrovexia Aaxedaipovious ’Aynotiraos EBXave tov Borwtioy éxxavoas Trone- pov. II. Ei 8€ cal royny tia tev avdpov éxatépov Tois oddApact TpocotoTéov, avéATicTOS MeV 7 Ilopmniov “Pwpaios, "Aynoitaos 8 Aaxedar- povious axovovtas Kal mpoetddTas ove elace huA- dfacbar THY YoANY Bacireiav. Kal yap ei pupt- dks nréyyOn Aewruyidns adrXOTpLos elvat Kal vo0os, ovx ay nropynoay KEvpurovtidat yvnotov Kal aptimoba TH Umdptn Bactréa rapacyely, ef A > 9 / b] , a a 4 un 8 “Aynoidaov érecxotnce TH Xpnou@ Av- oavopos. Olov pévro: TH wept TOV TpecdvTwY aTropia V4 € > , A > mpocnyayey o ‘Aynaidaos laya peta thy év Aevatpots atuyiav, KeXevoas TOUS VvoMoUS éxeiyny \ e / 4 b ] J LA , Thy nuépav Kabevderv, ov yéyovev AXXO cOdiopa MWONTLKOY, OVO Eyouev TE TOD Ilopmrniov rapa- 4 > \ 9 , 9Q9 > AN > 7 TANHTLOV, AANA TovUvayTiov ovd ols autos éTiPes vopots weto Seiy éupéverv, TO SdvacOat péya Tots dirous évderxvupevos. o S€ els avayKny KatacTas Tov AVaaL TOUS VomoUs él TP G@aaL TOvS TOX- 2 a / / ? / / Tas, e€edpe Tpotrov © pnte éexeivous Brdrpouct pnre Oras ov BAadYrwor AvVOHTovTaL. TiPepat dé 328 COMPARISON OF AGESILAUS AND POMPEY evidently made the crime itself a reason for zealously supporting him. In a word, whatever harm Pompey was accused of bringing upon the Romans out of deference to his friends or through ignorance, Agesilaiis brought as much upon the Lacedaemonians out of obstinacy and resentment when he kindled the Boeotian war. II. Moreover, if we must assign to any ill-fortune of the two men the disasters which overtook them, that of Pompey could not have been anticipated by the Romans; but Agesilaiis would not permit the Lacedaemonians to guard against the “lame sover- eignty,” although they had heard and knew before- hand about it. For even if Leotychides had been ten thousand times convicted of being bastard and alien, the family of the Eurypontidae could easily have furnished Sparta with a king who was of legiti- mate birth and sound of limb, had not Lysander darkened the meaning of the oracle in the interests of Agesilaiis. On the other hand, when we consider the remedy which Agesilaiis applied to the perplexity of the state in dealing with those who had played the coward, after the disaster at Leuctra, when he urged that the laws should slumber for that day, there was never another political device like it, nor can we find anything in Pompey’s career to compare with it; on the contrary, he did not even think it incumbent upon him to abide by the laws which he himself had made, if he might only display the greatness of his power to his friends. But Agesilaiis, when he confronted the necessity of abrogating the laws in order to save his fellow-citizens, devised a way by which the citizens should not be harmed by the laws, nor the laws be abrogated to avoid such 329 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KaKeivo TO apipntoy Epyov eis TWoNLTLKNY apeTHY A > 4 \ lA \ 4 tou ‘Aynotddov, To deEduevov thy aoxutTddnv ? a 9 9 la 4 ? lA e atodtreiy tas év "Acia mpdkes. ov yap, ws Iloptrnios, ad’ av éaurov étroies péyav were To KOLWOV, GAAA TO THS TaTpiOos OKOTOY THALKAUTNHY b A 4 , ey / 9 4 agdje Sivapw cal So€av nrixnv ovdels mporepov ? e ‘ > ] 4 ” ovdé datepov wAnv "AréEavdpos éoxev. III. Am’ Gddns Toivuy apyis, év tais otparn- ylats Kal Tots ToAeptxols, apiOu@ pev TpoTraiwy kal peyéBer Suvduewy as érnydyeto Tloprnios, kal mrnOet tapatrdeewv as evinnoev, ovd av o Elevodav por Soxet twapaBanreiv ras “Aynotddou vixas, © Sia TANNA Kana Kabarep yépas éEaiperov dé50Tar nal ypadew 5 BovrotTo Kal réyerv Tept Tov avdpos. olpat dé nal TH Tpos Tos TroAEmI- > 4 4 \ ¥ nA > / e ous émecela Siadépety tov avdpa tov avdpds. o Hév yap avdparodicacba @nBas cal Meconvnv 9 4 / \ e Ul A éEouxtcacBar Bovropevos, vy pev omoxAnpov THs Tatpioos, fv dé pntpotoA Tov yévous, Tap ovdev HAGE THY Lardprnv amoBanelv, atréBare 5é Thy Hyepwoviav o 8 Kal TeV TeLpaTav Tois peTa- Baropévois roves edaxe, cal Tiypavnv tov 9 / , / 399 @¢ a Appeviwy Bacidéa yevopevoy ep éavt@ Optap- Betoat cvppaxov éeroincato, djcas ypépas mas alava TpoTLav. Ei pévrot tots peyiotos Kal Kxuptwrarots ets Ta OTA Tpadypace Kal Aoyiopols mpooTiMeTat Tpwretoy apethas avdpos Hryepovos, ov puxpov oO 339 663 COMPARISON OF AGESILAUS AND POMPEY harm. Further, I attribute also to political virtue in Agesilaiis that inimitable act of his in abandon- ing his career in Asia on receipt of the dispatch- roll. For he did not, like Pompey, help the com- monwealth only as he made himself great, but with an eye to the welfare of his country he renounced such great fame and power as no man won before or since his day, except Alexander. III. And now from another point of view, that of their campaigns and achievements in war, the trophies of Pompey were so many, the forces led by him so vast, and the pitched battles in which he was victorious so innumerable, that not even Xenophon, I think, would compare the victories of Agesilaus, although that historian, by reason of his other ex- cellent qualities, is specially privileged, as it were, to say and write whatever he pleases about the man. I think also that in merciful behaviour towards their enemies the two men were different. For Agesilaiis was so bent on enslaving Thebes and depopulating Messenia, Thebes the mother-city of his royal line, and Messenia a sister colony to his country,! that he nearly lost Sparta, and did lose her supremacy in Greece ; whereas Pompey gave cities to such of the pirates as changed their mode of life, and when it was in his power to. lead Tigranes the king of Armenia in his triumphal procession, made him an ally instead, saying that he thought more of future time than of a single day. If, however, it is the greatest and most far-reach- ing decisions and acts in war that are to determine preéminence in the virtues of leadership, then the 1 Thebes was the birth-place of Heracles, from whom the eee kings were supposed to be descended; and Messenia, like Sparta, was settled by the Heracleidae. 33! i A PLUTARCH’S LIVES Adxov tov ‘Pwpaiov aoréXorTe. TWp@Tov peév yap ov mponkato THy Todt ovd éFéXLTEV Extra pupidot oTpatov TeV ToAEwiov éuBadrovTwr, 9% / wv ¢ / \ / > OAiyous ExXwV omAiTas Kal TpovEevtKNMEvVOUS EV Aevxrpos: Tlopumrgios bé, revtaxioytriors povots , , / U > kal tptakocios piav Kaicapos modw ‘“ItadXu- Knv KataraBovtos, é&érece ts “Pwuns ot7r0 déous, 7) TocovTos el~as ayevvas 7) Tdréiovas Wrevdas eixdcas: xal cuoKxevacdpevos Ta Téxva N a e A \ aA v kal Tnv yuvaica attod, tas Sé Tav ad\NOV a > 7s 9 \ ” dé aA a TOALTGV EPNLOUS aTrOALTI@OY Epuye, O€oV 7 KpaTELy a“ / paxopevoy brép THS watpidos H SéyecOat S.a- AVGELS Tapa TOU KpEiTTOVOS Hv yap ToALTHS Kal a A , a oixeios: viv bé @ oTpaTnyias Ypovoy émipeTpnaar € / / \ e a / kal vrateiav Wndicacbar Sewor iryeito, TovTe / / a mapéaye AaBovre tiv ToL elteivy pos MéteA- Nov STL KaKElVvOY aixparwTov avTod vopiter Kal Tous dAXous arraytas. IV.“O roivuv épyov éotly ayabod otpatnyod peadcta, Kpeitrova pev dvta Bidcacbat Tovs , moNeuious paxecOat, AevTOpevoy Oé Suvduer py a nn a) > / oN , BtacOijvat, tovro motmv Aynoinaos ae duedv- Aakev éavrov avixntov’ Tlopmniov 5é¢ Kaicap, od pev Hv éeddtrrov, Suépuye un BraBjvat, cabo &e / A a KpeiTT@V Hv, nvayKacey aywvicdpevoy TO Tel@ mepl ravTav spadivat, cal Kvptos evOds Fv ypn- , b] la) N 4 e ? * / patov Kal ayopas cal Oaratrns, bd ov dueré- TpaxTo ay avev payns éxeivots Tpocovtay. To 8 vmrép TOVTWY ATOACYHnpPA péeyLoTOY éoTLY eyKANLA 332 COMPARISON OF AGESILAUS AND POMPEY Lacedaemonian leaves the Roman far behind. For, in the first place, he did not desert nor abandon his city, though the enemy attacked it with an army of seventy thousand men, while he had only a few men- at-arms, and these had recently been vanquished at Leuctra ; but Pompey, after Caesar had occupied a single city of Italy with only fifty-three hundred men, hurried away from Rome in a panic, either yielding ignobly to so few, or conjecturing falsely that there were more; and after conveying away with him his own wife and children, he left those of the other citizens defenceless and took to flight, when he ought either to have conquered in a battle for his country, or to have accepted terms from his conqueror, who was a fellow-citizen and a relation by marriage. But as it was, to the man for whom he thought it a terrible thing to prolong a term of military command or vote a consulship, to this man he gave the power of capturing the city and saying to Metellus that he considered him and all the rest of the citizens as his prisoners of war. IV. Furthermore, the chief task of a good general is to force his enemies to give battle when he is superior to them, but not to be forced himself to do this when his forces are inferior, and by so doing Agesilaiis always kept himself unconquered ; whereas in Pompey’s case, Caesar escaped injury at his hands when he was inferior to him, and forced him to stake the whole issue on a battle with his land forces, wherein Caesar was superior, thus defeating him and becoming at once master of treasures, pro- visions, and the sea,—advantages which would have brought his ruin without a battle had they remained in his enemy’s control. And that which is urged as an excuse for this failure is really a very severe 333 PLUTARCH’S LIVES OTpaTNyoU THALKOUTOV. véov eV yap dpxovra OopvBos cai kataBoncecty ets padraxiay cat de- Map emitapayOévTa TOY aadharecTaTwnv éExTreceEty Aoyiopav eixos éott Kal cuyyvwortor Topmrniov 5¢ Madyvov, ob ‘Pwpaiot tO ev otpatotedov matpioa, cvyxAntov &€ THY oKnVNnY, aTrooTaTas 5é «al mpoddras tovs év ‘Padun trodtTevopméevous kal otpatnyoovtas Kal vmatevovtas éxdXour, apxopevov dé bn’ ovdevds eyvwoav, maaas Sé QUTOKpaTOpa oTpaTEevodmEvoy ApiaTa TAS oTpAaT- elas, Tis Av avacxoto Tois Pawviov cxapmpact kat Aopertiov, cal va py ’Ayapéuvov AéynTat, map édaxiorov éxBracbévra Tov Tepl THs HryepLov- tas xal édevOepias avappipar xivdvvov; ds & povoy éoxoTre: TO Trap pmépay Adokov, wpeirev avrictas év apy StaywvicacOar tept Tihs ‘Pa- BNS, GAA py THY huynv exelyny atodaivev oTpaTnynua BepotoxrAeov torepov év ataxp@ tiBecBat Thy ev Bertadia mpo payns dratpeByv. ov yap éxeivo ye ortadiov avtois Kal Oéatpov évaywvicacbar tepl THs Hryepovias 0 Oeos arré- dake TO Dapadrov wediov, ovd5é b7rd KNpuKOS éxaneitro payecOar Katiwv 4 deTrety érép@ Tov otTépavoy, dAAQ TOAAA pev tedia pupias Se To- Nels Kal yhv atAeTov 9 Kata OdraTTaY evTrOpia mapécye PBovronévm ptpetoOac Mdéipoyv rat Maptov cal Aeveorrov cat avdtrov ’Aynoidaon, Os ovK éAdTTOvas pev ev Yardptn GopvBous b1ré- peeve BovrAopévwy @nBaiors brrép THs Yopas pd- xeoOa, rodras & év Aiyumr@ d:aBoras ral KaTn- yoptas Kal wrovoias tov Bacthéws Hveyxev jaov- Xiav aye Kerevwov, Ypnoauevos 6 Tois dpiarous 334 664 COMPARISON OF AGESILAUS AND POMPEY accusation against a general like him. For that a youthful commander should be frightened by tumults and outcries into cowardly weakness and abandon his safest plans, is natural and pardonable; but that Pompey the Great, whose camp the Romans called their country, and his tent their senate, while they gave the name of traitors and rebels to the consuls and praetors and other magistrates at Rome,—that he who was known to be under no one’s command, but to have served all his campaigns most success- fully as imperator, should be almost forced by the scoffs of Favonius and Domitius, and by the fear of being called Agamemnon, to put to the hazard the supremacy and freedom of Rome, who could tolerate this? If he had regard only for the immediate infamy involved, then he ought to have made a stand at the first and to have fought to its finish the fight for Rome, instead of calling the flight which he then made a Themistoclean stratagem and after- wards counting it a disgraceful thing to delay before fighting in Thessaly. For surely Heaven had not appointed that Pharsalian plain to be the stadium and theatre of their struggle for the supremacy, nor was he summoned by voice of herald to go down thither and do battle or leave to another the victor’s wreath ; nay, there were many plains, ten thousand cities, and a whole earth which his great resources by sea afforded him had he wished to imitate Maximus, or Marius, or Lucullus, or Agesilaiis him- self, who withstood no less tumults in Sparta when its citizens wished to fight with the Thebans in de- fence of their land, and in Egypt endured many calumnies and accusations and suspicions on the part of the king when he urged him to keep quiet; but he followed his own best counsels as he wished, and 335 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES 6 as éBovrAeTO RAoyiopois, ov povoy AiyuTrTious dxovras éowaev, ovde THY Yrdptnv év TocovtT@ cEeLoU@ povos opOay det Stepvrakev, aAdAA Kal / ” / 9 a , \ Tpomatov éotnoe Kata OnBaiwv év TH rode, TO viknoat Tapacyev avOis é« tod TOTE un TpoaT- orécGar Biacapéevovs. dev ’Aynaoiraos pév vd tov BiacBéevtwv totepov éerynvetro cwlévtor, Tlopmnios 5¢ 80 &AXOus Guaptav, avTovs ols éret- 7 o0n Katnyopous elye. Kxaitor pact tives ws b7rd Tod mevOepod XKntiwvos éEnmaryOn: ta yap TrEloTa TOV Xpnudtrov ov éxoulev eE ’Acias Ul > A / 3 4 BovAopuevov adrov vocdicacba: Kat atoxpuavra KaTemelear THY payXnY, ws OUKETL YpNLaTOD dvrwv. 6 Kav adnOes hv, Trabeiv ovK w@detrev o s b) € / 4 \ atpatnyos, ovdé pabdiws ottw mapadoyicbels atroxwévuvedoat Tept TOY peyiotwv. év pev ovv TOUVTOLS OUTMWS EXaTEpoY aTroHEwpodpeD. V. Eis A’yutrrov & o peéev é& avdyxns émrdevoe 4 € w a 4 bd / ? gevywv, o € ovTE Kas OUTE avayKaiws éml 4 A A XpHnuaciw, dws &yn Tois "EXXnot TodEpeiv ad’ e “A av toils BapBdapos éotpatnynoev. ecita a Sid Tlopwniov Aiyurriou éycarodpev, tadta Airyv- a > 7 e TTLot KaTnyopovoty ‘“AynowNdov. oO pev yap ? / 4 e \ \ > } nOLKNON mictevoas, o bé miaTtevOels éyxaTéntTTE Kal perTéaTn Wpos TOUS TroAEwoUVTAS ols erAEUCcE TULMAYNTOV. 336 COMPARISON OF AGESILAUS AND POMPEY not only saved the Egyptians against their wills, and by his sole efforts ever kept Sparta upright in the midst of so great a convulsion, but actually set up a trophy in the city for a victory over the Thebans, which victory he put his countrymen in the way of winning later, by keeping them then from the de- struction into which they would have forced their way. Wherefore Agesilaiis was afterwards com- mended by those whom he had forced to take the path of safety, while Pompey, whom others had led into error, found accusers in the very ones to whom he had yielded. And yet some say that he was deceived by his father-in-law Scipio, who wished to appropriate to his own uses the greater part of the treasure which he had brought from Asia, and there- fore hid it away, and then hastened on the battle, on the plea that there was no longer any money. But even if this were true,.a general ought not to suffer himself to be so easily deceived, nor after- wards to put his greatest interests at hazard. In these matters, then, such is the way in which we regard each of the men. V. And as to their voyages to Egypt, one went thither of necessity and in flight; the other for no honourable reason, nor of necessity, but for money, that what he got for serving the Barbarians as com- mander might enable him to make war upon the Greeks. Then again, as to the charges which we bring against the Egyptians for their treatment of Pompey, these the Egyptians lay at the door of Agesilaiis for his treatment of them. For Pompey trusted them and was wronged by them; while Agesilaiis was trusted by them and yet forsook them and went over to the enemies of those whom he had sailed to assist. 337 VOL. V. | Z a Digitized by Google PELOPIDAS IIEAOTTTAA I. Kdtwv o mpecButepos mpos twas étratvodv- tas avOpwrov droyiotws tapdBoXov Kal Tod- pnpov ev Tots TrodEutKots Stadépey py TO TOANOD Tiva Thy apeTny akiav Kal TO UH TOAXOD AELov TO Cav vopilerv: opOas arropatyvopevos. o yovv Tap "Avtiyov@ otpatevopevos itamos, havAos Sé THY EEw nai To owpa SdtepOopes, épopévov tod Baat- NEWS THV ALTiaY Tis WYPOTNTOS @poAroynaé TWA yooov Tov atroppytwy émet d5é diroripnOels o Baownrevs rpocérake tois iatpois, éav tis 4 Bon- Gera, pndev édXALTELY THs axpas émipereias, O}Tw GepatrevOels 0 yevvatos exeivos ovxér’ Hv pidroxiv- Suvos ovbé paysatos ev Tols dy@oww, WoTE Kal TOY "Avtiyovov éyxanrew xal Oavydtew tHv peta- Bornv. ov pny 6 avOpwmos amexpipato To aitiov, adr eltrev? "QO Bactred, ov pe tetroin- Kas aTOAMOTEpOY, aTTadAdEas ExelywY TOV KAKOY dc & tod Chv @Aty@pouv.” ampods TovTO Sé dai- veTat Kal LuRapityns avyp eimreivy wept tev Yrap- TLAT@V @S Ov péya Trotovat DavaTavTes év ToIS TONE LOLS vmrép Tov TocoUTOUS TrovoUs Kal TOLAUTHY aroduyeiv Siarrav. add\a YuBapitas pev éx- TeTNKOGLY LITO TpUdHS Kal paraxtas bia THY Tpds TO KAaXOV Oppny Kal diroTLLiaY ELKOTWS EdaivoyTo picely tov Biov ot pn hoBovpevoe tov Oavaror, Aaxedatpoviows $8 Kat Civ ndéws kal OvnoKerv 340 278 PELOPIDAS I. Caro THE Etper, when certain persons praised a man who was inconsiderately rash and daring in war, told them there was a difference between a man’s setting a high value on valour and his setting a low value on life; and his remark was just. At any rate, there was a soldier of Antigonus who was venturesome, but had miserable health and an impaired body. When the king asked him the reason for his pallor, the man admitted that it was a secret disease, whereupon the king took compassion on him and ordered his physicians, if there was any help for him, to employ their utmost skill and care. Thus the man was cured ; but then the good fellow ceased to court danger and was no longer a furious fighter, so that even Antigonus rebuked him and expressed his wonder at the change. The man, however, made no secret of the reason, but said: *O King, it is thou who hast made me less daring, by freeing me from those ills which made me set little value on life.” On these grounds, too, as it _would seem, a man of Sybaris said it was no great thing for the Spartans to seek death in the wars in order to escape so many hardships and such a wretched life as theirs. But to the Sybarites, who were dissolved in effeminate luxury, men whom ambition and an eager quest of honour led to have no fear of death naturally seemed to hate life ; where- as the virtues of the Lacedaemonians gave them 341 PLUTARCH’S LIVES auporepa apern Tapeiyer, Os dndot TO éemiKy- Secov' ode yap dynow EOavov! ov TO ony Bépevor KaXov oveeé TO Ovijoxery, "AAA 76 TadTA KANDS apdoTep exTEdécat. ovTE yep guy Javarou peuT TOD, ap opéyntat TUS Tov Riou ri) aiaxpas, ovUTE UTomovn Kadov, Eb per’ druyeopias yivotto tov Chv. dOev “ ‘Opnpos pev aed TOUS Japparewt drous Kal PaxLwwrarous dySpas ev kal Karas OTL MEVvOUS eEdryeu Tpos Tous ayavas, ot dé TaV ‘EAAjvev vopod eras Tov pipaonw Korabovaty, ov TOV Sidos oveé hoyyxny T POE MEVOV, biBdoxovres 6 OTe Tov bn trabeiy KAKOS 7 poTepov 7 ToD Tovhaae TOUS Troheuious éxdore peerewy T poonKel, padicta 86 apyovTt ToAEwS 7 oT PATEDUATOS. Il. Ei yap, os ‘Tpexparas Senpet, Xepat bev éoixacty ot prot, moat dé TO immKor, avTn 5é 7 pararyt orépvyp kal Owpaxt, Keparn dé 0 otparn- ros, ovx avrob bofevev av arroxivouvevov Tapa- penely Kal Opacvvopevos, ann’ am dvTa, ols 7 cwTnpla yiverat de avrob Kal TovvaYTioV. d6ev O _Kar\uxparisas, Kalrep @y Tada péyas, OUK e) pos Toy paytiv ele’ Seopévov yap autov purdrrecGar Oavarov, as TOY lepG@y Tpodndouy- TOD, ébn TT) Tap éva elvat TaV Ltraprav. paxo- pevos yap els Hv Kal wrAéwv Kal TT PATEVOMEVOS O Kadvixparioas, oTpaTyyav bé THY amayrov elye sud aBov év avT@ Stvapiv, @aTe ovK Hv els d rocatta cuvav@ddvTo. Bédtiov Se "Avtiryovos 0 1 Of Odvov ob rd (Hv KrA., attributed to Simonides (Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graec. iii.‘ p. 516). 342 PELOPIDAS happiness alike in living or dying, as the following elegy testifies: These, it says, died, “ not deeming either life or death honourable in themselves, But only the accomplishment of them both with honour.”’ For neither is a man to be blamed for shunning death, if he does not cling to life disgracefully, nor to be praised for boldly meeting death, if he does this with contempt of life. For this reason Homer always brings his boldest and most valiant heroes into battle well armed and equipped ; and the Greek lawgivers punish him who casts away his shield, not him who throws down his sword or spear, thus teach- ing that his own defence from harm, rather than the infliction of harm upon the enemy, should be every man’s first care, and particularly if he governs a city or commands an army. II. For if, as Iphicrates analyzed the matter, the light-armed troops are like the hands, the cavalry like the feet, the line of men-at-arms itself like chest and breastplate, and the general like the head, then he, in taking undue risks and being over bold, would seem to neglect not himself, but all, inasmuch as their safety depends on him, and their destruction too. Therefore Callicratidas, although otherwise he was a great man, did not make a good answer to the seer who begged him to be careful, since the sacri- ficial omens foretold his death ; “Sparta,” said he, “does not depend upon one man.” For when fight- ing, or sailing, or marching under orders, Callicratidas was “one man”; but as general, he comprised in himself the strength and power of all, so that he was not “one man,” when such numbers perished with him. Better was the speech of old Antigonus 343 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Yépan, bt vaupaxely qept “Avdpov emedrep, él- TOvTOS TLVOS @S TOA eLous at TOY ToAEuLoV vhes elev, “ "Eye dé avrov,” eon, “ Tpos mooas GVTLTTH ELS ; a peya TO THis apxis, BaTeEp erry, afiwpa Tomy pera éwrretpias Kal aperijs TaTTO- pevo, 7S ™ p@Tov épyov éotl cater Tov aTravrTa Tad\Aa awlovta. 510 KaXdas oO Tipodeos, émet- KVUUEVOU Tore TOUS PAGnvaiors TOU Xadpyros wret- Aas Tivas év TO capware cal THY domida rNOYKN Sraxexonperny, “’Eyo 66,” elmev, “as Mav nox ove ny 5Tt pou ae kiasnoontbs Sins éryryus émrece fédos, @S petpaxtwdéaTepov euauT@ @- pevos 7) KaTa oT paTNyOV | Kal myepova Surdpeas TocaUTNS. Strouv pev yap es Ta Ska peyarny péper pornv o Tov oTpaTnyou KivOvvos, évradda Kal yerpl Kal oapart XpnoTéov apedars, Xaipew ppacavta TOUS Aéyovow as xen TOV ayabov oTparnyov pddiara bev wUTr0 YNPwS, et Oé I, yépovTa vnc Kew: Strov 6é pixpov TO Tepuytvo- pevoy €x TOU KaToplapuaros, TO is Twav oUvaTron- AUTaL apanévros, ovdets aTratTel TTpAaTOTov mpakw xivdvv@ tparromevny otparnyoo. Tabdra dé pot TaperTn Tpoavapwvijcar rypa- porte tov Iledomidou Biov kal TOV Mapxénnov, peyddov avopov Tapadoyws TETOVTOV. Kal yap xetpt xphoOae PAXLWaTaror ‘Yevopuevot, Kal oTpa- THYyiaLs emupavertarats Koo pnoavTes apporepot Tas mat pibas, ére 5¢ TOV Baputarwv avTaryove- oTav o pev ’AvviBav GHTTATOY | évTa TPATOS, WS NéyeTal, TpeYauEvos, 0 0 O€ ys Kal Barairrns a dpxov- Tas Aaxedarpovious é éx Tapatakews ViKTTaS, npet- dnoay € éavTav, auv ovdevi oyo uP T POE HWEVOL Tov Biov omnvixa pddtoTta ToLoUTwWY KaLpos Hv avdpav 344 279 PELOPIDAS as he was about to fight a sea-fight off Andros, and someone told him that the enemy’s ships were far more numerous than his: “ But what of myself,” said he, “ how many ships wilt thou count me?” implying that the worth of the commander is a great thing, as it is in fact, when allied with experience and valour, and his first duty is to save the one who saves everything else. Therefore Timotheus was right, when Chares was once showing the Athenians some wounds he had received, and his shield pierced by a spear, in saying: “ But I, how greatly ashamed I was, at the siege of Samos, because a bolt fell near me; I thought I was behaving more like an im- petuous youth than like a general in command of so large a force.” For where the whole issue is greatly furthered by the general’s exposing himself to danger, there he must employ hand and body unsparingly, ignoring those who say that a good general should die, if not of old age, at least in old age; but where the advantage to be derived from his success is small, and the whole cause perishes with him if he fails, no one demands that a general should risk his life in fighting like a common soldier. Such is the preface I have thought fit to make for the Lives of Pelopidas and Marcellus, great men who rashly fell in battle. For both were most valiant fighters, did honour to their countries in most illus- trious campaigns, and what is more, had the most formidable adversaries, one being the first, as we are told,to rout Hannibal, who was before invincible, the other conquering in a pitched battle the Lace- daemonians, who were supreme on land and sea; and yet they were careless of their own lives, and reck- lessly threw them away at times when it was most important that such men should live and _ hold 345 PLUTARCH’S LIVES owlomeveov Kat dpyovTov. Sso7rep nets Em Opevot Tats opoLornar TAaPAAAHAOUS aveyparvapev AVTOYV tous Bious. III. Tedorida TO ‘IarmoxXou yévos pev Fv ev- Soxtpov € év @7Bats domep "Errapevdvdeg, Tpagels dé é ev ovaig peyary Kal maparaBov é ETL véos Aap- 7 pov olxov Gpynce TOY Seopevev TOUS afious Bon- Getv, ii iva KUpLOS arnbas paivorro Xpnpatov yeryo- YOS, GAA pL?) Soddos. TOY yap TOMO, OS "Aptororévns ono, ot fev ov XPOvrTar TH TOU- Tw Sia puKporoyiay, ot be TapaypavTa ou aca- Tlay, Kal SovAevovtes ovTos pev ael tais jdovais, éxeivot 6é tals doxodtass, Statedobow. ot pep ovv aNdow TO Iledomida ydpw éxovtes éypavto Th 1 pos QUTOUS erevDepiornrs cal pray poria, povoy Se Tav pidwy Tov ‘Erapewovbay ovK émevle Tov ToUTOU peTarapBavery avros pévrot peT- exe Tips éxeivou TEevias, ea Ojos adeneia Kal Tpametns MeroTyTe Kal T@ WPOS TOUS TOVOUS aonvep Kal Kara oTpatelas adore Kadrhomelopevos, ao- TEp O 9 Evpiridou Karavevs, } @ “Bios peev my TOUS, nxiota Oé OL 6d Bov yadpos my," aloXUvopevos ei dhaveitar wreloce XPOpEVvOS eis TO COpA TOU TA eMayrora Kextnpevou OnBaiov. "Errapewavdas per ouv auvnOn Kat TATPPAV ovoav avTe Thy meviay éTt pmadXov ebfwvov Kal Koipov erroing€ dirocogav Kal poveTpoTrov Biov an apxiis édo- pevos: Iledomrida Sé mv pev ya Los apr pos, érye- vovto 8¢ nal maides, GAN obdev HT TOV apedev TOU xpnpariverbar Kal axXoratoy Th Tod Tov atrav- Ta xpovov nraTTWOGE THY ovciav. TOV be pirav vovGetovvTwy Kal NeyOVTWY WS avayKaiov Tpa- 346 PELOPIDAS command. These are the resemblances between them which have led me to write their lives in parallel. III. Pelopidas the son of Hippoclus was of a highly honourable family in Thebes, as was Epamin- ondas, and having been reared in affluence, and having inherited in youth a splendid estate, he devoted himself to the assistance of worthy men who needed it, that he might be seen to be really master of his wealth, and not its slave. For most wealthy men, as Aristotle says,! either make no use of their wealth through avarice, or abuse it through prodigality, and so they are forever slaves, these to their pleasures, those to their business. The rest, accordingly, thankfully profited by the kind- ness and liberality of Pelopidas towards them ; but Epaminondas was the only one of his friends whom he could not persuade to share his wealth. Pelopidas, however, shared the poverty of this friend, and gloried in modest attire, meagre diet, readiness to undergo hardships, and straightforward service as a soldier. Like the Capaneus of Euripides, he “ had abundant wealth, but riches did not make him arrogant at all,?”’ and he was ashamed to let men think that he spent more upon his person than the poorest Theban. Now Epaminondas, whose poverty was hereditary and familiar, made it still more light and easy by philosophy, and by electing at the out- set to lead a single life ; Pelopidas, on the contrary, made a brilliant marriage, and had children too, but nevertheless he neglected his private interests to devote his whole time to the state, and so lessened his substance. And when his friends admonished him and told him that the possession of money, which 1 Fragment 56 (Rose) ; cf. Morals, p. 527 a. 2 Suppliccs, 863 f. (Kirchhoff, fxsora 8’ LABe). 347 - PLUTARCH’S LIVES yuaTos oAvywpel, TOD ypnuata éxew, “’Avay- 4 lA 33 xaiov, vn Aia, Nixodnuw tovte@, én, detEas tia ‘ / YoXov Kat Tupdov. IV. "Hoav 6€ kal mpos wacay dpetny tredv- ¢€ la) a KOTES Ofolws, TANY StL TO yupvalerOar paddov éyatpe IleXorridas, TO 5é pavOdvey ’Erapevor- das, cal Tas diatpiBas ev TH oXOAALELY o ev Tepl TadalotTpas Kat Kuynyéowa, o S€ axovoy tt Kal dirocopav émoeito. tmod\X\ov 5€ Kal Kadov vTapxovTwv audotéposs mpos Sdkav, ovdey of voov ExovTes NYyOUVTAL THALKODTOV HALKOY THY d1a TOO- ovUToY ayoveyv Kal otpaTnyiav Kal TrodTELOV aveEéXeyx Toy evvotay Kal didiav an’ apxiis pexpe TéXous éupeivacav. et yap Tis amoBAeas THY 9 Aptoteidov xal @eusotonréouvs cal Kipwvos nat ’ Ilepexréous xal Nexiov cat’ ArxtBeadou rovuteiar, Sowv yéeyove peotn Stadhopav Kxal POdvorv Kat CnNoTUTLa@Y pos. GAANAOUS, oKEYpaLTO TaALY THY IleXoridov mpos “Errapevoviay evpéverav Kal TLuLHnv, TovToUs av opOas Kal Sixaiws Tpocayo- pevoee ouvapyovTas Kal cvaTpaTHyoOUS 7 ExEiVvoUS, Oa) A > U A “A / ? a ol #adXAOV AAANAWY H TOV TOAELLWOY aywviCopeEvot a / > / \ » \ \ e mwepteivas SuetéXeoav. aitia dé adnOwwy pev Hv 7 b la > b) , b) ce) > \ A apetn, ds nv ov dofav, ov mrovTOY amo TOaY 4 7 ¢ mpakewy peTtiovTes, ols 0 yaXretros Kal dvcepis bd 4 , bJ > a > > > A éupverat POovos, adr Epwra Oeiov an’ apyxis , le) épacbévres aupotepot Tov THY TaTtpida NapTpo- TaTny Kal peyioTny éd éavtav ideiv yevouéevny, @otrep idiots él todTo Tols abTav éxpavTo KaTop0opmacuy. Ov pv adn ob ye ONKOL vouitouvaey avTots THV / > \ e. b / A opodpay didiav amo ths év Mavtiveia yevéobat 348 PELOPIDAS he scorned, was a necessary thing, “ Yes indeed,” he said, “ necessary for this Nicodemus here,’ point- ing to a man who was lame and blind. IV. They were also fitted by nature for the pursuit of every excellence, and in like measure, ex- cept that Pelopidas delighted more in exercising the body, Epaminondas in storing the mind, so that the one devoted his leisure hours to bodily exercise and hunting, the other to lectures and philosophy. Both had many claims upon the world’s esteem, but wise men consider none of these so great as the un- questioned good will and friendship which subsisted between them from first to last through al] their struggles and campaigns and civil services. For if one regards the political careers of Themistocles and Aristides, or of Cimon and Pericles, or of Nicias and Alcibiades, which were so full of mutual dissensions, envyings, and jealousies, and then turns his eyes upon the honour and kindly favour which Pelo- pidas showed Epaminondas, he will rightly and justly call these men colleagues in government and command rather than those, who ever strove to get the better of one another rather than of the enemy. And the true reason for the superiority of the The- bans was their virtue, which led them not to aim in their actions at glory or wealth, which are naturally attended by bitter envying and strife; on the con- trary, they were both filled from the beginning with a divine desire to see their country become most powerful and glorious in their day and by their efforts, and to this end they treated one another's successes as their own. However, most people think that their ardent friendship dated from the campaign at Mantineia,} 1 In 418 B.c., when Athens gave assistance to Argos, Elis, and Mantineia against Sparta. See the Alcibiades, xv. 1. 349 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTpareias, ny TUvETTpATEVTAYTO Aaxedatpoviors, ere gidors Kal cuupdxors ovat, meupbeions éK OnBav BonGeias. TETAY EVOL yap év Tots omALTaLs per’ GAA OV Kal Pax opevor pos TOUS "Apxdoas, OS evedwxe TO Kar QaUTOUS Kepas TOV Aaxedat- poviwy Kal (TpoT TOV TONAQV eyeryovet, cuvacri- OAVTES jpvvavro TOUS emupepopevous. kal IleXo- Tidas pev émra, TpavpaTa AaBov é évavtia ToNXols emia TEppun VEKPOLS opod pirozs Kal ToAEpLoLs, ‘Errapewvovdas 8é, KalTrep aBiwTas exe avTov TYOUMEVOS, imrép Tob c@patos Kal TOV Stroy earn T poe kal Srexivdvvevoe 7 pos TOAXNOUS povos, eyvoKOS aro0avety pardov vr TleXomtdav amrohutretv kelpevov. 780 b¢ Kal tovTov KAKBS éXovros, Kal AoyXN pev eis To aT HO0s, Eider Se els TOV Bpaxiova TET PWMEVOU, m poo eBonOnoer amo Oatépov Képws ‘Aqnaimodus i) Baotrevs TOY Lmapriar ay, kal qepteTroinoey aveATiaTwS av- TOUS apporép ous. V. Mera be TavTa TOY LraptiaTav Aoy~ pev @S pirous Kal TUppayous TpoaPEpopevoy | Tots OnBaioss, épy@ Sé 76 ppovnpa THS TOhEWs Kab TH Svvapey Upopwpeven, Kal partota Thy lopnviov Kal ‘Av8poxdetdou pc oUvT MV erarpelar, Hs peret- xev ) JHerorisas, prrerevdepov a aa, Kat Snuott- Kn elvat Soxovcay, ‘Apxias cai Aeovtidas Kal Didirmos, avdpes oduyapyexol Kal mdrovatot Kal péT ptov oudey ppovoovres, avatre\Oovot PorBidav tov Aadxwva pera oT paras Statropevdpevov éFai- puns kaTaraBeiy Thv Kadyelav Kal TOUS vmevav- TLOUMEVOUS avtois éxBaXovta mpos TO Aaxedau- poviwy UTNKOOV appocacbar be obey THY ToN- telav. meaOévtos & éxeivou nal wn mpoadoxaat 359 80 PELOPIDAS where they fought on the side of the Lacedaemonians, who were still their friends and allies, and who received assistance from Thebes. For they stood side by side among the men-at-arms and fought against the Arcadians, and when the Lacedaemonian wing to which they belonged gave way and was routed for the most part, they locked their shields together and repelled their assailants. Pelopidas, after receiving seven wounds in front, sank down upon a great heap of friends and enemies who lay dead together ; but Epaminondas, although he thought him lifeless, stood forth to defend his body and his arms, and fought desperately, single-handed against many, determined to die rather than leave Pelopidas lying there. And now he too was in a sorry plight, having been wounded in the breast with a spear and in the arm with a sword, when Agesipolis the Spartan king came to his aid from the ae wing, and when all hope was lost, saved them both. V. After this the Spartans ostensibly treated the Thebans as friends and allies, but they really looked with suspicion on the ambitious spirit and the power of the city, and above all they hated the party of Ismenias and Androcleides, to which Pelopidas be- longed, and which was thought to be friendly to freedom and a popular form of government. There- fore Archias, Leontidas, and Philip, men of the oligarchical faction who were rich and immoderately ambitious, sought to persuade Phoebidas the Spartan, as he was marching past with an army, to take the Cadmeia by surprise, expel from the city the party opposed to them, and bring the government into subserviency to the Lacedaemonians by putting it in the hands of a few men. Phoebidas yielded to their 35! PLUTARCH’S LIVES tots @nBaiow éewiepévov Oecpodopiwy svrwyr, Kal THS axpas xuptevoavTos, Iopnvias pév ovvap- macbels Kat xouicOeis eis Aaxedaipova pet’ ov Tov xpovoy avnpéOn, eroridas 5€é kal Depé- vixos Kal Avdpoxrctdas peTa ovyvav adrwv pev- yovtes éEexnpvxyOnoav, Emapewaovdas 8 xara Yopav éueve TO xatadpovnOjvar dia pev didro- codiayv ws ampaypwv, Sia 5é rreviav as advvatos. VI. ’Evrel 5¢ Aaxedarpovior PorBidav pev adei- NovTo THS apyns Kal Séxa Spaxypov pupiaow 9 , ‘ \ , 01 ° a étnpiwcav, THv 6€ Kadpeiav ovdev AttTov ppovpa KaTésXOV, Of pev aArOL Travres” EAAnvEes EOavpa- Cov THv atoriay, et Tov pev rpdkavra Koralovot, Thy dé wmpakiw Soxuudlovar, tots 6¢ @nBaious rHv matptov atoBeBAnKoot ToMTELav Kal KaTadedov- AwpEévols UTE TOV mept “Apyiav cat Acovtiday ove EXtTrigal TEpinY aTradraynV TVA THS TUpav- vidos, iy éwpwov TH Yraptiarav Sopupopovpéevyny nyemovia Kal KatadvOjvar pn Suvapévny, eb pn TiS apa Tavoee KaKeivovs ys Kal Oararrys bi >] N > > e \ 4 apxYovTas. ov uny ard’ oi trept Aeovtiday muvOa- , \ lA > / 4 A vopevor Tovs huydbas "AOnvna. SsatpiBewy Te TE / a) wv \ \ wv e \ mwrAnGe mpoodirels dvtas Kal tinny Exovtas v1 TOV KaNaV Kal ayabav, éreBovrEvoy avTots KpU- da: kal wéprpavres avOp@rovs ayvatas ’Avdpo- xrcldav pev atroxtivyvovot Sor, Tov Sé GAA Stayaptavovow. Ke 6€ Kal Tapa AaKedatpoviwv ypdupata tois AOnvaiows mpootdcoovta py Sé- \ a) > ? 3 4 \ xeoOar pndé wapaxiveiv, adr éEeXavvery TOUS guydoas ws Kowovs ToAEpious UT TOY TULUAaYoY 352 | PELOPIDAS persuasions, made his attack upon the Thebans when they did not expect it, since it was the festival of the Thesmophoria, and got possession of the citadel.! Then Ismenias was arrested, carried to Sparta, and after a little while put to death; while Pelopidas, Pherenicus, Androcleides and many others took to flight and were proclaimed outlaws. Epaminondas, however, was suffered to remain in the city, because his philosophy made him to be looked down upon as a recluse, and his poverty as impotent. VI. But when the Lacedaemonians deprived Phoe- bidas of his command and fined him a hundred thousand drachmas, and yet held the Cadmeia with. a garrison notwithstanding, all the rest of the Greeks were amazed at their inconsistency, since they pun- ished the wrong-doer, but approved his deed. And as for the Thebans, they had lost their ancestral form of government and were enslaved by Archias and Leontidas, nor had they hopes of any deliverance from this tyranny, which they saw was guarded by the dominant military power of the Spartans and could not be pulled down unless those Spartans should somehow be deposed from their command of land and sea. Nevertheless, Leontidas and his as- sociates, learning that the fugitive Thebans were living at Athens, where they were not only in favour with the common people but also honoured by the nobility, secretly plotted against their lives, and sending men who were unknown, they treacherously killed Androcleides, but failed in their designs upon the rest. There came also letters from the Lacedae- monians charging the Athenians not to harbour or encourage the exiles, but to expel them as men 1 In the winter of 382 B.c. Cf. the Agesilaiis, xxiii. 3-7. 353 VOL, V. AA PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 atrobederypévous. of pev ody AOnvaio, mpdos TO jWaTptov avtTois Kal oUpapuTov elvat TO hirdvOpw- Tov, apetBouevor TOUS OnBaiovs panera ouvae- Tious yevomevous TO Onuw@ TOU Katereiv, Kal Wnpioapevous, édv tus ’AOnvaiwn éml rods tupav- vous omr)a, dua THS Botwtias Kopitn, undeva Boww- Tov akovety poe opav, ovdéy ndiknoav Tous @nBaious. VII. ‘O & Iledoriéas, KaiTrep év Tois vewTd- TOLS WY, dia Te Kal &xao Tov éFopya TOV puyd- Sav, Kal T pos TO TrHOOS é7rotnoato oyous, QS oUTe KaXov ovTEe Gotov ein! SovAEevOVCAaY THV —marpiba Kal Ppoupovpevny Tmeptopar, auTous b¢ pLovoy TO ower Oat kal daly ayaTavTas ex pé- pacdar TOV "AOnunce vn vndiopareov kat Oepa- meveLy DTOTETTWKOTAS adel Tois Néyewv Suvapéevors Kal metOetv TOV oVAop, ava xuySuvevTéov bmrép TOY peyioTon; mapaberypa Oepevous THY @pacv- BovxXou TONmAY Kal dpetnv, iva, os Exeivos éK @nBov 7 poTepov oppndels «aTéhuce tous év ‘AOn- vats Tupavvous, oUTwS avToL Tad é€E “AOnvav 7 poed Gores erevdepwawar Tas O7Bas. @s ovv eTrelce Tatra eyo, Tm éwrrove Els @nBas Kpuda T pos TOUS UT ONENELLLEVOUS TOV pidov Ta dedory- péva ppatortes. ot Sé cuvettnvouy: Kat Xapov pev, domep hy emipavéctatos, wmodoynoE THY oiKiay mapeten, Dirrpdas 6é duerpafato TOV qept "Apxiav kat Dirstrov ypappatevs yever Bar a ada "Exrapervovdas 5€ Tovs véous 1 e{m Coraés and Bekker, with most MSS.: elva: with A. 1 In 403 u.c., when Thrasybulus set out from Thebes on his campaign against the Thirty Tyrants at Athens (Xeno- phon, Hell. ii. 4, 2). 354 81 PELOPIDAS declared common enemies by the allied cities. The Athenians, however, not only yielding to their tradi- tional and natural instincts of humanity, but also making a grateful return for the kindness of the Thebans, who had been most ready to aid them in restoring their democracy,! and had passed a decree that if any Athenians marched through Boeotia against the tyrants in Athens, no Boeotian should see or hear them, did no harm to the Thebans in their city. VII. But Pelopidas, although he was one of the youngest of the exiles, kept inciting each man of them privately, and when they met together pleaded before them that it was neither right nor honourable for them to suffer their native city to be garrisoned and enslaved, and, content with mere life and safety, to hang upon the decrees of the Athen- ians, and to be always cringing and paying court to such orators as could persuade the people; nay, they must risk their lives for the highest good, and take Thrasybulus and his bold valour for their example, in order that, as he once sallied forth from Thebes ! and overthrew the tyrants in Athens, so they in their turn might go forth from Athens and liberate Thebes. When, therefore, they had been persuaded by his appeals, they sent secretly to the friends they had left in Thebes, and told them what they purposed. These approved their plan; and Charon, a man of the highest distinction, agreed to put his house at their disposal, while Phillidas contrived to have him- self appointed secretary to Archias and Philip, the polemarchs. Epaminondas,? too, had long since filled 2 There is no mention either of Epaminondas or Pelopidas in Xenophon’s account of these matters (Hell. v. 4, 1-12), and his story differs in many details from that of Plutarch. 355 AA 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mara ppovnpatos Hv éumetAnKkws’ éxédeve yap év Tots yunvacions emrauBaveo Gat tav Maxedat- poviwy Kal Trandate, elra opov él T@ KpaTety cal meptetvar yavpoupéevous eTeTATTEV, OS aicxuvec bar padXov aurois T poaiKov, eb Sovdev- ovot Ot avavdpiay @v TocoiToy Tais popats Stapépovow. VIII. “Hyépas 5é 7 pos Ty mpakuv optabetons, éd0ke Tots puydor TOUS pev dddous cuvayayovTa Depevixov ev TO Opiacin Tepipéeverv, GALyoUS bé TOY vewTaTov mapaBarécbar ™ poetaed Get Els THY TOMY, éay 66 te TAOwWoLY UITrO TOV Tmohepicoy oUTOL, TOUS GANOUS EmripereioOaL mdvTas OTrws penre waides avTa@v pare ryovels évoeets ExovTar TOV dvaryKaiwy. ipictatas bé THY m paki TleAo- mibas Tp@T0s, elra MéAwv kcal Aaporreidus Kad @coropmros, dvdpes ole TE TP@TWV Kat 7 pos aAANXNOUS TA GANA pev Pirsecs Kal TLTTOS, vmép dé b0Ens Kal avdpeias del piroveixos EXovres. yevopevot 5€ oF oupravTes bddexa, Kal TOUS aTro- AevTropevous aomTacdpevot, Kat mporeprpavres dryyehov ™@ Xdpwvi, 7 poryov ev xrapvdioss, oKidaKds TE Onparicas Kal oTENKAS EXOVTES, BS pndé els UTromrTevoe TOV evTuyXavovTov Kal’ oddp, GNX’ advovTes GAXNWS TAAaAVAaCGaL Kal KUYHyeElY Soxoiev. ‘Erret 5é 0 mreupbels Tap QuT@v diyryehos INCE Tpos TOV Xdpova Kal Kad odov ovTas éppater, AUTOS pev ) Xdpev ovde Ure Tob dewvod TARO LE . Covros erpewe Tl THS yeuns, GAN’ avynp ayabos iy kal wa eixe THY olxiav, ‘Iarroabevidas b¢ TU, ov TOPOS pév, GNAA Kat prdaorrar pes Kal Tots guydow evvovs avOpwiros, éevdens dé ToAuNS 356 PELOPIDAS the minds of the Theban youth with high thoughts ; for he kept urging them in the gymnastic schools to try the Lacedaemonians in wrestling, and when he saw them elated with victory and mastery, he would chide them, telling them they ought rather to be ashamed, since their cowardice made them the slaves of the men whom they so far surpassed in bodily owers. VIII. A day for the enterprise having been fixed,} the exiles decided that Pherenicus, with the rest of the party under his command, should remain in the Thriasian plain, while a few of the youngest took the risk of going forward into the city; and if anything happened to these at the hands of their enemies, the rest should all see to it that neither their children nor their parents came to any want. Pelopidas was first to undertake the enterprise, then Melon, Damoclei- des, and Theopompus, men of foremost families, and of mutual fidelity and friendship, although in the race for heroic achievement and glory they were constant rivals. When their number had reached twelve, they bade farewell to those who stayed be- hind, sent a messenger before them to Charon, and set out in short cloaks, taking hunting dogs and nets with them, that anyone who met them on the road might not suspect their purpose, but take them for hunters beating about the country. When their messenger came to Charon and told him they were on the way, Charon himself did not change his mind at all even though the hour of peril drew nigh, but was a man of his word and prepared his house to receive them; a certain Hippostheni- das, however, not a bad man, nay, both patriotic and well disposed towards the exiles, but lacking in that 1 In the winter of 379 B.c. 357 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TocauTns bons 6 TE Karpos oEvs av at TE UmoKel- pevar mpaers Gmnrovy, GoTep iAeryyedoas T pos TO peyeDos Tov ayavos év Xepat yevopevov, Kab pores Tore T@ Roya UM Tuudpovnaas OTL Tpomov Tova THY trav Aaxedatpoviwy cadevovory apxnv Kat THs éxeiBer Suvdpews broBdddovrae KaTa- AvoW, TWiotTevoavTes amropors Kal guyadixais eXTricLy, drredO cov oixade CLOTH TéLTEL TLVA TOV pirov ™ pos MéAova kal Hedonibav, avaBanréo bat KeVOY ev TP TapovTe Kab T EpLweveLy BeAtiova Katpov addus dmaddaryévTas els "AOnvas. Xridov Hy dvopa 7 meupderte, Kal Kata omovdny oixade Tpos aitov TpaTropevos Kal Tov immov eFayayov nree Tov VaNsvov. dmropoupéevns 6€ Tijs yuvatkos ws ov elye Sodvas, Kal Xpioat Tut TOV cuvnbav - Aeyovons, owdopiat TO 1 PGT OV Heavy, elra duagn- plas, Tijs yuvarnos ema pw Hens auT@ TE Kaas odous éxetvm xal Tois TEMTOVOLY, Morte Kat TOV XrAidova TOAD TIS nuépas dvahdcavrTa T pos TOUTOLS bu opyiy, dpa 6e kal to ocupBeBnKos olwrec apevor, adeivat THY OOOV dws Kal 7 pOs ado TL TpaTréa Gan. Tapa TOTOUTOV [EV mAGov 28 au péyiorat Kal KadhioTae Tav wpakewr evbus ev “ex5 dtaduyety Tov Karpov. . Ov 6é repli tov Iledoriday eo Oras yewp- yav aaniors kal SteXovtTEes autos arrow Kar’ adda pépn THs TOANEWS maperah Gov ere Tpépas ovons. nv O€ TE mvedpa Kal yipeTos dpxouevov TpeTea Oat TOU dépos, Kal paddov éXadov KaTamepevyoTov non dLa TOV Kerpeva TOY TEL TOV ets Tas oixias. ols dé hv errtpehes Ta ™parTopeva yLv@oKeLD, avehauPavov TOUS 7 poo - epyxopévous Kal xabiotwy evOds els THY olKiay 358 ”) at PELOPIDAS degree of boldness which the sharp crisis and the pro- jected enterprise demanded, was made dizzy, so to speak, by the magnitude of the struggle now so close at hand,and at last comprehended that, in undertaking to overthrow the armed force in the city, they were in a manner trying to shake the empire of the Lace- daemonians, and had placed their reliance on the hopes of men in exile and without resources. He therefore went quietly home, and sent one of his friends to Melon and Pelopidas, urging them to postpone the enterprise for the present, go back to Athens, and await a more favourable opportunity. Chlidon was the name of this messenger, and going to his own home in haste, he brought out his horse and asked for the bridle. His wife, however, was embarrassed because she could not give it to him, and said she had lent it to a neighbour. Words of abuse were followed by imprecations, and his wife prayed that the journey might prove fatal both to him and to those that sent him. Chlidon, therefore, after spending a great part of the day in this angry squabble, and after making up his mind, too, that what had happened was ominous, gave up his journey entirely and turned his thoughts to something else. So near can the greatest and fairest enterprises come, at the very outset, to missing their opportunity. IX. But Pelopidas and his companions, after put- ting on the dress of peasants, and separating, entered the city at different points while it was yet day. There was some wind and snow as the weather began to change, and they were the more un- observed because most people had already taken refuge from the storm in their houses. Those, how- ever, whose business it was to know what was going on, received the visitors as they came, and brought 359 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tov Xdpwvos: éyévovto 6€ avy Tols huyaot TEvTN- xovra Svolv déortes. Ta S€ rept rovs tupdvvous obtws eye. PidAré- Sas 0 ypappateds cuvétpatte pév, OaoTrEp ElpnTat, mavrTa Kal ouvyde. Tots ghuydotv, eis Sé THY Huépav exeivnv ée Tadatov KaTHYyyeAK@s Tots mept tov Apxiay motov Tia Kal cuvovoiav Kal yuvata TOV UTdvopwv, empatrev STL parLoTA tais ndovais éxAeAupévous Kal KaToivous peTAXeEL- picacbas trapéFev tots émitiepévots. ovrrw bé wavy TOppe peOns ovoty avTols mpocétrecé TEs Ov arevdns pév, &BéBaros 5é cal woAAny doddeav éyovoa wept tav duyddwyv pyvuows ws ev TH jwodet KpuTTopéevav. Tov dé Pirridov trapadgép- ovTos TOV NOyov, Buws Apyias ereurpé Twa TOV UTNpET@V pos Tov Xdpwva, mpoatdcacwyv evOvs HKew avtov. wv dé éorépa, kal cuvérartoy évoov avrovs ot wept tov Iledoriday, 45n teOwpaxt- opévor KaL TAS paxaipas averhndotes. eEaipvns dé Komtopévns THS Ovpas mpocdpapwv tis, Kat muOouevos Tod UTnpérou Xdpwva petiévar twrapa TOV Tokeudpyov hdoKovTos, amyyyerrev elow teGopuRnpévos, nal macw evOvs Trapéoty THY Te mpakw éxpeunvicba nal odas admavras atorho- Aévat, nde Spadcavtas Te THS apeThs akov. ov pny arr éd0kev traxotoat tov Xdpwva xat Tapacyelv éautov Sety avuTTémtws Tols apyoucty, adrAws pev avdpwdn cal Bapvy dvta Te Oappeiv mapa ta Sewd, tore 5é bi éxeivous éxmemAny- pévov Kat mepirabodvta, pwn tis bTrovia tpo- 360 PELOPIDAS them at once to the house of Charon; and there were, counting the exiles, forty-eight of them. With the tyrants, matters stood as follows. Phil- lidas, their secretary, as I have said, was privy to the plans of the exiles and was co-operating fully with them, and some time before had proposed for that day that Archias and his friends should have a drinking- bout, at which a few married women should join them, his scheme being that when they were full of wine and completely relaxed in their pleasures, he would de- liver them into the hands of their assailants. But before the party were very deep in their cups, some information was suddenly brought them, not false, indeed, but uncertain and very vague, that the exiles were concealed in the city. Although Phillidas tried to change the subject, Archias nevertheless sent one of his attendants to Charon, commanding him to come to him at once. It was evening, and Pelopidas and his companions in Charon’s house were getting them- selves ready for action, having already put on their breastplates and taken up their swords. Then there was a sudden knocking at the door. Someone ran to it, learned from the attendant that he was come from the polemarchs with a summons for Charon, and brought the news inside, much perturbed. All were at once convinced that their enterprise had been revealed, and that they themselves were all lost, before they had even done anything worthy of their valour. However, they decided that Charon must obey the summons and present himself boldly before the magistrates. Charon was generally an intrepid man and of a stern courage in the face of danger, but in this case he was much concerned and fright- ened on account of his friends, and feared that some 361 PLUTARCH’S LIVES doaias én’ avtov On TocovTay dua Kal ToLov- TWV TOMTOV ATOAOLEVOV. WS OUV Eu“ENAEV ATLE- vat, TapadaBeov éx THs yuvatxwviTidos Tov viov, ETL pev OvTa Tratba, KadAXEL 5é Kal PON TopmaTOS TpwtevovTa Tav Kal nrALKiav, évexeiptte Tots mept IleXoriday, ef tia S0rov Kai mpodoctav aUuTOU KaTayvotEV, WS TroAELio YpnoOaL KEerAEvwWY éxeivm nat un deldecOar. aoddois pev ov avTav Saxpva mpos 76 wabos Kal TO Ppovnua Tov Xa- pwvos é&érece, tavtes Sé Hyavaxtouv ef Sedov oUTws elvai Tiva Soxet Kal SrepOappévov bd TOD TApovTos, WATE UIroVvoety exelvov 7) SAWS atTLa- cBat cal tov viov édéovTo py KaTapiyvie av- Tois, GAN exrodav Oécbat Tod péAXOVTOS, GTrwS AUTOS ye TH TOAEL KaL TOs PlrAOLS TLLwPOS UTrO- Tpéporto treptawlels Kai Siadvywy tovs Tupav- vous. 0 6¢ Xdpwv tov pev viov amadrd£etv ovK épn wotov yap avt@ Biov opav 4 tiva cwrnpiav KadAova THS o"0d peTa TraTpos Kal diXwv TOGOv- tov avuBpictov TereuTHs; émevEduevos 5é Tots Geois Kai Tavtas uoTracdpevos Kai Tapabappuvas am nel, T Pog EX wv éauT@ Kal pO wile oXNMATL @poowmov Kat Tove wvijs avopoidtatos ols émpatTe paviavas. X. Tevopévov & eri tais Ovpats avrov, mpo- nrvev o “Apyias, cal Dirridas,! cat etrrev “"O, Xdpwv, tas axnkoa wapeAnrvOoras év TH TodEL KpuTtTecOat, Kal cuumpatrew avtots éviouvs TOY jmoMTav. Kalo Xdpov siatapayGels TO mpo- Tov, cia, €pwTnaas Tives etal ot mapednrvores kal tives of KpUmTovTEs avTovs, ws ovdév Ewpa 1 piAAldas with the MSS.: iArwwos, Bryan’s correction (cf. Morals, p. 595 f.). Bekker brackets xal d{Airmos. 362 PELOPIDAS suspicion of treachery would fall upon him if so many and such excellent citizens now lost their lives. Ac- cordingly, as he was about to depart, he brought his son from the women’s apartments, a mere boy as yet, but in beauty and bodily strength surpassing those of his years, and put him in the hands of Pelopidas, tell- ing him that if he found any guile or treachery in the father, he must treat the son as an enemy and show him no mercy. Many were moved to tears by the noble concern which Charon showed, and all were indignant that he should think any one of them so ‘demoralized by the present peril and so mean-spirited as to suspect him or blame him in the least. They also begged him not to involve his son with them, but to put him out of harm’s way, that he might escape the tyrants and live to become an avenger of his city and his friends. Charon, however, refused to take his son away, asking if any kind of life or any safety could be more honourable for him than a decorous death with his father and all these friends, Then he addressed the gods in prayer, and after embracing and encouraging them all, went his way, striving so to compose his countenance and modulate his voice as not to betray what he was really doing. X. When he reached the door of the _ house, Archias came out to him, with Phillidas, and said: ‘‘Charon, I have heard that certain men have come and hid themselves in the city, and that some of the citizens are in collusion with them.” Charon was disturbed at first, but on asking who the men were that had come and who were concealing them, he saw that Archias could give no clear account of the 363 PLUTARCH’S LIVES caes ebmeiy éxovra TOV “Apxiay, t Urrovonaas ar’ 283 OVOEVOS TOV eTLoTapevav yeryovevas TD pnvuct, as ‘Opare Toivuy, ebm, af pn KevosS Tis Las dta- TapaTTn Novos. Ov pv arAXrAG oKEeyropae bei yap icws pndevos xatagpoveiv.” Taira Kal Prrridas Tapov empvet, Kat tov “Apyiay ama- yaryor adds ets ai paror jwotvy KaTéBare, Kat Tais Tepl TOY yuvacey éMriot dteTracdarya@ryet TOV moTov. ws 6 émavijrGev O Xdpwv oixade Kal dea Kevac pévous TOUS avipas etpev ov Os adv tia viknv cwrTnpiayv eamifovras, GAN @s aroBavoupevous Aapm pas Kal pera povov ToNXou TOV Tone pLeov, TO pep arnbes avrois éppale TOUS mept Tov IleXorisdar, TOs 5é Tovs dAdous eyrev- Taro NOyous Tevas TOU ‘Apytou rept TpayyuaTwv éTépwv TaTaLEVOS. "Ete oé TOU 7 pw@TOU Tapa hepopevov Sevrepov emnryev ” TUXN KElwova ee avSpacw. nKE yap Ts €& "AOnvav mapa, Apytov Tob lepopavtov 7 pos "Apxiav TOV OMmVULOY, Eevov 6 6vTa Kat dirov, ETLATONNY Kopitar ov Kevny éyoucay ovee Te- Tag wEvny brovouay, aAXa cagpas éxaoTa Twept TOV T PAT TOMEvOV pdcKovaay, ws votepov ée- yuoocOn. tote Se peOvovts T® “Apxig 7 poa- axGels Ypapparopopos Kal Thy emLaTONHY emtdous, “"O tavtny,” ébn, “ meurpas éxéXNevoev evOus avaryvevat Tepl oTovdaiwy yap TWeV yeypapbar.” Kal o "Apxias pediacas, “ OvKoby ELS avptov, ” €on, “Ta orroveaia.” Kat THD em L- arohny beEduevos t vo TO TpooKepararov uTréOn- ev, aVTOS O€ TAALV TO Prrrida meph @v eT uy avov Stadeyduevot mpocetyer. 6 pev odv AdyoS OvTOS 364 PELOPIDAS matter, and conjectured that his information had not come from any of those who were privy to the plot. He therefore said: “ Do not, then, suffer any empty rumour to disturb you. However, I will look into the matter; for perhaps no story should be ignored.”’ Phillidas, too, who stood by, approved of this, and after leading Archias back, got him to drink hard, and tried to protract the revel with hopes of a visit from the women. But Charon, when he got back home, and found the men there disposed, not to expect safety or victory at all, but to die gloriously after a great slaughter of their enemies, told the truth only to Pelopidas himself, while for the rest he concocted a false tale that Archias had talked with him about other matters.1 Before this first storm had yet blown over, for- tune brought a second down upon the men. For there came a messenger from Athens, from Archias the hierophant to his namesake Archias, who was his guest-friend, bearing a letter which contained no empty nor false suspicion, but stated clearly all the details of the scheme that was on foot, as was subse- quently learned. At the time, however, Archias was drunk, and the bearer of the letter was brought to him and put it into his hands, saying: ‘The sender of this bade thee read it at once; for it is on serious business.” Then Archias answered with a smile: ‘Serious business for the morrow”; and when he had received the letter he put it under his pillow, and resumed his casual conversation with Phillidas. 1 According to Plutarch’s lengthy version of this affair in his Discourse concerning the Daemon of Socrates (chapter 29, Morals, p. 595 f.), Charon hid the truth from no one. 6 355 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éy trapotuas rater mwepipepopevos péype viv Staowleras rapa toils “EXAnot. XI. Tis 6€ mpdkews Soxovons eyeuv Hon Tov oixetov Kxatpov, éEoppwv diya StedXovtes avTous, of pev trept IleXomidayv nat Aapoxreidav émi tov Acovriday cai tov “Trarny éyyts addnjAwv oixovvtas, Xdpwv dé cai Médowv esi tov ’"Apxiav kat Dirimmov, éoOjras érevdedupevoe yuvatneias Tos Owpaks, cai Sacets atepdvous édarns Te Kal TEevKNS Teplxeipwevoe KatacKidlovtas Ta Tpdc- wma. 610 Kat Tais Ovpats Tod auputrociov To TpPOTOV ETLOTAVTES, KPOTOV érroinaav Kal OopuBov olopéevwvy as madat TpocedoKwy yuvaikas Kev. émet b€ TrepiBréYravtes ev KUKAM TO TUpLTOGLOY Kal TOV KaTaKexAlpevwy ExacTov axpiBas KaTa- pabovres éomdcavto Tas payaipas, Kal depo- pevor Sia TaYv Tpamel@v énl tov ’Apyiav Kal Pirirtov éhavycav oimep jaav, drtyous pev o Dirridas tov Kataxepévwy Erercev jovyiay diye, Tous bé dAXous apvvecOat peta TOV TOAE- pedapxev émixeipovvtas Kai avveEavotapévous dia THY péOnv ov avy yareTTas aTréKTELvaD. Tots 8€ mept tov Ledomidayv épywdéotepov aTnVTAaA TO Mmpayua: Kal yap émi vndovta Kai Sevov dvdpa tov Acovtiday éxywpovy, Kal Kexdet- apevny THY oixiavy evpov ion Kaevdovtos, Kat TOAUY Ypovoyv KoTTOVOLW avTOLS DariKovEV Ovdeis. ports b€ mote TOD OepdrrovTos aicOopévov mpoi- évtos évdobev kal Tov woxdor aharpodvtos, dua T@ mpaTtov évdobvat Kat yadacat Tas Bvpas dumecdvtes AOpoot Kal Tov oixérnv dvatpéyavtes ért tov Oddapov Bpunoav. o dé Acovtidas avTe TEKMALPOMEVOS TH KTVITO Kat Spopm TO yeyvo- 366 PELOPIDAS Wherefore these words of his are a current proverb to this day among the Grecks, XI. Now that the fitting time for their under- taking seemed to have come, they sallied forth in two bands; one, under the lead of Pelopidas and Damocleidas, against Leontidas and Hypates, who lived near together; the other against Archias and Philip, under Charon and Melon, who had put on women’s apparel over their breastplates, and wore thick garlands of pine and fir which shaded their faces. For this reason, when they stood at the door of the banquet-room, at first the company shouted and clapped their hands, supposing that the women whom they had long been expecting were come. But then, after surveying the banquet and carefully marking each of the reclining guests, the visitors drew their swords, and rushing through the midst of the tables at Archias and Philip, revealed who they were. A few of the guests were persuaded by Phillidas to remain quiet, but the rest, who, with the polemarchs, offered resistance and tried to defend themselves, were dispatched without any trouble, since they were drunk. Pelopidas and his party, however, were confronted with a harder task; for Leontidas, against whom they were going, was a sober and formidable man, and they found his house closed, since he had already gone to bed. For a long time no one answered their knocking, but at last the attendant heard them and came out and drew back the bolt. As soon as the door yielded and gave way, they rushed in together, overturned the servant, and hastened towards the bed-chamber. But Leontidas, conjecturing what was happening by the very noise and trampling, rose from . 367 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5 pevov, €omdcato pev To eyyepidioy éFavacrds, Q x N ~ \ 4 N XN érabe Sé avtov xataBareiv Ta AVYVa Kai bia OKOTOUS avToUS éavTOts TepliTreTEts TroLATAL TOUS dvipas. év b€ dwt ToAA@ Kabopa@pmevos, UIT HVTA - A \ mpos tas Ovpas avtois tov Oaddpov, Kai Tov a“ / mpatov eiatovta Kydicddwpov awatdatas Katé- Bare. weadvtos 5€ Tovtou devtépw cuveTrrA€KETO T@ IleXorrida: Kai thy paxny yarenny erroter Kat Sucepyov 1 aTevoTns Tav Oupay Kal xeipevos 2 \ Ww \ e / > 4 éutrodwy on vexpos 0 Kndicodwpos. éxpatnoe e 5S otv o I[ledomwidas, nal xatepyacdpevos Tov \ Aeovriday él tov “Trdrnv evéds éyope peta TaY aUY aUT@. Kal rapetcérecoy pev cis THY oixiav opoiws, aicOopuevoy dé TaxYéws Kal KaTa- duyovta pos Tovs yeitovas, éx Trobav Siw@Eavres \ A elXov cal drépberpav. XII. Avarrpakdpyevor 5¢ tadta Kat rots rept Mér\wva cupBarovres Ereuav pev eis THY "Artixny émt tous woredetppéevous exel TaV LO 9 aN ny \ 4 > \ \ aN guyadwr, éxddovy b€ Tovs TwoAitas emi THY éXev- , n Oepiay, Kai tobs TpoctovTas WTALCoY, apatpodvTES aro TOY GTOOY Ta Tepixeipeva oxida, Kal TA mept THY oixiay épyaatnpia SopvEowy Kai payas- poTotav avappynyvuvtes. Hxov d€ BonBovvtes “A fa) > avTois peta ToV STAwWY of wept Eapevavday \ , / ’ b 3 4 / ra) , kal Topyidav, cvverdoxores ovx OALyous TOV véwY Kat TaY TpecBuTépwv Tovs BerTioToUs. 1 Sé / “ TOMS HON wey aveTTONTO Traca, Kal TroAvS Oopu- Bos fv xat dota wept tas oixias Kal Sradpopai mpos aAAHAOUS, oUTIW Sé GUVELTTHKEL TO TATOOS, b > » UA \ c \ A GAN EXTTETANYHEVOL TLPOS TA yLvopmEVA Kal aagés ovdey etdorTes nuépav Treptépevov. S0ev duaprtety ot tov Aaxedatpovimy apxovres ebokay evOvs ovd« ére- 368 84 PELOPIDAS bed and drew his dagger, but he forgot to over- throw the lamps and make the men fall foul of one another in the darkness. On the contrary, exposed to view by an abundance of light, he went to meet them at the door of his chamber, and struck down the first one that entered, Cephisodorus. When this assailant had fallen, he engaged Pelopidas next ; and their conflict was rendered troublesome and difficult by the narrowness of the door and by Cephisodorus, whose body, now dead, lay in their way. But at last Pelopidas prevailed, and after dispatching Leontidas, he and his followers went at once to attack Hypates. They broke into his house as they had done into the other, but he promptly perceived their design and fled for refuge to his neighbours. Thither they closely followed him, and caught him, and slew him. XII. These things accomplished, they joined Melon’s party, and sent into Attica for the exiles they had left there! They also summoned the citizens to fight for their freedom, and armed those who came, taking from the porticos the spoils suspended there, and breaking open the neighbouring workshops of spear-makers and sword-makers. Epaminondas and Gorgidas also came to their aid with an armed fol- lowing, composed of many young men and the best of the older men. And now the city was all in a flutter of excitement, there was much noise, the houses had lights in them, and there was running to and fro. The people, however, did not yet assemble ; they were terrified at what was going on, and had no clear knowledge of it, and were waiting for day. Wherefore the Spartan commanders were thought to have made a mistake in not attacking and engaging 1 Cf, chapter viii. 1. 369 VOL. V. B B PLUTARCH’S LIVES Spapovres ovde cupBarovtes, avtTn pev 1 hpoupa Tept YLALOUS TrEVTAKOTIOUS OVTES, EK SE THS TONEDS Tpos avTOvS TOAN@Y GuUYTpPEXOVTWY, GANA THY Bony nat ta mupd nal Tov dydov ywpodrta' mavrayolev rorvy poBnévtes novyalov, avTny Tv Kadpeiav xatéyovtes. aya Sé juépa trap- hoav pev ex THs ’Artixhs of puydbes OALopéEvoL, cuvnfpoato Sé els thy éxKkAnciavy o Shmos. etanyov 5é€ Tovs tept TleAoTiday ’Emapetvavdas wat Topyidas vo tev iepéwv mepieyopévous OTEMMATA TPOTELVOVTMWY Kal TApAKAaNOUYTwY TOUS monitas TH TraTplos Kal toils Oeots BonOety. 13 éxxrAnoia opOn impos thy diuv peta KpdToU Kal Boys éEavéorn, Seyouevwy rovs avdpas as evepyétas Kal owrTnpas. XIII. "Ex 5é rovrov Borwrdpxns aipeBeis pera MéAwvos xal Xdpwvos o Iledomidas evOvs arre- reiyile THY axpoTroAty Kal mpooRoras éroteiro mwavraxolev, éEedeiy otrovdalwy tors Aaxebaspo- viovs xal thy Kadpciav édevOepioat mplv éx Lmdptns otpatov éredOeiv. xal wapda tocovTov épOacev adels ttrootovdous tots avdpas Soop éy Meydpors ovat avtois amavtjcar KvAedp- Bporov éri tas @nBas éXavvovta peta peydrys Suvdpews. of S€ Yrapriatat, tpi@v appocTav yevouevoy ev OnBais, Hpiridav péev cal “Ap- Kicoov améxtewav xpivavtes, 0 5é tpitos Avoa- vopidas ypnpace troAXois SnuwOels avror éx THs TleXovrovynaou petéctyce. Tavtny tiv wpakiv dpetais pev avdpav Kal xwdutvors Kal ayaot TapaTAnciay TH Bpacv- 1 xwpotyra Coraés’ correction of the MSS. avaxwpotrra, adopted by Bekker. 37° PELOPIDAS at once, since their garrison numbered about fifteen hundred men, and many ran to join them out of the city; but the shouting, the fires, and the great throngs in motion everywhere, terrified them, and they kept quiet, holding the citadel itself in their possession. At break of day the exiles came in from Attica under arms, and a general assembly of the people was convened. Then Epaminondas and Gorgidas brought before it Pelopidas and his com- panions, surrounded by the priests, holding forth garlands, and calling upon the citizens to come to the aid of their country and their gods. And the assembly, at the sight, rose to its feet with shouts and clapping of hands, and welcomed the men as deliverers and benefactors. XIII. After this, having been elected boeotarch, or governor of Boeotia, together with Melon and Charon, Pelopidas at once blockaded the acropolis and assaulted it on every side, being anxious to drive out the Lacedaemonians and free the Cadmeia before an army came up from Sparta. And he succeeded by so narrow a margin that, when the men had surrendered conditionally and had been allowed to depart, they got no further than Megara before they were met by Cleombrotus marching against Thebes with a great force. Of the three men who had been harmosts, or governors, in Thebes, the Spartans condemned and executed Herippidas and Arcissus, and the third, Lysanoridas, was heavily fined and forsook the Peloponnesus. | This exploit, so like that of Thrasybulus in the valour, the perils, and the struggles of its heroes, 37! BB 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES BovXou tialeile Kat BpaBevOeicar opcoicos uTo THS TVYNS, a aBerpny Exelvns 7 poo myopevov o “EdAnves. ov yap éoTe padiws éTépous eltrety ot MrELOVOY EXATTOUS Kai SuvaTarépov Epnporepot ToApy Kat Sewvornte KpaTnoavres altion peclover ayabay Tais matpict KaTéesTHO AD. évdo£otépav be TAUTHY érroinaey n petaBory TOV Tparyparev. o yap KaTavoas TO TAS Lrdprys akiopa Kai mavoas dpxovras auTous yns te Kal Jararrns qonrepnos e€& éxeivns eyeveTo _TiS VUKTOS, ev TleXozidas ov ppovpror, ov TEeLYOS, OUK aKpoTroMLy cataraBow, ann es oixiay dadéxatos catehOwn, ei det petapopa TO arnbes evTreiv, EXvoE Kal diexowe TOUS Seo povs THIS Aaxebdatpovior nIYYE- provias, GXVTOUS Kal appixtous elvat Soxovvtas. XIV. "Errel ToLvuy oTpaTe@ peyardo Aaxe- Satpovioy els THY Bowwtiay éuBadovror ot "AOnvaior mepioBor yevopevor 7 THY TE TULpaxray ameimavTo tois @nBaios Kal trav Bovwrialovray eis TO Sixacr7 prov TaparyaryovTes TOUS pev amé- KTetvav, Tous 6 epuyadevoar, TOUS dé Xenwacey eCnpiwaay, éSoxer Se KAKOS EYELY TA TOV OnBaior Tpaypara pndevos avtois BonOobvtos, érvxe pep 0 Iledovidas peta Topyidou BotwrapXav, eT t- Bovrevortes 6é auyxpotcat madw Tous ‘AOn- vatous Tots Aaxedarpoviors To.ovoe TL pnXavavrat. Lpodpias, dunp Lraptidrys, evdoxtpos pev év TOS TOhEMLKOLS Kal AawmT pos, vToKoupos bé THY yuan Kal Kevav érTiOwv kal dirotipias avon- TOU perros, ameretpOn Tmept @comias peta duva- PEWS TOUS adiara pévous TOY @nBaiwv dexer Oat wal Boneiv. T pos ToUTOV TOTEM TOUT LY ot rept tov IleXomiday idia EuTropov twa Tav dirov, 372 PELOPIDAS and, like that, crowned with success by fortune, the Greeks were wont to call a sister to it. For it is not easy to mention other cases where men so few in number and so destitute have overcome enemies so .much more numerous and powerful by the exercise of courage and sagacity, and have thereby become the authors of so great blessings for their countries. And yet the subsequent change in the political situation made this exploit the more glorious. For the war which broke down the pretensions of Sparta and put an end to her supremacy by land and sea, began from that night, in which Pelopidas, not by surprising any fort or castle or citadel, but by coming back into a private house with eleven others, loosed and broke in pieces, if the truth may be expressed in a metaphor, the fetters of the Lacedaemonian supremacy, which were thought indissoluble and not to be broken. XIV. The Lacedaemonians now invaded Boeotia with a large army, and the Athenians, having become fearful, renounced their alliance with the Thebans, and prosecuting those in their city who favoured the Boeotian cause, put some of them to death, banished others, and others still they fined, so that the The- bans seemed to be in a desperate case with none to aid them. But Pelopidas and Gorgias, who were boeotarchs, plotted to embroi] the Athenians again with the Lacedaemonians, and devised the following scheme. Sphodrias, a Spartan, who had a splendid reputation as a soldier, but was rather weak in judgement and full of vain hopes and senseless am- bition, had been left at Thespiae with an armed force to receive and succour the renegade Thebans. To this man Pelopidas and Gorgidas privately sent one of their friends who was a merchant, with money, 373 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Npynpata Kouilovra Kai Noryous, of TAY yYpnLaToV PaAXNOY avétetcay avToY ws Np} MmpayyaTav @ 4, N N “ a GpacOat peydrowv Kat tov Teipara xatadaPeip, ampoodoxnrov émimecovtTa 1 PvAATTOMEVvOLS TOLS "AOnvaios: Aaredatmovios Te yap ovdéy odTas v / e n 9 , écecOar Kexaptopéevovy ws AaBety tas “AOnvas, @nBatovs te yareTas éxovtas avtois nal mpo- Sotas vopilovtas ovK émiBonOnoev. Ttédos Se aupTecbels 6 Xdodpias Kal rods otpatiwtas b , N > A 9 ‘ > / \ avahaBov, vuctos ets thy Arrexny évéBare. Kat , \ 9 wn A ; 9 nn ~ pméxps pev “Edevoivos mpondOev, éxet Sé Tav oTpAaTLWTaY amobeLtacdYTwY haveEpos yEevomeEvos, , ? “~ +OQO\ es a Kal avvtapdtas ov dadrov oddé padiov Tots Lmaptidrats ToAEpov, avexwopnoev eis Oeamds. XV. ’Ex rovtov wdduv rpobupotata ’AOnvaios tois @nBaiors cvvepaxyovy, nal ths Oadrarrys avredapBdvovto, Kal mepsiovtes édéyovTo Kal MpoonyovTo Tovs atocratiKas Tov ‘EXXnver .) e a b] e \ b A Eyovras. ot d€ @nBaior nal’ avtous év TH Botwtiga cupmrexcpevoe Tois Aaxedarpoviots éxa- OTOTE, KAL payopevor padxXas avTas meV OV peya- Aas, pmeydAnv 5é Thy perETHVY Exovcas Kal THY daxnow, éEeppiritovro tots Oupois Kal dserro- youvTo TOS Twpact, euTrepiay dua TH cvvnOeia kal dpovnpa mpocdapBavortes ex THY ayaver. 5:6 xai dacw ’Avradxiday Tov Yraptiaryy, ws > li 9 a“ @ 9 , A Aynoidaos éravndbev ex Botwtias TetTpwpévos, eimreiy mrpos avtov: “"H xara dioackdda Tapa @nBaiwv anvorauBavets, un Bovdopévous avTovs aA 4 @ 5 5 4 99 @ de e qwoNteyety Kab paxecOar dudafas. qv de as 374 PELOPIDAS and, what proved more persuasive than money with Sphodrias, this advice. He ought to put his hand to a large enterprise and seize the Piraeus, attacking it unexpectedly when the Athenians were off their guard; for nothing would gratify the Lacedae- monians so much as the capture of Athens, and the Thebans, who were now angry with the Athenians and held them to be traitors, would give them no aid. Sphodrias was finally persuaded, and taking his soldiers, invaded Attica by night. He advanced as far as Eleusis, but there the hearts of his soldiers failed them and his design was exposed, and after having thus stirred up a serious and difficult war against the Spartans, he withdrew to Thespiae.! XV. After this, the Athenians with the greatest eagerness renewed their alliance with the Thebans, and began hostile operations against Sparta by sea, sailing about and inviting and receiving the alle- giance of those Greeks who were inclined to revolt. The Thebans, too, by always engaging singly in Boeotia with the Lacedaemonians, and by fighting battles which, though not important in themselves, nevertheless afforded them much practice and train- ing, had their spirits roused and their bodies thoroughly inured to hardships, and gained expe- rience and courage from their constant struggles. For this reason Antalcidas the Spartan, we are told, when Agesilaiis came back from Boeotia with a wound, said to him: “ Indeed, this is a fine tuition-fee which thou art getting from the Thebans, for teach- ing them how to war and fight when they did not wish to do it.” 2 But, to tell the truth, it was not 1 The attempt of Sphodrias on the Piraeus is more fully described in the Agestlaiis, xxiv. 3-6. 2 Cf. the Agesilazis, xxvi. 2. 375 PLUTARCH’S LIVES arn as 6iSdo Kaos OvK ‘Aynathaos, GX’ ot ouv Kaip@ Kat pera Roya pod TOUS @nBatovs OoTEp oxidaKas euTelpos m™poaBanrovtes Tols ToNE- pots, cira yevoapevous vixens Kal Ppovnparos aa paras am aryovTes* ov peyiorny do€av elev 0 Tledoribas. ad’ is yap eidAovTo ™ p@Tov nYE- pova TOV Orhor, ovK émavcavtTo Kad ExaaTov évtavTov adpxovra XetporovooyTes, Gyr 4) «TOV lepov Aoxov ayav | ) Ta TrEloTa RowwTapxKav aX pL THS TEAEUTHS € ET PATTEDV. Eyévovto ev obv Kat mepl Tvatasas xati @eomas HTTat Kab puyat Tav Aaxedatpovior, é6trov Kat PoiBidas o TH Kaépetav KataraBov amr é0ave, TOAAOUS dé xal pos Tavayp9 Tpe- papevos avTOV wal TavOoisav TOV appoo thy avetnrev. Xn’ OUTOL fev of aryaves @OTEP TOUS Kparobvras Els ppovnpa, Kal Gapoos 7 ponyov, odTws TOV Noo wLEvery ov TavTaT acl edovAobvTo THY yvounv’ ov yap €K mapatatews joav ovoe roi ae eupavh KatdoTacw exovons Kal VO put ov, Kdpopas bé T poo Kaipous TE wevot, Kab puyas 7 n Bubbets émuyetpobvtTes avTois Kal ocupmrEKopevot Katwp0our. XVI. ‘O 6é Teph Teyupas T Oro TLWa Tob Acuxrptxod mpoaryov yevopevos peyav 7pe d0&n Tov Tero ibay, OUTE TpOS Kat ophwpa Tols avoTpa- THOUS aura Barna ouTE THS Hers mpopacu Tous TWoNEmiols aTroALTOV. TH yap Opyouevioy 286 TONEL Ta Saraptiaz ay éhomevy kal dvo dedeypevn popas auvTav virép ao panreias émeBovreve pev ae Kat mapepvhaTTe Katpov, as 5é HKouce Tots dpoupois eis thv Aoxpida yeyevnjoOat otpateiav 376 PELOPIDAS Agesilaiis who was their teacher, but those leaders of theirs who, at the right time and place, gave the Thebans, like young dogs in training, experience in attacking their enemies, and then, when they had got a taste of victory and its ardours, brought them safely off; and of these leaders Pelopidas was in greatest esteem. For after his countrymen had once chosen him their leader in arms, there was not a single year when they did not elect him to office, but either as leader of the sacred band, or, for the most part, as boeotarch, he continued active until his death. Well, then, at Plataea the Lacedaemonians were defeated and put to flight, and at Thespiae, where, too, Phoebidas, who had seized the Cadmeia, was slain; and at Tanagra a large body of them was routed and Panthoidas the harmost was killed. But these combats, though they gave ardour and boldness to the victors, did not altogether break the spirits of the vanquished ; for they were not pitched battles, nor was the fighting in open and regular array, but it was by making well-timed sallies, and by either retreating before the enemy or by pursuing and coming to close quarters with them that the Thebans won their successes. XVI. But the conflict at Tegyra, which was a sort of prelude to that at Leuctra, raised high the repu- tation of Pelopidas; for it afforded his fellow com- manders no rival claim in its success, and his enemies no excuse for their defeat. Against the city of Orchomenus, which had chosen the side of the Spartans and received two divisions of them for its protection, he was ever laying plans and watching his opportunity, and when he heard that its garrison had made an expedition into Locris, he hoped to find 377 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éXtticas Epnuov aipnoew tov 'Opyopevov éotpa- tevoev, exwy pel’ éavtod Tov lepoy Aoxov Kal A e , b , b] \ \ A A / TOY imméwy ov TOAAOUS. erret 58 pds THY TrOALY Mpocayayay evpev Hxovoay éx Yraptns Saboynv THS Ppoupas, ariyev oricw TO oTpaTevpa Tad nn L a lA a @ 4 5a Teyupav, 7 povn Bdaotpov jv KviKrXw Tapa 4 e , N , a e A i THY UIr@pelay’ THY yap ba pécou Tacay o Médas \ 792A ? a“ 9 \ \ motapos evOvs éx mnyav eis EAXn TAWTA Kal Aipvas Siaceipopevos Atropov érrotet. Muxpoy &€ bar6 Ta EXn vews éotw ’AmrorAdWVOS Teyupaiou nal pavretov éxreretupévoy ov mdvu jouw Xpovoy, GAN aypt Tav Mndixav jxpate, Tv wpopynteiay ‘Exyexpdtous éxovros. évtaida le) \ \ , A \ \ puOoroyovor Tov Oeov yevéoOat: Kal TO pev WAD- aiov dpos AjAos Kadelral, Kai Tpos avTO KaTa- Mpyouow ai to’ Méravos Stayvcets, drricw Sé tov vaov Svo pyyvuvtas mrnyal yAuKUTHTL Kal mrAnOe kal xruxpoTnts Oauvpactod vdaparos, Ov To pev Doivixa, To 5é "EXaiav aypt viv ovomd- > A A “ b) \ es) A Couey, ov durav petakd dveiv, ddrAa peiOpwv Tis Ocod roxevdeions. Kal yap To IIT@ov éeyyis, @ > A > A , / d0ev avrnv avarronOjvat mpopavéevtos éEaidyns Kampou Aéyouvet, kal Ta rept TlvOwva cat Tervov @TAUTWS Ol TOTOL TH yEevéeoe TOD Deod auvoLKEt- Ovol Ta yap WA€ioTa Tapadeirw TOV TEKUN- piwy: ov yap év Trois éx petaBorAns abavdros yevomevos yevynTois Oo WaTpLos Aoyos Tov Oeov a b] , , C4 e \ tovToy azroneitrer Saipoow, womep ‘Hpaxréa cai 378 a PELOPIDAS the city without defenders, and marched against it, having with him the sacred band and a few horse- men. But when, on approaching the city, he found that its garrison had been replaced with other troops from Sparta, he led his army back again through the district of Tegyra, that being the only way by which he could make a circuit along the foot of the moun- tains. For all the intervening plain was made im- passable by the river Melas, which no sooner begins to flow than it spreads itself out into navigable marshes and lakes. A little below the marshes stands the temple of Apollo Tegyraeus, with an oracle which had not been long abandoned, but was flourishing down to the Persian wars, when Echecrates was prophet-priest. Here, according to the story, the god was born ; and the neighbouring mountain is called Delos, and at its base the river Melas ceases to be spread out, and behind the temple two springs burst forth with a wonderful flow of sweet, copious, and cool water. One of these we call Palm, the other Olive, to the present day, for it was not between two trees,! but between two fountains, that the goddess Leto was delivered of her children. Moreover, the Ptoiim ? is near, from which, it is said, a boar suddenly came forth and frightened the goddess, and in like manner the stories of the Python ® and of Tityus® are asso- ciated with the birth of Apollo in this locality. Most of the proofs, however, I shall pass over; for my native tradition removes this god from among those deities who were changed from mortals into im- 1 As in the Delian story of the birth of Apolloand Artemis. 2 A mountain at the south-eastern side of Lake Copais, on which was a celebrated sanctuary of Apollo. 3 A dragon and a giant, who were slain by Apollo and Artemis. 379 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Atovucov, éx« petaBorRs apeth to Ovntov Kat mabnrov amoBanovtas, andra TOY aidiov Kal aryeVY TOV els éotuv, ef Set Tots bd TOY ppovipo- TATWV Kal TANALOTUTOV AEyouEevols TEXpalpec Oat Wepl TOY THALKOUTOY. XVII. Eis & ovv Teyupas ot OnBaior Kara TOV aur ov xpovov ex TAS ‘Opyopevias am ovtes Ka ot ANaxedarpovtor auveTriTToVv, && evavTias avTois éx Hs Aoxpidos dvatevyvuvtes. @S be 7 p@rov apOnaav Ta oteva dtexBadXovtes, Kai TIS ele TP Iledorridg Tm poo Spapeov- ‘ "Eprento- Ko WeV els TOUS monepious,” “TE HaAXOD,” eltrev, “n els npas exeivol;” Kal THY pev tarmov evO vs macav éxéhevoe mapehavvey am’ ovpas ws Tpo- euBadovoar, autos bé TOUS OTALTAS TpLaKocious éyTas 6s oALyov cuvnyayev, érrifov Kxal” $ mpooBanrot padwora Siaxoypety bTepBaddovtas mwrAnOes TOUS ToAepious. Hoav dé dv0 popat ANaxedatpovior, thy dé popay "Eqopos pev dvdpas elvas TEVTAKOGLOUS ona, Kadraodévns 8 érra- Kootous, addot dé Tuves évaxoctovs, QV TToAvBros éoTl. Kal Gappobytes ol TORE MAX OL TOV 2map- TLAT OY Topyonéwv rai Gcoropros Opynoav emt TOUS OnBaiovs. “yevopevns d¢ TOs padora, THS épodov Kat aUvTOUS TOUS dpxovras amr " apport épeov peta, Oupov xai Bias, TMp@Tov pev Ot TONE Lap Kot TOV Aaxedarpovior T@ Tlerowida ouppakavtes émrecov" érerta TOY TEpt exELVOUS 7 ALO LEVeOY Kal am obvnaKovTey ama els poBov KatéaTn TO oT pPaTEvpa, Kat dtéoye prev én’ audhorepa Tots @nBaiows, ws Stexteceiv ets Tovpm poo bev Ka Ssexddvat Bouropévois, érret dé THY Sedouévny o IleXoridas Hyetto mpos Tovs cuveot@tas Kai 380 PELOPIDAS mortals, like Heracles and Dionysus, whose virtues enabled them to cast off mortality and suffering ; but he is one of those deities who are unbegotten and eternal, if we may judge by what the most ancient and wisest men have said on such matters. XVII. So, then, as the Thebans entered the dis- trict of Tegyra on their way back from Orchomenus, the Lacedaemonians also entered it at the same time, returning in the opposite direction from Locris, and met them. As soon as they were seen marching through the narrow pass, some one ran up to Pelo- pidas and said: “ We have fallen into our enemies’ hands!”” “Why any more,’ said he, “than they into ours?’ Then he at once ordered all his horse- men to ride up from the rear in order to charge, while he himself put his men-at-arms, three hundred in number, into close array, expecting that wherever they charged he would be most likely to cut his way through the enemy, who outnumbered him. Now, there were two divisions of the Lacedaemonians, the division consisting of five hundred men, according to Ephorus, of seven hundred, according to Callisthenes, of nine hundred, according to certain other writers, among whom is Polybius. Confident of victory, the polemarchs of the Spartans, Gorgoleon and Theo- pompus, advanced against the Thebans. The onset being made on both sides particularly where the commanders themselves stood, in the first place, the Lacedaemonian polemarchs clashed with Pelopidas and fell; then, when those about them were being wounded and slain, their whole army was seized with fear and opened up a lane for the Thebans, imagining that they wished to force their way through to the opposite side and get away. But Pelopidas used the path thus opened to lead his men against those of 381 PLUTARCH’S LIVES SieEner povevar, oUT@ mavTes m™ pot pomrdony Epevryov. éyéveto be ouK emt TONUY TOTTOY 7 Siw Ee" époBodrto yap eyyus éytTas ot On Baioe TOUS "Opxoperious ral THY diadoyny TOY Aaxe- Saipoviov. Scov dé wxioat Kata KpdTos Kat SucEeAOeiv Sia travtos How pévou Tou oTparev- patos, éFeBideavto Kat TTT AVTES Tpomatov Kal VEK POUS oKuevoavTes avexwphoav én oiKou péya ppovovrtes. éy yap TOTOUTOLS, @S éouxe, monémots “EXAnviKots Kal BapBapixois mT poTepov ovdemroTe Aaxedatpovrot TAELOVES ovres on’ éhar- TOvOY éxpatnOnoav, aArN ovde ioot 7 pos igous ee mapaTakews cupParovres. Sev joav avu- WOOTATOL T ppovnpara, ral th Soky Kata- TANT TOMEVOL TOUS dyTiTaTTouevous, odd abtods afvobyras at’ tons Suvapens TO toov péper Oar Lmapridrass, eis Xeipas TUVETTHO AD. éxeivn Se 7) paxn TpoTy Kal Tous addous édidakev “EX - Anvas @S ovxX Oo Evparas oud’ o petage BaBv«as Kal Kvaxi@vos tomos dv6pas expéepet paxntas Kal TONEUMLKOUS, AAD map ols dy aioxuver Oat Ta aioxpa Kal ToApaY emt Tois Kadois éOédovtes éyyévmvTat véot Kab TOUS ‘poyous TOV KLVOUYOY padov pevyortes, ovto. moBepwrartot Tots évay- tious €lot. XVIII. Tov 8 ¢ tepov NOXoY, WS Paci, cuveTa- Earo Topyisas TpBTos && avdpav emLAEKTOY TptaKxog to, ols 1) WoAts doxnow Kal Startav épv TH Kaéueia oT PATO EdEvOMEVOLS mapetye, Kal da Too” 6 ék TONEWS Aoxos exarobyta Tas yap dxpomronets emLetK as ou TOTE TrOnELS avopatov. évtoe 5é hacww é€ € épactav Kat Epa meéveov ryevéo Oat TO aovoTnUa TOUTO. Kal Tlappévous Hm ORRIBS: 382 87 PELOPIDAS the enemy who still held together, and slew them as he went along, so that finally all turned and fled. The pursuit, however, was carried but a little way, for the Thebans feared the Orchomenians, who were near, and the relief force from Sparta. They had succeeded, however, in conquering their enemy out- right and forcing their way victoriously through his whole army; so they erected a trophy, spoiled the dead, and retired homewards in high spirits. For in all their wars with Greeks and Barbarians, as it would seem, never before had Lacedaemonians in superior numbers been overpowered by an inferior force, nor, indeed, in a pitched battle where the forces were evenly matched. Hence they were of an irresistible courage, and when they came to close quarters their very reputation sufficed to terrify their opponents, who also, on their part, thought them- selves no match for Spartans with an equal force. But this battle first taught the other Greeks also that it was not the Eurotas, nor the region between Babyce ! and Cnacion,! which alone produced warlike fighting men, but that wheresoever young men are prone to be ashamed of baseness and courageous in a noble cause, shunning disgrace more than danger, these are most formidable to their foes. XVIII. The sacred band, we are told, was first formed by Gorgidas, of three hundred chosen men, to whom the city furnished exercise and maintenance, and who encamped in the Cadmeia ; for which reason, too, they were called the city band; for citadels in those days were properly called cities. But some say that this band was composed of lovers and beloved. And a pleasantry of Pammenes is cited, in which 1 Probably names of small tributaries of the Eurotas near Sparta. Cf, the Lycurgus, vi. 1-3. 383 PLUTARCH’S LIVES veveTal TL meTa Tadtas eipnuévov' ov yap &pn TaxTiKoyv evar Tov ‘Ounpov Néotopa xedevovta kata ira Kal dpntpas acvrdroyilerOar Tovs “EAAnvas, ‘Os dentpn penrpndsey apryn, pora de pvrors, déov eépactiy tap épwpevov tatTew. gurgéTas bev yap duretav xal dpdtopas dpatopwy ov A 4 ” i. “a al \ 3 > > ToXuv rOvyov éyew ev Tots Secvois, To 8 eE épa- a , , A > / TUKAS pidias cuYnppocpévovy atidos adiddAvTOV elvas Kal appnxtov, Stav of péev ayaT@VvTEs TOUS épwpévous, ot S& aicyuvouevot Tors épavTas éupévwce Tots Setvols trép GAANA@Y. Kal TodTO Javyactov ovK éatiy, elye 6% Kal i Tapovtas aidovvTat padXov Etépwv trapovTwy, ws éxeivos a , > AN 0 Tov ToAEulov Keipevov auvTov émiopdttew péAXOVTOS Seopevos Kal dvTtBor@v bia Tod oTép- n \ f 3 vou dvetvas to Eidos, “"“Omas,” Edn, “ ur) pe veKpoVv 0 ép@evos OpaV KaTa vwTOU TETPwpLéVOV atayuvOn.” réyerat dé eal Tov ‘lorXewv Tod “Hpa- Kréous épwpmevoyv dvTa Kowwveiy TOY aOrov Kal , > 4 A N 3 e \ mapaoriteyv. ‘Apiototérns 5é Kai cal” adbroy »” \ > \ A 4, a 35 / \ éte dyolyv emi tov tddov tov "lodkew Tas xata- mistw@ces TowetcBar Tovs épwpévous Kal Tos épaotas. eixds ovv Kal Tov AOYoY lepoy Trpoca- yopeverOat, kaOore cat Iddtwv evOcov didov TOV épaoTHy mpoceime. Aédyetar Sé dtapetvar péxpe tas ev Xapwveiqg payns antryntov: ws Se PETA THY waxny epopav Tovs vEexpovs o PiduTros 384 PELOPIDAS he said that Homer’s Nestor was no tactician when he urged the Greeks to form in companies by clans and tribes, “That clan might give assistance unto clan, and tribes to tribes,” ! since he should have stationed lover by beloved. For tribesmen and clansmen make little account of tribesmen and clansmen in times of danger ; whereas, a band that is held together by the friendship between lovers is indissoluble and not to be broken, since the lovers are ashamed to play the coward before their beloved, and the beloved before their lovers, and both stand firm in danger to protect each other. Nor is this a wonder, since men have more regard for their lovers even when absent than for others who are present, as was true of him who, when his enemy was about to slay him where he lay, earnestly besought him to run his sword through his breast, “in order,’ as he said, “that my beloved may not have to blush at sight of my body with a wound in the back.” It is related, too, that lolaiis, who shared the labours of Heracles and fought by his side, was beloved of him. And Aristotle says? that even down to his day the tomb of I[olaiis was a place where lovers and beloved plighted mutual faith. It was natural, then, that the band should also be called sacred, because even Plato calls the lover a friend “inspired of God.’ It is said, more- over, that the band was never béaten, until the battle of Chaeroneia ;* and when, after the battle, Philip was. surveying the dead, and stopped at the 1 Thad, ii. 363. Cf. Morals, p. 761 b. 2 Fragment 97 (Rose). Cf. Morals, p. 761 d. 3 Symposium, p. 179 a. 4 338 B.C. 385 VOL. V. cc PLUTARCH’S LIVES éorn Kara TOUTO TO xwpiov ev @ ouveTvy ave xeio Oat Tovs TpLaxoatovs, évayTious amnvTnkoTas TALS capic as aravras éy tots SiAots Kal per’ ap ov avapepoypevors, Oavpacavta Kal mu00- HEvov as 0 TOV épacTav Kal TOV épwpevav ovTOS ein Aoxos, Saxpica Kat elmeiy" ““"AmrodowTo KAaK@S of TovTOUS TL Tote n la aad alay pov UT OVvOO vyres.” XIX, ” Oras 6é Tis tepl Tous épacras CUVy-. Getas OvY, @omep ob Tountal Aéyouvat, @nBaiors TO Aatov mabos apynv Tapea xen, aN’ ot vopo- Gera. TO ducer Oupoedes auTey Kal dx parov aviévat rat dvuypaivew evOvs éx maidwv Bovdo- pevot, TONY pev aveuiFavro Kal oTrouen Kal maoid waon TOV avnov, els ToD Kat poeSplay ayovtes, Naum pov 8é Tov para Tals mTahaioT pass ar aaa ouyKepavvuvtes 7a 70 TOV véwY. @s dé impos TovTo Kal THY e& "Apews xal "Agpodirns ryeyovevat heyomevny Oeov Th Tone cweKelwoar, OS, Srrou TO P@aXNTLKOY kat Trone- piKov padiota TO peTeXovTL mwetOovs Kal apiTeov Ojtnel Kal CUVESTLY, ELS THY EMpeherTaTHY Kal KOO MLwTaTHY ToMTelay 52’ appovias xabiorta-- 4 peveoy am avTov. Tov. ovv lepov Aoyov TovTov 6 pep Topyisas dtatpav els Ta TpaTa Cvyda Kal map OAnY THY parayya TOV om dure Tm poBaddopevos em ionov OvK éTrolet THY “aperny TOV avdpav, ovo éypito Th Suvdper 7 pos Kowvov épyov, & are dn Stadredv- pevy Kal T pos TOAD MEpeypery TO pavdorepor, 0 be Tledomridas, ws éFehaprpev avray a apeTy mept Teyvpas, kabapas Kal Trept avTov dyovira- péevav, ove ert Stetrev ovde Stéorracev, adn 386 288 PELOPIDAS place where the three hundred were lying, all where they had faced the long spears of his phalanx, with their armour, and mingled one with another, he was amazed, and on learning that this was the band of lovers and beloved, burst into tears and said: “Perish miserably they who think that these men did or suffered aught disgraceful.” XIX. Speaking generally, however, it was not the passion of Laius that, as the poets say, first made this form of love customary among the Thebans ;1! but their law-givers, wishing to relax and mollify their strong and impetuous natures in earliest boyhood, gave the flute great prominence both in their work and in their play, bringing this instrument into pre-, éminence and honour, and reared them to give love a conspicuous place in the life of the palaestra, thus tempering the dispositions of the young men. And with this in view, they did well to give the goddess who was:said to have been born of Ares and Aphro- dite a home in their city; for they felt that, where the force and courage of the warrior are most closely associated and united with the age which possesses grace and persuasiveness, there all the activities of civil life are brought by Harmony into the most perfect consonance and order.. Gorgidas, then, by distributing this sacred! band among the front ranks of the whole phalanx of men- at-arms, made the high excellence of the men incon- spicuous, and did not direct their strength upon a common object, since it was dissipated and blended with that of a large body of inferior troops; but Pelopidas, after their valour had shone out at Tegyra, where they fought by themselves and about his own person, never afterwards divided or scattered them, 1 Laius was enamoured of Chrysippus, a young son of Pelops (Apollodorus, iii. 5, 5, 10). 3 3°7 cc 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Oomrep cwopat. Ypwpevos GrA@ mTpoEeKLVdUvEvE Tois peyiotols ayaow. @omwep yap of tarot Qacoov iro Tois Gppaciv:4 nab’ abtovs éXavvo- pevoe OBéovowv, ovx Ste padrov éeprimrovtes éxBialovrar Tov dépa TO TAROEL Pyyvupevov, AAN’ OTL ovvencaies Tov Oupov 9 pet’ GAANAwY GurAra Kal T0 didovetxoy, oUTwS Beto ToOvs ayabous CHrOV adAnAOS KAA@Y Epywy éviévTas wpPeALuwTATOUS els KoLWov Epyov eivas al mpoOupoTaTous. XX. ’Enrei 5¢ Aaxedatuovioe tact tots ° EXXAN- ow elpyynv auvOéuevoe mpos povovs @nBaiovs éEnveyxay Tov modewov, éveBeBAnner 8e Kreop- Bpotos 6 Bacineds aywv orAitas pupiovs, imrels 5é xtriouvs, 06 bé Kivdvvos ov rept oy TpoTEpov hv OnBaios, arr ayticpus ametAn nal Katay- yeria Stotxtopov, cal poBos olos obTw THv Botow- tiav Katetyev, eEiwy ev éx Tis oixias o IleXo- midas, Kal THS yuvatkos €v TH Mpotréwtrery Saxpuovons nal tapaxarovons ole éavTor, “Tadra,” elrrev, “® yvvat, Tois iuwtais ypn mapatveiv, tois 5¢ adpyovoww Sirws Tous addOVS cwtwow” éOwy Se eis TO oTpaTOTEdOV Kal TOUS Bowotdpxyas KatadkaBav ovy opoyvwpovovvtas, 1 P@TOS ‘Erapewovda mpoaédero ywouny wndt- Somévyp dua paxnns tévat Tots Tronepiors, Boww- Tans pep OUK drrodederypevos, &pxwv 5é Tod iepod Adyov, Kal miotevopevos, ws Hv Sixarov dvipa TnAtKadra SedwxoTa TH TaTpids cvpBora eis THV édevOepiav. 388 PELOPIDAS but, treating them as a unit, put them into the fore- front of the greatest conflicts. For just as horses run faster when yoked to a chariot than when men ride them singly, not because they cleave the air with more impetus owing to their united weight, but because their mutual rivalry and ambition in- flame their spirits; so he thought that brave men were most ardent and serviceable in a common cause when they inspired one another with a zeal for high achievement. XX. But now the Lacedaemonians made peace with all the other Greeks and directed the war against the Thebans alone ;! Cleombrotus their king invaded Boeotia with a force of two thousand men- at-arms and a thousand horse ; a new peril confronted the Thebans, since they were openly threatened with downright dispersion; and an unprecedented fear reigned in Boeotia. It was at this time that Pelopi- das, on leaving his house, when his wife followed him on his way in tears and begging him not to lose his life, said: “This advice, my wife, should be given to private men; but men in authority should be told not to lose the lives of others.” And when he reached the camp and found that the boeotarchs were not in accord, he was first to side with Epami- nondas in voting to give the enemy battle. Now Pelopidas, although he had not been appointed boeotarch, was captain of the sacred band, and highly trusted, as it was right that a man should be who had given his country such tokens of his devotion to freedom. 1 In 371 B.c. 389 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘Os ob é5é50xt0 Staxiwduvevey nai wept ta Acixtpa Tois Aaxedatpoviors avreatpatomédevor, Ovi ide Kara TOUS imvous ) Tledomidas eD para Siatapdfacay avTov. éott yap év T@ Acuxtpix@ medio Ta ONpPATA TOV TOU SaeSdoov Ouyatépov, as Aevertpidas Kandovot bia Tov TOTOV: éxEel yap avtais imo Eévov Lrapriariav Brac beicats cuv- é8n Tapivas. yevoperns dé Xaremijs otTw Kal Tapavopov mpatews, 0 O pev TATNHP, as ovuK éETUYED éy ) Naxedaipovt Sixns, apas Kata Top Lmapria- TaV apacdapevos Eohakev éauTov éml tois Tapots TOV Twaplévwn, xpne pol 5é Kai Adyta Tois Lrap- TLaTals ael Tm povpavov evha Beta Bas cal pudar- tec0at TO Aeverptxov pqvipa, Ty) mdvy TeV TONN@Y TUVLEVTOY, GX appeyvoovvtav TOV TO- mov, émel Kal THs Aaxovnts TOXVLOV Wpos TH Gardoon Aetxtpov dvopaterat, Kat Tpos Meyddy monet Tis "Apxadias TOTS €oTip Of@vupoOs. TO peév ovv wd0os TovTO ToAV Tav AevKTpLKO@Y TV TANALOTEPOV. XXI. ‘O &€ Hedorridas évy TO oT paToméese Kataxouunbeis éd0fe tas te taidas opay Tmept Ta pvnpata Opnvoveas Kal KaTapwpevas Tois Lrapridtass, Tov Te YKédacov KehevovTa Tais KOpars opayidca map0évov EavOny, et Bovnovro TOV | TONE LOV eM LK Paria at. bewod 5é Kal tra- pavogou Tov T pooTayLaros auT@ pavévtos ef- avaoTas exowvovTo Tots Te pavrect Kal Tots ap- Xovorv. Ov ot pey ove elov Tapapeneiv ove” arrevBeiv, TOV pev TANALOY mpopépovres Mevotxéa tov K éovros kat Maxapiav THY ‘Hpaxdéous, tav 5 datepov Depexvdnv re TOV coov imo Aaxedaipoviwy avaipeOévta kal thy Sopav avrod 39° 289 PELOPIDAS Accordingly, it was decided to risk a battle, and at Leuctra they encamped over against the Lacedae- monians. Here Pelopidas had a dream which greatly disturbed him. Now, in the plain of Leuctra are the tombs of the daughters of Scedasus, who are called from the place Leuctridae, for they had been buried there, after having been ravished by Spartan strangers.1 At the commission of such a grievous and lawless act, their father, since he could get no justice at Sparta, heaped curses upon the Spartans, and then slew himself upon the tombs of the maidens; and ever after, prophecies and oracles kept warning the Spartans to be on watchful guard against the Leuctrian wrath. Most of them, however, did not fully understand the matter, but were in doubt about the place, since in Laconia there is a little town near the sea which is called Leuctra, and near Megalopolis in Arcadia there is a place of the same name. This calamity, of course, occurred long be- fore the battle of Leuctra. XXI. After Pelopidas had lain down to sleep in the camp, he thought he saw these maidens weeping at their tombs, as they invoked curses upon the Spartans, and Scedasus bidding him sacrifice to his daughters a virgin with auburn hair, if he wished to win the victory over his enemies. The injunction seemed a lawless and dreadful one to him, but he rose up and made it known to the seers and the commanders. Some of these would not hear of the injunction being neglected or disobeyed, adducing as examples of such sacrifice among the ancients, Menoeceus, son of Creon, Macaria, daughter of Heracles; and, in later times, Pherecydes the wise man, who was put to death by the Lacedaemonians, 1 The damsels, in shame, took their own lives, Cf. Pausanias, ix. 13, 3. ae PLUTARCH’S LIVES o A A Kata TL NoOyLov Ure TOY Bactdéwy ppovpovpevny, 4 A A Aewviday te Te XpnoL@e TpPOTOY TLVa TpoOvad- e .' e ‘ A € 4, 4 \ AY e \ pevov éautov wép tis ‘EAXdSos, Ets 5€ Tovs U7r0 OcwictoxrAéous ohaytacbévtas @pnoth Arovice Tpo Tis ev Yarapive vavpayias: éxeivors yap éripaptupnoat ta KxatopOdpata: toto Sé, as > li ? \ ” b al ? 4, / Aynot\aov ato tev avTav Ayapémvove ToTTMV éml TOUS AUTOUS TTPATEVOMEVOY TrOAEMLOUS ATNCE peev 9 Oeos THY Ovyatépa ahayiov Kal tavTny elde tTHy Giri év Avridt Kotuopevos, o S ovK éSmxev, GAN atropwadMaxwbels KatéXvTE THY , Mv a bd A ‘4 e A otpateiav abofov Kai ateAH yevomevnv. of Se ToUvavtioy amnyopevov, ws ovdevi TAY KpEtTT OVOY Kal umép nas apectnv ovcay ottw BapBapov 4 A kal tapdvopov Ovoiayv ov yap tovs Tudavas 3 4 IOAN \ 4 v > \ N éxeivous ovdé tovs Tiyavtas apxew, adda Tov A 4 mavrwv tmatépa Seay xat avOpwTrarv: Saipovas \ , 5é yaipovtas avOparwv aipatt Kai povm mT- / oY] bY \ 2Q/ 4 de oTeve pev lows éotly aBédTEpOY, GvTwY O€ ToL- yy ? e 9 8 f 2 @ 4 a \ ovTwV apedrnréov ws advvatwv: acUeveig yap Kal ’ a \ 4 \ poxOnpia Wuxis éupverOar kat Tapapevery Tas “f aTomous Kal yareTras értOupulas. “a , XXII. "Ey rosovtoss oby S:aroyous TOY TPwTwY évTwv, Kat partoTa Tov IleXomridou SiatropobvTos, A oe ‘ immwv €& ayéAns TaXOS atropuyovca Kal hepo- f \ a ef € 9 , ? ? \ pévn dia TOV OTAWY, WS HV Béovca KAT aUTOUS > , > 4 N a \ v @ 4 A EXELVOUS, ETETTN’ KAL TOLS LEY AXXOLS Céav Trapet- ” 4 LU Nev TE pda aoTihBovoa THs KaiTHS TUpcOTAaTOV 392 PELOPIDAS and whose skin was preserved by their kings, in accordance with some oracle; and Leonidas, who, in obedience to the oracle, sacrificed himself,! as it were, to save Greece ; and, still further, the youths who were sacrificed by Themistocles to Dionysus Carnivorous before the sea fight at Salamis ;? for the successes which followed these sacrifices proved them acceptable to the gods. Moreover, when Agesilaiis, who was setting out on an expedition from the same place as Agamemnon did, and against the same enemies, was asked by the goddess for his daughter in sacrifice, and had this vision as he lay asleep at Aulis, he was too tender-hearted to give her,® and thereby brought his expedition to an unsuccessful and inglorious ending. Others, on the contrary, argued against it, declaring that such a lawless and barbarous sacrifice was not acceptable to any one of the superior beings above us, for it was not the fabled typhons and giants who governed the world, but the father of all gods and men; even to believe in the existence of divine beings who take delight in the slaughter and blood of men was perhaps a folly, but if such beings existed, they must be disregarded, as having no power; for only weakness and depravity of soul could produce or harbour such unnatural and cruel desires. XXII. While, then, the chief men were thus disputing, and while Pelopidas in particular was in perplexity, a filly broke away from the herd of horses and sped through the camp, and when she came to the very place of their conference, stood still. The rest only admired the colour of her glossy mane, which was fiery red, her high mettle, and the ' At Thermopylae. Cf. Herodotus, vii, 220. 2 Cf. the Themistocles, xiii. 2 f. 3 Cf. the Agesilazis, vi. 4 ff. 393 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e / \ ‘ \ Te yavpotns kal To coBapov Kal tePappnKos aA A / e 4 Va THs Pwvis, Meoxpitos Se o pavtis cupudpovncas 9 , A A J co Q aveBonoe mpos tov TleXomidav. “Hee vor ro e a 9 , 4 ¥ A iepetov, @ Satmovie, kal trapOévoy AdXXANV pn Trept- pévopev, aNAA yp SeEdpevos iv o Deds SiSwowv.” 3 4 4 \ ¢ > \ A , éx tovtov AaPovtes THY immov. ért Tos Tapous Hyov tav wapbévar, kal xatevEdpevot nal nata- otévavtes évéte“ov avtoi Te yaipovtes Kal Noyov eis TO oTpatomedov trept THS SYrews Tod IleAo- midov Kal tis Ouaias Sd0vTes. ? N A Ul ” > a XXIII Ey 6é TH baxXn Tob Errapewovdou Thy darayya NoEnv emi TO evovupov EXKOVTOS, Stas TOV GAX\wov ‘“EXAjHVOY aTwTdtTe yévntat \ \ A A \ \ / To Oeftov TOV Yraptiatav Kal tov KredpuBporov éEaon tpoomecwy ab pows KaTa Képas Kat Biaca- MEVOS, OF pev TrOAEuLOL KaTApLAOOYTES TO yLVOMLEVOV npEavTo petaxively tH Taker ods avTovs, Kal 70 de€tov avértvocoyv Kal Teptiyyov @S KUKAO- copevor Kal wepiBarodvres wd mANOovs Tov 9 , 5 e oe iS > UA Ezrapervmvdav, o 6€ IleXotidas ev tovT@ mpo- eFéSpape, Kal avaoTpéWas Tovs TpLaxocious Spo POdver mply dvareivar Tov KreopBportov 76 xépas ovvayayely TadLv Els TO AUTO Kal auyKNEioaL THhv takw, ov Kabeotaow, aAXrA{A GopuBoupévots dv addjA@v Tots Aaxedatmovioss éiBarov. xai- ToL TavTwy apo TexviTat Kal aodictal Tov ToveuiK@y OvTes of Ywaptiatar pos ovdev ovTws émraidevoy avtovs Kal ovveiOilov, ws Td pn TAavacBa pndé tapdtrrecBar tadkews diadv- 394 PELOPIDAS vehemence and boldness of her neighing; but Theocritus the seer, after taking thought, cried out to Pelopidas: “Thy sacrificial victim is come, good man; so let us not wait for any other virgin, but do thou accept and use the one which Heaven offers thee.” So they took the mare and led her to the tombs of the maidens, upon which, after decking her with garlands and consecrating her with prayers, they sacrificed her, rejoicing themselves, and pub- lishing through the camp an account of the vision of Pelopidas and of the sacrifice. XXIII. In the battle, while Epaminondas was drawing his phalanx obliquely towards the left, in order that the right wing of the Spartans might be separated as far, as possible from the rest of the Greeks, and that he might thrust back Cleombrotus by a fierce charge in column with all his men-at- arms, the enemy understood what he was doing and began to change their formation ; they were opening up their right wing and making an encircling move- ment, in order to surround Epaminondas and en- velop him with their numbers. But at this point Pelopidas darted forth from his position, and with his band of three hundred on the run, came up! before Cleombrotus had either extended his wing or brought it back again into its old position and closed up his line of battle, so that the Lacedaemonians were not standing in array, but moving confusedly about among each other when his onset reached them. And yet the Spartans, who were of all men past masters in the art of war, trained and accustomed themselves to nothing so much as not to straggle or get into 1 There is only a hint of this strategy, and no mention either of Epaminondas or Pelopidas, in Xenophon’s account of the battle (Hell. vi. 4, 9-15). 395 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Oeions, GAAA Ypw@pevor Tao. Wdvres eTigTAaTALs kat Cevyitats, Orrot ToTé Kal cuviotnoLw oO Kiv- dvvos, KatadapBavey xal ocuvappottew Kat paxeoOar Tapamhna iws. tote 5é€ » Tov ’Eza- petvavdov darayE eripepopévn povois éxeivoss \ , \ ” a la Kal TapaXdNaTTovaa Tovs addXous, O TE IleXomidas peTa TaXOUS aTictov Kal TOApNs év TOIS STAOLS yevopevos, ouUVeXEoY Ta TE Ppovnpata Kal Tas eTLTTHMAS AUTaV OUTwWS waTE huyny Kal ghovoy Lraptiatav scov ovmw wpotepov ryevérOar. S10 ”~ 3 , A N ” T@ Erapervavdag Sowrapxotvre pn Bovorapyar, kal raons hryoupéevm THs Suvdpews pixpod pepous apxewv, toov nvéyxato So&ns THs vixens éxeivns cat Tov KatTopOwparos. XXIV. Eis pévrot Tedorovvncov apydorepor Bowwrapyovvtes évéBarov xal tav eOvav mréiata Wpoornyovto, Aaxedatpoviwy arocTy- cavtes "Hdyw, “Apyos, “Apxadiavy cvpracay, avTns THs Naxwuxns Ta Treiota. Kaito xee- Pa@vos péev Hoav ai trepl tTpoTras axpai, punvos bé Tov TedevTaiov POivoyTos OAiyaL TrEpLACaV Hepat, A > \ ” 4 e / b \ Kal thy apyny de rapadrauBave érépous evOus ioTapévou Tov TpwTOU pNVos, 7} OvnoKELY TOUS p71) v e N BA , \ qmapaoioovtas. ot dé addX\or BowwTapyar kal Tov vopuov Sediotes ToUTOY Kal TOY yELL@va hEevyovTeS amayeiv Eorrevdoy ér’ olkov TO oTpatevpa, LledXo- midas 5é mpatos ‘Ezrapevavda yevopevos ovp- ndhos Kai oupmapoppncas Tovs trodiTas Tye > A) , / \ bd) , éml thy Lardprny kai dveBiBale tov Evporav. Kal TOAANGS [ev pet TOAELS AUTOV, Tacay 5é THY yapav éropler péxpt Oardtrns, HYyovpevos érra pupiddov “EXXnviKis otpatiads, Hs EXatTov 7 396 29! PELOPIDAS confusion upon a change of formation, but to take anyone without exception as neighbour in rank or in file, and wheresoever danger actually threatened, to seize that point and form in close array and fight as well as ever. At this time, however, since the phalanx of Epaminondas bore down upon them alone and neglected the rest of their force, and since Pelopidas engaged them with incredible speed and boldness, their courage and skill were so confounded that there was a flight and slaughter of the Spartans such as had never before been seen. Therefore, although Epaminondas was boeotarch, Pelopidas, “who was not boeotarch, and commanded only a small portion of the whole force, won as much glory for the success of that victory as he did. XXIV. Both were boeotarchs, however, when they invaded Peloponnesus and won over most of its peo- ples, detaching from the Lacedaemonian confederacy Elis, Argos, all Arcadia, and most of Laconia itself. Still, the winter solstice was at hand, and only a few days of the latter part of the last month of the year remained, and as soon as the first month of the new. year began other officials must succeed them, or those who would not surrender their office must die. The other boeotarchs, both because they feared this law, and because they wished to avoid the hardships of winter, were anxious to lead the army back home ; but Pelopidas was first to add his vote to that of Epaminondas, and after inciting his countrymen to Join them, led the army against Sparta and across the Eurotas. He took many of the enemy’s cities, and ravaged all their territory as far as the sea, leading an army of seventy thousand Greeks, of which the Thebans themselves were less than a 1 In 370 B.c. 397 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 dwdéxaTov jaoav avrot @nBaior pépos. GAD’ v) b0fa TOV avd pav dvev Soyparos Kowvow Kat vn- plo patos érrotet TOUS TULPAXOUS EmecOat Lom mayTas aHryoupéevous éxetvots. 0 yap TpwWTOS, ws. EouKe, Kal KUpLwOTAaTOS vo"os TO cwtecBar Seopery | Tov oo Sel duvdpevov apxovra. Kata puow a7r0-: didwau: Kay Hoep of wA€ovtes eddias obons map aKTHV oppobvTes doehyas Tpocevex Pace Tois xuBepvytats Kal Opacéws, & ipa Te Xerudva Kat xivduvov, KatarapBavew ™ pos éxelvous aqro- Prérover kal tas éArridas ev éxetvols éXovat. 4 ral yap "Apyeior Ka "Hnrelor Kal ‘Apeddes € év Tois cuvedpiors épilovtes Kal Sapepopevor Tpos TOUS @nBaious brép tyyepovias, € én avr ay TOV AYOVOV kal mapa ta Sewd Tos éxeivwy adlaipétos mevOopevor aTparnyois jcorovdour. 5 "Ev éxeivn TH oTpateia Tac ay peev "Apkadiay els piav Sivapuv ouvéorTnaar, THY dé Meconviav Vy apa VELOMevenV Lraptiatéy a amor ELopevor TOUS WaNa.ovs Meconvious éxdouv Kat KaTHyov W0apnv cuvotxicartes, am LovTes dé ém’ olxou dia Keyypeav “AGnvaious evixoy emuxetpodvTas anfrupaxeiv mepi Ta oTeva Kal KodvVELW THY Topeiav. XXV. "Ent 5e ToUToLs of pev aNXot TAVTES UTepnyaTrov THY apeTny Kat THY TUYNV édavpa- Cov, o 6€ auyyevns Kal TroALTLKOS 30s & dpa Th S0&n TOV avopav auvavEopevos ov kanas ovde MpeTrOova as vrodoxas trapeo Kevatey avrots. Oava- TOU yap apporepor dixas Epuyov émavehBovres, StL TOU vopou Kehevovtos év TH TpOT@O pnvi mapadobvat THDv Bowwrapxiav éTEpous, dv Bov-' Katiovy Gvouatovat,. tTértapas SXous mpocere- 398 PELOPIDAS twelfth part. But the reputation of the two men, without a general vote or decree, induced all the allies to follow their leadership without a murmur. . For the first and paramount law, as it would seem, namely, that of nature, subjects him who desires to be saved to the command of the man who can save him ; just as sailors, when the weather is fair or they are lying off shore at anchor, treat their captains with bold insolence, but as soon as a storm arises and danger threatens, look to them for guidance and place their hopes in them.- And so Argives, Eleans, and Arcadians, who in their joint assemblies con- | tended and strove with’ the Thebans for the supre- macy, when battles were actually to be fought and perils to be faced, of. their own will obeyes the Theban generals and followed them. On this expedition they united all Arcadia into one power ; rescued the country of Messenia from the hands of its Spartan masters and called back and re- stored the ancient Messenian inhabitants, with whom they settled Ithome; and on their way back home- wards through Cenchreae, conquered the Athenians when they tried to hinder their passage by skirmish- ing with them in the passes. XXV. In view of these achievements, all the rest of the Greeks were delighted with their valour and marvelled at their good fortune; but the envy of their own fellow-citizens, which was increasing with the men’s fame, prepared them a reception that was not honourable or fitting. For both were tried for their lives when they came back, because they had not handed over to others their office of boeotarch, as. the law commanded, in the first month of the new year (which they call Boukatios), but had added four 399 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Bdrovro pivas, év ols ta mept Meoconvny kat "A ot A AY 5 / pxadiay xal thv Aaxovixny Si@Knoay. EionyOn pév ovv mpotepos eis to Suxactyptov TleXoridas, 5:6 kal parrov éexwdvvevoer, appo- tepor b€ atrervOnoav. Oo 6€ cuxopdyTnpa Kai THY meipay "Erapewwvdas fveyxe paws, peya pépos avépeias Kal peyarowuxias Thv év Tots TONLTLKOLS aveEixaxiav T OLOULEVOS, IleXomridas 5é cal dices Ovpoedéotepos wv, cal tapoéuvo- Hevos vTrd TaV dirwv auvvacbat Tovs éxOpovs, b , 4 > / , e e 4 émeNdBetro toravrTns aitias. Mevexdeidas o pr- Top Hv pev els trav peta IleAorridou cal MéXovos 3 \ / > 27 , ? \ “A eis THV Xdpawvos oixiay avverdOovtor, ere 5é TOV lowy ov nEvovTO Tapa Tots OnBatots, Sewvoratos \ A 4 ? , \ \ 4 Q pev av Aéyerv, akoXacTos bé Kal KaKxonOns Tov TpoTroyv, €Xpnto TH pvoet mpos TO oUKOpavTeEiV cal duaBdrrXew Tovs KpetTtTovas, ovde peTa Séenv éxeiyny mavodpuevos. ‘Emapevoviav pev odv é£éxpovoe THs Bowwrapyias cal cateToALTevc ato modu xXpovoy, IleXomriday Sé mpos péev Tov SHyov ov« loxvoe StaBarelv, érexeiper 5é auvyxpodcat 7 Xdpww Kal xownv tia tov dO0ovov tapa- la 4 e 9 \ \ 4 f pv0iav ExovTos, dv oy avtol un Sivavtat BeATious havivat, TovTous apas yé Tws éEtépwv atrodeiEwor Kaxious, Tors HY mpos Tov SHuov avk~wv Ta TOU Xdpwvos Epya, cal Tas otpatnyias tas éxeivou Kal Tas vixas éycwpiatwv. THs 5é pos TINataras immopaxias, vy mpo tov Aeuxtpixav évixnoay Hryoupévou Xapovos, émrexeipnoev avabnua Tovovde moijoar. ‘Avdpoxvdns o Kufixnvos éxrd\aBov 400 291 PELOPIDAS whole months to it, during which they conducted their campaign in Messenia, Arcadia, and Laconia. Well, then, Pelopidas was first brought to trial, and therefore ran the greater risk, but both were acquitted. Epaminondas bore patiently with this attempt to calumniate him, considering that for- bearance under political injury was a large part of fortitude and magnanimity ; but Pelopidas, who was naturally of a more fiery temper, and who was egged on by his friends to avenge himself upon his enemies, seized the following occasion. Menecleidas, the orator, was one of those who had gathered with Pelopidas and Melon at Charon’s house, and since he did not receive as much honour among the Thebans as the others, being a most able speaker, but intemperate and malicious in his disposition, he gave his natural gifts employment in calumniating and slandering his superiors, and kept on doing so even after the trial. Accordingly, he succeeded in excluding Epaminondas from the office of boeotarch, and kept him out of political leadership for some time; but he had not weight enough to bring Pelopidas into disfavour with the people, and there- fore tried to bring him into collision with Charon. And since it is quite generally a consolation to the envious, in the case of those whom they themselves cannot surpass in men’s estimation, to show these forth as somehow or other inferior to others, he was constantly magnifying the achievements of Charon, in his speeches to the people, and extolling his cam- paigns and victories. Moreover, for the victory which the Theban cavalry won at Plataea, before the battle of Leuctra, under the command of Charon, he at- tempted to make the following public dedication. Androcydes of Cyzicus had received a commission A401 VOL. V. D D PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tapa THS TOAEwS TivaKxa ypa rat payxns ETépas, émeréner TO Epyov év OnBars: yevomevns Se tis amrogtacews Kal TOU TroAé“OU GULTTETOYTOS, Ov jToAv Tov TédAos exyew €drELTOVTA TOV TivaKa map éavtois ot @nBaio KaTéaxov. TOUTOV OUD 0 Mevexrcidas érevcey avabévras éruypdayar Tovvopa Tov Xdpwvos, ws apavpoowv tHv IleXo- midou Kal ’Erapewavoou Sofav. hy 5é aBértepos ) dtroTysia, Tapa toaovTovs Kal THALKOUTOUS ayavas évos Epyou kal pds vinns ayaTopévns, év 3 Tepavéay twa tav aonpev Yraptiatav Kal Tegoapdxovta mer avtTod receiv, GAXo Sé ovdey péya mpaxOnvar rAéyovot. Toto TO vidicpa ypaderar IleAoridas rrapavouer, ioyuptlopevos dre OnBaios od wdtpiov qv idia Kat avdpa Tiav, GAA TH TaTpid. KoWWaS TO THS viKNS dvoua catew. Kai Tov pev Xdpwva Tapa Tacay Thy Sixny éyxopiatwv apOoves Sierédrece, Tov Se Mevexrcidav BacKcavov cal Tovnpov éFehéyyov, kat Tovs OnBaiovs épwrav et pndév avrois xadov TEN PAKTAL, dare? Meverdreidav Cnpiaa as x pN- pacw, & pn Svvadpevos éexticoa. dua mAnO0s, Yotepov émexeipnoe Kivjoar Kal peTaoTioal THY TomTEelav. Tada pev ovv Eve TLvd Kal Tov Biou aTobewpnaw. XXVI. “Evel 5é ’AreEdvdpou tod Depoy tu- pdyvouv ToXepmouvros pév €x mpodnrou TroAAOtS @etrtarav, émiBourevovtos 5é€ Tacw, émpéaBev- aav eis OnBas at modes oTpaTNyoV atTovpevae kat Svvapwv, opav o Tledomidas rov ’Erapewov- 1 S0re Bryan’s correction of the MSS. 8 uh, which Sintenis and Bekker retain, assuming a lacuna in the text. 402 PELOPIDAS from the city to make a picture of another battle, and was finishing the work at Thebes; but the city revolted from Sparta, and the war came on, before the picture was quite completed, and the Thebans now had it on their hands. This picture, then, Menecleidas persuaded them to dedicate with Cha- ron’s name inscribed thereon, hoping in this way to obscure the fame of Pelopidas and Epaminondas. But the ambitious scheme was a foolish one, when there were so many and such great conflicts, to bestow approval on one action and one victory, in which, we are told, a certain Gerandas, an obscure Spartan, and forty others were killed, but nothing else of importance was accomplished. This decree was attacked as unconstitutional by Pelopidas, who insisted that it was not a custom with the Thebans to honour any one man individually, but for the whole country to have the glory of a victory. And through the whole trial of the case he continued to heap generous praise upon Charon, while he showed Menecleidas to be a slanderous and worthless fellow, and asked the Thebans if they had done nothing noble themselves; the result was that Menecleidas was fined, and being unable to pay the fine because it was so heavy, he afterwards tried to effect a revolution in the government. This episode, then, has some bearing on the Life which I am writing. XXVI. Now, since Alexander the tyrant of Pherae made open war on many of the Thessalians, and was plotting against them all, their cities sent ambassa- dors to Thebes asking for an armed force and a general. Pelopidas, therefore, seeing that Epami- 403 bp 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES “day Tas ‘ev TleXorovynce mpagets Stocety,* QUTOS éaTov ETEOWKE Kat T pooevetpe TOUS Oeccarsis, pnte THY iSiav é emia TEND Kal Suva py apyotoap qTeplopav Umropevan, penre Siro mdpearey ’"Ezra- ‘pewvavdas éTépov beta Gar orpatnyoo vopitav. @S ovy éotparevoev érl Qeccadiay peta Suva- pews, THY TE Adpisoay evOvs tmapédXaBe, Kal Tov “AneEavdpov éOovra Kal Seopevov Siahrarrewy €metparo Kal Trovety ex Tupdvvov mpgov dpxovra Tous @eccanrois xat VOpLWoV. os be 7 hv aUNKETTOS Kal Onpiadys Kal TOMAH pep @EOTNS autob, TONAN 6€ ao ehyeva Kal mAcovetia KATHY OpELTo, Tpaxvvopevov Tou Medomidou T pos avTov Kat Naretratvovros amroépas @XETO META TOV Sopv- popwv. o 6é IleXomridas adecay Te TONAIY amo Tov Tupdyvou TOUS Oeccanrois aTONT OV Kal ™ pos aXANAouS opovoray, avtos eis Maxedoviav amripe, IItroAepaiou pév ‘AreEdvdpy 7 Baovrevovtt TOY Maxedover TONE MOUVTOS, apudorépov dé peTatrep- Tropeévav exeivov @S Siahdant yy kal ducactny Kat TUM MAX ov kal BonOov tov Soxotvtos abdixeicbar yevnjg opevov. eBay bé Kal dvadvoas Tas dta- dopas Kal KaTayayov TOUS pevyovTas, 6unpov erase Tov adeAov Tov Bacrréws Pidurmov cat TpLdKovTa jwaioas adnous TOV emupaverTatov, Kat KATETTNTEY eis @nBas, emrderFapevos Tous if EdAqow @S Toppw Sunxer Ta OnBaiwr ™ pary- pata TH S0En Tis Suvdpews Kal TH TioTEL THS Sixavoouvys. “Odtos my Piru mos 0 TOUS “EAAqow orepov “‘Tokeunoas bmrép THs éXevOepias, Tore Sé mais Ov 1 S:otxetvy Bekker has d:o:1nvdyra, after Coraés. 404 PELOPIDAS nondas was busy with his work in Peloponnesus, offered and assigned himself to the Thessalians,} both because he could not suffer his own skill and ability to lie idle, and because he thought that wher- ever Epaminondas was there was no need of a second general. Accordingly, after marching into Thessaly with an armed force, he straightway took Larissa, and when Alexander came to him and begged for terms, he tried to make him, instead of a tyrant, one who would govern the Thessalians mildly and according to law. But since the man was incurably brutish and full of savageness, and since there was much denunciation of his licentiousness and greed, Pelopidas became harsh and severe with him, where- upon he ran away with his guards. Then Pelopidas, leaving the Thessalians in great security from the tyrant and in concord with one another, set out him- self for Macedonia, where Ptolemy was at war with Alexander the king of the Macedonians. For both parties had invited him to come and be arbiter and judge between them, and ally and helper of the one that appeared to be wronged. After he had come, then, and had settled their differences and brought home the exiles, he received as hostages Philip, the king’s brother, and thirty other sons of the most illustrious men, and brought them to live at Thebes, thus showing the Greeks what an advance . the Theban state had made in the respect paid to its power and the trust placed in its justice. This ‘was the Philip who afterwards waged \ war to enslave the Greeks, but at this time he was a boy, 1 In 369 B.C. | | 405 Oo PLUTARCH’S LIVES éy @nBas trapa Tlappéves Siartay elyev. ex 5e Tovrou cai Cnrwrns yeyovévar edokev' ’Erapei- vevdoou, TO wept Tous odésous Kal Tas oTpaTN- yias Spactnpioy icws xatavonoas,' 6 ptxpov hv Tis TOD avdpos apeTHs popsoy, éyxpateias 5é Kal Ssxasoourns Kal peyadopvyias xat mpgornros, ols hy adds péyas exeivos, oddey OUTE PicEt Dirdswmos ove psunoer peTtéoye. XXVII. Mera &é tratta mddsy tav BetTarov aittwpévoy toy Depaioyv *ArdéEavdpoy ws dia- Tapattovta Tas TONES, aTEgTAAN peTa Iopnviov apeaBevwr o IleXomidas: Kal rapiy ovte oixobev Gyov Suvaysv ovte 1roAEpov mpocdoxnaas, avrois 5¢ trois @etrarois ypncPas wpos TO KateTeEiyov TOV TpaypnaTwv avayxalopevos. év touTm dé wadsy tav kata Maxedoviay tapattopévoy (0 yap IIroANepaios aynpyxes tov Baosréa nal thy apyny xatéoyev, ot 5é piros Tod TeOvnKdTOs éxd- Aoup Tov IleXowidav), Boudopevos pév erripavjvas Tois mpaypacty, idtouvs 5é orpatiwtas ov exon, puaBodpapovs tivas autobev mpocdaRopevos pera Toutwv ev0us é8adilev eri tov IIro\euaiov. ws S éyyvs GdArAwy éyévovto, Tous pev piaPodopous IItorepatos ypnpacs StapOeipas Ereroev ws avTov petaothvat, tov Sé [leXoridov thv So-av avtny kai touvoua Sedoixws airnvrncey os Kpéeiooore, kai deEwmodpevos cai Senbels mporoynoe THY pev apxXny Tots Tod TeOvynKoTos adeAHois StagurAdEecy, @nBaiows Sé tov avdtov éyOpov eew «al dirov ounpous 8 émi rovtors tov viov Dirdokevoy edwxe kal qwevtnxovta tav étaipwy. tovTous pev ovv 1 Botey.. . xaravofoas Bekker has rioly Soter. .. xara- vohoacw (to some .. . who observed), after Coraés. 406 PELOPIDAS and lived in Thebes with Pammenes. Hence he was believed to have become a zealous follower of Epaminondas, perhaps because he comprehended his efficiency in wars and campaigns, which was only a small part of the man’s high excellence; but in restraint, justice, magnanimity, and gentleness, wherein Epaminondas was truly great, Philip had no share, either naturally or as a result of imitation. XXVII. After this, when the Thessalians again brought complaint against Alexander of Pherae as a disturber of their cities, Pelopidas was sent thither on an embassy with Ismenias ;1 and since he brought no force from home with him, and did not expect war, he was compelled to employ the Thessalians themselves for the emergency. At this time, too, Macedonian affairs were in confusion again, for Ptolemy had killed the king and now held the reins of government, and the friends of the dead king were calling upon Pelopidas. Wishing, therefore, to appear upon the scene, but having no soldiers of his own, he enlisted some mercenaries on the spot, and with these marched at once against Ptolemy. When, however, they were near each other, Ptolemy cor- rupted the mercenaries and bribed them to come over to his side; but since he feared the very name and reputation of Pelopidas, he met him as his superior, and after welcoming him and supplicating his favour, agreed to be regent for the brothers of the dead king, and to make an alliance with the Thebans ; moreover, to confirm this, he gave him his son Philoxenus and fifty of his companions as hostages. 1 In 368 B.c. 407 PLUTARCH’S LIVES atréatetkev eis @nBas o Iledomidas, avros 5€ Bapéws hépov tHv Trav piabopopwv mpodociay, Kal tuvOavopevos Ta TAEicTA THY YonLaTOV autos Kal Taidas Kal yuvaixas atroxeicOat Tept Pdpocaroy, Bote TOVT@Y KpaTHaas ikayny dixnv ay xabuBpictat AnYrecOar, cvvayayov Tav Gec- carav tivas hKev eis Pdpoarov. aptiws 8 aitod mapednrvbotos "AréEavdpos o TUpavyos éredai- veto peta THs Suvapews. Kat vopicavtes ot rept tov IledXoriday dzrodoynoopevoy jxew éBad.Cov avtol pos avTov, éForyn péev SvTa Kal pardovov elodTes, dia 5é tas OnBas Kat To Tept avrovs agtiopa Kxat Sdfav ovdev ay wabeiv mpocdoKn- aavtes. 0 5é, ws eldev avoTrAOUS Kal povous Tpoc- tovtas, éexeivous pev evOds auvéraBe, THY Sé @PdpoaXdov KaTEaXE, dpixny 5é cal PoBov évecp- yaoato Tols UTNKOOLS TAG OS ye META THV THAL- KavTnyv adixiav Kat ToOApay adetdnowy ardvTwr, Kal Ypnoopmevos odTw Tois Tapatintovow avOpo- To Kal TPaywacl ws TOTE YE KOULOH TOV EaUTOD Biov atreyvwxas. XXVIII. Of pév otv OnBaioe tadta axov- cavtes Efepov Bapéws Kat oT paTLay éférreutrov evOUs, 5: Opynv tiva mpos tov ‘Emapewovdav érépous amrobeiEavtes apyovtas. tov é IIeAo- miday es Tas Depas atayayov o TUpAaVVOS TO [eV m™paTov ela Tovs BovrAopévous avT@ Siar€éyecOat, vopifwv édeetvov yeyoveévat Kal Tamrelvov Ud TIS aouudopas: émet 6é Tovs pév Depaiouvs o Iedo- midas Gdupopévous mapexadre. Oappeiv, ws vov Hadtota Swocovtos Tov Tupavvov dixny, mpos Sé aUTOV exEelvov amroaTEiAas éXeyev WS ATOTTIOS éoTL 408 PELOPIDAS These, then, Pelopidas sent off to Thebes; but he himself, being indignant at the treachery of his mer- cenaries, and learning that most of their goods, to- gether with their wives and children, had been placed for safety at Pharsalus, so that by getting these into his power he would sufficiently punish them for their affront to him, he got together some of the Thessa- lians and came to Pharsalus. But just as he got there, Alexander the tyrant appeared before the city with his forces. Then Pelopidas and Ismenias, thinking that he was come to excuse himself for his conduct, went of their own accord to him, knowing, in- deed, that he was an abandoned and blood-stained wretch, but expecting that because of Thebes and their own dignity and reputation they would suffer no harm. But the tyrant, when he saw them coming up unarmed and unattended, straightway seized them and took possession of Pharsalus. By this step he awoke in all his subjects a shuddering fear ; they thought that after an act of such boldness and iniquity he would spare nobody, and in all his dealings with men and affairs would act as one who now utterly despaired of his own life. XXVIII. The Thebans, then, on hearing of this, were indignant, and sent out an army at once, although, since Epaminondas had somehow incurred their displeasure, they appointed other commanders for it. As for Pelopidas, after the tyrant had brought him back to Pherae, at first he suffered all who desired it to converse with him, thinking that his calamity had made him a pitiful and contemptible object ; but when Pelopidas exhorted the lamenting Pheraeans to be of good cheer, since now certainly the tyrant would meet with punishment, and when he sent a message to the tyrant himself, saying that 409 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tous pev aOdious TroNXitas Kal pndév adsxobvras e A“ A a, 3 “ A ld oonpépat oTpeBr@v Kal hovevwv, avtov dé devdd- pevos, by pddioTa yivdoKeEL TLLWPNTOMEVOY AUTOV 3 avrep Siadiyn, Oavydoas To ppovnpa Kat Thy adecav avtov, “Ti 5é,” nai, “ cmevdee Tledo- 293 , > A b} ) > a 3 , oc? bd] midas atro0avelv;” Kaxelvos axovoas, “Oras, 9 ce A ? ? n a a a Q ele, “‘ ov TaXvov arrodf, parrov 7 viv Ocopuons yevomevos.” éx TovTov dSrexorAvoey evtuyyaverv QUT®@ TOUS EKTOS. e H 5€ @78n, Ovydtnp pév “Idcovos ovca, yuvn 5é "AreEdvSpou, muvOavopévn Trapa tay dudatT- tovtay IleXowiday 16 Oapparéov avtod Kal yev- vatov, émeOvpnoev idety Tov avdpa Kai mpocectreiv. 4 ws d¢ #AGe mpos avtov cal dre bn yuvn TO pev / na M bd > A) > 4 “~ péyeBos Tov HOous ovK evOuUs ev TocavTn cuppopa Kateide, xoupa 5é nal ctor Kal Svaity Texpatpo- 4 \ A , 4 pém AuTpa Kal wn mpérovta TH S0&n waoyev \ a A auTov ameddxpuce, TO pev TPATOV ayVvowV oO Hledomidas tis ein yuvarcdv, COavpater, as Se 4 éyvw, Wpoonyopevoey avTnv watpddev’ jv yap T® “Iacovu cuvnOns Kai diros. eltrovons Sé éxetyns, “’EXe@ cou tHy yuvaixa,” “ Kai yap 2 7 » » Pa ° € , ’ , eyo oe, elirev, ‘OTL AdEeTOS OVGA UTromévers AXEE- e A , 5 avdpov.” ovtos EOuyé Trws 0 AGYOS THS yuvaLKos éBapuveto yap thy wpoTnTa Kal thv DBpw Tov Tupavvov, pPéTa THS GAANS aoedyelas Kal TOV vewTAaTOV avThs TOY adeAhav TalbiKa TeTroLn- pévov. 516 nal cuveyds poitaca mpos Tov IleAXoriday xat wappnotalopévn wept oy érracyev UreniumAato Oupod xal dpovnuatos nal dve- pevetas mpos tov ‘“AdéEavdpov. XXIX. ’Emel 5€ of otpatnyolt Trav OnBaiwv > \ , > , Os els THY @ertariav éuBarovtes expakay ovder, 410 PELOPIDAS it was absurd to torture and slay the wretched and innocent citizens day by day, while he spared him, a man most certain, as he knew, to take vengeance on - him if he made his escape ; then the tyrant, amazed at his high spirit and his fearlessness, said: “And why is Pelopidas in haste to die?’’ To which Pelopidas replied: “That thou mayest the sooner perish, by becoming more hateful to the gods than now.” From that time the tyrant forbade those outside of his following to see the prisoner. But Thebe, who was a daughter of Jason, and Alexander’s wife, learned from the keepers of Pelo- pidas how courageous and noble the man was, and conceived a desire to see him and talk with him. But when she came to him, woman that she was, she could not at once recognize the greatness of his nature in such dire misfortune, but judging from his hair and garb and maintenance that he was suffering indignities which ill befitted a man of his reputation, she burst into tears. Pelopidas, not knowing at first what manner of woman she was, was amazed ; but when he understood, he addressed her as daughter of Jason; for her father was a familiar friend of his. And when she said, “I pity thy wife,’ he replied, “‘And I thee, in that thou wearest no chains, and yet endurest Alexander.” This speech deeply moved the woman, for she was oppressed by the savage insolence of the tyrant, who, in addition to his other debaucheries, had made her youngest brother his paramour. Therefore her continued visits to Pelo- pidas, in which she spoke freely of her sufferings, gradually filled her with wrath and fierce hatred towards Alexander. XXIX. When the Theban generals had accom- plished nothing by their invasion of Thessaly, All PLUTARCH’S LIVES ara 80 avepiay dvotuylay aicypas ‘avexo- pnoav, éxeivov pev Exactov 4 ods pupiats n > , > a dba be A Spaypais é€nuiwoev, “Exrapewvovdav b€ peta Suvdpews arréoterrev. evVOds ovv Kivnois tis pe- lA “A @ 9 / A \ / yarn @etrarav jv érratpopevev mpos thy dofav Tod atpatnyod, Kal Ta Tpdypata TOD TUpdvvoU porns édeiro puxpas atrodwdévat TocovTos éve- a / mwenra@xes PoBos toils Tepl avTov nyewoot Kat diros, tocavtn 8 tovs wmnKoovs opin TTpOs amootacww elye Kal Yapa ToD pméddoVTOS, @S VviV 9 / , / \ , > érrovropévous Sixny Sidovta Tov TUpavvoy. ov nv arr ‘Enapevevdas tnv avtod dokav év e , na , / , Q vaotépw TAS IleXoridov cwrnpias TiBéuevos, Kal dedorxms pt) TOY TpayudTov tapaxGevtwy atro- \ e \ > 4 ef 4 4 yvovs éauvtov Adé~avdpos dotrep Onpiov tpamnrat \ A A pos Exéivov, éTnwWpElTO TO TrOAEL@, Kal KUKA® wo FS lel “A A TEpliwv, TH TWapacKkevn Kal TH meAANTEL KATE- axevate kal auvéotedrAe Tov TUpaYVOY, MS pNTE aveivat To avOades avtod Kal Opacvvopevoy pyre \ \ \ bd / , TO WiKpov Kat Ovpoedés eFepeficar, muvOavo- PEVOS THY WLOTHTA Kal THY OALywpiay TOY KaXOV kat dexaiwv, os CavTas péev avOpotovs Kat@puT- tev, éErépors Sé Séppata cvav aypiwy Kal apxTov mepiTiOels Kal Tovs Onpatixods erayov KUvas Kal diéotra Kal KatnKovTile, Tadud TAUTN Ypapevos, MeasBota S€ cal LKotoven, wordeow éevotrovdas A , b 4 / 54 Kat girais, exxAnovaloveais TepioTnoas apa tous Sopudopous 7Bnbov arécdake, tHv 5é AOy- xnv 7 llorvdpova tov Ociov atréxtetve xaOtepwoas 412 PELOPIDAS but owing to inexperience or ill fortune had re- tired disgracefully, the city fined each of them ten thousand drachmas, and sent out Epaminondas with an armed force.! At once, then, there was a great stir among the Thessalians, who were filled with high hopes in view of the reputation of this general, and the cause of the tyrant was on the very verge of destruction; so great was the fear that fell upon his commanders and friends, and so great the inclination of his subjects to revolt, and their joy at what the future had in store, for they felt that now they should behold the tyrant under punishment. Epaminondas, however, less solicitous for his own glory than for the safety of Pelopidas, and fearing that if confusion reigned Alexander would get desperate and turn like a wild beast upon his prisoner, dallied with the war, and taking a roundabout course, kept the tyrant in suspense by his preparations and threatened movements, thus neither encouraging his audacity and boldness, nor rousing his malignity and passion. For he had learned how savage he was, and how little regard he had for right and justice, in that sometimes he buried men alive, and sometimes dressed them in the skins of wild boars or bears, and then set his hunting dogs upon them and either tore them in pieces or shot them down, making this his diversion ; and at Meliboea and Scotussa, allied and friendly cities, when the people were in full assembly, he surrounded them with his body-guards and slaugh- tered them from the youth up; he also consecrated the ‘spear with which he had slain his uncle Poly- phron, decked it with garlands, and sacrificed to it 1 367 B.C. 413 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat xatactéWas, éOvev daTrep Oe@ xal Tvywva mpoanyopeve. tpay@ooy Sé tote Oewpevos Kvpr- midov Tpwddas vroxpivdpevoy @yYeTO amTL@y €K tov Oeatpov, Kal méuas mpos avtov éxédXeve Oappety cab pndév ayovilerOar Sa TodTO xeEtpor, ou yap éxeivou KaTadpovev amehBeiv, adn aic- Xvvowevos Tovs Toditas, el pndéva momore TOY UT auToV hovevopévay nrENKwS, ET TOIs ExaBns kat "Avdpouayns Kaxois od@ncetae Saxpvov. ovToS pEVTOL THV boFay aQuTny kal Tovvoya Kat TO Tpooxnpa THS "Emapewovdov otpatnyias KatamNayels, . émrne aréxtwp dovdros Gs KAivas TTEpOP, kal Tovs dmodoynoopévovs TaYv pos avToV éreptrev. 0 5é ovvOécOac pév eipnunv Kal pirtav mpos TotovTov avdpa @nBaiow ovy strrépeuve, aomeodpevos 5é Tpraxovlnpépous avoxas Tov qmoké“ou xal AaBwv ov IleAoriday Kal Tov ‘Iopnviay aveywpnoer. XXX. Ot d€ OnBaio rapa trav Aaxedatpovior kat tav ‘AOnvaiwy aicBopevoe mpos Tov péyay Baciréa tpéc Bers avaBaivovtas brép cuppayias, érepvav cat avtot IleXoridav, dpiota Bovrev- odpevoe mpos tHv Sofay avrov. wpaTov pe yap aveBawe bia tov Baciréws érapytav ovo- pactos @y xal treptBontos: ov yap npéua Stixto THs “Acias ovd émt puxpov 9 Soka Tav pos Aaxebaipoviovs ayovwv, Grd, @s mpaTos Trept ths év Aevxtpors paxns éFeSpapye AOyos, del Tivos Ka.vod mpoottOenévou xatopOapatos avEavopevn 414 294 PELOPIDAS as to a god, giving it the name of Tycho.! Once when he was seeing a tragedian act the “Trojan Women” of Euripides, he left the theatre abruptly, and sent a message to the actor bidding him be of good courage and not put forth any less effort be- cause of his departure, for it was not out of contempt for his acting that he had gone away, but because he was ashamed to have the citizens see him, who had never taken pity on any man that he had murdered, weeping over the sorrows of Hecuba and Andro- mache. It was this tyrant, however, who, terrified at the name and fame and distinction of the generalship of Epaminondas, ‘‘Crouched down, though warrior bird, like slave, with drooping wings,” ? and speedily sent a deputation to him which should explain his conduct. But Epaminondas could not consent that the Thebans should make peace and friendship with such a man; he did, however, make a thirty days’ truce with him, and after receiving Pelopidas and Ismenias, returned home. XXX. Now, when the Thebans learned that am- bassadors from Sparta and Athens were on their way to the Great King to secure an alliance, they also sent Pelopidas thither; and this was a most excel- lent plan, in view of his reputation. For, in the first place, he went up through the provinces of the king as a man of name and note; for the glory of his conflicts with the Lacedaemonians had not made its way slowly or to any slight extent through Asia, but, when once the report of the battle at Leuctra had sped abroad, it was ever increased by the addition 1 That is, Luck. 2 An iambic trimeter of unknown authorship; cf. the Alcibiades, iv. 3. 415 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 o 4 La vy kal dvaPaivovea ToppwraTw KaTecyer EwetTa Tois émt Oupais caTpdtats Kai otpazyyois Kai Cd ‘ 3 a ~ 4 e , ¢ wyepoow opGeis Oatpa Kat Aoyorv KapEeryer, Ws 4 9 Sf 3 e ”~ ‘ 4 > Q ovTOS aynp éoTLy oO ynS Kai Barats exBarwv , Q i ig N a Q Aaxedaipovious Kai cvoteiias UrO Tavyeroy xai tov Evpwrav thy Yadptny Thy odvyor Euwpoobey Baotrei tO peydr@ Kai Ilépoas Se "Aynotdaou Tov rept Yovowrv cal "ExBardvwv éwapapéevnv / : a? 2 e » , 4 \ jokeov. TavT ow o AptatepEns Exape, Kat tov [leXorridav €Oavpate eri tH SoEn' Kai péyay émote. tais tiuais, Ud TOV peyiotav evdatpo- viberOa. nat Oeparrevec Oar Bovropevos Soxeiv. érret 5é xal tHv iv avtod eide nat Tovs AoOyous Katevonoe, Tov pev "Attixav BeBaorépous, TOV 5é Aaxedaipoviwy amNovatépous Gvtas, ett par- Nov Hnyamnoe, Kal maQos Bacidtxoy maQav ovx amexpi\rato Tv Mpos Tov avdpa tinny, ovd EXaGe tovs ardovs mpéchers WrAEioTOY vépov b , a / a e ‘4 éxeivo. xattot Soxel pdrrota taY ‘“EXAnvev b] / A N\ a i.4 X Avradkiday tipjoa, tov Aaxedarpovioy, OTe TOV arépavoy, dv mivwy TrepLéxecto, Barpas eis pvpov améatetre. IleXomrida Sé obtw pév ovK éveTpu- dnoe, Sapa S€ AaptpoTata Kal péeyicTa TeV voutlopévev e&érreurpe Kxab tas afimoes ére- KUpwoev, avTovopous pev elvar Tors “EAXqvas, olixeicOar 5 Meoanvnv, @nBaiovs S€ ratpiKods VA 4 , dhirous vouifec Oar Bactréws. Tavtas éywv tas amoxpices, Tav 5é SHpav ovdey 6 TL on YapLTos jv ovpPBorov Kal dtdo- 1 én) rf 86&n Bekker, after Coraés: rf 3é6tp. | 416 PELOPIDAS of some new success, and prevailed to the farthest recesses of the interior; and, in the second place, when the satraps and generals and commanders at the King’s court beheld him, they spoke of him with wonder, saying that this was the man who had ex- pelled the Lacedaemonians from land and sea, and shut up between Taygetus and the Eurotas that Sparta which, a little while before, through Agesilaiis, had undertaken a war with the Great King and the Persians for the possession of Susa and Ecbatana. This pleased Artaxerxes, of course, and he admired Pelopidas for his high reputation, and loaded him with honours, being desirous to appear lauded and courted by the greatest men. But when he saw him face to face, and understood his proposals, which were more trustworthy than those of the Athenians, and simpler than those of the Lacedaemonians, he was yet more delighted with him, and, with all the assurance of a king, openly showed the esteem in which he held him, and allowed the other ambassa- dors to see that he made most account of him. And yet he is thought to have shown Antalcidas the Lacedaemonian more honour than any other Greek, in that he took the chaplet which he had worn at a banquet, dipped it in perfume, and sent it to him. To Pelopidas, indeed, he paid no such delicate com- pliment, but he sent him the greatest and most splendid of the customary gifts, and granted him his demands, namely, that the Greeks should be in- dependent, Messene! inhabited, and the Thebans regarded as the king’s hereditary friends. With these answers, but without accepting any gifts except such as were mere tokens of kindness 1 Messene was the new capital of Messenia, founded on the slopes of Mt. Ithome (cf. chapter xxiv. 5) by Epaminondas, in 369 B.C. 417 VOL. V. EE PLUTARCH’S LIVES dpoovvns SeEapmevos, avéfevFev. 6 xal padota 6 Tovs dAXOous mpécBets StéBare. Ttpayopav yor "AOnvaio. Kpivavtes améxtewvay, eb pev etl TO ’ a a 9 A \ , ) \ TAO TaV Swpeav, Op9as Kal SiKaiws: ov yap / , 708 b) 7 EX bd) \ A povoy xpucioy ovdé apyvpiov EdXaBev, adda Kal KNivny TwoAvTEAH Kal aotpwras Gepdrovtas, ws a) e / > > / ” A “A Ttav “EXAnvev ov émictapévwy, Ett 5€ Bods 3 N / e \ \ > 4 dydonxovta Kal BoveorXous, ws 69 Wpds dppwartiav / , / 4 A 4 Twa yddaKtos Boeiov Sedpuevos, téXOS 5é KaTeE- Batvev éri Odraccav év hopetw xopttopevos, cal f 4 a , \ baNw4 tégoapa tddavtTa Tois Kopilovar ptabos &d00n mapa Baoitéws' GAX Eorxev ovy 7 Swpodoxia 4 fe) \ > / > / 7 pardtota mapokivar Tovs ’AOnvaious. *Emixpa- Tous youv Tote TOU caKeaodopov pnTe apvoupévov Sapa SéEac8ar rapa Bactréws, ydiopuda Te ypadew pdoxovtos avtl Tav évvéa apyovtav a > NecporoveiaOar Kat evautov évvéa mpéa Bets pos Bactréa tev Snpotixay Kal Tevytwv, brws Nap- 4 bd a > / e A > 4 Bavovres evtopaow, éyéXacev o Shuos* GNA STL @nBaios éyeyover mavta areas Epepov, ov AoyLouevor tHv Iledorridov So€av, dowv Hv pn- TopeLov Kal Aoywv KpeitTwY Trap avOpeT@ Oepa- WevovTs TOUS TOY OTAwWY ael KpaToUVTAS. XXXI. ‘H pév odv mpecBeia ro Iedomida mpocéOnxey ov puixpay edvorav érravenOovtt, dia 295 tov Meconvns cuvoixtopoy Kal tHv TOV aAKOV ‘EAAjvev adtovopiav: ’AreEdvSpou S¢ rob Pepaiov Tdadw €is THY avTOD dvow dvadpapovTos Kal Ococarav pév ovK oAlyas TeptKoOTTOVTOS TOAES, b] DOiwras b€ “Ayatovs arravras cal to Mayvn- 418 PELOPIDAS and goodwill, he set out for home; and this conduct of his, more than anything else, was the undoing of the other ambassadors. Timagoras, at any rate, was condemned and executed by the Athenians, and it this was because of the multitude of gifts which he took, it was right and just; for he took not only gold and silver, but also an expensive couch and slaves to spread it, since, as he said, the Greeks did not know how; and besides, eighty cows with their cow-herds, since, as he said, he wanted cows’ milk for some ailment; and, finally, he was carried down to the sea in a litter, and had a present of four talents from the King with which to pay his carriers. But it was not his taking of gifts, as it would seem, that most exasperated the Athenians. At any rate, Epicrates, his shield-bearer, once confessed that he had received gifts from the King, and talked of proposing a decree that instead of nine archons, nine ambassadors to the King should be elected annually from the poor and needy citizens, in order that they might take his gifts and be wealthy men, whereat the people only laughed. But they were incensed because the The- bans had things all their own way, not stopping to consider that the fame of Pelopidas was more potent than any number of rhetorical discourses with a man who ever paid deference to those who were mighty in arms. XXXI. This embassy, then, added not a little to the goodwill felt towards Pelopidas, on his return home, because of the peopling of Messene and the independence of the other Greeks. But Alexander of Pherae had now resumed his old nature and was destroying not a few Thessalian cities; he had also put garrisons over the Achaeans of Phthiotis and the 5 419 EE 4s PLUTARCH’S LIVES tov €Ovos éudpovpov Tmeromnpévov, muvOavopevat Tledorridav érravijew ai odes evOds émpéo Bevov eis @nBas aitovpevae Svvayv nat orpatnyov éxeivov. Wndioapévoyv b¢ tav OnBaiwv mpo- Ovpws, Kal TaXv TavT@Y ETOiWoY Yyevouévwry Kal Tod otparnyou wept éEodov dytos, o peéev HALOS \ —- éEéAuTre Kal oKotos ev Huépa THv Tod Evxer, 6 8€ IleAomidas copay mpos TO paca auvte- Tapaypévouvs atavtas ovx weto Seiv BidlecBar 4 \ é / PS) ” Oe > katagoBovs cat ducédridas OvTas, ovde arroKwD- v4 e , Ul > > e \ duvevery emtaxicyidLols TroAtTals, GNX éavToY povov trois @eccanrois émidovs Kal tpiaxocious A e VA > \ b) \ \ , Tov imtéwy eGeXovtTas avadkaBov Kai Eévovs éEwpunoev, oUTE TOV paVTEWY EWVYTWY OUTE TOY ” / “a lA G\Awv cuumpodvpovpévav TrOdMTo@Y: péya yap / a) édoxer xal mpos avdpa Naprpov €E ovpavod yeryo- a » vévat aonpeiov. o dé tv pev cal Se opynv ov xabvBpioro Oepporepos ert Tov “Ar€Eavdpop, Ar- mite d€ kal THY oixiay avTov vocotaay Abn Kal SiehOappévny evpyoew é& av dretexto TH OnBn. peddiota 8 avtov Kal wapexdder TO THS TPaEEws KadXos, érOupodvra Kal dirotipovpevor, ev ols 4 nw xpovors Aaxedatpovioe Atovucio 1@ LiKnedias TUupdvy@ oTpaTHyoUs Kal appootas éErreptrop, "AOnvaior bé pucbodorny ’AréEavdpov eiyov xat A ¢/ e > 4 4 a_¢tt NAaNKOVY LoTATAV ws EvEpyEeTNY, TOTE TOs ~EXAN- aw eémderEar OnBaiovs povovs brép tev Tupav- VOUPEVMY OTPAaTEVOpEéVOUS Kal KaTadvoYTaS év a “Rh a / \ , tots “EdAnot Tas tmrapavopovs Kal Biaious duva- oTeias. 420 PELOPIDAS people of Magnesia. When, therefore, the cities learned that Pelopidas was returned, they at once sent ambassadors to Thebes requesting an armed force and him for its commander. The Thebans readily decreed what they desired, and soon every- thing was in readiness and the commander about to set out, when the sun was eclipsed and the city was covered with darkness in the day-time.! So Pelo- pidas, seeing that all were confounded at this manifestation, did not think it meet to use compul- sion with men who were apprehensive and fearful, nor to run extreme hazard with seven thousand citizens, but devoting himself alone to the Thes- salians, and taking with him three hundred of the cavalry who were foreigners and who volunteered for the service, set out, although the seers forbade it, and the rest of the citizens disapproved; for the eclipse was thought to be a great sign from heaven, and to regard a conspicuous man. But his wrath at insults received made him very hot against Alex- ander, and, besides, his previous conversations with Thebe? led him to hope that he should find the tyrant’s family already embroiled and disrupted. More than anything else, however, the glory of the achievement invited him on, for he was ardently desirous, at a time when the Lacedaemonians were sending generals and governors to aid Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily, and the Athenians were taking Alexander’s pay and erecting a bronze statue of him as their benefactor, to show the Greeks that the Thebans alone were making expeditions for the relief of those whom tyrants oppressed, and were over- throwing in Greece those ruling houses which rested on violence and were contrary to the laws. 1 July 13, 364 B.c. 2 Cf. chapter xxviii. 3 ff. 421 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXII. ‘Os odv eis Papoarov Mav 7Opoice THY Suvapuy, evdus eBddiSev éml TOV Arefavdpov. o 6é OnBaious pev odiryous mepl TOV TleAoridav opay, aQuTos dé mrelous € ov h Sumhacious oTr- Aras Tav Qeccarav arnvra mpos TO @eridecov. ElTTOVTOS b¢ twos t@ IleAomida modXovs éxov- Se Tov TUpavvov érépxer Bau, “ Bérrov, edn, “ arAelovas yap viKno Ome. 7 "Avatewovtwoy dé mpos Td pécov KaTa Tas Kadoupevas Kuvos Keparas NOdav TE PLE ALVOY Kal DYNrAGY, Opynoav ap orepor TOUTOUS KaTa- AaBelv Trois welois. Tovs o inmreis 0 Tledorridas TWOANOVs Kayabous dvtas epFKe Tots im@mevdor TOV TONE pion, os dé ovTOL _pev expatouv Kal ouvel- émrecov et$ TO medtov Tois hevyouawy, o dé "ANEE- avdpos &pOn TOUS Aopous catahaBan, Tois omrAt- Tals TOV Ococarav a TEpov emEpXoMevots Kat 7 pos ioxupa Kat peTéwpa x0 pia, Bralopévors éuBaray é EXTELVE TOUS T porous, at dé aAXoz ™hy- yas NaBovtes ovdév Epaccov. KatTidav odv 6 Ilexoridas Tous peéev immets advexanetto Kal pos TO cuvEer THKOS TOV Tone ploy ehavverv exeheven, avTOos 6é ouverte Spay Tots wept TOUS hogous paxopevous evOvs THY aorioa haBov. Kat bua TOV Grid Dev Go dwEvos els TOUS Tpw@rous ToTaU- Tnv éveTtoinoe papunv Kal tpoOupiay arracw ooTE Kal Tois ToXemiots éTEpous Soxeiy yeyovoras Kat copact Kal Yruxais émépyer Oar. Kai dvo péev 7 Tpeis airexpovcavTo mpoo Bonds, opavres bé Kal TOUTOUS éruBaivoyras EUPOTTOS cal THY iartrov amo TIS diakews avactpéepovoay elEav, € éml oxéXOS jotovpevor THY avaywpnow. o 6é IleXomidas 422 PELOPIDAS XXXII. Accordingly, when he was come to Phar- salus, he assembled his forces and marched at once against Alexander. Alexander, also, seeing that there were only a few Thebans with Pelopidas, while his own men-at-arms were more than twice as many as the Thessalians, advanced as far as the temple of Thetis to meet him. When Pelopidas was told that the tyrant was coming up against him with a large force, “ Alf the better,” he said, “for there will be more for us to conquer.” At the place called Cynoscephalae, steep and lofty hills jut out into the midst of the plain, and both leaders set out to occupy these with their infantry. His horsemen, however, who were numerous and brave, Pelopidas sent against the horsemen of the enemy, and they prevailed over them and chased them out into the plain. But Alexander got posses- sion of the hills first, and when the Thessalian men- at-arms came up later and tried to storm difficult and lofty places, he attacked and killed the foremost of ' them, and the rest were so harassed with missiles that they could accomplish nothing. Accordingly, when Pelopidas saw this, he called back his horse- men and ordered them to charge upon the enemy’s infantry where it still held together, while he him- self seized his shield at once and ran to join those who were fighting on the hills. Through the rear ranks he forced his way to the front, and filled all his men with such vigour and ardour that the enemy also thought them changed men, advancing to the attack with other bodies and spirits. Two or three of their onsets the enemy repulsed, but, seeing that these too were now attacking with vigour, and that the cavalry was coming back from its pursuit, they gave way and retreated step by step. Then Pelo- 423 PLUTARCH’S LIVES amo TOV axpov Kat dev array TO oTpatoredov TOV TON piwV OTTO Be els gpuyny TETPA[EVOP, non dé JopvBov Kab Tapaxys dvaTr yu Aapevor, éoTn Kat mepeBreyrev avrov * Enta@v TOV "Ane€- avépov. as 0 eldev érri Tob deEtov mapabappu- vovTa Kar cuvTaTTovTa TOUS paPodopovs, ov KATETXE TQ oyra wg THY opyny, GXAA TPOS THY Breve avaprex Gels Kat TO Oup@ Trapasous 70 copa Kal THV ryewoviay THIS m pakews, TOAD po TOV aANov éfaropevos épépero Body nai Tpoxa- Aovpevos TOV TUpavvov. éxeivos pev ouv oOUK edeEato THY oppny ovee u Dmréuewven, GXn’ avapuyav Wpos TOUS Sopudopous evexpuypev EauTOD. TOD dé _ bia Oopopeor ot pep T paror cupPBadovtes els yvelpas avexomna av vd TOD TleAoridou, tives 5é kal mAnyevtes éteXevTNTav, ot Sé wroAdol Tois Sdpact moppwbev bia TOV OThov TUTTOVTES AUTO KateTpavparilov, €ws ot @ecoarol scepitraby- CaVvTES aro TOY NOhav Spome mpoaeBonOncar, 76n TENT@KOTOS, ot Te immeis ‘Tpocedacavres Sdnv eTpexravo THV parayya Kal Oi@Eavtes € emt TAEltoTov éveTrAnTAV vexpov THY Ywpayv, TrEOV i] TpiaytAtous cataPanorres. XXXII. To pév otv @nBatiwy tovs Tapovras ért Th TOU Iledomidou TENEUTH} Bapéws hépery, maTépa Kal cWTHpa Kal SiSdoKaXov Tov peyloT@v Kal xadXlctov ayabav amoxanroivtas éxeivor, ov qavu Gavpacrov nv: ot bé @cacarol Kal ot TUppAXoL Tacav avOpwrivn TpeTova ay apeT i Tiny Tos Wndicpacw vmepRadovtes, tt par- 1 wepieBAeey avrov Sintenis’ correction of the MSS. wepé- ornoev abrév; Bekker, after Coraés and Amyot, corrects to wepreondnnoey ‘abrdy. 424 96 PELOPIDAS pidas, looking down from the heights and seeing that the whole army of the enemy, though not yet put to flight, was already becoming full of tumult and confusion, stood and looked about him in search of Alexander. And when he saw him on the right wing, marshalling and encouraging his mercenaries, he could not subject his anger to his judgement, but, inflamed at the sight, and surrendering himself and his conduct of the enterprise to his passion, he sprang out far in front of the rest and rushed with challenging cries upon the tyrant. He, however, did not receive nor await the onset, but fled back to his guards and hid himself among them. The foremost of the mer- cenaries, coming to close quarters with Pelopidas, were beaten back by him; some also were smitten and slain; but most of them fought at longer range, thrusting their spears through his armour and cover- ing him with wounds, until the Thessalians, in dis- tress for his safety, ran down from the hills, when he had already fallen, and the cavalry, charging up, routed the entire phalanx of the enemy, and, fol- lowing on a great distance in pursuit, filled the country with their dead bodies, slaying more than three thousand of them. XXXIII. Now, that the Thebans who were present at the death of Pelopidas should be disconsolate, calling him their father and saviour and teacher of the greatest and fairest blessings, was not so much to be wondered at; but the Thessalians and allies also, after exceeding in their decrees every honour that can fitly be paid to human excellence, showed 425 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ov emedelEavro TOUS madect THY 7 p0s TOV avdpa 2 xapty. TOUS pev yap mapayeyovotas TO Eprya Aeyouct pare Gopana OécOat pre im-mrov ex aNL- vacat pare Tpavpa djcacbat T poTepov, OS érvOovto THY éxelvou TENEUTHD, aNAra pera TOV OT N@V Jeppovs | tovras emt Tov vex pov domep aicBavopevon, Ta TOV TONE pLeoV KUKN@ Twept TO cOUa ow@pevety Adpupa, xeipa dé imrrovs, Kel- 3 pacbat bé Kal avrovs, amvovras rOé ToAAOUS emt oKnvas pyre Tp avarypat pre deimrvov éréc0an, ouyny dé Kal Karnpeav elvat Tov orpatorrésou TAVvTos, domep ov VEVLKNKOTOY émupaverTatny vikny Kal peylorny, aX’ NT TN MEVOY uTO TOU 4 Tupavvov Kat Karasedoudmpmevav. éx oe TOY Tow, as amnyyerdn TabTa, Taphoay ai TE apyal Kal pet avTav éepn Bor Kal Lmaises Kal lepeis 1 pos THY bmrodox nv Tou THLATOS, TpoTrata Kal atepavous Kal wavoTAlas Xpucas émriupépovtes. as 6é Euedev exxopiter Oar TO copa, 7 pogen- Govres ob mpeo Butarot TOY Ocrcarav qrobvto TOUS @nBatous 80 aitay Odrpat tov vexpov. els bé AUTOY Edevyer" oe “Avdpes TUMMAXOL, Xap aitodpev map bpav Koopov nuiv émt aTuxia 5 TocavTn Kal tapapvOiav pépoucar. ob yap Cavra @eccarol Tedomiday ™poTreurpoualy, ovde aia Pavopeve TAS afias TULas amodwcovaty, GND’ éav Watoai Te Tov vexpod TUXMpev Kal du abTav Koophnoat Kali Oarrat TO capa, Sooper byiv ovK amare 5tt pet Sov n cuppopa yeyove @etraXrois n OnBaiors- Upiv PED yap MYEHOVOS ayalod povov, npiv dé Kal tovTov Kal Ths édevdepias otépecOat cupBéRnxe. TAS yap étt TOALNTOMEV 426 PELOPIDAS still more by their grief how grateful they were to him. For it is said that those who were in the action neither took off their breastplates nor unbridled their horses nor bound up their wounds, when they learned of his death, but, still heated and in full armour, came first to the body, and as if it still had life and sense, heaped round it the spoils of the enemy, sheared their horses’ manes, and cut off their own hair; and when they had gone to their tents, many neither kindled a fire nor took supper, but silence and dejection reigned through all the camp, as if they had not won a great and most brilliant victory, but had been defeated by the tyrant and made his slaves. From the cities, too, when tidings of these things reached them, came the magistrates, accompanied by youths and boys and priests, to take up the body, and they brought trophies and wreaths and suits of golden armour. And when the body was to be carried forth for burial, the most reverend of the Thessalians came and begged the Thebans for the privilege of giving it burial themselves. And one of them said: “ Friends and allies, we ask of you a favour which will be an honour to us in our great misfortune, and will give us consolation. We men of Thessaly can never again escort a living Pelopidas on his way, nor pay him worthy honours of which he can be sensible; but if we may be permitted to compose and adorn his body with our own hands and give it burial, you will believe, we are persuaded, that this calamity is a greater one for Thessaly than for Thebes. For you have lost only a good commander ; but we both that and freedom. For how shall we 427 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aiTnoat oTpatnyov addov Trap bue@v ovUK aTro- dovres TleAoridav;” radra peév ot @nBaio ouve- Yopynoav. XXXIV. ’Exeivoy S€ tov Tapav ou Soxodow Erepat Aap porEepat yeverBar Tous TO apm pov ovK év érepavte Kal ypvo@ kal _twoppupats elvat vouilovary, o \@aTep Dirdsotos buvav cal Gaupacov tnv Acovuctov tad, olov Tparypotas peyadns THS Tupavridos eodtov Deatpixov yevopévnv. ” AnreEav- Spos dé 0 péyas ‘Hfaratiovos arro0avovTos ov povov tmmous Exetpe Kal HMLOVOUS, addha kat Tas émanfeus apeihe TOV TEXaY, OS av Soxotev at TOAELS mev0eiv, avrt THS Tpocbev popd7s Koupt- pov axa Kal atipov dvahapBdavovaat. tabTa peév ovp TpooTaypara Seam ora ovra, wal peta TONN IS avaryKns ‘Tepatvoueva Kat peta POovou TOV TUXOVTOY Kat picous TOV Biafopévwv, avde- pas YapLTos iy ovoe TEMAS, Oryxou O€ BapBapixod Kal TPUPTS Kat ara loveias émideréts, ets Kevar Kat atnv\a TH Teptovotay SraTiOepevov: avnp be SNMoTLKOS éml Eevns | TeOvnKas, ov YUvaKes, ov maiswv, ov auyyevOv Tapovtwv, ov Seopévou TLVOS, OUK dvaryKalovros, UTrO Sno TOC OUTWY kal qWodewv Gpidrepeveov T POTTE LTO MEVOS Kal auvexxoputopevos Kal oatehavovpevos, eixoTa@sS edoxer Tov TeAELOTATOY aTrEeKEL eVdarpovic pov. ov 14p, as Atawtros épacke, Xareroraros €oTUV 0 TOV EUTUXOUVT@Y Gavaros, anna pakaploTaros, els acpani XOpav Tas evmpatias katate pevos Tav ayabav Kal TUX NY petaBarrea Oat fn) atro- Aelrrwv. do BéATLOY Oo Ado Tov "Odupmeovinny Avayopav, éridovta pév viods otehavoupévous 428 29 PELOPIDAS have the courage to ask another general from you, when we have not returned Pelopidas?”’ This request the Thebans granted. XXXIV. Those funeral rites were never surpassed in splendour, in the opinion of those who do not think splendour to consist in ivory, gold, and purple, like Philistus, who tells in wondering strains about the funeral of Dionysius, which formed the pompous conclusion of the great tragedy of his tyranny. Alexander the Great, too, when Hephaestion died, not only sheared the manes of his horses and mules, but actually took away the battlements of the city- walls, in order that the cities might seem to be in mourning, assuming a shorn and dishevelled appear- ance instead of their former beauty. These honours, however, were dictated by despots, were performed under strong compulsion, and were attended with envy of those who received them and hatred of those who enforced them ; they were a manifestation of no gratitude or esteem whatever, but of barbaric pomp and luxury and vain-glory, on the part of men who lavished their superfluous wealth on vain and sorry practices. But that a man who was a com- moner, dying in a strange country, in the absence of wife, children, and kinsmen, none asking and none compelling it, should be escorted and carried forth and crowned by so many peoples and cities eager to show him honour, rightly seemed to argue him su- premely fortunate. For the death of men in the hour of their triumph is not, as Aesop used to say, most grievous, but most blessed, since it puts in safe keeping their enjoyment of their blessings and leaves no room for change of fortune. Therefore the Spartan’s advice was better, who, when he greeted Diagoras, the Olympian victor, who had lived to see 429 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘Odvpriacw, émidovta © vi@vous Kal Ouyarpt- bobs, do Trac duevos, ‘* Kat@ave,” ele, “« Atayopa: ovK els TOV “Oduptrov avaBnon.” Tas bé ‘Onup- TaKas kat Tv@txas viKnas ovK av, olpai, tts els TO avtTo cuvbels dmdcas évl trav Tledomidou mapaBareiv dayovwyv akidceev, obs ToAXOUS arywvic drevos Kal catophwaas, Kal Tov Biou TO mNelotoy év S0&n Kal TUT Biwcas, TENOS év TH Tpisxadenaty Bowrapyxta, Tupavvoxtovia, pepery- pévny apio relay dpistevav, imép ths tTav @ec- carov édevOepias amé0avev. XXXV. ‘O &¢ Gdvaros avToD peyd\a pev EXUTINCE TOUS TULA ous, peilova de Opernae. @nBaior yap, ws érvdovtro rv Tod Tledorridou TENEUTHY, ovdeniay avaBodnv Toodpevor Tis Ttwcoplas Kata _TAXOS eotpaTevoay omhitais emTaxiaxthtous, immevot © émtakocioss, mYOupe- vou Madxitov cal Avoyetrovos. kataraBorres dé guver TAABEVOY Kal TE PLKEK Op LEVOV THiS Suvdpews “Are£avdpor nvayKacay Beccarois pév atrodov- vat TAS TONES As eixev auTor, Mayvntas dé xal DO.wtas ‘Ayatous ageivat Kal Tas _ppoupas eEaryaryeir, ¢ opooat dé avtov éd’ ods av Hyavrat @n- Baio Kal KEAEVT WO LY aohovO nae. OnBaior pep ovv TOUTOLS npxécOnaay iv Sé odio VaTrepov Tois Oeois vrrép Iehoridou Suny edwxe Sinynoopat. O@nBnv thy cuvotxodcav auT@ TP@TOV pév, Qs elpntat, Tledomisas édibake pH poBeiaGat THY ew Aaum porta Kat TapacKeuny THS Tupavvibos, évTos TOV Gmrhov Kal TOV purdcov ovoay’ éreta be poBoupern THY aTlaTiav avrob Kal picovca THY QmOTHTA, aouvOepévn peta Tov adehp ar, Tptav évrov, Tictgpovov, IIvOordov, Auvxddpovos, 430 PELOPIDAS his sons crowned at Olympia, yes, and the sons of his sons and daughters, said ; “ Die now, Diagoras; thou canst not ascend to Olympus.” But one would not deign, I think, to compare all the Olympian and Pythian victories put together with one of the struggles of Pelopidas; these were many, and he made them successfully, and after living most of his life in fame and honour, at last, while boeotarch for the thirteenth time, performing a deed of high valour which aimed at a tyrant’s life, he died in defence of the freedom of Thessaly. XXXV. The death of Pelopidas brought great grief to his allies, but even greater gain. For the Thebans, when they learned of it, delayed not their vengeance, but speedily made an expedition with seven thousand men-at-arms and seven hundred horsemen, under the command of Malcitas and Diogeiton. They found Alexander weakened and robbed of his forces, and compelled him to restore to the Thessalians the cities he had taken from them, to withdraw his garrisons and set free the Magnesians and the Achaeans of Phthiotis, and to take oath that he would follow the lead of the Thebans against any enemies according to their bidding. The Thebans, then, were satisfied with this; but the gods soon afterwards avenged Pelo- pidas, as I shall now relate. To begin with, Thebe, the tyrant’s wife, as I have said, had been taught by Pelopidas not to fear the outward splendour and array of Alexander, since these depended wholly on his armed guards; and now, in her dread of his faithlessness and her hatred of his cruelty, she conspired with her three brothers, Tisiphonus, Pytholaiis, and Lycophron, and made an 431 s PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 emexeipet Tovde TOV ) TPOTTOV. THY mev aiddnu oixtay TOU Tupdvvou KatetXov at puracal TOV Ta. pavu- KTEPEVOVTMY, 0 de Odrapos, é év @ xabevoewy etd e- cav, UTEpos jy, Kal mpd avrod puranny eixe KUOY SeBeuevos, Tao poBepos TAnV autos éxet- vous Kat évi TOV olKeT@v TQ TpepovTe. Kal? ov ovv éuedXe KQLpOV émuxerpety 7 On8n, TOUS pev adedpous ad nuépas elye mANo Lov ev otk Tut 5 KEK BUMMEVOUS, elaeNOovoa Sé, WaTrep eiesBer, povn Tm™pos. tov ‘AréEavdpov 757 xabevoovta Kal pera pi pov mad mpoehBovca, TP Mev oixéTn TWpoce- takev amayev éEw Tov Kova BodrecOar yap avatravecOat pel” naovyias exelvor" avrn de THY KALaKka poBoupern pn KTUTOY Tapaoxn TOV veavic Kev avaBawovtov éplous KATEGTOPETEV® 6 eita, obT@s avaryaryovca TOUS adehgovs Exnpers Kat oToaTG, 7po TOY Oupayv etanrOev avtn, kat xabeXovoa 76 Evdhos brép TS Keparns kpepape- yov onetoy etvat Tov Katéxer Oat TOV avdpa Kat abevdery edevEev. CRTEETANYPEVOV dé TOY veavi- cKO Kal KATOKYOUVTOD, KaxtCovca Kal Stopvu- 298 pen pet opyis avTn TOV ‘AdéFavdpov efeyelpaca pnvicey THY m pat, aiaxuvdevtas avtovs a aya Kal poPnévras elonyaye Kal TEpléa THE TH Krivn, 7 mpoo épove a, TOV Auxvov. Tay S€ 0 wey TOUS 78as KATELXE TETAS, O be THY Keparny AaBopevos TOV Tpiy@v avéxracev, 0 5 T iTos TO Eider TUTTT@OV avTov Suexpnoaro, T@ pev TAX EL THs TeheVTHS mpgorepov i tows i] 7 poohKov Hv arrofavevta, TO de povov v7 ™p@Tov Tupdvvay UT syuvarkes iSias atronéa Oat, kal TH peTa davarov aixia TOU capa Tos pipévros Kat TatnGévtos & tro TOV Pepaiov, afta merovOévar SoEavta Tav TapavoynudaTwv. 432 PELOPIDAS attempt upon his life, as follows. The rest of the tyrant’s house was guarded by sentries at night, but the bed-chamber, where he and his wife were wont to sleep, was an upper room, and in front of it a chained dog kept guard, which would attack every- one except his master and mistress and the one servant who fed him. When, therefore, Thebe was about to make her attempt, she kept her brothers hidden all day in a room hard by, and at night, as she was wont, went in alone to Alexander. She found him already asleep, and after a little, coming out again, ordered the servant to take the dog outdoors, for his master wanted to sleep undisturbed; and to keep the stairs from creaking as the young men came up, she covered them with wool. Then, after bringing her brothers safely up, with their swords, and stationing them in front of the door, she went in herself, and taking down the sword that hung over her husband’s head, showed it to them as a sign that he was fast asleep. Finding the young men terrified and reluctant, she upbraided them, and swore in a rage that she would wake Alexander herself and tell him of the plot, and so led them, ashamed and fearful too, inside, and placed them round the bed, to which she brought the lamp. Then one of them clutched the tyrant’s feet and held them down, another dragged his head back by the hair, and the third ran him through with his sword. The swiftness of it made his death a milder one, perhaps, than was his due; but since he was the only, or the first, tyrant to die at the hands of his own wife, and since his body was outraged after death, being cast out and trodden under foot by the Pheraeans, he may be thought to have suffered what his lawless deeds deserved. 433 VOL. V. F F MARCELLUS F FQ MAPKEAAO2 I. Médpxov 5é Kravéiov tov TEVTaKis UTATEV- cavta ‘Pwpaiwv Mdpxov pev viov yever Oar Néyouat, Kr Divas bé TOV amo TAS. OiKiaS TP@TOV Mapxedrov, 6 dep early “Apniov, as dnote Iloces- Sa@vios. 7p yap Th pev épmecpia TONEMLKOS, T@ 6é compart popanéos, 7H be xeupl TANKTNS, TH Oe pucet prom ohepos Kav TOUT én ToONU TO yavpov Kal aryépwxov éemipaivey év Tois ayaot, TH dé adr TpOoTr@ capper, prravOpwros, "EAANviKijs matdeias Kal NOyov axpu TOU Tiyway Kal Javpatery TOUS xatopBobvras € épaoTns, avTos dé om’ aoxXo- Mav ép’ Scov Hy m pod upos doKhoat Kat pabeiv ouK eErxopevos. eb yap | aAXots ticiv avOpwroaes 0 Ocos, @otrep“Opunpos eipneer, éx vEeoTnTos GdwKeE Kal eis yHpas ToNUTrEvELY apyanéous TroNémous, Kal TOiS TOTE mpwrevovar ‘Pwpaiwv, ot véor pev évTes Trepl DuKceday Kapxndoviors, dxpdfovres 5é Tanrdtais brép auras ‘Iradtas eTOAE LOUD, Hon O€ YNpavres | “AvviBe may TUVELXOVTO Kat Kapyn- Soviors, ouK éXOvTES, OoTeEp ot ToNAOl, oa yipas avdrravew oTparely, GND’ ert oTpaThyias | TONE- pov Kal nyem“ovias Kat evyéveray Kal apeTny ayomevot. 436 MARCELLUS I. Marcu Craupivs, who was five times consul of the Romans, was a son‘of Marcus, as we are told, and, according to Poseidonits, was the first of his family to be called Marcellus, which means Martial. For he was by experience a man of war, of a sturdy body and a vigorous arm. He was naturally fond of war, and in its conflicts displayed great impetuosity _and high temper; but otherwise he was modest, humane, and so far a lover of Greek learning and discipline as to honour and admire those who excelled therein, although he himself was prevented by his occupations from achieving a knowledge and _ pro- ficiency here which corresponded to his desires. For if ever there were men to whom Heaven, as Homer says,! “From youth and to old age appointed the accom- plishment of laborious wars,” they were the chief Romans of that time, who, in! their youth, waged war with the Carthaginians for ; Sicily ; in their prime, with the Gauls to save Italy | itself; and when they were now grown old, con- tended again with Hannibal and the Carthaginians, and did not have, like most men, that respite from service in the field which old age brings, but were called by their high birth and valour to undertake leaderships and commands in war. 1 Iliad, xiv. 86 f. a PLUTARCH’S LIVES II. Mdpxedros 6é ™ pos ovoev Bev nv paxns eldos apyos ovde avdoKntos, avTos 5 éavtod KPATLG TOS év T@ povopayxety rYEVvOMEVOS ovdemiav TpoKANo wy eure, mavTas 6é Tovs mpoKadeca- pevOUS améxtewev. év 5& Lixeria Tov aded.pov ’Oraxidvoy xuvOuvevovta Siéswoev brepacrriaas Kal dmrox Teas TOUS emu Epopevovs. av Ov OVTL pev ere véw atépavor Kal yépa Tapa TOV oTpaThnyav noay, eddoxtpobvra dé uadXov aryopa- Vo_OV pev améderfe Ths emupaveatépas Tafews o Sijpos, oi O¢ f tepeis abryoupa. todTo & éotly ‘epo- auvns eldos, © padiora THY an olwvary pavTeKny émtBrerrev Kal TapapuraT rely vomos bédwxev. "HyayxdoOn 6é ary opavopev Stxny aBovrntov eloeveyxely. mv yap avTe Tats OM@vU LOS év wpa, THY Ow éxmpenns, ovx HTTOv Oe TP cwmpovew Kal meTraloeva Oat mepiBrerros t UTO TOV ToT Oy" TOUT@ Kasretwhivos 6 Oo TOU Mapxeharov cuvdpxXwr, doedyis avijp Kal Opacus, epay oyous m™poon- veyKe. Tod dé rratdos TO pev T pat ov avrob Kal’ éavTov drrorpiapevou THY metpay, Os dé adOus emexelpnoe KATELTTOVTOS 7 pos TOV Tarépa, Bapéws EVEYK@V O Mdpxednos Tpoonyyetre t™ Boudry TOV avOpwrov. o oe TONGS per drodpdces Kab mapaypapas eunxavaro, Tous Snpdpxous emika- Loupevos, exeLveov be pa T poo Sexopevov THY emikANoL dpvncet THY aitiav epevye. Kal pap- TUpOS ovdevos TOV Aoyov yeyovotos ébo0ke peTa- méepmerOar Tov Tatoa TH Bovr7. Taparyevopevov é oR TES épvOnua Kat Sdxpvov Kal pwepey wevov atravot@! T@ Oupovpév@ To aidovpevov, ovdeves 1 @nator» Bekker corrects to amAdatw (unfeigned), after Emperius. 438 299 MARCELLUS II. Marcellus was efficient and practised in every ing his challengers. In Sicily he saved his brother Otacilius from peril of his life, covering him with his shield and killing those who were setting upon him. Wherefore, although he was still a youth, he received garlands and prizes from his commanders, and since he grew in repute, the people appointed him curule aedile,! and the priests, augur. This is a species of priesthood, to which the law particularly assigns the observation and study of prophetic signs from the flight of birds. During his aedileship, he was compelled to bring a disagreeable impeachment into the senate. He had a son, named Marcus like himself, who was in the flower of his boyish beauty, and not less admired by his countrymen for his modesty and good training. To this boy Capitolinus, the colleague of Marcellus, a bold and licentious man, made overtures of love. The boy at first repelled the attempt by himself, but when it was made again, told his father. Marcellus, highly indignant, denounced the man in the senate. The culprit devised many exceptions and ways of escape, appealing to the tribunes of the people, and when these rejected his appeal, he sought to escape the charge by denying it. There had been no witness of his proposals, and therefore the senate decided to summon the boy before them. When he appeared, and they beheld his blushes, tears, and shame mingled 1 Literally, aedile of the more wlustrious cluss, i.e. patrician, in distinction from plebeian, aedile. 439 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , \ Grou Senévres texpnpiov xatetndicavto Kat aA e e Vpnpaciww étnuiwoay Karetwdwov, €€ wy o MapxerXos apyupa dowBeta trornodpevos ois Geois xabtépwaoev. III. ’Evei &5€ tov mpwtov tav Kapynéoviwv / ” 4 \ > A , TONE MeV éree SevTép@ Kai enooT@ cuvarpeDevros 4 A > apyal maddy Taratixav dyovev dredéyovto THV e : fol Popny, of S€ THY UTadTeEiay vem“oyevoe TIS Iranrias “IvoouBpes, Kertixov €0vos, peyddoe Kat Kal éavtovs dvtes, Suvdpers exdrovy, Kal pete- mwéutrovto Tadate@v tovs picOod otpatevopevous, 2 of Tatroatat xadXodvtat, Oavpacroy pev édoxet Kat Tuxyns ayadys yevéoOar TO wn GUppayjvat Tov a A > KeaArtixoy eis TO avtTo TO AtBuK@ ToXrEpoV, aAX e a womrep epedpeiav ciAnghotas tovs Taradtas, opbas A 4 , Kat Stxaiws atTpemnoavtas payopévwy éxeivor, e / \ ra ovTw ToTe 57 Tois verLKnKOoLY émamTrodved Oat Kal a Q ” b] \ 9 \ mpoxareio Bar oxokny ayovras’ ov pny avANa peyay us TE Xepa mapetxye hoBov, dia thy yeet- viaow opope Kal TpocoiKep TrOhE Me ouvoico- pévors, Kal TO Tadatov dkiwpa trav Tadatov, A 4 € A a “ @ \ ods padduota “Pwpaios Setoar Soxodowy, are dy \ \ / e_ 3? > A > / bd bd / 3 Kal THY TOW UT avTa@V atroBaXovTes, cE éxeivou dé kal Oéwevor vosov atereis elvat oTpateias TOUS iepéas, wAnv ef pn Taratixos mad érérOor “i b] , \ \ N , 3 A a TOAEMOS. €dnrov Oé Kal Tov hoBov avTav H Te \ a Tapackeun (mupiddes yap év Sirrols apa Tocai- la tat ‘Pwpaiwy ote mpotepov ote Dorepoy yevé- oOat réyovtTas) Kai Ta Tepl Tas Ovoias KatvoTopLoU- i, MARCELLUS with quenchless indignation, they wanted no further proof, but condemned Capitolinus, and set a fine upon him. With this money Marcellus had silver libation- bowls made, and dedicated them to the gods. III. After the first Punic war had come to an end in its twenty-second year, Rome was called upon to renew her struggles with the Gauls.! The Insubrians, a people of Celtic stock inhabiting that part of Italy which lies at the foot of the Alps, and strong even by themselves, called out their forces, and summoned to their aid the mercenary Gauls called Gaesatae. It seemed a marvellous piece of good fortune that the Gallic war did not break out while the Punic war was raging, but that the Gauls, like a third champion sitting by and awaiting his turn with the victor, remained strictly quiet while the other two nations were fighting, and then only stripped for combat when the victors were at liberty to receive their challenge. Nevertheless, the Romans were - greatly alarmed by the proximity of their country to the enemy, with whom they would wage war so near their own boundaries and homes, as well as by the ancient renown of the Gauls, whom the Romans seem to have feared more than any other people. For Rome had once been taken by them,? and from that time on a Roman priest was legally exempt from military service only in case no Gallic war occurred again. Their alarm was also shown by their prepa- rations for the war (neither before nor since that time, we are told, were there so many thousands of Romans in arms at once), and by the extraordinary sacrifices which they made to the gods. For though 1 The First Punic War lasted from 265 B.c. till 241 B.c., and the Insubrians invaded Italy in 225 B.c. 2 In 390 B.c. See the Camillus, xix.—xxlii. 441 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 peva’ BapBapixoy pep yap" ovoeyv ovd _expudov emery devovtes, GaXN ws évt paduora, Tais dokaes ‘EAAnuinas Sianelpevor Kal T PLO’ mpos Ta Geta, TOTE TOU \Trohepou TUL TETOVTOS nvayxaoOnoav elEat Aovyiors Ticly ex Tov SuBudrArEiwv, kal dvo prev” EdaAnvas, dvbpa Kai yuvaira, 8v0 dé Tand- TAS Opoiws év 7H Kahoupery Body ayopa KaTopu- Eat Cavras, ols étt Kal vov &v TO NoepBpip pyvi dpaccy “ "EAA ot kal Tardtais atoppntous Kat eres iepoupyias. . Of pev ou Tpa@ror Tav ayavey viKas TE igtiae Kal opdkpara Tois ‘Popators é evéyKavTes ets ouder éreNeuTno ay mépas BéeBasov: Prapuviov 6 kat Doupiou trav imarov peyanrais exoTpareu- oavray Suvdpecty él Tous “IvcopBpas, abOn pev aipate péwy o dia THs Teanvisdos YO pas TOTA[OS, ehéxOn dé Tpels oedivas pavyvar wept ToALy 2 ’Apiptvov, ot dé éi Tats Umatixais arndhodopiars mapapudar roves OLWVvOUS lepets beBeBatobvro pox Onpas Kal duaopyidas avTois yeyovevar Tas TOV UTATWY a avaryopevoets. evOvs ody emeprpev 7) oUYKANTOS émt TO oTpatoTredov ypappara Ka- Novca Kal peTaTremTropern TOUS vmadtous, ST WS éemavehOortes 7 n TAXIOTA THY apXnV aneim@vrat Kal pnder « as Umatoe POdcwot m pagat pos TOUS 3 mohepious. tava deFapevos Ta, ypappara Pra- piveos ov ToT epov EXvoev 7) vax cuvdrras Tpe- racbat Tovs BapBapovs Kal THv Xopav auT@v émOpapeiv. as ouv éemravnrde peta TONG da- hvpwv, ovK amnvrncev o Ojos, aN’ Sti Kadov- pevos ovK evOus wvarnKovcev oud" émeia On Tois ypaupaciw, GrAX eévuBpice Kal Kxatedppovyce, 1 wev yap Bekker, after Coraés : pév. 442 MARCELLUS they have no barbarous or unnatural practices, but cherish towards their deities those mild and rever- ent sentiments which especially characterize Greek thought, at the time when this war burst upon them they were constrained to obey certain oracular com- mands from the Sibylline books, and to bury alive two Greeks, a man and a woman, and likewise two Gauls, in the place called the “forum boarium,” or cattle-market ; and in memory of these victims, they still to this day, in the month of November, perform mysterious and secret ceremonies. IV. The first conflicts of this war brought great victories and also great disasters to the Romans, and led to no sure and final conclusion; but at last Flaminius and Furius, the consuls, led forth large forces against the Insubrians. At the time of their departure, however, the river that flows through Picenum was seen to be running with blood, and it was reported that at Ariminum three moons had ap- peared in the heavens, and the priests who watched the flight of birds at the time of the consular elec- tions insisted that when the consuls were pro- claimed the omens were inauspicious and baleful for them. At once, therefore, the senate sent letters to the camp, summoning the consuls to return to the city with all speed and lay down their office, and forbidding them, while they were still consuls, to take any steps against the enemy. On receiving these letters, Flaminius would not open them before he had joined battle with the Barbarians, routed them, and overrun their country. Therefore, when he returned with much spoil, the people would not go out to meet him, but because he had not at once listened to his summons, and had disobeyed the letters, treating them with insolent contempt, they 443 PLUTARCH’S LIVES puKxpou pev edénoey atrondicacbat Tov OpiauBov avtov, OprauBevoavta bé idtwrny érroincer, avay- xkdoas é€opocacbat Thy bTatelay peta TOU auV- adpyovtos. ovTw Tavta Ta Tpdypata “Pwpaios eis Tov Deov aynyeto, pavTeav 5é Kal tatpiov a 4 Umeporiay ovd émt trais peyiotais evtpakiass amedéyovro, peiCov nyovpevoe mpos owTnpiav ToAEws TO Oaupdleay ta Oeia rovs apyovtas Tov KPATELY TOV TOELiOV. V. TiBéptos ody Lepmpavios, avnp Si’ avdpetav \ , b) N 3 e \ Kal xaXoxayabiav ovdevos HTtTov ayatnOels vio e , > / \ e 7 / Popatwy, améderge pev UTratevwv Stadoyous 2Ken- miwva Nacixav cat V'diov Médpxtov, 780 dé éxov- TOV AUTOV emapxias cal oTPATED LATA, lepariKots UTrouvijpaciw éevtux@v edpev Hryvonpevov up avtTod a / “ Tt TOV TaTpiwy. Av dé ToLovTOV: Stay apxov > ov , ” , s A émr’ dovict KabeCopevos EEw TOdAEWS OiKOY 1) OKN- pny peptcOwpévos wT’ aitias Tivos avayxacb7 nto yeyovotov onuciwyv BeBaiwy érravenOeiv eis TOAD, abeivar ypnv TO TpopLEetocOwpévoy oiKnLA \ a 4 b e , \ / kal raBeiv Erepov, €E od rrornoetar THY Oéay ¢ ? ig (el A ” e ” N adOus é& imapyins. tovto Edadev, ws Eotxe, TOV TrBéptov, cai dis TH avTO yenodpevos améderke \ > 4 ” , A Tous ElpnweEvous avopas UmaTous. Dorepov dé ‘yvovs THY apaptiav aynveyne pos THY ovyKAyTOV. n O€ Ov Kareppovyce Tov KaTa pLKpov ovTwS EArNcimpatos, GAN éeypawe Tois avdpace Kai éxeivot Tas émapyias amoNTrovTes ETTaVnAOOY Eis e , \ \ 4 \ > / > A Popny taxv nat xatéGevto thy apynv. adda TavTa pev vaTtepov éem@paxXOn: trepi 5é TOUS avTOUS 444 300 MARCELLUS came near refusing him his triumph, and after his triumph, they compelled him to renounce the consul- ship with his colleague, and made him a private citizen. To such a degree did the Romans make everything depend upon the will of the gods, and so intolerant were they of any neglect of omens and ancestral rites, even when attended by the greatest successes, considering it of more importance for the safety of the city that their magistrates should reverence re- ligion than that they should overcome their enemies. V. For example, Tiberius Sempronius, a2 man most highly esteemed by the Romans for his valour and _ probity, proclaimed Scipio Nasica and Caius Marcius his successors in the consulship, but when they had already taken command in their provinces, he came upon a book of religious observances wherein he found a certain ancient prescript of which he had been ignorant. It was this. Whenever a magistrate, sitting in a hired house or tent outside the city to take auspices from the flight of birds, is compelled for any reason to return to the city before sure signs have appeared, he must give up the house first hired and take another, and from this he must take his observations anew. Of this, it would seem, Tiberius was not aware, and had twice used the same house before proclaiming the men I have mentioned as consuls. But afterwards, discovering his error, he referred the matter to the senate. This body did not make light of so trifling an omission, but wrote to the consuls about it; and they, leaving their provinces, came back to Rome with speed, and laid down their offices. This, however, took place at a later time.1 But at about the time of which I am 1 Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, father of the two famous tribunes, was consul for the second time in 163 B.c. 445 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éxeivous Xpovous kai dvo tepets emupavéo trator Tas lepoatvas adnpeOnaay, Kopyn Atos pep KeOnyos dTt TA oOTAaYYVA TOU tepeiov 7 a.pa, Taki émédeoxe, Kovivros dé LouNTiKios émt TO Ovovtos avTod TOV xopupatov am oppunvas THS keparhs qidov, ov ob Kaovpevot Pra piveoe popovor. Muvovxiou dé SixTaTopos immapxov anodeiEavros Taiov Pra- piviov, émel Tptopos joboOn pouos ov copiKa KaXovo ty, arroynbic apevoe TOUVTOUS avdis é érépous KaTéoTHO AV. Kat Thy év ovT@ pexpois axptBeav purdrrovtes ovdepia mpocepiyvucay decotdar- povia, TO pnoey adXAaTTEV pwndé TrapexBaivery TOV marplav. VI. ‘Os & obv éEwpocavto THY apxnv ot tepl Tov Prapivor, dia TaY KaNoupéevoy peo oBact- Néwy B UTATOS amodeixvuTas Mdpxedros. Kal Tapa- AaBov Thv apxny dmodeixvucw avr cuvdpyovra T'vatov KopvnAtov. érXEVON fev ovv ws TONG oupBartixa Tov Taratov NeyorTon, Kat THS Bours eipnvaia Bovropéerns, ) Madpxedros efe- TpaXUVE TOV Sjjpov é emt Tov TOE HOV" ov pay anna, Kal yevopéevns etp7vns avakawtoat Tov TOAELOV ol Datcarat doKovc Ll, Tas “AMtrets vmepBadovres Kat TOUS ‘IvoopBpous €m dpavrTes” Tpla wupLot yap OVTES 7 poce'yevovTo TohhaT Aas tous éxelvots ovot, Kal peya dp povobvtes evOds én’ ‘Axéppas @ Opynoay, TOMY umép motapov Iddou avepKic pévnv. éxet- Gev dé pupiovs trav Tastcatay o Bactheds Bpero- 1 Cf. the Numa, vii. 5. 2 In 222 8.c. In republican times, an interrex was elected when there was a vacancy in the supreme power, held office for five days, and, if necessary, nominated his successor. Any number of interreges might be successively ap- 446 MARCELLUS speaking, two most illustrious priests were deposed from their priesthoods, Cornelius Cethegus, because he presented the entrails of his victim improperly, and Quintus Sulpicius, because, while he was sacrific- ing, the peaked cap which the priests called flamens! wear had fallen from his head. Moreover, because the squeak of a shrew-mouse (they call it “sorex’’) was heard just as Minucius the dictator appointed Caius Flaminius his master of horse, the people deposed these officials and put others in their places. And although they were punctilious in such trifling matters, they did not fall into any superstition, be- cause they made no change or deviation in their ancient rites. VI. But to resume the story, after Flaminius and his colleague had renounced their offices, Marcellus was appointed consul? by the so-called “interreges.”’ He took the office; and appointed Gnaeus Cornelius his colleague. Now it has been said that, although the Gauls made many conciliatory proposals, and although the senate was peaceably inclined, Marcellus tried to provoke the people to continue the war. However, it would seem that even after peace was made the Gaesatae renewed the war; they crossed the Alps and stirred up the Insubrians. They num- bered thirty thousand themselves, and the Insubrians, whom they joined, were much more numerous. With high confidence, therefore, they marched at once to Acerrae, a city situated to the north of the river Po.° From thence Britomartus the king, taking with him pe until the highest office was filled. Cf. the Numa, 11. ° * According to Polybius (ii. 34), no peace was made, although the Gauls offered to submit, and the consuls marched into the territory of the Insubrians and laid siege to Acerrae. 447 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES paptos avaraBov thy rept dbov ywpay éropber. Tabra, Mapxedros mudopevos TOV pev cuvdpxovra 7 pos "AKéppaus améNre THY meth Kal Bapeiav opod Taoay éxovTa Sbvapev Kal Tov imméay pépos Tpitov, autos dé TOUS NoeTrous tIrTrets ava- AaBov cal Tovs édappotatous TOY omhitay Tept éEaxoaious Tprauvev, ouUTE Tepas ore VUKTOS avueis Tov Spopor, & Ews éréBare tots pupias Tar- oar ass mept TO KadovUpEvor Kraortidvov, Dana- TLKNY KOUNY ov po ToD ‘Pwpaiors bmnKoov yeyernpevny. avaraBeiv dé kal Stavarratoas TOV oTpatov ouyx umiptev avT@: Tax yap aicOnovw TOLS BapBdpors adixdpevos Tapéa xe, Kal kare- ppovnOn elon pev odor TwavTaTactw. OvTwY ov avtT@, To 8 immecov éy ovdevt doy TOV KeATov TUB epeveov. KpaTLo To yap OvTes (mrro0- paxetv Kal pddLoTa TOUT! Siaé pe Soxobvres, ToTe Kal mrnOe TOND TOV MdpxedAor UT Epe- Barnror. evOus ovv én avTOV ws dvapTac opevot peta Bias moAXjs- Kat Sewe aTreth ov épépovTo, TOU Baciréws mpoimrmevovTos. o 0€ Mapxednos, @S [7 pbaier avrov eynuehao apevor Kat TEPLYU- Gévres dhuyoo Tov éytTa, Tas ihas mye Toppe Tay iTTEMY KAL TEPLHAQUVE, NETTOV EXTELVMY TO Képa axpt ob puKpov améaxe TOY TONE MLV. 767 TWs Els epBorny ema Tpepovtos avrou auvTvy- ydver Tov immov mrupevTa TH yaupornte TOV TONE wLoy amotpanéaOas kat Bia pepe orig TOV Mdpxedrov. 6 88 todT0 deicas By Tapaxny ex Serodatpovias Tots -Popaious evepydontat, TAaXY meplomaaas ep” jviay TP XAAVO Kal Tmept- operas TOV irtrov évavtiov Tois Tohepiors, TOV HALoY avTos TpoceKUYNnaeEY, ws 57 LN KATA TUYNY, 448 301 MARCELLUS ten thousand of the Gaesatae, ravaged the country about the Po. When Marcellus learned of this, he left his colleague at Acerrae with all the heavy-armed infantry and a third part of the cavalry, while he himself, taking with him the rest of the cavalry and the most lightly equipped men-at-arms to the number of six hundred, marched, without halting in his course day or night, until he came upon the ten thousand Gaesatae near the place called Clastidium, a Gallic village which not long before had become subject to the Romans. There was no time for him to give his army rest and refreshment, for the Barbarians quickly learned of his arrival, and held in contempt the in- fantry with him, which were few in number all told, and, being Gauls, made no account of his cavalry. For they were most excellent fighters on horseback, and were thought to be specially superior as such, and, besides, at this time they far outnumbered Mar- cellus. Immediately, therefore, they charged upon him with great violence and dreadful threats, think- ing to overwhelm him, their king riding in front of them. But Marcellus, that they might not succeed in enclosing and surrounding him and his few follow- ers, led his troops of cavalry forward and tried to outflank them, extending his wing into a thin line, until he was not far from the enemy. And now, just as he was turning to make a charge, his horse, frightened by the ferocious aspect of the enemy, wheeled about and bore Marcellus forcibly back. But he, fearing lest this should be taken as a bad omen by the Romans and lead to confusion among them, quickly reined his horse round to the left and made him face the enemy, while he himself made adoration to the sun, implying that it was not 449 VOL. V. GG PLUTARCH’S LIVES GNX évexa TOUTOU ™ mepiayoryh Xpnodpevos: ovTw yap Eos éoti ‘Pepators Tm pooKuvelv TOUS Geos TeplaTpepopevous. Kat avrov 767 T poo pt- yuvra Tois évavTioss mpocevtac Gat T@ peperplo Aut Ta KaANCTA TOV Tapa Tos mone pots oT Aw Kabvepwcew. VII. ’Ep TOUTY dé KaTioov 0 trav Tadarov Baotdevs Kab TEX UNpapevos amro TOV cup Porov apxovra TOUTOV elvat, ToXU ™po TOV ad\d\wV é€eXaoas tov tariov omqvrTiacey, apa th povy TpoKANTLKOV érrahahafov kal To Sopu kpadaiver, avnp peyeder Te THPATOS éFoxos TanXarov, Kal TavoTrAta év apryupo Kal xpua@ Kal Badais kat Tact mouidpacey, OoTrep dorpaTn, Stag épov arthBovon. @S oUv emiBréppavte THY parayya 7? Mapxérr Tavita tov Srrrwy oke KaANMoTA Kal Kata TOUTOY bréxaBe merrotha Oat T® Gee THY KATEVY NY, Bpynoev émt tov dvopa, Kal TO Sopare diaxoyas Tov Gwpana Kal ouveTrepeloas TH pun Tov iamov fovra ev avroy TepleTpewpe, Seurépav 88 nal tpirny TANYHY evels evOus amré- KTELVED. aronndyaas dé tov tov, Kal TOY oTwY Tob vexpod Tails Xepaly éparpdpevos, ™ pos TOV ovpavov evTey” "OO, peyara OTPATHYOY Kat Hye MOveOD épya Kal mpagers émtPrémov év TOAE- poous Kab payats peperpre Zed, paptvpopai ce ‘Popatov TpiTOS dpxav apxovra kal Baothéa oTpatnyos iota yerpl Tovde Tov dvdpa KaTepyaca- pevos Kal KTEWaS COL cab tepoby Ta m para xal KdAMoTAa TOV Aagupav. ov dé didou TUXNY Opotay éml Ta Nowra Tov ToNépou T POT PET OMEVOLS. "Ex tovtTouv cuvéputoyov ot immeis ov SiaKxexpe- 450 MARCELLUS by chance, but for this purpose, that he had wheeled about ; for it is the custom with the Romans to turn round in this way when they make adoration to the gods. And in the moment of closing with the enemy he is said to have vowed that he would consecrate to Jupiter Feretyius the most beautiful suit of armour among them. VII. Meanwhile the king of the Gauls espied him, and judging from his insignia that he was the com- mander, rode far out in front of the rest and con- fronted him, shouting challenges and brandishing his spear. His stature exceeded that of the other Gauls, and he was conspicuous for a suit of armour which was set off with gold and silver and bright colours and all sorts of broideries; it gleamed like lightning. Accordingly, as Marcellus surveyed the ranks of the enemy, this seemed to him to be the most beautiful armour, and he concluded that it was this which he had vowed to the god. He therefore rushed upon the man, and by a thrust of his spear which pierced his adversary’s breastplate, and by the impact of his horse in full career, threw him, still living, upon the ground, where, with a second and third blow, he promptly killed him. Then leaping from his horse and laying his hands upon the armour of the dead, he looked towards heaven and said: “QO Jupiter Feretrius, who beholdest the great deeds and exploits of generals and commanders in wars and fightings, I call thee to witness that I have over- powered and slain this man with my own hand, being _ the third Roman ruler and general so to slay a ruler and king, and that I dedicate to thee the first and most beautiful of the spoils. Do thou therefore grant us a like fortune as we prosecute the rest of the war.” His prayer ended, the cavalry joined battle, fight- 451 aa 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pévors Tots immedow, GAAA Kal Tpos Tovs Tefous O“od TpoapEpopevous PAYXOMEVOL, Kal VUKooL ViKNY iséa te Kal tTpowT@ wWepiTTnv Kal Trapdadokov: immeis yap immeis kat relovs dua tocovTor TOdOUTOUS OUTE TpOTEpoY oUTE UaTEpov WiKHoAL Néyovtat. xKteivas 5é Tovs TWAEiaTOUS Kal KpaTN- gas SrrAwy Kal ypnudtov émavydOe mpos Tov cuvapyovta poxOnpas trodepodvta Kertois rept Tok peytotny Kal qoAvavOpwrotatny tav Ta- AaTiK@v. MediArAavoy Kxadeirat, Kal pntpoTroAty auTnv of tHdE KeATol vopifovaory: bev éxOvpws pPaYopevot Trept avThs avtTeToALépKouv Tov Kopvy- Auov. émeNOovTos dé Mapxédrdov, cai trav Taca- Tov, ws éeTvUOovTO THY TOD Baciréws Array Kal TereuTnV, aTedOovTwv, TO péev MediodAavoy aXi- oxetat, Tas 5é adXas TONES aVTOL TrapadidcacwW oi Kertol xal ta Kal’ éavtovs émitpérover TavrTa ‘Pwpaios. Kal TovTois pév Rv eipnvn petpiov TUXOUGL. VIII. Wadioapévns S€ tTHS cuyKrANTOV pove Mapkérdo Opiap Bor, evanravve TH pév AAXy Aap- MpOTHTL Kat WAOUVTM Kal AadUpos Kal GwOpactY UTepphvéoly aixparaotwv év org&yos POavpacTos, jHOtotov b€ TdavtTwy Oéaya Kai Katvoratov émidet- Kvbpevos auTov Kouifovta T@ Oe@ THY TOD Bap- Bapov wravoTrAiav. Spvds yap evxtedvou mT péuvov épOtov Kat péya tTeypov Kal doxynoas oaTeEp TpoTatov avednoato Kal Katnprnoev €€ avTod Ta Adpupa, Koo pep biabels Kal Teptappocas Exao Tov. mpolovons b€ THS TouTHS apamevos avTos é7éBN 452 MARCELLUS ing, not with the enemy’s horsemen alone, but also with their footmen who attacked them at the same . time, and won a victory which, in its sort and kind, was remarkable and strange. For never before or since, as we are told, have so few horsemen con- quered so many horsemen and footmen together. After slaying the greater part of the enemy and getting possession of their arms and baggage, Mar- cellus returned to his colleague, who was hard put to it in his war with the Gauls near their largest and most populous city.!_ Mediolanum was the city’s name, and the Gauls considered it their metropolis ; wherefore they fought eagerly in its defence, so that Cornelius was less besieger than besieged. But when Marcellus came up, and when the Gaesatae, on learn- ing of the defeat and death of their king, withdrew, Mediolanum was taken, the Gauls themselves sur- rendered the rest of their cities, and put themselves entirely at the disposition of the Romans. They obtained peace on equitable terms. VIII. The senate decreed a triumph to Marcellus alone, and his triumphal procession was seldom equalled in its splendour and wealth and spoils and captives of gigantic size; but besides this, the most agreeable and the rarest spectacle of all was afforded when Marcellus himself carried to the god the armour of the barbarian king. He had cut the trunk of a slender oak, straight and tall, and fashioned it into the shape of a trophy ; on this he bound and fastened the spoils, arranging and adjusting each piece in due order. When the procession began to move, he took the trophy himself and mounted the chariot, and 1 Acerrae had, in the meantime, been taken. by the Romans, who had then advanced and laid siege to Medio- lanum (Milan). Cf. Polybius, ii. 34. 453 PLUTARCH’S LIVES A la A , ¥ n~ tov téOpimrov, kal tpotratopopoy ayadpa TOV éxeivov KdAXoTov Kal S:amrpenéotatoyv émdpmreve Sua THs ToNews. 0 S€ oTPAaTOS ElmEeTO KAANLCTOLS Ordos KexogUNpéVvos, GOwv Apa TeTrornuéva péXN Kat watavas émivixious eis Tov Oeov Kxat tov otTpatnyov. otTw Sé mpoRas nab wapedOov eis Tov vewr Tov hepetpiou Aros, avéotnoe Kal nabsé- pwoe, Tpitos Kal Tedevtaios aypt ToD Kal” Hyas ai@vos. WpaTos ev yap aynveyxe oxdrAa “Po- i, > \ wv nw 4 4 A pvnros aro “Axpwvos tod Karvevytov, devtepos 5é Koacos Kopvndsos amo Toroupviov Tuppnvod, XN \ iA , > \ A peta 6€ tovTous Mdpxeddos ato Boprropydptov, Baotréws Tararav, peta 5¢ Mdpxerndor ovée els. Karetrat 66 Oo pev Oeds wo TéuTetat hepeT a e ~~“ - BP mes N B pepe pe Zevs, as pev Eviot hac, ao Tod Pepetpevopéevov \ € , aA Tpovraiov, Kkata tHv EnrdAnvida yAoooav ért \ , a A MOAAnY TOTE TUupEenlypevny TH Aativwv, ws Sé , A Erepot, Aros éotiv ) mpoowvupia KxepavvoBondodr- ToS. TO yap TUTTE Pepipe ot ‘Pwpuaios KarXoverv. Grou S€ Tapa THY TOU ToAEulov TWANYHY yeryo- vévat Tovvopa éyovot: Kal yap viv év tals A paxats, Stav SidKwot TOS TrodEpLoUS, TUKVOD TO aA wn \ dépl, TOVTETTL Tale, Tapeyyvaow GAANAOLS. TA dé oxdAa oTodNa pev Kotvas, dims Sé drripma TavTa KaNOdGL. Kaitot hacly év Tots. UTOopYHpact Nopay Tlopridsov xai rpdétev omipioy Kal dev- tépwv Kal TpiTov pynpoveve, TA pev TPATA AnPOevta TH hepetpio Avi nerXevovta KaGtepodr, an ww A nw , ta Sevtepa 5é T@ “Apert, ra b€ rpita Te Kupivg, o kal AapBavey yépas doodpia Tpiaxoota Tov 454 MARCELLUS thus a trophy-bearing figure more conspicuous and beautiful than any in his day passed in triumph through the city. The army followed, arrayed in most beautiful armour, singing odes composed for the occasion, together with paeans of victory in praise of the god and their general. Thus advancing and entering the temple of Jupiter Feretrius, he set up and consecrated his offering, being the third and last to do so, down to our time. The first was Romulus, who despoiled Acron the Caeninensian ;! the second was Cornelius Cossus, who despoiled Tolumnius the Tuscan; and after them Marcellus, who despoiled Britomartus, king of the Gauls; but after Marcellus, no man. The god to whom the spoils were dedicated was called Jupiter Feretrius, as some say, because the trophy was carried on a “pheretron,” or car; this is a Greek word, and many such were still mingled at that time with the Latin;? according to others, the epithet is given to Jupiter as wielder of the thunder-bolt, the Latin “ferire”’ meaning to smite, But others say the name is derived from the blow one gives an enemy, since even now in battles, when they are pursuing their enemies, they exhort one another with the word “feri,’ which means smite! Spoils in general they call ‘‘spolia,” and these in particular, “opima.”” And yet they say that Numa Pompilius, in his commentaries, makes mention of three kinds of “ opima,” prescribing that when the first kind are taken, they shall be conse- crated to Jupiter Feretrius, the second to Mars, and the third to Quirinus; also that the reward for the first shall be three hundred asses,® for the second 1 Cf. the Romulus, xvi. 4—7. 2 Cf. the Romulus, xv. 3; Numa, vii. 5. 3 The Roman as corresponded nearly tothe English penny. 455 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 7 p@Top, TOV bé SevTepov Siaxoota, tov O€ TpiTov éxaTOV. 0 pévroe ToAUS obtos émexparet Novos, @S éxeivov oven OmrLpbeoy dv ToD, dca Kal Tapa- Takews ovans Kal Tora eal oTparnyod oTpaTn- yov aveXovTos. Tept pev ov TOUT@Y ént TOCOUTOV. Oi dé ‘Pepator THY vixny exelyny kal ToD TONE MOU Thy KaTadvow ovTwS Urepnyanncay @oTe Kat TO IIv0io xpucoby Kpatijpa amo AeTpav® . . . els Aerpous aTrooTElhat Xaporn- plov, Kat TOV Aagpupoy tais TE TULpAXior peTa- dobvar Tohect AapT pas, Kal pos ‘lépava TONG mepnpat, TOV Yupaxovatov Bactréa, didov ovTa Kal cuppa ov. IX. “AvviBou 5é éuBarovtos eis “Itadiav ér- EupOn pev O Mapxednos emt DuKeday oToAov ayo" émel dé 7] Tmepl Kadvvas aruxia ouverrere kal ‘Pwpaiwy ove drjkyat pupiddes ev TH waxn SiefOdpnoar, OAiryou 5é swbévtes ets Kaviovov OUVETTE evyeray, ny Se mpoadokia TOV ‘AvviBav evOus éml TH ‘Pepny éXay, rep Hy kpatiaTov THS Suvdpews avnpnkora, TP@TOV pev O Médpxen- Nos amo THD vey érrepyre TT) TroAet pudanny mevraxoaious Kal XLALous dySpas, évrevta Soypa TIS Bouhijs SeEdpevos eis Kavuovoy TaApHrOe, Kar Tous éKxet |TuverheryLevous maparaBov eEnyare TOV epupatay as ov T pong opevos THY Yopay. ‘Peopators bé THY NYEMOVLKeY Kal duvarav avd perv ot pev ere vnked av éy Tabs paxass, PaBiov dé Mafipov Tov melo Tov éyovtTos afiwpa Tig Tews Kat TUveTEws, TO Nay amnkptBwpevoy éy Tots umép Tov en Twadeiv Aoyts wots @S apyov él Tas awpakets Kal atoApoy yTL@vTO*’ Kal vopitoyTes 1 dd Aitpay Sintenis’, Coraés and Bekker: ad Adtpwyv. 450 MARCELLUS two hundred, and for the third one hundred. How- ever, the general and prevailing account is that only those spoils are “opima” which are taken first, in a pitched battle, where general slays general. So much, then, on this subject. The Romans were so overjoyed at this victory and the ending of the war that they sent to the Pythian Apollo at Delphi a golden bowl! ... as a thank- offering, gave a splendid share of the spoils to their allied cities, and sent many to Hiero, the king of Syracuse, who was their friend and ally. IX. After Hannibal had invaded Italy,2 Marcellus was sent to Sicily with a fleet. And when the dis- aster at Cannae came,’ and many thousands of Romans had been slain in the battle, and only a few had saved themselves by flying to Canusium, and it was expected that Hannibal would march at once against Rome, now that he had destroyed the flower of her forces, in the first place, Marcellus sent fifteen hundred men from his ships to protect the city ; then, under orders from the senate, he went to Canusium, and taking the troops that had gathered there, led them out of the fortifications to show that he would not abandon the country. Most of the leaders and influential men among the Romans had fallen in battle; and as for Fabius Maximus, who was held in the greatest esteem for his sagacity and trustworthiness, his ex- cessive care in planning to avoid losses was censured as cowardly inactivity. The people thought they had 1 The indication of its source or value which follows in the Greek, is uncertain. 2 218 B.C. 3216 B.c. Cf. the Fabius Maximus, xv. f. 457 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aTOoYpavTa TOUTOV every pos aa pareray, ou drape bé 7 pos auvvay TT pPATHYOY, em TOV Mdp- KEAXOY adespwy,” kat To Gapparéov avrob Kar Spacrnptov pos THY éxetvou kepavvovtes Kal dpporrovres evra Bevay Kat Tpovo.ay, TOTe pev aporépous apa Xetporovoirres UmaTtous, Tote bé év pepe, TOV péev Urrarov, tov dé avOuratov, e&- émrepumov. o 6¢ Nocesdavcos dnote Tov pev Pafrov Oupeoy KancioOat, Tov b¢ Mdpxeddov Eidos. avTos 6é 0 o AvviBas Edevye Tov pev PaBrov as maidayo- yov poPeic Gar, TOV 5é MdpxedXov as dyTaryove- oTny: vd’ ob pev yap xwrverOat Kaxov Te Trovetv, id’ ob 5é Kat mda xeLv. X. Hpdrov fev oop avérews ToAANs Kat Opacv- THTOS ex TOD Kpareiy Tov ‘AvviBav tois otpa- TLWOTALS eyryevopevns, TOUS arog KLBvapevous TOU oTpatomédov Kat KATATPEXOVTAS THY xopav emit Bépevos KaTEKOT TE Kat Umavihic Ke THS Suvduews: Errerta ™ pos Néav mony Kal Nadav BonOnoas Nearodiras pev em éppwcev avrous kal’ éavrovs BeBaious ovras ‘Peopatous, els 6é Noaav eciceXOav ordow cipe, tHS Bovdrts Tov Ojjpov aviBilovra petaxerpicacbas Kal KaTap- Tidae py /Suvaperns. mp yap TUS avnp evryevelg TE Tpworevov év TH Todt Kal Kar’ avopelay € é7rl- paras, dvopa Bavd.os- TodTov éy Kavvacs Tept- OTTWS aywVicduEVOY Kal TOANOUS peev avEeAoVTA tav Kapxndoviwr, tédros 8¢ avtov év Trois vexpois evpeGévra modrAav Betov KatddAEwv TO copa, Oavpdoas o ‘AvviBas ov povov adjxev avev 1 apewpwv Coraés and Bekker have xarépevyov (took refuge), after Stephanus. 458 303 MARCELLUS in him a general who sufficed for the defensive, but was inadequate for the offensive, and therefore turned their eyes upon Marcellus ; and mingling and uniting his boldness and activity with the caution and fore- thought of Fabius, they sometimes elected both to be consuls together, and sometimes made them, by turns, consul and proconsul, and sent them into the field. Poseidonius says that Fabius was called a } shield, and Marcellus a sword.! And Hannibal him- self used to say that he feared Fabius as a tutor, but Marcellus as an adversary; for by the one he was prevented from doing any harm, while by the other he was actually harmed. X. To begin with, then, since Hannibal’s victory had made his soldiers very bold and careless, Mar- cellus set upon them as they straggled from their camp and overran the country, cut them down, and thus slowly diminished their forces; secondly, he brought aid tou Neapolis and Ngja. In Neapolis he merely confirmed the minds of the citizens, who were of their own choice steadfast friends of Rome; but on entering Nola, he found a state of discord, the senate being unable to regulate and manage the people, which favoured Hannibal. For there was a man in the city of the highest birth and of illus- trious valour, whose name was Bantius. This man had fought with conspicuous bravery at Cannae, and had slain many of the Carthaginians, and when he was at last found among the dead with his body full of missiles, Hannibal was struck with admiration of him, and not only let him go without a ransom, but 1 Cf. the Fabius Maximus, xix. 3. 459 ail PLUTARCH’S LIVES AUTpOY, GAA «Kal ddpa poo éOnxe Kal pidov eTotnoato Kat _Sevov. apetBopevos ouv THY xapev 0 Bdvézos els 7 i TOV avyrBilov rev Tpodupuns, kal tov SHpov & taxvov eFirye 7 pos dmocract. ) dé Madpxeddos avedelv pev dvépa Aaprrpov oUT® THY TUY NY Kat KEKOWOVNKOTA TOV peyioroy ‘Pwo- patous ayavev ovx% Savov Hyetro, T pos sé TO pices prravOpame kal midaves & av omshig T poo a- yeoOat pthortpov 700s, doracapevov Wore TOU Bavéiou aurov npwOTnaEv Sots avO porrav ein, Tada pev ev elds, apxnv 5é Kal wpopacw év- TevEews onTav. a@s yap ele, “AevKvos Bavdtos,” olov na Geis Kat Gavpicas o O Madpxedros, «°H yap EKELVOS, "én, “ ov Bavé:0s, ov TELTTOS ev ‘Poeun Aoyos Tav év Kavvass ayovirapevor, OS povov IlabXov Alpidtov TOV apxovra r) mT pohimovros, ada Ta TWrELTTA TOV éxetip pepopévay Berdov UTOOTAYTOS TT TOMATL Kal dvadefauevov;” py- TavTOS 5é Tod Bavdiov Kat TL Kal TapadnvavtTos avT@ TOV TPAVLaTwOD, Eira,” epn, “rn dtxavta yvwpiopata Peper THS T pos neas _pertas ovK evOus T pooners; n KaKot oot Soxodpev dpeTny dpetBea Oar pirwv ols éate Tin Kat Tapa Tots Tore pias 5” ” taita girodpovnbeis xat Seko- od pLevos immov TE | Owpeiras TOAEMLOTHY avr@ Kal Spaxuds d apyuptou TevTAaKocias, XI, "Ex TOUTOU BeBatoraros pev Rv Mapkédrw TapacTarns Kat TUMPAXOS, deevoratros bé pn- VUTHS Kab KaTHYOpOS TOV TavavTia ppovovvrov 0 Bavézos. qoay dé TOOL, Kal devoobv 0 TOV ‘Popaiov éreEvovtwv trois moAepiows avdrot drap- Tacat Tas amooxevas. S10 ovvtakas o Map- 460 MARCELLUS actually added gifts, and made him his friend and guest. In return for this favour, then, Bantius was one of those who eagerly favoured the cause of Han- nibal, and was using his great influence to bring the people to a revolt. Marcellus thought it wrong to put to death a man so illustrious in his good fortune who had taken part with the Romans in their greatest conflicts, and, besides his natural kindliness, he had an address that was likely to win over a character whose ambition was for honour. One day, therefore, when Bantius saluted him, he asked him who he was, not that he had not known him for some time, but seeking occasion and excuse for conversation with him. For when he said, “I am Lucius Ban- tius,” Marcellus, as if astonished and delighted, said : ‘What! are you that Bantius who is more talked of in Rome than any of those who fought at Cannae, as the only man who did not abandon Paulus Aemi- lius the consul, but encountered and received in his own body most of the missiles aimed at him?’’ And when Bantius assented and showed him some of his scars, “ Why, then,” said Marcellus, “when you bear _ such marks of your friendship towards us, did you - not come to us at once? Can it be that you think us loath to requite valour in friends who are honoured even among our enemies?” These kindly greetings he followed up by making him presents of a war horse and five hundred drachmas in silver. XI. After this Bantius was a most steadfast partisan and ally of Marcellus, and a most formidable de- nouncer and accuser of those who belonged to the opposite party. These were many, and they pur- posed, when the Romans went out against the enemy, to plunder their baggage. Marcellus there- 1 The story of Lucius Bantius is told by Livy also (xxiii. 15, 7—16, 1). ee 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KeAXOS THY SUvapty évTds Tapa TAS TrUNAS EcTHGE a wn A Ta aKxevodopa, cal tois NwaAavois d:a xnpvy- Paros ateime Tpos Ta TELyYn MpooTrEeAalev. AV @ ¢ ? , \ % > U 9 4, ou OTrAwy épnuia cai tov "AvviBav émeotacato aA nw 4 Wpocayely ATAKTOTEpOV, WS TOY ev TH TrONEL ‘\ tapatropévov. ‘Ev tovrm S€ tHv nal’ avtov TUAnY avatreTdcat KeXevoas o Madpxeddos &€&n- Nacev, Exov pel” éavtTod TaY immoTaY TOUS 4 NaumpoTdtous, Kal Mpoomec@y KaTa oToOMa ld a , > 9 , b e \ guveiveto Tois Todepions. pet OArtyov 8 ot meCot , Kad érépayv mvdnv éyw@povy peta Spopov Kat An a ? / Bohs: nat awpos tovTovs avOts avd tov AvviBa pepifovtos thy Svvayiv tpitn TeV muA@V > ‘ \ > > A Ig-/ e ) avewyvuto, Kal 6’ avthns éFéOeov ot Aottrol Ka mpocéxetvto Tavtayobev éxmeTANYypEVOLS TO ampocdonnt@m Kal KaK@s apvvopévots Tovs év yepaiv On Oud Tovs VaoTepov émipepopévovs. 3 “ a e \ ? ; e , 2 / xavtTav0a mpatov ot crv ‘AvviBa “Pwpaiors éve- Swxav, wOovpevor dove TWorAA@ Kal Tpavpact MWpos TO oTpaTOTEboV. A€yovTaL yap UTép TrevTA- KisXtdovs amro0aveiv, adtoxteivac 5é ‘Pwpaiwv 9 , Av / e \ / (ef ov mAélovas 7) TreVTaKocious. o dé AiBtos ovT@ \ b “ A 4 pev ov dtaBeBatovrar yevéoOar peyadnv Array ovdé TEecEiy VEexpOvS ToTOUTOUS THY TroAEMiW?, , \ , A KdEos 6€ péya MapkérAdo xal “Pwpatots éx naxov U 9 \ A Oapoos amo tis payns éxeivns vrdpkar Oav- ld PaaTOV, OVX WS Mpos apayov ovdée aNTTHTO?, PJ a GdAd te kat wadeiv duvapevov Staywvilopévots TWoNEjLLOV. XII. Avo nad Oatépov tay brdtwv atrobavivtos 46a 304 ~MARCELLUS fore drew up his forces inside the city, stationed his baggage-trains near the gates, and issued an edict forbidding the men of Nola to come near the city walls. Consequently there were no armed men to be seen, and Hannibal was thus induced to lead up his forces in some disorder, supposing the city to be in a tumult. But at this juncture Marcellus ordered the gate where he stood to be thrown open, and marched out, having with him the flower of his horsemen, and charging directly down upon the enemy joined battle with them. After a little his footmen also, by another gate, advanced to the attack on the run and with shouts. And still again, while Hannibal was dividing his forces to meet these, the third gate was thrown open, and through it the rest rushed forth and fell upon their enemies on every side. These were dismayed by the unexpected onset, and made a poor defence against those with whom they were already engaged because of those who charged upon them later. Here for the first time the soldiers of Hannibal gave way before the Romans, being beaten back to their camp with much slaughter and many wounds. For it is said that more than five thousand of them were slain, while they killed not more than five hundred of the Romans. Livy, how- ever, will not affirm! that the victory was so great nor that so many of the enemy were slain, but says that this battle brought great renown to Marcellus, and to the Romans a wonderful courage after their disasters. They felt that they were contending, not against a resistless and unconquerable foe, but against one who was liable, like themselves, to defeat. XII. For this reason, on the death of one of the 1 Vix equidem ausim adfirmare, xxiii. 16, 15. 463 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES éxddhet Madpxerrov 6 Siuos emt thy Siadoyny anovra, kal Big tev apydvtwv brepeOero Ti KatdoTacw éws éxeivos HAGev did Tov otpato- médov. Kal mdcats perv aredeiyOn tals yosdors drraros, émtBpovtycavros 8&8 Tod Oeod Kal Trav tepéwy ov« aictoy TiWepevav 7d onyeior, éudavas dé xwArvew dxvovvtwy kad Sedidt@v Tov ojmov, autos éEwpdcato tiv dpyjv. od pévtor thy oT parelav Epuryer, GAN’ avOvmatos avayopevbels Kat wadtwv mpos Na@dav éraverOav eis To otpa- Tomedov KaKas érole. Tos npnugvous Ta TOD Doivixos. ws 5é dkeiav én’ abtov Oéuevos Bor- Oevav exeivos Hxe, mpoxadovpévm pev ex wapa- a > 3 4 , J tafews ove nBovrAnOn Staywrvicacbat, Tpewavtt 6¢ To wreiotov ef dprayhy tod otpatod Kal pnxére mpoadeyoueve pdynv éreEArOe, Siadods Sopata Tay vauydyov peydda Tois retois, cal Sibdéas moppwhev suvrnpover tai tovs Kap- nSovious, axovrTiaTas pep ovK évras, aixpais dé Npwpeévous éx verpos Bpaxetats. 810 cal Soxoicr tore detEar Ta voTAa Pwpaios bc0t cuvéBarov Kal duynv ampopaciotov pvyciv, atoBadovtes é& éautav vexpous pev Evo pevous TWEVTAKITYIAL- ous, alyparwtous de éEaxocious,’ Kat TOV éNE- ddvrwy téccapas pev TeoOvTas, dv0 &€ Cwods Notas, 08) Av wees teD: MEEPS TpiTy pera, THY wayny ines ‘TBipav Kat Nopddor puryades AUTOMOAODALY UITEP TOUS TplaKootous, ovTM Tpd- repov ’AvviBa TovTo malovros, GNX ek TouKthoy cal moAvTpOTeY acuvnppocpévoy EOvav BapBapt- 1 alyuaddrous 8 éfaxoglovs added to the text by Sintenis and Bekker, after Livy, xxiii. 46, 4. 464 MARCELLUS consuls,! the people called Marcellus home to succeed him, and, in spite of the magistrates, postponed the election until his return from the army. He was made consul by a unanimous vote, but there was a peal of thunder at the time, and since the augurs considered the omen unpropitious, but hesitated to make open opposition for fear of the people, he re- nounced the office of himself. He did not, however, lay aside his military command, but having been declared proconsul, he returned to his army at Nola and proceeded to punish those who had espoused the cause of the Carthaginian. And when Hannibal came swiftly to their aid against him, and challenged him to a pitched battle, Marcellus declined an engage- ment ; but as soon as his adversary had set the greater part of his army to plundering and was no longer expecting a battle, he led his forces out against him. He had distributed long spears used in naval combats among his infantry, and taught them to watch their opportunity and smite the Carthaginians at long range; these were not javelineers, but used short spears in hand to hand fighting. This seems to have been the reason why at that time all the Cartha- ginians who were engaged turned their backs upon the Romans and took to unhesitating flight, losing five thousand of their number slain, and six hundred prisoners ; four of their elephants also were killed, and two taken alive. But what was most important, on the third day after the battle, more than three hundred horsemen, composed of Spaniards and Nu- midians, deserted from them. Such a disaster had not happened before this to Hannibal, but a barbarian army made up of varied and dissimilar peoples had 1 Lucius Postumius, who was utterly defeated and slain by the Gauls in 215 z.c. Cf. Livy, xxii1. 24. 465 VOL. V. H H PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ov oOTpadTEevpa TAELoTOY YpovoY ev [La YvoO_LN ScadurdEavtros. ovTot péev ovv TMicTOL Tapémevay eis Atay avT@ te T@ MapxédrdrA@ Kal Tois peT avTov oTpaTnyois. XIII. “O 58 Mdpxedros drrodayGels tratos TO TpiTov eis LexeAlav Emrevcev. ai yap Avvi- Bov wept tov modeuov evmpatiar Kapyndovious érijpav av0is avttNauBdvecBas THs vncov, pa- NOTA TETApaypevwVv TOY TeEpl Tas Yupaxovaas peta thv ‘lepwvipou tod tupavvov TedeuvTHD. 516 Kal “Pwpaiwy qv éxed mpoarectarpéevn Siva- pis Kal otparnyos “Ammos. rTavTny Tapadap- Bavovtt t@ MapxérdrXr@ mpoomimrovet ‘Popaios TOAAGL cuuopa KEXPNHEVOL TOLAUTH. TOY mrepl Kavvas Trapatagapevev ™ pos ‘AvviBav OL pep épuyov, ot b€ Cavtes HAwWaav, TocovTOY TAOS as Soxeiv “Pwpaios vrrorercipOar nde Tovs Ta reiyn Stadvadtovtas. ois 6¢ apa tocovTo Tob ppovnparos kal peyarowvyias Tepiiy wate TOUS Hey atyparwrous emi prxpois NUTpOLS aTrobtdovTOS "Avvi8ov py NaBeiv, adr arowndicacba: nab meptioeiy Tous pév avatpeDévras, Tovs dé mpabér- tas é€m TH ‘Itadias, Trav 5é huyh wepiyevoméevwv TO WAHOOS eis Yexediav amoctetAat, SiaxedNevoa- pévous ‘Itadlas py émiBaivery ws Trodepodar mpos “AvviBav. ovtor 5) To Mapxéd\ArA@ trapa- yevouev@ trpootecovtes aOpoot, cal yapal Kata- Baxrovres avtous, nrouv td&ty émitipou otpateias peTa TroAdHs Bons kal Saxpiwv, érayyeddAopevot SeiEew 8c’ Epywv atuxia til padrov 4 Sv dvav- 305 466 MARCELLUS for a very long time been kept by him in perfect harmony. These deserters, then, remained entirely faithful both to Marcellus himself, and to the generals who succeeded him.? XIII. And now Marcellus, having been appointed consul for the third time,? sailed to Sicily. For Hannibal’s successes in the war had encouraged the Carthaginians to attempt anew the conquest of the island, especially now that Syracuse was in confusion after the death of the tyrant Hieronymus. For this reason the Romans also had previously sent a force thither under the command of Appius. As Marcellus took over this force, he was beset by many Romans who were involved in a calamity now to be described. Of those who had been drawn up against Hannibal at Cannae, some had fled, and others had been taken alive, and in such numbers that it was thought the Romans had not even men enough left to defend the walls of their city. And yet so much of their high spirit and haughtiness remained that, although Hannibal offered to restore his prisoners of war for a slight ransom, they voted not to receive them, but suffered some of them to be put to death and others to be sold out of Italy ; and as for the multitude who had saved themselves by flight, they sent them to Sicily, ordering them not to set foot in Italy as long as the war against Hannibal lasted. These were the men who, now that Marcellus was come, beset him in throngs, and throwing themselves on the ground before him, begged with many cries and tears for an assignment to honourable military service, promising to show by their actions that their 1 Cf, Livy, xxiii. 46, 1-7. 2 In 214 3.c. Fabius Maximus was his colleague. 3 Cf. Livy, xxiii. 25, 7. 467 HH 2 “A if — é PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sptay aur av THY Tpomny éxelynv yevopuernp. oixTetpas ouv avTous 6 Mdpxedros éypayre ™ pos THY aUryKAHTOV alToupevos éx TOUT@Y dé TIS OTPAaTLAS TO émedelov ava npovv. oven 5é TOAN@V yevopLevov émrorngaro yvapny n Bovrn pndev eis Syuoora Tpaypara Seia Oar ‘Pwpaious av patrav avavdpev’ et Oé€ Bovderat xphabas Mdpxe)nos autots tows, pndevdos TOV 1 avdpeia vou Copevev atepavay kal yepav TUXELD vr adpXovros. TOUTO To Soypa Mdpxedrov nviace, Kal peta TOV ev LiKehig mOhepov émaveJav eméprparo THY Bourn», & @s aytl TOXov Kal peya- AwWY OV Tapacyodaay avT@ TocovTwY SvatuxXiav éravop0dcaa ae TONTOY. XIV. Tote & ev Sexedia mpartov pev adicnBels bao ‘Iamoxpatous Supaxoveiay oTpaTnyou, bs Kapynboviors Xaprbomevos cal tupavvida KTo- pEevos aUT@ moddous StepOerpe ‘Popaiov pos Acovrivous, ele? THY TOV Aeovtivay TOMY KATA KpaTos, Kat _Aeovtivous fev ovK ndience, TaY dé avToMoNov Saous édaBe pactuyocas AT EKTELVE. tov 8 Immoxparous Tpe@Tov pep Aoyov eis TAS Lupaxovaas T poTrepypayTos a@s Aeovtivaus 7Bndov anoaparret Mapxedros, é émerta O€ TETAPAyMEVOLS emumesovtos Kal THY TONY katanafovros, apas 0 Mdpxedros T® OTpaT@ TavtTl mpos Tas Yupa- Kovcas exapet. wal KaTac TpaToTedevaas TAN- aiov eioétreprpe pev mpéa Bets mepl TOV év Aeovri- vols SuddEovtas, ws dé ovdéy Hy dpedos Ba mevBo- pevery Yupaxovatwv (€xpdrouv yap ot mept Tov ‘Imrmroxpdtnv), mpoaBoras érroteito KaTa yhv apa 1 efae with Reiske and Coraés: ... xat efAe, the lacuna to be filled from Livy xxiv. 30, 1. 468 MARCELLUS former defeat had been due to some great misfortune rather than to cowardice. Marcellus, therefore, taking pity on them, wrote to the senate asking permission to fill up the deficiencies in his army from time to time with these men. But after much discussion the senate declared its opinion that the Roman commonwealth had no need of men who were cowards ; if, however, as it appeared, Marcellus wished to use them, they were to receive from their commander none of the customary crowns or prizes for valour. This decree vexed Marcellus, and when he came back to Rome after the war in Sicily, he upbraided the senate for not permitting him, in return for his many great services, to redeem so many citizens from misfortune. XIV. But in Sicily, at the time of which I speak, his first proceeding, after wrong had been done him by Hippocrates, the commander of the Syracusans (who, to gratify the Carthaginians and acquire the tyranny for himself, had killed many Romans at Leontini), was to take the city of Leontini by storm. He did no harm, however, to its citizens, but all the de- serters whom he took he ordered to be beaten with rods and put to death. Hippocrates first sent a report to Syracuse that Marcellus was putting all the men of Leontini to the sword, and then, when the city was in a tumult at the news, fell suddenly upon it and made himself master of it. Upon this, Marcellus set out with his whole army and came to Syracuse. He encamped near by, and sent ambas- sadors into the city to tell the people what had really happened at Leontini; but when this was of no avail and the Syracusans would not listen to him, the power being now in the hands of Hippocrates, he proceeded to attack the city by land and sea, 469 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat Kata Odrattav, Aniou pev tov melov émd- yovTos oTpaTov, avTos 6é mrevtnpets Exon EEnKovTA mavrodatav StAwy Kal BerXov wAnpers. omép dé peydrou Cevrypatos vewy OxT@ pos GAANAAS ouv- Sedepévov unyavny apas émrémder pos TO TEtyos, T@ TWANOE Kal TH NauMpOTHTe THS TapacKevTs cal th SoEn tH wept avTov TeToOas: is apa Adyos ovdels Hv "Apxyipnder cal Tots “Apytundous enXavnpaciv. ov as pev Epyov aktov otrovdns ovdey 0 avnp mpovdeTo, yewpeTpias b¢ walovons éyeyoves Tapepya Ta mAEloTAa, TpoTEpov dLAOTL- unbévtos ‘lépwmvos tod Baoiréws nal reicavtos "Apxeundyn tpéac te TIS TEXUNS ATO TOV VONTOV éml Ta TWPATIKA Kal TOV AOYoV amas yé mas 60 aicO@noews pifavta tais xpelats éudhavéotepoy KATATTHOAL TOUS TONNES. Tv yap ayatrapévny tavtny Kal meptBonrov opyavixny npEavro péev. Kivelv ot Trept BvboEov Kab "A pyutay, trovkidXovTes TO yradupe ryew eT pLay, Kai Noyixns Kal ypappeKys atrodetEews ovK EevTrO- potvta mpoBAnpata bu aicOnrav Kal opyauKav mapaderyudtav vmepeloovTes, WS TO TWepl dVO pé- cas ava Noyov wpoBAnpa Kal otorxetoy emi Ton- AA TaV ypadhopévwy dvayKaiov eis opyaviKas éFjryov auhotepot KaTacKevas, pecoypadous Twas ATO KaLTUAwY ypau“pav Kal TUNnLdTeV peOappo- Yovres: eel 5é€ Ikdtwv nyavaxtnoe Kai dueret- \ ) \ e ? 4 \ 5 Oeci- vaTo Tpos AUTOUS ws aTohhuvTas wat wap b povtas TO yewpeTpias ayabov, amo TOV dowpaToV Ce 7 ' Seo chapter xv. 3, According to Polybius (viii. 6), Marcellua had eight quinqueremes in pairs, and on each pair, lashed together, a “sambuca” (or harp) had been 479 as MARCELLUS Appius leading up the land forces, and he himself having a fleet of sixty quinqueremes filled with all sorts of arms and missiles. Moreover, he had erected an engine of artillery on a huge platform supported by eight galleys fastened together,! and with this sailed up to the city wall, confidently rely- ing on the extent and splendour of his equipment and his own great fame. But all this proved to be of no account in the eyes of Archimedes and in comparison with the engines of Archimedes. To these he had by no means devoted himself as work worthy of his serious effort, but most of them were mere accessories of a geometry practised for amuse- ment, since in bygone days Hiero the king had eagerly desired and at last persuaded him to turn his art somewhat from abstract notions to material things, and by applying his philosophy somehow to the needs which make themselves felt, to render it more evident to the common mind. For the art of mechanics, now so celebrated and admired, was first originated by Eudoxus and Archytas, who embellished geometry with its subt- leties, and gave to problems incapable of proof by word and diagram, a support derived from mechani- cal illustrations that were patent to the senses. For instance, in solving the problem of finding two mean proportional lines, a necessary requisite for many geometrical figures, both mathematicians had re- course to mechanical arrangements, adapting to their purposes certain intermediate portions of curved lines and sections. But Plato was incensed at this, and inveighed against them as corrupters and destroyers of the pure excellence of geometry, constructed. This was a pent-house for raising armed men on to the battlements of the besieged city. 47% - PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat vontayv atrodidpacKxovans emi ta aicOnrtd, Kal mpooxpopévns avis ad copact TodANS Kal ghoptixhs Bavavaoupyias Seopévors, od rw Sex piOn yewpetpias éxtrecovca pnxXavixyn, Kal Teptopw- A / , n pévn wodvv yYpovov vo gtrocodias pia THV OTpaTiWTioOMY TeEYVaV éyeEeryovel. Kal pévroe cal “Apxepnons, ‘lépwve rp Baciret auyyerns dv kal diros, éypapey as tH So0cion Suvdpet TO So0év Bapos xivhaat Suvarov éote: Kal veavievaodpevos, OS Pact, pwoun THs amovet- Fews elev ws, ef yy elyev étépav, exivnoey av 4 \ ? ? , 4 \ na. TavTny petaBas eis exeivnv. Oavydaoavtos Sé Tob ‘lépwvos, «al Senbévtos eis epyov eEayaryelv TO ™ poBnpa kai Seika tt TOV peydov xovobpevov bro opucpas Suvduews, od\xdda Tpidppevoy TAY Bacittkav rove peydr@ Kat yetpl TOAAT vewrA- KnGeicav, éuBarwv avOpwrovs te wodXOUs Kal Tov auvynOn poptoyv, avTos atrabev KaOnpevos, ov peta omrovois, dAAa npéua TH Yepl ceiwy apyny TWA TONVETAOTOU TPOONYAYETO NELWS KAL ATTTAL- ots Kal wotrep Sia Oarattns émibéovoav. éx- TraYyELs oY 0 BactrEvs Kal cUYVOnTAS THs TéeXYNS Thv Siva, rece tov “Apyupndnv Stas avT@ Ta pev apvvopévo, ta 8 eruxerpodyte pnyavny- pata KaTacKevdon Tpos Tacay iéay TroALopKias, ols avtos pev ovK eypyaato, Tob Biov TO meio TOY atroAepov Kal TavnyuptKov Biocas, ToTe S vrIpye Tots Yupaxovatots eis Séov 4) WapacKevi) Kal peta THs TapacKeuns o Snptoupyos. 472 306 MARCELLUS which thus turned her back upon the incorporeal things of abstract thought and descended to the things of sense, making use, moreover, of objects which re- quired much mean and manual labour. For this reason mechanics was made entirely distinct from geometry, and being for a long time ignored by philosophers, came to be regarded as one of the military arts. And yet even Archimedes, who was a kinsman and friend of King Hiero, wrote to him that with any given force it was possible to move any given weight ; and emboldened, as we are told, by the strength of his demonstration, he declared that, if there were another world, and he could go to it, he could move this. Hiero was astonished, and begged him to put his proposition into execution, and show him some great weight moved by a slight force. Archimedes therefore fixed upon a three-masted merchantman of the royal fleet, which had been dragged ashore by the great labours of many men, and after putting on board many passengers and the customary freight, he seated himself at a distance from her, and without any great effort, but quietly setting in motion with his hand a system of com- pound pulleys, drew her towards him smoothly and evenly, as though she were gliding through the water. Amazed at this, then, and comprehending the power of his art, the king persuaded Archimedes to prepare for him offensive and defensive engines to be used in every kind of siege warfare. These he had never used himself, because he spent the greater part of his life in freedom from war and amid the festa] rites of peace; but at the present time his apparatus stood the Syracusans in good stead, and, with the apparatus, its fabricator.+ 2 Cf. Polybius, viii. 5, 3-5; 9,2; Livy, xxiv. 34. 473 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XV. ‘Os ody rpocéBadov ot ‘Papato: Siyober, éxTrrAnkis Rv Tov Yupaxovoiwv cat oiyn Sa Séos, be A 9 @ 4 N , \ é 4 >’ / pnoev av avOéFev mpos Biay cat dvvapuy oiopévov TocavTny. axdaaavtos 5é Tas pnyavas Tod "Apye- pydous dpa Trois péev relois annvra Tokevpata Te A \ / € / lA es mavrobara Kal ALOwv vrépoyxa peyéOn, poileo Kal Taxes Katadepopéevwyv atriote, Kal pndevos 4 \ al / 3 ‘ ? , Srdws TO BpiPos creyovtos aPpoouvs avatpeTovTwr Tovs Urotimtovtas Kal Tas Ta€ets auyyeovTar, tals 6€ vavoly ao THY TEeryov advw tTrEepaiwpov- pevat Kepaiar tas pev vd BpiOous aotnpifovtos dvwbev a0oicat xatédvov eis BuOov, tas 5é yepot aiynpais i) oTopaci eixacpévols yepavev ava- le) J > \ > 4 3 4 onaocat tpwpaber opOas él mpvpvav éBdamrelor, h Sv avtttoven evoov éria tpepopevas Kad Treptaryo- pevat Tois Ud TO TElyos TrepuKooL Kpnuvois Kat / , @ / a A TKOTENOLS TPOTHpAacooY, dua POdpw TOAA@ TOV > wn , 4 \ la ériBatav cuvTpiBopévwv. trodAdKis 5é peTewpos éEapOcioa vais amo ths Oaracons dedpo xaxeice mepiouvoupévn kat xpepapevn Oéapa dpix@des Hy, Béxpt ob trav avdpav atroppipévtav Kat Siacder- Sovnbévrwy Kevn mpooméco Tots Teiyeoty 7) TEpt- oricbot THs AaBAs aveions. Av 5&6 Mapxerros amo Tov Cevrypatos erhye unyavnv, capBven pmev éxaretto 82’ opotornta Tia oXnpmaTOS Tpos TO poovatkov dpyavoy, ért b¢ adrwlev adtis mpoc- , N \ a) > / / 4 hepopévns mpos TO Tetyos éEjrato AiOos Sexata- 474 MARCELLUS XV. When, therefore, the Romans assaulted them by sea and land, the Syracusans wege stricken dumb with terror ; they thought that nothing could with- stand so furious an onset by such forces. But Archimedes began to ply his engines, and shot against the land forces of the assailants all sorts of missiles and immense masses of stones, which came down with incredible din and speed ; nothing what- ever could ward off their weight, but they knocked down in heaps those who stood in their way, and threw their ranks into confusion. At the same time huge beams were suddenly projected over the ships from the walls, which sank some of them with great weights plunging down from on high; others were seized at the prow by iron claws, or beaks like the beaks of cranes, drawn straight up into the air, and then plunged stern foremost into the depths, or were turned round and round by means of enginery within the city, and dashed upon the steep cliffs that jutted out beneath the wall of the city, with great destruction of the fighting men on board, who perished in the wrecks. Frequently, too, a ship would be lifted out of the water into mid-air, whirled hither and thither as it hung there, a dreadful spec- tacle, until its crew had been thrown out and hurled in all directions, when it would fall empty upon the walls, or slip away from the clutch that had held it. As for the engine which Marcellus was bringing up on the bridge of ships, and which was called *‘sambuca’’ from some resemblance it had to the musical instrument of that name,! while it was still some distance off in its approach to the wall, a stone of ten talents’ weight ? was discharged at it, then a 1 See chapter xiv. 3. 2 A talent’s weight was something over fifty pounds. 475 PLUTARCH’S LIVES AavTos OnKGD, elra Erepos éri TovT@ Kal |, TplTOS, @Y ot pev airy? euTred OvTES peydho KTUT Kai KrDO@vE THIS unXavijs THY TE Baow cuvndonoay Kal TO youpwpa Leveroay Kal dieamracav Tow Cevyparos, aoTe? TOV MdpxedAov dm opovpevov avTov TE tais vavolv amoThely KaTa TAXOS Kat tois melois avaxapnow mapeyyunoat. BovaAevopévois bé édofev avrois ere VUKTOS, av Siverras, mpoo pitas Tots Telyect’ TOUS yap T0- vous, ols xpioGat TOV "Apxeuneny, 6 pupny éxovTas Umeprerets TowjoerOat Tas TOV Bedov apéces, eyyidev 5é Kal TEAEWS aT pak TOUS elvat Sudornpa Tis TANYAS ovK éyovons. 0 S Lie @s Gorey, emt TavTa marae TA,PETKEVAT HEVOS opydvev TE oUppe- Tpous ampos wav Ovdornpa KLVnTELS kat Bérn Bpaxéa, wai Sa 7d Teixos ® ov peydhwv, TONRGY dé Kal TUVEX DY TPNPAT OY évTav,® ot oKopTiot Bpaxvrovor pep, éyyubev 5¢ wAREaL TapeoTnKeoay dopatos Tois Tmohepcors. XVI. ‘Os otv mpootuEav o1opevot AavOavery, avdus av Bédeat Todnois évTvyx avovtes «al TwAN- yais, TET POV pev Ex Kepanris én’ adTous pepo- Pévav WaoTrEp T POS xaberov, tov 8é TelXoUs Togev- pata wavrayoley a avaTe“TovTos, dvexepouy OTri- vw. KavTavda mwadw avTav Els puKos éxTeTa- Hever, Berdav éxOcovtav Kat katadapBavorvrov aT LovTas éyiveto TOs pep avtav pbopos, TONS 5€ TOV veov cUryKpoUT HOS, oudev avtiSpacat TOUS Todeuious Suvayévav. Ta yap TWAElaTA TOV Op- 1 ait Bekker, after Coraés; airijs (of the engine itself). 2 gore before "this word Sintenis? and Bekker assume a lacuna in the text, comparing Polybius, viii. 7, fin. 3 7d TEerXOos, Serav added to the text by Sintenis, who compares Polybius viii. 7, 6. 470 307 MARCELLUS second and a third ; some of these, falling upon it with great din and surge of wave, crushed the foundation of the engine, shattered its frame-work, and dislodged it from the platform, so that Marcellus, in perplexity, ordered his ships to sail back as fast as they could, and his land forces to retire. Then, in a council of war, it was decided to come up under the walls while it was still night, if they could ; for the ropes which Archimedes used in his engines, since they imparted great impetus to the missiles cast, would, they thought, send them flying over their heads, but would be ineffective at close quarters, where there was no space for the cast. Archimedes, however, as it seemed, had long before prepared for such an emergency engines with a range adapted to any interval and missiles of short flight, and through many small and contiguous openings in the wall short-range engines called scorpions could be brought to bear on objects close at hand without being seen by the enemy. XVI. When, therefore, the Romans came up under the walls, thinking themselves unnoticed, once more they encountered a great storm of missiles; huge stones came tumbling down upon them almost per- pendicularly, and the wall shot out arrows at them from every point ; they therefore retired. And here again, when they were some distance off, missiles — darted forth and fell upon them as they were going away, and there was a great slaughter among them ; many of their ships, too, were dashed together, and they could not retaliate in any way upon their foes. For Archimedes had built most of his engines close 477 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yavev Um TO TELXoS eo KevorroinTo TO "Apxipn det, Kat Jeopaxotow égxeray ot ‘Popaior, puptwy avTots KaK@v ef adavods EMLXEOMEVOV. XVIL. Ov pny GX’ o Mapxedndos amepuye TE Kal Tovs ouv éavT@ cKOTTMOY TEXViTAS Kal pn- Xavorrosous ddeyev" “Ov rravoopeba mpos TOV yew eT pLeov TobTop Bptdpewy rohepnobytes, OS tabs pev vavow } pov mualiter é éx THS Jaracons, TH dé cau Sveny pari Sev * per’ ais xuvns ex Bé- Bryne, tous 6€ pub ixovs éxaToyxerpas vrepatper Tocaitra Barrov apa BEdn Kal’ MOY 3 T@ yap dvs MWdvres of NoLTrOl Lupaxovavor copa TIS “Apxtmndous TapacKevis joa, n 8€ Kwodca WavTa Kat otpepovea uy) pia, TOY pev adov Om Mwy aTpéua KELMEVOD, peovars é Tots éxeivou TOTE Tis TOAEWS Xpamerns cal pos apuvay wal 7 pos aapdneav. Tédos Oe TOUS Popatous obTw meptpoBous yeyovoras opay o Mapxednros ob Oot, eb Kar@ozov 7) h Evrov t onép TOD TELYOUS juix pov bp Bein TPOTELVOMEVOY, TOUTO éxElvo, uNYaVHY TWA xuvely én avrous “Apxeunon Boayras amotpenea Oat Kat pevyey, dméa Xero payns arraans Kat mpoaBonjs, TO AowTroY eT 7 pove THY moAtopKiav Oéuevos. TyAtcodrov pevToL gdpovnua Kai Baos puns Kal TogobTov EXEKTNTO Gewpnuarov m)obTov "A pxeundys adore, ed’ ols dvoma Kal dofav OUK avOpwririvns, dArAa Satpoviov TLVOS eaxe cwveTEws, pnOev eGedfjoat oUyypaypa Tepl TovT@V amo- Acmrety, WW THY mept Ta pnXaviKka Tparypatelay kal tacav ddws Téyvnv ypeias edpamrropévnv 1 rats ev vavoly . . pawf(wy an early anonymous correction of the MSS. ras pby vais ipav Kabl(wv xpos thy Oddaccay nwal(wy, adopted by Bekker. Cf, Polybius, viii. 8, 6. 478 MARCELLUS behind the wall, and the Romans seemed to be fighting against the gods, now that countless mis- chiefs were poured out upon them from an invisible source. XVII. However, Marcellus made his escape, and jesting with his own artificers and engineers, “ Let us stop,” said he, “fighting against this geometrical Briareus, who uses our ships like cups to ladle water from the sea, and has whipped and driven off in dis- grace our sambuca, and with the many missiles which he shoots against us all at once, outdoes the hundred-handed monsters of mythology.” For in reality all the rest of the Syracusans were but a body for the designs of Archimedes, and his the one soul moving and managing everything ; for all other weapons lay idle, and his alone were then employed by the city both in offence and defence. At last the Romans became so fearful that, whenever they saw a bit of rope or a stick of timber projecting a little over the wall, “ There it is,” they cried, “ Archimedes is training some engine upon us,’ and turned their backs and fled. Seeing this, Marcellus desisted from all fighting and assault, and thenceforth depended on a long siege. And yet Archimedes possessed such a lofty spirit, so profound a soul, and such a wealth of scientific theory, that although his inventions had won for him a name and fame for superhuman sagacity, he would not consent to leave behind him any treatise on this subject, but regarding the work of an engi- neer and every art that ministers to the needs of life as ignoble and vulgar, he devoted his earnest 479 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ayevyh Kal Bdvavaov NYNG dpevos, eis éxelva xaTabéc bau pova, THY avrob _pidoripiay ols TO KaXov Kal jweptT Tov apvyes Tow dvayKatov mpoc- eoTLy, aa vyKpita pev évTa Tois aAroLs, épty 6é Tape ovTa ™ pos THY dAnY Th amobeitet, THS pmev TO Hevyedos Kal TO KaNAOs, THS 5é THY axpiBeav Kal THY Suva brreppun Mapex opevns® ov yap gory év yewper pig Narerrwrépas Kal Bapurépas drobecers éy amhovaépors AaBeiv Kal xabapw- TEpoLs oToLXELous Ypadpopévas. Kat Tou’ ot pev evpula Tob avopos TpooaTrovaw, ot Oé vmepBony Tie ToVvoU voitovat arr ovens TETOUNLEVe Kal pasins é Exacrov €0tKos yeyovevat. Cntav pev yap OUK ay TLS epot bv avTod THY amddetiv, & apa 6b Th pabijoes TapioTaraL d0&a Tob Kav avrov evpely? oTH Aetav oOo a dryer ® kal Taxelav él TO Setkvupevo. oUKouy oudé aniaThoas Tots Tept avrou eyouevors éaTip, as om oixetas 69 TLVOS Kal ouvoiKou Gedyopevos del ceLpivos €XNEANTTO Kal citov” Kal Jepamreias (T@UaTOS éFéNerTre, Big 6é TOANAKLS EAKOMEVOS én’ Gerpupeas kab dovtpér, év Tas eaxdpais eypacpe TX MATA THY yewperpe- K@V, Kal TOU TWMATOS aN ALL pLEvOU Outrye TO OanTUdep ypaupas, UO HOovAS peyaAns KAaTOXOS av Kal HovaorAnT 705 arynbas. trordrNov bé xal KAN@Y EvpETHS yeyovws Aéyerar TOV dirwv den- Ofjvar Kai Tav ovyyevav OT WS avrou petra THY TeheuTHY ETLITHTWOTL TO Tape TOV mepiiapBav- ovTa THY cpaipay € évT os “KddvB poy, emruyparpavtes TOV ) Noyov THS UTEpoXS TOU TEPLEXOVTOS OTEPEOD TPOS TO TEPLEXOMEVOV. 1 aye: Bekker, after Bryan: &yev. 2 xa ofrov Bekker has wérov Kal olrov (food and drink), a suggestion of Coraés. 480 MARCELLUS efforts only to those studies the subtlety and charm . of which are not affected by the claims of necessity. These studies, he thought, are not to be compared with any others; in them the subject matter vies with the demonstration, the former supplying gran- deur and beauty, the latter precision and surpassing power. For it is not possible to find in geometry more profound and difficult questions treated in simpler and purer terms. Some attribute this suc- cess to his natural endowments; others think it due to excessive labour that everything he did seemed to have been performed without labour and with ease. For no one could by his own efforts discover the proof, and yet as soon as he learns it from him, he thinks he might have discovered it himself; so smooth and rapid is the path by which he leads one to the desired conclusion. And therefore we may not disbelieve the stories told about him, how, under the lasting charm of some familiar and domestic Siren, he. forgot even his food and neglected the care of his person ; and how, when he was dragged by main force, as he often was, to the place for bathing and anointing his body, he would trace geometrical figures in the ashes, and draw lines with his finger in the oil with which his body was anointed, being possessed by a great delight, and in very truth a captive of the Muses. And although he made many excellent discoveries, he is said to have asked his kinsmen and friends to place over the grave where he should be buried a cylinder enclosing a sphere, with an inscription giving the proportion by which the containing solid exceeds the contained.} 1 When Cicero was quaestor in Sicily (75 B.c.), he found this tomb, which had been neglected and forgotten by the Syracusans (7J'usc. Disp. v. 64 ff. ). 481 VOL. V. 1 I PLUTARCH’S LIVES A , XVIII. "Apyepndns pév ody TorovTos yevopevos GnTTNTOV éavToy te Kal THY Tod, Goov Ed’ éavt@, Stepvrake. ris Sé modopias ba pécov Mdpxerros elre pev Meyapéas, modu ev tais A e TaNavoTadtas TOV BKedwrTidwy, etre 5é TO ‘I7r- 308 moxpatous mpos "AxpiAXais aotpatotedov, Kat KaTéxTelvey UTrép OKTAKLOXLALOUS émiTET@V Xd- paxa PBadrdopévors, erédpape S€ mroddANY THs ld A , 9 , , \ Lexedlas Kal woes atéotyce Kapyndovioy Kai pdxas evixnoe wacas Tovs avtTiTayOjvat TOAMN- 2 cavtas. ypovm 8é mpoiovt. Adptrmov tiva Taptidtny é€x Yvpaxovady NaBov éxmréovta arypdrwrov, aftovvtwy éml AVTpoLs TAY Yvpa- / / ‘\ 4 4 ¢ \ Kovoiwy Kopicacbar Tov avdpa, woAdaKIS UIrEp TovTou dStareyouevos Kal ouvTiOéwevos mupyov \ , / > a Tia Kateckéato vAaTtTOuEevoy pev apedos, v 6 de 5 4 dé : @ Ud A J avdpas o€ duvdpevov déEacBat Kpida, Tod TEivous 3 a , oA 4 e 9% , ae DP 3 émuBatod map avtov évTos. ws ovv To TE DYOS b ” UA / \ 4 N €x TOV TOAAdKLS Trpoctéevar Kal dvaréyerOat T pos Tov trupyov eixadcOn Karas Kal KripaKes Trape- oxevacOnaay, éoptiy “Aptéusds tovs Yupaxovoi- ous ayovtas Kal Tpos olvoy wpunpévous Kal trat- diay trapadvaAdtas, éradev ov povov tov mupyov KaATaTY@OV, AANA Kal KUKAM TO TELXOS TrapEL- \ wAnoas SrAwy ply nuépav yevéecOa, Kal Ta 4 ‘“E&dmvva Staxoras. dpyopévov 5é Kweicbar kal tapatrecOat tov Yvpaxovciwy mpos THv aicOnow, dua wavrayobey tais cddmuy&e Xp7- Oat xerevoas puyny éroince TrOoAAnV Kal hoor, @> ovbdevos pépous avadwrouv pévovtTos. Epeve Oé 482 MARCELLUS XVIII. Such, then, was Archimedes, and, so far as he himself was concerned, he maintained himself and his city unconquered. But during the progress of the siege Marcellus captured Megara, one of the most ancient cities of Sicily; he also captured the camp of Hippocrates at Acrillae and killed more than eight thousand men, having attacked them as they were throwing up entrenchments ; furthermore, he overran a great part of Sicily, brought cities over from the Carthaginians, and was everywhere vic- torious over those who ventured to oppose him. Some time afterwards he made a prisoner of a certain Damippus, a Spartan who tried to sail away from Syracuse. The Syracusans sought to ransom this man back, and during the frequent meetings and conferences which he held with them about the matter, Marcellus noticed a certain tower that was carelessly guarded, into which men could be secretly introduced, since the wall near it was easy to sur- mount. When, therefore, in his frequent approaches to it for holding these conferences, the height of the tower had been carefully estimated, and ladders had been prepared, he seized his opportunity when the Syracusans were celebrating a festival in honour of Artemis and were given over to wine and sport, and before they knew of his attempt not only got pos- session of the tower, but also filled the wall round about with armed men, before the break of day, and cut his way through the Hexapyla. When the Syra- cusans perceived this and began to run about con- fusedly, he ordered the trumpets to sound on all sides at once and thus put them to flight in great terror, believing as they did that no part of the city remained uncaptured.' There remained, however, 1 Cf. Polybius, viii. 37; Livy, xxv. 23 f. 483 112 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TO KaptTepwtatov Kal KddANoTOY Kal péytotor CAxpadivn xaretrar) bua TO TeTexlcOat apos Thy é&w Todt, Fs TO pev Néav, ro dé Tuyny ovopatover. XIX. Kal rovrov éyopévwv dpa dae bia Tov ‘E€arvAwyv o Mdpxerdos xaryet, paxaptCopevos to Tay Ud éavToY Hryemovwry. avTOS péVvTOL NévyeTa KaTibav avobev Kal Trepioxelpdpevos TIS TOAEWS TO péyeOos Kal TO KadANOS eri TOAD Saxpdoar TO péddovte yiverOar cuprrabgoas, évvonaas olov €& olov axa Kal popdiy apeirrer PETA pixpoyv UO TOD atpatoTédou SiahopyOeica. TOV yap Hryewovwv ovdels pev HY Oo TOAL@Y évay- Tiovabat tois oTpatimTats aitouvpévors Se? ap- mayns apernOivar, trodXot Sé Kal muptodety cat Katackdmrey éxéXevovy. aAAA ToUTOY pev ovde SAws WpoojKato TOY AOyov 6 MapxedXos, para 5é dxwy Bracbeis Ewxev awd ypnudtov Kai avépatroswv wpereicbar, trav 5é édevOépwv ow- patwv ateirev aracGat, cat StexeXevoato pyre aTroxreival Tia pwnte aicydvar pyte avdparro- Sicacbat Svpaxovotwv. Ov pny adda Kaitep odTw petpiacar Sofas OiKTpa TacxXeW HyEelto THY Tod, Kal TO CUpL- mwaboby Kai TO cuvadyody Suws ev ToTOUTH peyé- Ger xapas 7 uy Suéhawwer opadvros év Bpayet Xporm WworAs Kal rapmpas adaviopov eddar- povias. AéyeTat yap ovK éXNaTTOVa TOUTOY Hh TOV vaotepov amo Kapxndovos d:adopnbévta twAodTOV yevéoOas' xal yap tv GAAnY TOW ov peTa 484 MARCELLUS the strongest, most beautiful, and largest part (called Achradina), because it had been fortified on the side towards the outer city, one part of which they call Neapolis, and another Tyche. XIX. When these parts also were in his possession, at break of day Marcellus went down into the city through the Hexapyla, congratulated by the officers under him. He himself, however, as he looked down from the heights and surveyed the great and beautiful city, is said to have wept much in com- miseration of its impending fate, bearing in mind how greatly its form and appearance would change in a little while, after his army had sacked it. For among his officers there was not a man who had the courage to oppose the soldiers’ demand for a harvest of plunder, nay, many of them actually urged that the city should be burned and razed to the ground. This proposal, however, Marcellus would not tolerate at all, but much against his will, and under com- pulsion, he permitted booty to be made of property and slaves, although he forbade his men to lay hands on the free citizens, and strictly ordered them neither to kill nor outrage nor enslave any Syracusan. However, although he seems to have acted with such moderation, he thought that the city suffered a lamentable fate, and amidst the great rejoicing of his followers his spirit nevertheless evinced its sympathy and commiseration when he saw a great and glorious prosperity vanishing in a brief time. For it is said that no less wealth was carried away from Syracuse now than at a later time from Car- thage ; for not long afterwards ! the rest of the city 1 In 212 B.c., the siege having lasted nearly three years. Cf. Livy, xxv. 24-31. 485 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ToNvLY Ypovoy arovaav éx mpodocias éBidcavtTo Stapracat, wAnv tov Bactiikav yYXpnuator: tavta 6€ eis TO Snwoctov &Enpébn. Madmota 8é€ ro ‘Apxiundovs mabos nviace Mapxedrov. éetuxe péev yap autos tt Ka” éavtov 9 A > \ 4 \ a 4 dvackoméy émt Saypdppatos wal 7H Jewpig dedwxws dua tHv te Stavoiay Kal THY mpdcoy \ a € ov mponabeto THY KatTadpoyny Tav ‘Pwpaiwv 3 \ A oe fol , 4 \ 3 4 ove THY Arwalv THs TOAEWS, Advw bé émLeTAYTOS avT@ oTpatiwTov Kal KedevoOVTOS axkoAovOeEiv mpos MadpxeAXov ove éBovreTo mpl 4 TEedécat fo , TO TpoBAnua Kal KaTaoThoat mpos THY aTrO- e \ 3 ‘ \ , N ‘ decEuv. 0 5€ opyiobels al omacapevos To Eidos avetXevy avtov. é&Tepor pev odv Aéyouow émt- atThvat pev evOds ws atroxtevodvta Eibypn Tov e “ ? n 9 90 7 “A BJ Pwpaiov, éxeivov & idovta SetcOar Kal avti- Bonreiv avapeivar Bpaxydy xpovoy, ws pn KaTa- XL \ ‘a 4 ? Xe \ 10 , ‘ oe trn TO Entovpevov ateres Kai aBewpnror, Tov dé ov dpovticavta dSiaypnoacOa. Kai Tpitos éoTl Novos, ws Kopuifovtse mpos Mdpxedrov avt@ Tav pabnpatixay opyavev oxioOnpa Kal odpaipas Kal yovias, als évapporre: TO TOD HALO péyeOos TpOsS Thy oy, oTpaTL@TaL TepitvYoOVTEs Kal ypuciov év t@ Ttevyet Sdkavtes hepa améxtevav. tt , a bd N ? U pévtot Madpredros HAynoe Kal Tov avToxerpa Tov avdpos atectpagdn xabarrep éevayn, Tovs oé oixelous aveupwv éTipnoev, OporoyelTaL. XX. Tav Sé ‘Pwopaiwy tots éxtos avOpwras Sevav pev elvat wodepov petayepicacbar Kat poBepav eis yetpas éMeivy voptlopévwv, evyvo- 486 309 MARCELLUS was betrayed and taken and subjected to pillage, excepting the royal treasure; this was converted into the public treasury. But what most of all afflicted Marcellus was the death of Archimedes. For it chanced that he was by himself, working out some problem with the aid of a diagram, and having fixed his thoughts and his eyes as well upon the matter of his study, he was not aware of the incursion of the Romans or of the capture of the city. Suddenly a soldier came upon him and ordered him to go with him to Marcellus. This Archimedes refused to do until he had worked out his problem and established his demonstration, whereupon the soldier flew into a passion, drew his sword, and dispatched him. Others, however, say that the Roman came upon him with drawn sword threatening to kill him at once, and that Archimedes, when he saw him, earnestly besought him to wait a little while, that he might not leave the result that he was seeking incomplete and without demon- stration; but the soldier paid no heed to him and made an end of him. There is also a third story, that as Archimedes was carrying to Marcellus some of his mathematical instruments, such as sun-dials and spheres and quadrants, by means of which..he made the magnitude of the sun appreciable to the eye, some soldiers fell in with him, and thinking that he was carrying gold in the box, slew him. However, it is generally agreed that Marcellus was afflicted at his death, and turned away from his slayer as from a polluted person, and sought out the kindred of Archimedes and paid them honour. XX. The Romans were considered by foreign peoples to be skilful in carrying on war and for- midable fighters; but of gentleness and humanity 487 Pas 4 d PLUTARCH’S LIVES poourns 5€ Kal diravOpwrias Kal 6Aws TOoMTLKTS apeTns UTodEiypata pn Sedwxotwrv, patos Soxet tore Mdpxeddos vrrodetEat tois "EAXnot Stxato- Tépous “Pwyaious. otTw yap éypito Trois oup- BddXovet Kal trocadta Kal Todas Kal idi@tas evepyéTnoev wore, el TL wept “Evvay 7} Meyapeis 7 Lupakovatous Epyov iv eipyacpéevov ovK émretees auTois, ToUTO THY TeTTOVOdTwWY aiTia MaAXAOY 4 TOY TeTOLNKOTD SoKeEly yeyovevat. pvncOncopat dé évos awd TOANOY. TALS éoTl THS Teicedias "Eyyviov od peyadn, apxaia 5é mavu cal b:a Oeav éemipadverav évdokos, as kadovaot patépas. idpupa Aéyetae Kpnra@v yevésOar TO lepov: Kal Aoyxas Tivas edcixvucay Kal Kpavn YarKa, Ta pev ExovTa Mnprovov, ta 5é OvrALEov, Tovréotiv "Odvacéus, ériypagas, avateOexotwv tais Beats. tavrnv mpoOuporara Kkapxnoovifovcay Nixias, avnp ™ patos TOY ToNTeV, emeOe perabdc bau 1 pos ‘Pwpaious, dvadavdoy éy tais éxxdXnotats tap- pyoralopevos Kat KaKors ppovovvTas efedeyxov TOUS tmevavtious. ot S¢ hoBovpevoe thy Suvapey avtod Kat thy Sdtayv éBovdevoavTo suvapTrdcat Kat rapadobvat Tois PoiviEw. atcOopuevos ovv 6 Nuxias non Kal TapapurarT opevov adidas cavrov, éEehepev ev pavepp hovyous mept TOV paTépwv dverriTndetous, Kal ToNAa Tpos Thy vomrboperny emipaveray Kal S0fav ws atiactayv Kat Katadpo- vav érpattev, ndopevov Tav éxOpav Ste THY peylaTny aitiay autos éf éavTov av Teicetat mapetye. ‘yeyovorwpy de THY pos THY GUAAHY LY 488 MARCELLUS and, in a word, of civil virtues, they had given no proofs, and at this time Marcellus seems to have been the first to show the Greeks that the Romans were the more observant of justice. For such was his treatment of those who had to do with him, and so many were the benefits which he conferred both upon cities and private persons, that, if the people of Enna or Megara or Syracuse met with any indignities, the blame for these was thought to belong to the sufferers rather than to the perpetrators. And I will mention one instance out of many. There is a city of Sicily called Engyium, not large, but very ancient, and famous for the appearance there of goddesses, who are called Mothers.! The temple is said to have been built by Cretans, and certain spears were shown there, and bronze helmets; some of these bore the name of Meriones, and others that of Ulysses (that is, Odysseus), who had consecrated them to the goddesses. This city, which most ardently favoured the Carthaginian cause, Nicias, its leading citizen, tried to induce to go over to the Romans, speaking openly and boldly in the assemblies and arguing the unwisdom of his opponents. But they, fearing his influence and authority, planned to arrest him and deliver him up to the Carthaginians. Nicias, accordingly, becoming aware at once of their design and of their secret watch upon him, gave utterance in public to unbecoming speeches about the Mothers, and did much to show that he re- jected and despised the prevalent belief in their manifestations, his enemies meanwhile rejoicing that he was making himself most to blame for his coming fate. But just as they were ready to arrest 1 Magna Mater, the Cretan Rhaea, often confounded with the Phrygian Cybele. Cf. Diodorus, iv. 79, 5-7. 489 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éTolweov Hv wep éxxdnoia Tay ToMTaOY, O de Nexias petake TL heyov Kat cup Bourevwv T POS TOV Sjjpov éEaidyns ap hey els Thy viv TO copa, Kai pK pov Siaderroy, olov ELKOS, hovytas coy éxmrAn kes syevoperns, THV ceparay emrapas Kat TE PLEVEYKOY, brrot poe gwvn Kat Bapeia, Kara pukpov auvTeivav Kai ‘Tapofuver TOV TX OY, @S éwpa ppixn Kal olwmTh KATEX OMEVOY TO Géarpov, atroppirxpas TO ipdreov kat TepiopnEduevos TOV NLTwviTKOV, NuiyUEVOS avarn Haas eGee Tos THY éEod5ov Tov Geatpou, Body bro TaV paTépov éXav- ver Oa. pndevos S€ ToAL@VTOS dpa ba pnode amayrijoas bua devo Oarpoviar, aN éxTperro- pévov, emt Tas TUNAS eFeSpapen, ovTE poviis TLVOS OUTE KLVHTEWS MpeTTOvVaNS Satpovevre Kat mapadpovobyTt peta dpevos. 7 O€ yurn cuvelduia Kab ouvrexvatovea T®@ avopi, AaBoica Ta ma.dia 7 p@TOv pev ixéTes mpooekudivociro ToOis peydpos TOV Ocav, Emerta TAAVwpEvoY EXxEivOY TpoaTrOLOU- pevn Snteiv KWAVOVTOS ovdEvos aaparos anhev éx Ths TONEWS. Kal Suet wOnoav pep OUTWS ELS Yupakoveas mpos Mapxedaov émel O€ ToANa tous ’Eyyvious UBpicavtas Kat TANMpEAR TC AYTAS éNav Maépxedros éOnoe mavtTas os TLL@pnao- HEVOS; O be Nuxias eddxpuce TWAPETTWS, TEAOS b¢ Xerpav Kal yovatav ANTOMEVOS TAPNTELTO TOUS ToXiTas, aro TOV EXOp av apEdpevos, émexdaa Gels ‘adbiixe mavras Kat THY TONY OVOEY ndixnee, T@ 6€ Nexia X@pay TE TOAATY Kar Swpeds TONAAS iene. Tavta pev ody Tlocedwveos o piroaopos t laTopnce. XXI. Tov 6é Mapxedaov dvaKaroupevov TOD ‘Popaion € él Tov éyYwplov Kab avvotKov TONE HOV, émravepYopevos Ta TEloTA Kal KddMOTA TOV év 490 310 MARCELLUS him, an assembly of the citizens was held, and here Nicias, right in the midst of some advice that he was giving to the people, suddenly threw himself upon the ground, and after a little while, amid the silence and consternation which naturally prevailed, lifted his head, turned it about, and spoke in a low and trembling voice, little by little raising and sharpening its tones. And when he saw the whole audience struck dumb with horror, he tore off his mantle, rent his tunic, and leaping up half naked, ran towards the exit from the theatre, crying out that he was pursued by the Mothers. No man venturing to lay hands upon him or gven to come in his way, out of superstitious fear, but all avoiding him, he ran out to the gate of the city, freely using all the cries and gestures that would become a man possessed and crazed. His wife also, who was privy to his scheme, taking her children with her, first prostrated herself in supplication before the temples of the gods, and then, pretending to seek her wandering husband, no man hindering her, went safely forth out of the city. Thus they all escaped to Marcellus at Syracuse. But when Marcellus, after many transgressions and insults on the part of the men of Engyium, came and put them all in chains in order to punish them, then Nicias, standing by, burst into tears, and finally, clasping the hands and knees of Marcellus, begged the lives of his fellow citizens, beginning with his enemies. Marcellus relented, set them all free, and did their city no harm; he also bestowed upon Nicias ample lands and many gifts. At any rate, this story is told by Poseidonius the philosopher. XXI. When Marcellus was recalled by the Romans to the war in their home territories, he carried back with him the greater part and the most beautiful of 491 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Lupaxovoais éxivpnoev avalnpatov, OS auT@ TE T™pos TOV OpiapBov dpris el Kal TH monet KOG 0S. ovdey yap elxev ovd éyivwcxe T poTEpov TOV Kopapey cal TEPLTTOD, onde Hp €v auri TO Xaprev ToUTO Kal yAadupov Gry [LEVOP, SirAwy dé Bap- Bapixov Kat Nadvpwv évaipwv avaT ews ovca Kal TepierTEPavopevy OpidpBov & Vropynpact Kat Tporratous ovx tha pov ovd adoBov ovdé dethav my Oéapa xat TpupavT av Geatav, adr domep "Ezrapewvovdas TO Boww tov Tedtov “A pews 6px 1j- oTpay, Fevopav 5é trav “"Edecov TON v_épya- aT pLoV, oUTws av pot Soxel TIS TOTE THY ‘Popny KaTa Ttvdapor “ Babumrorépdu TEMEVOS “Apews ” T pooerTeiy. 5:6 Kal warrov evdoxipnae Tapa pev TH Onpep Mdpxeddos nSovny éxovoars at Xapev ‘EA Aquecny Kat _mbavornra dtatrovninas Opere THY WOLD, mapa b¢ Tois mpea But épots Pa Bros Ma£ipos. ovdey yap éxivnoe TOLOUTOV OVOE METI- veyKey €K TIS Tapavrivey Toews adNovons, dAXNa Ta pev adda Xpupata | Kal TOD qovTOV eEepo- pnoe, Ta be ayadpara pévew elacey, CTTELTT@V TO pynpwovevopevov: ‘Aroncitrwpev, yap pn, “ ToVs Geovs tovrous Trois Tapaytivors Kexohwpevous.” Mdpxedrov 5 qT LavTo MpPOTov pev WS émidBovov movobvTa THY TON, Ov povov avo par wy, ada cai Oeav olov aiyparorcov dryopevery éy auth Kat TOMTEVOLEVO, ETrelTa OTL TOV Onwov iva pévov Tohepety i) yeopyeiv, Tpudijs dé kal padupias aretpov évta Kai kata Tov KvpuTridecov ‘HpaxXéa, Paddrov, dxopwov, Ta péytat’ aryabov, 1 néyior’ ayabdy with Coraés, as in the Cimon, iv. 4: meyiord Te dyabdy. 492 MARCELLUS the dedicatory offerings in Syracuse, that they might grace his triumph and adorn his city. For before this time Rome neither had nor knew about such elegant and exquisite productions, nor was there any love there for such graceful and subtle art ; but filled full of barbaric arms and bloody spoils, and crowned round about with memorials and trophies of triumphs, she was not a gladdening or a reassuring sight, nor one for unwarlike and luxurious spectators. Indeed, as Epaminondas called the Boeotian plain a “dancing floor of Ares,’ and as Xenophon! speaks of Ephesus as a “work-shop of war,’ so, it seems to me, one might at that time have called Rome, in the lan- guage of Pindar, “a precinct of much-warring Ares.” 2 Therefore with the common people Mar- cellus won more favour because he adorned the city with objects that had Hellenic grace and charm and fidelity ; but with the elder citizens Fabius Maximus was more popular. For he neither disturbed nor brought away anything of this sort from Tarentum, when that city was taken, but while he carried off the money and the other valuables, he suffered the statues to remain in their places, adding the well- known saying: “Let us leave these gods in their anger for the Tarentines.” And they blamed Mar- cellus, first, because he made the city odious, in that not only men, but even gods were led about in her triumphal processions like captives; and again, because, when the people was accustomed only to war or agriculture, and was inexperienced in luxury and ease, but, like the Heracles of Euripides, was “ Plain, unadorned, in a great crisis brave and true,’’ 4 1 Frell. iii. 4, 17. 2 Pyth. ii. 1 f. 3 Cf. the Fabius Maximus, xxii. 5. ‘ A fragment of the lost Licymnius of Euripides (Nauck, Trag. Grec. Frag.? p. 507). 493 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oYOAHS eveTTANTE Kal NadLGS TeEpl TEXVOY Kai TeyuiTav, aarteifopevoy Kat sstatpiBovta mpos TOUT®@ TOAU pépos THS Hpépas. ov py adrAA TovToLs évepvUvETO Kal pos TOUS" EAAnVas, @S TA Kara kal Oavpacta tis “EAAdbos ovKn émicta- pévous Timav Kal Oavpalerv “Pwpaious didakas. XXII. "Enotapévov 5€ tov évyOpav 7@ Map- KédXw pos TOV OpiayBov, émel cal mpdkes tives UTonTrels Hoav ere tept Sxediav cal dOovoy elyey o tpttos OpiauBos, cuvexwopnoey avtos } Tov pev evTerr Kal péyay eis to "AXBavoy dpos éEeXdoat, tov O€ éNaTTW KaTayayely eis THY modv, dv evav “EdXnves, d6Bav bé ‘Pwpaios Karovdot. réutes 5¢ avTov ovK éml Tod TEeOpir- mov BeBnxas ovdé daduvns éyov orépavov ovdé mepicarmilouevos, GAAa Tebos év BravTats, br’ avANT@V para ToANOY, Kal puppivns otépavoy emiKelpevos, WS aTrOAELOS Kal HOVS OPOHvaL par- Nov 7) KaTaTANKTLKOS. 5 Kal méytoTOV émol TEKLLN- ptov éote Tov Tpow@ mpodkews, GAAA py peyeOer, Siwpicbar tovs OpiauBovs TO Tradatov. ot perv yap peta payns xal dovov TOV Trorcpiov éme- Kpaticavtes Tov “Apniov éxeivov, ws gorke, Kal ghoBepov eiatryov, wotep év Tots Kabappois Tav _oTpatoTrébwy eiw@Oecav, Sdpyvn TwoAAn KaTacTé- wravres Ta StrAa Kal Tovs avdpas, Tots Sé TroNewou pev pn SenOeior otparnyois, optria dé Kal mrevBot kai d1a Aoyou wavta Oemévois KaX@S, olov émt- 1 gitds Corués and Bekker, following Stephanus, have abrois (agreed with them). 494 MARCELLUS he made them idle and full of glib talk about arts and artists, so that they spent a great part of the day in such clever disputation. Notwithstanding such censure, Marcellus spoke of this with pride even to the Greeks, declaring that he had taught the igno- rant Romans to admire and honour the wonderful and beautiful productions of Greece. XXII. But when the enemies of Marcellus opposed his triumph, because something still remained to be done in Sicily and a third triumph would awaken jealousy, he consented of his own accord to conduct the complete and major triumph to the Alban mount, but to enter the city in the minor triumph; this is called “eua”’ by the Greeks, and “ova” by the Romans.!_ In conducting it the general does not mount upon a four-horse chariot, nor wear a wreath of laurel, nor have trumpets sounding about him; but he goes afoot with shoes on, accompanied by the sound of exceeding many flutes, and wearing a wreath of myrtle, so that his appearance is unwarlike and friendly rather than terrifying. And this is the strongest proof to my mind that in ancient times the two triumphs were distinguished, not by the magni- tude, but by the manner, of the achievements which they celebrated. For those who won the mastery by fighting and slaying their enemies celebrated, as it would seem, that martial and terrible triumph, after wreathing their arms and their men with abundant laurel, just as they were wont to do when they purified their armies with lustral rites; while to those generals who had had no need of war, but had brought everything to a good issue by means of con- ference, persuasion, and argument, the law awarded 1 Cf, the Crassus, xi. 8. The later Latin name was ‘* ovatio.” 495 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Taavioat THY ATrOAELOV TAVTHY Kal TaVYnyUpLKHY amediOov ToumTny Oo vomos. Kal yap 6 avArJdsS b 4 a \ N , b ) , a A eipnvns pépos Kal TO wvprov "Adpoditns durov, 7h partota Oewy aréxOera: Bia nal tror€pors. SBas 5 ov rapa tov evacpov, ws ot TodAAL vouiCovory, e 4 e bd , > ” 0 OpiapBos ovros ovoualetar (Kal yap éxetvoy épevalovres nal adovres trapatréutovow), aXrN e@ » e , > \ UA > An A vd “EAAnvery eis to cvvnbes avtois trapitat Tovvopa, Temeopevav dua Kal Atoviow tt TIS “ 4 a M ae \ 4 > , Tims mpoonKkev, Ov Kviov cat @piauBov ovoga- Comev. ovy ota 5é Eyer TO ANNOES, GAN eri prev A vy. 4 a , @ na TO peyaro OprapBo BovOuteiy watptov jv rots a) 7 \ UA 4 Ww otpatnyois, emt 5é tovTw wpofatoy é0vov. dBa 5¢ ta mpoBata ‘Pwpaios KadXovow: éx TovTov Kal \ ‘ v b) , ” de A N tov OpiayBov dBayv wvopacayv. aé€toy 6€ Kai Tov Aaxwuxoy arroPewphoat vopobétny vtevartias an ¢ ~~ A , , , b T@ ‘Pwpyaire rakavta tas Ovoias. Ovet yap ev Srdptn tav atootpatynyav o peév Oe’ ararns F metOovs & Bovretar Statrpakdpevos Body, o bé da paXns GXExTpvova. Kaitrep yap SvTes TrodkewiKa- Tato. peiCova Kal paddov avOpwr@ mwpéToveav HryouvTo Thy dia AOyou Kal ovvécews Tpakw 7h \ , > , a @ a THv petra Bias kal avdpeias. taita pev odv drrws eyel OKOTELY TApEoTL. XXIII. Tod 6 MapxérXov 10 tétaptov vra- tevovtos of éxyOpol Trovs Yupaxovaiovs avérrecoav eis “Pépnv adixopévovs xarnyopety Kat karaBoay mpos THY avyxAnTov ws Seva kal tapdotoveda 496 31] MARCELLUS the privilege of conducting, like a paean of thanks- giving, this unwarlike and festal procession. For the flute is an instrument of peace, and the myrtle is a plant of Aphrodite, who more than all the other gods abhors violence and wars. And this minor triumph is called “ ova,’’ not from the Greek “euas- mos, as most think (since they conduct the major triumph also with songs and cries of “eua!’’), but the name has been wrested by the Greeks into con- formity with their speech, since they are persuaded that something of the honour has to do with Diony- sus also, whom they call Euius and Thriambus. This, however, is not the true explanation; but it was the custom for commanders, in celebrating the major triumph, to sacrifice an ox, whereas in the minor triumph they sacrificed a sheep. Now, the Roman name for sheep is “ova,” and from this circumstance the lesser triumph is called ova.1 And it is worth our while to notice that the Spartan lawgiver appointed his sacrifices in a manner opposite to that of the Romans. For in Sparta a returning general who had accomplished his plans by cunning decep- tion or persuasion, sacrificed an ox ; he who had won by fighting, a cock. For although they were most warlike, they thought an exploit accomplished by means of argument and sagacity greater and more becoming to a man than one achieved by violence and valour. How the case really stands, I leave an open question. XXIII. While Marcellus was serving as consul for the fourth time,? his enemies induced the Syracusans to come to Rome and accuse and denounce him before the senate for terrible wrongs which they 1 It is hardly necessary to say that Plutarch’s etymology, as often, is worthless. 2 In 210 B.c. 497 VOL. V. K K PLUTARCH’S LIVES metrovOotas. éruye pev ovv év KatitwXio Ovoiav Tiva ouvvtedo@v o Mapxedrrdos: ere &€ auyxabeto- pévn TH yepovcia Tav Zupaxovciwy mpootecov- tov Kat Seopévwyv Noyou Tuxelv Kal Sixns, o pev 2 cuvapywv ékcipyey adtovs, ayavaxtav brép Tod MapxéAXov pu tapovros, o 5¢ Madpxeddos evOvs qMEV akovoas. Kal TpwTtov pev eri tov didpou xcabioas ws bratos éxpnuatiler, érerta, TOV Ad- Awy TéAOS EvovTwWY, KaTaBas ato TOD Sidpou Kal KaTacTas womep touwrns eis TOY TOTroY év @ Aéyery ei@Oaciv ot KpLYopevot, Tos YupaKxovaiots 3 édéyyew avTov Tapetyev. ot Sé Servds pév cuve- rapaxOnoav mpos 76 dkiwpa Kal Td TetroLOds TOD avdpos, Kal TO év Tois BAO avuTrOcTaTOY érL padXov &v TH TepiToppupw PoBepov Hnyodvto xal SvoavTiBrerrov. ov pny adda Kal rapabappr- vovTay avTous Tav Stadpepopévwv mpos tov Mdp- KeAXov Hp~avTo THs KaTyyoplas Kal SeEHAOov 4 OdAOdUpPa Tive peprypevnv Sixaroroyiav, hs Fv TO Kepddatov OTe cippayot Kal diror ‘Pwpaiors évres TremovOacw & TroNXNOIs THY TrOAELLoV ETEpoL otpaTnyot pn Tadeiv éxapicavto. mpos TadTa o MdpxedAos Edeyer ws dvtl troddav ov Sebpdxace ‘Pwpaious Kaxas ovdev retrovOact, AMV & TrOdE- pe kal Kata Kpadtos adovtas avOpwrous KwADCAL mafeiy ov duvarov éeotiv, ottTw dé dro@vat Sv aUTOUS, TOAAA TpoKaroupeve teva Oqvar pi ébe- 6 AnoavTas. ov yap wre THY TUpdvYwY TOAEMHCAL BiacOevtas, AAAA Kadxeivous ém) TH Todepelv &xéoOat Tupavvovs. 498 MARCELLUS had suffered contrary to the terms of surrender. It chanced, then, that Marcellus was performing a sacrifice on the Capitol, but, the senate being still in session, the Syracusans hurried before it and begged that they might have a hearing and justice. The colleague of Marcellus tried to have them expelled, angrily explaining that Marcellus was not present ; but Marcellus, when he heard of it, came at once. And first, sitting as consul in his curule chair, he transacted the routine business; then, when this was all ended, coming down from his curule chair and taking his stand as a private citizen in the place where men under accusation usually plead their cause, he gave the Syracusans opportunity to press their charge. But they were terribly confounded by his dignity and confidence, and thought him yet more formidable and hard to confront in his robe of purple than he had been irresistible in arms. How- ever, being encouraged by the rivals of Marcellus, they began their denunciation and rehearsed their demands for justice, which were mingled with much lamentation. The gist of their plea was that, although they were allies and friends of the Romans, they had suffered at the hands of Marcellus what other generals allowed many of their enemies to escape. To this Marcellus made answer that in return for many injuries which they had done to the Romans, they had suffered nothing except what men whose city has been taken by storm in war cannot possibly be prevented from suffering ; and that their city had been so taken was their own fault, because they had refused to listen to his many exhortations and persuasions. For it was not by their tyrants that they had been forced into war, nay, they had elected those very tyrants for the purpose of going to war. K K 2 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES Acyévrov 5& Tay AOywv nai peOtoTtapévors, @otep ciwhev, ex THs BovArs tois Yvpaxovaiors aouveEnrOe Mapxeddos, eri T@ ovvapxovTe Trotn- odmevos THY CUYKANTOY, Kal po TOY Jupav Tou Bovreutnpiou SiétpiBev, odre Poo Sia rHv Sinn oute Ouu@ mpds Tous Yupaxouvciovs Tov cuvndous petaBarov Katactnuatos, GAAa Tpaws Wavu Kal Koopiws TO THs Sixns TéAOs exdeyopevos. étrel 5é SenvéxOnoav ai yrapuat nal uxwr arredeiyOn, TpooTintovaw auTe ot Lvpaxovarot, peta ba- Kpvov Seopevor THY Opyny eis avTovs adeivar Tous TAapovTas, oixTeipar O€ THY GAANY TOL pE“VN- pévnv ov Ervyev adel Kal ydply Exovoav. émkda- abels ody 0 Mdpxednros TovTas te SundAAdyn, Kal Tots GAXos Yupaxovaiors dei Te TpdtTwv ayabov duetédet. cal rnv édevOepiav iy arédwxev avrois, Kal Tovs vououvs nal TOV KTNLaTwY TA TepLoYTAa BéBaa Twapécyev % avyKANTOS. avl’ dv aAXaS Te Tuas UTrEeppueis Exe Tap avToOis, Kal voor EDevro ToLovToy, oTrdTay émLBH Bxertas Mapxed- Nos 7 TOY Exyovwyv Tis avTOD, oTEepavndopelv Lupaxovaiovs Kal Ovew trois Beois. XXIV. Tovvtei0ev 45n tpéretar mpos ‘“Avvi- Bav. kal trav adANov trdtwv Kal Hyepovwr oyedoy amdavtwv peta Ta ev Kavya él otpatn- yneatt TO pvyopayety ypwpévor emt tov avdpa, mapatatrecOar O€ Kal ovprréxecOar pndevos ToAMO@VTOS, avTos él rHv évaytiay wpynaev odor, olopevos TO SoxovvtTs Katadvew ’AvviBav ypovy mporepov éxtpiBetoav bn’ éxeivov AnoecOat THY "ItaXiav, cat rov PaBrov ael tis aopareias €xXo- pevoy ov Karas Exe! taoOat TO voonpa Tijs 1 om’ éxelvov, Exe bracketed by Bekker. 500 31 MARCELLUS When the speeches were ended, and the Syra- cusans, as the custom was, withdrew from the senate, Marcellus went forth with them, after giving to his colleague the presidency of the senate, and lingered before the doors of the senate-house, allowing no change in his accustomed demeanour either because he feared the sentence, or was angry with the Syra- cusans, but with complete gentleness and decorum awaiting the issue of the case. And when the votes had been cast, and he was proclaimed not guilty, the Syracusans fell at his feet, begging him with tears to remit his wrath against the embassy there present, and to take pity on the rest of the city, which always was mindful of favours conferred upon it and grateful for them. Marcellus, accordingly, relented, and was reconciled with the embassy, and to the rest of the Syracusans was ever afterwards constant in doing good. The freedom, also, which he had restored to them, as well as their laws and what was left of their possessions, the senate confirmed to them. Where- fore Marcellus received many surpassing honours from them, and particularly they made a law that whenever he or any one of his descendants shou!d set foot in Sicily, the Syracusans should wear garlands and sacrifice to the gods. XXIV. After this he moved at once against Han- nibal. And although almost all the other consuls and commanders, after the disaster at Cannae, made the avoidance of all fighting their sole plan of cam- paign against this antagonist, and no one had the courage to engage in a pitched battle with him Marcellus himself took the opposite course, thinking that before the time thought necessary for destroyin Hannibal had elapsed, Italy would insensibly be worn out by him. He thought, too, that Fabius, b making safety his constant aim, was not taking ihe 501 PLUTARCH’S LIVES matpioos, wepiévovta tH “Poun papatvopévn cuvamoaBivat Tov TOAELOV, WaoTTEp iaTpaY TOUS > 7 é \ N \ . / ~ aToApous Kal detrovs mpos ta BonOnpata, THs vooov Trapakuny thy THs Suvapews! eEavdrwow Hyoupevous. a mpwTov pev ovv Tas LavariKcas Ul UA ? 4 @ 4 a fs A Tones peyadas ahectwoas eXwv, ciTov TE TONUY aTrokeipevoy év avtais nal ypnuata Kal rovs gurdacoovtas “AvviBou otpatiwtas Ttptaytdious évras éXaBev’ érevta tov *AvviBov PovrABov Tvaiov avOvmatov év ’AmovNMa Kataxtetvaytos bev avtov avy Evdexa yidtapyots, KaTaKowavTos Sé Tis oTpaTLas TO TrAEloTOY, Ereprpev eis ‘PHounv ypadupata Tous woNiras twapaxadav Oappeir autos yap Hbn Babdifery ws apérotto THY Yapav > , A le) A e 4 , > AvviBov. Kat tavta pev o AtBios dyow ava- 4, \ Uf \ A UA > a yvooOevta Ta ypdppata pn THS AUTTNS adereiy, tAAQ a poB Q a A ‘Pp , he ardr\a TO hHo8w tpocbeivat, TAV “Pwpaiwy peifov 4 lo A ad HYOULEVwWY TOU yEYOVOTOS TO KLVOUVEVOMEVOY ba@ DovAPiov xpeittwv tv Mdpxeddos- o 5é, aotrep éyparrev, evOds “AvviBav Sioxwv eis tyv Aev- / > 7 \ , , kaviav évéBare, kal trept wodtwv Nopiortpwva , e \ LU bd A ‘ s \ caOnpevov virép Nopwv oyvp@v KaTtadaBwvy avTos éy T@ TEdiw KaTEcTpaTOTédevoe. TH SD VoTEpaia mpoTepos eis payny mapatatas To otpdteupa 4 » 4 4 , a 9 kataBavtos AvviBov, cvveBare waynv Kpiowv ov AaBotcav, taxyupav Sé Kai peyadrnv yevopevnv: amo yap pas TpiTns cupTEcoYTEs HON TKOTOUG , , a & e / ‘ ports SeeAvOnocav. apa NHEPa Mpoayaywy avOis To otpatevpa tmrapétake Sia TaY vEexpav 1 thy ris Suvduews Bekker, after Coraés : rijs duydpews. 502 MARCELLUS right course to heal the malady of the country, since the extinction of the war for which he waited would be coincident with the exhaustion of Rome, just as physicians who are timid and afraid to apply reme- dies, consider the consumption of the patient’s powers to be the abatement of the disease. First, then, he took the large cities of the Samnites which had revolted, and got possession of great quantities ot grain which had been stored in them, besides money, and the three thousand soldiers of Hannibal who were guarding them. Next, after Hannibal had slain the proconsul Gnaeus Fulvius himself in Apulia, together with eleven military tribunes, and had cut to pieces the greater part of his army, Marcellus sent letters to Rome bidding the citizens be of good courage, for that he himself was already on the march to rob Hannibal of his joy. Livy says! that when these letters were read, they did not take away the grief of the Romans, but added to their fear; for they thought their present danger as much greater than the past as Marcellus was superior to Fulvius. But Marcellus, as he had written, at once pursued Hannibal into Lucania, and came up with him, and as he found him occupying a secure position on heights about the city of Numistro, he himself encamped in the plain. On the following day he was first to array his forces when Hannibal came down into the plain, and fought a battle with him which, though indecisive, was desperate and long; for their engagement began at the third hour, and was with difficulty ended when it was already dark. But at daybreak Marcellus led his army forth again, put them in array among the dead bodies of the 1 xxvii. 2. 993 PLUTARCH’S LIVES kal mpovxareito SiaywvicacGar wept THS vis \ b ) ‘4 bd a \ b 4 rd rov AvviBav. avatevEavtos 5é éxeivou oxurevd- gas TOUS ToAEpiovs vexpovs Kal Odryras Tovs dirous ediwxey adOts: Kal Toddas pev UpévTos évédpas obdepud treptrecwy, év 5€ Tact Tols axpo- a a 4 ’ , \ \ ~ Boro pois wretov Exwv CBaupdfero. S10 Kai THY apyatpeciwv érreyovrwy edofe TH Bovdt parXov bd 4 N @ b] / a A o éx Luxedias Tov Erepoyv amrdyew trarov i Map- xkedrov “AvviBa cuvnptnpévoy xivetv, éOovta 8” é P ad > - > £ b] a 4 ~ éxédevev eitreiv Sextdtopa Koivtroy PovrAvop. € ‘ 4 > ” e A A , O yap Suxtatwp ove éotiv bro Tod mANnOouS ION aA n e , 9 XN a e 4 a ovde THs BovANs aipeTos, AAAa TeV UIrTaTwY TLS 7} TOV oTpaTnyav TpoEedOwv eis Tov SHyov by avlTo Sonxet Néryet Suxtaropa. kal dia: TovTO Suctatwp 0 pynOets Kadeitae TO yap D€vyerp_ Sixepe Peopaior Kadovow* éveot 5é€ Tov Suxrdropa TO pny mpore- Gévar Wihov xXeipotoviay, arr ad’ abtod Ta Sofavta wpocrattew Kal réyew ovTwS wvoL"G- cOar' nal yap Ta Staypdupata tay apyovTwy “EAAnves péev Statdypata, ‘Pwpaio. Sé¢ eéduxta WT poo aryopevova ty. XXV. ’Ezrel 5€ éX\O@y aro tis Suxedas o Tod MapkédXov cuvapyev étrepov éBovreto dNafety } duxtatopa, Kai BiacOjvar rapa yvapunv pn Bovr0o- pevos e&émrAevce VUKTOS Els DiKEALAY, OUTWS O MeV djpuos @vopace Sixtadtopa Koivtrov PovrABtov, 4 Bourn & éypare MaprérAr\w Kedevovaa ToiTov etmety. o 5€ TetcOels aveire Kat cuveTrentpwce Tov Onpou THY yvopuny, autos bé mad avOvraTos 1 raBeiv Bekker has Aéyeiw, after Coraés. 504 MARCELLUS slain, and challenged Hannibal to fight it out with him for the victory. And when Hannibal withdrew his forces, Mardellus stripped the dead bodies of the enemy, burjed those of his own men, and pursued him agpin. And though his adversary laid many ambuskes for him, he escaped them all, and by getting fhe advantage of him in all the skirmishes, won admiration for himself. For this reason, too, when the consular elections drew near, the senate decided that it was better to recall the other consul from Sicily than to disturb Marcellus in his grappling with Hannibal, and when he was come, it bade him declare]Quintus Fulvius dictator. For a dictator qannot be chosen either by the people or by the sqnate, but one of the consuls or praetors comes before the assembled people and names as dictator the one whom he himself decides upon. And for this reason the one so named is called “ dictator,” from the Latin “ dicere,” to name or declare. Some, however, say that the dictator is he puts no question to vote or XXV. But the 'colleague of Marcellus, who had come back from Sicily, wished to appoint another man as dictator, and being unwilling to have his opinion overborne by force, sailed off by night to Sicily. Under these\circumstances the people named Quintus Fulvius as dictator, and the senate wrote to Marcellus bidding him confirm the nomination. He consented, proclaimed Quintus Fulvius dictator, and so confirmed the will of the people; he himself was 5°5 ve PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 eis Toumiov arrebeiyOn. ocuvOéyevos Sé mpos PaBiov Ma :pov Srrws éxeivos pev éemryerpn Ta- pavrivots, avTos 5é cupTrAEKOmEVOS Kai TEPLEAKWY "AvviBav éurodav 4 Tot BonOeiv mpos éxetvor, éméBare wept Kavicctov, cal rodXas ad\NdooorTe oTpatotreseias Kal uyopayodvts travtaxyoVev érehaiveto, tédos 8 iSpuvOévta ampocKeipevos éEaviotn tois axpoBodcpots. opunoavtos dé paxerOar SeEduevos vo vuntos SveAvOn: Kat pe?” nuépay adOis év Trois SirXols Ewpato Tov oTpaTov éywv Tapatetaypevov, @oTe Tov "AvviBav Tept- adyi yevopxevov tovs Kapyndovious abpoicat cal SenOivar thy paynv éxeivny birép tacay aywvt- cacbat tov éutrpocbev. ‘‘“Opate yap,” elzrev, “@s 00d€ avatvedoal peTa vikas TocavTas ovdé oYONHY ayew Kparodaw nuiv ExT, Eb wn TOUTOY woaipeda tov avOpwrrov.” "Ex tovtov cupBarovrtes éudyovto. Kat Soret Tapa TO épyoyv aKaipw oTpaTnynmaTL Ypwmpevos 0 Mdprerros charivar. Tok yap Sekod so- vouvTos éxéXevoev Ev TOY Tay"aTwY Eis Toby mpoobev mpoehGeiv- n 5€ HeTaKsnots airy Tapa- Eaca Tovs Haxopevous mapédane TO viKnpa Tots ToAemlols, éewTaKkociwv éml Sioxtrtors ‘Pwpaiwy TecovTwv. avaywpnoas dé o Mdpxeddos eis tov Xapaka Kal cuvayayov Tov otpatov, opav épn ‘Pwpaiwy orra TOAANG Kal copata, ‘Pwpaiov Sé pndéva opav. airoupévar 5é cuyyveunv ovk Eby b.80var vevixnuevors, gay S& vinnowot, Soceww: 506 3] MARCELLUS appointed proconsul again for the ensuing year.! He then made an agreement with Fabius Maximus that, while Fabius should make an attempt upon Taren- tum, he himself, by diverting Hannibal and engaging with him, should prevent him from coming to the relief of that place. He came up with Hannibal at Canusium, and as his adversary often shifted his camp and declined battle, he threatened him con- tinually, and at last, by harassing him with his skirmishers, drew him out of his entrenchments. But though battle was offered and accepted, night parted the combatants, and next day Marcellus ap- peared again with his army drawn up in battle array ; so that Hannibal, in distress, called his Carthaginians together and besought them to make their fighting that day surpass all their previous struggles. “ For you see,” he said, “that we cannot even take breath after all our victories, nor have respite though we are in the mastery, unless we drive this man away.’ After this they joined battle and fought. And it would seem that Marcellus made an unseasonable movement during the action, and so met with disaster. For when his right wing was hard pressed, he ordered ond of his legions to move up to the front. This change of position threw his army into confusion and gave the victory to the enemy, who slew twenty-seven hundred of the Romans. Mar- cellus then withdrew to his camp, called his army together, and told them that he saw before him many Roman arms and Roman bodies, but not a single Roman. And when they asked for his pardon, he refused to give it while they were vanquished, but promised to do so if they should win a victory, 1 209 B.C. 507 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avptov b€ payeioOas raduy, Strws of TodtTAL THY vixny mporepoy } THY huynvy axovowor. Starexy-— Geis S€ tadta, mpocétake tals Hrtnpévats orre- pats avti trupa@v KpiOas petpnoa. 8s & ToAX@Y ao THS payns érixwdvvas Kal Tovnpws éxovT@V ovdéva ghaciv dy oi MapxédAXov Adyot TOY Tpav- HaTa@V OVXL UAadNrOV HAYUVAaD. XXVI. “Apa 58 juépa mpovnecto pev 6 posve- KovS YLT@Y, wS ElwOe, payns Ecopévns supBodror, ai 8é nripacpévar omeipat thy mpwetrny avtat SenBeicar taki édapBavoy, rnv 5é addrnv é&d- yovTes Ob ytMtapyot oTpatiay trapevéBaddXovr. dxovoas 5€ o ‘AvviBas, “QO ‘“Hpdxnres,” eizre, “ri xpioetai tis avOpwrm pnte THY Yeipova TUXnY pnTe thy BeATiova Hépery EidSoTL; pdvos yap ovTos obte vinav Sidwowy avatravow ovTeE AapBaver vixwpevos, GAN adel paynodpeOa mMpds TovTOY, ws eoixev, & Tov ToAuav adel Kal TO Oappetv evtuyodvrTt Kai ohaddropévw 76 aideicOat mpopacis éortw.” éx TovTov acuvnecay ai duyd- pes’ Kal TOY avipav ica hepopévwy exédevoev "AvviBas ta Onpia xatractycavtas eis TpwTny Tafiv émaye tois SAO TOV ‘Pwoyatwv. wbtc- pod 6é peydrou Kal tapayns evOvs ev trois mpe- ToLs yevouerns, els TOV YLALapywr dvoua PraBros avapTwdacas onpaiay wmnvtiake Kal To oTUpaKkt Tov TpwTov édéhavta TUTTwV aTéaTpepev. oO Se éuBarov eis tov omicw ouverapake nal tobdrov Kat Tous émepepopévous. Kxatidav dé rovto Map- KEeNNOS ExéXEVa'E TOUS LmTels ELaVVELY AVA KpaTOS 508 MARCELLUS assuring them that on the morrow they should fight again, in order that their countrymen might hear of their victory sooner than of their flight. At the close of his speech, moreover, he gave orders that rations of barley instead of wheat should be given to the cohorts that had been worsted. Therefore, though many were in a wretched and dangerous plight after the battle, there was not a man of them, they say, to whom the words of Marcellus did not give more pain than his wounds.! XXVI. At daybreak the scarlet tunic, the usual signal of impending battle, was displayed, the co- horts under disgrace begged and obtained for them- selves the foremost position in the line, and the tribunes led forth the rest of the army and put them in array. On hearing of this Hannibal said: “O Hercules! what can be done with a man who knows ‘not how to bear either his worse or his better fortune? For he is the only man who neither gives a respite when he is victorious, nor takes it when he is vanquished, but we shall always be fighting with him, as it seems, since both his courage in success and his shame in defeat are made reasons for bold undertaking”’. Then the forces engaged ; and since the men fought with equal success, Hannibal ordered: his elephants to be stationed in the van, and to be driven against the ranks of the Romans. A great _ press and much confusion at once arose among their foremost lines, but one of the tribunes, Flavius by name, snatched up a standard, confronted the elephants, smote the leader with the iron spike of the standard, and made him wheel about. The beast dashed into the one behind him and threw the whole onset into confusion. Observing this, Marcellus ordered his cavalry to charge at full speed 1 Cf. Livy, xxvii. 12 and 13, 509 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 7 pos TO GopuBovpevov Kat Tovey ere padrov avTots TEPLTET ELS Tous TOAEMLOUS. ovTot Te On AapT pas euBarovtes aVvEKOTTOV aX pe TOU oTpa- Tom ébov TOUS Kapyndorious, Kal TOV Onpiov Ta KTEWOMEVA KAL TiTTOVTA TOV WAEioTOY aUTa@YV dbovov aretpydfero. NéyovTar yap wvmrép oxTa- Kua xtALous amroOavetv: ‘Popaior bé vex pol peev €ryEVOVTO Tpiaxircot, Tpavpariar 5é odtryou Secy dravtes. Kat \TOUTO wapeayev "AvviBa Ka?” nouxiay GVACTAVTL VUKTOS dpau moppwrara Too Mapxédnov. draxety yap oux my Suvaros vm6 wrAnOous TOV TETPOMEVOY, adda Kara oXokny eis Kaprraviav avévev€e, Kal TO Bépos éy YLwvoeacon dunyev avarkapBavev tovs oTpatiotas. XXVII. ‘O 68é ’AvviBas Os améppntev éavtTov Tov Mapxérrov, V PWILEVOS OoTrEp Aehupevep 7e oT paTEvpart, Twacav adeds ev _KoK hp meptiov ep reve THY ‘IraAiav: Kal KAKOS Kova ev év ‘Payn Mdpxednos. oi Oe éxApol TlouPrixcov BiSnov, &va Tov Snpcip ov, avéatnoav emt THY KaTN- yoptav avrov, dELvov etTrety avopa Kai Biacov: OS TOAAGKES cuvayaryor TOV 57} uov émeBev aAX@ mapadobvat oTpaTny@ THY Suvapuy, “ érel Mdp- KENXOS, ep, - puKpa T@ TORE 7 pooyeyup.- VAC MEVOS Gomep ex TaraloTpas eri Oeppa ouT pa epameva wy EQUTOV TETPATITAL. TtavtTa truv0a- VO MEVOS O Mdpxeddos éml pev TOU oTpaToméedou TOUS pea BeuvTas améhiTren, autos O€ mpos Tas d:aBoras ATONOYNTOMEVOS ELS ‘Popny érravinbev. éx bé TOV 61a Borov éxelveov Sieny ebpe Taper Kev- ao wevny ép’ avrov. Tpépas ov optadeians Kal tov Syuou auvedOovtos eis tov Prapivioy immo- 510 314 MARCELLUS upon the disordered mass and throw the enemy still more into confusion. The horsemen made a brilliant charge and cut the Carthaginians down as far as to their camp, and the greatest slaughter among them was caused by their killed and wounded elephants.! For more than eight thousand are said to have been slain ; and on the Roman side three thousand were killed, and almost all were wounded. This gave Hannibal opportunity to break camp quietly in the night and move to a great distance from Marcellus. For Marcellus was unable to pursue him, owing to the multitude of his wounded, but withdrew by easy marches into Campania, and spent the summer at Sinuessa recuperating his soldiers. XXVII. But Hannibal, now that he had torn him- self away from Marcellus, made free use of his army, and going fearlessly round about, wasted all Italy with fire. Meantime, at Rome, Marcellus was in ill repute, and his enemies incited Publicius Bibulus, one of the tribunes of the people, a powerful speaker and a man of violence, to bring a denunciation against him. This man held frequent assemblies of the people and tried to persuade them to put the forces of Marcellus in charge of another general, “since Marcellus,” as he said, “after giving himself a little exercise in the war, has withdrawn from it as from a palaestra, and betaken himself to warm baths for refreshment.”’ On learning of this, Marcellus left his legates in charge of his army, while he himself went up to Rome to make answer to the accusations against him. .There he found an impeachment prepared against him which was drawn from these accusations. Accordingly, on a day set for the trial, when the people had come together in the Flaminian ' Five were killed, according to Livy, xxvii. 14. 511 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Spopov, o pev BiBros avaBas KATHYOPNTED, o Oe Mdpxednos amehoretro, Bpaxéa pev kal dwra Se’ éavrod, TONY 5é xal Napmpav ot SOKLL@TATOL Kab %P@TOL Tov Toner ay mappnaiay yor, Tapa- KaNovvTes 41) Xetpovas Tov qro\euiou KpiTas tik ot detAiay MapxédAov Kataynpioapevous, vy povov pevryet TOV NYE LOvOV exeivos Kat duareXet TOUT® pn) paxecBar aTpaTHYaY, oS Tots adAXos paxeaBan. pnevrwy 5é Trav horyor TOUTM@Y TOG- ovToOV i] THS Sixns éxrris epevoato TOV KaTH- yopov wate wm povoy adeOnvar TOY aiTi@v Tov Mdpxearndor, arAa xat 76 Téutrtov bratoy arro- SeryOjvat. XXVIII. HaparaBov 6¢ THV apxny Tp@T ov pev év Tuppnvia peya Kiynpa wpos anoaTacw émauae Kat watempauvev éreXOwv tas wodets* émerta vaov éx Tdv Lixetixdv Lapvpwv Geodoun- pévov Orr’ avroo AoEns xa "Aperijs kabrepdoar Bovdopevos, al KwAvOeis brrd TOY iepéwy obK akiovvrav évi va® dvo Jeous Tepe ecOat, madtv npkato mpocoixodopeiy & ETEpov, ov badios pépwr THY ryevyernpmevqy avTixpovoty, ann OoTep olw- vilopevos. wal yap aANa ToANa onusia Stera- parrey avo», lep@v TLVwWY KEpavyMdeEs Kal pvES tov év Atos ypucov Staparyovres: erEXIn 5é xal Bovy avOpwrov govnv ageivat wal mardiov éxou xepadny édepavTos ryevéo Bas Kat mept Tas éx- Ovces Kat _amoTpoTr as Svatepobyres of _pavrers Katetyov avrov év ‘Popy oT apyavTa Kat preyo- pevov. ovdels yap épwra Toc obTov npaaOn mpary- paros oudevos Scov ovTOS Oo avnp Tov payn xptOnvar mpos “AvviBayv. todro Kal vuiKrwp 512 MARCELLUS circus, Bibulus rose up and denounced him. Then Marcellus spoke briefly and simply in his own de- fence, and the leading and most reputable citizens, with great boldness of speech and in glowing terms, exhorted the people not to show themselves worse judges than the enemy by convicting Marcellus of cowardice, whom alone of their leaders Hannibal avoided, and continually contrived not to fight with him, that he might fight with the rest. When these speeches were ended, the accuser was so far dis- appointed in his hope of obtaining the verdict that Marcellus was not only acquitted of the charges against him, but actually appointed consul for the fifth time.! XXVIII. After assuming his office, he first quelled a great agitation for revolt in Etruria, and visited and pacified the cities there; next, he desired to dedicate to Honour and Virtue a temple that he had built out of his Sicilian spoils, but was prevented by the priests, who would not consent that two deities should occupy one temple; he therefore began to build another temple adjoining the first, although he resented the priests’ opposition and regarded it as ominous. And indeed many other portents dis- turbed him: sundry temples were struck by light- ning, and in that of Jupiter, mice had gnawed the gold; it was reported also that an ox had uttered human speech, and that a boy had been born with an elephant’s head; moreover, in their expiatory rites and sacrifices, the seers received bad omens, and therefore detained him at Rome, though he was all on fire and impatient to be gone.2, For no man ever had such a passion for any thing as he had for fighting a decisive battle with Hannibal. This was 1 For 208 B.c. Cf. Livy, xxvii. 20. 2 Cf. Livy, xxvii. 11; 25. 513 VOL. Vv. L L PLUTARCH’S LIVES Svetpov HY avTo Kal peTa hirwy Kal cuvapyorTav a A ‘ , A ‘ év BovNeupa Kai pia mpos Oeovs pwr}, tapatar- Topevov "AvviBay rNaBeiv. Adiota 8 av poe Soxet Telyous évds 7 Tivos XapaKos apudorépors Tots oTpaTevpact TrepiTebevros Sayovicac Bau, Kal et py TONAHS ev 75H peoTos bripxe boEns, ToNAHY 8e meipay TApEeTXNKEL TOV map ovTivouy TOY oTpATHYOY éuBprd7s ryeryovevas Kat Ppavtpos, elroy Qv Ste petpaxiades ait MT POTTET TWKEL Kal girotiuotepov ma0os 4 Kata mpeoRvTny ToaovTov. wirep yap éEnxovta yeyovas étn TO TELWTOV UTATEVEY. XXIX. Ov phy adda Ovotov nal Kafappav Oy Uumnyopevoy of pavrers yevopévory éEnADe pera a lA > \ , Tov ouvapyovtos él Tov todepov, Kal ToAAa \ B 4 / t 4 / petatv Bavtias toXews xal Bevucias xaOnpevov npedrge tov 'AvviBav. o &é eis pdynyv pev ov xkatéBawvev, aicOopevos 5é Treutromevny UT’ avTay b \ \ > , \ aotpatiav émi Aoxpovs tovs ’Emilepupious, cata Tov wept IlernAiay rNodhov tdels évédpas rwevta- Koalovs Kal Siayirjiovs améxtewe. TovTo Mdp- 2 / a A ‘\ \ , \ Kedrov eFéhepe TH Ouy@ mpos Thy payny, Kal mTpoohryey apas éyyutépw thy Svvapev. 3 \ A / bd Hy 8@ petakd trav orpatorédwv AdHhos éreet- KOS pev evepxys, VANS Sé wavtTobanis avaTAEws* 9 \ \ a > > 9» / elye 5é€ Kal oKoTras Teptxdvels em apporepa, kal vapatwv bTepaivovto myyal KatappeovTwy. 9 , @ ee aA > , 4 “A EOavpaloy ovv ot Pwpaio: AvviBay ort Tpw@Tos € \ > “A , : if > , > >» > / EXov evpva TOTOY OUTWS OU KaTET KEV, ANA arTré- 514 315 MARCELLUS his dream at night, his one subject for deliberation with friends and colleagues, his one appeal to the gods, namely, that he might find Hannibal drawn up to meet him. And I think he would have been most pleased to have the struggle decided with both armies enclosed by a single wall or rampart; and if he had not been full already of abundant honour, and if he had not given abundant proof that he could be compared with any general whomsoever in solidity of judgement, I should have said that he had fallen a victim to a youthful ambition that ill became such a great age as his. For he had passed his sixtieth year when he entered upon his fifth consulship.} XXIX. However, after the ceremonies of sacrifice and purification which the seers prescribed had been performed, he set out with his colleague for the war, and gave much annoyance to Hannibal in his en- campment between Bantia and Venusia. Hannibal would not give battle, but having been made aware that the Romans had sent some troops against Locri Epizephyrii, he set an ambush for them at the hill of Petelia, and slew twenty-five hundred of them. This filled Marcellus with mad desire for the battle, and breaking camp, he brought his forces nearer to the enemy. _ Between the camps was a hill which could be made tolerably secure, and was full of all sorts of woody growth ; it had also lookout-places that sloped in either direction, and streams of water showed themselves running down its sides. The Romans therefore wondered that Hannibal, who had come first to a place of natural advantages, had not oc- cupied it,- but left it in this way for his enemies. 1 In 208 B.c. 515 LL2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 Nee Tots TroNepioNS. T@ Sé apa Kadov pev ev- ” N , b , A oTpaToTedevoat TO Ywpioy epaivero, modu Sé KpettTov évedpevoat: Kxai mpos TovTo padXov avT@ ypjabat Bovropevos evéerAnoe THY DANY kal tas xotikddas axovticTay te ToNAOY Kal NoyKopspwv, memetopévos erdkecOar &: evdviav b) \ 4 \ ¢ , PQNV\ 9 4 4 avuTa Ta Ywpia TOvs “Pwpaious. ovdé atreWetcOn THS EXmridos? EevOds yap Nv TOALS eV TH TTPATO- a S Twébp TOV ‘Pwpaiwy Aoyos ws YP] TO Yopiov KatarapBdvev, kat duectpatnyouv dca mNeove- KTHTOVOt TOUS TroNepioUS, paAtoTAaA pev eKeEt otpatomesevoartes, eb Sé pn, TEerxXicavres TOY Adpov. edofev otv To Mapxédrdr@ pet’ GrALyav e a > 4 / ‘ \ immToTay éTeNacavTt KatacKkéwacbat. kat AaBov A 4 Tov pavti éOveto’ Kal rod mpwTov meaovTos iepetov Seixvucww avt@ TO hrap ovK Exov Keharyv e 5 0 padvris. émiOvoapévouv dé TO Sevrépov 4 te xeparyn péyeOos timephués avéoye nal Tarra patdpa Oavpacras Stepdvn, nai rAvow eyew Oo A 4 Tav mpwtav poBos okev. of S€ pavtes Tadra a wv , A 4 pardrov épacay Sedsévas nat tapatrecOat: rap- TpoTatwy yap én aicyiatos Kal oxvOpwtotd- Tobs Lepois yevouevwv UrowTov elvat THS peTa- Borjs tiv atoTriav. adda yap To wempwpévov ov trip, ob aidapotv cynoe TELXOS, \ / 9g / , ‘ a cata Iivdapor, éEne roy te cvvapyovta Kpioti- vov maparaBeov Kai Tov vioy yidtapyodvTa Kal 6 TOUS cUpTravTas imrets eixoot Kal Staxociovs. OV e€ a b) @ 3 2 @ EA , Pwpaios ovdels Hv, ANX of pev GAXot Tuppyvot, recocapaxovra 5é PpeyeNXavol, trefpay apeThs Kal 516 MARCELLUS Now, to Hannibal the place did seem good for an encampment, but far better for an ambuscade, and to this use he preferred to put it. He therefore filled its woods and hollows with a large force of javelineers and spearmen, convinced that the place of itself would attract the Romans by reason of its natural advantages. Nor was he deceived in his expectations ; for straightway there was much talk in the Roman camp about the necessity of occupying the place, and they enumerated all the strategic ad- vantages which they would gain over their enemies, particularly by encamping there, but if not that, by fortifying the hill. Marcellus accordingly decided to ride up to it with a few horsemen and inspect it. So he summoned his diviner and offered sacrifice, and when the first victim had been slain, the diviner showed him that the liver had no head. But on his sacrificing for the second time, the head of the liver was of extraordinary size and the other tokens ap- peared to be wonderfully propitious, and the fear which the first had inspired seemed to be dissipated. But the diviners declared that they were all the more afraid of these and troubled by them; for when very propitious omens succeeded those which were most inauspicious and threatening, the strange- ness of the change was ground for suspicion. But since, as Pindar says,! “ Allotted fate not fire, not wall of iron, will check,” Marcellus set out, taking with him his colleague Crispinus, his son, who was a military tribune, and two hundred and twenty horsemen all told. Of these, not one was a Roman, but they were all Etruscans, except forty men of Fregellae, who had 1 Fragment 232 (Bergk). 517 PLUTARCH’S LIVES wioTeas del TH MapkéAro dedwxores. brwdous 5é Tod Aopou Kat cuvnpepods dvTOS avnp xan- pevos avo oxomny elye Tots Toheuwors, auTos ov cUVvOPHpLEVOS, cadopayv be TOV ‘Popatov TO oT patomedov. Kat Ta yvopeva TOUTOU ppdcavtos Tots Aox war, MpooéeNAvvoYTa TOV Ma KeXN OV édoavtes eyyus mpocenOeiy eEaipyns avéecTnoay, Kal mepixvd eves apa mavraxobev nrovtitov, émauov, édimkov TOUS pevyovras, cuvEeTTAEKOVTO ToIs Upto Tapevors. ovr ou S hoayv ot Tecoapa- xovta DpeyedAXavoi. kal TOV Tuppnvav ed0us ép apxn Stat pec aver avrol TVaTpApEvTeEs jpUVOVT O Tpo TOY UraTwV, aXpL ov Kptarrivos pev aKovTi- Tpact dual BeBAnpévos émea rpeyev els puyny Tov imov, MdpxedXov 6€ Tis doyXn TraTELa Sua TOV WAEvpaY Sinracev, iv Aaykiay Kadovow. 00TH 6 Kal TOV DpeyedAaveov ot TepLovTes driryoe TavraTacw QUTOV Mev TrecovTa NéElToVaL, TOV é vioy a macavres | TET paapévov pevyovow éml TO arpaToredov. éyévovto 5é vexpol pev ov TOMA TOY TETOA aKovTa Thelous, aiXparwror sé Tov pev paBdovxeov WEVTE, TOV bé i iwméwv eixoot dueiv déortes. eTeAeUTI GE dé Kal Kptomivos é« Tov TPAUYLAT@Y Ov TOAANAS nuepas éemtBracas. Kal mabos TOUTO ‘Popators ouveTrece TpOTEpov ov yeyovos, auporépous éF é évos ayavos TVs VIraTous aroGaveiv. XXX. ’AvviBa 5é tev pév addov éNaXLoTOS ip Noyos, Mdpxednov be TET TOKEVAL mud opevos AUTOS éFéopapev éml Tov TOTIOV, Kal TH vexp@ TapacTas Kal woXvv Xpovov THY TE pouny Tou ca@pmatos Katayuaba@y Kal ra eldos, ottTE havav 518 MARCELLUS given Marcellus constant proof of their valour and fidelity. Now, the crest of the hill was covered with woods, and on its summit a man had been stationed by the enemy to keep a lookout; he could not be seen himself, but kept the Roman camp in full view. This man, then, told those who lay in ambush what was going on, and they, after permitting Marcellus to ride close up to them, rose up on a sudden, and encompassing him on all sides, hurled their javelins, smote with their spears, pursued the fugitives, and grappled with those who made resistance. These were the forty men of Fregellae, who, though the Etruscans at the very outset took to flight, banded themselves together and fought in defence of the consuls, until Crispinus, smitten with two javelins, turned his horse and fled, and Marcellus was run through the side with a broad spear (the Latin name for which is “lancea”). Then the surviving men of Fregellae, few all told, left him where he lay dead, snatched up his son who was wounded, and fled to their camp. Hardly more than forty were slain, but five lictors were taken prisoners, and eighteen horsemen.! Crispinus also died of his wounds not many days after. Such a disaster as this had never happened to the Romans before: both their consuls were killed in a single action. XXX. Hannibal made very little account of the rest, but when he learned that Marcellus had fallen, he ran out to the place himself, and after standing by the dead body and surveying for a long time its strength and mien, he uttered no boastful speech, 1 Cf. Livy, xxvii. 26 and 27. 519 PLUTARCH’S LIVES apixev vTepnpavov, ouvTE an’ dyrews 70 Xatpov, @S av TIS epyodn TOA MLOV Kal Bapuv a ATEKTOVES, 2 ébédnver, adr em Gaupdcas TO maparoryov THS TEhEUTHS TOV pev daxTUdtov adetreTo, TO Oé TO pa 31! KOO PLNnTAS ™ peTrovTt Koo [ep Kal meptaTetdas e€vTi- pos éxavoe Kal Ta Aeipava auvbels ets Kady apyupar, Kal Xpucoby éuBarov arépavon, amré- aTethe Tmpos TOV viov. TOV 6é Noudder tives mepe- TUXOVTES Tois Kouilovaty Opynoav adatpetc Oat TO TEDXOS, aytthapBavopevov S° éxeivov ex Bualo- 3 pevot Kal pay opevot Stépprpay Ta dara. mu0o- pevos 5€ ’AviBas, Kal Wpos TOUS mapovTas elroy, es Ovder dpa duvarov yevérOau aKovTos Geov,” Tots ev Noyaovy é7réOnKe Sinn, OUKETL O€ Kopediis h avAdoyys TOV Nenpdvev eppovticen, & as 67 KaTa deov Twa, Kal Ths TEeMEUTAS Kat THS arapias Tapa- 4 ayes oUTW TO Mapxérro ryevoperns. TavTa pmev ovv ot Tepl Kopyij\uov Nézorta Kat Ovaréprov Mdéipov iotopnxace: AiBtos 5é Kai Kaicap | oO 2eBacros Kora Ohvar Thv wdpiav mpos Tov viov eipnkact Kal Tadjvat Aap pas. "Hy dé avaOnpa MapkehaAov diya tav év ‘Popy upydovov pev év Kardvy THS 2uKxehas, dvd pidvres dé xal mivaxes TaV éx Lupaxovedy 2 év Te Yapo- Opaxn Tapa TOUS Geois, obs KaBetpous avopaton, 5 Kal mepl Aivdov év tO ‘ep ris "AOnvas. éxel 6¢ avTov TO avdpiavee TOUT TV ETrLyEeypapLpevory, WS ToceSavids dno, 76 érriypapua: Odtos tot “Pouns o péyas, Eéve, TaTpioos & aorip, Mapxerdos xrevvav Kravdzios éx mrarépor, 1 Of which he afterwards made fraudulent use (Livy, XXvii. 28), 520 MARCELLUS nor did he manifest his joy at the sight, as one might have done who had slain a bitter and trouble- some foe; but after wondering at the unexpected- ness of his end, he took off his signet-ring, indeed,1 but ordered the body to be honourably robed, suit- ably adorned, and burned. Then he collected the remains in a silver urn, placed a golden wreath upon it, and sent it back to his son. But some of the Numidians fell in with those who were carrying the urn and attempted to take it away from them, and when they resisted, fought with them, and in the fierce struggle scattered the bones far and wide. When Hannibal learned of this, he said to the by- standers : “ You see that nothing can be done against the will of God.” Then he punished the Numidians, but took no further care to collect and send back the remains, feeling that it was at some divine behest that Marcellus had died and been deprived of burial in this strange manner. Such, then, is the account given by Cornelius Nepos and Valerius Maximus; but Livy? and Augustus Caesar state that the urn was brought to his son and buried with splendid rites. Besides the dedications which Marcellus made in Rome, there was a gymnasium at Catana in Sicily, and statues and paintings from the treasures of Syra- cuse hoth at Samothrace, in the temple of the gods called Cabeiri, and at Lindus in the temple of Athena. There, too, there was a statue of him, according to Poseidonius, bearing this inscription : “This, O stranger, was the great star of his country, Rome,—Claudius Marcellus of illustrious line, 2 According to Livy, xxvii. 28, Hannibal buried Marcellus on the hill where he was killed. Livy found many discordant accounts of the death of Marcellus (xxvii. 27 fin.). 521 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES éemTdxe Tay uTaTay apyav év “Apni purdkas, TOY TOADY ayTiTraAoLs Os KaTEXEVE Povov. THY yap avOuTraTov a BPX TY, hy bis npke, Tabs WEVvTE TpooKaTnpiO uncer Vmatelats O 76 éTriypapypa TOLnoas. yevos 8 avtod Naprpov axXpe Mapxér- ov Tob Kaicapos adergibod duérever, bs "Oxta- Bias hv Tis Kaicapos adehpiis vios ex Taiou Mapxéddou yeyovars, aryopavopav dé ‘Popator éreAevT ATE vupspios, Kaicapos Ouyarpl ovoy ou TONY cUVvoLKnoas. eis bé TLLNY aUTOD Kal pYn NY "OxtaBia pév 7 eayTnp THY BiBMoOnnny avébnxe, Kaicap 5é Oéatpov éruypawas Mapxénrnov. IIEAOTTAOY KAI MAPKEAAOY SYTKPISIS I. “Oca pev ovy édokev juiv avaypadas aka TOV lo Topnweveoy qept Mapxédrov rat Iledonidou, TavTa €ort, Tav 5é Kata Tas pucets kal Ta 70 KOLVOTHT@Y WOTE epapirrov ovo ay («al yap avdpetor Kab prdorrovor Kal Oupoedeis Kal peya- Aoppoves dpporepor yeyovacwy), éxeivo b0fevev av Stadopay é eve _Hovor, ort Mdpxednos pep ép Todas TOAETLY Umoxetplous ‘Yyevouevars apayas éroingen, "Errapewvavbas 6é Kal IleAozridas ov- déva TwToTE KpaTnravTes améxtewvay ovoé To- Aets jvSparodicayro. NéyovTas Oé @nBaior poe ‘Opxopevious dy otTw petayetpicacIat TaporvTwy éxeivev. "Ev O€ tats mpafeot Javpacra pev Kal peydha Tov Mapxéddrov ta ampos Kedtous, woapévou 522 PELOPIDAS AND MARCELLUS who seven times held the consular power in time of war, and poured much slaughter on his foes.” For the author of the inscription has added his two proconsulates to his five consulates. And his line maintained its splendour down to Marcellus the nephew of Augustus Caesar, who was a son of Caesar’s sister Octavia by Caius Marcellus, and who died during his aedileship at Rome, having recently ‘married a daughter of Caesar. In his honour and to his memory Octavia his mother dedicated the library, and Caesar the theatre, which bear his name. COMPARISON OF PELOPIDAS AND MARCELLUS I. Tus is what I have thought worthy of record in what historians say about Marcellus and Pelopidas. In their natures and dispositions they were almost exactly alike, since both were valiant, laborious, pas- sionate, and magnanimous; and there would seem to have been this difference only between them, that Marcellus committed slaughter in many cities which he reduced, while Epaminondas and Pelopidas never put any one to death after their victories, nor did they sell cities into slavery. And we are told that, had they been present, the Thebans would not have treated the Orchomenians as they did. As for their achievements, those of Marcellus against the Gauls were great and astonishing, since 523 31. _l ¥ °C. PLUTARCH’S LIVES ToOUTOY TAHO0s innéov Ono Kal mela drLvyous Tois mept avTov immedo ww, é padios vg’ éTépou oTparnyod yeyoves oux loropnTat, al TOV aip- NovTa Tov TONE LLOV ave ovTos: ev @ TPOTr® Hedomibas é ewT ata ev opunaas éml TavTd, ™poavat- peBels 5é bro Tob Tupavvov Kal Tadey 1 pOTEPOV 3 7) Opdoas. ov pny drna TOUTOLS Bev éore Tapa- Baneiv 70, AedetTpa Kal Teyupas, é eT averTaTous kat peyiorous ayOvOY, Kpupatiay dé ovr Loxw KaTtwopOwpéevny rpakiy ovK EXOMEV TOU Mapxedrov mTapaBaneiy obs TleAomridas Tepl THY éK guyis xkadosov cat dvatperw TOV év OnRars TUPaVV@YV empagev, Gr éxeivo TOND mavTov & Eorke TP@- TEvELY TOV VITO cKOT@ Kal Se amraTns yeyermpéveov 4 TO épyov. ‘AvviBas “PoPepos pep kat Sewos évé- KELTO ‘Popaiors,) OO TEP apéder Aaxedatpovior TOTE OnBaiors, evdobvar 5é rovTous pev IleNorida kal mreph Teytpas Kai mept Acdetpa BeBarov € éorwy, "AvviBav 6é Mapxednos, @S ev ot mepl ToAvfrov Aéyouay, ouoe anak évinnoey, aXn’ ant THT OS 6 5 avnp SoKet Staryevéc Bar pexpe Lanmiavos: npets dé AtBi, Kaicape Kat Nérote Kab TOY “Educ Kav TO Baciret "loBa TLaTEvOpeEY, HTTAS Twas ral TpoTras vm Mapxéddou TOY ou ‘AvviBa yeve- o8au peyarny 5é avrat pony ovdepian € émroinaay, arr’ eouxe Yevdor rapa TL yeveaOas qjept TOV 6 AiBuv év Tats cupTAoKais éxeivais. & 87) Kara oryov Kab T POTNKOVTWS eGavpdaAn, peTa TooaV- Tas TpoTras oTpaton dmv cal povous oT pATHYaDV Kai cvyxvotv SANs o“od THs “Pwpalwy Hyepcvias 1 évéxerro ‘Pwyalots Coraés and Bekker, after an early anonymous critic: évéxe:ro. 524 PELOPIDAS AND MARCELLUS he routed such a multitude of horse and _ foot with the few horsemen in his following (an action not easily found recorded of any other general), and slew the enemies’ chieftain; whereas in this regard Pelopidas failed, for he set out to do the same thing, but suffered what he meant to inflict, and was slain first by the tyrant. However, with these exploits of Marcellus one may compare the battles of Leuctra and Tegyra, greatest and most illustrious of actions; and we have no exploit of Marcellus accomplished by stealth and ambuscade which we can compare with what Pelopidas did in coming back from exile and slaying the tyrants in Thebes, nay, that seems to rank far higher than any other achievement of secrecy and cunning. Hannibal was, it is true, a most formidable enemy for the Romans, but so, assuredly, were the Lacedae- monians in the time of Pelopidas for the Thebans, and that they were defeated by Pelopidas at Tegyra and Leuctra is an established fact; whereas Han- nibal, according to Polybius,! was not even once de- feated by Marcellus, but continued to be invincible until Scipio came. However, I believe, with Livy, Caesar, and Nepos, and, among Greek writers, with King Juba, that sundry defeats and routs were in- flicted by Marcellus upon the troops of Hannibal, although these had no great influence upon the war ; indeed, the Carthaginian would seem to have prac- tised some ruse in these engagements. But that which reasonably and fittingly called for admiration was the fact that the Romans, after the rout of so many armies, the slaughter of so many generals, and the utter confusion of the whole empire, still had ' Cf. xv. 11, 7, where Hannibal makes this claim, in a speech to his men just before the battle of Zama (202 B.c.). 525 _ PLUTARCH’S LIVES eis avtivada T@ Oappeiy cafiotapévov: o yap éx ToAXoOv Tov Warat Tepidéovs Kal KaTATETANYOTOS avOis éuBSarov T@ otpatrevpate Cnrov Kai diro- 7 vetkiay Mpos Tovs TOAELIiOUS, Kal TOUTO 57 TO Ly padios THs vinns bdiéyevov, AddrAA Kal appro Bn- Tou Te Kal didoTipovpevoy émdpas Kai Oappvvas, els avnp tv, Mdpxeddos ciOtopévous yap bird n le) > UA > 7 bd ? TaV cuumopar, et hevyovtes Expuyorey AvviBar, > A 39Q7 b s , ayarrav, édidakev atoyvverOar cwlopévous pe” 4 > a \ XN \ 3 4 > ~ TTS, aibeto Oar 5é Tapa puxpov évdovtas, adyety 5é 7) KpaTnoartas. II. ’Evrel rotvuy [leXotridas pev ovdepiav yr7H0n , “ , \ , “A paynv otpatnyav, Mdpxerros Sé wreloras Tov xa?’ avrov ‘Popaiwn éevienoe, SdFeev dv tows TO Suovinnt@ Wpos TO anTTnToOv LTO TAROOUS TAY KkaTop0wpévor émavicovcba. Kat pv ovTos ev elke Yupaxovoas, éxecivos S¢ tis Aaxedaipovos amétuyev. GAN oipat petCov civat Tod KaTradafety YeKediav 76 TH Bardptyn wpocedNMely cat S:aBFvae 2 mpatov avOpwrrwy trordéu@ Tov Kipwtay, et pn v7 J “ , \ wm ? , Ava ToUTO peep poet Tes TO epyov “Enrapeworda HadrXov 7 edomida mpoonxcev, @otep Kal Ta Aeixtpa, tov 5€ MapKxérrA@ $= diatrerpaypéevov axowarvntov eivat THY Sokav. Kat yap Yupaxov- oas movos etre, Kal Kertovs dvev Tod cvvdpyovtos étpépato, kal mpos ’AvviBav pndevos ovdAdap- Bdvovtos, GAXa Kal TWavTwy aroTpEeTTOVTMY, aVvTt- Takdpevos Kai petaRarwv To axa TOU TroAEpOU MPOTOS HYELWY TOD TOALaY KaTéTTN. III. Ty troivuy teXeutyy errawa pév ovdetépov 526 PELOPIDAS AND MARCELLUS the courage to face their foes. For there was one man who filled his army again with ardour and am- bition to contend with the enemy, instead of the great fear and consternation which had long op- pressed them, inspiring and encouraging them not only to yield the victory reluctantly, but also to dispute it with all eagerness, and this man was Marcellus. For when their calamities had accus- tomed them to be satisfied whenever they escaped Hannibal by flight, he taught them to be ashamed to survive defeat, to be chagrined if they came within a little of yielding, and to be distressed if they did not win the day. . IJ. Since, then, Pelopidas was never defeated in a battle where he was in command, and Marcellus won more victories than any Roman of his day, it would seem, perhaps, that the multitude of his suc- cesses made the difficulty of conquering the one equal to the invincibility of the other. Marcellus, it is true, took Syracuse, while Pelopidas failed to take Sparta. But I think that to have reached Sparta, and to have been the first of men to cross the Eu- rotas in war, was a greater achievement than the conquest of Sicily ; unless, indeed, it should be said that this exploit belongs rather to Epaminondas than to Pelopidas, as well as the victory at Leuctra, while — Marcellus shared with no one the glory of his achieve- ments. For he took Syracuse all alone, and ‘routed the Gauls without his colleague, and when no one would undertake the struggle against Hannibal, but all declined it, he took the field against him, changed the aspect of the war, and was the first leader to show daring. III. I cannot, indeed, applaud the death of either 527 aa PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOV avopov, aArX aviapat Kal ayavaxT® TO TAparoy@ TOU TUT TOMATO: Kal Javpateo peep éy payats Tooavtais boats GmoKkdpoe TLS dy Kar- ap pan, pnde tpwbevTa tov ’AvviBav, dyapae bé Kal Tov ev TH Tadetq Xpuodyray, ds Sinppévos KoTrida Kal traiew péddov TONE LLOV, as UTED 7- pnvev n oanmuyé avaxdntiKon, ageis TOV avopa 2 para T™ paws Kal Koo piws _avexapnaer. ov pny anna Tov TleXoridav trovet ovyyvoarov apa T@ Tis paxns Karp mapadeppov évTa Kal Tpos TID dpuvav OUK ayEevyas expépov ) Oupos: apiotov pev yap viK@vra, oalerbar TOV oTpATayor, * ‘et dé Oaveiv, eis dpeTny KaTadvoavra Biov,” was Edpe- midns pnaiv:? oUTw yap ov ma0os, adra mpakes 3 yiveTas TOU TEAEUTOVTOS O Gdvaros. T pos b¢ TO dupe Tob Tledomidou Kal TO TENS avTo TO THS viens év T@ Tmecelv TOV TUpavvov opdpwevov ov Tav- Tamacw aoryons émEesTATATO Thy oppry: Karem ov yap eTepas obra Kadny Kat apm pav exovons vrobeow a apia teas émudaBeaGar, Mdpxedros 8é, PTE Ypeias pears CTTLKEL MEV NS, pare Tov Tapa Ta Sewva TrodAaKis eEvaravtos TOV AoyLo OY év- Govatac pod TApEeTTHTOS, Oodpevos ATEPLTKEN TOS Els Kivduvoy ov oTpaTnyod TTO@pa, Tpodpomou Oé 4 Twos 7) KaTaoKoTroU TET TOKED, tmateias TévTE Kal _ Tpets OptapBous kat oxdra xal tpoTrarodopias amo Baotéwv TOUS mpoaTroOvijcKovar Kapx7- Sovieoy “TBnpoe wal Nopdow broBadov. DOTE veeohoat avtovs éxeivous éauTtois Tov KaTopbw- 1 Ei d¢ Oavety Oéuis, Wde Oaveiy Kraddy, eis dperhy karaducapévous Blov (Nauck, T'rag. Graec. Frag.* p. 679). Cf. Plutarch, Morals, p. 24d. 528 PELOPIDAS AND MARCELLUS of them, nay, I am distressed and indignant at their unreasonableness in the final disaster. And I admire Hannibal because, in battles so numerous that one would weary of counting them, he was not even wounded. I am delighted, too, with Chrysantes, in the “‘ Cyropaedeia,” 1 who, though his blade was lifted on high and he was about to smite an enemy, when the trumpet sounded a retreat, let his man go, and retired with all gentleness and decorum. Pelopidas, however, was somewhat excusable, because, excited as he always was by an opportunity for battle, he was now carried away by a generous anger to seek revenge. For the best thing is that a general should be victorious and keep his life, “ but if he must die,” — he should “conclude his life with valour,’ as Euri- ~ pides says; for then he does not suffer death, but rather achieves it. And besides his anger, Pelopidas saw that the consummation of his victory would be the death of the tyrant, and this not altogether unreasonably invited his effort; for it would have been hard to find another deed of prowess with so fair and glorious a promise. But Marcellus, when no great need was pressing, and when he felt none of that ardour which in times of peril unseats the judgment, plunged heedlessly into danger, and died the death, not of a general, but of a mere skirmisher or scout, having cast his five consulates, his three triumphs, and the spoils and trophies which he had taken from kings, under the feet of Iberians and Numidians who had sold their lives to the Cartha- ginians. And so it came to pass that these very men were loath to accept their own success, when 1 Xenophon, Cyrop. iv. 1, 3. 529 VOL. V. MM PLUTARCH’S LIVES patos, avipa ‘Pepaiwy dpiotoy apeth xai Suvapset , ‘ , Ld > “~ péytotov xai Sofy Napmpotatoy ev Tois Dpeyerd- Lavev Tpodtepevyntais Tapavaraoba. Xpn 6€ radra pn Katryopiay civat Tov avipav vopitery, AAX’ ws WyavaxTnol Tiva Kai Tappynoiay UTép auTay éxeivwv Tpos avToUs Kai THYv avipeiay 9 “A > a N 4 VA 3 .' auTa@y, cis hv Tas GAXas KatavdAwoay aperas agednoavtes tov Biov cal THs Wuyns, BoTrep e “ > nw 4 “a V4 ‘ Eavtots, ov Tats WaTptot pardrov Kai dirors cat TUPLAKOLS, aTTOAAUPEVOOY. Mera 5€ tov Odvarov Iedomidas pév tovs cup- , A ww e \ Ld > la vA paxous Tageis Eoxev, vTrép av avréOave, Mapxer- Nos S€ Tous rrodepious, if’ ov avéGave. bnrwTov peév ovv éxeivo xal paxdptov, xpeitrov dé Kai petCov evvoias ydpiv apesBopévns ExOpa AvTrOv- cay apetiy Oavydlovoa. 76 yap xaXdov évtavda \ A 4 4 b ” \ \ \ \ THY Tiny Exe povoy, exet Sé TO AVOETEAES Kal ) Xpela parrov ayaTratas THs apeThs. 53° PELOPIDAS AND MARCELLUS a Roman who excelled all others in valour, and had the greatest influence and the most splendid fame, was uselessly sacrificed among the scouts of Fregellae. This, however, must not be thought a denunciation of the men, but rather an indignant and outspoken protest in their own behalf against themselves and their valour, to which they uselessly sacrificed their other virtues, in that they were unsparing of their lives; as if their death affected themselves alone, and not rather their countries, friends, and allies. After his death, Pelopidas received burial from his allies, in whose behalf he fell; Marcellus from his enemies, by whose hands he fell. An enviable and happy lot was the former, it is true; but better and greater than the goodwill which makes grateful re- turn for favours done, is the hatred which admires a valour that was harassing. For in this case it is worth alone which receives honour; whereas in the other, personal interests and needs are more regarded than excellence. 531 A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES A Achillas, 317-325, one of the guar- dians of Ptolemy XII. (Dionysus), and commander of his troops when Caesar came to E ; According to Bell. Alex. iv., he was put to death by his sister rsinoé. Achradina, 485, the first extension on the mainland of the island city of Syracuse, stretching from the Great Harbour northwards to the sea. Actium, 175, e promonteny of Acar- nania in northern Greece, at the entrance to the Ambraciot gulf. Aesop, 429, a Greek writer of fables who flourished in the first half o the sixth century B.O. Fables bearing his name were popular at Athens in the time of Aristo- phanes. Afranius, 205, 211, 217, 229, 287, 291, Lucius A., a warm partisan of Pompey, and one of his legates in Spain during the war with Sertorius, as well as in Asia during the Mithridatic war. He was consul in 60 B.c. In 55 B.0. he was sent by Pompey with Petreius to hold Spain for him. He was killed after the battle of Thapsus (46 B.0O.). Amanus, 217, a range of mountains branching off from the Taurus in Cilicia, and extending eastwards to Syria and the Euphrates. Amisus, 213, 223, a city of Pontus, in Asia Minor, on the southern shore of the Euxine Sea. Amphipolis, 309, an important town PLUT. V. in S.E. Macedonia, on the river Strymon, about three miles from the sea. Androcydes of Cyzicus, 401, a cele- brated painter, who flourished from 400 to 377 B.c. See Plutarch, Morals, p. 668 c. Andros, 345, the most northerly island of the Cyclades group, 8. E. of Euboea. Antalcidas, 63, 73, 87, 417, an able Spartan poesn, and com- mander of the Spartan fleet in 388 B.0. The famous peace between Persia and the Greeks concluded in 387 B.0., was called after him. Antigonus, 341, 343, the general of Alexander who was afterwards aoe of Asia, surnamed the One- eyed. Antioch, 219, the capital of the Greek kings of Syria, on the river Orontes, founded by Seleucus in 300 B.O. Antipater, 41, regent of Macedonia and Greece during Alexander’s absence in the East, and also after Alexander’s death, until 319 B.O. Apollophanes of Cyzicus, 33, known only in this connection. Appius, 467, 471, Appius Claudius Pulcher, military tribune at Cannae (216 B.O.), praetor in Sicily 215 B.o., and legate of Mar- cellus there in 214. He was consul in 212, and died in the following year. Arbela, 211, a town in Babylonia, near which Alexander inflicted final defeat upon Dareius. 533 DICTIONARY OF Archimedes, 471-477, the most famous of ancient mathemati- cians, lived 287-212 B.o. Archytas, 471, a Greek of Taren- tum, philosopher, mathemati- cian, general and statesman, flourished about 400 B.o. Ariminum, 273, 443, a city of Um- bria, on the Adriatic, command- ing the eastern coast of Italy and an entrance into Cisalpine Gaul. Arsaces, 315, Arsaces XIV. (or Orontes I.), king of Parthia 55-38 B.O. Arsis, 181, an error for Aesis, a river flowing between Umbria and Picenum, in N.E. Italy. Asculum, 123 f., a city in the in- terior of Picenum, taken by Strabo during the Marsic war (89 B.C.) and burnt. Athamania, 287, a district in northern Greece, between Thes- saly and Epirus. Aulis, 15, a town on the Boeotian side of the straits of Euripus, reputed to have been the rendez- vous for the Greek chieftains under Agamemnon. Auximum, 129, a city of Picenum, in N.E. Italy, just south of Ancona. B Bantia, 515, a small town in Apulia about thirteen miles south-east of Venusia. Beroea, 281, a town in Macedonia, west of the Thermaic gulf (Bay of Saloniki). Bibulus (1), 237-241, 259, Lucius Calpurnius B., aedile in 65, raetor in 62, and consulin 59 B.c., n each case a colleague of Julius Caesar. He was an aristocrat of moderate abilities. He died in 48 B.C. Bibulus (2), 511, 513, Publicius B., not otherwise known. Bosporus, 215, the territory on both sides of the strait between the Euxine Sea and the Maeotic Lake (Sea of Azov), and including the modern Crimea. The strait (p. 207) bears the same name. 534 PROPER NAMES Briareus, 479, a monster of myth- ology, having a hundred arms and fifty heads, called by men Aegaeon (Iliad, {. 403 f.). Brundisium, 183 f., 279, 285, an important city on the eastern coast of Italy (Calabria), with a fine harbour. It was the natural point of departure from Italy to the East, and was the chief naval station of the Romans in the Adriatic. Brutus, 129, 153, 155, Marcus Junius B., father of the conspira- tor, tribune of the people in 83, and, in 77 B.O., general under Lepidus. C Caenum, 213, the fortress men- tioned without name in the pre- ceding chapter. It wasin Pontus, on the river Lycus, S.E. of Amisus. Caepio, 239, Servilius C., a sup- rter of Caesar against his col- eague Bibulus in 59 B.o. (Sueto- nius, Div. Jul. 21). Cf. the Caesar, xiv. 4. Calauria, 175, a small island off the S.E. coast of Argolis in Pelopon- nesus. Its temple was the final refuge of Demosthenes. Callicratidas, 343, the Spartan ad- miral who succeeded Lysander in 406 B.c., and lost his life in the battle of Arginusae. Cf. the Lysander, chapters v.—vii. Callipides, 59, cf. the Alcibiades, xxxil. 2 Callisthenes, 97, 381, of Olynthus, a philosopher and historian, who accompanied Alexander the Great on his expedition in the East until put to death by him in 328 B.O. Besides an account of Alexander’s expedition, he wrote a history of Greece from 387 to 357 B.C. Calvinus, 295, see Domitius (3). Canusium, 457, 507, an ancient city of Apulia, about fifteen miles from the sea. Capitolinus, 439, Caius Scantilius C., colleague of Marcellus in the aedileship about 226 B.O. DICTIONARY OF Carbo, 127-131, 137 f., Gnaeus Papirius C., a leader of the Marian party, consular colleague of inna in 85 and 84 B.o., put to death by Pompey in 82 B.0o. Carinas (or Carrinas), 129, Caius C., was defeated by Sulla in the following year (82 B.Cc.), captured and put to death. Catana, 521, an ancient city on the eastern coast of Sicily, about mid- way between Syracuse and Tau- romenium, directly at the foot of Mt. Aetna. Catulus, 153, 157, 179, 181, 193, 197, Quintus Lutatius C., a leading aristocrat of the nobler sort, consul in 78 B.O., censor in 65, a supporter of Cicero against Cati- line in 63, died in 60 B.o. Caucasus Mountains, 209, the great mountain system lying between the Euxine and Caspian Seas. Cenchreae, 399, the eastern harbour- town of Corinth. Chabrias, 105, a successful Athenian general, prominent from 392 till is gallant death at the siege of Chios in 357 B.o. Chaeroneia, 47, a small town at the entrance from Phocis into Boeo- tia, commanding an extensive lain on which many battles were ought in ancient times (cf. the Marcellus, xxi. 2). Here Philip of Macedon defeated the allied Greeks in 338 B.O. It was Plu- tarch’s native city. Chares, 345, a famous Athenian general, prominent from 367 to 334 B.0. He was able, but un- trustworthy and rapacious. Cinna, 123-127, Lucius Cornellus C., leader of the pepuar party and consul during the years of Sulla’s absence in the East (87-— 84 B.C.). Claros, 175, a place in Ionian Asia Minor, near Colophon, where there was a temple of Apollo, and an oracle of great antiquity. Cleon, of Halicarnassus, 55, a rheto- rician who flourished at the close of the fifth and the beginning of the fourth century B.o. Cloelius, 129, an error for Coelius Caius Coellus Caldus, tribune of PROPER NAMES the peop in 107 B.c., consul in 94, a staunch supporter of the Marian party. Cnidus, 47, a city at the S.W. ex- tremity of Caria, in Asia Minor. Colchis, 203, 207, a district of Western Asia, lying north of armenia and east of the Euxine ea. Commagene, 231, a district of Syria, lying between Cilicia and the Euphrates. Conon, 47, 63, a distinguished Athenian general. He escaped from Aegospotami in 405 B.o. (see the Lysander, xi. 5), and with aid from the Great King and Pharnabazus defeated the Spar- tan fleet off Cnidus in 394 B.o. and restored the Long Walls of Athens in 393 B.c. Cornelius, 447, 453, Gnaeus Corne- lius Scipio Calvus, consul with Marcellus in 222 B.o., afterwards (218 B.c.) legate of his brother Publius in Spain, where the two carried on war against the Car- thaginians for eight years, and where both finally fell. Coroneia, 41, 47, a town in N.W. Boeotia, the scene of many battles. Here reference is made to the victory of Agesilaiis over the Thebans and their allies in 394 B.C. (Agesilaiis, xvili.). Cratippus, 311 f. of Mitylene, a Peripatetic philosopher highly regarded by Cicero, and by Cicero’s son, whose teacher he was. Brutus attended his lec- tures at Athens (Brutus, xxiv. 1). Crispinus, 517, 519, Titus Quinctius Pennus Capitolinus C., a trusted commander under Marcellus in Sicily, 214-212 B.c., and now (208) his colleague in the consul- ship. After the skirmish here described he was carried to Rome, where he died at the close of the year. Culleo, 243, Quintus Terentius C., tribune of the people in 58 B.c., a friend of Cicero, whose banish- ment he tried to prevent, and whose recall he laboured to ob ‘ Curio, 269 f., Caius Scribonius C., 535 DICTIONARY OF an able orator, but reckless and : He was tribune of Deore ee and sold his the Pompeians there, a was to the heads o 4 ae cre 87, a large d directly of Laconia in Pelopon- Cyzicus, 401, a Greek city on the Propontis, in Mysia. D Damip peed dead 483, a Spartan at the of Hieronymus, king of Syracuse. He tried to per- suade the king not to abandon alliance with Rome. Marcellus gave him his liberty. Deiotarus, 309, tetearch of Galatia in Asia ‘Minor, and an old man in 54 B.O. (cf. the Crassus, xvii. 1 f.). He was a faithful friend of the Romans in their Asiatic wars, ang was rewarded by the senate, in 63 B.0., with the title of King. Caesar could never be brought to poo wheal him for siding with emaratva the Corinthian, 39, a est-friend of Philip of Macedon pit i 176. in the teriitory. y of e ry o Miletus, the site of a famous temple of A pollo. Dionysius, 429, Phe Elder, tyrant of Syracuse from 405 to 367 B.O. Dioscorides, 99, a pupil of Isocrates, author of a treatise on the Spar- tan polity, writing in the latter part of the fourt century B.O. (cf. the Lycurgus, xi. 4). Domitius (1) 137 141, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, son-in- law of Cinna, and a partisan of Marius. When Sulla obtained the supreme power in 82 B.©., 536 PROPER NAMES poate eee ence: where he died in 81 B Domitius (2), “351, 291, 295, 335, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbas. Domitius (3), 257, 295, Gnaeus Domitius ’ Calvinus "(wrongly called Lucius Calvinus, p. 295), consul in 53 B.c. He was a sup- of Bibulus against Caesar 59 B.O., but after 49 B.c. an active supporter of Caesar. Pharsalus he was Caesar’s lieu- tenant in Asia. Duris, 7 “ Samos, a pupil of Theo- Pp historian and, for a time, peter of Samos, lived Bang 350-280 B.C. ymé, 187, the most westerly of the Peat cities of Achaia in Pelo- nnesus. It had been destroyed y the Romans in 146 B.o. Dyrrachium, 279, 309, a city on the coast of Llyricum, known in Greek history as Epidamnus. It was a free state, and sided with the Romans consistently. E Ecbatana, 39, 417, an ancient city of Media, the residence of the Great King during the summer months. Eleusis, 69, 375, the sacred city of the Athenian mysteries, some twelve miles west of Athens. Engyium, 489 f., a city in the in- terior of Sicily, the exact site of which is unknown. Enna, 489, an ancient fortress-city nearly in the centre of Sicily. Ephesus, 17, 23, 493, one of the twelve Ionian cities in Lydia of Asia Minor, near the mouth of the river Caystrus. Ephorus, 381, of Cymé, pupil of DICTIONARY OF Isocrates, author of a highly rhetorical history of Greece from the *‘ Dorian Invasion ’’ down to 340 B.o., in which year he died. Epidaurus, 175, a city on the east coast of ‘Argolis in Peloponnesus famous for its shrine and cult o Aesculapius. Erasistratus, 41, otherwise un- known. Eudoxus, 471, of Cnidus, a pupil of Archytas, most famous as a mathematician and astronomer, flourished about 360 B.c. He taught philosophy at Athens. Eurypontidae, 329, one of the two royal families at Sparta; the other was that of the Agidae. F 309, 335 Marcus F., called the ‘“‘ Ape of Cato,” edile in 52 and praetor in 49 B.o. He joined Pompey in Flaminius, 443, 447, Caius F. consul in 223 B.O., a violent opponent of senate and aristo- crats. The Circus Flaminius and the Via Flaminia were con- structed during his aedileship Soa BO). Cf. the Marcellus, xxvii. 3. Fregellae, 517 f., 531, a city in S.E. Latium, on the river Liris. It was severely punished by Han- nibal in 211 B.c. for its fidelity to Rome. Fulvius (1), 503, Gnaeus Fulvius Flaccus, was praetor in 212 B.o., and received Apulia as his pro- vince, where, in 210 B.0., he was badly defeated (but not slain, as Plutarch says) by Hannibal. He had played the coward, and went into voluntary exile. Fulvius (2), 505, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, brother of Gnaeus, con- sul in 237, 224, 212, and 209 B.o. In 212 he captured Capua, which had gone over to Hannibal, and wreaked a dreadful vengeance upon the city. PROPER NAMES G Gabinius, 177, 183, 241, Aulus G., tribune of the people in 66, praetor in 61, consul with Piso in 58 B.C., the year during which Cicero was exiled. He was recalled from his province of Syria in 55, prosecuted for taking bribes, and exiled. He died in 48 B.O. Geraestus, 15, a town and promon- tory at the south-western extrem- ity of Euboea. Gordyene, 209, a rather indefinite district of Asia, lying south of Armenia and west of the river Tigris. H Hecatombaeon, 79, the first month of the Attic year, comprising parts of our June and July. Herennius, 159, Caius H., tribune of the people in 80 B.o. After the death of Sulla he joined Sertorius in Spain (76-72 B.0O.). Hermagoras, 225, of Tenedos, a distinguished rhetorician in the times of Pompey and Cicero. He was a mere formalist. Hermione, 175, an ancient town at the south-eastern extremity of Argolis in Peloponnesus. Hexapyla, 483, 485, probably a section of the wall fortifying Epipolae, the triangular plateau to the west of Syracuse. Hiempsal, 145, king of Numidia after the Jugurthine war (111- 106 8B.0O.), expelled from his throne by Gnaeus Domitius and restored to it by Pompey. | Hiero, 457, 471 f., Hiero IT., king of Syracuse 270-216 B.c., for nearly half a century a faithful friend and ally of Rome. Hieronymus (1), 37, of Rhodes, a disciple of Aristotle, flourishing about 300 B.0O., frequently men- tioned by Cicero. Hieronymus (2), king of Syracuse 216-215 B.O., successor to Hiero II., whose policy of friendship with Rome he forsook for alliance with Carthage. 537 DICTIONARY OF Himera, 139, a Greek city on the northern coast of Sicily. Hippocrates, 469, 483, a Syracusan y birth, but educated at Car- thage. He served under Hanni- bal in Spain and Italy. He per- suaded Hieronymus, the young king of Syracuse, to abandon the Roman cause (216 B.0.). Hydrieus the Carian, 37, otherwise unknown. Hypsaeus, 263, Publius.Plautius H., tribune of the people in 54 B.O., and candidate for the consul- ship. He was accused of corrupt ractices, tried, and convicted. ompey, whom he had devotedly served, forsook him in the hour of need. Hyrcania, 207 f., a district of Asia lying south of the Caspian (Hyrcanian) Sea. I Iarbas (or Hiarbas), 143, a king of Numidia, set on the throne by Gnaeus Domitius, instead of Hiempsal. Iphicrates, 61, 343, a famous Athenian general, who increased the effectiveness of light-armed troops and defeated a Spartan division of heavy-armed men at Corinth in 392 B.o. He was prominent until about 348 B.o. Isthmus, 175, the Isthmus of Corinth Ithome, 399, see Messene. J Jason, 411, tyrant of Pherae in Thessaly, and active in Greek affairs from 377 to 370, the year of his death. He was succeeded by Alexander of Pherae. Juba, 315, 525, Juba II., king of Mauritania. He lived from 50 B.O. to about 20 A.D., was edu- cated at Rome, and became a learned and voluminous writer. Among his works was a History of Rome. 538 PROPER NAMES L Labienus, 293, Titus L., tribune of the ple in 63 B.o., and devoted to Caesar’s interests. He was an able and trusted legate of Caesar through most of the Gallic wars, but became jealous of his leader and deserted him for Pompey in 49 B.o. After Pharsalus he fled to Africa, and after the battle of Thapsus (46 B.0.) to Spain, where he was the immediate cause of the defeat of the Pompeians at Munda and was slain (45 B.o.). Lacinium, 175, a promontory on the east coast of Bruttium, in Italy, some six miles south of Cro- tona. Larissa, 43 f., 307, 405, an impor- tant town in N.E. Thessaly, on the river Peneius. Lauron, 159, a small town in the S.E. part of Spain, south of Valentia, near the sea. Lentulus (1), 273, 325, Lucius Cornelius . Crus, consul in 49 B.O. with Claudius Marcellus, and a bitter opponent of Caesar (cf. the Caesar, xxx. 3). He joined Pompey in the East, fled with him from Pharsalus, and was put to death in Egypt. Lentulus (2), 307, see Spinther. Leontini, 469, a city of Sicily between Syracuse and Catana. Lepidus, 151 ff., 197, 327, Marcus emilius L , father of the trium- vir, praetor in Sicily in 81, consul in 78 B.O. Leucas, 175, an island in the Ionian Sea, lying close to the coast of Acarnania. Leuctra, 79, 391, and often, a village in Boeotia, south-west of Thebes, between Thespiae and Plataea, for ever memorable as the scene of the utter defeat of the Spartans by the Thebans in 371 B.O. Lindus, 521, an ancient and Sa a tant town on the east coast of the island of Rhodes. Locri Epizephyrii, 515, a celebrated Greek city on the eastern coast of Bruttium, in Itaiy. said to have been founded in 760 B.c. DICTIONARY OF Luca (or Lucca), 249, a city of , N.B. o a frontier- town of Caesar’s province in good communication with Rome. M Macaria, 391, daughter of Heracles and Deianeira. She slew herself in order to give the Athenians victory over Eurystheus. Minoolic Sea, 207, the modern Sea of zOvV. Magnesia, 421, 431, a district on the eastern coast of Thessaly. Mantinea, 85, 93 f., 99, 349, a powerful city in the eastern part of central Arcadia, in Pelopon- nesus. Marcellinus, 249 f., Gnaeus Corne- lius Lentulus M., consul in 56B.¢., a friend and advocate of Cicero, and persistently opposed to Pompey, who was driven by his hostility into alliance with Caesar. Marcellus, 269 f., Caius Claudius M., consul in 50 B.c., a friend of Cicero and Pompey, and an un- compromising foe of Caesar. But after the outbreak of the civil war he remained quickly and timidly in Italy, and was finally par- doned by Caesar. He is not to be confounded with an uncle, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, con- sul in 51, or with a cousin, Caius Claudius Marcellus, 49 B.O. Marcius, 445, Caius M. Figulus, consul in 162 B.O., and again in 156 B.O. Maximus, 521, Valerius M., com- piler of a large collection of his- torical anecdotes, in the time of Augustus. Megara, 483, 489, a Greek city on the eastern coast of Sicily, between Syracuse and Catana, It was colonized from Megara in Greece Proper. Meliboea, 413, an ancient town on the sea-coast of Thessaly. Memmius, 141, Caius M., after this, Pompey’s quaestor in Spain, where he was killed in a battle with Sertorius (Sertoriue, xxi.). consul in PROPER NAMES Mendes, 107 f., a prominent city in the north of Egypt. Menecrates, 59, a oy eousen gavel clan at the court of Philip of Macedon 3859-336 B.o. Accord- ing to Aelian (Var. Hist. xii. 51), it was from Philip that he got this answer. Menoeceus, 391, son of Creon the mythical king of Thebes. He sacrificed himself in order to give his city victory over the seven Argive chieftains. Meriones, 489, a Cretan hero of the Trojan war, the companion and friend of Idomeneus. Messala, 257, Marcus Valerius M., secured his election to the consul- ship in 53 B.o. by bribery, but still had Cicero’s support. In the civil war he sided actively with Caesar. Messenia, Messene, 95, 99, 101, 331, 417 f., the south-western district in Peloponnesus, in earliest times conquered by the Spartans. Its stronghold, Ithome, was included in the capital city built by Epa- minondas in 369 B.o. and named Messene. The names Messenia and Messene are sometimes interchanged. Metellus (1), 121, (?) 187 f., Quintus Caecilius M. Creticus, consul in 69 B.O., and from 68 to 66 B.o. engaged in subduing Crete. On his return to Rome the partisans of Pompey prevented him from celebrating a triumph, for which he waited patiently outside of the city until 62 B.O. Metellus (2), 277 f., 333, Lucius Caecilius M. Creticus, a nephew of the preceding Metellus, is little known apart from the incident here narrated. Metellus (3), 133, 157 ff. 197, Quin- tus Metellus Pius, consul with Sulla in 80 B.C., and one of his most successful generals. After - Sulla’s death in 78 B.o., Metellus was sent as proconsul into Spain, to prosecute the war against Sertorius. He died about 63 B.o. Minucius, 447, Marcus M. Rufus, consul in 221 B.o., and in 217 Master of Horse to the dictator 539 DICTIONARY OF Fabius Maximus (Fab. Maz. iv.—xili.). It is not known in what year Minucius was dictator. Mithras, 175, a Persian sun-deity, whose worship su uently spread over the whole man mpire. Mitylene, 225, 309 f., the chief city of the island of Lesbos. Mucia, 225 f., Pompey’s third wife (cf. the Pompey, ix.), and the mother by him of Gnaeus and Sextus Pompey. Mutina, 155, an important city of Cisalpine Gaul, south of the Po, the modern Modena. N Nabataeans, 293, a people occupy- ing the northern pete of the Arabian peninsula, between the Euphrates and the Arabian Gulf. Neapolis (1), an ancient oy of en aT the modern Naples. Neapol 2), a rtion of what ( Plutarch calls the ‘‘ outer city” . of Syracuse, lying between Epi- polae and Achyadina. Pens, 521, 525, Cornelius N., a man biographer and historian contemporary and _ friend of Cicero. Nola, 459, 463 f., an important city of Campania, about twenty miles 8.E. of Capua. O Oppius, 139, Caius O., an intimate end of Caesar (cf. the Caesar, xvii.), author (probably) of Lives of Marius, Pompey, and Caesar. Orchomenus, 47 f., 377, 381 f., 523, a city in northern Boeotia, near the Copaic Lake. Oricum, 285, a town on the coast of Epirus, north of Apollonia. P Paeonia, 221, a district in Thrace, north of Macedonia. Paulus, 269, Lucius Aemilius P., 540 PROPER NAMES consul in 50 B.o. with Claudius Marcellus. He had been a violent opponent of Caesar. Pelusium, 317, a strong frontier- oan on the eastern branch of the e. Perpenna, 137, 159, 163 f., Marcus P. Vento, a leading partisan of Marius. On the death of Sulla (78 B.0o.) he joined Lepidus in his attempt to win the supreme power, and, failing here, retired to Spain, where he served under Sertorius. Petelia, 515, an ancient city of Bruttium, north of Crotona. Petra, 221, the capital city of the Nabataeans, about half way between the Dead Sea and the Arabian Gulf. Pharnabazus, 21, 29, 33 f., 47, 63, satrap of the Persian provinces about the Hellespont from 412 to 393 B.O. Pharsalus, Pharsalia, 45, 293, 301, 335, 409, 423, a city and plain in southern Thessaly. Pherae, 403, 407 f., 419, 433, a city in south-eastern Thessaly. Pherecydes, 391, possibly Phere- cydes of Syros is meant, a semi- mythical philosopher of the sixth century B.0., about whose death many fantastic tales were told. Philippus, 119, 157, Lucius Marcius P., consul in 91 B.0., and a distin- guished orator, & cha gs of the popular party. e died before Pompey’s return from rem (71 B.O.). Philistus, 429, the Syracusan, an eye-witness of the events of the Athenian siege of ap Seas pa (415-— 413 B.0.), which he described thirty years later in a history of Sicily. -Phlius, Phliasians, 67, a city in N.E. Peloponnesus, south of Sicyon. Phthiotis, 419, 431, a districtin S.K. Thessaly. Picenum, 443, a district in N.E. Italy. Piso (1), Caius Calpurnius P., consul in 67 B.O., a violent crat, afterwards proconsul for the province of Gallia Narbonensis which he plundered. He must DICTIONARY OF have died before the outbreak of civil war. Piso (2), Lucius Calpurnius P. Caesorinus, consul in 58 B.O., through Caesar’s influence, re- called from his province of Macedonia 55 because of extortions, consul again in 50 B.O. at Caesar’s request, and after Caesar’s death a supporter of Antony. Plancus, 263, Titus Minutius P. Bursa, accused of fomenting the disorders following the death of Clodius (52 B.o.), found guilty and exiled. Pompey, whose ardent supporter he was, deserted him in the hour of need. Caesar restored him to civic rights soon after 49 B.O. Plataea, 377, 401, an ancient and celebrated city in S.W. Boeotia, near the confines of Attica, where the Persians under Mardonius were defeated by the allied Greeks in 489 B.O. Pollio, 305, Caius Asinius P., a famous orator, poet, and histori- rian, 76 B.0.-4 A.D. He was an intimate friend of Caesar (cf. the Caesar, xxxii. 5), fought under him in Spain and Africa, and after Caesar’s death supported Octa- vian. After 29 B.o. he devoted himself entirely to literature, and was a patron of Vergil and Horace. None of his works have come Polybius, 381 f Megal iis, in olybius, , 0 egalopolis, Arcadia, the Greek Shistorian of the Punic Wars, born about 204 B.O., long resident in Rome, and an intimate friend of the younger Scipio, with whom he was present at the destruction of Cart in 146 B.o. Poseidonius, 225, 437, 459, 491, 521, of Apameia, in bry a Stoic philosopher, a pupil of Panaetius at Athens, contemporary with Cicero, who often speaks of him and occasionally corresponded with him. Potheinus, 317, one of the guardians of the young Ptolemy. He plotted against Caesar when he came to Alexandreia, and was put PROPER NAMES to death by him (cf. the Caesar, xlviii. f.). Ptolemy, 405 f., assassinated King Alexander II. of Macedon in 367 B.O., held the supreme power for three years, and was then himself assassinated by the young king, Perdiccas IIT. Publius, 261, 311, Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, son of Marcus Crassus the triumvir. He was Caesar’s legate in Gaul 58—55 B.c., followed father to the East in 54, and was killed by the Par- thians near Carrhae (cf. the Crassus, XXV.). R Roscius, 181, Lucius R. Otho. As one of the tribunes of the ople in 67 B.o., he introduced the un- po ular law which gave the ghts special seats in the theatre. Rullus, 149, Quintus Fabius Maxi- mus R., five times consul, the last time in 295 B.o., when he was victorious over Gauls, Etruscans, Samnites and Umbrians in the great battle of Sentinum. Rutilius, 213, Publius R. Rufus consul in 105 B.0., unjustly exiled in 92 B.O., retired to Smyrna, where he wrote a history of his own times. 8 Samothrace, 175, 521, a large island in the northern Aegean Sea, some twenty miles off the coast of Thrace, celebrated for its mys- teries (cf. the Alexander, ii. 1). Sardis, 25, the capital va ad the ancient kingdom of 1 , and, later, the residence of the Persian satraps of Asia Minor. Sat , 205, a festival of Saturn, held at this time on the nine- teenth of December. See the Sulla, xviii. 5. Scipio (1), 149, 315, Publius Corne- us §. Africanus oe ha the con- queror of Hannibal. His con- 541 DICTIONARY OF go of Spain occupied the years 10-202 B.c. Scipio (2), Lucius Cornelius 8. siaticus, belonged to the Marian party in the civil wars, and was consul in 83 B.0., the year when Sulla returned from the East. Cf. the Sulla, xxviii. 1-3. He was proscribed in 82, and fled to Massilia, where he died. Scipio (3), 261, 279, 289, 295, 327, ublius Cornelius 8. Nasica adopted by Metellus Pius and therefore called Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius 8., or Metellus Scipio, was made Pompey 6 col- league in the consuls pete in the year 52 B.O., and became a determined foe of Caesar. He was proconsul in Syria, joined Pompey in 48 B.0., commanded his centre at Pharsalus, fied to Africa, and killed himself after the battle of Thapsus (46 B.c.). zou a Scipio by birth, a Metellus by adoption, and a son- in-law of Pompey, he was rapa- cious and profligate. Scipio (4), 445, Publius Cornelius cipio 'Nasica Corculum, cele- brated as jurist and _ orator, consul in 162 B.c. (when he abdicated on account of faulty auspices), and again in 155 B.c. Scirophorion, 79, a month of the Attic year comprising portions of our May and June. Scotussa, 293, 413. a town in central Thessaly, N.E. of Pharsalus. Scythia, 221, a general term for the Moone regions north of the Euxine ea. Seleucia, 317, probeny the Seleucia in Syria on the river Orontes. Sertorius, 155-167, 197, Quintus S., was born in a small Sabine village, began his military career in 105 B.O., was a consistent oppo- nent of the aristocracy, retired to Spain in 82, where for ten years and until his death he was the last hope of the Marian party. 8ee Plutarch’s Sertorius. Servilius, 151, Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, peo the consul of 79 B.0., who obtained a triumph over Cilicia in 74, and 542 PROPER NAMES died in 44 B.c. His son, of the same name, was consul with Caesar in 48 B.0O., though a member of the aristocratic party. Simonides, 3, of Ceos, the greatest lyric poet of Greece, 556—467 B.o. Sinope, 223, an important Greek city on the southern coast of the Euxine Sea, west of Amisus. Sinora (or Sinoria), a fortress-city on the frontier between Greater and Lesser Armenia. Soli, 187, an important town on the coast of Cilicia, not to be con- founded with the Soli on the island of Cyprus. See Xenorhon Anab., i. 2, 24. Sophene, 203, a district of western Armenia enia. Spartacus, 197, a Thracian gladia- tor, leader of the servile insurrec- bert a 1B.0.). Cf. the Crassus, Spinther, 245, 201, 307, Publius Cornelius Lentulus 8., consul in 57 B.C., took part against Caesar in 49, was captured by him at Corfinium, but released. He then joined Pompey, and after Pharsalus fied with him to Egypt. Strabo, 117, 123, Gnaeus Pompeius Sextus S., consul in 89 B.0o., in which year he celebrated a triumph for his capture of Asculum. He tried to be neutral in the civil wars of Sulla and Marius. In 87 B.0. he was killed by lightning. Sucro, 159, a river in S.E. Spain, between Valentia and Lauron. Susa, 39, 417, an ancient city of Persia, residence of the Great King during the spring months. Sybaris, 341, a famous Greek city of Italy, on the west shore of the gulf of Tarentum, founded in 720 B.c., noted for its wealth and luxury. T Tachos, 101-107, king of Egypt for ashort time during the latter part of the reign of Artaxerxes II. of Persia (405-362 B.0.). Deserted by his subjects and mercenaries, DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES he took refuge at the court of Artaxerxes ITI., where he died. Taenarum, 175, a promontory at the southern extremity of La- conia, in Peloponnesus. Tanagra, 377, a town in eastern Boeotia, between Thebes and Attica. Tarentum, 493, 507, a Greek city in S.E. Italy. It surrendered to the Romans in 272 B.0O., was betrayed into the hands of Hannibal in 212, and recovered by Fabius Maximus in 209. Taurus, 185, a range of mountains in Asia Minor, running eastward from Lycia to Cilicia. Taygetus, 417, a lofty mountain range between Laconia and Mes- senia, in Peloponnesus. Tegea, 95, an ancient and powerful city in 8.E. Arcadia, in Pelopon- nesus. Tegyra, 77, 377 ff., 387, 525, a vil- lage in northern Boeotia, near Orchomenus. Tempe, Vale of, 307, the gorge between Mounts Olympus and Ossa in N.E. Thessaly, through which the river Peneius makes its way to the sea. Theodotus of Chios (or Samos), 317 825, brought to Caesar the head and signet-ring of hue 9 Theophanes, 213, 225, 247, 315, 319, of Mitylene in Lesbos, a learned Greek who made Pom- y’s acquaintance during the ithridatic war, and became his intimate friend and adviser. He wrote a eulogistic history of Pompey’s campaigns. After Pompey’s death he was pardoned by Caesar, and upon his own death (after 44 B.O.) received divine honours from the Lesbians. Theophrastus, 5, 103, the most famous pupil of Aristotle, and his successor as head of the Peripa- tetic school of philosophy at Athens. He was born at Eresos in Lesbos, and died at Athens in rae B.O., at the age of eighty- ve. Theopompus, 27, 87, 91, of Chios, a fellow-pupli of Isocrates with Ephorus, wrote anti-Athenian histories of Greece from 411 to 394 B.O. and of Philip of Macedon from 360 to 336 B.O. Thermodon, 209, a river of Pontus in Northern Asia Minor, empty- ing into the Euxine Sea. _ Thesmophoria, 353, a festival in honour of Demeter as goddess of marriage, celebrated at Athens for three days in the middle of the month Pyanepsion (Oct.—Nov.). Thespiae, 67 f., 97, 373 ff,, an ancient city in S3.W. Boeotia, north of Plataea. ; Thetis, 423, a sea-nymph, wife of Peleus and mother of Achilles. Thriasian plain, 69, 357, a part of the plain about Eleusis, in S.W. Attica. Timagenes, 245, a Greek historian, of the time of Augustus, origin- ally a ares slave. The bitter- ness of his judgments brought him into disfavour. Timagoras, 419, an ambassador from Athens to the Persian court in 387 B.o. He spent four years there, and took part with Pelopi- das rather than with his own col- league, Leon. He revealed state secrets for pay, and it was this which cost him his life. Timotheus (1), 345, son of Conon the great Athenian admiral. He was made general in 378 B.0., and about 360 was at the height of his popularity and glory. Timotheus (2), 39, of Miletus, a famous musician and poet, 446— 357 3B.O. His exuberant and florid style conquered its way to great popularity. Tisaphernes, 21 f., 27, Persian satrap of lower Asia Minor from 414 B.0., and also, after the death of Cyrus the Younger in 401, of maritime Asia Minor, till his death in 359 B.o. Tithraustes, 27. After succeeding Tisaphernes in his satrapy, Tithraustes tried in vain to induce Agesilaiis to return to Greece, and then stirred up a war in Greece ainst Sparta, in consequence of which Agesilaiis was recalled. Trallians, 43, no tribe of this name is now known to have lived in 543 DICTIONARY OF Thrace, nor are they mentioned in Herodotus (vii. 110). Trebonius, 251, Caius T., tribune of the people in 55 B.O., and an instrument of the triumvirs. He was afterwards legate of Caesar in Gaul, and loaded with favours by him, but was one of the con- spirators against his life. us, 275, Lucius Volcatius T., consul in 66 B.0., a moderate, who took no part in the civil war. Tyche, 485, a portion of what Plu- tarch calls © e * out Ny ”” of yracuse D ween Epipo- lae and Achradina. Vv Valentia, 159, an important town in S.E. Spain, south of Saguntum. PROPER NAMES Valerius, 147, Marcus V. Maximus, dictator in 494 B.0., defeated and triumphed over the Sabines. Vatinius, 251, Publius V., had been tribune of the people in 59 B.c., and was a paid creature of Caesar. He was one of Caesar’s legates in the civil war, and, after Pharsalus, was entrusted by him with high command in the East. Venusia, 515, a prosperous city of Apulia, a stopp lace for travellers on the App Way from Rome to Brundisium. It was the birthplace of the poet Horace. Vibullius, 285, Lucius V. Rufus, a senator, captured by Caesar at Corfinium, at the outbreak of the war, and again in Spain, but pardoned both times. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY RB. CLAY AND SONS, LTD., BRUNSWICK STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E. I, AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. Pt all PLUTARCH’S ~ LIVES WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY BERNADOTTE PERRIN IN ELEVEN VOLUMES VI DION AND BRUTUS TIMOLEON AND AEMILIUS PAULUS Bo sad ao : s - * _w : > 4 ‘ LONDON : WILLIAM HEINEMANN NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS MCMXVIII PREFATORY NOTE As in the preceding volumes of this series, agree- ment between the Sintenis (Teubner, 1873-1875) and Bekker (Tauchnitz, 1855-1857) editions of the Parallel Lives has been taken as the basis for the text. Any preference of the one to the other, and any departure from both, have been indicated in the brief critical notes. An abridged account of the manuscripts and editions of Plutarch’s Lives may be found in the Introduction to the first volume. None of the Lives presented in this volume is contained in either of the two oldest and _ best manuscripts. No attempt has been made, naturally, to furnish either a diplomatic text or a full critical apparatus. For these, the reader must still be referred to the major edition of the Lives by Sintenis (Leipzig, 1839-1846, 4 voll., 8vo). The reading which follows the colon in the critical notes is that of the Teubner Sintenis, and also, unless otherwise stated in the note, of the Tauchnitz Bekker. Vv PREFATORY NOTE Some use has been made of the Siefert-Blass edition of the Zimoleon (Leipzig, Teubner, 1879), and also of Holden’s edition of the same Life (Cambridge, Pitt Press Series, 1889). All the standard translations of the Lives have been carefully compared and utilized, including that of the Brutus by Professor Long. B. PERRIN. New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. December, 1917. vi CONTENTS PREFATORY NOTE .... . ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES . DION e e e ° s e e e ° e e BRUTUS' .....-+ +e « COMPARISON OF DION AND BRUTUS TIMOLEON peg) rete wa. ets He AEMILIUS PAULUS .... . COMPARISON OF TIMOLEON AND AEMILIUS PAULUS DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES 459 + 5 | ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS KDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK LIVES. VouuME I. VouLuME VI. (1) Theseus and Romulus. _ (22) Dion and Brutus. Comparison. Comparison. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. : (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Comparison. Paulus. (3) Solon and Publicola. Comparison. Comparison. VoLumeE VII. ; (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. VouLumeE II. Comparison. (4) Themistocles and (17) Alexander and Julius Camillus. Caesar. VotumeE VIII. (9) Aristides and Cato the 7 (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. Ider. 13 nel eons ll Comparison. ne Compan a (18) Phocion and Cato the P Younger. VouumeE III. ae Nate ee (5) Pericles and Fabius Max- Coe imus. (21) Coe and Antony. | omparison. (14) i salary | (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. Comparison. | a | VoLuME X. VotumE IV. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and (6) Alcibiades and Coriola- Tiberius and Caius nus. Gracchus. Comparison. Comparison. (12) Lysander and Sulla. (10) Philopoemen and Flam- Comparison. ininus. Comparison. Vo.uMmE V. | Votume XL. (16) Agesilaiis and Pompey. (23) Aratus. Comparison. (24) Artaxerxes. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. fe Galba. Comparison. , (26) Otho. viii THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES. (1) Theseus and Romulus. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. (3) Solon and Publicola. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus. (6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. (10) Philopoemen and Flamininus. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. (12) Lysander and Sulla. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. (14) Nicias and Crassus. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. (16) Agesilatis and Pompey. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Cains Gracchus. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. (21) Demetrius and Antony. (22) Dion and Brutus. (23) Aratus. (24) Artaxerxes. (25) Galba. (26) Otho. DION VOL. VB. ATON I. "Apa ye, Worep 0 Stpwvid civ, @ _Parts ; pays le ape ead i $79 > Edition, Locare DYevexiwy, tots KopevOiors ov pnview To 1624, y ” ’ , \ A : A ” 958 IMuov émiotpatevoace peta tov “Axatov, Ste xaxeivots ot tept TAXadxov é& apyns KopivOcos yeyovores cuvendyouv Tpodvpws, odTwS EiKds TH > , , e / , ¢/ b Anadnpetg pare Peopatous penre EdAqvas eyKa- ety loov hepouévous ex THS ypadys tavTns, 7) tov te Bpovrou reptéxyer Biov kai tov Aiwvos, dy e A 9 A 4 4 € a , o pev avt@ TAdtwv wrAnotdaas, o 5é Tots Aorots évtpadels tois Iddtwvos, domep ex pias Opun- cay aporepor taraiotpas él tovs peyiotous b A \ N \ oe \ \ 3 \ adyavas. Kai TO peéey Spota TOAAA Kal adedda mpatayras paptupjoat TO KaOnyenove THS ape- THs Ott det hpovnce nat dexatocvyn Svvamy eri N > \ \ 4 ry A , e TO avTO Kal TUynv cuVedOeiv, iva KadXdOS apa kal péyeOos ai rodttixai mpdkers AdBwour, ov Oavpactov éotiv. ws yap ‘Immopayos o andei- MTNS EAEYE TOUS Yeyupvacpevous Tap avT@ Kal xpéas €& ayopas idwy dépovtas émiyvavat Troppw- Oev, otrw TOV AOyov éoTiv Eixos THY TeTratdev- pévay opoiws &rrecOar tais mpdkeow, éupéererav twa Kal puOuov enidépovta peta tov mpérovtos. 2 “BION I. Ir it be true, then, 0 ’Socius Senecio,! as Si- monides says,? that Ilium*‘is- not wroth with the Corinthians’’ for coming up-against her with the Achaeans, because the Trojans. -also had Glaucus, who sprang from Corinth, as a zealous ally, so it is likely that neither Romans nor Greeks’ will quarrel with the Academy, since they fare’ alixe in this treatise containing the lives of Dion’ and. Brutus, for Dion was an immediate disciple of. Plato, while Brutus was nourished on the doctrines of Plato. Both therefore set out from one training- school, as it were, to engage in the greatest struggles. And we need not wonder that, in the performance of actions that were often kindred and alike, they bore witness to the doctrine of their teacher in virtue, that wisdom and justice must be united with power and good fortune if public careers are to take on beauty as well as grandeur. For as Hippomachus the trainer used to delare that he could recognize his pupils from afar even though they were but carrying meat from the market-place, so it is natural that the principles of those who have been trained alike should permeate their actions, inducing in these a similar rhythm and harmony along with their propriety. 1 One of the many friends whom Plutarch made during his residence at Rome. See on Theseus, i. 1. 2 Fragment 50; Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graect, iii.* p. 412. B 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES II. Ac 8é _TUXat, Tois CULTTOUAG Haddov 4 Tais Tpoaipererty ovoat at avrat, guvayouct TOY avdpav TOUS Bious els oporaryta. 7 poavnpe- Onoav yap apdorepot Tob -Térovs, els 0 mpovdevto Tas mpagers ex TONG: KL _ beyahov ay@veov catabéc bat pa Suv déozes. 0 6€ mavrwv Bav- paci@tatov, STL Kak * To Sa1povioy auporépors UTEedH Awa € THY TEREUTIpD, Opoiws éxaTépep pacpa- TOS ets Oxruy OUK euplevods Taparyevouevov. KatTot oryos Ths eos, TOY avaipovvTwy Ta ToLavTa, pndevt av-voty eyovtTe tmpootecety pavTacpa Saipovos. june" eldwArov, GANA Traddpia Kal yv- vaia Kas . Tapaopous 8.’ aoévevav avOparrous éy tige-.wrdve wWuyis 7 SvoKpacia TOMATOS yevopesisous d0€as apadeecBau KEVAS Kal adXoKo- TOUS 5+ above Tmovnpov év avrois thv Serordat- poviap } éXovTas. et b¢ Alwy Kal Bpodros, dvdpes éuBpibets Kai prrocogor Kab ™ pos ovdev ax po- adarels ovd’ ed AwrTot wabos, oUTWS vo do pa- tos duetéOnoav wote nal dpdaoat pos erépous, OvK 0lda wi) TOY Tavu TaXaALo@Y TOV drondTatov avaycacdapev mpoadexer Bat NOxvor, ws TA patha Satmovia cal Bacxava, TpoagOovobvta Tots aya- ois avdpdat cat tais mpateow eva Tdpeva, TapaXas Kal poBous emdyet, oelovTa Kal opan- NOvTA THY apeTny, @S 11) Srapetvavres an TOTES év TO Kan cal aKcépa.cot Bertlovos éxeiveav poipas perd THY TEAEVTHY TUXWOLD. adr TavTa pmeVv els GAAov dvaxeiaOw Aovyov. ev tovT@ Sé, dwSe- 1 thy 8e:o:8aiuovlay Coraés and Bekker, instead of the elva: Seco8aiuovlay of the MSS.: Sea Samuovlar. 4 DION II. Moreover, the fortunes of the two men, which were the same in what befell them rather than in what they elected to do, make their lives alike. For both were cut off untimely, without being able to achieve the objects to which they had determined to devote the fruits of their many and great struggles. But the most wonderful thing of all was that Heaven gave to both an intimation of their approaching death, by the visible appearance to each alike of an ill-boding spectre. And yet there are those who deny such things and say that no man in his right mind was ever visited by a spectre or an apparition from Heaven, but that little children and foolish women and men deranged by sickness, in some aber- ration of spirit or distemper of body, have indulged in empty and strange imaginings, because they had the evil genius of superstition in themselves. But if Dion and Brutus, men of solid understanding and philosophic training and not easily cast down or over- powered by anything that happened to them, were so affected by a spectre that they actually told others about it, I do not know but we shall be compelled to accept that most extraordinary doctrine of the oldest times, that mean and malignant spirits, in envy of good men and opposition to their noble deeds, try to confound and terrify them, causing their virtue to rock and totter, in order that they may not continue erect and inviolate in the path of honour and so attain a better portion after death than the spirits themselves. But this subject must be reserved for discussion elsewhere, and in this, the twelfth book} 1 The Pericles was part of the tenth “ book ” (chapter ii. 3), the Demosthenes part of the fifth (chapter iii. 1). The ordi- nary arrangement of the Lives is purely arbitrary. PLUTARCH’S LIVES KaT@ TOV TAparrAnhov éyvt. Biwy, Tov Tov TpeE- o Butépou Tpoeaaydyw ev. III. Atovuctos 0 mpea BuTepos eis THY apy Kataotas evOvs éynpe THY ‘Eppoxpatous Tou Lupakovatou Buyarépa. TAUTNY, obTrw THs Tupav- vidos iSpupevns BeBatws, arog TavTes ot _2upa- Kovatot devas Kal TAapavapLous UBpecs els TO TOpa KabvBpioav, ep als T ponKaTo Tov Biov éxougiws. Atovictos bé THY apyny avaraBov Kal Kpatuva- pevos avdes a ayerat dvo yuvaicas dpa, THY per éK Aoxpév dvopa Awpisa, Thy 5é em tx @ptov "Apt- oToMayny, Ouyatépa ‘Inrapivov, TPWTEVTAVTOS avdpos upaxovoiov Kal Actovuci suvapEavtos bre Tpit ov avToKpaTwp émi Tov TONE HOV npéeOn oTpPATHYOS. éyerat & juépa pev auporépas ayaryés Bat pod kal pndevi yevérOar avepos av- Oparoy o OTrOTEpa TpoTEpa cvverdor, TOV be a ov xpovov icov véwwv éavTov dtarenely éxaTépa, KOw? peev ela péveov deutrvety per’ avrov, 10. par vuxta O€ év pépet oc uvavaTravopevmr. Kaitou TOV Lupaxovatoy éBovrero TO THs (Thy eyyevt} 7 NOV exeey Ths Levys: anna exeivy mporépg UmHPXE Texovon TOV mpeo Bevovta tis Avovuaiou yeveas viov auth BonBeiv 7 pos TO yévos. n Oe “AptoTouaxn TONY Ypovoy amass TUVeKEL TO Atovuaiep kaitep orrovodtovre mepl THY éx TAUTNS TEKVOoLY, 6s ye kal Thy pntépa Tis Aoxpidos aiTacduevos KatapappaKkevery thy “Aptotopa- Ynv awéxTeELve. IV. Tavrns aderpos @v 0 ior év “Pxe prev elye Tiyuny amo Ths aderdijs, VaoTepov Oé Tod 6 959 DION of my Parallel Lives, I shall begin with that of the elder man. III. Dionysius the Elder, after assuming the reins of government,! at once married the daughter of Hermocrates the Syracusan. But she, since the tyranny was not yet securely established, was ter- ribly and outrageously abused in her person by the seditious Syracusans, and in consequence put an end to her own life. Then Dionysius, after resuming the power and making himself strong again, married two wives at once, one from Locri, whose name was Doris, the other a native of the city, Aristomache, daughter of Hipparinus, who was a leading man in Syracuse, and had been a colleague of Dionysius when he was first chosen general with full powers for the war. It is said that he married both wives on one day, and that no man ever knew with which of the two he first consorted, but that ever after he con- tinued to devote himself alike to each; it was their custom to sup with him together, and they shared his bed at night by turns. And yet the people of Syracuse wished that their countrywoman should be honoured above the stranger; but Doris had the good fortune to become a mother first, and by pre- senting Dionysius with his eldest son she atoned for her foreign birth. Aristomache, on the contrary, was for a long time a barren wife, although Dionysius was desirous to have children by her; at any rate, he accused the mother of his Locrian wife of giving Aristomache drugs to prevent conception, and put her to death. IV. Now, Dion was a brother of Aristomache, and at first was honoured because of his sister; after- 1 In 405 B.c. PLUTARCH’S LIVES A A A ¥ » @ \ > a dpovety dudovs metpav, 75n Kal’ éavtov nyanato Tapa T@ Tupavyvm. Kal mpos Atract Tois aAXoLS wv “a / 4 x A , 4 elpnto Tots Tamiars 6 Te av aitn Aiwv Sidovar, \ n Sovtas 5€ mpos avTov avOnyuepov ppdlev. wv &é \ , e Xo A 40 \ Xo Kai mpoTepov yn os TH 70er Kal peya odpwv > > nA “A kal avdpm@dns, rt padXov érédwxe pos Taira Geia twi tuyn TAdtwvos eis Yuxediav tapaBa- Aovtos, Kat’ ovdéva AOytopov avOpw@Tivoy: ara J Saipwr Tis, ws Eorxe, ToppwOev apyny éedevOepias BadrXopevos Xupaxovaios, cal rupavvidos Kata- , Avow pNKYavopevos, exopicey €F “ITaXias eis 4 Suvpaxoveas [[Adtwva cai Aiwva avvyyayev eis A 4 \ A NOYous avTO@, véov pev dvTa Koutdy, TOD Se evpa- e 4 A 4 U Oéstatov atavtwy tov I[katove avyyeyovorwv kal o€vtaTov btraKxotaa pos aper ay, @S avTos ryeypade TAdreov, Kal Ta Tpaypara papTupel. Tpaets yap ev HOeow vTro TUpdvyw Tamevots, cat Biov péev avicov kal xatadpofov, Oepatreias 5€ veomAovTov Kal Tpudfis areipoxdrov Kal Staitns év ndovais Kai trEoveEiats TiOemévns TO cadov eas Kal peotos yevouevos, ws TpaOTov éyevoato Aoyou Kal dirocodias HryEewovtrts pds ? / > 4 \ \ 4 a \ apeTny, aveprexXOn tiv yuxnv TAaXU, Kal TH TreEpt avtov evTecia THY KaX@Y akdKws Tavu Kal A \ aA a VEWTEPLK@S MpocdoKyaas viro THY avTaY AOYoV Suora welcecBar Aroviatov, éotrovdace Kal Sue- mpatato Tomoapevos aXoAny avTov évtuyelv Tlvdteve cat axovoat. wv DION wards, however, he gave proof of his wisdom, and was presently beloved by the tyrant for his own sake. In addition to all] his other favours, Dionysius ordered his treasurers to give Dion whatever he asked, although they were to tell Dionysius on the same day what they had given. But though Dion was even before of a lofty character, magnanimous, and manly, he advanced still more in these high qualities when, by some divine good fortune, Plato came to Sicily. This was not of man’s devising, but some heavenly power, as it would seem, laying far in advance of the time a foundation for the liberty of Syracuse, and devising a subversion of tyranny, brought Plato from Italy to Syracuse and made Dion his disciple. Dion was then quite young, but of all the companions of Plato he was by far the quickest to learn and the readiest to answer the call of virtue, as Plato himself has written,? and as events testify. For though he had been reared in habits of submission under a tyrant, and though he was fully accustomed to a life that was subservient and timorous, as well as to ostentatious service at court and vulgar luxury and a regimen that counts pleasures and excesses as the highest good, nevertheless, as soon as he got a taste of a rational philosophy which led the way to virtue, his soul was speedily on fire ; and since he very artlessly and impulsively expected, from his own ready obedience to the call of higher things, that the same arguments would have a like persuasive force with Dionysius, he earnestly set to work and at last brought it to pass that the tyrant, in a leisure hour, should meet Plato and hear him discourse. 1 About 388 B.0., if this first visit be not a myth. 2 Epvet. vii. p. 327. PLUTARCH’S LIVES V. Tevouevns dé Tis guvovaias avTois TO ev Sov sept avdpos aperis, mrcla roo dé Tepl avdpetas SiarropnBevrwr, @s TavTas)! wadXov oO Adtov y TOUS Tupdvvous. amépawvev avépetous, éx O€ TovTou Tparrouevos Tept Sixatoauyns édt- Sac Kev @S paKdptos pev ) TOV dixaiwv, Ors bé Oo TOV adixwy Bios, ovte Tovs Adyous epepev 0 TUpavvos womep éFeheyXomevos, iXGero Te Tos mapovat Javpactas aTrobexXouevors Tov avdpa Kal KOU MEVOLS UTO TOV Aeyouevan. TéhOS b¢ Oupw- Beis Kal mapoEuvbeis jparnoev aurov 6 te on Bovropevos eis YuxedAlav wapayévoito. Tod bé dycavtos ayabov avdpa Cnteiv, vmoha Bev ExEC- vos, “AAG v7 TOUS Geovs,” ele, ‘ “at paivy panto TOLOUTOV eUpnKes.” ot pev odv Trept TOV Aiwva TOUTO TéAOS MOVTO TIS opyiis yeyovevar, kat tov Iddtwva omevdovra ouvebémrepumov ent TpLNpoUs, i) TloAAwy éxometer Els THY "EAAdSa Tov Lrraprearyy: o 6¢ Atoviatos Kpuda, TOU TT oAALos €TOLnTaTO Senow padiota pev aTOKTElVaL TOV avipa Kata wrody, et d€ xn, TWavTws atrodocbat: PraByoecBar yap over, arr’ evdatwovnc ety opoiws, Sixatov dvta, Kav SovA0s yévntar. S10 Kat Aéyeras TloAXs ets Alyway pépov arrobocGas I]ddrwva, TONE HOU pos "AOnvatous 6 OVTOS avrois Kal yudic patos Strws 0 ANPOels “AOnvaiwr év Aiyivg Tim pacKnTat. Ov pay 6 ye Aiev éXaTTov eixe Tapa TO Atovuct TUuLHS 7 Tio TEDS, adna, mpea Betas TE Tas peylatas Sikes Kal Teptropevos mpos Kap- 1 xdyras Coraés and Bekker, after Reiske: wav7a. ) Ge) 960 DION V. At this meeting the general subject was human virtue, and most of the discussion turned upon man- liness. And when Plato set forth that tyrants least of all men had this quality, and then, treating of justice, maintained that the life of the just was blessed, while that of the unjust was wretched, the tyrant, as if convicted by his arguments, would not listen to them, and was vexed with the audience because they admired the speaker and were charmed by his utterances. At last he got exceedingly angry and asked the philosopher why he had come to Sicily. And when Plato said that he was come to seek a virtuous man, the tyrant answered and said : “Well, by the gods, it appears that you have not yet found such an one.”” Dion thought that this was the end of his anger, and as Plato was eager for it, sent him away upon a trireme, which was conveying Pollis the Spartan to Greece. But Dionysius privily requested Pollis to kill Plato on the voyage, if it were in any way possible, but if not, at all events to sell him into slavery; for he would take no harm, but would be quite as happy, being a just man, even if he should become a slave. Pollis, therefore, as we are told, carried Plato to Aegina and there sold him; for the Aeginetans were at war with the Athenians and had made a decree that any Athenian taken on the island should be put up for sale. In spite of all this, Dion stood in no less honour and credit with Dionysius than before, but had the management of the most important embassies, as, for instance, when he was sent to Carthage and won Il PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sovious €Bavpacbn § L 17; xnoovious eCavpacly OLradEepovTws Kai THY Trap- pnoiav épepev avtov povouv axedov adeas AéyovTos TO TaptaTapevoy, ws Kal THY Tept Térwvos éni- 4 e ” A / mrAnew. yrevalopevns yap, ws éotxe, tTHS Té- AwVOS apYs, avTov Te TOV T'éXwva tov Atovuciou p 7 4 / VA , a e \ yéXwTa THs YKerlas yeyovévar dyoavtos, of ev GAOL TO TKOppa TpoceTraovvTo Oavyalerv, o Sé Aiwv ducyepavas, “Kal pry,” bn, “od tupav- veis Sta TéXwva miotevbeis: 56a oé b€ ovdels Erepos miotevOnoetar. TH yap sytTt daiverat , \ a >] , , carrxoTov pev Vérowv ériderEdpevos Oéaua povap- Youpevny rod, alaxiotov 5é Atoviacos. VI. "Ovrwv &€ Avovucio traiswv tpidy pev éx a 5 4 de bd "A , A THS Aoxpt as, TeTTapwv oe €€ proTouayns, dv dv0 joav Ouyarépes, Zapporvvy Kat ‘Apern, Lodpocvvyn pev Atovuci T® Vid ouvexneer, ’Apérn S€ @eapidn T@ adeAPO. TEAEUTHTAVTOS 5é rod adergod Weapidou Aiwv éraBe tiv’ Apérnv adergibqv odaav. émret 6€ voowy edo€ev o Arovv- atos aBiatws eye, erexeipnoey avT@ diaré- yeoOat tepl Tav ex THS "Aptorouayns Téxvwv oO Aiwv, ot & tarpot T@ médAXOvTE THY apynv Siadé- yecOat yapilopevor Katpov ov trapéaxov: ws dé Tipatos dnot, cal dappakov brvwtixoy aitoovtt Sovtes adeirovto tHv alcOnow avdtod, Bavaro cuvarpaytes Tov Urrvov. Ov phy adda avAACYOU TpwTOU TaY dirwv yevoueévou rapa Tov véov Aoviciov ovtw Siené- xOn Tepi TaV oupdEepovTwY Tpos TOY KaLpOV 6 12 DION great admiration. The tyrant also bore with his freedom of speech, and Dion was almost the only one who spoke his mind fearlessly, as, for example, when he rebuked Dionysius for what he said about Gelon. The tyrant was ridiculing the government of Gelon,! and when he said that Gelon himself, true to his name, became the Jlaughing-stock (“ gelos’’) of Sicily, the rest of his hearers pretended to admire the joke, but Dion was disgusted and said : “ Indeed, thou art now tyrant because men trusted thee for Gelon’s sake; but no man hereafter will be trusted for thy sake.’’ For, as a matter of fact, Gelon seems to have made a city under absolute rule a very fair thing to look upon, but Dionysius a very shameful thing. | VI. Dionysius had three children by his Locrian wife, and four by Aristomache, two of whom were daughters, Sophrosyne and Arete. Sophrosyne be- came the wife of his son Dionysius,? and Arete of his brother Thearides, but after the death of The- arides, Arete became the wife of Dion, her uncle. Now, when Dionysius was sick and seemed likely to die, Dion tried to confer with him in the interests of his children by Aristomache, but the physicians, who wished to ingratiate themselves with the heir apparent, would not permit it; moreover, according to Timaeus, when the sick man asked for a sleeping potion, they gave him one that robbed him of his senses and made death follow sleep.® However, in the first conference held between the young Dionysius and his friends, Dion discoursed upon the needs of the situation in such a manner 1 Gelon had been tyrant of Syracuse circa 485-478 B.c. 2 Cf. chapter iii. 3. 3 In 367 B.c. 13 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aiwv ore Tovs dddous ATAVTAS TH ev ppovycer Tatoas arroveifat, TH dé mappnoig dovXous THS Tupavridos d aryEVvVOS Kal mepipoBes Ta TOANA 1 pos Xapev T petpaxio cupBovrevovtas. pardiora b¢ avTous eLerdnfe TOV aro Kapyndovos xivduvov eT LK pe pa wEvOV TH apxn Sedotxotas, & Drrog Xopuevos, ei pev eLpnvns tovto Atoviotos, Trevoas evs els AiBinv as aptota SiabiccecOa Tov TONE LO, et O€ rroNepety mpodvpoiro, Operpecy aUuTOS idtous TéXeot Kal mapebev ets TOV mohepov avT@ TEVTNKOVTA TpLnpeLs €v WAcoveas.} VII. ‘O per ou Avovictos Umeppues THY peyadowuxiav Oavpace Kal tH mpoOupiay nyatnoey® ot dé édeyxecOat TH Aaparporyre Kat ramevovcOa mH Suvaper tov Aiwvos ovopevot, TavTNv eddus apyny AaBortes, ovdemsas epetdovro povins i) TO perpaxcov eFarypiaive EweNXOY TpOS avrov, as DTrEpyopevov dua TIS Gararrns Tupav- vida Kal Teptome@vTa Tais vavot Tijv Svvapuy ets TOUS ‘Aptotopdyns maidas, aderprdovs évTas ave. paveporarat dé Kal beyrras TOY Ets POdvov Kat picos QiTL@OV UTA pov 7 Tob Biou dtapopa Kal TO THS Siairns a GpLKTov. Ol ev yap, evOvs €& apxiis véov Tupdvvou Kal TeOpappeévov pathos Omtriav Kal ouvndevay noovais Kal KoXa- Kelas caTahapBavovtes, aei TiVvas épwras Kal SiatpiBas Eun Xavavro pepBaders Tepl TOTOUS «al yuvaixas, ral mradias é érépas aoxynuovas, vd’ ov 7 Tupawvis, domep atdnpos, paracropern, Tois pev apxopevors épavn giravopwros, xal TO Mav amdvOpwrov vTavijcev, ovK émreckeia Tint 1 ef wAeovoas van Herwerden : wAeovcas. 14 961 DION that his wisdom made all the rest appear children, and his boldness of speech made them seem mere slaves of tyranny, who were wont to give their counsels timorously and ignobly to gratify the young man. But what most amazed them in their fear of the peril that threatened the realm from Carthage, was Dion’s promise that, if Dionysius wanted peace, he would sail at once to Africa and put a stop to the war on the best terms possible; but if war was the king’s desire, he himself would furnish him with fifty swift triremes for the war, and maintain them at his own costs. VII. Dionysius, then, was greatly astonished at his magnanimity and delighted with his ardour; but the other courtiers, thinking themselves put out of countenance by{Dion’s generosity and humbled by his power, began hostilities forthwith, and said every- thing they could to embitter the young king against him, accusing him of stealing into the position of tyrant by means of his power on the sea, and of using his ships to divert the power into the hands of the children of Aristomache, who were his nephews and nieces. But the strongest and most apparent grounds for their envy and hatred of him lay in the difference between his way of life and theirs, and in his refusal to mingle with others. For from the very outset they obtained converse and intimacy with a tyrant who was young and had been badly reared by means of pleasures and flatteries, and were ever contriving for him sundry amours, idle amusements with wine and women, and other unseemly pastimes. In this way the tyranny, being softened, like iron in the fire, appeared to its subjects to be kindly, and gradually remitted its excessive T5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aa A A 4 padXov H pabvyuia tod KpatodvTos auBdvvopEern. o A \ éx 5¢ rovtou mpoiodea Kal vepopévn KaTa pLKpOV la wept TO pelpdKiov aveots Todvs AdapavTivous Sexpovs éxetvous, ols 0 mwperButepos Atovvatos "4 J > , \ lA b>] , épn Sedepéevnv atroreitew Thy povapyiav, éEérnge / e 4 4 e b 4 kat drepOecpev. Huépas yap, ws paciv, évern- a \ \ KOVTA TUVEXaS Erivey apEdpevos, Kal THY avAnVY év TO Kpovw TOUT@ aTroVdaiols avdpdat Kai NOYoUS / , aBatov nal aveicodov ovoav péOat Kai cKop- \ ? 4 \ 4 pata cal Wadpol Kai opynoes cat Bwporoytar KATELYOV. VIII. "Hv ody, as eixos, 0 Aiwy érayOns eis b e \ \ \ > \ e , N ovdey OU Kal vewrepixoy évdsdods éauvTov. 610 kal wiava Kxaxi@v tpocpnyata Tais apetais émipépovtes avtod SéBaddrov, vrepoiay thy oe“voTnta Kal THY Tappyoiay avOddeav atroxa- Nobvtes' Kal vovOeTav Katrnyopeiv édoKxet Kai pr) cuveEapaptaveyv Katadpoveiyv. apérer dé cal puaer Twa TO 00s SyKov elyev avTOD Kal TpaYv- tnta dSvatpoaodov évTevEes Kal duaEvpBorov. ov yap povov avopt véw nat dsrateOpuppévo Ta Ta Koraxelats ayapis hv ovyyevéo Oar Kal mpocdvrns, qodAol 5€ Kal TOV Wavy Ypwpévwv avT@ kal THY dmXoTnTa Kal TO yevvaioy ayaTwvTwy Tod TpOd- A e / Tou KaTEpéu“povTo THS o-tAlas, WS aypoLKOTEpoY kat Bapvtepoy TodTiKaY xKpEeL@v Tots Seopévors U4 ‘\ 2 \ /, 4 cuvadAacoovTa. mept wv Kal Ilhkatwv vorepor @ tJ 4 "4 \ > \ > @otep atrolecTritwy eypayre mpos avtov é£ev- 16 DION cruelty, though its edge was blunted not so much by any clemency in the sovereign as by his love of ease. Asa consequence, the laxity of the young king gained ground little by little, until at last those “ adaman- tine bonds” with which the elder Dionysius said he had left the monarchy fastened, were melted and destroyed. For it is said that the young king once kept up a drinking bout for ninety consecutive days from its beginning, and that during this time his court gave no access or admission to men or matters of consequence, but drunkenness and raillery and music and dancing and buffoonery held full sway. VIII. Dion, then, as was natural, was obnoxious to these men, since he indulged in no pleasure or youthful folly. And so they tried to calumniate him by actually giving to his virtues plausible names of vices; for instance, they called his dignity haughti- ness, and his boldness of speech self-will. Even when he admonished, he was thought to denounce, and when he would not share men’s sins, to despise. And in very truth his character had naturally a certain majesty, together with a harshness that re- pelled intercourse and was hard to deal with. For not only to a man who was young and whose ears had been corrupted by flattery was he an unpleasant and irksome associate, but many also who were in- timate with him and who loved the simplicity and nobility of his disposition, were apt to find fault with the manner of his intercourse with men, on the ground that he dealt with those who sought his aid more rudely and harshly than was needful in public life. On this head Plato also afterwards wrote to him, in a tone almost prophetic, that he should 1 Epist. iv. ad fin. 1] VOL. VI. Cc PLUTARCH’S LIVES AaBeioOat thy avOaderav ws épnuia cuvotxovcap. ov nv GdAB TOTE THreiatou Soxwy akios wrdp- yew Sta Ta Tpaypata Kal povos } padtora THY tupavviba Tadevovaay avopbobv Kat Siapurdr- TEL, EYLYWaKEY OV TpOs XapL, anh QKOVTOS UTrO YpEeLas TOD TUPdYVOY TPMTOS Ov Kal péyLoTos. IX. Aitiav 5€ trovrov tiv aradevaiar eivat vopitwy éuBareiy avtov eis StatpsBas érevOept- ous édirotipetro Kal yedoat Noywv Kai pabnud- Tov nOoTroLaY, ws apeTny Te Tavaatto SediMs Kai -Tots Kanrois yaipev Oicbein. pice yap ov yeyoves TOV pavAoTdtwy Tupavywy o Aroviatos, GX’ o traTHp, Sedotxas 7 Ppoynuatos peTtada- Baov Kal ovyyevouevos vobv Eyovow avOpatras ériBovrevoctey avT@ Kal TapéXoLTO THY apyny, éd povpet KaTaxdetoTtov otxoL, St épnutav optrias évépas Kal atretpia Tpaypdtav, Os pact, auakia kal rvyvias nab Sidpous Evrivous Kal tpamétas TEKTALVOMEVOY. OUTW Yap NY aTrLOTOS Kal TpOS dmavras avOpwrovs bronrros Kai mpoBeBAnpEévos 51a hoBov o mperBvtepos Atovicios wate pnde Ths Keparys Tas Tpixas adedety! Kovptxais payaipats, AANA TOV TAACTaY TIS EmipolrT@v avOpaxt THv KOmnv qeptéxatev. eioner dé mpos avrov eis TO Swpatiov ovte abeAPos OO vids ws eruyev nuhtecpevos, GAN Eder mpl eicedOeiy aim bivra Thv éavtod oToAny Exactov érépav avaraBeiv, opabévta yupvov bro TaV hudaTTOV- tov. émet dé Aemtivns o abeXdos avT@ corte 1 apedcivy Bekker, after Coraés, has apaipeiy. DION be on his guard against self-will, which was a “ com- panion of solitude.’’! However, at this time, though circumsiances led men to think him of more value than any one else, and the only or the chief sup- porter and guardian of the storm-tossed tyranny, he knew that it was not out of goodwill, but against the wishes of the tyrant and owing to his needs, that he was first and greatest. IX. Considering, then, that a reason for this lay in the tyrant’s want of education, he sought to engage him in liberal studies, and to give him a taste of such literature and science as formed the character, in order that he might cease to be afraid of virtue, and become accustomed to take delight in what was high and noble. For by nature Dionysius did not belong to the worst class of tyrants, but his father, fearing that if he should get wisdom and associate with men of sense, he would plot against him and rob him of his power, used to keep him closely shut up at home, where, through lack of as- sociation with others and in ignorance of affairs, as we are told, he made little waggons and lampstands and wooden chairs and tables. For the elder Diony- sius was so distrustful and suspicious towards every body, and his fear led him to be so much on his guard, that he would not even have his hair cut with barbers’ scissors, but a hairdresser would come 2nd singe his locks with a live coal. Neither his brother nor his son could visit him in his apartment wearing any clothes they pleased, but every one had to take off his own apparel before entering and put on an- other, after the guards had seen him stripped. And once, when his brother Leptines was describing to 1 Cf. the Coriolanus, xv. 4. 19 c 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ywpiov duaow éEnyoupevos KaBov AoYXNY Tapa Tivos Tav Sopudopev Uréypayre Tov TOTOD, éxelv@ peév ioxupas éyarémnve, tov 5é Sovta Thy AOYXNV améxtewev. édeye 5é Tors dhirovs PvratrecBat voov éyovras eidws xat Bovropévous paddov Tupavveiy ) TupavveicBat. nal Mapovav Sé twa Ta@V Tponypévov UT avtov Kal TeTaypévwv ep nyeuovias davette Sokavta Kata Tovs Omvous opatreyv avrov, a am’ évvoias peOnpepivis Kat Siaroyropod THs Swews TavTyns eis Tov Drvov aUT@ Trapayevouevns. o pev dn TTdatov Oupo- Deis Ott wy TWavTwyv avTov avOpwrov avdpeoTaTov dvTa amédpynvev, ovTw TepihoBov Kal tocovTwy vo Setdias KaKOVY peaTHy elye THY Woyny. X. Tov & vidv abtod, cabdrep cipntar, diare- AwWBnuevov amrabevoia Kal ouvTeTpippevovy TO 7005 0 Aiwv op@v tmapexdder mpds ratdeay tpatrécOat Kai SenOfvat tod mpwrov TaV Piroao- gov tacav Sénow édeiv eis Bieediav €AOovTt 5¢ rapacyely avtov, twas Svaxocpndeis 7d O05 eis apeThs AOyov, Kal mpos TO Oerdtatoy dpopow- Oels mapdderypa TOY dvTwv Kal KaANTOV, S TO Trav nyouuévw meOopevoy é& dxoopias Koo pos dati, TONATY pev Eevdatpoviay EaVTO “NYavynoeTat, movAny dé Trois moditats, dca viv év abvpia Stovxovot Tpos dvayKny THS apyis, Tadta cwhpo- auvn cal Sixatoovvn pet’ Eevpevetas Tatpovopov- peva TapacxXwv Kal yevouevos Bactrevs x TUpay- vou. Tous yap ddapavrivous Seapovs ovy, waTEp 6 20 96 DION him the nature of a place, and drew the plan of it on the ground with a spear which he took from one of his body-guards, he was extremely angry with him, and had the man who gave him the spear put to death. He used to say, too, that he was on his guard against his friends who were men of sense, because he knew that they would rather be tyrants than subjects of a tyrant. And he slew Marsyas, one of those whom he had advanced to positions of high command, for having dreamed that he killed him, declaring that this vision must have visited his sleep because in his waking hours he had purposed and planned such a deed. Yes, the man who was angry with Plato because he would not pronounce him the most valiant man alive, had a spirit as timorous as this, and so full of all the evils induced by cowardice. X. This tyrant’s son, as I have said, Dion saw to be dwarfed and deformed in character from his lack of education, and therefore exhorted him to apply himself to study, and to use every entreaty with the first of philosophers to come to Sicily, and, when he came, to become his disciple, in order that his character might be regulated by the principles of virtue, and that he might be conformed to that divinest and most beautiful model of all being, in obedience to whose direction the universe issues from disorder into order; in this way he would pro- cure great happiness for himself, and great happiness for his people, and that obedience which they now rendered dejectedly and under the compulsion of his authority, this his moderation and justice would base upon goodwill and a filial spirit, and he would become a king instead of a tyrant. For the “ada- mantine bonds” of sovereignty were not, as _ his 21 PLUTARCH’S LIVES watnp édeyev avrod, doBov xal Biav Kal veov TAOS elvat Kat BapBdpov pupiavépov puracny, evvotay dé cal mpodupiav nal yapw eyyevopevgy on aperis Kat Sixavocwrns, a, Kainep évTa pahaKarepa TOY OUVTOVOV wal oKAnpay éxetvov, loxuporepa 7 pos Stapovny Wryepovias vrrdpyxew. Xo pis b€ TovTwY ap iAor tov elvat xat aenhov TOV apxovra, TO HEV o TopATL TEPLTTOS dumexo- pevoy Kal TH rept THY olxnot aBpornte Kal KaTACKEVT} AapeTrpuvopevor, Opsrta be Kat Noy pndev évTa Tob T poo TUX OVTOS TEMVOTEPOV, pNde TAS uyis TO Baciretov afwodvra Kexoo unwévov éyew Bacihixas Kat T PETOVT WS. XI. Tatra TONAAKLS Tov Aicvos TapatvouvTos, Kal TOV Aoyeov TOU TAdtwvos € EOTIV OVOTLVAS brro- oTeipovTos, eaxev épes tov Acovvatov dvs Kal TEPLLavTys TOV TE Aoyov Kal THS avVOValas Tob TThatwvos. evOvs ovv "AOijvale ToAAG per époira ypaupata Ta.pa tov Atovuciov, rodXal § emiaxnypers qapa Tov Aiwvos, ddAa 8 é€ "IraXias Tapa TOV Tv@aryopixav, Sraxehevopevov Tapa- yevéoOat Kal véas puxs é£oucia peyarn Kat Suvdpet Teptpepoperns ériraBécOar kab xata- axe éuBpilearépois Noyia pois. TlAdtov pev ov, as pnow autos, éavTov aiaxuvdels paduota, Hm d0fere Noryos elvat povov, Epyou 8 exe ovdevos ay axpac Gan, cal mpoodoxnaas 8 évds avdpos Oomep mye poveKod pépous exxabapBévros SAnv latpevoewv Luxerlav vocovaav, vmnKxovoev. Oi & rH Aiwve TroheLouvTes poBovpevor THY tod Avovyciov petaBorjy Ereicay abtov amd rhs 22 DION father used to say, fear and force and a multitude of ships and numberless barbarian body-guards, but goodwill and ardour and favour engendered by virtue and justice; these, though they were more flexible than the bonds of severity and harshness, were stronger to maintain a lasting leadership. And be- sides all this, it was mean and spiritless in a ruler, while his body was magnificently clothed and his habitation resplendent with luxurious furnishings, to be no more majestic in his intercourse and con- versation than an ordinary man, and not to insist that the royal palace of his soul should be adorned in meet and royal fashion. XI. Since Dion frequently gave him such advice, and artfully mingled with it some of Plato’s doc- trines, Dionysius was seized with a keen and even frenzied passion for the teachings and companionship of Plato. At once, then, many letters began to come to Athens from Dionysius, and many injunctions from Dion, as well as others from the Pythagorean philosophers of Italy, all of whom urged Plato to come and get control of a youthful soul now tossed about on a sea of great authority and power, and steady it by his weighty reasonings. Plato, accord- ingly, as he tells us himself,! out of shame more than any thing else, lest men should think him nothing but theory and unwilling to take any action; and further, because he expected that by the purification of one man, who was, as it were, a controlling factor, he would cure all Sicily of her distempers, yielded to these requests. But the enemies of Dion, afraid of the alteration in Dionysius, persuaded him to recall from exile 1 Dpist. vii. p. 328. 23 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ghuyns petaréurecOar Ditiotov, dvdpa cal qe- matsevpéevov tmept AOyous Kal TupavuiKav nOdV éuTeipoTatov, @s avtTitayya mpos IlAdrwva cai dirocodiav éexetvov EEovtes. 0 yap 57 Pidsotos €E apyis Te TH Tupavvids Kabiorapévn Tpodvpo- Tatov éavTov TAPETXE, Kal tTHy axpav Sepvrake ppoupapxav él trodvy xpovov. hy 5€é Adyos ws Kal TH pyTpt wAnoLalos Tov mpecBuTépov Acovu- aiov, Tov TUupdvvou pi) TavTdtractw aryvoourTos. éret 5€ Aemtivns, é« yuvatxds tv Siadpbeipas étép@ ouvoixovaay eaye yevouévwy avT@ Sveiv Ouyatépwv, thv évépav Edwxe Piricoto pndée dpa- aas mpos Atovictov, opytcbels éxeivos thy péev yuvaixa tov Aemtivov dnoas év rédats Kabeip£e, tov 5¢ Diriorov éEnrace UxKertas, hvyovtra Tapa Eévous tivas eis tov ’Adpiav, Srrov nat Soxet ta mAclota cuvOcivar Tis LaTopias axordlwv. ov yap emavnrie TOU mpea Butépou Cavros, adhe HETA THY EXELVOU TEAEUTHV, WOTEP ELpNTal, KATI- yaryev avtov 0 tpds Aiwva Tav ddXwv POovos, ws avTots Te wAAXov. eritTHdeLov GvTA Kal TH TUpav- vids BeBarotepov. XII. Odbros pév odv evOvs cateOav Srerrehucet Ths Ttupavvidos: Te 5é Aiwm xal tap ddAdXd.ov érvyxavoy ovoat S:aBorai Kal Katnyopiar mpos TOV TUpavvon, Os Sretheypevep TEpt KATAAVTEWS Ths apxns mpos te @eodornv nat mpos “Hpa- Krelonv. nrmile pev ydp, ws éorxe, d1a TXadtwvos wapayevopévou TO SeomoTiKoy Kal Mav aKpatov adedov THs Tupavuldos éupeXr Teva Kal voptpov apxovta tov A.ovvatov Katacthoey: et dé ayti- 24 963 DION Philistus, a man versed in letters and acquainted with the ways of tyrants, that they might have in him a counterpoise to Plato and philosophy. For Philistus at the outset had most zealously assisted in establishing the tyranny, and for a long time was commander of the garrison that guarded the citadel. There was a story, too, that he was very intimate with the mother of the elder Dionysius, and that the tyrant was not wholly ignorant of the fact. But when Leptines, who had two daughters by a woman whom he had corrupted when she was living with. another man and then taken to wife, gave one of them to Philistus without so much as telling Diony- sius, the tyrant was wroth, put the wife of Leptines into fetters and prison, and banished Philistus from Sicily. Philistus took refuge with some friends in Adria, and there, it would seem, in his leisure, com- posed the greater part of his history. For he did not return to Syracuse while the elder Dionysius was alive, but after his death, as I have said, the envy which the other courtiers felt towards Dion brought about his recall; they thought him a more suitable man for their purposes, and a stauncher friend of the tyranny. XII. Philistus, then, as soon as he had returned, was in close touch with the tyranny ; and there were others also who brought slanders and accusations against Dion to the tyrant, alleging that he had been in conference with Theodotes and Heracleides concerning a subversion of the government. For Dion had hopes, as it seems likely, that by means of the visit of Plato he could mitigate the arrogance and excessive severity of the tyranny, and con- vert Dionysius into a fit and lawful ruler; but if 25 f PLUTARCH’S LIVES Baivot kal py padrdoooto, catadvaas éxeivov éyvaxes THY TodeTelay amodidovar Suvpaxovatoss, ovk émrawvay pév Snwoxpatiav, mdvras 8& Bertin Tupavvidos tyyovpevos Tois Siapaptdvovaw vyta- vovons apiaToKpatias. XIII. “Ev rovavty 8¢ eatactdce tev mpayyd- tov dvtwy IAdrwv els Luxediav ddixdpevos Tept pev Tas mpdTas dravtyces Oavpactis eTvyYaveE prroppoovrns xat tiphs. Kal yap adpyua tov Baciktkdy avT@ twapéotn Kxexoo unpévov Siam pe- TOS aToBdavTt THS Tpipovs, Kai Ovalav LOvcer 6 TUPAVVOS WS EUTUYATOS MEydroU TH apYXn Tpoa- yeyovotos. aidws S& ouutrociwy Kal oYnNLA- TLo Los aVAHS Kal mpadTns av’Tod Tod TUpaVVOU Tepl Exacta THY YpnuaTtilouévwy Oavpactas évé- dwxev éedmridas pyetaBorHs tols morta. popa 6€ Tis Hv emi Adyous Kai dirocodiav amr dvrwy, Kal TO TUpavveiov, &s Paci, Kovoptos bd TAH- Govs TaY yewpeTpovvTMY KaTelyer. nuepav &é Odiywr Stayevouévwv Ovaia per Rv TATpLOS €v TOIS Tupavveiois: Tod b€ KijpuKos, Saomep clwOet, KaTev- Eauevov Svapéverv thy tupavvida doddevtov ToX- Aovs xpovous, 6 Arovdatos réyerat TAPETTOS, “OU raven,” davat, “Katapdpevos hpiv;” rod- To Kouidp Tovs mepl tov Ditiotov edrvmrncer, dpayov twa tod IXatwvos sFyoupevous &cecOar Xpovy Kai cuvnPeia tiv Siva, ef viv ex cvvov- aias orlyns HAXOiwKEY otTW Ka) etaBeBrAnxKe THY yvouny To werpdKtoy. 26 DION Dionysius should oppose his efforts and refuse to be softened, he had determined to depose him and restore the civil power to the Syracusan people; not that he approved of a democracy, but he thought it altogether better than a tyranny in lack of a sound and healthy aristocracy. XIII. Such was the condition of affairs when Plato came to Sicily,! and in the first instances he met with astonishing friendliness and honour. For a royal chariot, magnificently adorned, awaited him as he left his trireme, and the tyrant offered a sacri- fice of thanksgiving for the great blessing that had been bestowed upon his government. Moreover, the modesty that characterized his banquets, the deco- rum of the courtiers, and the mildness of the tyrant himself in all his dealings with the public, inspired the citizens with marvellous hopes of his reforma- tion. There was also something like a general rush for letters and philosophy, and the palace was filled with dust, as they say, owing to the multitude of geometricians there.? After a few days had passed, there was one of the customary sacrifices of the country in the palace grounds; and when the herald, as was the custom, prayed that the tyranny might abide unshaken for many generations, it is said that Dionysius, who was standing near, cried: “Stop cursing us!” This quite vexed Philistus and _ his party, who thought that time and familiarity would render Plato’s influence almost irresistible, if now, after a brief intimacy, he had so altered and trans- formed the sentiments of the youthful prince. 1 Soon after 368 B.c. 2 (;eometrical figures were traced in loose sand strewn upon the floor. 27 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XIV. Ovxér’ odv Kal’ &a Kal AaOpaiws, ara mavTes avahavdov érXorddpouv tov Aiwva, AéyovTes as ov hednDe KateTradwv Kal KaTapapyaaawy TO TTAdtevos oye Avoviarov, Smras adévros ExXOU- obs avrov Kal tpocpévou THY apxXnv vroda Bev els TOUS “Apiaromayns TEPLATHON Tmatdas, ov Oeios eat. Evie O€ TpoceToLobvTo dvaxepai- Vel, €6 TWPOTEpov pey "AOnvaior vavTixais Kat meSixais vvapect peydrats Seipo TEvoaVTES amT@XoVTO Kal StepOapnoav mpotepov 7) NaBeiv Lupaxovoas, vuvi dé 2° évas cogiatob KaTadvovat THY Atovuciou Tupavvida, cuptreioavtTes avTov ex TOV pupiov Sopupopwr arroépavTa, kal KaTani- TOvTa Tas TeTpaxoatas IT pinpers Kal TOUS pupious immets Kal TOUS TONNAKIS TOTOVTOUS omdiras, éy Axadnpeta TO o Lem Levov ayabov enreiv Kat bua yewper plas evdaipova yevécOat, THY év apyn Kal xp jpact kal tpudais edSarpoviav Aiwve kab Tois Aiwvos adedprdois T poe MEVOV. "Ex TOUTwY vrowias TP@TOV, eita Kal pavepw- Tépas opyijs Kat Siapopas yevoperns, exopiaOn Tes eTLTTONN Kpupa mpos Acovictov, tv eyeypader Atcv POS TOUS Kapyndoviey erripednTas KedEvOOD, érav Atovuci Tept THS ecpnuns Siadéeyovra, V7) wpis avTov mounoadbat THY évrevEw, @S TavTa Preston ApETaT TOT OS 52’ avtov. TavTHY avaryvous Atovictos @Diriote Kal per’ exelvou Bovrevodpevos, o> dnote Tipacos, vrjrve TOV Alwva memdacpévais Svadvoect: Kal petpta oun yd pevos SiahrAdrrea Gai TE pycas, fLovov TE aTayayov vo Thy axpoToALy pos THY Oddrac- 964 28 DION XIV. They therefore no longer abused Dion one by one and secretly, but all together and openly, saying that he was manifestly enchanting and be- witching Dionysius with Plato’s doctrines, in order that the tyrant might of his own accord relinquish and give up the power, which Dion would then as- sume and devolve upon the children of Aristomache, whose uncle he was. And some pretended to be indignant that the Athenians, who in former times had sailed to Sicily with large land and sea forces, but had perished utterly without taking Syracuse, should now, by means of one sophist, overthrow the tyranny of Dionysius, by persuading him to dismiss his ten thousand body-guards, and abandon his four hundred triremes and his ten thousand horsemen and his many times that number of men-at-arms, in order to seek in Academic philosophy for a mys- terious good, and make geometry his guide to hap- piness, surrendering the happiness that was based on dominion and wealth and luxury to Dion and Dion’s nephews and nieces. As a consequence of all this, Dionysius became at first suspicious, and afterwards more openly angry and hostile, and just then a certain letter was secretly brought to him, which Dion had written to the Car- thaginian officials, urging them, whenever they should treat with Dionysius for peace, not to hold their in- terview without including him, since he would help them to arrange everything securely. This letter Dionysius read to Philistus, and after consulting with him, according to Timaeus, he beguiled Dion by a feigned reconciliation. That is, after moderate protestations and a declaration that their quarrel was at an end, he led him off alone beneath the 29 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ¥ \ b] A \ 4 e cav, éevEe THY émicToAnY Kal KaTNYyOpnoEY ws guuctapévouv peta Kapynooviwy én’ avrov. atronoyetaOat S&é Bovrouévov tod Aliwvos ov« ’ , ’ 9 »Q/ e ? ? , 3 avacXoEvos, GNX EvOUs, ws elyev, evOEmEVOS Ets axatiov tpoaérake Tois vavTats KopiCovTas avTov éxOeivat trpos THY Itaniav. XV. Tevopevou &€ tovtov nal davévros wpod Tots avOpwrrots, THY wév OlKiay TOU TUpavVoU Trév- Bos eye 81a Tas yuvaixas, 9 Se wos TOY Yupa- KOVolwY eTpTo Tpaypyata vewTepa Kal petaRorAny mpoodexXouevn Tayelay éx Tod wept Aiwva Oopv- Bov kat ths mpos Tov TUpavvoy dmioTtias TOV wv a A aA e , \ , adrwv. & 67 svvopav o Atoviavos kal Sedorxas, Tous pev hirous TapepvOetto Kal Tas yuvaixas ws b) A > > 9 , A a A ov puyis, AAX atrodnuias TO Aiwve yeyevnuevns, @S LN TL XElpov OpyhH mpos THv avOdberay avTod Tapovtos apapte Biacbein: Svo dé vais trapa- So0vs tots Aiwvos otxelots éxéXevoev évOemévots boa BovAowTo Tay éxeivou xpynuata Kai BepdrovtTas ’ , N > A r) ’ > aTaye mpos avtov eis IeXotovvncov. hv 8 ovaia peyadn TO Aiwm cai oxedov te TUpavytKy Tommy Kal KatacKevn tept thy Siastav, Hv oi dito. cvAraBovtes éxoutlov. adrra 8 érréptreto TOAAG Tapa TOV yuvatkov Kal ToY éTaipwr, @aorTe Ypnuatwv Evexa Kai TWOVTOV NapTpoY év tois "EdAnow eivar cal Scapavivas tH Tod guya- / a / , Sos evtropia thy THs Tupavvidos Suvamuv. XVI. TAdtwva $€ Atoviatos ev0vs pev es thy dxpotrokw petéotncev, VTLMOV alT@ oYNUATL 30 DION acropolis down to the sea, and then showed him the letter and accused him of conspiring with the Car- thaginians against him. And when Dion wished to defend himself, he would not suffer it, but at once placed him, just as he was, on board a small boat, and commanded the sailors in it to set him ashore in Italy. XV. At this proceeding, which seemed to men a cruel one, the women in the household of the tyrant put on mourning, but the citizens of Syracuse were cheered by the expectation of a revolution and a speedy change in the government, since Dion’s treatment caused such a commotion and the rest of the courtiers distrusted the tyrant. Dionysius saw this and was afraid, and sought to console the friends of Dion and the women by saying that he had not sent Dion into exile, but upon a journey, in order that his wrath at the man’s self-will when at home might not drive him to do him some worse wrong. He also handed over two ships to the kinsmen of Dion and bade them to put on board whatever property and servants of Dion’s they pleased and convey them to him in Pelopon- nesus. Now, Dion had great riches and an almost princely splendour of appointment in his way of living, and this his friends got together and con- veyed to him. Besides, many other things were sent to him from the women of the court and from his adherents, so that, as far as wealth and riches went, he was a brilliant figure among the Greeks, to whom the affluence of the exile gave some idea of the wer of the tyrant. XVI. As for Plato, Dionysius at once removed him to the acropolis, where he contrived to give 7 3! PLUTARCH’S LIVES fevias ptravO poxrov ppovpav pnxavne dpevos, @S pt cup h€éor Aiwvs padptus dv ndixnto. Xpove 6é nai owvdiarticet, xabdmep yavew av porrou Onpiov, EO. Oels Urromévery tTHy Te} omsdiay avrod Kal Tov _Aoyor, npadaOn tupavyexov épwra, povos akiav wo TTAaravos avrepia Gat Kal Oaupa- becBar partora Tavroy, ETOLMOS dy emeT peTreLy Ta, Tpaypara Kal THY Tupavvida Hn) TPOTLMGYTE THY 7 pos Aiwva prriay THiS 7 pos aud. Hv ovv TO Trareve cuppopa To mwalos avTou TovTO, paivopevov cabdmep ot Sucépwtes vO Endorv- mias, Kal mjoAAas pepy opyas éy odiy@ xpove, TOANAS bé dsadrayas Kal denoess ToLoUpevou 7 pos aurov, axpoda bas 5é Tay hoyov Kal KoLVMVElY TAS Tmepl pirocodiav Tpayyarelas aTrovddtovTos pep UTeppuas, aidoupévou dé Tovs dmoTpérovTas OS Sia pOapnoopevov. "Ep TOUT@ d€ TOAgMoU TLVOS cumeaovTos arro- TETEL TOV ‘Tldtova, ouvOépevos | els Gpav ETOUS petaméuyacbat Aiwva. Kati rodro pev ev us eevoato, Tas 5é Tpoaabous TOV KTNMATOY amé- TEM TEV auTo, afiav TAadtrova ouyyvevat Te pt Tob Xpovou ms Tov TONE MOV" elpivns yap yevo- pévns TaxyloTa petarréppes Bas Tov Aiwva, Kal akvovv avtov nouxiav a aryery kat pndev vewre pile pndé Bracdnpety kat’ avtod ™ pos TOUS "EdAnvas. XVII. Tatra eTrespaTo moe IIAdtwr, Kal Atwva TpeWas eri prrocogiav év ‘Axadnpeia ouvelxen. @KEL pev ouy év dares mapa Kan- ALTT/~ Tl TOY yYwpipwv, aypov be dtaywys 1 Swouevery thy re Schenk] : brouévew re Thy. DION him a guard of honour under pretence of hospitable kindness, in order that he might not accompany Dion and bear witness to his wrongs. But after time and intercourse had accustomed Dionysius to tolerate his society and discourse, just as a wild beast learns to have dealings with men, he conceived a passion for him that was worthy of a tyrant, de- manding that he alone should have his love returned by Plato and be admired beyond all others, and he was ready to entrust Plato with the administration of the tyranny if only he would not set his friend- ship for Dion above that which he had for him. Now, this passion of his was a calamity for Plato, for the tyrant was mad with jealousy, as desperate lovers are, and in a short space of time would often be angry with him and as often beg to be reconciled; for he was extravagantly eager to hear his doctrines and share in his philosophical pursuits, but he dreaded the censure of those who tried to divert him from this course as likely to corrupt him. At this juncture, however, a war broke out, and he sent Plato away, promising him that in the summer he would summon Dion home. This promise, indeed, he immediately broke, but he kept sending to Dion the revenues from his property, and asked Plato to pardon his postponement of the time of Dion’s re- call, because of the war; as soon as peace was made he would summon Dion home, and he asked him to be quiet, and to attempt no revolution, and to say no evil of him to the Greeks. XVII. This Plato tried to effect, and kept Dion with him in the Academy, where he turned his at- tention to philosophy. Dion dwelt in the upper city of Athens! with Callippus, one of his acquaint- 1 The ‘‘ upper city,” as distinguished from the Piraeus. 33 VOL. VI. | n an PLUTARCH’S LIVES yap éxticato, Kal TodTOV baTepoy eis YKediav wréov Yrevoirme Swpedy Ewxev, © pduoTa trav AOnvnat hiro éxypito Kai suvdintato, Bov- Aopévov Tod TAadtwvos opsdia Yap éxovon Kal TaLolas eéupedovs KaTA KaLpoY ATrTOMévN KEpavYU- pevov apndvverGat tod Aiwvos 76 400s. Totovtos dé Tis 0 Lrevourros Hv 7 Kal cKx@ Wat dyabov avtrov év tois LiArouws Oo Tipwv mpoonyopevoev. abr@ b€ Adtran xopnyobyts waidwv xop@ Tov Té Yopov jaoxnoev o Aiwy nal To Sarravnpa Trav éréXece Tap EavTov, cvyxwpovvTos Tov IINatwvos THY ToLAavTnY dirotiuiay mWpos Tovs *AOnvaious, @s éxelvp pardov ebvoray 7 SoEav ait@ pépovcar. ’"Exregoita 5é nal rais ddXats ToAcow o Aiwp, Kal cvveryorate xal ouverravnyvpite Trois api- atots Kal ToALTiKwWTaTOLS avdpdow, Ovdéy ev TH Staitn aoXoLkov émidecxvipevos ovdé TupavyiKov ovdé ériteOpuppévov, GAAA Gwhpoovvyy Kal ape- Thv kal dvdpeiav Kai mepi Adyous Kai Tept dido- aodiav evoxnpovas SiatpiBds. éf’ ols evvora mapa tmavrov éyivero Kal Cros avT@ Tipal TE Snucctat Kal wWndicuata Tapa tToV TodEwr. AaneBatpoviot 8€ Kat Yraptidtyny avtoy émoin- aavro, ths Avovuciou xatadpovncarres opyijs, Kalwep avTots ToTe TpoOUpws eri Tors OnBaiovs ouppayodvtTos. Aéyerar Sé rote Tov Aiwva Tov Meyapéws Irorodépou Sedpevov él tiv otxiav eXOety: Fv Sé, ws Eotxe, TOV TWrovaoiwy Tis Kal Suvatav o Itotddwpos: bydov ody emi Ouvpats idov o Aiwy nat wAnOos aoxodav Kal dvoév- TevKTov avrov Kal Svompocodov, amid@v mpos tous dirous dvaxepaivovtas nal ayavaxrobvtas, 34 965 DION ances, but for diversion he bought a country-place, and afterwards, when he sailed to Sicily, he gave this to Speusippus, who was his most intimate friend at Athens. For Plato desired that Dion’s disposition should be tempered and sweetened by association with men of charming presence who indulged season- ably in graceful pleasantries. And such a man was Speusippus; wherefore Timon, in his ‘ Silli,’’ spoke of him as “ good at a jest.” And when Plato him- self was called upon to furnish a chorus of boys, Dion had the chorus trained and defrayed all the expense of its maintenance, and Plato encouraged in him such an ambition to please the Athenians, on the ground that it would procure goodwill for Dion rather than fame for himself. Dion used to visit the other cities also, where he shared the leisure and festal enjoyments of the noblest and most statesmanlike men, manifesting in his conduct with them nothing that was rude or arrogant or effeminate, but rather great modera- tion, virtue, and manliness, and a becoming devotion to letters and philosophy. This procured him the emulous goodwill of all men, and decrees of public honours from the cities. The Lacedaemonians even made him a citizen of Sparta, without any regard for the anger of Dionysius, although at that time the tyrant was their zealous ally against the Thebans. And it is related that Dion once went to pay a visit to Ptoeodorus the Megarian, upon his invitation. Now Ptoeodorus, it would seem, was one of the wealthy and influential men of the city; and when, therefore, Dion saw a crowd of people at his door, and a press of business, which made him difficult of access and hard to come at, he turned to his friends, who were 35 p 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES “Ti robvrov,” ébn, ‘ weuhoueda; Kal yap adrot TavTws év Lupaxovaass Gora TovToLs errotovpev. XVIII. Xpovov 8 wrpoiovros o Atoviatos Endo- tuTa@v Kai Sedoxas tod Alwvos tHv Tapa Tois "EXAnow evvotay, érravaato Tas Tpoaddous atro- otéhiwv Kal thy ovciay Tapédaxey idious émuTpo- mous. Bovrdopevos 5é cal THv eis Tovs didoaogous da TAdtova xaxodokiay advapdxyerbat, rodXovs auvnye Tav trenatdedvcbar SoxovvTwv. didott- povpevos S¢ TO SiaréyecOat Tepicivar wavTwv, nvaycateto Tots UXdrwvos trapaxovopact KaKas yphoOa. Kxal mdduw éxetvov éobe, Kai KaTeri- vooKEev AUTOS AUTOD Un YpNadpeEvos TrapovTt pwnde Staxovoas 60a Karas elyev. ola 8& Tvpavvos éumdrnntos ael tals émiOupiats Kal mpos tmacapv o£vppotros atrovdny, evOus @punaev emt tov IIda- Twva, Kab Tacav pnyavny aipwy, cvvérrece TOUS wept Apxvtay Iv0ayopicobs Tv oporoyoupevav avaddxous yevouévous xarely TIXatwva: 8: éxet- vou yap avtois éyeyoves diria wal Eevia To TpPa- tov. ot & émrepryav “Apyédnuov map’ avtov éreurpe 5& nal Atovicvos tpinpn Kal didrous denoopévous Tov Id drwvos: auras TE capes Kab Scappydnv eryparpev @s ovdey av yévorto TaV pet piov Aiwve pn mecobévtos Idarwvos éNOeiy eis Quxertav, weioOévros S€ mdvta. Toddrdgai & adixovro mpos Aiwva mapa tis aderdys xal yuvaikos emiokn es, SetaOat TIAdtwvos itraxod- gat Atovyciw Kai wy mpopaciy Tapac ye. odTw 36 DION vexed and indignant at it, and said: “ Why should we blame this man? For we ourselves used to do just so in Syracuse.” XVIII. But as time went on, Dionysius became jealous of Dion and afraid of his popularity among the Greeks. He therefore stopped sending him his revenues, and handed his estate over to his own private stewards. However, with a desire to make head against the bad repute which he had also won among the philosophers on Plato’s account, he as- sembled at his court many men with a reputation for learning. But he was ambitious to surpass them all in discussion, and was therefore driven to use inaptly what he had imperfectly learned from Plato. So he yearned once more for that philosopher, and reproached himself for not having utilized his pres- ence to learn all that he should have learned. And since, like a tyrant, he was always extravagant in his desires and headstrong in all that he undertook, he set out at once to secure Plato, and, leaving no stone unturned, persuaded Archytas and his fellow Pytha- goreans to become sureties for his agreements, and to summon Plato; for it was through Plato, in the first place, that he had entered into friendly rela- tions with these philosophers. So they sent Arche- demus to Plato, and Dionysius also sent a trireme for him, and friends to entreat his return. He also wrote to him himself in clear and express terms, saying that no mercy should be shown to Dion unless Plato were persuaded to come to Sicily; but if he were persuaded, every mercy. Dion also received many injunctions from his wife and sister, that he should beg Plato to listen to Dionysius and not afford him an excuse for further severity. Thus it 37 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pev 89 dynorv o TAatwv édOety to Tpitov eis Tov mopO mov Tov trept {KvAXay,} Shp Ett THY OAONY avapeTpnacte XapuPbuv. XIX. ’EdOov &é peyarns pev avrov éverrAnoe yapas, weyadns 5€é waduy €rmidos Yexediav, cvvev- Youéevny cal ovudirorimoupevny UWdatwva pev Diriorov mepiyevécOar, pirocodiav 8 tupav- , @ \ \ \ aA A \ vidos. my b€ Todd) wey TOV YuVAaLK@V oTroUd) wept autov, éEaipetos b€ mapa te Atovucio , 9 A ¥ tf bd 4 b) A miotls, hy ovdels aNXOS Elyev, AdtepevYNTOY avT@ mrAnoratew. Swpeas 5€ yYpnuaTwy ToAAwY Kat U a \ , “A \ \ / TodANaKts Tov pev SedovTos, Tov bé yun Sexouévou, \ 9 ‘ e hd a > a“ ” wapwv Apiotimmos o Kupnvatos acharas édn peyarowvyov elvat Acovictov: adrois pév yap puxpa Stdovat tmrevovwov Seopévois, Wratwu b¢é TOAAG pndev Aap Bavovte. Mera &€ ras mpwtas diroppocvvas, apEapévou TlAdtwvos évtvyxydvew mept Aiwvos, trepbécers TO Tpa@Toy Haay, eita peers Kat Scadopal rav- Pavovaat tous éxtos, émixpuTrropevov Atovuctiou \ a v A , 4 A kat tais addNats tov IIXadrwva Oepareias Kat Tipais Tetpwuévou Tapayey amo THs Aiwvos ev- voias, ov’ avtov év ye TOls TPWTOLS YpovoLs a7rO- KAAUTTTOVTA THY aTLaTIAV avTOD Kal Yrevdoroyiar, GX’ éyxaptepodyta Kal oxnpatilopevov. otTw dé Staketpevwy mpdos addAndovs Kxal rAavOaverv 1 SxvAAay as in Plato, Epist. vii. p. 346; Coraés retains the XixeAlay of the MSS. 38 966 DION was, then, that Plato, as he himself says, “came for the third time to the straits of Scylla, That he might once more measure back his way to fell Charybdis.””! XIX. His arrival filled Dionysius with great joy, and the Sicilians again with great hope; they all prayed and laboured zealously that Plato might triumph over Philistus, and philosophy over tyranny. The women also were very earnest in his behalf, and Dionysius gave him a special token of his trust, which no one else had, in the privilege of coming into his presence without being searched. The tyrant offered him, too, presents of money, much money and many times, but Plato would not accept them. Whereupon Aristippus of Cyrene, who was present on one of these occasions, said that Dionysius was safely munificent; for he offered little to men like him, who wanted more, but much to Plato, who would take nothing. After the first acts of kindness, however, Plato introduced the subject of Dion, and then there were postponements at first on the part of Dionysius, and afterwards faultfindings and disagreements. These were unnoticed by outsiders, since Dionysius tried to conceal them, and sought by the rest of his kind attentions and honourable treatment to draw Plato away from his goodwill towards Dion. And even Plato himself did not at first reveal the tyrant’s perfidy and falsehood, but bore with it and dis- sembled his resentment. But while matters stood thus between them, and no one knew of it, as they 1 Odyssey, xii. 428, with slight adaptation from the first person. 39 PLUTARCR’S LIVES mavrTas oiopevwv, ‘EXixov o Kuoixnvos els TOV TAdrwvos ournbov nartou ™ poetrrev Exhempuy: Kal YEVOMEVNS WS TrPOELTrE, Javpac Geis t vO TOU Tupdy- vou Swpeav édraBev dpyupiov TaXNavrov. *Apt- oTumrmos O€ mailov T pos ° TOUS GAXOUS piroodgous épn TL Kal aUTOS EXELY TOV mapadocov mpoevreiy. éxelvov dé ppacar Seopevov, - Tporeyo Toivuy,” eltrev, “ dAlyou Xpovov TAdteva Kal Atovuatov ex O pous YEVNT OpMEVOUS. ” réXos 6€ THY Bev ovatap tov Aiwvos o Atovictos em@hee Kal Ta Xphwara KaTeixe, TAdteva é év ® Tepl THY olxiay Kym SvarT@pevov els TOUS pula Jopopous peTéatnae Ta- Nal ploovvTas avTov Kal nrobyTas UvEeNEV WS mweiBovta Atovicroy adeivas thy tupavvida cal Ch adopupopyrov. XX. ’Ev ToLouTp dé Kivduvep ryevopevov TOU TIAdtwvos ot mepl “Apxurav mudopevor TAXD TE pL- Touat mpeaBeiay Kal TplaxovTopov, amartobvtes TOV avSpa, mapa Atovuciov cal eyoures @S av- TOUS AaBov avadoxous TIS aa paneias m7 NEVoELEV els Lupaxoveas. aroneyouevou dé tov Arovw- ctou THY Ey pay eoTiaaeat Kal prhoppocvvars mepl THY TpoTOMT HY, ev b€é tt TmpoaxDévros ™ pos QUTOV TOLOUTOV etmeiy: ‘°H qrov, Trae, TONNa kal Seva KaTnyopnaers 7 OV ‘pos TOUS oupptro- copobvras’” UTopel Lda as EKELVOS amexpivato: i" My TOCAUTH oye év "Axadnpeta yévouto on a- vs @OTE Gov TWA prnpovetcat. TOLAUT AY pev THY amoaToAny TOU TAdtwvos yevérOar Neyoua ww: ov pevtot Ta [IAadtwvos avTod madvu TovTOLs ouD- ade. 40 DION supposed, Helicon of Cyzicus, one of Plato’s inti- mates, predicted an eclipse of the sun. This took place as he had predicted, in consequence of which he was admired by the tyrant and presented with a talent of silver. Thereupon Aristippus, jesting with the rest of the philosophers, said that he himself also could predict something strange. And when they besought him to tell what it was, “ Well, then,” said he, “I predict that ere long Plato and Dionysius will become enemies.” At last Dionysius sold the estate of Dion and appropriated the money, and re- moving Plato from his lodging in the palace garden, put him in charge of his mercenaries, who -had long hated the philosopher and sought to kill him, on the ground that he was trying to persuade Dionysius to renounce the tyranny and live without a body- guard. XX. Now when Archytas and his fellow Pytha- goreans learned that Plato was in such peril, they quickly sent a galley with an embassy, demanding him from Dionysius and declaring that Plato had taken them for sureties of his safety when he sailed to Syracuse. Dionysius sought to disprove his enmity to Plato by giving banquets in his honour and making kind provisions for his journey, and went so far as to say something like this to him: “I suppose, Plato, thou wilt bring many dire accusations against me to the ears of your fellow philosophers.” To this Plato answered with a smile: ‘ Heaven forbid that there should be such a dearth of topics for discussion in the Academy that any one mention thee.” Such, vhey say, was the dismissal of Plato; Plato’s own words)! however, do not entirely agree with this account. 1 Epist. vii. p. 349 f. PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXI. Atwy 8€ cal rovtos éyaréraive, cal per’ b 4 4 b] 7 4 , OAdiryov ypovoy e€eTToNEUoOn TravTatrace TUO opMEVOS TO TWEpt THY yuvaiKa, Tept ov Kal IIXdtwv yviEato ypadwv mpos Arovicrov. Hv dé toodTov. peta tiv éxBoArAnv tov Aiwvos aroréurov Wrdtova Atovictos éxéXevoev avtod b: arroppytwv true- cbat, pH TL K@AVOL THY YyUAaiKa TpPds yapov éETép~@ a a 2 4 vy > 3 \ ¥ Sobjvar: Kal yap Rv Aoyxos, eit’ aANONS elrEe ouD- e \ A / 4 e > e reels bro Tov Aiwva picovvTwr, ws ov Kal 780- ynv o yapmos ein Aiwve yeyovms ovd’ evappootos 7 a / mpos THY yuvaixa oupBiwots. Ws oY KEV O TAatov "Adnvate cal tO Aiwve wept wavTov évétuxe, ypapet impos Tov TUpavvoy érLcTOANnY TA pev AAA sagas Tacw, avdTo 6€ TodTO povw yvo- b] , v4 td 5 ra) / , ptpov exeivm dpdlovaay, ws orarexein Atwm A / A 9 meépl TOU WpayuaTos exelvou Kal cpodpa O7Xos ein yaretraivwov, ef todto Atovictos éFepyaoatro. 4 \ 4 a ? / b A \ kal Tote pev ets ToAN@Y EATriOwY OVTwY Tpds Tas Stadvoes ovdev erpake tepi thy adeAdny \ A vewTEpOV, GAN ela pévely AUTHVY META TOV TaLdiov tov Aiwvos oixotcav. éret Sé mavtaracu aoupBatas eiye cal UAdtwv adOis Mov arre- / \ b 4 ef \ > / méuhOn mpos améyOecav, ottw thy *Apérnv wv e AQ “ 4 , , b) dxovoay évi Trav dirtwv Tipoxpater didwatv, ov piunodpevos THY KaTa ye TovUTO TOD TaTpOS CT LELKELaV. "Eyeyoves ydp, ws éouxe, kaxeivp LorvEevos o A > \ ” > a“ , , 9 Thy GdEXhHY Exwv avTov O€orny ToAréuLOS. atro- 42 DION XXI. But Dion was vexed by all this, and shortly afterwards became altogether hostile when he learned how his wife had been treated, on which matter Plato also spoke covertly in a letter to Dionysius. The case was as follows. After the expulsion of Dion, and when Dionysius was sending Plato back,} he bade him learn from Dion confidentially whether he would oppose his wife’s marrying another man ; for there was a report, whether true or concocted by Dion’s enemies, that his marriage had not proved agreeable to him, and that he did not live harmo- niously with his wife. Accordingly, after Plato came to Athens and had conferred with Dion about every- thing, he wrote a letter to the tyrant which spoke of other matters in a way that was clear to anybody, but of this particular matter in language that could be understood by Dionysius alone, saying that he had talked with Dion about that business, and that Dion would evidently be exceedingly angry if Dio- nysius should carry it through.? Now, as long as there were many hopes of a reconciliation, the tyrant took no violent measures with his sister, but suffered her to continue living with Dion’s young son; when, however, the estrangement was complete, and Plato, who had come to Sicily a second time, had been sent away in enmity, then he gave Arete in marriage, against her will, to Timocrates, one of his friends. And in this action, at least, he did not imitate the reasonableness of his father. For the elder tyrant also, as it would appear, had a sister, Theste, whose husband, Polyxenus, had be- come his enemy. When, therefore, Polyxenus was 1 For the first time; cf. chapter xvi. 3. 3 Cf. Hpist, xiii. p. 362 ad jin. 43 fo PLUTARCH’S LIVES Spavros ovv avtov Sa poBov Kal puyovTos éx Sucedlas peTaT EU apEvos NTaTO TH adergny, Ort cuverdvia THY guy Tov avopos ov KQTELTTE Tpos avuTov. i & avextrAYKtws Kal vn AC apo- Bas: “Ee obra cou Soka, Atovvcte, pavrn yun yeyovevat Kab dvav6pos OTE mpoyvovca THV guyny Tob avdpos ouK av ouvert redo at Kal pera oxely HS auriis TUYNS; GAN ov T poeyveov: émret KANBS ELVE pot paddov TloAvE€evou yuvaixa pev- yovTos 7) cov TupavvouvTos aderd nv Neyer Gas.” TavTa THs Gears Tappnoiacapevns Oavpdoat Neyougs TOV TUpavvov. eGavpacav bé Kal ot Lupaxovavoe THY aperny THS yuvarkos, Bore Kal pera THY KaTaAVOLY THS Tupavidos éxelyyn TULny Kat Oeparetav Bacidseny v uma pxeu, dmoBavovens d€ Snpocia 7 pos THD Tapny emaxoovOjoat TOUS ToNTas. TavTAa pev OUY OVK AXpNoTOV exEL THY ma,pexBacw. XXII. ‘O dé Air évrevbev On TpeTreT aut 7 pos TOANELOY, AUTOU pev TAdtavos éxrrodav i toTapevov be aide THs 7 pos Avovictov Eevias Kal yipas, Lmevoimov 5€ ral TOV adrAov ératpov 7@ Atwve oVANa Bavovrov Kat _ TapaKehevopevov éXevbe- pouv Siverlav Helpas opéyoucav auT@ kal mpodu- pws vob, i aa éTe yap év Lupaxovoais Ilharov dueTpiBev, oi trept_ Lrevorm mor, @S éoune, pGdXov EVALLYVU EVOL Tots avd amos KaTepay- Oavov thy didvotay aut av. Kal TO pev ™pOTOv epoBobvro THY mappnotav as Sidrerpav ovcay bro Tov TUpavvou, Xpovep 8 émictevoav. 0 yap avTOS Hv Tapa TavTwVY AOYOS Seopévev Kat Tapa- Kerevonevov eAOciy Aiwva pn vais éxovta pnd 44 96 DION moved by fear to run away and go into exile from Sicily, the tyrant sent for his sister and upbraided her because she had been privy to her husband's flight and had not told her brother about it. But she, without consternation, and, indeed, without fear, replied: “ Dost thou think me, Dionysius, such a mean and cowardly wife that, had I known before- hand of my husband’s flight, I would not have sailed off with him and shared his fortunes? Indeed, I did not know about it; since it would have been well for me to be called the wife of Polyxenus the exile, rather than the sister of Dionysius the tyrant.”’ The tyrant is said to have admired Theste for this bold speech. And the Syracusans also admired the virtue of the woman, so that even after the dissolu- tion of the tyranny she retained the honours and services paid to royalty, and when she died, the citizens, by public consent, attended her funeral. This is a digression, it is true, but not a useless one. XXII. From this time on Dion turned his thoughts to war. With this Plato himself would have nothing to do, out of respect for his tie of hospitality with Dionysius, and because of his age. But Speusippus and the rest of his companions co-operated with Dion and besought him to free Sicily, which stretched out her arms to him and eagerly awaited his coming. For when Plato was tarrying in Syracuse, Speusippus, as it would appear, mingled more with its people and learned to know their sentiments; and though at first they were afraid of his boldness of speech, thinking it a trap set for them by the tyrant, yet in time they came to trust him. For all now spoke in the same strain, begging and exhorting Dion to 45 PLUTARCH’S LIVES omdiras pnd tarmous, GAN’ avTov els UarnpeTLKov euBdvra Xpijoae TO oda Kal Tovvoua uKehue- Tats emt tov Atoviciov. tadta rev mept Lrev- ovo aryyehdovT@v erippad dels eLevonroryer kpvda Kat di érépwv em LK PUTTTOMEVOS thv did- volay. cuvéT patron | b€ Kal TOY TONTLKOY TodXol Kal TOV pirocopwr, 6 0 TE Krptos Evénuos, els Ov ‘Apia roréhns amobavovta tov mept yuxiis Sea- Aovyov évroinae, Kal Tepavidnys o ) Acvnab«os. ouv- éoTnoav de Kal MiaArav auT@ TOV @eccanor, ee peavrev Kal peTETXnKOTA THS €v ’Axadnpeta SiatptBijs. TOV & uo Tov Tupdvvou meg uyadev- Hévav, ov peiov q Kerdiwv évTwv, Tévte Kal eiKooe Hover THS oTpaTelas éxowwvycar, ot 5 aAdoe mpovsocay arrodetaa artes. opynTnpLov So hy y) ZaxvvOiov vIjTOS, els fy of oTpaTi@TaL ouven- éynoav oxTaKootov ehdrrous ryevopevot, yreppot dé TaVres EX TONAQY Kal peyadov OTPATELBY, Kat Tots Tamar Hho Knwevor Siadeportas, éurrerpig dé Kal TONM TOAU TaVTOY KpartatoL, Kal Suvdpevor TAIGOS 6 Saov nAmcev EEeww ev ZuKehig Aiov trex- Kavoas Kal ouvefoppijoas ™ pos adacrjy. XXIII. Odo TO ev TpaTov axovaavres ert Atovictov Kal LeKediav aiper Bas TOV oToNop, eferrddynoav Kal KATEYVOTAY, @S opyis TLVOS Tapappoowy Kal pavia TOU Aiwvos 1 Xeno rev éenmrideoy d admopig pimrotvtos éauTov els ameyvod- pévas mpatets Kal Tots éavT@y nryewoot Kal pieogiee apyilovro a TpoetTovaw evOus é& pxyns tov movenov. érrel dé Aiwy ro hoy 70, me a ris tupavvidos émekioy ediSacxev, as ov 46 DION come without ships, men-at-arms, or horses; he was simply to come himself in a small boat, and lend the Sicilians his person and his name against Dionysius. Encouraged by this information from Speusippus, Dion collected mercenaries secretly and by the agency of others, concealing his purpose. He was assisted also by many statesmen and philosophers, such as Eudemus the Cyprian, on whose death Aristotle wrote his dialogue “On the Soul,’ and Timonides the Leucadian Furthermore, they en- listed on his side Miltas the Thessalian also, who wasaseer and had studied in the Academy. But of those who had been banished by the tyrant, and there were not less than a thousand of them, only twenty-five took part in the expedition; the rest played the coward and abandoned it. The rendez- vous was the island of Zacynthus, and here the soldiers were assembled. They numbered fewer than eight hundred, but they were all well known in con- sequence of many great campaigns, their bodies were exceptionally well trained, while in experience and daring they had no equals in the world, and were cap- able of inciting and inflaming to share their prowess all the host which Dion expected to have in Sicily. XXIII. At first, indeed, when these men heard that their expedition was directed against Dionysius and Sicily, they were full of consternation and de- nounced the enterprise, declaring that Dion, in a mad frenzy of anger, or in despair, was plunging into desperate undertakings ; they were also enraged at their own leaders and recruiting officers for not having told them at the very outset about the war. But when Dion addressed them, setting forth in detail the unsound condition of the tyranny, and 47 PLUTARCH’S LIVES OTPATLWTAS, AAA MAAAOV HyE“ovas AUTOS KOpLL- Co. Yupaxovoiwy Kal tov GAdNwY LixedtoTov Ta\at Wpos amoctacw étoiwwv UTapyovtwr, peta bé€ tov Aiwva S:arexGévtos avtois "Ad«e- pévous, 65 mpatos av “Ayatwv Sofn Kal yévet ouverTpatevev, eretcOnaav. "Hy pev ovy Oépous axpun Kal xatetyov étynaiat 7d Tédayos, 7 Se cernvn Styounviay Hye. TH 5 "AmoAAovt Ouciav peyarorperr) TapacKevdaas o Aiwy éroumevce peTa TOV OTPATLWT@Y KEeKOT LN- pévoy Tais TavoTrAials Wpos TO tepov' Kal peta tnv Ouvaiay év Ta oTadio Tav ZaxvvOiwv xata- KrLOévtas avtovs elotia, Javydlovras apyupav Kal Xpvoav éxTwpatwv Kai tpatefav uTepBar- Noveay idiwTixov WAOVTOY AapTpoTNTa, Kal Ro- ytCouévous Ste Tapnkpaxas avnp On Kal Tocav- TNS EvTOpias KUpLOS OUK Ay eTrLVELpOin TapaBoXOLs 968 mpayuact ywpis édmidos BeBaiov Kal dirov évoudovtav éxetOev avtT@ Tas TAEioTas Kal peryi- aTas ahopydas. XXIV. Mera 5é tas crrovdas Kal Tas vevopuc- pévas Katevydas efédiTrey 7 oeArnVYN. Kal Tots pev rept tov Aiwva Oavpactoy ovdev Hv roxtlo- pévors Tas exNeLTTixas Treptodous Kal THY yLVO- pévny Tov oKxidopatos amtavtnow mpdos THY cernyny kal THs yhs Thy avtippakw mpos tov mrsov. émrel dé Tois otpatiwrais SiatapayGetow Sez Teves tapnyopias, Midtas o paris év péow catactas exédeve Oappeiy avrovs cal mpoadoxay 48 DION : declaring that he was taking them, not as soldiers, but as commanders of the Syracusans and the rest of the Sicilians, who had long been ready for a revolt; and when, after Dion, Alcimenes, who was an Achaean of the highest birth and reputation and a member of the expedition, had argued with them, they were persuaded. It was now midsummer,! the Etesian winds? pre- vailed at sea, and the moon was at the full. Dion had prepared a magnificent sacrifice to Apollo, and marched in solemn procession to the temple with his soldiers, who were arrayed in full armour. After the sacrifice, he gave them a banquet in the stadium of the Zacynthians, where, as they reclined on their couches, they wondered at the splendour of the gold and silver beakers, and of the tables, for it passed the limits set by a private man’s fortune; they reasoned, too, that a man who was already past his prime and was master of such great affluence, would not engage in hazardous enterprises unless he had solid hopes of success, and friends over there who offered him unbounded resources. XXIV. But after the libations and the customary prayers, the moon was eclipsed. Now, to Dion this was nothing astonishing, for he knew that eclipses recurred at regular intervals, and that the shadow projected on the moon was caused by the interposi- tion of the earth between her and the sun. But since the soldiers, who were greatly disturbed, needed some encouragement, Miltas the seer stood up amongst them and bade them be of good cheer, 1 357 B.C. 2 Winds blowing steadily from the North during the summer. 49 VOL. VI. E PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ta KpdtioTa* onpaivery yap To Satpovov exreu- iv Tivos tav viv éripavev: émipavéctepov dé pndéev elvat ths Asovuciov rupavvidos, Hs To Aaptrpov atrocBécew éxetvous evOvs arrapévous Lexedias. TovtTo pev ovv o Midras eis pécov éEéOnxe Tact To Sé TeV pedtoowy, at mepl Ta mrota Tov Aiwvos apOncay écpov AapBavovaat Kata wpvpvay, idia mpos avtov Kal Tovs dirous Eppate Sedsévae pn xaral pev at mpd&es avtod yevovtal, xpovov & dArAiyov avOnoacat papavOacr. Aéyerar 5é€ kal TH Atovpycip srodAdAa TEepaTw@dy mapa tov Satpoviov yevéoOar onpucia. aeros pev yap aptrdcas Sopdtiov twos tav Sopuddpav apdpevos tov cal dépwy adjxev eis tov BvOov- » 6€ mpookrvbovca mpos THY axpoTrodv Oa- Aacoa piav nuépav TO Ddwp yAvKY Kal To- TOV TrApécYEV, WaTE yEevoapévols Tact KaTa- SnXov elvat. xoipor & éréyOnoay avte Tov pév GAXwv ovdevos évdeeis poptwv, ata & ovK ExovTes. atepaivovto & of pavrTess TovTO pev atooTa- wews Kal aTreOeias elvat anpetov, WS OUKETL TOV TOALT@Y aKkovcouéevwv THS Tupavvidos, tHv Sé yAukuTynTa THS Oardoons petaBorAnv Katpav aviapOm Kal Trovnpay eis mpdyyata yYXpnoTa dépery Yupaxovaiots. deros b€ Oepadrwv Atos, hoyyn O€ mapdonpov apyns Kal Suvacteias: apavicpov ovv Kal KkatddAvaw TH Tupavvidse Bov- Aevery TOV Tov Oe@y péyiorov. TadTa pev ovv @cearoptros toropnke. XXV. Tovs 5€ orpatiatas tovs Aiwvos é&edé- Eavto aotpoyyvAat dvo vads, tTpitov &€ mXotov ov péya kat dvo TptaxdvtTopot mapnKorovdouv. Sida 590 DION and expect the best results; for the divine powers indicated an eclipse of something that was now re- splendent; but nothing was more resplendent than the tyranny of Dionysius, and it was the radiance of this which they would extinguish as soon as they reached Sicily. This interpretation, then, Miltas made public for all to know; but that of the bees, which were seen settling in swarms upon the sterns of Dion’s transports, he told privately to him and his friends, expressing a fear that his undertakings would thrive at the outset, but after a short season of flowering would wither away. It is said that Dionysius also had many portentous signs from Heaven. An eagle snatched a lance from one of his body-guards, carried it aloft, and then let it drop into the sea. Furthermore, the water of the sea which washed the base of the acropolis was sweet and potable for a whole day, as all who tasted it could see. Again, pigs were littered for him which were perfect in their other parts, but had no ears. This the seers declared to be a sign of disobedience and rebellion, since, as they said, the citizens would no longer listen to the commands of the tyrant; the sweetness of the sea-water indicated for the Syra- cusans a change from grievous and oppressive times to comfortable circumstances; an eagle, moreover, was servant of Zeus, and a spear, an emblem of authority and power, wherefore this prodigy showed that the greatest of the gods desired the utter dis- solution of the tyranny. Such, at all events, is the account which Theopompus has given. XXV. The soldiers of Dion filled two merchant- ships, and a third transport of small size, together with two thirty-oared galleys, accompanied these. 51 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 N A e a 4 \ 5€, ywpis dy elyov of ctpati@tat, Stoytdias pev éxopitey aomidas, Bérn 5é nal Sdpata odd, Kal wANOos epodioy adOovov, Stas émiriry pndév avtovs trovtoTropovrtas, ate 57 TO cUptray él mvevpact. kal Oardoon Teroinpévous Tov A \ N A a aA A 4 wrovv dia TO THY yhv PoBeicbar cal ruvOdver Bat Dittotoyv év larvyla vavroyodvta tapadpurdr- Tew. apat@ bé Kal paraKe Wrevpate TAEVTAVTES nuépas Swdexa, TH Tpirxadexatyn Kata Idyuvoy 2 Ld a / A a e oav, axpay THs Lixedias. Kat Ipatos pév o xuBepyntns Kata Taxos éxéXevoev atroBaivey, @s, av atootacbact Tis ys Kal thy axpav e + 3 a e A , 9 n ExOVTES APMGL, TOANAS Huépas Kal vUKTAaS év TO medayer TeLBnoouévous, Opa Oépous vorov Trepipe- vovtas. Aiwv S€ rhv éyyus TOV ToNeuiwv aTro- Baow Sdedias Kal TOY Tpdcw pardov aacba f , 4 4 3 \ BovAcpevos mapémAevce tov Ildyuvov. éx 6é TOUTOU TpAaXVS MeV aTrapKTiAaS éTLTETwWV HrQAUVE lo 4 AN fe) b] \ A 4 TOAA@ KAVOwWYL TAS vais aTO Ths YKedias, bd \ \ \ ? 4 dotpatrat dé xat Bpovtal davévtos *Apxtovpou cupTecovoat todvy €& ovpavod Yetava Kal paydaiov ouSpov ée&éyeav’ © TOY vavToY cuP- TtapaxJevTwy Kat mrdvns yevouéyvns Kadopdow aidvidiov bd Tod KUpaTos W@Oovpévas Tas vais émt tiv mpos AtBun Képxivav, } padtota Kpnp- vodns amnvTa Kal tTpaxeia mpoodhepopéevors av- Tots 4) vHooS. puxpov ody Senoavtes éxpipfvat Kal cuvTpiBhvar tepi Tas Tétpas éBialovto mpos KOVTOY Tapadepopevot mors, ws Oo Yetuwy éw- §2 DION Moreover, besides the arms which his soldiers had, Dion carried two thousand shields, missiles and spears in great numbers, and a boundless store of provisions, that they might suffer no lack as they traversed the high sea. For they put themselves entirely at the mercy of winds and sea during their voyage, because they were afraid of the coast, and learned that Philistus was watching for them with a fleet at Iapygia. After sailing with a light and gentle breeze for twelve days, on the thirteenth they reached Pachynus, a headland of Sicily. Here Protus their pilot urged them to disembark with all speed, since, if they should be forced away from the shore, and should relinquish the headland which they had gained, they would be tossed about on the high sea for many days and nights, awaiting a south wind in the summer season. But Dion, fearing to dis- embark near the enemy, and wishing to land farther along the coast, sailed past Pachynus. Thereupon a boisterous wind from the north rushed down upon them, raised a great sea, and drove the ships away from Sicily, while flashes of lightning and peals of thunder, now that Arcturus was just rising, con- spired to pour down from the heavens a great storm of furious rain. The sailors were confounded by this and driven from their course, until on a sudden they saw that their ships were driving with the sea upon Cercina, off the coast of Africa, at a point where the island presented the roughest and most preci- pitous shore for their approach. Accordingly, after a narrow escape from being cast ashore and dashed to pieces on the rocks, they plied their punting-poles and forced their way along with great difficulty, until 53 PLUTARCH’S LIVES gnoe cal wrolp cuvtvyovtes &yvwcay eri Tails kadoupévais Keparais tis peyddns Lvprews évtes. aOupovat 8 avtois mpos THY yadnvny cat Stadepopévots avpav tia xaréoretpev 1 YOpa votiov, ov Tavu mpocdexopuevors votov ovdé Ticrevoval TH peTaBorH. KaTa pLxpoy Se pwr- pupévou Tov Tvevpatos Kal peyeOos AapSavovTos éxteivavtes Scov hv (aotiwv, Kal mpocevEduevot tots Beots, meddylot Tpos THY YuKEediav Edevyov amo THs AtBuns: Kat Oéovres EXadppas Teprraior kata Mivwav a@ppicavto, twodopdtioy év TH Lexedia THs Kapyndoviwy émixpateias. étuyxe 5¢ tapwyv o Kapyndovos adpxwv Yvvaros év TO yopio, Eévos dv kal hiros Alwvos. dyvoav Sé Tv Tapovoiay avTod Kal Tov oTOAOY, érElpaTo KwAvew Tovs oTpatiwtas amoBaivovtas. oi Sé peta Tov STrAwy éxdpapovTes amréxTewav pev ovdeva, drrepyKet “yap 0 Atwoy &a rHv ovcoav avuT@ podiav ™ pos TOV Kapyndowov, petryover dé TUVELT TET OVTES aipodor TO Xepiov. ds S amrjy- THoaV GAANAOLS Ob HyEewoves Kal NoTdcayTo, Aiwy peév drédoxe thy ody YvvdrA@, ovdev adixnoas, Lwvaros 5é rovs otpatiwtras ée&évite Kal cuptrapecxevatev av Aiwy édetro. XXVI. Mauota & avtovs eOdppuve To oup- BeBnxos avtopatws mept tiv arodnulay tov Avovuciouv' vewotl yap éxmemevems ériyxavev oysonxovta vavaly eis THY ITadiav. 810 Kal Tod Alwvos trapaxaXodbvtos évtadda Tovs atpatiotas 54 * 969 DION the storm abated, when they learned from a vessel which they spoke that they were at what were called the Heads of the Great Syrtis. And now they were disheartened by the calm in which they found them- selves, and were drifting up and down, when a gentle southerly breeze was wafted to them from the land, although they were by no means expecting a south wind and could not believe in the change. Little by little, however, the wind freshened and grew strong, so that they spread all the sail they had, and praying to the gods, fled over the sea from Africa towards Sicily. For five days they ran swiftly on, and came to anchor at Minoa, a little town in that part of Sicily which the Carthaginians con- trolled. Now, it chanced that Synalus, the Cartha- ginian commander, was in the place, and he was a guest-friend of Dion’s. But not knowing of Dion’s presence or of his expedition, he tried to prevent his soldiers from landing. These, however, rushed on shore with their arms, and although they killed no one, since Dion had forbidden it because of his friendship with the Carthaginian, they put their opponents to flight, dashed into the place with the fugitives, and captured it. But as soon as the two commanders had met and greeted one another, Dion restored the city to Synalus, without doing it any harm, and Synalus entertained the soldiers and sup- plied Dion with what he wanted. XXVI. But what most of all encouraged them was the accidental absence of Dionysius from Syra- cuse; for it chanced that he had recently sailed with eighty ships to Italy. Therefore, even though Dion urged his soldiers to recruit themselves here 55 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dvahapBavew Toy Ovov év Th Jaracon KeKAK@MLEVOUS, our Dare pea avtol omevdoves apmacas TOV Karpor, ¢ aXr éx€hevov tpyeto Ca TOV Aiwva ™pos TAS Lupaxovoas. arog Kevacd- pevos oby Ta TepLovra Tov dtAwY Kal TOV op- TLOV éxel, Kat Tov Zuvddov Senbeis, dSrav a KaLpOS, ATrOTTELAAL mpos avrov, éBadiber éml ras Lupakovaas. TOpPEVvOperep & avrg mp@rov prev “Ax payavTivay T Poa eK@pnoav immels Siaxoctor TOY Tept TO” Exvopov oixovvTav, weTta b€ ToVTOUS Dedoou. Tax dé rhs pyuns Siadpapovens eis Lupa- Kovcas Trpoxparns, 0 Oo TH | Alwvos yuvack TUVOLKED, Atovuaiov & aderdgy, Tay GTTONENEL[L LEVY év 7) Toner ior TPOETTAS, eK TEMTEL Kage TAXOS diy'yehov T@ Avovuci Ypappara KopivovTa Teol Tihs Aicvos api~ens. autos 6Oé Tois Kata THY Tony T poo eixe GoptBors | Kal KUT Lao, émnp- pévaov pev TavTov, d1a & amiotiay étt Kal poBov novxatovTav. TO € meppdevre ypaupatopop@ TUXN TH TUMTITTEL Tapanoryos. StaTrrAEvcas yap els THV ‘Tradtay Kat THY ‘Pyyivepy dieOav, érretyopevos els Kavrwviav mrpos Atovictoy amnp- To€ TWe TOV ouvn bor tepeiov vework TeOumevov Kopitovrs Kal NaBov Tap QuTov potpay TOY Kpeay EVO PEt omoudj. THS Oé VUKTOS HE pos odevaas Kal px pov arrodapOeiv Ure KOTTOU BiacBels, as eixe, Tapa THY obov év oAn Twi KaTéxALvey éavTop. mpos oé THY dopnv NUKOS ere Dav, Kal AaBopevos TOV Kpeay dvadedepévery éx THS ™7pas, @XETO pepo dua ouv aurois THY wHpav, €v 4 Tas émiaToNas Oo avOpwros eiyev. 56 DION after their long hardships on the sea, they would not consent to it, so eager were they of themselves to seize their opportunity, but urged him to lead them towards Syracuse. Accordingly, he deposited his superfluous arms and baggage there, asked Synalus to send them to him as opportunity offered, and marched against Syracuse. As he was on his way thither, first he was joined by two hundred horse- men belonging to the Agrigentines who dwelt about Ecnomum, and then by men of Gela. But the report of his doings quickly flew to Syra- cuse, where Timocrates, who had married Dion’s wife, the sister of Dionysius, and who stood at the head of the tyrant’s friends now left in the city, speedily sent off a messenger to Dionysius with letters announcing the arrival of Dion. He himself, moreover, took steps to prevent any disturbances or tumults in the city, where all were greatly excited, but as yet kept quiet owing to their distrust and fear. But a strange misfortune befell the man who had been sent with the letters. After he had crossed to Italy and passed through the territory of Rhegium, and as he was hastening on to Dionysius at Caulonia, he met one of his acquaintances who was carrying an animal that had been recently sacrificed, and after accepting from him a portion of the flesh, went on his way with all speed. But after travelling part of the night, he was compelled by weariness to take a little sleep, and lay down, just as he was, in a wood by the side of the road. Then a wolf came to the spot, attracted by the scent, and seizing the flesh which had been fastened to the wallet in which the man had his letters, went off with it and the wallet 57 PLUTARCH’S LIVES as 5é SieyepOeis nobero xal Todra pdrnv TraYn- Geis xal Sumtas ody cdpev, &yvw py Tropever Oat Sixa TOY ypaypydTwYv pos Tov TUpavvov, aN arrodpas éxrrodwv yevérOa. XXVIII. Acovictos péev ody oe nal rap’ éré- pov éuerre truvOaverOat Tov év UKedia TOAELOD, Aiwve 5€ rropevopévm Kapapivaiot te mpoaébevto kal Tov KaT aypovs Yvpaxovoiwyv davictapévwv éméppes AROS ovK orLyov. ot 5€ peta Tipo- Kpatous Tas ‘Emimortas puddooovtes Acovtivor kat Kaptravoi, \oyov yrevdy wpootépartos eis avtous tov Aiwvos as éml tas models Tp@ToOV TpEToLTO Tas ExelvwY, ATrONLTTOVTES @YOVTO TOV Tioxpatnv tots oixetots BonOnaovtes. ws 8 annyyérn TavTa mpos Tov Aiwva tept Tas “Axpas oTpatoresevovta, vuxTos éT’ TOUS oTpaTLWTAS avacTnoas TT pos tov “Avatrov ToTapov Kev, améyovta Ths Todews Séxa otadiouvs. évTavda 5é tTHv Topeiay éemiatncas éadayidlero tmpos Tov WoTapov, avaTéXrAovTe TH NALwW TpocevEdpeEVos: dpa 8 of pavreas Tapa Tov Oewv vinny éEppatov avT@. Kai Oeacdpevor tov Aiwva &1a thy Ovciav éoTepavapéevoy Of TapOVTES ATO pias OpuAs éoTe- davotvtTo mavres. joav be TEVTAKLT YX tALOOD ovK EXATTOUS TpoayeyovoTes KATA THY OddV: wWrALC- pévoe 5€ havrAws éx TOD MpocTvyXOYTOS avEeTAN- pow TH mpoOupia THY Ths TapacKevis évdevay, @oTe Kwnoavtos tov Aiwvos Spou@ Ywpetv peta xapas Kai Bojs GANjAOUS Tapakadovytas emt Thy edevlepiav. 58 970 DION too. When the man awoke and perceived what had happened, he wandered about a long time in search of what he had lost, but could not find it, and there- fore determined not to go to the tyrant without the letters, but to run away and disappear. XXVII. Dionysius, therefore, was destined to learn of the war in Sicily late and from other sources; but meanwhile, as Dion proceeded on his march, he was joined by the Camarinaeans, and no small multitude of the rural Syracusans revolted and swelled his ranks. Moreover, the Leontines and Campanians who were guarding Epipolae! with Timocrates, in consequence of a false report which Dion sent to them that he would attack their cities first, deserted Timocrates and went off to assist their own peoples. When news of this was brought to Dion as he lay encamped near Acrae, he roused up his soldiers while it was still night and came to the river Ana- pus, which is ten furlongs distant from the city. There he halted and sacrificed by the river, ad- dressing his prayers to the rising sun, and on the instant the soothsayers declared that the gods promised him victory. When, too, the audience beheld Dion with a wreath on his head for the sacrifice, with one impulse they all crowned them- selves with wreaths. No fewer than five thousand men had joined him on the march, and though they were wretchedly armed with such weapons as came to hand, their enthusiasm made up for their lack of equipment, so that when Dion gave the word they advanced on the run, exhorting one another with joyful shouts to win their liberty. 1 The plateau west of the city of Syracuse. See the note on Nicias, xvii. 1, 59 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXVIII. Tév & év 1H more Yupaxovaiwy of pev yvopiyuor Kal yapievtes eoOfjta Kabapav Eyovtes amnvrav emi tas mwvdNas, of 5é TodXOl Tois tupavvov giro érretiPevto Kal cuvypta- Cov Tovs KaXovupévous Tpocaywyibas, avOpaTrous avocious Kat Oeois éyOpovs, ot teptevoarouy év Ti TONEL KATApEMLyuEeVvoL TOs RUpaKovatols TroAv- mpaypovoovtes Kal duayyédXovTes TH TUPavv@ TAs te Stavoias Kal tas havas éxdotwv. ovToL pév ovv mpatoe dixny édidocay bd THY TpocTuUY- Navovtwy amotuptravilopevor' Tipoxpatns o€é cuppitas Tois Ppovpodar THv axpoTrodLy py Suvn- Geis tarrov AaBaov Siekérrece THs TorEwWS Kal mavta pevywv evérrnoe GoBov Kal Tapayts, emt petlov aipwv Ta Tov Aiwvos, as py Soxoin péTpLov tt deicas atroBeBAnkévar THY TodLY. ev TOUT@ 5é cal Aiwy mpocepxyopevos 75n xatadavyns Hy, TpP@TOS AUTOS wTALTLEVOS AauTPas, Kal ap’ avrov évOev pev 0 adeXdos Meyakdrjs, evOev dé Kaanurrros 0 ’“A@nvaios, éotrehavwpévor. tev dé Eévwv éxatov pev eitrovto gdudaKes Trept Tov Aiwva, trois & adXous Fyov ot Aoxayol S:a- Kexoo unpévous, Oewpévwv tov Lvpakovaiwv Kat Seyopévwy woTep tepdyv twa Kal Oeorpenh rop- mv édevbepias kal Snuoxpatias 80 étrav oKTM Kal TeTTapaKkovTa KaTLOvaNs Els THY TOALD. XXIX. ’Esret 6€ cio iOev o Aiwy Kara ras Teyevitidas mvdas, TH oddNriyys KaTatTravaas Tov OopuBov, éxnpuvkev Gre Aiwy nal MeyarrAs HKovres éml Kxatadvcet THS Tupavvidos édev- Depotar Xvpaxovaiovs nal tovs adXovs Tixerdt0- Tas amo Tov Tupavvov. Bovropevos S€ Kal Se 60 DION XXVIII. As for the Syracusans in the city, the men of note and cultivation, in fresh apparel, went to meet them at the gates, while the multitude set upon the tyrant’s friends and seized those called tale-bearers, wicked men whom the gods hated, who went up and down in the city busily mingling with the Syracusans and reporting to the tyrant the sen- timents and utterances of every one. These, then, were the first to suffer retribution, being beaten to death by those who came upon them; but Timo- crates, unable to join the garrison of the acropolis, took horse and dashed out of the city, and as he fled, filled everything with fear and confusion, ex- aggerating the strength of Dion, that he might not be thought to have abandoned the city through fear of any trivial danger. Meanwhile Dion drew near the city and was presently seen, leading the way himself in brilliant armour, with his brother Megacles on one side of him, and on the other, Callippus the Athenian, both crowned with garlands. A hundred of his mercenaries followed Dion as a body-guard, and his officers led the rest in good order, the Syracusans looking on and welcoming as it were a sacred religious procession for the return of liberty and democracy into the city, after an absence of forty-eight years. XXIX. After Dion had entered the city by the Temenitid gate, he stopped the noise of the people by a blast of the trumpet, and made proclamation that Dion and Megacles, who were come to over- throw the tyranny, declared the Syracusans and the rest of the Sicilians free from the tyrant. Then, 61 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éautod mpocayopedaar TOUS avO parrous avne did THS “Axpasdiris, éxatépabev Tapa, THY oooy TOV Lupaxovolwp iepeta Kal TpaTecas Kal KpaTnpas iotdvrwv, kat Kal ods yevorTo MpoxvTais TE Baddortov Kal T poor peTroMeveov OOTED Geov Karevyais. jy & vmo ray ax pooh Kal Ta TevTaTUNG, Atovuciou KaTacKevdoavros, nLo- TpOmvov KaTapaves Kal tyndov. er TOUTO 7 po- Bas ednunyopyce Kar Tapwpunce TOUS Troritas avréyer Ian Tis érevOepias. ot 5é Xatpovres Kal piroppovovpevor KaTET THO AY apport épous avto- xpdropas oTpATyyoUS, Kal TpoaetAovTo, Bovdo- péveov Kal Seomeveny exeivorr, avrois cuvapxovTas eixoow, Ov apices haav é éx TOV pera, Aiwvos amo Ths puyis TUYKATEPXOMEVOY. tois 8é pdvreow avdts édoxe TO pev vmod Todas AaBety Tov Aiwva Snunyopodvra THY prdoripiay Kal TO dvd Ona Tov Tupdvvou am pov elvat onpetov: sre & ALOT POTTLOV lg é’ ov BeBnxas npen oTpATHYOS, appadovy 7) TpoT ny Twa THs ToXNS at mpdkeas Taxelav AdBwow. éx TouTou Tas pev "EnriroAas éehov TOUS xa erpypevous TOV TWONTOV éduge, Thy O€ ax porrodty amrereiXicev. éSdoun & nuépa Atovictos Kxatémdevcev eis TH ax poTroALy, rar Aiov ™poanyov duafar twavoriias as Luvdd KaTéALTrE. TAUTAS Sréverpe Tots Toritars, TOY S drwy éxacTos éauTov, ws SuvaToyv Hy, exo pet Kal Tapelyev omAiT Hy 7 poOvpov. XXX. Atovuctos dé 7 p@Tov idia mpos Aiwva mpéa Reus & Emr eutrev GTrOT Lp LEvos* ‘Greta Kerev- cavros éxeivou Staréyer Oar xown Lvpaxovaioss 62 971 DION wishing to harangue the people himself, he went up through the Achradina,! while on either side of the street the Syracusans set out tables and sacri- ficial meats and mixing-bowls, and all, as he came to them, pelted him with flowers, and addressed him with vows and prayers as if he were a god. Now, there stood below the acropolis and the Pentapyla a tal] and conspicuous sun-dial, which Dionysius had set up. Mounted upon this, Dion harangued the citizens and exhorted them to assert their liberty. And they, in their joy and affection, made Dion and Megacles generals with absolute powers, and besides, at their wish and entreaty, chose twenty colleagues to hold office with them, half of whom were of those who had come back from exile with Dion. To the soothsayers, moreover, it seemed a most happy omen, that Dion, when he harangued the people, had put under his feet the ambitious monument of the tyrant ; but because it was a sun-dial upon which he stood when he was elected general, they feared that his enterprise might undergo some speedy change of fortune. After this, Dion captured Epipolae and set free the citizens who were imprisoned there ; then he walled off the acropolis. On the seventh day Diony- sius put in with his fleet and entered the acropolis, and waggons brought Dion the armour and weapons which he had left with Synalus. These he distri- buted among the citizens as far as they would go, and all the rest equipped themselves as best they could and zealously offered their services as men-at-arms. XXX. At first, Dionysius sent envoys privately to Dion and tried to make terms with him; then, when Dion bade him confer publicly with the Syracusans, 1 An extension of the city, covering the eastern part of the plateau of Fpipolae. Fe 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES @s édevOepors odour, éyevoro Aoyor Sta TeV m pea Bewv Tapa Tod TUpavvou prravpwror, po- pov Umurxvoupevoy petpiornTa Kal paot@yny TTPATELO”, av ay avtol oopynpor yevovTac. Taira, éexevalov ot Zupaxovarot. Aioy 5 ame- Kpivaro Tots mpecBeoe py diaréyec Oat T pos avrovs Avovic.ov, «& pn THY a xn adinaw: agévre dé cupm pagerv adevav autos, Kay ado TL TOV petpiov Suvntat, penyNMEvos TAS oixeLorntos. TaiTa Atovicros emnvel, Kat may Emre e Tpéo- Bets xerXevov Hucewy | Teas els THD ax pomroduy TOV Lupaxovoiwy, ols Ta pev meiOwv, Ta Oe met opevos: draréberar TEept TAY KOLWT TumpepovTav. éméu- pOnoav ov avd pes ™ pos auTov ods Aiov éboxt- pace. Kal AOyos TONUS €x THS akpas els TOUS Lupaxove tous katne. Atoviciov adnoew 7H Tupawviba kal padXov éavtod tmoinoecOar! yapiv } Aiwvos. "Hp 8 Soros 1) mpoamoinats airy tov Tupdy- vou Kal oxevwpia Kata TOV Lupaxouaiov. TOUS pev yap éMovras ™ pos auTOV éK Tis TOEWS ouyKreloas elxe, TOUS dé praBopopovs 7 pos dp- Opov éurrAncas axpdrov pou@ Tpos TO TeEpLTel- Yio pa TOY Lupaxovaiwy epiie: yevouerns O€ THs 7 poo Borns dvedrria Tou Kal TOV BapBapov Opa- oel TOANG kat GopvBo cadatpovvtwy To Statet- Xeo we Kal Tots Lupaxovatos emupepopever, ovdels eTOALG péveov apuverOat, mrqv TOV Eévwv Tov Aiwvos, of mpwtov aia Bopevor TOV JopuBov éEeBonOncav. ovd ovtor dé tis BonOeias tov ' wothoeo@a: a correction by Sintenis of the MSS. wohoa- o@a:, which Coraés omits and Bekker brackets. 64 DION on the ground that they were a free people, the envoys brought generous propositions from the tyrant, who promised such moderate taxes and easy military ser- vice as the people themselves should agree to by vote. These offers were derided by the Syracusans, and Dion made answer to the envoys that Dionysius was not to confer with them unless he renounced his sovereignty ; but on his renouncing this, Dion would himself procure immunity for him, and any other reasonable privilege that was in his power, mindful of the close relationship between them. These con- ditions Dionysius approved, and again sent envoys, bidding some of the Syracusans to come to the acropolis, where, both parties making concessions, he would confer with them concerning the common good. Accordingly, men were sent to him whom Dion approved. And frequent reports came to the Syracusans from the citadel that Dionysius would renounce the tyranny, and would do this to please himself rather than Dion. But this was a treacherous pretence on the part of the tyrant, and a piece of knavery directed against the Syracusans. For he kept in close custody the depu- tation that came to him from the city, and towards morning plied his mercenaries with strong wine and sent them on a dash against the siege-wall about the acropolis. The attack was unexpected, and the Bar- barians, with great boldness and loud tumult, began to tear down the cross-wall and attack the Syracusans, so that no one dared to stand on the defensive, except the mercenaries of Dion, who first noticed the dis- turbance and came to the rescue. And even these 65 VOL. VI. F PLUTARCH’S LIVES TpoTrov auveppovovy ovd eianKovov vie Kpavyiis Kal Tras Tov pevyovtov Lupakovotwv ava- mepuppevey auTois Kal StexDeovtar, piv ye én Atop, érel Néyovtos ovdels KaTHKOVEY, Epy@ TO 1 pAaKTéov _ Upnynoacbat Bovdopevos euBarrev T p@Tos eis TOUS BapBapovs. kab yiverat mepl auTov Feira Kal dew payn, Lan tal ovx HTTOv v vo TOV Todepiov 7 TOV pi deov" Gpynoav yap &ua raves éuBonaarres. O e Hv mev HON Baptrepos 6b raxtay y KaTa TOLOUTOUS ayévas, anrKn Sé Kal dune TOUS * wpoo pepopevous bio rd- pevos Kal GVAKOTTTO@V TET P@OKETAL Aoyxn THY xetpa, T pos dé a addXra Bern Kal tas éx Xeupos TANYAS MoOALs Oo Oapak ipkece dua THs aomibos Sopact ToAAols Kal Aoyxaus TUTFTOMEVOS” ov kataxrac bevtov KATETETEY O Aiwy. eiTa avap- macdels ur Tov TTPATLOTODY éxeivors per nye pova Tupaovidny eméea THT eD, autos 6€ THY oN intr@ Teptehavvev Tous TE upaxovatous émave puyis, Kab TOV Eevov TOUS pudarrovras THY “Axpaderny avactncas érfye tois BapBapos aknTas éxTreTovnpevols Kal ™ poOupous arrav0@- ol 78m Tpos TH Teipav. edrrioavres yap apa TH 7 porn peen THY Tow atracay é£ Fs Se nadezew, elTa Tapa Sofav € evTuyxavovres avdpact TAK TALS Kad paytpols aver TEXovTo mpos THY GK pOTTONLY. ers &é padrov, ws évédwxay, em iKes- pévary Ttav EXXAjver T parr ojLevor KatexreloOnoay els TO TeLXOs, éBSounxovta per Kat _Técoapas amoxteivavtes Tov peta Aiwvos, éavtav 6é qjoAXous aToBanovTes. 1 rovs the article is suggested by Sintenis. 66 DION knew not how to render aid, nor could they hear what was said to them, owing to the shouts and wild movements of the fugitive Syracusans, who mingled confusedly with them and broke through their ranks. But at last Dion, since no one could hear his orders, wishing to show by his example what should be done, charged foremost into the Barbarians. Then there arose about him a fierce and dreadful battle, since he was recognized by the enemy as well as by his friends, and all rushed towards him at the same time with loud shouts. He was now, by reason of his age, too unwieldy for such struggles, but he with- stood and cut down his assailants with vigour and courage until he was wounded in the hand with a lance ; besides, his breastplate hardly sufficed to resist the other missiles and hand-to-hand thrusts, and he was smitten through his shield by many spears and lances, and when these were broken off he fell to ‘the ground. Then, after he had been snatched away by his soldiers, he put Timonides in command of these, while he himself, mounting a horse, rode about the city rallying the flying Syracusans, and bringing up a detachment of his mercenaries who were guard- ing Achradina, led them against the Barbarians,— fresh and eager reserves against a worn-out foe, and one that already despaired of his cause. For they had expected at their first onset to overrun and occupy the whole city, and now that they had un- expectedly encountered men who could smite and fight, they retired towards the acropolis. But as they gave ground, the Greeks pressed all the harder upon them, so that they turned their backs and were driven into the shelter of the citadel ; they had slain seventy-four of Dion’s men, and had lost many of their own number. és F 2 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXI. Tevopevns dé amr pas THS viens ot pev LupaKxovarot TOUS Févous éxaTOV pais éoTe- pdvecay, ot &é Eevor Aiwva Xpua@ oTepave. KIpUKES dé Tapa, tod Acovuciov xaréBasvov emlo TONGS 7 pos Aiwva Tapa TOY oixelov yuvat- K@V KopitovTes. bia o ny éEwOev emeyeypap- pévn, “TO Tatpi, map’ ‘Inrmapivou:” tovto yap si dvopa 7@ Aiwvos vip. KabToL onal Tipacos €Taioy avrov amo Tis pT pos “Aperns Kanel- i a Tepavidy dé paAXov, ws olomat, mept ye TOUT@Y Ta TEVTEOY, avdpi pir xal TVTTPATLATH Alwvos. ai péev ovv adXat toils Lupaxovaioes aveyvacOnaav émicToNal TroAAas ixeatas car Senoets € éxougat mapa TOV yuvarKaw, Thy 5é Tapa Tov Tatoos elvat Soxovoay ovK éwvTwY iy 8 mapa AvVOHvat Bracdpevos o Aiwy éduoev. é mapa Too Atovuciou, tois pev- ray pos TOV, Aiwva, tots 5é mpaypace ™pos Tovs Yu axovat- ous Siareyopévou, ox ipa pev éxouea denoews xal Sixaroroyias, oTUryKerpern b¢ ™pos draBorny TOU Aiwvos. vmouvnoes TE yap Hoa av umép THS Tupavvidos em pate Tpodupes, Kai Kara TOV gidtatov amrevhas TWMATOY, aderdis ral TEKVOU Kal yuvarros, emuony pers TE dewal pet’ odogpup pov, Kal TO padrAtoTa KLWHoAaY avToOD, aftovvros pn Kabatpeiy, adr maparapBavery THY TUpaD- vida, pnd €AevGepody praobvras avOparrous Kal pynotKaKovvTas, Grd aurov apxev, wapéxovtTa tots pirous Kal oiKxetors THY dopdndeav. XXXII. "Avayivec kopevory dé rovTwy ovx, Smrep Hv Sixacov, ELonet TOUS Lupaxovaious éK- mAnrrecOas Thy amdberav Kal Thy peyarowuyxiav 68 972 DION XXXI. The victory was a brilliant one, and the Syracusans rewarded Dion’s mercenaries with a hun- dred minas, while the mercenaries honoured Dion with a wreath of gold. And now heralds came down from Dionysius bringing letters to Dion from the women of his family. There was also one addressed outside, “To his father, from Hipparinus”’ ; for this was the name of Dion’s son. Timaeus, it is true, says he was called Aretaeus, from his mother Arete ; but on this point at least, in my opinion, Timonides is rather to be trusted, who was a friend and fellow- soldier of Dion’s. Well, then, the rest of the letters were read aloud to the Syracusans, and contained many supplications and entreaties from the women ; but that which purported to be from Dion’s son, the people would not allow to be opened in public. Dion, however, insisted upon it, and opened the letter. It was from Dionysius, who nominally ad- dressed himself to Dion, but really to the Syracu- sans; and it had the form of entreaty and justification, but was calculated to bring odium on Dion. For there were reminders of his zealous services in behalf of the tyranny, and threats against the persons of his dearest ones, his sister, children, and wife; there were also dire injunctions coupled with lamenta- tions, and, what affected him most of all, a demand that he should not abolish, but assume, the tyranny ; that he should not give liberty to men who hated him and would never forget their wrongs, but take the power himself, and thereby assure his friends and kindred of their safety. XXXII. When all this had been read aloud, it did not occur to the Syracusans, as it should have done, to be astonished at the firmness and magnanimity of 69 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tod Aiwvos tirép tev Kadov Kal Sixatwy ani- aoxyupilopéevov mpos TotavTas oiKeoTnTas, ANN Umowias Kal PoBou NaBovtes apyy, os peyarns ovans avayKns éxeivm peldccOar Tod Tupdavvou, mpos éTépous On mpootatas améBXerrov: Kal pddtota tuvOavopevoe Katatrely “Hpaxretdnv avertonOncav. Hv dé rav duydbeav ‘Hpaxnreidns, oTpaTnyixos pev avOpwios Kal yvepipos ad’ nyewovias iv éoxe Tapa Tois Tupavvols, ovK apapws 5é THY yvauNv, GAXA Tpos TavTa Kovdos, necota ¢ BéBatos ev Kowwvia mpayudrav apynv éyovtav cal So—av. ovtos év IleXorovynaw mpos Aiwva otactacas éyvw xa’ avrov idStoaroXos Thelv él TOV TUPaVVoY, Els TE TUPaKoVaas adiKo- pevos ETA Tpinpere Kal TpLot Trotots Arovictov pev avOus edpe TrepiTeTerytopevor, érnpyévous Se Tous upakovoiovs. evOvs obv vmedvero THY TOV TOAAY Kap, Exwy péev Te Kal dvoet m- Oavov Kat xuvntixoyv 6yXow Oepatreved Oat Cntoiv- Tos, uToAapBavey O€ Kal peTaywv pdov adtous, of TO aeuvov Tov Aiwvos ws Bapv Kai dvam7oXi- TEVTOV aTreaTpephovTo Sia THY yeyevnuevny ex Tov Kpatei dveow Kat Opacvrnta, mpo tov Simos elvay TO OnuaywyeicBat Oérovtes. XXXIII. Kai wparov pév eis exxrAnoiav ad’ avuT@v auvdpapovres ethovto tov ‘Hpakndetdnv vavapyov. eémel b€ Aiwy mapedOov nriato THY éxeive Sidopmévny apyny apaipecw elvar tHS TWpo- Tepov avT@ Sedopévys, ovKéTe yap avToxpatwp 7° DION Dion, who was resisting in behalf of honour and justice such strong claims of relationship, but they found occasion for suspecting and fearing him, on the ground that he was under a strong necessity of sparing Dionysius, and at once turned their eyes towards other leaders. And particularly, when they learned that Heracleides was putting in to the har- bour, they were all excitement. Now, Heracleides was one of the exiles, a man of military capacity and well known for the commands which he had held under the tyrants, but irresolute, fickle, and least to be relied upon as partner in an enterprise involving power and glory. He had quarrelled with Dion in Peloponnesus, and had resolved to sail on his own account and with his own fleet against the tyrant; but when he reached Syracuse, with seven triremes and three transports, he found Dionysius once more beleaguered, and the Syracusans elated with victory. At once, then, he sought to win the favour of the multitude, having a certain natural gift of persuading and moving a populace that seeks to be courted, and - winning them over to his following all the more easily because they were repelled by the gravity of Dion. This they resented as severe and out of place in a public man, because their power had given them license and boldness, and they wished to be flattered by popular leaders before they were really a people. XXXIIJI. So,to begin with, they held an assembly of their own calling, and chose Heracleides admiral. But Dion came forward and protested that in giving this office to Heracleides, they had done away with that which they had before given to him, for he would no longer be general with absolute powers 2 - PLUTARCH’S LIVES peveryv, Av aAXos nynras TaV Kata Odracca), dxovres oi LvpaKxovarot wad areyndpicavto TOV “Hpaxretdnv. yevomeveny dé TOUTM@Y peTa- meprpdpevos avrov o Aliwy oixade, Kal piKpa peprpapevos, @S OU Karors ovee TuppepovTas & uTrEp do&ns oractavovtTa Tpos avrov épy KaLp@ pomijs ohiryns Seouév mpos amra@neav, adits éxxhnotay avros cuvayaryav pavapxov amébeuEe Tov “Hpa- Kretdny, Kar Tob TWMATOS éreioe puranny Sobvat TOUS modiTas, damep auros elyev. o 6 TO wey hoy Kat T@ oXpaTe Tov Aiwva Oeparrevov Kat Xapuw omodory av eve mapnorovber TANTELVOS, UTNPET@Y TO KENEVOMEVOY, Kpupa b¢ TOUS TroANovS cal VE@TEpLaT AS dtapbeipwv Kal broxwoyv, Gopu- Boas tov Aiwva mepréBadnev, els Atracav droplay cabtordpevov. elre yap aceevar xerevor Atovv- oLov Umdarrovbov ex THS axpas, dca Born elxe peiderbar Kab meprow lew exelvov, elre AUTELY fA1) Bovdopevos emt TiS modopKias noux dor, dva- Tnpely édoxer TOY TOAEHOY, @S paAXov apyot Kat KATATAHTTOLTO TOUS ToNiTas. XXXIV. *Hyv € tes Yous, avOpwiros ex trovn- pias Kal Opacutntos evdoxt pan wane TOUS 2upa- Kovaiols, meptovoiay Tyyoupévous é evdepias TO péxpt ToLovtay avetcBar TH Tmappyoiay. ovTos émtBovrevov Aiwr mparov fev éxxrnolas ovans dvaaras ToAAa TOUS Zupaxovatous éXordopnaey, eb 7) TUVLATLY ws ema nKTOU ral pedvovens amrnddary pévor tupavyidos éypnyopota Kat yynpovra deatroTny eihngactv: érretTa pavepov TOU Aiwvos éy0 pov avadelEas ¢ éavTov TOTE pev €x TIS dyopas aTirbe, TH 8 votepaia yumvos WhO Sid Tips 72 973 DION if another should have command of the navy. Then the Syracusans reluctantly revoked the appointment of Heracleides. When this had been done, Dion summoned Heracleides to his house and gently re- proached him, on the ground that he was not acting well or wisely in quarrelling. with him for honours at a crisis where a slight impulse might ruin their cause. Then he himself called a fresh assembly and appointed Heracleides admiral, and persuaded the citizens to give him a body-guard, like his own. In word and mien, now, Heracleides paid court to Dion, acknowledged his thanks to him, and attended sub- missively upon him, performing his commands; but in secret he perverted and stirred up the multitude and the revolutionaries, and encompassed Dion with disturbances which reduced him to utter perplexity. For if he advised to let Dionysius leave the citadel under a truce, he would be charged with sparing and preserving him ; and if, wishing to give no offence, he simply continued the siege, it would be said that he was protracting the war, in order that he might the longer be in command and overawe the citizens. XXXIV. Now, there was a certain Sosis, a man whose baseness and impudence gave him renown in Syracuse, where it was thought that abundance of liberty could only be shown by such license of speech as his. This man, with hostile designs upon Dion, first rose in an assembly and roundly abused the Syracusans for not comprehending that they had merely exchanged a stupid and drunken tyrant for a watchful and sober master; and having thus declared himself an open enemy of Dion, he left the assembly. Next, on the following day he was seen running 73 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TONEWS Oéwr avaTrA€ws aiparos THY Keparnv Kal TO 7 powrroy, as 57 Tivas pevywv Ov@KovTas. éuBarov 5é TovevTos eis THY ayopapy édeyer vo trav Eévwv Tov Aiwvos émiBeBovrciabat, cal Thy Keparny emedelxvue TeTpwperny Kab ToAous eixe TOUS cuvayavaxTovyTas Kal TUVLTTAPEVOUS Kara TOU Aiwvos, as Seuva Kal TUpAavYLKa TpaT- TovTos, é& povors kal Kwdbvors TOV TOMT OY apaipetras Ty jTappnotayv. ov pay anAd, Kaimep axpitou Kat Tapaxwcous exxAnotas yevomerns, mapeav o Alwy amedoyeiTo Kat TOV Loo an epaive TOV Avovuciou Sopupopwy é évos adedgov évTa Kal ov éxeivou TETELT LEVOY TTATIdgaL Kal cuvrapagar THY TOMY, ovdewas Atovucip cwrn- pias ovons, 7 IY THS exelvorv amiatias Kab dta- ghopas ™pos avrous. dua & of pev tarpol Tov wardos TO Tpadpua xatapavOdvovres eipioxov ef ememonis paddov n Katapopas yeryevnpevov. at pev yap vo Eigpous mArnyat padora TO péaov vo Bdpous mélovat, TO dé Tob Xwa dos hemrov nv Storou Kal TONNAS elyev apyas, @S etKos, UT’ arynoovos a ayievTos, elta avOts émrayovTos. Tyicov dé Tives TOV yopipav Evpov xopuiCovtes els. THY éxxAnotay, Kal Sunyoupevor Badifovow avrois xal” odov aTaVThG at Tov {wou n pay Wevov Kat AéyovTa ghevyey tovs Aiwvos Eevous @S apTtias Ur éxelvywy TETPwMLEVOS evdvs ovv SiwKovres dvO pwrrov | Mev ovdeva AaPeiv, Ud tTétpav dé KotAny kel wevov idetv Evpov, dev éxetvos adbOn T POG EPYOMEVOS. XXXV. "Hv pev ovv i6n poyOnpa ta wept Tov 74 DION through the city almost naked, his head and face covered with blood, as though he were trying to escape pursuit. In this condition he dashed into the assembly and told the people there that he had been set upon by Dion’s mercenaries, and showed them his head with its wounds. He found many to share his resentment and take sides with him against Dion, who, they said, was committing dire acts of tyranny, if by murder and peril of life he sought to rob the citizens of their free speech. However, although the assembly had become confused and tumultuous, Dion came forward and showed in his own defence that Sosis was a brother of one of the body-guards of Dionysius, and had been induced by him to raise confusion and faction among the citizens, since there was no safety for Dionysius except in their mutual distrust and dissension. At the same time, too, the physicians examined the wound of Sosis and discovered that it had been made by razure rather than by a downright blow. For the blows of a sword, by reason of its weight, make wounds that are deepest in the middle, but that of Sosis was shallow all along, and intermittent, as would be natural if he stopped his work on account of pain, and then began it again. Besides, certain well known persons brought a razor to the assembly, and stated that as they were walking along the street, Sosis met them, all bloody, and declaring that he was running away from Dion’s mercenaries, by whom he had just been wounded; at once, then, they ran after them, and found no one, but saw a razor lying under a hollow rock in the quarter from which Sosis had been seen to come. XXXV. Well, then, the case of Sosis was already 75 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ldow* mpooyevouévwy 5é rovtois Tois éXéyyxors olKeTOV KATAaLapTUpOUVTOY ws ett VUKTOS EFENOOL povos éywv To Eupoy, of Te KaTnyopodyTes TOU Aiwvos drexapnoay & Te Sijpos Katayndicapevos Odvatov Tov Ywotdos SinrAAdooeto TO Aiwrt. Tovs 5€ ptaPodhapovs oddév Hrrov év vrroviats elyov, cal padtoTa TOV TAELOTwWY aywVwY pds Tov TUpavvoy On ywopévwvy Kata OdraTTAaD, érret0n Didsotos Heev €& “lamuyias éywv moddas tpinpets Arovucia BonOnowv, xal rav Eévwv OVTOY OTALTOY OVSEmiay ere xpHovw évopulov etvar pos Tov TToAEMOV, GANA KaKeivous é EéauUTOIS écecOar vavBatais ovo. Kal TO Kpdtos éx TaY veov KkTwpévols. ett 58 padrXov avtovs éemjpev evTUXia TIS yevouévn Kata Odraccay, ev 7 VUKN- cavtes Tov Didtorov wpas cai BapBapixas ait@ mpoanvey naar. "Edopos pev ody dnow as aNoKopErns THS vews éavTov avérot, Topwmvidns 5é mpatropévats €€ apyns tais mpdkeot Tavras peta Aiwvos waparyevomevos Kal ypadwy mpos Lwevoirmrov Tov dirocodov toroped Covta XAn- HOFvat THs Tpinpous Eis THY yhv éxtrecovans TOV Didtotov: Kal mpatov péev amodvaavtas avrod Tov Owpaxa Tovs Lvpaxovaious Kal yupvov émidec- Eapévovs TO o@pa mpoTnrakilew dytTos bn yépovTos: erecta THY Kepadny atroTEpEty Kal Tois Tat Trapacodvat TO cua, KeXeVoavTas Ede dua THs "Axpabiwis cat cataBanrety eis Tas Aato- pias. re dé parXov épuBpilwv o Tipasos éx Tod aKxéXous dyat Tov YwAov Ta Tratddpia TOY vEKpOoV éhayrdpueva ToD Didictov avpew 5a THS Toews, xrevalopevoy ITO TAY Zupaxovaiwv mdvTwv, 76 974 DION desperate ; but when, in addition to these proofs, his servants testified that while it was still night he had left the house alone and carrying the razor, Dion's accusers withdrew, and the people, after condemning Sosis to death, were reconciled with Dion. However, they were none the less suspicious of his mercenaries, and especially so, now that most of the struggles against the tyrant were carried on at sea, since Philistus had come from lapygia with a large number of triremes to help Dionysius; and since the mercenaries were men-at-arms, they thought them of no further use for the war, nay, they felt that even these troops were dependent for protection upon the citizens themselves, who were seamen, and derived their power from their fleet. And they were still more elated by a successful engagement at sea, in which they defeated Philistus, and then treated him in a barbarous and savage fashion. Ephorus, it is true, says that when his ship was captured, Philistus slew himself; but Timonides, who was engaged with Dion in all the events of this war from the very first, in writing to Speusippus the philosopher, relates that Philistus was taken alive after his trireme had run aground, and that the Syracusans, to begin with, stripped off his breast-plate and exposed his body, almost naked, to insult and abuse, although he was now an old man; then, that they cut off his head, and gave his body to the boys of the city, with orders to drag it through Achradina and throw it into the stone quarries. And Timaeus, enlarging upon these indignities, says that the boys tied a rope to the lame leg of the dead Philistus and dragged his body through the city, while all the Syracusans mocked and jeered as they saw drawn about by the 77 e PLUTARCH’S LIVES opavray Tov oKxédous EA KOMEVOY Tov eimovta my) beiv € ex Tupavvibos pevryery Atovictov imm@ Taye XpPwpevor, adda ToD oKéhous EXKOMEVOY. KaLToL TOUTO Pirvoros, as up’ étépov rAExOév, ovy vd avtov, mpos Atovictoy eEnyyedxer. XXXVI. "AANA Tipacos ovK aodixov AaBav mw popacty THY vreép THS Tupavvidos TOU Diriarou oTovdny Kat mioTly cumimdara TOV Kar auTov Pracghnmay, ¢ @ TOUS poe aducnBevras TOTE oVY- ywarov éotw icws axpt THs eis avaicOnrov opyiis Narerous yevéa Ga, TOUS 5° Sarepov ouy- ypdpovtas Ta Tem paryweva Kal TO pev Bip yn Avandevras avrob, 7@ dé ASO Kpwpevous, 7) ddEa Taparretrat pn eO BBpews Bn ne peTa Bopodo- Las overdivery TAS cvppopas, @y ovoev amréxet Kal Tov dpiorov avd piv ex TUXNS pEeTATXELY. ov pny ovd "KE idopos tyratver Tov Diriarov é eyKo- pualov, & és, Katrrep av SevvoTaros adixors mpary- pact Kal movnpois Oeow evox povas aitias meptBaneiv Kat ovyous éxovTas koa pov é€eupeiy, autos auTov ov Swvatat madvra pnXavaevos éFeréo bau TIS ypadis, ws ov piroTupavvoTatos avOpwrrwy yévouTo Kat paduoTa TAVT@Y del Syracas Kal Oaupdcas Tpupny Kal dSvvapiv Kat TAOUTOUS Kat ya wous TOUS TOV TUpavvav. andra yap Diriorov fev o entre tas mpakes érrawaov pnre TAS TUYAaS ovELdiCoy eMpeheaTaros. XXXVII. Mera b¢ THY Prriorov TEAEUTHY Atoviaros é Tre WIE ™ pos Aiwva THY pep dx porrohty éxeivo mapadidovs Kal Ta Orda Kal ToS puLcOo- dépous Kal qévTe pnvav evTenT} TovTois picbor, avtos 8 a&tav uToatrovecs eis “Itadiav amedOeiv 78 e DION leg the man who had said to Dionysius that he must not run away from his tyranny on a swift horse, but wait until he was dragged from it by the leg. And yet Philistus has stated explicitly that this was said to Dionysius by another, and not by himself. XXXVI. But Timaeus, finding a fair excuse for his animosity in the zeal and fidelity which Philistus showed in behalf of the tyranny, gluts himself with the slanders against him. Now, those who were wronged by Philistus while he lived may perhaps be pardoned for carrying their resentment to the length of maltreating his unconscious body; but those who in later times write histories of that period, and who were not harmed by his life, but avail themselves of his writings, owe it to his reputation not to reproach him, in insolent and scurrilous language, for calamities in which fortune may involve even the best of men. However, Ephorus also is unsound in heaping praises upon Philistus; for, although he is most skilful in furnishing unjust deeds and base natures with specious motives, and in discovering decorous names for them, still, even he, with all his artifice, cannot extricate himself from the charge of having been the greatest lover of tyrants alive, and more than any one else always an emulous admirer of luxury, power, wealth, and marriage alliances of tyrants. Verily, he who neither praises the conduct of Philistus, nor gloats insultingly over his misfor- tunes, takes the fittest course. XXXVII. After the death of Philistus, Dionysius sent to Dion offering to surrender to him the acro- polis, his munitions of war, and his mercenaries, with five months’ full pay for these, and demanding for himself the privilege of retiring unmolested into 79 f PLUTARCH S LIVES KAKEL KATOLK@V xaprrova Gas THS Zupacoucias TOV Kahovpevov Tvapra, TONY wal arya ny xwpay avynKovoay aro Gararrns eis THY weToyeLoV. Ov mpoadeEapévou dé Tov Aiwvos, anrra SeicOar tay Lvpaxovaiwv KEAEUTAYTOS, ot pep LupaKovaror Cavra Amer Oa TOV Acovicrov éexmicavres ann Nacav TOUS m pea Bers, éxetvos 5é THY joey axpay “AtrohoK patel, | TO mpeaButépp Trav maidor, mapédwxer, avT05 8 mveipa THpHTAS émipopov Kal Ta TLYWMOTATA TOV TOMaTOV Kal TOV xpnea- tov évOéuevos ets Tas vads AaBwv Tov vavapyov ‘Hpakdeidqv e€emdevoev. ‘O 6é Kanes axovwv Kai OopvBovpevos UTrd TOV TONTOD * ‘Inreva Twa TeV “SnwaryeoySy Kcadinar mpoxanreia ar TOV Ofjwov emt vhs ava ac wov, @S érevOepias a apynv obcay THYv iaornta, SovAcias 5é TV meviay Tois AKTHMLOCL. cuVnyopay dé TOUT® Kal Tov Aiwva xatactacidloy evavTLovpevov émeloe TOUS Lupaxovatous TavTa angicacbas Kal TOY Bevery TOV proBov arroarepel Kat oTpa- THYOVS érépous éheaBar, THS éxetvov Bapurntos amradaryevras. ao 8, domep ex paxpas appa oTias THS Tupavyidos ed00s émexetpodvTes eEavi- oracbat, Kal 1 parrey Ta TOV avTOvopLoUpevary Tapa Katpor, éopaddovto fev avtol Tats ™pa- feow, éuicovy dé tov Aiwva Bovdopevov WoTEp laTpov év axprBet kal awhpovovan diaitn Kxata- oxetv THY TONY. XXXVIII. "Exednorafovar 8 avrots él véats apyais, Oépous pecobytos, éaictor Bpovrai cai Stornpias movnpat auveBawov ed’ jpépas dexa- mwévTe TUVEYaS, avioTacat Tov SHpyov vie daot- So 975 DION Italy, and of enjoying during his residence there the revenues of Gyarta, a large and rich tract in the territory of Syracuse, extending from the sea to the interior of the island. Dion, however, would not accept these terms, but bade him apply to the Syra- cusans, and these, hoping to take Dionysius alive, drove away his ambassadors. Upon this, the tyrant handed over the citadel to Apollocrates, his eldest son, while he himself, after watching for a favourable wind and putting on board his ships the persons and property that he held most dear, eluded the vigilance of Heracleides the admiral, and sailed off. Heracleides was now stormily denounced by the citizens, whereupon he induced Hippo, one of their leaders, to make proposals to the people for a distri- bution of land, urging that liberty was based on equality, and slavery on the poverty of those who had naught. Supporting Hippo, and heading a faction which overwhelmed the opposition of Dion, Heracleides persuaded the Syracusans to vote this measure, to deprive the mercenaries of their pay, and to elect other generals, thus ridding themselves of the severities of Dion. So the people, attempting, as it were, to stand at once upon their feet after their long sickness of tyranny, and to act the part of independence out of season, stumbled in their undertakings, and yet hated Dion, who, like a physician, wished to subject the city to a strict and temperate regimen. XXXVIIT. As they met in assembly to assign new commands, the time being midsummer, extraordinary peals of thunder and evil portents from the heavens occurred for fifteen days together, and dispersed the 81 { VOL. VI. G PLUTARCH’S LIVES , A Saipovias KwAVOpEvoy Etépous aTrodei~at oTpaTn- 2 yous. émel b€ durdEavtes evdiay atabepav oi Snuaywyot auvetéNovy Tas apyatpecias, Bois apakevs ovx anOns ovd amevpos GxAwY, dAXrws Sé , A AY 3 , \ A ‘ TWS TOTE TpOS TOV éXavvovTa Bupwlels Kai Puyov amo ToD Cuyot, Spdu@ mpos TO Oéatpoy wpunce Kai Tov pev Shuov evOvs avéotnce kal Suecké- 9 \ , 4 “A 9 M” Sacev ovdevi Kooum gevyovta, ths 8 adAns jonews émédpaue oxiptav Kal Trapdttwy dcov ¢ e 4 4 9 \ 9 Yotepov of trodéutoe KaTéoxYov. ov pny adda taita yaipev édcavtes ot Yupaxovator tévte kal elxoot oTpatnyovs éxetporovncav, av els Hv e , \ \ VA e 4 3 ‘Hpaxredns: Kat tovs Eévous viroméutrovtes xpvda tov Aiwvos adiotacav Kal petexadovy Wpos AUTOUS, éTayyeNAOMEVOL Kal THS TroNLTELAS igomotpiav. ot b€ Tadta pev ov mpocedé~avTo, tov 5€ Aiwva mictas Kal TpoOimws peTa Tov ¢ >] , A lA € “~ > étAwY avaraBfovTes Kal cupdpakavtes vIrnyov éx “ , 10 A \ yO€ A THS TWOAEWS, AdLKOUVTES peV OVOEVa, TOAAA TOUS évTUyXavovTas eis ayaploTtiay Kal poxOn- 4 piay overdiCovtes. ot S€ THS OALYOTNTOS auUTaY Kal Tov un mpoeTLYyElpety KaTadpovncavTes, Kal yevomevolr TOAD TAEious exeLvMY, EpwpuncaY ws padiws émixpatnoovtes év TH Tore. Kal mdvtas QAUTOUS KATAKTEVOUVTES. ) XXXIX. Ev rovt@ Sé yeyovms avayens Kat , e 4 a , a V4 A \ Tuyns o Aiwy 7 payecOat Tots Totals H peta Tav Eévov aroQaveiv, Toda pev ixéTevev opéywor Tas xEelpas Tois Yupakovaeiows Kai THY aKpoTroALY 82 DION people, whose superstitious fears prevented them from appointing other generals. And when, after waiting for settled fair weather, the popular leaders were proceeding to hold the elections, a draught-ox, who was quite accustomed to crowds, but now for some reason or other got angry at his driver and broke away from the yoke, made a dash for the theatre, and at once dispersed and scattered the people in disorderly flight ; then he ran, plunging and throwing everything into confusion, over as much of the rest of the city as the enemy afterwards occupied. However, the Syracusans paid no heed to al] this, but elected twenty-five generals, one of whom was Hera- cleides; they also sent secretly and without his knowledge to Dion’s mercenaries, and tried to get them to leave his service and come over to their side, promising them even an equality of civic rights. They, however, would not listen to these proposals, but showing fidelity and zeal, took their weapons in their hands, put Dion in their midst, encompassed him about, and tried to conduct him out of the city, doing violence to no one, but roundly reviling those whom they encountered for their base ingratitude. Then the citizens, seeing that the mercenaries were few in number and did not offer to attack, despised them, and having become far more numerous than they, set upon them, thinking to overpower them easily before they got out of the city, and slay them all. XXXIX. And now Dion, seeing that fortune com- pelled him either to fight against his fellow citizens or perish with his mercenaries, fervently besought the Syracusans, stretching out his hands to them, 83 e 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mepitrewv Todepiwy ovaay Urrephaivopévov Ta Teiyn Kal Ta yevoueva xa0opwvtwy émideKve- pevos’ os 8 hy atrapairntos 7 TaY TWOAAw@Y Popa kal Katetyev @omep ev TeNayer TO TOV Snpayo- you mvetpa Thy Todt, éuBorjns pev atroryéoOau tois Eévots mpocétakev, Scov 8 émridpapovTav peta Bons nai tots SrAots Tivakapevwv ovdels Guerve TOV Lupakouciwv, adr’ wyovto hevyorTes ava Tas ayuias, ovdevos emidt@xovTOs: EevOdsS yap aréotpevev o Aiwy tovs Eévous xal mponyer eis Aecovtivous. Oi & dpyovtes Tov Yupaxovoiwy KatayéXacToL yeyovoTes uTO TOY yuvatKav, Kal THY aioyuVyY avaraBeiv ('ntobytes, avOus omdloavtes Tovs qoXitas édiwxov Tov Aiwva. kal xatéXaBov pev ért SiaBaoces Tivos ToTapod Kal wpocimmevoay ayyiuayobvres: ws 8 édpwv ovxétt mpdws ovdé TATPLKOS UTOpéevovTa TAS apapTias aVTaY, GANA Oued Tovs Eévous émiatpépovta Kal mapatarro- pevov, aicyiova duyny ths mpotépas puryovtes bmex@pynoav els THY ToALV, OV TOAA@Y aTrobaL- OvTmD. XL, Aiwva S¢ Acovrivos Aaumpais edéyovTo Tipais, Kal Tos Eévous avedauBavov picBois Kal TonTeLas’ mpos 5é€ Tovs Yupaxovaious émpeé- oBevov akodvtes Ta dixata Tois Eévous trosety. ot dé mpéoBes Ememav Kxatnyopnocovtas Aiwvos TOV gs cuppaywy amrdytwy eis Aeovtivouvs a0 pa- oOévtwy Kat yevonevwy Noywv ev avtois, éoEav abduxely of Lupaxovaror: tots b€ KptOeiow vo TOV TULpLdxwV ovK éevéyEetvay TpUparTes HON Kal 84 DION and pointing out to them the acropolis, which was full of enemies peering over the walls and watching what was going on below; but since no entreaties could stay the onset of the multitudes, and the city, like a ship at sea, was at the mercy of the blasts of its demagogues, he ordered his mercenaries not to make a charge, but simply to run towards their assailants with loud cries and brandishing of weapons; which being done, not a Syracusan stood his ground, but all promptly took to flight along the streets, where none pursued them. For Dion immediately ordered his men to wheel about, and led them forth to Leontini. But the leaders of the Syracusans, now that they were become a laughing-stock for the women, sought to redeem their disgrace, armed the citizens again, and pursued after Dion. They came upon him as he was crossing a river, and their horsemen rode up for a skirmish ; but when they saw that he no longer bore with their faults in a mild and paternal spirit, but was angrily wheeling his mercenaries about and putting them in battle array, they broke into a more disgraceful flight than before, and retired into the city, with the loss of a few men. XL. The Leontines received Dion with splendid honours, took his mercenaries into their service, and gave them civic rights; they also sent an embassy to the Syracusans with a demand that they should do the mercenaries fustice. The Syracusans, how- ever, sent envoys to denounce Dion. But when all the confederates had assembled at Leontini and dis- cussed the matter, it was decided that the Syracusans were in the wrong. By this decision of their con- federates, however, the Syracusans would not abide, 85 PLUTARCH’S LIVES peyaroppovouvtes éml To undevos axovew, AXA xpjoOat Sovrevover cai poBovpévors tov SHpmov oTparnyois. XII. "Ex rovrou xaTam Move ly ets THY mode mapa Aovuciou T penpers Ninpiov dryoucat Tov Neamonirn», citov Kat Xpnwara Kouitovra Tois TOALOPKOULEVOLS. ryevowerns dé vaupayias evixwv pev of Zupaxovator Kal Téeccapas TOY TUpayViKaY ve@y édafov, UBpicavtes bé TH vixn, Kal oe dvapxiav TO Yaipov els TOTOUS wal ouvovotas pavikas Tpépavres, obTe TOV Ypnoibav nuéedXn- cay OTE THY axporroduy é éXelv seeoiores Abn non Kat TH TONY mpocameBanov. 0 yap Nv 40s opay ovdev vyvaivov éy T] Tone HEpos, adda TOV pep dxdov avAnpact Kal péOats els VUKTA Babeiay ag’ Hmepas KATEXOMEVO?, TOUS dé oTpaTyyous ETLTEPTOMEVOUS TE TOUT® TO Tavyyupic wp wal T poo aryewy avaryKny pevovow avo pwross OKVOUD- TAS, ApioTa TO KaLp@ Xenaapevos émexyeipnoe TO Tetyiopate Kal KpaTnaas Kat Lad puyras epire TOUS BapPapous, KerXevoas yxpjabat Tots ™poo- TUYXavovaty @S Bovrovrat Kal duvavTat. TaYéws fev OV ol Lupaxovotot TO KaKov ia Oovto, Bpaée- ws 5€ Kal Karem ers auveBonBouv EKTETAAY EVOL. mopOnow yap tv Ta yivopeva, THS TONEWS, TOV pev avdpav povevouEeroy, TOY dé TELXOV KATA TKATTOMEVOD, yuvarcav bé Kat maida aryomeveov an THY |axpoTrohy per olparyis, ATEYYOKOTOV be mpaypara TOV oTparnyav at xphoGat Th) Supa Tots TOA(TALs TpOSs TOUS Tone pious avarrepuppevous Kal ouppemiypévous avTois Tmavrayolev. 86 976 DION being now insolent and full of pride because they were subject to no one, but had generals who were in slavish fear of the people. XLI. After this, there put in at the city triremes from Dionysius, under the command of Nypsius the Neapolitan, who brought food and money for the beleaguered garrison of the acropolis. In a naval battle that ensued the Syracusans were indeed vic- torious, and captured four of the tyrant’s ships, but they were made wanton by their victory, and in their utter lack of discipline turned their rejoicing into drinking-bouts and mad carousals, and were so neglectful of their real interests that, when they thought themselves already in possession of the acropolis, they actually lost both it and their city besides. For Nypsius, seeing no saving remnant in the city, but the multitude given over to music and revelry from dawn till midnight, and their generals delighted with this festivity and reluctant to use compulsion with men in their cups, made the best use of his opportunity and attacked their siege--~ works, and having mastered these and broken them down, he let his Barbarians loose upon the city, bidding them treat those whom they encountered as they could and would. Quickly, then, were the Syracusans aware of the mischief, but slowly and — with difficulty did they rally to oppose it, so utterly distracted were they. For it was a sack of the city that was now going on, its men being slain, its walls torn down, and its women and children dragged shrieking to the acropolis, while its generals gave up all for lost and were unable to employ the citizens against the enemy, who were everywhere inextric- ably mingled with them. 87 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XLII. Oitw S¢ trav Kata THY TOW éyovToY Kal Tov xwvduvov mpos THY "Axpadiwrhy mrANoOtG- Lovtos, eis Sy povoy Hv Kal Rowrrov arepeicacOau ‘N , 4 \ b Ul 9 , THY €dmriba TavTes pev eppovouy, ereye 5é ovdeis, A aioxuvopevot THY aXaploTiay Kal THY aBovdiay Tnv mpos Alwva. wAnv ye 57 THs avdyKns éxBiatopévns Tapa TOY cuppaxwv Kal TOY iT- Téwy yiverat dwovn care Aiwva nal perarép- meaGat Trovs IleNorrovynctous éx Acovtivwv. ws 5¢ mpa@tov nxovabn Kal aretorunOn rodTo, Kpavy? Kal yapa xal Sdxpva rovs Yupaxovaious KaTetyev eUXouevous éripavnvat tov avipa Kat TmoOouvtas THYV Gui avToD Kai peuvnuévous Tis Tapa Ta Seva pwns Kal wrpoOvupias, ws od povov AUTOS HW aveXTANKTOS, GAA KaxeEivoUS TrapElye Oappobvras nal adews Tots Trodepiors oupdepopé- vous. evOvs ovv éxméumovot mpos avTov amo A 4, b ld , pev TOV cUpa ov Apxavidny nal Tereoidny, 9 \ A A e lA \ e 4 amo 6€ Tay Lirméwy TévtTe TOUS Tept EXAdyEKOV. @€ n~ ovtor SueXaoavres THY Oddy irmoLs ATO PUTHpOS Aov eis Acovtivous ths nyépas 76n cael gay Hévns. atromndncartres Sé¢ tav immov Kal TO Aiwv mpete mpoomecovtes Sedaxpupévor tas a fal »Y , wv “Py de \ ouppopas TaY Lupaxovaiwy Eppalov. dn 5é Kal A , A tov Acovtivwy tives amnvtTwv Kal rev TeXozrov- 4 9 , N \ lA , A ynciwy nOpoilovro apes tov Aiwva moAdXol, TH omovon Kal TH Senoes THY avdpav UovoobyTES elvat tt Kawvotepov. evOus odv ayeitTo Tpdos THY éxxAnoiav avtois, Kal cvvdpapovtwv mpoOvpws oi N > \ N e , > mwept tov Apxwvidny cal tov ‘EXXdvixoy eiced- Oovres éEnyyettay re Bpayéws 7d péyeOos Tav Kak@v, Kal qapexddouv tors Eévous érapivar 88 — DION XLII. While the city was in this plight and the Achradina in imminent peril, all knew who was the only man left upon whom they could fasten their hopes, but no one spoke his name, because they were ashamed of their ingratitude and folly towards Dion. However, now that necessity constrained them, some of the allies and horsemen cried out that Dion and his Peloponnesians should be summoned from Leon- tin. As soon as this venture was made and the name heard, the Syracusans fell to shouting and weeping for joy; they prayed that Dion might appear upon the scene, and yearned for the sight of him, and called to mind his ardour and vigour in the presence of danger, remembering that he was not only undaunted himself, but made them also bold and fearless in engaging their enemies. Im- mediately, therefore, they sent a delegation to him, Archonides and Telesides from the allies, and Hel- lanicus with four others from the horsemen. These, sending their horses over the road at full gallop, came to Leontini just as the sun was setting. Then, leaping from their horses and throwing themselves at the feet of Dion first of all, with streaming eyes they told him the calamities of the Syracusans. Presently, too, some of the Leontines came up and many of the Peloponnesians gathered about Dion, conjectur- ing from the haste and suppliant address of the men that something quite extraordinary was the matter. At once, then, Dion led his visitors to the place of assembly, the people eagerly gathered there, Ar- chonides and Hellanicus with their companions came before them, reported to them briefly the great disaster, and called upon the mercenaries to put away their feelings of resentment and come to the 89 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tols Lupaxovatos, TO pynotcaxeiy adévtas, ws / OL Py § / > A a a A e peifova dixcnyv dedwxotwy avTav 7 NaBPelv av ot Kaxas merovOdres n&iwaoay. XLITI. Tavoapévor 5é rovtwyv otyh pev elye \ \ , ’ , \ a , wovAn TO Oéatpoy: avacrdvtTos Sé tod Aiwvos Kat réyerv apEapévou ToAAG Tov Saxpvav éxTi- mrovra THY Pavny eméayev’ ot O€ Eévor Trapexadovuv Oappety Kal ouvnxovTo. puxpov ovv dvaraBov éx Tov WaBous éavtov o Aiwv, “”Avdpes,” én, “TleXorrovyjoto. Kal cvppayot, BovrAevaopevous Upas evtav0a Trepi Yua@Y avTaV auvYnyayov. épol 5é mepl éuavtod BovreverOar nares ovn exer s a " , 9 9 9 a \ Lupaxovawy atrohAvpévwv, aXXN Eb TwCAaL py Suvaipny, amet TH wupt Kal TO TWropate TIS 9 Ld € a , Ul matpioos évtadynaopevos. vpeis dé, Bovromevor pev ere cal viv BonOeiv rots aBovArotdtots Hpiv nat SvotuxecTarots, UpeTEepov Epyov ovcay dp- Oodte tHv Yvpaxovaoiwy wrod: et Sé pephopevor Lupaxovaias Vrepowede, Tis ye TpoTEpoy apEeTis Kat mpoOuuias wept éuée yapw akiav xopilorbe a“ ” 4 , e WwW? ¢ A mapa TaV Oedy, peuvnpévor Atwvos, os oO" tpuas adixoupévous mpotepov ov’ barepoy Tous troditas Svotuyobvtas eyxaTadiTovTos.. "Ete 5 avtod XN€yorros o« pev Eévor peta xpav- ys avernonoay ayew cai Bonbeiy xara tdyos KedevovTes, ot O€ mpéa Bes THY Lupaxovaiwy rept- Barovres notacayto TokAd peéev exelv@, ToAAa N “~ , 9 \ “ “ % , dé rois Ecvoss aya0a rapa tav Sew evyopevot. go 9 7 DION aid of the Syracusans, since those who had wronged them had suffered a heavier punishment than those who had been wronged would have thought it right to exact. XLII. When the messengers had made an end of speaking, there was a profound silence in the theatre; then Dion rose and began to speak, but copious tears checked his utterance ; his mercenaries, however, sympathized with him and bade him take heart. Accordingly, after he had recovered a little from his grief, he said: “ Men of Peloponnesus and allies, I have brought you together here to deliberate upon your own course of action. As for me, it is not meet that I should consult my own interests now that Syracuse is perishing, but if I cannot save her, I shall return to seek a grave amid the blazing ruins of my native city. But you, if you are willing even now, after all that has passed, to come to our help, who are the most foolish and the most unfortunate of men, pray restore the city of Syracuse and the work of your own hands.! If, however, in your displeasure at the Syracusans, you shall leave them to their fate, at least for your former bravery and zeal in my behalf may you obtain a worthy reward from the gods, and may you think of Dion as one who abandoned neither you when you were wronged, nor, afterwards, his fellow citizens when they were in distress.” While he was still speaking, the mercenaries sprang to their feet with shouts and bade him lead them speedily to the city’s relief, while the Syracusan envoys embraced them passionately, invoking many blessings from the gods upon Dion, and many upon 1 Syracuse was colonized from Corinth, in Peloponnesus. g!I PLUTARCH’S LIVES KatactavTos 5é Tov OopuBou rrapyyyerev o Aiwy evOus amovtas TapacKkevdleaOar cai detrvnoar- Tas KEL META TOY STAM ELS AUTOV ExEivOY TOV ToTrov, éyvwxas d1a vuxros Bonbeiv. XLIV. ’Ev &€ rais Supaxovcats Trav Acovuciou OTPATHYOV, AXpe pev Hv Huépa, TWOAAA KAKA THY TOA épyacapévav, yevouevns S5¢ vuKTos avayw- pnoavrev els THY axpoToN Kai Twas e& éEavTov GAiyous atroBarovtwr, avabappnoavtes ot Snpa- ywyol TOY Yupaxovciwv, xal Tovs moNemtous éXrricavres atpeunoey ert trois S:avrempaypevors, mapexdXouv TOvs ToNitas avOis dav Aiwva, nav mpocin peta tav Eévov, yn SéyerOar nde wapa- Ywpely THS apeTAs éxeivois @S KpELTTOTIV, AAA catew Thy Tok Kal THhv édevOepiay avTovs de éautav. mddw ovv éréutrovto mpos tov Aiwva, Tapa ev TOV oTpAaTHYaV aTroTpeéTTOVTES, Tapa 5é Tav imméwv Kal TOV yvwopipwy TodToV émiomTeEd- Sovtes THv Tropeiav. Kal dia TodTo Bpabéws dua Kal KaTa oTrovdny Topevopmevos Tpoone. THs dé VUKTOS TpOENGOVENS Of ev putcodvTes Tov Aiwva KaTEtYoOY Tas TUAAS WS aTroKNELaOVTES AUTOY, Oo 5é Nuwuos, é« Ths axpas avOus rodArX@ TpoOvporteé- pous yeyovotas xal mAciovas édiels Tovs prabodo- pous, TO wey TpoTeixiopa Tay EevOrs KaTécKaT TE, Thy dé wodw KaTétpexe nal Sunptratev. av Se dovos pev ovKéTt povov avdpav, adda Kal yvvat- Kav kat waidwv, adprayal & Grjiyat, POopos Sé WAVTWV TOAUS. aTEyvwWKOTOS yap HON TA Tpay- para Tob Atovuciou ral TOUS Lupakovatous devas HELLONKOTOS, WoTEP EevTadiacat THY TUpavvida Th wove Timtovoay éBovAcTo. Kal tod Aiwvos 92 DION his mercenaries. And when the tumult was allayed, Dion ordered his men to go to their quarters and make themselves ready, and, after taking supper, to come with their arms to that very place, for he was determined to go to the rescue by night. XLIV. But the soldiers of Dionysius at Syracuse, as long as it was day, did much mischief to the city; when night came, however, they retired to the acropolis, having lost some tew of their number. Upon this, the popular leaders of the Syracusans plucked up courage, and in the hope that the enemy would rest content with what they had done, ex- horted the citizens once more to ignore Dion, and if he should come up with his mercenaries, not to admit them, nor yield precedence to them as superior in point of bravery, but to save their city and their liberty by their own efforts. Accordingly, fresh mes- sengers were sent to Dion, some from the generals forbidding his advance, but others from the horsemen and more reputable citizens urging him to hasten it. For this reason he came marching on now slowly, and now at top speed. As the night advanced the enemies of Dion took possession of the gates in order to shut him out, but Nypsius, sending his mercenaries once more from the citadel in greater numbers and with more impetuosity than before, tore down at once the entire siege-wall, and overran and sacked the city. And now there was a slaughter not only of men, but also of women and children; there was little haling away of prisoners, but a great destruction of all alike. For since Dionysius now despaired of his cause and fiercely hated the Syra- cusans, he wished to make their city as it were a tomb for his falling tyranny. So his soldiers, fore- 93 ~PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpoxatahapBavovres thv BonOecay én tov ofv- TaTOV dua TUpOS mavT@v dreO por Kal apavig mov exopnoar, ra pep eyyus aro Xetpav Saat Kal Aawrdow Uromiyumpaytes, eis 5€ TA T poo dia- oT elpovTEs aro Tobov mupoBonous. pevryovtay dé TaY Zvpaxovaiwy oi wev év tais odois épovevovto KaTarauBavopevot, TO bé els Tas olxias KaTadvd- pevov avis vd Tob mupos é€Férimre, TOANOY HON dreyouevwy cal xatagepopévar eri tovs diaé- ovTas. XLV. Totto rd mdafos pdduota tip TOMY dvéwte Aiwve TavTov cundwrnadyray. éruye pev yap OUKETL OITOVOH TropEVOp"EVoS, as HKOVOEV els THY ax poTroney kararennelabas TOUS Tone- pious. Tpoiovans be THS Huéepas T parrov imarets annvrngay avT@ Thy Sevtépav Katadypey amrary- yédovtes: éretta Kal TOV UmEevayTLoupEvon EVvLOL Tapio av _ereiryer Oat Seopevot. TUYTELVOVTOS dé Tov Kaxov padrXov ‘Hpaxreidns TOV adedpov e€é- Temper, elta @eodorny TOV Ociov, ixerevwy a.p- yeu, @S pndevos aVvTEXOVTOS TOUS ToAEpiors, auto dé reTpwpévou, Tis 5€ TONEWS pLKPOV ame- xovans avaterpagpOas Kat catanen piaBar. Tovov- Tov ayyedpatov to Aiwve T pooTred ovT@y €Te wev éEjxovta atadious Tav TUADY amretye: ppacas dé TOV xivduvov tots Eévous Kal TApAKeneva dpEvos OuKETE Bdény HyEV, adhe, Spop TO oTpaTevpa pos THY TOA, GAXov er adro1s avtialovTwv Kal Seomevenv emeiyer Oat. Xpnodpevos 5é Oav- pact@ Taxer Kar mpodupia Ttav Eevwv cicéBare bid Toy TUAGY eis Thy ‘Exatépmedov Aeyouevny: Kat Tous pev EXadpous evOus adjxev édOeiv mrpos 94 978 DION stalling the succour which Dion was bringing, re- sorted to the speediest destruction and annihilation of everything by burning, setting fire to what was near them with the brands and torches in their hands, and scattering fiery arrows from their bows among the remoter parts. As the Syracusans fled, some were overtaken and slain in the streets, and those who sought cover in their houses were driven out again by the fire, many buildings being now a- blaze and falling upon those who were running about. XLV. Owing to this disaster more than to any thing else, the city was thrown open to Dion by unanimous consent. For he was no longer marching in haste, since he had heard that the enemy had shut themselves up in the acropolis. But as the day advanced, first, horsemen met him with tidings of the second capture of the city; next, even some of his opponents came with entreaties that he would hasten his march. Moreover, as the mischief grew worse, Heracleides sent out his brother, and then Theodotes his uncle, begging Dion to help them, since no one now resisted the enemy, he himself was wounded, and the city was almost demolished and consumed by fire. When these amazing messages reached Dion, he was still sixty furlongs distant from the city gates; but after telling his merce- naries of the city’s peril and exhorting them, he led his army towards the city, no longer in marching step, but on the run, while one messenger after another met him and begged him to hasten. His mercenaries advancing with astonishing speed and ardour, he burst through the gates into what was called the Hecatompedon, and at once sent his light- armed troops to charge upon the enemy, in order 95 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOUS rohepious, @S ioice Oapatoas Tobs upa- Kovatols éyyévorto, TOUS o omhiTas avros ouve- TATTE cal TOY TodTaY TOUS éippéovTas Kal TUYLTTAPEVOUS, épBious NOVXOUS TOLaY Kal Statpav Tas myevovias, dws tmodAayodey dua mpoade- potto poBepwrepov. XLVI. ‘Emel 5€ rabra TapacKevac dpHevos Kal Tois Beois T poo evEdpevos apOn bia Ths TONES drycov éml Tous Toheuious, Kpauyn Kal xapa kal TOAUS drahary 110s evyais onod kal TapaKdoece He LLry LEvOS éyivero Tapa TOV Lvpaxovcioy, TOV pev Aiwva cwrhpa Kal Jeov atroxadXovvtwv, Tous dé Eévous adehpous Kal tjoXtTas. ovdels be pir- autos oUTws" Hv Kat perowpuyos mapa TOV TOTE “Keaupov bs ov paiddov vmrép povou Aiwvos 7) TOY aw aTravTwv aryovidy épaivero, TPOTOU T pos TOV xivdvvov Topevopévov be aiparos Kal sTrupos Kat vexpov TOAD KELLEVODY éy tais WwAaTetass. "Hy peev obv kal Ta mapa TOV TOAELiOV poBepa mavTamacw aTrnyptmpevarv Kal Taparerary Levey Tapa TO TEeLY Lo pa Xaremny é éXov Kal SucexBia- oTov Thv wpocodov: o & éx Tob T Upos Kivuvos érdparre padrov TOUS Févous wal dvcepyov € érroiet THY Topeiav. KK yap vo Tis Proyos Tépt- EXGTOVTO TAS oixias Teptvewouerns” kat d:amv- poss émtBaivovtes eperTrions Kal KaTapepopevots aroppnywact peydrous UOT PEXOVTES emurparas, Kal ToNUy opod KATTY@ Starropevopevor KovLopToY, émetp@vTo ouvex ew Kal pn Stacrav thv taku. é mpocéuEav Tots rodepios, ev yepol pev 4 neds o}tws Coraés, after Reiske (oftws gidavros Bekker): pfAaures. 96 | | | DION | that the Syracusans might take courage at the sight ; Y he also marshalled his men-at-arms in person, to- gether with those of the citizens who kept running up and forming with them, dividing his commands and forming companies in column, that he might make a more formidable attack from many points at once. XLVI. When he had made these preparations and had prayed to the gods, and was seen leading his forces through the city against the enemy, shouts of joy and loud battle-cries mingled with prayers and supplications were raised by the Syracusans, who called Dion their saviour and god, and his merce- naries their brethren and fellow citizens. And no one was so fond of self or fond of life in that emer- gency as not to show himself more anxious about Dion alone than about all the rest, as he marched at their head to meet the danger, through blood and fire and the mass of dead bodies lying in the streets. It was true, indeed, that the enemy presented a formidable appearance, for they had become alto- gether savage, and had drawn themselves up along the demolished siege-wall, which made the approach to them difficult and hard to force; but the peril from the fire disturbed the mercenaries of Dion more, and made their progress arduous. For they were surrounded on all sides by glowing flames which were spreading among the houses; they trod upon blazing ruins and ran at the risk of their lives under falling fragments of great size; they made their way through clouds of dust and smoke; and yet they tried to keep together and not break their ranks. Moreover, when they joined battle with the 97 VOL. VI. H PLUTARCH’S LIVES 7 \ ~~ / > 2 4 \ ‘ , OALYWY IPOS OArjLyOUS éyiveTO wayn ta THY OTEVO- \ A 9 , A a A \ TnTa Kal THY avopadiay Tod ToToV, Kpavyn é lo) , kat wpobupia trav Yvpaxovoiwy émippwoavtwv é 9 , @ e \ \ N a \ ‘ AQ éBidcOnoav ot wept tov Nuyuov. al to pe TAELTTOY AUTWY ELS THY AKpOTTOALY eyyUs ovcaY avadetyov éowteto* tovs 5 arrorerdbévtas é&w cat Staorvapévtas avypouvy ot Eévor SiwxKovres. amoAavow 6€ THs viens év T@ Tapautixa Kal Xapav Kal TreptBoras é Epy@ THAMKOUT @ mpeTrovaas ov TrapéaxeV O Kaupos, éml tas olxias Tpamrowevery Tov Yupaxovatwv Kal 7d wip pods év TH vuKti xatao Bec avrwv. XLVII. ‘Hpépa & ws Av, trav pév GAXrwv ovdeis Uméuerve Snpaywyav, GANA KaTayvovtes éavToOV , Epuyov, “Hpaxretdns S€ cai @eodorns avrol xo- picavtes éavtovs te Aiwm trapédwxav, adsxeiy A , , opmoroyoovres Kal Seouevor Berriovos exeivou tv- Yeiv H yeyovaci avtoi epi éxeivov' mpémew 5é Aiow thy aAAnv adracay apetny aavyxpitov éyovTe kal mpos opyny KpeitTove davivat tay NYVOLOVNKOTWY, OL TEpL OU TpPOTEpOY eaTAaCiacaY mpos avuTov viv Heovow nrtacBat ths aperis e “A “ . A \ \ e v4 omoroyourTes. TavTa THY Trept Tov HpaxrEidny Seopévwv ot pev piros mapexerevovto tH Alwve un peidecOar xaxov cat Backaverv avbporor, b \ “a 4 , \ e adXa Kal Tois oTpaTIWTaLs YapicacOat Tov ‘Hpa- Krelonv Kal tov wodsTedpatos é&edXeiv Sypuoxo- miay, émipaves voonua, Tupavvidos ovx éXaTTOV. 0 6¢ Aliwy rapapvOovpevos adtovs EXeyev WS Tots 98 DION enemy, only a few on each side could fight at close quarters, so narrow and uneven was the place; but the Syracusans encouraged them with eager shouts, and Nypsius and his men were overpowered. Most of them fled back into the acropolis, which was near, and so saved themselves; but those who were left outside and scattered hither and thither, were pur- sued and slain by the mercenaries. No immediate enjoyment of their victory, however, and none of the glad congratulations befitting so great an achieve- ment were possible for the Syracusans in that emer- gency; they turned their attention to their burning houses, and only by toiling all night did they succeed in putting out the fire. XLVII. When it was day, not one of the other popular leaders would remain in the city, but passed judgement on themselves by taking to flight; Hera- cleides and Theodotes, however, came of their own accord and surrendered themselves to Dion, acknow- ledging that they had done wrong, and begging him to treat them better than they had treated him; it was meet, they said, that Dion, who was their superior in every other virtue, should also show himself a better master of his anger than his ungrateful foes, who were now come confessing that in the very quality to which they had formerly disputed his claim, namely, virtue, they were his inferiors. Though Heracleides and Theodotes thus besought Dion, his friends exhorted him not to spare such base and envious men, but to give Heracleides over to the mercy of his soldiers, and to rid the commonwealth of the hunt for mob-favour, which, no less than tyranny, was a raging distemper. But Dion tried to soften their resentment, saying that while other 99 H 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pev GAXOLS otparnyots Tpos oma ral TONELOV a Tretorn Ths acKknoews éeotiv, avT@ bé aodvy Xpovov ev ‘Axadnpeta pepeheTnras Oupod TEpt- elvat Kal POovou Kal prdoverxias TaoNS' Ov é émi- betkis €OTW OX a 7 pos pirous Kal Xpna Tous peTplorns, Grr’ et Tes adixovpevos eUTrapaitytos ein Ka pos Tots duaptavovet BotreaBat S “Hpaxreidou Th) Toa oUTOY Suvdpet cal dpovyce KpaT av doo Xpnorornte Kal dicacocuvy pavivac: TO yap adrnbas BérXrLov év TovTois: ai dé Tod TONE LOU catopOacers, et Kal avOperrav pndeva, TI YE TUXNY SiappiaByntobcav Eyovotwv. et 6 ‘Hpaxreions amiatos Kal Kaos dia pOovor, ov ToL Kal Aiwva Seiv Oupo diapBeipac THDV aperny: TO yap ayritiwmpeta Oat Tov mpoadinety vow dixatoTepov apicdar, pucer yevomevov amo pas do Gevetas. av 6 pwrrov 5é Kaxian, eb Kal Kader ov eoTLy, ovxX obTws ayptov elvat TavTamace Kat dvcKonov 6 WOTE py peraBardey NapeTe vixnOetoav vid TOV TOANAKLS ED TOLOUVTWY. XLVIII. Tovovrous XPNT apevos Noyta pots o Aiwy adie TOUS mepl Tov ‘Hpaxretdny. TpaTo- pevos 8& mpos TO ha Mee Tov pév Zupa- Kovatwv Exac tov exédevoer € éva KowarTa oTraupov eyyus caTaBarneu, tous b€ Eévous émiaticas 51a VUKTOS, avaT avopevov TOV Lupaxovaiwy, éhabev arog Taupwcas THY ak poTony, wate pel’ Tpepav TO TAXOS Kal THY épyaciay Jeacapevous OpLolws Javpalew TOUS jToNitas Kal TOUS ToNemious. Od- ras b€ Tovs reuncortas TOV Lupaxoue tev ral Avaupevos TOVs éarwxoTas, SioxXthiwy ovK éAUdT- Too 979 DION generals trained themselves mostly for arms and war, he himself had studied fer 4 Jong time in the Academy how to conquer anger, énvy, and all contentious- ness; and it was no manifestation of such self-mastery, he said, when one was kind to friends and benefactors, but when one who had been’ wronged was merciful and mild towards the erring ; besides, he wished men to see that he was superior to Heracleides, not so much in power and wisdom, as ‘n.-goodness and justice; for therein lay real superiority; whereas successes in war, even though they had. to ‘be shared with no man, must at least be shared with fortune. Moreover, if envy led Heracleides to be faithless and base, surely anger must not drive Dion to sutlv his virtue ; for although taking vengeance for a wreng was in the eyes of the Jaw more just than the duizg of the wrong unprovoked, by nature it sprang from -. one and the same weakness. Furthermore, baseness- in a man, even though it be a grievous thing, was” eo. . not so altogether savage and obstinate that it could — not be conquered by frequent benefactions and altered by a sense of gratitude. XLVIII. After using such arguments as _ these, Dion set Heracleides and Theodotes free. Then turning his attention to the siege-wall, he bade each one of the Syracusans to cut a stake and lay it down near the works, and setting his mercenaries to the task all night, while the Syracusans were resting, he succeeded in fencing off the acropolis, so that when day came the citizens and the enemy alike were amazed to see with what speed the work had been accomplished. He also buried the dead Syra- cusans, ransomed those who had been taken prisoners, although they were fully two thousand in number, IOI » PLUTARCH’S LIVES tovas GvTas, éxkAnoiay cuynyaye. Kai Tape Owv “Hpaxretdns eionynocato. yuwpnvy avtoxpdtopa otpatnyov érecbas Aigya-xata yhv Kal Odrac- gav. atrodeEapévwr, 5¢ ‘TeV dpictwy Kal yeLpo- Tovely KedXevovtwy 9 / ¥ tov troXenov Aiwy, arr ael évovTos APYELY, b) / \ / / \ avayxacbels avvéBare nal nrtnOn. yevopévns 5é THS TpoThs ov Bapelas, AANA padrdOoV bd éavTav Kal Tov otacidley rapayOévtarv, adOis 6 Aiwv mapecxevatero payecOar xal ovvétatte mreiOwv kal wapaBappyvwv. Ths 86 vuKTos apyopéevns 2 s \ > A € , ” \ ayyednNeTat moos autov “Hpaxreidnv adpavta tov GTONOY qWAcly er Yupaxoveay, eyywKoTa THY TONY KaTanaPely KaKEtvoY aToK\Eioat pEeTaA TOU , 9 A 2 3 N \ oTpatevpatos. ev0vs ody dvaraBSav Ttovs duva- TwTaTous Kal mpoOupotatous immacato Sta THs , ed a vuxTos' Kal wept TpiTnv @pay THs nuépas mpos Tals TUAALS HV, oTAdLOUS KATHVUKOS ErTakoctous. “Hpaxrelins 5€ tals vavoiv, os dputdropevos toTépnoev, atroTAevaoas Kal TAaVa@peEVvos ev Tais 4 a apatesw acKxorws émituyyaver TactrAm Te 4 / A 92? e 4 Xmaptiatn, pdoKxovts rely ep Hyepovia Lxe- Meotav 逫 Aaxedaipovos, ws MpoTEpov TroTeE Tvriros. aaopevos otv avaraBwv rovtToy Tov ” 4 4 b , dvépa Kal meptayrapevos wotep are~ipdppaxov tov Atwvos émedeixvuto Tots ouppdyos: Kal KipuKa wéuTov eis TAS Yupaxovaas éxéreve Sé- 4 v yecOar Tov Braptidtny apxovta Tovs oAiTas. “A , atroxpiwwapevov 5€ Tov Aiwvos ws elo apyortes ixavol Tots Yuvpaxovaiots, et 5é€ mavtws Séor Kat Lmaptidrov Tols mpdypaci, avtos odtos elvat, \ KATA Toinow yeyovws YrapTvaTns, THY wer apynv e , > / 4 N ‘ \ 4 6 Taiavros amréyva, twrevcas S5é mpos tov Aiwva 104 980 DION Heracleides and his sailors kept crying out against him, saying that his wish was not to decide the war by a battle, but to have it last forever, that he might remain in power. He was therefore forced into an engagement, and was worsted. Since, however, the defeat of his men was not severe, but due more to their own seditious disorders than to the enemy, Dion again prepared for battle and drew up his forces, persuading and encouraging them. But in the evening word was brought to him that Hera- cleides with his fleet was sailing for Syracuse, deter- mined to occupy the city and shut Dion and his army out of it. Immediately, therefore, he took with him his most influential and zealous supporters and rode all night, and about nine o’clock next day was at the gates of the city, having covered seven hun- dred furlongs. But Heracleides, who, in spite of all his efforts, arrived too late with his ships, put out to sea again, and being without definite plans, fell in with Gaesylus the Spartan, who insisted that he was sailing from Sparta to take command of the Sicilians, as Gylippus had formerly done.! Hera- cleides, accordingly, gladly took up this man, at- tached him to himself like an amulet, as it were, against the influence of Dion, and showed him to his confederates ; then, secretly sending a herald to Syracuse, he ordered the citizens to receive their Spartan commander. Dion, however, made answer that the Syracusans had commanders enough, and that if their situation absolutely required a Spartan also, he himself was the man, since he had been made a citizen of Sparta. Thereupon Gaesylus gave up his pretensions to the command, and sailing to 1 See the Nictas, chapters xix. ff. . 105 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dip rrake Tov ‘Hpaxnretdyy ¢ GpKous dovta Kal Tic- TELS Tas peyloras, als avros o T'aicvros doce tipwpos évecOar Aiwve cat xoraorTHs “Hpaxreidou gigs alec dal . "Ex TOUTOU KaTehvoay pep ot Lvpaxovevor TO ae ovdev yap Av épryov avrob, peydrae bé daravat toils Théovat, Kal atdcews apoppai TOS apXover. thy b€ a dixpay émoNLopKouv é£ouxo- SopnoavtTes TO TrEeptTeyiopa. pnberds dé Tois TONLOPKOULEVOLS BonOobvros, emiALtrov TOs dé ai- Tov, TOY 6e peabopopov yivopevoy Tovnpar, aTroyvous O vios Tou Atovuciou Ta mpdypara Kab TTELTAMEVOS pos TOV Aiwva tiv pev dxpay é éxeivep META TOV éTrh@v Kal THS adds KaTACKEUTS 1a pe- Swxep, avTOS dé Tv pnrépa Kal Tas aerpas avaraBav Kal TevTe TANpwD awevos Tpuypets efe- met Mpos Tov Tatépa, TOU Aiwvos aoparas ev éxmeUTrovTos, ovdevos be Tov év upacovears arrohelTovTOs éxeiyny THY Gy, Gr Kal TOUS BY mapovTas érreBowpevov, ort Thy npepav TaUTHY Kal TOV ipvov éNevO pais avis XovTa tas _Zupa- KOVTAaLS OUK epopaory. Strov yap étt vov Tav Leyouevoy | Kata THS TUXNS TapaderypaTov eu a- veoTaTov éott Kal peyLaTov " Atovuciou guy, tiva Xpn SoKxeiv adtav éxeivov THY TOTE Xapav yever Gat Kal wnrixov dpovncas Tovs THY wEeyioT HV TOY TeTOTE Tupavyidwy KabEdOVTAS ENAXioTALS adoppats; LI. "ExTevoavtos dé Tov "AmroAAoKpatous, Kal rod Aiwvos eis THY dix poTroALy Badifovtos, ovK éxaptépnaay ai yuvaixes ovd avéepweway eioedOeiv 106 DION Dion, effected a reconciliation between him and Heracleides, who took oaths and made the most solemn pledges, in support of which Gaesylus him- self swore that he would avenge Dion and punish Heracleides if he worked any more mischief. L. After this the Syracusans discharged their fleet, since it was of no use, while it involved great outlays for the crews, and caused dissension among their com- manders ; they also laid siege to the citadel after they had finished building the wall that enclosed it. No one came to the help of the besieged, provisions failed them, and the mercenaries became mutinous, so that the son of Dionysius gave up his cause for lost and made terms with Dion. The citadel he handed over to him together with the arms and other equip- ment there, while he himself, taking his mother and sisters and manning five triremes, sailed away to his father. Dion allowed him to depart in safety, and no one who was then in Syracuse missed that sight, nay, they called upon the absent ones also, pitying them because they could not behold this day and the rising of the sun upon a free Syracuse. For since, among the illustrations men give of the mutations of fortune, the expulsion of Dionysius is still to this day the strongest and plainest, what joy must we suppose those men themselves then felt, and how great a pride, who, with the fewest resources, over- threw the greatest tyranny that ever was! LI. After Apollocrates had sailed away, and when Dion was on his way to the acropolis, the women could not restrain themselves nor await his entrance, 107 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avtov, GAN emi tas Ouvpas éFéSpapov, 4 pev "Aptotouayn Tov viev ayovca tod Aiwvos, 7 & "A pérn KATOTLY elmero Saxpuouca, Kal d:arro- povoa 7H doTdonTat kal mpoceimn TOV dvdpa Kotvwvias auth mpos ETepov yeyevnuévns. ac- Tacapévov & avtovd mpatov THY abeAdnr, elta TO Taloiov, 4 ‘AptoTouayn Tpocayayotoa THY "Apérny, ““Hruyodpev, & Aiwv,” épn, “cov dev- yovtos: hKwv dé Kal vixav adnpynKas hua atapv- TOY TAS KATHELAS, TARY LovNsS TAUTNS, Hv emeidov n Svotvyns eyo ood CavtTos érépm auvedOeiv BiacOcioav. Ste ody oé Kvptovy Huav H TY MeTOLNnKe, TWS AUTH Staitas exeivnv THy avayKny; motepov ws Oeiov 7} Kal ws avdpa oe aomacetat ;” Totavta THS Aptotouayns Neyovons o Aiwy éxda- Kpucas mpoonydryero pidoaTopyws THY yuvaina: Kal TrApado’S AUTH TOV VLOV ExEXNEVoEV ELS THV oixiav tTHv avTod Badifew, Sov Kal av’tos bun- TaTO, THY AKpav él Tois YvpaKxovators trounoa- pevos. LII. Oitw 6é tev Tpayydtwr avT® mpoKeyo- pnKoT@v ovdev aronabeas 7 POT Epov nEtoce Tis mapovans evTUXLas 7) TO Kal pirous Xaprtas Kab cuppayos Swpeds, partota Sé Trois év doe ouvnbect nat Eévors arrovetpai Tiva piravOpwrias Kal Tins mepida, TH peyaropuxyia thy Svvauw imepBarrAopevos. éavTov 5é TAS Kal cwhpovas éx tav tuxovrav SidKet, Oavpafopuevos Ott, 1) povov BKertas Te Kal Kapynddvos, adAa nal THs "EAXdb0s GANS aToBAEerrova ns pos avTov evnpe- pouvta, Kal pndevy ottTw péya TeV ToTE vomlov- 108 981 DION but ran out to the gates, Aristomache leading Dion’s son, while Arete followed after them in tears, and at a loss how to greet and address her husband now that she had lived with another man. After Dion had greeted his sister first, and then his little son, Aristomache led Arete to him, and said: “ We were unhappy, Dion, while thou wast in exile; but now that thou art come and art victorious, thou hast taken away our sorrow from all of us, except from this woman alone, whom I was so unfortunate as to see forced to wed another while thou wast still alive. Since, then, fortune has made thee our lord and master, how wilt thou judge of the compulsion laid upon her? Is it as her uncle or as her husband that she is to greet thee?’’ So spake Aristomache, and Dion, bursting into tears, embraced his wife fondly, gave her his son, and bade her go to his own house ; and there he himself also dwelt, after he had put the citadel in charge of the Syracusans. LII. And now that his enterprise had been so successful, he thought it not right to enjoy his present good fortune before distributing thanks to his friends, rewards to his allies, and particularly to his Athenian associates and to his mercenaries some mark of kindness and honour, his generosity leading him beyond his resources. But as for himself, he lived with simplicity and moderation on what he had, and men wondered at him because, while his successes drew upon him the eyes not only of Sicily and Carthage, but also of all Hellas, and while he was regarded by the people of that time as the 109 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Twv, pnd énidaveortépas mept aAXov Hryepova ToApns Kal TUyYns yeyovévat SoKovons, ovTw mapeixev éauTov ecOhre Kal Ocparreia Kal rpaTrébn pétpiov, Bomep év "Axadnpeta ovooita@v peta TIAdtavos, ov« év Eevayots xat probodopas diat- T@pevos, ols ai Kal” éExdotny Hyépav TANT oval Kal atroXavces Tapauv0ia Tov Tovey Kal TOV xkwodvvev eiciv. arr éxeiv@ pev IAdtwv éypadev @> Wwpos éva viv THS oiKovpévns TOUTOY aTavTES aroPnérrouvaw, autos S€é éxeivos, ws Eorxev, abewpa mpos &v ywpiov pias Todews, THY "Axadnpesar, Kat Tovs avToOe nal Oeatas Kal Suxactas éyivw- oKkev ovTe mpakw ovtTe TOAMaV oOvTE VviKnY TLV Oavpatovras, GANA povov et Koopiws Kal cwdpo- YWS TH TUYN XpHTat Kal wapéyer pétptov éavTov évy Tpayywact peydAos aGtooKoTrobvtTas. Tov mév- TOL Trepl TAS OmLALAS GyKoU Kal TOU Tpos TOV Shpov arevous epidoveiKer pander Upedeiv pnde xardoat, KaiToL TOY mpary nara are Xaperos évdewy ov- tov, kat TIAdtwvos éeritipaevtos, @S EelpnKaper, Kal ypapovros ott 7 avOddera epnpia ovvotKos dot. GAAG hvoes Te haiverar Wpos To TiOavov SvoKxepdot@ Keypnuevos, avtiomray Te Tovs Yupa- Kovalous ayayv avepévous Kal SiateOpuppéevous 7 poOvpovpevos. LIII. ‘O yap ‘Hpaxrretdns adOes érréxerto: Kat @pQ@Tov pev eis auvedploy Tapaxarovpevos ovK éBovreto Badilew: idsi@rns yap Ov peta Tov. dAXwv exxrnotdlew wodkTa@y. Emetta KaTnyoper 11oO DION greatest of living men, and was thought to be blessed with courage and good fortune beyond any other commander, he was nevertheless so modest in his dress, his attendance, and his table, just as though he were messing with Plato in the Academy, and not living among captains of mercenaries and paid soldiers, who find in their daily feastings, and other enjoyments, a solace for their toils and perils. Plato, indeed, wrote to him! that the eyes of all the world were now fixed upon him alone, but Dion himself, as it would seem, kept his eyes fixed upon one spot in one city, namely, the Academy, and considered that his spectators and judges there admired neither great exploits nor boldness nor victories, but watched to see only whether he made a discreet and decorous use of his good fortune, and showed himself modest in his high estate. Nevertheless, he made it a point not to remit or relax at all the gravity of his manners or his haughtiness in dealing with the people, al- though his situation called for a gracious demeanour, and although Plato, as I have said,? wrote and warned him that self-will was “a companion of solitude.’ But he seems to have been of a temper naturally averse to graciousness, and, besides, he was ambitious to curb the Syracusans, who were given to excessive license and luxury. LITT. For Heracleides once more set himself in opposition to him. To begin with, when he was invited by Dion to attend the council, he refused to come, saying that as a man in private station he would meet in assembly with the other citizens. ' EHpiat. iv. p. 320: Sore rovs ef axdons rhs oixoumérns eis eva témov amoBAdmrey, Kal év ToUT@ wdAtota mpds o€. 2 In chapter viii. 3 Il PLUTARCH’S LIVES a 4 4 \ ¥ ? , \ A tov Aiwvos 6Tt THY akpav ov KaTécKae Kal TO Sym tov Acovuciov tapov wpynpévm AdoaL Kal a 4 Tov vexpov éxBarely ovK eTétpe re, peTAaTEeWT ETAL dé é« KopivOov cupBovrous xal ocuvdpyortas, la) / A ? amaki@v Tovs ToNiTas. TOO dyTe peTEeTEeUTETO \ , ig / > a / tous Kopwiovs o Aiwv, iv émevoet rodteiav padov éAmifoy Kxatacthcew exeivwy Traparyevo- pévov. érrevoet O€ THY ev Akpatoyv Snuoxpatiay, e b 4 b \ v4 @ @S OU TOALTELAV, ANAA TAaVTOTWXLOV OVTAY TOX- A \ \ 4 4 \ te@v, kata Tov IlAdtwva, kwrvev, Aakwyixov dé te cal Kpntixoy oxjpa prEdpevos éx Sypou kat Bacirelas, apistoxpatiay éxov THY émioTa- a \ , tovcav Kat BpaBevovoav Ta péyiota, Kabtotavat A e lal \ la! , Kal Koopeiv, op@v Kal Tods KopivGiouvs odyap- / \ \ \ a NX LK TEPOV TE TWONLTEVQMLEVOUS KAL LN TONKA THY Kowav év TO Snww@ TpaTTovTas. \ A \ € ‘Os ody padtota Tpos TadTa Tov Hpaxreidny ? A / @ , évavtimcer Oar Tpocedoxa, Kal TaANA Tapaxywodns N\ Kal evpetaberos Kal otaciactixos hy, ods drat \ a Bovropévous avroy éx@Avey avedely, TovTos érré- Tpewe tote? Kal mapedOovtes es THY oiKiav \ 4 amoKtivyvovaly auTov. édAvTNGE dé ahodpa Tovs Lupaxovatious atobavav. suws bé tod Aiwvos Tapas Te AapTpAas TapacKevdcavTos Kal peta le) 4 Tov OTpaTevpaTos ETopévou MpoTéuavTos TOV a / vexpov, elta diarexGévtos avtois, cuveyvwoay ws ov Suvatov Hv tapaccopevny Tmravoacdat tHv / mow ‘Hpaxdrctdov nat Aiwvos dua mrodTevo- ; : pévav. II2 DION Next, he publicly denounced Dion for not demolish- ing the citadel, and for checking the people when they set out to open the tomb of Dionysius and cast out his dead body, and for sending to Corinth for counsellors and colleagues in the government, there- by showing contempt for his fellow citizens. And in fact Dion did send for assistance to the Corinthians, hoping the more easily to establish the civil polity which he had in mind if they were at his side. And he had it in mind to put a curb upon unmixed de- mocracy in Syracuse, regarding it as not a civil polity, but rather, in the words of Plato,! a “ bazaar of polities’’; also to establish and set in order a mixture of democracy and royalty, somewhat after the Spartan and Cretan fashion, wherein an aristo- cracy should preside, and administer the most im- portant affairs; for he saw that the Corinthians had a polity which leaned towards oligarchy, and that they transacted little public business in their assembly of the people. Accordingly, since he expected that these measures would find their chief opponent in Heracleides, and since the man was in every way turbulent, fickle, and seditious, he now yielded to those who had long wished to kill him, but whom he had hitherto re- strained ; so they made their way into the house of Heracleides and slew him. His death was keenly resented by the Syracusans; but nevertheless, when Dion gave him a splendid funeral, followed the body to its grave with his army, and then discoursed to them upon the matter, they came to see that it was impossible for the city to be free from tumults while Heracleides and Dion together conducted its affairs. 1 Republic, viii. p. 557 d. 113 VOL. VI. I PLUTARCH’S LIVES LIV. "Hv &é tis éraipos tod Aiwvos é& ’AQn- vov, Kdddurros, dy dnow o Tharov OUK ato Tmatoeias, arr’ x puotayoyiav Kal THs TéptTpe- yovons eraspelas yV@ ptyov avT@ yever Bar Kat cuvnon, petacyav bé THs otparelas Kal TLue- PEVOS, WOTE Kal aouvercenGeiv els TAS Lupaxovoas Tp@Tos TOV éralpwv am dvrov, ea repavepevos Kab Aap pos ev Tois ayaot Kal Sidonpos. émrel 8é, TOV 7 parov Kal Bedtio Tey dirwv tod Aiwvos dyno weveov bro Tov TONELOD, Kal teOvnKotos ‘Hpaxneldov, TOV Te Ofjpov € éwpa TOV Lupaxovaioy Epnwov HVE WOVOS évTa, Kab TOUS oTpaTLOTAS TOUS peta Aiwvos T poaéXovTas aurT@ padiota, prapa- TATOS avOpwrrav yevouevos Kal TavTaTracw éMri- oas ZineMav aOrov éew THs Eevoxrovias, ws bé pac é évtol, Kal TddavTa TpoorhaBav elxoot Tob dovov pa Dov Tapa TOV Tohepior, | dtéfOerpe xat qmapec xrevalé TLvas TOY Eeveov ert TOV Aiwva, caxonBeartarny apxny Kal mavoupyoTatny Town- gapevos. ael yap TLvas dwvas TOV TT PAT LOT EY mMpos exelvoy H NEdEyHLEevas adrANOas avadépwr +) meTrag mevas vd’ abrod, TovavTaY efovoiav éha Be dua THY lor OoT évTuyy dvew Kpuga Kat dta- eye Gar pera. mappycias ols Bovroro Kata Tob Aiwvos, avTov KedEvovTOS, I iva bse els AavOavn TOV UMTOVAWS KAL dua pevaas eXovTwv. éx S€ Tov- TOV cuveBawe TOUS pev TOVNPOUS Kal vooourtas eUpio Kev TaXy rat cuviatdvat TOV Kaanurmoy, él O€ TLS AT wT aMeVvos TOUS Aoyous aurob Kal THY meipav é€eimrot pos Tov Aiwva, wy TapdTTecOat 114 982 DION LIV. Now, there was a certain comrade of Dion’s named Callippus, an Athenian, who, as Plato says,} had become intimately acquainted with him, not as a fellow pupil in philosophy, but in consequence of initiation into the mysteries and the recurrent comradeship which this brought. He took part in Dion’s expedition and was held in honour by him, so that he even entered Syracuse with him at the head of all his comrades, with a garland on his head, after winning glorious distinction in battle. But now that the chief and noblest friends of Dion had been consumed away by the war, and Heracleides was dead, he saw that the people of Syracuse were without a leader, and that he him- self was very much in favour with Dion’s soldiers. Therefore, showing himself the vilest of men, and altogether expecting that he would have Sicily as a reward for murdering his friend,’ and, as some say, having received twenty talents from the enemy to pay him for doing the murder, he bribed some of Dion’s mercenaries into a conspiracy against him, beginning his work in a most malicious and rascally manner. For he was always reporting to Dion various speeches of his soldiers against him, either actually uttered or fabricated by himself, and in this way won his confidence, and was authorized to meet secretly with whom he would and talk freely with them against Dion, in order that no lurking malcontents might remain undiscovered. By this means Callippus succeeded in quickly discovering and banding together the evil-minded and discon- tented citizens, and, whenever any one who had repulsed his overtures told Dion about them, Dion 1 Hpist. vi. p. 333. 115 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pnde Xareraiverv éxeivov, @S & WoocétaTTE TOU Kadritrrrov mepaivovtos. LV. Luc Tapers bé THs émtBoudijs pac pa yiverat Tp Aiwve peya Kat TepaT does. éTuyxave pev yap ope THS nLepas cabelopevos év TacTace THS olKias povos aly 7 pos cavT@ TV Sudvouay: éLaipyns dé yopou yevopevov 1 pos Garép Tépatt Tis aTodas, arroBréypas ert @TOS dytos elde yuvaixa peyarny, OTOAR pev Kal Tporom@ pndev "Eptvvvos TPAyLKAS mapahuTrovaay, caipovoay bé KAaAAUYT PY Tit THV oixiay. ex haryels dé dewvds Kal TrepipoBos YEVOMEVOS peTeTreuparo TOUS pirous Kat Sinyetro THY yw avrois Kal Tapapevery édeiTo Kat TUVYUKTEPEVELY, TavTa- mag EKO TATIKOS EXeov Kal dedorKas pay TaALy eis oyu auT@ povebévre TO Tépas adinntas. TOUTO pev ov ai6us OU GUVETEGE. pel Hype pas Cy ddLyas o vids autod oxebov dyrimans OV, EK TLVOS AuINS Kal OpyAs picpav Kal TaudiKny apxny AaBovens, epptrpev éavtTov amo TOU TéyouS ET THY Kepadny Kal dtepOapn. LVI. ’Ep TovovTots b€ Tov Aiwvos dvtos, o KaaAdemos ere paddov elyeTO THIS émtBourips, Kal oyov eis TOUS Lupaxovatous efédmxev @s 0 Aiwyv, amas yeyovas, eyvoxe tov Atovuciou Kanety ‘AmoAdoKparny Kal mo.eto Oat Siddoxor, aderpidobv pev 6vTa THS éavToU yuvaikes, Ouya- Tpidoby dé THs aberoijs. 700 dé xal TOV Aiwva Kal Tas yuvaixas Urrovota TAY TPATTOMEVOD | lye, Kab envicers éyiyvorTo TAavTa oGev. GNX Oo pev Aiwv, os eouKen, emt Tols KAT TOV ‘Hpaxneidny axOopmevos, kai tov dovov éxeivov, ws Tiva TOD 116 DION was not disturbed nor vexed, but assumed that Callippus was merely carrying out his injunctions. LV. As the plot was ripening, Dion saw an ap- parition of great size and portentous aspect. He was sitting late in the day in the vestibule of his house, alone and lost in thought, when suddenly a noise was heard at the other end of the colonnade, and turning his gaze in that direction he saw (for it was not yet dark) a woman of lofty stature, in garb and countenance exactly like a tragic Fury, sweeping the house with a sort of broom. He was terribly shocked, and, becoming apprehensive, summoned his friends, told them what he had seen, and begged them to remain and spend the night with him, being altogether beside himself, and fearing that if he were left alone the portent would appear to him again. This, indeed, did not occur a second time. But a few days afterwards his son, who was hardly a boy any more, in a fit of angry displeasure caused by some trivial and childish grievance, threw himself headlong from the roof and was killed. LVI. While Dion was thus heavily afflicted, Cal- lippus was all the more intent upon his plot, and spread a report among the Syracusans that Dion, being now childless, had made up his mind to send for Apollocrates, the son of Dionysius, and make him his successor, since he was his wife’s nephew and his sister's grandson. And presently both Dion and his wife and sister began to suspect what was going on, and information of the plot came to them from every quarter. But Dion, as it would seem, being in distress at the fate of Heracleides, and suffering continual vexation and depression at thought of the man’s 117 PLUTARCH’S LIVES A aA A / Biou nal Trav wpdkewv adt@ Knrida Trepixerpéevny, dSucxepaivwy det Kat Bapuvopevos, elev Grt 4 # 4 a , 9 \ 4 TodAaKls 75n OvncKey Erotwos éote Kal mrapéyewv “ B ne , 4 au , 9 oF » 4 ‘ T@ BovAropevw odatre autov, ev Cnv dence: mn 4 > , povov Tous é€xyOpovs, GAXA Kal Tovs pirous du- J NATTOMEVOD. Tas 5€ yuvaixcas opwv o Kandnduros é€eta- Covcas axpiBas To Tpaypa, Kai PoBnOeis, 7rGE Mpos avTas apvoupevos Kal Saxpvwv Kal TiatL iy Bovrovrar dudovae Bovrcpevos. ati & n&iovv \ “ avtTov ouocat Tov pwéyay Spxov. jv S€ ToLodTOS: N 5) \ a 4 / € \ xkataBas eis TO TOV Oecpodopwv Téuevos o bid0vs THY TOT, LEeP@V TIWwY YyEevomevwY, TreptBadAETAL oY / a a \ \ a THY moppuptoa THS Beod, Kai daBov 6g6a KaLo- PevnY aTrojvUcl. TAaUTa TOlnoaS oO Ka@\XAuraros mavTa, Kal TOV OpKOV ATrOLOGAaS, OUTW KaTEyéAAcE Tav Oedy Bote TrEepimeivas THY EopTHY Ss BpmoceE Oeod, Spa tov dhovov év trois Kopeiots, ovdev tows TO TEpt THY Hwépay THs Oeod mrotnodpeEvos, ws 9 / iA b A b | v / aoceBoupévns Twavrws, e Kal KaT GOV yYpovoy Eohatte Tov pUoTHY AUTIS 0 pucTAaywyos. LVII. “Ovtwy 5é mrecovwr €v TH Kowwvia Ts 4 4 4 9 > 4 , mpatews, KaGeCopevov Atwvos ev otxnpate KrLVaS Tivas €yovTs peta Tov dirwv, ot pev Ew THY oixiay meptéctncay, oi Sé mpdos Tais Ovpats Tod ¥ “A / a +] » ] e oixov Kal Tais Oupiow joayv. avtol & ot mpoo- a) A fo! héperv Tas Xelpas péeAAovTEes ZaxvvO.o. tTapHrGov 118 983 DION murder, which he regarded as a stain upon his life and actions, declared that he was ready now to die many deaths and to suffer any one who wished to slay him, if it was going to be necessary for him to live on his guard, not only against his enemies, but also against his friends. But Callippus, seeing that the women were inves- tigating the matter carefully, and taking alarm, came to them with denials and in tears and offering to give them whatever pledge of fidelity they desired. So they required him to swear the great oath. This was done in the following manner. The one who gives this pledge goes down into the sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone, where, after certain sacred rites have been performed, he puts on the purple vestment of the goddess, takes a blazing torch in his hand, and recites the oath. All this Callippus did, and recited the oath; but he made such a mockery of the gods as to wait for the festival of the goddess by whom he had sworn, the Coreia, and then to do the murder.! And yet it is possible that he took no account of the day, since he knew that the goddess would have been utterly outraged even if at another time her mystic were slain by his mystagogue.? LVII. Many had conspired to do the deed, and as Dion was sitting with his friends in an apartment containing couches for entertainment, some of the conspirators invested the house outside, while others stood at the doors and windows of the apartment. The actual assassins, who were Zacynthians, came in 1 353 B.C. _ 2 Implying that Callippus had himself initiated Dion into the mysteries of Demeter. 119 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dvev Erhav ev tois yiT@OLW. aya 8 of pev éEw tas Oupas émiaTacduevor KaTeixov, oa dé TO Aiov T poo WET OVTES KaTayyew éTepavtTo Kai ovvT piBer avtov. as 0 ook yp émépatwvov, 7 Tov Eios: ovdels & éroApa TAS Oupas avoitat. ou- vol yap ho av évdov ot peTa ToD Aiwvos, ov EKaTTOS olopevos, dv éxeivov mpontat, Stacwoerv éauTon, OUK eTOA MG BonGety. drat puis bé Ye- vopwevns AvKwv o Lupaxovatos opéyet TWh TOV ZaxvyOvev bia THS Gupidos eyELpLoLov, @ Kaba- mep tepetov tov Aiwva KpaToupevov mda Kal BeSierteiou aneopatav. evs dé xal TH GdeApny pEeTAa TIS yuvarros eryKULOVOS ovans ets THD elpkT HY evéBarov. Kat ouveBn TH yuvakt TANpoVvEerTaTa hoxevdeion Texety év T@ SOecpo- Tnpi@ matSdprov dppev" omrep Kat Operas padrov_ mapeBarovto TET ATAL TOUS puraxas, 70n TOU KaadAinovu OopuBoupévou Tobs Tpdypaciy. LVIII. Ev api bev yap amoxreivas Tov Atwva ham pos jv Kal Kateixe TAS LupaKxoveas: Kab TTpos THY "AOnvatov eypahe Tow, iv pa- NOTA [ETA TOUS Jeovs apetrev aidetoOat Kat Sedsévat THALKOUVTOU pvoous dypawevos. XX’ gotxev adnbas reyes ae TO THY TOLD éxetvny péperv dvdpas apeTh TE TOUS ayabouvs apio Tous Kal KaKia TOUS pavrous TOVNPOTATOUS, cadarrep aura Kal n X@pa KaNALoTOV pen Kat Ke@oveLov QV LOPWTATOV avabidacty. ov pV TOU » Xpovov O Kaddumros eyKAn pa THS TUXNS kat Tav Oeav TEpLHD, @S TEpLOpOVvT OV ef aceBnuatos dvO pwrrov THMLKOUTOV KT@MEVOV TYE LOvias Kal mpdypata: taxu © akiav dinny edwxev. opunoas pev yap I20 DION unarmed and without their cloaks. Then at -the same time those outside closed the doors and held them fast, while those inside fell upon Dion and tried to strangle and crush him. They made no headway, however, and called for a sword; but no one ventured to open the door. For Dion’s com- panions inside were many in number; but each of them thought that by abandoning Dion to his fate he would save his own life, and so no one ventured to help him. After some delay, Lycon the Syracusan handed through the window to one of the Zacyn- thians a shortsword, and with this they cut Dion’s throat as if he had been a victim at the altar; he had long since been overpowered and. was quivering before the stroke. At once, too, they cast his sister into prison, together with his wife, who was big with child. His wife had a most wretched confinement, and gave birth in the prison to a male child, which the women ventured to rear, with the consent of their guards, and all the more because Callippus was already involved in great trouble. LVIII. At the outset, indeed, after he had killed Dion, Callippus was a glorious personage, and had Syracuse in his power. He actually wrote a letter to the city of Athens, which, next to the gods, he ought to have held in awe and fear after setting his hands to so great a pollution. But it appears to be truly said of that city that the good men whom she breeds are of the highest excellence, and the bad men of the most despicable baseness, just as her soil produces sweetest honey and deadliest hemlock. However, Callippus did not long remain a scandal to fortune and the gods, as though they had no eyes for a man who won leadership and power by so great impiety, but speedily paid a fitting penalty. For on setting out to take 12! PLUTARCH’S LIVES Karavny raBeiv, evOds améBanre TAs Lupaxotoas: STE Kat hac avtov ciety Ste TOALY ATrOAWAEKS TUpOKYNaTLY einen. émBemevos bé Meoonvious Kal TOUS TAELOTOUS TTpPaTLWTAS aTrOAéCas, év als Hoav ot Aiwva KaTaxteivavtes, ovdepmtas 5é TWo- ews avTov év Zenedia TpoaSexoperns, anXra pcouv Top amavTov Kab “mpoRarropever, "Pryyov Katéayev. eéxei 5€ AUTIPAS TpaTTwY Kal KaKaS Statpepov Tous puaBodopous, vo Aerrivou Kal TloAvmépxovtos avnpeOn, Xpnoapevov Eudidi—p Kata tuxnvy © Kai Aiwva wAnyivat pac. eyvaoOn oe T@ peryeOer (Bpayd yap mp, domep Ta, Aaxwvixd) Kal TH KaTaoKeyh THS TEXVIS elpyac pévov yAadupos cal mepiTTas. TotauTny pev ovv tiow KdddTros edwnce. Ty & “Aptotopaxny kal TH "Apérny, as apetOnoar EK THS ELpKTHS, avahaBov ‘Teérns | 0 Lu aKOUCLOS, els trav Aiwvos pidov yeyovas, édoxet TLOTOS Kab KaA@S Teplétrery. Elta cup- mea Gels UTO TOV Aiwvos EXO pav Kal wapa- aKevaoas TAolov auTais, @s Els TleAomovyna ov atTooTaAncomevals, eKENEVTE KATA THOVY aToO- addatavras éxBarelv eis tHv Oardaccav. oi Oé fwoas éTt KatatrovtTicOjvat Aéyovar, Kal TO Taoiov per’ avTay. mepiidOe b€ Kal ToUTOV afia Town TOV TETOAPNMEVOOY, avTos TE yap v7 Tipodéovtos arovs amr eOave, Kal Ouyartépas 5v0 TPOTATEKTELVAY avtob Aiwu TLpcopobvTes ot Lupaxovarot, wept av év rH Ttmodéovros Bip Kal’ Exacta yéypaT Tas. 122 DION Catana, he at once lost Syracuse; at which time, as they say, he remarked that he had lost a city and got a cheese-grater.1 Then he attacked Messana and lost most of his soldiers, among whom were the murderers of Dion; and since no city in Sicily would receive him, but all hated and spurned him, he took possession of Rhegium. But there, being in strait- ened circumstances and unable to support his mer- cenaries properly, he was put to death by Leptines and Polyperchon, who, as fortune would have it, used the shortsword with which Dion also was said to have been smitten. And it was known by its size, which was short, after the Spartan fashion, and by the style of its workmanship, being delicately and cun- ningly wrought. Such, then, was the penalty which Callippus paid. As for Andromache and Arete, when they were released from prison, they were taken up by Hicetas the Syracusan, who had been one of Dion’s friends, and who was thought to be faithfully and honourably disposed towards them. Afterwards, having been persuaded by the enemies of Dion, he got a ship ready for them, pretending that they were to be sent into Peloponnesus, and ordered the sailors, during the voyage, to cut their throats and cast them into the sea. Others, however, say that they were thrown overboard alive, and the little boy with them. But Hicetas also met with a punishment worthy of his crimes. For he himself was captured by Timoleon and put to death, and the Syracusans, to avenge Dion, slew his two daughters also; of which things I have written at length in my Life of Timoleon.? 1 Apparently the meaning, in Sicilian Greek, of the word Catana. Callippus maintained himself in Syracuse only thirteen months. 2 Chapters xxxii. and xxxiii. . 523 BRUTUS BPOYTOZ I. Mdpxov && Bpovtov mpdyovos fv “lovvos 984 Bpodtos, bv avéotnaav év Kamitadio yadxoiv of mdadat ‘Pwpaio pécov Ttav Baciréwv, éotra- opévov Eidos, ws BeBaorata Kxatadvoavra Tap- kuvious. GAN éxeivos wév, WoTTEP TA ruxXpHraTA tov Eupav, oxAnpoy éx hicews Kal ov padaxov éyav UTro Adyou TO HOo0s aypt Tratdogovias é&w- Ketle TO Oup@ TH KaTa TAY TUpadvvwY, ovTOGL 5’, brép o8 ypadetae tadta, madeia Kal Noy@ dia dirocodias katapitas 76 700s, Kal thy dvow éuBp04 Kal mpaciay otcav émeyeipas Tais tpaxk- TuKais oppais, éuperéotata doxet xpadjvar mpos TO KaXov, WoTE Kal TOvS aTrexXOavopévous aUT@ dia thy éml Kaicapa ovvwpociav, et pév Tt yevvaiov % mpakis iweyxe, Bpovt@ mpocamtey, Ta Suaxepéotepa Sé TaY yeyovdTwY TpéTrELY Ets Kaocuov, oixetov pév dvta Bpovtou nal didov, amdobv S€ TO TpoT@ Kal Kafapdv ovy opoiws. LepBiria S€ 7 pntynp avédepe To yévos eis ‘Addav! LepBirsov, 5 Maidiov Xopiov tupavvida xata- oxevalouévou Kal TapdtTovros Tov Onpov éyyet- pldtov AaBwv bro pddrns wpondOev eis ayopav Kai Tapactas T@ avdpt TANcIOY, ws évTUyyaveLy 1 *AdaAay Cobet : “AAav, 126 BRUTUS I. Marcus Brutus was a descendant of that Junius Brutus whose bronze statue, with a drawn sword in its hand, was erected by the ancient Romans on the Capitol among those of their kings, in token that he was most resolute in dethroning the Tarquins. But that Brutus, like the tempered steel of swords, had a disposition which was hard by nature and not softened by letters, so that his wrath against the tyrants drove him upon the dreadful act of slaying his sons;! whereas this Brutus, of whom I now write, modified his disposition by means of the training and culture which philosophy gives, and stimulated a nature which was sedate and mild by active enterprises, and thus seems to have been most harmoniously attempered for the practice of virtue. As a consequence, even those who hated him on account of his conspiracy against Caesar ascribed whatever was noble in the undertaking to Brutus, but laid the more distressing features of what was done to the charge of Cassius, who was a kinsman of Brutus, indeed, and his friend, but not so simple and sincere in his character. Servilia, the mother of Brutus, traced her lineage back to Servilius Ahala, who, when Spurius Maelius was seditiously plotting to usurp absolute power, took a dagger under his arm, went into the forum, drew nigh the man, as if 1 See the Publicola, chapter vi. 127 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TL péAXwMY Kal SiaréyecOat, mpocvevoavtTa Ta- tdktas dméxtewve. Todo pep ovy opororyoupevov éoTe' TO O€ Tat p@ov yévos of Ova Tov Kaioapos povov &yOpav TWa Kat Suc péverav aTroSELKvupevor T pos Bpotrov ov daowy els TOV éx BaXovra Tapeuviovs anew ovdev yap éxelv@ AepOivac ryeévos avehovre TOUS vious, ara Snworqy TOUTOV, oixovopou viov évta Bpovrov, apte Kat ™panv els dpxovra mpoedOeiv. Tlocesdavios 8 o prrocogos TOUS peep evn ALKOUS poly amore Oat Tou Bpourou maidas WS toropntas, TpiTov Oé AecPOfivar yyqeov, ab’ ob TO ‘yéVvos apphabac: Kal tov ye Kal’ avrov éx TAS oixias yeyovor@v emrupavav avdpav dvapépew évious 7 pos TOV avdpidvra Tob Bpovrov THY opoloTnTa THS t6€as. Tepl pev odv TOUTwWY Toc avTa. II. YepBidias dé Tis Bpourov pntpos adehpoas Hy Katov 6 prrocogos, Ov padiora ‘Popatov eb rwoer oUTOS Oeiov ovra Kai mevOepor b Da Tepov yevopevov. TOV dé “EdAnuicdy: ptroa ode ov- Sevds pév, WS amTAGS EiTEtY, aYNKOOS 4 ovde aGAXoTpios, Stadhepovrws 8 é€omovddKer pos TOVS avo IIAdtwvos. Kal thy véav Kal peony deyo- pévnv Axadsjpetay ov mravu tpoctépevos é&nptnTo THIS maracas, kat Srerérer Javpalov prev “Avti- oxov TOV ‘Aokadovirny, pidov bé Kai cupBrotny TOV adder ov avTOD TeTounmévos "A piorop, av dpa, TH pep év Aoyors &Feu TOANOY pirocopwy Aevtro- pevoy, evratig dé Kal TpQoTnTe TOLS MpwToLs évaptdrov. o 8 "Eputrunros ob nal adtos év tais 128 BRUTUS intending to confer privately with him, and when he inclined his head to listen, stabbed him to death.! This, at all events, is generally admitted; but as to the lineage of Brutus by his father’s side, those who display great hatred and malevolence towards him because of the murder of Caesar deny that it goes back to that Brutus who expelled the Tarquins, since no offspring was left to him when he had slain his sons. The ancestor of Brutus, they say, was a plebeian, son of a steward by the name of Brutus, and had only recently risen to office. Poseidonius the philosopher, however, says that the two sons of Brutus who were of age perished according to the story, but that a third son was left, an intant, from whom the family descended. He says, moreover, that there were certainly illustrious men of this house in ‘his own day, some of whom called attention to their likeness in form and features to the statue of Brutus. Thus much, then, on this head. II. Servilia, the mother of Brutus, was a sister of Cato the philosopher, and Brutus had a higher esteem for him than for any other Roman, Cato being his uncle and afterwards becoming his father-in-law. There was practically no Greek philosopher with whom Brutus was unacquainted or unfamiliar, but he devoted himself particularly to the disciples of Plato. To the New and Middle Academy, as they are called, he was not very partial, but clung to the Old. He was therefore always an admirer of Antiochus of Ascalon, whose brother Aristus he had made his friend and housemate, a man who in learning was inferior to many philosophers, but who in good sense and gentleness vied with the foremost. Empylus also, who is often mentioned by Brutus himself in 1 In 439 B.c. Cf. Livy, iv. 13 f. 129 VOL. Vi. K PLUTARCH’S LIVES émigtonais Kai ot pidrot pemynvTaL TONAGKLS WS cup Brobvtos au7@, pHnTwp ayy Kal KaTané)oure pix pov per, av paidov dé cuyypappa Tept THS Kaicapos dvarpérens, y Bpodrtos é emuyeypaT Tat. ‘Popaiort Mev ovv hoKnTo mpos Tas SteEodous Kal TOUS ayavas ikavas o Bpoiros, ‘EXdquiatl dé THY an opOeyparixiy kat AMaxwvixny emirn- Sevav Bpaxvdoyiav ev Tais émioToNais evtaxod TAPaonpos € €oTtv. otov dn KaderTnKas eis TOV TOAE LOV rypadet Hepyapnvois- ‘ ‘Axovo unas AodoPerrg dcdwnxévat XpnwaTa: a et jev EKOVTES édore, Sporoyeire adscety? eb 5€ axovTes, atro- deiEare T@ épol éxovtTes Oobvat.” madLv Laptors: “Al Bovrai | pe OAtrywpor, al viroupytat Bpa- Setar. Th TOUTOY TEAOS evvoeiabe;” Kal éTépav ‘ EidvOvo THY euny evepyeoiav UrrepioovTes Tagov amovoias eoxnKace THY marpiba; Ilarapets dé miaTevaavTes EauTovs éemol ovdev . édAElTrOoVGL StotxovvTes Ta Kal’ Exacta Tis édrevOepias. éEov ovy Kal Upiv Hy THY Tlarapéwp Kpiow i) THY RavO icv TUXNY érécbar.” TO pev ovv TOY Tapa- TH Lov yevos ema TOAL@Y ToLooTov EOTLV. Ill. "Ere 6é peipaxcov av Katou Te Dei cuvaTredijunoev els Kumpov € eri Irorepaiov a amo- OTANEVTL. IIroAcpatou dé Siabeipavtos € EQUTOV 0 Kdtov avTos ev ‘Pode SiatpiBny € EYOV dvaryeatay eTUXE peev non TLV TOV pirov Kavidiov émi tay TOV Xpnarov hvvAakny amrectadKkws, deicas © EXELVOY WS OUK adel opevov KdoTrhs, éyparpe TO Bpout@ hey THV Taxiorny els Kurrpop é ex Ilap- pudias: exe yap éavTov dvahapBdver EX TLVOS aaOeveias Sufyev. 0 S€ Kal para dxwv errevae, 130 BRUTUS his letters, and also by his friends, as a housemate of his, was a rhetorician, and has left a brief but excellent account of the assassination of Caesar, entitled “ Brutus.” In Latin, now, Brutus was sufficiently trained for narrative or pleading; but in Greek he affected the brevity of the apophthegm and the Spartan, of which he sometimes gives a striking example in his letters. For instance, when he had already embarked upon the war, he wrote to the Pergamenians: “I hear that ye have given money to Dolabella; if ye gave it willingly confess that ye have wronged me; if unwillingly, prove it by giving willingly to me.” Again, to the Samians: “ Your counsels are paltry, your subsidies slow ; what, think ye, will be the end of this?’’ And in another letter: “The Xanthians ignored my benefactions, and have made their country a grave for their madness; but the Patareans en- trusted themselves to me, and now enjoy their freedom in all its fulness. It is in your power also to choose the decision of the Patareans or the fate of the Xanthians.’’ Such, then, is the style of his remarkable letters. III. While he was still a youth, he made a journey to Cyprus with his uncle Cato, who was sent out against Ptolemy.! And when Ptolemy made away with himself, Cato, who was himself obliged to tarry a while in Rhodes, had already dispatched one of his friends, Canidius, to take charge of the king’s treasures; but fearing that he would not refrain from theft, he wrote to Brutus bidding him sail with all speed to Cyprus from Pamphylia, where he was recruiting his health after a severe sickness. Brutus set sail, but very much against his will, both because 1 Cf. Cato the Younger, chapters xxxiv., xxxvi. 131 K 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tov Te Kavidsov aidsovpevos ws atipws atreppip- “évov vio TOU Katwvos, Kal dAws THY TOLAUTNY émtipérerav nat Svoixnoww, ate 69 véos Kal cyo- AacTHS, OVK EAevOEpiov OVS EéavTOU TroLOUpeEVOS. ov piv adda Kal tepl Tai’ta ouvteivas éavTov uTo To Kdtwvos érnvéOn, nal Tis ovoias éEap- yuptoBeions avahaBav Ta TAElo TA TOY YpNudTwV eis ‘Pan érdevoer. IV. ’Ezei 5€ ta tpdypata Séatn Toprniov kat Kaicapos éfeveyxapévav ta Grrrda Kal Tis Hyepovias TapayOelons, émidoEos péev Hv aipnoe- cAat ta Kagioapos: 0 yap matip avtobd dia Tov Tloumniov éreOvnxes mpotepov: akiov bé¢ Ta Kowa Tov idiwy émimpocbev troveicOar Kal tHv Tlop- aniov vouitwv vrobecty BeXtiova Tpds TOV TO)eE- pov elvat THs ToD Kaicapos! éxeivm mpocéderto. KaiTol TpoTepov atravtnaas ovdé TpoceEime TOV Iloumniov, adyos mryoupevos péya tatpos dovel SiaréyecOar: tote & ws apxovtTe THS tratpidos wrotdéas éautov eis Kedcxiav émdevce mpecBev- TNS meTa Ynotiov TOD AaYOVTOS THY eTapyiay. ws 8 éxet wpatrtew ovdév Rv péya Kal cvvnecay eis TAUTO HON Llopmnios cai Katoap aywrifopevor Tep Ta ddAwy, HKev eis Maxedoviay eOedXovtis Tov Kivdvvov pebéEwv: Ste Kai dace Topmniov Hodevta kai Oavpadcavra mpoctovtos avtod Kabe- Coperoy cEavacthvar Kal meptBarelv ws KpeiTTova mavtov opwevtwv. ev de TH oTpaTela THS Hpépas 1 rhs rov Kaloapos Lentz: rot Kaloapos. 132 BRUTUS he had regard for Canidius, whom he thought to have been ignominiously discarded by Cato, and be- cause on general grounds he considered such pains- taking attention to administrative affairs to be illiberal and unworthy of himself as a young man addicted to letters. However, he applied himself to this task also, and won Cato’s praise, and after converting the king’s property into money, took most of the treasure and set sail for Rome. IV. Here, when the state was rent by factions, Pompey and Caesar appealing to arms and the su- preme power being confounded, Brutus was expected to choose the side of Caesar, since his father had been put to death a while before at the instiga- tion of Pompey;! but thinking it his duty to put the public good above his own, and holding that Pompey’s grounds for going to war were better than Caesar’s, he attached himself to Pompey. And yet before this he would not even speak to Pompey when he met him, considering it a great abomination to converse with the murderer of his father; now, how- ever, looking upon him as his country’s ruler, he put himself under his orders, and set sail for Cilicia as legate with Sestius, to whom the province had been allotted. But since there was nothing of importance for him to do there, and since Pompey and Caesar were now about to meet in a supreme struggle, he came of his own accord into Macedonia to share the danger. It was then, they say, that Pompey was so filled with delight and admiration that he rose from his seat as Brutus approached, and in the sight of all embraced him as a superior. During the cam- paign, for whatever part of the day he was not with Sce the Pompey, chapter xvi. 133 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oh a“ f daa pwn Loprnio cuviv mept Aoyous Kai BiBrALa 4 b / \ ¥ ‘ ‘ ? \ \ diérpeBev, ov wovov Tov adXOV yYpovoy, GAG Kal a , Tpo THS peydAns paxns. Hv pev axpn Oépous Kat n N , Kava TONY TPOS EAWLETL Ympiots EgTPATOTTEdEL- a / KoTwv, T@® 6€ Bpovtw ov Tayéws HKeov ot THY oKnvny Koptfovtes. éxtrovnbels 5é tmept tadza, peonpBptas ports areupdpevos cal daywv omya, a \ Tov adddwv 1) KaGevdovTwy 1 mpos émivota Kal aA 9 \ “A dpovrTids Tod pédAXOVTOS GYTwWY, AUTOS aypL THIS e , 4 , 3 \ , eatrepas éypape ouvrattay enitounv IloAvBiov. V. Aéyetat 5€ nai Kaioap ovx« dpereiv tod b) y ? \ \ a a e > e \ e dvOpos, AANA Kal TpoElTrEeity Tots UP EavToOV iyE- poow év TH paxn pe) KTEtvey Bpovtov, adda , , heider Oa, nai mapacyovta pev Exovaiws aye, ? \ 3? 4 \ \ , aA \ \ El O€ GTOMAXOLTO TPOS THY TUAAHYWIV, EGY Kal [1 BiafecOar Kai tadta Tovety 7H NnTpl Tod Bpov- / 4 b) UY , e ” Tov .pRiria yapilopevos. eyvwxer yap, WS Core, veavias Oy éte THY YepBrrLav émripavetcay avt@, \ 9 A / / e oo” 9 4 Kat Kad’ ovs padiota Ypovous o Epws éeTédAcye yevopevov Tov Bpovtoy éméteroto twos é& éavTod yeyovévar. évyetat dé TAY wept KatiAlvay mpay- , ny HATOV MEYANOY EMLTETTWKOTWD ELS THY TUYKANTOY, \ & puxpov edénoev avatpévrar Thy TodL, éoravat e a , pev opod Katwva nal Kaicapa dradepopévous Tept yvopuns, ev TouT@ dé ypaypatidiov puxpod ampoadobévros éEwhev Katoapt, Tov péev dvaywo- oxev atwmn, Katwva b€ Boav ws dewd mtoret Kaicap évrev&es nai ypdupata Tapa TeV Tode- plwv mpocdexopevos. OopuByodvtwv 5é woddA@v, 134 IX BRUTUS Pompey, he busied himself with books and literature, not only the rest of the time, but even before the great battle! It was the height of summer, the heat was great (since they had encamped in marshy regions), and they that carried the tent of Brutus were slow in coming. But though he was thus all worn out, and though it was almost noon before he anointed himself and took a little food, nevertheless, while the rest were either sleeping or occupied with anxious thoughts about the future, he himself was busy until evening in making and writing out a compend of Polybius. V. It is said, moreover, that Caesar also was con- cerned for his safety, and ordered his officers not to kill Brutus in the battle, but to spare him, and take him prisoner if he gave himself up voluntarily, and if he persisted in fighting against capture, to let him alone and do him no violence; and that Caesar did this out of regard for Servilia, the mother of Brutus. For while he was still a young man, as it seems, Caesar had been intimate with Servilia, who was madly in love with him, and he had some grounds for believing that Brutus, who was born at about the time when her passion was in full blaze, was his own son. It is said also that when the great conspiracy of Catiline, which came near overthrowing the city, had come to the ears of the senate, Cato and Caesar, who were of different opinions about the matter, were standing side by side, and just then a little note was handed to Caesar from outside, which he read quietly. But Cato cried out that Caesar was outrageously receiving letters of instruction from the enemy. At this, a great tumult arose, and Caesar 1 At Pharsalus in Thessaly, in August of 48 b.c. PLUTARCH’S LIVES kal tov Katoapos TO GeATdpiov, ws elxe, TP Katou mpoaSovTos, avayvovTa LepSirias THS dbenpijs aKoNac TOV emia TOhov éxelvo pev piyrac 7 pos Tov Kaicapa Kat eimreiy “ Kparet, péOuae, apos b€ THV yepuny Kal Tov Aoyov atts be apxis tpatréa Oat. oUTw pev mv Oo mpos Kaicapa Xep- Btrtas Eps mepySonros. VI. Devopevns dé Tis kata Pdpoarov Arrns cat Tloumrniov peév emi Oddracoay dtextrecovTos, ToALopKkoupéevou 5€ Tov Yapaxos, EXaVev o Bpodtos Kara TvAaS TpPOS TOTTOV EAWSN Kal pea Tov vodrav Kat Kaddpov pepovoas é€eXOav xai dia vuKros arog wOeis eis Aapiscav. éxeibev b€ yparpavTos auTou Kaicap AoOn Te cwlopeve, Kal Kehevoas T pos aurov ed Gel ov povov adie THS aitias, andra Kat TLpL@LEvOV év Tois wadsoTa mepl avrov elev. oudevos © dan pevyor Tloparnios eltreiy EXOVTOS, aX’ arropias avons, odov Tiva ouv T® Bpovre Badifov pLovos a7reTreLpaTo TIS ywopuns. Kat dofavtos éx Tivwy S:aroyio paw apiora wept THS Topaniov Texpaiper Oar guys, aeis Tava THY én Alyum Tou cuvérewvev. Jarra Toprniov pV, OaTep eixace Bpovrtos, Aiyirre 7 poo Ba- hovra, TO TET pwpEVOV édéEato, Kaicapa bé Kal TOs Kaocwov érpaive Bpodros. Kal 57 Kal TO TOV AiBuwv Bactret 7 ponyopev ev NTTATO TOU peyélous TOV Kearmyopian, Seopevos dé Kal mapat- TOUMEVOS mept TovTou} TORY auT@ Suécwore THS apyis. Réyerar 6€ Kaioap, te mpatov jxovcev 1 wep) rovrouv transposed by Bekker, after Vogelin, to the following sentence, between avrov and Aédyoryros (as soon as he heard him speaking in his behalf), 136 BRUTUS gave the missive, just as it was, to Cato. Cato found, when he read it, that it was a wanton bit of writing from his sister Servilia, and throwing it to Caesar with the words “ Take it, thou sot,” turned again to the business under discussion.!_ So notorious was Servilia’s passion for Caesar. VI. After the defeat at Pharsalus, when Pompey had made his escape to the sea and his camp was besieged, Brutus went out unnoticed by a gate lead- ing to a place that was marshy and full of water and reeds, and made his way safely by night to Larissa. From thence he wrote to Caesar, who was delighted at his safe escape, and bade him come to him, and not only pardoned him, but actually made him a highly honoured companion. Now, since no one could tell whither Pompey was fleeing, and all were . In great perplexity, Caesar took a long walk with Brutus alone, and sounded him on the subject. Certain considerations advanced by Brutus made his opinion concerning Pompey’s flight seem the best, and Caesar therefore renounced all other courses and hastened towards Egypt. But as for Pompey, he put in at Egypt, as Brutus conjectured, and there met his doom; as for Caesar, however, Brutus tried to soften him towards Cassius also. He also served as advocate for the king of Africa,? and though he lost the case, owing to the magnitude of the accu- sations against his client, still, by supplications and entreaties in his behalf he saved much of his king- dom for him. And it is said that Caesar, when he 1 Cf. Cato the Younger, xxiv. 1 f. 2 Probably an error, either of Plutarch’s, or of the MSS. In 47 3B.c. Brutus pleaded unsuccessfully before Caesar the cause of Deiotarus, king of Galatia. Coraés would read Padarav for A:Buwy. 137 PLUTARCH’S LIVES auTou AEyoVTOS, etmeiy pos TOUS pidous: I Odros 0 veavias ouK olda peév 5 Bovrera, wav © 6 Boo- AeTae ood a Bovrerat.” TO yap eu Bpbes avuTov kal pn) padias pn de TAVTOS v Um jKOov TOU Seoueévou T pos Xapw, GAr ék Novyeo pov Kal TpoaLlpeg ews TOV KANOV T AKTIKOY, OTOL Tpérpecev, taxupais eXpATO Tais oppais Kal Teheatoupyois. T pos be TAS abixous denoers AKONAKEVTOS my, Kal THY UTrO TOY AVALTXVYTWS AcTrapouvTov TTAV, WV EevLol dvawmeta Fat KaXovotp, aiaxiotny avdpt peyaro ToLovupevos et@Oer Reyer @S ol pndev dpveiabar Suvduevoe Soxodow av’T@ pn Karas THY Bpav diateDeiaGat. MaéAArwv Sé dcaBatverv eis AtBunv Kaioap én Kadteva cai Yenriwva Bpovto THY évTos “AX Teov Parariav émeTpewrev EVTUXLA TIL THS erapxias: Tas yap adrras UBper Kal m)eovetia TOV TET LO - TEUpevOY Oomep aixwarorous Siapopotvre, € exet- vous Kal Tov tmpocbev aTUxXNpaTov mavha Kal mapapvdia Bpotros mV. Kal THY yap els Kaicapa TaVvToV aviyarey, OS auT@ peTa THY émdvooov TepliovTt THY "ItaXiay dtoro Oéapa Tas vTo BpovtT@ TONES yevéo Pan, Kal Bpodrov avrov, avfovra Thy éxelvou Tysny Kal auvovTa KeXapiopeévas. VIL. "Errel 5é AELovey oTPAaTnyLav OVo@V THY pérytoTov éexovoay dfiwpa, Kkaroupevny bé ToNt- TUE NDs emidotos 7 WV 1 Bpottos_ &Eew 7 Kdootos, ol pev avTous A€yovaw é& airy T pore pov HovUX} Sradepopevous é ere paddov Umep TovTov Siactact- daat, Kaitep oixelous dvtas: “louvia yap, aberdgh . 138 087 BRUTUS first heard Brutus speak in public, said to his friends: “1 know not what this young man wants, but all that he wants he wants very much.”! For the weight of his character, and the fact that no one found it easy to make him listen to appeals for favour, but that he accomplished his ends by reasoning and the adoption of noble principles, made his efforts, whither- soever directed, powerful and efficacious. No flattery could induce him to grant an unjust petition, and that inability to withstand shameless importunity, which some call timidity, he regarded as most dis- graceful in a great man, and he was wont to say that those who were unable to refuse anything, in his opinion, must have been corrupted in their youth. When Caesar was about to cross over into Africa against Cato and Scipio, he put Brutus in charge of Cisalpine Gaul, to the great good-fortune of the province ; for while the other provinces, owing to the insolence and rapacity of their governors, were plun- dered as though they had been conquered in war, to the people of his province Brutus meant relief and consolation even for their former misfortunes. And he attached the gratitude of all to Caesar, so that, after Caesar’s return, and as he traversed Italy, he found the cities under Brutus a most pleasing sight, as well as Brutus himself, who enhanced his honour and was a delightful companion. VII. Now that there were several praetorships to be had, it was expected that the one of greatest dignity, that is, the praetorship of the city, would fall either to Brutus or to Cassius ; and some say that the two men, who were already slightly at variance for other reasons, were still more estranged by this circumstance, although they were relatives, since 1 Cf. Cicero ad Att. xiv. 1, 2. 139 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 Bpovrou, cuvexet Kdooios: ot 6€ Kaicapos épyov yeverOar THv diroverxiav TavTny, Exatépw Kpioa 9 3 / b / e / ” e / d2 édzridwy évdcdovtos Eavtov, aypt ob mpoayOév- Tes ovTw Kal wapokuvOévtes ets ayava Katé- / a , a atnaav. nywvitero dé Bpotros evxreta nal apetn ce) / mpos ToAAa TOD Kacciov Kal Aautpa ta Ilap- 3 Ona veavievpata. Kaicap & axovcas xal Bov- a / Nevopevos ev Tois Pirous elmer? ‘‘ArKatorepa pev / , 4 \ \ , 4 29 réyee Kadoaowos, Bpovtw 5é tHv mpwrny Soréov. amredelyOn 5¢ Kdaocios éf étépa otpatnyds, ov x 4 2 A PS ae areas “A > / 4 » 3 a tocovrov evvoias éywv Se’ hv éhaBev Goov dpyijs Oy ATETUXE. 4 Bpovros dé eat tadra petetye THs Kaicapos / id > , / \ e a Suvdpews oaoVv eBoudero. Bovhopevp yap virnp- xyev elvar TOV pirov m pate kai dvvacbar mrei- otTov’ avr elAKev avrov ” mept Kdoovov étatpeia Kal améaotpedev, aUT@ pev ovTW Kacoiw dinr- Naypevoy €& exeivns THS PidroTipias, axovovta bé tov dirwyv dtaxerXevopévwy pt) Tepropay avrov trod Kaicapos padaccdpevov Kat Knrovpevon, \ GANA hevye TAs TUPAYVIKAS peroppoovvas Kal \ KaprTas, als ov TILOYT a THY apeTijv, AXN’ cere yovTa Tnv aheny Kal tov Oupov wrrepetrovta xpiobat pos avrov. VIII. Ov py o05é Katcap avirrortos hv wap- mav ovd ddidBAnTOsS Wpos avTOV, GAAA TO peV y \ N bJ ¢ \ \ 4 9 , dpovnua kai ro aktwpa Kai todvs pirous edediet Tov avdpos, émiateve 5€ TH 0E. Kal mpwTOV pev 4 "Avtwviov cal AoroBédXa Acyopévov vewTepilerv 140 BRUTUS Cassius was the husband of Junia, a sister of Brutus. But others say that this rivalry was the work of Caesar, who secretly favoured the hopes of each until, thus induced and incited, they entered into competition with one another. Brutus, however, made the contest supported only by his fair fame and his virtue, as against many brilliant and spirited exploits of Cassius in the Parthian war.! But Caesar, after hearing the claims of each, said, in council with his friends: ‘Cassius makes the juster plea, but Brutus must have the first praetorship.” So Cassius was appointed to another praetorship, but he was not so grateful for what he got as he was angry over what he had lost. And in all other ways, too, Brutus had as large a share in Caesar’s power as he wished. Indeed, had he wished it, he might have been first among Caesar's friends and exercised the greatest power; but the party of Cassius drew him away from such a course. Not that he was reconciled to Cassius himself as yet, after their struggle for honours, but he gave ear to the friends of Cassius, who urged him not to suffer himself to be charmed and softened by Caesar, but rather to flee the tyrant’s kindnesses and favours, tor these were shown to him, not to reward his virtue, but to root out his vigour and his haughty spirit. VIII. However, even Caesar was not wholly with- out suspicion, nor free from the effects of accusations against Brutus, but, while he feared his high spirit, his great repute, and his friends, he had faith in his character. Once, when he was told that Antony and Dolabella were plotting revolution, he said it 1 See the Crassus, xviii. ff. I4I PLUTARCH’S LIVES ouK ébn TOUS mayels Kal KOMITAS Evoyep, andra TOUS aX pous Kal Laxvous éxetvous: Bpodrov Néyou Kal Kaeotor éretta tov Bpovtov tTuvav dra Ban- AovTw@y Kal purarrecOau TAPAKEhEvouevov TH Xetpl TOU TWLATOS AT TO MEVvOS elie: “Te bé; OUK av Dpiy doxet Bpodros dvapeivat TouvTlt TO cap xiov;” ws ovdevt T™ pooijKov arArX@ pee éauTov 4 Bpovrp Svvac Gat TooovTOV. Kal pévToL doKet T PWTOS ay év TH monet yeveo Oar BeBaiws, OAryoV \Vpovov dvacxXopevos Kaicape Sevtepetoas Kal Tapaxpacat THY OUVapLY avTov Kat papavOhvat Thy ert TOS Katop0wpacty édaas dofav. adra Kdaotos, avnp Oupoedys Kal parrov idia pc o- xaloap KOWH ptooTupavvos, éféxavae Kal Katnmerte. Réyetar dé Bpodtos (bev THY apxny BapivecPar, Kaaatos O€ TOV apxovTa pcely, GXNA TE KAT aUTOU TroLoupevos eyKAr pata Kat NEOVT WY dai pecty, ods Kaaouos pev aryopavopety péddeov Taper Keviaaro, Kaicap dé xatadndpbév- TAS €v Meydpous, 60 7 TOALS HAW Oa Kadnvov, KATETXE. Tavta ta Onpia oT umpopav héyeTau peyadny yeverOar Meyapedowv. of péev yap non THS TodEws KaTaAapBavopevns StéoTracay Ta KretO pa Kal Tovs dSecpous avikay, @s eurob@y ein Ta Onpia Tots emipepopevors, Ta © Gpovoev eis avTous éxelvous Kal dad éovras avOTTAOUS Hp- matey, MOTE Kal TOLS TOAEMLOLS THY OLY OLKTpaY yevéo Oat. IX, To 8 ov Kacocip TAUTNV padora pac aitiav imdpEa THS emtBovrns oun opOas Aéyov- 142 BRUTUS was not the fat and long-haired fellows that troubled him, but those pale and lean ones ;/ meaning Brutus and Cassius. And again, when certain ones were accusing Brutus to him, and urging him to be on his guard against him, he laid his hand upon his breast and said: “What? Think ye not that Brutus can wait for this poor flesh?” implying that no one besides Brutus was fit to succeed him in such great power. And verily it appears that Brutus might have been first in the city with none to dispute him, could he have endured for a little while to be second to Caesar, suffering his power to wane and the fame of his successes to wither. But Cassius, a man of violent temper, and rather a hater of Caesar on his own private account than a hater of tyranny on public grounds, fired him up and urged him on. Brutus, it is said, objected to the rule, but Cassius hated the ruler, and among other charges which he brought against him was that of taking away some lions which Cassius had provided when he was about to be aedile; the beasts had been left at Megara, and when the city was taken by Calenus,? Caesar appropriated them. And the beasts are said to have brought great calamity upon the Megarians. For these, just as their city was captured, drew back the bolts and loosened the fetters that confined the animals, in order that they might obstruct the on- coming foe, but they rushed among the unarmed citizens themselves and preyed upon them as they ran hither and thither, so that even to the enemy the sight was a pitiful one. IX. In the case of Cassius, then, they say this was the chief reason for his plotting against Caesar ; 1 Cf. Cuesar, Ixii. 5. 2 Cf. Caesar, xiii. 1. 143 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tes. €& apxns yap Hv TH pucet Tov Kacctov duapéverd Tes Kat Narerorns ™ pos TO ‘yévos TOV TUpavvor, as édnAwaoey Ete Tats Ov Badifwv eis TAUTO 7@ Tob yvAAa mrasol Pavoto bidacKaneiov. ) pev yap éy Tois ratal peryadnyopav THY TOU TAT POS err nvel povapxiav’ 0 5é Kdoouos érrava- oTas xov8vdous éveTpiBev auT®. Bovropever dé TOY émLTpOTMY TOD PavoTou Kal oiKeiwy érreELevar Kal bicaberBar Topanios é€x@AvaeE, Kal cuvaya- you els TAYTO TOUS Traioas auporepous avex pve Tmept TOU mpdyparos. évda 87) héyerae TOV Kao- oLov elmrety" «Arve 62), @ Pavote, TOAMNO OV évav- TLOVv TOUTOU peyEacar TOV Aovyov éxetvov ep @ mapwkvvOny, iva gov Tad éyo avvtTpifyw TO oTOua. Totodtos pev O iets Bpovrov dé moAXot per Aovyor Tapa Tov avvnbor, mohnais oe pypars Kab ypdupaciy eLexadodvro Kal TApop wav ert THY mpakiw ot mortar. TO pev yap avdpiayre TOU TpoTaTopos: Bpovrou TOU KATANYGAVTOS THY TOV Bactdeéwv apxny érréypadou: “ Hide vov 785 Bpotre” Kat “"Odere Civ Bpodtos.” 70 8 av- Tob Bpovrou Bijpa otpatnyobytos evpioxeto wel juépay advan hewy YPap pdr ov TotovTwy: “ Bpodre, Kabevoets;” Kat “Ov« et Bpovdtos adnOas.” aitiot 5é TOUVTwWY OF Kaicapos Koraxes ddXas TE TLULAS emipOovous aveuptoKkovTes avT@ Kal Stadijpara TOUS avdpidae vixtop emitibévtes, os TOUS TOA- dovs brakopevor Bacthéa mpocertrety avri Sucta- Topos. ToUvvVaYTLOV 6 aTHVTNTEV, WS ev TOIS TeEpt Kaicapos axpiBos Yeypam ras. X. Kacoiw 6€ wecpavte tos dirovs émi Kai- 144 988 BRUTUS but it is not so. For from the outset there was in the nature of Cassius great hostility and bitterness towards the whole race of tyrants, as he showed when he was still a boy and went to the same school with Faustus the son of Sulla. For when Faustus blustered among the boys and bragged about his father’s ab- solute power, Cassius sprang up and gave him a thrashing. The guardians and relatives of Faustus wished to carry the matter into court, but Pompey forbade it, and after bringing the two boys together, questioned them both about the matter. Then, as the story goes, Cassius said: “Come now, Faustus, have the courage to utter in this man’s presence that speech which angered me, and I will smash your face again.” Such was Cassius; but Brutus was exhorted and incited to the undertaking by many arguments from his comrades, and by many utterances and writings from his fellow citizens. For instance, on the statue of his ancestor, the Brutus who overthrew the power of the kings, there was written: “O that we had thee now, Brutus!”’ and “O that Brutus were alive!” Besides, the praetorial tribunal of Brutus himself was daily found covered with such writings as these: “ Brutus, art thou asleep?” and “ Thou art not really Brutus.” These things were brought about by the flatterers of Caesar, who, among other invidious honours which they invented for him, actually put crowns upon his statues by night, hoping to induce the multitude to address him as king instead of dictator. But the contrary came to pass, as I have written fully in my Life of Caesar.1 X. Moreover, when Cassius sought to induce his 1 Chapter lxi. 145 VOL, VI. L PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tapa TavTes WmLoAOYOUY, et Bpodros Hryotro: Set- abat yap ov yetpw@v ovdé TOALNS THY TPaELW, ANA d0Ens avdpos olos ovTOs eotiv, WoTEp KaTApyo- pévov kat BeBatodvtos avT@ TH Tapetvar 76 dixatov: et 5é py, Kal dpwvtas abuporépous éce- aBat kat Spdocavtas btromtotépous’ ws ovK at éxeivou TO Epyov, et Kkadnv aitiay elyev, aTeTra- pévov. Taita cuudpovncas évétuxye Bpovtw mporepos éx THs Stahopas éexeivns, Kal peta Tas diadvaoeis Kal dirodpocvvas npwTynaev Ef TH vov- pnvia tod Maptiou pnvos éyvwxev eis ovyKANTOV Tapeivar muvOdavecOat yap ws Aoyov UIrép Bact- relas Kaicapos oi didou tote kaOnooey. dyoav- tos 8¢ Tov Bpovrou un maprévat, “Ti ovv,” elzrev o Kaoatos, “ av xada@ow pas; “’Epov épyov,” épn 0 Bpodtos, “dn To wy TLwTay, AAN’ apovetv TH Tatpios! nal mpoatroOvncKey THs édevOepias.” kat o Kaocatos érap$eis, “Tis &,” etme, “‘Pw- paiwy davéFerat cov mpoatroOvicKkovtos; apa ayvoeis, @ Bpovte, ceavrov; 7 To Biya aov doxels KaTaypadely tous Upavtas Kal TOUS KaTr- ous, ovxXl Tos TpwToUs Kal KpaTtiotToUs TavTa Totety, Tapa pev TOV AArNWY oTpAaTHYaV éertdoceELs kal Oéas kai povoudxous, Tapa aod b€ ws d>Anua TATpLKOY THY KaTaAVOW THS TUpavvidos amat- TouvTas, avTOVS © UITép Tov TdvTA Td XELV TpO- Ovpous dvtas, olov aftodo. Kai mpoadéyovtar 1 Quvvew TH warpl’: Lentz, comparing Appian, B.C. ii. 113: dmuvery. 146 BRUTUS friends to conspire against Caesar, they all agreed to do so if Brutus took the lead, arguing that the under- taking demanded, not violence nor daring, but the reputation of a man like him, who should consecrate the victim, as it were, and ensure by the mere fact of his participation the justice of the sacrifice ; other- wise they would be more timid in doing the deed and more suspected after they had done it, since men would say that Brutus would not have declined the task if the purpose of it had been honourable. After reflecting on this, Cassius made Brutus his first visit since the quarrel above mentioned,! and when they were again on a friendly footing, asked him whether he had made up his mind to attend the meeting of the senate on the Calends of March; for it had come to his ears, he said, that Caesar’s friends would then move to have him made king. When Brutus answered that he should not attend, ‘“ What, then,” said Cas- sius, “if we should be summoned?” “It would at once be my duty,” said Brutus, “not to hold my peace, but to defend my country and die in behalf of liberty.” Then Cassius, elated, said: “ But what Roman will consent to have thee die in such defence? Dost thou not know thyself, Brutus? Or dost thou think that thy tribunal was covered with inscriptions by weavers and hucksters, and not by the foremost and most influential citizens? From their other praetors they demand gifts and spectacles and gladi- atorial combats; but from thee, as a debt thou owest to thy lineage, the abolition of the tyranny; and they are ready and willing to suffer anything in thy behalf, if thou showest thyself to be what they ex- 1 Chapter vii. 1-3. I47 PLUTARCH’S LIVES havevtos;' é€ tovtrov Tepi8arwv tov Bpodtov naomacero, kat dtadvOévtes oUTWS eTpéTrOVTO TT pOs Tous plArous. XI. "Hy b¢ TLS: Tdios Avyaptos TOV Tlopaniou hirwv, ov ent TOUT Kxatyyopndevta Kaicap amré- AvoEV. obTOs, ovyx 15 apetOn dixns yapw exwr, anyr.a be Hy evans apxnv Bapuvopevos, expos nv Katcap, tov bé Tmepl Bpovtov ev TOUS padiora cuviOns. Wpos TOUTOV ao Qevoivra Bpobros elcehOwv, “rd Acydpte,” elrrev, “ €y 0l@ Kapp vooeis.” KaKELvOS evOvs eis ayxava diava- oT as Kal haBopevos aUTOU THIS beEvas, «7 AXN’ el TL, pryoiv, ‘@ Bpovte, ceavrod dpovets aEcov, Dyeaive.” XII. ’Ex TovTOU SraTrerpwpevor Kpuda Tay yo- pipewv ols é émiaTevoy avexowvovvtTo Kal T poo eda p- Bavov, ov povov TOV cuviav ToLoupevor THY aipeot, GND 6cous nTiaTavTO TOALNTAS dvTas dyaBous Kat Javarov Katappovntas. 616 Kal Kixépova, TodTO pev TLoTEDS, TouTo 6€ evvolas évera 7 pevTov dvTa Tap avrois, damexpuyavTo, pa 7@ pucer TOAMNS evdens elvat Tpocedndars vIro xpavou yepoVvTLKny evrAdBetav, ela mavra Kal’ exacTov avayov Tots horyea mois eis Axpav ao parear, apBrUvn THY apn avTav TAS 1 po- Oupias TaNOUS copevnv. érel Kal TOV addeov éTaipwv ) Bpovros LrarrAov Te mapéhiTre TOV ’Eruxovpevoy ral Pawviov epagTny Kadtwvos, 6te mroppwOev auTols TOLAUTNY Tova. KUKA@ TeptBa- NovTos ev TO SiareyerOar Kai cupdpirocopedv 148 989 BRUTUS pect and demand.” After this, he embraced Brutus and kissed him, and thus reconciled they betook themselves to their friends. XI. There was a certain Caius Ligarius! among the friends of Pompey, who had been denounced as such, but pardoned by Caesar. This man, cherishing uo gratitude for his pardon, but rather offended by the power which had put his life in jeopardy, was an enemy of Caesar, and one of the most familiar friends of Brutus. Once; when this man was sick, Brutus came to see him, and said: “O Ligarius, what a time this is to be sick!” Ligarius at once raised himself on his elbow, clasped Brutus by the hand, and said: “Nay, Brutus, if thou hast a purpose worthy of thyself, I am well.” XII. After this, they secretly tested the sentiments of well known men in whom they had confidence, selecting not only from their intimates, but all whom they knew to be bold, brave, and contemptuous of death. For this reason, too, they kept their plans a secret from Cicero, although he was foremost among them, not only for the confidence, but also for the good will which he inspired. They feared that the caution which time and old age had brought him, combined with his natural timidity, and further, his habit of calculating all the details of every enterprise so as to ensure the utmost safety, would blunt the edge of their ardour at a crisis which demanded speed. Besides, Brutus also passed by, among his other friends, Statilius the Epicurean and Favonius the devoted follower of Cato. The reason was that some time before he had put them to a very similar test by the round-about method of a philosophical 1 He is called Quintus Ligarius in the Cicero, xxxix. 5. 149 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a , al méetpav, o pev Dawyios atrexpivato Yeipov eivar 4 povapxias mapavouov modepov éudvrAcov, o 5é f ” A A \ A 4 \ , Stratinuos py TH cOPO Kai vodv Exovts dia hav- Nous Kal avorntous Kivduvevetv Kal TapaTTecBa \ / A \ \ > aA J py KaOncev. trapwy 6¢ AaBewy avteitev audo- . fo) , Tépots. Kalo Bpovdros tote pev ws exovtos Te Tov Aoyou YareTTOv Kal SUaKpLTOV aTrEecLMOTNGEY, Lod \ a) aA \ 4 datepov b6€ AaBewve Kotvodta. To Sovrevpa. \ ce) SeFapuévov 5€ mpofvpws, tov Erepov Bpodrov, émixrnaw ArXPivov, dAXws pEev OVK 6VTA PéxTNY 9Q\ / > A \ , , ovdé Oapparéor, eppwpévov dé rrANPEL povopayov A > \ 4 e , wv \ \ , ods émi Oéa ‘Pwpaiwy Erpede, cal wapa Kaicapr muaTevopevoyv, edoxet mpocdyecOat. Kaaciov dé \ a > aA & / 9O\ bd / cat AaBedvos avT@ Orareyopévwr ovdev azrexpi- B i 8 > AN ? \ FOL \ \ vato, Bpovtm & avtos évtuyav idia Kai pabedv a , , éte THS Wpakews Hyepav éotiw, wmorACynCE cUL- 4 a \ aA v7 de ‘\ , mpatew mpodvpws. Kal TOV AAXwWV O€ TOUS TAEi- otous Kal apiatous 7 S0£a Tod Bpovtou tpoanyero. kal pn? SpKov avvoudcarvtes pnte Tiatw Kal’ iepav NaBovtes H Sovtes, oUTWS atravTeEs Exyov ev éautois Kal KaTeclwmnoay Kai cuvdunveyKay WaTE pavreiats Kal daopace Kal tepois Ud TOV Beav mpodetxvupevny amiaton yevéc Oat Thy paki. e Le) \ ~ fa) XIII. ‘O 5€ Bpotdros, ate 6) Ta wpaTa Tis e Powpns ppoviyata nal yevn Kai apetas éEnptn- pévos éavTOv Kal TEpLVOwY TdvTa TOV KiVvduvoD, é&w pev emeipato xatéyew Tap éavT@ Kal Kata- A ‘ Koopetv THY Stdvotay, oixot S€ Kal VUKTWP OVK HV e be id > a N \ v “ a b] \ e O AUTOS, GAAG TA LEV AKOVTA TWY UITVwWY aUTOY 7 150 BRUTUS discussion, when Favonius had answered that civil war was worse than illegal monarchy; and Statilius had declared that it did not become a wise and sensible man to be thrown into turmoil and peril for the sake of feeble and foolish folk. Labeo, however, who was present, argued against them both. At that time, on the ground that the question was rather difficult and hard to decide, Brutus held his peace, but afterwards imparted his purpose to Labeo, who readily concurred in it. Then it was decided to bring over to their cause the other Brutus, surnamed Albi- nus ;? in other ways he was not an enterprising nor even a courageous man, but the large number of gladiators whom he was maintaining for the Roman spectacles made him powerful, and he had Caesar's confidence. When Cassius and Labeo discussed the matter with him, he would make no answer; but he had a private interview by himself with Brutus, and on learning that he was leader of the enterprise, readily agreed to co-operate. The most and best of the rest also were won over by the reputation in which Brutus stood. And although they exchanged neither oaths nor sacred pledges, they all kept the | undertaking so much to themselves and were so secret in carrying it out together that, although it was foretold by the gods in prophecies and oracles and sacrificial omens,? no one would believe in it. XIII. Now Brutus, since he had made the foremost men of Rome for dignity, family, and virtue, depen- dent on himself, and since he understood all the danger involved, in public tried to keep his thoughts to himself and under control ; but at home, and at night, he was not the same man. Sometimes, in spite 1 Cf. Caesur, chapter Ixiv. 2? Cf. Caesar, chapter Ixiii. 151 Dg en LIVES dpovtis ebedepe, ta 6é€ pardov evduopevos 7 Roya U@ Kal Star piBov év tats arropiats ovK éravOave THV yuvaixa Tuvavamavoperny, ore pe- 5705 core Tapaxis anOous Kal KUKAEL TL Tap éauT@ dvapopov BovrAeupa cal Sucekehuxrov. ‘H 8é Hlopxia Ouyarnp pév, wWaTreEp elpnrat, Karwvos 7 WV, eye & avTny o Bpodros averios wv ovx éx wapOevias, dAXAA TOU TWpoTépou TEAEUTH- TavTos avdpos éraRe Kopny ovcay ETL Kal Tavovov éxovoap €& éxeivou pix por, @ BuPnos nv évopa: Kat TL BiBri6cov px pov ATOPY) MOVED LAT WY Bpovrov Vey pappevov ut avtoo Siacalerar. pidoaTopryos ar) Topxia Kal piravdpos ovoa Kat peoTn ppovnparos voov EXOVTOS, ou ™ porepov émexelpnoey | avepéaOau TOV avdpa, Tept TOV atroppntwv » NaPetv éauijs TovauT ny Otdrretpay. AaBovca payaipiov @ Tovs dvuxXas ot KoUpeEls adatpotat, Kat méoas éFehdcaca tov Jadrdapou Tas érradous, TOMNY evéBanre TO UNP@ Babeiar, Bare pvow aipatos TONAAY yeverOar Kat pera puxpov odvvas TE veavixas Kai dPptxwsers TrupETOUS émehaBeiv eK Tob TpAavuaTOS. d-ywviayT os dé Tou Bpovtou Kal dvapopodvros ép axpq THS aryndovos ovca Sede On 7 pos avTov od Tas: “Eye, Bpotre, Kataves ovaa Ouyarnp eis Tov oov eS00nv vixov ovy Gamep au TANAAKEVOLEVAL, KOLTNS ucbefovca Kear Tpamecns povor, ara KOLV@oVvOs pev aryabav elvat, KoLvovos dé aviapa. Ta pev ov oa mavTa mepl Tov ya pov duepm ra: tay 6€ Tap epob tis atrobetkts 7 xaprs, EL pLnTE cot maQos amroppntov cuvdtoiaw pte ppovrida miaTews Oeouévnv; oS Ott yuvaineia vats 152 BRUTUS of himself, his anxious thoughts would rouse him out of sleep, and sometimes, when he was more than ever immersed in calculation and beset with per- plexities, his wife, who slept by his side, perceived that he was full of unwonted trouble, and was re- volving in his mind some difficult and complicated plan. Porcia, as has been said, was a daughter of Cato, and when Brutus, who was her cousin, took her to wife, she was not a virgin; she was, however, still very young, and had by her deceased husband! a little son whose name was Bibulus. A small book containing memoirs of Brutus was written by him, and is still extant. Porcia, being of an affectionate nature, fond of her husband, and full of sensible pride, did not try to question her husband about his secrets until she had put herself to the following test. She took a little knife, such as barbers use to cut the finger nails, and after banishing all her at- tendants from her chamber, made a deep gash in her thigh, so that there was a copious flow of blood, and after a little while violent pains and chills and fever followed from the wound. Seeing that Brutus was disturbed and greatly distressed, in the height of her anguish she spoke to him thus: “ Brutus, I am Cato’s daughter, and I was brought into thy house, not, like a mere concubine, to share thy bed and board merely, but to be a partner in thy joys, and a partner in thy troubles. Thou, indeed, art faultless as a husband ; but how can I show thee any grateful service if I am to share neither thy secret suf- fering nor the anxiety which craves a loyal confidant? I know that woman’s nature is thought too weak to 1 Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, colleague of Caesar in the consulship of 59 B.c. 153 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aabevns Soxel oyov éveyxety arroppyTov: Gr’ éoTt TUS, @ Bpoire, Kal Tpopis ayabis Kal omtrtas Xpnorijs eis W005 ¢ ba xus" éwot dé Kal TO Kdrevos elvat Ouyatépa Kal 76 Bpovrou yuvaina ™ poorer TL ols TPOTEpoy jev HTTOV émrerrotGewy, viv 8 EMAUTHY éyvona kal mpos movov anTT]TOV elvan. TAUT elroboa, deixvuaty avT@ TO Tpabpa Kal Sunyetrau THY metpay. 0 6 demaryels Kat avateivas Tas Yelpas éemevEato Sodvat Tous Deovs auT@ KatopOovvtt THY mpaki avdpi Tlopxias akin gavivar. xal tote pev averapBRave THV yuvaixa. XIV. IIpoypadetons be BovAjs, ets iy émido€os HV api€er Bart Kaicap, eyvocay emuxetpeiv Kai yap ab poo per adAnrdov dvuTonTas éver Oat TOTE, Kal wavtTas ebewv opod TOUS apiaTous Kat mpwtouvs avopas, & Epyou peyddou mpaxOévros ev- Aus avrihapBavopevous Tis édevGeplas. edoxer dé Kal 70 Tob TOTOU Oeiov elvau Kal mpos avTav' TO yap iy pia TOV TEpl TO Jéatpov, eFedpav éxouca év 7) Toprniov TLS elK@Y elaTHKel, THS TOAEWS oTNTALENS Ste Tais aToais Kal TO Jedrpy TOV TOTTOY éKxEtVvoV exoounoen. éls TAUTNY ow 7 a UYKANTOS éxandeito ToD Maprtiov Banvos padora [LETOUVTOS (etdovs Maprias THY Nuépav ‘Popaior Karovowv), @oTe Kal Oaimeov tes edoxet TOV ee Th Tlopmrntov sien mpoa afew. Enrdovons dé TIS TipEpas Bpovtos pev vTrotw- OLMEVOS éyxerpi6vov pons ouverduias THIS yuvaLKOS mponrbev, ou S adddot ™ pos Kadooctov a6 pora Bevres Tov viov avTov TO Kaovpevov avdpeiov i iuadtov avarapuRavovta KaTiyov eis ayopav. éxeiOerv Sé 154 990 BRUTUS endure a secret; but good rearing and excellent companionship go far towards strengthening the char- acter, and it is my happy lot to be both the daughter of Cato and the wife of Brutus. Before this I put less confidence in these advantages, but now I know that I am superior even to pain.”” Thus having spoken, she showed him her wound and explained her test; whereupon Brutus, amazed, and lifting his hands to heaven, prayed that he might succeed in his under- taking and thus show himself a worthy husband of Porcia. Then he sought to restore his wife. XIV. A meeting of the senate having been called, to which it was expected that Caesar would come, they determined to make their attempt there; for they could then gather together in numbers without exciting suspicion, and would have all the best and fore- most men in one place, who, once the great deed was done, would straightway espouse the cause of liberty. It was thought, too, that the place of meeting was providentially in their favour; for it was one of the porticoes about the theatre, containing a session- room in which stood a statue of Pompey. This statue the city had erected in his honour when he adorned that place with the porticoes and the theatre.!} Hither, then, the senate was summoned about the middle of March? (the Romans call the day the Ides of March), so that some heavenly power seemed to be conducting Caesar to Pompey’s vengeance. When the day came, Brutus girt on a dagger, to the knowledge of his wife alone, and went forth, while the rest assembled at the house of Cassius and conducted his son, who was about to assume what was called the “ toga virilis,” down to the forum. Thence 1 Cf. Pompey, xl. 5. * March 15, 44 B.o. 155 to PLUTARCH'’'S LIVES 4 9 \ of, mavtes ets THY Lopirniov oroav éuBarovtes b1é- e > , 4 J / \ TpliBov, ws autixa Kaicapos adiEopévouv mpos 4 a a Thy avyxAntov. évOa 6 padtota TOV avdpav \ 9» Ae \ \ \ PS \ a] A 29 , To aTralés Kal Tapa ta Seva KabeotynKkds eOav- ” IQN \ “4 4 A N \ pacey av Tis ELd@sS TO MEAAODY, OTL TOAAOLS OLA TO Lal b , otTpatnyel avayxalouevor ypnuativew ov povov / ? “ fa) TPAWS NKPOWVTO TOY evyTUyXavovTwv Kat d:adeEpo- , pévwv WoTrep TXOAaLOVTES, GANA Kal Tas KpioeEs exdoTols axpiBeis Kal peta yvopns édidocar, ETLUEAWS TPOTexoVTES. émreL SE TLS pm BovAO- pevos Oixnv viocyxeiv émexadeito Kaicapa Kat \ 9 a \ / 3 , e modus nV Bowy Kal wapTupopevos, aTroBAéYras oO a BJ a > Bpodros eis tovs mapovtas, “’EKué Kaicap,’ elirev, ““oUTE KWAVEL TTOLELY TA KATA TOUS VOLOUS oUTe KMAVCEL.” XV. Kaitot moda OopvBodn Kata rvynv avtois mpocétece: TPOToOv péev Kal parALoTA TO , a Bpadvvery tov Katcapa tis juépas mponxovons Kal Svotepovvra KatéxeaOas péev VITO THS yuvatKos oixot, kwrvecOar Sé mpoedOety WTO THY pavTEwV. Sevtepov 5€ Kaoxa tev ouvedotwv évi mpoced- Owv tis Kal AaBomevos THs SeEtas, “Xv peév,” 2 62 / \ SMA ° , elev, “‘amrexpuirw To atroppyTov, wo Kaoxa, mpos nuas, Bpodtos b€ pot wavta pepnvuxerv.” éxtrayevtos 6€ tov Kdoxa yeraoas éxeivos, v6 , ”» »¥ ce / ” 2 , llodev,” én, “‘tayéws ovTws, ® paxkaple, Te- 4 @ 9 3 > 4 b) 4 ” TrovTnKAaS WaT Els ayopavopiav atrodvecIat; lo) e mapa TocovToy pev o Kdoxas Abe odarels 9 4 , \ b , 9) 2N \ apgpiBorta mpoécGar tO atoppntov' avtov de 156 BRUTUS they all hastened to the portico of Pompey and waited there, expecting that Caesar would straight- way come to the meeting of the senate. There any one who knew what was about to happen would have been above all things astonished at the indiffer- ence and composure of the:men on the brink of this terrible crisis. Many of them were praetors and therefore obliged to perform the duties of their office, wherein they not only listened calmly to those who had petitions to offer or quarrels to com- pose, as if they had ample time, but also took pains to give their verdicts in every case with accu- racy and judgment. And when a certain man who was unwilling to submit to the verdict of Brutus appealed to Caesar with loud cries and attestations, Brutus turned his gaze upon the bystanders and said: ‘Caesar does not prevent me from acting according to the laws, nor will he prevent me.” XV. And yet many things occurred to surprise and disturb them. First and foremost, though the day was advancing, Caesar delayed his coming, being detained at home by his wife because his omens were unpropitious,! and prevented from going forth by the soothsayers. In the second place, some one came up to Casca, one of the conspirators, took him by the hand, and said: “You hid the secret from us, Casca, but Brutus has told me everything.’”” And when Casca was dumb with amazement, the man burst out laughing and said: “ How did you get so rich on a sudden, my good fellow, as to stand for the aedileship ?’’ So near did Casca come, in the mistake caused by the man’s ambiguity, to disclosing the 1 Cf. Cuesar, \xiii. 5. 157 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Bpobrov kat Kdoovov avnp BovreuvTiKos Hlominuos Aaivas ATT ATALEVOS mpoOvporepov Kat piOupi- cas npeua, Luvevxouar,” pnaiv, ‘ ‘piv éxredeiv a Kata voov eyeTe Kat TapaKehevouat pn Bpadv- pew" ov yap ClwWTAaTAL TO Tpary ya. "Kal Ta0r ELT @V am@éoTn TovkAny UToviay éuBarwv tod memva Gat Thy mwpaktv. "Ey tovtT@ 6é TUS oixodev &Oet mpos Tov ee dryyeXMov avT@ THY yuvaika OvnoKery. 7) yap Tlopxta T™ pos TO pédDov exradns ovoa Kal TO peyeBos Ma pepouca, THis ppovrisos EAUTHVY TE ports oixor Kareixe, Kal mpos mdvta OopvBov Kat Bony, OoTEp ai KaTaaxXeTor Tots Baxxcois mddecw, eEdrtovea TOV bev elo Lov Tw an aryopas ExaoTov avex pivev 6 Tt mpaTroL Bpodiros, éTépous 6€ cuvex as eferrepumre. TEAS dé Tob xpo- vOU pTjKos AapBdvovtos ouxér avreixev TOU TWMATOS Suvames, GaNn’ eEedvOn | Kal KaTepapai- veTO THS ux7s advovens bia THY aTropiav’ Kal maperOety pev els TO Sw@pdtiov ouK EpOn, TEpL- ictato 8 avrnp, domep eTUy Xaver, év péow «abe- Comerny AiroOupia Kat OapBos apryavoy, i Te “pou peta Borny edd puBave Kal tHv povny éme- oXNTO Tavranacw. at dé Geparrawas ™ pos THY Ory dvwororvear, Kal TOV YELTOV@Y cuVdpapov- TOV emt Oupas Tax T pone pnun Kar 61e600n orvyos @s TeOvnkvias auras. ov pay aX exeluny pep avarhdppacav ev Bpayet Kat wap éavt7 yevouevny at yuvaixes éGepamrevov" o 6€ Bpodtos vmo TOU Aoyou TpooTETOvTOS avT@ cuverapax On HEV, wS elKos, ov pny ye kaTeédutre TO KOLVOY OVS Eppun pos TO oiKEtoy Udo TOU TaBous. 158 991 BRUTUS secret. Moreover, Brutus and Cassius were greeted more warmly than usual by Popilius Laenas, a senator, who then whispered quietly to them: “ I join you in praying for the accomplishment of what you have in mind, and exhort you not to delay, for the matter is on men’s tongues.” Having said this, he went away, leaving them full of suspicion that their under- taking had become known. At this juncture, too, a messenger from his house came running to Brutus with the tidings that his wife was dead. For Porcia, being distressed about what was impending and unable to bear the weight of her anxiety, could with difficulty keep herself at home, and at every noise or cry, like women in the Bacchic frenzy, she would rush forth and ask every messenger who came in from the forum how Brutus was faring, and kept sending out others continually. Finally, as the time grew long, her bodily powers could no longer endure the strain, but were relaxed and enfeebled as her perplexities threatened to drive her mad. She had not time to go to her chamber, -but just as she was, sitting in the midst of her servants, she was overwhelmed with faintness and helpless stupor, her colour fled, and her speech was utterly stayed. Her maids shrieked at the sight, and since the neighbours came running in a crowd to the door, a report speedily went forth and a story was spread abroad that she was dead. However, she revived in a short time, came to herself, and was eared for by her women; but Brutus, though he was confounded,’ naturally, by the startling tale, nevertheless did not abandon his public duty, nor was he driven by his affliction to dwell on his private concerns. 159 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XVI. "H6y b€ Kaicap amrny VENETO T™ poate év popetep Kcoprlosevos. eyvares yap emt ois tepots abupev pydev émexupovv tote Tav perto- yov, aXr’ uTepBarreo Bar ounapevos aoa Géverav. exBavTt é auT@ TOU popetou m poa puels Tloridtos Aaivas, exeivos o puxp@ mpoo dev evEapevos Tots WeEpt Bpotrov € emiTuyy avew Kab xatopobr, Ouene- YETO TELM Xe povov epiotapevep Kal Tpooeyovte TOV voov. é owveporas (Aeyer Peo yap ovTws) THS pev davis ouK émaiovres avToU, TEK MAL PO MeVOL o ag’ wy Umevoouv pavuo elvat THS emtBouhiis THY KoLWoNoylay, avéTecov TE Tals yvw@pats, Kal 7 pos addyrous éBrevay avboporoyoupevor d:a TOV TPOTHT WY WS xpH LN TEpLwevely TuAANYpw, GNX evd us amobviaKety &0 avtav. Kacciov & 760 KQL TLUWY a doov TAS yeElpas emt BeBdnKoTov tais AaBais bro Ta ipatia Kal oT LEVOV Ta eyxetpioua, Bpovros eyKaT oop T@ Tob Aaiva oXNpaTe deouévou omoudny Kal ouxi KaTnyo- pouvros, epOeyEato pev ovdey dia TO ToddoUS adAot pious avapeuty Gar, gaidp@ dé TO Tpoorwnp TOUS rept Kacotov eJappuve. Kal peta px pov 0 Aaivas THY defvav Tou Katcapos KaTapirjoas amTéoTN, pavepos YEVOMEVOS WS Umep éavTov Kal Tov avT@ Tivos StahepovtTwy emoteito THY évtevEv. XVII. Tis dé Bovis els THY eédpav 7 poeraen- Bovans ol pev adAor Tov Oippov Tod Kaicapos TeplerTna av as evTUYyXavely TL HEV TES AUTO. Kal Kdoouov pev éeyeTat TpéTovTa TO 7 poo wm ov els THY eixova Tov Iloumniov tapaxarciv BoTeEP 160 BRUTUS XVI. And now word was brought that Caesar was coming, borne on a litter. For in consequence of the dejection caused by his omens, he had determined not to sanction any important business at that time, but to postpone it, under pretext of indisposition. As he descended from his litter, Popilius Laenas, who, a little while before, had wished Brutus success in his enterprise, hurried up to him and conversed with him for some time, and Caesar stood and listened to him. The conspirators (for so they shall be called) could not hear what he said, but judging from their suspicions that what he told Caesar was a revelation of their plot, they were disconcerted in their plans, and mutually agreed by looks which passed between them that they must not await arrest, but at once dispatch themselves. Cassius and some others, indeed, had already grasped the handles of the daggers be- neath their robes and were about to draw them, when Brutus observed from the mien of Laenas that he was asking eagerly for something and not denouncing anyone. Brutus said nothing, because many were about him who were not in the plot, but by the cheerfulness of his countenance gave courage to Cassius and his friends. And after a little while Laenas kissed Caesar’s hand and withdrew. He had made it clear that it was in his own behalf and on something which closely concerned himself that he had consulted Caesar. XVII. When the senate had preceded Caesar into the session-room, the rest of the conspirators stationed themselves about Caesar’s chair, as if they intended to have some conference with him, and Cassius is said to have turned his face towards the statue of Pompey and to have invoked it, as if it had understanding ; 161 VOL. VI. M PLUTARCH’S LIVES aicOavopevov, TpeBovios dé mept tas Ouvpas "Avroviov émicmacdapevos Kal mpocopirav ew katéoxe. Kaicaps 5é eiovovte pev ) obyxAnTOS treEavéstyn, xabeCopevov & evOds éxeivor rept- éxyov aOpoa, Tidrov KiuBpov é& éavtay apo- Bddrovtes Urrép aderpod guyddos Seopevor Kal cuvedéovto Tavres, aTTOMEvol TE YeLPwV Kal 4 \ ‘\ / ’ / OTEPVA Kai KEeharnY KaTepirouv. arroTptBopevou 5é tas Senoes TO wpartor, 610’, ws ovK avierar, éEaviatapévov Bia, Tirdrsos pév audortépass ais yepoly ék TOV Ouwv KatéoTvace TO tpdrion, Kdoxas 6€ mpatos (eiatnxer yap dmicbev) 9 UA ‘ / 4 b) bd 4 dvaonmdcas To Eidos Suekavver, ovK eis BaBos, \ \ J b , \ A a Tapa Tov @pov. avTtnauBavopévou bé ths AaBAs tov Kaicapos xai péya ‘Popaioti advaxpayéovtos, “*Avoote Kaoxa, ti trovets;” éxeivos “EXXnuoTI ‘ b] \ 4 > + a Tov ddeXpov mpocayopevaas éxédevoe BonOeiv. ay) de 4 e \ a \ 4 On O€ TALOMEVOS UTO TONNWY KAL KUKA® TreEpt- Brérwv «al SswcacPar Bovropmevos, ws Elbe Bpodrov éXxopevov Eidos én’ adrov, rHv YXeEipa tov Kdoxa xpatov adie, cal T@ iatio thy Keharny éycadupapevos tapédwxe TO cpa Tais TAnyais. of & adedas avareTreypévot TrONXOLS qept TO capa Ypwpevor Tots Eihectvy GAAHAOUS éritpwoxov, wate xal Bpovroy ets thy yeipa TAnyny AaBeiv Tov povov cuvedamropevor, Tip- mwracOat 5é TOU aiatos arraytas. XVIII. Oita 8 arroPavovros avtot Bpottos \ % lA \ bd 4 / \ bev eis pécoy mpocedkOwmv éBovreTo Réyerv Kat 162 992 BRUTUS but Trebonius drew Antony into conversation at the door and kept him outside.! As Caesar entered, the senate rose in his honour, but as soon as he was seated the conspirators surrounded him in a body, putting forward Tullius Cimber of their number with a plea in behalf of his brother, who was in exile. The others al] joined in his plea, and clasping Caesar’s hands, kissed his breast and his head. At first, Caesar merely rejected their pleas, and then, when they would not desist, tried to free himself from them by force. At this, Tullius tore Caesar’s robe from his shoulders with both hands, and Casca, who stood behind him, drew his dagger and gave him the first stab, not a deep one, near the shoulder. Caesar caught the handle of the dagger and cried out loudly in Latin: “Im- pious Casca, what doest thou?’’ Then Casca, ad- dressing his brother in Greek, bade him come to his aid. And now Caesar had received many blows and was looking about and seeking to force his way through his assailants, when he saw Brutus setting upon him with drawn dagger. At this, he dropped the hand of Casca which he had seized, covered his head with his robe, and resigned himself to the dagger-strokes. The conspirators, crowding eagerly about the body, and plying their many daggers, wounded one another, so that Brutus also got a wound in the hand as he sought to take part in — the murder, and all were covered with blood. XVIII. Caesar thus slain, Brutus went out into the middle of the session-room and tried to speak, and 1 In Caesar, lxvi. 3, Brutus Albinus is incorrectly said to have detained Antony in conversation. Cf. Appian, B.C. ii. 117, and Cicero’s letter to Trebonius (Hist. x. 28). 163 M 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kareixe Jappiver THY ouyKAnTov’ % © ume déous Epevryev aTaKTwsS, Kal repl Tas Ovpas wOtapos qv Kal tadpaxos, ovdevos Su@xovtTos ovde Kare- TeiryovTOs. toxupas yap ebé5ox70 pndéva KTelveLy Erepov, adda TavTas emt Thy édevOepian | dvaKa- AetcAar. Kal TOUS pev drdows Tao, omnvixa StecxotrovvTo thy mpake, Hpec kev "AvTa@viov emsoparrew Kaicapt, povapyLKoy avdpa Kat UBprariy, t loxuv TE Tem oLn WEVOV optria Kab oun Geia mpos TO OTPATLOTLKOY, Kal padrod Sr TO pices coBap Kal peyadompaypove mpocerrnper TO THS Umatetas afiopa TOTE Kaicape cuvapxYov. ara Bpodros € éveoTn mpos 7o Bovdevpa, 7 pwTov bev to upilomevos TO Sixaio, SevTepov S Uro- Tels EXTrOA TIS petaBonrijs. ov yap ameyive- oKeV ebpua kal dtrorLpov dvdpa kal 8d0€&ns épacrny tov ‘Avraviov, éxTrodov Kaicapos ryevo- Levon, cwveparves Far TH mar plot Tis erevdepias, emamaabevra T@ tik@ mpos TO KaNov bm’ avTav. oUTw pe "Avraviov Bpodros Teper oin- cev' ev 5€ Te TOTe POR petaBarov écOFjTa Snpotixny eduryev. Oi dé meph Bpodrov els 70 Kametaduov exw pour, nuaypevot Tas Xelpas, Kal Ta Ein yupve SecxvuvTes emt THY édevepiay mapexdouv TOUS modiTas. TO per ovv WpaToy hoay Grararypol, Kal Sradpopat 7 mabee Kara TUX NY erry vopevae mAelova Tov BopuBov émoinoay: ws 8 obte dovos addros ol’ dprayn TLVOS éyiveto TOV KELUEVOY, Jappodvres avéBawwov ot TE Bovreural Kal TOV Snu“oT@v oAXol pos Tovs avdpas ets TO Kare- 164 BRUTUS would have detained the senators there with en- couraging words; but they fled in terror and con- fusion, and there was a tumultuous crowding at the door, although no one pressed upon them in pursuit. For it had been firmly decided not to kill any one else, but to summon all to the enjoyment of liberty. All the rest of the conspirators, indeed, when they were discussing their enterprise, had been minded to kill Antony as well as Caesar, since he was a lawless man and in favour of a monarchy, and had acquired strength by familiar association with the soldiery; and particularly because to his natural arrogance and ambition he had added the dignity of the consulship, and was at that time a colleague of Caesar. But Brutus opposed the plan, insisting in the first place on a just course, and besides, holding out a hope of a change of heart in Antony. For he would not give up the belief that Antony, who was a man of good parts, ambitious, and a lover of fame, if once Caesar were out of the way, would assist his country in attaining her liberty, when their example had induced him to follow emulously the nobler course. Thus Antony’s life was saved by Brutus; but in the fear which then reigned, he put on a plebeian dress and took to flight. And now Brutus and his associates went up to the Capitol, their hands smeared with blood, and dis- playing their naked daggers they exhorted the citizens to assert their liberty. At first, then, there were cries of terror, and the tumult was increased by wild hurryings to and fro which succeeded the disaster ; but since there were no further murders and no plundering of property, the senators and many of the common people took heart and went up to 165 5 wo PLUTARCH’S LIVES T@ALOV. GOpacbévtos. dé Tod wdnOous SuvedéxOn Bpovros éraywya tov Syyou Kal mrpérovta Tois TeTpayywevots. €mratvovvTwy Se Kal KaTiévat Bowvrwy Oappodrtes xaréBawvov eis ayopdy, ot pev addAor cuverromevoe pet’ adAA@V, Bpodtov dé qodAol tay emipavav mepiémortes ev pow jwavu NauTpPOS KaTiyov amd THs axpas Kat Katéotnaay emi trav éuBorwv. mpos Se TH Oe of TOdKOL, Kaltrep piyddes dvTes Kal Tape- oxevacjévoe OopuBelv, Sérpecav nai 7d pérXXOv éSéyovtTo Koop@ Kal oLwTy. mpoedOovTos 8 avtov TavtTes naovxiay TE Ady Tapécyxov: srt 5 ov maa mpds jSovnv éyeyover 16 epyov, ébnr\w- gav apkapévov réyew Kivva nal xatnyopeiv Kaicapos avappnyvipevo. pos opyiy Kal Kaxds tov Kivvay déyovtes, Gore madw tovs advdpas eis TO Kazretodov amedbeciv. Oa 8 Sedi0s modopxiay 6 Bpodtos améreume Tovs apictous Tov suvvavaBavtwy, od akiav THs aitias py HETEXOVTAS AUTOVs GUVUTTOSvEDOat Tov KivduVoV. XIX. Ov pnv adre 7H Lotepaia ths Bours auveiOovons eis to THs Tis fepov, “Avtwviou dé kal [INdyxou nai Kixépwvos efrrovtwy rept auvn- oTias Kal opuovoias, G0fe un povov adcav elvat Tols avopdo.v, adda Kal yvounv trép Tipav mpoletvar Tous Umdtous. Kal tadt’ émupndicd- pevot OveAVOnaav. “Avtwviov S€ Tov vidv eis TO Kamerwdtov opnpevoovta méuavtos KxatHdOov ot wept Bpotrov, domacpot te nat Sekiwoets 166 BRUTUS the men on the Capitol. When the multitude was assembled there, Brutus made a speech calculated to win the people and befitting the occasion. The audience applauding his words and crying out to him to come down from the Capitol, the conspirators took heart and went down into the forum. The rest of them followed along in one another's company, but Brutus was surrounded by many eminent citizens, escorted with great honour down from the citadel, and placed on the rostra, At sight of him the mul- titude, although it was a mixed rabble and prepared to raise a disturbance, was struck with awe, and awaited the issue in decorous silence. Also when he came forward to speak, all paid quiet attention to his words; but that all were not pleased with what had been done was made manifest when Cinna began to speak and to denounce Caesar. The multitude broke into a rage and reviled Cinna so bitterly that the conspirators withdrew again to the Capitol. There Brutus, who feared that they would be besieged, sent away the most eminent of those who had come up with them, not deeming it right that they should incur the danger too, since they had no share in the uilt. ° XIX. However, on the following day the senate met in the temple of Tellus, and Antony, Plancus, and Cicero spoke in favour of amnesty and concord. It was then voted not only that the conspirators should have immunity, but also that the consuls should lay before the people a measure to pay them honours. After passing these votes, the senate broke up. Then, when Antony had sent his son to the Capitol as a hostage, Brutus and his associates came down, and there were salutations and greetings for 167 - rm PLUTARCH’S LIVES éyévovto TwavTwyv avamxGévtwv. nal Kdoouov pev ’Avtovios eiotia traparaBov, Bpodrov &é Aémibos, Tovs & dAXovs, Ss Tes elye pos ExacTov h auvnbcias 4 dirofppocivns. dua § jyépa manu cuvedOovtes of Bovrevral mpatov ev "Avrovip tiypas Eocay ws KaTaTravoavtt TONE- pov éupvrAioy apynv: éreta tov wept Bpodrov Hoav &rraivot TOY TrapovTwy, Kal Tédos éTapyYLOV Stavouat. Bpovre pév yap éyndicavto Kpyrny, Kaacio 5é AiBunv, TpeBovio 8 ’Aciav Kai KinBpe Biduviav, Te 8 évrépp Bpovr@ tv rept tov. Hptéavov Tanariav. XX. Mera dé tadta mept trav Kaicapos b1a- Onxav cat tadjs avdrod AOyov éuTecovTwr, Kal Tov mept tov ‘Avt@vov akiovytwv tas te Sa- Pjxas avayvwcOnvar Kal tod cwpatos éxpopav yevérOar 7 Kexpuunpevny pnd aTimov, a pn Kal TovTo Tapokuvy Tov Sjpov, Kaootos péev ioyupas avténeyev, elfe 5 Bpotros nal cuveya@pnoe, dev- Tepov apaptety TovTo Sokas. Kal yap ‘Avrawviou decodpevos aitiay éoxyey éemiterxyloar TH svvw- pocia Bapvuv Kal dvopaxov TONEMLOV, KAL TA TeEpt Thv tapyy by o ‘Avtwvios nkiov tpdmov éadoas yevérOat TOU TavTos ohadhvat. MpOTov pev yap év tais dsabnKais Sedouévev Kat’ dvdpa ‘Pwopaios mwact Spaxpav éBdounxovra révte nal TO Snup TOV Tépay TOD TrOTAaLOD KHTaY ATrOAEAELLpLEVOD, ov vov éote Tuyns iepov, evtvora Oavpaoty Kat wo0os avTod tovs moAditas elrXev’ Eretta Tov cawparos eis THY ayopay KoyicbévtTos "AvTa@vios ératvov, womep 005 éoti, SieEeXOwv, Kal ta TAHOn Kwovpeva Tpos TOV AOryov Opar, els olxToV 168 993 BRUTUS all without discrimination. Cassius was taken home and entertained by Antony, Brutus by Lepidus, and the rest by their several comrades or friends. Early next morning the senate assembled again. In the first place, they gave a vote of thanks to Antony for having stopped an incipient civil war; next, they passed a vote of commendation for the followers of Brutus who were present ; and finally, they distributed the provinces. It was voted that Brutus should have Crete, Cassius Africa, Trebonius Asia, Cimber Bi- thynia, and the other Brutus Cisalpine Gaul. XX. After this, the subjects of Caesar’s will and of his burial came up for discussion. Antony de- manded that the will should be read publicly, and that the body should be carried forth to burial, not secretly, nor without honours, lest this also should exasperate the people. Cassius, indeed, vehemently opposed these measures, but Brutus yielded and agreed to them, thus making a second mistake, as it was thought. For by sparing Antony’s life as he had done he incurred the charge of raising up against the conspirators a bitter and formidable foe; and now, in allowing Caesar's funeral rites to be con- ducted as Antony demanded, he committed a fatal error. For, in the first place, when it was found that the will of Caesar gave to every single Roman seventy-five drachmas, and left to the people his gardens beyond the Tiber, where now stands a temple of Fortune, an astonishing kindliness and yearning for Caesar seized the citizens; and in the second place, after Caesar’s body had been brought to the forum, Antony pronounced the customary eulogy, and when he saw that the multitude were moved by his words, changed his tone to one of com- 169 y PLUTARCH’S LIVES a ‘ peréBare, Kai tHv écOjTa AaBav THY Kaicapos nuaywevnvy avemrutev, émiderxvipevos tas d1a- Komas Kal T@VY TpavpaTwY TO TAHOOS. Hv ovv b] n QA ” ‘ / > b e N isetv oddev Ere Kooum ytvopevov' GAN ot pév 5 U \ b , 9 “A e 9 C4 éBowv tovs avdpodpovous avaipely, oi &, watrep / A A A ért Krwdiov tod Snpaywyod mpotepov, amo TAV épyaoctnpiav ta Babpa nal ras tpatélas ava- TTaVTES Kal GUyKOpivovTeEs Eis TAUTO Trappeyedn Tupav évncayv: Kal Tov vexpoy émiOévtes ev péow TOAA@Y pev lepav, TOAK@Y & aavrAwy Kal aBe- / 4 , e \ N “A 9g sf Bnrov torwv Kabnylov. ws dé To TUp éFéXap- rev, AANaKOOEV Aros Tpochepopevor Kal Sarovs > A e UL v4 > \ > ?- avactra@vrTes nuipréxtous b1é0eov ert tas oixtas A e TOV AVNPHNKOTWV AUTOV WS éuTpHaOVTES. ? > » a \ 2 4 , AAXN exeivor pev ev Trehpaypyevot mpoTeEpov atexpovoavtTo Tov Kivdvvoyv. nv Sé€ tus Kivvas, TOLNTLKOS aYHP, OvdEY THS aitias peTéXoV, GANG kat hiros Kaicapos yeyoves. otros dvap @erto Karovpevos vTo Kaicapos éi Seimvoy apvetabat, Tov 6€ Atrapety Kai BidlecOar, téros 8 ayew AaRopevov THs Yetpos els aYavy Torov Kal cKoTet- vov, avtov 8 dxovta kal reBayPnuévov Erecbat. TavTny LoovTe THY dp a’T@ ouvéBy Tupéerren dua vuxtos: Suws 8 Ewlev éxxopusttopévov tod cw@patos aidovpevos p47 wapeivar mponrOev eis Tov dyAov On Stayprawopevov. opOeis Se Kal | } S0Eas ovxy Somrep jv Kivvas eivat, adr’ éxeivos 6 Kaicapa mpos tiv éxxdrnaotav évayyos AowWopyaas, dseomraa On, 170 BRUTUS passion, and taking the robe of Caesar, all bloody as it was, unfolded it to view, pointing out the many places in which it had been pierced and Caesar wounded. All further orderly procedure was at an end, of course; some cried out to kill the murderers, and others, as formerly in the case of Clodius the demagogue,! dragged from the shops the benches and tables, piled them upon one another, and thus erected a huge pyre; on this they placed Caesar’s body, and in the midst of many sanctuaries, asylums, and holy places, burned it. Moreover, when the fire blazed up, people rushed up from all sides, snatched up half-burnt brands, and ran round to the houses of Caesar's slayers to set them on fire. These men, indeed, having previously barricaded themselves well, repelled the danger ; but there was a certain Cinna, a poet, who had no share in the crime, but was actually a friend of Caesar’s. This man dreamed that he was invited to supper by Caesar and declined to go, but that Caesar besought and constrained him, and finally took him by the hand and led him into a yawning and darksome place, whither he followed unwilling and _ bewildered. After having this vision, he fell into a fever which lasted all night; but in the morning, nevertheless, when the funeral rites were held over Caesar’s body, he was ashamed not to be present, and went out into the crowd when it was already becoming savage. He was seen, however, and being thought to be, not the Cinna that he really was, but the one who had re- cently reviled Caesar before the assembled people, he was torn in pieces. 1 Clodius was killed in a street-brawl with Milo, 52 B.c. Cf. Cicero, xxv. 1. 171 fr a PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXI. Todrto +o waOos padtota peta ye THY 9 , A a e AY a Avtwviou petaBorny Seicavtes of mept Bpotrov dveyopnoav é€x THS ToAews’ Kal SiérptBov ev "Avtim TO MpaTov ws, Stay Tapaxudon Kat papavOy To THs opyns, adOes eis ‘Paynyv xati- , e ’ ” Ul 3 / ovtes. § padiws EcecOar mpocedoxwy év wANnOECL dhopas actabuntous kal taxeias hepopevors, Kal THY avyKAnTOY evvouv eyovTes, 7) Tovs Kivvay Stactracapévous yaipe édacaca Tovs éml Tas > » ‘ bY 4 bd 4 olxias Tas éxelvov éredOovtas avetnre Kal 4 a \ \ e A > 4 2 suverauBavev. 70n Sé nal o Shyos ayOopevos, "Avtwviou oyedov eis povapyiay Kaltotapévon, Bpodrov érodew Kal mpocedoxato tas Oéas akew Tapwv avtos, as where oTpaTnyav Tapacyeiv. 9 , N \ “A e \ li aig@opevos Sé mTodXdOvs TAY Ure Kaicapos éotpateupevov Kal yhv cal modes Tap éxeivou NaBovrwy émiBovrAevovtas avT@ nal Kat’ odLyous Tapetopeovras éis THY ToAW ovK eOdppnaev ér- Geiv, GAN’ o Siuos €Ocato pu Trapovtos éxeivou Tas Géas, ahedas mdvu yopnyoupévas Kal crepit- ToS. Onpia te yap wdprroAdXa ouvEewvnpmévos éxéXevoe ndev arrodocbat und vroduteiv, AAXNa mao kataypioacba., Kal tay Tepl Tov Arovucov TexviTav autos eis Néav rrodw xataBas évéruvye mretatos: tmept b€ Kavovtiou tivos evnuepotytos év tois Oedtpois &ypade mpos Tovs didous drrws meloavtTes avTov eicaydywou “EAXnvev yap ovdéeva BracOjvar mpoonxev. éypade 5é cal Kixépou, tavtws mapatuyxety tais Oéass Sedpevos. 172 994 BRUTUS XXI. This incident more than anything else, ex- cept, perhaps, Antony’s change of heart, frightened Brutus and his adherents, and they withdrew from the city. At first they spent some time in Antium, with the idea of returning to Rome when the people’s wrath had passed its climax and subsided. This they thought would readily come to pass, since multitudes are fickle and impetuous, and, besides, they had the senate in their favour, which let those who tore Cinna to pieces go unpunished, and yet tried to seek out and arrest those who had assaulted the houses of the conspirators. Already, too, the people were disturbed because Antony was assuming almost absolute power, and they longed for Brutus; it was also expected that he would be present in person and conduct the spectacles which it was his duty as praetor to furnish. But Brutus learned that many of the veteran soldiers of Caesar who had received land and cities from their commander, were now plotting against his life and in small bands streaming into the city. He therefore had not the courage to come. The people, however, had their spectacles, in spite of his absence, and these were very lavishly and magnificently appointed. For Brutus had purchased a great number of wild beasts, and now gave orders that not one should be sold or left behind, but that all should be used ; and he himself went down to Naples and conferred with a very large number of actors; and regarding Ca- nutius, an actor who enjoyed great fame, he wrote to his friends that they should persuade him to go to Rome; for no Greek could properly be compelled to go. He wrote also to Cicero, begging him by all means to attend the spectacles. 173 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES XXII. ’Ev toravtn 5¢ xataotdce: tov Tpa- yudtov évtwv érépa yiverar petaBorr Tov véov Kaicapos éredOovros. obtos Hv peév é& aberdidas Kaicapos, ypdppate 5€ mais vm avrov xai xANpovopos amroAedetppéevos. ev & ‘AzroAdwvia SuétpiBev Ste Kaicap dvnpébn, oxordlwv epi NOyous KaKelvov ért TlapOovs édavvew evOvs éyyaxoTa mpoopéevov. aya b€ TO TvOécOas 7d mados HAO eis ‘Pounv: nal Snuaywyias dpyny tovvoua Kaicapos Oéuevos éavt@ Kal diavéuov TO KaTarehbev apyvptov Tots TodtTats AvT@voy Te xatectaciale cal xpnpata dradidovs cuviorn Kal cuviyye TroAAovs THY LTO Kaicapos éorpatev- pévov. éret 66 Kixépwy te mpdos ‘Avtwroyv pioes TA Kaioapos érpatte, rovT@ pev o Bpodtos errém ANT TEV loxupars, ypadwv ws ov Seororny Bapivorto Kixépwv, adda pucovvta Seorortny oPotro, cal troduTevorTo Sovreias aiperww dirav- Opwrov ypadwv Kal Aéyov wS YXpNoTOS éeoTL Kaicap. “Oi 8é mpoyovol,” dyatv, “ipav ovde mpaous Seomotas Uméuevov.” avT@ & els TovTO Katpod pte trodeuety BeBaiws SedoxPar pte novydtev, adr &y povov elvar BeBovrcvpévor, To pn Sovrevew Oavydtew dé Kexépwvos, ei mwoNeov pev éudurtov kai Kwdvvedy Sédorxer, aiaypav 5é nal adokov elpyvnv ov poBeitat, tod 8 “Avrovov éxBareiy HS Tupavvidos psobov aitet ro Kaicapa xatacthoat tTUpavvon. XXIII. Ev pév ody tais mpwrais éructonais TotovTos o Bpovros: 76 dé Tay pev ws Kaicapa, tav & ws Avt@vioy stictapéevar, @viwv & TaV \ dorpareupévwy as in xxi. 2: orparevouévwr. 174 BRUTUS XXII. Matters were at such a pass when a fresh turn was given to them by the arrival of the young Caesar. He was a son of Caesar’s niece, but had been formally adopted by him, and left his heir. He was pursuing his studies at Apollonia when Caesar was killed, and had been awaiting him there after his determination to march at once against the Par- thians. As soon as he learned of Caesar’s fate, he came to Rome, and as a first step towards winning the favour of the people, assumed the name of Caesar and distributed to the citizens the money which had been left them by his will. Thus he deposed Antony from popular favour, and by a lavish use of money assembled and got together many of Caesar's veteran soldiers. When Cicero was led by his hatred of An- tony to take the side of Octavius Caesar, Brutus rebuked him severely, writing that Cicero did not object to a despot as such, but only feared a despot who hated him, and that when he declared in his letters and speeches that Octavius was a worthy man, his policy meant the choice of a kindly slavery. «Our ancestors, however,’ said he, “ could not endure even gentle despots.” As for himself, he had not as yet definitely decided, he said, either for war or for peace, but on one thing only was he determined, and that was not to be a slave; and he was amazed, he said, that Cicero dreaded a civil war with all its perils, but was not afraid of a shameful and inglorious peace, and that, as a reward for driving Antony from the tyranny, he asked the privilege of making Octavius tyrant. XXIII. Thus, then, did Brutus express himself in his first letters to Cicero. But already one faction was forming about Octavius, and another about 175 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTpatoTédwv w@oTrep UTO KnpUKL TpoaTOELEevwY TO HEOv didovre, Tavtdmact KaTayvous TOY TpayLaTov eyo cataditrety ‘Itadiav, nal weoq dca Aevkavias éls "EXéav emt Oahaccay wen. 2 60ev 4 Ilopxia pédrovea maALy eis “Pa&unv aro- tpaTéa Oat Nav dverv pev émretpGTo mepiTrabars éxouca, ypagn 5é THs aurny mpovdaxe TaN y ovaav. ny yap éx TOV “EdAnuicav cixgegitee. ; T POTTELTOMEVOS "Extwp vTr0 ‘Avdpopua- xs Kouslomerns Tap avtov To masoiov, € éxeiv@ Oé 3 mpooBrerovens. Taira Gewpevny THV Topxiav » Tov wdaOous eixoY eerngev els daxpva: Kal TONAGKLS portaca TNS TpEpas éxdaev. "AxtAtov 5€ Twos TOV Bpotrov ditwyv Ta mpos “Exropa rns Avdpopaxyns érn dveXOovtos, “Extop, aTap ov po éool matip Kal moTMa paitnp noe Kaciyyyntos, av 5é wor Oarepos epee 4 perdsdcas 0 Bpodtos, “’AXX’ ovw enol y’,” ele, ‘se \ , ” s a A Ay mpos Ilopxiav érerot havar ta Tov “Extopos, istov AaKkaTny Te Kal duditrodoel KéXEVE' TwWUATOS yap dmoneimerat puoe Tav towy av6pa- yaOnparov, youn & umeép THs maTpioos, ao Tep jpels, apiorevel. TavTa pév o THS Llopkias vids iotopnxe BuBXos. XXIV. ’AvayOeis 8 o Bpoitos éxeiBev er AOnvov EAE. beFapevou d€ Tov SHpov mpodv- pws aurov evpnpiacs Kat nic pace Sintaro bev mapa fév@ tiv, Seopyjarov 8 GK pod Wevos Tov Axaébnptaxod nai Kparinmov rod Mepirarntixod 176 BRUTUS Antony, and the soldiers, as though for sale at auction, flocked to the highest bidder. Altogether despairing, therefore, of the state, Brutus determined to abandon Italy, and came by land through Lucania to Elea by the sea. As Porcia was about to return thence to Rome, she tried to conceal her distress, but a certain painting betrayed her, in spite of her noble spirit hitherto. Its subject was Greek, — Andromache bidding farewell to Hector; she was taking from his arms their little son, while her eyes were fixed upon her husband. When Porcia saw this, the image of her own sorrow presented by it caused her to burst into tears, and she would visit it many times a day and weep before it. And when Acilius, one of the friends of Brutus, recited the verses containing Andromache’s words to Hector, «“ But, Hector, thou to me art father and honoured mother And brother; my tender husband, too, art thou,” Brutus smiled and said: “ But I, certainly, have no mind to address Porcia in the words of Hector, ‘Ply loom and distaff and give orders to thy maids,’ ! for though her body is not strong enough to perform such heroic tasks as men do, still, in spirit she is valiant in defence of her country, just as we are.” This story is told by Porcia’s son, Bibulus.? XXIV. From thence Brutus put to sea and sailed for Athens. Here the people welcomed him eagerly and extolled him in public decrees. He dwelt with a certain guest-friend, attended the lectures of Theo- mnestus the Academic and Cratippus the Peripatetic, 1 Iliad, vi. 429 f.; 491. 2 Cf. chapter xiii. 2. 177 Mo VOL. VI. N PLUTARCH’S LIVES kal cupdirocodav édoxer mayvtdtaciw apyeiv Kal ayordtev. émpatte S€ Ta Wpos Tov WorEwov 995 avuToTT@s. Kal yap ets Makedoviay émepuev ‘Hpootparoy otxerovpevos tovs émi tav éxei atpatotréwy, Kal Tovs cyoAdlovras amo ‘Pons éy dares véovs avedduBave Kal cuveiyev. cov hv cat Kixépwvos vids, dv éraivet Stadepovtas, Kai gyno, eit éypyyopev eit’ évuTmdletat, Oavpa- Ceev ob Tw yevvaiov dvta Kal prcoTupavvov. "ApEdpevos 5€ THY Tpayudtwv avadhavddv anrecbat, cal tru@opevos wAota ‘Pwopaixd peora xpnuatwv €& “Acias mpocpépecOar xal otparn- yov émuimdeivy avdpa yapievta Kal yvopipor, aTnvrnoev auT@ wept Kapvorov: évtruxyeov oé cat meicas Kal mapaxaBwy Ta rola AauTpoTéepay UTodoyny eroeiro. Kal yap hv nuépa Kal” Av éyeyoves mpa@tov o Bpodros. ws odv é€XOovtes eis TO Tive ériyvoes errolodvTo vinns te Bpovrou kat ‘“Pwpaiwy édevOepias, ere padAdAov avtovs pacar Bovrcpmevos ynTnoe twoTHpiov peifov' xal AaBav, am’ ovdeusads mpopdcews dvepwvnce Tov oTiYoy TOUTOV' ard pe potp’ 6Aon Kal Anrods Extavev vids. ¥ \ \ XN 4 @ “ eo \ ére 5é Kal mpos TovTos iotopova.v, Ste Thy / bd , 4 %% 1 , Tereuvtaliay év Dirimmos paxovuevos Ene pd- ? A xnv, auvOnua map avtod Tois oTpati@tais "AmoAAwva So0jvar. 610 Kal THs cupdopas TiOevrat onpetov exeivny TV avadwrvnotv. 178 BRUTUS discussed philosophy with them, and was thought to be wholly given up to literary pursuits. But without any one’s suspecting it, he was getting ready for war. For he sent Herostratus into Macedonia, de- siring to win over the commanders of the armies there, and he united in his service all the young Romans who were studying at Athens. One of these was Cicero’s son, on whom he bestows high praise, declaring that whether awake or asleep and dream- ing, he was amazed to find him of such a noble spirit and such a hater of tyranny. Afterwards he began to act openly, and having learned that Roman transports full of treasure were approaching from Asia, and that an accomplished and well-known man was in command of them, he went to meet him at Carystus. After conferring with him and persuading him to hand over the transports, he prepared an entertainment of unusual splendour; for it was Brutus’s birthday. Accord- ingly, when they were come to their wine, and were pledging “ Victory to Brutus,” and “ Liberty to the Romans,’ wishing to animate them still more, Brutus called for a larger beaker, and then, when he had received it, without any ostensible reason, recited this verse :— “ But I am slain by baleful Fate and Leto’s son.” ! And still further, in addition to this, historians tell us that when he was going out to figlt his last battle at Philippi, the watchword which he gave out to his soldiers was “Apollo.”’1 Therefore they conclude that when he recited that verse, it also was a presage © of his calamity. 1 Patroclus to Hector, Iltad, xvi. 849. Leto’s son was Apollo, and the name was thought to mean Destroyer. 179 N 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 v4 / N b A ? XXV. ) Ex ToUTOU MevTHKOVTA pev AUTH pupLd- Sas ’Avtiatios db wv Hye Kab autos eis ‘Itadiav A 4 Cd . , w xpnuatwv Sidworv, door Sé wept OecoaNriay ért THs loumntov orparias éAXAav@vrTo auvéppeov dopevws mpos autov: immeis 5€ mevtaxocious ddeiheto Kivva mpos AoroBéAXav ayovtos eis 9 / ? U4 a f A Aciayv. émimdevoas te TH Anunrptdas:, ToAX@Y Cd > 4 \ 9 , a , OTAw@Y eEayopevwy mpos Avtwyioyv, & Katcapos A S , > N \ ‘\ Tov mpotépov Kedevoavtos émi tov TlapOixov ? 4 U > 4 € J, \ A érroinOn modepov, éexpatnoev. “‘Optnaiov &é tov aoTpaTnyou mapadovtos av’t@ Makedoviay, nai Tov év KuKA@m Bacirtéwy nai Suvact@v auvota- 4 4 > 4 Ia e péevov nal mpootiOepéevarv, ayyéAXetat Vaios, o "Avrwviov aderdos, €& “Itadias dsaBeBnxas Ba- Sifeww evOuvs éml tas Suvdpes as év ’Emiddpve cal ’AmroAXwvia Batinos cuvetye. RBovrAopevos otv POdcat nai wporaBeiv o Bpodtos éEaidyns dvacTnaas TOUs cuv avT@ Sa Ywpiov yareTaov vipopevos émopeveto’ Kal modu mponAGe Tovs Kouivovtas To aptotov. éyyvs ovv ’Emdduvov , \ ’ a ) , yevopevos S1a Komrov Kal wWiyos éBovrApiace. cupmnimres Sé partota To Wabos yLovos ovans movovot Kai KTYvEect Kal avOpwrots, elite Tod Geppod Sia rrepiipvkiy cai wvxvwoty, Stav évTos bod A ‘ ’ , ’ J dmav xaberpyOn, THY Tpopiy aApows avadriaKov- tos, elte Spipeta nal Aewt) Tis ytovos dtadvo- pévns lovaa wvo1 Tépver TO cpa Kat dScapOeipe 70 Oeppov é& avtod Oupale Staore:popevov. tas yap épidpwaes mapéxew Soxet to Oepyov dmav- 180 BRUTUS XXV. After this, Antistius! gave him five hundred thousand drachmas from the moneys which he was personally taking to Italy, and all Pompey’s soldiers who were still wandering about Thessaly gladly flocked to his standard. He also took from Cinna five hundred horsemen that he was conducting to Dolabella in Asia. Then sailing to Demetrias, whence great quantities of arms, which the elder Caesar had ° ordered to be made for his Parthian war, were being conducted to Antony, he took possession of them. After Hortensius the praetor had delivered up Ma- cedonia to him, and while all the surrounding kings and potentates were uniting on his side, word was brought that Caius, the brother of Antony, had crossed over from Italy and was marching directly to join the forces under Vatinius in Epidamnus and Apollonia. Wishing, therefore, to anticipate his ar- rival and capture these forces, Brutus suddenly set out with the forces under him and marched through regions difficult of passage, in snow storms, and far in advance of his provision-train. Accordingly, when he had nearly reached Epidamnus, fatigue and cold gave him the distemper called “boulimia.” This attacks more especially men and beasts toiling through snow ;? whether it is that the vital heat, being wholly shut up within the body by the cold that surrounds and thickens it, consumes its nourishment complete] Y> or that a keen and subtle vapour arising from the melting snow pierces the body and destroys its heat as it issues forth. For the sweat of the body seems to be produced by its heat, and this is extinguished ‘A mistake for Appuleius (Cicero, Philippics, x. ll; Appian, B.C. iii. 63), who was quaestor in Asia. * As it did the “Ten Thousand ” in Armenia (Xenophon, Anab. iv. 5, 7 f.). 181 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOVTL T@ Wuxpe@ mept TV emipaveray oa Bevvv- pevov. vmrep wy év érépors paddov HTOpnTar. XXVI. AtroOupobytos dé tod Bpovrouv xat pnodevos & EXOVTOS év T® aTpaToTEOe pander é00- Siuov, nvayKxda Onoayv ol Tept avrov emt Tous Trohe- pLous Katapuyeiy’ Kal Tais TUNALS m™ poa eA Oovtes dptov TOUY TOUS | pudakas. ot dé Sraxovaartes TO CUmTTO "A TOU Bpovrou maphoav avrol Kal outta Kal morta Kopitovtes. avl’ wv o Bpodtos, @S THY TToAW TapédaBev, ov povoy TovTaSs, adda Kal waar dta Tovtovs dtr\avOpmoTas eXpITAaTO. Ddios 8 "AvTovtos "AtroANwvia poo Bahov €KEL TOUS eyyus évTas EKANEL oTpaTLMOTas. érret S ovToi Te mMpos Bpodrov @yovtTo Kal Tovs ‘Atrohhoadtas na Gero Ta Bpovrou ppovowvras, EXALTIOV THY TOALY ELS BovOpwror eBabyte. Kat ™ p@Tov pev am odvar Tpeis omeipas: Kal odor v0 Bpourou KatakoTeiaas’ éreita TOUS TEpt THY BvaArida TOTTOUS Tpoxatarnplertas emrexerpav exBralerOar Kal paxyny cuvdrpas Kinépwv vina- Tat. TOUT yap o Bpobros EX PHTO ilar MRK Kat Torna 60 avrod Kcatap0woe. RAaBwv &é tov Paiov év ywpiots éXwdect paxpav dieotrac pévov OUK Elacev éuBanreiv, ada r€ ulamevae, eide- aOat KEAEVOY, WS META pLKPOV 18/ wy écopéevov, § Kab ovveBn. mapédocav yap EavTous Kal Tov TTPATHYOV, DATE peyarny HON mrepl TOV Bpodrov Suvapmuy elvat. povov pev ouv Toy év TUMH tov I‘diov Hye Kal Ta Tapaonpa THS apxhs ovK adnpet, caitrep, OS Paci, dX\NwY TE TOANOV Kal 182 996 BRUTUS by the cold which meets it at the surface. But I have discussed this matter more at length elsewhere.! XXVI. Now, since Brutus was faint, and since not one of his soldiers had anything in the shape of food, his attendants were obliged to have recourse to their enemies, and going down to the gate of the city they asked the sentinels for bread. These, when they heard of the mishap of Brutus, came to him themselves, bringing food and drink. Wherefore Brutus, when the city had surrendered to him, treated not only these men humanely, but also all the other citizens for their sake. When Caius Antonius drew near Apollonia, he summoned the soldiers who were in the vicinity. These, however, went to Brutus, and Caius perceived also that the people of Apollonia favoured the cause of Brutus. He therefore left the city behind and set out for Buthrotum. To begin with, he lost three _cohorts on the march, which were cut to pieces by Brutus; next, when he tried to force the positions near Byllis which his opponents had earlier occupied, and joined battle, he was defeated by Cicero. For Brutus employed this young man as general, and won many successes through him. When, however, he came upon Caius in marshy regions and with his forces widely scattered, Brutus would not permit his men to attack them, but rode about giving orders to spare them, in the belief that they would soon be his own. And this actually came to pass. For they surrendered themselves and their general, so that now Brutus had a large force about him. For a long time, then, he held Caius in honour, and would not deprive him of the insignia of his command, although, as we are 1 Cf., for example, Morals, pp. 691 f. 183 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kixépevos amo ‘Papns ypapovrey Kab Keevov- TwWY avatpeiy ap&dpevov dé xpida Tots ayepwooe braréyeo Oar Kal ToujoavTa vewtrepiapov évOé- pevos els vavy epvrarte. TOV b¢ er ml OT pATLOT aD els "ATroAoviay arog TavTwy Kal KaNOvvT@V éxet TOV Bpodrov, ovK edn TOUTO maT pov elvat ‘Pwpaios, dA éxeivous Tpos Tov dpxovra Xphvas Badifovras avTous mapatteiaOar thy él Tots 7] papTnmevors opynv. edBovar de cad Seopévors cvyyvopnv ewxe. XXVII. Méddovts 8 atte Sia Baiver eis THY *Aciav Hcev. aryyedia mepl THs év ‘Payn peTa- Borys. 0 yap véos Kaicap nv&nOn pev UTro TIS Bovrns ér ’Avrwvov, éxBarov Sé THs “Itanias éxetvov avros 78m poBepos WY, bratetav TE pyo- pevos Tapa vopov, Kal TTPATEUMAT A Tpépov peydna, TIS Toews ovdev Seoperns. ope 6e Kal taita thy BovAny Bapuvopevny Kat ™ pos TOV Bpovroyv adopacav ew Kal udilopevny éxeive Kal BeBarotaay Tas érrapyxias, éderce. Kal Tov pev "AvT@vioy TEM OY ELS piriav mpovKaneiro, Tas 6é Suvd pets Th TONE TEPLaTHI AS brateiav éraBev, ovr mavu petpaxiov @V, AAN elxoo TOV dywv Tos, WS AUTOS eV TOIS Uropynuacww elpnxev. evOus dé Sixas aaah Kata TOY rept TOV Bpobrov ela tyryev, WS ay pa ™ p@tov év apxais tals peryt- TTALS GYNPNKOT@Y AKpLTOV’ Kal KaTIYopoY éTe- oTNTe Bpovtov pev Aevxtov Kopuegixcov, Kao- giou dé Mdpxov "Aypiravp. apricKkavov ou tas Oixas epijpas dvaryKatopevav Pépety Wiipov Ttav dixcactav. Réyetar 5é Tov KnpuKos, @aoTrEp 184 BRUTUS told, Cicero and many others besides wrote to him from Rome and urged him to put the man to death. However, when Caius began to hold secret commu- nications with the officers of Brutus, and incited a revolt, Brutus put him on board a ship and kept him under guard. And when the soldiers who had been corrupted by Caius withdrew to Apollonia and in- vited Brutus to come to them there, he told them this was not a Roman custom, but that they must come themselves to their commander and seek to avert his wrath at their transgressions. And when they came and asked his pardon, he granted it. XXVII. But as he was about to cross into Asia, tidings came to him of the change that had taken place at Rome. For Octavius Caesar had been strengthened by the senate against Antony, and after ejecting his rival from Italy, was himself now an object of fear, soliciting the consulship illegally, and maintaining large armies, of which the city had no need. But when he saw that even the senate was displeased at this and turned their eyes abroad to Brutus, confirming him in command of his pro- vinces by their vote, he became afraid. So he sent and invited Antony to become his friend, and then, stationing his forces about the city, secured the con- sulship, although he was still a mere youth, being in his twentieth year, as he himself has stated in his Commentaries. Straightway, then, he brought in- dictments for murder against Brutus and his associ- ates, accusing them of having slain the first magistrate of the city without a trial. He appointed Lucius Cornificius to be prosecutor of Brutus, and Marcus Agrippa of Cassius. Accordingly, their cases went by default, the jurors voting under compulsion. And 185 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 7 3 \ A vA \ A x NAN A elwOev, airo tov Bnpatos tov Bpodroy émt rnp , A \ \ A p] J LA Stxnv xarodvtos, TO pev WAHOOS er1d7jAWS TTEVA- / a Eat, rovs 8 apiorous Kinpavtas eis ynv novxlay 4 A ayetv, Tlomdsov 5é 2erixcov 6pOhvar Saxpvaoavta, Kai Sia THY altiavy tavTnY Orlyov Botepoy &va TOV Tpoypahévtwy ent Oavatw yevécOar. era A 4 e A A 9 , Tavta dtarrayévtes of Tpets, Kaicap, Avrwvos, Aémdos, Sieveiwavto tas émapyias odhayds te kat mpoypagas davdpav Ss:axociwy éroincay, év ols kai Kixépwv amébave. XXVIII. Tovtwy obv eis Maxedoviay azray- yerOevrwv éxBiac Beis 0 Bpodros &ypaypev ‘Optn- a mS b aim Krewar Vaiov Avtrwvorv, ws 6) Bpovty te \ 4 A A \ bg J A \ wat Kixépwve timwpav, TO pév dvtTe hiro, Ta 5é Kal Kata yévos mpoonkovTt. d1a tadO” botepov e A "Avtavios “Optnctov év Pirdimmos AaRov TO n le) , A pvnpatt tov adeXpod mpocécdhake. Bpodros dé Ths Kixépwvos terevths TH aitia dynow aicyv- A A A 4 A > “a verOat padrov 7) TO wader cuvaryetv, éyxaretv N la) > \e¢ , / 4 \ e “A dé trois emi “Popns dirors: dovAeverv yap avTav aitia wadrov h Tov TUpavvovYTwY, Kal KapTepeiv op@vrTas Kal mapovtas & pnd axkovew avTois GVEKTOV HV. Ileparwcas &€ tov otpatoy eis ’Aciav Hdn 5) \ 4 Naptrpov ova, vavtixov pev EEnpTveTO aTOAOV év Biduvia cai epi Kufixov, wefq 8 adbtos émrimy xabiatato Tas TOES Kat TOis SuvdoTals éypT- \ partite, Kat rpos Kaootov éreprev eis Yupiav an’ AlyimTov peTaxadav’ ov yap apxnv Ktwpuévous gg7 186 BRUTUS it is said that when the herald on the rostra_ pro- nounced the customary summons for Brutus to appear, the multitude groaned audibly, while the better classes bowed their heads in silence; and that Publius Silicius was seen to burst into tears, and was for this reason’ soon afterwards put on the list of the pro- scribed. After this, the three men, Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus, were reconciled with one another, distributed the provinces among themselves, and sentenced to death by proscription two hundred men, Among those put to death was Cicero. XXVIII. Accordingly, when tidings of these events were brought to Macedonia, Brutus felt compelled to write to Hortensius commanding him to kill Caius Antonius, on the plea that he was thus avenging Cicero and Brutus Albinus, one of whom was his friend, and the other his kinsman. For this reason, at a later time, when Antony had captured Hortensius at the battle of Philippi, he slew him on the tomb of his brother. Brutus, however, says that he felt more shame at the cause of Cicero’s death than grief at the event itself, and threw the blame upon his friends at Rome. He said their servitude was due to themselves rather than to their tyrants, and that they consented to be eyewitnesses of things of which they ought not even to hear. He now crossed into Asia with his army, which was already a splendid one, and equipped a fleet in Bithynia and at Cyzicus, while he himself, proceeding by land, settled the affairs of the cities and gave audiences to the potentates of the country. He also sent to Cassius in Syria, recalling him from his expedition to Egypt; for it was not to win empire 1 About the middle of 43 B.o. 187 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avrous, GAN édevOepodvtas THY Tatpiba Thy Svva- pu, 7 KaTadvoouct TOUS Tupdvvous, cuvayovtas mravac Ga: Seip ovv pepynévous Kal purdrrov- Tas TH brobeow wn paxpav annpriabas THS "Iradias, Gd’ éxeioe orrevdev xa Bonbeiv trois ToAtTals. ‘Trraxovaoavtos 8 tod Kaaaiov nai xataBat- VOVTOS annvTa* Kal Tmepl Lpupvav adANAOLS éveTbyXavov ap’ ov 7 pa@rov év Tleepacet yoopt- abévres @ Opynoav O pep eis Lupiav, o o 66 els Maxe- Soviav. ay ou m00v7) Te peyarn kat Odpaos avrois éx Tis mwapovons ExaTepep Suva pews. oppnaavtes yap én THIS ‘Itadias Gpota puyddev tous ATtMOTATOLS aX pnwaTor Kal dvor hot, iT) vaiy évnpn, fe) OT PATLOTHY éva, un Tod éyovTes, ov Toho mau xpovev Sraryevopevou ovvndbov eis TavTo Kal vavol cai met@ Kal lrrrous Kal xen pact aE ropaxor diaywvicacbat rept THs “Po- paiwv Tye movias OvTeES. XXIX. "EBovXero fev ovv looy ee TLS kar Tapexew ) Kaoovos, EpOave 5 Bpodros as TA TONG porray mpos avtov runs TE Tpov- xovra Kal ToOpare Tovey opoiws Bn duvapévep Hpeomevor. Av Oe Sofa Kdootov pev elvas deivov éy Tos srohepsxois, opyn be Tpax vv Kal poBy paddov dpxovra, apos S€ Tous cuvnbes t byporepov T@ yehot@ kat prhorkwn Ty Bpodrov 5€é A€youae be’ aperny pireio Gas pev vuTo TeV TOAD, épac bat S vro trav pido, JavpateaBas 8 wo TOV dpiatay, _pseiaBau dé und wtr0 TOV ToXE- piwv, Ste mpados o avnp Stadepovtws Kai peya- 188 BRUTUS for themselves, he said, but to give liberty to their country, that they were wandering about and col- lecting forces with which to overthrow the tyrants ; they must therefore keep their purpose carefully in mind and not get far removed from Italy, but rather hasten thither and give aid to their countrymen. Cassius obeyed, and as he was returning, Brutus went to meet him. Their interview at Smyrna was the first they had had since they parted at Piraeus and set out, the one for Syria, the other for Mace- donia. They therefore derived great pleasure and courage from the forces which each now had. For they had set out from Italy like the most wretched of exiles, without money, without arms, having not a ship equipped with oars, not a single soldier, not a city; but before very long they had met, having a fleet, an army of foot and horse, and money, which made them worthy antagonists in the struggle for supremacy at Rome. XXIX. Now, Cassius was desirous that Brutus and he should have equal honour, but Brutus forestalled this by coming to him generally, since he was an older man and unable to endure the same amount of hardship. Cassius had the reputation of being an able soldier, but harsh in his anger, and with an authority based largely on fear, although with his familiars he was rather prone to laughter and fond of banter. But the virtues of Brutus, as we are told, made him beloved by the multitude, adored by his friends, admired by the nobility, and not hated even by his enemies. For he was remarkably gentle and 189 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , N a b \ \ e \ \ Addpwv nal mpos wacav opynv Kat Hdovny Kal / b a ow \ A , \ mreoveEiav amrans, dpOrov dé THY yvounv Kal dxapTrov éotacav UTép TOU Kadov Kal Sixatov StapvAdtrov. Kal péytotov UTrnpxev avT@ pos evotay Kal dokav Ths mpoapécews TioTts. ww ’ a e Ine 9 a, ovTE yap éxeivos Oo péyas Iloutnios, ef Kaicapa kabeirev, nrmileto BeBaiws mponcecOat ois 4 \ 4 bd > ov A \ 4 / vomots THY SUvapLV, AAN ael Ta Tpaypata Kalé- Fev, btrateias ovopate nal duxtatopias 4 TLVOS adANS paraxwTépas apxXhs wapapvOovpevos Tov Sjpov' Kdoatoy 6 rovtov, apodpov dvdpa xat Ovpoedh cal woAdAayod mpds TO Kepdaréov éx- pepopevov tod Sixaiov, mavtTos paddAov @ovTo ToNenely Kal mravacBar Kal xivduvevey avTo tiva Suvacteiav KatacKevalopevov, ovK édev- Oepiav trois woXitas. Ta pev yap étt TovTwY mpeoButepa, Kivvat nal Mapio nal KapBoves, @ ? / \ , / A / abnov év péow xal relay mpoGéuevor THY TraTpica, povovovy!l pntas wmép tupavvidos émrodéunoay. Bpovt@ 6é Aéyovat pndé rovs éxOpovs mpoacBar- 4 VA > b > , Ney TolavTny petaBRorAnv, aXXN Avtrwviov ye Kal mToAXoUS axovaat AéyoVTOS WS MOVOY oioLTO A b VA ¢ / A Bpotrov émBea Gat Katcape mpoayGévra TH Aap- A aA A / MpOTHTL KAL TO Hawwouevm Karw THS pakews, Tovs & aAXous et Tov dvdpa cvaThvat picobvtTas \ [fe (4 A by A 4 kal POovodvtas. OBev Bpodtos ov rH duvdmer ToaovTov baov TH apeTH SHAOS eat EF wv ypdder 4 4 ‘ b \ 4 A meTrodws. ypaper dé mpos ’Attixov dn TO , , ? A / %, an ‘ Kwwovvm mrnoidlwv ev TO KAaANOTH THS TUXNS 190 BRUTUS large-minded, free from all anger, pleasurable indul- gence, and greed, and kept his purpose erect and unbending in defence of what was honourable and just. And the strongest reason for the favour and fame which he achieved was the confidence felt in his principles. For no one had expected that Pompey the Great, if he overthrew Caesar, would insist on dismissing his forces in obedience to the laws, but all thought that he would continue to retain his power, appeasing the people by using the name of consul- ship or dictatorship or some other less obnoxious form of government. And now it was thought that Cassius, vehement and passionate man that he was, and often swept from the path of justice by his passion for gain, was incurring the perils of wars and wanderings principally to establish some great power for himself, and not liberty for his country- men. For the men of a still earlier time than Pompey and Cassius, men like Cinna and Marius and Carbo, made their country the booty or prize round which they fought, and they all but confessed that they waged war to establish a tyranny. But Brutus, we are told, was not accused even by his enemies of such a departure from his principles; nay, Antony at least, in the hearing of many, declared that in his opinion Brutus was the only conspirator against Caesar who was impelled by the splendour and by what seemed to him the nobility of the enterprise, whereas the rest banded together against the man because they envied and hated him. Wherefore Brutus relied not so much on his armies as on his virtuous cause, as is clear from his letters. When he was already nearing the perilous crisis, he wrote to Atticus that his cause had the fairest outlook that fortune could bestow, Ig! PLUTARCH’S LIVES elvat TA KAO avTov: 7 yap vixnoas édXevOEepwoev N e / A a , 9 \ ? tov ‘Pwpaiwv Shpov 7 SovAcias atroPaveyv atrad- AaynoecOau cal ToV arAXAwWY acharas avTois \ , b 4 A wv J , kat BeBaiws éxovtav év adnrov elvat, moTEpov , > 3 / A / 4 Biweoovrar pet édrevOepias 7 TEAvHnEOVTar. Map- > 9 , > g/ \ A 9 , / xov 8 ’Avtrwviov akiav dot ris dvoias ddovat Sixny, 65 év Bpovtos nal Kaooios cal Katwou auvapiOueicOar Svvdpevos mpocOnnny éavtov "OxtaBio Sémxe Kav pr viv ATTNOn pet’ exeivou ; ph viv ar7nOh pw bd 4 a) le) puxpov Dortepov éxeive payxeitar. TavTa mév ody amoleaticat KAA@S TpOsS TO wEAXOV EoLKeED. A 4 fe) XXX. ’Ev S€ rH Ypvpvyn tore Tov ypnuaTon, 4 a & moda cuvethoxes Kdootos, nEiov petadraBetv: Ta yap dvTa KaTavnrAwKéval vavTrnyoUpEvos a7T0- le) ? A A Nov TocovTOY @ Tacav vd EéavTois EEovot tHv b \ , 9 ” \ a A \ , évtos OdXacaav. ovK elwy pév odtv tov Kacatoy e , 4 e ? J A ‘ of piroe didovat, NEyorTes ws ov Sikatov, a aU , 4 , 4 hedouevos Stadurdrres Kxal POovm auvayecs, éxeitvov ANaBovra Synuaywyety cal yapifecBar Tots aTpatiotais: ov pay adr wey avT@ tplTov pépos atavrwy. Kal mddw Stacrdvtes emi Tas mpoonkovoas éxatépp mpakes, Kaccvos pev ehov ‘Podov ovK émEetKas EXpTTO Tos Tpaypacl, Kal tavTa wept THY Eloodov Tols mpoaaryopevovow 9 \ 4 ) 4 > 4, 6e Ww avrov Bacidéa kal Kvptov atroxpivapevos: “ Oite \ wv 4 A / \ 4 Baatnrevs ote Kvptos, TOD bé Kupiov cal Baairéws ‘ \ 4.99 a \ 4 v dovevs kal koractns.” Bpodtos dé Avxious ret , xpnuata Kal aotpatov. éel 5é Nauxpatns o 4 Snpaywyos avéresos Tas ToAEs udiotacbat Kal 192 998 BRUTUS for he would either conquer and give liberty to the Roman people, or die and be freed from slavery ; and that amid the general security and safety of their lot one thing only was uncertain, namely, whether they were to live as freemen or die. He says also that Mark Antony was paying a fitting. penalty for his folly, since, when it was in his power to be numbered with such men as Brutus and Cassius and Cato, he had given himself to Octavius as a mere appendage; and that if he should not now be defeated with him, in a little while he would be fighting him. Herein, then, he seems to have been an excellent prophet. XXX. At the time when they were in Smyrna, Brutus asked Cassius to give him a part of the large treasure which he had collected, since he had ex- pended what he had himself in building a fleet large enough to give them control of all the Mediter- ranean. ‘The friends of Cassius, then, tried to dis- suade him from giving anything to Brutus, arguing that it was not right that what he was keeping by his frugality and getting together at the price of men’s hatred should be taken by Brutus for the winning of popular favour and the gratification of his soldiers. Hlowever, Cassius gave him a third of the whole amount. Then they parted again for their respective undertakings. Cassius took Rhodes, but managed matters there with undue rigour, and that too though he had replied to those who hailed him, when he entered the city, as their lord and king, “ Neither lord nor king, but chastiser and slayer of your lord and king.” Brutus, on his part, demanded money and soldiers from the Lycians. But Naucrates, the popular leader, persuaded the cities to revolt, and 193 VOL. VI. 0 PLUTARCH’S LIVES AOdovs Tivas ws elpEovtes trapodouv Tov Bpodtov KaTerXaBovTo, Tp@Tov péevy aptaToTroLoupévols av- nn ae, e na ¢49 @ e , , Tois émétreprev immeis, up wv éEaxoato drepOa- pnoar, éreta Ta yYwpia Kal TroAiyvas AapBdavwv UA améXvey dvev AUTPWY ATavTas ws TpoTakomEVos > id \ yw € >] ® > , & \ evoia To EOvos. of 8 Hoav avOddes, & pév 9 4 N > \ / na bd) bd éBramrrovtTo mpos opyny TiOémevor, TAS 5 émeet- ketas Kat diravOpwrias Kxatadpovodvtes, axXpt ov auveddaas els RavOov avtav tots payiporta- Tous émoALopKet. Tov O€ TrOTALOD Tapa THY TONY qapappéovTos vTrovnxopevor OredidpacKov. ri- axovto 6é€ duxtiwv Sia mopov Kateuévor eis Buv@ov, dv Ta axkpa Kwdwor TpoonpTnmévors St¢E- onpatvev evOds Tov eva xeDévta. pnyavais &é tice Tov Havliwv vuxtwp émridpapovtwy kal rip 9 / e > / > , nA éuBarovtwv, ws atrexretaOnaay aicbopévwy TaY ‘Pwpyaiwy mpos To Teiyos Kal mvedpa AaprTpov 9 ij > \ \ b>] i“ \ , fa) aveppimeilev emt tas émantes tHv droya TeV éyyvs oixtav avtiAapBavopeyny, Seicas o Bpovros an / umép THS ToNEwWS exéXevoe KaTacBevvivar Kat BonGeiv. XXXII. Tovs 8& Avxious Sen tis eEaidyns e Mpos aovotay opun Kal AGyoU Kpeicawy KaTé- axev, Nv dv Tis Epwrt Cavdtov paddtotTa Tpocet- / A Kacelev* of ye peTa Traidwv Kal yuvatkav éreEv- Gepot te Kal Sod Kal Taca HrLKia Tovs pev / \ ‘ , “ ? \ A TodEmtous mpos THY proya BonOodvtas aio Tov retyav EBadXov, avtoi Sé Kadapov Kat EvAa Kai A 4 Tay uTéxKavpa Mpoahéepovres Hryov ert T7y WoW 194 BRUTUS the inhabitants occupied certain commanding hills in order to prevent the passage of Brutus. Brutus, therefore, in the first place, sent horsemen against them while they were at breakfast, and these slew six hundred of them; next, he took their strong- holds and villages, but dismissed all his captives without ransom, in order that he might win the people over by kindness. They were obstinate, however, feeding their anger upon their injuries, and despising his clemency and kindness, until he drove the most warlike of them into Xanthus and laid siege to the city. They tried to escape by swimming under the surface of the river which flowed past the city. But they were caught in nets which were let down deep across the channel ; the tops of these had bells attached to them which in- dicated at once when any one was entangled. Then the Xanthians made a sally by night and set fire to some of the siege-engines, but they were perceived by the Romans and driven back to their walls; and when a brisk wind fanned the flames back towards the battlements and some of the adjoining houses took fire, Brutus, fearing for the safety of the city, ordered his men to assist in putting out the fire. XXXI. But the Lycians were suddenly possessed by a dreadful and indescribable impulse to madness, which can be likened best to a passion for death. At any rate, all ages of them, freemen and slaves with their wives and children, shot missiles from the walls at the enemy who were helping them to combat the flames, and with their own hands brought up reeds and wood and all manner of combustibles, and so spread the fire over the city, feeding it with to PLUTARCH’S LIVES TO Tp, GpéyovTes avT@ Tacav DrAnv Kal mavtTa tpotrov é&epebilovtes xal auvextpépovtes. ws 8 7 POE pueica cal Sialwoaca wavtayobev THY mod OstéAapre tTrodAdy, tepiradav él Tots ywwopevots 0 Bpodtos éEwOev rapimmeve mpobv- povpevos Bonbeiv, cal tas yeipas opéywv ois Flavio édeito deidecOat nai owtery thy rod, OVSEVOS AUTO TpoaexXovTos, CAAA TaVTA TpoITTOY éavTovs amodduYT@Y, OV povoy avdpav te Kat yuvatk@v, ada Kal Ta Tratdia TA piKpa peETa Kpavyns kal dAadkaypod Ta pev eis TO Tip HAXeTO, TA 8 Aavwbev aro trav Teyav éferpa- xrSev aura, ta 8é€ Tois Eiheot TOY TaTépwv uméBadr€ Tas ohayas yupvovvta Kal KedevovTa matev. wpOn d€ THs Tordews SvadOapeions yuvr Kpeuapevn pev é€& ayyovns, tadiov &8 vexpov éEnptnuévn TOD Tpaxnrov, Aaptad: Sé Katopéevy THY oixiav Updttovaa. Kat Tov Oedpatos Tpay- xov pavévtos ioety péev ovy biréuervev 0 Bpodtos, édaxpvoe 5€ axovaas' Kat yépas éxnpuke tov otpatiwtay dotis ay SuvnOn Avecoy avépa trept- cacat. gaol dé povous éxaTov TevTHKoYTA yeve- a0at tovs pn Siadhvyovtas T6 cwOjva. Favdcoe pev ovv ba TOAA@Y YpoveY BorrEep eipappyéevny awepiosov SsabOopas amrodidovtes THY TOV TTpo- yovwv avevewoavTo TH TOALN TUYNY Kal yap cxeivot THY TOY opoiws emt tev Tlepocav Kataxavoavtes éavtous dépOerpav. XXXII. Bpodtos 5€ tHv Matapéwv rod opav dara xyupiComevny Wpos avrov, @Kver pev erriyerpely xal Suntropetro, THv avTny Sediws arrovolay, EXav 196 999 BRUTUS all sorts of material and increasing its strength and fury in every way. When the flames had darted forth and -encircled the city on all sides, and blazed out mightily, Brutus, distressed at what was going on, rode round outside the city in his eagerness to help, and with outstretched hands begged the Xanthians to spare and save their city. No one heeded him, however, but all sought in every way to destroy themselves, men and women alike; nay, even the little children with shouts and shrieks either leaped into the fire, or threw them- selves headlong from the walls, or cast themselves beneath their fathers’ swords, baring their throats and begging to be smitten. After the city had been thus destroyed, a woman was seen dangling in a noose; she had a dead child fastened to her neck, and with a blazing torch was trying to set fire to her dwelling. So tragic was the spectacle that Brutus could not bear to see it, and burst into tears on hearing of it; he also proclaimed a prize for any soldier who should succeed in saving the life of a Lycian. But there were only a hundred and fifty, we are told, who did not escape such preservation. So then the Xanthians, after long lapse of time, as though fulfilling a period set by fate for their de- struction, had the boldness to renew the calamity of their ancestors; for these too, in the time of the Persian wars, had likewise burned down their city and destroyed themselves.1 XXXII. When Brutus saw that the city of Patara was holding out strongly against him, he hesitated to attack it, and was in perplexity, fearing that it would be afflicted with the same madness; but as 1 Cf. Herodotus, i. 176. 197 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé yuvaixas auto aiypwarworous adicev divev AUTpwY. aid avipav Te Kal TATEPOV emipavery ovaat Supryouperar Tov Bpovtov, ws avnp etn owdpovérTaros Kab Sixaroraros, émetoav elEau Kal mapadsovvat TH modu. éx 6€ TovTou Kal TAVTES ot hourrol Tpocexwopnoav emit pepavres EAUTOUS exeive, TUXOVTES é xpyatob Kat map edmridas EVYVOLOVOS, és ye, Kagatov ‘Podious t vo TOV auTov Xpovov avayKda avros iota pev Ov exEKRTNVTO ypucoVv Kal dpyupov eiceveryneiv aTrav- Tas (€€ ov TWX n Tepl oKTaKLa Xia TahavTa), Snpoota bé THv ™ ONLY ad ous TEVTAKOGLOLS Cnptw- TAVTOS, AUTOS éxaToV Kal TeVTHKOVTAa TddaVTA Avxious mpakduevos, addXo S€ ovdev adsxnoas, avétevEev érr ‘Tovias. XXXII. Wovra pep ovv aka punyens epya xal TYwais atredseiEato Kat Kohacect TOV ator" @ auTos TE ion pddota Kal “Pwpaiwy oi Kpa- TIOTOL, TOUTO Sunyjcopar, Toumniov Mayvou 7 poo Bahovros Aiyorr@ Kata IInAovator, omTN- vita THY peyarny apxny aTroBarwv t vo Kaicapos Eduryev, of Tov Bactréws é Ere Tasos GvTosS émiTpo- qmevovTes ev BovAg meta TaV dirwv Hoay, ov Kara TavTa Tais yo pars hepopmevor. Tois pev yap édonxer déyeo Gan, tots & amwbeiv Aiyorrrou TOY avopa. @eodoros b€é Tis Xios, eri pio @ pnropt- KOV hoyor: d:dacKaXros TO Bacurel cUvan, n£iw- pévos 5€ Tote Tov cuvedpiov 5.’ épnuiay avdpav BertLover, dup orépous SvapapTavovras am é- pave, Kal TOUS avahaReiv Kal TOUS ageivat xerevovtas Tov Iloumrniov: év yap elvat cupdépov 198 BRUTUS he held some of its women prisoners of war, he released them without ransom. They were the wives and daughters of prominent men, and by rehearsing the praises of Brutus, calling him a man of the greatest moderation and justice, they persuaded them to yield and surrender their city. Consequently all the rest of the Lycians came and entrusted them- selves to him, and found that his goodness and kind- ness exceeded their hopes. For whereas Cassius, about the same time, compelled the Rhodians indi- vidually to pay in to him all the gold and silver they possessed (thus accumulating about eight hundred talents), and fined the city as a whole five hundred talents more, Brutus exacted only a hundred and fifty talents from the Lycians, and, without doing them any other injury, set out with his army for Ionia. XXXII. Many were his memorable achievements in meting out rewards or punishments to those who deserved them, but I shall here describe only that in which both he himself and the chief men of Rome took especial pleasure. When Pompey the Great, after he had been stripped of his great power by Caesar, put in as a fugitive at Pelusium in Egypt, the guardians of the boy king were holding a council with their friends, at which opinions differed. Some thought they should receive Pompey, others that they should repulse him from Egypt. But a certain Theodotus, of Chios, who was attached to the king as a paid teacher of rhetoric, and was at this time deemed worthy of a place in the council for lack of better men, declared that both were wrong, both those who would admit and those who would reject Pompey ; for there was but one advantageous course 199 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES > “A / / 6 A éx TOY TapovtTwy, SeEapmévous amoxteivar. Kat MpoceTeimEe TOU AOYOU TravopmEvos, BTL VEKpoS Ov Sdxvet. mpoabepévou 5€ TH yvopn TOD auvedpiov Tapadeypa Tov aTioTwY Kal aTpocdoKnTwY ” Seo / A / e , éxetto Iloumnios Ma-yvos, ts Qeodotou pyropeias cat Servotntos Epyov, as avTos 0 codiaTns édeye 4 3 , xo > 4 peyaravyovpevos. ordlyw 8 botepov émeNOovTos Kaicapos, ot pév Sixas twvvovtes am@dXvyTO Kakol Kax@s, Beodoros dé mapa THS TUXNS KpovoY > ww \ Ww N 4 , > eis adoEov Kat adtropov Kal wrAavnta Biov émt- Saverodpevos tOTe Bpovtov émiovta thy ‘Aciav ovK édabev, Grr’ dvaydels Kal Koracbeis dvoma “A 4 / ” a a 4 tov Oavdtov whéov Exyev 7} TOV Biov. XXXIV. Kdoowov && Bpodros ets Ddpdes €xdnret, Kal TpvotovTs peta TOV ditov aTHYTHCeE kal was 0 oTpaTos w@TALcpévos av’ToKpaTopas apudotépous mpoonyopevoev. ola & év mpaypact peydrous Kat Pirots TroAAOLS Kal HryEen“oow aLTL@V 9 a A 9 4 b / \ A QAUTOLS WPOS AAANAOUS Ey YEVOMEVWV KAL dtaBorov, ap repov te tro.etv, evOUs éx topeias Kal” av- Tous é€v oixnuaTe yevouevor KEKAELTMévOV TOV Oupav Kxal pndevos tapovtos, éypavTo péureot mp@rtov, elt édéyxors Kal Katnyopia. éx dé TouTou mpos Saxpva Kal tappnciay peta mdbous 2 / € , \ , éxdepouévwv, Oavyalovtes of piroe tTHv Tpaxv- TnTa THS Opyns Kal Tov Tovoy, Eercav pH TL ex , 4 A 9 , 4 Toutou yévntac: MpocenOeiy 5é atreipnto. Madpxos \ 4 > \ A 4 > / 5¢ Dawvios, épactns yeyovws Katwvos, ov Aoy@ 200 BRUTUS in view of the circumstances, and that was to receive him and put him to death. And he added, as he closed his speech, “A dead man does not bite.” The council adopted his opinion, and Pompey the Great lay dead, an example of the unexpected and incredible in human life, and it was the work of Theodotus and his clever rhetoric, as that sophist himself was wont to say with boasting.! A little while afterwards, however, when Caesar came, the other wretches paid the penalty for their crime and perished wretchedly; as for Theodotus, after borrowing from Fortune enough time for a wandering, destitute, and inglorious life, he did not escape the notice of Brutus, who at this time traversed Asia, but was brought to him and punished, and won more fame for his death than for his life. XXXIV. Brutus now summoned Cassius to Sardis,? and as he drew near, went to meet him with his friends; and the whole army, in full array, saluted them both as Imperators. But, as is wont to be the case in great undertakings where there are many friends and commanders, mutual charges and accusa- tions had passed between them, and therefore, imme- diately after their march and before they did anything else, they met in a room by themselves. The doors were locked, and, with no one by, they indulged in fault-finding first, then in rebukes and denunciations. After this, they were swept along into passionate speeches and tears, and their friends, amazed at the harshness and intensity of their anger, feared some untoward result; they were, however, forbidden to approach. But Marcus Favonius, who had become a devotee of Cato, and was more impetuous and frenzied 1 Cf. Pompey, chapters Ixxvii.-lxxx- 3 In the early part of 42 B.c, 20! PLUTARCH’S LIVES PaAXov H Hopa tive nai ADE pavixe pirocoper, > 4 wv \ > \ lA e \ “a éBdadslev elaw mpos avTovs KwAVOMEVOS VITO TAY oixeT@V. GAN Epryov ny émiraBécGat Pawviov Tpos OTLOUY OpovaavTos: aHodpos yap hy ev Tact Kal mpoxerpos. émel To ye BovreuTHY elvat ¢€ , e N > \ Mv e A A \ Pwpaiwy éavrov ovdevds aEtov nyeito, TO 8é KUVLK@® THS Tappnoias TodAdKis adyper THY YanreroTnTa, kal TO dkatpov avTod peta Trarbias Seyouevov. Bia bn tToTe Tov TapovTwy diwod- \ , > Aa \ , A pevos Tas OUpas eioHAOe, peta TWAdT MATOS hwvijs émn tepaivey ols tov Néoropa ypwpevov ” Ounpos WET OLNKEV’ adrrAa TIOecO: audw 5é vewrépw éotov épeio, kal ra éEnS. ed ols o pev Kdaoouos éyéXacer, 0 Y a Ig / > \ e / \ , 5é Bpodros é€éBarev avtov amXoxvva nal yrevdo- Kuva Tpocayopevwyv. ov unv GAA TOTE TOTO A \ b 4 A 4 4 THS Tpos GAAHAOUS Stahopas Toinodpevor Tépas > \ 4 A , a , evOus SseAvOncav. Kai Kaociou deirvov rapé- yovtos éxdder Tovs girovs Bpodvtos. dn 8é KataKkepevovy Pawvios Ke AeAovpévos' pap- tupopévou 5€ Bpovtov un KexrAnpevov avTov Trew \ A Kal KeXEVOVTOS aTrayelv emt THY GYWTATw KL, 4 \ > \ 4 , Bia rapedOov ets thv péonv KxatexrALOn: xal . \ e ’ ” > ” »Q> » / madtav Oo TOTOS EaxEeV OVK ayapW ovd adiro- oopov. XXXV. Ty & vorepaia Bpodtos dvdpa ‘Po- patoy éotpatnynxota Kai memictevpévoy vir’ 202 1000 BRUTUS than reasonable in his pursuit of philosophy, tried to go in to them, and was prevented by their servants. It was no easy matter, however, to stop Favonius when he sprang to do anything, for he was always vehement and rash. The fact that he was a Roman senator was of no importance in his eyes, and by the “cynical”’ boldness of his speech he often took away its offensiveness, and therefore men put up with his impertinence as a joke. And so at this time he forced his way through the bystanders and entered the room, reciting in an affected voice the verses wherein Homer? represents Nestor as saying :— «But do ye harken to me, for ye both are younger than I am,” and so forth. At this Cassius burst out laughing ; but Brutus drove Favonius out of the room, calling him a mere dog, and a counterfeit Cynic.2, However, at the time, this incident put an end to their quarrel, and they separated at once. Furthermore, Cassius gave a supper, to which Brutus invited his friends. And as the guests were already taking their places at the feast, Favonius came, fresh from his bath. Brutus protested that he had come without an invitation, and ordered the servants to conduct him to the uppermost couch; but Favonius forced his way past them and reclined upon the central one. And over the wine mirth and jest abounded, seasoned with wit and philosophy. XXXV. But on the following day Lucius Pella, a Roman who had been praetor and had enjoyed 1 Iliad, i. 259. | 2 A follower of Antisthenes was called a ‘‘ Cynic,” or dog- like, probably from the coarse and brutal manners affected by the school. 203 Po ie 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avrob, Aevecov TlédAav, Zapdtavav Karnyopovv- TOY éml xkrXoTTals Snpoota KATAYVOUS HTipoce Kal 70 mparypa Kdoovov OU PET PLS eumrnaey. auros yap odyaus ne pals eum poo dev émt tois avtois édeyxOévtas adixypace dvo dirous idia vouleTn- cas pavepas aphKe kal duetérer Xp@pEvos. 60 ev NTLaTO TOV Bpotrov ws dyav évTa vomLuov Ka Sixavov év Kaup@ TmodTelas Seomevep Kat prdav- Opwmias. o 6é TOY elev TOV Maptioy éxéXevev aurov punpovevery éxelvanr, ey als Kaicapa EXTELVAY, OUK auTov dryovTa Kal pépovra WaVTAasS avO paxrrous, GND éTépov Stvapw évTa TavTa TpaccovTwv @s, eb Tis éoTte Tpopacts Kant) pe” Fs aperetrar TO Sixacor, Gpervoy qv TOUS Katoapos gidous Dmropévety i) TOUS eQuT oY Tepto- pav adixodvtas. “ "Exeivous pev yap avavdpias, abixias 6é d0fa pera xevdbvev nut Kat Tovey TpoceaTt. ToLavTn wey 4 ToD Bpovtou mpoai- pecs Hv. XXXVI. ’Enei de draBaivew éf ‘Acias euen- dor, AeyeTae T@ Bpourp peya onpeiov ryever Gat. pices pep yap iy emeypryyopos 6 avip kal TOV Umvoy eis ddryou Xpovov poptov aTKHOEL Kab cwppoovvy ouvTyey, Ti mepas pev ovdérore Kotpe)- HEVOS, vuctwp d€ TocovTOV Saov OUTE TL TPaTTELW ovre To SiadeyerOaL, mavTwv avaTavopéver, Tmapeiye. tore 6é Tob TONE HOV TUVETTMTOS Vv xepaiy Exeov TAS Umép TOV Odeov m pafecs, Kal TETAPEVOS Th ppovrids Tos TO péddov, omnvixa 7 p@Tov ad éomépas emipvardgere TOUS curious, On TO NOLTOV EXPTTO Th vuxtl Tos Ta KaTemei- yovTa Tay Tpayydtwv. et dé cuvédol Kal KaTol- 204 hh BRUTUS the confidence of Brutus, being denounced by the Sardians as an embezzler of the public moneys, was condemned by Brutus and disgraced ; and the matter vexed Cassius beyond measure. For a few days before, when two friends of his had been convicted of the same misdeeds, he had privately admonished them but publicly acquitted them, and continued to employ them. He therefore found fault with Brutus on the ground that he was too observant of law and justice at a time which demanded a policy of kind- ness. But Brutus bade him remember the Ides of March, on which they had slain Caesar, not because he was himself plundering everybody, but because he enabled others to do this; since, if there is any good excuse for neglecting justice, it had been better for us to endure the friends of Caesar than to suffer our own to do wrong. ‘‘For in the one case,” said he, “ we should have had the reputation of cowardice merely ; but now, in addition to our toils and perils, we are deemed unjust.’ Such were the principles of Brutus. XXXVI. When they were about to cross over from Asia, Brutus is said to have had a great sign. He was naturally wakeful, and by practice and self- restraint had reduced his hours of sleep to few, never lying down by day, and by night only when he could transact no business nor converse with any one, since all had gone to rest. At this time, how- ever, when the war was begun and he had in his hands the conduct of a life and death struggle, and was anxiously forecasting the future, he would first doze a little in the evening after eating, and then would spend the rest of the night on urgent business. But whenever he had fully met the demands of such 205 PLUTARCH'’S LIVES Kovounaere THY Tept TavTa xpeiav, aveyivac ke RiBrtov péx pe TpiTNS pudranis, Kad” app etabecay ExaTOvTapyor Kab XeALapxoe portav pos avrov. @S ovy Ewer dev ef Agias &:aBiBalew to oT pa- Teupa, yuk yey Hv Babvurarn, pas S elyev ov wavy Aapmpov r oKNVY, Tay d5é€ TO oTpatomesov Lom Kareixer. 6 dé ovrAroyiCopevos Tt at TKOTTRY pos éauvTov ébokev aiabéc Gar TLVOS etal OVTOS. amroPhéwas dé 7 pos THY eloodov ope deuvnyv Kal adXXoKoTOV Oypuy éxpurhov CWUATOS Kal goBepov, ciwr7 Taper TTOS AUTO. TOApHO aS dé epér Gan, “Tis wor ov, eltrev, “dvOparor 4 q Jeav, 7 Ti | BovAopevos 7 HKELS WS meas; ‘Trop ey- yetas 8 auto To daopa: “‘O aos, ® Bpoire, Saipar KaKos" Owe O€ pe mept Diriwrous.” Kat 0 Bpovros ov Statapa Deis, “ “Onpopat,” elarev. XXXVIT. ‘Agana evTOS 8 avtov TOUS maitas éxaner* pyre & axodoai Twa peony par iOety op pacKxovtn, TOTE pev emnypuTvnoev’ aya © npepa TPATrOMEVvos T pos Kaoouov eppace THY Oyu. 0 é ToIS "Erexoupou Novos XPwpLEvos Kal mept TovTwy eos EXeov diapépecbat mpos TOV Bpowrov, as ‘Hyérepos ovTos, elTrev, “@ Bpotre, oyos, @S oU mayTa Tao Xouev arnOas ove opapev, arr’ _ bypov, pév Th Xphpwa Kat amarnhov ” aiaOnors, € éte Oo ofurépa ” didvova KLVELY AUTO kat petaBdadrAew ar’ ovdevos umapxovTos emt Wacav idéav. KNP@ per yap éotxey! 7 TUTMOIS, puxh S avOpanou, TO mhaTTomevoy Kal TO whar- Tov éyovon TO AUTO, paoTa TroLKiANeW avTHy 1 Eoxev Bekker adopts the early anonymous correction to %EwOev (on wax the impression 18 outside, but the soul, etc.). 206 1001 BRUTUS business in shorter time, he would read a book until the third watch, at which hour the centurions and tribunes usually came to him. Once, accordingly, when he was about to take his army across from Asia, it was very late at night, his tent was dimly lighted, and all the camp was wrapped in silence. Then, as he was meditating and reflecting, he thought he heard some one coming into the tent. He turned his eyes towards the entrance and beheld a strange and dreadful apparition, a monstrous and fearful shape standing silently by his side. Plucking up courage to question it, “Who art thou,” said he, “of gods or men, and what is thine errand with me?’’ Then the phantom answered: “I am thy evil genius, Brutus, and thou shalt see me at Phi- lippi.’” And Brutus, undisturbed, said: “I shall see thee.” ! XXXVII. When the shape had disappeared, Brutus called his servants; but they declared that they had neither heard any words nor seen any apparition, and so he watched the night out. As soon as it was day, however, he sought out Cassius and told him of the apparition. Cassius, who belonged to the school of Epicurus, and was in the habit of taking issue on such topics with Brutus, said: ‘“‘ This is our doctrine, Brutus, that we do not really feel or see everything, but perception by the senses is a pliant and deceitful thing, and besides, the intelligence is very keen to change and transform the thing perceived into any and every shape from one which has no real exist- ence. An impression on the senses is like wax, and the soul of man, in which the plastic material and the plastic power alike exist, can very easily shape 1 Cf. Caesar, lxix. 5-7. 207 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal oynpativey bs éautis vrdpye. Sndrovar dé ai xata tovs brvouvs tpotal Tay dveipwr, as TpémeTa. TO havtactixoy é€ apyns Bpayelas mavrobaTa kat mwa0n Kal cidwra ytvopevor. kiveiabat & aet mépune: xivnots 8 adt@ dar- tacia Tis vonow. cot S& Kal TO oapa TadaiTwpovpevoy diac THY Sidvotav aiwpel kal mapatpemet. Saipovas & ovr’ eivas tiOavov ovt’ évtas avOpwrrwy exe eidos ) povnyv 7 Svvayw eis Huds Sinxovoay: ws éywy av éRovropmny, iva pn povoy StrAoLs Kal immols Kal vavol TocaUTass, adAa Kal Oe@y apwyais émePappodpev, ooLlwTa- TOY | Epryov Kal Karhdiotov Hye waves évTes.” TotovTos pev o Kdootos émpaive dédyots top Bpovrovp. "EuBawovrwv bé tav otpatiwtav él tas TpwTas onuaias aetot dvo ovyKatackn artes ood auvdsexopivovto, nal mapnKxodovOouv sro TOV TT PATLOT AY TpEpopevor expe Dirimrev. > a @€ Le] “A éxel ) | nwEpA pid mpo Ths paxns wxorTo ATOTTA{LEVOL. XXXVIII. Ta pév ody wreicta Tay év Tociv eOvav éruyyavev 0 Bpodtos trijKoa memotnpévos. ev O€ Tes 4 OAS 7 SuVdoTNS Tapelto, TOTE TavTas Wpotayouevos pexpt THS Kata Odaov Oardoons mponrOov. éxet 5€ tav tept Nop- Bavov év trois Xtevois Aeyopévors Kal tept To LvpBorov atpatomedevovtwy, mepterOovres av- Tous nvayKacay atoothvat Kal mpoécOar Ta Ywpia. pixpod b€é Kal THY duvvamw avTov AaBeiv édénoav, UToXerTopévov 51a vooov Kaicapos, et pn mpoceBonOncev “Avtwmmos ofTnTt Oavpacth 208 BRUTUS and embellish it at pleasure. This is clear from the transformations which occur in dreams, where slight initial material is transformed by the imagination into all sorts of emotions and shapes. The imagina- tion is by nature in perpetual motion, and this motion which it has is fancy, or thought. In thy case, too, the body is worn with hardships and this condition naturally excites and perverts the intelligence. As for genii, it is incredible either that they exist, or, if they do exist, that they have the appearance or the speech of men, or a power that extends to us. For my part, I could wish it were so, in order that not only our men-at-arms, and horses, and ships, which are so numerous, but also the assistance of the gods might give us courage, conducting as we do the fairest and holiest enterprises.” With such discourse did Cassius seek to calm Brutus. Furthermore, as the soldiers were embarking, two eagles perched upon the foremost standards and were borne along with them, and they kept the army company, being fed by the soldiers, as far as Philippi. There, only one day before the battle, they flew away. XXXVIIL Most of the peoples encountered on the march Brutus had already brought into subjec- tion ; and now, whatever city or potentate had been omitted, they won them all over, and advanced as far as the Thasian sea. There Norbanus and his army were encamped, at what were called The Narrows, and near Symbolum ; but they surrounded him and com- pelled him to withdraw and abandon his positions. They almost captured his forces, too, since Octavius was delayed by sickness; and they would have done so had not Antony come to his aid with such 209 VOL. V1. P PLUTARCH’S LIVES YX pNnodevos, dor aria reiv tous tmept Bpodrov. mrOe dé Kaicap dorepov 7) ME pas déxa, kal Kate- otpatomédevaev évavtiov Bpovrov, Kaaciou &é "AvT@vLOS. Ta & év péow Tov otpatoTédwrv Tredia ‘Pwpyaior KG [TOUS @Pirimmovs KaXovot Kat peytoras TOTE ‘Popaior Suvapets aXA7 aus cuvepEepovTo. To}- Get bev ovv ov Tap OAityov édEitTroVTO TOV TeEpl Kaicapa, KOC Lo é Stroy Kal AapmpoTyte Jav- pacTov éBepary To Bpovrov oTpareupa. Xpuass yap hv avrois Ta TAEtoTAa TOV Gm A@v Kat apryupos apedas catraxopnynbeis, Kaitrep eis TaANA TOU Bpov UTOU ca@ppove diaitn xal Kexonao uévy xpjobat TOUS myewovas ifovros. TOV 5 . Xépor rar Tepl TO capa TAOVTOV WETO TL Kal PpoviuaTos Tapexe Tois iptdorrporépors, Tous Oé prroxepoeis Kal PAXLLwWTEpovs Toleiv, WoTEp KTHUATwWVY TOV Sm Nwv TEPLEXOMEVOUS. XXXIX. Of pév ovv Tept Kaicapa cabappov ev TH Xdpat TOLNG apEvor, pLKpov TL giTov Kal Spaxmas Kat’ avdpa TEVTE dtéverpav ELS Ouciar, of dé mept Bpobrov xatayvortes avTav Ths amopias 7 pxporoyias, mpwTov bev év UTraiOp@ Tov oT pa- TOD, domep GOos éotiv, éxdOnpay, émend lepelony TANON KaTa hoxous Kal Spay was exdoT@ TEVT- KovTa diadovtes, evvoig Kal mpodupia Tis Suva- pews TA€oV elyov. ov nv adNAA onpetov év T@ cadappy@ pox Onpov édo0ke Kaccip yevér Bau. TOV yap arépavov avT@ KAT EDT pO ppLevoV ) paBdob os ™ poonveryKe. Déyerau dé kal ™pOTepov év bea Twi Kal roumh xpvoqy Kacaiov Nixnv d:adepo- 210 1002 BRUTUS astonishing swiftness that Brutus could not believe in it. Octavius came, however, ten days later, and encamped over against Brutus, while Antony faced Cassius. The plains between the armies the Romans call Campi Philippi, and Roman forces of such size had never before encountered one another. In numbers the army of Brutus was much inferior to that of Octavius, but in the splendid decoration of its arms it presented a wonderful sight. For most of their armour was covered with gold and silver, with which Brutus had lavishly supplied them, although in other matters he accustomed his officers to adopt a tem- perate and restricted regimen. But he thought that the wealth which they held in their hands and wore upon their persons gave additional spirit to the more ambitious, and made the covetous even more war- like, since they clung to their armour as so much treasure. XXXIX. Octavius and Antony now made a lustra- tion! of their armies in their camps, and then dis- tributed a little meal and five drachmas to every man for a sacrifice; but Brutus and Cassius, despising their enemies’ poverty or parsimony, first made lus- tration of their armies in the open field, as the custom is, and then distributed great numbers of cattle for sacrifice among their cohorts, and fifty drachmas to every soldier, and thus, in the goodwill and zeal of their forces, they were at an advantage. However, it was thought that Cassius had a baleful sign during the lustration ; for the lictor brought him his wreath turned upside down. And it is said that before this, also, in a procession at some festival, a golden Victory belonging to Cassius, which was being borne along, 1 A solemn review, with ceremonies of purification. oe p 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 pevny meceiv, oAtcOovTOS TOU épovTos. ére 8 OpVvEed TE capkopaya TONG Kad nyépav érredai- VETO TP oTpaToTresy, Kat peooav _OPOncav éo pol cUvLaTdpevor mepl TOTrOV TLVa TOU Xapacos évtos, Ov ebexheroav ot pavers aoc tovpevot THY SevorSatpoviay aTpépa kat tov Kaaovov aurov Dmopépovoay éx TOV ’"Emrixovpov Aoyav, tors Sé oTpaTlLwTas TavTaTract SeSovrAwpergy. 7 O6ev ovd hy mpodumos dua payns év 7 mapovrt yevec Bar THY Kpiow, anrra TpiBewy n&iou xpove Tov TONEMOD, eppwpevous Xpnpace, SarAwv dé Kal THAT OV wrAnOEL AevTropévous. Bpodros 5é xal mporepov eo mevde TO Taxiore TOV KiD- Suvev Sraxpibels Ho TH warpios THY édevOepiav avanaBeiv 7 mwavras avi purrous evox oupévous Samdvats Kal otpateias Kal \TpooTaypacey amrarhd£at KaKay, Kal TOTe TOUS mepl avrov immeis ope év Tots Tpodywot Kal rais arpipaxiats eUnpepovrTas Kal KpatovvTas éFipro TO ppovnpa Kat TLVES auToporat YEVOPEVaL POS TOUS Toe- piovs Kal diaBorai nal érépev Kal Drovorat moAAovs tav Kacciov dirov peTéaT no av év TO ouvedpi ™ pos Bpotrov. els 5é@ Tay Bpovrov dirwv “ArtidrLos jvavTLovto, TOV YE Xetpava meptpeivar KeNEVOV. épopevou bé Tob Srovrov TiVE Berriov écecOat vowiter per eveavTor, rs Ei pndev,” eltrev, GdXo, WrEiw Brdcopas _Xpovov.” ™pos TobTo Kdootos hla Kat TOIs GANOLS TpogEKpouaev Ov pETpLWS O "Atiddos. édéd50xeT0 én payer Gas TH baTepaia. XL. Kal Bpotros pev év édmict xadais nal 212 BRUTUS fell to the ground, its bearer having slipped. And besides, many carrion birds hovered over the camp daily, and swarms of bees were seen clustering at a certain place inside the camp; this place the sooth- sayers shut off from the rest of the camp, in order to avert by their rites the superstitious fears which were gradually carrying even Cassius himself away from his Epicurean doctrines, and which had alto- gether subjugated his soldiers. For these reasons Cassius was not eager to have the issue decided by battle at present, but thought it best to protract the war, since they were strong financially, although inferior in the number of their arms and men. Brutus, however, even before this had been anxious to have the issue decided by the speediest of hazards, that he might either restore freedom to his country, or relieve mankind of cala- mitous expenditures and requisitions for military service. At this time, too, he saw that his horse- men were successful and victorious in the preliminary skirmishes, and was therefore lifted up in spirit. Besides, sundry desertions to the enemy, and sus- picions and assertions that others would follow, brought many of the friends of Cassius in the council over to the side of Brutus. But one of the friends of Brutus, Atillius, opposed his wishes, and urged delay till winter at least was past. And when Brutus asked him how he thought he would be better off another year, “If in no other way,” said Atillius, “1 shall have lived longer.” At this answer Cassius was vexed, and the rest also were not a little annoyed by Atillius. So it was presently decided to give battle on the next day. XL. Brutus was full of hopefulness at supper, and 213 PLUTARCH’S LIVES hoyia pois prrocogots yevouevos Tapa TO Setrvov aveTraveTo- Kdoovov 6é Meoodras gaol detrveiv te Kal” éavTov oduyous Tav cuvndwv mapaha- Bovra, Kat ovvvouD opac bat kal oLeomnror, ov puaet ToLovToY OvTa: Mave apevov 5é Tod Selarvou Aa Bopevov THS Nelipos avtTov apodpa, TOC OUTOV elrety, MoTrep ELw@let pirogpovovpevos, ‘EdAnviKeh povi Maprupopat oe, Meooadna, tava Tlop- mip Mayvy macxe, avaryKalopevos Sia sas paxns avappivrat TOV mepl TAS. maT pibos xuBov. ayabny PEVTOL spuxny é EX @ Lev eis THY TUXNY ago- povres, nh, Kav Bovrevowpeba KAKOS, ATTLOTELY OU Sixasov.” TavTa elrovTa dnow o Mecadras TedeuTaia pos aurov aonacacbat TOV Kdoovor elvau 6 KeKnLevos els THv voTtepaiay emt Seimvov vm avrTov ryeveOAvov ovcay. "Apa & juéog mpovKetto pev tH Bpovrov Xapaxe Kal 7? Kagoiou ovpBorov aryavos powwe- Koos yuTwD, avrol dé auvirOov ELS TO perov TOV oTparoT ebwv Kal revert Kadoovos: “Ein Hey, 1) Bpoire, vice Kat ouveivat TOV mavra Xpovov adrnhows ev mpatavras: étrel b€ Ta péytota TOV avO pwrriver adnhorara., Kal Tis payns Tapa yepny Kpileians ov padsov adfis ddA ous ielv, Th yevad Kets mepl guyhs cat TEAEUTIS § kal 0 Bpodtos drrexpivaro ‘* Néos dy é eyo, Kaoote, xa T pay WaT ov arreupos, ouK old Srras évy dirocodgia Aoyou apiica péyar. yTtacdpnv Kédrova &a- qc Gao éauTov, @S ovyx Sa tov oud avdpos pyov vToxwpeiy TO Saipovt kat un SéyecOat To cuuTinroy adeas, GAN atrodidpaorety. puri és 214 BRUTUS after engaging in philosophical discussion, went to rest; but Cassius, as Messala tells us, supped in private with a few of his intimates, and was seen to be silent and pensive, contrary to his usual nature. When supper was over, he grasped Messala’s hand warmly, and, speaking in Greek, as was his custom when he would show affection, said: “I call thee to witness, Messala, that I am in the same plight as Pompey the Great, in that I am forced to hazard the fate of my country on the issue of a single battle. With good courage, however, let us fix our waiting eyes on Fortune, of whom, even though our counsels be infirm, it is not right that we should be distrust- ful.” With these last words to him, Messala says, Cassius embraced him; and he had already invited him to supper on the following day, which was his birthday. As soon as it was day, a scarlet tunic, the signal for battle, was displayed before the camps of Brutus and Cassius, and they themselves came together into the space between their armies. Here Cassius said: “ May we be victorious, Brutus, and ever after- wards share a mutual prosperity ; but since the most important of human affairs are most uncertain, and since, if the battle goes contrary to our wishes, we shall not easily see one another again, what is thy feeling about flight and death?” And Brutus made answer: “ When I was a young man, Cassius, and without experience of the world, I was led, I know not how, to speak too rashly for a philosopher. I blamed Cato for making away with himself, on the ground that it was impious and unmanly to yield to one’s evil genius, not accepting fearlessly whatever befalls, but running away. In my present fortunes, 215 / PLUTARCH’S LIVES adXoios ev tais TUXaLS yivouat Kal Deod Karas Ta Tapovta pr BpaBevoavtos ov Séopat wad Gras éAmridas éEereyyew xal mapacKevds, adr’ aTadrdfouat thy tuynv émawav Maptias} etOois Sovs TH watpidc Tov éuavtod Biov arXov &inoa bv éxeivny édevOepov cal évdokov.” émi tovtois Kdoatos éperdiace cal tov Bpodtov aotra- adpevos, ““Tadra, ébn, “ ppovoovtes iwpev ert TOUS TOAEMLOUS. 1) YAP VIKHTOMEY 7) VIK@VTAS Ov poBnOnaopea.” Mera tadta wept rafews avtois AOyos éyéveTo TaV dirwv Tapovtwy. Kal Bpodros yreiro Kdo- gov autos nyeloOar rod Se€iod Képaros, 5 Sv éuretpiay Kal nAiKiay padXov wovto Kaaccio Tpoonkel. ov pnv GAAA Kal TodTo Kacotos rborne, Kal TOV TAYUaTWY TO HaXLLwTaToY éxovTA MeoaodaAayp éxédXevoev emt Tod SeEtod KatactTHvat. kai Bpodros evObs éEnye tovs immels Kexooun- pévous StatrpeTras, Kal +o tmefov ov aoxoraiTepov mapeveBarnrev. XLI. "Ervyov 8 of wept “Avr@mov amo tav EX@v, ols trepteatpatotrédevov, éuBddXovres Ta- gdpovs eis TO Trediov Kal Tas eri Oaracaayv obovs tod Kaociouv tepixomrovtes. epndpeve 6€ Kai- cap, ov tapwy avtos bt aobéverav, arr 4 dvva- pis, ov wavy payeicbat mpoocdoxa@ca Tovs ToXe- pious, aAAG povoy éxdpopais yphobat mpos Ta épya xal BédXeow édAadpois kai OopvBots tovs opvacovTas emiTapaa cel al Tots ayrireTa- ypévots ov mpocéeyovTes EOavpaloy THv Tepi Tas 1 éxaway: Maprias Corats and Bekker have éwaiwaw 87% (because) Maprias xrA., after Reiske. 216 1003 BRUTUS however, I am become of a different mind; and if God does not decide the present issue in our favour, I do not ask once more to put fresh hopes and pre- parations to the test, but I will go hence with words of praise for Fortune; on the Ides of March I gave my own life to my country, and since then, for her sake, I have lived another life of liberty and glory.” At these words Cassius smiled, and after embracing Brutus, said: “Thus minded, let us go against the enemy ; for either we shall be victorious, or we shall not fear the victors.”’. After this, they conferred together about the order of battle in the presence of their friends. And Brutus asked Cassius that he might have command of the right wing himself, although his years and experience made this post seem more appropriate for Cassius. However, Cassius not only granted him this favour, but also ordered Messala with the most warlike of the legions to take position on the right. Brutus at once led out his horsemen magnificently equipped, and with no less promptness put his infantry also in array. XL. The soldiers of Antony were engaged in running trenches from the marshes, at which they were encamped, into the plain, thus cutting off Cas- sius from access to the sea. Octavius was quietly watching the course of events,—not being present in person, owing to sickness, but his forces for him ; they had no expectation at all that their enemies would give battle, but thought they would merely sally out against the works and with light missiles and cla- morous cries try to disturb the workers in the trenches. So paying no attention to their oppo- nents, they were amazed at the loud and confused 217 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tadpous Kpavyny donpov ovoav Kab TOAAHy mpoopepoperny. év TOUT® YPappareov TE Tapa Bpovrov ois TYE POOL porravraor, év ols 7 Hy 70 ovwOnpa YEYPALMEVOD, avTov Té mapeErovTos i iar Tw TA Taypara kal Tapadappivortos, ddiryor pev épOacay axodoat TO cuvO nwa TApEyyUaEvov, ob dé wreioToL LN mpoo peivavres opua pea Kat ana- AayHO mpoaepépovTo TOUS Troheptos. ryevopevns dé ou arafiav TAUTHY dvepanrias Kal Siarmac pod TOV Tay paTOV TO Meoodna 7 POTOV, elta Ta ouvelevypeva TapnhrartTe To Kaicapos dpiare- pov: Kal Bpaxéa TOV cox atov Ouyovres Kab xataBadovres ov TOONS, arr’ Umrepkepdcavres, cumimtovow els TO oTpatomedo, Ka Kaicap pen, @S autos éy Tots UTOMYH Wag LY _taropel, TOV pirov TLVOS "Aptwpiou Mdpxou Kalo Darvov idovTos Oye KeXevovoay exo THVat Kaicapa Kal peTer- Oeiy éx TOU Yapaxos, ébdace put pov Umexxopia Deis edoké Te TeOvavat. TO yap popeior Kevov aKxovriou Kal taocots Badrovtes Sujracay. ny 6é hovos év TO otpaTom ese TOV dds Kopevery, Kab Siarxidtot Aaxedatpovioy 7 HKOVTES ETrixoUpoL VewaT! GUyKAaT- EXOTINT AD. XLII. Ov b¢ V7) KuKhwo dpevol tous Kaicapos, andra oupmesovTes, padios pev amerpéyavro TeTQ- parywévous, Kat SrépBerpay év _Xepaw? fe Ta- yuara, Kat ouvera erred ov Els TO OT PATOTE ov Tots pevyova w bro poyns Tov KpaTety cuvevexGevtes, pe? EAUTOV fs TOV Bpodrov ") 6 ou ouveidov OL eK@VTES EdELKVYUE TOLS NTTHWEVOLS O KaLpoOS. eis 1 yepoly conjectured by Sintenis and Bekker : yxepoi». 218 BRUTUS outcries which came to them from the trenches. At this point, while tickets with the watchword written upon them were being carried to his officers from Brutus, and while Brutus himself was riding along past the legions and encouraging them, few of his men succeeded in hearing the watchword as it was passed along, but most of them, without waiting for it, with one impulse and with one war-cry, rushed upon the enemy. This disorder threw the legions out of line and touch with one another, and first that of Messala, then those that had been drawn up with it, went beyond the left wing of Octavius; they had only a brief contact with its outermost lines, and slew only a few men, but outflanked it and burst into their camp. And Octavius, as he himself tells us in his Commentaries, in consequence of a vision which visited one of his friends, Marcus Artorius, and ordered that Octavius should rise up from his bed and depart from the camp, barely succeeded in having himself carried forth, and was thought to have been slain. For his litter, when empty, was pierced by the javelins and spears of his enemies. Those who were taken prisoners in the camp were slaughtered, and two thousand Lacedaemonians who had recently come as auxiliaries were cut to pieces along with them. XLII. The legions of Brutus which had not out- flanked the forces of Octavius, but engaged them in battle, easily routed them in their confusion and cut to pieces three legions at close quarters; then they dashed into their camp with the fugitives, borne on by the impetus of their victory and carrying Brutus with them. But here the vanquished saw an oppor- tunity of which the victors were not aware; for they 219 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yap Ta yupya Kal Trapappnyvupeva Tis évavrias parayyos, 7 ) TO beFcov aneomdaOn pos Thy dio- Eu, do dpevot TO pev pécov OUK éféwoay, arr’ ayauve peyarp VVELXOVTO, 70 S " EU@VU{LOV atatia Kal ayvoia TOY Yevopeveov érpépavto kal Kata- di@Eavtes eis TOV Xa paca, Ste opBovv ouderépou TOY avToKparopav TapovTos. ‘AvT@veds TE yap, OS pact, exkdivas éy apyn thy épodov eis 70 EXos avexdpnoe, Kat Kaicap ovda pod pavepos nv én TET OV Tov xdpaxos, adda Bpovro TWvES @S aunpnkortes avTov émedelevuov 7) Tpaypéva Ta Ein, ppatovres idéav iv elye xal nriciav. non 86 TO péoov éFewxet pov TONN@ TOUS aVTUTET ary MEVOUS, Kal Travted@s eddxet Kpatety o Bpodros, & domep o Kdootos xpateiaOan, Kal TOUTO povov avTov dep erpe Ta mpdypata, TOU [EV WS viK@vTe Kao- oip Th) Bon NoavTos, Tob bé Bpobrov os aTrohw- NoTa Ly TeplpelvavTos: émel THS ye viens pov o Mecoddas tiferar To tpeis derous kal Toda onpeta raBeiv TOV TONE MLOV, éxeivous be pndev. 1004 "Avayopav 8 o Bpodros Hn Stare opOnpeveov TOY Kaicapos eOavpace to Kacoiov oT paryyLov ovy opay uyynror, OoTrEp elwder, Tepupaivopevon, ovdeé TaN Kara, xwpay épnpimrro yap evdus 7a WrEeloTa Kat KaTéoTAgTo TOV TOAELLOY éprrec ov- TOD. aXX ob Soxobvtes dfuTepov Brérew TOY éraipay éeppalov auT® TONG Hév opav Kpavn AdurrovTa, jmodAous 3 apyupous Oupeous év TO xapare TOU Kagciou Stadepopevous: obxoup S0- Kev avtois ovT’ ape pov ove omia pov elvat TOY ATrONENELMpEVOY PYAGKMY: OV pHY OvdE TAROOS 220 BRUTUS charged upon the broken and exposed parts of their opponents’ line, from which the right wing had been - drawn away in pursuit. The centre did not yield to them, but fought them vigorously; the left wing, however, owing to their disorder and ignorance of what had happened, they routed and pursued into their camp, which they sacked. Neither of the generals was with his men; for Antony, we are told, turned aside from the attack at the outset and withdrew into the marsh, and Octavius was nowhere to be seen after he had forsaken his camp; indeed, sundry soldiers declared that they had slain him, showing Brutus their bloody swords and describing his youthful appearance. But presently the centre drove back their opponents with great slaughter, and it appeared that Brutus was completely victorious, as Cassius was completely defeated. And one thing alone brought ruin to their cause, namely, that Brutus thought Cassius victorious and did not go to his aid, while Cassius thought Brutus dead and did not wait for his aid ; since Messala considers it a certain proof of the victory that he captured three eagles and many standards from the enemy, while they took nothing. As Brutus was returning from his victory, the camp of Caesar having been already destroyed, he was amazed not to see the tent of Cassius towering above the others, as usual, nor the other tents in their wonted place ; for most of them had been demolished at once when the enemy burst in. But the sharper sighted among his companions told him they could see many helmets gleaming, and many silver breast- plates moving about in the camp of Cassius; they did not think that either the number or the armour was that of the garrison left behind ; however, they 221 PLUTARCH’S LIVES émréxewva, paiverBar pexp@v Soov eleos yp vevixn- pevev Kara KPGTOS TaypaTOV TOTOUTWY. TAUTA ™p@Tov evvouay KaTETTHOE TO Bpovte TOU TUpL- TTOMATOS’ Kal KATA TOV $ poupav €v 7) oTpa- ToTEO@ TOV Tronepion dvexaXeito Tovs StmxovTas kal ouviyyev ws Kaccio BonO nowv. XLIT. "Emérpaxto ‘8 otto Ta Kar’ aurov. ouTe THY mpworny exdpounv Tov wept Bpobrov mdéws eldev dvev cuvOnparos Kat TpoaTayparos Pade ila ov?” bte6 Kparoovres evOus G3 Gppnoav ef’ apraryny Kat Mpereray, TOU smeptiévar Kat KuKdov- cba TOUS TrONELLOUS dpehnoavres, 7) npec kev auT@ Ta WpaTTopeva. pedAnoe Sé TLve Kai Siar pei parddov 7) mpodupia Kal Noylou@ orpaTnyav bao TOU befvob TOV Tonepioov meptehauBdvero- wal TOV imméov evs aTropparyevTov puyi T pos THY Odraccav opav Kat Tovs Trefovs evdibovras € €7r€L- paro KaTEX ELV Kal wapakanrev. évos dé aonpeto- popov pevyovtos apapracas TO onpetov émrn£€e ™po T&Y TOOmY, pndé Trav trepi TO cpa TeTaA- ypéevov avTou mpodupes é ert TUMPEVOY TOY. 00TH én Bracdels dvex@ oe peT odio emt Aopov €YovTa Wpos TO TTedtov oKoTas. GXN’ avTos pev ovdev xaTetoey 7 pores Tov xXupaKa Tmop0oupevor, iy yap da Bevns Thy drpiyv, ot b€ rept aurov immets Ewpeov TOANOUS TpogehavvovTas, obs o Bpodtos éreurpev. elkace 6 0 Kadootos rorepious elvar kal Sioxew ém’ avrov. Spuws ¢ Tov TApovT@v &va Teriveo amréaTELre KaTONPopEvon. OUTOS ovK éxabe tous imméas Tpooay, arr’, ws eldSov avdpa dirov cal Kaccig Tua TOV, drardEavres ud 700- 222 BRUTUS said, there were not so many dead bodies visible there as might have been expected if so many legions had been overwhelmed. This was what first made Brutus aware of the calamity; and leaving a guard in the captured camp of the enemy, he called his men back from the pursuit and united his forces with the purpose of assisting Cassius. XLII. With Cassius matters had gone as follows. He had been disturbed to see the first sally of the troops of Brutus, which was made without watch- word or command, and when, being victorious, they rushed at once after booty and spoil, with no thought for the envelopment of the enemy, he was vexed at the way things were going. Besides, exercising his command with hesitation and delay rather than with readiness and decision, he was enveloped by the enemy's right wing. His horsemen at once broke away in flight towards the sea, and seeing his in- fantry also giving ground, he tried to rally them. He snatched the standard from a standard-bearer who was in flight, and planted it in the ground before him, although not even his body-guard were inclined to hold together any more. Thus, then, under compulsion, he withdrew with a few followers to a hill overlooking the plain. But he himself could see nothing, or next to nothing, of the sacking of his camp, for his vision was weak ; the horsemen about him, however, saw a great troop riding up which Brutus had sent. But.Cassius conjectured that they were enemies, and in pursuit of him. Never- theless, he sent out one of those who were with him, Titinius, to reconnoitre. The horsemen spied this man as he came towards them, and when they saw that he was a trusted friend of Cassius, his in- 223 PLUTARCH’S LIVES. a e \ a 9 , , 9 A vis ob pev ouvyiOers nowalovto re xai éde-tobvTo KatanrnoovTes amo Tav tmmav, ot 8 adrXot rept auTov év KUKX@ TepteAavvoYTES dua Tralave Kal TATAY® bia Napas auetpiav TO péytaTov atretpya- TAVYTO KAKOD. "Edoke yap o Kdoatos adnOas bd Trav Trode- plov éyecOat Tov Titivoy, cat todto 5) dyoas, “ Dirouyodvtes dvepcivayev advdpa dirov ap- TaCopevoyv VITO TAY TOAELiOV idEly, aTEXwpPNaEV els teva oKxnviy Epnuov, éva TaV artredevOépwov éperxvodpevos, Iivdapov, dv éx tav Kata Kpdo- cov atuxynudtoy él ravtnv elye THY avayKny ud’ avTov TapecKevacpevov. adda IIdpOous pév duépuye, Tore 5é tas yAapvdas él thy Keparjy avayayeov Kal yupvecas Tov Tpaxnrov atrokowat Tapéoyev. evpeOn yap % Keparn Siva Tod oaw- patos. tov dé Ilivéapov ovdels eidev avOparrwv peta Tov hovoy, €£ ob Kai wapécyxev éviows SoFay dverely Tov avopa pn Kercvabeis. or(Lyo 8 tortepov of O immeis éyévovto havepol, cal Titi- vios éotepavapévos bm’ avTav avnes mpos Kdo- atov. ws 5€ xravOu@ xal Bon tTav dirov odupopévar nal dvadopovytwy éyvw To waOos Tod aoTpaTnyou Kal THY ayvorav, éotdcato TO Eidos ay TOAAA Kakiaas THS BpaduTATos éauTov anéaogake. XLIV. Bpodros 8 tH pev Array eyvoxas Tod Kaaciouv mpocnrauve, tov 5é Odvatov éyyus 7dn ToD ydpaxos HKovce. Kal TO pev THA Trept- KAavoas, Kal Wpocayopevaas éoyatov avdpa ‘Pwpaiwy tov Kdoowov, a> ovK tt TH ToAEL TnrALKovTOU hpovnpatos éyyevécOar Suvapévon, 224 1005 BRUTUS timates, shouting for joy, leaped from their horses and embraced him warmly, while the rest rode round him with shouts and clashing of arms, thus, in their boundless joy, working the greatest mischief. For Cassius thought that Titinius was actually taken by the enemy, and with the words “ My love of life has brought me to the pass of seeing a friend seized by the enemy,” he withdrew into an empty tent, forcing along with him one of his freedmen, Pindarus, whom, after the disaster which befell Crassus,! he used to keep in readiness for this emergency. From the Parthians, indeed, he had made his escape; but now, drawing his robes up over his face and laying bare his neck, he offered it to the sword. For his head was found severed from his body. Pindarus, how- ever, no man saw after the bloody deed, and there- fore some have thought that he slew his master unbidden. A little later it became evident who the horsemen were, and Titinius, whom they had crowned with garlands, came up to report to Cassius. But when the lamentable cries of his distressed and weeping friends made known to him the grievous fate of his general and his error, he drew his sword, reproached himself bitterly for his slowness, and slew himself. XLIV. When Brutus learned of the defeat of Cassius, he rode towards him, but heard of his death when he was already near his camp. He mourned over the body, and called Cassius “the last of the Romans,’ implying that such an exalted spirit could no longer arise in the city. Then he decked the 1 Cassius had been quaestor for Crassus on the disastrous Parthian expedition in 53 B.o, (Crassus, xviii. 5). 225 | VOL. VI Q PLUTARCH’S LIVES TE plea TELE Kat am emeunpev eis @daov, ws py, ov 1Xvow adroit Tapdayo. Kndevopevov. avTos dé Tous TTPATLOTAS cuvayayov mapenvOnaaro: Kat TaVTOV Opa adres TEpN LEVOUS TOV dvaryKatov Umea XETO kat avdpa dioxyirias Spax pas avTl TOV aTrOhWAOT OD. ot O¢€ _TpOs TE TOUS doyous aveBappna ay avroi Kal TIS dwpeds Catpacay TO peyeos: Kat peta Bons mpouTeurpav amLovTa, peyadtvortes @S povoyv GNTTNTOV ev TH pax TOY Teco apwv avTOKpATopa@D yeyernpevor. éwaptuper be TO épyov Ste Th paxn mepréerea as Karas émiarever" odiryous yap Tay WA LY dmravras er pé- aro TOUS dytiatavras. el 5€ Taow expngato ™ pos TH paxny | Kal [Ty maperOovres ou melo ToL TOUS TohepuLous éml Ta TOY Tone uLeov Gpynoay, ovdev dv édoKet pépos avT@v amoNsTEty anT- "-TNTOV. XLV. “Ezrecov 6é TOUT@Y pev oxTaKic iAvoe auv Tots oT pATEVOMEVoLS oiKerats, ods Bouyas ) Bpodros avouate: TeV & évavtiwv Mecoddas dnoiv olecbar TAéious 0) SuTAacious. 5:0 Kal pad ov nO vpour éxeivos mplv 7) Kagatou Oepdrray évopa Anurrptos aixero mpos Avt@vioyv éorré- pas, evOus a amo Tob vexpod Tas XAapvdas Aa Bov Kal TO Eidos. Ov Koma OévT ay ovTwS eOdppnoav Gare du hpépa ™ podryety omc wevny emi pax THY Suvapwy. Bpovte dé Trav oTpaToTEedwy € éxa- Tépov TANEVOVTOS emia paras (TO péev yap avrod KaTaTreTAno pevov aixparoroy édeiro pudachs axptBois, TO 6€ Kaociov tv petaBornv tov dpyovtos ov padimws Edepev, GANA Kal POdvov 226 BRUTUS body for burial and sent it to Thasos, in order that the funeral rites might not disturb the camp. He himself, however, assembled the soldiers of Cassius and comforted them; and seeing that they were deprived of all the necessaries of life, he promised them two thousand drachmas the man, to make good what they had lost. They were encouraged by his words and amazed at the largeness of his gift; and they sent him on his way with shouts, exalting him as the only one of the four commanders who had not been defeated in the battle. And the results bore witness that his confidence in a victory in the battle was well grounded ; for with a few legions he routed all those opposed to him. And if he had employed them all in fighting, and if the most of them had not passed by the enemy and set upon the enemy’s possessions, it would seem that his victory must have been complete. XLV. There fell on his side eight thousand men, including the camp servants whom Brutus called Briges ;1 but the enemy, in the opinion of Messala, lost more than twice as many. They were therefore the more dejected of the two, until an attendant of Cassius, named Demetrius, came to Antony in the evening, bringing the robes and the sword which he had taken at once from the dead body. This en- couraged them so much that at break of day they led their forces out arrayed for battle. But both the camps over which Brutus had command were in dan- gerous straits. His own was filled with prisoners of war and required a heavy guard; while that of Cassius was dissatisfied with the change of commanders, and besides, as vanquished men, they were full of hatred 1 The name of a Thracian tribe (Herodotus, vii. 73). 227 Q2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Te Kal pious HTT MEVOLS évnv avTois 7 POs TO VEVLKTK OS), om Aig at pev edoke TO oTpdteupa, paxns & amréaXETO. Tov © aly pwaharov TO pev SovrktKov WAHGos evetdovpevov UTOTTOS Tots O7r- Aas éxéhevoev avatpeDjvat, TOV 5 ehevbépov TOUS pev amédvE pacKov UTO TOV mroneuion paddov BAwKEevat avrous } Kal map exetvots IX MAN@TOUS eivat Kal SovAous, wap avT@ & éhevdepous . Kat moras" ws 6é TOUS dirous é éwpa Kab TOUS Wyyepovas adtaAAaKTwS EXOVTAS, aTro- KpuTT@V kal TUVEKTELT OV eowbev. "Hp 6é tes Bodovprios pipos cal LaxovAtwv ye- NWTOTIOLOS MAWKOTES, obs év ovdevi AOYo TOepevou TOU Bpovtou T poo dyovtes ot pirou KaT ny Opouv as ovdé vov TOU éyerv wal TKMT TEV Tpos UBpw auto dex opevous. émrel 5€ Bpodtos pév évirya ™ pOs éTépais @y ppovtict, Meoodaras dé KopBivos édtxatou TANYals Konaa Gevtas éml aKNVTS yu- pvous amrobo0 hvac Tois aTpaTnyois TMV TOAEMiOV, omrws el0@auv olwv déovrat oT PATEVOMEVOL \oUL- TOT@Y Kal cuv7Oov, évion ev TOY Tapovrey éyéracav, Llomdtos dé Kdoxas, o mpa@tos Kai- capa natagas, Ov Karas, épn, “ teOvnxore Kacoip matlovres Kal yehwtomotovvTes evaryito- pev" av 06,” elev, a) Bpotre, Seikers 6 OTWS sexers HVNUNS Tpos Tov oTpaTHnyov 7 Koddoas nh pv- Adfas | TOUS xXAevacopuevous rat KaKas épouvras avTov.” T pos \TobTO Bpodros ev pada duaxe- pavas, Ts obv,” elev, § ‘émoo wuvO avea Ge, Kdoxa, Kat ov TpatTeTe To So€av tyiv;” tavtny éxeivor ThY amroKpiow ovyKxaTabeow Troinoduevor Kata 1 gitovs bracketed by Sintenis®. 228 BRUTUS and jealousy towards those who had been victorious Brutus therefore decided to put his army in array, but to refrain from battle. Moreover, the multitude of slaves among his captives were found suspiciously moving about among the men-at-arms, and he or- dered them to be put to death; of the freemen, however, he released some, declaring that they had more truly been captured by his enemies, in whose hands they were prisoners and slaves, while with him they were freemen and citizens ; and when he saw that his friends and officers were implacably hostile to them, he saved their lives by hiding them and helping them to escape. Among the prisoners there was a certain Volum- nius, an actor, and Saculio, a buffoon, to whom Brutus paid no attention; but the friends of Brutus brought them forward and denounced them for not refraining even now from insolent and mocking speeches to them. Brutus had nothing to say, being concerned about other matters, but Messala Corvinus gave his opinion that they should be publicly flogged and then sent back naked to the enemy’s generals, in order to let these know what sort of boon companions they required on their campaigns. At this some of the bystanders burst out laughing, but Publius Casca, the one who first smote Caesar, said: “It is not meet for us to celebrate the funeral rites of Cassius with jests and mirth; and thou, Brutus, wilt show what esteem thou hast for the memory of that general according as thou punishest or shieldest those who will abuse and revile him.” To this Brutus, in high dudgeon, said: “ Why, then, do ye enquire of me, Casca, instead of doing what seems best to you?” This answer was taken to be a condemnation of the 229 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOV AO Meov avOporrayv, dépOetpay avtovs amra- yaryov Tes. XLVI. "Ex TOUTOU THY Swpedy aT ESWKE Tots TTpAaTLOTaLs, Kal pixpa peprpapevos éri T@ TO ovvenpa pn «=AaBovtras avev TaparyyéAparos ATAKTOTEPOV évarecOat TOUS ToAepiors, bréa Xero KANOS ayovicapEevors dv0 woAes eis aptayny kat cpéedevay dvncety, Geccarovixny Kat Aaxe- Saipova. TovTO T@ Bpovrov Bio povov ever Tt TOV éyKAnLaToOV avaTrohoyntov, €& Kat qroXv ToUTwY SELVOTEPAa VIKNTNPLA TOS OTPaTEvoLEVotS "Avr@vios Kat Kaioap eféricay, odiyou dety 1Wa- ons "Iradias TOUS TaraLovs olxnTopas éfena- CAVTES, iva Xepar €xetvot Kai mohets: Tas [) Tpoonkovaas AdBworv. adda TovToLs pev apyew Kal Kparety UméKetTo Tov TONE LOU Téhos, Bpourep dé dua dofav aperis ouTE vind OUTE caterOar guvexwpeiro Tapa TMV TOAKOD 77 4 peTa TOU Kadod Kal dtxaiouv, Kal TavTa Kaociov TeOvnKoTOs, ds aitiay elye Kal Bpoirov evaryeLy els Evia TOV Bracotépav. GXX @omep ev TAP andantou cuvtptBevros € érepa Evra Tpoondovy | Kat Tpocap- POTTEL emexerpovary, ovK ev pen, avayKaia é, paxopevor 7 pos THY Xpetay, ovTw Bpovtos év Suvdpet TOC AUTH Kal pETE@pols TpayLaclv ovK éYov icopporrobyta oTpATNyoV jvarynatero \ pT} a0a. ois mapovat Kal ToANa Tpadooce wal Aéyerv TaY éxeivols SoxovvTwv. éSoxee & boa tous Kaoociov otpatiotas ovo Bexzious Tapé- Ee duo petayxeipia tot yap joav, év pev TP oTpaTon ed bc dvapxiav Opacvvopevot, Tpos Tous TroAepious Oia THY HrTav aTrodetbavres. 230 1006 BRUTUS poor wretches, and they were led off and put to death. XLVI. After this, he gave the soldiers their pro- mised rewards, and after gently chiding them for not getting the watchword and for rushing upon the enemy without command and in great disorder, he promised that if they now fought well, he would turn over to them two cities for plunder and booty, Thessalonica and Lacedaemon. This is the only accu- sation in the life of Brutus against which no defence can be made, even though Antony and Octavius practised far greater cruelty than this in rewarding their soldiers, and drove her ancient inhabitants out of almost the whole of Italy, in order that their followers might get land and cities to which they had no right. But in their minds conquest and do- minion were the end and object of the war; whereas Brutus had such a reputation for virtue with the multitude that he was not permitted either to conquer or to gain safety except with honour and justice, especially now that Cassius was dead, who was ac- cused of leading Brutus with him into some acts of violence. But just as sailors, when their rudder has been shattered, try to fit and fasten other timbers in its place, striving to meet their needs, not well, indeed, but as best they can, so Brutus, not having in his great army and dangerous plight a general who was equal to the emergency, was forced to employ such as he had, and to do and say many things which they approved. And so he decided to do whatever they thought would make the soldiers of Cassius better men. For these were very intract- able ; their lack of a leader made them bold in camp, while their defeat made them afraid to face the enemy. y 231 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XLVII. Ovdéy 5¢ Bérriov elye TA mpdypata tois mept Kaicapa xat ‘Avtr@vov, ayopa Te Xpwmevors avayxaia Kal 6a KotrOTnTa Tod oTparoTésov yeava poxOnpov mpoodoxaauy. etKovpevor yap mpos Edeot Kal peta THY payny ouBpov PO.voTrwpivay émiyevouévwv mndroD Kat- eTipm@avtTo TAS oOKNVasS Kal BdaTos Tapaxphpa anyvupevou ba Yriyos. év tovT@ 8 ovow avtois Kev ayyeria tTept THs Kata OdraTTav yevouéevns atuxias wept thy aotpatiav. €& “Itadlas yap TOAANY Kopulopevnv tapa Kaicapos ai Bpovtov pies é€rrimecotoat SébGerpav, @v OAlyou Trayta- Tact TOUS ToNEpLOUs StaduyovTes UTO ALOU TAY istiwy Kal tov oxowiwv éoOiovtes SteyévovTo. TavT axovoavtes Eomrevdoy dia paxns KpiOFvat mpiv aicdécbar TOV Bpotrov Scop aQUT@ yeyovev evTuxias. Kal yap Huépa pa cvvéBn Tov Te KaTa yiv apa kal tov Kata OddattTav ayava KpiOjvat. Tux 5é Tive WaAXOY Hh Kaxia TOV év Tals vavoly HryeLovav nyvonce TO KaTopOwpa Bpovdtos 7mepav elxoot Siayevonevwv. od yap av els Sevtépay paxnv mponrde, Ta peey dvaryKaia Th oTparig Taperxevacuevos els TOAUY Xpdvov, év Kah@ S¢ THs K@pas iSpupévos, @ote Kal yetm@vos amrabes Kal mpos Tovs TroAeuious SvoexBiacrov éyew Td otpatorredoy, TO 5é xpateivy BeBaiws THs Oararrns kad verixnkévas mela TO Kal’ avrov én’ édrrridwv peydrov Kal dpovnpatos yeyovws. "A\Aa TOV TMpayyuaTwyv, @s Eotxev, OvKETL modAois GvTwyv Kabextav, GAA povapyias Se0- pévav, 0 Oeos, eEdyer Kal petacticat TOV Lovo éutroow@y évta T@ xpateiy Suvapévp Bovdopevos, 232 BRUTUS XLVII. But Octavius and Antony were no better off; they were scantily provisioned, and the low site of their camp made them expect a grievous winter. For they were huddled together on the edge of marshes, and the autumn rains which fell after the battle kept filling their tents with mud and water that froze at once, so cold was the weather. More- over, while they were in this plight, word came to them of the disaster which had befallen them at sea. For a large force which was being brought from Italy by command of Octavius was attacked by the ships of Brutus and destroyed, and the small remnant of them that escaped their enemies were driven by hunger to subsist upon the sails and tackle of their ships. On hearing of this, they were eager to have the issue decided by battle before Brutus learned what great good fortune had come to him. For it happened that the conflicts on sea and land were decided on one and the same day. But by some chance, rather than by the fault of his naval com- manders, Brutus was ignorant of their success until twenty days afterwards. Otherwise he would not have proceeded to a second battle, since his army was supplied with provisions for a long time, and he was posted in an advantageous position, so that his camp did not suffer from wintry weather, and on the side towards the enemy was almost impregnable, while his secure mastery of the sea and the victory of the land forces under his own command had put him in high hopes and spirits. But since, as it would seem, the government of Rome could no longer be a democracy, and a mon- archy was necessary, Heaven, wishing to remove from the scene the only man who stood in the way 233 PLUTARCH’S LIVES atréxowe THY TUXNY exElynY, KaiTrEp éyyUTAaTW TOU un Aabetvy tov Bpodrov adixopeévny, pérXovtos yap avrod payer Bas Mpo pias nuépas ore Kro- S105 TLs €x TOV ToAELioY AVTOMOADS KEV, ayyér- Awy Ste StepOappevovy yoOnpévor Tov aTOAoV oi wept Kaicapa orevoovat Siaywvicacbat. Tavita éywr 6 avOpwros ovK elye Tiativ ovd eis dy nr0e to Bpovt@, catradpovnbels mravtdtacw as pndev aknxows vyiés TA rvevdh mpos yadpuv amayyeArwv. XLVIII. "Ev éxeivn 8¢ 7H vuetl maddy daclv eis Oyu ed\Ociy to dacpa T@ Bpovte, Kal tH avrnv émuidecEduevoy dririv ovdéy eimeiv, adn olyerOat. ldmdsos 5é Bodovpvtos, avnp ptdo- copos kal cuveotpatevpévos an’ apxns Bpovre, TOUTO MeV OU AEyel TO oONpEloV, peticoayv 5é dnote TOV Wp@Tov aeTov avaTrEwy yevérOat Kal TaV rakiapywv Twos am avtouatou Tov Bpaxiova pv- pov pocevov eEavOeiv, cal moAddxis éEadeighovtas Kal aropatrovras pndev Tepaive. Kal mpo THs paxns avtis derovs duo cuprecovtas adANAOLS évy petarypio taY otpatotrébwv paxecOa, Kal ouyny antotov éxety TO TEdLov Dewpéevwnv aTrdvTor, elfac 5é nai gduyetvy tov xata Bpodrov. o &é AlGiow mepiBontos yéyovey o THs wUANS dvol- yOcions amavrncas TH pépovTt Tov deTov Kal KatTakoTels Tais payaipais vTrd TOV OTPATLWTaY olwvic apevev. XLIX. Tpoayayav S€ tiv darayya cal xata- aoTncas évavtiay Tols Todepiots erretye troAUY xpovov' vTowiat yap auT@® Kal pynvices Kata 234 1007 BRUTUS of him who was able to be sole master, cut oft from Brutus the knowledge of that good fortune, although it very nearly reached him in time; for only one day before the battle which he was about to fight, late in the day, a certain Clodius deserted from the enemy, and brought word that Octavius had learned of the destruction of his fleet and was therefore eager for a decisive struggle. The man found no credence for his story, nor did he even come into the presence of Brutus, but was altogether despised; it was thought that either he had heard an idle tale, or was bringing false tidings in order to win favour. XLVITI. On that night, they say, the phantom visited Brutus again,! manifesting the same appear- ance as before, but went away without a word. Publius Volumnius, however, a philosopher, and a companion of Brutus in all his campaigns, makes no mention of this omen, but says that the fore- most standard was covered with bees; and that of its own accord the arm of one of the officers sweated oil of roses, and though they often rubbed and wiped it off, it was of no avail. He says also that just before the battle itself two eagles fought a pitched battle with one another in the space between the camps, and as all were gazing at them, while an incredible silence reigned over the plain, the eagle towards Brutus gave up the fight and fled. And the story of the Ethiopian is well known, who, as the gate of the camp was thrown open, met the standard- bearer, and was cut to pieces by the soldiers, who thought his appearance ominous. XLIX. After Brutus had led out his forces in battle array and stationed them over against the enemy, he waited a long time; for as he was reviewing his 1 See chapter xxxvi. 235 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TIVO mpooemimTov €TLoKOTOUVTL TO oTpaTevpa: Kal Tous imméas wpa haxns apxew ov mavu mpobupous 6 dvras, GAN del ™ poo pévovTas TO TOV meta épyov. elt éEaidyns avip moAemxos Kal TeTiunmévos én’ dvdpeia StampeTa@s Tapa Tov Bpodtov avrov éfimmacdpevos petaRadrerat mMpos Tovs wodeutous: Kapoudrdtos dé éxanelro. TovToy id@v 0 Bpovros nAynoev loyupas: Kal Ta pev bm’ opyns, Ta b€ hoBw peiLovos petaBorjAs Kal mpodocias evOus emt Tovs évavtious rev, eis @pav évdtnyv Tov hAlov Katadepomévov. Kal TO pev Kal abtov éexpadtnoe péper Kal mpondbev UTOYWPODYTL T@ aploTEepm TOV TrorEpLioV éyKel- pevos' Kxal ouveTéppwoav ot immeis Gua Tois meCois éuBadovtes teTapaypmévors: TO & Erepov KEpAS, WS py) KUKAWOEiN, TOY Hyewovwy avTitrape€- ayovtov, wANnOer Sé Aecrropévav, Sueamwato pécov Kat yiyvopevov acbeves ovK avteixve Tots evayTiors, GAN’ épuye mpwtov. ot dé tTovTo diaxovravrTes evOUs exuxAXovvTo TOV Bpodrov, avrov pév boa Kai OTpaTHnyiKhs Kal oTpaTiwTiKhs apeTHs Epya Kal yeipt Kal yvoun Tapa Ta Seva mpos TO viKay amroderkvupevov, @ Sé mwréov Exxe TH TpoTépa peayn, TouTp BramTopevov. TeV yey yap TrONeE- piwv tro vinnOev evOds amoAwWAEL TOTE TaV bé Kacociov tparévtwy orjiyou duehOapnoav, oi Sé aowlopevoe TH MpontTiaOat mepidecis vres avé- TAncav aOupias Kal tapayfis TO WAEloTOY TOU oTpatevpatos. evtav0a xai Mdpxos o Katwvos 236 BRUTUS troops he became suspicious of some of them, and heard them accused of treachery ; he saw, too, that his horsemen were not very eager to begin the battle, but always waited to see what the infantry did. Then, of a sudden, a man who was a good soldier and had been conspicuously honoured for his bravery by Brutus, rode out of the ranks and went over to the enemy; his name was Camulatus. The sight of this gave Brutus great distress; and partly from anger, partly because he was afraid of greater treachery and desertion, he led at once against the enemy, at about three o'clock in the afternoon. With the part under his own immediate command he was victorious, and advanced, pressing hard upon the retreating left wing of the enemy; his cavalry, too, dashed forward along with the infantry and fell upon a disordered foe; the other wing, however, which was extended by its commanders to prevent their being surrounded by the enemy, to whom they were inferior in num- bers, was thus weakened in the centre and could not hold out against their opponents, but fled first. After cutting their way through this wing, the enemy at once enveloped Brutus. He himself displayed all the valour possible in a soldier and commander, con- tending with judgment and personal prowess for victory in the terrible crisis; but that which was an advantage for him in the former battle was a detri- ment to him now. For in the former battle the conquered wing of the enemy had been at once de- stroyed, but when the soldiers of Cassius were routed, only few of them were slain, and those who then escaped, rendered fearful now by their former defeat, filled the greater part of his army with dejection and confusion. Here Marcus the son of Cato also, fighting 237 PLUTARCH’S LIVES vids év Tois dpic Tots Kal yevvarotatous TOV véewy PAX OpMEvos Kat KATATOVOULEVOS ovK epuyev ove’ eifev, aXe pepevos TE TH Xeupl Kal ppatov Gotis ely, Kal maT pov dvopmdtoov, éqrecev emt TodAois vexpols TaV Tonepion. ériumtov 6é Kal TOV GAXwY ot KpatictoL Tov Bpovrov mpoxw- Suvevortes. L. "Hy &€ Ts Aoukidnr«0s, dvnp ayabos, é év Tots éraipots. ovTos opay BapBdpous TLVAS imméas év TH dwwker TOY ey adrAwY ovdéeva Trotoupévous Aoyov, éXavvovtas 5é pudnv él TOV Bpodrov, evo Tapaxivouvevaas éumrodwy avTots yeveo Ga, Kab mLKpov vronepbels autos édn Bpot'ros elvas: Kal mtBavos Hv 7 pos “Avraéviov Seopevos aye éauTop, as Kaicapa Sedorxars, ¢ éxelvp dé Dappav. ot & aomacdpevot TO eUpnpya Kat TUX) tuvi Gavpacth Kexphobar vouilovres Hyov Tov avopa, GKOTOUS On, TpoTréuarres é& aut av TIVaS dryryéXous mapa Tov “AvT@vLOD. AUTOS Te oy noOeis amnvrTa toils ayovcw, Kal TOY aA ot TruvOavopevor tovra Bpovrov Kopilerbar TUvETpO- xator, ol pev eA eervov HYOULEVOL THS TU ns, ot &¢ THS b0&ns avafcov, dypav BapBdpwv vTrO puro- puxias ryevopevon. érret eyyus tide Oo pmev “AvT@vios t UTéaTH, OLatropay Srrws Xp7 befacar Tov Bpodrov, o Se Aouxiddzos mpocax els pana teOappnKkas “ Mapxov pév,” elzrev, ‘ ‘Avravee, Bpovrov ovdels 7 mpnKev oud” dv €or ‘TONE LOS" pn TOO OUTOV 7 TUXN KpaTnaoele THS aperis. arr’ éxeivos eupeOnoerat Gav 7 Tou wal YEK POS akios Keipevos EauTod. eyw 5é Tos cols GTpaTiwTas 238 1008 BRUTUS among the bravest and noblest young men, was over- powered, but would not yield nor fly, but plying his sword, and declaring that he was Marcus Cato and Marcus Cato’s son, fell dead upon the many enemies whom he had slain.! The bravest of the rest fell also, risking their lives in defence of Brutus. L. Now, there was a certain Lucilius, a brave man, among the comrades of Brutus.2 This man, seeing some barbarian horsemen ignoring all others in their pursuit and riding impetuously after Brutus, deter- mined at the risk of his life to stop them. So falling behind a little, he told them that he was Brutus. The Barbarians believed him because he asked them to conduct him to Antony, pretending to be afraid of Octavius but to have no fear of Antony. They were delighted with their unexpected prize, and thinking themselves amazingly fortunate, led Lucilius along in the darkness which had now fallen, after sending ahead some messengers to Antony. Antony himself was pleased, of course, and set out to meet the escort, and all the rest also who learned that Brutus was being brought in alive flocked together, some thinking him to be pitied for his misfortune, others that he was unworthy of his fame in thus allowing his love of life to make him a prey of Barbarians. When they were near, however, Antony paused, at a loss to know how he ought to receive Brutus; but Lucilius, as he was brought forward, said with great boldness: ‘“ Marcus Brutus, O Antony, no foe has taken or can take; may fortune not so far prevail over virtue! Nay, he will be found living, or possibly even lying dead as becomes him. It is by cheating 1 Cf. Cato the Younger, Ixxiii. 3. 3 Cf. Antony, lxix. 1. 239 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TMapaxpovodpevos xe, mabeiy oudey emt TOUT TOY dynKéo Tov TApalTOUpeEros. TAUT eiTTOVTOS TOU Aoveiddiov Kal TAVTOV ExT AQYEVTOV "AvTo- vios Tpos TOUS KopicavTas avrov arroBreyas, “*Harov Naremds,” elrrev, “@ CVSTPATLOTAL, pépere TH apaptia eptvsptoba Soxobres. adn’ ev lore KpeiTTOVA TIS Enroupérns a dypas: npnnores. TOE WLOV yap Snrobytes Hicere pidov Hpi Kopi- Covtes’ _@s eyo Bpovrp pev ovx olda pa TOUS Oeovs 6 te av expnodpnv COVTE, Totovrwy & avdpav pikov TUYXdvorue padXov u) Trodeuiov.” TavT el Toy Kal Tov AouxtdALov doTracduevos TOTE pev evi TOY dirov TUvET TH ED, datepov Se Npwpevos eis TavTa TLoT@ Kal BeBaiw SueTédece. LI. Bpodros dé d:aBas Tt peiO pov vAwoes Kal TapdaKpnuvov 78n OKOTOUS ovTos ov TORU T porpr- Mev, adr’ ev TOT Koih@ Kal méTpav exovte peyadny ™ poxerpevny xabicas, odiyov Tept avrov WyeHovery Kal pirwv 6vTMD, Tpara pev aTroBne- ‘ras eis Tov oupavor daTépeov évta peo Tov ave- hbéyEato Svo otixous, av Tov Erepov Borovpros avéyparye: Zev, uw) NAOor ae THVS Ss altLos KaKav tov 6 érépou gnaoiv emradecGar. pera dé put pov tay év TH paxn Tpd avTod TecovTwy éTalpwv Exac Tov ovoualwy padiota TH PraBiou pvieD Kal TH AaBedvos émeorévaker. wv 8 auTov mpeaBevriys 0 AaBeay, o 6e PrdBros émrapxos TOV TEXVITEY. év TOUT b¢ TUS autos te Supnoas kal tov Bpodrov copay opoiws Eyovta, 240 BRUTUS these soldiers of thine that I am come, and I am ready to suffer for it any fatal penalty.” When Lucilius had thus spoken and all were in amaze- ment, Antony turned to his conductors and said: “T suppose, my fellow soldiers, you are vexed at your mistake and think that you have been flouted; but be assured that you have taken a better prey than that you sought. For you sought an enemy, but you come bringing me a friend. Since, by the gods, I know not how I could have treated Brutus, had he come into my hands alive; but such men as this I would have my friends rather than my ene- mies.”” With these words he embraced Lucilius, and for the time being put him in charge of one of his friends, but ever afterwards found in him a sure and trusty helper. LI. But Brutus, after crossing a brook which ran among trees and had precipitous banks, would go no further, since it was already dark, but sat down in a hollow place with a great rock in front of it, having a few officers and friends about him. First, he turned his eyes to the heavens, which were studded with stars, and recited two verses, one of which Volumnius has recorded :— **O Zeus, do not forget the author of these ills!’’! the other Volumnius says he has forgotten. Then, after a little, he called the name of each of his comrades who had fallen in the battle to defend him, groaning most heavily at the mention of Flavius and Labeo. Labeo was his legate,? and Flavius his chief of engineers. At this point, someone who was thirsty himself and saw that Brutus was thirsty too, took a 1 Euripides, Medeia, 334 (Kirchhoff). 2 Cf. chapter xii. 3 ff. 241 VOL. VI R PLUTARCH’S LIVES AaBov xKpavos emi Tov TOTa,Mov Karédpape. 3 xrohou b€ xaTa Oarepa 1 pog TET OVTOS Bodov- HLVLOS 7 pomjrde KaTowopevos, Kal avy avT@ AdpSavos o o UnaoTiaTHS. émavedOovtes 5é pera. ee npwTna av mept Tod TpaTos. nO iKds dé agodpa pedidoas o Bpodros ™ pos Tov Bodov- peveov "Extrérorat,” elev, ‘ GNX’ érepov vupipv KoucOnoerat. meu eis 5 0 avros éxuvduvevoev UTO TOV TTrodEeuimy adrA@vat Kal porus éawOn 4 TETPwpEVOS. eixatovts. 5€ avT@ By moAAous év Th pax TeOvdvar DTATVAALOS UTETTN bud TOV ToNELLwy ex Tata dHeVos (dAAws yap ovK 7) katower Gat TO aTpatoresor, Kat Tupoov apas avrrep ebpn TaKel glo peva, TaN ap iter Oat ™ pos avrov. o pev ovv Tupaos npOn Tov Lratva- Alou TmapehOovros eis TO oTparorecon, as 8 ove éTravnet xpovep TOAA@ Bpodtos elev: «Av op Srarvrnos, apiferat.” ouvéBn 5° avrov éravep- Nouevov eumeceiy els TovS troAEulous Kal dia- d0apivat. LIT. I poiovens dé Ths VUKTOS amroKhivas, @S ETUye Kabelopevos, 1 pos oixeTny éautov Kyeltroy EAarEl. TLOT@VTOS dé rob Kreirou Kat Sax pu- ovtTos, avlts emia TATaUEVvos TOV bracniaThy Adpéavov iSta TLVAS auT@ Tpoaépepe oyous. TérXos 6é Tov Bodovpvoy avrov “EAAnueth Trav hoyou Kal THs ATKHTEWS Drepipyna Ke: kal Tape- KadEeL TH xerpt cwedayac Gat Tov Eihous avT@ 2 Kal ouverrepeioas HV TANYIV. Tob dé Bohov- pviov Suwoapevou ral TOV ado 6 Omolws ex over, eltruvtos 6& Tivos ws Set pun péverv, AANA hevyery, 242 BRUTUS helmet and ran down to the river. Then a noise fell upon their ears from the opposite direction, and Vo- lumnius went forth to reconnoitre, and with him Dardanus his shield-bearer. After a little while, however, they returned, and asked about the water to drink. Whereupon, with a very expressive smile, Brutus said to Volumnius: “It is drunk up; but another draught shall be fetched for you.” Then the same man who had brought the first was sent for more, but he ran the risk of being captured by the enemy, was wounded, and with difficulty came off safe. Now, since Brutus conjectured that not many of his men had been killed in the battle, Statyllius! promised him that after cutting his way through the enemy (there was no other way), he would recon- noitre the camp, raise a blazing torch if he found things there in safety, and then come back to him. Accordingly, the blazing torch was raised, since Statyllius succeeded in reaching the camp; but after a long time had passed and he did not return, Brutus said: “If Statyllius is alive, he will come back.”’ But it so happened that he fell in with the enemy on his way back, and was slain. LII. As the night advanced, Brutus turned, just as he sat, towards his servant Cleitus, and talked with him. And when Cleitus wept and made no answer, Brutus next drew Dardanus his shield-bearer aside and had some private conversation with him. Finally, he spoke to Volumnius himself in Greek, reminding him of their student life, and begged him to grasp his sword with him and help him drive home the blow. And when Volumnius refused, and the rest likewise, and some one said they must not tarry 3 Cf. Cato the Younger, Ixv. 4 f.; Ixxiii. 4. 243 R 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éEavactas, “Tlavu pév obdv,” edn, “ pevetéor ANN ov Sia THY TOdaY, Adda bia TOY YeELpaV.” éuBarov bé thv dSeEiav éExdotm para dardpos Ly 4 \ 4 4 e \ a“ A / noecOae pev Eby peyddrynv joovnv Sti tav dirov > A 9 N b , A , 9 > a avtoy ovdels éyrevoato, TH TUXYn 8 éyKanrely Umép Tihs matpidos: éavrov b€ TOY vEertKnKOTOY paKkapi@orepov vopiferv, ovx éxOés ovde mpwnv f > \ N a b 4 ? a povov, AANA Kal voy, dtodciTovta So-ay aperis, vf? ¥ / b / e nv ov’ SrAoLs OUTE YenpacW aToOAEipovaLY ot Kexpatnxotes, @s py Soxeiy Stt Sixaiovs avdpas adixot Kal Kaxol ypnoTous atroNecavTes ov Tpoc- nKovtws apxyovot. SenOels S€ Kal rapaxarécas awlew éavTovs avexapnoey aTwrépw peta duety A a bd a “4 , ¢ 9 AN ' Tptov, ev ols nv Kal Yrpdtwyv o ato Aoywv PHNTOpPLKaY Yyeyovwms avT@ auvnOns. Kal rodTov éyyiota mapactnodpevos éavt@ Kat 10 Eidos \ a a a yupvov el tis AaBAS Tals yYepoly dudotépacs épeioas Kal Tepimeown eredevTncev. of S€ hac OUK AUTOV, GAAA TOV YrpdTwva, TOAAA Trdvu TOD Bpovrov SenOévtos, aroctpéyavta thy dpe vUTo- a \ / ? a es , atnoat To Eidos: éxeivoy Sé pun mpooBarovra , a To otépvoy Kab SiwcavTa cvvTopws aTobareiv. LIII. Todrov &¢ rov Ltparwva Meoaodras érai- pos @v Bpovtm Kaicapt diaddayels emt oyoris mote mpoonyaye, Kat Saxpvaoas elmev “Odtos 3 A a e 9 7 e aA A , \ éotw, w Katcap, o avnp, 0 T@ éu@ Bpovt@ tiv e 4 4, 99 9 4 TeXeuTaiay vmoupynoas xapiv. atrodeEapevos ovv 6 Kaicap éoxyev avtoy év Te Tois tovos Kal 244 1009 BRUTUS but fly, Brutus rose and said : “ By all means must we fly ; not with our feet, however, but with our hands.” Then, after clasping each by the hand, with a very cheerful countenance he said he rejoiced with ex- ceeding joy that not one of his friends had proved false to him, and as for Fortune, he blamed her only for his country’s sake; himself he regarded as more to be envied than his conquerors, not yesterday and the day before merely, but even now, since he was leaving behind him a reputation for virtue, which those who surpassed in arms or wealth would not do; since the world would believe that base and unjust men who put to death the good and just were unfit to rule. Then, after earnestly entreating them to save themselves, he withdrew a little way in the company of two or three friends, among whom was Strato, who had been his intimate since they studied rhetoric together. This man he placed nearest to himself, and then, grasping with both hands the hilt of his naked sword, he fell upon it and died. Some, however, say that it was not Brutus himself, but Strato, who at his very urgent request, and with averted eyes, held the sword in front of him, upon which he fell with such force that it passed quite through his breast and brought him instant death.! LIII. As for this Strato, Messala, the comrade of Brutus, after a reconciliation with Octavius, once found occasion to introduce him to his new master, and said, with a burst of tears: “This is the man, O Caesar, who did the last kind office for my dear Brutus.’’ Accordingly, Strato was kindly received by Octavius, who, in his subsequent labours, and 1 The battles at Philippi occurred in 42 B.c., ard Rrutus was forty-three years of age when he died. 245 PLUTARCH’S LIVES év Tois Tepit “Axtiov ayaow Eva tov Trept auTov 9 a) a € 4 > A \ ‘ ayabav yevopévev “EXAnvev. avtov 6 Tov Mec- odXav Aéyouvotw watepov éerratvovpevov bd Kai- capos Ot, Kaitep ey Dirivrocs | TONE MLGTATOS avtots yevopevos da Bpovrtov, év "Antiw mpobv- potaroy éauToy mrapéo yer, “Eye rot,” davas, “o@ Kaioap, dei tis BeXtiovos xat Stxatorépas TiAs Kai peptoos éyevouny.” Tov 5€ Bpotdtov o ‘Avtwvios avevpwv reOvnxota TO Pe OHA TH TWOAVTEAETTATH TAY EavTOU dol- pixidwoy meptBareiv éexér\evcev, Botepovy Sé rHv gowixida xexreppevny ataOopevos amréxtewe Tov Upedopevov. Ta 5é AEetava mpos THY uNTépa TOU Bpovtov LYepRiriav arémepwe. Tlopxiay Sé ryv Bpovrou yuvaixa Nixoraos 0 ptrocodos iatopet kat Ovarépios Maék:pos Bovropévny arrobaveiv, ws ovdeis eméeTpeTre TOV hirwv, GAA TpoTéeKELVTO Kai TapepvAattoy, €x Tov wupos avapracacav avOpaxas KaTaTety Kal TO oTOMa TvyKNELCACAaD Kai pvoacay ovTw SiagOapivat. xaitor héperat tis €mtatoAn Bpovtouv apos tovs dirous éyxa- AowYTOS AUTOS KaL ONOhUpOpEevOU TrEept THs Ilop- Kias, @ apedrnOeions UT’ adlTav Kal mpoedopevns Sua vooov KxaTaXtreivy tov Biov. €éoixev ovv 6 NixoAaos nyvonxévat tov xpovov, émel tO ye waQos Kat Tov Epwra THs yuvatKos Kai TOV Tpo- Tov THS TENEUTHS vrrovonaat Sidwot Kal TO ém- oTeOXLOD, EiTEp Apa TOY ywnoiwy éoTiv. 249 BRUTUS especially at the battle of Actium, found him, as well as other Greeks, a brave partisan. And it is said that Messala himself was once praised by Octavius because, though at Philippi he had been most hostile to him and Antony for the sake of Brutus, at Actium he had been a most zealous ad- herent of his; whereupon Messala said: “ Indeed, O Caesar, I have ever been on the better and juster side.” When Antony found Brutus lying dead, he ordered the body to be wrapped in the most costly of his own robes, and afterwards, on hearing that the robe had been stolen, put the thief to death. The ashes of Brutus he sent home to his mother Servilia.!. As for Porcia, the wife of Brutus, Nicolaiis the philosopher, as well as Valerius Maximus,” relates that she now desired to die, but was opposed by all her friends, who kept strict watch upon her; wherefore she snatched up live coals from the fire, swallowed them, kept her mouth fast closed, and thus made away with herself. And yet there is extant a letter of Brutus to his friends in which he chides them with regard to Porcia and laments her fate, because she was neglected by them and therefore driven by illness to prefer death to life. It would seem, then, that Nicolaiis was mistaken in the time of her death, since her distemper, her love for Brutus, and the manner of her death, are also indicated in the letter, if, indeed, it is a genuine one. 1 Suetonius (Divus Augustus, 13) says that the head of Brutus was sent to Rome to be thrown at the feet of Caesar’s statue. 3 De factis mem. iv. 6, 5. 247 PLUTARCH’S LIVES AINNOS KAI BPOYTOY SYTKPISIS I. TloAA@y roivuy tois avdpdcw vraptdavtwv Karav, ev Tois mpwros 5é€ Tod peyictous éAaxt- ara adoppais yevécOat, rovTO T@ Aiwyt KadXu- oTov é€otw. ov yap elye Tov audioBntodrTa, cadarep 6 Bpodtos Kdoowov, dvdpa mpos pév apetny Kal So€av ovx opotws aksomtoTor, eis 5é TOV TOAELOV OVK eXaTTOVaS TOALN Kal SeLVOTHTE Kat pate. cupBoras mapacyopuevov, S ye nat TOD TaVTOs épyou Wpoco.odery Evioe THY apYny, Hryenova THS emt Kaicapa yvwuns tovtov atpe- povvTt Bpovte@ yevéoOat rA€yortes. Alov 8 dorep dda Kal wrola Kal orpatiotixny Svvamy, odtw Kal dirous Kal cuvepyovs emt tHv mpakwv adros éavt@ aiverar Ktnodpevos. ov pay ovd as Bpodros éx Tav Tpayudtwy avTav Kal Tod ToXé- pov wAovTOY écyxe Kal Svvamw, cttw Kal Atop, GANA TO Torépw WpoeranveyKev avVTOS TOV éauToOU WrOVTOY, UTED THS TOV ToArALTaV ENEVOEpias ToOIS THs puyns éepodiows wpoxataypnodpevos. ert dé Bpovros pév cal Kadoatos, ovx dv acdhades jov- yiav dyew éxtrecovat THS ‘Pwpuns, AAXN wPAHKoct Sixnv Oavdtov Kai Stwxopévors, dvayxaiws eis Tov ToAEmov KaTépuyov' Kal Ta cwopaTta Tos SToOLS Tmapaxatabéuevor Stexrvduvevoay tiTép avtav To mwréov 7) Tov TodtTaV, Aiwy 8 adeéatepoy ev TH guyn tod puyadevoavtos Tupavvou Kai Hd.ov dia- you avéppipev éExwv xivduvvoy tocovTov éml te coca, LiKEediav. 248 1010 COMPARISON OF DION AND BRUTUS I. WE see, therefore, that both men had many noble traits, and especially that they rose to the greatest heights from the most inconsiderable be- ginnings; but this is most to the credit of Dion. For he had no one to dispute his eminence, as Brutus had in Cassius, a man whose virtue and fame did not inspire confidence in like degree, but who, by reason of his boldness, ability, and efficiency, con- tributed no less than Brutus did to the war; indeed, some attribute to him the origin of the whole enter- prise, declaring that he took the lead in the plot against Caesar when Brutus was passive. Dion, how- ever, appears to have acquired by his own efforts, not only arms and vessels and a military force, but also friends and co-workers for his enterprise. How- ever, Dion did not, like Brutus, win wealth and power from the course of the war itself, nay, he contributed his own wealth for the war, expending in behalf of the liberty of his countrymen those resources which supported him in his exile. And further, it was not safe for Brutus and Cassius to keep quiet after their banishment from Rome, but since they were condemned to death and pursued, it was of necessity that they resorted to war; and in commit- ting their persons to the protection of their arms they incurred danger in their own behalf rather than in behalf of their countrymen ; whereas Dion was living with greater confidence and pleasure in his banish- ment than the tyrant who banished him, and yet of his own accord he hazarded a peril so great in order to save Sicily. 249 PLUTARCH’S LIVES II. Kai pay ovx Guwotov Acovuciou Lupaxouaiors n Katcapos aradraynvar ‘Popators. O pev yap ovd } npvetTo TUpavvos elvat KaK@V TE puptov euTeTANKEL Lexediar 4 Oe Kaicapos apxn curt oTapéevn pev ovK GALlya Tois évavTLoUpEevots Trpay- para Tapéaxe, deFapévors dé Kal cpatnbeiow évopa Ka Soxnats épavn povon, Epyou 8 am’ avris ovdev @pmov ovde TUPAVVLKOY umnptev, anna Kal Seopevors édoke Tois Tpdyuace povapxias ™paqo- TATOS WOTE tar pos on avrov Tov Saipoves ded0a 0a. 3 Kaicapa pev evOus éroOncev 0 ‘Popaiov Sijpos, dare Xarer os ryever Oat Kal amrapaitnros Tous aTEKTOVOCL, Aiwva 5 v) Atovu- aiou Tapes éx Lupaxove oy ral TO BN Kara, oKayra TOU TpoTépou Tupdvvov TOV Tapov émrai- TLov padiota Tpos TOUS TodiTas évroinoev. III. "Ey autais Toivuy Tas TohemlKats ™pa- feo 6 wey Aiwv dweuTrTos yéyove oT paTnyos, ws? | bev auros éBovnevero Tots Tpaywacty apiora XPwmevos, a S emraicOn 82’ ETEPOUS dvarapov Kat peTadtTnoas emt TO Beédriov- o be Bpodros TOV Eo YaTov dry diva, vmrép TOV OAwY ovO’ UTooThvas doxet ppovipws ouTE opareis émavopOwarv evpeiv, GQXX’ atette xal Tm poeiTo Tas eAmibas, ovd Ocov Tlopanios €TLTOALNTAS TH TUYN Kal TavTa TON ANS pev avrToOt Aevtropevys edridos éy tois oa- ros, Tails 6€ vavol Kpatov mdons BeBaiws ths Oaracons. “O 8 péytordv dot dy éyxadotar Boovty, 70 owbévta 77 Kaicapos yapit: cal cooavta tav 1 903’ Bekker corrects to od7’. 3 és with Coraés and Bekker: a». 250 COMPARISON OF DION AND BRUTUS II. And verily it was not a like thing for Syracuse to be rid of Dionysius and Rome of Caesar. For Dionysius was even an avowed tyrant, and filled Sicily with countless ills; whereas the rule of Caesar, although during its establishment it gave no little trouble to its opponents, still, after they had been overpowered and had accepted it, they saw that it was a tyranny only in name and appearance, and no cruel or tyrannical act was authorized by it; nay, it was plain that the ills of the state required a mon- archy, and that Caesar, like a most gentle physician, had been assigned to them by Heaven itself. There- fore the Roman people felt at once a yearning for Caesar, and in consequence became harsh and im- placable towards his murderers; whereas Dion, for letting Dionysius escape from Syracuse, and for not demolishing the tomb of the former tyrant, was held most culpable by his countrymen. III. Next, as regards their actual military achieve- ments, Dion was a consummate general; where he himself made the plans, he achieved the best results, and where failure was due to others, he restored and bettered the situation. Brutus, on the other hand, as it seems, was unwise in entering upon the last supreme struggle, and when he was defeated, could not find a way to restore his cause, but gave up and abandoned his hopes, not even facing adverse fortune with as much resolution as Pompey, and that too although on land he had much ground for confidence left in his troops, and with his fleet was secure inaster of all the sea. Moreover, the gravest charge which is brought against Brutus, namely, that although his life was spared by the kindness of Caesar, together with the 251 PLUTARCH’S LIVES auveadwKotwv daoous éBovreTO Kal dirov vouto- pevoy Kal mpotiunOévta ToAX@Y avTOXELpa TOU cwaavtos yevérOat, TovT’ ovK av TIS elrroL KaTA Ni@vos. adda Tovvaytion, oixeios pev Ov Arovu- } aio Kat diros w@pOou Ta mpaypata Kal cuvdstedv- NaTTev, extrecwy 5é€ THS Tatpidos Kal adiKnOels mepl THY yuvaika Kal THY ovciay aTodecas ex mpopavous eis ToAc“ov KaTéoTN voutpov Kal d- Katov. i TOUT avTioTpehee mpaTov; & yap Es émaivov wmapye. Tois avdpdot péytorov, %) mWpos TOUS Tupavvous aTéyOera Kal pcororvnpia, TOOT’ ikuxpivés €ott T@ Bpovt@ Kai xaBapor, idia ya eb ALKp e povT@ apov, Lorg yap \ bf A ” a , ovdey éyxarav Kaicape ris Kowvys mpoexivduvevev , e b ) bd \ “a ” b) , > éXevOepiass o & et py Kaxas Errabev adtos, ovK dy érotéunoe. Kal tovto dndovTa tais TIddTo- Aa A , vos ériatoAais, €€ av SHrOS eoTLv ws ATrOBANOEls THs TUpavVvibos, OVK aTroo Tas, KaTéAvae Atovuctov. A \ ért Bpodrov pev xal Topurnio dirov éroincer, éyOpov ovta, Kal trodeguov Kaicapt, To Kowh 4 e 4 a \ , e 4 cvupepor, ws ExOpas Spw nal dedrias évd ypdpevov Aa / 4 A \ 4 wv \ To Sixaiw: Aiwy && mpos xadpty wp0ov mrodAXa Atovictov, 67 Hv BéBatos avT@, Kal pos opynv Pd \ > . / XN 4 9 O9 e amvatnOels errodéunce. 816 TovT@ pev ovd’ oi diroe tavtes erictevoay, ws petactHiaas Atovu- \ A atov ovx av BeBatwoatto tHv apynv adte, / mpaoTépw Tupavvidos dvoyatt Tapayayav Tous s \ A , aA b A moditas, wept d€ tod Bpovrouv trav éyOpav He 4 a axovey Stt povos Ta éri Kaicapa ovvapapévov 252 COMPARISON OF DION AND BRUTUS lives of all the fellow captives for whom he wished to intercede, and although Caesar held him a friend and honoured him above many, he struck down his preserver with his own hand,—this charge no one can bring against Dion. On the contrary, while he was a courtier and friend of Dionysius, he tried to set the state in order and help in preserving it; but when he had been banished from his country, wronged as a husband, and deprived of his property, he openly resorted to a war that was lawful and just. Or does this argument reverse itself at once? For that which redounds to the praise of both men is their hostility to tyrants and hatred of their baseness, and this is disinterested and sincere in the case of Brutus, since without any private grievance against Caesar he risked his life for the common liberty; whereas, had not Dion himself been mistreated, he would not have gone to war. And this is made manifest by the letters of Plato, from which it is clear that Dion did not revolt, but was cast out from the tyranny, and there- fore overthrew Dionysius. Still further, it was the public good that made Brutus a friend even to Pompey, who was his foe, and an enemy to Caesar, since he determined both hatred and friendship by justice alone; Dion, on the other hand, gave Dionysius much support in order to win his favour, when he was secure in his confidence, and when he was dis- credited by him, it was to gratify anger that he went to war. Therefore Dion was not trusted even by all his friends, who felt that after removing Dionysius he might secure the government for himself, enticing his countrymen along by some milder name than that of tyranny; but the enemies of Brutus were wont to say that of all the conspirators against Caesar he 253 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éva, mpovOeto oxomoyv aT apxijs ax pe TéXous THY TaTpLov anodotvar ‘Pepators modTelay. IV. “Avev rye pay TOUT@Y 0 ™mpos Atovuctop ayov our, Guotos HY Symov TO T™ pos Kaicapa. Avovvaiou pev yp avdels 6 boTts ovK dv xateppo- ynoe TOV oun bor évy pedas Kal xvBots Kal yuvarkt tas mAEloTas oLtovpévou StarpeBds: to 5€ tTHv Kaicapos xatddvotw eis vodv ép- BaréoGat Kal a pohnOivat THY Servornta Kal Suvauy Kal TuxnV, ob Kal Tobvopa tous Ilap- 6vaiwy Kal "Ivdav Baowreis ouK ela xabevdery, Ureppuois WV puns Kal mpos pnOev UpierIat o8@ Tov ppovnuaros Suvapévns. 616 TO pev opOevre povov év Leeda pupiddes OvK OdjLyaL cuvéortng av én Avovicvov n 6é Kaicapos bofa Kat TET OVvTOS @pGov TOUS pirovs, Kal TOUOMa TOV xpnodpevov Typev €K Tatoos aunydavouv T p@Tov evdus elvat ‘Popalwrv, ws arefipdpparov Todo mpos Tv ‘Aytwviov Tepiarduevoy éxOpav Kal Suvapuy. Ei 8 gpycer tis Ste peyadous ev dydow o Aiwy eFeBanre TOV TUpavvoY, Kaicapa dé Bpovtos EXTELVE syupvov Kal apiraxror, auTo TovTo Sevo- THTOS axpas Kal otpatnyias Hy Epyov, avdpa TOTaUTHY meptBeBAnpévov Svvapwy advhaxtov haBeiv Kat yupvor. ov yap eLaipyns ovee HLovos ov dALyous emimeg@y avetrAEv, ANN €x TOANOU cuvbels | TO Bovvevpa Kal pera Toho ém0é- pEvOs, av ovdels eyevoar’ aurov. 7 yap evOus EXPLVE TOUS dpiaTtous i Tpoxpivat TOUS Lo TEev- Gévras ayabous éroinge. Aiov be cite Kpivas Kax@s émiarevoev EauToY Trovnpois elTEe yYpw@peEvos 254 1011 COMPARISON OF DION AND BRUTUS alone had one aim from first to last, namely the re- storation to the Romans of their ancient form of government. IV. However, apart from these considerations, the struggle against Dionysius was surely unlike that against Caesar. For Dionysius must have been de- spised by every one of his associates, devoted as he was to wine, dice, and women; but to plan the over- throw of Caesar, and not to fear the ability, power, and good fortune of the man whose very name robbed the kings of Parthia and India of their sleep, be- tokened an extraordinary spirit, and one which fear could never induce to remit its lofty purposes. Therefore Dion had only to be seen in Sicily, and many thousands joined him in attacking Dionysius ; whereas the fame of Caesar, even after he had fallen, supported his friends, and his name raised the help- less boy who adopted it to be at once the foremost Roman, and he wore it as a charm against the power and hatred of Antony. But should it be objected that Dion cast out the tyrant only after great struggles, while Brutus slew Caesar unarmed and unguarded, this very circum- stance was a result of the highest ability and gene- ralship, namely, that a man enveloped in such great power should be taken unarmed and unguarded. For not on a sudden, nor alone, or with a few helpers only, did he fall upon him and slay him, nay, his plan was long in forming, and his attack was made with many helpers, not one of whom proved false to him. For either he chose out at once the best men, or his choice of them before others, and his confi- dence in them, made them good. But Dion either chose unwisely and entrusted himself to bad men, 255 PLUTARCH’S LIVES érroinoey éx Xpna Trav Tovnpovs, ovdéTepov Tabeiv avdpi ppovipe Tpoancev. emiTemd dé Kal ITda- TWY AVT@ TowovTOUS EXopévw.pirous, Ud Ov amrw- NETO. V. Kal Aiwvos pév TLpcopos ovbels épavn Te- covTos* GANG Bpotrov Kal TOV TONEuio "AvTO- vlog pep | Barpev évdokus, Kaicap 6é xal Tas Tiuas éTHpHaEV. EaTHKE dé xarnoos avdpids ev Mediodav THS évTos “AMTewy Tararias. ToUTOV voTepov idw@v o 6 Kaicap eLKOVUKOV évTa Kal Xaprev- TWS elpyac pévov maphrOev elt’ émlaTas pera pax pov aK powpéevoy TOO TOUS dpxovras éxanet, pdcKkwv éxamovov aura THY mohty ein pevar TONE Lov éxoucav Tap aur. TO péev OvV TPO- TOV, OS ELKOS, 7} npvowvTo, Kal Tiva reyou Scatropovv- TES eis adAAOUS anéBrerrav. as & ema tpéyas O Kaicap ™ pos TOV avdpidvta kal guvaryaryav TO T poo wtov, ANN ov ovTOS, eon, ‘ TONEMLLOS Gy néetepos evtavda & EO THKED 5 ” €rb adhov KaTa- TaryEVTEs éovamnoay. o 6é petdidoas emnveré Te TOUS Tardras @S TOUS pirous kal Tapa Tas TUXAS BeBaious dvTas, Kal Tov avdpidvTa Kata Yopav weve éxéNevce. 256 COMPARISON OF DION AND BRUTUS or else treated the men of his choice so as to turn them from good to bad, neither of which mistakes a prudent man ought to make. And in fact Plato censures him for choosing such friends as proved his ruin. V. Further, no one arose to avenge Dion's death ; but in the case of Brutus, Antony, an enemy, gave him illustrious burial, and Octavius, an enemy, actu- ally took care to preserve his honours. For a bronze statue of him stood in Mediolanum in Cisalpine Gaul. This statue, at a later time, Octavius noticed as he passed by, for it was a good likeness and an artistic piece of work; then stopping, after a little, in the hearing of many he summoned the magistrates and declared that he had caught their city violating its treaty and harbouring an enemy of his. At first, then, as was natural, they denied it, and looked at one another in perplexity, not knowing what he meant. Then Octavius, turning to the statue and knitting his brows, said : “Well, is not this an enemy of mine who stands here?” At this, the magistrates were still more dumbfounded and held their peace. But Octavius, with a smile, praised the Gauls because they were true to their friends even in adversity, and gave orders that the statue should remain where it was. 257 VOL. VI. s TIMOLEON TIMOAEQON "Euol! Hs trav Biwy awWwacbar pev ypadfs 235 auvéBn St’ éErépous, émipévery 5é xal didroxwpeiv 989 nal &v éuaurov, Oaomrep év EooTTpy TH (aropia TELPWMLEVOY ALAS YE TwS KOTMELY Kal adopotoby mpos Tas éxelywy apetras Tov Biov. ovdév yap ’ x 4 , ? \ , GXN’ 4h ouvdtaitnoe Kal cupBi@cer TO yivopevoy Eotxev, OTav watTrep émi~evovpevov ExacTov avTaV év péper 51a THs (otopias UTrodexopevoe Kal Trapa- , ’ a of ¥ , ” AauBavovres avabewpapev “Gacos Env olos Te, Ta Kuplwtata Kal KdAXNCTAa Tpos VYOaLY aTrO Tav mpukewy AapBavovtes. Ped, hed: Ti rovTov yappa peilov av AABass, \gQ N 3 , b] A 9 Ld 4 xal® apos €travophwaotv nOav évepyotepov; Anpo- Kpitos pev yap evyecOai dyot Seiv Grws evrAOY- 90 7 4 \ \ , \ xov cdodwv Tuyxdvepev cal Ta cvpdura Kal Ta NpnoTa padrrov huiv éx Tod meptéyovtos 7 Ta A \ \ \ A 4 wv” 9 gavra Kal Ta oKala cupdepntat, Noyov ovUT > a \ \ 9 4 2 4 a0 Kal mpos atepavtous éxpépovta Sercrdat- povias eis ptdocopiay xataBaddov: npeis 8€ TH mept thy iatoptay dratpiByn Kal TAS ypadjs TH 1 éuol with Bekker, after Stephanus and Reiske: éuol pév. 2 «al supplied by Sintenis, after Schaefer; Bekker sup- plies 4. 260 TIMOLEON I pecan the writing of my “Lives”’ for the sake of others, but I find that I am continuing the work and delighting in it now for my own sake also, using history as a mirror and endeavouring in a manner to fashion and adorn my life in conformity with the virtues therein depicted. For the result is like nothing else than daily living and associating together, when I receive and welcome each subject of my history in turn as my guest, so to speak, and observe carefully “how large he was and of what mien,” ! and select from his career what is most important and most beautiful to know. «And oh! what greater joy than this canst thou obtain,” ? and more efficacious for moral improvement? De- mocritus says we ought to pray that we may be visited by phantoms which are propitious, and that from out the cireumambient air such only may en- counter us as are agreeable to our natures and good, rather than those which are perverse and bad, there- by intruding into philosophy a doctrine which is not true, and which leads astray into boundless supersti- tions. But in my own case, the study of history and the familiarity with it which my writing produces, 1 As Priam admired Achilles, Iliad, xxiv. 630. 2 An iambic trimeter from the Tympanistac of Sophocles (Nauck, Tray Graec. Frag.?, p. 270). 261 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ouvnbeia TapacKevdalopev éEavtovs, Tas TaV api- otwv Kat Soxtpwrdtoyv prvypas vtodeyopévous del rais ~uyais, et Te padrov H eaxonOes ayev- ves ai TOV cuvorvTwy €F dvdyens Omtdiat mpoc- BarXoverv, éxxpovery Kai S:wGeicbat, wpos Ta Kdd\MoTa TOY Tapaderypwatwv tew Kal mpaciav atrootpépovtes Tv Stavoray. av ev T@ Trapovte mpoxexetpta weOd aoe Tov Tioréovtos Tov Kopu- Giov Kai rov Aipetrdiouv Ilavdou Biov, avdpav ov Hovov Tais aipécecty, ddd cal tais TUYaLs aya- Pais opotws xeypnuévwv él ta mpdypata, Kat SiappiaBytnow wapetovtwy motepov evrrotpia PGaAXOY 7) povynce Ta péytoTa TOY TeTpAayLEevwY KaT@powoar. I. Ta pev Yvpaxovoiwy mpdypata mpo ris Tiporéovtos eis uxedtav atroaton is obTws elyer. éret Atwy peév é€eXdoas Avovictoy tov tépavvor evOvs avnpéOn dorm nal Svéotnaav of atv Aiwv Supaxovaious érevOepwoartes, 4 Sé modus &AXOV €& adXou petaBddrAXovea ouveyas TUpavvoy ib wAnOouvs KaK@v ptxpov arrédevtrev Epnwos eEwvas, THs 8 adANS BKedias 7 ev avadatatos Kal aroNs mavtdracw Hon Sta Tovs Todeuous UrApyey, ai 5é mreiotar woAEs Ud BapBdpwv peyddwv Kab oTpAaTLWTaY apcOwy KaTeixovTo, padiws Tpoate- pévwv tas petaBoras trav Suracter@v, Asovictos eres Sexatw Eévouvs suvayaywv Kal Tov TOTE Kpa- tobvTa TaVv Xvpaxovciwy Nucaiov éferacas, 262 236 TIMOLEON enables me, since I always cherish in my soul the records of the noblest and most estimable characters, to repel and put far from me whatever base, malicious, or ignoble suggestion my enforced associations may intrude upon me, calmly and dispassionately turning my thoughts away from them to the fairest of my examples. Among these were Timoleon the Corin- thian and Aemilius Paulus, whose Lives I have now undertaken to lay before my readers; the men were alike not only in the good principles which they adopted, but also in the good fortune which they enjoyed in their conduct of affairs, and they wili make it hard for my readers to decide whether the greatest of their successful achievements were due to their good fortune or their wisdom.! I. The state of affairs in Syracuse, before the ex- pedition of Timoleon into Sicily, was as follows. After Dion had driven out Dionysius the tyrant, he was at once treacherously slain,? and those who had helped him to free Syracuse were divided among themselves. The city, therefore, was continually ex- changing one tyrant for another, and owing to a multitude of ills was almost abandoned, while as for the rest of Sicily, part of it was ruined and already wholly without inhabitants by reason of the wars, -and most of the cities were occupied by Barbarians of mixed races and soldiers out of employment, who readily consented to the successive changes in the despotic power. At last Dionysius, in the tenth year of his exile,’ collected mercenaries, drove out Nisaeus, who was at that time master of Syracuse, 1 In the MSS. this Introduction stands as the first chapter of the Aemilius Paulus. 2 See the Dion, chapter lvii. This was in 354 B.o. 3 346 B.C. 263 PLUTABCH’S LIVES avéhaBe Ta Tpaypara Tad Kal cadearyKel TUPAVVOS eE apxis, TAparoyos pev vIr0 pexpas Suvdpews THv peylo Tay TOV WWITOTE tupavvidey amonrecas, Tapahoywr pov 8 abOis é« puydébos Kal Tametvou TOV éxBadovtov KUpLOS YEVOMEVOS. ot pev ovv Urropeivavres év TH TOEl TOV upa- Kovoloy édovhevov ovr’ addws emveel Tupdvywp Kal TOTE TavTaTacly v0 cuppopav aTrny ple - pév@ THY puxiy, ot de Beédriorot Kal yvopipo- Tato. wpos ‘lKnérnv TPATrevTEs TOV duvacrevovra TOV Acovtivey emeTpeyrav aurous exeivep Kal oT paTnyov etXovTo Tov TonEpOU, Berrie pev ov- Sevos évTa TOY OMONO'VOULEVWS TUpayVOV, éTépav 5” ovK eXovTes amoatpopny, Kal TLaTEvaavTes Lupaxoua ip TO yévos évTe Kal KexTnpév@ Stvapey ak.ouaxov Tpos TOV TUpavvov. Il. "Ev tovr@ be Kapynéoviwy TTOAM peyddwp Taparyevopevary els Yexedtav Kal Tols mpayyacwy ET ALWPOUHEVOY poPnbevtes ot LiKeorar Tpe- oBetav €BovrAovtTo Twéutrely els THY ‘Ed dba Kal mapa Kopw tw BonBevav aiTeiv, ov povov bia THY ouyyeverap ove’ ad’ @y HOn TorNaKIS EvEpye- THVTO TLaTEVOVTES €xeivolts, aAda Kal xaodov T™Y money opa@vres prrehevepov Kai pug oTUpavvoy ovcav adel, Kat TOV Toheueoy TOUS rela TOUS Kat peyiarous TeTroNepNKViaY OUx brép Mryeuovias Kal Treovetias, arr vmep THS TOV ‘EAM vev édev- Depias. ) 5° ‘Inétns, ate 8 THs aTpaTnyias vrobeowv Thy Tupawioa TETrOLNLEVOS, ov THY Lupaxovaiwv édevOepiav, Kpvpa pev dn Tm pos tous Kapynéoviovs dicikexto, havepas 8 tovs 264 TIMOLEON recovered the power again, and established himself as tyrant anew; he had been unaccountably de- prived by a small force of the greatest tyranny that ever was, and now more unaccountably still he had become, from a lowly exile, master of those who drove him forth. Accordingly, those of the Syra- cusans who remained in the city were the slaves of a tyrant who at all times was unreasonable, and whose spirit at this time was rendered altogether savage by misfortunes, but the best and most dis- tinguished of them had recourse to Hicetas the ruler of Leontini, put themselves under his protection, and chose him their general for the war; not that he was better than any acknowledged tyrant, but because they had no other refuge, and felt confidence in one who was a Syracusan by birth and possessed a force that was able to cope with that of Dionysius. II. Meanwhile the Carthaginians came with a large armament to Sicily and were watching their oppor- tunity, and the Sicilian Greeks, in their fright, wished to send an embassy to Greece and ask for assistance from the Corinthians, not only because they trusted them on account of their kinship! and in conse- quence of the many benefits they had already re- ceived from them, but also in general because they saw that the city was always a lover of freedom and a hater of tyrants, and had waged the most and greatest of her wars, not for supremacy and aggran- dizement, but for the liberty of the Greeks. Hicetas, however, since he had made a tyranny for himself, and not the freedom of Syracuse, his sole object in taking the field, had already held secret conferences with the Carthaginians; yet openly he commended the plan of 1 Syracuse was founded by Corinthians in 735 B.c. 265 PLUTARCH’S LIVES > , b] , \ A , J Upakovotous émnver Kal Tous perches evs IleXo- ’ / b) , a qmovynoov ouvetérepev, ov Bovropevos édAOeiv , >] “a ed bd 97 24 > AX @ e cuppaytay éxeiev, adr éav, Strep eixos HY, OF KopivOcoe 1a tas “EXAnviKas tapaxas Kal acyo- ld ? 4 N 4 VA ean b] ‘ Nias ameitwot THv BonOeav, édrritwv padov emi tous Kapyndoviovs ta mpdypata perakev Kai xpnoccOat cuppayols Kai cuvaywuioTais éxeivols émt tovs Supaxovalovs 7) Kata tod Tupdvvov. TavdTa pev ovv oAiyov UaTtepoy éEnréyxOn. III. Tav b¢ mpéoBewv trapayevopévwr, oi Ko- 4 1 2 AN a 9 4 , pivOrot, endecOar pev ael THY aTroLKidwy TOAEwV kal padoTa THs Yuvpaxovoiwv eiwOdres, ovdevos 8 adtovs TéTe THY EXAnviKay Kata TUX NY Tapev- A 9 > » > / \ Aa s OXAODYTOS, GAN ev Eipnvn Kal aYOAH Siayovrtes, éyndicavto mpodupws BonOetv. Enrovpévov Sé oTpaTnyou Kal TAY apYovTwy ypapovtwy Kat Tpo- BadrXopévwv Tovs evdoxtpety ev TH TONE OTTOL- Satovras, els éx THY TOAA@Y avacTas wVvOpaTeE Tiporéovta tov Tipodnpov, pnre mpocvovta Tois Kowwois éTt pnt €Aridos ToLavTns yevopuevov 7) mMpoatpéwews, AXA Oeod Tivos, ws EotKey, cis vodV éuBarovros te avOpwar@ toca’Tn Kal Twepl THY bf \ ¥ 4 9 VA Y a aipeow evOus Edape TUXNS evpévera Kat Tais v 4 b , 4 b adrAats mpaterw emnxorovbnoe ydpis émixoc- povoa THY apEeTHnY Tod avdpos. "Hy peév ovv yovéwy émipavav év TH trode, Tepodnpov cal Anpapiorns, diromarpis 5é Kal mpdaos Suapepovtws doa un ohddpa picoTvpavvos eivat Kal pucotrovnpos. év dé Tols ToNEuOLS OUTW 266 237 TIMOLEON the Syracusans and joined them in sending the em- bassy to Peloponnesus, not because he wished that an allied force should come from there, but because he hoped that if, as was likely, the Corinthians should re- fuse their assistance because the disturbed condition of Greece kept them busy at home, he might more easily turn the control of affairs into the hands of the Carthaginians and use these invaders as allies and helpers in a struggle against the Syracusans or against Dionysius. This, then, was fully proved a little later. III. But when the embassy arrived, the Corinth- ians, since they were wont to be ever solicitous for their colonial cities and for Syracuse in particular, and since by good fortune there was nothing in Greece at that time to disturb them, but they were enjoying peace and leisure, voted readily to give the assistance desired. And while they were seeking for a commander, and the magistrates were writing down the names of those in the city who were eager for the honour and proposing them for election, one of the common people rose to his feet and nominated Timoleon the son of Timodemus, although he no longer took part in public business, and had no ex- pectation or purpose of doing so; but some god, as it would seem, put it into the man’s mind to nominate him, such was the kindliness of Fortune that shone forth at once upon his election, and such the grace that attended his subsequent actions and adorned his virtues. He was born of parents who were illustrious in the city, Timodemus and Demariste, and he was a lover of his country and exceedingly gentle, except as he was a hater of tyrants and of base men. As 267 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KANOS Kab Opares exeKpaTo THY Pol WOTE TrON- AV pe € év véw cuvectv, ovK éXaTTW SE ynp@VTOS avdpetay éemepaiver Oar Tais mpoakeov. aded pov é Bs Tepo avny, Tm pea Butepov, ovdev avT@ ™poa- OpoLoy, jaXr eum AnKTOV Kal Step Oappevov € EpwTe povapxias bro thoy pavhov Kat Eévwv otpa- TLOTLK OY ael mrept aurov évT@V, every Tt Soxouvta parySaiov év Tais oTparelass Kal prdoxivduvov. @ Kat TOUS TOALTAS T poo aryOLEVOS Qs avip ToAeE- piKos Kat Spactnptos ep’ TYE WOVL@Y érdrtero. Kat 7 pos TAUTA Teporéav auT@ TUVNpYet, Ta pev apapTnpara TavTamacww aTroKpUTTT@Y n Mikpa paiver Oar TOL, a 8 7 duos e&éhepev acteia KATAKOG MOV Kal cuvautwv. IV. "Ey &€ 77 TOs ’Apyetous Kat Krewvaious waxy TOV KopivBiav ) pev Tiporéwv éTUXED év Tots om ras TeTaypevos, Tov Oé Tipopavny TOV immeéwv MYyOUpEvov kaTahapBavet Kivduvos ofus. o yap tarmros avTov dmecelcaro TANYD TepiTEer@v €is TOUS TroAEpious, Kal TOY éra @V ob pev evOvs éoxopriaOncay poknfevtes, ot § Tapapeivarres oALryou ™ pos TONAOUS paxopevor Xaretros avrei- Xov. @S OU O Tiporear Kateive TO cupBeBnkos, Spon mpoaBonOnaas Kal TH doniba tov Tipo- pavous KetLevou mpobépevos, Kat TONG pev axovtia pata, Toddas Se wAnyas éx XeLpos avade- Edpevos eis TO oo pa Kal Ta Orda, pods ewoaro TOUS TONELLOUS kal dtéowoe TOV adedpov. "Erret 5 of Ko ivOtot dediores pn wadoev ola Kal mporepor UTO TOV TUMpaX ov atroBarovtes Thy Tod, eyrnpicavto tpépeav Eévous reTpa- 268 TIMOLEON a soldier his nature was so well and evenly attempered that great sagacity was manifested in the exploits of his youth, and no less bravery in those of his old age. He had a brother Timophanes, older than he, and not at all like him, but headstrong and filled with a ruinous passion for absolute power by worth- less friends and foreign military adventurers who were ever about him, and having the reputation of being rather impetuous and fond of danger in mili- tary service. Therefore he won followers among the citizens and as an efficient warrior was given posts of high command. And Timoleon aided him in obtain- ing these, trying to conceal his mistakes altogether or to make them seem trifling, and embellishing and enhancing his good natural qualities. IV. In the battle fought by the Corinthians against the Argives and Cleonaeans,! Timoleon was stationed among the men-at-arms, and Timophanes, who com- manded the cavalry, was overtaken by extreme peril. For his horse was wounded and threw him in among the enemy, and of his comrades, some scattered in panic flight, while the few who remained fought against great numbers and were with difficulty hold- ing their ground. Accordingly, when Timoleon saw what had happened, he came running to the help of Timophanes and held his shield over him as he lay on the ground, and after receiving many javelins and many hand to hand blows upon his person and his armour, at last succeeded in repulsing the enemy and saving his brother. After this, the Corinthians, fearing lest they should suffer a second loss of their city through the treachery of their allies,2 voted to maintain four hundred mer- 1 Perhaps between 368 and 366 B.c. * As they had at the hands of the Argives in 393 B.c. 269 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , , wv U 4 Koclous Kai ToVTwY apyovta Tipopavny Katéotn- cav, 0 6€ Tav KaXav Kal Stxaiwy vreptdav evOds 3 a, 3 e y \ 4s id : e ~ émépaivey €& Ov TroinoeTat THY TOMY Ud avTO, Kal TUXVOUS GvEXw@Y AKpiTOUS TOY TPWTwWY TOAL- nn” 9 v4 9 AN e \ 14 , 4 trav avéderEev a’tos Eavtov Tupavvoy, Bapéws pé- pov o Tiporéwv, Kal cupdpopay Trorovpevos EavTod Thy éxeivou Kaxiay, émexeipnoe pev avT@ diané- yeoOa: xai tapaxadeiy adévta thy paviay cal Suotvyiay THs émiOupias éxeivns Cnreiy Twa TOV nHeaptTnuevwy éerravopOwolv mpos Tovs moALTas, atnwoapévov & éxeivou xal xatappovycartos, ef ‘\ n~ ‘ > ] a > a ovTw twapadkaBov tav pev oixetwy Aioxvarop, adedpov ovta ris Tiuoddvous yuvainds, trav Sé \ ditwy tov pavtiw bv Ldrvpov pév Bedrropstros, v4 "Eqopos 6€ cat Tiparos ’OpOayopay ovopafovor, \ 5 ‘N e , 9 , Vv 9 a ‘N Kat Otadttr@v nyepas odiyas avdis avéBn Tpos 9 a “ tov adeAghov’ Kal wepiotdvtTes avtTov ot TpEls 9 nA “A xaOixérevoy adda viv ye ypnodpevoy Aoyion@ a A .y 4 “ Q petaBarécBar. tod 5€ Tepoddvouvs mpwtov peév auT@V KaTAayEA@YTOS, ETerta 5é TMpos Gpyny exde- popévou Kal YaXeTratvovtos, o pév Tipodéwv atro- ‘N n Yopncas puxpovy auTov Kal ouvyKxadrudpevos eiatixet Saxpvov, éxeivor O¢ ta Eipy orracdpevor taxv StadpOeipovaty avrov. V. Tis 5€ mpdkEews di:aBonBeions oi pév xpc- A , tTisto. TOY KopivOiwy émnvouy thy picotovnpiay ld aA AY kal peyadopuytay tov Tiporéovtos, Ste YpnaTos jy Kat pidotxetos Guws thy Tatpida Tis oiKias Kat TO Kadov nal Sixatov mpoetipnoe Tov cup- 270 38 TIMOLEON cenaries, and put Timophanes in command of them; but he, without regard for honour and justice, at once took measures to bring the city under his own power, and after putting to death without a trial great numbers of the leading citizens, declared himself tyrant. At this, Timoleon was greatly distressed, and considering his brother’s baseness to be his own mis- fortune, he attempted to reason with him and exhort him to renounce that unfortunate and mad ambition of his and seek to make some amends for his transgres- sions against his fellow citizens. But when his brother rejected his appeals with scorn, he took his kinsman Aeschylus, who was a brother of the wife of Timo- .phanes, and his friend the seer whose name, accord- ing to Theopompus, was Satyrus, but according to Ephorus and Timaeus, Orthagoras, and after waiting a few days went up again to his brother; and the three, surrounding him, besought him even now to listen to reason and change his mind. But Timo- phanes first mocked them, and then lost his temper and was violent, whereupon Timoleon withdrew a little space from him and stood weeping with muffled head, while the other two, drawing their swords, speedily despatched him.! V. The deed having been noised abroad, the most influential Corinthians applauded Timoleon for his hatred of baseness and greatness of soul, in that, although a kindly man and fond of his family, he had nevertheless set his country before his family, and honour and justice before expediency ; for when 1 Diodorus (xvi. 65, 4) says that Timoleon slew his brother with his own hand in the market place; Nepos (7%imoleon, i. 4) supports Plutarch’s account, though with differing details. 271 PLOTARCH’S LIVES éporTos, apo tevovta pev vmrép THs Tatpidos Stacéaas tov adeAdor, émriBovrcvoavta bé avTh kal xatadovAwadpevoy amoxteivas. ot S€ py Suvdpevor Chv év tH Snuokpatia Kai mpos Tovs Suvdotas aroBAérev ciwOotes TO pev Oavatw Tov Tupavvou TpoceTroLovYTO Yaipety, Tov dé Tipmo- A€ovta AoLdopodvyTes ws aveBes é€erpyacpévoy Kal pua @oes Epyov eis GOupiav Tepieaotnocav. érret Sé Kal thv pntépa Suvadopety tuOopevos Kal dovas te Seas Kat Katapas er avtov apacbat dpike- Sets €Babile trapapvOnoopevos, 8 wpoatdeiv ovy vuméuewe THY Ow, adda THY olKiav arré- Kreltoe, TOTE 67 TavTdtacet TEpiduTrOS yevopevos kat ovvtapayOels thy Stavoray Bpunoe pev ws SitabOepav éavtov améyecOar tpodins, tav dé ditwy ov tepiddvtTwy, adda Tracay dénow Kal macav dvdryxqy T poceveyKapevoy eyve Cav xa” éavtov, éx pécou yevouevos: Kal TrodtTELvay pev anmacay adjce, tovs dé mpwrovs ypovous ovde KATUSY els TrOALY, GAA’ adnuovev Kai TAAVe@pEvos év Tols épnuotatos TAY dypav SvétpuBev. VI. Odtws ai xpices, dv pn BeBatornta nat pounv éx Aoyou Kal dirocodias mpocrAdBwouv emt tas mpdkes, oelovtar Kxal mrapadpépovtrar pasios bro TeV TUXOVTMY érraivey Kal Yoyor, éxkpovopevat TOY OLKElwy AoYytopav. Sei yap ov povov, @s éoLxe, THY mpakiw Karnv elvar Kal dixaiav, GdXAa nal thy Sokay, ad’ hs mpdttetat, povepov Kal dpetatTwtor, iva mpattwpey Soxt- pdoavres, und @owep ob ALyvot TA TANT LLA TOV éSecudtwy ofutaty SimKxovtes émiOupia taxXLoTa a 272 TIMOLEON his brother was fighting valiantly for his country, Timoleon had saved his life, but after he had plotted against her and enslaved her, Timoleon had slain him. However, those who were unable to live in a democracy and were accustomed to pay court to men in power, while they pretended to rejoice at the death of the tyrant, still, by their abuse of Ti- moleon as the perpetrator of an impious and abomin- able deed, they drove him into despondency. And now he learned that his mother was angry with him and uttered dreadful reproaches and fearful impreca- tions against him, and went to plead his cause with her; but she could not endure to see his face, and closed her house against him. Then indeed he became altogether a prey to grief and disordered in mind, and determined to starve himself to death; but his friends would not suffer this, and brought all manner of entreaty and constraint to bear upon him, so that he made up his mind to live by himself, apart from the world. So he gave up all public life, and for a long while did not even return to the city, but spent his time wandering in great distress of mind among the most desolate parts of the country. VI. So true is it that the purposes of men, unless they acquire firmness and strength from reason and philosophy for the activities of life, are unsettled and easily carried away by casual praise and blame, being forced out of their native reckonings. For it would seem that not only our action must be noble and just, but the conviction also from which our action springs must be abiding and unchangeable, in order that we may be satisfied with what we are about to do, and that mere weakness may not make us dejected over actions which have once been accomplished, when 273 VOL. VI. T PLUTARCH’S LIVES ducxepaivovew éeumrnobévtes, ows tyets em) tais mpakeot cuvtedcoOciaas dOupapev Ov acbé- vera atropapatvopevns THS TOU KaXOD haytacias. aiaypov yap % peTdvora trotet Kal TO KaNOS TE- Tpayyevov, 7 & €& ériatnuns @punuern Kat do- ytopod mpoaipects ovd adv mraicwow ai mpakes petaBarr€cTat. S10 Pwxiwr pév o ’AOnvaios trois tard Aewa bévous mparropévors éevavtiwbels, ered) xatopOobv éxetvos éddxet xal Ovovtas éwpa Kai peyaravxoupévous TH vixn Tous "AOnvaious, eltrev as éBovreto dv ait@ taita pev tmpaxOjvat, BeBovrciacbat & éexeiva: apodpoteporv & ’Apioret- dns 0 Aoxpos, els dy tav TTAdtwvos étaipwr, aitouvtos yey avrov yuvaixa Atovuciov tot mpe- oButépou play tov Ovyatépwr, jocov av pn vexpav iSeiy THY KOpHY } TUPavY@ auVOLKOvCAD, arOKTEl- vavtos S€ tovs traidas avTod pet’ odLyor ypovoy tov Atovuciov cai muOouévou apos Bp et tHVv auTny ere yuopunv Exou wept THs éexdocews TaV Ouyatépwy, amrexpivato toils péev yeyevnpévots AvTreiaOa, Tois & etpnuevors pn perapérco Oar. TavTa péev ovv icws peiCovos Kal TedeLoTépas apETHS ETL, | VII. To 5 Tieporéortos ert tots mempaypévots aabos, elt olxTos mv Tov TEOYNKOTOS ElTE TIS “pntpos aides, odtw xatéxdace Kal ovvétpiper avtov tv Stavoray wot elxoot axedov érav Siayevomévor pndé pias émripavods unde trordetTixhs dwacbar mpdkews. dvayopevOévtos ody avtoi, 274 TIMOLEON the fair vision of the Good fades away; just as gluttons who devour cloying viands with the keenest appetite are very soon sated and then disgusted with them. For repentance makes even the noble action base; whereas the choice which springs from a wise and un- derstanding calculation does not change, even though its results are unsuccessful. For this reason Phocion the Athenian,! after having opposed the activities of Leosthenes, when Leosthenes was thought to be successful and the Athenians were seen sacrificing and exulting over the victory,? said he could have wished that the achievement were his own, but was glad that he counselled as he did. And with more force Aristides the Locrian, one of Plato’s com- panions, when Dionysius the Elder asked him for one of his daughters in marriage, said he would be more pleased to see the maid dead than living with a tyrant ; and when, after a little while, Dionysius put his children to death and then asked him insultingly whether he was still of the same mind about giving his daughters in marriage, answered that he was afflicted by what had been done, but did not repent him of what had been said. Such utterances as these, then, betoken perhaps a larger and more consummate virtue. | VII. But the grief of Timoleon over what had been done, whether it was due to pity for his dead brother or to reverence for his mother, so shattered ‘ and confounded his mental powers that almost twenty years passed without his setting his hand to a single conspicuous or public enterprise. Accordingly, when 1 See the Phocion, xxiii. 4. 2 Won by the allied Greeks under Leosthenes over Anti- pater of Macedonia, in 323 B.c. The victory was soon followed by the defeat of the Greeks at Crannon. | 275 T 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat TOU Sypou Tm poOvpas defapevov Kal XeLpo- Tov}aavTos, avacTas Trexr 4 \ \ c e > 9 aA Cavres, €djpOn dé 7d oTpatomedov. ot & 'Adpavi- Tat Tas muAas avoi~avtes mpocéevto TO 'Ttpo- NEovTL, META Hpixns cat Oavparos aTayyéAXovTEs ay éviotaperns Tis payns of pev (epol TOD vew 288 TIMOLEON other sent an invitation to Timoleon. And by some freak of fortune, both generals hastening to answer the summons, both arrived at one and the same time. But Hicetas came with five thousand soldiers, while Timoleon had no more than twelve hundred all told. Taking these with him from Tauromenium, he set out for Adranum, which was three hundred and forty furlongs off. The first day he advanced only a small part of the journey and bivouacked for the night ; but on the second day he quickened his pace, and after traversing difficult regions, when day was already declining he heard that Hicetas was just arriving at the little city and pitching his camp. Accordingly, his captains and taxiarchs halted the van-guard, in order to give the men food and rest and so make them more ready to fight; but when Timoleon came up, he begged them not to do this, but to lead on with speed and engage the enemy while they were in disorder, as they were likely to be when just at the end of their march and busy with their tents and supper. And as he thus spoke, he took his shield, put himself at the head, and led the soldiers on as if to certain victory. And they followed, em- boldened by his example, being now distant from the enemy less than thirty furlongs. And when they had traversed these too, they fell upon the enemy, who were confounded and took to flight as soon as they perceived them coming up; wherefore not many more than three hundred of them were slain, while twice as many were taken alive, and their camp was captured. Moreover, the people of Adra- num threw open their gates and joined Timoleon, reporting to him with terror and amazement that at the beginning of the battle the sacred portals of 289 fr VOL, VI. U PLUTARCH’S LIVES muraves avTopator StavorxyOeciev, opBein Sé Tod Oeod To pev Sopu cetopevoy Ex THS alypns axpas, 76 88 mpoawrroy iSp@Te TONAP pedpevov. XIII. Tadtra &, &s goucev, ov Thy TOTE viKny conpaiwe povov, addrAa Kal tas peta taita mpakes, als éxeivos 0 ayov apyiy evTvXh Tapecxe. Kal yap odes evOvs émempeo Bevope- vat mpocetiOevto TH Ttpworéortt, Kat Mapepxos 6 Kardyns tupavvos, jTodeuotys avnp Kal xpn- pact éppwpévos, wey abTov els cuppayxiar. 7d Sé péytotov, autos Atoviatos arreipnKkas 75 Tais éArriot Kal plxpov atrodEelT@V exTroNopKel- aOa. tod peéev ‘Ixétov Kateppovnoev atoxpas Arrnpévov, Tov dé Teporcovta Oavpdlwv ereprypev éxelvp xai Kopivbiow mapadidovs avtrov Kal thy axpétoduv. SeEdpuevos 8 6 Teporéwy tHv avérre- otov evTuxlav, atroaTéAXe Tovs Tmept Evedeldnv cai Tnrépaxov, avdpas KopiGiovs, eis thy axpo- mod, Kal oTpaTLlwtTas TeTpakociovs, ovXY opod ardvtas ovde davepas, advvatov yap Hv epoppouv- Twy TodEuiwy, GAXA Kpi’ha Kal Kat’ OdLyOUS mapeloTecovTas. of mev ov oTpaTLOTAL Trape- NaPov Thy axpoTroAly Kal Ta TUpavvela PETA TIS TapacKeuis Kal TOY XpNaipwwv pos TOV TOdELOV immo: Te yap evijoay ovK oAlyoL Kal Taca pn- yarndtav idéa cai Bedkdv TriO0s, STAwWY 8 dméxewto pupiades Eta teOncavpicpévov ex madatov, otpatiatat S€ deayidtor TH Acovvain maphoav, ods éxeivos, @ TAANA, TH TepodrcovTe mapédwxev, autos Sé€ xpnuata AaBov Kal Tov girwv ov Toddods Grade éxTrevoas tov ‘Inérny. kal Kopscbels eis TO TOD Trpodéovtos _otpaTo- 290 242 TIMOLEON their temple flew open of their own accord, and the spear of the god was seen to be trembling to the tip of its point, while copious sweat ran down his face. XIII. These prodigies, as it would seem, were a sign not only of the victory which was then won, but also of the achievements succeeding them, to which that struggle afforded a propitious beginning. For cities at once sent envoys to Timoleon and espoused his cause, and particularly Mamercus, the tyrant of Catana, a warlike and wealthy man, pre- sented himself as an ally. And what was most im- portant, Dionysius himself, now grown desperate and almost forced to surrender, despised Hicetas for his shameful defeat, and in admiration of Timoleon sent to him and his Corinthians offering to surrender him- self and the citadel to them. Timoleon accepted this unexpected good fortune, and sent Eucleides and Telemachus, men of Corinth, into the acropolis, and with them four hundred soldiers, not all at once, nor openly, for this was impossible when an enemy was blockading the harbour; but they made their way in secretly and in small companies. These soldiers, then, took over the acropolis and the castle of the tyrant, together with his equipment and stores for the war; for there were many horses there, all sorts of engines of war, and a great quan- tity of missiles, and armour for seventy thousand men had been stored up there for a long time. Diony- sius also had with him two thousand soldiers; these, as well as the supplies, he turned over to Timo- leon, while he himself, with his treasure and a few of his friends, sailed off without the knowledge of Hicetas. And after he had been conveyed to the 29! PLUTARCH’S LIVES medov, TOTE TPATov LoLwrTns Kal TameLvos opOeis, ml pds vews Kal ypnudtwv oriywv ets KopevOov ameotadn, yevvnbets pev Kal Tpadels ev rupavvids Th Wace émiupavertatyn Kal peyiotn, KaTacXo@v Sé tavtny érn Séxa, Swdexa 8 AdAra peta THY Aiwvos otpateiay év ayaou Kal Trodépots d1a- hopnbecis, & 8 Exrpake tupavvav ols Erafey viep- 5 Badopevos. Kal yap viv évnrixwv Oavatovs Kat Ouvyatépwv Katatropvevces trapOévwy érreide, Kal THY auTHy aderAdny kal yuvaixa Caoav pév eis TO capa tais acenyeotdtas Td TeV ToNEmioV ndovais tmapavounbeicav, Bia 8 amodavovcay ueTa TOV TEXVWV, KaTaTOVTLAMEicaY eis TO Tré- Aayos. Tadta peév odv év Tois Tept Aiwvos axpuBas yéypaTrrat. XIV. Tod &€ Acovyciou xatamAevoavTos ets Kopi ov, ovdels Hv “EXAjvav b5 ovyl Oedoacbar Kal mpocettreiy erd0naev avtov. aAX ot TE xai- povtes él tais auppopais Sia picos aopevor auvirOov oloy éppimpévov wre THS TUYNS TaT?- GOVTES, Ol TE Mpos THY peTAaBOATY TpETTOMEVOL Kat cuptraboivtes €Oe@vtTo ToAAnY év acbevéos Tots avOpwrivors Kal mpodijdous THY TOY adnrwWY ai- 2 trav Kal Ociwy Suvapiv. ovdév yap ovTE piaews 6 TOTE KaLposS ovTE TéxVns Goov éxeivo TUXNS Epyov émedetEato, Tov YuKeAlas OALyov éumpoaHev tupavvov év KopivO@ ScatpiBovra trept rnv ovo- mor f KaOnpevov év pupoTrMdAe, Tivovta Kexpa- 1 There is nothing in the Dion to justify this statement. The cruelties described were committed by the revolting people of Locri, to whom Dionysius had made himself odious 202 TIMOLEON camp of Timoleon, where for the first time he was seen as a private person and in humble garb, he was sent off to Corinth with a single ship and a small treasure, having been born and reared in a tyranny which was the greatest and most illustrious of all tyrannies, and having held this for ten years, and then for twelve other years, after the expedition of Dion, having been involved in harassing struggles and wars, and having surpassed in his sufferings all his acts of tyranny. For he lived to see the violent deaths of his grown-up sons and the violation of his maiden daughters, and the shameful abuse of the person of his wife, who was at the same time his sister, and who, while living, was subjected to the most wanton pleasures of his enemies, and after being murdered, together with her children, was cast into the sea. These things, then, have been fully described in my Life of Dion.! XIV. But as for Dionysius, after his arrival at Corinth there was no Greek who did not long to behold and speak to him. But those who rejoiced in his misfortunes were lead by their hatred to come together gladly that they might trample, as it were, upon one who had been cast down by Fortune; while those who regarded rather the reversal of his fortune and sympathised with him, saw strong proof, amid the weakness of things that are human and seen, of the power of causes that are unseen and divine. For that age showed no work either of nature or of art that was comparable to this work of Fortune, namely, the recent tyrant of Sicily in Corinth, whiling his time away at a fishmonger’s or sitting in a perfumer’s during his residence there from 366 to 346 B.o. Cf. Athenaeus. p. 541 c e. 293 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Mévov aro THY KaTnAciwy Kal SraTrANKTLCOMEVOY éy péom Tois ag’ wpas épyatouévors yvvaios, tas 8€ povcoupyovs ev tats @bais SddoxKovta, kal wept Ocatpixav aopatwv épilew omovddlorra mpos éxelvas Kal Tept péXous appovias. tadta S of pév GAXwS AdVovtTa Kal dvoe Padupov dvtTa kat dirtakoXacTov @ovto trotety Tov Avovictor, ot & umép tov Katadpovetabar Kai yun hoBepov elvat tots KoptvOious, und’ drromtov ws Bapuvo- Mevov THV peTaBoAny tod Biov Kal mpayyudtwv édiéuevov, éemutndevery Kat wtrroxpiverOat Tapa guow, ToAAnY aBerrEpiav éredeckvipevov év TO oxvonralev. XV. Ov pny adda Kal Noyor TIWes avdTOD pvnpovevovtar, de av édoxer cupdéperOar ois Tapovotvy ovK ayervas. TOUTO pev yap eis Aevedda xataxOeis, twodmY arr@Kicpevny bd Kopw0iwv domep thy Lupaxovoiwy, ravTov edn merov0évar Tois év aGpapTnpace yevouevors TOV veavickov? WS yap éxetvot Tois pév adEeddois itapas avvdiatpiBovar, Tods Sé matépas aicyuvo- pevoe evyovow, ovTwS avTos aidovperos THY MnTtpotroAuy déws ay avToOe wet éxelvwy KaTot- xeiv. tovuto 8 év KopivOm Eévouv tivos aypotxo- Tepor els Tas peta THY pirocopwy SiatpiBas, als TUpavvav EeXalpe, Xrevalovros auTov, Kal TEhos épwtavTos tt 6 THs TdAatwvos aroNaucete codias, “ Ovdév,” pn, “ cot Soxodpev tro ITda- tavos wperroba, TUYNS peTaBoAnY odTw dé- povtes;” mpos S€ Tov povotKov "Aptorokevov Kat Tivas GANouS TruvOavopévous oTTOFEY ALTO Kai Tis 2y4 243 ~ TIMOLEON shop, drinking diluted wine from the taverns and skirmishing in public with common prostitutes, or trying to teach music-girls in their singing, and earnestly contending with them about songs for the stage and melody in hymns. Some thought that Dionysius did these things as an aimless loiterer, and because he was naturally easy-going and fond of license ; but others thought that it was in order to be held in contempt and not in fear by the Corin- thians, nor under suspicion of being oppressed by the change in his life and of striving after power, that he engaged in these practices and played an un- natural part, making a display of great silliness in the way he amused himself. XV. However, certain sayings of his are preserved, from which it would appear that he accommodated himself to his present circumstances not ignobly. Once, namely, when he landed at Leucadia,’ a city which had been colonized by Corinthians, just like Syracuse, he said he had the same feelings as young men who have been guilty of misdemeanours; for just as these pass their time merrily with their brothers, but shun their fathers from a feeling of shame, so he was ashamed to live in their common mother-city, and would gladly dwell there with them. And again, in Corinth, when a stranger somewhat rudely derided him about his associations with phi- losophers, in which he used to take delight when he was a tyrant, and finally asked him what good Plato’s wisdom did him now, “ Dost thou think, said he, ‘that I have had no help from Plato, when I bear my change of fortune as I do?” Further, when Aristoxenus the musician and certain others inquired 1 On his voyage from Syracuse to Corinth. 295 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 9 wpos Ilkatwva yévoiro péuryris, ToAAaY Edy KaK@V THY TUpavyida peoTny ovaay ovdev ExeLV TNALKOUTOY HALKOV TO pNdéva TOV Reyouévor ditwyv peta trappnoias SiadéyerOar' Kai yap autos Um éxeivor atrootepnOjvar tHS TIAdtwvos evvoias. émel 5& tav Bovropévoy tis evpuar elvat cx@mtwv Tov Arovuctov éFécere TO ipatiov elol@v pos avTov, ws 67) pos TUpavVOY, avTI- axamtTov éxeivos éxéXeve TOTO Tovey STav étin Tap avtov, wh te Tov évdov éywv arérOn. 4 Dirtamov b¢ tod Maxedovos mapa rotov twa Aoryov peta eipwveias EuBarovtos wept TOV MEXrOV Kal TOV Tpaywdtav as o mpecButepos Arovictos KaTéaume, Kal mpoamotoupévou Starropel év tive “pov TavTa Troveiv éxeivos eayoraler, ov dav- ws amyvrnoev 6 Atovictos eirav: “’Ev & ob Kayo Kal mdvtes of paxdptoe Soxovvtes elvat trepl KoOwva Stat piBopev. 5 )\drov pev odv ov« éretdev ev KopivO@ Arovv- giov, GAN éEtvyev 76n TEeOvnKws, o S€ Xvwr7redvs Avoyévns atravrncas avt@ mpatov, “Os avaki- ws,” &py, ‘ Atoviote, Ens.” émsatavtos 8 éxei- vou Kal elmrovtos: “ Ev rovets, @ Atoyeves, cuva- VOopuevos nuiv ntuvxyncoct, “Ti ydp;” elev 6 Atoyévns, “oles pé aor cuvadyeiv, ov Siayava- xtely Ste TovovTOv avdpatrodov wy, Kai Tots TUpav- pelos, waoTEep O TaTIp, émtiTHdelos éyynpdoas aTolavety, évtav0a railwv Kal tpupav Suayes 296 TIMOLEON what his complaint against Plato was and what its origin, he told them that of the many ills with which tyranny abourded there was none so great as this, that not one of those reputed to be friends speaks frankly with the tyrant; for indeed it was by such friends that he himself had been deprived of Plato’s good will. Again, when one of those who wish to be witty, in mockery of Dionysius shook out his robe on coming into his presence,! as if into the presence of a tyrant, Dionysius turned the jest upon him by bidding him do so when he went out from his presence, that he might not take any- thing in the house away with him. And when Philip of Macedon, at a banquet, began to talk in banter about the lyric poems and tragedies which Dionysius the Elder had left behind him, and pretended to wonder when that monarch found time for these compositions, Dionysius not inaptly replied by say- ing: ‘“ When thou and I and all those whom men call happy are busy at the bowl.” Now, Plato did not live to see Dionysius when he was in Corinth, but he was already dead ;* Diogenes of Sinope, however, on meeting him for the first time, said: “ How little thou deservest, Dionysius, thus to live!” Upon this, Dionysius stopped and said: “ It is good of thee, O Diogenes, to sympathize with me in my misfortunes.’ “ How is that?” said Diogenes; “ Dost thou suppose that I am sympathizing with thee? Nay, I am indignant that such a slave as thou, and one so worthy to have grown old and died in the tyrant’s estate, just as thy father did, should be 1 To show that no weapon was concealed there. 2 Plato died in 348 B.c.; Dionysius came to Corinth in 343 B.O. 297 PLUTARCH'S LIVES 6 pel” Hpav;” Bote wor TapaBddXovTe TOUTOLS TAS Dirictov dwvds, as adinor wept tov Aemrivov Ouyatépwv GAopupopevos, ws EK peyarwoy ayabav TaY THS TUpavvidos eis TaTreyny adiypévwr bi- a:tav, gpaivesOat Opnvovs yuvaixds adaBdotous Kal troppupas Kal ypvaia todovens. Taira pev odv ovx adddTpLa THS TOV Biwv advaypadis ovdé axypnota Sokew oidpeOa 1) omevdovat unoé aoyoroupévols axpoatais. XVI. Tijs 5¢ Atovuciov ductuxias mapadoyou ghavetons ovx TTov 1) Tipodéovtos evtuxia To Oavpactov éoxev. émtBds yap Yexerias év mHpe- pas TevTnKoVTa THY T axkpoTOALY T@Y YupaKov- cav tapédXafe xat Arovicrov eis Tedorovvnoov eEdrreurev. SOev éemippwobévres ot KopivOca méumovow avtT@ Suoxtdlovs omditas Kal dia- 2 xoalovs times, of KopicBévtes axpt Bouvpiwv Thy éxeiOev Trepaiwow bo Kapynooviwy aodXais vavol Kateyouevns THS OaXadrTns atropov opavTes, @> hv avayKn Kalpov TEeptwévovTas aTpEpety avTO- 01, mpos KadNAO TOV Epyov aTrEeXpHaavTO TH TXOAN. Bovpiwy yap émi Bpettiovs otpatevovtwy rv jody maparaBovtes wWomrep tatpida Kxabapas Kal miatas Siepvra£tay. 3 ‘O88 ‘Teérns thy pév axpotodw tov Yupaxov- Gav émodLopKer Kal citov éexwXrvev EloTAELY TOS KopwvOloes, Tiporéovts bé S00 Eévous tapacKevd- gas Sorohovncovras avrov vrrémeuev ets ’Adpa- vov, ote GAAWS TWEPL TO THA ouYTETayperynDY 298 Me TIMOLEON living here with us in mirth and luxury.” Wherefore, when I compare with these words the mournful ut- terances of Philistus about the daughters of Leptines, how from the great blessings of the tyranny they fell to a lowly life, they seem the lamentations of a woman who pines for her alabaster caskets and purple gowns and golden trinkets. These details, then, will not seem foreign to my biography, I think, nor without usefulness, to readers who are not in haste, and are not occupied with other matters. XVI. But though the misfortune of Dionysius seemed extraordinary, none the less did the good fortune of Timoleon have something marvellous about it. For within fifty days after his landing in Sicily the acropolis of Syracuse was surrendered to him and Dionysius was sent off to Peloponnesus. Stimulated by this success, the Corinthians sent him two thousand men-at-arms and two hundred horse- men. These got as far as Thurii, but seeing that their passage thence was impracticable, since the sea was beset with many Carthaginian ships, they were compelled to remain there quietly and await their opportunity, and therefore turned their leisure to advantage in a most noble action. When the Thu- rians, namely, went on an expedition against the Bruttians, the Corinthians received their city in charge, and guarded it honestly and faithfully to the end, as though it were their own. But Hicetas kept the acropolis of Syracuse under siege and prevented the importation of food for the Corinthians there; he also sent to Adranum two foreigners whom he had engaged to assassinate Timo- leon ; for Timoleon at no time kept a guard in array 299 PLUTARCH’S LIVES v / 4 4 \ \ éyovTt gdudaxnv, kal ToTe Taytdtact bia Tov Oedv averpévws kai avuTromTas cyovdlovtTe peta A b ] A e \ / 4 4 tov “Adpautav. ot b¢ meudOevtes xaTa TUyny , , 4 > 4 @ > N muGopevot péAAovTa Ovety avTov, HKov eis TO lepov U1rd Tots imation éyyerpidia Kopilovtes, Kal Tots Twepteatao. TOY Bwpov avamyGértes, éyyu- TEpW KATA puKpov eTexeipovy. Kal Boov ovTw , ? I > + 4 TApaKeXevopevav AAANAOLS EvapxyedOar TraieL TLS avTay Tov Etepov Kata THS Kehadrfs Eider, cat mecovtos ov0’ o traicas Euevev od o peta TOU , C4 ’ » 9 a /, °e \ TANYEVTOS HKWV, GAN ExeElvos pév, WoTeEp Ele TO 4 4 4 / e \ 9 , Eidos, hevywv mpos Tia TéetTpav UWnrHY avetn- ¢ ‘ A a ‘4 bf dnaev, Atepos 5€ tov Bwpod AaBopevos aderav nretro Tapa Tov Tipmoréovtos éml TO TavTa pyvi- \ > 4 ’ e A \ gat. Kal A\aBeov éunvuce xa’ avtod Kal Kata Tov TeOvnkotos ws trewhOeciev exeivoy atroKTter- obvtes. ev Toute S€ Kal Tov did THS TEeTpAS KATI- “A \ bd A 9 > » / yov €tepor, Bowvra pndev adixety, aX ayynpynKévat Sixaiws tov avOpwrov trép tatpos teOvnxoTos, dv éxeivos amrextovynxot mpotepov év Aeovtivors. Kal paptupobytas elyey éviovs TaV TapdovTmwD, a 4 \ Oavydlovtas dua THs TUYNS THY EvpNyYaviar, ws 8: érépwv erepa Kwodea Kal cuvdyovca Tavra moppwOev Kal ovyxatamdéKovea Tois TrEloToV Stadéperv Soxovar cai pndev Exery mpos adAnda Kolvov Gel Tots GAAHAWY ypATaL Kal TédreoL Kal apyais. Tov pev otv advOpwrov éatepavwaay ot Kopiv- 300 244 TIMOLEON about his person, and at this time in particular, owing to his trust in their god, he was altogether without anxiety or suspicion in his diversions with the people of Adranum. The men who had thus been sent learned, as chance would have it, that he was about to offer a sacrifice, and therefore came into the sacred precinct with daggers under their robes, mingled with those who stood around the altar, and gradually drew nearer their intended victim. And as they were just on the point of exhorting one another to begin their work, somebody smote one of them on the head with a sword and laid him low, whereupon neither he who had struck the blow nor the companion of him who had received it kept his place; but the one, with his sword still in his hand, fled to a lofty rock and sprang upon it, while the other laid hold of the altar and begged immunity from Timoleon on the condition of his revealing everything. And when he had obtained his request, he testified against himself and against his dead comrade that they had been sent to kill Timoleon. Meanwhile others brought down the man who had fled to the rock, who kept crying out that he had done no wrong, but had justly slain the man on behalf of his dead father, who had been mur- dered by him some time ago in Leontini. Some of the bystanders bore witness also to the truth of his words, and wondered, too, at the dexterity of Fortune, seeing how she makes some things lead up to others, brings all things together from afar, weaves together incidents which seem to be most divergent and to have nothing in common with one another, and so makes use of their reciprocal beginnings and endings. To this man, then, the Corinthians gave a reward 301 PLUTARCH’S LIVES S n eo “ , , N Gror Séxa pais, te TO HvAdttovTe Saipove Tov , 4 wv , \ \ 9 Tiporéovra mabos éypnoe Sixacov Kai tov éx ToAAOU Tapovta Oupov aVT@ TpoTeEpov ov KaTav- , 9 \ b ] > 27 20/ \ A 5] , UNwWoEV, ANNA PET aiTias Ldtas TWpos THY éKEtvoU 4 cwTnpiay amo TUxns SeeTHpnaev. 1 5 eis Tov TapovTa Katpoy evTvyia Kal Tpos Ta péAXOVTA tails éXmriowy émnpeyv op@vtas ws tepov avdpa xat A A \ Cd an , \ 4 ovv Oe@ Tipwpov HKovta TH LeKxedia Tov Tiponre- 4 \ , ovta oéBecOas kai pudarrery. XVII. ‘Os 68 taurns Sufpapte tis meipas 6 ‘Txérns nal mpos Tiporéovta troAXovs édpa ourt- oTapmévous, meurrdpevos avTos éavTov ott TyrL- 4 , n KavTns Tapovons THiS Kapynéovioy duvapyews @OTEP ALTXVVOMEVOS AUTH KATA piKpa ypHTaL Kat XdOpa, KrAétrTwv Kal Tapelodywv THv cuppa- yiav, weteTréwTreTO Maywva tov otparnyov avTav A la) , , e A 9 , ‘\ peTa TID GTOAOU TravTOS. O dé ciaéTAEL HoBepos vavol TevtnKovta Kal éxaTov KaTaXa“Bavwv Tov ALpEeva, meCav Oé pupiddas EE aroBiBaltwv Kai KaTaoTpatoTesevay év TH TOAEL TOY Luvpaxov- aiwy, wore TaVTas olecOar THY TadArAaL Neyouéevny Kai Tpocbokwpevny exBapBapworv Kew ert tHv 4 9 / \ / e a) LuxeAiayv. ovdémote yap Kapynéooviors tarijp&e 4 MpoTepov pupiovs TovEuioAacL TONEMOUS ev LtKe- Ma NaBety Tas LupaKxovaeas, AANA TOTE deFapévou tov ‘Inétov nai tapadovtos fv opav thy modw ‘ 4, = e \ \ b] , otpatotredov BapBapwr otcav. ot S€ THY axpo- ray 4 / ? Le) A tow Tov Kopwiiwy catéyovtes érisharas cal 302 TIMOLEON of ten minas, because he had put his just resentment at the service of the deity who was guarding Timo- leon, and had not at an earlier time expended the wrath which had long’ been in his heart, but with a personal motive had reserved it, under Fortune’s guidance, for the preservation of that general. Moreover, their good fortune in the present crisis raised their hopes for the future also, and they anti- cipated that men would revere and protect Timoleon, looking upon him as a sacred personage, and one who had come under divine guidance to avenge the wrongs of Sicily.! XVII. But when Hicetas had failed in this attempt and saw that many were now thronging to the support of Timoleon, he found fault with himself because, when so large a force of the Carthaginians was at hand, he was using it in small detachments and secretly, as though he were ashamed of it, bringing in his allied troops like a thief and by stealth; he therefore called in Mago their general together with his whole armament. Thus Mago, with a formidable fleet of a hundred and fifty ships, sailed in and oc- cupied the harbour, disembarking also sixty thousand of his infantry and encamping them in the city of Syracuse, so that all men thought that the barbariza- tion of Sicily, long talked of and expected, had come upon her. For never before in all their countless wars in Sicily had the Carthaginians succeeded in taking Syracuse; but now Hicetas admitted them and handed over to them the city, and men saw that it was a barbarian camp. But those of the Corinthians who held the acropolis were beset with difficulty 1 The Greek of this sentence is obscure, and has thus far defied emendation. 393 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Xarerrars amrnANaATTOV, Tpopys ev ixavijs OvK TL TApovons, arr’ _ evdeopevor dia TO Ppovpetabar TOUS Aipévas, | det dé év ayaoe Kal paxass mept T TeLXN kal wpos way enXavnpa Kal pos Tacay idéav modtopKias pepiSovtes avTOUS. XVIII. Ov pny arr o Temoréwv mapeBonOer ovTov éx Kardvys pixpats adtact Kal AeETTots axartious ATOTTENNWY, & padiotTa Yewave Tapeto - ETLTTE bia TeV SapBaptxaov Tpinpay UmoTropevo- preva, pos TOV KN\vOwva Kal TOV odov exelvov Stiotapevav. & bn cUvopavTEs ol Teph tov Ma- yova Kal tov ‘IKérny éBovXovro THY Kardynv édeip, é& His elect! Ta émiTnoera Tots mohtop- KOUpEvoLs® Kat ha.Bovres THS Suvdpews THY payxe- peor arny ébérevoav ex Tov Lupaxovady. o 6e KopivOsos Néwv (od70s yap hy apxwv TOY TOALOp- KOUpEVoV) KATLOW@VY ATO THS axpas TOUS UTrO\E- etppevous TOV Tohepiov apyas Kal dpedras purarrovras eEaiduns érrémee Svea Trappévors avTois: Kal TOUS pev averav, Tous O€ Tpeypdpevos, expaTnge Kal KATETXE THY Aeyouevny “AxXpadwny, 5 KpateaTov édoxet wal ab pavatotatov brrdpxew THS s Lupaxovatwy pépos Toews, TpoTov TIWa Guy- KELLevNS Kal oc UY Np LOG MEVNS éx TELOVOY TONEWD, evmopnaas dé Kal gitov Kab Nparov ovK ab fice TOV TOTOV, OVS aveywpnoe Tad ert THY axpav, ddnra ppatdpuevos TOV mreptBonov Tihs "Axpadcvijs Kal ouvaryas Tots épupace T pos THD ax pooh Stepvharre. tous dé mrept Tov Mayova Kab TOV ‘Txérny éyyus 7dn TIS Kardyns dvTas immens eK Yupaxoveay KatadaBov amnyyere thy adwow 1 eloéwAe: Holden’s conjecture: &rre, 304 245 TIMOLEON and danger ; for they no longer had sufficient food, but suffered lack because the harbours were block- aded ; and they were forever dividing up their forces in skirmishes and battles around the walls, and in repelling all sorts of engines and every species of siege warfare. XVIII. However, Timoleon came to their aid by sending them grain from Catana in small fishing boats and light skiffs; these would make their way in, especially in stormy weather, by stealing along through the barbarian triremes, which lay at wide intervals from one another because of the roughness of the sea. This soon came to the notice of Mago and Hicetas, who. therefore determined to take Ca- tana, from which provisions came in by sea to the besieged; so taking with them the best of their fighting men, they sailed forth from Syracuse. But Neon the Corinthian (for he it was who commanded the besieged), observing from the citadel that the enemy who had been left behind were keeping an easy and careless watch, fell suddenly upon them as they were scattered apart; some he slew, others he put to flight, and then mastered and took possession of the quarter called Aotuadipa. This seems to have been the strongest and least vulnerable part of the city of Syracuse, which was, in a manner, an assem- blage and union of several cities. Having thus sup- plied himself with grain and money, he did not give up the place, nor did he go back again to the citadel, but fenced in the circumference of Achradina, united it by his fortifications with the acropolis, and guarded both. Mago and Hicetas were already near Catana, when a horseman from Syracuse overtook them and 395 VOL. VU. PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tis Axpadivis. nal cvvrapaybértes aveyopnoay 51a rayéwv, ote AaBovtes ed’ fw eFHAOOv obte puratavtes iv elyov. XIX. Tatra pév ody Ere tH wWpovoia Kal apeTh Sidwot Tia mpos THY TUXNY anda RyTHoLW TOS éml TOVTOLS yEevouEvoy TaYTaTracty éoLKe TULA HVAL Kar evtvyiav. ot yap év tots @oupios Scatpi- Bovres orpatiatar Tov KopivOiwv apa peév Seb00- tes Tas Kapyndoviwv tpinpes, at mapepvratTov avTous peta “Avywvos, &ua 8 éd’ 7pépas ToANaS éEnyptwpévns bro mvevpartos THs Oadatrns, wel S:a Bpettiwy ®punoav wopevecOar' Kai Ta pev meiOovres, Ta S€ Bralopevor tors BapBadpous eis “Pyytov xatéBatvov Ett todvy Yet“ava TOD Treda- yous éxovtos. o b¢ tav Kapyndoviwy vavapyos, @s ov Tpocedoxa Tovs KopivOiovs cal udtnv veto Kabncbat, Tretcas avTos éavTov vevonKevat TL TOV copav Kal Tavovpywy mpos atatny, oTepava- cacOat Tovs vattas KedXevoas Kal KoopHnoas TAS Tpinpets daomiow “EXAnuixais Kat dgoirexiow, émdet Tpos TAS Yupaxovoas. Kai Tapa THY aKpo- Tow Ypwpevos poliw pera KpoTov Kal yédXwTos éBoa tovs KopivOiovs Frew veriene@s Kal xKe- yetpwpéevos, ev TH Oardttn NaBov dtatdéortas, ws 6 twa dvcOupiay Tots TrodtopKoupévors Trapé- Ewv. éxeivov 5¢ radta Anpobvtos Kal pevaxiflovros éx Tov Bpettiwy xataBeBnxotes oi KopivOsor ets To ‘Pyytov, @s ovdels trapepvAaTte Kal To TVEtLA cates Beopévoy Tapahoyws axvpova Tov Topov 306 TIMOLEON told them of the capture of Achradina. They were confounded by the tidings and went back in haste, having neither taken the city against which they went forth, nor kept the one they had. XIX. In these successes, then, foresight and valour might still dispute the claims of Fortune; but that which followed them would seem to have been wholly due to good fortune. The Corinthian soldiers, namely, who were tarrying at Thurii,. partly because they feared the Carthaginian triremes which were lying in wait for them under Hanno, and partly because a storm of many days’ duration had made the sea very rough and savage, set out to travel by land through Bruttium ; and partly by persuading, partly by compelling the Barbarians, they made their way down to Rhegium while a great storm was still raging at sea. But the Carthaginian admiral, since he did not expect that the Corinthians would venture forth and thought his remaining there inactive an idle thing, after convincing himself that he had devised something clever and mischievous in the way of deceit, ordered his sailors to crown their heads with garlands, decorated his triremes with purple battle- flags and Greek shields, and sailed for Syracuse. And as he passed the acropolis at a dashing speed amid clapping of hands and laughter, he shouted that he was come from conquering and capturing the Corin- thians, whom he had caught at sea as they were trying to cross the strait ; supposing, indeed, that he would thus greatly dishearten the besieged. While he was thus babbling and playing the trickster, the Corinthians who had come down from Bruttium to Rhegium, since no one was lying in wait for them and the unexpected cessation of the storm had made 397 PLUTARCH’S LIVES deity Kai Nelov Trapetye, TayY TWANpwCcaYTES Ta jopOueta Kal Tas aruddas Tas TWapovaas avyyovTo cat drexopiCovto mpos THY YKEray, OVTWS agpa- Aas Kal d:a ToTaUTNS yadHvns waTE TOUS tous Tapa Ta TWrOLA TapaynYopmevous Ex PUT pwv épéd- xeoOat. XX. Tleparwbévtwy &€ wdvrev o Teporéwr Se- Edpevos avtous thy te Meaanyny evOrs eye, Kal cuvtatapevos éBadifev él tas Yupaxoveas, ols evtuyes wal xatwpJov padrdrov 7 TH Suvdper meToldws' ov yap oav of avy avT@ mrEéious TETPAKLTYIMaV. ayyeAXopevns 5é THs Epodou TO Mayovi BopuBovpevos nal Sedornas ett paddov els UTroviay HAOev ex ToLavTNns Tpopdcews. ev Tots Tepl THY TOALY TEVaYyEoL, TONY peEy Ex KPNVOV motipov vowp, Tmodv & é€& éX@v Kal ToTapLav KatTappeovtwv eis THY OdratTay Sexopévots, TAA- Bos éyxéNewv véeuetat, kal Sawirera THs aypas tois BovAopévois adel Mdpectt. TavTas ot Tap aupotépwv pic0od otpatevopevot aYOATS OVENS Kal dvox av auveOnpevovy. ola & “EAXAnves dytes Kal wpos aAAHAOVS OvK ExorTes LOiwy amreyOerav mpopaciw, ev pev tails payas Stexevdvvevov ev- pwaTws, év 5€ Tais avoyais mpocpotT@vTEes ANX1- Dots SueAéyovto. Kal TOTE KOLVOY TrEpl THY aNLEiaY Exovtes Epyov év Aoyors Hoav, Gavydlovres Tis Gardoons Ti evviav Kai TAY ywpiwy THY KaTa- oKkevny. Kai Tis ele THY Tapa Tots KopwwOiots otpatevopevoy' ‘“ Tooavtny pévtot trodw? To péyeOos Kal Tocovtas éEnoxnpéevny xarois bpeis “EAAnves dvtes éxBapBapwioat tpofupetcbe, Tovs 1 wéAw Blass, after Coraés: rhy wdacy. 308 TIMOLEON the strait smooth and calm to look upon, speedily manned the ferry-boats and fishing craft which they found at hand, put off, and made their way across to Sicily, with such safety and in so great a calm that their horses also swam along by the side of the boats and were towed by the reins. XX. When they had all crossed over, Timoleon took them and at once occupied Messana, then, uniting them with his other forces, marched against Syracuse, relying on the good fortune and success that attended his efforts rather than on the strength of his army; for his followers were not more than four thousand in number. But when Mago got tidings of his approach, disturbed and fearful as he was, he was made still more suspicious for the following reason. In the shoals about the city, which receive much fresh water from springs, and much from marshes and rivers emptying into the sea, great numbers of eels live, and there is always an abundance of this catch for anybody. These eels the mercenary soldiers on both sides, when they had leisure or a truce was on, used to hunt together. And since they were Greeks and had no reason for private hatred of one another, while in their battles they risked their lives bravely, in their times of truce they would visit and converse with one another. And so now, as they were busy together with their fishing, they conversed, express- ing their admiration of the richness of the sea and the character of the adjacent lands. And one of those who were serving on the Corinthian side said : «Can it really be that you, who are Greeks, are eager to barbarize a city of such great size and furnished with such great advantages, thus settling Cartha- 3°9 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KaxtoTovs Kai hovxetatous Kapynoovious éyyu- ao , e a“ A a w Tépw xatoxilovTes numYy, Tmpos ovs Ede. Todas etyecOas Xixedias mpoxeiobas THs “EAXAdbos: 7 Soxeite ToUTOUS OTpaToY ayeipavTas ATO oTNADY “Hpaxrcioy xai THs ’ATAavTiais Heerv Oaratrns Sevpo xevduvevoortas UTrép THS ‘IKérou duvacteias; a > ‘ 9 e , bd by 4 Os ef Aoytopov elyev rryepovos, ovx av €FéBadre Tous Tatépas ovd émipye TH Watpids TOUS TrOde- pious, GAAa wai Tins Kai Suvapews eTUyYavev o 4 , \ , , 33 cons tpeTret, KopsvOtous xat Tipor€ovtra treicas. as ‘ v e 4 a 9 TovToUS TOUS AGyouS ot pscOodopat SteOponaay ev T@ OTpATOTEd@, KaL Tapécyov UToYiay TO Ma- yor wpodidocbat, ypnlovTs marat tmpodpacews. 520 Kat Seopévov tov ‘Ixétou twapapevery cai deda- ” , 4 > A 4 ” axovtos dam BeXTLOVes ELot TOV TOELIWY, LAAXOV 7 ’ a \ , , , a OLOpMEVOS APETH Kal TUYN NetTrETOaL TiporéovTos 7 mwAnder Suvduews uirepBddreLv, Apas evOus aneé- mrevoev eis AtBunv, aioypas Kat ovdéva Aoyt- cpov avOpwruivoy x Tav yetpav adels Ytxeriav. XXI. Ty 8 torepaia trapny o Tiporéwv emt paxynv cuvtTetaypevos. ws dé tHv huyny éruvdd- VOVTO Kal THY épnuiay Ewpwv TOV vewpiwv, yedav autos émne THY avavdpiav tov Maywvos, xa Teptiovtes éxnpuTToy ev TH TodeL nVvUTpA TO dpacavtt Tov Kapyndoviwr ororov Srry ofas atro- déSpaxev. ov pny adda Tod ‘Ikérou Piropayorv- Tos éTt Kab THY AaABNY Ov TpoieLéevou THs TOAEWS, ana eumrepuxotos ols KaTetxe mépett KapteEpois 310 246 TIMOLEON ginians, who are the basest and bloodiest of men, nearer to us, when you ought to pray for many Sicilies to lie as a barrier between Greece and them? Ordo you suppose that they have collected an army and are come hither from the pillars of Heracles and the Atlantic sea in order to risk their lives in behalf of the dynasty of Hicetas? He, if he reasoned like a true leader, would not be casting out his kindred people, nor would he be leading against his country her natural enemies, but would be en- joying a befitting amount of honour and power, with the consent of Timoleon and the Corinthians.” Such speeches as these the mercenaries disseminated in their camp, and made Mago suspicious of treachery, though he had long wanted a pretext for going away. Therefore when Hicetas begged him to re- main and tried to show him how much superior they were to their enemies, he thought rather that they were more inferior to Timoleon in bravery and good fortune than they surpassed him in the number of their forces, and weighing anchor at once, sailed off to Libya, thus letting Sicily slip out of his hands disgracefully and for no reason that man could suggest. XXI. On the day after his departure, Timoleon came up with his forces: arrayed for battle. But when they learned of Mago’s flight and saw the docks empty of vessels, they could not help laugh- ing at his cowardice, and went about the city pro- claiming a reward for any one who told them whither the Carthaginian fleet had fled away from them. However, since Hicetas was still eager for battle and would not let go his hold upon .the city, but clung to the parts of it in his possession, which were 311 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovat Kal dvompocpdyos, Siekov o Tiporéov tHv Suva avTos pev 7 Bracoratov Hy mapa TO pet- Ooov tod "Avatrov tmpocéBadrev, adrous 8 éx TIS "Aypadivis éxédevev emiyetpeiv, dv Iaias Hryetto 6 KoptvOtos. rovs 5& tpitous émriryov émt tas ’Earurronas Acivapyos cat Anuapertos, of thy baré- pav dyaryovres éx KopivOou BojOeav. dua dé cat mavrayoley tis Epodou yevopevns Kal TeV Tept Tov ‘Inétny avatpareévtwv kal devyovtwy, To pev GNO@vat THY TOW KaT axpas Kal yevécOat Ta- yews Dmoxel pov exTET OV TOY TOV TONE uO bt- Katov avabeivar TH TOV paxXoLévwy avdpayabia Kal TH SevoTnts Tov aTpaTnyod, TO 5é yu) atro- Oavety twa pndé tpwOhvar tav KopivOiwv idssov Epyov auras 4 Tipodréovtos émedetEato tvyn, caarep Stautdrwpevn mpos THY apeTnv Tod av- Spos, iva TOV émratvoupévwy adTod Ta paxaptlo- eva pardXAov of truvOavopevot Oavpdlwow. ov yap povov XtxerAlav wacav ovs “Itadiav evOvds 7 gnun Kxatéoyev, GAN juepov orjtryov 7 “EAAas inyer TO péyeOos TOU KaTopOa@patos, WoTE THY Tav KopiwOiwv ror amiorobdcay ei StaTrémNevKev 0 OTOAOS, O"OU Kal Gecwopévous Kal VvEviKNKOTAS axovety Tovs avdpas. ovTwS Evponaay ai mpa- Eers, Kal TOTOUTO TH KaANEL THY Epywy TO TAXOS n TUXN TpoaéeOnxey. XXII. Tevopevos d€ rhs dxpas KupLos ovK eTTrabe Aiwvt tavTo 1d0os, ovS épetoato tod Tomov ba TO KGNNOS Kal THY TrOAUTEAELAY THS KATACKEUIS, andra THy éxetvov SiaBaXdovdcar, eit’ ato\écacay iTowiay duraFduevos éxijpute Tov Lupaxovolwy 312 TIMOLEON strong and dangerous to attack, Timoleon divided his forces, he himself attacking along the river Anapus where the struggle was likely to be hottest, and ordering others, under the lead of Isias the Corinthian, to make their attempt from Achradina. The third division was led against Epipolae by Deinarchus and Demaretus, who had brought the second reinforcement from Corinth. The attack was made in all three places at once, and the troops of Hicetas were overwhelmed and took to flight. That the city was taken by storm and fell quickly into their hands after the enemy had been driven out, it is right to ascribe to the bravery of the soldiers and the ability of their general; but that not one of the Corinthians was killed or even wounded, this the good fortune of Timoleon showed to be her own work, vying emulously, as it were, with his valour, in order that those who hear his story may wonder at his happy successes more than at his laudable efforts. For his fame not only filled at once all Sicily and Italy, but within a few days Greece echoed with his great success, SO that the city of Corinth, which was in doubt whether his armament had got across the sea, heard at one and the same time that it had safely crossed, and that it was victorious. So pros- perous was the course of his enterprises, and such was the speed with which Fortune crowned the beauty of his achievements. XXII. When he had become master of the citadel, he did not repeat the experience of Dion, nor did he spare the place on account of the beauty and great cost of its architecture, but guarding against the suspicions which had brought calumny and then destruction upon his predecessor, he made proclama- 1 See the Dion, chapter liii. 1. 313 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov BovXoLevoy Trapeivar peTa otdnpou Kai cuved- antesBat KatacKkarTopévwoy TOY TUpAaPYLKaY épupatav. ws d5€ mdvtes avéBnoav, apyny édev- aos jomnjodpevoe BeBatotatny To Knpvypa Kal THY Hyuepav exeivay, ov povov THV axpay, andra, Kal Tas oixkias Kal Ta pynpata TOY TUpavvwD avétpevray nal xatéoxawav. evOvs dé Tov TorTov auvopaduvas éev@xodounoe Ta Sixactypia, yapt- Copevos Tois ToAiTats Kal THs Tupavvidos UTeEp- Tépav ToLa@v THY SnpoKpatiay. "Eret 5€ tHv mod éEXo@v oOvK Elye TroXiTAS, GANA TOV pev ev TOS TOOLS Kal Tais OTaCECE StadOapévtwy, Tav 5é Tas Tupavvidas hevyorTor, ) pev év Yupaxovaais ayopa Sv épynpuiay ovTws ToAAny kal Babeiay éképucey DANY woTE TOUS imrqous €v avTn Katavéeuer Oat, TOY iTTroKOpLwD év TH XAon xaTaxerpévav, ai 5é araL TONELS TAY TAVTEADS OALywov éX\adwv éyévorvto pectal Kal ava aypiov, év 5é tois mpoactetots Kal repli Ta TELYN TOAAAKLS OL DXOATY ayorTes ExuvNyeTour, umnKxove & ovdels TaY ev Tois épvuace kal ppov- plows KAaTOLKOUYT@Y, OVE KaTEBAaLVOD Eis THY TOLD, arrAa hpixn Kai picos elye wavtas ayopas Kai monTeias Kal Bnuatos, €& av avéducav avtois Gl WAEloTOL TOY TUpavvaY, Edoke TH Tipor€ovTe kal tots Svpaxovaiors yparyat mpos tovs Kopiv- Giovs Strws wéurwotw oixnTopas eis Tas Yupa- xovaas €x Ths ‘EXAdbos. 7 TE yap Yopa axYONd- Cecv Ewedre, kal arodvy Trodeyov éx AtBuns mporedéxovtTo, TuvOavoyevor tovs Kapyndovious Tod pev Maywvos éavtov avedovtTos dvectaupo- Kévat TO copa Sia THY oTpaTnyiay opyiaBévTas, 314 47 TIMOLEON tion that all Syracusans who wished should come with implements of iron’and help in the demolition of the tyrants’ bulwarks. And when they had all come up, considering that day with its proclamation to be a most secure beginning of freedom, they over- threw and demolished, not only the citadel, but also the palaces and the tombs of the tyrants. Then, as soon as he had levelled off the place, Timoleon built the courts of justice there, thus gratifying the citi- zens by making their democracy triumphant over tyranny. i But the city which he had taken had not citizens enough, since some had perished in their wars and seditions, while others had gone into exile from ty- rannical governments. Indeed, for lack of population the market place of Syracuse had produced such a quantity of dense herbage that horses were pastured in it, while their grooms lay down in the grass; and the other cities, with almost no exceptions, were full of deer and wild swine, while in their suburbs and around their walls those who had leisure for it went hunting, and not one of those who were estab- lished in fortresses and strongholds would hearken to any summons, or come down into the city, but fear and hatred kept all away from market place and civic life and public speaking, which had produced the most of their tyrants. Therefore Timoleon and the Syracusans decided to write to the Corinthians urging them to send settlers to Syracuse from Greece. For otherwise the land was likely to lie uncultivated, and they expected a great war from Africa, since they learned that the Carthaginians, after Mago’s guicide, had impaled his dead body, in their rage at his conduct of the expedition, and that they were 315 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avrous 5é€ cuvaye peyddny Sivayw ws Erous apa SiaBnoopévous eis YeKediav. XXIII. Tay 8¢ ypappdtwv rovtwyv rapa tod Teporéovtos xoutcbévtwv, Kal mpécfewov aya Tapovtwv Lupaxovoliwv Kal Seouevwv émipern- Ojvat TIS ToAEwS Kal yevécDat TdrW €€ dTrapyis OixicTas, ovY Hptacay ot KopivO.or thy wreove- Eiav, o05é mpoceTroincay avTois THY TOALY, GANA Tp@Tov pev emLovTes TovsS iepovs ayavas ev TH Ul A “EAAdOL! Kal tas peyiotas Tov Tavnyvpewy dvnyopevoy ume Kxnpixov Ste KopivOtor xata- AeAUKOTES THY év LYupaxovaais tupavvida, cal Tov TUpavvoy é€eXnAaKOTES, KaXOVGL Yupaxovat- ous Kal TOV GANwVY YKedtwTav Tov Bovdropevov oixety tHy Word édrEVOépovs Kal avTovopous, ér ico Kal Sixaiows thy yopav dtadayovras: Ereita Statréumovtes ayyéAous els thy Aciav Kal Tas vyoous, trou TAELaTOUS érrUvOdVOYTO TOV guyddwv Steatappévovs Katoixeiv, Ttwapexddouv tévat mravtas eis KopivOov, ws KopivOiwv aodarj TouTHy Kal wrota Kal otpatnyovs TrapetovTwv idiots tédeow eis Yupaxovcas. Kynpvacopéevwv d€ TOVT@Y 7) ev TOALS TOV SixaLoTAaTOV Kal KarL- oTov ameAXduBavey érrawov xat bnrov, édevGe- povoa pev ato TaY TUpavyverv, cwlovaa 8 amd tav BapBdpwv, amodidotca Sé -ots ToXiTats THY YwOpav. Oi 5é€ cuvedOovtes eis KopivOov ovx dvtes ixavol To AROS edenOnoav é« KopivOov Kat THs GAAS “EAAdOos traparaBelvy cvvoixovs: Kal YEVOMEVOL pUPLwY OUK éXdTTOUS KaTéTAEVCAY eis 1 éy rp ‘EAAGS: with Coraés, Bekker, and Blass: ‘EAAd&:. 316 TIMOLEON assembling a great force with the intention of cross- ing into Sicily in the summer. XXIII. When these letters from Timoleon had been delivered, and were accompanied by Syracusan envoys who begged them to take thought for their city and to become anew its founders, the Corinthians did not seize the opportunity for their own aggran- dizement, nor did they appropriate the city for them- selves, but, in the first place, they visited the sacred games in Greece and the greatest festival assemblages, and proclaimed by heralds that the Corinthians had overthrown the tyranny in Syracuse, and driven out the tyrant, and now invited Syracusans, and any other Sicilian Greeks who wished, to people the city with free and independent citizens, allotting the land among them on equal and just terms. In the second place, they sent messengers to Asia and the islands, where they learned that most of the scattered exiles were residing, and invited them all to come to Corinth, assuring them that the Corinthians, at their own expense, would furnish them with leaders and trans- ports and a safe convoy to Syracuse. By these pro- clamations the city of Corinth earned the justest praise and the fairest glory; she was freeing the land from its tyrants, saving it from the Barbarians, and restoring it to its rightful citizens. When these had assembled at Corinth, being too few in number, they begged that they might receive fellow colonists from Corinth and the rest of Greece ; and after their numbers had risen to as a PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 Lupaxovcas. dn b€ nal tov é€& ‘Iradias Kal ZiKedias mohhol 7@ Teporéovre cuvednrvieoar: Kat ryevopevors aurois éEaxtapupiors TO TriOos, @S “Adans elonke, THY meV Xepav dreverpe, Tas 5é olxias atédoto XerAbov TahavTo, dua pev DrrohesTromevos Tots dpxaion Lupakovators eEwveta Iau Tas avTa@v, dua oe Xpnparov €v- mopiay To Sno pnXavepevos oUTWS TEVOLEV® cal 1 pos ‘Tada Kal Mpos TOV TOAELOV wate Kal 5 TOUS avdprdvras arroboa bau, andou Srapepoperns Umép Exdaorou Kal ywopmevns KaTnyopias, domep avO porary evOuvas Sidovtwv: Ste 57 pace tov TéXevos dvdpidvra Tov Tadao tupdvvov da- THPHS aL TOUS Yupaxovaious, KATAXELpOTOVOU- péveov TOV adndor, arya, pevous Kal TLu@VvTas Tov avdpa TAS viens fv mpos ‘Iuépa Kapyn- Sovious évixnaer. XXIV. Otro & Tihs Toews avalon upovans kal _TANpoupErnys, em LppeovT wv mavTaxober els aurny TOV TOMLTOV, Bovdopevos O Tiporéwy Kal Tas dAXNas TONES éXevOepwaa Kal mayTanacww éxxoyat Tihs LuKedias Tas Tupavuioas, émi Tas Xepas avrav otpatevov ‘IKétny peév jvaryKnacey avTooTavTa Kapyndoviar omoroyia au Tas a dx pom o- dees KatacKdypew Kat Biorevoev idatTny € év Aeov- 2 Tivos, Aerrivov dé Tod TupavvodvTos "AtroAAw- 248 vias Kat TUXvaV GAXwY TOALYVioD, as exuvduveve Kata Kparos anova, mapadovros aurov peroa- pevos els Kopw8ov aTrET TELE, KaXov HryoupEvos év Th pNT omoXeL TOUS THS Bxedias Tupdvvous bo Tav EdAnvav arolewpeicBar ghuyadixads 318 TIMOLEON ‘ thousand, they sailed to Syracuse. But by this time many also from Italy and Sicily had flocked to Ti- moleon ; and when their numbers had risen to sixty thousand, as Athanis states, Timoleon divided the land among them, and sold the houses of the city for a thousand talents, thus at once reserving for the original Syracusans the power to purchase their own houses, and devising an abundance of money for the community ; this had so little, both for other pur- poses, and especially for the war, that it actually sold its public statues at auction, a regular vote of con- demnation being passed against each, as though they were men submitting their accounts. It was at this time, they say, that the statue of Gelon, their ancient tyrant, was preserved by the Syracusans, though they condemned the rest, because they admired and honoured him for the victory which he had won over the Carthaginians at Himera.! XXIV. Seeing the city thus beginning to revive and fill itself with people, since its citizens were streaming into it from all sides, Timoleon determined to set the other cities also free, and utterly to root out all tyrannies from Sicily. He therefore made an expedition into their territories and compelled Hi- cetas to forsake the cause of Carthage, and to agree to demolish his citadels and live as a private person in Leontini. And as for Leptines, who lorded it over Apollonia and numerous other strongholds, when he was in danger of being taken by main force, he surrendered himself; and Timoleon spared his life and sent him off to Corinth, considering it a fine thing to have the tyrants of Sicily in the mother city where the Greeks could observe them living . 1 In 480 B.c., on the same day, it is said, as the victory at Salamis. Cf. Herodotus, vii. 166 319 fr } PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 nal tamevas Covtas. Ttovs Sé pucbohopous , > a , bd a LY A BovAdpevos ex tHS ToAEpias w@peretcOar Kal by oxordte, autos péev eis Tas Yupaxovoas érrav- iAGe TH KaTagTadcEL THS TOALTELas TrpocéEwY Kat tois jKovow éx KopivOov vopobéras Kedar kal Atovucio ta Kuptwatata Kal KdAN_oTA ouUD- Siabnawy, tovs dé wept Aeivapyov cal Anudperov eis THY TOV Kapynbovioy éEémeppev emixparesar, ot mOAELs TOAAaS adioTayTes THY BapRdpwy ov , ) \ fo) PJ 9 , 2 \ , povov avtot Sijyov év ddOovors, GAdra Kal ypn- pata tapeoxevatoy eis Tov ToAE“oy amo TOV ato Kopévov. XXV. ’Ev rovt@ 5é Kapyndomo xatamrréovary bd \ 4 ¥ e \ 4 “ eis TO AtAvBasov ayovres Erta puptdbas oTparod kat tpinpers Staxocias Kai TA0Ia yiAta KopilovTa pnyavas nat réOpimrma Kai citov adBovoy Kai Thy GAANVY TapacKeuNny, WS OvK ETL TrOLNTOMEVOL \ 4 ‘N ; ? > ¢ “a , KaTa sépos TOV TOAEMOV, GAN oOpov Tracns LX- Kkedlas é€eXacovtes Tovs "EAAnvas: Fv yap 1 Svvamus éEapxovoa Kai py voocotvtas pnde d:e- POappévous it’ adAnjrA@v svAAaBEcIa LiKediw- tas. muOopevos 5€ tropOcicAas thy émixpatetav autav, evOus opyn wpos tous KopivOiouvs éywpour "AcdpouBa te kai 'Apidxa otpatnyourray. Tis 8 ayyedias oféws eis Lupaxovoas ddixopévns ovUTw KaTeTAaynoav of Yupaxovato. wpos TO péyeOos Tis Suvapews Mate podus TH Tiporcovte (4 > ‘N a, c e Tpicxyidiouvs ato TocovTey wupiadwy dma Aa- 320 TIMOLEON the lowly life of exiles. Moreover, he wished that his mercenaries might get booty from the enemy’s country and not remain idle. Accordingly, while he himself returned to Syracuse in order to apply him- self to the establishment of the civil polity and to assist the lawgivers who had come from Corinth, Cephalus and Dionysius, in arranging its most im- portant details in the most attractive way, he sent forth the troops under Deinarchus and Demaretus } into that part of the island which the Carthaginians controlled, where they brought many cities to revolt from the Barbarians, and not only lived in plenty themselves, but actually raised moneys for the war from the spoils they made. XXV. Meanwhile the Carthaginians put in at Lily- baeum with an army of seventy thousand men, two hundred triremes, and a thousand transports carrying engines of war, four-horse chariots, grain in abun- dance, and other requisite equipment. Their purposé was, not to carry on the war by piece-meal any more, but at one time to drive the invading Greeks out of all Sicily ; for their force would have been sufficient to capture the native Greeks, even though they had not been politically weak and utterly ruined by one another. And on learning that the territory which they controlled was being ravaged by the Corinthians, they were furious, and straightway marched against them under the command of Hasdrubal and Hamil- car. Tidings of this coming quickly to Syracuse, the Syracusans were so terrified at the magnitude of the enemy’s forces that only three thousand out of so many tens of thousands could with difficulty be brought to pluck up courage, take their arms, and go 1 Cf. chapter xxii. 3. 321 VOL, VI. Y PLUTARCH’S LIVES *~ n yd 3 Bovtas toApfnoar cuveEeNOeiv. ot 5é€ prcPopopor TETpAaKiaXiALoL TO TAOS Hoay Kai TovTwY avOts Goov yidiot Kal’ odoy amodedtacartes AVEXY@PNTAY, WS OVY UyLtaivovTos TOU Teor€ortos, b , 9 e , A e GA\Ad paswouévov trap Atciay Kal mpos entra peuptddas wodepioy pera twevraxioyirioy meCav , e y , A ”~ kal xtdtov imméwy Badifovtos, kai Stapt@vtos obey nuepa@v OxT@ Tv Svvapty amo TOY Lupa- Kkovaav, Bev ote cwORvat Tois hevyovoty oUTE 4 Tadjvat toils Trecovow avtToy UTdpte. TOUTOUS pev ovv Tiporéwv Képdos nryetto mpo TAS payns havepovs yeyovotas, Tous Sé€ GAXOvS Emippwaas KaTa TaXos Wye pos tov Kpiynoov motapmor, Strov Kal tos Kapyndovious jxovce cuvat re. XXVI. ’AvaBaivovte 5¢ a’t@ mpos Aodov, Sy UrrepBadovres uedrov caroperbar TO oTpaTeupa \ 4 a , 9 , kat thy Sivapty tav trodepiwv, éuBadXovow Hutovot wéALva Kopilovtes’ Kal Tots oTpaTL@TALS elon Ae trovnpov elvat TO onmetoy, OTL TA pYnpaTA TOY vexpav ei@bapev erverKas oTEpavody aErAivots* kal Tapotmia tis éx TOUTOU yéyove, TOY émiapa- 2 A@s vocodvTa Setcbat cerivov. Bovdopevos odv > A 9 4 fe) A X avrous amadAdéar ths Sevotdaipovias nad rHv , b A e , 9 v4 dvceAmictetav adedreiy o Timodéwv, emaotynoas THY Topelay GANa TE WpéTOYTA TO Katp@ Sie- , A , > “a 54 A fo AéyOn, Kal Tov atépavov auvtois edn mpo Tis vixns Kxoptlouevov avToudtws eis Tas yeipas jKev, @ KopivOtoe otepavodct tovs “IcOua vu- K@VTAS, (epov Kal TaTpLov TO OTé“LA TOU GEAlvoU 322 TIMOLEON forth with Timoleon. Furthermore, the mercenaries were only four thousand in number ; and of these, again, about a thousand played the coward on the march and went back to Syracuse, declaring that Timoleon was not in his right mind, but was more crazy than his years would lead one to expect, and was marching against seventy thousand of the enemy with five thousand foot and a thousand horse, and was taking his force a march of eight days away from Syracuse, so that those of them who fled from the field would find no safety, and those who fell upon it would have no burial. As for these men, then, Timoleon counted it gain that they had shown what they were before the battle; the rest he en- couraged and led them with all speed to the river Crimesus, where he heard that the Carthaginians also were concentrating. XXVI1. As he was marching up a hill, from the crest of which they expected to look down upon the camp and the forces of the enemy, there met them by chance some mules laden with parsley ; and it occurred to the soldiers that the sign was a bad one, because we are generally accustomed to wreath the tombs of the dead with parsley; and this has given rise to a proverb, namely, that one who is dangerously sick “ needs only parsley.’ Accordingly, wishing to free them from their superstitious fears -and take away their despondency, Timoleon halted them on their march, and after discoursing other- wise as befitted the occasion, said also that the wreath for their victory had come into their hands in advance and of its own accord, the wreath with which Corinthians crown the victors at the Isthmian games, considering the garland of parsley to be tra- 323 y 2 ~*~ PLUTARCH’S LIVES vouitovres. ets yap Tore TOV ‘IcOpuiwy, woTep viv trav Nepciwv, To aédwwov Hv otépavos, ov mdrat dé % iTS yéyovev. évtTuyav ovv o Timo- Av, OomrEp eipynrat, Tois oTpaTL@Tats Kal AaBov TOV GeAlvor KaTEeaTéeaTO TP@TOS avUTOS, Elta of mept avTov Hyepoves Kal TO WAHOOS. of dé wavTes Katibovtes aetous S00 mpoadepopévous, OV O Lev Spdxovta tois dvukw epepe Statrerrappévor, o bé imtato KexAayos peya nal Oapparéov, éredet- Kvvoy Tols oTpaTiMTats, Kal Mpos evYas Dewy Kal avakrnoels éTpatroyTo WaVTES. XXVII. To pév odv Eros iatapévov Oépous elyevy @pav, Kal AnyorTs unvi Oapyndave mpos Tas Tpowas On cuvire TOV KaLpov? opiyrAnv Sé Tov ToTau“OU TOAAnY avad:doyTos mpaToy pev amrexpumteto Cope TO Twediov, Kal ovvoTrTov ovdév HY GTO TOV TOAELLWY, TANY HY TLS aKpPLTOS Kal TULLLYNS Ava Wwpos TOV NOmoy Exwper TrpdcwHev AVLOTAPLEVNS oTparias TtocavuTns. ws 5 avaBavres éml rov Nogov éatncay of KopivOror nai Oéuevoe tas aomidas Staverravovto, Tov HdLov Teptpepo- pévouv Kal petewpilovtos THv avabupiac.y, o pév Borepds anp aOportopevos mpos Ta btYynra Kal TuvicTapevos KaTevehwoe TAS aKpwpeias, TOY Sé U7 1ddas TOTwY avaxaBatpopévor 6 Te Kpiunoos éEehavn Kai StaBaivovtes avtov @dOncav ai TOAELLOL, TPWTOLS eV TOIS TEOPiTrIrots eKTANKTI- Kas Tpos ayGva KaTerKevacuevors, KaTOTLD dé ToUT@Y Luplots omAiTals NEVKdOTLCL. TOUTOUS érexpatpovto Kapynéovious elvas tH AaptrpoTyTe Ths oKxeuns kal tH BpaduTire Kal rake THs 324 249 TIMOLEON ditionally sacred in their country. For at that time parsley was still used for wreaths at the Isthmian, as it is now at the Nemean games, and it was not long ago that the pine came into use instead. Ac- cordingly, when Timoleon had addressed his soldiers, as I have said, he took of the parsley and crowned himself with it first, and then the captains and the common soldiers about him did the same. Moreover, the soothsayers, observing two eagles coming up on the wing, one of which bore a serpent pierced with its talons, while the other flew with a loud and in- spiring cry, pointed them out to the soldiers, and all betook themselves to invoking the gods with prayers. XXVII. Now, the season of the year was early summer, the month of Thargelion was drawing to a close, and the summer solstice was near;! the river exhaled a thick mist which at first hid the plain in darkness, and nothing could be seen in the enemy’s camp, only an inarticulate and confused noise made its way up to the hill, showing that the vast host was moving forward. But after the Corinthians had ascended the hill, where they stopped, laid down their shields, and rested themselves, the sun was passing the meridian and drawing the vapours on high, the thick haze moved in masses towards the heights and hung in clouds about the mountain summits, while the regions below cleared up, the Crimesus came into view, and the enemy were seen crossing it, in the van their four-horse chariots for- midably arrayed for battle, and behind these ten thousand men-at-arms with white shields. These the Corinthians conjectured to be Carthaginians, from the splendour of their armour and the slowness 1 It was early in June, 339 Buc. 325 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mopeias. peta S€ TovTovs Tav AoLTaOY Over émippecvtwy Kai tiv SudBaow pet @Oiopod Kat Tapayis Tovovpevwy, svvid@v o Tiporéov tov WOTaPLOV AUTOIS TasuEevovTa TOV mANJoUS Tov modeuiwy atrodaBeiy Sooty OéXovev avTol paye- aoOat, xai tovs otpatiwmtas xabopay xedevoas Thy parayya te peiOpm Siaredvpévny nai rods pev 78n SsaBeBnxoras, Tovs dé péXAovtTas, Tpoc- érake Anpapér@ AaBovre Ttovs imrets éwBareiy els tous Kapynédovious xal ovvtapdéa tov &:a- KOO LOV AUT@Y THS Tapatd&ews ovTrH KabecTwOoNS. avros 6€ xataBads els TO tediov Ta pev Képata Tois GAdos LuKedksoTats arédwxev, avapitas exatépp tav Eévwy ov troddovs, ev péow S€ zrepi aitov XaBav Tovs Lupaxovaious Kal Td payipwo- Tatov TaV pcOopopwv Bpaydy pev xpovov éméaye TO TOV immréwy aTrolewpay Epyor, ws 5é éxeivous eldev tro TOY appatev po THs Takews SiabedvTwv eis yeipas ENOeiv Tois Kapyndovioss od Svvapévous, aX Gres pn cuvrapayxOeiev avayxalopdvous éFerittey cuvexa@s xal muxvas é& émotpodis qovctabat Tas émeNaceEls, dvadaBov tHv acrida wat Bonoas ErecOat cai Oappeiv rots melois éokev vrreppvet povy nai peilove xeypnobat THs cuvnfous, eitre TO TdaGEL Tapa TOY ayava Kai TOV évOovatac pov otTw Statevdpevos, cite Satpoviov TLVOS, @S TOLS Tronnois TOTE mapéorn,, OUvETt- pb cyEapévov. TAXD dé THY kpavyiy avtaTrodov- Tov, Kal Tapeyyv@vtwy aye xal py pédrewv, 326 TIMOLEON and good order of their fharch. After these the other nations streamed on and were making the crossing in tumultuous confusion. Then Timoleon, noticing that the river was putting it in their power to cut off and engage with whatever numbers of the enemy they themselves desired, and bidding his soldiers observe that the phalanx of the enemy was sundered by the river, since some of them had already crossed, while others were about to do so, ordered Demaretus to take the horsemen and fall upon the Carthaginians and throw their ranks into confusion before their array was yet formed. Then he himself, descending into the plain, assigned the wings to the other Sicilian Greeks, uniting a few of his mercenaries with each wing, while he took the Syracusans and the best fighters among his mercen- aries under his own command in the centre. Then he waited a little while, watching what his horsemen would do, and when he saw that they were unable to come to close quarters with the Carthaginians on account of the chariots which coursed up and down in front of their lines, but were forced to wheel about continually that their ranks might not be broken, and to make their charges in quick succession after facing about again, he took up his shield and shouted to his infantrymen to follow and be of good courage ; and his voice seemed stronger than usual and more than human, whether it was from emotion that he made it so loud, in view of the struggle and the enthusiasm which it inspired, or whether, as most felt at the time, some deity joined in his utterance. Then, his men re-echoing his shout, and begging him to lead them on without delay, he signalled to 327 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tots pev imrotats €onpavey EEw rapa thy taki T@Y appatwv TapeNdoat Kal KaTa& Képas Trpoc- pépecOat tots todepuiows, avtos S€ Tovs mpo- paXoUs WuKv@cas T@ ovvacwicp@, Kat THY aadtvyya Kerevoas emipbéyEacIa, mpooéBare tois Kapynédoviors. XXVIII. Ot S&é thy pév rpw@rny émidpoprny UurésTnoay éppwpévas, Kai TO KaTaTreppayOat Ta capata atdnpois Owpaks nal yadxois xpdveow aoridas Te peyddas mpoPeSrnoOa: StexpovoytTo Tov Sopatiopov. eérrel 5é eis Eibn cuvndOev o ayav Kal Téyyns ovxX NTTOY H pwpns eyeyover TO Epyov, éEaipyns ato tay opa@v Bpovtat te poBepat KaTeppyyvuvto Kal wupwdes aotparai ouveké- WLNTOV. ETA O TWEplt TOS AOoUS Kal Tas axpw- petas Cohos ent thy paxyny xatiav, 6uBpm Kar mvevpate Kal yardln cuppemeypévos, Tois pev "ErAnow é£oricbev xal Kata vwrov teptexetro, tov 5¢ BapRdpev éErumte TA TpdcwTa Kal KaTN- atpamte Tas dyes, Gua Daidatros bypas xal froyos auvexois ex TaV vedav Pepopuévyns. ev ols T1roANG ev HV Ta AUVTTODVTA, Kal pddtoTaA TOUS atreipovs, ovx HKiota S€ Bradyar doxodow ai Bpovral nal tov Grrdwy 6 Tatayos KoTTOMEVwY @ 4 4 4 9 V4 cf paySaim cat yaraln, kwdXvwv axoverOa Ta mpootaypata Tov nye“ovwv. ois S& Kapyn- Soviows ovK ovow evlovots TOY oTALCpLOY, adn, ®omep elpntat, Katatreppaypévors, 6 TE mWNHAOS hinébine hy ol te KoATTOL TWANPOvMEVOL TeV xitovev bdatos, oF abrois mev eis TOV ayava xpijc Gat Bapels Raoav Kat Svaepyot, padsoe 8é Tois "EdAnaoe tepitpémec Oat, Kal wecovtTes aunyavor 328 250 TIMOLEON his horsemen to ride along outside and past the line of chariots and attack the enemy on the flank, while he himself made his vanguard lock their shields in close array, ordered the trumpet to sound the charge, and fell upon the Carthaginians. XXVIII. But these withstood his first onset sturdily, and owing to the iron breastplates and bronze helmets with which their persons were pro- tected, and the great shields which they held in front of them, repelled the spear thrusts. But when the struggle came to swords and the work required skill no less than strength, suddenly, from the hills, fearful peals of thunder crashed down, and vivid flashes of lightning darted forth with them. Then the darkness hovering over the hills and mountain summits came down to the field of battle, mingled with rain, wind, and hail. It enveloped the Greeks from behind and smote their backs, but it smote the Barbarians in the face and dazzled their eyes, a tempest of rain and continuous flames dashing from the clouds. In all this there was much that gave distress, and most of all to the in- experienced ; and particularly, as it would seem, the peals of thunder worked harm, and the clatter of the armour smitten by the dashing rain and hail, which made it impossible to hear the commands of the leaders. Besides, since the Carthaginians were not lightly equipped, but, as I have said, encased in armour, both the mud and the bosoms of their tunics filled with water impeded them, so that they were unwieldy and ineffective in their fighting, and easily upset by the Greeks, and when they had once fallen it was impossible for them to rise again from 329 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 mdduy éx mmo peTa Tay Orhey aGyacTiva. «kai yap o 0 Kpipnoos imo tay SiaPatvovtev exhuoOn péeyas 76 Tots Su Bposs nvEnpévos, wal TO qwedtov TO Wepi QUTOV UTO ToAAAS ouvaryKeias Kat papay- yas Urroxel pevov ériprhato pevidtev ov Kata qropov pepopeveor, ols ot amLcreibarn xadsvoou- pevot Xarers amr NATTOV. téros Sé Tov xet- pe@ovos ET LKELLEVOU, Kal TOV ‘EXAjvev THY TP@THy Tage aura, avdpas TeTpaxocious, xataBadov- 5 Tw, eTpaTry To WANOOs Eis puyyy. Kai ToAXot pev ev TP Trediep xatahapBavopevor biepGeipovro, TrONAoUS 5€ 0 Totapos ois Ere Te aLoupevots cULTiMTOVTAS éuBarrdov cal Tapadepaov aT on- Ave, Telia TOUS dé Tay Aopeov éptepevous ems- Oéovres ot yorot KaTeLpyacavTo. Aéyovrat your év pupiots vex pos Tpurxirsot KapynSovicv ryeve- 6 cBa, peya TH Tone mevOos. ouTE yap yéveow obre Tovrors ovre Sokats Erepot Bedrioves hoav éxeivwv, ovT amroBavovtas ToTe fuUa ayn Wpo- TEpov é& avrav Kapyndoviey ToTOUTOUS pVN- povevovory, ara AiBvot Ta TONGA car “I Bnpot xat Nopdot ypwopevor 7 pos TAS payas aAdNNoTpLaLs BraBats avedéXovTo Tas HTTas. XXIX. "Eqvac@y dé ois “EAAnow n Oofa TOY TETOVT@Y ATO THY Aapupwv. eAd YLT TOS yap hy Xoreav Kat odnpav Tois oKUAEVOUCL oryos” oUTWS add Govos bev tv apyupos, ag Bovos dé Xpucos. Kal yap To oTparorTresoy pera TOY vmrotuylov dscaBavres EXaBov. TOV é alxpanw- TY Ol pev mwoXXol _Stexdarrnoay UTO TOV oTpa- TiaT@y, els Oe KOLWOV amredeixOnoay TEVTAKL Xi - Auoe TO TAHOOS? Aw Sé wal dwtaxdota tov 330° TIMOLEON the mud with their weapons. For the Crimesus, having been already greatly swollen by the rains, was forced over its banks by those who were cross- ing it, and the adjacent plain, into which many glens and ravines opened from the hills, was filled with streams that hurried along no fixed channels, and in these the Carthaginians wallowed about and were hard beset. Finally, the storm still assailing them, and the Greeks having overthrown their first rank of four hundred men, the main body was put to flight. Many were overtaken in the plain and . cut to pieces, and many the river dashed upon and carried away to destruction as they encountered those who were still trying to cross, but most of them the light-armed Greeks ran upon and des- patched as they were making for the hills. At any rate, it is said that among ten thousand dead bodies, three thousand were those of Carthaginians—a great affliction for the city. For no others were superior to these in birth or wealth or reputation, nor is it recorded that so many native Carthaginians ever perished in a single battle before, but they used - Libyans for the most part and Iberians and Numid- ians for their battles, and thus sustained their de- feats at the cost of other nations. XXIX. The rank of those who had fallen was made known to the Greeks from the spoils. For those who stripped the bodies made very little account of bronze and iron; so abundant was silver, so abundant gold. For they crossed the river and seized the camp with its baggage-trains. As for the prisoners, most of them were stolen away and hidden by the soldiers, but as many as five thousand were delivered into the public stock; there were also 33! i“ PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 tOpinmwv. KxadrrAJornv Sé Kxal peyaXompere- aorarny aiiv % Teporéovros éredetxvuto oxnvy meptowpevOeioa tTavtodatrois Aadupots, év ols xidvo. pev Owpaxes epyacia Kal KddrAW Siadé- povtes, puptat S€ aomides tmpoeTéOnoav. drJLyot 5é moAXovs oxvrevovTes Kal peydrats éevtuyyd- vovtes wperciars tpitn moms Hepa peTa THY payny éornocay TpoTratov. “Apa S¢ tH Syn tis viens o Trporéwov eis pa Se TH din Tis vien yo KopwOov ereuye se KdAMOTA THY aixparorTov dirdwv, Bovropevos avrov tHy a i Tact 3 avOpatros Enrwrtny elvat, Oewpévors ev exetvy povn tay “EXAnuiKnay morewv tovs émibaveota- Tous vaovs ovx “EAXnviKois Kexoounpévous dAa- hipots ovd amd ouyyevav dovov Kal ouopvrav avaOnpatov pynpas areprreis éyovras, adda BapBapixa oxira xadXiorats emtypagais 8y- NovVTA pEeTa THS avdpelas TAV vEevLKNKOTwY THY Sixacoouvny, Ste KopivOtoc cal Teworéwv 0 otpa- Tyyos édevOepwoavtes TOvS BKediay oixobvTas "EXAnvas amo Kapyndovioy yapiotnpia Geois. aveOnnay. XXX. "Ex tovtov xatadirev ev Th Todepia Tous ptaGopdpous ayovtras Kal dépovtas tHy TeV Kapynooviwy ériucpateav, avtos xev eis Yupa- Kovaas' Kal Tovs xtALlovs puaOoddpous éxelvous, td’ oy éyxaterelhOn mpo ths paxns, eEexrpute THs BeuKeXtas, Kat mpl 4 Sivas tov HALov nvdy- 2 xacev €x Yvpaxovoav awedOeiv. ovdtoL pev ovv Stamrrevoavtes ets ‘Iradlav amedovto Tapa- amovonbévtes Uo Bpetriwv, cal Sixny tavtny To Satpomoy avtois THiS mMpodocias érébnxe. 332 TIMOLEON captured two hundred of the four-horse chariots. But the most glorious and magnificent sight was _pre- sented by the tent of Timoleon, which was heaped about with all sorts of spoils, among which a thous- and breast-plates of superior workmanship and beauty and ten thousand shields were exposed to view. And as there were but few to strip many, and the booty they came upon was great, it was the third day after the battle before they could erect their trophy. Along with the report of his victory Timoleon sent to Corinth the most beautiful of the captured armour, wishing that his own native city should be envied of all men, when in her alone of Greek cities they saw the most conspicuous temples, not adorned with Greek spoils, nor possessed of joyless memorials in the shape of votive offerings from the slaughter of kinsmen and fellow citizens, but decked with barbarian spoils which set forth in fairest in- scriptions the justice as well as the valour of the victors, declaring that Corinthians and Timoleon their general set the Greeks dwelling in Sicily free from Carthaginians, and thus dedicated thank-offerings to the gods. XXX. After this, he left his mercenaries in the enemy’s territory plundering the dominion of the Carthaginians, and went himself to Syracuse; there he ordered out of Sicily the thousand mercenaries by whom he had been deserted before the battle, and compelled them to depart from Syracuse before the sun went down. These, then, after crossing into Italy, were perfidiously slain by the Bruttians, thus receiving from the divine power a penalty for 333 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tar 5é wept ror Mdpepxoy, tov Karayns tvpay- 251 vov, kat ‘Ixérny, ere PO0ve tav KxatopOovpévwy uma Tiporéovros, elite oPovpérwy autov ws amtoTov kai dotrovdov Mpos TOUS TUpaVVOUS, TULL- paxiay Tomncapévev mpos tovs Kapyndovious Kal KeXevoavroy réurey Suva «al orparn- yov, et un wayvtdtrace Bovdovtas YeKeMas éx- teceiv, Errevoe Técxwv vais pev Exov EBdopun- xovta, pscOodopouvs Sé¢ wpocrda8eav “EAAnvas, ovmw mpotepoy “EXXAnot ypnoapévav Kapyn- Soviwy, adA\d ToTe Oavypacaytwv ws avuTo0- oTdTous Kal paxtpwrdrovs avOp@rav anrdvTev. ovotavres 5¢ xowwn pet addAnAwv Arravtes ev TH Meconvia tetpaxocious tav mapa Tipor€ovtos Eévwv émixovpovs weupOévtas améxrewav, év 8¢ 19 Kapyndoviwy émixpateia tepi tas xadou- pevas “letas evedpevoavtes tovs pet Evdvpou tov Aevxabdiou pucboddpous S:épOetpav. &€& ov kat partota thy Tiporéovtos evtuyiay avvéBn yevérOat Siwvupov. Hoav pev yap ovTa Tav peta Diropynrov tod Poxéws xal ‘Ovoudpyov Aeros catadaBovtov cal peracxovtov éxeivoss THS lepoovAias. pucovvtayv 5é€ TavTev autos cal duratropéevoy érrapdrovs yeyovortas, TAave- pevot wept tHv IleXorovvncoyv bd Tiporéovtos ErnpOnoay érépwv oTpatiwtav ovK evTropovyTos. adixopevo. Se eis YueNayv Goas pev exeivo suynywvicayvto pdyas mdoas évixwy, tov Sé Trelotwv Kal peylotwy aywverv tédos éxyovTav 334 TIMOLEON their treachery. Mamercus, however, the tyrant of Catana, and Hicetas, whether through envy of the successes won by Timoleon, or because they feared him as one who distrusted tyrants and would make no peace with them, formed an alliance with the Carthaginians and urged them to send a general with an army if they did not wish to be cast out of Sicily altogether. Accordingly, Gisco set sail! with a fleet of seventy ships, and added Greek mercenaries to his forces, although the Carthaginians had never before employed Greek soldiers; they did so at this time, however, because they had come to admire them as the best and most irresistible fighters in the world. After they had all united their forces in the territory of Messana, they slew four hundred of Timoleon’s mercenaries who had been sent thither as auxiliaries, and in that part of the island belong- ing to the Carthaginians, near the place called Ietae, they set an ambush for the mercenaries under Euthymus the Leucadian and cut them to pieces. Herein even most of all did the good for- tune of Timoleon become famous. For these were some of the men who, with Philomelus the Phocian and Onomarchus, had seized Delphi and shared in their spoliation of the sanctuary.2 Then, since all mankind hated them and shunned them as men who had put themselves under a curse, they wandered about Peloponnesus, where they were enlisted in his service by Timoleon, in the dearth of other soldiers. And after coming into Sicily, they were victorious in all the battles which they fought under his leadership, but when the most and greatest of his 1 In the spring of 338 B.c. 2 This was at the beginning of the second so-called Sacred War, 356 B.0. 335 PLUTARCH’S LIVES €xTreuMomevot Wpos ETépas vm avtov PBonOeias ar@XovTo Kab Katavarwbnoar, ovy ouod TayTes, GAA KaTa pépos, TAS Aixns avtois amoNoyou- péevns tH Tiporéovtos evtuxia émritiOenevns 1 Orrws pnoeuia toils ayabois amo THS TOY KaKO@V Kordcews BAdBn yéevntat. THY pev oY mTpdS Tiporéovra trav Seay evpévetay ovx Hrtov év als mpooéxpovoe mpaterw 7 mepl as xatwp0ou OavpdtecOat avvéRaivev. XXXI. Of & woddol trav Yupaxovaiwv éxaré- Ta.vov UT TAY TUPdvYwY TpoTNAaAKLCOMEVOL. Kal yap 0 Mapeptos emi T@ Trotnuata ypadew Kai Tpaywdias péya dpovav éxopumale vinnoas rovs ptcboddpors, Kal tas aomidas dvabeis trois Oeois édeyetov URpiotexov eTréypawe: TacS ootpeoypadets xai XpucehehavTnrEKTpous daomidas adomidiou ethopev evTEnéoe. yevowévev dé tovTwy nal rod Tiporgéovtos ets Kadavupiav otpatevcavtos, 6 ‘Ixérns éuBadrov eis THY Yupaxouciay Aciav Te cuYrny EXaBeE Kal ToNAa AvuNvapevos Kal KaOvBpicas amnddGr- Teto wrap avtny thy Kadavpiav, xatadpovev tov Tiporéovtos odtyous oTpatiwtas ExoVToS. éxeivos 5¢ mpodaBeiv édoas édiwxev tmmets Exwv Kat Yirovs. aicBdpmevos 5 o ‘Inérns tov Aapv- piav d:aBeBnxas tréotn mapa Tov ToTAapoOY os apuvovpevos: Kal yap avt@ Oapoos 4 Te TOD mopou XaderroTns Kal TO Kpnuraces THs éExaTépw- Oev Gy Ons mapetxe. Tois 5€ weTa TOD Tiponréovros l ris Allens... éxiriOenévns Sintenis, with the MSS. The corrupt passage is variously emended by different editors. 336 TIMOLEON struggles were over, they were sent out by him to the assistance of others, and then perished utterly, not all at one time, but little by little. And Justice thus punished them, while at the same time she sustained the good fortune of Timoleon, in order that no harm might come to the good from the chastisement of the wicked. So, then, the good will of the gods towards Timoleon was no less to be admired in his reverses than in his successes. XXXI. But the people of Syracuse were vexed at the insults heaped upon them by the tyrants. For Mamercus, who valued himself highly as a writer of poems and tragedies, boasted of his victory over the mercenaries, and in dedicating their shields to the gods wrote the following insolent couplet :— “These bucklers, purple-painted, decked with ivory, gold, and amber, We captured with our simple little shields.” And after this, when Timoleon was on an expedition to Calauria, Hicetas burst into the territory of Syra- cuse, took much booty, wrought much wanton havoc, and was marching off past Calauria itself, despising Timoleon, who had but few soldiers. But Timoleon suffered him to pass on, and then pursued him with cavalry and light-armed troops. When Hicctas was aware of this, he crossed the river Damurias, and halted on the farther bank to defend himself; for the difficulty of the passage, and the steepness of the banks on either side, gave him courage. ‘Then 337 VOL. VI. vA f PLUTARCH’S LIVES indpyais épis éumecodca Oavpaorn Kxal dirdo- verxia SiatpiByny érroiee THs payns. ovdels yap qv o Bovropevos éerépou diaBaiverw dortepos emt TOUS ToNEmious, GAN avTos Exactos nkiov Tpw- Tayovoreiy, Kal Koopov ovK elyev 4 SiaBacis éEwOovvtwy xal Tapatpeyovtwy ddAnAOUs. Bov- NOLEVOS OV Oo Tepor€wy KANP@aAL TOS HrEe“ovas ékaBe wap éxdotov Saxtidov. éuBarav sé mavtas eis THY EavToU yAapvda Kal pitas Eerke TOV MP@ToV KaTa TUYNY yAUd HY ExovTa TAS oppa- yidos Tpomatov. ws dé TovToY elSov ol vEeavicKol, peta yapas avaxpayovres ovK étt Tov GAAoV Uméuervay KAHpov, GAN’ ws Exaotos Taxus elye Tov trotapov SucEeXdoavtes ev yepoly Hoav ToL modeuiots. of 5é ov édéEavto THy Biav avon, GANA hevyorTes THY pev OTAWY ATravTeEs Oouaras éatepnOnaay, Xedious d€¢ amréBanXov wrecovtas. XXXII, Ov worr@ b€ Sotepov eis tHv Acov- tivev otpatevoas o Tiportéwy RAapBaver Tov ‘Inérny Cavra cal tov viov Evrodenov nal tov immapyny KiOupoy, vrd tev oTpatiwtav acuvee- Oévras Kal nomscOévtas mpdos avTov. o pev ov» ‘Ikérns nat TO peupadxiov ws TUpavvot Kal mpoddtas xkoracbévres améOyvnoxov, o & EvOupos, avyp dyaos dy mpos. tovs ayavas Kal TOApy Stadépwr, oux étuxev oixtov Sia Praodnpuiav tiva mpos tous KopuvOious xatnyopnOeitcay avtod. Réyerat yap Ott tav Kopw6iwy éxotpatevoapévev én’ avtovs Snunyopav év tois Acovtivots ovdev py yeyovévae poBepoy ovbe Sewov, et Kopiv@tae yuvaixes €EAXOov Sopwv. 338 252 TIMOLEON among Timoleon’s cavalry officers an astonishing strife and contention arose which delayed the battle. For not one of them was willing to cross the river against the enemy after another, but each demanded to begin the onset himself, and their crossing was likely to be without order if they crowded and tried to run past one another. Timoleon, therefore, wish- ing to decide their order by lot, took a seal-ring from each of the leaders, and after casting all the rings into his own cloak and mixing them up, he. showed the first that came out, and it had by chance as the device of its seal a trophy of victory. When the young men saw it, they cried aloud for joy and would no longer wait for the rest of the lot, but all dashed through the river as fast as they could and closed with the enemy. These could not withstand the violence of their onset, but fled, all alike losing their arms, and a thousand being left dead on the field. XXXII. Not long afterwards Timoleon made an expedition into the territory of Leontini and cap- tured Hicetas alive, together with his son Eupolemus and his master of horse Euthymus, who were bound and brought to Timoleon by his soldiers. Hicetas, then, and his young son, were punished as tyrants and traitors and put to death, and Euthymus, though a brave man in action and of surpassing boldness, found no pity because of a certain insult to the Corinthians which was alleged against him. It is said, namely, that when the Corinthians had taken the field against them, Kuthymus told the men of Leontini in a public harangue that it was nothing fearful or dreadful if “ Corinthian women came forth from their homes.” ! An adaptation of Euripides, Medeia, 215 (Kirchhoff), where Medea speaks to the chorus in the first person. 339 z2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovUTws Ure Aoyev padrov n mpafewy Trovnpa@y dndobat mepiKac Ot WoOAXoL’ _Xarerr@repov yap bBpuw 7 n BraBnv pépovar. Kal TO pev ape- veoBar 80 epyov @S avaryKaiov bédorat Tots Trohepovow, ai d¢ Bracdnpias treptovala picovs h xaktas yivecOat Soxovauy. X XXIII. "Exraven Oovros dé Tod Tiporeovros ot Xupaxoveros TAS yuvaikas Tov Téept TOV Teérqy Kab Tas Ouyatépas év exxdnoig KATAOTHGAYTES eis Kpiow arrexTelvay. Kal oxet TOUTO TOY Tiporcovros Epywv aXapiaToTaTov yevéo Oars pr yap av éxeivov KwAvovTos obtws Tas avOpdrous amoQaveiv. Soxet d€ avtas umepideiv Kal m™po- éaOau T@ Oup@ tav TodTeVv Sin AapBavovtwy bmp Atewvos TOU Atovictoy éxBadovtos. ‘Teérns yap éoTw oO THY yuvaixa Tob Atwvos ~Aperny Kat Thy adergny’ "Apia ropayny kal Tov viov ére maida Katatrovticas twvtas, wept av év To Aiwvos yeypamras Bio. XXXIV. Mera 6€ tadra oTparevoas én Mdyeptoy eis Karavnv Kal Tmepl TO peda THY "ABoXov éx maparafews uTooTavTa viKnoas Kal Tpe\dpevos vrép durytrLous aveiney, ov pé pos OUK OdLyoD 7; OAV Ob ep Gevtes t uo T'éoxwvos é émt- Koupot Poiveres. éx O€ TOUTOV Kapyndovior pev elpnyny émoujoavro Tpos aUTOV denOevtes, WO TE Thv €VvTOS. TOU Avkov Xopav exely, Kat Tots Bovdopevors ? €€ avtis peToxely 7 pos Zupaxov- atovs xpnuara Kal yeveas amodibovtes, Kal tots 1 rots BovAouévots Coraés, Sintenis!, and Bekker, after Reiske (with AC): robs BovAoudvovs. Corats and Bekker bracket the preceding «al. 340 TIMOLEON So natural is it for most men to be more galled by bitter words than hostile acts; since insolence is harder for them to bear than injury. Besides, defen- sive acts are tolerated in an enemy as a necessary right, but insults are thought to spring from an excess of hatred or baseness. XXXIII. After Timoleon had returned, the Syra- cusans brought the wives and daughters of Hicetas and his friends to public trial, and then put them to death. And this would seem to have been the most displeasing thing in Timoleon’s career; for if he had opposed it, the women would not have been thus put to death. But apparently he neglected them and abandoned them to the wrath of the citizens, who were bent on taking vengeance in behalf of Dion, who drove out Dionysius. For Hicetas was the man who took Arete the wife of Dion, and Aristo- mache his sister, and his son, who was still a boy, and threw them into the sea alive, concern- ing which things I have written in my Life of Dion.} XXXIV. After this, Timoleon made an expedition against Mamercus to Catana, conquered and routed him in a pitched battle near the stream of the Abolus, and slew above two thousand of his soldiers, a large part of whom were the Carthaginians sent him as auxiliaries by Gisco. Thereupon the Cartha- ginians made a peace with him which they sought themselves; the terms were that they should keep the territory within the river Lycus, restoring their families and property to all who wished to change their homes from there to Syracuse, and renouncing 1 Chapter lviii. 4. 341 ~~ PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 Tupavvols aTrevTrapevor THY Guppaxiav. Mapepxos S¢ Suc Oupav tais édXricow err pev eis Itadiav as Aevxavors érakwv Tyoréovts xal Lupaxov- aio, émel S€ amoorpéwaytes of cdY a’T@ Tds Tpinpets Kal wrevoavtes eis Lixediavy TH Tipo0- Novre tay Karayvnv rapédoxav, avayxacbels Kal avros eis Meoonvnv Kxatépuye mpos “lrmeova 3 TOY TUpavvovYTa Ths Toews. érEeADoVTOS Se TOD Tcporéovtos avtois Kal wodLopKxodvtos Ex TE YAS kat Oaratrns, o wey “Inmwy atrodiépacnayv éri vews HAW, Kal TrapahaPovTes avTov ot Mecaonnor, kal tovs taidas é« tov didacKxareiwy ws eri Géapa nddNoTov THY TOU TUpdvvoU Tipwpiav dyayovtes eis Oéatpov, nxicavto Kal drépOerpar: o 5¢ Madpepxos éavtoy Tiporéovte mrapédwxev érit te dixny brea yeiv éy Yupaxovaios py 4 xatnyopobvtos Tiporéovtos. axOels 5é eis Tas Lupaxoveas, TapehOwy eis Tov SHuov emreyeiper pév Twa cuyKelpevov x Tadatov AOdyov UT avtov SueEvévas, OopvBos Sé mepitintwv Kal rhv éxx\noiav opav amapaitntov ee pivras To iuatiov dia pécov Tov Geatpov, cal mpos te Tov Bdabpwv Spopm hepopevos cvvéppnte thv nehadnv ws amroGavovpevos. ov pny ETuXe ye TaUTNS THs TedeuTHS, GAN’ Ere Cav atrayGels Fvirep of AnaoTal dixny axe. XXXV. Tas pév ody tupavvidas o Tiporéov TovTov Tov TpoTroy éFéxoWe Kal TOvS ToXELOUS éxuce’ THY O€ GANv vio cEnyptopevny bro KaKaV kal Stayemonuévny Ure TaV oiknTopwy tapa- AaBov obtas eEnuépwoe Kal roOewny éroince Taotvy MOTE TAEW OlKHoOYTAaS ETépoUS BOeVv of 253 342 TIMOLEON their alliance with the tyrants. Then Mamercus, despairing of success, took ship for Italy with the purpose of bringing the Lucanians against Timoleon and Syracuse; but his companions on the voyage turned their triremes back, sailed to Sicily, and handed Catana over to Timoleon, whereupon Mamer- cus himself also was compelled to seek refuge in Messana with Hippo the tyrant of that city. But Timoleon came up against them and besieged them ‘by land and sea, and Hippo was caught as he was trying to steal away on board a ship. Then the Messanians took him into the theatre, brought their children thither from their schools to behold, as a glorious spectacle, the tyrant’s punishment, and put him. to torment and death. As for Mamercus, he gave himself up to Timoleon on condition that he should undergo trial at Syracuse, and that Timo- leon should not denounce him. So he was brought to Syracuse, and when he came before the people, attempted to rehearse a speech composed by him a long time before; but being received with noise and clamour, and seeing that the assembly was inexor- able, he flung away his mantle, ran right across the theatre, and dashed head foremost against one of the stone steps, hoping to kill himself. However, he was not so fortunate as to die in this way, but was taken away, still living, and crucified like a robber. XXXV. In this manner, then, did Timoleon ex- tirpate the tyrannies and put a stop to their wars. He found the whole island reduced to a savage state by its troubles and hated by its inhabitants, but he made it so civilized and so desirable in the eyes of all men that others came by sea to dwell in the 343 f~ rl PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 qwoNiTas T™poTepov amedibpackov. Kal yap "Axpd- yavTa Kal Ténap, TOAELS peydras pera TOV “Arrexoy TONE MOV urd KapynSoviev dvaoTatous yeryernpevas, TOTE KATOKLOQY, THY bev ol mepl MéyeAArov xat Dépiorov é£ "Enéas, THD be ob mept Topyov € éx Kéw TrEvTAaVTES kal cuvayayorTes TOUS apxatous ° moniTas” ols ov povoy dopareray € éx Tohewou TogouTov Kal yaArHnvny iSpvopévots trapa- cXOV, ANAA Kal Taha, TapacKevacas Kab TUp- 3 mpoOuundels OaomTreEp olKLaTNS nyaT aro. Kat TeV adov bé Sraxetpevov opoiws dmrdvtov mpos avrov, ou Tohépou TUs AVaLS, OU VOLLov Géats, ov xapas KATOLKLG 10S, ov ToNLTELAS Sidrakis edoner KANOS EXELY, As éxeivos pa) mW poadyyatto pn dé KATAKOTLNOELEV, WOTED Epye CUVTENOUPEVO Snucoupyes émOeis tia yap Oeodiry xat mpeTovaav. XXXVI. Torr dy yoov Kat’ auTov ‘EX qvev peryddoov ryevomeveo” eal peyara KaTepyacapevo, @y Kal Tipodeos Hy Kat "Aynatiaos cat Iledo- mioas Kal o padora onrwbels ure Teporcovros "Erapewoveas, at bev éxeivwv mpakes Bia Tut Kal Tov TO Naum pov eLevnvoyace He [try LevOV, WOTE KAL peprpey € evials 5 emeyiver Oar Kal peTavoay, TOY dé Tiporéortos Epyor, é&w Aoyou Bepévous THY mepl Tov adehpov avayKny, ovdev éotiy © un Ta Tod Yodhorr€ous, ws hyot Tipacos, émupwvely &7r peTrev" @ Oeoi, tis Apa Kumpis 7 ris ipepos tovde Evynrpato; 344 TIMOLEON places from which their own citizens used to run away before. Agrigentum and Gela, for instance, great cities which had been ruined and depopulated by the Carthaginians after the Attic war, were re- peopled at this time, one by Megellus and Pheristus from Velia, the other by Gorgus, who sailed from Ceos and brought with his company the old citizens. To these settlers Timoleon not only afforded safety and calm after so long a storm of war, but also supplied their further needs and zealously assisted them, so that he was revered by them as a founder. All the other inhabitants also cherished like feelings towards him, and no conclusion of war, no institution of laws, no settlement of territory, no arrangement of civil polity seemed satisfactory, unless he gave the finishing touches to it, like a master builder adding to a work that is drawing to completion some grace which pleases gods and men. XXXVI. At any rate, though in his time Greece produced many men who were great and wrought great things, such as Timotheus, Agesilaiis, Pelo- pidas, and Epaminondas (whom Timoleon most emulated), still, the lustre of their achievements was tarnished by a certain degree of violence and laborious effort, so that some of them were followed by censure and repentance; whereas in the career of Timoleon, setting aside his necessary treatment of his brother, there is nothing to which it were not meet, as Timaeus says, to apply the words of Sophocles :— “Ye Gods, pray tell what Cypris or what winning love Was partner in this work? ’’} 3 Nauck, J’rag. Graec. Frag.? p. 316. PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 xaarrep yap 9 pev "Avtiupayou moinots nai Ta Atovuciou Swypadpjpata, Tov Korodpoviar, ioyov éyovra xal rovov éxBeBiacpévots Kal Katatrovots éorxe, Tats 5é Nexopayou ypadais xai rots ‘Opn- pou oTixots peta THs GAAns Suvdpews Kal XaptTos mpoceote To Soxely evyepas Kal padiws arreip- yac0a, odTws jTapa thy Enapervovoou otpatn- yiav cal tHhv ‘Aynotddou, ToAvTrOVoUs yevopévas kat duvcdywvas, 7 Timoréovtos avrefetalopern, xal peta TOD KaXOV TOAD TO padiov ExovCa, dai- veTat Tois ev Kal dixaiws Aoyilopévors ov TUYNS 3 Epyov, GAN apeThs evTUXOVONS. KaiTOL TaYTa y éxejvos els THY TUXNY avATTE TA KaTopOovpeva: Kat yap ypaduv Tots olkot pirors kal dnpnyopav ™ pos TOUS Luparouatous TodaKLs Epy 7? ep xapw éxew Sr Bovrcpevos cdaat LeKehiav émre- ypaaro thy abtod mpoonyopiav. éml S€ Tis oixias iepov iSpvadpevos Avtopuatias Over, avtny 4 5€ tHy otxiay tep@ Saiwovr xaOtépwoev. anet dé oixiay fy éEeiXov a’t@ otpatnyias aptoreiov oi Lupaxovetot, kal Tov aypav Tov HotoTOV Kal xaddoTov. év @ Kal TO TAEloTOV TOU \YpovOU Katecyonale, petatreuapevos olxofev thy yu- vaika Kai Tous maidas. ov yap érravnder eis KopiOov, ovde xatéuike trois “EXAnuiKois Oopi- Bots éavrov ovdé TH TOALTIK@ POdv Trapéduxer, eis Sy ob WELT TOL TOV OTPATHYaV aTANTTIiA TLULOV Kal duvapews éEoxédXovow, GAN’ exe xaréwetve tois up éavTov peunxavnpévots ayabois ypo- pevos’ OV péytoTOV HY TO TONES TOTaUTAS Kal puptabas avOpwrrwy de’ éavtov épopay evdarpo- 4 vovoas. 346 TIMOLEON For just as the poetry of Antimachus and the pic- tures of Dionysius, both Colophonians, for all their strength and vigour, seem forced and _ laboured, while the paintings of Nicomachus and the verses of Homer not only have power and grace besides, but also give the impression of having been exe- cuted readily and easily; so, if we compare the generalship of Epaminondas and Agesilaiis, which in both cases was full of toil and bitter struggles, with that of Timoleon, which was exercised with much ease as well as glory, it appears to men of just and careful reasoning a product, not of fortune, but of fortunate valour. And yet all his successes were ascribed by him to fortune; for in his letters to his friends at home and in his public addresses to the Syracusans he often said he was thankful to God, who, desiring to save Sicily, gave him the name and title of its saviour. Moreover, in-his house he built a shrine for sacrifice to Automatia, or Chance, and the house itself he consecrated to man’s sacred genius. And the house in which he dwelt was picked out for him by the Syracusans as a prize for his achievements in the field; they also gave him the pleasantest and most beautiful of their country estates, and at this he used to spend the greater part of his leisure time, after he had sent home for his wife and children. For he did not return to Corinth, nor did he take part in the disturbances of Greece or expose himself to the jealousy of his fellow citizens, the rock on which most generals, in their insatiable greed for honours and power, make shipwreck; but he remained in Sicily, en- joying the blessings of his own creation, the greatest of which was the sight of so many cities and myriads of people whose happiness was due to him. 349 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXVII. ’Ezred 5é yptv, as eovxev, od povov Taot Kopvoarrols NOgov eyyiyverOat, Kata Yu- , b] A , 4 4 povidny, adda Kal racn Snwoxpatia ovnopavtny, érreyeipnoay kat Tinordovts dv0 Trav Snuaywyar, Aagvorios cai Anpaivetos. dv Aadvotiou peéev avTov mpos twa Sixnv Kateyyua@vtos ovK ela OopuBeiv ovdé KwAVELY TOvS TrOAITAsS* ExwV yap avTos UTropetvat TocOUTOUS TovoUs Kal KiVdivOUS UTép TOU Tots vopols yphaAat tov BovrAdpeEvov / A \ 4 Yupaxovaiwyv: tov 5é Anpaiwérov woANa KatTn- yopnoavtos év éxxAnaia THs oTpatnylas, pos éxeivov péev ovdev dvtetre, tois Sé Oeois pn ydptv 9 4 wv 4 9 aA ry opeirerv, ols evEaTO Yupaxovoiovs émideiv ris Tappnatas Kupious yevopévous. Méyora 8’ otv cal KddNoTa TOV Kal’ abTov ‘EAAnVaY oporoyoupévws Stampakdpevos épya, N ld 2,9 A e \ A fa) 4 “ Kat povos, €p as ot cogiotai dra TeV Adywv TaV Tavnyuptcay ael trapexddouv Tpakeus TOs ° EXAN- vas, €v TavTals apiotevoas, Kal TOV pev adToOe A a A b) l4 ig 4 V4 e NX Kakov, & Thy apxatiav ‘“EAd\dba Kxatéoxev, bd Ths TUXNS TpoEeKKomoOeEls avaiwaxtos Kab Kaba- , > , \ , \ > J pos, émuderEdpevos d¢ Secvotnta pév Kal dvdpeiav tots BapBapos Kai Trois tupavvots, Sixacocvvny Sé cal mpaorynta tois “EXAnot Kat Tots pirots, TA 5é€ mieloTa TpoTAaLa THY aywvwy adaxpuTa Kar amevOy Tots Twodltals Kataotnaas, KaBapav Se Thv LwKeAtlav ev ovd Grots ETECLY OKTH Aidiwv Kat 348 204 TIMOLEON XXXVII. But since, as it would seem, not only all larks must grow a crest, as Simonides says, but also every democracy a false accuser, even Timoleon was attacked by two of the popular leaders at Syra- cuse, Laphystius and Demaenetus. Of these, La- phystius once tried to make him give surety that he would appear at a certain trial, and Timoleon would not suffer the citizens to stop the man by their turbulent disapproval ; for he himself, he said, had of his own accord endured all his toils and dangers in order that any Syracusan who wished might avail himself of the laws. And when the other, Demae- netus, brought many denunciations in open assembly against his conduct in the field, to him, indeed, Ti- moleon made no answer, but said he owed thanks to the gods, for he had prayed them that he might live to see the Syracusans gain the right of free speech. So, then, having by general confession performed the greatest and most glorious deeds of any Greek of his time, and having been the only one to succeed in those achievements to which the rhetoricians, in their speeches at the national assemblies, were ever exhorting the Greeks; having been removed be- times by a happy fortune, pure and unstained with blood, from the evils which were rife in the mother country, and having displayed ability and valour in his dealings with Barbarians and tyrants, as well as justice and gentleness in his dealings with the Greeks and his friends; having set up most of the trophies of his contests without causing his fellow citizens either tears or mourning, and having in even less than eight years! handed over to her inhabitants a 1 346-338 B.0. | 349 PLUTARCH’S LIVES GuVvoiKaVY KaKaY Kal voonudtwv Trapadovs Tots KaTotKovclv, 76n wpexBuTepos ov amrnuBrALVON Thy ow, eita TEAewsS eNnpwOn peET’ OdivyoV, OUTE autos éauT@ Tpodaci TapacXov ovUTE Tapoln- Gels bo THS TUXNS, GANA GUYyEVLKIS TLVOS, WS Eouxev, aitias Kal xataBoAns Gua TH ypove ouv- emrifenévns: AéyovTat yap OvK OrLyou TOV KaTAa yévos AUT@ TpocnKovTwy opoiws atroBanew THY Oyu bro ynpws atopapavilcioav. o 5é "Abas és cuveat@tos Tov pos “Immwva Torepou Kal Mapepxov, év Murais ert otparorédou dyoiv atoyAavxw0 vat THY Ow avTov, Kal Tact pave- pav yevéoOar tHv mHpwoL, od pny atooTivar bua TOUTO THS ToALOpKias, GAN’ éupeivavTa TO TONE- pm AaBeivy Tovs Tupdvvous: ws 5é érravnrOev eis vpaxovoas, evOvs amo0éc Bas THY povapyiav Kai mapattetcOar Tovs ToditTas, TOY TpaypyaTwy eis TO KAGANOTOV HKOVTWY TEXOS. XXXVIII. *Exeivov pév obv adrov btropeivayra Thy cuugopayv arvTras HrTov av Tis Bavyacete: tav 5é Yupaxovoiwy aktov ayaocOar thy pos TOV avopa tiunny Kal xapw hv émedetEavto tremnpw- péve, pouravtes él Ovpas adroit cal trav Eévwv TOUS TapemionuovvTas Ayovres els THY OlKiav Kal TO Xwpiov, Oras Oedoawro Tov evepyéeTny adTar, ayahdopevor kal péeya ppovoovtes Stt wap’ avtois efrAeto xatabnoa tov Biov, oftw AapTpas érravo- Sov THs ets THY ‘EXAdba TapecKevacpévns avT@ dua Tay evtUXnadTwWY KaTappovncas. TrOANOV 5é kal peyddXwv els THY exeivou Tiny ypahopévor cal mpattopévwy ovdevos HTTov Hv TO Wnpicacbat Tov Tav Lupaxovotwy Sipov, oadxis ouptrécor 35° TIMOLEON Sicily purged of her perpetual intestine miseries and complaints; at last, being now advanced in years, he began to lose his sight, and then, after a little, became completely blind. He had done nothing himself to occasion this, nor was he therein the sport and mockery of Fortune, but suffered from some congenital disease, as it would seem, which came upon him with his years; for it is said that not a few of his kindred lost their sight in a similar way, when it was enfeebled by old age. But Athanis says that while the war against Hippo and Mamercus was still in progress, in his camp at Mylae, his vision was obscured by a cataract in the eye, and it was plain to all that he was getting blind; he did not, however, desist from the siege on this account, but persisted in the war and captured the tyrants; yet after his return to Syracuse, he at once laid aside the sole command and begged the citizens to excuse him from it, now that matters had reached the happiest conclusion. XXXVIII. Well, then, that he himself should bear his misfortune without repining is less a matter for wonder; but the gratitude and honour which the Syracusans showed him in his blindness are worthy of admiration. They often went to visit him in person, and brought strangers who were sojourning in the city to his house and to his country seat to see their benefactor, exulting and proud that he chose to end his days among them and thus made light of the brilliant return to Greece which had been prepared for him by reason of his successes. And of the many great things decreed and done in his honour, nothing surpassed the vote passed by the people of Syracuse that whenever they went to war against alien peoples, 35! PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOAELOS AUTOIS pos aAXOHVAOUS, Kopivbiw yph- cOat otpatnye. Karnyv 8 Kal TO wept Tas éx- KAnolas yivopevov Oy ets TLV avTOD TrapElxe’ Ta yap adda Ot’ avTa@v Kpivortes emi Tas peiCovas Stackéwers exeivov éexddouv. o dé Koplopevos be ayopas émi Cevyous mpos TO Béatpoy étropeveto: Kal Ths amnyns, oaTrEp éTUyyave KAOnmEVOS, Eica- youevns, o pev Shpwos nomaleto uta pwvn mpoca- yopevov autor, 0 & advtactacdpevos Kal ypovov tia Sovs tals evpnpias Kal tots éraivors, eita Siaxovoas To Sntovpevov, atrepaiveto yvopnv. émixerporovnbeions Sé TavTns of pev UanpéTat wad annyov da tov Oeatpou 76 Ledyos, oi Se qmonvita. Bon Kal xpotm mpotréuwavtes éxetvov On Ta roLTA TaV Snuociwv Kal’ abtovs éxpn- pariCov. XX XIX. ’Ev rowadry 5€ ynpotpopovpevos timy pet’ evolas, WOTED TATIP KOLVOS, EK pLKPaS Tpo- pdcews TH XpOvm cuvedhapapévns érEeNeUTHGEDV. jpepav dé SoPeroay trois wév Yupaxovaiors eis TO TapacKevdoat Ta TEpt THY TadHy, TOS dé TeEptoi- cots nal Eévois eis TO cuvedOeciv, Td Tt’ GAX@ Nap- mpas yopnyias Ervye, Kai TO AéxXOS OF Whdw TaVv veavioxwy mrpoxpiOévtes Epepov Kexoounpévov dia tav Avovvoiov Ttupavyeimy TOTE KaTETKAppévov. mpoutreptrov S¢ toddal puprddes avdpa@v Kab yu- vaixav, Ov Oris péev Hv éoptH wWpéTrovea, mavTwv datepavwpévar kai nabapas écOjtas popovvrwr, gwval bé nal Sdxpva cuvyxexpapéva TO paxa- 352 ~~ TIMOLEON they would employ a Corinthian as their general. Moreover, the proceedings in their assemblies afforded a noble spectacle in his honour, since, while they decided other matters by themselves, for the more important deliberations they summoned him. Then he would proceed to the theatre carried through the market place on a mule-car; and when the vehicle in which he sat was brought in, the people would greet him with one voice and call him by name, and he, after returning their greetings and allowing some time for their felicitations and praises, would then listen carefully to the matter under debate and pro- nounce opinion. And when this opinion had been adopted, his retainers would conduct his car back again through the theatre, and the citizens, after sending him on his way with shouts of applause, would proceed at once to transact the rest of the public business by themselves. XXXIX. Cherished in old age amid such honour and good will, like a common father, a slight cause co-operated with his great age to bring him to his end. A number of days having been allowed in which the Syracusans might prepare for his funeral, while the country folk and strangers came together, the whole ceremony was conducted with great mag- nificence, and besides, young men selected by lot carried his bier with all its decorations through the precinct where the palace of Dionysius had stood before Timoleon destroyed it. The bier was escorted, too, by many thousands of men and women, whose appearance was one that became a festival, since all were crowned with garlands and wore white raiment; while cries and tears, mingled with benedictions * In 337 or 336 B.c. 353 VOL. VI. AA PLUTARCH’S LIVES piop@ Tov TeOvnKdTOs ov Tins apocitwow ovde Aetroupyiay éx mpoBovrAEevpatos, GAA ToOov bi- Kalov émredeixvuvTo Kal ydapiy aAnOwWhs evvoias. , \ a / > \ \ \ , tédos bé THS KAlvnsS éml THY TUpay TeBEions An- LIT pLOS, Os HY peyadopwvdratos TOY TOTE KNPU- KWV, yeypappévoy aveitre KnpUyya ToLovTOVY' ““Q Sipos 6 Yupaxovaiwy Tiporéortra Tt- podypou KopivOc:oyv tovde Oamre pev dtaxo- ciwy pvav, étiunoe & eis TOY ATavTa Ypovov ay@ou povotxois, immixots, yupvicois, Ott Tous Tupavvous KaTadvcas Kal tos BapBRa- pous KaTaTroAeunoas Kal Tas peyiotas TOV avacTatwyv ToNwWY oiKicas aTrédwKE TOUS vopous Tots YiKedewTas.” "Exrotnoavto 5é thy tap tod cwpatos év ayopa, Kal atoas otepoy weptBadovtes nal ta- Aalotpas évotxodopnoavtes yupvaotov Tois véors avixav kal TimoreovTerov mpoonyopevoay. avtot 5é ypwpevot troduteia Kal vopors ods éxeivos KaTé- aotnaev, ert troAvY ypovoy evdatpovodvTes SieTe- AETay. 354 TIMOLEON upon the dead, betokened, not a formal tribute of respect, nor a service performed in obedience to public decree, but a just sorrow and a thankfulness arising from genuine good will. And finally, when the bier had been placed upon the funeral pyre, Demetrius, who had the loudest voice of any herald of the time, read from manuscript the following decree :— «By the people of Syracuse, Timoleon, son of Timodemus, from Corinth, is here buried at a public cost of two hundred minas, and is honoured for all time with annual contests, musical, equestrian, and gymnastic, because he overthrew the tyrants, subdued the Barbarians, re-peopled the largest of the devastated cities, and then restored their laws to the Greeks of Sicily.”’ Furthermore, they buried his ashes in the market place, and afterwards, when they had surrounded it with porticoes and built palaestras in it, they set it apart as a gymnasium for their young men, and named it Timoleonteum. And they themselves, using the civil polity and the laws which he had ordained, enjoyed a long course of unbroken prosperity and happiness. 355 AA? Digitized by Google AEMILIUS PAULUS AIMIAIO2 TAYAOZ II. Tov Aiuirtwv oixov év ‘Paun trav evrarpt- Sav yeyovévat nal Tadal@y of mrEloTOL oVYy- ypagets oporoyovow. Ott & oO TpwTOS avTaV 256 Kal TO yévet THY emwvUpiay aToALT@V MadpepKos iv, IlvOayopov mais tot codov, S¢ aipudtay Aoyou Kal ydpw Aipidtos mpocayopevOeis, eipn- cao évior tov Ilv0ayopa thv Nowa tod Bact- 2 Néws Traidevow avabévtwv. of péev ov TrElaTOL tov eis 80£av amo THS oixias TavTns mpoeNMovTwv dz’ apetny, Hv eCnrwoar, evtuynoav, Aeveiou dé Ilavaov 70 rept Kavvas atuynua thy te ppovnot dua cai thy avopeiav &ekev. ws yap ovK éreice TOV cuvapxovta keohveov payecQar, Tod pep ay@vos akwv petécyev avT@, THs bé puyis ove €XOLVOVNTEV, GAAA TOV cUVdavTos TOV KivduvOY EYKATANTOVTOS AUTOS ETTWS Kal paxoLEVOS TOOLS ToAEplols ETENEVTICE. 3 Tovtov Ouydtnp pév Aipwirdia Xcynriwv. To peydrA@ cuvexnoev, vids b€ Ilaidos Aiplrsos, mepl ov Tdde ypaderat, yeyoves év nrccia Kara, Katpov avOodvra Sofas Kal aperais éripaverta- Tov avdpav Kai peyiotov, déedapev, ov Tata 1 The first chapter has been transposed to serve as Intro- duction to both the 7tmoleon and the Aemilius Paulus, 358 AEMILIUS PAULUS II.! That the Aemilii were one of the ancient and patrician houses at Rome, most writers agree. And that the first of them, and the one who gave his surname to the family, was Mamercus, a son of Pythagoras the philosopher, who received the surname of Aemilius for the grace? and charm of his discourse, is the statement of some of those writers who hold that Pythagoras was the educator of Numa the king.2 Now, most of this family who rose to dis- tinction by their cultivation of virtue, were blessed with good fortune ; and in the case of Lucius Paulus, his misfortune at Cannae gave testimony alike to his wisdom and valour. For when he could not dissuade his colleague from giving battle, he took part with him in the struggle, though reluctantly, but would not be a partner in his flight; nay, though the one who had brought on the peril left him in the lurch, he himself kept his post and died fighting the enemy.‘ This Paulus had a daughter, Aemilia, who was the wife of Scipio the Great, and a son, Aemilius Paulus, whose Life I now write. He came of age at a time which abounded in men of the greatest reputation and most illustrious virtue, and yet he was a con- 3 Plutarch suggests the identity of the Latin Aemilius with the Greek aiuvacos (winning). Cf. Odyssey, i. 56. 3 See the Numa, i. 2 f * See the Fabius Maximus, chapters xiv. and xvi. 359 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOis EvdoKLMOvEL TOTE VvéoLS érriTHOEKpaTA Lnro- gas, ovde thy abtiy oddv am apxis wopevbeis. ovUTe yap NOYyor HoKe. rept dixas, doTracpovs TE Kal deEvooes Kat Prrofpocvvas, als itrotpéxovtes oi TodAol Tov SHpwov éexta@vto Oeparevtixol Kal oTrovdaion yevouevot, TavTdracw é&édLTre, pds ovdérepov aduas éxwv, as 8 éxatépou Kpeitrova THY am avodpelas kal Sixatocvvns Kal Tictews SoEav avit@ mepiTrovovpevos, ols evOds Srédepe TeV Kab” nrLKiav. III. [Ipwrnv yoov trav émupavav apyav ayopa- vopiay peTeOwv ampoexpiOn Sexadvoiv avdpav cuvaTroypavrapévay, ods botepov amavtas vra- TevoaL A€yovot. ‘yevopevos & tepevs Tav Ad- youpwy mpocayopevopevwr, ods TAS aT’ opvidwy kai Stoonuerav amrodexviovar ‘Pwpaios pavtixiis émicxoTrous Kal dvdaxas, o0Tw mpocécye Tois matpwos eect Kal KaTevonce THY TOV TradaLOv mept To Oeiov evAdBerav wate TLHy tiva doKod- cav elvat kal Cnroupévny GrAXws vena b0Ens tTHv lepwovunv TOY axpoTaTav play aTrodivat TeXvay, kal paptupncat tos diroaodos, Soot TH ev- aéfeav wpicavto Oepareias Seay émotnunv elvat. wavTa yap édpato pet éeurepias wr’ avtod Kal omovdys, cxoANY TOV A\XNOV ayoVTOS Ste yiyvotto mpos TovT@, Kal mapareiTovtos ovderv ode KaLVOTOLODYTOS, GNAG Kal TOls cUNLE- 360 AEMILIUS PAULUS spicuous figure, although he did not pursue the same studies as the young nobles of the time, nor set out on his career by the same path. For he did not practise pleading private cases in the courts, and refrained altogether from the salutations and greet- ings and friendly attentions to which most men cunningly resorted when they tried to win the favour of the people by becoming their zealous servants ; not that he was naturally incapable of either, but he sought to acquire for himself what was better than both, namely, a reputation arising from valour, justice, and trustworthiness. In these virtues he at once surpassed his contemporaries. III. At all events, when he sued for the first of the high offices in the state, the aedileship, he was elected over twelve competitors,! all of whom, we are told, afterwards became consuls. Moreover, when he was made one of the priests called Augurs, whom the Romans appoint as guardians and overseers of the art of divination from the flight of birds and from omens in the sky, he so carefully studied the ancestral customs of the city, and so thoroughly understood the religious ceremonial of the ancient Romans, that his priestly function, which men had thought to be a kind of honour, sought merely on account of the reputation which it gave, was made to appear one of the higher arts, and testified in favour of those philosophers who define religion as the science of the worship of the gods. For all the duties of this office were performed by him with skill and care, and he laid aside all other concerns when he was engaged in these, omitting nothing and adding nothing new, but ever contending even ’ In 192 5.0. 361 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pedo. del kal mepi Trav pixpav Stahepopuevor, Kai S:ddoxovtos ws ef TO Belov evKxorov TLS HryetTaL Kat dpephes elvat TOY apedeL@v, GNAA TH ye Todt yarerov } wept Tadta cuyyv@pun Kal trapopacis: oveels yap €& dpyjs evOus peyad@ Tapavopnpate Kwet modtTelav, GAAA Kal THY TaV perlover ppoupav xatadvovotv oi mpoiguevor thy év Tots puxpots axpiBerav. “Onoov 6é cal Tov otpatioTtixav Oar Te Kal matpiov e€etaoctHy Kal PvAaKa Tapelyev EavTor, ov Snuaywyav év te oTpaTnyetv, ovd, waTED ot wAeiaTos TOTe, Sevtépas apyas Tails mpwrTais pvopevos Sia Tod yapiterOar Kal mpaos eivat Tois apKopevols, GAN worep lepers aAXwy opyiov Secvav, TOV Tepl Tas aTpateias EOav éEnyovpevos Exacta, kal poBepos @v Tois ameOovdor Kal TapaBaivovesy, wp0ov thy tatpiba, pxpod Seiv TUpPEPYOV HrYOUMLEVOS TO VLKaY TOUS TroAELLoUS TOD matdevely TOUS TOMTAS. IV. Yvaortavtos dé tov wrpos "Avtioyov Tov péyav monreuov TOS Pwpaiows, Kal TOV HryEemoviKwTAaTODY avdp@v TEeTpaypéevwy pos Eexeivoy, AAXos atro TIS éoTrépas avéotn Trodenos, ev “I 8npia Kwnudrov peyadov yevopévav. €mi TodTov o Aipinsos é€e- TéppOn otpatrnyos, ovx €& éywv Tredéxels, Ecous éyovow of aotparnyobvtTes, aXXA TpocrtaBav érépous TocovTOVS, WaTE THS apXis vratixov yeveoOat 76 akiwpa. pdyn mev ovv dis éx rapa- rakews évixnae tous BapBapovs, trepi tps pupious 362 257 AEMILIUS PAULUS with his colleagues about the small details of cere- mony, and explaining to them that, although the Deity was held to be good-natured and slow to censure acts of negligence, still, for the city at least it was a grievous thing to overlook and condone them ; for no man begins at once with a great deed of lawlessness to disturb the civil polity, but those who remit their strictness in small matters break down also the guard that has been set over greater matters. Furthermore, he showed a like severity in scruti- nising and preserving his country’s military customs and traditions also, not courting popular favour when he was in command, nor yet, as most men did at this time, courting a second command during his first by gratifying his soldiers and treating them with mildness ; but, like a priest of other dread rites, he explained thoroughly all the details of military custom and was a terror to disobedient transgressors, and so restored his country to her former greatness, considering the conquest of his enemies hardly more than an accessory to the training of his fellow- citizens. IV. After the Romans had gone to war with Antiochus the Great, and while their most experi- enced commanders were employed against him, another war arose in the West, and there were great commotions in Spain. For this war Aemilius was sent out as praetor,! not with the six lictors which praetors usually have, but adding other six to that number, so that his office had a consular dignity. Well, then, he defeated the Barbarians in two pitched battles, and slew about thirty thousand of them ; 1 In 191 B.o. 363 fr PLUTARCH’S LIVES avedov, cat doxei TO KaTop0wpa THS oTpatyyias TEPLPAVOS yever Oar, Xoptov evpulg cal Torawob TLVOS SiaBadcer pgotavny mapacXovTos avTov mpos Td vixnua Tois TT PATLOT ats” moves Oe TeVvTNKOVTA Kal Siaxoctas eXElp@aaTo defapevas avrov Exovaiws. i mn dé Kal Tia Tel cvynppo- oMéevny aTOMTOV THV emapxiav els ‘Pouny € érrav- iprOev, aude Spaxun pug yeyovas oo amo Tis oTpatetas. fv 88 Kab rept TaAXa parLaThs apyorepos, evdaTravos dé xal apeadye éx TOV Drapxovra, ov TONG 5 ay, ara Kal pepvijs aperdoperns TH yuvarki pera tov Odvatov avTou ) Yio x pws éEijpwecey. V. “Eynue dé Tameptay, avdpos & UrariKob Ma- TWVOS Ouyarépa, Kal Xpovov ouvoikijaas oN adijxe Tov yapov, xaitrep cE auras KaddiTexvora- Tos syevopevos® avTn yap Wy TOV KAELYOTATOV anre Lentriova texodoa kal Mdfipov Ao aitia dé yeypappwevy THS Siactdcews OUK 7} els T1Mas, ann’ couxey arnOns Tes elvat NOYOS repl yapov Avo EWS YEvouevos, ws avnp ‘Pwpaios atre- TEWTETO yuvaixa, Tov b¢ pidwv vouvderouvT@v avrov, “ Oui cappov; OvK ebpopoos ; ouxi Tm O- Sorrocas 5” mpoteivas TO UTOOnpA (4ddre0v avo “Pepaior Kanrovow) elrrev “Our eum peT ns ovTos ; ov veoupyns; adn’ ouK av etdein TS Dua ead’ 6 TL Prieras pépos obmos Tous. Te yap dvTL peydNat pev auaprias Kal dvarenTapevat yuvai- kas avdpav adXas amr7nAdakap, 7A, 5 && Tivos anotas Kal Sucappootias nOav pica kal TuKva Tpogxpovopata, ANavOdvoyta tTovs dAXOUS, aT- 364 AEMILIUS PAULUS and it would seem that his success was conspicuously due to his generalship, since by choosing favourable ground and by crossing a certain river he made victory easy for his soldiers; moreover, he made himself master of two hundred and fifty cities, which yielded to him of their own accord. He left the province in peace and bound by pledges of fidelity, and came back to Rome, nor was he richer by a single drachma from his expedition. And, indeed, in all other ways he was a rather indifferent money- maker, and spent generously and without stint of his substance. But this was not large; indeed, after his death it barely sufficed to meet the dowry due to his wife. | V. He married Papiria, a daughter of Maso, who was a man of consular dignity, and after he had lived with her a long time he divorced her, although she had made him father of most glorious sons ; for she it was who bore him that most illustrious Scipio, and Fabius Maximus, No documentary grounds for the divorce have come down to us, but there would seem to be some truth in a story told about divorce, which runs as follows. A Roman once divorced his wife, and when his friends admonished him, saying: “Is she not discreet? is she not beautiful ? is she not fruitful?” he held out his shoe (the Romans call it “calceus’’), saying: “ Is this not handsome? is it not new? but no one of you can tell me where it pinches my foot?” For, as a matter of fact, it is great and notorious faults that separate many wives from their husbands; but the slight and frequent frictions arising from some un- pleasantness or incongruity of characters, unnoticed as they may be by everybody else, also produce 365 PLUTARCH’S LIVES epyaterar Tas avnkéotous év Tais cupBiwcecw adXoTpLoTNTAs. ‘O & oby Alpirtos atraddayels tH Tasspias évépav nryayeto: Kal dvo Traidas adppevas Texovans TouTous ev ert THs oixtas elye, Tovs S€ mpotépous eloeTrOing ey OlKOLS TOs peyiaToLs Kal yévect TOLS émipaveo taro, Tov ev mpecButepov To Matki- pov PaBiov tov Tevtaxis UTatevoavtos, tov bé vewtepov "Adpixavod Yxyntiwvos vids dveyriov dvta Oéuevos XKnTiwra mpoonyopevoe. Tav bé Ouyatépwv trav Aiptrjiou tHv pev 0 Kdtavos vids éynue, THY 8 AldAtos TovBépwr, avip apirtos Kal peyaNorpetréctata Pwpaiwv trevia ypnodpevos. joav yap éxxaidexa ovyyevets, Aldtoe mayvtes: oixidtoy Sé mavu puxpov hv avtots, Kat ywpidiov év Hpxet Wacol, pilav éotiay véwovat peTa TAaLowv To\A@yv Kal yuvarxav. év als wal % Aipmrlov Tovde Ouyutnp iv Sis vratevaavtos Kal Sis Opt- apBevoavtos, ovK aicxuvou“éevn THv Treviav Tov avépos, addA\a Oavydlovca thy apetiv bv iv mévns hv. ob dé viv adedpol Kal auyyeveis, dv py KAipact Kal motapots Kai Statexiopaci opi- gwolt TA KOLVa Kal TOANHY Evpvywpiay év péow AdBwow at’ adrHrwD, ov Travovtat SiahEepopevos. Tadra pev ody 4) iatopia NoyifecOar Kai twapeme- oxotrety didwot Tois cwlerAar BovrAopévots. VI. ‘O & Alpintos trates arodeyOels eotpda- Tevoev él Tovs tapaAdtious Aiyvas, ods eo Kat Auyvativous ovopafovet, paxtpov Kal Oupoedés 366 AEMILIUS PAULUS incurable alienations in those whose lives are linked together. . So then Aemilius, having divorced Papiria, took another wife; and when she had borne him two sons he kept these at home, but the sons of his former wife he introduced into the greatest houses and the most illustrious families, the elder into that of Fabius Maximus, who was five times consul, while the younger was adopted by the son of Scipio Africanus, his cousin-german, who gave him the name of Scipio. Of the daughters of Aemilius, one became the wife of the son of Cato, and the other of Aelius Tubero, a man of the greatest excellence, and one who, more than any other Roman, combined the greatest dignity with poverty. For there were sixteen members of the family, all Aelii; and they had a very little house, and one little farm sufficed for all, where they maintained one home together with many wives and children. Among these wives lived also the daughter of that Aemilius who had twice been consul and twice had celebrated a triumph, and she was not ashamed of her husband's poverty, but admired the virtue that kept him poor. Brethren and kinsmen of the present day, however, unless zones and rivers and walls divide their inheritances and wide tracts of land separate them from one another, are continually quarrelling. These, then, are considerations and examples which history presents to those who are willing to profit by them. VI. Aemilius, then, having been appointed con- sul,! made an expedition against the Ligurians along the Alps, whom some call also Ligustines, a warlike 4 In 182 B.o. 367 PLUTARCH’S LIVES GOvos, éurtreipws dé trodeueiv SidacKopevoy wre Peopaier bia THY yerTviacw. Ta 12p_ éoyara Tis ‘Iradtas Kat KatadmyovTa T pos tas “Adres av- TOV TE TOV “Adee Ta crvlopeva T@ Tuppnvix@ merayer Kal 7 pos THY AiBonv avtaipovta ye- povrat, PE pty LEVOL Taddrais Kal Tots mapantoss npwv. tote 5¢ xal ths Oaratrns aypdpevot oKxapert TELPAaTLKOLS adnpodvro Kat TEpleKOT TOV Tas éurropias, ax pe ornhav ‘Hpaxdelov ava- THEOVTES. emrvovTos ovv tod Aipsdtov TeTpaxtc- puproe YEVOMEVOL TO TOs UméoTnoay" o 6ée TOUS ovpmavTas SKtaxiaxtdious éYov jevtaT\a- atols ovoL avrots ovveGane, ral Tperpdwevos xat KaTaxheloas els Ta Tel dé5coxe oyor hirAdv- Operov Kab cupBarecor: ov yap WV Bovropévors Tots ‘Pwpators TavTamacty éxxovrat TO Avybov éOvos, @ @omrep Epxos 7) mpoBodov eumrobay xelwevov TOUS DPararixots Kvn wac emampoupevors ael meph THhV ‘Tradiav. Tig TEVTAYTES ouv TO Aipidte Tas Te vadS Kal Tas TrOAELS EVE eipicay. o 66 Tas yey rorets ovdéev adinynoas: ue povoy Ta TelXn Tepiehav aTrédwxe, Tas b€ vads amacas adetrero, Kat 7 hotov ovdey avtois TpirKxddwov petCov arré- AeTre? ToUs 8 NAwKOTAS UT avT@Y KaTa YVv 7 kata OdNatTav averdoato ToAXoUs Kal Eévous Kal ‘Pwpatous etpeDévras. éxeiyn ev obv 7) vrateia Tas eipnévas mpdgers émupaveis é do xev. “Torepov 5é moAddxus ToUoas dhavepov avTov avis v vratetoat Bovdopevoy xai Tote Kal Tapary- yetras, os améTuxe xal mapwpbn, To Nowrrov houxlav elye, TOY (epwy eripedoupEvos Kal TOUS 368 258 AEMILIUS PAULUS and spirited folk, and one whose proximity to the Romans was teaching it skill in war. For they occupy the extremities of Italy that are bounded by the Alps, and those parts of the Alps themselves that are washed by the Tuscan sea and face Africa, and they are mingled with Gauls and the Iberians of the coast. At that time they had also laid hold of the sea with piratical craft, and were robbing and destroying merchandise, sailing out as far as the pillars of Hercules. Accordingly, when Aemilius came against them, they withstood him with a force of forty thousand men; but he, with eight thousand men all told, engaged their fivefold numbers, and after routing them and shutting them up in their walled towns, gave them humane and conciliatory terms; for it was not the wish of the Romans to extirpate altogether the Ligurian nation, since it lay like a barrier or bulwark against the movements of the Gauls, who were always threatening to descend upon Italy. Accordingly, putting faith in Aemilius, they delivered their ships and cities into his hands. Their cities he restored to them, either doing them no harm at all, or simply razing their walls; but he took away all their ships, and left them no boat that carried more than three oars; he also restored to safety those whom they had taken captive by land or sea, and these were found to be many, both Romans and foreigners. Such, then, were the conspicuous achievements of this first consulship. Afterwards he often made it clear that he was desirous of a second consulship, and once actually announced his candidacy, but when he was passed by and not elected, he made no further efforts to obtain the office, giving his attention to his duties 369 VOL. VI. B B PLUTARCH’S LIVES maidas aoKx@v tH pev éemexy@plov Traoeiav Kat 4 C4 oN v \ » ¢ \ WaTpioy WamEp autos HaoKynTo, Thy & “EXAnvixny hiAOTLLOTEpOY. OU yap povoy ypaupartiKol Kat cogiotal cal pyropes, GANA Kal wWAdoTAaL Kal , \ , \ lA 9 4 Cwypador Kal meAwv Kal oxvrAdKoy éTicTaTat cat Siddonarot Onpas "EXAnves Hoav wepl rovs veavloxous. o 5¢ Tatnp, ef wy Te Snpocioy éutro- Sov ein, waphv det pererao. cai yupvalopévas, iroTexvotatos ‘Pwpaiwy yevopuevos. VII. Tav 8 Snpociwy mpdkewy xatpos Fv éxelvos tote nal? bv Ilepoet 7H Maxedovov Bactnrel rrovenoovtes ev aitiats Tos atpatnyous elyov, ws 60 ateipiay al atoApiav alicxypas Kal KaTayerdoTws TOs Tpaypact Ypwpévous Kal ma- GYOVTAS KAK@S MAadXAOV 7 ToLobyTaS. apTL peév yap ’Avrioyov tov émixAnOévra péyav eiEavra THs GAAns “Acias vmép tov Tadpov é«Badovtes kal xataxdeicavtes eis Yupiav, éml pupios Kat WevTAaKLoXLNOLS TAaVYTOLS ayaTncaYTAa TAS Starvces, odiyo de mpocbev dv @cccaria our- tTpivvavtes Diderrrov kat tovs “EAXnvas aod Maxedovwy edevfepwoavtes, 6 Te Bactrevs ovdels mapaBAntos eis Todkpav 7 Sivayw, *AvviBay KATATONEMNCAVTES, OUK avExTOY HyovvTO Ilepaet Kkadamep avtitdde tis “Pepys icov epopevor A \ ” 4 9 N a“ cupTeTrAcK Oat, TroAvy 45n Ypovoyv a7ro TeV Net- Wdvev THY Tatp@as HrTns TroNewodvTL Tpods > 4 > Le] 4 “~ \ 4 autos, ayvootvtes Ste TOAAM THY Makedovwy 37° AEMILIUS PAULUS as augur, and training his sons, not only in the native and ancestral discipline in which he himself had been trained, but also, and with greater ardour, in that of the Greeks. For not only the grammarians and philosophers and rhetoricians, but also the modellers and painters, the overseers of horses and dogs, and the teachers of the art of hunting, by whom the young men were surrounded, were Greeks. And the father, unless some public business pre- vented, would always be present at their studies and exercises, for he was now become the fondest parent in Rome. VII. As to public affairs, that was the period when the Romans were at war with Perseus,! the king of Macedonia, and were taking their generals to task because their inexperience and cowardice led them to conduct their campaigns ridiculously and disgrace- fully, and to suffer more harm than they inflicted. For the people which had just forced Antiochus, surnamed the Great, to retire from the rest of Asia, driven him over the Taurus mountains, and shut him up in Syria, where he had been content to buy terms with a payment of fifteen thousand talents; which had a little while before set the Greeks free from Macedonia by crushing Philip in Thessaly ; and which had utterly subdued Hannibal, to whom no king was comparable for power or boldness; this people thought it unendurable that they should be compelled to contend with Perseus as though he were an even match for Rome, when for a long time already he had carried on his war against them with | the poor remains of his father’s routed army ; for they were not aware that after his defeat Philip had 171-168 b.c. PLUTARCH’S LIVES , € \ / ) , \ Suvapw ATtnOets Didirmos eppwpevertépay Kat paxylwwrtépay eroinge. ep ay Stems Bpaxews avwlev apEdpevos. a 9 VIII. ’Avriryovos péytotov Suvnbeis tav AXe- Eavipouv Siadoywv kal otpatnyav, KTHTApEVvoS éavT@ kal yévet THY TOD Bactréws Tpoonyopiay, eN "4 4 e ra) > la e viov éoxe Anyurntptov, ob mais ‘Avtiryovos hv o Tovatads érovouacbeis: tovtov 5 Anunrptos, bs b] U 4 a b 4 es autos Te BaotNevoas ypovoy ov Woduvy, viov TE Taida THY HALKiay arroktT@Vv Dirsrov éTedev- noe. Seicavtes 5é€ THY avapyiav of mpwror Maxedovev ’Avtiyovoy érayovtat tov teOvnKoTos dvetov éyta, Kal cuvotxicavtes avT@ THY wnTépa tov Dirimov, wp@tov pev enitpotroyv Kal orpa- THYOV, €lTa TEetpwpevot weTpiov Kal KoLYwhEXOdS , 4 > , / Baocikéa mpoonyopevoav. érrexrOn 5é Awcov @s émaryyeATixos, OU TEAEoLOUpyos 8 TeV Ur0- , \ A , e ‘4 cxXEeTEwV. peTa TOUTOY Bactrevoas o DirsTrTos 7 > “ / a , ” nvOncey e€v Tois padtota tov Baciriéwy Ett petpaxioy wv, Kal dSoFav Eoxyev ws dvactncwy Maxedoviay eis To TwaXatov akimpa xal povos éri mavras On THY ‘Popaiwy Sivauty aipopévny 4 e \ \ , 4 \ 4 xabéEwv. nrTneis Sé peydrn waxy Tepl Yxo- e N lj 4 4 Mv tovoav vo Titov Prapwvivov tote pev entnke \ U » e \ > / e / cal wavta Ta Kal’ éavtov émétpeve ‘Pwpaiois, 4 Kal Tuxe@v émitiunoews petpias nydtynoev. tore- \ 4 / \ 4 , pov S¢ Bapéws dépwr, kal ro Bacirevew yapitt ‘Pwpaiwy jyovpevos atyparwrou tpudny ayarav- 372 AEMILIUS PAULUS made the Macedonian armies far more vigorous and warlike than before. This situation I will briefly explain from the beginning. ‘VIII. Antigonus, who was the most powerful of Alexander's generals and successors, and acquired for himself and his line the title of King, had a son Demetrius, and his son was Antigonus sur- named Gonatas. His son in turn was Demetrius, who, after reigning himself for a short time, died, leaving a son Philip still in his boyhood. The lead- ing Macedonians, fearing the anarchy which might result, called in Antigonus, a cousin of the dead king, and married him to Philip’s mother, calling him first regent and general, and then, finding his rule moderate and conducive to the general good, giving him the title of King. He received the surname of Doson, which implied that he was given to promising but did not perform his engagements. After him Philip succeeded to the throne, and, though still a youth, flowered out in the qualities which most distinguish kings, and led men to believe that he would restore Macedonia to her ancient dignity, and that he, and he alone, would check the power of Rome, which already extended over all the world. But after he was defeated in a great battle at Scotussa by Titus Flamininus,! for a time he took a humble posture, entrusted all his interests to the Romans, and was content to come off with a moderate fine. Afterwards, however, his condition oppressed him, and thinking that to reign by favour of the Romans was more the part of a captive 1 In 197 3.c. The battle is usually named from a range of hills near Scotussa called Cynoscephalae. See the Flaini- ninus, chapters iii. and iv. 373 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tos elvat parXov H hpovnua Kai Oupov éxovTos 259 avdpos, éretye TO Wore THY yvounv Kal ouve- TaTTeTO AAO pa Kai Tavovpyws. TeV yap ToAEwY Tas évodious Kal mrapalaXattious aabeveis yevo- pévas meptopav Kai vrepnuous, ws KaTadpovet- cOat, TOAAnY dvw cuvirye Suva, Kal Ta pEo- yea xYwpia Kal dpovpia cal models OTAWY Kal ypnudtwov woddA@v Kal cwpatwv dxpalovtwy ELTETANKWS ETMpdoKer TOV TOAEBOV Kal OUVELYEV @omrep éyxexpuppevoy adnrws. SirAwv pey yap apyouvtwy amréxewto Tpels pupidoes, OxTaKoctat Sé citou pedipvoy hoav eyxatwxcdounmévou Tots tetyeot, Ypnudtov Sé TAROos dooy HpKer picOo- dhopous érn Séxa pupicus Tpépery TpoToAEpLovvTas THS Yopas. "AAN’ exeivos pev ovK EfOn TadTa KWHoaL Kal mpoayayeiv eis Epyov, vro NUTNsS Kal Svabupias mpoémevos Tov Biov: éyvw yap adixws Tov ETepov tav viav Anuyrptov éx dtaBorFs TOD yelpovos aynpyncas: 08 arorerTropmevos vios avtov Hepoevs dpa tH Bacireiq StedéEato tHv mpos “Pwpaious ExOpav, ovK av exéeyyuvos eveyxeiy Sia pxpoTyta cal poxOnpiav nOous, év @ Tabay Te TavToObaT eV Kal voonpaTwy évovTwy éempwrevev 4 pidapyupia. NeyeTae 5é pndé yryotos Pivat, AaBeiv 8 avdtov 4 ouvoixodoa Te Piriam@ veoyvoy axeotpias Tivos “Apryorsxns Cvabaiviov trobvoya texovons, cal Nabety vroBaropévn. 8 6 Kal pdrota 374 AEMILIUS PAULUS satisfied with meat and drink than of a man pos- sessed of courage and spirit, he turned his thoughts to war, and made his arrangements for it in secrecy and with cunning. Thus, those of his cities which lay on the highroads and the seashore he suffered to become weak and rather desolate, so as to awaken contempt, while in the interior he was collecting a large force ; he also filled the fortresses, strongholds, and cities of the interior with an abundance of arms, money, and men fit for service, in this way prepar- ing himself for the war, and yet keeping it hidden away, as it were, and concealed. Thus, he had arms to equip thirty thousand men laid up in reserve, eight million bushels of grain had been immured in his strongholds, and a sum of money sufficient to maintain for ten years ten thousand mercenaries fighting in defence of the country. But Philip, before he could put these plans and preparations into effect, died of grief and anguish of mind!; for he came to know that he had unjustly put to death one of his sons, Demetrius, on false charges made by the other, who was his inferior. The son, however, whom he left, Perseus, along with his father’s kingdom, inherited his hatred of the Romans, but was not equal to the burden because of the littleness and baseness of his character, in which, among all sorts of passions and distempers, avarice was the chief trait. And it is said that he was not even a true-born son, but that Philip’s wife took him at his birth from his mother, a certain semp- stress, an Argive woman named Gnathaenion, and passed him off as her own. And this was the chief reason, as it would seem, why he feared Demetrius 4 In 179 BO. 375 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Soxei TOV Anpjtptov hoBnbeis atroxreivat, eH yijavov EXeov o olxos dsdd0xov atroxaduyrn thy éxeivou vobeiay. IX. Ov pany ana, Kaimep ov aryevv7ys Kai TATELVOS, UTO _payns TOV TparywaTov avadepo- HeVvOS T pos TOV TONE LOV éorn Kat Sinpeioaro ToD Vpovov, Hyemovas TE ‘Popator t ratios Kab OT PATEV LATO, Kal TTOAOUS peyddous arrorpt- papevos, evioy be Kat KPATHTAS. IlovrAsov te yap Aceivvrov éuBarovta Tp@TOv eis Maxe6doviay TpeWrdevos immopmayia Sioxedious MTEVTAKOTLOUS avipas ayabouvs drréxreve Kat Cavras adXous éEaxoaious éXaBe, Tov TE vavaTaO wou Twept ‘Qpeor oppoivTos amr poa SoKnTov éemitmdouv Oéwevos eixoot pey avropoptous orAKddas exetp@aaro, tas & adXNas aiTou _Yepoveas KaTéducer" expaTnoe 5¢ Kal TEVTNPLKA Tégoapa. Kab Haxny € emorcunoe TO devrepor, éy Tov vTraTiKOV Ooridtov amre- Kpovaato KkataBialopevov! Kata tas "EAtulas: AdOpa be 61a @ecoarias éuBarovra mpoKanou- pevos eis paxny epoBnae. md pepryov dé Tod ToNepou oTpaTelav emt Aapoaveis Oepevos, as 57 TOUS ‘Pwpaious t UTEpOpaY Kal Txoralwn, Hupious TOV BapBapov Katéexowe Kal Aetav nacato TONA MD. Drexiver de Kal Tadatas tovs wept Tov “Totpov pen pevous, ot Baorépvar’ KandovrTat, oTparov immorny kal MAX. HOV, TrAuptous Te Ola TevOiov tod Bactdéws trapexare cvvepawacbar 1 xaraBia(duevoy Coraés and Sintenis, after Bryan, for the kal BiaCéuevoy of the MSS., where Bekker brackets xai. 2 of Baorépya: Coraés "and Bekker, after Stephanus : Baorépvat, 376 AEMILIUS PAULUS and compassed his death, lest the royal house having a true-born heir to the throne, should un- cover his own spurious birth. IX. However, although he was ignoble and mean, the strength of his position led him to undertake the war, and he kept up the struggle for a long time, repulsing Roman commanders of consular rank with great armies and fleets, and actually conquer- ing some of them. Publius Licinius, for example, who was the first that invaded Macedonia, he routed in a cavalry battle, slew twenty-five hundred good men, and took six hundred prisoners besides; then he made an unexpected attack upon the Roman fleet which was lying at anchor near Oreus, seized twenty ships of burden with their cargoes, and sank the rest together with the grain that filled them; he also made himself master of four quinqueremes. He fought a second battle, too, in which he repulsed the consul Hostilius as he was trying to force his way into Macedonia at Elimiae; and after Hostilius had broken into the country undetected by way of Thes- saly, he gave him a challenge to battle which he was afraid to accept. Furthermore, as a side issue of the war, he made an expedition against the Dardanians, implying that he ignored the Romans and that time hung heavy on his hands; he cut to pieces ten thousand of the Barbarians and drove off much booty. He also secretly stirred up the Gauls settled along the Danube, who are called Bisternae, an equestrian host and warlike; and he invited the IIlyrians, through Genthius their king, to take part with him 377 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov ToNeuov. Kal Aoyas Kater yer Os tav Bap- Bapov pode TETTELT WEVODY tr avtov Sa THiS Kato Tadatias mapa tov ’Adpiay éuBareiv eis tny “Itariav. X. Tadta tots ‘Peopators muvOavopevors édoxee Tas TOV oTpATHYL@VvT OV Naperas Kal Taparyyedias edoavras avTous Kaneiv érl THY Hryepoviav avdpa vouv éxovra Kal mpdryyace xphoGat peryarors emtaT apevov. obTos Vy IlavAos Aéutros, Klas pev HON ™porw Kal wept éEnxovta yeyovas ern, poun dé Td LATOS axpalov, Ted parypevos dé xnde- oTais Kal matal veavials Kal pirwv mr Ger Kal ovyyevav péeya Suvapyévwv, ot mravtes avtov vrra- Kodoat Kadovdvrt TO One 7 pos THY mateiav emetBov. o 6¢ KaT apxKas pev eOpimreto 7 pos TOUS TOAAOUS Kal biéxdive TV prroripiav avTo@V Kal omovony, Os BN Sedpevos Tov apxev, porraiy- TOV be Kal neépav él _Supas Kal 7 poKahoupe- veov avuTop els dryopav Kab cataBowyTov erecta On: kal paveis evdus év Tols petLovar THY vratetay édo£ev ouK apyny Anpopevos, GANA vinnv Kal KpaTos TOAEMLOU Kopilov kal d:d0us Tots TOTALS Kata Batve els TO Tediov' peta TOTaUTNS éXmri- 50s Kxal mpoOuvpias ébéEavro wavtes avtov Kai KatéoTnoay omaroy to Sevtepov, ovn edoavtes KXApov | ryever Bau, xaddre eiw0e, tmept tov émapxyi@v, GAN evOus exelve Wndicapevot TOU Make OVLKOU TOANELOU THY Wyepoviay. Néyerar auTov, Os avnyopevOn Kara tov Mepoéws oTparn- yos, UTrO TOU Sj pou TAVTOS oixade TpoTrenpOevra, Aap pas evpety TO Ouyatprov thv Teptiav beda- 378 60 AEMILIUS PAULUS in the war. And a report prevailed that the Bar- barians had been hired by him to pass through lower Gaul, along the coast of the Adriatic, and make an incursion into Italy. X. When the Romans learned of these things, they decided that they would bid good-bye to the favours and promises of those who wanted to be generals, and themselves summon to the leadership a man of wisdom who understood how to manage great affairs. This man was Paulus Aemilius, now advanced in life and about sixty years of age, but in the prime of bodily vigour, and hedged about with youthful sons and sons-in-law, and with a host of friends and kinsmen of great influence, all of whom urged him to give ear to the people when it sum- moned him to the consulship. At first he was for declining the appeals of the multitude, and tried to avert their eager importunities, saying that he did not want office ; but when they came daily to his house and called him forth into the forum and pressed him with their clamours, he yielded; and when he presented himself at once among the candi- dates for the consulship, he did not appear to come into the Canipus in order to get office, but as one who brought victory and might in war and offered them to the citizens. With such eager hopes did all receive him, and they made him consul for the second time,! and did not permit a lot to be cast for the provinces, as was the custom, but at once voted him the conduct of the Macedonian war. And it is said that when he had been appointed general against Perseus, and had been escorted home in splendid fashion by the whole people, he found there his daughter Tertia, who was still a little child, 1 In 168 B.o. 379 - é i 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 Kpupevny ere matBiov ovcay: aomra Louevov ou autny épwrav ép STw NEAUTINTAL’ THY dé Tept- Badovcav ral karagidodoay, “Ov yap olc 8a,” elvreiv, “@ TATED, 5Tt Huty o Tlepaevs TéOvnke ;” Aéyoucay | Kupvid.ov oUvT popov oUTH m™ pooaryopevo- pevov' Kal Tov Aiwidsov ° "Aya TUXD, pavat, “@ Ouyatep, Kat déxopas TOV ol@vor. TavTa pev ovv Kixépwv o pitwp év tots mrept pavtixis iaTopyKey. XI. Eiworwv &€ trav umatelav NaBovtTwv olov avOoporoyeia Bat Twa xXapw Kal T poo aryopevety prop pores tov Siov a amo Tob Brparos, Aipirsos els exkdnoiay cuvaryaryeov TOUS ToMTas THY pev T poTepay Umateiay petedOetv épn avros apxis Seopevos, tHv Se SevTépav éxelvov oTpaTnyou 2 Seopéveor- bc 8 pndeuiay auTois ydapuy EXEL, arn’, et vopitovar bu évépou BEd Lov eFew Ta KAT TOV TORE MOV, efioracGae THS myepovias, él 5¢ murtevovot auT@, BY mapaatparnyetv pnde Aovorrocety, arr’ Umoupyely oLwT Ta OéovTa 1 pos TOV ToNELOV, OSs éay a apXovros dpxetv ont a- ou, ere HadAov h viv KATAYENATTOUS év Tais 3 oTparetars Evopevous. amo TOUTMD TOV hoyeov TOMMY pev aid@ mpos avTov éverroing€ ToUs TONLTALS, peyadny dé mpoa Soxiav Tov pméAAOvTOS, nOopeven a aTaVTwOY OTL TOUS KohaxevovTas Tapenr- Oovres elAovTo Tappnaiav éxovra Kal dpovnua TT PATHYOV. | obras em _7@ Kpareiy Kal péytotos elvat TOY GAXwY apeTAs Kal TOU Karov Soros Hv Oo ‘Pepaiov SLs. XII. Aduirsrov &€ Tatndov, ds éEwpynoev émi 380 ae, AEMILIUS PAULUS in tears. He took her in his arms, therefore, and asked her why she grieved. And she, embracing and kissing him, said: “ Pray dost thou not know, lather, that our Perseus is dead ?” meaning a little pet dog of that name. And Aemilius cried : ‘Good fortune ! my daughter, I accept the omen.” Such, then, is the story which Cicero the orator relates in his work “On Divination.” } XI. It was the custom for those who obtained the consulship to return thanks, as it were, for the great favour in a friendly speech to the people from the rostra ; but Aemilius, having gathered an assembly of the citizens, said he had sued for his first consul- ship because he himself wanted office, but for his second because they wanted a general ; wherefore he was under no obligation to them ; on the contrary, if they thought the war would be carried on better by another, he resigned the conduct of it; but if they had confidence in him they must not make themselves his colleagues in command, nor indulge in rhetoric about the war, but quietly furnish the necessary supplies for it, since, if they sought to command their commander, their campaigns would be still more ridiculous than they were already. By these words he inspired the citizens with great reverence for himself, and with great expectations of the future, and all were glad that they had passed by the flatterers and chosen a general who had resolution and frankness of speech. Thus was the Roman people, to the end that it might prevail and be greatest in the world, a servant of virtue and honour. XII. Now, that Aemilius Paulus, after setting out 1 Cicero, De divinatione, 46. 381 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTpareiay, wrod pev evTUXiG Kal partavn Xerr cacbas _Tropelas Kara Saipova riOnps, ovv by Kal per’ aahanreias els TO otparorebov Kouta TQ" Tob dé TONE LOU Kat TAS oTparhyias avTov TO pev TONUNS ofuTnTL, TO be Bovrcdpace xPn- aTois, TO 6é hirwy éexOvpors iTnpeciats, TO 5€ TO Tapa Ta Sawa, Oappeiv cal xphaAas Novyea pois dpapooww opav S:ameT parypevoy, oux éyw TH Leyouern Tov avdpos evTUXia AapT poy atrodobvas Kal Sudaonpov epyov olov éTépwy TTPATHYOV. eb Be Tis apa THY Tlepoéws pirapyupiav Aipirip TUXnY ayaOny jwéepl Ta Tpdypata. yever Gar pnaiv, i) apm pa Kal peydha WpOs TOV TONELOV apévra Tals eAmrioe Ta Maxeddvarv avétpeve Kal Karé- Bare, T pos apyvptov am odeihdaavros. AKov pep yap avt@ SenPévts Bactépvat, puptoe pep trtreis, puptor 83 mapaBdrat, pea bogopor mares, avdpes ov ‘yewopryely eldores, ov wheiv, OvK a7r6 TOLL Ch VEMLOVTES, GAN ep Epyyov Kat play TEXYY pedeT@vTeEs ael baxerbar Kal Kparély TOV avTe- TATTOLEDOY. as 6é mepl THY Macdiany Kara aTpatom devo aves EmELLYVUVTO Tois Tapa Tov Bactréws dvdpes vypnrol pev Ta Tap"ara, Jav- pacrol dé Tas pehéras, peydravyoe dé tal Nap- Tm pol Tais KaTa TOV TrOAELioV amethais, Jdpaos TapeaTyo ay Tois Maxedoor Kal bofav @S TOV ‘Pepaiwy ovx UTOMEVOUVTOY, aD’ éxTNayngo- péveov Thy ow auTny Kal THY Kiyno ww Expu)ov ovcav xal SuoTpocom Tov. obTw diabels Tovs avOp@trous o Tlepaevs Kal TOLOUTOY: euT ANT as érrridwy, aitovpevos Kal’ Exactov nyepova xLAi- 382 26] AEMILIUS PAULUS upon his campaign, had a fortunate voyage and an easy passage and came speedily and safely to the Roman camp, I attribute to the favour of Heaven ; but when I see that the war under his command was brought to an end partly by his fierce courage, partly by his excellent plans, partly by the eager assistance of his friends, and partly by his resolute adoption of fitting conclusions in times of danger, I cannot assign his remarkable and brilliant success to his celebrated good fortune, as I can in the case of other generals. Unless, indeed, it be said that the avaricious conduct of Perseus was good fortune for Aemilius, since it utterly subverted the great and brilliant prospects of the Macedonians for the war (wherein their hopes ran high), because Perseus played the coward with his money. For there came to him from the Bisternae, at his request, ten thousand horsemen with ten thousand men to run at their sides, all professional soldiers, men who knew not how to plough or to sail the seas, who did not follow the life of herdsmen, but who were ever practising one business and one art, that of fighting and conquering their antagonists. And when these had encamped in Maedica and mingled with the soldiers of the king,—men of lofty stature, admirable in their discipline, great boasters, and loud in their threats against their enemies,—they inspired the Macedonians with courage and a belief that the Romans could not withstand them, but would be utterly terrified by their looks and movements, which were strange and repulsive. But after Perseus had disposed the feelings of his men in this way and filled them with so great hopes, upon being asked to pay each captain of the mercenaries a 383 -' i ‘ PLUTARCH’S LIVES ous, Mpos TO yuyvopevoy Tov ypvaiov mrHBos idtyyidoas Kal tapadpovyncas vmro puKporoyias amelrTato Kal TponkaTo THv cuu“paxXiav, Bote a a ; \ oixovopav, ov TrodcLa@DV ‘Pwpaiots, Kat Noyto pov aTrodwowv axpiBhn thas eis Tov ToAELOv Samravys J / , cA ¢ J , ols érrodéuer? Kaitoe SidacKdAous elyev éxeivous, ols dvev THS GAANS TapacKeuns oTpatiwtav Sexa pupiddes Hoav nOpovcpévar Kal TapecTa@cat Tais ypetass. 0 ¢ mpds Sivapw dvtaipwr THuKAdTHY Kal ToNELov OY TOTODTOY HY TO TrapaTpEedopeEvor, Sueuérper kal trapernpaiveto To ypuaioy, dyvacbau Sedi@s Botep aAdotpiwv. Kal tadtT émparttev ov Avdav tis 005é Powixwy yeyovas, GAAA THs "AreEdvdpou nal Piditmou Kata ovyyéverav ape- THS peTaTroLovmEvOS, Of TH TA TpaypaTa TOV NENMATWOV WYNTA, fi) TA XPHLATA TOY TpayLaTov yyetcOat Tavtwy éxputnoav. éppéOn yoov Ste Tas odes aiper tTav “EXAnvav ov PDiduTTo-s, GANA TO Dirimov ypuvaiov. *“AréEavdpos &é tijs én’ “Ivdovs otpateias dmropevos, kat Bapuv opav kal Svaoyxov 76n Tov Ilepotxdv édbedxopévous wrovTov Tovs Maxedovas, mpwtas vrémpnoe TAS \ e 4 9 ‘ ¥ 4 > \ Bactntxas apa€as, eita Tous adXouS Erretce TAUTO TomnoavTas édadpous avaledEat mpos Tov aoNe- Cd 4 ‘ \ \ \ pov watrep AeAvpEVvous. Tlepaevs 5é Tov ypucdv avTos avTov Kai téxvwv Kal Bacireias Kxata- 4 > b] , > 9? / a Neapevos oux nOédAnoe bu OrALywV GwOFvaL Ypn- PaTwv, GAG peTa TAAX@Y KOmLTOels 6 TOVELOS 384 AEMILIUS PAULUS thousand pieces, he was bewildered and crazed at the amount of gold required, and out of parsimony renounced and abandoned the alliance, as if he were a steward, rather than a foe, of the Romans, and was to give an exact account of his expenditures for the war to those against whom he waged it; and yet he had his foes to give him lessons, for, apart from their other preparations, they had a hundred thousand men assembled and ready for their needs. But he, though contending against so large a force, and in a war where such large reserves were maintained, measured out his gold and sealed it up in bags, as afraid to touch it as if it had belonged to others. And this he did although he was no Lydian or Phoenician born, but laid claim to a share in the virtues of Alexander and Philip, whose descendant he was,—men who mastered the world through their belief that empire was to be bought with money, not money with empire. At all events, it was a common saying that the cities of Greece were taken, not by Philip, but by Philip’s money. And Alexander, when . he was starting on his expedition to India, and saw that his Macedonians were dragging along after them their Persian wealth, which was already burdensome and heavy, set fire to the royal baggage-waggons first, and then persuaded his followers to do the same with theirs, and to set out for the war in light marching order, like men released from bondage. But Perseus would not consent to pour out his gold upon himself, his children, and his kingdom, and thus purchase salvation with a small part of his treasures, but chose to be carried with many treasures as the wealthy captive, and to show the 385 VOL. VI. Cc PLUTARCH’S LIVES aiypdrwros émideiEacOat ‘Pwpaiow boa heod- pLevos ETNPNOEV AUTOLS. XIII. Ov yap povoyv améreu we tovs Tadrdtas Wrevodpevos, adAA Kal TévOov érrdpas tov "TAAv- ptov émt tptaxociots tadrdytTos ocuveddwacba TOU TWoAéuov TA ev Xpypata Tols wap avTod weupbeios mpoovOnxeyv npiOunuéva xal Kata- onunvacba: trapécyev' ws b€ mecbels Exew & nrnoev o L'évOvos Epyov aaeBes nal dewdv eSpace (mpéoBets yap éMovtas “Pwpaiwy mpos avTov aouvéraBe Kat Katédnoev), hryovpevos o Ilepaevs ovdev ére SeiaOar Tov YpnuadTov THY éxTrodé“wwow, ddvta Tov TevOiov mpodedmxdtos eyOpas evéxupa kal Sca tyALKaUTNs abixias éuBeBANKOTOS EavTOV eis TOV TOAELOY, aTEcTépNaE TOV KaAKOdSaipova TOV Tplakociwy TaddvT@v, Kai Tepietdev orALY@ pov@ peTa TEXVMV Kal yUPALKOS WS ATO VvEoTTLAS apBévta tis Baoihelas bd Acuxiov *Avixiov oTpaTnyou meupbévros er avrov peta Suvdpews. Em) totobrov avtimandov édOav o Aipirzos avrov pev xatedppover, tTHv 8 vm avT@ Tapa-" oxeuny xal Sivaptv COavpatev. oav yap ines pev teTpaxtaxirsot, relol & eis dddayya TeTpa- Kia pupiwy ov moAdXois atrodéovTes. (Opupevos 5é mpo tis Oardttns Tapa thy ‘'Odvpreenv iTa@peav él ywpiwy obdayddev mpocaywynv éyovtav xal tavrolev bm’ avdtod SiaTredpaype- vov épvpact Kal Tpoterxicpact EvAivots TOAAHY adeay yev, amotpvcew xXpovm Kal xpnudrov Saravyn tov Aipirsov ayovpevos. 0 8 TH youn bev hv évepyos emt wav BotrAevpa Kal twacav Tpemopevos Twelpav, Um adeias Sé THs mpdaber 386 AEMILIUS PAULUS Romans how much he had saved and watched for them. XIII. For he not only sent away the Gauls after playing them false, but also, after inducing Genthius the Illyrian, on payment of three hundred talents, to assist him in the war, he showed to the king’s messengers the money all counted out, and suffered them to put their seals upon the bags; then, when Genthius, convinced that he had the price he had asked, committed a dreadful and impious deed, arresting and imprisoning a Roman embassy that had been sent to him, Perseus, thinking that the money was no longer needed to make Genthius an enemy of Rome, since before getting it he had given a lasting earnest of his hatred and had involved himself in the war by the great wrong which he had done, deprived the poor wretch of the three hundred talents, and suffered him in a little while to be taken from his kingdom with his wife and children, as birds from their nest, by Lucius Anicius, a general sent against him with an army. Aemilius, coming against such an adversary, scorned him indeed, but admired his preparations and his army. For Perseus had four thousand horsemen, and not much fewer than forty thousand heavy-armed footmen. And planting himself with the sea behind him, along the foot-hills of Mount Olympus, on ground which nowhere afforded an approach, and which had been fortified on all sides by him with bulwarks and outworks of wood, he lay in great security, thinking that by delay and expense he would wear out Aemilius. But Aemilius was a man who clung to his purpose, and tested every plan and method of attack; seeing, however, that his 337 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov otpatov opav dvaavacyxetovvTa Kal AOy@ Toa SiactpaTnyouvTa TaY amTpaKTwp, éTreTipn- Gey aUTols, Kal TapHyyEeLre pNdey TroduTrpayyjwovely \ 4 bd > A \ a \ e A \ pndé ppovrivew, drAX 7 TO c@pa TO éavTod xal THY TavoTAiay Exaotov STws évepyov tapéfe Kat xpnoetat ‘Pwpaixas TH payaipa, Tov KaLpov jwapadovtos Tov otpaTnyod. Tas dé vuKTeptvas éxéNevoe uraxds avev AOYYNS PvAdtTEW, ws PaAXov mpocéEovtas Kal diapayoupévous pos Tov Umvov, av apvvac0at Tovs Trodepious p7 SvvwvtTat Tpocovtas. XIV. ‘Evoydoupévay b€ tev dvOperev pd- Mota TEpl THY TOU TrOTOU Ypeiav (Kal yap OrLyov / kal trovnpov émidve Kal cuvedeiBeto Tap avTny Q , Coa e > + , \ tTHv OdraTTav), opav o Aipircos péya Kal Kan: \ dé 8 ” \ “O ’ , pepes dSévdpecty dpos tov "Odvutrov érixetpevor, , A a an Kal TEXpalpopevos TH YAwpoTHTL THS Ans vapa- 54 > a 10 e 4 tov éxyew apyas ba Babous srrodepopévor, > \ b a \ 4 \ \ dvamvoas autos Kal dpéata Toda Tapa TH e , v a 5 9 \ > / € UTwMpeLAY WPUTTE. T evOus émripmdato peu- patov Kabapov, émrovydidovt@v odKn Kal dopa Tov OrArBopévou mpdos TO Kevovpevov. 4 \ v e 4 e Kairos tives ov dacw vddrov étoluov Kexpup- \ > a a pévoy mnyas evatroxeioBar Tots tomo é& ov >] 9 ‘@a péovowv, ovd atroxdduiw ovdée py—w elvar rip éxBoXnv avTa@v, GAAA yéverw Kal avaoTacw 9 A lo) a b 4 > 4 évtaida ths Orns eEvypawoperns: éEvypaiverBar ‘ , Sé muKxvoTnte Kal WuxpoTnte THY voTEepay ava- 388 262 AEMILIUS PAULUS army, by reason of their former license, was im- patient of delay, and inclined to dictate to their general many impracticable things, he rebuked them, and instructed them to take no thought or concern for anything, except how each man might keep himself and his armour in readiness for action, and ply his sword in Roman fashion, when their general gave them the opportunity. Furthermore, he ordered the night watchmen to keep watch without their spears, with the idea that they would be more on the alert and would struggle more successfully against sleep, if they were unable to defend themselves against their enemies when they approached. . XIV. But his men were annoyed especially by the lack of drinking water, since only a little of it issued forth and collected in pools at the very edge of the sea, and that was bad. Aemilius, therefore, seeing that the lofty and wooded mountain of Olympus lay near, and judging from the greenness of its trees that there were veins of water coursing under ground, dug a number of vents and wells for them along the foot of the mountain. These were at once filled with streams of pure water, which, under the weight and impulse of the pressure that was upon them, discharged themselves into the vacuum afforded. And yet some deny that stores of réady water lie hidden away beneath the places from which springs flow, and that they merely come to light or force a passage when they issue forth; they hold rather that the water is generated and comes into existence then and there through the liquefaction of matter, and that moist vapour is liquefied by density and cold, a / t d PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ouptaciy, Grav év Baber xatabdXBeioa pevotixy 3 yevntat. KxabaTep yap ot pactol Tay yuvaiKay ovY Wotrep ayyela MArHpes eioly emLppéovTos éroiuov yadaKxtos, adda petraBdrAXovTes TV A b] e “ 9 4 lA \ “A Tpopny ev avrots épyafovras yara Kai dinOodour, oUT@S of Tepixruxto Kal midaxwbets TOTOL TIS yjs dap péev ovK Exovot KaduTrropevov, ovdé KOATrOUsS pevpata Kat Baby ToTapawv TocovTwY é& érotmns Kat UTroxetpévns adiévtas apyis, TO 5é mvedpa Kal Tov aépa Te mélew Kal Katatv- A > / 9 ee / A 4 xvodv atroOAiBovtes eis DSwp tpérrovet. Ta yoov OpuTTOopeva TAY YoOpiov paddrov avamidver Kat , \ A 4 , C4 Siavaes mpos THY ToLtavTnY Wnrddnowv, woTreEp oi pactol Tav yuvatK@v mpos Tov Ondracpor, dvuypaivovta Kal panattrovta THY avadupiacw daa § apya ths ys cuptréppaxtat, tupPAa pos yéveow vdaTwv éoTiv, ovK Exovta Thy épyatopévny 6 TO Uypov Kivnow. ot 5€ Tabta réyovTes émt- yetpeiy Sedwxact Tois atropytiois, ws ovdé TO alpa tots Cwows Eveotiv, GAXa yevvatat TpPOS TA TPAVMATA TVEVLATOS TLVOS 7 GapKaY petaBoAn, pvow aTrepyacapévn cat cuvtntw. édMéyxovrae 5¢ rois pds Tovs Hrovopous Kal Tas peTadreias anavT@cw eis Baby trotapois, ov Kat’ OXéiyov 4 C4 > / > / 9 ouAAeyouévols, WoTrEp ElKOS eoTLVY Ef yevertW eK “a “A , A n~ Tov TAapaYpHUa KivoupEerNs THS YAS NauBdvovewp, / el GAN’ dO poois dvaxeopevots. opav S€ Kal rétpas a @ 4 > 10 iA , C4 TANYH payelons eEeT@ nonce peda AXaBpov Vdaros, elta éréduTre. Tata pey tept ToUTwY. 39° AEMILIUS PAULUS whenever, that is, it is compressed in the depths of earth and becomes fluid. For, they argue, just as the breasts of women are not, like vessels, full of ready milk which flows out, but by converting the nourish- ment that is in them produce milk and strain it out ; so those places in the ground which are chilly and full of springs do not have hidden, water, nor reser- voirs which send forth the currents and deep waters of all our rivers from a source that is ready at hand, but by forcibly compressing and condensing vapour and air, they convert them into water. At all events, those places which are dug open gush and flow more freely in response to such manipulation, just as the breasts of women do in response to suck- ing, because they moisten and soften the vapours ; whereas all places in the ground which are packed tight and unworked, are incapable of generating water, since they have not been subjected to the agitation which produces moisture. But those who hold this doctrine give the sceptical occasion to object that, on this reasoning, there is no blood in living creatures, but it is generated in response to wounds by a transformation of some vapour or flesh, which causes its liquefaction and flow. Moreover, they are refuted by the experience of men who dig mines, either for sieges or for metals, and in the depths encounter rivers of water, which are not gradually collected, as must naturally be the case if they come into existence at the instant that the earth is agitated, but pour fourth in a great mass. And again, when a mountain or rock is smitten asunder, a fierce torrent of water often gushes forth, and then ceases entirely. So much on this head. 39! PLUTARCH’S LIVES XV. ‘O & Alpirsos juépas pév tivas npéuet, Kat pact pnToTEe THALKOUTWY OTpaTOTEbUD eyyUS ovTw acuveNOovtwy jaovytav yevérOat TooavTnv. érrel b€ Kiva@v Atravta Kal Tretp@pevos éruvOaveto / ? ‘ v , wv > , puav etcoBornv Ett povov appovpov atronreitrec Oat, \ thy d1a IleppasBias mapa ro v@cov cat thv a \ Ilérpav, t@ wn puratrecOar Tov ToTrov éATicas padrrov 7 be’ hy ovK épuratreto Svaywpiay Kat tpaxvrnta deiaas éBovreveTo. mpwtos b€ TaY wapovtwy o Naatkads émixadXovpevos Yenriwv, N b Le) , ev \ / yapBpos ’Adpixavod Yxntiwvos, dotepov dé pé- ylotov év TH auyKAnt@ duvnbeis, bedéEaTO Tis , e ‘ V4 , \ , KUKAwTEWS HYE“oV yevér Bat. SevTEpos 5é PaBros Ma€tpos, o mpeoButatos tov AtwAtou traidwr, , ETL pELpaKLOY WY, aveaTN TpOOUpOvpEVOS. Nobels ovv o Aipinsos Sidwov adtois ovy Baovs Todv- ¥ b] > o& b] \ e le) n~ Bios elipneev, XN daous autos o Naotxas AaBeiv \ \ ~ / 4 dyot, yeypadws wept tav mpakewy tovTwv ém- a , aTOALOY Tpos TLVa TOV Bactréwy, of pev éxTOS 4 a takews "Itadixol Tpucyidvor TO TAOS Hoav, TO , 5’ ev@vupov Képas els TevTaKiaytALOUS. TOUTOLS mpocrAaBwv o Naotxas imeis éxatov elxooe rat tov tap Aptrdd@ @paxav cai Kpnrov davapem- / ry \ ypuevov Staxocious, eEwpynoe TH pos OddXaccav a \ 060, kal kateoTpatoTédevae Tapa To ‘Hpaxdeuov, € ' \ a \ UA b ry \ ws 67 Tais vavol péedX\AwWY ExTEpLTTAELY KA KU- an f a / xKNovaOat TO oTpAaTOTESOV TV TrOAEKioV. éret & lo , éSeimvnoay ol otpati@tat Kal oKoTos éyéveTo, a € , Ul \ ? \ e A \ Tois HyeHoot Ppdoas TO adyOes ye dea vuKTOS 392 263 AEMILIUS PAULUS XV. Aemilius kept still for several days, and they say that never was there such quiet when armies of such size had come so close together. But when, as he was trying and considering everything, he learned that there was one passage and one only that still remained unguarded, namely, the one through Per- rhaebia past the Pythium and Petra, he conceived more hope from the fact that the place was left unguarded than fear from the roughness and diffi- culty of it which caused it to be so left, and held a council of war upon the matter. Among those present at the council, Scipio, surnamed Nasica, a son-in-law of Scipio Africanus, and afterwards of the greatest influence in the senate, was first to offer himself as leader of the enveloping force. And second, Fabius Maximus, the eldest of the sons of Aemilius, though he was still a young man, eagerly volunteered. Aemilius, accordingly, delighted, gave them, not as many men as Polybius states,! but as many as Nasica himself says they took, in a short letter which he wrote concerning these exploits to one of the kings, that is, three thousand of his Italians who were not Romans, and his left wing numbering five thousand. In additiom to these, Nasica took a hundred and twenty horsemen, besides two hundred of the mixed Thracians and Cretans with Harpalus, set out on the road towards the sea, and encamped by the Heracleum, as though he intended to sail round by sea and envelope the camp of the enemy. But when his soldiers had taken supper and darkness had come, he told his chief officers his real design, and then led his forces by night in the opposite direction, away from the sea, 1 In a lost portion of Book XXIX. 393 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THv éevavtiay ato GOaXraTTNS, Kal KaTadXUaas avé- mave THY oTpatiay UTrO TO TlvOtov. évtavOa tod 9 4 \ eo > 4 , a , , Odrvprou 70 iyfpos avateiver TEOV 7 Séxa oTAdl- ous’ onpairetar 5€ émriypdppate TOD peTpHacavTos oUTwS' OvAvprov Kxopudiys Ere Wvdiov ’AmoAXNwvOS iepov Dros Exet, Tpos Kaeo 5é pérpov,} TAN ev Sexcba oTadloy pia, abtap ém’ avTa mwrEOpov TeTpaTréd@ AetTropevoy peyeber. Evpnrou 6€ pu vids €Onxato pétpa KedevOov Reaves av 8, dvak, yaipe nat écOrX4 ; idov. KalToe A€yovaty ol yewpeTpLKOL NTE Gpous Dros pnte Babos Oaracons tvrepBarrew Soca oTa- Sious. o pévtor levayopas ov tapépyws, adda meOodm xa 8 dpydvev eirndévar Soxet rHv péeTpyouv. XVI. ‘O pev odv Nacixds évtad0a Sevunte- pevoe’ TH Se Ilepoet tov Aipidsov atpepovvta KaTa K@pav opavte Kal pn NoyLlouév@ TO yLVO- pevov atrodpas ex THS 0b600 Kpns avtroporos te unviev thy wepiodov TaV ‘Pwpaiwy. o dé cuv- tapaxOcis TO pev aotpatomedov ovK éxivyce, Hupious 5é€ puaGodopous Eévous cal Stoytriovs Makedovas Midrovt trapasdovs éEaréotetXe, trapa- Kehevodpevos Taxbvat ral catadaBeiv tas bTreEp- Bodrads. tovtots o péev TlorvBeds dnow ert Kotpw- pévors erimeceiv Tovs ‘Pwpatous, o 5¢ Nacuxas 1 xpos... uétpoy a correction suggested by Sintenis (and adopted by Bekker) of the unmetrical xpds thy xdOerov 8 duetphOn of the MSS. 394 AEMILIUS PAULUS and halted below the Pythium, where he gave his army a rest. From this point Olympus rises to a height of more than ten furlongs, as is signified in an inscription by the man who measured it :— “The sacred peak of Olympus, at Apollo's Pythium, has a_height, in perpendicular measurement, of ten full furlongs, and besides, a hundred feet lacking only four. It was the son of Eumelus who measured the distance, Xenagoras; so fare thee well, O King, and be propitious in thy gifts.” And yet the geometricians say that no mountain has a height, and no sea a depth, of more than ten furlongs. It would seem, however, that Xenagoras took his measurement, not carelessly, but according to rule and with instruments. _ XVI. Here, then, Nasica passed the night; but to Perseus, who did not infer what was going on because he saw Aemilius remaining quietly in his position, there came a Cretan deserter who had run away on the march, bringing him news of the circuit which the Romans had taken. Though Perseus was confounded at this, he did not move his camp, but sent out ten thousand foreign mercenaries and two thousand Macedonians under Milo, with orders to make haste and occupy the passes. These men, according to Polybius,! were still asleep when the Romans fell upon them; but Nasica says that a 1 In a lost portion of Book X XIX. 395 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 ‘ 9 “ \ an wv 4 , ofvy ayava trept Tols aKxpots yeveoOar Kal Kiv- fo) / a Suvov, avtos 5€ Opaxa pcOodopov eis yeipas , A A a / 4 cuvdpapovta Te Evot@ 61a TOD otHOouvs Tatdeas A , \ A , xataBanrelv, éxBracbéevtwr 5€ TaV TOAELioV, Kal fe) 4 an tov Midwvos aicyista evyovtos avev Tov OTAWY povoxYiTwVos, aoparws akorovUeElv, dua xataBiBalwv eis THY Ywpav TO oTpdaTevpA. Tovtwy dé t@ Ilepocet mpoomecovtwy Kata , 5) Y @ > / \ Taxos avalevEas hyev oTicw, TepipoBos yeyovas kal auyKxeyupevos tais éXtriow. avtod 8 bpuws a 4 a apo ths Ilvévns bropévovta tretpacOar payns avayKaiov nv, h Te oTpaT@ cKedacbévtt Trept \ / / N , 3 , ed tas ToAEls SéyecOar Tov TOAELOY, ereiTEep aTAaF fo , “ éuBéBnxe TH yopa, Siva trorArd dovov Kat a a) ‘N ; vexpov éextreceiy yn Suvdyevov. wAnOer pev ovv ? A > / a 4 \ \ avopov avTobev trepteivar, trpoOuptav Sé troAAHVY Umdpyew auvvopévors wept Téxvav Kal yuvatxar, épopavrTos Exacta tod Bacihéws wal mpoxivdv- 4 b] 4 9 4 ¢€ 4 \ vevovTos. €K ToUTwY eBapavvov ot piror Tov Ilep- U céa: xal Badopevos otpatotedov auvetatreto \ 4 va) Tpos paxny, Kal TA Ywpia KatTecKoTeEiTo, Kal PS , \ e 4 e > \ b] > 4 a LnpeL TAS Hryepwovias, ws EvVOLs €F édodou Tots € , ’ / eer 2 \ , e Pwpatos atravtnowv. 0 O€ TOTOs Kal Tediov hy A , 4 2 4 \ , e A Th parayy Bacews émiTédov Kat ywpiwv ovarav 4 a LA a Seouévy, Kat Noho auveyxets adrAos EF AAXov Tots an > yupvntevoval Kai Widois avaduyas nal trepidpo- \ v 5 \ 4 de \ es 7 pas Eyovtes. Sia wécou de Totapol péovtes Alowv fo! A , cat AedKos ov para Babeis tote (Oépous yap Hv 3906 AEMILIUS PAULUS sharp and perilous conflict took place for possession of the heights, and that he himself slew a Thracian mercenary, who engaged him, by striking him through the breast with his javelin, and that after the enemy had been driven away, and while Milo was flying most disgracefully without his armour or his cloak, he followed after them without danger, and brought his army with him down into the plain. After this disaster, Perseus hastily broke camp and retired ; he had become exceedingly fearful, and his hopes were shattered. But nevertheless he was under the necessity of standing his ground there in front of Pydna and risking a battle, or else of scattering his army about among the cities and so awaiting the issue of the war, which, now that it had once made its way into his country, could not be driven out without much bloodshed and slaughter. In the number of his men, then, he was superior where he was, and they would fight with great ardour in defence of their wives and children, and with their king beholding all their actions and risk- ing life in their behalf. With such arguments his friends encouraged Perseus. So he pitched a camp and arranged his forces for battle, examining the field and distributing his commands, purposing to confront the Romans as soon as they came up. The place afforded a plain for his phalanx, which required firm standing and smooth ground, and there were hills succeeding one another con- tinuously, which gave his skirmishers and_light- armed troops opportunity for retreat and flank attack. Moreover, through the middle of it ran the rivers Aeson and Leucus, which were not very deep at that time (for it was the latter end of summer), 397 PLUTARCH’S LIVES apa pOivovros) édoxouy tivad ducepyiay Guws Tots ‘Pwpaiors mapefetv. XVII. ‘O & Alpintos, as eds TauToV ouvewite tT Naouka, catéBatve TUYTETAYMEVOS emt TOUS Tone pious. as 8 cide THY naparatw avTav ral TO THOS, Oavpacas éréaTnoe THY Topelay, autos Te mpos éautov avrdroyilopuevos. oi 8° iHrye- povixol veavioKot 7 poOupovpevor payer Oar Tape- AavvovTes édéov To BN pédrewp, Kal padiora may- TOV O Naowxds 7H Tepl tov “Odvuroy evtuxia TeOappnKas. 0 = Aipintos, beldudaas, “Ei ye THY anv, eltrev, “ AtKiaY elxov" ai € Trodnat pe vixat dubdoxovoat Ta TOV NT TO LEVOV cpLapty)- para, K KwAVOVOLY ef od00 paxnv TiOecOat 7 pos pdrayya ouvTEeTayMernY non Kal cuverToaav. éx TovTOU Ta pev TpaTa Kal catahavh impos Tovs Tohepious éxéXevoev Els omeipas xabiarapeva Tovely ox nwa mapatatews, tous 8 an’ ovpas otpadévtas év X%pa xapaxa Bareobat Kal oTpa- TOTrEOEVELD. oUTM ¢ TOV cTUvEX av TOUS Tehev- taiow Kal’ brayoyny eFedcT Topeveny Exade tiv maparativ dvahuaas Kat KatactHaas abopvBas els TOV dpaka mavTas. "Evel Be yok ryeryover Kal peta Seitrvov érpd- TOVTO ™pos Darvov Kat avdravow, aipvidcov y cedqvy mANPNS ovca kal HETEWPOS epehaivero Kal ToD gwrds amroNLTOVTOS auThy Xpeas dpeinpaca mavrobamas npavicOn. Tav 6é Popatan, OoTep éotl vevopiic peor, Xarxod TE Tardyou avaxa- Aoupeveor TO pas QUuTHS Kal mupa TONG dadoils Kal dgolv avexovT@v T™pos TOY ovpavor, ovdér Spovoy Erpattov of Maxedoves, adrAa dpixn cal 398 264 AEMILIUS PAULUS but were likely, nevertheless, to give the Romans considerable trouble. XVII. Aemilius, after effecting a junction with Nasica, came down in. battle array against the enemy. But when he saw how they were drawn up, and in what numbers, he was amazed, and came to a halt, considering with himself. His young officers, however, who were eager for battle, rode up and begged him not to delay, especially Nasica, who was emboldened by his success at Mount Olympus. But Aemilius, with a smile, said to him: «Yes, if I had thy youth ; but many victories teach me the mistakes of the vanquished, and forbid me to join battle, immediately after a march, with a phalanx which is already drawn up and completely formed.” After this, he ordered his foremost troops, who were in sight of the enemy, to form into cohorts and give the appearance of a battle line, while the others, wheeling to the rear, dug trenches and marked out a camp. And in this way, the troops next to the last wheeling off in due succession, before the enemy knew it he had broken up his battle line and brought all his men without confusion into their intrenchments. ; Now, when night had come, and the soldiers, after supper, were betaking themselves to rest and sleep, on a sudden the moon, which was full and high in the heavens, grew dark, lost its light, took on all sorts of colours in succession, and finally disappeared. The Romans, according to their custom, tried to call her light back by the clashing of bronze utensils and by holding up many blazing fire-brands and torches towards the heavens; the Macedonians, however, did nothing of this sort, but amazement 399 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a 4 “ OapBos To otpatotesov KaTteiyve Kal NOYOS NAOVYT Sia TroAA@y éywpet, Bacii€ws TO Pdopa onpat- b ve éxrenfiv. o © Aipirsos ove Hy ev avnKoos ovd aTeipos TavTdtact TMV EKNELTTLK@VY AVO- Hara, al thy cEernvnv epipepoméevyny Eis TO oxiacna ThHS yns éuBadAovar TeTaypévats Trept- odors Kal diroxpUTtovaw, dypt ov tapeNovca THY émiaKoTOUpLeVnY YOpay Tad éTiAdprn POs 1. ’ \ ’ \ a , + J / ‘ TOV HALOY" OV LV GAAA T@ Geiw TOV VvEe“wY Kal dirodurns ay kat pavtixes, ws elde MpaTov THY cernvyny atroxaGatpopéevnv, Evdexa poaxous avTh cateOvoev. dua S nuépa to ‘Hpaxdret Bovduta - dpa 8’ juépg 7O “Hpax ovduT@y v A \ ovK éxadAtéper péexpts eixnoot TO 56 TpwT@ Kal a a \ a ELKOOTO TAphy Ta onpcta Kal vixny apuvopéevols v 9 / > \ a e \ N eppalev. evEauevos obv cata Bowy éxatov xal ayavos tepod TH Oe@, mpocetake Siaxocpely Tots 4 \ nyeu“oot TOY oTpaToy eis paxynv’ avdtos bé THY \ amroxdtow Kal wepipopay avapévov tod dwros, STS LL] KATA TpoTwToU payouevats avTots Ewlev - 0 HrALoS avTiNduTroL, Taphrye Tov Ypovov év TH axnvn KabeCouevos avatreTTtapévyn Tpos TO Tediov Kal THY OTpaToTrEdclay TMV TrOAELiOV. XVIII. Ilepi 5é detAnv ot ev avtod hac tod Aipuriou texvalovtos éx tev Trodeuiov yevécbat Thy émeyelpnow, axddwoy inmmov éFeXdocavtas éuBareiy avtots tovs ‘Pwpaiouvs, xal todrov apyny paxns Stwxopevov wapacyxeiv' ot de “Pw- oo A 4 paixav wtrolvyiwy Yoptacpata TapaxomlovTwy uf a ° ’ / ¢€ a \ adwtecOar @paxas, av “Arétavépos nyeito, mpods 400 AEMILIUS PAULUS and terror possessed their camp, and a rumour quietly spread among many of them that the portent signified an eclipse of a king. Now, Aemilius was not altogether without knowledge and experience of the irregularities of eclipses, which, at fixed periods, carry the moon in her course into the shadow of the earth and conceal her from sight, until she passes beyond the region of shadow and reflects again the light of the sun; however, since he was very devout and given to sacrifices and divination, as soon as he saw the moon beginning to emerge from the shadow, he sacrificed eleven heifers to her. And as soon as it was day, he sacrificed as many as twenty oxen to Hercules without getting favourable omens; but with the twenty-first victim the propitious signs appeared and indicated victory if they stood on the defensive. Accordingly, having vowed to the god a hecatomb and solemn games, he ordered his officers to put the army in array for battle; but he himself, waiting for the sun to pass to the west and decline, in order that its morning light might not shine in the faces of his men as they fought, passed the time sitting in his tent, which was open towards the plain and the enemy’s encampment. XVIII. Towards evening, Aemilius himself, as some say, devised a scheme for making the enemy begin the attack, and the Romans, pursuing a horse which they had driven forth without a bridle, came into collision with them, and the pursuit of this horse brought on a battle ; others say that Thracians, under the command of Alexander, set upon Roman beasts of burden that were bringing in forage, and 401 VOL. VI. DD PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5é rovrous éxdpopny dfeiav érraxoctoy Aiyiov yevéo Oat trapaBonfovvtwr 5é mrevovwy Exarépors ovTw cuvaTrTedOat THY waXnVv aupoTépwrv. Oo pev ovv Aiutrsos Ootep KUBEpynTHS TO WapovtTe caro kal Kivnuats Tov oTpaToTrédwY TEexpatpopeEvos TO péyeOos Tod pédXNovTOS aydvos, ex THS TKNVTS mponiOe kal Ta Taypata TeV oTALTOV éTL@V TmapeOdppuver, o dé Naowxds éEurrmacdpevos mpos Tous axpoBorLlouévous opad wdvras bcov ovTw TOUS ToNeutous ev yepoly dvTas. IIpara 8 of @paxes eywpouv, Ov pddtoTd dnow éxtrayjvar thy byw, avdpes bWnrol ra cMpaTa, NEvUK@ Kal meptrdutrovTe Oupewy cat mepixvnpio@y omA\tou@ pérAavas Urevdedupévor xitavas, opOas €é poudaias Bapvotdnpovs dro trav SeEvav wpov éemicciovtes. tmapa S€ Tovs Opdaxas oi ptoPodopor trapevéBardov, ov cxevat Te tavrooatal, Kal peutypévor Ilaioves aoa émt 8& rovTots aynpa Tpitov of Aoyddes, avTaY Maxedovwy dpeth xal jrLKia 76 KaBapwtarov, doTpamtovtTes émtxpvaols Sidoas Kal veoupyois dhowixiow. ols nabiorapévors eis taki at Tov Xarcacridwy émavatédXovaear hararyyes €x TOU Xapaxos eve noav anys avdpov Kal NaptTN- Sovos yarxod 76 Trediov, xpavyfhs bé cai OopvBou wapakeNevopevoy THV opevyiy. ovTw 5é Opacéws Kal peTa TAXOUS eTHETAaY WaoTE TOVS TPwWTOUS vexpovs amo duely atadiwv tod ‘Pwpatcod yapa- KOS KaTATET ELD. XIX. Teyvopuevns Sé tis ébddou traphv o Aiui- Atos, Kal KaTeAdpBavey Hn Tovs év Tos aynpact Maxeddévas dxpas Tas capicas TpocepnpeKxotas 402 265 AEMILIUS PAULUS that against these a sharp sally was made by seven hundred Ligurians, whereupon reinforcements were sent to either party, and thus the engagement became general. So then Aemilius, like a pilot, judging from the surging commotion in the armies the greatness of the coming storm, came forth from his tent and went along in front of his legionary troops encouraging them, and Nasica, after riding out to the skirmishers, saw that the whole force of the enemy was all but at close quarters. First the Thracians advanced, whose appearance, Nasica says, was most terrible,—men of lofty stature, clad in tunics which showed black beneath the white and gleaming armour of their shields and greaves, and tossing high on their right shoulders battle-axes with heavy iron heads. Next to the Thracians, the mercenaries advanced to the attack ; their equipment was of every variety, and Paeonians were mingled with them. Next to these came a third division, picked men, the flower of the Macedonians them- selves for youthful strength and valour, gleaming with gilded armour and fresh scarlet coats. As these took their places in the line, they were illumined by the phalanx-lines of the Bronze-shields which issued from the camp behind them and filled the plain with the gleam of iron and the glitter of bronze, the hills, too, with the tumultuous shouts of their cheering. And with such boldness and swiftness did they advance that the first to be slain fell only two fur- longs from the Roman camp. XIX. As the attack began, Aemilius came up and found that the Macedonian battalions had already planted the tips of their long spears in the shields 403 Dp 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tots Oupeois Tav “Pwpyaiwy cal pity mpoctepévous eis épuxtov a’Tav Tas paxaipas. érel é Kal TOY ad\iwy Maxedovev tas te wéAtas é€ wou Trept- onacavtwy Kal tais capicats ad’ évos cuvOn- patos KXLOGcicas UmoctavtTwy Tots Bupeopopous elde THY TE PONY TOD GvvacTLG LOD Kal THY TpAa- yuTHnTA THS mWpoPorNs, éxmrrAn kts QuTov Eye Kab déos, @S ovdev idovta maTore Géapa poBepwrepoy: v4 “A 9 Kal TOoAAGKLS BoTEpov éuéuvynto Tov mdaOous exet- vou Kal Ths Oypews. Torte Sé Tpos TOUS payxopuévous > tf 6 \ A e A ov , émriderxvopevos thew nal hadpov éauvtov avev Kpa- vous Kal Oopaxos itm wapynArauvev. o 5é Tov C4 nn Maxeddvav Bacireds, &s dynat TloAvBios, tijs payns apxnv AauBavovans atrodeididcas eis 1d- hu adimmdoaato, oxnyrdapuevos “Hpaxret Over, a“ ¢ \ ? b) A Seika trapa Sevrav iepa py Sexouévp pnd evdyas aOepitous émetedobvvtTt. Oepitoy yap ovK éoTw ote Tov pn BddXOVTA KaTEVoTOYXELY OUTE TOV 141) pévovta Kpatety ov8 SXws TOY ATpaKToOV evTpa- lo) v7 N \ > A b (a) > yelty oUTE TOV Kaxoy evdatpovely. adda Tais Al- ptdiou mapiv evyais o Beas evyeTo yap KpaTos Todkéuou Kal vicny Sdpv xpatav, Kat payomevos mapexdre cvppayov Tov Deov. Ov pnv adda Tlocevdortds tis év éxeivois Tots ypovors Kal Talis mpdkeot yeyovévar Néywr, (oTo- , \ \ 4 b la piay 6é yeypadas arepi Ilepoéws ev mreioor Bi- , \ > N b) e N , > N N Brio, gdnoly avtov ody tro Sevrdias ovdé tHv Ouciav tommodpevov aitiay amedOeiv, adda TH , “A A MpoTépa THs paxns Tuyely NeXaKTIcpévoy Ld 404 AEMILIUS PAULUS of the Romans, who were thus prevented from reach- ing them with their swords. And when he saw that the rest of the Macedonian troops also were drawing their targets from their shoulders round in front of them, and with long spears set at one level were withstanding his shield-bearing troops, and saw too the strength of their interlocked shields and the fierceness of their onset, amazement and fear took possession of him, and he felt that he had never seen a sight more fearful ; often in after times he used to speak of his emotions at that time and of what he saw. But then, showing to his soldiers a glad and cheerful countenance, he rode past them without helmet or breastplate. The king of the Macedonians, on the other hand, according to Polybius, as soon as the battle began, played the coward and rode back to the city, under pretence of sacrificing to Heracles, a god who does not accept cowardly sacrifices from cowards, nor accomplish their unnatural prayers. For it is not in the nature of things that he who makes no shot should hit the mark exactly, or that he who does not hold his ground should win the day, or, in a word, that he who does nothing should be successful in what he does, or that a wicked man should be prosperous. But the god listened to the prayers of Aemilius, who kept wielding his spear as he prayed for might and victory, and fought as he invited the god to fight with him. However, a certain Poseidonius, who says he lived in those times and took part in those actions, and who has written a history of Perseus in several books, says it was not out of cowardice, nor with the excuse of the sacrifice, that the king went away, but because on the day before the battle a horse had 405 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ¢/ A 4 3 n , , v immou TO oxédros év bé TH waxy, Kaitrep EyovTa , , e N A re Svaypnotws Kal Kwdvopevov bro Tov diror, irmrov auT@ KedevoaL TAY Hhopéwy 1 poo ayaryetv cal wepiBavra cuppitar tots él TAS Paddaryyos GOwpaxiatrov' pepopévwy Sé travtodatav éxareé- A QN 9 A e , 9 A poder BeXov, raXrTov éutrecety oNoa ton pov auT, A A A a Kal TH pev axun py Ovyetv, AAA WAGyLOV Tapa THY aploTEepay TAEUPaV Tapadpapely, pon Se THS mapodov Tov Te xiT@Va Staxdwat Kal thy odpKa gowvi~at TuUPAP poOArAwWTL, TodLY Xpdvoyv Siadu- AdEavte Tov TUTOV. TadTa ev OdV oO TlocedSwvL0S vrép Tov Llepoéws aroNoyelTat. XX. Tov b¢ ‘Popaiwv, as avréotncav Th pa- Aayyt, wn Suvvapevwov BidlecOat, Udrovios 6 TOV TleAvyvav syyovpevos aprdoas To onpeiov tav Ud’ / wv ry aurov els Tovs TrodEepious Eppirpe. tav Sé Ilenu- A > , 3 3 nw N #+Q? e yvoav (ov yap éotw ‘Itadois Oeuttov ovd dotov eyxaTaXttrely onuetov) éTidpapLovtTwv pos éxetvov Tov ToTrov épya Seva Kal waOn Tap’ audhotépwv ATHVTA SULTETOVTMV. Ol wey yap exKpovew Te tois Eipeot Tas capicas érretpOvTo Kal meéCew Tots Oupeois Kai Tals Yepoly avtais avtiNayBavo- pevor Trapadépery, ot 5€ THY mpoRoAnVv KpaTtuVa- pevot St aphotépwy xal tovs mpoomimrovras avtots oT7TAaLs SteXavvorrtes, OUTE Oupeod atéyovtos \ , A , ovre Owpaxos THhv Biav THs capions, aveppirrouv e \ \ \ 4 A A imép xeharny ta oopata tov Tledyvav cat a“ b ] fol Mappovewov, nat ovdéva Noytopov, ada dup@ Onpiodet, pos evavtTias WAnyas Kal 7 povTrrov 406 AEMILIUS PAULUS kicked him on the leg. He says further that in the battle, although he was in a wretched plight, and although his friends tried to deter him, the king ordered a pack-horse to be brought to him, mounted it, and joined his troops in the phalanx without a breastplate ; and that among the missiles of every sort which were flying on all sides, a javelin made entirely of iron smote him, not touching him with its point, indeed, but coursing along his left side with an oblique stroke, and the force of its passage was such that it tore his tunic and made a dark red bruise upon his flesh, the mark of which remained for a long time. This, then, is what Poseidonius says in defence of Perseus. XX. The Romans, when they attacked the Mace- donian phalanx, were unable to force a passage, and Salvius, the commander of the Pelignians, snatched the standard of his company and hurled it in among the enemy. Then the Pelignians, since among the Italians it is an unnatural and flagrant thing to abandon a standard, rushed on towards the place where it was, and dreadful losses were inflicted and suffered on both sides. For the Romans tried to thrust aside the long spears of their enemies with their swords, or to crowd them back with their shields, or to seize and put them by with their very hands; while the Macedonians, holding them firmly advanced with both hands, and piercing those who fell upon them, armour and all, since neither shield nor breastplate could resist the force of the Mace- donian long spear, hurled headlong back the Pelig- nians and Marrucinians, who, with no consideration but with animal fury rushed upon the strokes that 407 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 wloupévav Oavarov. obo dé Tap Tpopdy wv SiapOapevtov dvexomna ay ot KaTOT Ly avTay em TET Ary MEVOL* wal guy bev ovK Hp, dvaxopnots bé ™ pos 6pos TO Kahovpevov "OroK pov, Bate Kat TOV 266 Aiutdov lovra, dnoty o Tlocedavios KaTappy- Ear bar TOV Xurava, TOUT@V eV évdidovTor, TOV & dv\Xov ‘Popatov Stat peTopeveov Ty pddayya mpoa Bodny OUK éXoucay, adn’ domep Xapaxe- pate TO TuKVOpaTt TOY captaay UTravtTiafovaav mavtobev amrpoapaxov. 4 ‘Emel 6€ Tay Te Xo plov dvoparav évTov, Kad bia TO pijKos THs wapatafews ov purarrovens dpapota TOV TUVATT LG LOD, KaTEloe THY parayya tov Maxedovev Kroes TE Todas Kai OtaoTa- . o pata AapRavovear, @s elKds ev peyddors oT pa- Tois Kal Troiinats oppais TOV pbaXopevov, Tois pev excOdBopevny fépect, ToL bE TpoTimTovaay, eTrL@y o€éws Kal Srarpav TAS omelpas éxéXevev ets Ta Sraretppata Kal Kevopata Tis TOV Tone pleoy TazEws TapEenTinTovTas Kat TupTreKopevous hn pay T pos aravras, GANA ToANAS Kal peperypeévas 5 Kata Hépos Tas paxas TidecOa. Tabra TOU pev Aipidtou Tous 1yewovas, TOV S AYEMOveOY TOUS TTPATLOTAS SidacKovter, @S TP@TOV im@édvcav Kat Sua xov elow TOV OTAWD, Tots [ev eK wAayiou KATA yupva mpoapepopevot, TOUS 6¢ tais mept6po- pais dmorapBdvortes, 1) a) pev laxvs Kab 7) KOLVOD épyov evdus ATONWAEL TAS parayyos avappn- yuperns, év d€ tails Ka? &va nal Kar orjékyous cva Taser ot Makedoves mtxpois pev eyxerproiors aTepeous Kal tmodnpers Oupeovs vUaoovTes, éda- 408 AEMILIUS PAULUS met them, and a certain death. When the first line had thus been cut to pieces, those arrayed behind them were beaten back; and though there was no flight, still they retired towards the mountain called Olocrus, so that even Aemilius, as Poseidonius tells us, when he saw it, rent his garments. For this part of his army was retreating, and the rest of the Romans were turning aside trom the phalanx, which gave them no access to it, but confronted them as it were with a dense barricade of long spears, and was everywhere unassailable. But the ground was uneven, and the line of battle so long that shields could not be kept continuously locked together, and Aemilius therefore saw that the Macedonian phalanx was getting many clefts and in- tervals in it, as is natural when armies are large and the efforts of the combatants are diversified ; portions of it were hard pressed, and other portions were dashing forward. Thereupon he came up swiftly, and dividing up his cohorts, ordered them to plunge quickly into the interstices and empty spaces in the enemy's line and thus come to close quarters, not fighting a single battle against them all, but many separate and successive battles. These instructions being given by Aemilius to his officers, and by his officers to the soldiers, as soon as they got between the ranks of the enemy and separated them, they attacked some of them in the flank where their armour did not shield them, and cut off others by falling upon their rear, and the strength and general efficiency of the phalanx was lost when it was thus broken up; and now that the Macedonians engaged man to man or in small detachments, they could only hack with their small daggers against the firm and 409 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dpois S€ meATapiois mpos Tas éxetvwy payaipas € \ , \ al \ N 4 uma Bdpovs nat xatadopas 8a mavtos Sidov yopovaas er) TA TWpLaTa, KAKS aYTEYOVTES éTpd- WOVTO. XXI. Kara rovrous 5é péyas Hv ayov. &0a 5% xat Mdpxos 0 Kdtwvos vids, Aiptriou 8é yap- Bpos, tacav arn émidecxvipevos améBare TO Eidos. ola 5é veavias évteOpappévos Wreiotors Tatdevpact Kal peydd@ matpl peyadns aperis 9 4 ? lé > N @e 4 9 amrobeitets opeiAwy, ov Biwtov ynodpevos elvar mpoeév@m okidAov auto Cavtos rots mrodepiots 9 , : \ , ” / I. Q , emréSpape THV UAYXNV, el TLVd TOU irov Kai cvvyOn xatioot, ppdlwv To cvpTrecov avT@ Kal Sedmevos A e \ \ N ? \ , A BonOeiv. ot d€ wWoAXOl Kat ayabol yevouevor Kat A A A 4 Siacyovtes op pid Tovs AdXovs, rept avdtov ipnyovpevoy EuSdrXover Tots évavriow. peydro@ S ayau xal hove ToAA@ Kal Tpavpacw woavTes éx yopas Kal TOTOV épnuoyv Kal yupvov Kata- axovres erl Enrnow érpdtovto Tod Eigous. as Q 9 “ e \ , A dé pods év TWoAXois GTrAOLS Kal TT@pAacL vEexpav Kexpuppevoy avevpéOn, Trepryapels yevopevor Kal 4 Aa TavavioavTes ETL NapT POTEpOV EvexElvTO TOLS GUD- EOT@OLW ETL TOV TovEiov. Kal TéXOS Of TPLC- yidvoe Noyddes ev Taker pévovtes Kal payopevor KaTexonnoay atravtess Tav & adAXwv hevyovTwv A @ e UU C4 N \ bc \ A Totus WV O hovos, woTEe TO pev Tedioy Kal THY imwpecay KataTeTARCOa vexpav, Tod Sé Aeviou moTramov TO pedpa Tos ‘Pwpatous TH meta THY paxynv nuépa SrenOeivy ere peptypévov aipare. 410 AEMILIUS PAULUS long shields of the Romans, and oppose light wicker targets to their swords, which, such was their weight and momentum, penetrated through all their armour to their bodies. They therefore made a poor resist- ance and at last were routed. | XXI. But the struggle between them was fierce. Here, too, Marcus, the son of Cato and the son-in- law of Aemilius, while displaying all possible prowess, lost his sword. Since he was a young man of the most generous education and owed to a great father proofs of great valour, he thought life not worth the living if he abandoned such spoil of his own person to the enemy, and ran along the ranks telling every friend and companion whom he saw of his mishap and begging them for aid. These made a goodly number of brave men, and making their way with one impulse through the rest, they put themselves under his lead and fell upon the enemy. With a great struggle, much slaughter, and many wounds, they drove them from the ground, and when they had won a free and empty place, they set themselves to looking for the sword. And when at last it was found hidden among great heaps of armour and fallen bodies, they were filled with exceeding joy, and raising songs of triumph fell yet more impetuously upon those of the enemy who still held together. Finally, the three thousand picked men of the Mace- donians, who remained in order and kept on fighting, were all cut to pieces; and of the rest, who took to flight, the slaughter was great, so that the plain and the lower slopes of the hills were covered with dead bodies, and the waters of the river Leucus were still mingled with blood when the Romans crossed it on AI PLUTARCH’S LIVES , Q e A , , Aéyovtas yap Urép Siopupious mevraktayiALous aroQavety. tav dé ‘Pwpaiwy éEmecov, ws pev Tloved@uos dno, éxatov, ws 5¢ Nacixas, oydo- HKOVTA. XXII. Kat xpiow pev o€utdtnv péyiotos ayov : 4 ovTos Exxev’ éevadtns yap @pas apEapevor paxe- obat wpo Sexarns évixnoav: TO O€ NELTOMEVO TIS neepas Xpnoapevos pos THhv Siwkw Kai péxps otadiwy éxatov Kai eixoot SiwEavtes éomépas wv a, > Ul \ \ \ wv 70n Badetas atretpatrovto. Kat Tous pev addouS of Oepdtrovtes UTO AapTTadwY aTravT@VTES peTA yapas Kat Bons amipyov emt tas oxnvas dott AapTropevas Kal KEexoopnpevas KiTTOV Kai dadyns otTepavols: avTov 5€ Tov aTpaTnyov peya TévOos elye. Suety yap viav avtov otpatevopévav o 4 3 “ \ 3 a ae ee a vewTepos ovdapod havepos Hv, bv edirer TE pa- MoTa Kal THELoTOY Eis apeTHnY huTEL TpovYoVTA a 9 “ e7 ” ‘ \ s TOV adeApav Epa. Oupoerdy Sé Kai PiAoTipoy bd A 4 ” 3 > 4 -e A e , ovta THY vpuyny, ert 8 avtimaia tH HrLKIay, 4 > / , e > » TavTanacw amodwrévat xaredo-aler, br’ azret- pias dvameyPevta tois Todepiots payopevors. atropoupévou 6€ avtov Kal repirabovvtos 7,00eTo jmav TO oTpdtevpa, Kal petaku Sertrvobvtes ave- amnoov cat SéGeov peta AapmTddwy, ToAXKOL pev ért Thy axnvny tov Aiptriou, TrodAoi Sé mpo tov Vapaxos ev Tos TpwToLs vexpots CnToVTES. KaTH- deca 5€ TO otTpatotedov Kal Kpavyn TO Tediov Karelyev dvaKaXrovupéevwy Tov Lentiova, TaoLyap 5 ® Le Be 9 le \ ayaatos hv evOus €& apxis, mpos nyepoviay Kal 412 267 AEMILIUS PAULUS the day after the battle. For it is said that over twenty-five thousand of their enemies were slain ; while of the Romans there fell, according to Poseido- nius, a hundred, according to Nasica, eighty. XXII. And this greatest of all struggles was most speedily decided ; for the Romans began fighting at three o'clock in the afternoon, and were victorious within an hour; the rest of the day they spent in the pursuit, which they kept up for as many asa hundred and twenty furlongs, so that it was already late in the evening when they returned. All the rest were met by their servants with torches and conducted with joyful shouts to their tents, which were ablaze with light and adorned with wreaths of ivy and laurel; but Aemilius their general was a prey to great sorrow. For of the two sons who were serving under him, the younger was nowhere to be found, and Aemilius loved him especially, and saw that he was by nature more prone to excellence than any of his brothers. But he was of a passionate and ambitious spirit, and was still hardly more than a boy in years, and his father concluded that he had certainly perished, when, for lack of experience, he had become entangled among the enemy as they fought. The whole army learned of the distress and anguish of their general, and springing up from their suppers, ran about with torches, many to the tent of Aemilius, and many in front of the ramparts, searching among the numerous dead bodies. De- jection reigned in the camp, and the plain was filled with the cries of men calling out the name of Scipio. For from the very outset he had been admired by everybody, since, beyond any other one of his family, 413 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mohirelav @> addXos ovdels TOV aUYyevav Kexpa- pevos TO 700s. "Owe 8 ody 780 oxebov aT eyvos LeVvos ex THS didFews Tm poo jet peta vo i] T play éTalpwy, aipatos Kat povov ToNeuLeov avaTTrews, aomep oKvrak yevvaios, - vp’ ndovijs aK paTas Th. vinn auvefevex eis. odTos éoTt Lanriwv o ) Tois ixvou- pevous x povors } Kapxndova Kal N opayriay Kata- oxdypas Kal TOAU 7 p@TOS apeTh Tav TOTe ‘Pw- paiwy YEVOpEVOS Kai duvndels péytorov. Aipirin pep ouy THY Tov KaTop GATOS pepe ets Erepov a) TOxN Kawpov imepBaddopevy TOTE TAVTEAH THY HOOVHY ATEOLOOU THs viKns. XXIII. Tlepoevs bé guyh pev éx Ivduns ets TleAAav a amrexapel, TOV lITrTéewY ETLELKwS TAYTOY QTro THS paxns Stacerwopevov. émel dé Kxata- AapBdvovres ot mefol Tous immets os avavdpous Kat Tm podedw@xoras NoLdopowvtTes ard TOV (army @0ovv xal mAnyas édidocay, Seioas TOV OopuBov éx THS 0600 7a éxXwve TOV immoy, xal THV mrop- pupar, as en bidonwos ein, Teptomrdaas éGero TpoaGev avrov, Kal ro diddnua bia Xerpav elyev. a; 6€ Kal mpocd:aréyorTo tots éTalpots apa Baditon, cataBas épetdxero tov immov. tay dé O pev TLS brodnpa ts Oa TOLovMEvOS Aehupevov ouvatrrety, o Sé imtrov apdety, 6 o 6¢ moTov xpngerv, UToherTropevor KaTA pete pov arredi8packov, ovx oUTw TOUS TroAELLOUS, as THY éxeivou XarerornTa Sedorxores. KeYyapaypévos yap bo TOY KaKav 1 xpévois supplied by Coraés and Bekker, after Reiske. 414 AEMILIUS PAULUS he had a nature adapted for leadership in war and public service. Well, then, when it was already late and he was almost despaired of, he came in from the pursuit with two or three comrades, covered with the blood of the enemies he had slain, having been, like a young hound of noble breed, carried away by the uncon- trollable pleasure of the victory. This was that Scipio who, in after times,! destroyed Carthage and Numantia, and became by far the most noble and influential Roman of his day. Thus Fortune, post- poning to another season her jealous displeasure at the great success of Aemilius, restored to him then in all completeness his pleasure in his victory.” XXIII. But Perseus was away in flight from Pydna to Pella, since practically all his horsemen came safely off from the battle. But when his footmen overtook his horsemen, and, abusing them as cowards and traitors, tried to push them from their horses and fell to beating them, the king, afraid of the tumult, turned his horse out of the road, drew his purple robe round and held it in front of him, that he might not be conspicuous, and carried his diadem in his hands. And in order that he might also con- verse with his companions as he walked, he dis- mounted from his horse and led him along. But of these companions, one pretended that he must fasten a shoe that had become loose, another that he must water his horse, another that he himself wanted water to drink, and so they gradually lagged behind and ran away, because they had more fear of his cruelty than of the enemy. For he was lacerated 1 In 146 and 133 B.c. 3 The battle of Pydna is described by Livy in xliv. 36-41. 415 PLUTARCR’S LIVES 9 , 9 4 s + 9 @e nn A b) 4 eis wavtas eCrjre. tTpéwety ad avTov THY aitiay THS HTTHS. eet S€ vuxTos eis IléAXav eiloerOav Eixrov nai Evdaov, trovs émi rod vopicpatos, aTavTnoavTas avuT@ nal Ta yeev éyxadodvtas A é \ wept TaV yeyovorwy, Ta Sé mappnotalopévous dxalpws kal aupBovrevortas opytobels dréxtet- 3 N “A dt , > 4 9 LY vev, autos TO Erdhidio maiwy audotépous, ovdeis mapépevev avt@ mapeE Evdvdpov te tod Kpnros \ 9? U A ? “A \ ray “ kat "Apyedapou Tov Aitwrov Kai tov Bowrtod Néwvos. trav &€ otpatiwtav émrnxoXovbnoav oi Kpijres, od Se evvotay, adda Tolls yYpnpacw, w@aomep Knplos péNLTTAL, TMpoTALTApOUYTES. Tap- > 4 N bd b ] > A TONAa yap éemnyeTo, Kat Tpovenxev €E avTav Staprdca: toils Kpynolv éxmopata kal cpatipas Kal THY GAY év apyvp@ Kal Xpyc@ KatacKevyny els TEVTNKOVTA TANAdVTwWY AOYoV. ‘yevomevos & év "Apdimoret mparon, elt’ éxetOev ev Tarn wd, xar tov poBov puxpov UravévTos, eis TO Tuyyeves Kal mpecBvTatov avTod Ta VOONMETWY, THY [LK pO- , a e \ > 4 \ A Aoylav, avis waeveyPeis wdvpeto apos Tovs didous as TOV "AreEavdpou tot peydAou Ypvcw- pareov éua tots Kpnot Sseppipws vr’ ayvoias, \ a Kal Tapexdre Tovs éxovtas advTtBorav nai da- \ ta xpvov dpelrpacOat mpos vopiopa. Tods meV OdV emicTapévous ak plBas autov ovx édabe Kpyntivov A e \ \ ampos Kpiras, ot dé meaGévtes Kat amodovres \ , ameatepnOnaav. ov yap aT@rédwxe TapyUpLoV, dNAQ Tptdxovta Tddavta Kepddvas amo TaV didwv, & pexpov Botepov Ewerdrov ot Torémioe Ar WerOat, 416 AEMILIUS PAULUS by his misfortunes, and sought to turn the responsi- bility for his defeat away from himself and upon everybody else. He entered Pella during the night, and when Euctus and Eulaeus, his treasurers, came to meet him, and, what with their censure for what had happened and their unseasonably bold speeches and counsels, enraged him, he slew them, smiting both of them himself with his small-sword. After this no one remained with him except Evander the Cretan, Archedamus the Aetolian, and Neon the Boeotian. Of his soldiers, only the Cretans followed after him, not through good will, but because they were as devoted to his riches as bees to their honey- combs. For he was carrying along vast treasures, and had handed out from them for distribution among the Cretans drinking cups and mixing bowls and other furniture of gold and silver to a value of fifty talents. He arrived at Amphipolis first, and then from there at Galepsus, and now that his fear had abated a little, he relapsed into that congenital and oldest disease of his, namely, parsimony, and lamented to his friends that through ignorance he had suffered some of the gold plate of Alexander the Great to fall into the hands of the Cretans, and with tearful supplications he besought those who had it to exchange it for money. Now those that understood him accurately did not fail to see that he was playing the Cretan against Cretans; but those who listened to him, and gave back the plate, were cheated. For he did not pay them the money he had promised, but after craftily getting thirty talents from his friends, which his enemies were to get soon afterwards, he sailed across with them to 417 VOL. V2 E £ PLUTARCH’S LIVES pet avtav Siérrevocev eis LapoPpaxny nai da- gevywv emi tovs Atooxovpous ixétevep. XXIV. Aci prev ovv Aéyovtar hidoBacirean Maxedoves, tore 8 as épeiopat: Kxexdacpéve Tavrev aya ocupmecovray éyyepilovres avTous TO Aipirio S00 juépats SANS KUptov avToy KaTé- otnoay Maxedovias. xat doxei Todt paptupeiy Tois evtvyiga tii tas mpakas éexeivas yeyovévat ddcxovow. Ett 5é nai To wept Thy Ovaiay ovp- 4 A > > ‘ tA “ Trwpa Satwovoy wv év “Apditrores Ovovros Tov Aipiriov xal taV iepav evnpypévwy KEepauvos > / bd ‘ ‘ 9 / évoxnas ets Tov Bwpov érepreEe xai ovyxa- Onyice THY tepoupyiav. wTepBadrre 5 Oeornts mavTws Kal TUYn Ta THS Huns. jv péev yap npépa teTapTyn vevixnuév@ Llepoet arepi Ivdvav, év 5¢ 1H ‘Pop tod Sypov Gewpoivtos immxous ayavas ékaidyns évérece Aoryos Eis TO Tpw@TOV tov Oedtpov pépos ws Aimidtos peyddy ayn vent- xnxas Ilepoéa xatactpéporto ovptacayv Maxe- Soviav. éx &€ tovrov tayd THs Pyuns avaxeo- pévns eis TO WARDS eEéNaprve yapa peTa xpoTtov kal Bons tHv nuépav éexeiyny Kxatacyovoa Hp TOMY. ELTA, WS O AOYOS OvK ElyeV Eis apynY ? a , 3 > 9 aA e , 5) Ul averOeiy BeBatov, aXX €v Tac opoiws epaiveto mTraAVa@pLEVvOS, TOTE pev eoxeddaOn Kai Steppin Ta A 4 bd / + @ @ A 4 Tis dnuns, ordLyas 8 batepov Huépars mud opevor capas Cavpafov tiv mpodpayodoav ayyeniap, e 3 le! 4 N 3 9 ws év T@ wevder TO adnOés ceive. 418 268 -AEMILIUS PAULUS Samothrace, where he took refuge as a suppliant in the temple of the Dioscuri. XXIV. Now, the Macedonians are always said to have been lovers of their kings, but at this time, feeling that their prop was shattered and all had fallen with it, they put themselves into the hands of Aemilius, and in two days made him master of all Macedonia. And this would seem to bear witness in favour of those who declare that these achieve- ments of his were due to a rare good fortune. And still further, that which befell him at his sacrifice was a token of divine favour. When, namely, Aemilius was sacrificing in Amphipolis, and the sacred rites were begun, a thunderbolt darted down upon the altar, set it on fire, and consumed the sacrifice with it. But an altogether more signal instance of divine favour and good fortune is seen in the way the rumour of his victory spread. For it was only the fourth day after Perseus had been defeated at Pydna, and at Rome the people were watching equestrian contests, when suddenly a report sprang up at the entrance of the theatre that Aemilius had conquered Perseus in a great battle and reduced all Macedonia. After this the rumour spread quickly among the multitude, and joy burst forth, accompanied by shouts and clapping of hands, and prevailed in the city all that day. Then, since the story could not be traced to any sure source, but seemed to be current everywhere alike, for the time being the rumour vanished into thin air ; but when, a few days afterwards, they were clearly informed of the matter, they were astonished at the tidings which had reached them first, seeing that in the fiction there was truth. 419 EE 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXV. Aéyeras 5€ Kal ris él Zaypa trorape@ lA b “ > \ J , payns “Itadiwtav avOnpepov év Tedorovynce Novo yevéoOar, xal TIhatasaot tis év Muxarn N / é \, ¢ nw , N apos Mydous. fv 5é ‘Pwpaior Tapxuvious peta Aativoy émictpatevoarras évixnaay, avtayyerot dpalovres whOncayv aio tod otpaTod puKpov tatepov avdopes dv0 Kado Kal peyadot. TovToUs 2 elxacay elvat Atocxovpous. o 8 évtuy@v mpaTos avtois Kat’ ayopay mpo THS KPNVYNS, avarvyouvar Tous immous LOp@Tt TOAAM Tepippeopuevous, eOav- \ ‘ A , , 9° e \ pale Tov mept THS viKns Noyov. E€10 oF pev ért- Waitcat Néyovta: THs vanvns avTod Tolv yepoiv atpéua pediavress 7 8 edOds éx pedaivns Tptyos els Tuppav petaBadovoa TO pév NOY TioTLV, TO & avipl wapacyeiy érixrnow tov ’AnvoBapBor, Step éott YadxoTwywva. aot S€ tovToLs TO 3 Kal’ Huds yevopevoy miatiw Tapécyev. STE yap ? , > A A \ A ‘ Avrevios atréotn Aopetiavov Kal TroXvs TroAELosS amd Teppavias mpocedoxato, THs “Pans tapat- Tomevns advw Kat adtoudtws o Sijpos é& attod dnunv avédwxe vixns, kal tHv “Poyny érédpape ANOyos avTov Te TOV ’AvT@VLOY avnpncBat Kat TOD ovY aUT@ oTpaTevpatos HTTHMEvou pndev pépos a 4 A 7 4 e” NerelPOat. TocavtTyny Sé AaumpoTnta Kal prynv 4H TloTls éoxev Bate Kal Odcat tov év téres 4 moAAous. Cntoupévou Sé Tod mpwtou dpacarTos, 1 A battle between the Locrians and Crotoniats, at some time in the sixth century B.o. 420 AEMILIUS PAULUS XXV. It is said also that a report of the battle fought by the Italian Greeks at the river Sagra! reached Peloponnesus on the same day, and so did that of the battle with the Medes at Mycale come on the same day to Plataea.?, And when the Romans conquered the Tarquins, who had taken the field against them with the Latins, two tall and beautiful men were seen at Rome a little while after, who brought direct tidings from the army. These were conjectured to be the Dioscuri. The first man who met them in front of the spring in the forum, where they were cooling their horses, which were reeking with sweat, was amazed at their report of the victory. Then, we are told, they touched his beard with their hands, quietly smiling the while, and the hair of it was changed at once from black to red, a circumstance which gave credence to their story, and fixed upon the man the surname of Ahenobarbus, that is to say, Bronze- beard. And all this is made credible by that which has happened in our time. When, namely, An- tonius was in revolt from Domitian,‘ and a great war was expected from Germany, and Rome was in commotion, suddenly and spontaneously the people of their own accord spread abroad a report of a victory, and a story coursed through Rome that Antonius himself had been slain, and that of his defeated army not a portion was left alive. Belief in the story became so strong and distinct that many of the magistrates actually offered sacrifices. When, however, the author of the story was sought, none 2 It was when the Greeks at Mycale were about to attack the Persians that a rumour came to them of the victory of the Greeks at Plataea over Mardonius (Herodotus, ix. 100). 3 See the Coriolanus, iii. 4. * In 9] a.v. 421 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ws ovdels jv, GAN o Aoryos els AANOov EF AANOV Stwxopevos avépevye, xal tédXos Katabvs Wore pe ¥ p 9 li ? NX ‘ ” w b] 4 els TéNayOS axaves TOV ATreLpov OYrOV Eedhavn , 3 ‘ 4 , (4 \ e 4 pndeuiav apxnyv éyov BeBaiov, aitn pév 7 hynun Tayv THs odkews eLeppvn, topevopevm dé TH Aopetiav® peta dvvapews emi roy toXeLov Hon 9 @QN 9 , \ , , \ xa’ odov ayyeMa kai ypdppata dpavorta tiv vicny anmnvtncev. 7 8 avtod! tod KatopOwparos nuépa Kal THs nuns eyivero, ert mréov 7 Siopv- plous otadiovs TOY TOTwY StecTHTwY. TadTa pev ovdels ayvoet Tay Kal? Huas. XXVI. Tvaios 5€ "OxtdBios 6 vavapyay AimiArt@ mpocoppicdpevos tH LapoOpaxn tHv pev acvriay wrapetye TH Ilepcet da Tovs Deovs, éxtrAou 5€ Kal guys eipyev. ov py adda Rar- Gave. tas 6 Ilepceds "Opodvdnv twa Kpira NéuBov éxovta cuptreicas peta Ypnudtwv ava- NaBeiy avrov. o S€ KpnTicLe XpNnodpevos Ta pev Xpnpata viKTwp avédaBev, éxeivoy Sé Tis érépas vuxtos few Kedevoas él Tov mpos TO Anpntpip Apéva peta TOV Téxvwv Kal OepaTreias P / IA\ 229 © , > © 8 avaykaias, evOus ad’ éorrépas atrémrevcev. 6 Se Ilepvevs ointpda pev rracye S1a otevis Oupisdos mapa TO Telyos éxunpvopevos avTov Kal tadia cal yuvaixa Tovey Kal mans aTreEipous, olKTpO- tatoyv d¢ otevaypov adjxev, Os TIS aUT@ Tra- yopevm wapa Tov aiytadov On TeAdytov Tov 1 abrot Bekker adopts Reiske’s correction to avrh. 422 269 AEMILIUS PAULUS could be found, but it eluded all pursuit from one man to another, and finally disappeared in the limit- less throng, as in a yawning sea, and was seen to have no sure source. This rumour, then, quickly melted away in the city ; but when Domitian was setting out with an army for the war and was already on the march, messages and letters announcing the victory came to meet him.! And the success itself was gained on the day when the rumour of it came to Rome, although the distance between the places was more than twenty thousand furlongs. These facts are known to every one of our time. XXVI. But to resume, Gnaeus Octavius, the admiral of Aemilius, came to anchor off Samothrace, and while he allowed Perseus to enjoy asylum, out of respect to the gods, he took means to prevent him from escaping by sea. However, Perseus some- how succeeded in persuading a certain Cretan named Oroandes, the owner of a small skiff, to take him on board with his treasures. So Oroandes, true Cretan that he was, took the treasures aboard by night, and after bidding Perseus to come during the following night to the harbour adjoining the Demetrium, with his children and necessary atten- dants, as soon as evening fell sailed off. Now, Perseus suffered pitifully in letting himself down through a narrow window in the fortress, together with his wife and little children, who were un- acquainted with wandering and hardships; but, most pitiful of all was the groan he gave when some one told him, as he wandered along the shore, that he had seen Oroandes already out at sea and under full 1 Antonius did not get the help he expected from German auxiliaries, and was defeated by Appius Norbanus. 423 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 ‘Opodavinv Béovta xatidov Eppacevy, vTréNapTeE yap npuépa, cal maans édrridos Epnuos Urexw@per huyh mpos To tTetyos, ov AaOwy pév, UTOPOacas dé tovs ‘Pwpaious, peta THS yuvatkos. Ta Sé maidia avdd\aBov avtois “Iwy éveyeipicev, 5s mdvat pev épwopevos jv tod Ilepcéws, tore b€ MpoOOTNS YEvouevos aitiay Tapéaxe THY padtorTa cuvavayxacacay tov avOpwrov, as Onpiov ars- cKopmévwv TOV TéxvwV, els yelpas EAOciY Kal mapabovval TO c@pa TOS ExeivwY KpaTovaL. - 4 ‘Enioteve pév ody pddtota TO Naotnd, xaxei- vov éxadeu' pu) Trapovtos b¢ KataxNavaas THV TUynY Kal THY avdayKny Tepioxelrdpevos ESwxev avtoyv btroxelprov TO Tvaim, ToTe pddtora trown- cas pavepov ote THS pirapyupias Hy ev avT@ ti Kakov ayevvertepov 7 dirowuyta, du’ hv, 6 povov ) TUXN TOV eTTALKOTWY ovK AdhalpeEiTat, TOV 5 éNeov, aTeaTtépnoev éavTov. Senfeis yap axyOjvar mpos Tov Aipiriov, 6 wey ws avdpl peyddo TeTTH- KOTL TT@pA veyeontov Kal dvaTuxes eEavactas imnvTa peta Ttav didrcwv Sedaxpupévos: o 8, aicyictov Oéapya, rpoBarwv avtov éml ctopa Kal yovatayv Spakdpevos aveBddXeTO havas ayevrvets 6 kat Senoets, as ovN vréperver ovd Hrovoev 6 Aiptdtos, dAAa TpoaBré Was avdtov adryobvTt Kal AeAuTnLErP TH Mpocwor@, “Ti THs TvYNS,” elrrev, ‘@ Taraitwpe, TO péyrotov adatpels TeV éyxAnpdtwv, tadta mpdttwv ad’ ov Soke ov nap atiav atuyxelv, ovdé Tod viv, AAA TOU drat 424 AEMILIUS PAULUS sail. For day was beginning to dawn, and so, bereft of every hope, he fled back to the fortress with his wife, before the Romans could prevent him, though they saw him. His children were seized and de- livered to the Romans by lon, who of old had been a favourite of Perseus, but now became his betrayer, and furnished the most compelling reason for his coming, as a wild beast will do when its young have been captured, and surrendering himself to those who had them in their power. Accordingly, having most confidence in Nasica, he called for him; but since Nasica was not there, after bewailing his misfortune and carefully weighing the necessity under which he lay, he gave himself into the power of Gnaeus, thus making it most abund- antly clear that his avarice was a less ignoble evil than the love of life that was in him, and that led him to deprive himself of the only thing which Fortune cannot take away from the fallen, namely, pity. For when at his request he was brought to Aemilius, Aemilius saw in him a great man whose fall was due to the resentment of the gods and his own evil fortune, and rose up and came to meet him, accompanied by his friends, and with tears in his eyes; but Perseus, a most shameful sight, after throwing himself prone before him and then clasping his knees, broke out into ignoble cries and supplications. These Aemilius could not abide and would not hear; but looking upon him with a distressed and sorrowful countenance, said : ‘‘ Why, wretched man, dost thou free Fortune from thy strongest indictment against her, by conduct which will make men think that thy misfortunes are not undeserved, and that thy former prosperity, 425 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Saiuovos avakios yeyovévar; ti dé pov Kata- Barras tHv vinny, cal To KatopOwpa roteis puxpov, ETrLOELKVUBEVOS €avTov ov yevvaiov ovdé m peTovTa ‘Pepatov avTayover Thy ; a eT) TOL dvatuxodar eyaanu ever potpay ai ods Kat Tapa Tmoheptots, Sethia | é ‘Pwpaiows, cay eviro- TUN, TWAVTNH aTiwoTaTov.” XXVII. Od pay adda TOdTOV pev dvacTnoas Kal beFraa duevos TovBépwve Trapedwxen, avTos be TOUS maibas kal tovs yapBpous cal TOV adXNov TYE HOULKD padiora TOUS vewrépous érw THs oKNVTS emia Tag dpevos TONY Xpovov ay 7 pos aut clo] Kadjpevos, DOTE Oavpdtew a admavTas. opunaas 58 Tept THS TOXNS Kal TOV avOpwrriver braréyerOar Tpayywaroy, ‘ ‘"Apa ye ” elarev, “ aEtov eum paryias Tapovons avOpwroy a ovTa OpaciverBar kal péya ppoveiv EO vos ) ToAwW 7 Bactretav KaTarTpeapevov, h THY petaBodny TavTny Tijs ruxns, 1 mapddeaypa TO TodepoovTe KOWhs ao Oeveias mpoGeica maidever pndey ws povipov kal BéBatov Scavoeicban; Totos yap avOpw@rots Tov Oappeiv Katpos, Gray TO Kpareiv érépav pddora dedorxévar THY toxny avaryKatn, Kat TO xaipovre duc Gupiay émaryn TOTAUTHY O ) THS Tept- pepopmerns Kal T™pocta Tapevns GAXor adrXots elwappuerns Loyes Hos; n thv “AreEavdpouv d:a- SoxnY, bs emt TeloTov npOn Suvdpews kal peéytoTov éaxe KpaTos, @pas pas Hopi mecovaay ume Todas Oéuevot, Kai TOS apTL puplace TEelOV 1 +s tuxns, } so Sintenis!, Coraés, and Bekker, with the MSS.: 4 rdx7n. 426 AEMILIUS PAULUS rather than thy present lot, was beyond thy deserts ? And why dost thou depreciate my victory, and make my success a meagre one, by showing thyself no noble or even fitting antagonist for Romans? Valour in the unfortunate obtains great reverence even among their enemies, but cowardice, in Roman eyes, even though it meet with success, is in every way a most dishonourable thing.” XXVII. Notwithstanding his displeasure, he raised Perseus up, gave him his hand, and put him in charge of Tubero, while he himself drew his sons, his sons- in-law, and of the other officers especially the younger men, into his tent, where for a long time he sat in silent communion with himself, so that all wondered. Then he began to discourse of Fortune and of human affairs, saying: “Is it, then, fitting that one who is mortal should be emboldened when success comes to him, and have high thoughts because he has subdued a nation, or a city, or a kingdom ? or should his thoughts dwell rather on this reversal of fortune, which sets before the warrior an illustration of the weakness that is common to all men, and teaches him to regard nothing as stable or safe? For what occasion have men to be confident, when their con- quest of others gives them most cogent reason to be in fear of Fortune, and when one who exults in’ success is thrown, as I am, into great dejection by reflecting upon the allotments of Fate, which take a circling course, and fall now upon some and now upon others? Or, when the succession of Alex- ander, who attained the highest pinnacle of power and won the greatest might, has fallen in the space of a single hour and has been put beneath your feet, or when you see kings who but just now 427 PLUTARCH’S LIVES kad yididow irméwy TocavTats oTAOpopoupmevous Bactrels opaytes ex TOV TroAELioY yeLpav édn- Hepa oitia xal toTd NapBadvovtas, olecBe T Kal” pas eye Twa BeBaotnta tuyns SvapKA Mpos TOV Xpovov; ov KaTtaBaXrovTes pets ot véot TO Kevoyv Ppvaypya TovTO Kal yaupiapa THs vicns raTrewol catamrTnEeTe Tmpos TO péAXOV, Gel Kapa- Soxobvres eis 6 TL KaTaTKN WEL TéXOS EXATTH THV THs Tapovons evrrpayias o Saipov véweorw;” ToavTad pact moAda SiarexOévta tov Aipidsov atroTréuyyat TOUS véouvs ev pada TO KaUYn pa, kat thy UBpw, wowep YadLve, TO AY KoTTOVTL KeKONAG LEVOUS. XXVIII. "Ex rovtov rnv pev orpariay mpos dvatravowv, autov 5é mpos Oéav tis “EXXdbos érpewe xal Staywynv évdofov dua nal giravOpo- Tov. émiwy yap averauBave tors Sdypous Kal Ta TodtTevpata Kabiatato, Kal Swpeds édidou, tats pev attov éx tod BaciWsxod, tais § éXatov. TocoUTov yap evpeOfvai hacw arroKeipevoy Marte Tous NapBavovtas ab Seouévous emedeTretv apo- Tepov 7 KatavadwOjvat To TAHOOS TaY ebpeHév- tov. év 6é Aerdois idav nlova péyay TeTpdyovov éx NiOwv NevKOV TUT PHOG MEVOY, éf’ ov Tlepoéws euedre Ypucovs dvdptas tiPecOat, rpocétake tov avrov TeOHvat: Tovs yap NTTHMEéVOUS TOIs VIK@COLW eEiatacbat ywopas mpoonkeav. ev § ‘Odvpuria todTo 67 TO ToAvOpvAnTOY éxeivoy avadbéyea- cOai hac, ws Tov ‘Ounjpov Ala PDedSias arro- mracatto. tav & Séka tmpéoRewv éx ‘Pouns adpixouévwv Maxedoor pev arédwxe thy yopav 428 270 AEMILIUS PAULUS were surrounded by so many myriads of infantry and thousands of cavalry, receiving from their enemy’s hands the food and drink requisite for the day, can you suppose that we ourselves have any guarantee from Fortune that will avail against the attacks of time? Abandon, then, young men, this empty insolence and pride of victory, and take a humble posture as you confront the future, always expectant of the time when the Deity shall at last launch against each one of you his jealous dis- pleasure at your present prosperity.” Many such words were uttered by Aemilius, we are told, and he sent the young men away with their vainglorious insolence and pride well curbed by his trenchant speech, as by a bridle. XXVIII. After this, he gave his army a chance to rest, while he himself went about to see Greece, occupying himself in ways alike honourable and humane. For in his progress he restored the popular governments and established their civil polities ; he also gave gifts to the cities, to some grain from the royal stores, to others oil. For it is said that so great stores. were found laid up that petitioners and receivers failed before the abundance discovered was exhausted. At Delphi, he saw a tall square pillar composed of white marble stones, on which a golden statue of Perseus was intended to stand, and gave orders that his own statue should be set there, for it was meet that the conquered should make room for their conquerors. And at Olympia, as they say, he made that utterance which is now in every mouth, that Pheidias had moulded the Zeus of Homer. When the ten commissioners arrived from Rome, he restored to the Macedonians their country 429 PLUTARCH’S LIVES kal Tas trodes édevOépas oixeiy Kai avTovopous, éxatov 5é taXavra ‘Pwpaiols vTroredciv, ob mréoV h SumAdatov tots Bactredowv eicépepov. Oéas Sé javrodanayv aywovev Kat Ovaias émiTredo@v Tos Oeois éctidcers Kai Seitrva ampovbeto, yopnyia ‘ 9 aA A bd A , Ul pev éx tov Bacitixav afore ypapevos, Tak 5é¢ kal Koopov Kai KatakXices Kal deEtooes Kal THv mpos Exactov avTod THs Kar akiav tints kal ptroppocvyns aicOnow ottws axpiBn Kai meppovticpévny evdecxvipevos wote Oavpatew tous “EAAnvas, e& pndé tHv Tadidv dpotpov J 4 o} > \ A , atroAeiTret o7rovdns, GAAA THALKADTA TpdTTwY aynp TpayuaTa Kal Tols pixpois TO TpéTOV arro- , € \ , v eo A Sidwatv. o 5é nal tovtow Eyatpev, Ste TOAK@Y mapecKevac pévov Kal AapTpPaY 76 Hdto Tov avTos qv atoAavopa Kal Oéapa Tots trapovat, Kal mpos \ 4 \ b A A tous Oavydtovras tiv émipérderav Ereye Tijs aitis elvat uyns tapardfews te mpoothvat Karas Kal cuptrociou, Ths pév, brrws hoBepwrdry Tots ToAEpiols, TOD 8, WS EvYapLaTOTATOY H Tots A bd \ b] > ce) A > , auvovaw. ovdevds & Hrrov avtod tiv édevOepto- \ / > / © TnTa Kal THY peyadoWvylay émrnvovy ot avOpw- Wot, TOAY pev apyuptov, TOAD dé ypuatov éx TOV Baciuxdv nOpotopévoy ovd ideiv eOedncavtos, 9 a , ? \ 4 4 GAXA Tois Tapas ets TO Snpooloy TapadoyTos. pova ta BiBAia Tod Baciréws diroypaypatovat Trois uiéow émétpeev éEerécOa, cal Sravéuwv 430 AEMILIUS PAULUS and their cities for free and independent residence ; they were also to pay the Romans a hundred talents _in tribute, a sum less than half of what they used to pay to their kings. He also held all sorts of games and contests and performed sacrifices to the gods, at which he gave feasts and banquets, making liberal allowances therefor from the royal treasury, while in the arrangement and ordering of them, in saluting and seating his guests, and in paying to each one that degree of honour and kindly attention which was properly his due, he showed such nice and thoughtful perception that the Greeks were amazed, seeing that not even their pastimes were treated by him with neglect, but that, although he was a man of such great affairs, he gave even to trifling things their due attention. And he was also delighted to find that, though preparations for entertainment were ever so many and splendid, he himself was the pleasantest sight to his guests and gave them most enjoyment; and he used to say to those who wondered at his attention to details that the same spirit was required both in marshal- ling a line of battle and in presiding at a banquet well, the object being, in the one case, to cause most terror in the enemy, in the other, to give most pleasure to the company. But more than anything else men praised his freedom of spirit and his greatness of soul; for he would not con- sent even to look upon the quantities of silver and the quantities of gold that were gathered together from the royal treasuries, but handed them over to the quaestors for the public chest. It was only the books of the king that he allowed his sons, who were devoted to learning, to choose out for 431 PLUTARCH’S LIVES apioreta THS payns Airio TouPéport ™? yauBpp didrnyv ewe trévte der pév onKTY. obTOs éore TovBépwy dv paper pETa ouryyevav oixely éx- Kaidéxaror, amo yndtov pixpod Scatpepopevery andyrav. Kat Tp@Tov dpyupov éxeivov pacw eis TOV Aidiov olxoy elaenOety, vr aperis eal Tins Eeloayouevoy, TOV .. addov Xpovov ob avTovs ovTe Tas yuvaixas! apyupiov ypnlev 7 vgou. XXIX. Aroxnpévov dé TaVvTOV avT@ Kaos domacdpevos tovs “EAAnvas, Kal mapaKarécas tous Makxedovas penvicbar ris Sedopevns vo ‘Popaiwr erevdepias catovtas avrny ds’ evvo- pias Kal opovoias, avétevEev érl ryyv “Harecpoy, eXov Soypa ovyKhyTov TOUS TUMPEMAN TLEVOUS auT@ THY 7 pos Iepoea payny OTPATLOTAS amro TOY éxel TroNCwy OhErToat. BovAopevos 5é racw dpa kal pndevos mpoa SoxavTos, arr’ éEaihuns €TiTEg ei, METETEULAPATO TOUS TPWTOUS eE éxdarns TOAEWS avd pas déxa, Kal mpooeratev avrois, 5a0¢ dpryupos éott Kal Xpuaes ev oixials Kal tepois, nMepg puta Karapéper. éxdatous bé ouvemepypev @s én’ avto 67 TOUTO dpoupay oT pATLOT OY kat takiapxov T pom ovovpevov Snreiv Kat Taparap- Bavew TO Xpuatov. evotdans TIS ne pas, Dp’ é&va kal Tov avTov dua Karpov opyncartes éTpatrovTo Tpos KaTadpouny Kal Svaprrayny TOV TOAEWY, WATE WPA pla TevTexaidexa avOpwrov ékav8par odio 8 fvat pupiddas, éEBdounnovta dé mores tropOnOjvat, yevea Bat & ao TOTAUTAS pbopas i a éxdoT@ OTpATLOTN THY 1 rds yuvaixas Bekker, after Reiske: yuvaixas. 432 =7 AEMILIUS PAULUS themselves, and when he was distributing rewards for valour in the battle, he gave Aelius Tubero, his son-in-law, a bowl of five pounds weight. This was the Tubero, who, as I have said,! dwelt with fifteen relations, and a paltry farm supported them all. _ And that is said to have been the first silver that ever entered the house of the Aelii, brought in as an honour bestowed upon valour, but up to that time neither they themselves nor their wives used either silver or gold. XXIX. When he had put everything in good order, had bidden the Greeks farewell, and had exhorted the Macedonians to be mindful of the freedom bestowed upon them by the Romans and preserve it by good order and concord, he marched against Epirus, having an order from the senate to give the soldiers who had fought with him the battle against Perseus the privilege of pillaging the cities there. Wishing to set upon the inhabitants all at once and suddenly, when no one expected it, he sent for the ten principal men of each city, and ordered them to bring in on a fixed day whatever silver and gold they had in their houses and temples. He also sent with each of these bodies, as if for this very purpose, a guard of soldiers and an officer, who pretended to search for and receive the money. But when the appointed day came, at one and the same time these all set out to overrun and pillage the cities, so that in a single hour a hundred and fifty thousand persons were made slaves, and seventy cities were sacked ; and yet from all this destruction and utter ruin each soldier received no more than 1 Chapter v. 4. 433 VOL. VI, F F PLUTARCH’S LIVES Soot ov peilov evdexa Spaypav, ppiéas 5¢ ravtas avOpwrrovs TO Tov TrOAEMOU TEXOS, Els [LLKPOV OUT@ N 9 (4 An 4 Ww 4 To Kal’ Exactov Anupa Kal Képdos EOvous Grou KaTaKxeppatiabevtos. XXX. Aipirsos pév oty TovT0 mpdkéas paduiocta Tapa THy avrov hvaow émienh cal ypnotHny ovoav > 9 N 4 > Cad > 9 , \ ets Opixov xateBn: xaxeiOev eis ‘Iradiay pera tov Suvayewv meparwbels dvérrAe Tov BvSpiv ToTapov emt tHS BactdtKns Exxatdexnpous KaTe- oKevacpevns eis KOTpov STrAOLS aixyparwTols Kai ghowixiot kal troppupats, ws xal tavnyupivew EEwOev xabarrep eis Tiva OptapSinns Oéav roumis Kal mpoaTroNavelv Tovs Pwpaious, TO polio oxeé- Snv brayovts thy vaby avtimapeEayovtas. O: 8é otpatri@trat Tois BaciiKots yphpacww b / e > ef 9¢/ v éropGarmicartes, ws ox Sowv nkiovy éervyor, apyifovTo pév adjraws ba TovTO Kal yareTas 9 N N > + > 4 A A elyov mpos Tov Atuinov, aitimpevor S€ pavepas drt Bapus yévoito nal SeorroriKds avrois dpywv, ov tavu mpoOvpws ert thy bTép tod OptduBov omovony anynvrncav. ataBopevos 5é Todt Lép- Bios Taras, éxyOpos Aipursov, yeyovas 8¢ tav br avrov yidapywv, eOdppnoev avadavéov eitreiy e 2 / ¥ \ 4 > \ @s ov Soréov ein Tov OpiaywBov. évels 5é roAXds T® oTpatiwtixn@® TAGE SuaBoras Kata Tov atpatnyoo kal tiv ovcay opyny Ett pad2Xov > , 9 A A 4 bd éfepeOicas 7Teiro mapa tev Snudpywv addnv npepav’ éexeivny yap ov é€apKely tH xaTnyopia, téacapas éTt AotTas wpas Eyovoav. Tav sé 434 AEMILIUS PAULUS eleven drachmas as his share, and all men shuddered at the issue of the war, when the division of a whole nation’s substance resulted in so slight a gain and profit for each soldier. XXX. Aemilius, then, after executing a commis- sion so contrary to his mild and generous nature, went down to Oricus. From there he crossed into Italy with his forces, and sailed up the river Tiber on the royal galley, which had sixteen banks of oars and was richly adorned with captured arms and cloths of scarlet and purple, so that the Romans actually came in throngs from out the city, as it were to some spectacle of triumphant progress whose pleasures they were enjoying in advance, and followed along the banks as the splashing oars sent the ship slowly up the stream. But the soldiers, who had cast longing eyes upon the royal treasures, since they had not got as much as they thought they deserved, were secretly en- raged on this account and bitterly disposed towards Aemilius, while openly they accused him of having been harsh and imperious in his command of them; they were therefore not very ready to second his eager desires for a triumph. And when Servius Galba, who was an enemy of Aemilius, although he had been one of his military tribunes, perceived this, he made bold to declare openly that the triumph ought not to be allowed him. He also sowed many calumnies against their general among the masses of the soldiery, and roused still further the resentment they already felt, and then asked the tribunes of the people for another day in which to bring his accusations, since that day was not sufficient, of which only four hours still remained. But when 435 F FQ PLUTARCH’S LIVES dnpdpyov héyery aurov, ef te Bovnderaz, xehev- ovtwv, apEdpevos pape Kai Bracdnuias € eEXovTE mavroban as ypjobat oye TOV Xpovov avnhoce THS npepas: Kal yevopevou TKOTOUS ot pev b7}- papxot THY éxxdyo lav agdjxav, mpos dé Tov ParBav oi OTpaTiaTaL cuvédpapov Opacutepos yeyovotes, xal suvyxpoTnoapres avrous wept Tov GpOpov avs catahapSdvovras to KarerwXov- éxel yap ot Snuapyo. thy éxxAnolay Eueddov a£euv. XXXI. "Apa S TpEPS Ths Wgpouv Sodeons F Te Tparn pur Tov OplapBov areynpitero, Kat TOU TpPayHaTos aicOnaors eis TOV Gd)ov O7jpov Kal TH ovyKAnTov Kate. Kar TO pev TAH os Umeparyoiv T@ mponnraxiver Bat Tov Aipirsoy € ev pevais qv am paKrous, ob bé yeptporarot TOY amo Bours Sevov elvat TO yevopevoy Boavres adAnhovs mapexdovy émraBéobat THS «TOV oTpaTL@TaY do edyeias Kal Spacvrntos, emt way agiEoperns dvopov Epyov cal Biaov, et pndev éurroday avTois yévouo Tladrov Aipirsov apenc- cat Trav émiixioy Timor. Go dpevor dé roy éxdov Kai dvaBdvres a9 poor Tois Snudpyors éXe- ryov emia xe THY ynpopopiar, axpu ay beA Bway a Bovdovras qpos 70 TArHGOS. emia XOvT@V dé TavTOV Kal yevopevns CLOTHS ave Gov avnp UTATLKOS cal mohepious elxoot Kal Tpels éx ™ po- KANTEwWS aYNPNKAS, Mdpxos LepBirsos, Aipidsov pev épn Ilavaop, HAlKos avToKpaTop yévorro, viv padiota YylLvMOKELD, opav bons aneBeias ‘yeuovTt Kal Kakias oTpatevpats ypwpevos oTw Karas 436 AEMILIUS PAULUS the tribunes ordered him to speak, if he had any- thing to say, he began a speech which was long and full of all sorts of injurious statements, and so consumed the time remaining in the day. When darkness came, the tribunes dissolved the assembly, but the soldiers, now grown bolder, flocked to Galba, formed themselves into a faction, and before it was light proceeded to take possession of the Capitol ; for it was there that the tribunes proposed to hold the assembly. XXXI. As soon as it was day the voting began, and the first tribe was voting against the triumph, when knowledge of the matter was brought down to the rest of the people and the senate. The multitude, deeply grieved at the indignity offered to Aemilius, could only cry out against it in vain; but the most prominent senators, with shouts against the ignominy of the thing, exhorted one another to attack the bold license of the soldiers, which would proceed to any and every deed of lawlessness and violence if nothing were done to prevent their depriving Aemilius Paulus of the honours of his victory. Then pushing their way through the | throng and going up to the Capitol in a body, they told the tribunes to put a stop to the voting until they could finish what they wished to say to the people. All voting stopped, silence was made, and Marcus Servilius, a man of consular dignity, and one who had slain twenty-three foes in single combat, came forward and said that he knew now better than ever before how great a commander Aemilius Paulus was, when he saw how full of baseness and disobedience the army was which he had used in the successful accomplishment of such great and 437 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kataplwce Kal peyddas wpakes, Javpdferv dé 279 Tov Ofjpov el Tois am TAAUpiay Kat Auyvor ayanNopevos OprapBors avr pOovei tov Ma- xedovwy Baciriéa CovTa Kal THY ‘AdeEdvdpov Kal Pirinrov bofay émidety Ud Tois ‘Popatov dm ows dryomevny aixpddortov. “TI@s yap ov Sewvov,” elrrev, “e, Piyns mepl pirens aBeBatou ™ poTEpov els THY TONW éumecovans, educate Tots Geots EUXOMEVOL TOU NOyou TovTOV TaYéws aTroNa- Beiv THY ow, HKovTos O€ TOU oTpatnyob pera THS arn Ouwijs viKNS apatpeiobe Tav pev Oeay thy TL LHD, aura 5é ty Xapdy, ws poBovpevor bea- cac8at To péyeBos TOY KaTopOwudtov i] petdo- pevor TOD Tone pO ; KatTot Kpeit Tov hy TO 7 pos exetvov ehép, pn TO T™ pos avToxpatopa, bPovep AvOAvat TOV OpiapBov. aX’ els TOTaUTND, " én, TO xkaxonbes éEovciay mpodyetat St’ pov wate mepl otpatnylas Kal bpudpBov TONUG eyetv avO pwros aT pwTos Kal TO TowaTe otthBov vmo AEeLoTNT Os Kal ox.atpapias ™ pos npas TOUS TOCOU- TOLS TPAvLAce memratbevjevous dperas Kal Kaxias Kpivety aTpaTayav. dpa 5é Tis éo Ofjros dua- oXwY éEednve kata TOV oTépvaY OTELAAS aniatous TO TAHOos. elra petaotpadels Gia THY ovK EUT PETTOS év by yupvobabar Soxow tev Tou TWMATOS davexahue, Kab m pos TOV T'd\fav émrt- ie Sup “do per,” én, “yedds ei rovras, érya o¢ TEpvovopat pos TOUS moniTas vmép Tov- TOV yp nuépav Kat vUKTA TUvEX OS tarmac duevos TavuT éo ov. Grr’ aye NaBwv avtous émi THY Wipov éyo Sé cataBas mrapaxorovdia Tat, Kal yvaoouar Tovs KaKovs Kal axapiorous Kat 438 AEMILIUS PAULUS fair exploits ; and he was amazed that the people, while exulting in triumphs over TIllyrians and Ligurians, begrudged itself the sight of the king of Macedonia taken alive and the glory of Alexander and Philip made spoil by Roman arms. “For is it not a strange thing,’ said he, “that when an unsubstantial rumour of victory came suddenly and prematurely to the city, you sacrificed to the gods and prayed that this report might speedily be veri- fied before your eyes ; but now that your general is come with his real victory, you rob the gods of their honour, and yourselves of your joy in it, as though afraid to behold the magnitude of his successes, or seeking to spare the feelings of your enemy? And yet it were better that out of pity towards him, and not out of envy towards your general, the triumph should be done away with. But,” said he, “to such great power is malice brought by you that a man without a wound to show, and whose person is sleek from delicate and cowardly effeminacy, dares to talk about the conduct of a general and his triumph to us who have been taught by all these wounds to judge the valour and the cowardice of generals.’ And with the words he parted his gar- ment and displayed upon his breast an incredible number of wounds. Then wheeling about, he un- covered some parts of his person which it is thought unbecoming to have naked in a crowd, and turning to Galba, said: “ Thou laughest at these scars, but I glory in them before my fellow-citizens, in whose defence I got them, riding night and day without ceasing. But come, take these people off to their voting ; and I will come down and follow along with them all, and will learn who are base and thankless 439 PLUTARCH’S LIVES SnpaywyeiaOar warXov év Tois ToAgmoLS } OTpPA- tnyeic Oar Bovopévous.” XXXII. Odtw gacly id THY AOywr TOvTwY dvaxorhnvat Kal petaBareiy TO oTpatiwTiKoV @aoTe Tacats Tals pudais émixupwOnvar TH At- prio tov OpiapBov. meupOivar S avtov otTw Néyouow. o pev Shmos ev te Tois iwmixols Oed- Tpows, & Kipxovs xandodot, epi te THY ayopay ixpta wnEdpevos, Kal TaAXNA THS TrorEwWS pépN KataraBovtes, ws Exacta Tapelye THS TouTAS érroyriv, eBe@vtTo Kabapais éoOfot Kexoomnpevot. mas 6€ vaos avéwxto Kal oreddvev cal Oupiapa- TOV HY TANPNS, UTNpETAaL TE TOAAOL Kal paBOSovo- poe TOUS aTaKTWS GUppéovTas eis TO pécoY Kal Siaéovtas é£eipyovtes dvatentapévas Tas odovs cal xaOapas trapetyov. tis 5é wopmijs eis Hpépas Tpeis VEvELNMEVS, n pev T porn pos éfapxecaca Tots aixparwtos avdptaot Kal ypadais «cai KoNocaols él Cevyav mevtnxovra kai Ssaxociwv xopelopévos Tovtwy éxye Oéav. HS totepaia Ta KaANCTA Kal ToAUTeXMoTaTa TOY Make- Sovxav OtwY eréwreto ToAKAIS apakats, aUTA A / TE PappLaipovTAa YArAK@ veoopynnT@ Kal odypo, thy te Oéow ex téyvns Kal cuvappoyhs ws i paduora ouprredpopnpevors VvdSny Kal avTopdTas €oixot tTemonueva, Kpadyn pos aoricat nai Oo- paces éml xynyuiot, cal Kpnrixal mértar xal @paxia yéppa nai hapérpar peta inmixav avape- pypévat Karwar, cal Eidn yusrda dia TovTov TapavioxovTa kal odpioat Taparennyvial, cvp- HETpov eXOVvTWY YddNacLa TOV STAwY, wate THY mpos GAAnra Kpotow év TH StapépecOa tpayxv 440 AEMILIUS PAULUS and prefer to be wheedled and flattered in war rather _ than commanded.” XXXII. This speech, they tell us, so rebuffed the soldiery and changed their minds that the triumph was voted to Aemilius by all the tribes. And it was conducted,' they say, after the following fashion. The people erected scaffoldings in the theatres for equestrian contests, which they call circuses, and round the forum, occupied the other parts of the city which afforded a view of the procession, and witnessed the spectacle arrayed in white garments. Every temple was open and filled with garlands and incense, while numerous servitors and _lictors restrained the thronging and scurrying crowds and kept the streets open and clear. Three days were assigned for the triumphal procession. The first barely sufficed for the exhibition of the captured statues, paintings, and colossal figures, which were carried on two hundred and fifty chariots. On the second, the finest and richest of the Macedonian arms were borne along in many waggons. The arms themselves glittered with freshly polished bronze and steel, and were carefully and artfully arranged to look exactly as though they had been piled to- gether in heaps and at random, helmets lying upon shields and breast-plates upon greaves, while Cretan targets and Thracian wicker shields and quivers were mixed up with horses’ bridles, and through them projected naked swords and long Macedonian spears planted among them, all the arms being so loosely packed that they smote against each other as they were borne along and gave out a harsh and dreadful sound, and the sight of them, even though 1 In November, 167 B.c. 44! PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat poBepov v barnxew, Kad pnde vEeveKn Levary ago- Bov elvac thy dypev. pera 5é tas omAoddpous apafas avdpes € émemopevovTo TplaxiAsor voUic wa hépovTes apyupoby ey aryyetots EWTAKOO LOLS TEVTN- KovTa TpiTahavTos, ov éxag Tov ava Téocapes éxopstor™ arrot be KpaThpas apyupovs xal Képara. ral pidras rat KodiKas, ed Staxexoo wnuéva, 1 pos Oéav éxaota kal mepitta TH peyéOer Kal TF TWAXVTNTL THS Topeias. XX XIII. Ths 5é tpitns TpEpas EwOev pev evOus € émropevov To cadmuyeral pédos ov ™ poo ootov Kal TOMTLKOD, aN’ oi axouévous emoT puvovaw avrous ‘Popaior, T poaeryKEeevopevor. pera bé TOUTOUS HYyovTo XputoKepe Tpopiat Bods EXQTOV elxoat, pir pass HoKNMEVOL Kat OTE MMATLY. a & dryovTes auTous veaviaKot mrepilopaow evTrapugors éoTahpevot mpos tépoupytav éxaipour, Kat traides apyupa oBeia Kal Xpuae a Kouivovtes. elta peta TOUTOUS ot TO YpucodY vO plo pa pepovres, els aryyeia TpiTadavtiaia He pepto wevov opotas T® apyupiy. TO bé awrH00s Hy TOV dryryetov GySonKovTa T play éovTa. TOUTOLS émréBadov ot Te THY depav pudrny avEXOVTES, iv o Aipidxos éx xpucov Sena taravrov bia AUOwv KaTecKEva- aev, ol Te TAS ‘Avruyovidas Kai Dedevcidas Kab Onpixdreious kal Oca Trept Seimvov Xpurwpara TOU _Tlepaéws err OELKYUPEVOL, TOUTOLS éeméBadne TO appa Tob Tlepaés Kat Ta Sarha cal To dia- Onya Tots SrAous eT KEL MEVOD. eita pexpod dia- Aeiwparos 6VTOS Hn Ta TéEKVa TOU Bacthews nyeto SodAa, nal ovv avtois tpodéwy nai d:da- 442 273 AEMILIUS PAULUS they were spoils of a conquered enemy, was not without its terrors. After the waggons laden with armour there followed three thousand men carrying coined silver in seven hundred and fifty vessels, each of which contained three talents and was borne by four men, while still other men carried mixing-bowls of silver, drinking horns, bowls, and cups, all well arranged for show and excelling in size and in the depth of their carved ornaments. XXXIII. On the third day, as soon as it was morning, trumpeters led the way, sounding out no marching or processional strain, but such a one as the Romans use to rouse themselves to battle. After these there were led along a hundred and twenty stall-fed oxen with gilded horns, bedecked with fillets and garlands. Those who led these victims to the sacrifice were young men wearing aprons with handsome borders, and boys attended them carrying gold and silver vessels of libation. Next, after these, came the carriers of the coined gold, which, like the silver, was portioned out into vessels containing three talents ; and the number of these vessels was eighty lacking three. After these followed the bearers of the consecrated bowl, which Aemilius had caused to be made of ten talents of gold and adorned with precious stones, and then those who displayed the bowls known as Antigonids and Seleucids and Thera- cleian,! together with all the gold plate of Perseus’s table. These were followed by the chariot of Perseus, which bore his arms, and his diadem lying upon his arms. Then, at a little interval, came the children of the king, led along as slaves, and with them a throng of foster-parents, teachers, and tutors, all 1 These last were named from a famous Corinthian artist. 443 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oxdhov Kal mardaryory ay Sedaxpupever OxXNOS, avuT@Y Te TAS Yelpas Operyov Tey eis tous OeaTas Kal Ta macdia bia Bat Kal MeTavevery SidacKov- Tov. wo appeva, pev duo, Gnru de ev, ov mayu cupppovotyTa TOV KAK@V TO péyeBos Sua TH nrduciay a Kal paddov éeewva, Tpos THV peta- Bonny THS avatcOnatas HY, dote puxpod TOV Tlepoéa Badivew Ta popwpevoy" odTws un’ olxTou Tois VnTrioLs MpocEixov TAs drYfets oF ‘Papaior, Kat Sdxpva, TOANOLS ex Barre ouveBn, mao 6é papery pevny arnyndove nal yapits tHhv Oday eivat eypt ov Ta TraLdia mapirdev. XXXIV. Autos 5é Tav TEKVOV 0 Ilepoevs Kal Ths meph aura, Jeparreias KaTOT LD _Erropevero, parov pep tmareov Gpmex opevos Kat Kpnribas EX ov ETLYWpLOUS, b76 5é peyéOous Tav KaKav mavTa Gap Sobvre Kal Taparren yy Leven padora, TOV oyto pov €oixas. Kal toute & eieTo 'X0pos dirov Kal our Ov, BeBapnpevor Ta mpoowma mwévOe, kal T@ mpos Ilepcéa Brérrew ael Kat Saxpue € evvotay Tapio TavT@y Tots Gewpévors 6 ért THV éxeivou TUXNY oropupovrat Tav Kal” éauTous eAaXLoTa, ppovrivovres. KaiTot WpooéTeue TG Aipirio Seopevos p47) mopmevO vat Kat maparTou- pevos TOV PpiapBov. 0 dé Ths avav6pias auToo Kat prropuxias, Os éotke, KaTayehav, “ "AMAA TobTO Y> ” elrre, ‘Kal 7 poTepov Hy err aur@ Kat vov €oTiv, av Bovdnras” énda@v TOV po aloxv- vans Odvarov, dv ovy tropeivas o Seiatos, adr’ in éxmidev TiWaV aTromaraxtobels eyeryover LEpOS TOV avTOU NaduUpwD. "EqdeEns 5é rovtous éxopilovro ypvaoi atépavor 444 AEMILIUS PAULUS in tears, stretching out their own hands to the spectators and teaching the children to beg and supplicate. There were two boys, and one girl, and they were not very conscious of the magnitude of their evils because of their tender age ; wherefore they evoked even more pity in view of the time when their unconsciousness would cease, so that Perseus walked along almost unheeded, while the Romans, moved by compassion, kept their eyes upon the children, and many of them shed tears, and for all of them the pleasure of the spectacle was mingled with pain, until the children had passed by. XXXIV. Behind the children and their train of attendants walked Perseus himself, clad in a dark robe and wearing the high boots of his country, but the magnitude of his evils made him resemble one who is utterly dumbfounded and bewildered. He, too, was followed by a company of friends and inti- mates, whose faces were heavy with grief, and whose tearful gaze continually fixed upon Perseus gave the spectators to understand that it was his misfortune which they bewailed, and that their own fate least of all concerned them. And yet Perseus had sent to Aemilius begging not to be led in the procession and asking to be left out of the triumph. But Aemilius, in mockery, as it would seem, of the king’s cowardice and love of life, had said: “ But this at least was in his power before, and is so now, if he should wish it,” signifying death in preference to disgrace ; for this, however, the coward had not the heart, but was made weak by no one knows what hopes, and became a part of his own spoils. Next in order to these were carried wreaths of 445 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TETPAKOGLOL TO TAHOOS, ots al models apa tela Tihs viKns T@ Aimarto pera m pea Betov émepupay. elt’ auTos éméBadXev dppare KEKOO MNMEVD bta- TpETOS émiBeBnkas, avnp Kat dixa TOTAUTNS éfovatas af.o0éaros, ddoupyiba Xpvaomac tov GPT EXO LEvos Kat Sagyns Kava TH befud Tpo- TELVOD. edagpunpoper 5é Kal ovpTras 0 oTpaTOs, TO pev Gppare Tov oTpaTynyoo Kara Aoxous Kal Tafers Err Opevos, dev dé Ta pev wdds Ttivas Tartplous avapeporywevas yEAWTL, TA be maravas émvixious Kai TOV StaTren pay pevev emraivous els TOV Aiuidsoy mepiBrenrov 6 évta Kal Enrwrov v7rd wavrwy, ovdevt oe TOY arabe émigOovov TrIY eb Tt Saxpoviov dpa. TOY peyddwv Kas UmepoyKav elAnyey evTUYIOY atTapuTeLW Kal peryvova TOV avO porrvov Biov, Straws pndevi Kaxay axpatos ein Kal _kabapos, ade Kal “Opnpov a dpiora doxact mparrewy ols ai TUXaL TpoTHY ew aupoTEpa THV TparywadTov exovoww. XXXV, "Heap yap avT@ Téa Tapes vioi, dv0 bev eis érépas atr@Kiopévor ovyyevetas, ws dn AéhexTat, Lanwiov Kat Paws, dv0 dé maides ere THY ixiay, ods emi THS olKias ele THs éavtob yeyovoras ef érépas yuvarkes. @v Oo pev npépas wévte TpOo TOU OprapBeverv Tov Aipinsov érerev- TICE TegoaperKaiveKeTNSs, o 6€ dwdexérns pera T pets nwepas OptapPevoavros érramé0avev, Wore pndéva ryevéa Bau “Papatov Tow ma0ous ) avdynTov, adda dhpi—ar THY @poTnTa THs TUNNS a dmavtas, @S OUK n8écaTo mevos Too obTov ELS oixiay ondou Kal yapas Kal Ovaav yéuovoay eiadyovca, Kal 446 274 AEMILIUS PAULUS gold, four hundred in number, which the cities had sent with their embassies to Aemilius as prizes for his victory. Next, mounted on a chariot of mag- nificent adornment, came Aemilius himself, a man worthy to be looked upon even without such marks of power, wearing a purple robe interwoven with gold, and holding forth in his right hand a spray of laurel. The whole army also carried sprays of laurel, following the chariot of their general by companies and divisions, and singing, some of them divers songs intermingled with jesting, as the ancient custom was, and others paeans of victory and hymns in praise of the achievements of Aemilius, who was gazed upon and admired by all, and envied by no one that was good. But after all there is, as it seems, a divinity whose province it is to diminish whatever prosperity is inordinately great, and to mingle the affairs of human life, that no one may be without a taste of evil and wholly free from it, but that, as Homer says,! those may be thought to fare best whose fortunes incline now one way and now another. XXXV. For Aemilius had four sons, of whom two, as I have already said,? had been adopted into other families, namely, Scipio and Fabius; and two sons still boys, the children of a second wife, whom he had in his own house. One of these, fourteen years of age, died five days before Aemilius celebrated his triumph, and the death of the other, who was twelve years of age, followed three days after the triumph, so that there was no Roman who did not share the father’s grief; nay, they all shuddered at the cruelty of Fortune, seeing that she had not scrupled to bring such great sorrow into a house that was full of gratula- 1 Iliad, xxiv. 5265 ff. 2 Cf. chapter v. 3 447 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Katapsyvuovca Opyjvous Kal Saxpva tatdow émt- vixtots Kal OpidpBors. XXXVI. Ov pnv adn’ o Aipuirdsos 6pOas Noye- Fopevos avdpetas Kat Oappareorytos avO parrots ov ™ pos Oma Kat capioas Xphow elvat povov, adhe 1 pos Tacav Opanis TUXNS avrigtacw, oUTWS npyocaro s Kat KATEKOO ENTE THY TOV Tmapov- TOV ouyKpact @oTe Tois ayabois Ta patra cal Ta olKxela Tots Snpociots evahavia Dévta ra) Ta- Tewvaaas TO péyeBos unde cabuBpicas TO akiopa THS ViKNS. TOV Mev YE TPOTEpoY TV maiSey & aqro- Oavovta Barras evOus eO pid Bevoer, « @s NéXNEK TAL: Tov be devtépou PETA TOV OpiauBov TEMEUTITAVTOS TUWAYAYOV Ets éxxnotav Tov “Pwpaiwy Sipov éXpytaro Aoyors avdpos ov Seouévov mapapvbias, aAXra mapapv0oupévov Tovs troAitas SvoTaboiv- tas éf ols éxeivos CSuatuyncev. edn yap Sry tép dvO pwrivev ovdev ovdérrote Seicas, Ta 6é Deion as amtaToTaTov Kal TroiKiNwrTaTov Tm pay pa Thy TUX ND del poBnbeis, pddora Tept ToUToY auris TOV TONEMO?, domep TVEVLATOS Aap poo, Tas mpabeot mapovons, Statedoin peraBorqy Tia Kal madippotav Tpoa eX opevos. “Mid pep yap,” elev, - npeépa tov ‘lovov amo Bpevtectou Wepa- cas Ets Kepxupay Katy ony: weuTraios & exeiBev év Aerdois ™@ Ge@ Ovaas, érépats adOis ad mévTe THv Suvapsev év MaxeSovia mapérafor, Kal Tov elwGoTa ovvtTedéoas xabappov auris Kal Tov mpatewv evOus evap apevos év TpEpas adras mevrexaivera TO Kado TOV éméOnxa T@ Tod pp tédXos. amictav de TH TUYN Sid THY evpoLay TOY 448 AEMILIUS PAULUS tions, joy, and sacrifices, or to mingle lamentations and tears with paeans of victory and triumphs. XXXVI. Aemilius, notwithstanding, rightly con- sidering that men have need of bravery and courage, not only against arms and long spears, but against every onset of Fortune as well, so adapted and adjusted the mingled circumstances of his lot that the bad was lost sight of in the good, and his private sorrow in the public welfare, thus neither lowering the grandeur nor sullying the dignity of his victory. The first of his sons who died he buried, and im- mediately afterwards celebrated the triumph, as I have said; and when the second died, after the triumph, he gathered the Roman people into an assembly and spoke to them as a man who did not ask for comfort, but rather sought to comfort his fellow-citizens in their distress over his own mis- fortunes. He said, namely, that he had never dreaded any human agency, but among agencies that were divine he had ever feared Fortune, believing her to be a most untrustworthy and variable thing; and ‘since in this war particularly she had attended his undertakings like a prosperous gale, as it were, he _had never ceased to expect some change and some reversal of the current of affairs. “For in one day,” said he, “I crossed the Ionian Sea from Brundisium and put in at Corcyra; thence, in five days, I came to Delphi and sacrificed to the god; and again, in other five days, I took command of the forces in Macedonia, and after the usual lustration and review of them I proceeded at once to action, and in other fifteen days brought the war to the most glorious issue. But I distrusted Fortune because the current of my affairs ran so smoothly, and 449 VOL. VI. GQ PLUTARCH’S LIVES TpayuUaTwV, WS Abela TrOAAN Kal Kivduvos ovdels HV aro TOV TONE MLLOD, padiota. Karta wrodv éde- Stew Thy petaBodny Tou Saipovos én’ euTuxia, TOTOUTOV oTpaTov vevixniota Kal Aagupa Kal Baatnreis aixuadwrous Kopivo. ov pay andra Kal awbels pds bpas Kat THY mOALY opav cdg po- ours Kal oihou Kab Ouatay yéwoucay, ert Thy tuxynv 8¢ dbrrowias elyor, ed@s ovdev etdixpivés ove dvepéontov avO pwr ats TOV peyahov apt- Couévnv. al TOUTOV ov T™ poTEpov n vex TOV poBov a@divovca Kal TEpia KOTOUPLEVY TO péAXOv vmep THS TOAMWS abicey i) THMKAUTD pe Irpoc- mraigat dvatuxig Tept TOV OlKoY, vi@V dpioroy, ods euauTe povous éederrouny Siadoxous, Tapas emTahd1)dous ev npépais tepais peTaxetpioduevov. vov ov axivduvos tps Ta péytota Kal Oappe, kal vopita THY TUXNY Dpiv mapapevely aPraBh Kai BéBarov. ixavos yap éuol Kal rots éuois Kaxois eis THY TOV Katop0wpeévary aTrOKEXpNTAL vépeoty, our adavéoTepov éxovea wapadevypa THis av0 pw- awivns aaBeveias TOU OptapBevopevov Tov Optap- Bevovta- TAHY OTe Tepaeds peéev exer Kal vevixn- Hévos TOUS maidas, Aipirtos 5€ rods avrod vixnoas améBanev.” XXXVII. Otto pév evryevels Kal peyaXous Aoyous TOV Aipidvov é& amddotov Kal arnOvod ppovnuaros év Te Srp S:arexOhvat Aéyouat. TO dé Ilepoei, KalIrep OiKTEelpas THY pera Borny Kal para BonOijoas mpodupndeis, ovdev eipeto TV peTacTacews éx TOU Kaoupevov KapKEpE Tap autots eis TOTOV xadapov Kal prravbpw- motépav Siavtav, Sov hpovpovpevos, ws pev ot 450 AEMILIUS PAULUS now that there was complete immunity and nothing to fear from hostile attacks, it was particularly during my voyage home that I feared the reversal of the Deity’s favour after all my good fortune, since 1 was bringing home so large a victorious army, such spoils, and captured kings. Nay more, even when I had reached you safely and beheld the city full of delight and gratulation and sacrifices, I was still suspicious of Fortune, knowing that she bestows upon men no great boon that is without alloy or free from divine displeasure. Indeed, my soul was in travail with this fear and could not dismiss it and cease anxiously forecasting the city’s future, until I was smitten with this great misfortune in my own house, and in days consecrated to rejoicing had carried two most noble sons, who alone remained to be my heirs, one after the other to their graves. Now, therefore, I am in no peril of what most concerned me, and am confident, and I think that Fortune will remain con- stant to our city and do hernoharm. For that deity has sufficiently used me and my afflictions to satisfy the divine displeasure at our successes, and she makes the hero of the triumph as clear an example of human weakness as the victim of the triumph; except that Perseus, even though conquered, has his children, while Aemilius, though conqueror, has lost his.” XXXVII. With such noble and lofty words, we are told, did Aemilius, from an unfeigned and sincere spirit, address the people. But for Perseus, although he pitied him for his changed lot and was very eager to help him, he could obtain no other favour than a removal from the prison which the Romans called “‘carcer’’ to a clean place and kindlier treatment ; and there, being closely watched, according to most 451 Q Q bt PLUTARCH’S LIVES TAreloTor yeypapacty, darexaptépnoev, Eviot be THS 275 TeAEUT IIS ldcov Tuva Kat Tmapnrdarypévov TpOTrov ioTopovct. peprrapevous yap Tt Kal Gupwbevtas avT@ Tovs Tepl TO Tapa OTpATLOT AS, as Erepov ovdep ndvvavTo Aumreiv kal Kaxodv auton, ef eip- ye Tov Urver, Kai Tpos€éXovTas axpiBers évi- orac0at Tais katagopais Kab TUvEXely € eypnyopoTa wacn enXavh, pexpt o8 TovTov Top TpoTov éx- Tovnbeis eTENEUTNTED. eTeMevTIOE d€ Kal Tov Tavtwv ta dvo. TOV dé tTpitov, ‘Ad€Eavdpor, evpva pev év TO TopeveLy Kal Aewroupyety yeve- ofat pacir, éxpabovra dé Ta ‘Popaina ypdupata kai thy Stadextov _Urrorypapparevey ToiS dpXou- ow, émrweEvov kal yapievta epi tavTny thy Umnpeciay éFeralojevov. XXXVITI. Tats 6 Maxedovnais moukect Tob Aipediou SnpoticwTarny mpoaypadovat xapu bmép TOY TOANOY, os TOTOUVTWY EIS 70 dn poatov TOTE XPNMaT Ov vn avtod TeOevT@y @OTE PNKETL Sefirat TOV Sfjpov elo everynely dype TOY Iptiov cat Idvoa Xpoveor, ot mept TOV TT P@TOV ‘Avtaviou cal Kaicapos TONE MOV umatevaayv. KaKeivo © (dvov Kal mepitTov tov Aiptriov, TO otrovdato- pevoy bro Tov SHmou Kal Tipwpevoy SsadeporTws él THS plat oKpaTiKhs peivar T Poa per ews, Kat pndev evtrety pode mpakat xapere TOY TOANOY, GNX TOFS Twos kal K ariarots del ouvegera- GerOas Tept THY TrodkTetav. 5 Kal ypovots BaTe- pov “Ammtos aveloicev “Ag picave Laentiove, peyoToe yap dvtes ev TH TONE TOTE THY TLUNTL- KnY apxXnv peTnetav, Oo wev THY BovAny éxwv Kal 452 AEMILIUS PAULUS writers the king starved himself to death. But some tell of a very unusual and peculiar way in which he died, as follows. The soldiers who guarded his person found some fault with him and got angry at him, and since they could not vex and injure him in any other way, they prevented him from sleeping, disturbing his repose by their assiduous attentions and keeping him awake by every possible artifice, until in this way he was worn out and died. ‘Two of his children also died. But the third, Alexander, is said to have become expert in embossing and fine metal work ; he also learned to write and speak the Roman language, and was secretary to the magis- trates, in which office he proved himself to have skill and elegance. XXXVIII. To the exploits of Aemilius in Mace- donia is ascribed his most unbounded popularity with the people, since so much money was then brought into the public treasury by him that the people no longer needed to pay special taxes until the times of Hirtius and Pansa, who were consuls during the first war between Antony and Octavius Caesar.! And this, too, was peculiar and remarkable in Aemi- lius, that although he was admired and honoured by the people beyond measure, he remained a member of the aristocratic party, and neither said or did anything to win the favour of the multitude, but always sided in political matters with the leading and most powerful men. And this attitude of Aemi- lius was in after times cast in the teeth of Scipio Africanus by Appius. For these men, being then greatest in the city, were candidates for the censor- ship,? the one having the senate and the nobles to 1 The so-called ‘‘War of Mutina,” in 43 B.c.; cf. the Cicero, xlv. 3-5. 3 In 142 B.c. 453 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOUS apioTous TEpt avToV’ av’tn yap Ammios 7 moNTela waTplos: Oo bé péeyas pev av ed’ éavTod, peyarn & adel tH mapa tov dnuov yapite Kal omovon Kexypnucvos. ws ovv éuBdaddovtos els ayopay Tov Xxntiwvos KaTelde Tapa WAEUpaY oO “Ammios avOpwrous ayevveis cat SedoudNevKoTas, dyopatious 5é cal duvapévous byXov ouvayayew Kal omovdapyxia Kal Kpavyh wavta mpaypata BiacacOat, péya Bonoas, “’OQ Tladne,” elzev, “ Aiutvse, otévakov UTo ys aiaOomevos tt cou tov viov Aipirdtos o KApvE cat Acxivyros Bido- veikos émt TyunTeiav KaTayovoly. dAAA Lenriwv pev abEwv ta mrciota tov Sijpov eivouy elxev, Aipirttos 5€, xaimep Ov aptotoxpatiKos, ovdev Attov Ure TOV TOAAMY HyaTaTO Tov padtoTa Snpaywyelv Kat mpos ydptv optreiv Tots ToANOIS SoxovvtTos. edndr\waav b€é peTa TOV GAXNWY KAAOV cal Tyntelas avtov akiwcartes, itis oti apyn macav iepwratn Kal Svvapevn péya mpos Te TadXa Kal mpos ééracww Biwy. éxPRanreiy te yap éfeots ovyxAntov Tov ampera@s Covta Tots TLun- tals, Kal mpoypavrat Tov apioTop, immou T adat- pécet TOV véwY aTLLaoaL TOY aKoACTaiVvorTa. Kal T@V OVOLOY OUTOL TA TiuNnuaTa Kal Tas aTo- ypadas émicxotrobaly. ameypdyavTo pév odv kat avtov pupiddes dr Opamrwv tpiaKxovta Tpels, éru 8 érraxiaxirsou TETPAKOTLOL TevtnKovTa Ovo, THs 6é Bovrts ™ poeyparre pev Mdpxov Aipidsop Aémibov, 38n tTeTpdKis KapTovmEevoy TavTny Thy 454 AEMILIUS PAULUS support him, for this was the hereditary policy of the Appii, while the other, although great on his own account, nevertheless always made use of the great favour and love of the people for him. When, therefore, Appius saw Scipio rushing into the forum attended by men who were of low birth and had lately been slaves, but who were frequenters of the forum and able to gather a mob and force all issues by means of solicitations and shouting, he cried with a loud voice and said: “O Paulus Aemilius, groan beneath the earth when thou learnest that thy son is escorted to the censorship by Aemilius the common crier and Licinius Philonicus.” But Scipio had the good will of the people because he supported them in most things, while Aemilius, although he sided with the nobles, was no less loved by the multitude than the one who was thought to pay most court to the people and to seek their favour in his intercourse with them. And they made this manifest by con- ferring upon him, along with his other honours, that of the censorship,! which is of all offices most sacred, and of great influence, both in other ways, and especi- ally because it examines into the lives and conduct of men. For it is in the power of the censors to expel any senator whose life is unbecoming, and to appoint the leader of the senate, and they can disgrace any young knight of loose habits by taking away his horse. They also take charge of the pro- perty assessments and the registry lists. Accordingly, the number of citizens registered under Aemilius was three hundred and thirty-seven thousand four hundred and fifty-two; he also declared Marcus Aemilius Lepidus first senator, a man who had 1 In 164 B.o. 455 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpoedpiav, €€éBanre Sé tpeis ovyKANTLKOYS OV TAY éripavav, kat mept thy tav imméwv é&étacty € 4 ld > , A 4, I Omoiws éueTpiacey autos Te Kal Mapxios Pirirr- Tos 0 cuvapKXwV avTod. XXXIX. Atoxnpéevovy b€ Ttav TrEeictwVv Kal , nw “A peyiotwy évoonae vooov évy apyn pev éemicphanrn, ypovm 6€ axivduvoy, épywdn 6€ Kal dvcamddda- KTOV yevopuevnv. emel de TeLaOeEls UO TOY laTpaV érrevoev eis “EXéav tis ‘Itadias cal drétpiBev , Cal avToO: mAeiw ypovoy év tapadios aypois Kat TOAAnY Hovytay Exovalv, émoOncav avTov oi e a \ b) 4 9 , Pwpaior, cat dwvas troddAaKis év Oeatpors olov evydouevor Kat atrevdovtes ideiv adpjxay. avons dé Tivos lepoupytas avayKaias, Hdn Sé Kal doxodv- Tos ixavas éxewv avT@ TOD awapatos, émavydbev > @¢€ , ? a \ v \ A wv ets ‘Pounv. Kaxeivny péev Ebuce peta TOV GX\NOV Tyv Ovaiav lepéwv, eTipavas Tod Sypov trept- Kexupévov Kal xalpoytos: TH 8 voTEepata madu EOucev avtos Urép avTod cwtypia Tois OGeois. , , wn kal auptrepavOetons, ws mpocipntat, THS Oucias e 4 v 5 N Xx @ ld } ? Oé tmoatpéwas oixabe Kal xataxXdOeis, mply aicbe- cOat Kal vonoat tHv petaBorgrny, év éxatdcet ol a , 4 A kal wapapopa THs Stavoias yevdopuevos tpttatos ’ , ’ V9 \ 2e 9 \ in \ éredeuTnaev, ovdevos evdens ovd aTEANS TOY T pds 4 , evdatmoviay vevopucpéevwr yevouevos. Kal yap % A N wept Thy expopav troumn Oavpacpoy Eoxe, Kai nw A \ ? A A \ a Chrov érixoopovvTa THY apeTny Tov avdpos Tos dpictots Kal paKxapiwtatots évtadios. tadta S > jv ov Xpvads ovd edépas ovd 17 Novy TroAVTEAELG 456 76 AEMILIUS PAULUS already held this presidency four times, and he ex- pelled only three senators, men of no note, and in the muster of the knights a like moderation was observed both by himself and by Marcius Philippus his colleague. XXXIX. After he had performed most of the more important duties of this office, he fell sick of a disease which at first was dangerous, but in time became less threatening, though it was troublesome and hard to get rid of. Under the advice of his physicians he sailed to Velia in Italy, and there spent much time in country places lying by the sea and affording great quiet. Then the Romans longed for him, and often in the theatres gave utterance to eager desires and even prayers that they might see him. At last, when a certain religious ceremony made his presence necessary, and his health seemed to be sufficient for the journey, he returned to Rome. Here he offered the public sacrifice in company with the other priests,! while the people thronged about with manifest tokens of delight; and on the follow- ing day he sacrificed again to the gods privately in gratitude for his recovery. When the sacrifice had been duly performed, he returned to his house and lay down to rest, and then, before he could notice and be conscious of any change, he became delirious and deranged in mind, and on the third day after died.? He was fully blessed with everything that men think conducive to happiness. For his funeral procession called forth men’s admiration, and showed a desire to adorn his virtue with the best and most enviable obsequies. This was manifest, not in gold or ivory or 1 See chapter iii. 1-3. ® Seven years after his triumph, 160 B.o. 457 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat prrotepia Tis TapacKevis, adr’ ebvota.xal TLLN Kal yapLS Ov Lover Tapa, TOV TOT AY, adda Kal TOV TOhEMLOY. boot youu Kata TUXNY Taphaap "IBypov Kal Atyvov Kal Makxedover, ol per ioyupol Ta TapaTa Kal véot dvadaBovtes TO AéXos UMédvaay Kal mapexdpstov, of b€ mpecAu- TEpOU ovynKohovdouy dvaKarovpevot TOV Atpidtov evepyeTny Kab TwThpa TOV mat pidwy. ov yap peovov éy ols expaTnae KaLpors Trias Tae Kal prravO pars anndr.ayn Xpnoapevos, adra Kat Tapa mavTa Tov NoLTrov Biov deb Te mpaT Toy ayabov avdtois Kal xndopevos Gorrep olKeiwy Kal ouyyevaov SieTédece. Tnv & odciay avtod poms érta Kal TptaKovta pupidbwv ryever Bar A€eyouow, HS avTos pev ap- porépous TovUs viovs amrédLTTE KANPOVOmOUS, Oo Se VEWTEPOS Lanmiov TO abeASO maoay exery ouve- XOpysev avros ets olxov eUTOPWTEPOY tov ‘Adpt- Kavov dedopevos. ovtos ev o IavaAov Alto Tpomos Kal Bios Néyeras yevéc Oat. TIMOAEONTOS KAI WAYAOY AIMIAIOY SYTKPISIS I. Tovovter b¢ TOV KATA THY ioTopiav évT@y, djdov QS ovK exe TOAhas Siapopas oveé avo- MOLOTNTAS 1) TUK PLOTS. ot Te yap ToAELoL TOS évdo£ous yeyovac wv apdhorépots dvrayoviaras, TP pev Maxedovas, TH de KapynSovious, at te pixar weptBontot, Tov pev édrovtTos Maxedoviav 458 COMPARISON OF TIMOLEON AND AEMILIUS the other ambitious and expensive preparations for such rites, but in good will and honour and gratitude on the part, not only of his fellow citizens, but also of his enemies. At all events, out of all the Iberians and Ligurians and Macedonians who chanced to be present, those that were young and strong of body assisted by turns in carrying the bier, while the more elderly followed with the procession calling aloud upon Aemilius as benefactor and preserver of their countries. For not only at the times of his conquests had he treated them all with mildness and humanity, but also during all the rest of his life he was ever doing them some good and caring for them as though they had been kindred and relations. His estate, we are told, hardly amounted to three hundred and seventy thousand drachmas, to which he left both his sons heirs; but the younger, Scipio, who had been adopted into the wealthier family of Africanus, allowed his brother to have it all. Such, as we are told, was the life and character of Paulus Aemilius. COMPARISON OF TIMOLEON AND AEMILIUS I. Sucu being the history of these men, it is clear that our comparison of them will have few points of difference or dissimilarity to show. For the wars which both conducted were against notable antago- nists; in the one case against the Macedonians, in the other against the Carthaginians. Their victories, too, were far-famed: the one took Macedonia and 459 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal Thy aT’ “Avtuyovou Sadoxny év éBdou@ Baornrei KATATAVTAVTOS, roo 6¢€ Tas Tupavvidas mdoas avedovTos &ék LiKedias Kal THY vio ov éhevepwo avtos” eb py v1) Aia Bovdorro TLS Tapeyxetpely @S Aipinrsos pev eppapeve Tlepoet Kat ‘Pwpaious veveKNKoTL, Tiporéav dé Atovu- ow wavTamaow dmetpnKore Kal KATATETPLULBLEVED auvétece, Kal maduy UTrép Teporéovtos, OTL WoNAOUS ev Tupdvvous, peyahny be THY Kapyxn- Soviay Suvapep amTo THS TUYOVENS oTpaTias eviKna ey, ovx @otep Aipidtos avépdow epmreLpo- Tone woes Kal pepadntoory apxec bas XPomevos, adra pa Pod opors ovat Kal OTPATLMTALS aTaKToLs, 7 pos ndovny elO ra pévors atpatever Oat. Ta yap aw ouK tons mapacKevijs ica Katop§opata TO oTPATNYO THY aittay meptTiOnar. II. Kadapav ow Kal Sicatov év Tots 7 pa- yuacw apport épov yeyovoren, Aipirsos pév UTrO TOY vOMwY Kal THs mar pibos ovTwWs Eotxev evs adixéoBar Taped KEVvac UEVOS, Tiporéwv 5€ ToL- obtov avTos eauTov Taper xe. TOUTOU TEX [L1}pLOov éTt ‘Pewpaior pev opards ey ™@ TOTE Xpovep WT av- TES Ho av eUTaKToL Kab Urroxetptot Tots eGuc pois kal Tovs vopous dedioTes Kat TOUS TOTAS, EdAqvev 5é ovdels 7) YE POV éotiv ovdé oTpaTHyos ds ov StepOdpn TOTE YKErLas anpapevos éFo Aiwvos. xaitor Aiwva Tool povapxias Ope- yerGau Kal Baotheav TLVa Aaxavixny ovetporro- Neip Dmrevoour. Ti imatos dé cal ['vAurarov acres dnot cat drips amoréuypat Zupaxovatous, prdo- jTXouTiay avTov Kal amhnotiav év TH OTpaTnYyia 460 277 COMPARISON OF TIMOLEON AND AEMILIUS brought the royal line of Antigonus to an end in its seventh king; the other abolished all the tyrannies in Sicily and set the island free. One might, indeed, argue otherwise, and say that Perseus was strong and victorious over the Romans when Aemilius en- gaged him, while Dionysius, when Timoleon engaged him, was altogether crushed and desperate. And, again, it might be said in favour of Timoleon that he conquered many tyrants and the force of the Carthaginians, large as it was, with what soldiers he could get, not having at his service, as Aemilius had, men who were experienced in war and taught to obey orders, but men who were hirelings and disorderly soldiers, accustomed to consult their own pleasure in their campaigns. For when equal successes follow an unequal equipment, the greater credit accrues to the commander. II. Further, in their administration of affairs both were just and incorruptible; but Aemilius, it would seem, was made so from the outset of his career by the laws and customs of his country, while Timoleon’s great probity was due to himself. There is proof of this in the fact that the Romans in the time of Aemi- lius were, all alike, orderly in their lives, observant of usage, and wholesomely fearful of the laws and of their fellow citizens; whereas, of the Greek leaders and generals who took part in Sicilian affairs during the time of Timoleon, not one was free from cor- ruption except Dion. And Dion was suspected by many of being ambitious for a monarchy and dream- ing of a kingdom like that in Sparta. Furthermore, Timaeus says that even Gylippus was sent away in ignominy and dishonour by the Syracusans, because they found him guilty of avarice and greed while 461 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kateyvwoxotas. & dé Ddpak o Yraptiatys Kal Kdddurmos o ’AOnvatos édrricavtes dpkew LeKxe- Alas Tapevounoay Kal trapectrovdnaay, U7 TON- NOY avayéypatrat. KaiTOL Tives Hh THALKWD KU- plou wpaypatwv dytes odToL ToladTa AATCAaD; ov o pev éxtrentwxota Yvpaxovadyv éepareve Atovictov, KaddXrrmos Sé els Hv tov tepi Aiwva ce) ? 4 ? A \ Eevayov. aGdrAd\a Tiportéov aitnoapévois xal Senbeiow attoxpatwp meupbels Yupaxovaioss, kal duvaptv ov Enreivy aArN Eye odetrAwy iv éxaBe Bovropévoy cat didovrwy, tépas émounaato THS avTOD oTpaTnyias Kal adpyYns THY TOY Tapa- VOLO APYOVTwWY KATaAVOLD. , A , a > , , @ Exetvo pévtot tov AiptAiov Oavuactoy, Ste 4 / J IQ TnAtkauTnvy Bacireiay KaTacTpewapevos ovdé Spaxyyn peifova thy ovoiay éroinaey, ovdé eldev ovdé Hato TOY YpnudTwr, KaiToL TOAAA Sovs e¢ / lA tJ , oe 4 érépois Kal dwonodpevos. ov rNEyw dé Ott Tipo- Adwy peu“mTos €oTLV oiKiay Te KaAnVY AaRwv Kai ywpiov' ov yap To NaBelv éx ToLovTwWY aicypor, GAA TO py AaBeiv KpeirTov Kal Teptovaia Tijs apetys, ev ols é€eotw émideccvupévns TO py Seopevov, "Ezrel Sé, ws ca@partos piyos Odrrros dépery Suvapévov To pos apdorépas ev TeduKods opod Tas peTaBoras pwparewrtepor, ovTH Yruyis axpa- 4 a Tos evpwotia Kal taxus, fy ovTe TO evTUYXELY 4 4 \ > 7s w \ UBpet OpuTrre: Kal avinow ovte cuppopal rarres- la’ ‘ e La! vovot, paiverat TedeLoTEpos Oo Alpirsos, év yareTr7 462 COMPARISON OF TIMOLEON AND AEMILIUS he was their general.!. And how Pharax the Spartan and Callippus the Athenian violated laws and treaties in their hopes of ruling Sicily, has been told by many writers.2, And yet who were these men, or of how large resources were they masters, that they entertained such hopes? One of them was a servile follower of Dionysius after he had been driven out of Syracuse, and Callippus was one of Dion’s captains of mercenaries. But Timoleon, at the earnest request of the Syracusans, was sent to be their general, and needed not to seek power from them, but only to hold that which they had given him of their own free will, and yet he laid down his office and command when he had overthrown their unlawful rulers. It is, however, worthy of admiration in Aemilius that, although he had subdued so great a kingdom, he did not add one drachma to his substance, nor would he touch or even look upon the conquered treasure; and yet he made many liberal gifts to others. Now, I do not say that Timoleon is to be blamed for accepting a fine house and country estate, for acceptance under such circumstances is not dis- graceful; but not to accept is better, and that is a surpassing virtue which shows that it does not want what it might lawfully have. Furthermore, a body that can endure only heat or cold is less powerful than one that is well adapted by nature to withstand both extremes alike. In like manner a spirit is absolutely vigorous and strong if it is neither spoiled and elated by the insolence which prosperity brings, nor humbled by adversity. The character of Aemilius, therefore, was manifestly more 1 See the Nicias, xxviii. 2 f. 3 See the Zimoleon, xi. 4. 403 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 , 4 a \ \ a TUXn Kal wd0et peyddr@ TO Teplt Tos Traidas ovdéy TL pixpoTEepos ode doepvoTtepos 7 dia TaV 6 evtuynudtwy dpabeis: Timoréwy Sé yervaia mpda- Eas wepl rov abdedpov ove avtécxye TO AOYLT UO N \ / 9 \ J Us mpos TO TdOo0s, A\AA peTavoia Kal AVTIN TaTrE- vwbels érav eixoot TO Bhua Kal thv dyopay idety b e 4 ” > \ , \ ovY Uméueve. Set dé TA ataxypa devyew Kal aideicOat, TO 5& wpds Tacayv dbokiav evrAaBes émuetxods péev HOovs Kal amanrod, péyeOos bé ovK EyovTos. 454 COMPARISON OF TIMOLEON AND AEMILIUS perfect, since in the grievous misfortune and great sorrow brought upon him by the death of his sons he was seen to have no less greatness and no less dignity than in the midst of his successes; whereas Timo- leon, although he had acted in a noble way with regard to his brother, could not reason down his sorrow, but was prostrated with grief and repentance, and for twenty years could not endure the sight of bema or market-place. One should scrupulously shun disgraceful deeds ; but the anxious fear of every kind of ill report among men argues a nature which is indeed kindly and sensitive, but has not greatness. 465 VOL. VI. HH Digitized by Google A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES HH 2 Digitized by Google A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES A Achradina, pp. 67, 77, 89, 305, 307, 313, the first extension on the main-land of the island city of Syracuse, stretching from the Great Harbour northwards to the sea. Acilius, 177, Caius, not otherwise known. Acrae, 59, a small city of Sicily about twenty miles west of Syracuse. Adranum, 287, 289, 299, 301, a city of "Sicily at the foot of the western slope of Mt. Aetna, founded by Phe elder Dionysius in 400 B.c. Adria, 25, an ancient and famous city of Cisalpine Gaul, originally a sea-port between the mouths of the Po and the Adige, but now some fourteen miles inland. It gave its name to the Adriatic sea. Agrigentum, 57, 345, one of the most powerful and celebrated of the Greek cities in Sicily, situated on the south-west coast of the island. It was colonised from Gela in 582 B.c. Agrippa, 185, Marcus Vipsanius, a fellow-student of ctavius Cesar at Apollonia, and a most intimate friend. He became one of the prominent and powerful men of the Augustan age. He lived 63-12 B.C. otherwise Alcimenes, 49, known Amphipois 47, 49, an important n §.E Macedonia, on the at Been. about three miles from the sea. Anicius, Lucius, 387, Lucius Ani- cius Gallus, praetor in 168 B.O., PLUT. VI. not acted in concert with Appius Clau- dius against Genthius the Illyrian, and was completely successful ii a campaign of thirty days, for which he celebrated a triumph. Antigonus (1), 373, 461, King of Asia, surnamed the One- eyed. Lived 382-301 B. & Antigonus (2), 373, surnamed Doson. On the death of Deme- triuns II. (229 B.c.) he was appointed guardian of his son Philip. He married tne widow of Demetrius and assumed the crown in his own right. He supported Aratus and the Achxan League against Cleomenes of Sparta. e died in 220 B.c. Antigonus (3), surnamed Gonatas, 373, a son of Demetrius Polior- cetes by Phila, and grandson of Antigonus King of Asia. He succeeded to the title of King of Macedonia on his father’s death in 283 B.c., and gained possession of part of. his realm in 277 B.c. He died in 239 B.o. Antimachus, of Colophon, 347, a great epic and elegiac poet who flourished during the latter part of the Peloponnesian War (420-404 B.0.). See the Lysander XViii. 4f. Antiochus of Ascalon, 129, called the founder of the Fifth Academy. He was a teacher of Cicero at Athens in 79-78 B.c., and Cicero speaks of him in the ‘highest and most ehureclehye terms (Bru- tus, 91, 315). duces the Great, 363, 371, King of Syria 223- 187 B.0. He was defeated by the Romans under Glabrio at Thermopylae in 191, and by Scipio near Magnesia in Asia in 190 B.c. 469 DICTIONARY OF He made peace with Rome in 188 B.c., ceding all his dominions west of Mt. Taurus. Antium, 173, an ancient and powerful city of Latium, on the coast, thirty-eight miles south of Rome, the modern Porto d’Anzo. Antonius, Caius, 181-187, a brother of the triumvir, legate of Julius Cesar in 49 B.c., praetor urbanus in 44 B.C., receiving Macedonia as his province. Antonius, 421, Lucius A. Saturni- nus, governor of Upper Germany under Domitian, raised a rebel- lion; but an inundation of the Rhine deprived him of the assistance of the Germans which had been promised him. Cf. Suetonius, Domit. 6. Appius, 453, 455. Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 143 B.c., father-in-law of Tiberius Grac- chus. He lived in constant enmity with Scipio Africanus the Your ger. Apollocrates, 81, 107, 117, eldest son of Dionysius the Younger. Apollonia, 319, a small city in the central and northern part of Sicily, mentioned last by Cicero (in Verr. iii. 43, 103.) Apollonia, 175, 181-185, an ancient Greek city of Illyria, near the river Aoiis and about eight miles from its mouth. Towards the end of the Roman republic it became a famous seat of learning. ; Archedamus the Aetolian, 417. In 199-197 B.c. he acted with the Romans against Philip V. of Macedon. Later he was prom- inent in the war between the Aetolians and Rome, and joined Perseus in 169 B.c. Archedemus, 37, apparently a disciple of Arch : Archytas, 37 a Greek of 41 Tarentum, distinguished as philo- sopher, mathematician, general, and statesman. He flourished about 400 B.c. and onwards. Cf. the Marcellus, xiv. 5. Arete, 18, 43, 109, 121, 123, niece and wife of Dion. 470 PROPER NAMES Aristides the Locrian, 275, men- tioned elsewhere (Aclian, Var. Hist., xiv. 4) only as more grieved at the manner than at the fact of his death. Aristippus of Cyrene, 39, 41. founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, obnoxious to Xeno- hon and Plato on account of his uxurious ways of living. Aristomache, 7, 14, 109. 121, 123 sister and mother-in-law o Dion. Aristoxenus the musician, 205, a pupil of Aristotle, and a philo- sopher of the Peripatetic school. Only fragments of his musical treatises have come down to us. Aristus, 129, brother of Antiochus of Ascalon, and a teacher of philosophy at Athens when Cicero was there in 51-50 B.c. (ad Att., v. 10, 5). Cicero calls him “‘ hospes et familiaris meus ” in Brutus, 97, 332. Athanis, 319, 351, of Syracuse, wrote a history of the events attending and following Dion’s expedition. He was probably one of the generals elected by the Syracusans in Dion’s place (Dion, XxXXviii. 2). Attillius (Atilius), 213, otherwise unknown. Atticus, 191, Quintus Caecilius Pomponianus, surnamed Atticus on account of his long residence in Athens, where he took refuge from the storms of the civil wars in 85 B.c. He was Cicero’s most intimate friend. He re- turned to Rome in 65, and died in 32 B.C., at the age of seventy- seven. He was a man of wealth, learning, and refinement. B Basternae, 377, 383, a powerful tribe of European Sarmatia (Russia). They were driven back across the Danube by _ the Romans in 30 B.c. Bibulus, 153, 177, Lucius Calpur- nius B., youngest son of the DICTIONARY OF Bibulus who was Caesar’s consular colleague in 59 B.c. He surren- dered to Antony after the battle at Philippi (42 B.c.), was par- doned by him, and made com- mander of his fleet. He died shortly before the battle of Actium (31 B.C.). Brundisium, 449, an important city on the eastern coast of Italy (Calabria), with a fine harbour. It was the natural int of departure from Italy to he East, and was the chief naval station of the Romans in the Adriatic. Brutus, 151, 169, 187, Decimus Junius Brutus, surnamed Albinus after his Postumius Albinus, the consul of 99 B.c. He was widely em- ployed, highly esteemed, fully trusted, and richly rewarded by Julius Caesar, and yet joined his murderers. After Caesar’s death he opposed Antony successfully, but fell a victim to the coalition between Antony and Octavius in 43 B.O. Buthrotum, 183, a city on the western coast of Epirus, opposite Corcyra, celebrated by Vergil in Aeneid, iii. 293 ff. C Calauria, 337, a town of Sicily not mentioned elsewhere. Calends (Kalends), 147, the Roman name for the first day of the month. Callippus, 33, 61, 115-123, 463, of Athens, a disciple of Plato in common with Dion, to whom he came to have much the same relation as Brutus Albinus to Julius Ceesar. Camarina, 59, a famous Greek city on the southern coast of Sicily, about twenty miles east of Gela. It was colonized from Syracuse in 599 B.C. Canidius, 131, 133, perhaps the Publius Canidius Crassus who was the friend and supporter of adoption by Aulus- PROPER NAMES Antony (Plutarch, Antony, xxxiv.-lxxi.). Canutius, 173, mentioned only here. Carbo, 191, Gnaeus Papirius C., a leader of the Marian party and consular colleague of Cinna in 85 and 84 B.c. He was put to death by Pompey in 82 B.c. (Plutarch, Pompey, x. 3f.). Carystus, 179, an ancient city on the south coast of Euboea, famous for its marble. Casca, 157, 163, 229, Publius Servilius C., tribune of the people in 44 B.o. He fled from Rome after Caesar’s murder, and died soon after the battle at Philippi, in which he fought. His brother Caius was also oné of Caesar’s murderers (Plutarch, Caesar, vi. 5). Catana, 123, 291, 305, 335, 341, 348, an ancient city on the eastern coast of Sicily, about midway between Syracuse and Tauro- menium, directly at the foot of Mt. Aetna. Cato (1), 411, Marcus Porcius C. Licinianus, son of Cato the Elder by his first wife Licinia. It was after the battle of Pydna that he became the son-in-law of Aemilius Paulus. For his educa- tion, and his exploit at the battle of Pydna, see the Cato Major, chapter xx. Cato (2), 237, 239, son of Cato the Younger. After the death of his father, Caesar pardoned him and allowed him the use of his patrimony. See the Cato Minor, chapter i. Caulonia, 57, a Greek city on the eastern coast of Bruttium, con- quered by the elder Dionysius in 389 B.O. Ceos, 345, one of the Cyclades islands in the Aegean sea, about thirteen miles S.E. of Attica most famous as the birthplace of the great lyric poet Simonides. Cicero, 179, 183, Marcus Tullius, only son of the great orator, born in 65 B.0o. He joined the army of Pompey in Greece when only sixteen years of age, and gained , 471 DICTIONARY OF credit as an officer of cavalry. After Pharsalus, he resided at Athens, where he fell into loose habits for atime. After Caesar’s death, he served as military tribune under Brutus. After Philippi, he was taken up by Octavius, and became his con- sular colleague in 30 B.c. See the Cicero, xlix. 4. Cimber, 163, 169, Lucius Tullius, had been one of Caesar’s warmest supporters) and rewarded by him with the province of Bithynia. After Caesar’s murder he went to his province, raised a fleet, and co-operated effectually with Bru- tus and Cassius. Cinna (1), 191, Lucius Cornelius, leader of the Marian party during Sulla’s absence in the East (87-84 B.C.). He was consul in 87, 86, 85, and 84. He was killed in a mutiny of his soldiers at Brundisium, where he had hoped to prevent the landing of Sulla. See the Pompey, chapter Vv. Cinna (2), 167, 181, Lucius Corne- lius, son of the preceding. He served under Lepidus and Ser- torius (78-72 B.c.), but was restored from exile by Caesar and made praetor in 44 B.Oo. He would not join the murderers of Caesar, but approved of their deed. Cinna (3), 171, 173, Caius Helvius, a friend of Catullus, and probably the same person as the Helvius Cinna whom Valerius Maximus (ix. 9, 1), Appian (B.C. ii. 147), and Dion Cassius (xliv. 50) call a tribune of the people. Cf. Suetonius, Div. Jul. 85; tarch, Caesar, Ixxili. 2f. Only fragments of his poems remain. Clodius (Claudius), 171, Publius Claudius Pulcher, youngest son of the Appius Claudius mentioned in the Sulla, xxix. 8. He helped to demoralize the soldiers of Lucul- lus in Asia (Lucullus, chapter xxxiv.), became a venomous foe of Cicero, was notorious for incest and licentiousness (Caesar, 472 PROPER NAMES chapters ix. and x.), and was at last killed in a street-brawl with Milo in 52 B.0. (Cicero, chapters xxViii.-xxxv.). Colophon, 347, one of the Ionian cities of Asia Minor, situated on the river Hales, near the sea, north of Ephesus. Corcyra, 449, an island in the Ionian sea, opposite Epirus, the modern Corfa. Cornificius, Lucius, 185, afterwards an able supporter of Octavius in war on land and sea. He became consul in 35 B.c. Cratippus, the Peripatetic, 177, of Mitylene, a contemporary and intimate friend of Cicero, and a teacher of Cicero’s son. Crimesus (Crimisus), 323, 325, 331, a river in the N.W. part of sicily. near Segesta. Cyzicus, 187, a Greek city on the Propontis, in Mysia, wonderfully arate on the neck of a pen- nsula. D Demetrias, 181, an ppor sent city in the S.E. part of Thessaly, at the head of the Pagasaean ulf, founded by Demetrius oliorcetes about 290 B.c. Demetrium, 423, of Samothrace, probably a sanctuary of Demeter connected with the austere and worship of the Cabeiri. Demetrius (1), 373, Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus King of Asia, lived 337-283 B.c. See Plutarch’s Life. Demetrius (2), 373, Demetrius II. son of Antigonus Gonatas, king o Macedonia 239-229 B.c. Demetrius (3), 375, younger, and only legitimate son of Philip V. of Macedon, sent to Rome as hostage after the battle of Cynoscephalae (197 B.0.), where he won that favour of the Romans which roused the jeal- ousy of his brother Perseus and brought about his death. Diogenes, of Sinope, 297, a Cynio philosopher, born 412 B.o. He DICTIONARY OF became a pupil of Antisthenes the Socratic at Athens, and changed from a dissolute to a most austere life. He was sold into slavery at Corinth, where he acquired freedom and passed his old age. He died in 323 B.c., according to Plutarch (Morals, p. 717 c) on the same day as Alexander the Great. Dionysius, of Colophon 347, a. painter contemporary with Poly- gnotus (latter half of the fifth century B.C.), of whom he was said to be an imitator. Accord- ing to Aristotle, his work lacked idealism. Dolabella, 131, 141, 181, the profligate and debt-ridden son-in- law of Cicero, lived 70-43 B.o. He took part with Caesar in 49 B.C., but approved of his murder, and gained the consul- ship for the remainder of the year 44. He was outlawed and declared a public enemy on account of his extortions in Asia, and committed suicide. Domitian, 421, 423, Roman Em- peror 81-96 A.D. E Ecnomum (Ecnomus), 57, a hill on the southern coast of Sicily, between Agrigentum and Gela. Elea (Velia), 177, 345, 457, a Greek colony from Phocaea in Ionian Asia or, founded about 540 B.O. on the N.W. coast of Lucania in southern Italy (Herod. i. 164-167). Itreceived the Roman franchise in 90 B.Cc., and was a noted health resort. pat Pe 129, mentioned only here, unless he is the same person as the orator, Empylus Rhodius, mentioned by Quintilian (x. 6, 4). Ephorus, 77, 79, 271, of Cymé pupil of Isocrates, and author of a ghly rhetorical history of Greece from the “ Dorian Inva- sion ’ down to 340 B.0., in which year he died. PROPER NAMES Epicurus, 207, founder of the philosophical school named from him, born in Samos, 342 B.©., died at Athens, 270 B.o. He established his school at Athens in 306, was a man of pure and temperate habits, and _ bore suffering with cheerful fortitude. Epidamnus, 181, the city on the coast of Illyria known in Roman history usually as Dyrrhachium. It was a free state, and sided consistently with the Romans. Epipolae, 313, a triangular plateau rising gradually westwards from Syracuse, visible from the interior of the island city, and surrounded by precipitous cliffs. . the Nicias, xvii. 1; xxi. 5-9. Eudemus, the Cyprian, 47, a member of the Platonic circle and an intimate friend of Aristotle. Aristotle’s dialogue entitled ** Eudemus, or On the Soul,” is preserved only in scanty frag- ments (cf. lutarch, Morals, P. 175 b, and Cicero, de Div., . 25, 53). Eudemus fell in a battle between the friends of Dion and the traitor Callippus (Diodorus, xvi, 36, 5). Evander, the Cretan, 417, men- tioned only here. F Favonius, 149, 151, 201, 203 Marcus F., called the “ Ape of Cato,” was aedile in 652, and raetor in 40 B.C. He joined ompey in the East notwith- standing personal enmity to him, and accompanied him in his flight from Pharsalus (cf. the Pompey, \xxiii. 6 f.) Flavius, 241, Caius F., an intimate friend of Brutus, and his prae- fectus fabrorum at Philippi. G Gaesylus, the Spartan, 105, 107, mentioned only here. Galba, 435-439, Servius SulpiciusG., uuilitary tribuae under Aemilius 473 DICTIONARY OF Paulus, praetor in 151, and famous for his faithless cruelty in his province of Spain. He was consul in 144 B.c. He was also an orator of power. Galepsus, 417, a colony of Thasos on the coast of Thrace. Gela, 57, 345, an important Greek city on the southern coast of Sicily, between Agrigentum and Camarina. It was colonized in 690 B.c. from Crete and Rhodes. The Carthaginians destroyed it in 405 B.C. Gelon, 319, tyrant of Syracuse 485—478 B.C., and victor over the Carthaginians at Himera in 480 B.C. ; Genthius, 387, King of Illyria. He graced the triumph of his conqueror, Lucius Anicius, in 167 B.C., and died in captivity. H Hanno, 307, had successfully in the last war between the Carthaginians and Dionysius the Elder (368 B.c.). His failure to prevent the landing of Timoleon in 344 probably led to his recall and the substitution of Mago in his place. He was afterwards put to death for conspiracy. Harpalus, 393, mentioned only here. Helicon, of Cyzicus, 41, for some time a resident at the court of Dionysius the Younger. Suidas S cntioda a work of his astrology. Heracleides, 25, 71, 73, 81, 83, 95, 99, 101-107, 111-117, was com- mander of the mercenaries of Dionysius the Younger, and fled from Syracuse with Dion (Dio- dorus, xvi. 6, 4). Hermocrates, 7, an eminent and nobly patriotic Syracusan at the time of the great Athenian expedition against the city (415- 413 B.C.), and prominent in the narrative of Thucydides. After the destruction of the Athenian armament, he served his native 474 commanded on PROPER NAMES city ably as admiral in conjunc- tion with the Spartan fleet, but was deposed in 409 B.C. by a years d attempt to gain possession of Syracuse by force. Herostratus, 179, mentioned only here. Hicetas, 123, 265, 277, 281, 283, : a uring e - orders following the death of Dion succeeded in establishing himself as tyrant of Leontini. Himera, 319, an important Greek city on the northern coast of Sicily, at the mouth of the river of the same name. Hirtius, 453, Aulus H., a warm friend and supporter of Julius Caesar. He fell in gallantly leading an assault upon Antony’s troops. Hortensius, 181, 187, Quintus H. Hortatus, a son of the great orator Hortensius, though appar- ently cast off by his father on account of dissolute habits. He joined Caesar in 49 B.c, and served him in important com- mands. In 44 B.c. he held the rovince of Macedonia, and rutus was to succeed him. Hostilius, 377, Aulus H. Mancinus, consul in 170, and pro-consul in Greece in 169 B.c., where he conducted a safe but inconclusive warfare against Perseus. I Iapygia. 53, the ancient (Greek) name for Calabria, the eastern eninsula of southern Italy. obably the Iapygian promon- tory is here meant. Ion, 425, a military officer of Perseus. J Junia, 141, Junla Tertia, a half- sister of Brutus. She lived till 22 a.D., and left large legacies to the leading men of Rome. DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES L Labeo, 151, 241, Quintus Antistius L., an eminent, jurist, and father of a jurist more eminent still, who lived under Augustus. According to Appian (B.C. iv. 135), Labeo, unwilling to survive Brutus, himself killed by a trusty slave and buried in his tent. Lacedaemon, 231, apparently a town of Macedonia near Thessa- lonica. Laenas, Popilius, 159, 161, a Roman senator, not otherwise mentioned (cf. Appian, B.C., ii. 115 f.). Leontini, 59, 85, 89, 301, 319, 339, an ancient Greek city of Sicily, between Syracuse and Catana, about eight miles inland. Lepidus, 169, 187, 455, Marcus emilius L., trlumvir with Octa- vius and Antony. He joined the party of Caesar in 49, and was praetor in Spain in 48 B.c., Caesar’s magister equitum in 47 and 45, and his consular colleague in 46. After Caesar’s murder he sided with Antony, and as member of the trium- virate received Spain and Nar- bonese Gaul as his province, then, in 40, Africa, where he remained till 36 B.c., when he was deposed from the triumvirate He lived till 13 B.c. Leptines, 123, 299,319, a Syracusan, who aided Callippus in capturing Rhegium in 351 B.C. exile by Timoleon was in 342 B.c. Leucadia (Leucas), 295, an island in the Ionian sea, once a part of the mainland of Acarnania. Licinius, Publius, 377, P. L. Crassus, consul in 171 B.0o. Lilybaeum, 321, a promontory and city at the extreme western end of Sicily. Lycon, the Syracusan, 121, not otherwise mentioned. . M Maedica, 383, the territory of the aedi, a powerful tribe in western Thrace. Mago, 303-315, commander of the Carthaginian ficet and army in Sicily in 344 B.c., succeeding Hanno. Mamercus (1), 359, son of Pytha- goras. Cf. the Numa, xiii. 9. Mamercus (2), 291, 335-351, tyrant of Catana. Marrucinians, 407, a warlike tribe of central Italy, generally sharing the fortunes of the neighbouring Marsi and Peligni, and after 304 B.O. faithful allies of Rome. Maso, 365, Calus Papirius M., consul in 231, died in 213 B.c. Maximus (1), Fabius, 393, 447, see Plutarch’s Life. Maximus (2), Valerius, 247, compiler of a large collection of anecdotes, in the time of Augustus. Mediolanum, 257, the chief clty of Cisalpine Gaul, the modern Milan. Messala, 215-229, 245, 247, Marcus Valerius M. Corvinus, born about 70 B.O., educated at Athens, and a friend of Horace. He attached himself to Cassius after the death of Caesar, and fought ably at Philippi. After the death of Cassius he became a supporter of Antony, and then of Octavius (Augustus). He was also a poet, historian, gram- marian, and orator. He wrote commentaries on the civil wars after Caesar’s death. Messana, 103, 123, 309. 335, 343, an important city of Sicily, on the strait between that island and Italy, nearly opposite Rhe- ium. Milo, 395, 397, of Beroea, an officer in the army of Perseus. He had been successful against the Ro- man consul Licinius Crassus in 171 B.c. From Pydna he fled to Beroea, but soon surrendered the lace to Aemilius. tas, the Thessalian, 47-51, not otherwise mentioned. Mycalé, 421, a promontory in Asia Minor, opposite the island of Samos, where the Athenians defeated the Persians in 479 B.o. Mylae, 351, an ancient Greek city 475 DICTIONARY OF on the northern coast of Sicily about thirty miles west of Messana, and generally depen- dent on that city. N Nasica, see Scipio (2). Neon (1), the Corinthian, 305, mentioned only here. Neon (2), the Boeotian, 417, one of the principal authors of the alliance between the Boeotians and Perseus. After the battle of Pydna he fell into the hands of the Romans and was executed. Nicolatis, the philosopher, 247, probably Nicolaus Damascenus, a famous historian and philo- sopher of the Augustan age. Nisaeus, 263, not otherwise men- tioned. Norbanus, 209, an officer sent forward into Macedonia by Octavius and Antony (Appian, B.C., ix. 87). Numantia, 415, a famous city in northern Spain. : Nypsius, 87, 93, 99, not otherwise mentioned. O Octavius, Gnaeus, 423, 425, praetor in 168 B.C., consul in 165. He was assassinated in 162, while on an embassy in Syria. Oreiis, 377, formerly called Histiaea, an ancient and important town in northern Euboea. Oricus (Oricum), 435, a town and harbour of Illyria, a few miles south of Apollonia. P Pachynus, 53, the south-eastern promontory of Sicily. Paeonians, 403, an ancient and powerful people of Upper Mace- donia. ; Pansa, 453, Caius Vibius P., a devoted friend of Julius Caesar, who made him governor of Cisalpine Gaul in 46, and consul for 43 B.C. with Hirtius. 476 PROPER NAMES Patara (Patareans), 131, 197, a flourishing city on the south- western coast of Lycia in Asia Minor, celebrated for its temple and cult of Apollo. Pelignians, 407, a warlike people in central Italy, neighbours to the Marsi and Samnites, and after 304 B.C. faithful allies of Rome. Pella, 415, 417, was made the capital of Macedonia by Philip IT. and was the birthplace of Alexander the Great. It was some fifteen miles from the sea, west of the river Axius. ee Lucius, 203, mentioned only ere. Pelusium, 199, a strong frontier- town on the eastern branch of the Nile. Perrhaebia, 393, a district in northern Thessaly. Pharax, 103, 287, 463, perhaps the 8ame person as the envoy from Sparta to Athens mentioned by Xenophon in Hell. vi. 5, 33, and as the Pharax characterized by Theopompus as most un-Spartan ia his mode of life (Athenaeus, Pp. 536 c). Philip, 371-375, Philip V. of Macedon, one of the ablest Macedonian monarchs, reigned 220-179 B.c. Philippus, Marcius, 457, Quintus M.P., consul in 186, and again in 169 B.C., in which year he con- ducted the war against Perseus, handing over his command to Aemilius Paulus in the foliowing year. He was censor. with Aemilius in 164 B.c. Philippi, 179, 187, 207-211, a city of Macedonia on the river Strymon, formerly called Crenides, but renamed by Philip II. Philistus, 25-29, 39, 53, 77, 79, 299 a Syracusan, an eye-witness o the events of the Athenian siege of Syracuse in 415-413 B.o., which he described thirty years later in a history of Sicily. Plancus, 167, Lucius Munatius P., a friend and supporter of Julius Caesar, and after Caesar’s death of Antony. He was consul in DICTIONARY OF 42 B.c., ay Caesar had planned. He abandoned the cause of Antony in 32, and joined Octa- vius, whose favour he thence- forth enjoyed. Plataea, 421, the little city of Boeotia near which the allied Greeks defeated the Persians in 479 B.C. Pollis, the Spartan, 11, a Spartan naval commander in 376 B.C., defeated by Chabrias of Athens. Polybius, 185, 398, 395, 405, of egalopolis in Arcadia, the Greek historian of the Punic Wars, born about 204 B.O., long resident in Rome, and an intimate friend of the younger Scipio, with whom he watched the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. Porcia, 153, 1655, 247, wife of Marcus Brutus, daugher of Cato the Younger by his first wife. See the Cato Minor, Ixxiii. 4. Poseidonius, 129, 405-418, of Apameia in Syria, a Stoic philosopher, pupil of Panaetius of Athens, contemporary with Cicero, who often speaks of him and occasionally corresponded with him. Ptoeodorus, the Megarian, 35, mentioned only here. Pydna, 397, 415, 419, a town of southern Macedonia, on the Thermatc gulf. Pythagoras, the philosopher, 359, of Samos, flourished about 540- 510 B.o. After extensive travels he settled in Crotona of southern Italy, and founded a numerous and mysterious sect. R Rhegium, 123, 281-285, 307, an important Greek city in’ the Bruttian peninsula of southern Italy, nearly opposite to Messana in Sicily. Samothrace, 419, 423, a large island in the northern Aegean sea, about forty miles south of the Thracian coast. PROPER NAMES Scipio (1), the Great, 359, 367, ublius Cornelius 8. Africanus Major, conqueror of Hannibal. He lived 234-183 B.c. Scipio (2), 393, 395, 399, 403, 418, 425, Publius Cornelius 8. Nasica Corculum, celebrated as jurist and orator, consul in 162, censor in 159, and consul a second time in 155 B.c. He appears to have written commen- taries on this campai under Aemilius, which is his first appearance in history. nee (3), 189, Publius Cornelius 8. asica, adopted by Metellus Pius and therefore often called Metellus Scipio. He was Pom- pey's colleague in the cone or part of the year 52 B.0., an became a determined foe of aesar. He killed himself after the battle of Thapsus (46 B.c.). Scipio (4), 365, 413, 415, 447, 453, 55, 459, Publius Cornelius 8. Aemilianus Africanus Minor, younger son of Aemillus Paulus, adopted by Publius Scipio, the son of Scipio the Great, was born about 185, and died mysteri- ously in 129 B.o. Servilia, 127, 129, 135, 137, 247, after the death of her first hus- band, the father of Brutus, married Decimus Junius Silanus, who was consul in 62 B.o. Servilius, Marcus, 437, mentioned only here. Sestius, 133, Publius Sestius, a supporter of Cicero in the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy, and active in securing Cicero’s recall from exile. See Cicero’s oration pro Sestio. In the civil war, he sided first with Pompey, and then with Caesar. Silicius, Publius, 187, called Siliclus Coronas by Dion Cassius (xlvi. 49), a Roman senator, appoin- ted one of the judges to try the murderers of Caesar. He ven- tured to vote for the acquittal of Brutus, and was therefore proscribed and put to death by the triumvirs. Simonides, 3, 349, of Ceos, the 477 DICTIONARY OF atest lyric poet of Greece, Speusippus 35, 45, 47,77, a disti peusippus, ’ ’ & in- guished disciple of Plato, whom e followed as head of the Academy (347-839 B.O.). Statilius, the Epicurean, 149, 151, mentioned only here. Strato, 245, mentioned only here. T Tauromenium, 285-289, a city on the north-eastern coast of Sicily, about midway between Catana and Messana. Thasos, 227, an island in the northern part of the Aegean sea, off the coast of Thrace, half a day’s sail from Amphipolis. Theomnestus, the Academic, 177, a brother of the Aristus men- tioned in chapter ii. 2, and me Lege his successor as head of the Academy. Theopompus, 51, 271, of Chios, a fe ow-pupil of Isocrates with Ephorus, wrote anti-Athenian histories of Greece from 411 to $394 B.o., and of Philip of Macedon from $60 to 336 B.C. Thessalonica, 231, an important city at the head of the Thermaic gulf, capital of the Roman province of Macedonia. Thurii, 299, 307, a Greek oy of Lower Italy, on the gulf of Tarentum, near the site of the ancient Sybaris. Its coloniza- tion in 444 B.c. was one of the great projects of Pericles. See the Nictas, v. 2. Timaeus, 18, 29, 69, 77, 79, 271, 285, 345, 461, of Tauromenium, lived between 350 and 250 B.0. During a long exile in Athens he wrote a voluminous history of his native island from earliest time down to 264 B.0o. Timon, 35, of Phlius, a philosopher of the Sceptic school, author of a famous satiric poem called Swii, PROPER NAMES taught successfully at Chalcedon and Athens. He flourished about 280 B.O. Timonides, the Leucadian, 47, 67, 69, 77, accompanied Dion to Sicily and fought on his side. Timotheiis, 345, son of Conon the great Athenian admiral. He was made general in 378 B.c., and about 360 was at the height of iia popularity and glory. Titinius, 223, 225, a centurion. His story is told also in Appian (B.C. iv. 113) and Valerius Maximus (ix. 9, ext. 2). Trebonius, 163, 169, Caius T., tribune of the peo fe in 55 B.C., and an instrument of the first triumvirs. He was afterwards legate of Caesar in Gaul and was loaded with favours by him, but joined his murderers. Tubero, 367, 427, 4338, Quintus Aelius T., son-in-law of Aemilius Paulus. Cf. Valerius Maximus, iv. 4 ext. 9. V Vatinlus, 181, Publius V., tribune of the people in 59 B.O., and a aid creature of Caesar. After harsalus, Caesar gave him high command in the Kast. He was compelled to surrender his army to Brutus, but did not forfeit the favour of Octavius and Antony. Velia, 345, 457, see Hlea. Volumnius, Publius, 235, 241, 243, mentioned only here. x Xanthus, 131, 195, 197, the largest and most prosperous city of Lycia in Asia Minor, at the mouth of the river of the same name. Zz Zacynthus, 47, 49, 119, 121, an island off the western coast of Peloponnesus, the modern Zante. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY R. CLAY AND SONS, LTD., BRUNSWICK STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E. I, AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK, Pe Pa ee a ee GY meee pene >i ane sabes PLUTARCH’S | LIVES WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY BERNADOTTE PERRIN IN ELEVEN VOLUMES Vil DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO ALEXANDER AND CAESAR } CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MOMLXVII | | | SS SN SIE ae YS First printed 1919 Reprinted 1928, 1949, 1938, 1967 Printed in Great Britain CONTENTS PAGE PREFATORY NOTE ...... ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN TIIIS EDITION ,.. Viii TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES ..... ix DEMOSTHENES: 5. Go see G7 Bae Sarai le Lh Se fot ee, veo ME ] CICBRO on ¢ 5, 1 oS ee SCE Susi REG Soe eae S(O COMPARISON OF DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO . ..... 211 ATEXANDER 206. 4: ie vend 26 SG Be ee hae Oe CRRSAR ue ae Ss Aa ee a ew Oo A ee ee DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES ......6.-- 6s 61) PREFATORY NOTE As in the preceding volumes of this series, agree- ment between the Sintenis (Teubner, 1873-1875) and Bekker (Tauchnitz, 1855-1857) editions of the Parallel Lives has been taken as the basis for the text. Any preference of one to the other, and any important departure from both, have been indicated. An abridged account of the inanuscripts of Plutarch may be found in the Introduction to the first volume. None of the Lives presented in this volume are con- tained in the two oldest and most authoritative manuscripts—the Codex Sangermanensis (S*) and the Codex Seitenstettensis (S), or in the excellent Paris manuscript No. 1676 (F*). Their text there- fore rests principally on the Paris manuscripts Nos. 1671, 1673, and 1674 (ACD), although in a few instances weight has been given to readings from the Codex Matritensis (M*), on the authority of the collations of Charles Graux and his editions of the Demosthenes and Cicero. No attempt has been made, naturally, to furnish either a diplomatic text or a vi PREFATORY NOTE full critical apparatus. For these, the reader must be referred to the major edition of Sintenis (Leipzig, 1839-1846, 4 voll., 8vo), or to the rather inaccessible text of the Lives by Lindskog and Ziegler, in the Teubner Library of Greek and Latin texts (Vol. IIL, Fase. I. was published in 1915). In the present edition, the reading which follows the colon in the brief critical notes is that of the Teubner Sintenis, and also, unless otherwise stated in the note, of the Tauchnitz Bekker. All the standard translations of the Lives have been carefully compared and_ utilized, including those of the Cicero and Caesar by Professor Long. And more or less use has been made of the follow- ing works: Graux, Vie de Démosthene, and Vie de Cicéron, Paris, 1883 and 1882; Holden, Plutarch’s Demosthenes, Cambridge, Pitt Press Series, 1893; Gudeman, Sources of Plutarch’s Cicero, Philadelphia, 1902; Sihler, Cicero of Arpinum, New Haven, 1914, and Annals of Caesar, New York, 1911. B. PERRIN. New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. November, 1918. Vil ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK VoLuME I. (1) Theseus and Romulus. Comparison. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. Comparison. (3) Solon and Publicola. Comparison. VouuME II. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. Comparison. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. Comparison. VouumeE III. (5) Pericles and Fabius Max- imus. Comparison. (14) Nicias and Crassus. Comparison. VoLuME IV. (6) Alcibiades and Cortola- nus. Comparison. (12) Lysander and Sulla. Comparison. VoLuME V. (16) Agesilaiis and Pompey. Coinparison. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. Comparison. vill LIVES. VouumE VI. (22) Dion and Brutus. Comparison. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. Coniparison. Vouume VII. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. Comparison. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. VoutumE VIII. (15) Sertorius and Kumenes. Comparison. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. VoLuME IX. (21) Demetrius and Antony. Comparison. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. VoLUME X. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. Comparison. (10) Philopoemen and Flam- ininus. Comparison. VoutumeE XI. (24) Aratus. (23) Artaxerxes. (25) Galba. (26) Otho. THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES. (1) Theseus and Romulus. (2) Lycurgus ind Numa. (3) Solon and Publicola. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus. (6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. (10) Philopoemen and Flamininus. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. (12) Lysander and Sulla. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. (14) Nicias and Crassus. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. (16) Agesilaiis and Pompey. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. (21) Demetrius and Antony. (22) Dion and brutus. AHMOSOENH2 ‘ tal td A TI. “O pév yparas to eri TH vixn THs ‘Odvp- , id z > > , > , mia immodpoutas eis “AXKtBiaddnv éyxw.or, yw) > f G ¢ ‘\ ~ f ra ks eit’ Evpiridns, @s 0 Todvs Kpatet Aoryos, €i0 9 / a a ETepos Tis HV, Locate, dyol yYphvat TH evoaipove na ey Oe ee | / oN » 9 \ mpatov uTapeat “ tav! aod evookipov:” éyw dé TH pev evdatmovncev pwédAXovTL THY aANOiHY Dp [LOVELY | iy adi 3 , La 3 by4 \ / ‘ ~ , evoatpoviar, is ev 0c Kal dialéoes TO TWrELTTOV / a 2) / éativ, ovdev Siadhepery nyovpat atofou Kal taTet- ra A \ U \ al vAS watpidos pntpos ayoppouv Kat peKpas ye- tf ~ \ yy +] \ > / veoQat. yeXotov yap El TLS OLoLTO THY lovAiéa, pEp0S pLtKpoVv ovoav ov peyarys vagou THs Kéo, nw > a] Kal thy Aiyiwav, hv tov Arttix@v tis éxédevev ws Anunv adatpety tov Ilepatms, vroxpitas N > \ ? \ ? SA y > pev ayabous tTpépety Kal Toitas, avdpa 8 ovK id f fal dv wote dtvacOat, oixaltoy Kai avTapKn Kal vody / fal éyovTa Kal peyadouyov TpoeveyKely. Tas yap 7 / > 7 ’ ‘ ’ , Ry ’ ddras Téyvas eiKos €oTL TpOS Epyaciay 7) doEav cuvictapevas év Tais adofous Kai TaTretvais To0- , ‘ Aeoiwvy aTropapaiverOar, Thy 8 apeTHV, BoTeEp N / aA iayvpov Kai dsapxes hutov, ev atravte pifovcOar , a \ / a TOTO, PUES Te KpnoTHS Kal htro7rovov ruxs , e b % a w~ émtAapBavopevny. O0ev od Amets, ef Te Tod 1 sav Sintenis', and Graux with M®; rh». Paris Edition, a. 1624, p. 846 DEMOSTHENES I. Tue author of the encomium upon Alcibiades for his victory in the chariot-race at Olympia,! whether he was Euripides, as the prevailing report has it, or some other, says, Sosius,? that the first requisite to a man’s happiness is birth in “a famous city’’; but in my opinion, for a man who would enjoy true happiness, which depends for the most part on character and disposition, it is no disad- vantage to belong to an obscure and mean city, any more than it is to be born of a mother who is of little stature and without beauty. For it were laughable to suppose that Iulis, which is a little part of the smal] island of Ceos, and Aegina, which a certain Athenian was urgent to have removed as an eye-sore of the Piraeus,? should breed good actors and poets, but should never be able to produce a man who is just, independent, wise, and inagnanimous. The arts, indeed, since their object is to bring business or fame, naturally pine away in obscure and mean cities; but virtue, like a strong and hardy plant, takes root in any place, if she finds there a generous nature and a spirit that shuns no labour. Wherefore we also, if we fail to live 1 See the Alcibiudes, chapter xi. 2 One of Plutarch’s Roman friends. See the note on the 7'heseus, i. 1. 3 See the Pericles, vill. 5. ‘The great poet Simonides was of Ceos, and the great actor Polus of Aegina. 3 PLUTARCHS LIVES ppovety ws Set kai Brody EAAELTOMED, TOUTO TH TMLKPOTNTL THS mat pioos, aX avtois Sixalws aval no ope. II. Té pévto. cuvtaki vroBeRAnpévw Kai istopiav éE ov mpoxeipwv ovd oixeiwy, adda Eevev Te TOY TONGY Kal over Tr appeveov év eT EpOLs cuviotoay dvayvodLatov, 7@ OVTL xpn TP@TOV Urdpxew Kal pddiora THY TOW Ev- Soxtpov kal ptrdoxadov cal ToAvavOpwTop, as BiBrtov Te TavtodaTav adOoviav EXOV, Kat é6aa TOUS ypagovras vagevyoura TwWTNpPLA pon wns emupavertépav etAnde mioTu UToAapBaven a aKon Kal StarruvOaropevos, 11) TOAA@Y und’ avaryKaiwy évdeés amodidoin TO Epyov. eis 5é pexpav oixouvTes ToALW, Kal iva py HLLKpOTEpa, yevntar piroxwpodvres, év 6é Poun Kal tals wept THY "Tradiav deat ptBais ov axXodNs ovons yupva- CecOar wept THY “Pwpaixny duddexTov vO ypELav TodtTiK@y Kal Tov sta dtdocodiav mrnoLa- CovTwy, ore ToTe Kal TOppw THS HAtKias noEa- pea ‘Pwuaixots Ypappacwy evtuyxavel. Kal T pay pa Javpacrov per, GND arn bes emaoXopen. ov yap obTws éx TOV ovouaToy Ta mpdypara ouvieval Kat ue piven ouveBarver 1) nuiy, Os €K TOV T PAYLAT@V ALOS ve TOs elXopev eumerpiav érra- xorovbety Oe avta' Kal Tots ovopact. KaAXous dé ‘Popairis amayyehias Kal TaXous ai Baver Bar Kal peTapopas ovopaTav ral appovias Kal TOV dddwv ols o AOyos ayddNETAaL, YapLevy pev rryoU- ' cumerpiav. . . 5: abrd with M4 and Graux: éuweipias... 81a Taira (Bekker, é av... éureiplas). 4 DEMOSTHENES, 1. 3-11. 3 and think as we ought, will justly attribute this, not to the smallness of our native city, but to ourselves. II. However, when one has undertaken to com- pose a history based upon readings which are not readily accessible or even found at home, but in foreign countries, for the most part, and scattered about among different owners, for him it is really necessary, first and above all things, that he should live in a city which is famous, friendly to the liberal arts, and populous, in order that he may have all sorts of books in plenty, and may by hearsay and enquiry come into possession of all those details which elude writers and are preserved with more conspicuous fidelity in the memories of men. He will thus be prevented from publishing a work which is deficient in many, and even in essential things. But as for me, I live in a small city, and I prefer to dwell there that it may not become smaller still; and during the time when I was in Rome and various parts of Italy I had no leisure to practise myself in the Roman language, owing to my public duties and the number of my pupils in philosophy. It was therefore late and when | was well on in years that I began to study Roman literature. And here my experience was an astonish- ing thing, but true. For it was not so much that by means of words I came to a complete under- standing of things, as that from things I somehow had an experience which enabled me to follow the meaning of words. But to appreciate the beauty and quickness of the Roman style, the figures of speech, the rhythm, and the other embellishments of the language, while I think it 5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES peBa KL OUK Tepes” 7 dé pos TOUTO pereTn Kab doKnows ouK Ev XEpTS, GNN ols Teot Teton Te oXoM) Kal TQ THS @pas éTl TPOS Tas TOLAUTAS ETL a PEt prrorepas. III. Aco «al ypapovtes év TD BiBrLw TOUT, TOV TApAaAA/AwWY Biwv dvTr TéuTT@, Tept An- pooobévous Kai Kixépwvos, amo tov wpdkewy Kat TOV TOATEL@Y Tas dUEIS aUT@Y Kal Tas dta- Oécets mwpos adAjAAS erro xetroneba, TO 6é TOUS hoyous avreteT ale Kat arropatved Bat TOTEPOS OLov 7) ” SeLvoTepos eimeiy, edo open. “ Kay yp ws pyaw 6 “lwv, “1 berdivos év yépow Bia,” } Ny o mwepittos ev atract Kexidsos ayvonoas éve- avievoato avyKptotv Tod AnpooBévous Kal Kuxé- pwvos ékeveyxetv. GdrG, yap lows, ét TAvTOS HY TO Dvd cavToy” EXEL TPOVELPOV, OVK av éOoKeL Tporrary La. Oetov elvat. Anpoc Bev yap Kal Kixépava, TOV aurov EOLKE TRATTOV aT apxis 0 Sai pov TONAAS jev epBanreiv els THY puow aur ov TOV OMOLOTHT OY, @omEep TO Perorepov Kal prredevepov ev TH TonTEla, ™ pos dé KLVOUVOUS Kal TONELOUS aTON- pov, TONG oy avapl€at Kal TOV TUX POD. &vo yep ETEPOUS ovK av eupel van Sond prtopas eK pev adofov Kal pK p@v iayvpous Kal peyarous YEVOMEVOUS, TporKpovaavTas 6é Bactrebou Kal TUPAVVOLS, Ouyatépas & aToBaXovtas, é exTe OVTAS 6é THs matpidos, KaterOdvtas S€ peta TepAs, d Kart . . . Bla an iambic trimeter (Nauck, 7rag. Graec. Frag.” p. 744), restored by Reiske: Kaxel. .. “Iwv, deApivos . Bla (for in this attempt the dolphin’s might would be on dry land). 6 847 DEMOSTHENES, 11. 3-171. 3 a graceful accomplishment and one not without its pleasures, still, the careful practice necessary for attaining this is not easy for one like me, but appropriate for those who have more leisure and whose remaining years stil] suffice for such pursuits. III. Therefore, in this fifth book! of my Parallel Lives, where I write about Demosthenes and Cicero, I shall examine their actions and their political careers to see how their natures and dispositions compare with one another, but I shall make no critical comparison of their speeches, nor try to show which was the more agreeable or the more powerful orator. “ For useless,” as Ion says, “is a dolphin’s might upon dry ground,” a maxim which Caecilius, who goes to excess in everything, forgot when he boldly ventured to put forth a comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero. But really it is pos- sible that, if the “Know thyself” of the oracle? were an easy thing for every man, it would not be held to be a divine injunction. In the case of Demosthenes and Cicero, then, it would seem that the Deity originally fashioned them on the same plan, implanting in their natures many similarities, such as their love of distinction, their love of freedom in their political activities, and their lack of courage for wars and dangers, and uniting in them also many similarities of fortune. For in my opinion two other orators could not be found who, from smal] and obscure begin- nings, became great and powerful; who came into conflict with kings and tyrants; who lost each a daughter; who were banished from their native cities and returned with honour; and who, after 1 See the note on the Dion, ii. 4. 2 At Delphi, PLUTARCH’S LIVES amoépavtas & avdis cai AndOévtas bro TeV ToOAELioVv, dua dSé Tavoapéevy TH TOV TOALTOV éhevOepia tov Biov ovycatactpéavtas’ woTe, ei yévotto TH hvoer Kal TH TUX KAOaTrEp TEXVI- Tails autdrAa, yarevas av StaxptOjvat toTeEpov avTn Tols TpOTrOLS 7) TOS Tpaywaciv EKELYN TOUS dvépas opototépovs ameipyactat. dextéov Oé qept Tov MpecButépou mpoTeEpov. 1V. Anpoobévns o tratnp Anpoabévous hv peév Tav Kadk@v Kal aya0av avipav, ws toTopet Ocorroptros, émexanreito b€ payaipotroLos épya- aTiplov exw péya Kat SovAovs TExXViTAS TOUS TouTo mpatrovras. & 6 Aiayivns o pntwp eipnKe Tept Ths pntpos, ws ek LvAwvos Tivos én’ aitia mpodocias dhevryovtos €& aoteos yeyovoe cat Bap- Bapov yuvatxos, ovK Exopev ettrety eit’ adnOas elpnxev elte Bracdynuav Kat Katarevdopevos. atrorerdeis & o Anpoobévns vireo Tov tTatpos émTaéTns év evTropia (putKpoy yap atréduTreV 1) CULTATA Tinols AVTOU THS OvoLas TrevTEKaibeKa TAAAVTOV) UTO TaV éTLTPOTMV HOLKHON, TA [eV voodioapmévoyv, Ta © apedrnoavtar, WaTE Kal TOV d:dacKkddXwv avtod Tov picOdv aTrooTEpijcat. did TE 61) TOUTO TOV éupEer@v Kal TPOTHNKOVTOY érEv- Oépp racdi paOnudtwv atraidevtos doxel yevéea Oat Kat 1a THY TOD cMpaTos aabéveray Kal OpvYnr, ov Tpoieu“evns Tots Trovots THS “NTPOS avTov, ovdE mpocBialouevov TOY Taldaywyav. nv yap é& APXS KATLAXVOS KAL voTwdNS, Kal TV NoLdopoL- 8 DEMOSTHENES, 111. 3-iv. 3 taking to flight again and being captured by their enemies, ended their lives as soon as their country- men ceased to be free. So that, if there should be a competition between nature and fortune, as between artists, it would be difficult to decide whether the one made the men more alike in their characters, or the other in the circumstances of their lives. But I must speak of the more ancient first. IV. Demosthenes, the father of Demosthenes, belonged to the better class of citizens, as Theo- pompus tells us, and was surnamed Cutler, because he had a large factory and slaves who were skilled workmen in this business. But as for what Aeschines the orator says of the mother of Demosthenes,} namely, that she was a daughter of one Gylon, who was banished from the city on a charge of treason, and of a barbarian woman, I cannot say whether he speaks truly, or is uttering slander and lies. However, at the age of seven, Demos- thenes was left by his father in affluence, since the total value of his estate fell little short of fifteen talents ;? but he was wronged by his guar- dians, who appropriated some of his property to their own uses and neglected the rest, so that even his teachers were deprived of their pay. It was for this reason, as it seems, that he did not pursue the studies which were suitable and proper for a well-born boy, and also because of his bodily weakness and fragility, since his mother would not permit him to work hard in the _palaestra, and his tutors would not force him to do so. For from the first he was lean and sickly, and_ his 1 On the Crown, §§ 171 f. 2 A talent was equivalent to about £235, or $1,200, with five or six times the purchasing power of modern money. 9 or to PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 > , N , 3 Si a“ pévny émwvupiav, tov Butadov, eis TO copa / ld es a] , a NEyeTaL skKaTTOLEVOS UTO TaY Taidwy aBfeiv. $ \ € / e \ ” / ’ \ nV 6€ o Batados, ws peev EVLOL dacty, AVANTNS n é ‘ 4 ral TOV KATEAYOTWV, KAL OpapaTioy Eis TOUTO KwLO- a“ N > ] i / Sav avtov ’Avtidavyns tweToinkev. vioe dé tives wn \ fA @S TOLNTOUV TpYdepa Kat Trapotvia ypadovTos aA 4 a N a tov Batadou péuvnviat. Sdoxet 6€ Kai TeV ovK a n a , / EVTIpPEeTO@V TL AEVOHVAL TOV GHUATOS LOPLaY Tapa a > wn 4 n e 9 tots Attixois tote KkadreicoGart Batadros. o 6 > nw \ wn Zc wn“ g Apyas (kat tovto yap dace T@ Anpoabéver , , xX \ N 4 yeveoOat Tapwvum“ov) Tpos TOV TpOTTO!, ws / \ \ U Onpiwdn Kat wiKpov é€7TéOyn: Tov yap oduv Evtot a nw “ > A ‘N TOV TOLNT@VY Upyav ovoudlovoivy’ Tpos Tov / a / AOYOV, WS GAVL@AVTA TOUS AKpowpévoUS’ Kal yap Apyas Tovvoua Tointns nv vopwy Tovnpayv Kal / a , apyaréwv. Kat Tavta pev TavTy.} riya be \ \ f e a b) \ 5) A V. Tis d€ apos Tous Noyous opens apxXnV avT@ Ah 4 ~ cs hace totavtTnv yeveoPar. Kaddtotpatou tov pi)- 4 N ’ a Topos aywrivecbar tHv Tept OQpwrov Kptiow év nw 4 4 > 4 n / T@ SLKATTNPLW p“EXNOVTOS TY mTpocdokta THs diKns , \ a ef ? b] aA peydAn ova TE THY TOD PHTOpos SUvamuLy, avOovVTOS U , el 60 \ PS \ \ a 5 TOTE padtota TH OOEN, Kal dta THY TPAELY OvVaaY , , e / a TeptBontov. axovoas ovv o Anpoalévns tav 4 a A didackddAwy Kal Tov Talbaywoyov cuvtTi Gepéevwr a 4 wn f + nw TH OlKn Tapatuyelyv, Everce TOY EavTOU Traiba- NX 4 - 4 ywyov Seopevos Kal mpoOvpuovpmevos OTwsS avToV 1 After these words Bekker retains the xara MAdtwva which Coraés, Sintenis, and Graux, after Wyttenbach, reject asa gloss. Cf, Plato, Symposium, p. 220, ec. 10 848 DEMOSTHENES, iv. 3-v. 2 opprobrious surname of Batalus is said to have been given him by the boys in mockery of his physique. Now Batalus, as some say, was an effeminate flute- player, and Antiphanes wrote a farce in which he held him up to ridicule for this. But some speak of Batalus as a poet who wrote voluptuous verses and drinking songs. And it appears that one of the parts of the body which it is not decent to name was at that time called Batalus by the Athenians. But the name of Argas (for they tell us that Demosthenes had this nickname also) was given him either with reference to his manners, which were harsh and savage, the snake being called “argas’’ by some of the poets; or with reference to his way of speaking, which was dis- tressing to his hearers, Argas being the name of a composer of vile and disagreeable songs. So much on this head. V. The origin of his eager desire to be an orator, they tell us, was as follows. Callistratus the orator was going to make a plea in court on the question of Oropus,'! and the trial was eagerly awaited, not only because of the ability of the orator, who was then at the very height of his reputation, but also because of the circumstances of the case, which was notorious. Accordingly, when Demos- thenes heard the teachers and tutors agreeing among themselves to be present at the trial, with great importunity he persuaded his own tutor to 1 In 366 B.c. Oropus, a town on the confines of Attica and Boeotia, was wrested from Athens by the Thebans. Sub- sequently there was « trial for treason at Athens, in which Callistratus the orator and Chabrias the general figured, but the details of the trial are obscure. II PLUTARCH’S LIVES / \ \ b ; e 8 Vv X \ ayayot Tpos THY axpoacw. o 8 éywy pds TOUS x 4 , avoiyovtas Ta dtxactyHpta Snuocious cuvnberap, ? a ¢ a , evropnoe Ywopas év 7 KaBi}mEVvOS 0 Tais ddynrAwWS AKOUGETAL TOV REYOuevWY. eEvNLEP)GaVTOS 6é a / A tod Kaddotpatou Kat Gaupacbévtos UTepduas, \ / i a éxetvou pev eCnrAwoe THv do€av, opwy mpoTEuTo- \ a “A \ f aA Levoy UT TY TOMMY Kal paxapLlopevov, TOD 5€ Aoyou padrov ePavyace Kal KaTevonae THY 1 yetpotabar Kat tiAacever / ee see \ \ , \ TepuxoTos. O0ev édcas Ta NoiTa pabiuata Kal f \ \ Tas Tatiixas StatpiBas, avTOS auTOY HoKer Kal a if A n~ Suemovet tais pedrétas, ws av Tov AeyovTwY 9 égouevos Kat autos. éxpnaato 6é ‘Ioaiw pds a , ? Tov AOyov Udnyntn, Kaitwep ‘laoxpatous Torte sy 7 / gTYOAdoVTOS, ELTE, WS TIVES NEYOVGI, TOV MPLA “EvOV / picOov “Iooxpate: tedkécar pn Suvdapuevos, tas , a \ \ » 4 ” va a Séxa pvas, dra tHv opdaviav, elite wadrov Tod \ , f a "Iaaiov tov doyov ws Spactipiov Kai tavodp- ? / yov émi tHv xpelay amrodexomevos. “Kppemaos / road dé dno ddecToTaAs vTopYipaciw évtuyeiy év \ / ols éyéypamto tov AnpooBérny cuveryorakévat HWratwve Kat wretotov ets Tovs NOyous w@pEdF- , \ i f \ oGat, KrnowBiov 6€ péuyntat Réyortos Tapa a , , Kadrtov tot Suvpaxouaiouv Kai tivwv AGAXwWY TAS ’ , / \ \ > A ? Icoxpatovs téxvas Kal Tas “AdKiOduavtos Kpida s N / n NaBovta tov AnuoobEevnv Karapadeiv. e a a“ VI. (Os yotv ev ArtKia yevopevos tots émt- Tpomots pEato buxalecGar Kal Noyoypadeiv én’ ’ \ € ’ to XUV @MS TAaAVTAa 1 os wavta Graux with M®: awdvra. 12 DEMOSTHENES, v. 2-vi. 1 take him to the hearing. This tutor, having an acquaintance with the public officials who opened the courts, succeeded in procuring a place where the boy could sit unseen and listen to what was said. Callistratus won his case and was extravagantly adinired, and Demosthenes conceived a desire to emulate his fame, seeing him escorted on his way by the multitude and congratulated by all; but he had a more wondering appreciation of the power of his oratory, which was naturally adapted to subdue and master all opposition. Wherefore, bidding farewell to his other studies and to the usual pursuits of boyhood, he practised himself laboriously in declamation, with the idea that he too was to be an orator. He also employed Isaeus as his guide to the art of speaking, although Isocrates was lecturing at the time; either, as some say, because he was an orphan and unable to pay Iso- crates his stipulated fee of ten minas,! or because he preferred the style of Isaeus for its effectiveness and adaptability in actual use. But Hermippus says that he once came upon some anonymous memoirs in which it was recorded that Demosthenes was a pupil of Plato and got most help from him in his rhetorical studies. He also quotes Ctesibius as saying that from Callias the Syracusan and certain others Demosthenes secretly obtained the rhetorical systems of Isocrates and Alcidamas and mastered thei. VI. However this may be, when Demosthenes came of age he began to bring suits against his guardians and to write speeches attacking them. 1 Equivalent to about £40, or $200, with five or six times the purchasing power of modern money. 13 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avtous ToAAaS dtadvcEls Kal Tadwvd.iKias evpi- \ \ / oKOVTAas, éyyupVvacdpevos, KATA TOV MovKvdidny, va / ’ a Tais peréTais ovK aKivdUVwWS OVS apy@s, KaTEv- / > a \ Oe \ 10 10 Tuxnoas éxT@pak&at pev ovdé ToANOaTOY HovYNnON a ’ lA N \ \ Hépos TOY TaTpMwY, TOApay 5é TpPOS TO Aéyev Kal cvvnbeav ixavyv AaBwv Kal yevoapevos THs aA / \ / Wept Tovs ay@vas dtroTipias Kat duvapews ére- / \ \ YElpNoev Els METOY TrapLévat KAL TA KOLVAa TpaT- \ / rd \ b] rd tev. Kal Kabatep Aaopédovta tov ’Opyopéviov iv, / \ \ , , Aéyouat KayeELav TIVA OTANVOS auvVopevoy Spo- Hols paxkpolts xpholat Tov LaTpaV KEdXEvodYTMD, ssp ee 4 \ ir4 > / ~ ei@ ovtws dtatrovncarta Thy EEw éemiPécOat Tots / a aA , aoTepavitals ay@ou. Kal ToY akpwv yevéobar SorLryospouwy, ovT@s TO AnpodOéver cuveBn TO Xx p lad = é Teed ” A ig a 207 bd TpaTtov étavoplwaews evexa TOV idiwy aTrodvYTL \ Tpos TO A€yetv, €x TOUTOV KTHTAapévw SEeLVOTHTA , “a al Kal Ovvapuv év Tois ToXrLTLKOls dn Kaladmep aTepavitats ay@ot TpwTevey TOV amd TOD By- patos aywyilouévov TorLTOV. f a a Kaitot To ye mpw@tov évtuyxavwv TO dHuw , / \ a Be os GopvBots wepiémimte Kal KaTeyeraTo Ou anOeay, Tov oyou auyKexXvaat Tals Tepiodots Kal Be- 4 a nm BacavicOat tots évOuynpace mixpa@s ayay Kal / a / Kataxopws Soxovvtos. Av Oé TLS, ws EoLKe, Kal A > / x , b] 4 \ / doris acbévera Kai yAwTTNs adodgea cal Tvev- , \ a a patos KoAoBoTnS émiTapaTTovaa Tov vodv TOY Neyouévwv TO SitacTacbat Tas Teptodovs. TédOS A is 8 aroctavta Tov diyov Kal peuBouevoy év Ilee- 14 DEMOSTHENES, vi. 1-4 They devised many evasions and new trials, but Demosthenes, after practising himself in these ex- ercises, as Thucydides says,! not without toil and danger, won his cause, although he was able to recover not even a small fraction of his patrimony. However, he acquired sufficient practice and con- fidence in speaking, and got a taste of the dis- tinction and power that go with forensic contests, and therefore essayed to come forward and engaye in public matters. And just as Laomedon the Orchomenian—so we are told— practised long-dis- tance running by the advice of his physicians, to ward off some disease of the spleen, and_ then, after restoring his health in this way, entered the great games and became one of the best runners of the long course, so Demosthenes, atter apply- ing himself to oratory in the first place for the sake of recovering his private property, by this means acquired ability and power in speaking, and at last in public business, as it were in the great games, won the first place among the citizens who strove with one another on the bema. And yet when he first addressed the people he was interrupted by their clamours and laughed at for his inexperience, since his discourse seemed to them confused by long periods and too harshly and immoderately tortured by formal arguments. He had also, as it would appear, a certain weakness of voice and indistinctness of speech and shortness of breath which disturbed the sense of what he said by disjoining his sentences. And finally, when he had forsaken the assembly and was wandering about 1 Kal dumeipdrepot eyévorto meta Kivdtvwv Tas meAETaS ToOLOU- neva: (i. 18, 3 of the Athenians and Lacedaemonians). r5 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES parel dv’ adupiayv Evvopos ) Opiacros 78m Tavu YEpon | Geacdpuevos _émreTinnaey, OTL TOV ovyov EXeov OM“oLtoTAaTOV TO Tlepexréous Tpodiboaty vm aTohplas kal paraxtas eQuTOV, ove TOUS dxAous UptaTdpevos ev0apa@s, oUTE TO Gau"a Tpos TOUS ayavas éEaptuopevos, GANA TpUdH TepLopav Mapatvopevov. VIL. Wladiv b€ roté hac éxrecovtos avtod Kat amtovtos oixade auyKxeyupévou? xal Bapéws épovtos émakorovOjocat LatTvpov Tov vVroKpiTHy €m 677) 0€LOV 6vTa Kat cuverdeiv. odupopevov dé TOU Anpoo Gevous Toos avTov GTt TavTwy dido- TOVWTATOS WV 7 Ov AeyovTwy Kak puxpod déwv KaTAVvahw@Keva THY TOU TOMATOS dx une ELS TOUTO xa pe OUK EVEL T pos TOV Ofpov, ara KparTaray- TES avOpe rot vavtat Kai dpadeis aK OvOVTAL Kal KaTéyouat TO Biyua, Tapopatas 8 autos, ’AdnOH Néyers, @ Anpoabeves,” havat Tov Latupor, “arr éy@ TO aitvov Lao ope Bees ay po. TOV Eupe- mi8ov TW, pyoewv y Lopoxreous ededyjons el TTeELy amTO oTOpatos. ettrovtos bé TOU Anioa Gevous peTaraBovta tov Latvpov obtw wrdcar Kal SueEeAOety év Oe: mpétovtT: Kai cvabéces THv avuTny phow wad dros /erepay T@ Anpoobever pavivar. meta Jévra, oy da-ov ex TAS UToKpiTEws TO NOYO KOo Ov Kal XapeTos TporErTe, fuLK pov iyjoacbar Kal TO pndev evar THY aoKyot a [e- AovvtTe THs mpodhopas Kal d:abécews TOV eEyo- pévwv. €k TOUTOV KaTdyELoV péy oiKodouncat 1 guyxexuuevou Graux with M4; guykexaduppévou (with muffled head). 16 849 DEMOSTHENES, vi. 4-vit. 3 dejectedly in the Piraeus, Eunomus the Thriasian, who was already a very old man, caught sight of him and upbraided him because, although he had a style of speaking which was most like that of Pericles, he was throwing himself away out of weakness and lack of courage, neither facing the multitude with boldness, nor preparing his body for these forensic contests, but suffering it to wither away in slothful negtiect. VII. At another time, too, they say, when he had been rebuffed by the people and was going off homewards disconcerted and in great distress, Satyrus the actor, who was a familiar acquaintance of his, followed after and went indoors with him. Demos- thenes lamented to him that although he was the most laborious of all the orators and had almost used up the vigour of his body in this calling, he had no favour with the people, but debauchees, sailors, and illiterate fellows were listened to and held the bema, while he himself was ignored. “ You are right, Demosthenes,” said Satyrus, “ but I will quickly remedy the cause of all this, if you will con- sent to recite off-hand for me some narrative speech from Euripides or Sophocles.’’ Demosthenes did so, whereupon Satyrus, taking up the same speech after him, gave it such a form and recited it with such appropriate sentiment and disposition that it appeared to Demosthenes to be quite another. Per- suaded, now, how much of ornament and grace action lends to oratory, he considered it of little or no use for a man to practise declaiming if he neglected the delivery and disposition of his words. After this, we are told, he built a subterranean 17 PLUTARCH S3biyv is A \ nA pedAeTHTHpLoV, 0 On StecwleTo Kal Kal nuas, a \ , evTavda b€ TAaVTWS MeV EXaTTNS Nuépas KATLOVTA \ , \ a TAATTELY THY VTOKpLOW Kai SiaTovEly THY huvyp, , \ \ wn ¢ A ? \ wn , mo\Adkis d€ Kai pnvas ERs Sv0 Kal Tpéeis ouva- , fol fal mre, Evpovpevoy THs Kepadns Oatepov pépos “ / , A vmép Tov noe BovrAopevw wavy TpoedOeiv evdé- yeobar bt aicyvvny. ‘ \ VIII. Ov pany dddXa Kal Tas mpos TOUS éxTOS 9 ‘4 ‘ f \ 9 / ¢ f evtevéels Kal oyous Kal aaxyorlas vi7obéceEts 3 a \ b \ a a > ETTOLELTO KAL adoppas Tov dtrAoTOVElW. aATrad- \ A Nayels yap avT@v TaytoTa KaTéBatvev els TO 4 \ i, / sf > fal pereTnTyptov, Kali OveEner Tas Te mpdEes edeEis ° \ wn y Kal TOUS UTEP AUT@V aTrOoAOYIapoUS. eTL b€ TOUS / / Noyous ols mapéTvye Aeyouévots, avarapPavov ‘ > , ~ \ / ElS EAUTOV ELS YYWpAS aViyye Kat Teplobous, émrapv- \ \ opAwdets TE TaVTOOATTIAS Kal peTappdcels exaLvo- fa) / e ° \ TOMEL TMV ELpNnuevwy Ud’ ETEpOV Tpos EauTOV +} A | / id’ avtov Tadiv mpos adrov. €x ToUvToOU do€av 3 e 3 b ] \ ? 5] 3 3 , ELYEY WS OVK EVvpUNS WY, AAN Ex TrOVOU GUYKEL- / . , , id pévn ServoTnTts Kai duvdmer Xpwpevos. €ddxKeEL TE A 2 , \ \ , fod TOUTOU ONMELOV EivaL péya TO wy Padlws aKovcai / aN a , 3 \ \ Tiva Anpoalévous EmTl KALPOU NEYOVTOS, AXAA Kal , 3 9 t , a , xkadnpevov €v exkdAnoia ToddaKis TOD Snpou a a“ > \ KAXODVTOS OVOpaTTL wn TapedOelv, EL pn TUYOL , > a“ TeppovTik@s Kal TrapEedKEevacpévos. Els TODTO n fal 4 d€ adAOL TE TOAAOL TOV Sypaywyav éxreva Lop 9 , \ , 3 ie 3 lA SYA avrov, kat IIlvGéas éemickwmtwy edXdUXViwY Edn- 18 DEMOSTHENES, vi. 3-vu. 3 study, which, in fact, was preserved in our time,]! and into this he would descend every day without exception in order to form his action and cultivate his voice, and he would often remain there even for two or three months together, shaving one side of his head in order that shame might keep him from going abroad even though he greatly wished to do so. VIII. Nor was this all, but he would make his interviews, conversations, and business with those outside, the foundation and starting point for eager toil. For as soon as he parted from his associates, he would go down into his study, and there would go over his transactions with them in due order, and the arguments used in defence of each course. And still further, whatever speeches he chanced to hear delivered he would take up by himself and reduce to propositions and pcriods, and he would in- troduce all sorts of corrections and changes of ex- pression into the speeches made by others against himself, or, contrariwise, by himself against others. Consequently it was thought that he was not a man of good natural parts, but that his ability and power were the product of toil. And there would seem to be strong proof of this in the fact that Demosthenes was rarely heard to speak on the spur of the moment, but though the people often called upon him by name as he sat in the assembly, he would not come forward unless he had given thought to the question and was prepared to speak upon it. For this, many of the popular leaders used to rail at him, and Pytheas, in particular, once told him scoflingly that his arguments smelt of lamp- 1 An erroneous tradition identifies this with the choragic monument of Lysicrates (the ‘‘ Lantern of Demosthenes ”). 19 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 “~ \ a 9 4 cev oe avtov Ta evOupHnuata. TovTOV pev OUv A - \ nueipato mixpas o Anpoobévns: “OU tadTa F230 es BeOS \ ea (aye e , yap, elev, “éuot Kat coi, ® Ilva, o XvYVOS - 39 N N ‘ ” bd] - guvolse.” mpos S€ TOUS AAXOUS Ov TravTdTacLD > la ny e€apvos, adr ovTEe ypatras oi’T adypada a / \ Koutoy A€yetv @pmoroyer. Kai pévTo. OnpotiKov ’ , v x , a avrépawev avdpa Tov réye pereT@vTa: Oepa- N a Teas yap €ivat TovTO Snuwov TapacKeuny, TO 8 vd ° € \ N \ , 9 omws e€ovolv ol TOAXOL POs TOY AOYoV adpov- A 3 “a \ , A A A TiaTelv OrLYapyLKOD Kat Bia parrov % meOot , A \ ‘ \ b] / ’ A 5 MpocéyovTos. THs d€ Mpos KaLpoY aTOApias avTOD Kat TOUTO ToLoDYTaL onpetlov, OTL Anuddns pev 9 , , 4 b) \ 3 exeivy GopuBynOevte ToAANdKis avactTas eK Trpo- A a 9 , Xelpov auvettev, éexetvos O ovdérote Anuddn. , e , IX. [lodev ody, hain tes av, 0 Ataxivns mpos \ a , THY Ev TOLS AOYyoLs TOALaVv POavpaciwTaToY aTe- “4 A a Kader Tov avdpa; mas dé Ivdam tH Bulartio 4 AS LSA al x A 9 Opacuvomévw Kal péovTt TOAA® Kata Tov "AOn- ? \ f nn al valwy avaotas povos avteizev, Aapayou tov , , 3 s b ] a \ Mupwvatov yeypadotos éyxap.ov “AXeEdvdpou Kat , a / DPirimrmov tay Baciréwv, ev & TOANA OnBaious 5 / > f a \ 93 , 2 xat OnrvvOtous etpyKes Kaxos, Kal dvaylvwoKov- 6] if ‘ tos Ondvpriaci, mapactas cai deeEeXOav pel” e U ¢ y iotopias cal amrodetEews boa OnBaiow xat Xad- “A e \ KLOEvoWW UTdpyet Kaka Tpos THY ‘EXXAdSa, Kal 1 See Aeschines, On the Crown, § 152. 20 DEMOSTHENES, vu. 3-1x. 2 wicks. To him, then, Demosthenes made a sharp answer. “Indeed,” said he, “thy lamp and mine, O Pytheas, are not privy to the same pursuits.” To the rest, however, he made no denial at all, but confessed that his speeches were neither altogether unwritten, nor yet fully written out. Moreover, he used to declare that he who rehearsed his speeches was a true man of the people: for such preparation was a mark of deference to the people, whereas heedlessness of what the multitude will think of his speech marks a man of oligarchical spirit, and one who relies on force rather than on persuasion. Another circumstance, too, is made a proof of his lack of courage for an emergency, namely, that when he was interrupted by the clamours of the people, Demades often rose and spoke off-hand in his support, but he never rendcred such a service to Demades. IX. How, then, some one might say, could Aeschines call him a man of the most astonishing boldness in his speeches?! And how was it that, when Python of Byzantium? was inveighing with much boldness and a great torrent of words against the Athenians, Demosthenes alone rose up and spoke against him? Or how did it happen that, when Lamachus the Myrinaean had written an encomium on Kings Philip and Alexander, in which many injurious things were said of Thebes and Olynthus, and while he was reading it aloud at Olympia,? Demosthenes came forward and rehearsed with historical proofs all the benefits which the peoples of ‘Thebes and Chal- cidice had conferred upon Greece, and, on the other 2 An envoy of Philip to the Athenian assembly, in 343 B.c, See Demosthenes, On the Crown, § 136. 3 In 324 B.c. VOL. VII. B 21 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TAALY OTWY ALTLOL YEYOVAGL KAKWY Of KONAKEVOD- / ¢ / / tes Maxedovas, otTws éréatpewre ToUs TapovTas e 4 “~ \ “~ @aTe deitcavTa TH DopvRw Tov copiatHy vTEKOv- lo f Val THS Tavynyvupeas ; 3 ? ” ¢ b] \ lo) / \ \ AXX €otxevy 0 avnp tov IlepixXéous Ta pev ” \ \ ¢ \ ¢ J \ \ / Gra pay TpPOs AVTOY nynoac Bat, TO dé TES ja, Kal TOV TXNMAT LT wov avToD Kal TO [1 TAXEWS pnde mepl TAVTOS €x TOU TA PLOT AsLeEVvOU Neyer, @aTEp ek TOUTOV peyarov yeyovoTos, CyA@Y Kal oh \ la) a [ulLovpevos, ov Tavu mpocieccOat THY év TO KAaLp@ i #0? 3 \ / / e \ > A do€av, oO eri TUYN TOANAKLS EX@V Elvat TroLEL- \ f f \ Oat THv Suvapuy. errel ToApay ye Kal Oapaos oi AexOevres vn aUTOv oryor | TOV ypapevtov pan- Nov eiXov, ev te Set Toa TEVEW ‘Epatoo Géver Kal Anpntpte TO Parnpet Kab Tots KopiKots, Ov "Epatocbévns pe pnow avTov év Tots Novos Toraxod yeyovevar TapaBaxxov, 0 6€ Parnpevs TOV E L/L Pov éxelvov Opkov Opfocal OTE TPOS TOV Sov wamep evOovotavTa: LA YAY, MA KPHVAS, MA TOTApLOUS, WA VapaTa. A a e M4 \ A TOV O€ KWOMLKOV O LEV TLS AVTOV aTTOKAAEL poTo- e \ 4 v4 mepTrepnOpav, 0 S€ TAPATK@TTOV WS YPwpLEVOY fal A TO avtiléTo hyaclv ovTas: A. avéXaBev @otrep ExaBev. B. nyadTnoev av X TO phya TovTO TaparaBov Anuocbérns. 1 Kock, Com. Att. Frag. ii. p. 128. From Plutarch’s Morals, p. 845 b, it is to be inferred rather that this was a verse of Antiphanes_ ridiculing the perfervid manner of Demosthenes. 2 Kock, op. cit., ili, p. 461. 22 DEMOSTHENES, ix. 2-5 hand, all the evils of which the flatterers of the Mace- donians had been the cause, and thereby so turned the minds of the audience that the sophist was terrified at the outery against him and slunk away from the festival assemblage ? But although Demosthenes, as it would appear, did not regard the other characteristics of Pericles as suitable for himself, he admired and sought to imitate the formality 0: his speech ana bearing, as wel) ag his refusal to speak suddenly or on every subject that might present itself, as if his greatness was due to these things; but he by no means sought the reputation which is won in a sudden emergency, nor did he often of his own free will stake his influence upon chance. However, those orations which were spoken off-hand by him had more courage and boldness than those which he wrote out, if we are to put any confidence in Eratosthenes, Demetrius the Phalerian, and the comic poets. Of these, Eratosthenes says that often in his speeches Demosthenes was like one frenzied, and the Phal- erean says that once, as if under inspiration, he swore the famous metrical oath to the people :— “ By earth, by springs, by rivers, and by streams,’’! Of the comic poets, one calls him a “ rhopoperpere- thras,” or trunpery-braggart,? and another, ridiculing his use of the antithesis, says this :-— (First slave) “ My master, as he took, retook.”’ (Second slave (?)) “ Demosthenes would have been delighted to take over this phrase.”’ % 3 Kock, op. cit., ii. p. 80. A verse precedes which may be translated : ‘‘My master, on reveiving all his patrimony,” and the point appsrently is that the heir took what was a gift as his rightful due. 23 PLUTARCH'S LIVES ’ N > \ 5 , 8 XN ¢ \ ¢ 4 EXTOS EL py VN Ata mpos Tov uiep AXovynaov , CaF , \ \ / A ’ Noyov o Avtehavns Kal tovti wéracyev, hv ’AOn- / / \ , vaiots Anpocbévns cuveBovreve fn AapPRaveur, \ 4 QXN aTo\apBaverv mapa Piditmov. r i 4 X. WAjv tov ye Anuddnv wavtes wporoyour a bs \ s tH pve Yp@LEVOY AviknTov Eivat, Kal TapadépEev ) 3 * ye X la ; / , avtTooyecuitovTa tas tod Anpoodevous oxerress \ ’ ’ ’ » ¢ aie \ Kal TapacKkevas. “Apiaotwv 5 0 Xtios kat @eo- \ / U \ a , dpdatou tiva dofav taTopynKe Tepl TOV PNTOpwY. € afr lo’ / epwTnGevta yap omroios Tis avTO haiveTtat PHnTwp & f > ~ cou fel U 99 o AnpoocOévns, etrety: A&tos THs Toews: id a ¢ \ , ¢ omrotos O€ Anuadns, “'Trép tiv wort.” o & ? , € ~ N autos ditocopos Wodvevxtov tatopet Tov Lprjr- a , , TLov, Eva TOV TOTE ToALTEVop“évoY ~AOHYnoL>, N aTopaivecOat péytotov pev eivat pytopa Anpo- , , \ a] / ~ obévny, duvvatwtatov 6é etmety Pwxiwva: Tret- \ ? , , al ’ / \ atov yap ev Bpayutatyn NE~et vouv exdhépetv. Kal \ \ / , ¢ pevtos Kat tov AnpooBerny daciv ator, oadKis A 4 ’ A > A , ) , , av’ avtepov avt@® Pwxiwv avaPatvot, réyeuv \ \ ‘0 cee a x, A , \ mpos tous avvnfes: “H trav éu@v Aoyev Kkoris , ” “ GVITTATAL. TOUTO MeV OY AONAOY ETE TPOS TOY / lal NaN e Noyov Tov avdpos 0 Anpoabérns el're mpos Tov , \ \ ’ 3 , ns r \ Biov cal tiv doEav érerov0e:, ToAX@Y TavU Kal ~ if A ~ ~ WaKp@v Tepicdwyv ev phua Kal veda mot 3 > id / EYovTos avOpwrou KuUpL@TEpov ryoUpEVos. ,r rv nw \ ~ 9 f of XI. Tots 6€ cwpatixois éXatTwpact ToLavTnY a 4 e \ emnyev aoxnat, ws o Parnpevs Anurntptos tato- 1 4y omitted by Bekker, after Coraés and Schaefer ; also by Graux with Ma. 24 DEMOSTHENES, tx. 5-x1. 1 Unless, indeed, this, too, was a jest of Antiphanes upon the speech of Demosthenes concerning Halon- nesus,! in which the orator counselled the Athenians not to take the island from Philip, but to re-_ take it. X. Still, all men used to agree that Demades, in the exercise of his natural gifts, was invincible, and that when he spoke on the spur of the moment he surpassed the studied preparations of Demosthenes. And Ariston the Chian records an opinion which Theophrastus also passed upon the two orators. When he was asked, namely, what sort of an orator he thought Demosthenes was, he replied: “ Worthy of the city’’; and what Demades, “Too good for the city.” And the same philosopher tells us that Polyeuctus the Sphettian, one of the political leaders of that time at Athens, declared that Demosthenes was the greatest orator, but Phocion the most in- fluential speaker; since he expressed most sense in fewest words. Indeed, we are told that even De- mosthenes himself, whenever Phocion mounted the bema to reply to him, would say to his intimates: “Here comes the chopper of my speeches.” Now, it is not clear whether Demosthenes had this feeling towards Phocion because of his oratory, or because of his life and reputation, believing that a single word or nod from a man who is trusted has more power than very many long periods. XI. For his bodily deficiencies he adopted the exercises which I shall describe, as Demetrius the Phalerian tells us, who says he heard about them from 1 Or. vii., wrongly attributed to Demosthenes. There is in § 5 a phrase similar to the one under comment. 25 PLUTARCH’S LIVES A / 3 “ / ? , , pet, A€ywv avTod Anpoolévous axovev mpecBv- / \ ’ U TOU YEyGVOTOS, THY pev acagelav KAL TPAVAOTYTA a , ? , x “ b] \ THS yAwTTns éxBiuilerbat cai bvapOpotrv ets TO / / id \ etd a / oTopa Wyhovs AauBavorvta Kat poe apa dé- \ > a / yovTa, THY de Paviy €v Tols Spopwers yupvaler Oat A X \ \ , Kal Tals POs TA Lua TpoaBaceot diareyouevov \ / / a Kal NOyous Tivas 1) TTLYOUS ama TO Tvevpate / / > > b] a / TT UKVOUMEVO ™ pocpepopevov elval 6 auT@ peya , v \ a 3 KATOTTPOV olKOL, KAaL TPOS TOUTO Tas ped€Tas €F évavtias (aTamevoy Trepatvery. , , Aéyerat Sé, avOpwrrov mpocedOovtos deopévou , \ ? e ¢ / , guvnyopias Kal dteEvovtos ws vmo Tov Adore \ , bf \ Tanyas, “AANA av ye, havat tov Anpocbévnr, ce f e / WY; / Q 39 ? / TOUTWY WY NEyELS OVOEV TrETTIOVUAS. ETrLTELVADV- \ “ , fa) Tos 6€ THY hovyny Tov avOpwrov Kat Boayvros ’ N tf 39 «°Rivw, Anuooberves, ovdev temova ;” “Ni Ata,” an , \ , hava, “viv axovw gavnv adixovpevov Kal Te- Pd ¢ wv / AS / s movOoTos. OUTWS ETO MéyA TOS TioTLVY elvaL , la! , a TOV TOVOY Kal THY UTOKPLOLY TOV AEYOYT@V. TOLS 9 A e / f le) [Lev OU TOAAOLS UTTOKpLI'OMEVOS pecKe OaupacTas, , \ a of dé YaptevTes TaTrELVOY aYyOUVTO Kat awyeVVes fa \ iL Ms 4 avTOD TO TAdC MA Kal “adakor, OV Kat Anuntpios e , / ¢ o Dadnpevs €otiv. Aiciwva de dnow” Kpyitmos, 4 A , \ aA épwtnbévta mepl TOV Tadat pyNTopwv Kal TOV b] n ¢ 4 xa’ avtov, eltmety ws dxovwv pev av tes eOav- , f n A HaGEY EKELVOUS EVKOTMWS Kal weyadoTpETa@S TO / diuw@ dcadeyomevous, avaylwwokopevot 0 ot Anpo- ofévors NOYOL TOAV TH KaTacKEVH Kal Suvapet f e \ Cs / a , Stahepovotyv. ol pev ov yeypappEevor TOY NOYwH 26 qn DEMOSTHENES, x1. 1-4 Demosthenes himself, now grown old. The indis- tinctness and lisping! in his speech he used to correct and drive away by taking pebbles in his mouth and then reciting speeches. His voice he used to exercise by discoursing while running or going up steep places, and by reciting speeches or verses at a single breath. Moreover, he had in his house a large looking-glass, and in front of this he used to stand and go through his exercises in declamation. A story is told of a man coming to him and begging his services as advocate, and telling at great length how he had been assaulted and beaten by some one. ‘ But certainly,’ said Demosthenes, “ you got none of the hurts which you describe.” Then the man raised his voice and shouted: “ I, Demos- thenes, no hurts?” “Now, indeed,” said Demos- thenes, “I hear the voice of one who is wronged and hurt.” So important in winning credence did he consider the tone and action of the speaker. Accordingly, his own action in speaking was aston- ishingly pleasing to most men, but men of refine- ment, like Demetrius the Phalerian, thought his manner low, ignoble, and weak. And Hermippus tells us that Aesion,? when asked his opinion of the ancient orators as compared with those of his own time, said that one would have listened with ad- miration when the older orators discoursed to the people decorously and in the grand manner, but that the speeches of Demosthenes, when read aloud, were far superior in point of arrangement and power. Now, it is needless to remark that 1 Strictly, an inability to pronounce the letter ‘‘r,” giving instead the sound of ‘‘].” See the Alcibiades, 1. 4. 2 A contemporary of Demosthenes. PLUTARCH’S LIVES ef sy 9’ iN, ‘ \ \ ¥ , A 6TL TO AvoTNPOY TOAU Kai TixpoV éxovat, TL Av a , A \ Néyou Tis; ev O€ Tals ATaVYTHOECGL TAs Tapa TOV a a , KaLPOV EYpPHTO Kai TO yerotw. Anuaddou pev yap > / ‘cc E \ A Gé e (ei \ "A@ ~ 99 ELT OVTOS pe Anpoabevns, 9 bs THY nvav, ci 39 ‘Avbrn, elev, “7 AGnva 7 pony ev KodhuT@ poryevouaa edpOy.” 7 pos b¢ TOV RET TY Os émexanelTo NadKkovds, Kab auTtov eis Tas ay pu- if “ \ 7 , / TVIAS AUTOU Kal vuUKTOYypadias TreLpwEVOY TE / 66 O76 > 4) oo LE a , NEVELY, toa, elmrev, “ott ce AVTW AUYVOY / ¢e a / > v ’ a \ Kaiwv. wupets 6€, @ avdpes "AOnvaio, ur) Gav- / 4 patete Tas yiwopévas KNOTUS, OTaVY TovS jmeéDv aA \ / f KNETTAS YarKovds, tovs S€ Toixous THrLVOUS ” >? \ \ N 7 , Vv EX@HEV. GNAA TEPL LEV TOUTOV KarTep €Tt TED NEvyeLy EXovTeEs evTavla Tava opeba: Tov & aNdov aUuTOU TpoTrov kat To HOS ato TaY Tpdakewy Kai THS za cis Oewpeta Par Stxatov éotiy. 2 \ \ NII. Opyrjce plev ovv emt TO T PAT TEL Ta Kowa Tob Poxecod TONE MOU TUVETTATOS, @S avTas wédnot cal raBeiv Ect aro Tov Pirer- e \ \ 4 TLKOY Onn yopeav. at perv yap 701) Ovarem pa- yHevay EKELVOD yeyovacty, ai 6€ mpecBuTatat TaV éyytora Mpaypwaroy aT TOVTAL. Oj)Aos 8 é€oti Kab THY Kara Meséiou TAPAT KEVAT A [EVOS em ely deny vo pev eri Tots TPLaKOvT a, yeyovws érn, / o ” 3 A 3 A de } undéro © éxwv ia your é€v Th TorTeELa poe ofav. O Kal padtoTa pot Sorel Seiaas em dapyuplo / \ \ catabécbar Thy Tpos Tov avOpwirov ExPpav: ’ , : / > \ 5 209 9 , ov yap TL YAUVKUOUMLOS aYNp HY OVS ayavodhpmr, ——.- 1 357-346 B.c. 2 On the Crown, § 18. 3 About 350 B.o. The speech ‘Against Meidias” (Or. xxi.) was never delivered. See § 154. 28 DEMOSTHENES, x1. 4-xut. 2 his written speeches have much in them that is harsh and bitter; but in his extempore rejoinders he was also humorous. For instance, when Demades said: “Demosthenes teach me! As well might the sow teach Athena.” “It was this Athena,” said Demosthenes, “that was lately found playing the harlot in Collytus.” And to the thief nick- named Brazen, who attempted to make fun of him for his late hours and_ his writing at night, “Tf know,” he said, “that I annoy you with my lighted lamp. But you, men of Athens, must not wonder at the thefts that are committed, when we have thieves of brass, but house-walls of clay.” However, though I have still more to say on this head, I shall stop here ; the other traits of his char- acter, and his disposition, should be surveyed in connection with his achievements as a statesman. X1J. Well, then, he set out to engage in public matters after the Phocian war! had broken out, as he himself says,” and as it is possible to gather from his Philippic harangues. For some of these were made after the Phocian war was already ended, and the earliest of them touch upon affairs which were closely connected with it. And it is clear that when he prepared himself to speak in the prosecution of Meidias* he wes thirty-two years old, but had as yet no power or reputation in the conduct of the city’s affairs. And his fears on this score were the chief reason, in my opinion, why he compromised his case against the man he hated for a sum of money : “For he was not at all a sweet-tempered man or of gentle mood,” 4 4 Thad, xx. 467, of Achilles, 29 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ann’ évtovos Kat Biatos Tepi TAS apUvas. opav S ov davrov ovdé tis avtov duvdpews Epryov avopa Kal tAOUTM Kal OY Kal Pirots Ev TeE- ppaypévoy Kaberewv, tov Meadiav, évédwee Tots uTép avTod Seopévors. at O& Tpicxidiae Kal? éavtas ovK av pot Soxovar thy Anpoabérous auPrOva, Wikpiav, éAmifovTos Kat duvapévou mepryevéc Oat. AaBov 6€ THs ToXrtTElas Kady vTdbeoLW THY T pos Didvarmov UTEp TOV ‘EAM vor dixatoroyiar, Kal ™pos TAUTHY ayoviSomevos akios, TAXU bofav eaXe Kal meptPrETTOS UTO TOV hoyov 7jpOn Kab Ths Tappnoias, wate OavpalecOar pév év TH ED- Adbt, Cepatrever Oat & rd TOD peyadrou Baciréws, TAElaTov & avToU Noyoy elvar Tapa TO PidirTH TOV ONMAYWYOUVTWY, OfoAOyElY Sé KAaL TOUS aTreE- yGavopévous OTt ™pos évdoFov avrois av0 pwrov 0 ayov eo7t. Kal yap Alaxivys Kal “Lrrepetons “ ¢ TOLAUTA UTEP avTou KATHY OpovYTES elpyKxacty. XIII. “Odev ov 0f8 drrws TO. peo7n Ocomopme Neyerv avTtov aBéBaiov TO TpoTw yeyovévat Kal pire Teaypact wnt avOpwros wodkvy ypovor Tots auTots émipévery Suvapevor. daivetar yap, els pV an axis TOV TpaypaTav pepida Kal TaAgw auTov év TH ToXtTEla KATETTIOE, TAUTIY ax pu TENOUS Suagundigas, Kat ov povoy ép TO Bro pry weTaBaropmevos, GANA Kal TOV Biov é éml TO 7} peta Barecbar T POE MEVOS. ov yap, ws Anpddns dT oNoyoUpEVOS Sua THY év 7H MOLT EL pera Bonny eheyen, auTo pev avrov Tavaytia Toh deus eLpn- KEVaL, TH S38 mde pndérote, Kat Medavwrros 30 DEMOSTHENES, xu. 2-xu1 2 but vehement and violent in his requitals. How- ever, seeing that it was no mean task and one beyond his power to overthrow a man like Meidias, who was well hedged about with wealth, oratory and friends, he yielded to those who interceded in his behalf. For it does not seem to me that the three thousand drachmas of themselves could have dulled the bitter feelings of Demosthenes if he had expected or felt able to triumph over his adversary. But when he had once taken as a noble basis for his political activity the defence of the Greeks against Philip, and was contending worthily here, he quickly won a reputation and was lifted into a con- spicuous place by the boldness of his speeches, so that he was admired in Greece, and treated with deference by the Great King; Philip, too, made more account of him than of any other popular leader at Athens, and it was admitted even by those who hated him that they had to contend with a man of mark. For both Aeschines and Hypereides say thus much for him while denouncing him. XIII. Wherefore I do not know how it occurred to Theopompus to say that Demosthenes was un- stable in his character and unable to remain true for any length of time to the same policies or the same men. For it is apparent that after he had at the outset adopted a party and a line of policy in the conduct of the city’s affairs, he maintained this to the end, and not only did not change his posi- tion while he lived, but actually gave up his life that he might not change it. For he was not like Demades, who apologised for his change of policy by saying that he often spoke at variance with him- self, but never at variance with the interests of the 31 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avtTiToAtTevopevos Kaddtotpit@m Kat moddakis 852 e ’ ? a / , at / Um avTov Xpypace petatiGéuevos erwler Eyer ‘ Xx n cc € \ 3 A b] f N ‘ mpos tov Shuovr “ O pev avnp éyGpos, TO ce r , , é 99 , $ c Ths TOAEWS ViKAT@ oupdéepov, Nuxodnwos Sd o / 4 ar 7, f , Meoonmos Kacdvipw mpootiGepevos mpotepor, see ) e x , Ll b] W eit’ avO.s vTrep Anpntpiov TroXLtevopevos ovK Edy \ \ > f Tavavtia éyew, del yap elvar oupdépov ax- a a) fe ¢ \ poacbat TOY KpaTovYTwY, OUTwW Kal Tept An- A a « poadévous Eyomev ettreiy oiov extpeTropevou Kal , a N XN ee 9 ? ed wraytdfovtos dwvyv ) wpakiv, adr womwep ’ bd Cae \ b] ld - A ad’ évos kal dpetaBryTov Siaypappatos Ts / e 4 x a ToALTELAaS Eva TOVvoY EXwY év TOLs TPaypacW «dé Ud ’ e if, a dsetéXece. TLavaitios 8 o didocodos Kal trav f > n ce uf \ / AOyov avtod dyaow ovtTw yeypadGat tous mret- , a a > N n~ Y OTOUS WS Lovo TOV KAXOU SL AUTO alpEeTOD OVTOS, a / nj TOV Teplt TOU oTEpavou, TOY KaTa AploTOKpaTouSs, 4 e N a , a \ / 3 @ TOV UTEP TOV ATEXEL@V, TOUS DiduTTLKOUS* év ots a \ Ni ¢ lal TAGW OV TPOS TO HOLaTOV 1) PaoTOV 7H NUVOLTENE- v \ , b \ fa) \ GTATOV ayél TOUS TOALTAS, GNAA TOAANAYOV TV N , v ~ aogareav Kab Tiv ocwTynpiav oletat delv év a an a \ a) Sevtépa TaEeL TOU KANOD ToleioGat Kal TOD Tpé- / a N \ , ns TOVTOS, WS, elye TH TEpl Tas vTOoGéces avTod , N n “ f 9 , a piroreura, Kal 77 ay OOM EVYEVELL TAPI}V >] nm avOpELa TE TOAEMLLOTIPLOS Kal TO KADapasS ExacTa , > ? a \ / \ la TMpauTTe, ovK ev T@ KaTAa MotpoxrEea eat Morv- Ve , 3 a a e ' 3 ’ evKTOV Kal Trrepetony aploOue TOV fp) TOpwV, GAX N we, \ f dive peta Kipevos cai Oovevdidou xai HeptxdXéous wv = (ene) aktos hy TiWecOa, 32 DEMOSTHENES, . 2-4 city; nor like Melanopus, who, though opposed politically to Callistratus, was often bought over by him, and then would say to the people: “e The man is my enemy, it is true, but the interests of the city shall prevail ’’ ; nor like Nicodemus the Messenian, who first attached himself to Cassander, and fhen again advocated the interests of Demetrius, but said that he was not contradicting himself, for it was always advantageous to listen to one’s masters, We cannot say such things of Demosthenes also, as of one who is turned from his course and veers to and fro either in word or deed—nay, he followed one unchangeable scale, as it were, and ever held to one key in politics. And Panaetius the philosopher says that most of his speecnes also are written in the conviction that the good alone is to be chosen for its own sake, as, for instance, the speech “On the Crown,” ! the one “ Against Aristo- crates,’ * that “For the Immunities,’? and the Philippics ;* for in all these he does not try to lead his countrymen to do what is pleasantest or easiest or most profitable, but in many places thinks they ought to make their safety and preservation second- ary to what is honourable and fitting, so that, if the loftiness of his principles and the nobility of his speeches had been accompanied by such bravery as becomes a warrior and by incorruptibility in all his dealings, he would have been worthy to be num- bered, not with: such orators as Moerocles, Polyeuc- tus, Fiypereides, and their contemporaries, but high up ‘with Cimon, ‘Thucydides, and Pericles. 1 Or, xviii, 2 Or. xxiii. * Or. xx. (Against Leptines), SOL 8. UVa Vie, 1X 33 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XIV. Tév yotv cat avtov 0 Paxiwy ovK émat- voupevns mpoiotdpevos Tohitelas, AAAA CoKeY ‘ v4 > 3 a \ 4 paxedovitery, Ouws Os avdpeiav cal dtxavocoviny nw , bY ovdey ovdaun Yeipwv edokev “Ediadtov Kai Ape- / \ 4 2 areidou Kai Kipwvos avnp yevéeoOat. AnpooBévns 3 3 SN >) wn e 3 s 4 (2 d ovk ov €v Tols OTAOLS aEvoTLATOS, OS PHT Oo \ \ Anpijtptos, ovde Tmpos TO AaUPBavey TavTdTacWw > , F Dak \ a \ \ @ XL AT WYUPWLEVOS, GAA TH pev Tapa DirtTTov \ 1 , 3 f wv A 3 ” 9 kat Maxedovias avddwtos wv, TO 8 avoder éx Ny ¢ \3 f > \ / XN Sovoewv kat ExBatavav émsBatos ypuct@ yeyovws 4 id \ e / KAL KATAKEKAUGLEVOS, ETALVETAL MEV [KAVWTATOS Q \ a , f / WY Ta TOV TpoyoveY Kara, piunoacBa, bé ory ad bd \ id QE’ e_N CL, ses be Opmolos. émrel Tous ye Kal avTov prtopas (éFw ée td - / \ nA / nA Noyou TiPenat Dwxiwva) Kai TO Biw TapHrle. 4 \ \ d ¢ A 3 paiverat 66 Kai peta Tappnolas padsota TO , \ \ \ / na dnu@ StareyouEevos Kal Tpos Tas émtOupLas TOY TOAROY AYTETELVOY KAL TOLS AapT)}MacLY avTOV ? / e > a / al ” emipvopevos, ws €k TOV AOywv AaPeEly EotiD. e a 55 \ ? ef nw b ] , 3 / laTopel d€ Kal Oeotroutros Ott, TOV AOnvaiwv éri / 2 N hi € p: b) Tiva TpOPAadAopEVwY AUTO KATHYOpLAV, WS d OVX tc. 9 @ / > \ 5 wee nA umnxove, GopuBovvtwv, avactas etter: “‘Tyets 3 ev do ov > a ‘ di av \ éuot, @ ardpes AOnvaior, cupBovrA@ per, Ka pT Oérnte, ypnoesOe: cuxopav7n de ovde av OédnTEe.” 4 adodpa 6 aptotoxpatixoy avTov TodtTevpua Kal ‘ . 3 n A ee \ a ) / To wept Avtid@vTos’ Ov vie THS éKKANGIAS apelevta curdaBov ert tnv éE ’Apeiou muyou 1 Theopompus almost always displays hostility to Athens and her popular leaders. 34 DEMOSTHENES, xiv. 1-4 XIV. At any rate, Phocion, among his contem- poraries, though he took the lead in a policy which is not to be commended, and though he had the reputation of favouring Macedonia, nevertheless, by reason of his bravery and integrity, was held to be in no wise inferior to Ephialtes and Aristides and Cimon. Demosthenes, however, was not worthy of confidence when he bore arms, as Demetrius says, nor was he altogether inaccessible to bribes, but though he did not succumb to the gold which came from Philip and Macedonia, that which came down in streams from Susa and Ecbatana reached and overwhelmed him, and therefore while he was most capable of praising the virtues of earlier gene- rations, he was not so good at imitating them. For certainly the orators of his own day (though I leave Phocion out of the account) were surpassed by him even in his life and conversation. And it is manifest that beyond them all he reasoned boldly with the people, opposed himself to the desires of the multitude, and persistently attacked their faults, as may be gathered from his speeches. And even Theopompus! tells us that, when the Athenians nominated him to conduct a certain impeachment, and, on his refusal, raised a tumult against him, he rose and said: “ Men of Athens, I will serve you as a counsellor, even though you do not wish it; but not as a false accuser, even though you wish it.” Moreover, the measures which he took in the case of Antiphon? were exceedingly aris- tocratic in their spirit. Antiphon had been acquitted by the assembly, but Demosthenes arrested him and brought him before the council of the Areio- * See Demosthenes, On the Crown, §§ 132 f. 30 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES BovrAnv aviyaye, Kal Tap ovdév TO TPOTKpOvaaL a , TO num Géuevos NreyEev vrecxnpevoy Pirin7@ XN 2 > / \ \ e Ta vewpla éumpjoey Kal Tapadobels 0 avOpwros “A a / , uTo THs BovAns améBave. Katynyopnoe b€ Kal THs lepetas Pewpidos ws arAXAa TE padioupyovans ToAXa Kal Tovs dovAoUs é€aTraTay bidacKovaNs’ Kal Oavatou TipLyoapEVvos ATEKTELVE, XV. Aéyetat 8é xat tov Kata Tipobéov tod a“ ¢ 9 aTpaTnyoD Aoyov, © Xpnodpevos ‘A7rodAdGSwpos elke tov avopa Tov odrAnpatos, Anpoabévns ypavat T® Amrohrobwpw, KaSdrep Kal Tovs pos ay / b) Poppiwova kai Xtépavov, ef’ ois eixotws 7d0Enae. , f Kal yap 0 Poppiwy nywviteto Aoyw Anpoabevous mpos tov ‘AqvoAdobwpov, atexvas KabaTep é& C29 EN / \ > b] / 3 , EVOS MAXALPOTMALOV TA KAT AAANAOD eyyelpidoia aA a An A \ TWAOVYTOS AUTOD TOIS avTLoLKOLS. TaY bé dHLO- , ¢ AY > 93 / ‘ if ciwy o pev Kat “Avdpotimvos xat Ttpoxpatous Nd A id 4 > if ” wn kat AptotoKpatous eTépots eypadyaay, ovTw TH f a \ a 3 moATeLa mpocerndubotos: Soxet yap Sdvetv 3} é tpiav Séovta &Tn TplaKovTa yeyovws eFeveyKety \ ‘ bd / \ N x , Tovs Noyous éxelvous: Tov d€ KaTa AploToyELTovos > Q , / \ \ a 9 a \ autos HywVvicaTo, Kal TOV TeEpl TOY aTEAELOV, bia r “ 7 7ov XaBpiov ratda Krijormov, os dyotv avtos, ¢ ‘ , a / as 8 €viol A€éyoudt, THY LNTEPA TOV vEeavioKou , ’ \ 4 / ’ \ , LVOMEVOS. OV pHY Eynue TavTHV, adda Lapa 36 853 DEMOSTHENES, xiv. 4-xv. 3 pagus, and making no acconnt of the offence thus given to the people, convicted him of having promised Philip to set fire to the dockyards; and Antiphon was given up to justice by the council and suffered death. He also accused the priestess Theoris of many misdemeanours, and _ particularly of teaching the slaves to practise deceit; and by fixing the penalty at death he brought about her execution. XV. It is said, too, that the speech which Apollo- dorus used in order to secure the conviction of Timo- theus the general in an action for debt was written for him by Demosthenes, and likewise the speeches which Apollodorus used against Phormio and Steph- anus, in which cases Demosthenes properly won dis- credit. For Phormio contended against Apollodorus with a speech which Demosthenes had written for him,! the orator thus simply selling to the disputants, as it were from one and the same cutlery-shop,? the knives with which to wound each other. Moreover, of his public orations, those against Androtion® and Timocrates* and Aristocrates* were written for others to pronounce, before he had as yet entered public life; for it appears that these speeches were produced when he was twenty-seven or twenty- eight years of age. But he himself delivered the speech against Aristogeiton,® as well as the one “On the Immunities,’* at the instance, as be himself says, of Ctesippus the son of Chabrias, but as some say, because he was wooing the mother of this young man. However, he did not marry this woman, but had a certain woman of Samos IO PRN Vi. 2 See chapter iv. 1. ae ee ate «Or. xxiv. OS Or ee Xilh: BO) he kOCy, OR Ae oF PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘ 4 e cd a A , e M / TIVL TUV@KNTEV, WS LaToper Anuntpios 0 Mayvns a , e \ ? A év Tols TEpl GUrwvUpwV. Oo O€ Kat’ Aiaytvou THs Uj f > / / Tapamper eas adndov et A€NexTat Kaitos Pyaly \ \ f ‘ "Idouevevs mapa tptaxovta povas Tov Alayivny b] A b] ? b] ” et 4 b] 4 atropuyety. aN OUK EOLKEY OUTWS EveLY TAA Es, ? a a / El O€i TOls TrEpL oOTEpavoU Yyeypappéevots ExaTépwry , , / oyous TexpaipetOat. péuvntar yap ovdéTEpos A A \ mn 4 an nm avTa@y évapyas ovdé Tpavas éxetvou TOD ayavos / , \ \ oo ei ws ayps dixns mpoedMovTos. TauTi pev ody ETEpar dtaxpivovat “adXov. \ A / XVI. ‘H 6€ tod Anyoobévous roditeia havepa XN y 4 \ n ’ , / Mev tv ETL Kal THS EipnvNsS VTapxovons, ovdev A a , a E@VTOS UVETITILNTOY TOV TPATTOMEevwY UT TOD , 3 > Maxedovos, adv ef éxadatw TapattovtTos Tovs ’ / 3) / bt Sales \ ” A@nvaiovs Kai diaxatovtos él tov av@pwrov. \ \ \ iA a“ 9 f 3 lal 610 Kal Tapa Pilimm@ TrELATTOS VY AOYOS avTOD \ , / e 2 / Kal oTe mpea Bevan Séxatos Kev ets Maxedoviar, ’ 4 a“ HKOVaE fev Tavrwy Didsmmos, avTetTe Sé peTa f b / N \ b) / , 9 TRELOTHS ETLJLENELAS TPOS TOV ExKELVOU AOYOV. OV \ ” in ” pe \ 7 pny ev ye Tats arXAats Tipalts Kal hiroppoavvais ee e \ aA / a b) \ Guotov avtov TO Anpocbéver tapetyev, adra a ’ / TpoanyeTo Tovs Tept Atayivnv Kat Piroxkpatny lal e > i 3 i \ i‘ uardrAov. OOey EvratvovvTwy éxeivev Tov PidiT TOV ° , 3 a os Kal Néyery SvYaT@TaTOV Kal KadNALCTOV Of67)- a e , var Kal vn Ata cuurtety tkavwtatov, nvayKaketo f Ss ‘ an N Backaivoy émickwnrTey ws TO pEev cod.aTod, TO ‘ , N \ A vy / ’ dé yuvatkos, TO 8€ aomoyylas ein, Bactdéws 6 \ ‘ OVOED ErYKWLLOV. 38 DEMOSTHENES, xv. 3—xv1. 2 to wife, as Demetrius the Magnesian tells us in his work “ On Persons of the Same Name.” Whether the speech denouncing the treacherous embassage of Aeschines! was aoliered or not, is uncertain; and yet Idomeneus says that Aeschines got off by only thirty votes. But this would seem to be untrue, if we are to Judge by the written speeches of both orators “On the Crown.”? For neither of them speaks clearly and distinctly of that contention as one which came to trial. This question, however, will have to be decided by others. XVI. The political attitude of Demosthenes was manifest even while peace still lasted, for he would let no act of the Macedonian pass uncensured, but on every occasion kept rousing and inflaming the Athenians against him. Therefore Philip also made most Pecan of him; and when Demosthenes came to Macedonia in an ‘embassy of ten, Philip listened indeed to them all, but took most pains to answer his speech. As regards all other marks of honour and kindly attention, however, Philip did not treat Demosthenes as well as the others, but courted rather the party of Aeschines and Philocrates. And so when these lauded Philip as most powerful in speaking, most fair to look upon, and, indeed, as a most capable fellow-diinker, De- mosthenes had to say in bitter raillery that the first encomium was appropriate for a sophist, the second for a woman, and the third for a sponge, but none of them for a king. Or. xix. See the second note on xxiv. 1 f. 3 In 346 B.c, they obtained the so-called Peace of Philo- crates. 1 2 39 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yr . 2) ) \ x \ XVII. ’Evel 6 els to woAguety Eppeme Ta a ‘ i \ t \ Tpayuata, TOU pev Pirtmmov pn dvvapévov THY “~ bf b ] i novxiay ayer, Tov & “AOnratwv éyerpopevor id ‘ a) Ul ” \ > A uTo tov Anpoclevous, mpa@Ttorv pev evs Evora b , \ bd / 4 t ‘ éEwpunae tous AOnvatovs KatadecovAwpevny VO a) id / \ f ? dd Tov TUpavvav Piri7T@ Kal dtaBavTes, exeivov , ' \ To Whdtopa ypawartos, é&y\acav tovs Make- \ / > if Sovas. bdevtepov dé Bulavtiows éBonOnoe kal r \ a oN) t t IleperOiors vo tov Maxedovos trodepovpévors, \ ral , \ if Teicas Tov Oiov apevta thy EXxOpav Kat TO ww ~ \ \ QA pepviobat TOV TEPL TOV TULPLAYLKOV UA PTH LEVY al , ral éxaTépols ToAemov atrootetAa Svvaply avTots, ¢ 7? @ 5) , v / \ ud’ As éowOncarv. éErerta mpecRevwrv nal dia- , m then \ 4 / Neyopmevos Tos” KM AANGL Kat TapoEVVwY GULéTTHGE eS > i? ef bd \ \ if 4 TAHY OALYOV aTavTas emt Tov DidtrTov, wWaTE , val N / cuvtativ yeverOar weSav pev pupt@v Kai TevTa- i e / \ / wv ~ KiTXLALOV, ITTEWY b€ SLTVIAL@Y, AVEV TOY TOAL- a“ / f \ \ “ Tik@yv Ouvdpewy, Yenwata de Kal piobors Tois , ? , / ad 7 Ecvors etadepecGur mpofvpws. oTe Kal nor , nw e ry Qcodpactos, akiovvtay TOY cvppaywv opta6i- ‘ > , > A Y , N vat Tas eladhopas, evmety KpwBvXov tov Snpua- / an YWYOV WS OV TETAYMEVA TLTELTAL TOAELOS. ~ € ‘ \ / "Emnppevns 6€ THs “EAXAdSOS pas TO péAXOD \ lA ) eQ \ (A >, / Kal cuviotapevov Kat €Ovyn Kat modes KvSoéwr, a “ 4 is "Ayatav, Kopivdiwv, Meyapéwv, Aeveadiov, Kep- / ~ Kupalwv, 0 méylaTos UTedetTETO TH Anpoodéver “~ , ; 4 f a TOV aywovev, OnBaiovs mpocayayéclar TH cup- 40 DEMOSTHENES, xv. 1-4 AVI. And when matters were inclining at last to war, since Philip was unable to keep quiet and the Athenians were being stirred up by Demosthenes, in the first place, he urged the Athenians to invade Euboea, which had _ been brought into subjection to Philip by its tyrants ; and it was on his motion that they crossed over to the island and drove out the Macedonians. In the second place, he came to the aid of the citizens of Byzantium and Perinthus when the Macedonian was making war upon them, by persuading the Athenian people to remit their hatred and forget the wrongs committed by each of these cities in the Social War,! and to send thein a force,—the force which saved them. Next, he went on an embassy to the Greek states, and by arguing with them and pricking them on brought almost all of them into a league against Philip, so that they raised a mercenary force of fifteen thousand foot and two thousand horse, apart from the citizen soldiery, and readily contributed money to pay them. It was at this time, as Theo- phrastus says, when the allies were demanding that their contributions be fixed within limits, that Crobylus the popular leader said: ‘‘ War has no fixed rations.” 2 Greece was now in suspense as it thought of the future, and its peoples and cities were leaguing theinselves together, Euboeans, Achaeans, Corin- thians, Megarians, Leucadians, and Corcyraeans. But the most important struggle still remained for Demosthenes in bringing the Thebans to join * At the outbreak of the Social War (357-355 .c.) Byzan tium and other allies of Athens had revolted from her. 2 See the note on the Crassus, ii. 8. 41 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES paxia, xopav TE “7 uvopoy THs "ATTLKAS Kat Suva- pay “evaryoveov EyovTas, Kat amare TOTE TOV ‘EAAnver evooxipobvTas éy Tots Om dots. ay °° ov padsov ert ™pooparors EVEPYETHUACL Tots mepl tov DwxKixov TONE LOV TeTeGac evmevous vm0 Tob @Pirtriov petacticat tous OnBaiouvs, Kal pd- nan \ 3 NtoTa Tals Sta TV YyEeTViaATLY aYIpayiats ava- Favomevwv EKXAOTOTE TOV TOAEMLKOV TPOS AAAN- ra a ? Aas Stahopwv Tats wodecw. XVIII. Ov piv arn eet Direrros UTo Tis Tept THY Aphiooay evTUYias ETULPOMEVOS Els THY ayy la > id Pp] , \ \ , urAaTecay éEaidyns éverrece kat tHhv Pwxida KATETYEV, EKTET TAY PEVOV TOV A@nvaiwoy Kal pen devos TONLOVTOS dvaBaivety él TO Bia poe EXOVTOS 6 Tl xPn Néyetv, GAN’ GT opias ovans év [ETw KAL TLwT hs, Tapeh Oo {LOVvOS O Anpoobevns cuveBovreve TOV OnBatwv ExecOat Kai Tadra , . mapabappuvas Kal peTewpioas, warrep elwlen, Tov Onuov tats éXtTioLv, aTEeTTAAN TpecBEvTNS pc?” Erépwv eis On Bas. Erepre 5€ cal DirirTos, e M / / ane 7 \ \ Kk Xe ws Mapovas dyotv, Apvvtav pev cat KrEapyov Maxeddvas, Adoyov 6€ Occcadov kai Opacvdaiov GVTEPOUVTAS. my \ 9 , ? , \ ia) To pev ovv cvupdépov ov diepevye Tous THY ) / Xx / aes b] v v4 ))Batov OyLTMous, u EV OMMaglY EKA TOS ele Ta, TOU TONEMOV Oewwd, ETL TOV Donixav TPQUMAT@V vEeapov TO Pa. LEVvOVT@Y™ 7 O€ TOU p1)- Topos duvapus, ws Pyot Oeoropros, éxpimifovca 1 In 339 B.c., Philip was deputed by the Amphictyonic Council to punish the city of Amphissa, near Delphi, for sacrilege. Cf. Demosthenes, On the Crown, §§ 143 ff. 42 DEMOSTHENES, xvn. 4-xvitt. 3 the alliance, for they had a territory bounding that of Attica and a force ready to take the field, and at that time were accounted the best soldiers in Greece. But it was no easy matter, in view of the recent benefits with which Philip had cultivated their favour during the Phocian war, to make the Thebans change sides, and espe- cially because in the petty quarrels brought on by their proximity to Athens the differences which made for war between the two cities were all the while stirred up anew. XVIII. Philip, however, elated by his good- fortune in the matter of Amphissa,! surprised Elateia and occupied Phocis. This step drove the Athenians out of their senses: no one ventured to ascend the bema and no one knew what ought to be said, but perplexity and silence reigned in the assembly. Then it was that Demosthenes, and he alone, came forward and advised the people to cling to ‘Thebes; and after giving them courage in other ways and buoying them up with hopes, as he was wont to do, he was sent with others as ambassador to Thebes. Philip also, as Marsyas tells us, sent Amyntas and Clearchus of Macedonia, Daochus of Thessaly, and Thrasydaeus, to speak in opposition to the Athenians. Well, then, the Thebans, in their calculations, were not blind to their own interests, but each of them had before his eyes the terrors of war, since their losses in the Phocian war? were still fresh ; however, the power of the orator, as Theo- pompus says, fanned up their courage and inflamed 2 The second so-called Sacred War (357-346 B.c.), in which Athens aided the Phocians, and Philip the Thebans. 43 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov Oupov avT@v Kat Otakaiovea THY dtNoTLpiav éemecKOTNOE TOLS AAXOLS ATractv, Wate Kal PoBov Kat Noytopov Kal yap éxkBareiv avtouvs évOov- oLavTas vUTO TOU Aoryou T™ pos TO KANO. oT 6é peya Kal Aa pom pov efuvn TO TOU pyTopos Epryov WOTE TOV bev Piet Tov ev0us emexnpuKevec Oat Seopevov eipryvns, opOnv b€ tTHvy “EAXNdda yevéoIar cal ouveEavactivat mpos TO péAXNOv, UINpETEtY dé 1 povoy tovs otpatnyous T® Anpoabéver TOLOUVTAS TO TPOTTATTOMEVOY, GANA Kal TOUS Bowwrdpyas, dtocxeta Oar O€ Tas éxxAnatas dTracas ovdey HTTOVY UT éxeivou ToTEe TAS OnBaiwy 7) Tas ’AOnvatwv, ayatwpévou Tap audotépots cal SUVATTEVOYTOS OVK UOLKWS OVE Tap aé&LaV, WaTEP avodaivetat Pecmopumos, dda Kal Tavu Tpogn- ; KOVTOS. AOS Tux 5é Tes Eoxe Sacpovtos € ev mrepipopa TpayLaTov, els ExElVO KAaLpO) TULTEpaivovaa THY érevOepiav ths “EdAdédbos, evavtiotafar ois TpaTToMEevols, KaL TOAAA onpEla TOD pEéXXOVTOS avadaivery, év ois } Te WIu0ta decva mpovdacve HAVTEVLATA, KAL YPNTMOS ETO TANALOS EK TOV dYuBvudArelwr A 3 , , ’ , , THS Tt OeppwdovtTe wayns avravevde yevoiny, aleTos év vehéeaat Kai népt Onnoacbar. / e s e \ f 3 s KNQALEL O vixnoeis, 0 06 VLKNTAS ATONE. Tov 6€ Ocppwdorta pacw eivaut map nyy ev Natpoveta TOT a pLov pox pov els TOV Ka gpeoov éuBadrov. nets O€ vov pev ovdevy 00TH TOY peupatov io pev ovomaloperov, eixafopev oe€ TOV Kadovpevov Alipova Oepuwdovta éyeaOat TOTE 44 DEMOSTHENES, xvii. 3-x1x. 2 their honourable ambition and obscured all other considerations, so that, casting away fear and _ cal- culation and feelings of obligation, they were rapt away by his words into the path of honour. And so great and glorious was the orator’s success seen to be that Philip at once sent an embassy and asked for peace, while Greece was confident and up in arms to aid Demosthenes for the future; and not only did the Athenian generals assist him and do what he ordered, but also the Boeotarchs. He managed at this time all the assemblies of the Thebans no less than those of the Athenians; he was beloved by both peoples and exercised supreme power, not illegally nor unworthily, as Theopompus declares, but rather with perfect propriety. XTX. But it would seem that some divinely or- dered fortune in the revolution of affairs, which was putting an end at this time to the freedom of the Greeks, opposed their efforts, and showed forth many signs of what was to come. Among these were the dire prophecies which the Pythian priestess made known, and an ancient oracle which was recited from the Sibylline books :— “From the battle on Thermodon may I be far re- moved, To behold it like an eagle in clouds and upper air. Tears are for the conquered there, and for the eonqueror, death.” Now, the Thermodon, they say, is in my native territory, in Chaeroneia, being a little river which empties into the Cephisus. But I know of no river bearing this name at the present time; I conjecture, however, that the stream now called Haemon then 45 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ \ a \ NS f 4 kal yap mapappet mapa TO HpadkXerov, drrou Kate- f e \ f aorpatomécevoy of “EAXnvess Kal Texpatpoucla THS MAYS yevouevns aipatos éumAncbévta Kal vexp@v TOV ToTawov TavTny StarrAGEat THY TpOG- , e \ A 3 nyopiav. o 6€ Aovpts ov ToTamov eivat dyot XN , > > e , x \ Tov OeppwdovTa, addr totavtas Tivas oKnYHY Kal TEPLOPUTTOVTAS avdoplavTiaKoY EvpEly ALOLVOD, ° nA , UTO Yypaumatwoyv Ttiav diacnuaivomevov ws ein Ocpuwdwv, év tais ayxarais ‘Aualova épovta TeTpWmevnY. el Sé TOVTW YpPNnoMov AAXoOY adec Oat NéyovTa: \ 33 \ f / ‘4 / Thy O eT OepuwdovtTs payny péve, Taypérav oput’ , / \ , b , TNVEL TOL KPEA TOANA TrAapeooeTaL avo puTeELa. XX. Tatra pév ody orws exe, StaiTtHoat 4 e \ / fe A a yanretov: o 6€ Anpocbévns AéyeTat Tos TaY “EAAnveoy OmXols ExTEePappnKws, KaL NaTpPOS UTrO / a pauns Kal Tpobvmtas avdp@v TOGovVTwY TPOKAaXoOV- juevwy TOVS TOAEMiOUS alpomevos, OTE YpNopmols éav Tpooéyety OUTE pavTeias axovely, AAAG Kal rynv I[v0tav vrovociy ws didtimmifovoay, ava- , 5) , \ , \ pupvynoKka@yv “Emapivw@vdov tovs OnBatovs «al Tlepexréovs tous ’A@nvaious, ws éxeivot TA TOLAVTA SetAias rjryovpevoe mpodacers éypavtTo Tos Xo- n \ 9 yi ots. péeyple mev ov TOUTwY avnp HY ayalos* bf \ A , x ’ \ »>Q) e if év O€ TH MaXn KaXOY ov p dé TH n KaXov ovdEev OVS OpodoyoupEvo 46 DEMOSTHENES, xix. 2-xx. 2 bore the name of Thermodon. For it flows past the Heracleum, where the Greeks had their camp; and I judge that after the battle the river was filled with blood and corpses and therefore received its present name in exchange.! Duris, however, says that this Thermodon was not a river, but that some soldiers who were pitching a tent and digging a trench about it, found a small stone figure, an inscription upon which signified that it was Thermodon,’ carrying in its arms a wounded Amazon. They say also that in reference to this another oracle is recited as follows :— “ For the battle on Thermodon wait thou, all-black bird ; There thou shalt have in abundance the flesh of men.” XX. How this matter really stands, then, it is difficult to decide; but as for Demosthenes, he is said to have had complete confidence in the Greek forces, and to have been lifted into a state of glow- ing excitement by the strength and ardour of so many men eager to engage the enemy, so that he would not suffer his countrymen to give heed to oracles or listen to prophecies; nay, he even sus- pected the Pythian priestess of being in sympathy with Philip, reminding the Thebans of Epaminondas and the Athenians of Pericles, and declaring that those great leaders regaided things of this kind as pretexts for cowardice, and therefore followed the dictates of reason. Up to this point, then, he was a brave man; but in the battle? he displayed no con- 1 Deriving Aluwy from afua (blood). 2 2.e. the god of the river Thermodon, in Cappadocia, on the banks of which the Amazons were thought to dwell. Cf. the Theseus, xxvii. 6. 3 At Chaeroneia, 338 B.c. 47 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 La % e b] 5 c A ” iN Epyov ols etmey arodeEduevos wyeto eTwY \ / > ‘ wv \ XN tid es Thy Taki, aTrodpas aia ytata Kal Ta OTAa pivas, > A X > \ A ’ , e ba ovdée thy éemiypadny ths damidos, w; édeye 4 ’ / ? , , Ilu@éas, aicyuvets, eriyeypapmevns ypaupace “ a / ypuaots, Ayabn TUXN. , > e s ’ a 4 Ilapautixa pev otv 0 Didtrmos emi TH viKy \ \ li \ dia Thy Xxapav eEvBpicas, Kal Kwydaas eT TOUS \ hf > ‘ \ A vexpous peOuwr, 6€ THY apynVv TOV AnpoabEvous \ f A Whpicpatos mpos Toda btatpov Kal UroKpovwr Anuoodévns Anpoc@évous Uatarieds tad’ elrrev: exviras 6€ Kat TO péyeOos Tod TEpiaTaVTOS aUTOV ayavos év v@ NaBav edpeTte THy CetvoTnTa Kal Thy SUvaptv TOU prTopos, ey péper IKE@ plas Huépas Tov UTEP THS YELovias Kal TOD GwpaTOS avappiwat xivdvvoy avayxacGeis vm autod. diixto & 1) b0€a péxype Tov Ilepow@v Baciréws: KaKelvos émeu Wwe Tois caTpatats él Oaraccav ypappata, Xpnpata Anpoo ever dubovat KeXevar, Kal Tpocexey eKelv@ pddiota ToOV EXAnvwr, ws TepioTdoue Svrapev@ Kal KaTacxelv Tats “EXX- pixais tapayais tov Makedova. tatta pev ody yy és “w 9 aLPOETLY ETTL- vatepov ébwpacev Ar€Eavédpos, ev oToNds Tivas dvevpwy TOU Anpocbévous Kal ypap- fata TOV Bacirtéws aotpatnyav, dnAovrTa TO TANHGoS Tov OoVEvTWY AUTO XPNLATwD. XXI. Tote 6€ Ths atvyias Tols “AAHaL YEVEVNKEVNS OL PED AVTLTOALTEVOMEVOL pNTOPES 48 DEMOSTHENES, xx. 2-xxr. 1 duct that was honourable or consonant with his words, but forsook his post, cast away his arms, and ran away most disgracefully, nor was he ashamed to belie the inscription on his shield, as Pytheas said, whereon was written in letters of gold, “ With good fortune.” Immediately after his victory, then, Philip waxed insolent for joy, and going forth in revel rout to see the bodies of the slain, and being in his cups, recited the beginning of the decree introduced by Demosthenes, dividing it into feet and marking off the time :— “Demosthenes, son of Demosthenes, of Paeania, thus moves; } but when he got sober and realized the magnitude of the struggle in which he had been involv ed, he shuddered at the power and the ability of the orator who had forced him to hazard his empire and _ his life in the brief span of a single day. And the fame of this orator penetrated even to the Persian king, who sent letters to his satraps on the coast, bidding them to offer money to Demosthenes, and to pay more attention to him than to any other Greek, since he was able to distract and detain the Macedonian? with the troubles which he raised in Greece. These things, now, were discovered at a later time by Alexander, who found at Sardis certain letters of Demosthenes and documents of the King’s generals, which disclosed the amount of money they had given him. XXI. At this time, however, when their disaster tell upon the Greeks, the orators of the opposing 1 The Greek words form an iambic tetrameter cataletic. 2 Philip was threatening the invasion of Asia. 49 PLUTARCH'’'S LIVES 3 2) , “ iN Oé / bd emeufativov7es TO Anpocbéver xatecKevalov ev- / \ \ bd > by f e \ “A 3 f Ouvas Kat ypadhas éx avtov: o 6é Shoes ov povov / \ a TOUTwY améAvEev, GAA Kal Ti@v SreTérXEL Kal , 5 ” b) \ f TpoKkarovpevos avlis ws EvvoUY Eis THY TONLTELAD, / a 3 J ry / WOTE KAi TOV OTTEwV EK Natpwveias Kopiabévtwv \ / \ \ a Kat Gartopevwy Tov émt tots avépdow érarvov a > “ fal ETE ATESWKEV, OV TATELVAS OVS ayEVVaS hépwv f \ nw , TO oupBeRnKos, ws ypader Kal Tpayode? eo- 3 \ ~ al / \ nA TOUTOS, GANA TO Temay puriota Kal Koopely Tov , > / \ N A oupPBovrov aTroderkvupevos TO Mn peTapércea Vat a / \ \ 5 , s Tots BeBourevpévots. Tov pev ovv Roryov eizrev e / A \ M4 4 o Anpoc@évns, tots b€ Whdicpaciw ovy éavTor, 4 n f arr’ é€v péper Tov dirwy Exacrov éméypader, ste K pies es 8 , \ 7) / ; €forwvtCouevos Tov idtov daipova Kat THY TYYNY, ¢ / Ems avéis aveBuppynoe Pidimmov TerXeuvTICAVTOS. ‘TeNEUTNOE O€ TH TEpl Natpwreray evTvYia ypovo eTENEUTNOE O€ TH TEPL Nalpwre UTUXLA VY pPovov > \ b 7 \ cal a“ ral ov ToAUY éemtBiwoas: Kal TOUTO CoKEL TO TEXEV- “A n € ‘ 4 TALM TOV ETOV O Xpnopos aTolecricar’ , e , KANaiet o viknOeis, 0 6 ViKNaAaS TOAWXED. XXII. "Eyre pév ody xpvdha tHv tov Diriamov TereuTnv oO Anposbévns, twpoxatarapBavev sé N a 3 \ \ / \ > 4 TO Oappeitv émt Ta pédAXOvTA ToVs “A@nvaious, mponrGe pardpos eis THY BovrAnY ws dvap éwpa- Kas ab ov Te péeya mpocdoxary “AOnvaiots 9 , \ > > \ A e N , ayalov: Kat MeT Ov TOAU Trapyaav ot Tov DiriT- 59° DEMOSTHENES, xxi. 1—xxu 1 party assailed Demosthenes and prepared reckonings and indictments against him; but the people not only absolved him from these, nay, they actually continued to honour him and invited him again, as a loyal man, to take part in public affairs. Conse- quently, when the bones of those who had fallen at Chaeroneia were brought home for burial, they assigned to him the honour of pronouncing the eulogy over the men; nor did they show a base or ignoble spirit under the calamity which had befallen them, as Theopompus writes in his inflated style, but by the special honour and respect which they paid to their counsellor they made it manifest that they did not repent of the counsels he had given them. The oration, then, was pronounced by Demosthenes, but to the decrees which he proposed he would not put his own name, but rather those of his friends, one after the other, avoiding his own as inauspicious and unfortunate, until he once more took courage upon Philip’s death. And Philip died, surviving his success at Chaeroneia only a short time ;! and this, it would seem, was foretold by the Jast verse of the oracle :— “Tears are for the conquered there, and for the conqueror, death,” XXII. Now, Demosthenes had secret intelligence of Philip’s death, and by way of inspiring the Athenians with courage for the future, he came forth to the council with a glad countenance, de- celaring that he had had a dream which led him to expect some great blessing for Athens; and not long afterwards the messengers came with tidings of 1 Philip was assassinated by Pausanias, one of his royal bodyguard, in 336 B.c. See the Alexander, x. 4. 51 Go PLUTARCH’S LIVES mov Qavutoy amayyzdXovtes. evIus ovv EOvoY a , , evayyerla Kal atehavody éewndicarto Havaaviav. a € , f \ € Kat TpondGev o Anuocdevns Eyov ANapuT pov twaTtov 3 , € 4 t , A X ea tehavewpévos, E8dounv apepav ths Ouvyatpos b) a , Ud e b , \ a avrov TeOyyxkvias, ws 0 Atoyins dyot Nordopov a a a“ , emt TOUT@ Kal KaTHYOP@V avTOU ptooTEXxviar, 92 N “a ’ \ \ f bd \ / \ avTos @VY ayevyns Kab padakos, EL TA TEVON Kab \ x¢. . ¢ f \ ? A TOUS dduppLOrs Auépov Kal diootopyouv wWuyijs 9 a a \ \ 3 / , “ ETOLELTO onpeta, TO O€ AdUTWS HépelY TaUTA \ , ’ i. , > Kal Tpaws aTredoKipaten. bd A ? \ : Eyo 8, ws pev emi Oavatw Baoiréws npépws of \ # 9 9? > 4 ‘ oUTw Kal diravOpwres év ots nUTUYNTE YpHaa- / w “ a péevou Tiaicacw av7ols otehavyndhopety Karas if 9 3 v A etye Kal Ove, OvK ap ElTrolu Tpos yap TO ral ? / a“ \ n ve“eont@ Kat ayevvés, CovTa pev Timav Kat a , ' > © 7? € Ff 4 ToiaOat modtTHY, TeaovTos & Ud €ETépov pi) A tS \ is 9 bf 3 A na pepely THY Yapav peTPLWS, WAN ETLOKLPTAaY TH ca \ 4 if b \ b vexp@® Kal tmatwvive, WoTep avtors avdpa- ‘ U yaOijoavtas’ OTL pevToL Tas olKoL TUYAS Kal t ee) \ ’ a a \ € Sdxpva Kal oduppors amrorXTMY Tals yuvarti oO A Gé A a ae , v -~ 3? npoabévyns, & TH TOAEL GuuEepery WETO, TAUT a“ \ , “A EmpaTtev, emai, Kat TiWenat TorLTLKAS Kal % , A DayeN A ‘ \ ¢ , avipwdous Wuyis del Tpos TO KOLVOY taoTdLevov \ a / \ a Kal Ta OiKEela TAOH Kai TpayuLaTa Tots Onuoaiots ww \ tA \ onl émavéexovta THpely TO akiwua ToNU paAAOY 7 52 DEMOSTHENES, xxi. 1-4 Philip’s death. At once, then, the Athenians pro- ceeded to make thank-otferings for glad tidings and voted a crown for Pausanias. And Demosthenes came forth in public dressed in a splendid robe and wear- ing a garland on his head, although his daughter had died only six days before, as Aeschines says,} who rails at him for this and denounces him as an unnatural father. And yet Aeschines himself was of a weak and ungenerous nature, if he considered mournings and lamentations as the signs of an aflec- tionate spirit, but condemned the bearing of such losses serenely and without repining. For my own part, I cannot say that it was honour- able in the Athenians to crown themselves with garlands and offer sacrifices to the gods on the death of a king who, in the midst of his successes, had treated them so mildly and humanely in their reverses ; for besides provoking the indignation of the gods, it was also an ignoble thing to honour him while he was alive and make him a citizen of Athens, but when he had fallen by another’s hand to set no bounds to their joy, nay, to leap, as it were, upon the dead, and sing paeans of victory, as if they themselves had wrought a deed of valour. However, for leaving his domestic mis- fortunes and tears and Jamentations to the women and going about such business as he thought advan- tageous to the city, I commend Demosthenes, and I hold it to be the part of a statesmanlike and manly spirit to keep ever in view the good of the community, to find support for domestic sorrows and concerns in the public welfare, and to preserve one’s dignity far more than actors 1 Against Clesiphon (or On the Crown), § 77. VOL, VII. Coed PLUTARCH’'S LIVES \ \ n lal Tous vmoKxpiTas TOV BactdIKoOV Kat TUpavVe- wn e e la > > KOV TPOTWOTOV, OVS OPAmev OVTE KAALOVTAS OUTE yerovtas év tots Pedtpots ws avtot Oédovawp, S) ? e e >] \ 3 na Ss N (? 4 aX WS 0 AY@V aTaLTEl TpOs THY VTTOOECLD. g \ > n Nwpis 6€ TovTwy, et det TOY aTVYYCAaVTA pA) n , a , Teplopay aTrapyyopyntov év TH Tale Ketpevoy, 5 \ \ / n / a N GAAXa Kal Noyots YpHaGat Kovdtifovar Kal Tpos X HOlw WpayHaTa TpeTEw THY CLlavolav, WaTrEP nm N lal ca) ob TOUS OdOardpt@vTas amo TOV apTrpaV Kal \ \ \ avTiTuTwY éml Ta YAWPA Kal paraKa Ypw- 3 , V4 pata THy Ow amaye KEedEvOVTES, ToOEV av , f A Tus érayayorto BeXtiw Tapnyopiay 7) martpidos fal) cal) n \ n evTUYOUGIS eK TOV KOWWaY TAVaY emt TA OtKEla / a i 3 ie ovyxpaciv tropilopevos tots PBedttocww adpavi- ~ ’ wn N iy b wn WA Covcav Ta Yeipw; TadTA pEV OvY ElTrEly TPOIKXON- Ce bf ca) \ \ > , MEY OPOVTES ETLKADVTA TONAOVS Kat aTroOnNv- , A U , \ ? vovta Tov Aiaxivnv TO NOYw TOUTH TPS OLKTOV. 5 aie. wae / Le XXITIT. Ad 6€ modes wadw tov Anuoadévous \ / an avappimifovTos avtas cuvictavTo. Kal OnGaior N b) / a a ‘ \ x n pev émefevto TH Ppovpad Kat TrOoAXNOUS aveEtro?, ¢ a) Uf n oTrAa tov Anpoobévous avtolts cupmapacKeva- cavtos, "A@nvaio: & ws Toreu“noovTEs MET AUTOV \ n n e TapeckevalovTo. Kal To Biya Katetyey o An- ‘ \ , poadévns, Kal mpos tous év ‘Acta otpaTnyous a f ” \ > a ? / U Tov Bactréws Eypade Tov éxeiVer eTTEyELpwY TOXE- pov ’AreEdvopw, twatéda cat Mapyitny aroxadov , N \ , / avuTov. é7rél mévTOL TA TEpL THY YwpaVv BépeEvos A \ Ny a > f Taphv avtTos meta THS Suvapews els THY Bovrwrtiar, 54 DEMOSTHENES, xxi. 4-xxut. 2 do when they take the parts of kings and tyrants ; for these, as we see in the theatres, neither weep nor laugh according to their own inclinations, but as the subject of the action demands. And apart from these considerations, if it is our duty not to allow the unfortunate to lie comfortless in his sorrow, but to address him with cheering words and turn his thoughts to pleasanter things (like those who tell people with sore eyes to with- draw their gaze from bright and hard colours and fix it upon those which are soft and green), how can a man obtain better consolation for his domestic griefs than by blending them with the general welfare of a prosperous country, thus making the better things obscure the worse? These things, then, I have been led to say on seeing that many have their hearts softened to effeminate pity by this discourse of Aeschines. XXIII. The cities of Greece, under the incita- tions of Demosthenes, now formed themselves into a league again. The Thebans, whom Demosthenes had helped to provide with arms, fell upon their Macedonian garrison and slew many of them; while the Athenians made preparations to go to war along with them. Demosthenes reigned supreme in the assembly, and wrote letters to the King’s generals in Asia stirring them up to make war upon Alexander, whom he called a boy and a Margites.!. When, however, Alexander had settled the affairs of his own country and came in person with his forces into Beeotia, prone lay the courage Lae. Silly Madman. A mock heroic poem bearing this name was attributed to Homer. Cf, Aeschines, On the Crown, § 160. 55 PLUTARCH’S LIVES % if \ e , ~ b] , YG éEexéxomrtTo pev 1) OpacuTyns Tov AOnvaiwy Kai o Anpoabévns ater Brjxet, OnBaio: 5é tpodobevtes Um éxelvwy rywvicavto KaO avTovs Kal THY / > / A \ , \ mod améBarov. OopvBov b€ peyarou Tovs "A@nvatovs TepteaT@T0s, aTeaTaAn péev o Anpo- aOévns aipeBets pel’ éEtéepwy mpecBevt1s mpos "AréEavdpor, deicas b€ THY Opynv éx tod Kidac- pOvoes aveywpnaoev oTiaw Kat THY MpEea Petar a e adjcev. ev0us 8 o ’Ar€Eardpos eEntes méuTrwv Tov Snpaywyav séxa pév, ws ‘ldopevers xal Aotpis eipyxacw, oxTw 8, WS ol TAEloTOL Kal “A , , Soktpotato. Tav avyypadewv, tovace, Anuoalé- 3 la) vnv, IloAvevetov, “Kgiadtnv, Aveotdpyov, Mos- poxréa, Anpwva, Kardro0evnv, Xapidnuov. a . \ 4 kes) / , e Ore kai Tov wept TOV TpoBuTwy Royor o aA A , A lal , Anpoabévns mpociWe 70 Sym, &) Tots AUKOLS Tous Kuvas é€FcdwKe, Sienynodpevos avTov peév €lKATE KAL TOUS TLV AUT@ Kuvalv UTEP TOU S1}Mou ‘ payouévors, AréEavdpov 6€ tov Maxedova povo- N ' y S. «Oo » + UKOV TpoanyopEevaoev. ETL O, aomep, €pn, “Tous éumopous opwpev, Tay év tpuBrLw Selypa mepipépwat, St odiywy Tupw@y Tous TorXovS TiMpaaKoVvTAS, OUTWS EV Huiy NavOdveTe TaVTAs avTovS cuvexdLoovTes. TAaUTA pev ovV 'Aptaoto- € / Bovros 0 Kaacavépevs tatopnxe. Bovrevopévav b€ tav ’AOnvaiwy Kxat b:Lar7r0- , ¢ , N , , \ povvtwy, 0 Anuadns AaBov reéevte TdNavTa Tapa al fal , , TOV avopav wpmoroynce mpecBevoev Kal 5e2)- 1 rpoonpe... & Graux with M4; ds. 56 DEMOSTHENES, xxi, 2-5 of the Athenians, and Demosthenes was extin- guished, while the Thebans, betrayed by their allies, fought by themselves and lost their city.) Then, in the midst of the great confusion which reigned at Athens, Demosthenes was chosen and sent with others as an ambassador to Alexander, but fearing the wrath of the king he turned back at Cithaeron and abandoned the embassy.2. Then straightway Alexander sent to Athens a demand for the surrender to him of ten of their popular leaders, according to Idomeneus and Duris, but according to the most and most reputable writers, only eight, namely, Demosthenes, Polyeuctus, Ephi- altes, Lycurgus, Moerocles, Demon, Callisthenes, and Charidemus. It was on this occasion that Demosthenes told the Athenians the story of how the sheep. sur- rendered their dogs to the wolves, comparing himself and his fellow-orators to dogs fighting in defence of the people, and calling Alexander “the Macedonian arch-wolf.”” Moreover, he said further: “Just as grain-merchants sell their whole stock by means of a few kernels of wheat which they carry about with them in a bow] as a sample, so in surrendering us you unwittingly surrender also yourselves, all of you.”” Such, then, is the account which Aristobulus of Cassandreia has given. The Athenians were deliberating on this demand and were at a loss how to treat it, when Demades, for five talents which he had received from the men demanded, agreed to go on an embassy to ' In October, 335 B.c. 2 Cf. Aeschines, On the Crown, § 161. 57 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES fa) a ’ a , cecbat Tod Bacthéws UTEP avUTOYV, elite TH Hirta “ N e/ TLOTEVWD, ELTE TPOTOOKOY [LETTOV EUPITELW HOTTEP > § \ Néovta ovov Kexopeapévov. Emrerce O odv Kat / \ v e 4 \ / TapnTnaato Tous avspas o Anuddns, Kai dindXa- a \ , Fev avT@ THY TONLYD. Ss , XXIV. ’AmerOovtos 6€ “AXreEadvdpou peyador C \ e ev Hoav ovTol, TaTeva 6 eémpattev o Anpo- é tym Oe “Ayide tO Laraptiar aGevns. xwoupevp de “Ayidu 74 preaty 4 if f 95 4 “A Bpayéa ovvexivyOn maruv, eit Extnfe, Tov pev 3 / 3 £ / “ ® v } A@nvaiwy ov cuveEavactavTwy, Tov Arytoos / “w oe mecovtos Kal Tov Aaxedatpovioy cuvTpiBerTov. s , a) EiaonyOn 5€ tote Kal 4 epi Tov atedavov \ \ K a a \ SAAN, ypadyn kata Krnoipwvtos, ypadetoa pev ert Xatpwvdov apxyovtos puixpov éTava tov Xatpwvi- a “A ¢ b ) Kar, Kpietoa & vaTepov Etect déxa em’ AptoTto- a / “ , havtos, yevouévn 5€ ws ovdepia TV Snpootwry / / \ / a“ if \ TepiBontos dea Te THY OoEaY TOV NEyOVTwY Kal nA 4 / € n 7 Thy TaVv OixalovTwY evyéveray, ob Tols éXavVOVGL / / a tov AnpocGévnv tote wielotov Suvapévors Kal / b) , \ ? le paxedovilovoly ov TponKavTo THY KAT avTOU a ’ , ef a 3 / ae \ Wipov, aXX ovTwm AauTPwWS aTréXVGAaV WOTE TO / “A / 3 f mTéumTov pepos TOV Wihdwv Atoyivnv py jpeTta- a a \ 9 \ a AaBely. eéxelvos péev odv evOus ex THS TOrAEWS 1 From 333 B.c. to 330 B.c., Agis IIL, the king of Sparta, carried on war against Macedonia in conjunction with Persia. In the latter year he was defeated and slain by Antipater, Alexander’s regent in Macedonia. 2 In 336 B.c., Ctesiphon proposed that Demosthenes receive a golden crown for certain public services, and Aeschines indicted Ctesiphon for proposing an illegal measure. The document (Demos. De Cor. § 54), from which Plutarch takes 53 857 DEMOSTHENES, xxi. 5-xxiv. 2 the king and entreat him in their behalf; either because he relied on the friendship of Alexander, or because he expected to find him sated, like a lion glutted with slaughter. At any rate, Demades persuaded the king to let the men off, and recon- ciled him with the city. XXIV. So when Alexander went back to Mace- donia, Demades and his associates were high in power, but Demosthenes acted a humble _ part. It is true that when Agis the Spartan was active in revolt Demosthenes once more made a feeble effort in his support, but then he cowered down, since the Athenians would not join in the uprising. Agis fell in battle, and the Lacedaemonians were erushed.} It was at this time that the indictment against Ctesiphon in the matter of the crown came on for trial. It had been prepared in the archonship of Chaerondas a little before the battle of Chaero- neia, but came on for trial ten years later? in the archonship of Aristophon. It became the most celebrated of all public causes, not only on account of the fame of the orators, but also because of the noble conduct of the judges, who, though the prosecutors of Demosthenes were then at the height of power and acting in the interests of Macedonia, would not vote against him, but ac- quitted him so decisively that Aeschines did not get a fifth part of their ballots.2 Consequently, Aeschines forsook the city at once, and spent the the name of Chaerondas, the archon of 338, has been shown to be spurious. The case was tried in 330 pr.c. 3 This made Aeschines liable to a fine of 1,000 drachmas, and made it impossible for him to bring any future action before an Athenian court. 59 FOUTARCH’S GEVES ” > ’ , \ ME Ls / , 3 / @OXET aTiov, Kat Tept “Podov Kai ‘lwviay codgu- CTEVOV KATES. WCE. XXV. Mer ot wodtv & “Aprardos teev é& \ b) "Actas ets tas “A@ynvas atrodpas *>AréEavdpor, e a ? \ \ > AUT@ TE TPaypLaTAa TUVELOwS TrOVNpAa Ot dowTiay, 3 a ” \ v a / , KaKElVOY 70n XYaXeTroV dvTA Tots Pirols SedoiKas. / \ N a a KaTagduyovtos 6€ Tpos Tov Ohmov avTov Kal pera nw \ a aA ‘\ TOV VPNMATWOV KAL TOV VEOY AVTOV TAPAdLOOYTOS, e ‘ bd Cor, bf] \ > f ot pev adAot pytopes evdus érrodOarptacaytes \ ‘ a bd / \ / \ pos Tov mAovTOY €BoxCovv Kat cuvérreOov TOUS 9 ; f N , \ Caper ¢ \ A@nvatous eéyecOat nai owe Tov ikéTnV. 0 O€ a f Anpooévns mpwtov pev aTedavvery TuvEeBovrEVE \ tov “ApzraXov, kat duratTecOat en THY Tod > ih ? , >] ’ Pp] f \ euBdrwoiv Els ToNeuov €€ OUK avayKatas Kal +Q7 , € A 9 ~~ 7” ef adtkou mpopdacews’ Huépars 6 Odriyats botepov 9 , a t ON 2 \ Co éFetalopévwr TOV XpNudTwY Lowy avTov o ”Ap- Gg f a f \ manos naGevta BapBapixyn KUALKL Kal KaTapap- , \ 5 Gavovta THv Topetav Kal TO ElOos, exédEvcE S1a- \ € aA lé c Baotacarta tiv oXKiv TOD Xpvatou cKepacGat. f \ a ig \ / \ Oavpacavtos b€ tov Anpwoabévous to Bapos Kat , a ” / eed mvuOomévou Tocov aye, peidtacas o “AprtraXos, “"AEe cot, naw, “elxoot TddavTa’ Kat nw N a yevomevns TaXlaTa THS vuKTOS ErEeurey avT@ a / 9 THY KUAIKA META TOV elkoot TAaAaYTOYV. HY & / aA N apa devos 0 “Aprrados épwttxot mpos xXpuaiov ’ ‘\ Vv 4 4 \ al ’ tA avopos owes kat dtayvoe Kat Porais opupatov aveupety 7005. ov yap avtécyev 0 Anpoadevys, 60 DEMOSTHENES, xxiv. 2-xxv. 4 rest of his life as a teacher of rhetoric in Rhodes and Ionia. XXV. Not long afterwards Harpalus! came out of Asia to Athens. He had run away from Alexander, because he was conscious that his prodigality had led him into criminal practices, and because he was afraid of his master, who was now become harsh to his friends. But after he had taken refuge with the Athenian people and put himself in their hands with his ships and _ his treasures, the other orators at once fixed their longing eyes upon his wealth, caine to his aid, and tried to persuade the Athenians to receive and save the suppliant. But Demosthenes, in the beginning, counselled them to drive Harpalus away, and to beware lest they plunge the city into war upon an unnecessary and unjust ground ; a few days afterwards, however, while they were making an inventory of the treasure, Harpalus saw that Demosthenes was eyeing with pleasure a cup of barbarian make, with a keen appreciation of its fashion and of the ornamental work upon it. He therefore bade him poise it in his hand and see how heavy the gold was. And when Demosthenes was amazed at its weight and asked how much it would amount to, Harpalus smiled and said, “ For you it will amount to twenty talents;” and as soon as night was come he sent him the cup with the twenty talents. Now, Harpalus was skilful in detecting the character of a man who had a passion for gold, by means of the look that spread over his face and the glances of his eyes. For Demos- thenes could not resist, but was overcome by the 1 Alexander’s treasurer. He came to Athens in 324 B.c 61 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ara TANYyELS UTO THs dwpodoKias WoTrEP Trapa- , Q / at i“ dedeypévos ppovpav TpocKexwprKcer TO ApTrdaro. Kat pel apépav ev Kal KANDS Eplots Kal TaLVials KATA TOU Tpaynrov KadedEdpevos Els THY EK- / “A \ / > 7S KrAnoiav mponrdde: Kat KEedXevovTwY avictacbat Kat Néyetv, Svévevey WS ATTOKEKOMMEVNS AUT@ THS nA ¢€ bo] >] n A >] ¢ \ dwvijs. ot 5 evdvets yrevafovtes ovxX vio bd > A ouvayxns Efpalov, ANN UT’ apyupayxns ErAnpOat vurtwp Tov Snpaywyov. vaTtepov de TOD Sypou \ >] f \ 4 \ , Tmavtos aicOGouévov 11)v Swpodoxiav Kat Bovro- Y a \ U 5) 7A ’ \ pevov atroroyetoOat Kal TWelGEly OvK EDVTOS, ANAG N fal yaretaivovtos Kal GBopvBovytos, avaotas Tis iA gcoxwowey eitwv: “OvK axkovoecbe, ® avdper 3 aA nm \; (4 yy 33 AOnvaiot, ToD THY KUALKA EXOVTOS; Tore pev ovv amétepav €x THs Toews TOV \ , A “Apranopv, dedi0Tes 5€ un Aoyov aTratTa@vTat ¥pPN- Cae Cotes 4 udtwv @v SinpTaKeray ob pytopes, Sytnow érot- n / , ODVTO VEAVLKIY KAL TAS OLKLaS ETTLOVTES NpEvYOD, le) ~ % wry THS KaddtkrA€ous Tod “Appevidov. povny f yap THY TOUTOV VEWOTL YEYALMNKOTOS OVK ElacaV 3 a f y bt4 ¢ 4 a éLeyyOijvat, vusdns évdov ovans, ws toToper ®eorroptros. c , fa) XXVI. ‘O b€ Anuoobévns omoce ywpady etor)- \ > 4 veyce Wijdtopa thy €& “Apetou mayou Bovdjy a \ f éfetdoat TO Tpaypa Kat Tous éxetvyn Sokavtas wn n \ lal al abdixety Sobvat Sixnv. ev b€ TPwTOLS abToD THs BovrAns éxclivou Kkatawndicaperns, etonrOe mev 62 DEMOSTHENES, xxv. 4-xxvi. 1 bribe, and now that he had, as it were, admitted a garrison into his house, promptly went over to the side of Harpalus. Next day, after swathing his neck carefully in woollen bandages, he went forth into the assembly; and when he was urged to rise and speak, he made signs that his voice was ruined. The wits, however, by way of raillery, declared that the orator had been seized over- night, not with an ordinary quinsy, but with a silver quinsy. And afterwards, when the whole people learned that he had been bribed, and would not permit him, when he wished it, to have a hear- ing and make his defence, but were angry and raised a tumult against him, someone rose and said jokingly: “ Men of Athens, will you not listen to the man who holds the cup?”’! At that time, then, they sent Harpalus away from the city, and fearing lest they should be called to account for the moneys which the orators had seized, they made a zealous search for it, and went round to their houses on the quest, except that of Callicles the son of Arrhenides. For his house was the only one which they would not allow to be searched, since he was newly married and his bride was within, as Theopompus relates. XXVI. But Demosthenes put a bold face on the matter and introduced a bill providing that the case should be referred for investigation to the council of the Areiopagus, and that those should be brought to trial who were found guilty there. He was himself, however, among the first condemned by the council, and came before the court for trial, 1 At feasts, the cup passed from guest to guest, and the one who held it had the right of uninterrupted speech or song. & 63 PLUTARCH'S TIVES ‘ Els TO OtxaaTHpLov, OprAwy 66 TEVTHKOVYTA TANADY- / f tov dixnv Kal trapadofels eis TO Seapwrnpov, ’ , A 7 \] \ ee 9 Gé nA aiayuvn THS aitias Pyot! Kal 6s acGéverayv Tov , , , \ e ‘ ’ TwUATOS OU Cuvauévou Hépely TOV Elpypov aTro- PS cel \ \ ‘al , a be al n b) / pavat tous pev AaOovta, ToV de AaGeiy eEovatav if id ) \ n f Sovtmy. Réyetat your ws ov paKpayv Tov aaTEOS if ’ , n , bf lal hevywv aicGo.rd tTivas Tov dtahopwv avT@ ToNXt- -” > “ -, \ ? \ e X ? TOY eTLoL@KOVTAS, Kal BovAOLTO fev AUTOV aTrO- ft e b] b] - i? v \ KpuTTey, ws 0 exetvot POeyEduEevot TOUVvOma Kal , \ / n , 9 mpoceNOovtes eyyvs edéovTo AaBetyv épodia Tap ~ ? \ a - iA AUTO@V, €T AUTO TOUTO KopmitovTEs apyuUpLOV OlKO- , , / \ Gev Kal tovtov xapi éridiwkavtes abtov, dua be aA , \ / >] al N Oappety Tmapexddouv Kai pn hepev aviape@s TO U 14 nA Z ‘ auuBeBnkos, ETL paddAov avakrXavoacGat Tov \ > n n b] , Anuocbévny kat eimetv: “las 8 ov péd\r@ , / ? \ 4 ? ‘\ i dhépery Bapéws avrodtTwv TOALY EXO povs TOLOUTOUS v “ b Ce / e - ? Cat , éyovaay olovs év eTEepa hirous evpety ov padzsov bP) ECT; \ ‘ \ nA eld "Hyeyxe 66 THY huyny parakas, év Alyivn Kat n , \ \ \ N Tpottive cabefowevos ta moka Kat Tpos THY , e "Artixny amoBrérav cedaxpupéervos, @oTE Havas e , a“ n oUK evyvmpovas ovd of"oXOYOVCAS ToOls eV TH , , 3 / , TOALTELA Vveavlievpadiy aTropvnuoveverOal. Reé- nA Yi > , \ yeTab yap €k TOU aaTEOS WTAaNrAATTOMEVOS Kal , / AY a b) a“ TPOS THY AKPOTOALY avaTELVasS TAS Keipas Elmrety: z r EN \ n ‘OC, déormowa Todas, te 62) Tptat Tols YadeTTo- , N \ TaToLs yatpers Onpiois, yNavKt Kal SpaKovTs Kal 1 gnoi Reiske, and Graux with M*: ¢act. 64 858 DEMOSTHENES, xxvi. 1-4 where he was sentenced to a fine of fifty talents and delivered over to prison in default of payment. But out of shame at the charge under whieh he lay, as he says,’ and owing to the weakness of his body, which eould not endure confinement, he ran away, through the carelessness of some of his keepers and the connivance of others. At any rate, we are told that when he was in flight at a short distance from the eity, he learned that some of the citizens who were his enemies were in pursuit of him, and there- fore wished to hide himself; and when they ealled upon him loudly by name, and came up near to him, and begged him to aecept from them provision for his journey, declaring that they were bringing money from home for this very purpose, and were pursuing him only in order to get it to him; and when at the same time they exhorted him to be of good courage and not to be pained at what had happened, Demosthenes broke out all the more into eries of grief, saying: “ Surely I must be distressed to leave a city where my enemies are as generous as I ean hardly find friends to be in another.” And he bore his exile without fortitude, taking up his quarters in Aegina and Troezen for the most part, and looking off towards Attica with tears in his eyes, so that utterances of his are on record which are not generous or consonant with his spirited efiorts as a statesman. We are told, namely, that as he was leaving the city he lifted up his hands towards the aeropolis and said: “ O potent Guardian of the City, Athena, how, pray, canst thou take delight in those three most intraetable beasts, the 1 In the second of the letters which have come down to us under his name, § 17. 05 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 39 \ \ , b] a x , & Onuw; ' TOUS O€ TPOTLOVTAS aVT@ Kal cuVdLaTPpi- U4 a / Bovras veavickovs améTpeTe THS TONLTELAS AEyOV ° a / e A ? a nw @S el, dvely TpokEepmevwvy OO@Y AT apXis, THs \ bd \ \ A \ \ > , A > pev ert To Biya Kai thy éxxrnolav, THs 8 dvte- \ \ \ Kpus els TOV ONEO POY, ETUYYaVE TPDELOW; TA KATA \ , Le 4 x 4 \ THY TorlTeLav Kaka, PoBovs Kat POovous kai ww >) e wn diaBoras Kat ayvas, emi TavTnY av oppncat ‘ \ A , tiv evdv Tod Gavutou Telvovcar. r > X \ 5) A XXVIT. “AANA yap ete hevyovtos avtod ty 3 , \ > iy \ ’ ig eLonpevny guyny “AreEavdpos perv éTerevTyCE, € Ta 6 “EXAnviKkad cuvictayvto Tmadiv, AewoOévous A N , avopayabodytos Kal wepiteryifovtos ’Avtimatpov bd , 7 / \ i e 2 év Aapia todtopxovpevov. Ivéas peév odv o ¢ n pytwp Kat Kaddrtpédwv o KapaBos €& ’A@nvav >] dhevyovtes Avtimutp@ mpoceyévovto, Kal pera A , , o TOV éxeivou dirtwv Kal twpécBewv TeEpLiovTEes OUK v > / \ c/ 3 \ / clwy apiatacbat Tous “EXAnvas ovdé tpocéyery A > , / \ A tots A@nvaiow: Anpocdévns 6€ tots @& doteos \ mpeaBevovot mpoopitas éautTov nywvifeTo Kai / wn TUVETPATTEV OTWS ai TOAELS TUVETLONHCOVTAaL TOFS Makedoct kat cvvexBarovaw avtous THs “EXXa- >] A 3 dos. é€v & ’Apxadia Kat Nodopiav tod IlyOéou A \ Kat tov Anpuoabérovs yevéeoPat mpos adXdXoUS > e if wn eipncev 0 Purapxos ev exxdnaola, ToD pev Urép wn A la) ¢ tov Makeddovor, Tod 8 umép Tov “EXXjvwY ré- / \ N \ / bd va) e ryovtos. Aéyetar dé Tov pev LluOéav eizrety Ott, / 3 ra %, Kabamep otktav els HY dvetoy ElLaohépeTas yadda, , e KAKOV TL TUVTWS EVELY VOULComEv, OUT@ Kal TOALY wn ¢ 2) / , avayKn voce eis iv A@nvatwv mpecBeaa trapa- 66 DEMOSTHENES, xxvi. 4-xxi11. 3 owl, the serpent, and the people?’’ Moreover, when young men came to visit and converse with him, he would try to deter them from public life, saying that if two roads had been presented to him in the beginning, one leading to the bema and the assembly, and the other straight to destruction, and if he could have known beforehand the evils at- tendant on a public career, namely, fears, hatreds, calumnies and contentions, he would have taken that road which led directly to death. XXVII. But while he was still undergoing the exile of which I have spoken, Alexander died,! and the Greek states proceeded to form a league again, while Leosthenes was displaying deeds of valour and walling Antipater up in Lamia, where he held him in siege. Accordingly, the orators Pytheas and Callimedon (called the Stag-beetle) fled from Athens and joined the party of Antipater, and travelling about with the regent’s friends and ambassadors tried to prevent the Greeks from revolting or attach- ing themselves to Athens; but Demosthenes, joining himself to the ambassadors from Athens, used his utmost efforts in helping thein to induce the cities to unite in attacking the Macedonians and expelling them from Greece. And Phylarchus states that in Arcadia Pytheas and Demosthenes actually fell to abusing one another in an assembly, the one speak- ing in behalf of the Macedonians, the other in behalf of the Greeks. Pytheas, we are told, said that just as we think that a house into which asses’ milk is brought must certainly have some evil in it, so also a city must of necessity be diseased into which an Athenian embassy comes; whereupon 1 At Babylon, in May, 323 B.o. 67 PEWEARCH SCELVES 4 yivetau' Tov b€ Anpoobérny otperat TO Tapd- , \ ‘ lA \ wv b>] 2 LG f Sevypa, bnoavTa Kat TO yada TO Ovelov ep vVyLELa \ bf if li cat tous "A@nvatous él cwtypia wapayiweobat TOV VOTOLVTOD. @ n / n Eq’ ols odes 6 Trav ’APnraiwv Shyos Wydi- ral / i) Cera 7 Anpoobéver KkdOodov. TO pev ody is t \ BY wndicpa Anpwv o Iatavievs, aveyrtos wy An- , Sut ate ra) de / > 9 poabévous, etarnveyxev: éeTéeuhOn dé TpLnpns ém ’ X > v ? \ “A J i 5 avtov eis Alyevav. éx« 6€ Tlepatas avéBatvev wv v v b / >) / >] \ oUTE APYOVTOS OUTE lEpews aTroNELPOEVTOS, GAA Kab TOV GA\NOV TONTOV OMOd TaVTwWY aTAVTWD- Tw Kal Ceyouevwy Tpobvpws. OTE Kal dyotv Si eX € , , , avrov o Mayyns Anr)tptos avatetvavta Tas Nelpas paKkapioat THs iuepas exeivns autor, ws , 9 , f , Bérxtiov ~AdrxtBtadov Katiovtas Wemetopevous f > / e > > a / \ yap, ov BeBiacpévous, UT’ avtov déyecPat Tovs / a \ a “ a 6 woAiTas. THs oe XPnbar ees Cnuias AUT@ pevov- ans (ov yep egy xapere AVGAaL karadirey) éoo pi- 859 TAaVTO ™ pos TOV vOjL0v. elwOcres yap év TH Quaia tod Aos tod owtipos apyupiov Tedeiv Tols KaTtacKevalovas Kal Koopovat Tov Bwpor, éxelv@ TOTE TAUTA TOLhoaL Kal TApATYELV TEVTH- 4 ¢ na KoVTa TaravTwv éFéOwKav, Oocov Fv Tipnuya THs / | KATAOLKNS. ons, tr N XXVIII. Ov pny emi wordy ypovov atéXarvoe Ths TaTpioos KaTeNOar, dra TAYV TOV LAAHVI- K@V Tpayuatov ovvTpiBévtwv Mertayertyidvos pev 7) Tept Kpavyava paxn ovvetece, Bonédpo- 63 DEMOSTHENES, xxvu. 3—xxvi. 1 Demosthenes turned the illustration against him by saying that asses’ milk was given to restore health, and the Athenians came to bring salvation to the sick. At this conduct the Athenian people were de- lighted, and voted that Demosthenes might return from exile. The decree was brought in by Demon of Paeania, who was a cousin of Demosthenes; and a trireme was sent to Aegina to fetch him home. When he set out to go up to the city from Piraeus, not an archon or a priest was missing, and all the rest of the people also met him in a body and welcomed him eagerly. It was at this time, too, as Demetrius the Magnesian says, that he lifted his hands towards heaven and blessed himself for that day, since he was coming home from exile more honourably than Alcibiades did; for he had persuaded, not forced, his fellow-citizens to welcome him. It is true that his pecuniary fine remained standing against him (for it was not lawful to remit an assessment by act of grace), but they found a device to evade the law. It was their custom, namely, in the case of a sacrifice to Zeus the Saviour, to pay a sum of money to those who prepared and adorned the altar, and they now gave Demosthenes the contract to make these pre- parations for fifty talents, which was just the amount of his assessment. XXVIII. However, he did not enjoy his native city for long after his return from exile, but the cause of Greece was speedily crushed, and in the month of Metageitnion the battle at Crannon took place,! in that of Boédromion the Macedonian 1 August 6th, 322 B.c. In this battle Antipater and Craterus crushed the combined armies of the Greeks and concluded the so-called Lamian war. 6 9 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pu@vos d€ mapndOev ets Movvvyiayv 1 dpoupd, Ilvaveiavos b6¢ Anpuocbérns améBave tovde Tov TpOTOV. ‘Os ‘AvTimrat pos Kal Kpatepos NYVEXOVTO mpoatovTes ert Tas "AOnvas, ot pev mepl tov An- pooOevny POacavtes vTeENNOov ex THs TOdEWS, o 6é Shuos avTav Oavatov Katéyvw Anwddou 4 ¥ \ b] “ , ypaavtos. addXwv 6€ ddAXAaXoD StactapéevToVv 0 ‘Avtimat pos TEPLETTE LTE Tous cvAAapBavortas, Oy yyEepov iy ‘A pxtas ) KA Gets puyad0oOnpas. Tovtov 6€ Qovpiov évta TO yever Aayos Exel Tpa- yootas vmoxpiverOai mote, Kat tov Aiywwntny Il@Xov tov brepBadovta TH TéeXVN TWavtas éxel- vou yeyovévat pabnrijy tatopovaiv. “Eppurmaos d€ Tov ‘Apxiav év Tots Aaxpitov TOU p7TOpoSs uadnrais! avaypade: Anpntpios dé THIS “Avagipe- vous Svat piBijs HETETXNKEVAL poly avrov. obTos ovv Oo 'Apxias ‘Trrepetony bev TOV pytopa Kal "A pea rovixoy TOV Mapa@anov Kal TOV Anyntpiov TOU Parnpéws adehpoy ‘Ipepaion e év Abyivn KaTa- puyovtas emt TO Aldxetov amooT dao as emreprpev els KXewvas mpos “Avrimarpoy KQKEL dep Oa- pnoav, ‘Trepeidov dé xal tiv yAOtTav éxtTpN- Orvar N€youct. XXIX. Tov 6é AnpocPévny ruOopevos ixérnu év Kanavpiq év TO lep@ Tlocesdavos KabeCer Gar, ClaTevoas UTNpETIKOIS Kal arrofas peTa Opg- KOU Sopudopev ere ev avactavTa Badiferv peT avtTov mpos Avritatpov ws Suayepés Teroopevor 1 uadntais with Reiske, Coraés, Bekker, and M* (Graux): mabynriy. 70 DEMOSTHENES, xxvii. 1—xxix. 3 garrison entered Munychia, and in that of Pyanep- sion Demosthenes died, in the following manner. When Antipater and Craterus were reported to be advancing upon Athens, Demosthenes and _ his associates succeeded in escaping by stealth from the city, and the people, on motion of Demades, passed sentence of death upon them. Since they dispersed themselves to different places, Antipater sent his soldiers about to arrest them, under the command of Archias the so-called Exile-hunter. This man was a native of Thurii, and the story goes that he was once a tragic actor; indeed, it is recorded that Polus of Aegina, the best actor of his time, was a pupil of his. But Hermippus states that Archias was one of the pupils of Lacritus the rhetorician; while Demetrius says that he belonged to the school of Anaximenes. This Archias, then, finding that Hypereides the orator and Aristonicus of Marathon and Himeraeus the brother of Demetrius the Phalerean had taken refuge in the sanctuary of Aeacus at Aegina, haled them away and sent them to Antipater at Cleonae. There they were put to death, and Hypereides, it is said, also had his tongue cut ont. XXIX. Moreover, on learning that Demosthenes had taken sanctuary in the temple of Poseidon at Calauria, Archias sailed across to the island in small boats, and after landing with Thracian spear- men tried to persuade the fugitive to leave the temple and go with him to Antipater, assuring him that he would suffer no harsh treatment. But ek 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , ¢€ \ \ ovdév. 0 6€ Anuoobévns étvyyavev drvpiy Ewpaxas \ \ ¢ / fal KATA TOVS UTvous éxEivNS THs vVUKTOS GAAOKOTOD. 286 \ ’ 1 he a 3 / , édoxet yap avraywritecbar TO ’Apxia Tpaywdiay ¢ / “A , ‘ UTOKpLVOMEVOS, EUnmEepav O& Kal KaTéywV TO / > i al \ , Géatpov évoeia mapacKkeuvhs Kal yopnytas Kpa- A N a b] , \ , tetc ar. 610 Tov “Apyiov modrda hiravOpwra } / ’ a} x ’ Ul ef tareyPevros davaBrdeyas pos autor, wa7rEp aes, , 6c? ’ a) eee Cen at etuyvare Kadynpevos, ‘“"O Apxta, etmev, “ ovte ° , , Vi if % nw ? UTOKPLVOMEVOS ME ETTELTAS TWTTOTE OVTE VUV Treét- bf] / 39 ? , ? ? A oes éTrayyedXopevos.” apEapévou 6 amendety a » , te] fal T:A 3 »” / ¥ tov Apxiou pet opyis, “ Nov,’ ébn, “ deyers Ta > aA lal , 4 ’ , éx ToD Maxedovixod TeimoSos, apts O UmeEKpivov. \ , , ~ piKpoVv oUY EmloyEs, OTMS ETLTTELAW TL TOLS oikol. Kal TaUT EelT@V eVTOS aveywpnaEe TOD w~ x f € , , vaovo’ Kat \aBov LuPrtov ws ypadew péedrAwv n / \ , TPOTHVEYKE TO TTOMATL TOV KdAAMOV, Kal daKw”, ef A n > @omep év To StavoetoGar Kai ypapev etwder, , \ Ypovoy TivVa KaTécyer, eiTa ocuyKaduWapevos ’ , \ td e \ 9 X \ uTexNLVE THY KEparyV. ol PEeVv OVY TAPA TAS Ug A / / ¢, 3 Gupas éotwtes Sopuhopor KateyédXwv ws aTr0- O€ELALWYTOS AUTOD, Kal fadaKOoV aTEKaXOUY Kal v e ? 3 / \ > / avavopov, 0 6 ‘Apyias mpoce\Owv avictacbat \ ’ al , TAPEKUNEL, KAL TOUS AUTOUS UVAKUKA@V ROyoUs 9 \ \ le avOis éemnyyédrXeTO dtadrayas pos Tov ’Avtt- Tatpov. 0n 6€ ouvyncOnpevos o Anpoodévns Ul A fal “ EMTEPUKOTOS AUT@ TOV PapMaKOV Kal KpAaTOvYTOS YZ \ / ‘ \ ? éfexaruyato: cat dvaPdéras mpos tov ’Apyxiar, 3 ? > ‘ a “Ouvn dv gOavos,’ eimev, “dn Tov ex THS Tpa- f , be f AS “A yodtas umoxpivopevos Kpéovta Kat To o@pa 72 DEMOSTHENES, xxix. 1-5 it chanced that Demosthenes, in his sleep the night before, had seen a strange vision. He dre: amed, namely, that he was acting in a tragedy and contending with Archias for the prize, and that although he acquitted himself well and won the favour ai the audience, his lack of stage decora- tions and costumes cost him the victory. There- fore, after Archias had said many kindly things to him, Demosthenes, just as he sat, looked stead- fastly at him and said: “O OHEG. thou didst never convince me by thine acting, nor wilt thou now convince me by thy promises.” And when Archias began to threaten him angrily, “ Now,” said he, “thou utterest the language of the Mace- donian oracle ;! but a moment ago thou wert acting a part. Wait a little, then, that I may write a message to my family.’ With these words, he retired into the temple, and taking a scroll, as if about to write, he put his pen to his mouth and bit it, as he was wont to do when thinking what he should write, and kept it there some time, then covered an d bent his head. The spear- men, then, who stood at the door, laughed at him for playing the coward, and called him weak and unmanly, but Archias came up and urged him to rise, and reiterating the same speeches as before, promised him a reconciliation with Antipater. But Demosthenes, now conscious that the poison was affecting and overpowering him, uncovered his head; and fixing his eyes upon Archias, “Thou canst not be too soon now,” said he, “in playing the part of Creon in the tragedy and casting this 1 a.e. thy real sentiments, in obedience to Antipater. 73 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ~ € f \ ’ f s TouUTO pittwy atadov. éyw d,@ dire Ilocedop, ére Cov eEavictapat Tov lepov' T@ be “AvtiTatp@ \ , >~ © \ \ \ ) , kat Maxedoow ovd 0 cos vaos KaBapos atroné- A 4 nw NeLTTAL. TAUT ElTwr, Kal KEXEVTAS UTONAPELD 3 s ” f \ / ee a avTOV 70H Tpé“ovTa Kal aadXopmEvoy, awa TO nw 5 \ \ mpoerOety Kat TwapadrAaar Tov Bwpov éTvTece Kal 4 > wn \ f ; otevakas adie THY Wuyi. na ad % ‘ , > / “a XXX. To d€ dappaxov “Apiotwov pév exe Tov Kadapmov AaBew dynow avtor, ws etpntar ar- / e \ / A b) , qos O€ TLS, OU THY toTopiay "EpuiTios aveidnde, f A \ \ \ A hyal, TETOVTOS AUTO Tapa Tov Bwpoy év pev TO B Bru / > we ? \ e Ad ; LBrL@ yeypappevny eTLTTOAHS apyny evpeO vat, “AnpooOévns “Avtimatp@, Kat pndév ardor / \ a \ ‘ tA f Oavualopéevyns 5é€ THs TEept Tov Bavatov oEUTHTOS n \ \ rad ? “~ ° SunyetaCat Tous Tapa Tats Ovpas Opixas ws &x , \ a a aA Tivos pakiov NaBwv ets THY YElpa TpoaOoito TO Ff 7 SS TTOMATL Kal KaTaTILOL TO Puppakov: avTol § dpa x7 9 N / G xpucoy wnOncav eivat TO KaTaTLVOpEvov' 1 8 al id aA UnpeTovaa Taldlokn, TuvOavopévwy TOV Treph \ > , , N 5 s tov *“Apxiav, dain modvv eivar ypovov é& ob f \ > y A e e hopoitn tov atrodecpov éxetvov o Anpocbévns as , oe ml / \ s\ JIRLEN > duraxtnpiov. “Epatoabévns b€ Kat adtos épv / \ Kpiko dyal Koikw TO hPadppaxov durdocewv Tov \ , 5 A 2 oA , , dé KpiKoY Eivat TOTOY avT@ hopnpa TrepiBpayto- a ” e A viov. TOV OS drwy, door yeypadact TEpl avTod, f / > \ \ b) ’ a TapToAro S€ etal, TAS Stahopas ovK avayKaiov wn Q ef 4 t fal emeEeNOeiv: mr1,v OTL Anpoyapys o tod Anpo- 74 860 DEMOSTHENES, xxix. 5-xxx. 4 body out without burial! But I, O beloved Poseidon, will depart from thy sanctury while I am still alive; whereas Antipater and the Mace- donians would not have left even thy temple undefiled.” So speaking, and bidding someone support him, since he was now trembling and tottering, he had no sooner gone forth and passed by the altar than he fell, and with a groan gave up the ghost. XXX. As for the poison, Ariston says he took it from the pen, as I have said; but a certain Pappus, from whom Hermippus took his story, says that when he had fallen by the side of the altar, there was found written in the scroll the beginning of a letter, “ Demosthenes to Antipater,” and nothing more; and that when men were amazed at the suddenness of his death the Thracians who had stood at the door told the story that he took the poison into his hand from a cloth and put it to his mouth and swallowed it; and that they them- selves, strange to say, had supposed that what he swallowed was gold; and that the little maid who served him, when inquiries were made by Archias, said that Demosthenes had long worn that cloth girdle as a safeguard against his enemies. And even Eratosthenes himself says that Demosthenes kept the poison in a hollow bracelet, and that he wore this bracelet as an ornament upon his arm. But the divergent stories of all the others who have written about the matter, and they are very many, need not be recounted; except that Demochares the relative of Demosthenes says 1 An allusion to the Creon in the Antigone of Sophocles, by whose edict the body of Polyneices was to be left unburied (wv. Of. LOL ff). 75 PLUTARCH’S LIVES abévovs oixetos olec bai dnow aitov ovy uTO fap- paxov, Cewy b€ TYun Kal mpovoia THY Maxedovav @MOTHTOS Ee€apTaynvalt, ouvTopws Katactpé- Wwavta xal aduTws. Katéotpepe 5€ extn emi déxa Tov Ilvaveyiavos pnvos, év » THY oxvOpw- ToTaTyy TOV Oecpohopiwy Huépav ayovcar Tapa Th Oe@ vyoctevovaty at yuvaixes. 5 Tovtw peév ortyov botepoyv o tav ’APnraiwv Shjuos aktay amodidovs Tiny eixova Te YadKv dvéatnoe Kal Tov TpecBUTaTOV eyndicato TaV amo yévous év Iputaveiw aitnaw éyew. Kat To émiypaupa TO Opvrovpmevov eTreypadyn TH Race ToD dvoptavTos: eimrep anv popnv yvoun, Anuoobeves, eives, ovTroT av ‘EAA jvwv HpEev”Apns Maxedav. of yap avtov tov Anpoobévnv tovto Totjoat révyoutes €v Kadavpia, pédNovtTa TO hadppaxov mpoaphéperOat, ould) pPrAvapovar. XXXI. Mexpov 6€ mpocbev 4} tapaBanretv nuas “AOnvale RAé€yera’d te Tocovde cvuBhvac. aTpaTLWTys éml Kpiow TWA KaAXOUpEVOS Ud’ ryye- povos, door elye Xpucisuopy Els TAS YEelpas évéOnKe Tou avdptavtos. éaTnKe S€ TOUS daKTUAOUS GUVE- you &¢ adriAwV, KaL TapaTéduKev ov peyary 2 TAGTAaVOS. ATO TAUTNS TOAKA TOV PUAAOD, EiTE 1 An annual festival in honour of Demeter and Persephone. 2 This statue, the work of Polyeuctus, was erected in 280-279 B.c., on motion of Demochares, a nephew of Demos- 76 DEMOSTHENES, xxx. 4—xxx1. 2 that in his opinion it was not due to poison, but to the honour and kindly favour shown him by the gods, that he was rescued from the cruelty of the Macedonians by a speedy and painless death. And he died on the sixteenth of the month Pyanep- sion, the most gloomy day of the Thesmophoria,! which the women observe by fasting in the temple of the goddess. It was to this man, a little while after his death, that the Athenian people paid worthy honour by erecting his statue? in bronze, and by decreeing that the eldest of his house should have public maintenance in the prytaneium. And this cele- brated inscription was inscribed upon the pedestal of his statue :— “ If thy strength had only been equal to thy purposes, Demosthenes, Never would the Greeks have been ruled by a Macedonian Ares.”’ Of course those who say that Demosthenes himself composed these lines in Calauria, as he was about to put the poison to his lips, talk utter nonsense. XXXI. Now, a short time before I took up my abode in Athens, the following incident is said to have occurred. A soldier who had been called to an account by his commander, put what little gold he had into the hands of this statue of Demos- thenes. It stood with its fingers interlaced, and hard by grew a small plane-tree. Many of the leaves from this tree, whether the wind accidentally thenes. The well-known marble statue of Demosthenes in the Vatican is thought to be a copy of it. See Pausanias, i. 8, 2, with Frazer’s notes. 7H PLUTARCH’S LIVES ’ ¢ , wv ? TvevmaTos €k TUXYNS KaTaBadorTOS, ElT avTOS ovTws o Geis ExadduWe, TepiKeiueva Kal cuuTEcoD- na \ / Ta Aabety eroince TO YpUcioy OvK OAiyor YXpovoD. ’ bd ’ \ n ws & 0 avOpwros eTravehOav avetpe Kal S1ed00n / a a Noyos UTép ToUTOV, TOAAOL TMV cevhvav UTobeciY N / n NaBovtes eis TO Adwpoddoxyntoyv Tov Anpucabévous n n La OLnpLLAA@VTO TOLS ETLypappace. / 4 ’ \ ’ , Anuddny b€ ypovov ov modvy amoAavcavta a“ 4 / e / 7 / THS pvonevns SoEns 4 Anpoabéevouvs dikn Kat- , ca yayev eis Maxedoviar, ods éxodaKkevey aia ypas, € ‘ sf 3 / f 3 a \ UmTo TovTwmy éEoXNovmEVOY SiKaiws, éTAaXOH mév y / nA , >] 6vTa Kal TpoTepov autots, TOTE 6 Els aiTiav / \ adduxtov éumecovta. ypappata yap é&étrecev 9 al > Ka f OL ? a avtod, ov wv tapexare Llepdixcay émuyerpety is f \ 7 Makedovia Kat cafe tovs “EXXnvas ws amo n fe) , \ campov Kal TAXaLOD aTHMOVOS (A€ywr TOV ’AvTL- / >? e / a jTatpov) nptnmévous. ép ois Aevapyov tot ié / \ ¢ KopuOtov xatnyopnaavtos tmapokuvleis o Kado- wn n f A ee? cavdpos éyxatéeohakev avTou TH KOATH TOV VIOP, 3 6 wn nw / Lal elTa OUTWS EKELVOY avedetv TpodéeTakeEV, EV TOIS peyloTols OLOaTKOMEVOY ATUY HPAL OTL TPWTOUS e \ € 4 “A a , EAUTOVS Of TPCOOTAaL TwADDGLY, 0 TOAAAaKIS Anpo- , abévous TpoayopEevovToS OVK éTLTTEUGE. ‘ , ’ / / Tov pev otv Anpoabévous améyets, Loocte, * n f A id Biov c& av pets aveyvapev 7) dincovoapev. 78 DEMOSTHENES, xxx. 2-4 blew them thither, or whether the depositor himself took this way of concealing his treasure, Jay cluster- ing together about the gold and hid it for a long time. At last, however, the man came back, found his treasure intact, and an account of the matter was spread abroad, whereupon the wits of the city took for a theme the incorruptibility of Demosthenes and vied with one another in their epigrams. As for Demades, he had not long enjoyed his growing reputation when vengeance for Demosthenes brought him into Macedonia, whose people he had disgracefully flattered, only to be by them justly put to death. He had been obnoxious to them even before this, but now fell under a charge from which there was no escape. A letter of his, namely, leaked out, in which he had urged Perdiccas to seize Macedonia and deliver the Greeks, who, he said, were fastened to it only by an old and rotten thread (meaning Antipater). And when Deinarchus the Corinthian denounced him for this, Cassander! flew into a rage and slew the son of Demades as he stood close by his father’s side, and then ordered that Demades should be likewise killed. _Demades was now learning amid his extremest misfortunes that traitors sell themselves first, a truth of which Demosthenes had often assured him, but which he would not believe. And so, Sosius,? thou hast the promised Life of Demosthenes, drawn from such written or oral sources as I could find. * The son of Antipater and, later, his successor. 4 See the opening sentence of the Life. 79 — OE — ~~ — KIKEPON il Kixépavos 6é Thy jev pnTépa Aéyovaw 861 ‘EXBtay Kat yeyovevat KANOS Kal BeBroxevas, Tept de Tob TAT POS oudev iy mubéabau [eT plov. Ol ev yap év Kvapeiep TLVh Kal ever Gar Kal Tpapivar TOV avépa. héyovow, ot & ets Tuddov 'ATTuy avayovet THY apn Tod yevous, Baarev- gavTa AapTpas évy OdorotvcKols Kal TrOdEL?)- cavta ‘Pwpaiots ove addvvat@s. 0 MEVTOL TPA@TOS éx TOU yévoUS Kuxépeov érovopac Beis aEtos NOyou Soxel yeveo bau, 640 THD embehnow OuK diméppupay of pet avTov, aAN NOT AT AYTO, KALTTEP TO TOANY xArevaloperny. KiKxepa yap ot Aativot TOV. épeBurdov Kahovot, KaKeivos ev TO TEpaTe THs pivos SiacTorry, Ws EoLKeD, dp Preiap elev OoTEp €peBtvOov Orabuny, ad’ ns EXTTATO THY éemavupiar. AUTOS YE py Kicépwv, t UTEep ov Td0€ yeypan rat, TOV pirov auTov olopevany beiv, OTE TT P@TOV apxiy peTneL Kal ToALTElas TTTETO, puryetv ToUvoma Kal perabécbau, eyeTat VEAVLEV- TA pLEVOS ev Tety ws aywvieitat Tov Kinépwva tav SKaupov kat Tov Kathov evdoforepov aTrobetEat, TOpMEvoY & évy LuKxedia xal Tots Geots avaOn wa TOLOUMEVOS apyupoby Ta Lev Tpara duo TOV dvoudatwrv éméypae, tov te Madpxov kal tov 82 CICERO I. Ir is said of Helvia, the mother of Cicero, that she was well born and lived an honourable life; but of his father nothing can be learned that does not go to an extreme. Tor some say that he was born and reared in a fuller’s shop, while others trace the origin of his family to Tullus Attius,! an illustrious king of the Volscians, who waged war upon the Romans with great ability. However, the first member of the family who was surnamed Cicero seems to have been worthy of note, and for that reason his posterity did not reject the surname, but were fond of it, although many made it a matter of raillery. For “cicer”’ is the Latin name for chick-pea, and this ancestor of Cicero, as it would seem, had a faint dent in the end of his nose like the cleft of a chick-pea, from which he acquired his surname. Cicero himself, however, whose Life I now write, when he first entered public life and stood for office and _ his friends thought he ought to drop or change the name, is said to have replied with spirit that he would strive to make the name of Cicero more illustrious than such names as Scaurts or Catulus. Moreover, when he was quaestor in Sicily and was dedicating to the gods a piece of silver plate, he had his first two names inscribed thereon, the ! Called Tullus Aufidius in the Coriolanus, xxii. 1. 83 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES 4 . a / TvAXLov, avti d€ TOU TpiTov cxwTTwV épéBtvOov f \ \ \ / €X€NEUTE TAPA TA Ypup4paTa TOV TEXViTHY eVvTO- nw ww 9 aA e pedoa. TavTa ev OvdY TrEpt TOD dVvOpaTOS iaTO- pntat, IT. TeyOjvar b5€ Kexépwva A€yovow avodvvas \ ’ / ts > fal a XN ¢ , Kal aTrOveOS hoxevGeions abtob Tihs mytpos Huépa Tpitn Tov véwy Karavdav, év 1 vuv ot apyovTes yy , a , A evyovtar Kal OUovoty UTép TOD yE“ovos. TH SE ‘4 a nw ° titTOn dhacpwa Soxet yevéeoOat Kal mpoeTety ws ” , ca) ie ® / b / nm 2 oderos peya aot Pwpaios extpepovon. tTavta \ 3 , \ / % A dé dAAws Ovetpata Kal drvapov eivat SoxovvTa / SEN b , , 3 \ ’ € TAXEWS AUTOS aTrederEe pavTEeLay UrXNOLWHY EV 1)AL- tf “ , ‘ > Pp] of 3 / Kla Tov pavOuvew YEVOHEVOS, ds evdviav éxrap- ~ X wv \ > wn / was kal pnaBaov Gvopa cat dofav év tots maton, @OTE TOUS TaTépas avTwV émipolTav Tois dida- v , a) A bat / aKanretos owes TE BovrAopevous tOety TOV Kixépwva KaL THY Upvoupévynv avTtod epi Tas padnoets / ¢ al ofUTnTa Kal guUVEedLY LoTOpyaat, TOUS & aypotKo- , ? a e? e n al Tépous opyilecPat Tos viéow opa@vTas év Tats ¢ wn N Fe , , ¢ ww > \ nm i? odots TOV Kixépwva pécov avtav em TYn AapBa- / 2 c ¢ / b) cal 3 vovtas. yevouevos 6, wamep o IIdkdtwv aéktot n , , Thv dirouaby Kai ptrocopov hvaty, clos aomale- n / \ be , Y- , cba wav padnua Kai pndév Noyou pde Tardeias 4 's atimatew eidos, éppun mas mpofuporepoyv émi / \ x TOWNTLKNY. KAL TL Kal Trotnuatioy ere rados A 4 a avtov dtacwlerat, Ilovtios VXaixos, ev tetpa- 1 January 3, 105 B.c. Plutarch follows the Greek method of reckoning from a fixed point in the month. Cicero says (ante diem) III. Nonas Januarias (ad Att. xiii. 42, 2), the S4 CICERO, 1. 4-11. 3 Marcus and the Tullius, but instead of the third, by way of jest, he ordered the artificer to engrave a chick-pea in due sequence. This, then, is what is told about his name. Il. It is said that Cicero was born, without travail or pain on the part of his mother, on the third day of the new Calends,! the day on which at the present time the magistrates offer sacrifices and prayers for the health of the emperor. It would seem also that a phantom appeared to his nurse and foretold that her charge would be a great blessing to all the Romans. And although these presages were thought to be mere dreams and idle fancies, he soon showed them to be true prophecy ; for when he was of an age for taking lessons, his natural talent shone out clear and he won name and fame among the boys, so that their fathers used to visit the schools in order to see Cicero with their own eyes and observe the quick- ness and intelligence in his studies for which he was extolled, though the ruder ones among them were angry at their sons when they saw them walking with Cicero placed in their midst as a mark of honour. And although he showed himself, as Plato? thought a nature should do which was fond of learning and fond of wisdom, capable of welcoming all knowledge and incapable of slight- ing any kind of literature or training, he lent himself with somewhat greater ardour to the art of poetry. And a little poem which he wrote when a boy is still extant, called Pontius Glaucus, Nones being the fifth of January. Strictly speaking, only the first day of the month was called the Calends, but Plutarch seems to call the opening days of the new official year ‘‘ the new Calends.” 2 Republic, p. 475 b. 85 VOL. VII D PLUTARCH’'S LIVES oo \ A peTPW TeTTOLNMEeVOY. Tpoiwy 5€ TO YpoVvm Kal , n a) / TOLKLNWTEPOY ATTOMEVOS THS TWEPL TAVTA povenNs, ” 3 f (WA > \ x \ ba édo£ev ov povoy pHntwp, GAXa Kal TOLNTNS ApLOTOS , N A a eivat Pwpuatimy. 1 pev ovv emt TH pyntopiky doa n , / n pévpe viv dvapéver, KaiTEp ov puKpas yeyevn- / , HEINS TEplL TOVS RAOyovs KaLwvoTomias, THY O€ TOLNTIKHY AUTOV, TOAABY Eevdhvav Emriyevopmevwn, lal U4 , , TAVTATACW AKNEN KAL ATipoy Eppety cuULBEBNKEDV. Ill. “Amadrayels d€ tav év ratol dt:atpiSav la) bd , a Dirwvos HKovaee TOD €E "Axadnueias, Ov partota € nn “ ra 4 , \ SS \ Popato: Tav KXectonaxyov cvviOwv Kai bua Tov \ \ , Noyor Cavpacay Kat dia TOY TPOTOY HYaTHCaD. n , \ da O€ Tots Trept Movxtov avdpace cvvev ToArtTL- A fal Lal % KolS KAL TpwTEVOVaL THS BovaAnsS els eurrErpiav “ An , f TOV VOMWY WHEAEITO’ KAL TLVA YpoVvoVv Kal oTpAa- , Z € X ~S , \ \ \ Telas peTeoxey UTO XvAAQA TEPi TOY MaporKxoy 3 ta nw \ “ jmovenov. €10 opa@y eis aotdouw, ex O€ THS OTGa- gews els xpaTov éumintTovTa Ta wTpaypata povapxylav, éml tov cxXoraaTHy Kal OewpntiKov / n , éerXOwv Biov”EXXAnot cvviy diroroyots Kal Tpoc- A a) , ” t / > 4 etye Tois padnpuacw, aype ob YAAas éxpaTynce \ , 4 if € , Kal KaTdoTacty Tiva NapPaverv edokev 7 TOALS. ai de n ee 4 Ne t 3 rAeEV y d€ TO Ypovw TOUT@ Npuvaoyovoes aTeEdev- Ss / / \ ? / ¢) 3 Oepos YvAAa TpocayyetAas TLVOS OVTLAY ws Ex A \ Tpoypapys avatpeVévtos autos éwvycato diaxe- / “ b \ \ € 7 ¢ en \ 3 riwy Spaypav. éret d€ “Pwoxios 0 vids Kai n , ? KANPOVOMLOS TOD TEOVNKOTOS HYAVaKTEL KAaL THY 1 90-88 B.c. It was under Pompey, however, that Cicero served (Phil. xii, 11, 27). a incS2 5. c, 86 86 CICERO wi. 3-113 and composed in tetrameter verse. Moreover, as he grew older and applied himself with greater versatility to such accomplishments, he got the name of being not only the best orator, but also the best poet among the Romans. His fame for oratory abides to this day, although there have been great innovations in style; but his poetry, since many gifted poets have followed him, has altogether fallen into neglect and disrepute. III. After he had finished the studies of boyhood, he attended the lectures of Philon the Academic, whom, above all the other disciples of Cleitomachus, the Romans admired for his eloquence and loved for his character. At the same time he consorted with Mucius Seaevola, a statesman and leader of the senate, and was helped by him to an acquaint- ance with the law; and for a little while he also did military service under Sulla in the war against the Marsians.! Then, seeing that the common- wealth was hurrying into factions, and from factions into unlimited monarchy, he betook himself to a retired and contemplative life, associated with Greek scholars, and pursued his studies, until Sulla got the mastery and the state appeared to be some- what settled.? About this time Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sulla’s, put up at public auction the estate of a man who, as it was said, had been put to death under proscription, and bought it in himself for two thousand drachmas.* Then Roscius, the son and heir of the deceased, was indignant and set 3. In translating Cicero’s ‘‘duobus millibus nummum,” Plutarch erroneously reckons in denarii (which were equiva- lent to drachmas, or francs) instead of in sestertii (worth only one-quarter as much). PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5 - \ , ovolay amedselKVUE TEVTHKOVTA Kal Stakociwy Rn fs id - / Taravtwv ovoav akiav, 6 Te SUANaS eheyyYopevos / lo A éyanérraive Kal diKny TaTpoxTovias EemHYyE TO a vr ik ‘PwoKio, TOU Npvaoyovov KaTacKkevacayTos, €8o- , a nOew 8 ovdeis, GAN atreTpeTIOVTO TOV YAAa TH , CY N 3 id a yareToTnTa SedoxoTes, oUTW 61 dt epyytay TOD aA 4 , e , petpaxiov TO Kiképwrr mpoodpvyovtos of dtrou TULTAPOPUOV, WS OUK av avT@® Aaptrporépay s 3 \ \ 80 ¢ , Oe U avis apxnv mpos dofav etépav ovde Kkarrdiw s \ yevnoopevnv. avadceEduevos ovv THY cUYNyopiaV 0) icQn- dedi@s 5€ TOV Lv Kat Katoplwaas eOavyacOn: dediws b€ TOY SvA- Aav aTednunoey eis THV ‘EAXXaba, StacTelpas e A a , ? NOYOY WS TOD GwWLATOS AUTO OepaTretas Seopévou. 9 : f Kal yap iY OVTWS LOXVOS Kal AoapKoS, a4ppwotia \ \ ? 4 > \ nA OTOMdYOU piKpa Kal yAloxpa jLoyes oe Tis ee / ‘ e be \ N \ N @pas Tpocdepopevos’ n O€ Pwvn TodAN pev Kat ’ , \ be \ ” € \ oe a ayabyn, oxrnpa b€ Kat amwXaotos, Uo 5é Tov U U n Aoyou chodpoTnta Kal Tabos EyovTOS ael Sid TOY + , i “n lal dvw Tovey €1.avvoyevn hoSov Tapetyevy UTép TOU TWLATOS. IV. ’Adixopuevos 8 eis "AOijvas ’Avttoyou Tod 9 , tA “A Ss ) , nn f Ackawvitov Sunkouce, TH pev evpoig THY NOyor rs \ ig Oy 39 a ’ avTOU Kal YapiTL KnAOUpEVOS, & O° Ev TOS Oéypa- aw évewtépitev ovK enrawav. Hon yap éEictato a , A bd - €9 THS véas Aeyopévns “Akadnpetas o ’Avtioxos Kal , , tTyv Kapveddov otdaw éyxatéderTev, elite Kap- a a an TTOMEVOS UTO THS evapyelas Kal TOY aicOnoewr, ” (cA v Xo td ‘ \ } A ELTE, WS Pay EVLOL, PiAOTLLLG TLVL KaL OLahopa 83 CICERO, ut. 3-1v. 1 forth clearly that the estate was worth two hundred and fifty talents, whereupon Sulla, enraged to have his actions called in question, indicted Roscius for the murder of his father, Chrysogonus having trumped up the evidence. No advocate would help Roscius, but all avoided him through their fear of Sulla’s cruelty, and so at last, in his destitution, the young man had recourse to Cicero. Cicero’s friends encouraged him to undertake the case, arguing that he would never again have a more brilliant or a more honourable opportunity to win fame. Accordingly, he undertook the defence of Roscius,! won his cause, and men admired him for it; but fearing Sulla, he made a journey to Greece, after spreading a report that his health needed attention. For in fact he was spare and lean, and owing to a weakness of the stomach could only with difficulty take a little light food late in the day; his voice, however, was full and streng, but harsh and unmedulated, and _ since, owing to the vehemence and passion of his oratory, it was always forced into the higher tones, it made men apprehensive for his health. JV. On coming to Athens he attended the lec- tures of Antiochus of Asealon, and was charmed by his fluency and grace of diction, although he disapproved of his innovations in doctrine. For Antiochus had already fallen away from what was called the New Academy and abandoned the sect of Carneades, either moved thereto by the clear evidence of the sense-perceptions,? or, as some say, led by a feeling of ambitious opposition to 1 See the oration pro Roscio A merino. 2 This the New Academy refused to admit. 89 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpos tovs Krestopayou cat Dirwvos cuvybeus Tov Stwixov éx petaBorrns Geparrevwv ANdyov év Tois mAeiatos. Oo b€ Kixépwv éxelva ryyara KAKELVOLS 7 pooeine padhov, Svavoovpevos, éL : ‘A Tavrdmaciw exTesor TOU Ta Kod MpdooeLy, detipo HETEVEYKALEVOS TOV Biov € ex THs ayopas Kal Tihs mwoNtTelas é€v aovyia peta girocodias KATACHD. "Karel é avT@ NvAANaS TE m™poanyyerOy TeOV)- KOS, Kal TO G@pa TOS yupva.a tous avappovuy- pevon ets €&wv EBadile veavixipy, 1) Te Povyn AapBa- pouga TAGGLW nOELa eV pos aKony étéOpaTrto,} eT pias b€ ™ pos TI ee iippoato Tob TWMATOS, Tora HEY T@V ATO ‘Papns ditwy ypapovtwr Kal Seomevov, TOANG O “AVTLOXOU TApaKkeNEvo- pévov Tous KoLVOlS emtBanreiv TpaypLacty, avors @oTeEp dpyavov €Enptveto™ TOV pntopexov Aoryov Kal GvEeKivel TV TONTERY Suvapy, aut ov Té Tais peNéTats StaTrovav Kal TOUS éTaLtvoupévous peTiov prytopas. O0ev eis “Aciav xai ‘Podov émevae, Kal TV pev Aglavav pyTopwv Revoknret TO ASpaputT ve Kat Atovucia TO Maryunre Kal Mevirrrre T® Kapt curecxonracey, év 66 ‘Podw PYTOPL [ev ’Arroh\Awrla TO Modevos, Prrordde d€ Llocesdwviw. réyerar S& tov "AmoANdvLOY Ob oUVLEVTE TI ‘Pwpaixny duadextov 6enO jar TOU Kexépwvos ‘EAAnuea ti HereT HOA TOV © UTaKOU- cat TpoOvuws, olowevov ovtTws EcecOat BerTiova 1 éréOparro the words kat moAAy (and full) which follow this verb in the MSS. are deleted by Gudeman as contra- dictory to iii. 5 and due to the double woaaa below. 2 éfmptvero Graux, after Madvig: é&nprue. go CICERO, iv. 1-4 the disciples of Cleitomachus and Philon to change his views and cultivate in most cases the doctrine of the Stoics. But Cicero loved the systems which Antiochus discarded and devoted himself the rather to them, purposing, in case he was altogether driven out of a public career, to change his home to Athens, away from the forum and the business of the state, and spend his life in the quiet pursuit of philosophy. But word was now brought to him that Sulla was dead,! and since his body, strengthened by exer- cise, was taking on a vigorous habit, while his voice, acquiring modulation, had grown pleasant to the ear, and had been moderated into keeping with the habit of his body; and since, moreover, his friends at Rome earnestly besought him by letter and Antiochus strongly urged him to apply himself to public affairs, he once more sought to prepare for service therein his instrument, as it were, to wit his rhetorical style, and to rouse to action his political powers, diligently cultivating himself in declamation and taking lessons of the popular rhetoricians. With this end in view he made a voyage to Asia and Rhodes. In Asia, he studied oratory with Xenocles of Adramyttium, Dionysius of Magnesia, and Menip- pus the Carian; in Rhodes, oratory with Apollonius the son of Molon, and philosophy with Poseidonius.? Apollonius, we are told, not understanding the Roman language, requested Cicero to declaim in Greek, with which request Cicero readily com- plied, thinking that in this way his faults could tie 5 Boe: 2 Cf. Cicero’s Brutus, 91, g!I PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ b , bd \ ’ ’ ; ‘ \ 5 THv éravopOwow: evel 6 éuedeTHoE, TOUS peV ’ n a \ adXous eéxmeTANKOae Kat StaptdracAat pos a fe 3 b adAAnAOUS Tos émraivots, Tov & ’AmroAAwVLOY OUT akpowpevov avtov dtayvOfvat Kal Tavoapévov 4 auvvouy KabéfecOat todvy yporov, ayPopévov Oé 863 a , ’ a cS f > tov Kuxépwvos eimeiy. “de pev, © Kexépor, a a / érawa kal Oavualo, THs dé “EXAdSos orKktEtpw THY TUXNHY, OPOV, & “ova TOV KAAOY Huty UTrENEt- a / a , metTo, Kal TaAVTA ‘Pwpraiots da cod Tpoayevoueva, , Taivelay Kal Noyov.” a - / V. ‘O yodv Kixépwy édrTridmv peaotos él Try , \ a TontTeLav PEepopmevos UO Ypnapov TLvos aTNL- va \ ¢ , 9 , \ > OA ‘ ’ Brvv8n THY OpHIY. Eepomevy yap auT@ Tov ev Aerdois Peov ows av evdofotatos yévotto, Tpoc- \ “ ¢ \ étakev 1) lu0ia thy éavtod dvatv, ddrQ pty THY al a , ¢ t a n , TOY TOANw@Y SofaV, HyE“oVva ToleiaOat Tov Biov. a ¢ , t a 2 Kal Tov ye TpeTov év “Pon ypovoyv evrAABas a a a 3 “ 4 dujye Kal Tals apyats oxvnpas Mpoane Kai Tapn- a fo \ ¢€ - an id peXEiTo, TAVTA 51) TA Pwyaiwy tois Bavavoota- ToLsS TMpoxepa Kai cuvnOn pynuata, Tparxos Kat \ ’ / ’ \ ‘ t ’ gTyoNacTiKos axovwrv. émel Oe Gvoer idotipos 3 U \ A \ a av Kal wapokviopevos vie Tov TaTpos Kal Tov Q \ a Ul hitwv érédwxev eis TO TuVHyopEiy EavToV, OvK + / a / a >] ’ 3 \ 3 / Npé“a TO TWOwTELW TMpoonyev, aX evdus e€e- aA , \ , \ a Naprbe TH OOEN Kal Ovepepe TOV THY aywuto- bd “n pévaon er ayopas. , \ \ 9 \ bp) \ e , fa! 3 Aéyeras 6é cal avtos ovdéy HTTOV voanaas TOD \ \ , a“ N AnpocOévovs mpos THY UioKploLv, TOUTO peV g2 CICERO, tv. 4 v. 3 better be corrected. After he had declaimed, his other hearers were astounded and vied with one another in their praises, but Apollonius was not greatly moved while listening to him, and when he had ceased sat for a long time lost in thought; then, since Cicero was distressed at this, he said: “ Thee, indeed, O Cicero, I admire and commend ; but Greece I[ pity for her sad fortune, since I see that even the only glories which were left to us, eulture and eloquence, are through thee to belong also to the Romans.” V. However, though Cicero, full of hope, was being borne on towards a politica] career, a certain oracle took the edge from his eager desire. When he inquired, namely, of the god at Delphi how he could become most illustrious, the Pythian priestess enjoined upon him to make his own nature, and not the opinion of the multitude, his guide in life. And so during the first part of his time at Rome! he conducted himself with caution, was reluctant to sue for office, and was therefore neglected, being called “Greek” and “Scholar,” those names which the low and ignorant classes at Rome were wont to give so readily. But he was naturally ambitious and was urged on by his father and his friends, and so when he gave himself in earnest to the work of an advocate, he did not advance slowly to the primacy, but his fame shone forth at once, and he far surpassed those who strove with him for distinction in the forum. But it is said that he too, no less than Demos- thenes, was weak in his delivery, and therefore 1 Cicero returned to Rome in 77 B.c., being in his thirtieth year. 93 bo PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘Pwokio TO Ko UO, ToutTo & Aicwre T@ Tpa- Yd@ TPOTEXELV eT LMENOS. Tov © Alowmov TOUTOD toTOpovcLy UTrOK pLVvofLevov ev Peatpe TOV mept THS TLwooplas tov Ovéatov Bovrevopevov ’ATpéa, TOV UnnpeTav Tivos apyw ma padpa- pOvTOS, eEo T@V EAUTOU Aoyeg wav 61a TO 780s ovTa TO TK TT PD Taragat Kal dvenelv. ov puikpa be 7 pos TO TreiGeuy v vmrhpxev ex TOU UTOKpt- vera porn TO Kiwepeove. Kat TOUS ye TH Body peyanra Xpwfeevous * piytopas eTTKOT TOV ereve be’ aoOéveray é emt THY Kpavyny WOT EP Xorovs eb imarov ™nOav. n O€ Tepi Ta TKOMLATA Kab THv mardiav TAUTHD evTpaTrehia Oukavexov pev édoxet Kat yragupon, Xpopevos S auth KaTaxopas Tod- Nous EXUTrEL KaL KaKONOELAS edd Bave do£av. ae ‘Arroberx Gels dé Tapias év ottodeta Kat haxov Sexehiay VOXANTE TLS avO porous ev apxn oitov ELS ‘Pony aToaTéN New dvaryKato- pevoes. Vatepov dé Tihs err pehetas Kal O1KaLOGU- yys Kal TPZOTHTOS auTOvD mreipay AapBavovres OS ovoerva TOV mam oO ary epoveov étiunoav. éel ¢ ToAAol TOV amo Pwpuns véwy EvdoEot Kat yeyovo- TES KANO, aitiay éyovtes atakias Kal paraxtas mept TOV TOAELOD, averréupO naar emt Tov oTpa- THYOV THS DLuKeMas, ouvetmey avrois ) _Kirepov emipavas Kal TepLeTroLNoeD. éml Tovtols ovr péya dpovev eis ‘Poyny Badiwv yerotov tt mabety dnot. cuvTuxX@v yap avépt Tov étipavav 1 neydAa xpwpevous MSS., Sintenis!, and Bekker ; Sintenis? adopts Cobet’ 8 evan ertreee (boasting loudly of’) ; meyaaa Boav xpwuévous Graux with M®, 94 CICERO, v. 3-vi. 3 sought with care to imitate now Roscius the comedian, and now Aesop the tragedian. This Aesop, they tell us, was once acting in a theatre the part of Atreus planning to take vengeance on Thyestes, when one of the assistants suddenly ran across the scene, and the actor, losing control of himself in the intensity of his passion, smote him with his seeptre and laid him dead. Now, Cicero’s delivery contributed not a little to his persuasive power. Moreover, of those orators who were given to loud shouting he used to say jestingly that they were led by their weakness to resort to clamour as cripples were to mount upon a_ horse. And his readiness to indulge in such jests and pleasantry was thought indeed to be a, pleasant characteristic of a pleader; but he carried it to excess and so annoyed many and got the reputation of being malicious. VI. He was appointed quaestor! at a time when grain was scarce, and had the province of Sicily allotted to him, where he annoyed people at first by compelling them to send grain to Rome. But after- wards they found him careful, just, and mild, and honoured him beyond any governor they had ever had. Moreover, when large numbers of young men from Rome, of illustrious and noble families, were accused of lack of discipline and courage in the war and sent up for trial to the praetor of Sicily, Cicero pleaded their cause brilliantly and won the day. While he was journeying to Rome, then, highly elated over these successes, he had a laughable experience, as he tells us.2, In Campania, namely, he Yn 5 36 * Or. pro Plancio, 26. This was in the succeeding year (74 B.C.). 95 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pire Soxobyte Tept Kapraviav, épéo Bau tiva 8n TOV TET ary LEVOV UT auto oryov exovar ‘Po- poaioe Kat Th ppovodary, as OVO LATOS Kal 60&ns TOV TET PAYLEVWY AUTO THV TOAW ATracay éuTeE- TANK@S* TOY O eimreiv: “ Ilob yap 7s, @ Kixépov, TOY YXpovoy TovTOV;’ TOTE pev ov éEabupHoat TavTaTract, eb KabaTEp Els TeNAYOS AYaves TID TOAL ELTETMVY O TEPL avUTOU AOdyos oOvdev Els dofav éridnrov wemoinkev: Batepov 5é Noyta mov éavT@ didovs Toru Tis Pirotiplas vpetrev, ws Tpos aoptaTov mpaypa THY doEay dpi RXO jLEV05 Kal TEpas ouK epic Tov Eyovgav. ov pay adna, TO ye Yaipew em aivoupevov Stag epovTws Kal ™ pos dofav éumabéctepov Eyerv AXpt TavTos avT@ Tapeuetve Kal modAovs TOAAAKIS TOY oplaY émreTapate Noyta uv. Via “AT TO{LEVOS 6é TAS ToreTEelas T pobupo- TEpOD, alax pov nyetro TOUS ev Bavavaous opya- vols Xpwopevous Kat oKeviery apuxoes pndevos awyvoetv dvopa poe Yvopav 7 Svvapey avr OY, TOV dé TOALTLKOD, @ ov avO pwrrav a cowal m pagers TEpaivovTa, pad vpe00s Kat GpEeh@s exe Tept THY TOY TOTO yrOow. 60ev ov povov TOV /Ovoma- Tov et Oube pn wovevely avTOV, ara Kat TOTOV ev @ TOV Yvopipov éxaaTos oiKel, Kab xeplov ov KEKTI TAL, Kal pirous ols TLct NpHrae, Kal yettovas éyivwaKe: Kab Tacav ody “Itadtas diatropevo- pévo Kixépwve mpoxetpov tv etmety cal émdetEas Tous ToV dirwy aypovs Kal Tas éTavrELs. Ovciav Sé ptxpav pév, (xavnv 6€ Kal tails daTdvats évapKh KexTnuevos eOavyaveto pre 96 864 CICERO, vi. 3-vn. 3 fell in with an eminent man whom he deemed his friend, and asked him what the Romans were saying and thinking about his achievements, supposing that he had filled the whole city with the name and fame of them; but his friend said: ‘Where, pray, have you been, Cicero, all this while?” At that time, then, as he tells us, he was altogether disheartened, seeing that the story of his doings had sunk into the city as into a bottomless sea, without any visible effect upon his reputation ; but afterwards he reasoned with himself and abated much of his ambition, con- vinced that the fame towards which he was emulously struggling was a thing that knew no bounds and had no tangible limit. However, his excessive delight in the praise of others and his too passionate desire for glory remained with him until the very end, and very often confounded his saner reasonings. VII. And now that he was engaging in public life with greater ardour, he considered it a shameful thing that while craftsmen, using vessels and instru- ments that are lifeless, know the name and place and capacity of every one of them, the statesman, on the contrary, whose instruments for carrying out public measures are men, should be indifferent and careless about knowing his fellow-citizens. Wherefore he not only accustomed himself to remember their names, but also learned to know the quarter of the city in which every notable person dwelt, where he owned a country-place, what friends he had, and what neigh- bours ; so that whatever road in Italy Cicero travelled, it was easy for him to name and point out the estates and villas of his friends. His property, though sufficient to meet his ex- penses, was nevertheless small, and therefore men 97 5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pura Dous punjre Mpa 7 poo LepEvos amo THS TuVN- yoplas, padtota © ore THV Kara Beéppov Stxny avéXaBe. TevTOY yap oTpaTnyov yeyovota THs Ducedlas Kal ToANA TeToVNnpevpévoy TOV X«xe- NwToOv Siw@KOVTM@VY EtrEV, OUK ElTMV, AA eE avTov 7 poTrov TLVA TOU [Ly ELTrEtD. TOV 14p oTpa- tnyav T® Béppyn xapfouévwv Kat TID Stxny imepBéceor Kat Staxpovoect TodXals els Ty voTaTny éxBarrovtor, Ss Hv Tpoonrov OTL TOS Noyous oO THs mpEpas OUK eFapnecel Xpovos ovee apperar 7 Epas 7) Kplals, avactas 0 Kuxépov épy pr) deta Par Noyvov, aNr’ erayayov TOUS MupTupas Kal emuxpivas EXENEVTE pepe Thv Whdhov Tovs SiKaoras. Opes € TOA Xaptevra dia pevnmovev- ETAL Kal Tepl exeivnv avTOD THY Siknv. PRéppnv yap ot ‘Pwyatoe Tov éxteTUNnMEVvoY Yotpov KaXov- gw. WS OUP dmerevOepiKos avOpwrros EVOXOS TO tovdaiverr, évona Kexinrtos, éBovnero TaApwoo ape- vOS TOUS LiKehioras KaTnyope TOU Beppov_ ge Ds "lovdai@ pos Xoipov; épy o Kixépwv. fv bé TO Béppn ayTiT as ULOS, OUK ehevdepios SoK@v Tpoic rac Oar THs apas. AowdopnOets ovv oO Kuxe- pov ELS _padaiay umo tov Béppou, ‘ Tots viots,” elTreD, ‘ éytos Oupav bei Aotdopeta Far.” Tov 6€ pyTtopos ‘Oprnciou THY peev evleiav TO Béppn CUVELTELY [41 TOALNOAVTOS, év O€ TO TLL MATE merabévtos mapayevécOat Kal Aa Boros éXehav- 1 That is, the last day on which the case could be tried during that year. The city praetor already elected for the coming year (69 Bc) favoured Verres, and Hortensius, the advocate of Verres, was to be consul in that year. He 98 CICERO, vu. 3-6 wondered that he would accept neither fees nor gifts for his services as advocate, and above all when he undertook the prosecution of Verres. This man, who had been praetor of Sicily, and whom the Sicilians prosecuted for many villainous acts, Cicero convicted, not by speaking, but, in a way, by actually not speaking. For the praetors favoured Verres, and by many obstacles and delays had put off the case until the very last day,! since it was clear that a day’s time would not be enough for the speeches of the advocates and so the trial would not be finished. But Cicero rose and said there was no need of speeches,? and then brought up and ex- amined his witnesses and bade the jurors cast their votes. Nevertheless, many witty sayings of his in connection with this trial are on record. For in- stance, ‘‘verres”’ is the Roman word for a castrated porker; when, accordingly, a freedman named Caeci- lius, who was suspected of Jewish practices, wanted to thrust aside the Sicilian accusers and denounce Verres himself, Cicero said: ‘‘What has a Jew to do with a Verres?”” Moreover, Verres had a young son, who had the name of lending himself to base practices. Accordingly, when Cicero was reviled by Verres for effeminacy, ‘‘ You ought,” said he, “to revile your sons at home.” And again, the orator Hortensius did not venture to plead the cause of Verres directly, but was persuaded to appear for him at the assessment of the fine, and received an ivory therefore used every artifice to delay the case. See Ciccro, in Verrem, i. 10, 31 ff. 2 Of the seven orations against Verres (including the Divinatio ir Caecilium) only the first two were delivered ; the others were compiled after the verdict had been pro- nounced, 99 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ti Lpiyya pa bov, ebTé TL Traryicos ) Kixéepov T pos avTov" Tov 6€ pyavtos aiveyparoov AvoEws drei pias EXEW, se Kai pnv emt tis otKxtas,” &py,} “ony Shiyya exes. VIII. Otto 6€ tov Béppou Katadicacderros, éBoopi}Kovta. TEVTE pupiadooy TLUN GHLEVOS THY Sixny o o Kixépwy StaBornv éoxyev ws er apyupio TO Tipn ia. Kal uperpevos. ov pny GAN of Suxedd- Tae Xap eldores aryopavopodvtos avToU TOAXG pev aryovTEs aro THs vajoou, TOAAA Oé Pépovres HOV, ov ovdey €T01jT ATO KEpOOS, arr écov émevwricas THY ayopav amexXpijaato Th ptroTiwla TOV dvO porov. “Exéxrnto dé xoptov kanov ev “Apross, Kal Tept Néay TOALY 79V dr pos Kal wept Toprnious ETEpos, Ov peydror peppy) TE Tepevtias THS yv- varios T POTEYEVETO pupiddwy Séxa, Kal KANpOVoO- puta. TLS vets évvéa Syvapiov cuvaxGeioa pupiaoas. aro TOUTWD érevd epics apa, Kal codppoves Outyrye PETA TOV cupSrovyTay “EX Agvev Kal ‘Popatov pirohoyor, omaveo, ev TOTE, 7 po Ov HOV pAtov KATAKRIVO{LEVOS, ovx, oUTw oe aoxoMay, @s Oa TO TOpa TO TTOMEX pox Onpas Svaxelpevov. AY dé Kal THY aNdayy Tept TO copa Ocparreiay aKpt- Bs Kal wepiTTos, @oTe Kal tpiireot Kat TepuTra- TOUS apiOue TeTaypéevors xphe ar. TovTOV TOV TpoTrov SraTrardaryory ov THY éEu avoo ov Kal dtapKn 7 pos TONAOUS Kal peyanous ayavas Kab MOVOUS TULELXED. oixiav 6é THY pev TaTppav TO aserg@ TApeX WNT ED, AUTOS. & wKEel Wept TO Tlavatiov umép Tov pn pakpay Basifovtas évo- 1 oixtas, pn, Hv Graux with M*: olxlas rn». 1o0o0 CICERO, vir. 6—viul. 3 sphinx as his reward; and when Cicero made some oblique reference to him and Hortensius declared that he had no skill in solving riddles, “ And yet,” said Cicero, “thou hast the Sphinx at thy house.” VIII. When Verres had thus been convicted, Cicero assessed his fine at seven hundred and fifty thousand denarii,! and was therefore accused of hav- ing been bribed to make the fine a low one. The Sicilians, however, were grateful to him, and when he was aedile brought him from their island all sorts of live stock and produce; from these he derived no personal profit, but used the generosity of the islanders only to lower the price of provisions. He owned a pleasant country-seat at Arpinum, and had a farm near Naples and another near Pom- peii, both small. His wife Terentia brought him besides a dowry of a hundred thousand denarii, and he received a bequest which amounted to ninety thousand. From these he lived, in a generous and at the same time modest manner, with the Greek and Roman men of letters who were his associates. He rarely, if ever, came to table before sunset, not so much on account of business, as because his stomach kept him in poor health. In other ways, too, he was exact and over-scrupulous in the care of his body, so that he actually took a set number of rubbings and walks. By carefully managing his health in this way he kept it free from sickness and able to meet the demands of many great struggles and toils. The house which had been his father’s he made over to his brother, and dwelt himself near the Palatine hill,? in order that those who came to pay their court to 1 See the note on iii. 2. 2 Ina house purchased after his consulship (ad fam. v. 6, 2). IO] 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES A \ (a 3 U > i? yAEtoPar Tous Gepatrevovtas avTov. éOepamrevov \ , € / > AS tA “ > > , dé Kal” auépav exit Ovpas hortavtes ovK édat- N td > A / \ Ps \ toves 7) Kpaooov ért mrovT@ Kal opumpiov dca A , , Thy €v TOS oTpaTEvpact SvVapw, Davpalopmévous ¢€ Jf padtota Pwpaiwy cat peyiotous évtas. Top- fo y \ / ’ 4 \ , mnios d€ Kal Kixépwva éOepareve, kal peydda \ ? A , Y mpos Ovvapuv avT@ Kal do€av 1 Kexépwvos cuvé- EA Tpakce TONLTELA. r dé \ Fi; ed \ > “A Te Lrparyyiav d€ meTiovT@Y aa CRD IA. fal \ “ id / s TONNWY KAL MEYANOV TPWTOS ATAUYTWY UVNYyopev- On Kai Tas Kpioes Edoke Kabapas Kal Kadr@s “A / \ / ig EpaBedoa. Déyerar 6€ cal Atkxivvtos Makep, \ , aA , avnp Kat Kal’ avtov toyvwv év TH TWOdEL peya / , A , A kat Kpacow xXpwopevos BonO@, Kpivopevos KNOT IS ’ A “ \ al ém avutov,! tH Suvvayer kal omovdh mremo0ws; $14 \ A “A “ f , eve THY Wihov Tov Kpitav diadhEepovtwv atar- \ ” , ? \ \ XN Aayels olkade KetpacOat Te THyv Keharnv KaTa \ ¢€ “ie id ‘\ Tayos Kal Kalapov ipatiov ws veriknKas KaBav > \ af fal \ avOus ets ayopay Tpoiévar: Tov d€ Kpdoaou rept THY AUAELOY ATAVTIHGAYTOS AUTO Kal PpacavTos ef , oF cal ¥ 3 / \ OTL Tagals Edhoxe Tats Whos, avactpeas Kat nw \ \ al ~ KatakAdtvels aTroVavervy. To dé mpayua TO Kuré- / v7 La > “~ , \ pove do€av nveyxey ws emripera@s BpaBevoavte TO / \ \ / \ Y4 Sixaotypvov. érret 6€ Ovartinios, avnp éyov Tt \ *, U > td b] A TpaYU Kal TPOS TOUS apxovTas Oywpov éVv Tats A \ , curnyopiats, yoipddwy d€ Tov TpaXndoV TeEpi- b) ~ ft \ N fa) / TAEWS, ITELTO TL KaTATTAS Tapa TOD KiKképwvos, 1 én’ avtod Cobet’s correction of the MS. bm’ aizod, adopted by Sintenis?, So Graux with Ma, 102 865 CICERO, vit. 3-1x. 3 him might not have the trouble of a long walk.!_ And men came to his house every day to pay him court, no fewer than came to Crassus for his wealth or to Pompey because of his influence with the soldiery, and these were the two greatest men among the Romans and the most admired. Nay, Pompey actually paid court to Cicero, and Cicero’s political efforts contributed much towards Pompey’s power and fame. IX. Although many men of importance stood for the praetorship along with Cicero, he was appointed first of them all;? and men thought that he managed the cases which came before him with integrity and fairness. It is said, too, that Licinius Macer, a man who had great power in the city on his own account and also enjoyed the help of Crassus, was tried before Cicero for fraud, and that, relying upon his influence and the efforts made in his behalf, he went off home while the jurors were still voting, hastily trimmed his hair and put on a white toga in the belief that he had been acquitted, and was going forth again to the forum; but Crassus met him at the house-door and told him that he had been convicted unanimously, whereupon he turned back, lay down upon his bed, and died. And the case brought Cicero the reputa- tion of having been a scrupulous presiding officer. Again, there was Vatinius, a man who had a harsh manner and one which showed contempt for the magistrates before whom he pleaded ; his neck also was covered with swellings. As this man once stood at Cicero's tribunal and made some request of him, 1 Cf. the Marius, xxxii. 1. 2 In 66 8.c. Eight praetors were appointed, and the one who received most votes was made city praetor, or chief magistrate. 103 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat on Svdovtos, AAAA BovdrEvopévou TorvY ypo- VOV, ELTEV WS OUK AV AUTOS StOTaGELE TEPL TOUTOU oTpaTny@v, emratpadets o Kuixépwv, “’AXAN eyo, el7rev, ‘ovK EY@ THALKOUTOV TPayNrOV.” "Ete 0 Ayépas dvo 7) Tpets ExovTs THS apxys avt@ Tpocnyayée tts Mavidtoy evOtvwrv KkdoTrHs. 0 6€ Mavirtos obTos Evvolay Eixe Kal oTrovdHY e \ fa! UTo TOU Onpov, Soxav érXavvecBat b1a Ioptrniov: éxeivou yap nv piros. attovyévou 8 nuepas avtov piav o Kixépwy povnv tiv ertotaay ebwxe: Kal 0 Ofmos yavantTyoey elOtopwévwv TOV OTpPATN- yav dSéxa TovAdYLaTOV nuépas OLidovat Tots Kiv- duvevouat. Tav O€ Onudpywv avToy diayayovTeVv éri TO BHua Kat KatTnyopovvTeY, axovabjvat denGeis eitev 6TL TOis KiVOvVEVOVELY dé, KAP OTOV Ol VOMOL TAPELKOVGL, KEYPNMEVOS ETTLELKAS kai piravOowras Sewvov yyetto TH Mavirio TAVTA I) TapacyXeiv: is ovV ETL fLoVNS KUPLOS HV HuEpAasS OTPATHYaY, TavTHY émiTNHdES OpicaL TO yap els adXov apxKovta Thy Kpiow éxBarelv ovK eivat Bovronévov PBonfeiv. tavta Reybévta Gavpactiy éroince Tov Shmouv petaBornv Kai ToNAa KaTevpnmovvTes avTov ed€ovTO THY UTEP tov Maviriov auvyyopiav avadaBeiv. o 8 v7é- aTn Tpolvmws, ovy HKiaTta Ova Llowmniov atovta: Kat KaTaoTas wari é€& vrapyns ednunyopnae, VEAVIK@S TOV OdLyapyLKoVv Kat TO Llopryiw pbovovvtwr Kaba ToueEvos. X. Eat 6€ thy bratetay ovx Brtov UTe TeV 104 CICERO ta e=x. 41 Cicero did not grant it at once, but took a long time for deliberation, whereupon Vatinius said that he himself would not have stuck at the matter had he been praetor. At this Cicero turned upon him and said: “ But I have not the neck that you have.” Two or three days before his term of office expired, Manilius was brought before him on a charge of fraudulent accounting. This Manilius had the good will and eager support of the people, since it was thought that he was prosecuted on Pompey’s account, being a friend of his. On his demanding several days in which to make his defence, Cicero granted him only one, and that the next; and the people were indignant because it was customary for the praetor to grant ten days at least to the accused. And when the tribunes brought Cicero to the rostra and denounced him, he begged for a hearing, and then said that he had always treated defendants, so far as the laws allowed, with clemency and kindness, and thought it an unfortunate thing that Manilius should not have this advantage; wherefore, since only one day was left to his disposal as praetor, he had purposely set this day for the trial, and surely it was not the part of one who wished to help Manilius to defer it to another praetor’s term. ‘These words produced a wonderful change in the feelings of the people, and with many expressions of approval they begged Cicero to assume the defence of Manilius. This he willingly consented to do, chiefly for the sake of Pompey, who was absent, and once more mounting the rostra harangued the people anew, vigorously attacking the oligarchical party and those who were jealous of Pompey. X. Yet he was advanced to the consulship no less 105 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 a“ A lan) “A S X\ Q ApLaTOKpATIiKaY TOV TOAN@Y TpOnYOn dia TiY fal 7 TOA €& ALTiAaS AUT@ TOLAVTNS CUVAYWVYLTALEVOV. A € \ SOA / a \ \ THS vO YvArAa yevouevns petaBorANns Tept THY aA XN , 4 , \ ToNTELav Ev apYH bev aTOTOV haveions, TOTE O€ Cal a) N , , Tols TOANOLS VIO Ypovou Kal ovvnOeias On Tiva f / / 9 KaTaoTaow exe ov dhavrnv doxovans, haav ob } tal tal al Ta TapovTa dtacetoar Kal petabeivat Entodytes 9Q/ ¢ en > \ \ / idiwy evexa TrEoveet@v, ov mpos TO BédXTLOTOD, of. \ 4 a a , Tloumrniou pev ett Tots Baorredouv ev Ilovtw kai oN , x A y be “A ‘p / S a previa ToAepobyTos, ev O€ TH Poun undepsas e eo 3 eae: upecTMaNS TPOs TOUS vewTepifovtas aEvopiayou duvauews. ovTOL Kopudpaioy eiyov avdpa ToAun- \ , THY Kal peyaroTpayLova Kal TolKiiov TO 00s, ? / a /, Aevxtov Katidivav, ds aitiay moté mpos adXots LOLK) yanots éXaB é : adixynpact meyadols EhaBe TtrapOévw avyyeyovévat , a > 3 \ e A \ 4 bl) \ Ouyatpl, ctetvat 0 adedgpov avtod: Kal dixny éml f 4 4 wn Tout doBovpevos erresce LUANaV ws ETL CovTA \ yy a ? Tov avOpwrov év Tois aToPavoupévors Tpoypaat. TOUTOV OVY TPOTTATHY oO! TOoVNpOL AaBovTES AAAS a ? 7 ” \ 7 Te TioTels aAANAOLS Edvcav Kal KataQvaavTes ” 3 / a a / > avOpwrov éyevoavto Tov capKkav. SiépOapto § Cd a ‘ id aA fol é um avTov TOAV pepos THs év TH ToAEL VEOTNTOS, 4 lal O0VaS KAL TOTOUS Kai yuvatK@V Epwtas del Tpo- a 4 ? A EevodvTos eXadoT@ KAaL THY els TavTa daTravny 9 al , 3 fal 3 v4 abevoas TapacKkevdfovto0s. eéemhpto 8 4 te Tup- N ce S fal pyvia mpos arootacw OAH Kal Ta TOAXKA THs ‘ 4 évros “AXrewy LTadatias. émrichadéotata 8§ e ¢ , \ \ 9 & \ \ bd a 7 Pwun mpos petaBornv elye dia THY év Tails 106 866 CICERO, x. 1-4 by the aristocrats than by the common people, and in the interests of the city, both parties seconding his efforts for the following reasons. The change which Sulla had made in the constitution at first ap- peared absurd, but now it seemed to the majority, owing to lapse of time and their familiarity with it, to afford at last a kind of settlement which was not to be despised. There were those, however, who sought to agitate and change the existing status for the sake of their own gain, and not for the best interests of the state, while Pompey was still carrying on war with the kings in Pontus and Armenia, and there was no power in Rome which was able to cope with the revolutionaries. These had for their chief a man of bold, enterprising, and versatile character, Lucius Catiline, who, in addition to other great crimes, had once been accused of deflowering his own daughter and of killing his own brother; and fear- ing prosecution for this murder, he persuaded Sulla to put his brother’s name, as though he were still alive, in the list of those who were to be put to death under proscription.! Taking this man, then, as their leader, the miscreants gave various pledges to one another, one of which was the sacrifice of a man and the tasting of his flesh.2 Moreover, Catiline had corrupted a large part of the young men in the city, supplying each of them continually with amusements, banquets, and amours, and furnishing without stint the money to spend on these things. Besides, all Etruria was roused to revolt, as well as most of Cisalpine Gaul. And Rome was most danger- ously disposed towards change on account of the TET epNe NS 0. XM NL, 2. 2 Cf. Dion Cassius, Hist. Rom. xxxvii. 30, 3. 107 PLUTARCH’S LIVES % / > , “ \ b] , / ovatats avwpuadriay, TOV pev év do&n padiota Kal , , A ppovipate KaTeTTwKEvLEVwD Eis Oéatpa Kat bei- \ , \ > , A \ lA mva Kat dirapyias Kal oixodoputas, Tov b€ Wrov- A 4 TwWY Els ayevvEels Kal TaTELWOUS cUVEppYNKOTOY 4 on t ~ “a x avOpwrrous, BaTE pliKpas pots deiaGar Ta Tmpa- YyMATA Kal TAVTOS Elvat TOD TOALNGAaYTOS éKOTH- \ a fal Cat THY TONLTELAY avTHY Up avTHS vocovdaay. XT. Ov pry adda Bovdopevos 0 Kartirivas / aA isyupov TL TpokaTaraety opuntipiov vratelav peTyEel* Kat NapTrpOs iv Talis éXriow ws Lal ? ¢ Avtwviw cuvuTatevowr, avdpt Ka? avutov peév \ ‘ / XN A e ovTe mpos To BEXTLOV OUTE TPOS TO YEtpoV HryeE- aA 3 povik@, wpoc8ijxkyn & ayovtos Etépou Suvapews écouévw. tavta 61) TOV Kadav Kal ayabav oi a d N A TrELaTOL TpoatcOopevoe TOV Kixépwva tmponyov emt THY UTaTELay’ Kal Tov Sypou SeEapévou Tpo- , e N oe , > 4 , \ N Gupwso pev Kartirivas é&étece, Kixépwv dé xat oo ¢ , A [dios “Avtwvios npéOnoav. Kaitot TOV peTioV- € / e a Twv 0 Kixépwy povos nv é& immtKkovd TraTpos, ov Bovrevtod, yeyoves. aa x , NIT. Kat ra pév wepi Kartirivav Euerrev rt \ \ 4 / \ ? Tous ToANOUS AavOavovTa, Tpoaywves SE beyaNot Thv Kexépwvos utratetay é€ed€EavTo. TovtTo peév \ ¢ / \ \ WN’ / yap ol KexwAULEVOL KATA TOUS LVANA VomOUS ,o9 ’ a 3 f% bl] , apxew, ovT aabeveis ovTes ovT OALyoL, pwETLOVTES \ A 4 apyas édnuaywyour, Toda THS DAA Tupav- , ro) ld a vidos adnO pév Kal dixata KaTnyopobvTes, ov \ a poy ev d€ovtTt THY TOALTE(av ovde GUY KaLPO wn “A \ , > “A KivOUVTES’ TOUTO O€ VvOsLOUS ELaHYOV oi Sijpapyxot 108 CICERO x. 4-xtl.2 irregularity in the distribution of property, since men of the highest reputation and spirit had beggared themselves on shows, feasts, pursuit of office, and buildings, and riches had streamed into the coffers of low-born and mean men, so that matters needed only a slight impulse to disturb them, and it was in the power of any bold man to overthrow the common- wealth, which of itself was in a diseased condition. XI. However, Catiline wished to obtain first a strong base of operations, and therefore sued for the consulship; and he had bright hopes that he would share the consulship with Caius Antonius, a man who, of himself, would probably not take the lead either for good or for bad, but would add strength to another who took the lead. Most of the better class of citizens were aware of this, and therefore put forward Cicero for the consul- ship, and as the people readily accepted him, Catiline was defeated, and Cicero and Caius Anto- nius were elected.|. And yet Cicero was the only one of the candidates who was the son, not of a senator, but of a knight. XII. The schemes of Catiline were still to remain concealed from the multitude, but great preliminary struggies awaited the consulship of Cicero. For, in the first place, those who were prevented from holding office by the laws of Sulla, and they were neither few nor weak, sued for offices and _ tried to win the favour of the people, making many charges against the tyranny of Sulla which were just and true, indeed, but disturbing the govern- ment at an improper and unseasonable time; and, in the second place, the tribunes were introducing 1 For the year 63 B.c 109 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ \ SEN bea eee , - Tpos THY avTiy vTOEatY, dexadupylav KabiaTar- , “A e “~ TES AUTOKPATOPwWY AVOPAY, ois Edetto TaaNS pev aT / 4 de Ss / \ eo 5 \ TI oh Tartas, Taans d€ Lvptas, Kal doa dra Lourniov / - a VEeWOTL MWpoTWPLOTO KUpLoUS OVYTaS Twdely TA , / A fe dnpoola, Kpivery ods dSoxoin, duyddas éx Barre, , , a “A guvoixivey modes, YXpipata AapBavew ex Tov id , / \ TAMLELOV, OTpaTiwTas Tpéhey Kal KaTaréyeu \ \ “A , “A oTocwy O€owTo. O10 Kal TO VvOLM Mpocelyov » “ a \ a > e avo TE TOY ETLhaVvaV Kat TP@TOS “AvT@VLOS oO “A / “ Tov Kuxépwvos cvvapxov @s tay déxa yevnoo- 3 / \ \ ‘\ al 7 \ pevos. €doKer O€ Kai Tov Katiriva vewtepto pov 20 \ 3 , e\N , ; A elom@s ov duaxepaivery UTO TANOOUVS Savetwy' 6 A f / n partota Tos apiotos PoGov wapetye. n A S e Kat todtov mpa@tov Oepavevwy o Kixepwy by / \ > 7 al > n , exetvo pev Eerndicato tav éerapyiav Maxedoviar, n \ \ | / lé / avt@ dé THY LTadatiav didopevnv trapnticato, , “A 4 iA ‘ b] / Kal KATELPYaTAaTO TH YUapiTL TAVTN TOV > AVTwVLOY e \ a \ @oTeEp vToKpiTy)VY éuproPov avT@ Ta devTEpa 5 a / > « neyely UTep THS TaTpioos. ws 6 OdTOS éadwxKet \ , b) / n of na ¢ Kat xelporijOns éyeyover, “adrAov 16n Oappav o r / \ a “A Ktxépwy éviotato mpos Tovs KaLvoTomovYTas. ey 3 A “A f \ “A , pev ovvy tH BovrAn KaTHYOpLAaY TiVa TOU VvoLoU . e / \ diatiOémevos ovTws eer AnEEY abTovs TOUS ciodé- \ / b] \ 9 povtas wate pydevy avtihéyerv. émel 8 atOus / fal émrexelpovy Kal TapecKevacpévot TpoeKaodvTo \ “A b] \ , ¢ TOUS UTUuToOUS él TOV dSHuov, ovdev UITOdEetaas O \ \ \ Kixépwv, adr THY BovAny érecbat Kedevoas Kab / / \ / mooedOwv, ov povoy 退Bare Tov vopuov, adrAda aA oy) \ Kat TOV GAAwWY aTroyVavat Tors Snpapyous | @ te) CICERO, xu. 2-5 laws to the same purpose, appointing a commission of ten men with unlimited powers, to whom was committed, as supreme masters of all Italy, of all Syria, and of all the territories which Pompey had lately added to the empire, the right to sell the public lands, to try whom they pleased, to send into exile, to settle cities, to take moneys from the public treasury, and to levy and maintain as many soldiers as they wanted. Therefore many of the prominent men also were in favour of the law, and foremost among them Antonius the col- league of Cicero, who expected to be one of the ten. It was thought also that he knew about the conspiracy of Catiline and was not averse to it, owing to the magnitude of his debts; and _ this was what gave most alarm to the nobles. This alarm Cicero first sought to allay by getting the province of Macedonia voted to his colleague, while he himself declined the proffered province of Gaul; and by this favour he induced Antonius, like a hired actor, to play the second réle to him in defence of their country. Then, as soon as Antonius had been caught and was tractable, Cicero opposed himself with more courage to the inno- vators. Accordingly, he denounced the proposed law in the senate at great length, and so terrified the very promoters of it that they had no reply to make to him. And when they made a second attempt and after full preparation summoned the consuls to appear before the people, Cicero had not the slightest fear, but bidding the senate follow him and leading the way, he not only got the law rejected, but also induced the tribunes to desist Pit PLUTARCH’S LIVES = , NY a A , , émoinoe, Tapa ToTOVTOV T@ NOyYH KpaTnOEevTAS UT AUTOD. Yr \ oe . / XIII. Mddtota yap ovtos 0 arynp érréderEe 86 e / ee ¢ a / a n , Pwpaiots doov 7S0vis NOYOS TO KAXO Tpoctt- ef N , , ‘0 Nn b] a Ono, Kal OTL TO StKaLoy antTTHTOV éoTLV av OpOas / \ A \ b] A , coy NéyynTas, Kal Sed TOV EumeADS TWoOALTEVOMEVOY EL A \ “A F TO peev Epy@ TO KaAOV avTL TOU KONAKEVOVTOS Fr a aA \ , \ a b] a fa) aipetabat, T® SE NOY TO AUTrODY adatpEty TOD & & , a ‘ ’ a a \ \ , auudepovtos. detypa O€ avTod THs wept Tov do- \ \ \ \ , a yov Xapitos Kal TO epi Tas Beas ev TH UTraTEla , “A \ e a) , a YEVOLEVOV. TOV Yap (mmTLK@V TpOTEpoV év TOTS / a “a x Oeatpots avapepiypévoy Tots Todos Kab peta A , “ , Tov Sipuou Oewpévwv ws ETUXE, TOMTOS Sréxpivev “A \ / \ ‘a wv a eal Tien TOUS imméas ATO TOV AdNWY TOdTOV 5 Y a \ Madpxos “OOwyv otpatnyav, cat Créverpev idiav iA ¢ a / éxetvors Oéav, iy éte Kat viv é£atpetov eyovat. wn \ 5] 4 c an byé \ f TOUTO pos ATipias Oo Ohwos EXKaBe, Kal dhavévtos na , ie év Oedtpw tov “Obwvos ehufpifwrv ecupiTtev, ob 8 (mwmeis uméXaBov Kpotw tov avdpa AaUTPG Ss P é P ‘ ad pws. > \ ¢ wn > / N - 9S avOts b€ o Shuos eméTetve Tov cuUpLypov, cita n , , éxelvol Tov KpoToV. €x b€ TOUTOUV TpaTrOopMEVOL / A , \ Tpos GAAAOUS Eyp@vTo Ao.doptats, Kal To Oé- , a \ b] ¢ @ aTpov adxoopia katetyev. éret & 0 Kixépwy ire , \ XN wn aA muOopevos Kab Tov Shpov éexxaréoas pos TO TIS IT fa) e \ is , Epvods (tepov émetinoe Kal Tapnvecev, amred- 1 See the three orations de Lege Agruria, which have come down to us almost intact. 112 CICERO, xu 5-x1n. 4 from the rest of their measures, so overpowered were they by his eloquence.! XIII. For this man beyond all others showed the Romans how great a charm eloquence adds to the right, and that justice is invincible if it is correctly put in words, and that it behooves the careful statesman always in his acts to choose the right instead of the agreeable, and in his words to take away all vexatious features from what is advantageous. A proof of the charm of his dis- course may be found in an incident of his con- sulship connected with the publie spectacles. In earlier times, it seems, the men of the equestrian order were mingled with the multitudes in the theatres and saw the spectacles along with the people, seated as chance would have it; Marcus Otho was the first to separate in point of honour the knights from the rest of the citizens, which he did when he was praetor,? and gave them a_par- ticular place of their own at the spectacles, which they still retain. The people took this as a mark of dishonour to themselves, and when Otho ap- peared in the theatre they hissed him insultingly, while the knights received him with loud applause. The people renewed and increased their hisses, and then the knights their applause. After this they turned upon one another with reviling words, and disorder reigned in the theatre. When Cicero heard of this he came and summoned the people to the temple of Bellona, where he rebuked 2 It was in 67 B.c., four years before Cicero’s consulship, that Lucius Roscius Otho, as tribune of the people, introduced his law giving the equites a special place at the spectacles, namely, the fourteen rows of seats next those of the senators. The law, however, had only recently been enacted. 113 PLUTARCH’S LIVES N / bd / Ny Govres adOus eis TO Péatpov éxpotovy tov "Obwva val ‘\ \ e 4 f AapTpPOs Kal Tpos Tous immeas apthray €7rot- A lal ‘i , “ , odvto Tept Tyua@y Kal doEns TOU avdpos. ea \ \ pee i XIV. ‘H 6€ wepi tov Katidtvay cuvwpocia / \ a amTnkaca Kai KaTabetcaca THY apynV adOls ave- / \ “ 5] 4 \ , Ouppet, Kat ovviyyov uddnXovs Kal Tapexadovy ef ~ EUTOAMOTEpoY amtecOar TOY Tpaypatwy TTply >] lal Pion ” / ¢, , éeraverOetv Loprijiov dn Neyomevoy uToatpéhery \ la) ? id \ NX / peta THS Suvduews. pardtota o€ Tov Katerivav 4 a éEnpéOrSov of YvAAA Tddat otTpaTi@Tal, StaTre- ¢ \ oe fa! ? 4 “ \ \ PUKOTES ev oANS THS IradXias, wreltaTtot b€ Kat , la tad 4 payipetato tats Tuppnvixais éyxatecTrappévor t e \ f \ / , TONETLY, ApTayas TUAW Kal dtahopijcels TOV- , bd a“ & \ 4 TWV ETOLMWVY OVELPOTTOAOVYTES. OUTOL yap nyEwova , / nw 9 ~ \ 4 Madrduov éxovtes, avopa Tov éripaves vo LVA- , fal vi AQ oTpaTevoapévwy, cuvictavto T® Katirtra lol e , Kal Taphoav els ‘Pouny cuvapxatpectacovtes. a , UTatetay yap avOis petnet, BeLovrevpévos ave- a / N \ a a Nery Tov Kixépwva Tept avTOV THY apyYatpeci@V \ , x0 7 \ \ \ t tov GopuBov. édoxet &€ Kat TO dalpovioy Tpocn- \ f Cal \ an ualvery TA TpacaopEera cEeLapmois Kab KEepauvois ¢ ’ ? id , Kat dacpaciv. at 0 am avopwtav pxnvicers b lal \ i ” a] > of. 3 aA arnOeis pév aay, ovrw O ets EdXeyXov aToYpa- \ \ / / a gai Kat avdpos évddEou cat dvvapévou péya Tod bad , \ \ ¢ , a ’ A Karidiva. 610 THY pepav TOV apyalperiov e , e ul > 7 \ cad , b uTepOewevos 0 Kixepwv éexadret tov Katirivav ets , \ a / THY TVYKANTOY Kal TEPL TOV eyouevwy avex pier. \ 27 9 o 6é ToAAOUS OlOpFVOS Eivat TOUS Tpay_LaToV ~ / > a“ “ er “ Kawov epiemevous ev TH BovdAn, Kal apa Tols T14 CICERO, xi. 4-xiv. 4 and exhorted them, whereupon they went back again to the theatre and applauded Otho loudly, and vied with the knights in showing him honour and esteem. XIV. But Catiline and his fellow-conspirators, who at first were cowed and terrified, began once more to take courage, and assembling themselves together exhorted one another to take matters in hand more boldly before Pompey came back, and he was said to be now returning with his army. It was the old soldiers of Sulla, however, who were most of all urging Catiline on to action. These were to be found in all parts of Italy, but the greatest numbers and the most warlike of them had been scattered among the cities of Etruria, and were again dreaming of robbing and plundering the wealth that lay ready to hand. These men, I say, with Manlius for a leader, one of the men who had served with distinction under Sulla, asso- ciated themselves with Catiline and came to Rome to take part in the consular elections. For Catiline was again a candidate for the consulship, and had determined to kill Cicero in the very tumult of the elections. Moreover, even the heavenly powers seemed, by earthquakes and thunderbolts and ap- paritions, to foreshow what was coming to pass. And there were also human testimonies which were true, indeed, but not sufficient for the conviction of a man of reputation and great power like Catiline. For this reason Cicero postponed the day of the elections, and summoning Catiline to the senate, examined him concerning what was reported. But Catiline, thinking that there were many in the senate who were desirous of a revolution, and at IIs PLUTARCH’S LIVES cuveporais eveerxripevos, amexpivato TO Kuixe- pove pavichy amoxpiow “Tiyap,’ én, “ mpatta Servov, et, Svetv cwpmaTwv dvT@v, Tod péev Laxvod kat katepOivnxdtos, éxovtos b& Keparry, TOD 0 axepdrov pév, iaxupod dé Kal peyarou, TOUT Keharny avtos éretTlOnp;” TovTw@y eis TE TH Boudry Kal Tov Shpov yveywévov vT avtov, par- rov 6 Kexépwr SSerce, kal TeOwpaxtopévov avtov of te Suratol WavTEes ATO THS oikKias KaL TOV véwy modo KaTiyayov eis TO Tediov. Tov dé Owpaxos érityndes brépawé Tt Tapavaas &k TOV WLwV TOU YLTOVOS, évderxvUpevos TOs OpPMTL TOV KLVOU- vov. of & ayavdxrouv Kab ouvertpépovto Tept avrév: Kal Tédros ev Tais Wydous Tov pev Katinre- vav abOis é&éBadov, etAovto 5€ Liravov vratov Kat Moupnvav. XV. OF worAAG 8 Batepov TovTwy Hon TO Karirira tav év Tuppnvig cuvepxopevwr Kat kataroxilopevwr, Kal THS wploperns pos THV erica huépas éyyus ovens, jKov emt tHv Kexe- povos oixiav mept péras ruKTas aydpes of TpaTot cal Svvatotato. ‘Pwpaiwy, Mapxos te Kpaoaos cat Mdpxos Mapreddxs Kat L«nmiwv MétedXos: kowavtes 5é Tas Ovpas Kal Kadécavtes Tov Ov- pwpov éxédevov emeyeipar kal ppdcar Kixépwre Thy Tapovelav avTav. ip dé rotovder TS Kpac- ow peta Seitrvov émiatoddas arodidwow o Ou- popes, v1rd Sy Tivos avOpaTrou KopLaOeicas ayve- otov, dAdas AAXols Eruyeypammévas, aVT@ de Kpdoow piav adéorotor. hv povny avayvous 6 Kpdaaos, ws &ppave ta ypappata dovov yevn- 116 86& CICERO, xtv. 4—xv. 2 the same time making a display of himself to the conspirators, gave Cicero the answer of a madman: “What dreadful] thing, pray,’ said he, “am I doing, if, when there are two bodies, one lean and wasted, but with a head,! and the other headless, but strong and large, I myself become a head for this?” Since this riddle of Catiline’s referred to the senate and the people, Cicero was all the more alarmed, and he wore a_ breastplate when all the nobles and many of the young men escorted him from his house to the Campus Martius. Moreover, he purposely allowed the spectators to get a glimpse of his breastplate by loosing his tunic from his shoulders, thus showing them his peril. The people were incensed and rallied about him; and finally, when they voted, they rejected Catiline once more, and elected Silanus and Murena consuls.” XV. Not long after this, when Catiline’s soldiers in Etruria were already assembling and forming into companies, and when the day set for their attack was near, there came to the house of Cicero at mid- night men who were the leading and most powerful Romans, Marcus Crassus, Marcus Marcellus, and Scipio Metellus; and knocking at the door and sum- moning the doorkeeper, they bade him wake Cicero and tell him they were there. Their business was what I shall now relate. After Crassus had dined, his doorkeeper handed him some letters which an unknown man had brought; they were addressed to different persons, and one, which had no sig- nature, was for Crassus himself. Crassus read _ this letter only, and since its contents told him that 1 Unum debile, infirmo capite (Cicero, pro Murena, 25, 51). 2 For the year 62 B.c. VOL. VIL. E eh PLUTARCH’S LIVES haa J / ~ aopevov trodvv 61a Katidiva, cal Twapnver Tis e a \ ’ X >] monews vmeEeNGeiy, Tas AANas ovVK EXVGEV, UAX ‘ \ la) Heev evOds mpos Tov Kixépwva, wrANyEls VITO TOD a a , , Oelvov, KAL TL THS AlTias ATTOAVOMEVOS HY ETE \ a“ ag dua didiav Tov Watidtva. Bovrevodpuevos otv o Kixépwy ap’ ryuépa Bov- ; ieee ge sealed gine cre dc , AyV cuPIyaye, Kal TAS ETLTTONAS KOpicas aTre- aN / 7 a dwxev ols oayv émetTadpéval, KedNeVaAas Phavepars na n ’ ® e , \ avayveval. mwacat & Aoav opotws ériBovrAnv f > \ \ 4 rT Ia ba SN ppufovoat. éret d€ kal Koivtos “Apptos, avnp , , TTPATHYLKOS, aTNYyyENXE TOUS ev Tuppyria Kata- 4 \ , f \ AOXLT MOUS, KAL MadQuos ATNYYENAETO TUV KEL pL f \ \ b) , b] ra ,’ , peydryn Tepl TAS TONES ExELVAS ALWPOU{LEVOS del a \ ‘ a / 4 Te mTpoadokav Kaivoy amo THS “Pwuns, yivetat al A 7 “ doypa THs BovAs wapaxatatibecbat tots vira- \ {8 / 3 i Tos Ta mpayparta, SeEapévous 6 éxEivous ws / “ , \ fa) émiagtavrat dtoixety Kai cwbe THY TOALW. TOTO b] b] ao > > ce A / wn 6 ov TWoAAdKIS, GAN OTAaV TL peya Seton, TOLELV / elwGev 7) ovyKANTOS. rT ; 5 fi XVI. ’Eaet 6é tavtnv AaBwv tiv éEovciav o a \ f , A , Kixépwv ta pev Ew mpdypata Kolvto MerérAXro f \ \ , 5 \ diemtatevoe, THY O€ TOdW eElye Oia YeEtpos Kal , , / ’ fal Kal’ *pépav mponet Sopupopovpevos UT avdpav \ aA ind a A TocovTwYy TO TAHVOS WaTE THS ayopas ToAv , > nw pépos KaTéxerv €uPadXovtos avtov Tovs TapaTrép- a \ TOVTAS, OVKETL KapTEep@Y THY pédAdXynaow oO Karti- a b] N ‘ 3 nm ” ‘ \ , Alvas avTOS meV ExTINdaY Eyvw pos TOV MaddXLov 1 See the Crassus, xiii 3. Cicero’s treatise on his consulship, there referred to, was written in Greek, and is not extant. 118 CICERO, xv. 2-xvi. I there was to be much bloodshed caused by Catiline, and advised him to escape secretly from the city, he did not open the rest, but came at once to Cicero, terrified by the danger, and seeking to free himself somewhat from charges that had been made against him on account of his friendship for Catiline.} Cicero, accordingly, after deliberation, convened the senate at break of day, and carrying the letters thither gave them to the persons to whom they had been sent, with orders to read them aloud. All the letters alike were found to tell of a plot. And when also Quintus Arrius, a man of praetorian dignity, brought word of the soldiers who were being mus- tered into companies in Etruria, and Manlius was reported to be hovering about the cities there with a large force, in constant expectation of some news from Rome, the senate passed a decree that matters should be put in the hands of the consuls, who were to accept the charge and manage as best they knew how for the preservation of the city.2 Now, the senate is not wont to do this often, but only when it fears some great danger. XVI. On receiving this power Cicero entrusted matters outside to Quintus Metellus, while he him- self kept the city in hand and daily went forth attended by so large a bodyguard that a great part of the forum was occupied when he entered it with his escort. Thereupon Catiline, no longer able to endure the delay, resolved to hasten forth 2 Dent operam consules ne quid respublica detrimenti capiat (Sallust, Catiline, 29); decrevit quondam senatus ut L. Opimius consul videret ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet (Cicero, ta Catz. i. 2, 4). 119 PLUTARCH’S LIVES émri TO atpatevpa, Mdpxvov oé Kat KéOnyov éxé- Aeuoe Eipn AaBovras EXOeiv et Tas Ovpas Ew O ev QS LOTAG OMEVOUS TOV Kirépova Kal Say prjoa- aOat TpooTred ovTas. TovTo Dovrfia, yur? Tav éemipavav, éEayyédrer T@ Kixépwvi, vuxtos en Goboa Kal BONES purarrec 0a TOUS mept tov Ké@nyov. 5 nov ape MEE, Kal Koduevtes cicenBely + jjendma Kal KaTeBowr eTL Gupass, MOTE UTOTTOTEPOL yevéo Pau. 7 poen- Pav 2 O Kirépov eKaNEL THY ouyKA TOV Eis TO Tov Stnotov Aros Lepov, Ov Lrdropa Popator Kadovory, Ldpupevon € Ev APXH THS tepas 0600, 7 pos TO Harareov avidvtwyv. évtavda Kat tod Kate- iva peTa TOV AdrwY EXMOVTOS wS aTOOYNCO- pévou, cuyKabiaat pev ovdels Uréperve TOV oUY- KNYNTIKOV, ANA TavTEs GTO TOD BaOpou peTHA- Oov. apEdapevos dé Neyerv EOopuBelto, Kat TEXOS avagTas o Kixépwv mpooerager avT@ THs Toews aTanrrattecOa Seiv yap avTod pee Aorvyous, éxel- vou 6 oTdoLs TONLTEVO[LEVOV plécov elvat TO TELXOS. 0 pev ovv Karedivas evOvs efeN av META TpLAKOOLOY om hopopav Kat TEPLOTNO AMEV OS avT@ paBsovxtas QS dpxovre Kal TENEKELS Kat onpatas émrapapevos, mpos tov Maddtov eYopet: Kal Sto pupiwv ofLovd TL ovvnOpore peveov eT Net Tas Toves avarelOwy Kal adloTdas, WOTE TOU TOXE- pov pavepod yeyovoTtos Tov *AvT@vioy aToaTAaNh- vat Stapayovpevov. een rm et me 1 From Cicero’s oration pro Sulla (6, 18) and Sallust’s Catiline (28) it appears that the names of these would-be murderers were Caius Cornelius and Lucius Vargunteius. 120 CICERO, xv! 1-4 to Manlius and his army, and ordered Marcius and Cethegus! to take their swords and go early in the morning to the house of Cicero on pretence of paying him their respects, and there to fall upon him and dispatch him. This scheme Fulvia, a woman of high rank, made known to Cicero, coming to him by night and urging him to be on his guard against Cethegus and his companion. The men came at break of day, and when they were prevented from entering, they were incensed and made an outcry at the door, which made them the more sus- pected. Then Cicero went forth and summoned the senate to the temple of Jupiter Stesius (or Stator, as the Romans say), which was_ situated at the beginning of the Via Sacra, as you go up to the Palaces hill. Thither Cantina also came with the rest in order to make his defence; no senator, however, would sit with him, but all moved away from the bench where he was. And when he began to speak he was interrupted by outcries, and at last Cicero rose and ordered him to depart from the city, saying that, since one of them did his work with words and the other with arms, the city-wall must needs lie between them.’ Catiline, secon ainelys left the city at once with three hundred armed followers, assumed the fasces and axes as though he were a magistrate, raised standards, and marched to join Manlius; and since about twenty thousand men altogether had been collected, he marched round to the various cities endeavouring to persuade them to revolt, so that there was now open war, and Antonius was sent off to fight it out. * CE Cicero, m Cate. i. 5, 10. Leos PLUTARCH’S LIVES r > ¢ ~ 4 val XVII. Tods & varorepbevtas év TH TONEL TOV 4 ¢ x lal ed , ~ \ dtehOappévoy vo tov Katidiva ouviye Kat , if mapefappuve Kopyidcos Aevtdos Lovpas étikry- SN / \ ’ f \ \ / ov, avynp yevous ev évdoEou, BeBiwxas b€ hav- / an a Aws Kal bt acérXyetayv e€EeAnAapEvos THS BovdrAs f X\ ~ MTpoTEpov, ToTE O€ aTpaTHYoY TO SEeVTEPOY, @S GOos éati tots €& UTapxhs avaxtwpévots TO Bov- , / \ NeuTLKOY aELwpa. RéyeTas O€ Kal THY érikANoLD A 4 4 avT@ yevéobat tov Lovpav €& aitias Toravrns. a eA L ? év Tots Kata LvANaY yYpovols Tapsevwv aUYVa TOV Snpociwv XYpnuaTwoV aT@rEdE Kai SrePOerpev. 9 ~ XV “A , \ 4 b ] ayavaktouvtos b€ Tov YvAAa Kal Aoyov atral- lal “ \ TOUYTOS EV TH TVYKANTW, TpPoEAGwY OdLYWPwWS “A , Tavu Kal KatappovnTiKas oyov pev ovK edn / / \ \ / ef diddvat, Tapéxerv O€ THY KYnLNY, OoTEp EL@O ELT AD id n~ ~ / ol Taides OTaV Ev TO ohHhaipiCew apiptwatv. éK , / / \ € TovTou Lovpas mapwvouacOn covpayv yap ot ‘p a \ , XE aN be é w@pato. THY KYnunv Eeyovolt. Tari 6é Sixnv f f a a éyov kat dtapGetpas éeviovs tev SixacTap, érel \ 2 Z f / 4 , dval povais amrepuye Wudols, edn Tapavaropa / / io / a yeyovévat T0 Oatépm KpiThH Sobév: apxety yap et Kat pia Widw povoy amervd : ey MN tae i 1). ‘ ; Totrov ovta tH duces ToLovtToOV KEKLVNwévOY ‘ an / , a uTo Tov Katiriva mpoocdsépOetpav édXmiat Kevais wrevdoudvTers Kal yontes ern TeTacpEVA Kal \ 46 e bf a v / yYpnopous aoovTes, ws ek TOV LuBvAdELwv, Tpo- fa) , 9s ma ¢ , SnrovvTAS Elpappévous eivae TH “Pawpwn Kopynr- ~ = Q 7 \ > ous Tpéls povapyous, @Y Ovo peEv On TEeTANPO- re X , Kk \ ~~ , , \ KEvaL TO Ypewv, Wivvay Te Kal SUAXADY, TPLIT@ de 122 CICERO, xvu. 1-4 AVI. The creatures of Catiline who had been left behind in the city were brought together and en- couraged by Cornelius Lentulus, surnamed Sura, a man of illustrious birth, but one who had led a low life and for his licentiousness had formerly been ex- pelled from the senate, though now he was serving as praetor for the second time, as is the custom with those who have recovered their senatorial dignity. It is said too that he got his surname of Sura for the following reason. In Sulla’s time he was quaestor and lost and wasted large amounts of the public moneys. Sulla was angry at this and demanded an ac- counting from him in the senate, whereupon Lentulus came forward with a very careless and contemptuous air and said that he would not give an aecount, but would offer his leg, as boys were accustomed to do when they were playing ball and made a miss. On this account he was surnamed Sura, for “sura”’ is the Roman word for deg. At another time, too, he was under prosecution and had bribed some of the jurors, and when he was acquitted by only two votes, he said that what he had given to the second juror was wasted money, since it would have sufficed if he had been acquitted by one vote only. Such was the nature of this man who had been stirred up by Catiline, and he was further corrupted by vain hopes held out to hiin by false prophets and jugglers. These recited forged oracles in verse pur- porting to come from the Sibylline books,! which set forth that three Cornelii were fated to be monarchs in Rome, two of whom had already fulfilled their destiny, namely, Cinna and Sulla, and that now to AeCl Cicero, 1m Cali. 111.4, 9. PLUTARCH’S LIVES an , b 4 , \ i AOLTO Kopynhim oe pepovta Tae aes gies! e “ / N HKewv Tov Saipova, Kal ety wavtws SéyerOas Kai \ , yp. A} / ef pn dvadGetpery péAXXOVTA TOUS KaLpOS, WaTTED Katirivas. XVITI. Ovd€ev obv érrevoes ptxpov o Aévtros 4) ’ donuov, GAN ededoKxTO THY BovAnY amacay avat- pely TOV T AAAWY TOALT@Y Soous SvUVaLTO, THY 4 > > \ f , , wok 6 avtivy KaTtatipmpavar, heidecOat Te pndevos 7} TAV Lloumniov téxvwv' tavta & éEap- ’ n TATAMEVOUS EXELY VP AUTOS Kal PuAAaTTELY GuNpa an N II fw 6 x , Bs 0 \ b) / tov mpos Ilopmniov diadvoewv’ dn yap édoita \ / \ , C \ b] a , joAus NOYyos Kal BEeBaros uTEp avTov KaTLOVTOS a , ve: \ o¢ aro THS meyadns oTpaTelas. Kal vvE pév WptaoTo s \ peed , an / , ‘ mpos THY eiPecw mia Tov Kpoviddwr, Edn dé wn A \ a f Kal otummeta Kat Oetov ets THY KeOnyou dépovtes 5S eld 3 , LA \ , e \ oikiay améxpuav. avdpas 6€ tTd€avtes éxaTor a ~ ¢ ’ Kal pépn Tocavta THs Pwpns exactov ed Exa- Le fal oTw@ SLEKAHPWTAY, WS OL OALYOU TOAAGY arvav- , / twv hréyoto travTayolev 1 Torts. adror be \ 3 s v7 >] if > ¢ TOUS OXETOVS E“eddrOV euhpakavtes aTroapattetv e ie TOUS VOpEevopmeEvous. IIpatropéevwr S€ Tovtwy etvyov éridnjovdytes , / "ArXdoBpiyov dvo mpéecBes, EOvovs partota 67 , TOTE TOVNPA TpaTTOVTOS Kal PBapvvoygevou TH e , , e \ , > , Hyemoviav. TouTous ot wept AevTNOY wErtwous \ “ \ a WYOUMEVOL TPOS TO KLITTaL Kal peTaBaXeiy THY i , \ f Taratiav éroinoavto ovvmpotas. Kal ypaupata an \ a , id pev autois mpos THv éxet Bovrnv, ypappata be a N Ay apos Katidivay Socay, TH pev vntoxvovpmevot 124 CICERO, xvu. 4-xvitt. 3 him, the third and remaining Cornelius, the heavenly powers were come with a proffer of the monarchy, which he must by al] means accept, and not ruin his opportunities by delay, like Catiline. XVIII. Accordingly, it was no trifling or insignifi- eant plan which Lentulus was cherishing, nay, it was decided to kill all the senators and as many of the other citizens as they could, to burn down the city itself, and to spare no one except the children of Pompey ; these they were to seize and hold in their own custody and keep as hostages for their recon- ciliation with Pompey; for already there was current a wide-spread and sure report of his coming back from his great expedition. A night had also been fixed for the attempt, a night of the Saturnalia,! and swords, tow, and brimstone had been carried to the house of Cethegus and hidden there. Moreover, they had appointed a hundred men and assigned by lot as many quarters of Rome to each one severally, in order that within a short time many might play the incendiary and the city be everywhere in a blaze. Others, too, were to stop up the aqueducts and kill those who tried to bring water. But while this was going on, there chanced to be staying at Rome two ambassadors of the Allobroges, a nation which at that time was in a particularly evil plight and felt oppressed by the Roman sway. These men Lentulus and his partisans thought would be useful in stirring up Gaul to revolt, and therefore took them into the conspiracy. They also gave them letters to their senate, and letters to Catiline, making 1 At the time of the conspiracy of Catiline the Saturnalia lasted only one day, December 19; in the time of Augustus three days were devoted to them (December 17-19). See the note on Sulla, xviii. 5. 125 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Thy érevGepiav, Tov d€ Katirivay mapaxanovvtes érevdepmaavTa Tovs dovrous ent THY Payny éNavvery. curaTeaTEdRov dé peT avTav ™ pos tov Katirivay Titov tua Kpotwmarny, Kxopi- Covta tas émtatoAds. ola 6 avOpwrayv actad- nTwOVY Kal peT Olvou TA TOAAA Kal yUVvaLKaY b , bd , i , \ ahrAndots EvTVyYavovtwy BovrAevpaTa TOVw Kal OYTO vnPovee Kal Tuverel TEPLTTH Stokov 7) Kixépor, Kal TONAOUS ev EXov éEwOev émricko- mobvTas TA T PAT TOMLEVA, Kat cuvettxvevortas avTO, Toots 6€ TOV peTeXeLv SoxouvT@vy Tips cwveapLoias Suaher/ojrevos Kpupa Kal TL TEVOY, éyya THY mpos Tous Eévous Koworoyiav: Kal vuKkTos évedpevaas €raBe Tov Kpotmvdtny cal ta ypaupata, curepyouvTwy adyAws tav *AXXo- Bpiyov. XIX. “Apa é MEY Bovrnv aOpoicas Els TO THs ‘Oporotas iepov eEaveyva TQ ypappara Kat TOY pqvuTav Sujcoucer. épn O€ Kat Leaves "lovvios axnkoévat tivas Ke@rjyou déyovtos ws Umatol TE THElS KAL OTpaTHYyoOL TETTAPES avatpeEl- c@at pérXXovat. Towadta 6 Erepa Kai Letcwr, oeN e / bf i Fue , xt , avnp uTaTLKOS, elanyyere. TVadios 5€ Xovarrixcos, eis TOV OTPATHYOY, et THY olkiay TeudOels Tod Ke@zjyou moda pev év aura Bern Kal O7mAa, TrElaoTA O€ Eby Kal payaipas ebpe veoOnk Tous aTUoas. téoOs 6€ TO Kpotwmdry Waypioanerns adetav é7l penvvg ee TIS Bovris eLereyx Geis O AévtXos aT@pocato Ty apyny (aTpaTnyav yap érvyyave), Kal THY wepiToppupoy év TH Bovrn Kataléuevos dinrrakev eoOijta TH cuppopa Tpé- 126 87 CICERO, xvii. 3—-x1x. 2 the senate promises of freedom and urging Catiline to set the slaves free and march upon Rome. ‘They also sent with them to Catiline a certain Titus of Croton, who was to carry the letters. But the conspirators were unbalanced men who seldom met together without wine and women, while Cicero was following their schemes industriously, with sober judgement and surpassing sagacity; he also had many men outside of their conspiracy who kept watch upon their doings and helped him track them down, and he conferred secretly and confi- dentially with many who were supposed to belong to the conspiracy; he therefore came to know of their conference with the strangers, and, laying an ambush by night, he seized the man of Croton and his letters with the secret co-operation of the Allobroges.! XIX. At break of day, then, he assembled the senate in the temple of Concord, read the letters aloud, and examined the informers. Silanus Junius also said that certain ones had heard Cethegus de- clare that three consuls and four praetors were going to be taken off. Piso, too, a man of consular dignity, brought in other reports of a like nature. Moreover, Caius Sulpicius, one of the praetors, on being sent to the house of Cethegus, found in it many missiles and weapons, and a huge quantity of swords and knives, all newly sharpened. And finally, after the senate had voted immunity to the man of Croton on condition that he gave information, Lentulus was convicted, resigned his office (he was then praetor), and laying aside his purple-bordered toga in the senate, assumed in its placc a garment suitable to his Cr, Cicero, +m Cait. 11, 2. 4-6, 127 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES @ \ 9S € ‘ ~ , Tovday. OUTOS MEV OVV Kal Ol OLY AUT@ TrapeEdo- A a“ a Onoav eis adeopov durakny Tols oTpaTHYOCS. “HS oO e , ¥ \ a“ } / 4 n 0 éattépas ovons Kal TOU SHwouv Tepimeé- 3 U ‘ e f \ , vovTos aOpoov, tpoedOwv o Kixépwv, kal dpacas \ a a / \ , TO Tpaypa Tois ToNTALS Kab TpoTEUpleis, Trap- a“ 3 3 , f “A > \ \ 9 ¢ mMrAGEv Els Oikiav hirov yEertvL@vTos, evel THY exel- “A a ¢ a , YOU yuvalKEs KATELYOV, lEpols aTroppHToLs opyta- . ¢ ¢ A > sot Covaat Ceov nv Popatot pév Ayadnv,” EXXnves 6é / 3 n Tuvatcetav ovopafovor. Ovetas 8 avTH Kat a a C , \ éviauTov év TH olKLa TOD UTaTOU bLa yuVaLKOS } ral a e f , untpos avTod, tov ‘Eortidédwv rapGévav tapov- ral b \ 9? ¢ f > ¢e , cov. eloed\O@v ovv o Kixépwv, cal’ avtor, , , > a“ , b f OMyworv TavTaTacw avT@® TapovToyv, éhpovtitev a b) , / \ OTwS XpHoaLTo TOls avopuct. THY TE Yap aKpav / , Kal TpoonKkovacay adiKnpacL THALKOVTOLS TLLO- a , 3 / piav é&eviaBeitro Kat Katwxver Ot émleixerav ov ee \ ¢ \ o E. a b / ” nGovsS Aua KAL WS fn COKOLN TIS EEOVCLaS ayay A an / éupopetobar cat wixp@s émepPatvey avdpace yé- \ / a vel TE TPWTOLS Kal didovs duvatous ev TH ToreEt ‘ / KEKTNLEVOLS* MANAKWTEPOY TE KPHTapMEVOS WPPw- a / \ del TOY aT aUTa@V KivduvoY. ov yap ayamTnoeD / ¢ f > peTpiwtepov Tt Gavatov tralorvtas, aX els arrav , f a A f avappaynoer at Torus, TH Wadala Kakia véav 3 \ , 3 / 60 y opyiv mpocrhaPovtas autos te Sofetv avavdpos \ , 299 ” a“ ’ , Kal parakos, ovd’ adrdos Soxdv evTOAMOTATOS Elvat TOLS TOAAOLS. XX. Taidta tod Kixépwvos diaropobytos yi- 1 ae. for confinement under guard in their own houses (libera custodia). 128 CICERO, xix. 2-xx. 1 predicament. He and his associates, therefore, were handed over to the praetors for custody without fetters.} It was now evening, and the people were waiting about the temple in throngs, when Cicero come forth and told his fellow-citizens what had been done.? They then escorted him to the house of a friend and neighbour, since his own was occupied by the women, who were celebrating inystcrious rites to a goddess whom the Romans call Bona Dea, and the Greeks, Gynaeceia. Sacrifice is offered to her annually in the house of the consul by his wife or his mother, in the presence of the Vestal Virgins. Cicero, then, having gone into his friend’s house, began to deliberate with himself—and he had only very few companions —what he should do with the men.? For he shrank from inflicting the extreme penalty, and the one befitting such great crimes, and he hesitated to do it because of the kindliness of his nature, and at the same time that he might not appear to make an excessive use of his power and to trample ruthlessly upon men who were of the highest birth and had powerful friends in the city; and if he treated them with less severity, he was afraid of the peril into which they would bring the state. For if they suffered any milder penalty than death, he was sure they would not be satisfied, but would break out into every extreme of boldness, having added fresh rage to their old villainy: and he himself would be thought unmanly and weak, especially as the multitude already thought him very far from courageous, XX. While Cicero was in this perplexity, a sign 2 The third oration in Catilinam. 3 Cf. Sallust’s Cutiline, 16. 129 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES veTat Te Tais yuvatkt onpetov Ovovaas. oO yap Beopos, }6n ToD Tupos KaTaKeKkotmhaOar SoKodv- , A “ / a) TOS, Ex THS TéePpas Kal TOV KEeKavuevar hrOLOV f \ > wn \ , e 3 e e droya mToAAnY aviKke Kat KauTTpaY. vp 1S at \ ba / e IEE N Va \ bev ddXrat StemTonOnaay, at O tepat mapbévor Tiy ww 4 nn , e tov Kixépwvos yuvaica Tepevtiay éxéXevoav 7 fad \ N f TUXOS Ywpely mpos Tov avdpa Kal KedevEL ois a AS A / éyroKxev éeyyetpely umép THs tatpisos, ws péya - \ f ol A nn nn mTpos TE TwTNpiav Kat dofav avT@ THs Geod pas , € \ »! , \ \ +39? » = didovans. 1 d€ Tepevtia (kal yap ovd adAXwS AV nw > f \ ? mpactd TL ov aTOALOS THY puaoww, GAAA odo- 7 \ \ a e b U ec f TLLOS YUVH Kat “arAOV, ws auTOs dyno oO Kuxé- pOv, TOV TOALTLK@Y peTaXapBarovca Tap éxel- / 3 al a A vou povtiswy 7 petadibodca TAY oiKLaKaDV A \ N , éxeiv@) TADTa TE TPOS auTOV Edpace Kal TAape- ( oe € Euvev él Tous avodpas: opolws b€ cai Koivtos o A \ 4 aderhos Kal Tov ato gdidrocodias étatpwv Ilo- ees e _\ n \ f \ martos Neyidtos, © Ta TELoTA Kal péyioTa Tapa x A TAS TOALTEKUS EYPHTO mpaktess. TH o va ia yEevomermv € YKAHTO NO 7 TEPALA YEVOMEVWY EV TVYKARTO NOYOV id n ’ A e A TEpl TtLwplias TV aVvepav, 0 TpwTOS épwTnOels @ \ 5 \ / n yvouny YAravos cite THY eaxXaTyny Sixnv dodvar / \ mpoanxe aylevtas eis TO SecpwripLlov. Kal mpocetiGevto TovTm mavTes epeEns péype Laiov r A ‘ A Kaicapos Tov peta tadta dintatopos yevopévov. , 3 ld \ \ fos TOTE O€ VéoS wp ETL Kal Tas TpwTas eywY TIS av&noews apyas, non O€ TH TOXLTEL L Tat joews apyas, On O€ TH TOAITELA Kal Tails 9 , > b 4 \ eQr b] \ e \ éXrtou els exetyny Thy odov éuBeBnKkws % Ta € id ? / / , Papatwy es povapylay petéotnoe Tpdypata, 130 CICERO, xx. 1-3 was given to the women who were sacrificing. The altar, it seems, although the fire was already thought to have gone out, sent forth from the ashes and burnt bark upon it a great bright blaze. The rest of the women were terrified at this, but the sacred virgins bade Terentia the wife of Cicero go with all speed to her husband and tell him to carry out his resolutions in behalf of the country, since the goddess was giving him a great light on this path to safety and glory. So Terentia, who was generally of no mild spirit nor without natural courage, but an ambitious woman, and, as Cicero himself tells us,! more inclined to make herself a partner in his political perplexities than to share with him her domestic concerns, gave him this message and incited him against the conspirators ; so likewise did Quintus, his brother, and Publius Nigidius, one of his philosophical companions, ot whom he made the most and greatest use in his political undertakings. On the following day the senate discussed the punishment of the conspirators, and Silanus, who was the first to be asked to give his opinion, said that they ought to be taken to prison and there suffer extremest punishment. All the senators acceded to his opinion one after the other, until it came to Caius Caesar,? who afterwards became dictator. At this time, however, he was a young man still and at the very beginning of his rise to power, but in his public policy and his hopes he had already entered upon that road by which he changed the Roman state into a monarchy. His 1 In some passage no longer extant. 2 Cf. Cicero, in Cutil. iv. 4, 7. 131 4 PEDTARCH Sb ES Tous “ev ArNous eAdvOave, TO b€ Kixépwve wor- NaS pev UToWias, AaBiv & ovdeuiav eis EXeyyov mapéowKkev, GAA Kal AeyovTwMY HV Eviwy aKovELDY e ’ \ ? \ e a“ a ‘\ wv ws éyyus éAOwv adrovar drexdvyor Tov avdpa. “ s taal tives 66 hace Tapioety ExovTa Kai TapadiTrely THY > 9 f , , “ , 5) a \ Kat éxelvou pyvucw do8w TaV hitwy avTov Kal a 5 s ¢ THs Suvapews' TavtTl yap elvat mpodnrov Ort n a , uwarrov ay éxetvor yévowwto TpocOnKkn Kaicapr ~ / cwTnpias } Kaioap exetvors Kohacews. XXI. "Emel 6 ovv 4 yvoun wepinrOer ets avTov, avactas atedivato pi) Gavatovv Tovs ” b] \ A ? / 3 f b) N avépas, addNa TAS Ovaias eivat dynpootas, avTovs > 9 , ? , lat Rs / a XN a S avaydevtas ets trodeus THs Itadtas as adv d0xF A £ Kixépwri, tnpeta Oar decepevous axpt av ov KaTa- lal ” \ n~ moreunOn Katertvas. ovons d€ THs yvopns émi- a “ A 9 “A ELKOUS Kal TOV Aé€yorTOS ElTrEtY SUYATwWTATOU, pony 0 Kixépwy mpocénxev ob puxpav. autos / > Te yap avaoTas évexelpnoev ELS EXATEPOV, TA pLeV fal / \ a , / , TH MpoTépa, TA O€ TH YV@pun Katoapos auvertror, e/ aN f 27 rn K f / ot TE $i or mdvres olopevor TH Kinépove oupe- a b] 2 ee A peev THY Katoapos yummy (nTTov yap év attiats A , a ésecGar py POavateécavta Tovs avdpas) npodvto Tiv OevTépavy pmaANoV yrounv, WoTE Kal TOV / a Yiravov advOis peraBarropevoy maparteiabar Kat N€éyerv WS OVS avTOS Eitor OavaTiKnYy yvoOunr ? f N ? ‘\ tole ks , ? éoyatny yap avdpt Bovrevth “Pwpaiwy erat , bd / \ a Sixny To Secpwtypiov. elpnpevns O€ THS yvopmns a f “A mp@tos avTéxpovaev avtn Katros Aovtattos: > ’ f \ a s a eita deEapevos Kutov, kat TO NOYH aphospas 132 87] CICERO, xx. 4-xx1. 3 designs were still unnoticed by the rest, but to Cicero he had given many grounds for suspicion, and yet no hold which could lead to his convic- tion, although many were heard to say that he had come near being caught by Cicero, but had eluded him. Some, however, say that Cicero purposely over- looked and neglected the information against him through fear of his friends and his power, since it was clear to every one that the other conspirators would be included in Caesar’s acquittal, rather than Caesar in their punishment. XXI. When, then, it was Caesar’s turn to give his opinion, he rose and declared it to be against putting the conspirators to death, but in favour of confiscating their property and removing them to whatever cities of Italy Cicero might deem best, there to be put in fetters and closely guarded until Catiline should be defeated. The proposal of Caesar was merciful and its author a very able speaker, and Cicero added no little weight to it. For when he rose to speak himself,! he handled the subject in both ways, now favouring the first proposal and now that of Caesar. All his friends, too, thinking that Caesar’s proposal was an advantageous one for Cicero, who would be less subject to censure if he did not put the conspira- tors to death, chose the second proposal rather, so that Silanus also changed his position and excused himself by saying that even his proposal had not meant death: for “extremest punishnient,”’ in the case of a Roman senator, meant the prison. Lutatius Catulus was the first to oppose the opinion which Caesar had given; then Cato followed him, helping ’ The fourth oration in Catilinam. 133 PLUTARCH’S LIVES auvetepetaas éml tov Kaicapa tiv trovoay, évérrAnoe Ovpov Kal dpovnuatos Tv TVyKANTOP, arte Oavatov Katandicac0a. Tov avdpav. mept O€ Synwevtews YONudTwv évictato Kaicap, oun aélav Ta prravdporra TIS EAUTOVD YVOsLNS éxBarovtas et Xpyucac bar TO oKvOpwmoTare. Bralopevon dé TON@Y érexanelro TOUS Onpudp- yous. ot 8 ovy vayjxovorv, addra Kixépwv adtos évoous avijxe THY Tepl OnpwEevaoEews yVO-UND. XXII. ’Eywpes d€ peta THs Bours emt tovs advdpas. ovK év TauT@ Ce TavTes oav, adros 6 adXov epvrAaTTE TOV OTPATHY@V. Kal WpaTov éx IlaXatiov mapaxaBwv tov Aévrdov tye da Tis (epas 0600 Kal Ths ayopads péayns, TOV ev WYELOVLKOTAUTOV AVOPOV KUKAW TEPLETTELPALEVWY Kal Sopupopowyter, ToD dé Sywou dpittovtos ta Spwpeva Kab TapiovTos | Tut), pomora dé TOV Vewy, OoTEp (epols TLTL Tarp. ‘ous dplaTOKpaTeKis Tivos €€ovatas Teretabat peta hoBovu Kat OapBous Coxovvtwyv. dieXOwv Sé THY ayopav Kal yEevopevos Tpos TO SegpaTHPL@ TrapédwKe Tov AévTrOY TO Snuto Kal wpocétakey averety. 610 EES Tov KéOnyov, Kat ovT® TOV AX\Xwv Exactov KaTa- yaywv améxtetvev. opa@yv Oé moddoUS ETL TOV avo THS* cuYMpotias ev ayopa ouverTo@Tas aOpoous Kal Thy pmev TWpakw ayvoodvtTas, THY é VUKTA TpoomevorvTas, ws ETL CwovTwV TOY avdpov cai duvapévoy éEaprracbivar, PbeyEdpevos péya mpos autovs, “"Efnaav,” eivev. otto dé “Po- ' rapidvtos Bekker and Graux adopt the mapiévros (acqui- escung) of Coraés. 2 rev awd THs Graux with M4: ris. 134 CICERO, xxt. 3~xxi. 2 by the vehemence of his speech to fix suspicion upon Caesar, and filled the senate with angry resolution, so that a decree of death was passed upon the con- spirators. As regarded the confiscation of their pro- perty, however, Caesar made opposition, deeming it wrong that the merciful part of his own proposal should be rejected and the one part that was most severe adopted. And when many of the senators insisted upon it, he invoked the aid of the tribunes, but they would not listen to his appeal; Cicero him- self, however, yielded the point, and remitted that part of the vote which called for confiscation. XXII. Then he went with the senate to fetch the conspirators. ‘These were not all in the same place, but different praetors had different ones under guard. And first he took Lentulus from the Palatine hill and led him along the Via Sacra and through the middle of the forum, the men of highest authority surrounding him as a body-guard, and the people shuddering at what was being done and _ passing along in silence, and especially the young men, as though they thought they were being initiated with fear and trembling into some ancient mysteries of an aristocratic regime. When Cicero had passed through the forum and reached the prison, he delivered Len- tulus to the public executioner with the order to put him to death. Then Cethegus in his turn, and so each one of the others, he brought down to the prison and had him executed. And seeing that many members of the conspiracy were still assembled in the forum in ignorance of what had been done and waiting for night to come, with the idea that the inen were still living and might be rescued, he cried out to them with a loud voice and said: “They have 135 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pateov ot duodynpety pn BovrAopevoe TO TeOvdvas onuaivovaw. "Hon 8 iv éorépa, kai bs ayopas avéBaivev els THY olKlaVv, OUKETL GLWITH TOV TONTOYV OvbE Take TWpoTELTOVTWY avTOV, arAA dwrais Kal Kpoto.s deyoumévwyv Kal’ ods yévotTo, gwTHpa Kal KTlaTHY avaKadovvTayv Tis atpioos. Ta é POTA TOAG KATEAALTE TOUS TTEVWTTOUS, NAUTA- dia xal d46as taot@vTey éml tats Ovpats. ai bé yuvaixes ex TOV TEYOV T povparvov én TLyLn Kal Jéa Tov dvdpos, vTo TouTy TOV dpia tov pana TELVOS avLovTos” @V ot Theta Tot TOAEMOUS TE KATELPY AC [EVOL peydous Kal bua Opi uPov elo- edn akores Kal T POT KEKTNLEVOL yy Kal Oddar- Tav OUK OdLYNnY eBadeCov dyopohoyovpevor ™pos aXhijdovs TONNOLS ev T@V TOTE nYEHOvOY Kab oTpAaTHYav movTOU Kab Aabvpov Kal uvdpews Xap opei ery TOV ‘Popatov Ojuov, acdharetas dé Kal coTnpias evi pov Kixépovt, THALKCODT OY aedovre Kal Tog ovTOV avtou KLVOUVOV. Ov yap TO Konrdoat Ta T part T opera, Kal Koddoat TOUS TpaTTovTas €ddxet Oavyactov, AAN OTL péytoTov TOV TWTOTE VEWTEPLT UL@V OUTOS EAAYlOTOLS Kaxois avev oTATEWS Kal _TApaxys Katéa Bece. Kal yap TOV Karedtvay ol WAEloTOL TOV _TUVEPPUNKOT OY 7 pos avTov dpa Te TrUbécOat Tat Tepb Aévtiov Kat Ké@nyov éyeatadumdrtes @YOvTO Kal peta TOV TUM Emer KOT OY auto Svaryovir duevos Pos "Aytoviov adtos te SiebOdpn Kal 7d oTpatomTedov. XXIII. O8 poy adn FHoav of tov Kixépova TapecKevacuevol Kal Aéyey el TovTos Kal 136 87 4 CICERO, xxn. 2-xxu. 1 lived.” For thus the Romans who wish to avoid words of ill omen indicate death. It was now evening, and Cicero went up through the forum to his house, the citizens no longer escort- ing him on his way with silent decorum, but receiving him with cries and clapping of hands as he passed along, calling him the saviour and founder of his country. And many lights illuminated the streets, since people placed lamps and torches at their doors. The women, too, displayed lights upon the house- tops in honour of the man, and that they might see him going up to his home in great state under escort of the noblest citizens. Most of these had brought to an end great wars and entered the city in triumph, and had added to the Roman dominion no small extent of land and sea; but they now walked along confessing to one another that to many of the com- manders and generals of the time the Roman people were indebted for wealth and spoils and power, but for preservation and safety to Cicero alone, who had freed them from so peculiar and so great a peril. For it was not his preventing their schemes and punishing the schemers which seemed so wonderful, but his quenching the greatest of all revolutions with the fewest possible evils, without sedition and commotion. For most of those who had flocked to the standard of Catiline, as soon as they learned the fate of Len- tulus and Cethegus, deserted him and went away ; and Catiline, after a conflict with his remaining forces against Antonius, perished himself and his army with him.} XXIII. However, there were those who were ready to abuse Cicero for what he had done, and to 1 Near the beginning of 62 B.c. 137 oS PLUTARCH’S LIVES a “ , a TOLELY KAK@S, EXYOVTES NYEMOVAS TOV Eis TO EANOV , ta) apxovtoyv Kaicapa pév otpatnyouvta, MéredXov , A A \ 6é kat Byotiay Snpapxodvtas. of thy apxny , a Yr maparaGovtes, Ett TOU Kixépwvos ipepas odtyas APXOVTOS, OVK elwyv SnuNnyopEty avTOY, AAX VITEp a 4 , b] Tov €uBorwyv Babpa Gévtes ov Tapiecav ovd 9 émétpeTrov Aéyerv, GAN éKédevov, e& PovXroLTO, A A , , fLOvOY TEPL THS ApYHS aTopotavTa KaTaBaiverv. KaKElvos él TOUVTOLS ws OpocwY mponAGE? Kal YEVOMEVNS AUTO TLWTHS WpvVvEV, OV TOV TUATPLOP, > x YN TF \ \ or 3 \ / AX LOLOV TLYA KAL KALVOV OPKOY, 1) UNV TETWKEVAL i / N , Thy TaTploa Kal StaTETHNPHKEVAL THY HYyEepmoviav. \ a , € lal éTm@pVvve O€ TOV OPKOV ALT@ cuuTras Oo OHnmwos. ep v A ee r wn ¢/ , ols éts padrov 0 Te Kaicap ot Te dnpapyor , 4 a A \ VanreTraivovTes adras Te TH Kixepwv. tapayas nw if wn n EULNYAVOVTO, KAL VOMOS UT avTa@V ELonyEeTO KaNELDY \ aA a yA Hlounniov peta THS oTpaTLAas, @s 6) KaTAXV- \ , , b] > = covta tHy Kixépwvos Sdvvactetav. arr Hv v , A Ras , \ / a opedos peya TO Kixépwve Kat Taon TH ToXEt aA / \ a , dnuapyev tote Katy Kal tots éxetywv! ronrs- 4 b] > \ > td f \ , Teupacw amt ions pev eEovaias, peiCovos dé d0Ens b) , , \ wv e , wf aVTITATTOMEVOS. TATE YAP adrAA padiws EdvaE, \ , , 9 a Kal Thy Kixépwvos umateiay ovTws pe TO AOYH , er a a , peyarny Snunyopnaas WATE TLLAS AVTO TAY TH- 7 4 a Tote peyiatas WhndicacGar Kai mpocayopevoat , \ u a TaTépa Tatpioos. mpwTw yap éKxeivm doxei 1 éxelywy Coraés, Bekker, and Graux, after Xylander: éxetvov (referring to Caesar). 138 CICERO, xxi. 1-3 work him harm, and they had as leaders, among the magistrates-elect, Caesar as praetor, and Metellus and Bestia! as tribunes. When these assumed office, Cicero having still a few days of consular authority,? they would not permit him to harangue the people, but placing their benches so as to com- mand the rostra, would not suffer or allow him to speak; instead, they ordered him, if he wished, merely to pronounce the oath usual on giving up office, and then come down. Cicero accepted these terms and came forward to pronounce his oath ; and when he had obtained silence, he pronounced, not the usual oath, but one of his own and a new one, swearing that in very truth he had saved his country and maintained her supremacy. And all the people confirmed his oath for him. At this Caesar and the tribunes were still more vexed and contrived fresh troubles for Cicero. Among other things, a law was introduced by them for calling Pompey home with his army, in order, forsooth, that he might put down the arbitrary power of Ciccro. But Cato, who was tribune at this time, was a great help to Cicero and to the whole state, and opposed the measures of the other tribunes with an authority equal to theirs and a greater good repute. For he easily put a stop to their other projects, and so highly extolled the “arbitrary power” of Cicero in a speech to the people, that they voted him the greatest honours ever conferred and called him the father of his coun- try. For he was the first, as it seems, to receive this 1 Bestia was tribune in 63 B.c., and could not have had any part in dictating the procedure of Cicero. 2 Caesar, as praetor, assumed office January 1, 62 B.c., the day after Cicero laid down the consulship; but the new tribunes for the year 62 assumed office early in December of 63. 139 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOUTO cabuTrapEat, Katwvos avtoyv ovtws év TO 87 Lew 7 poaayopevaayTos. XXIV. Kat péyotov pev taoyuoev ev TH TOE ¢ a Ui as e S ) , ee TOTE, TOAAOLS O EmihVovoy EauToV ETOiNoEY aT ‘ A A a OVOEVOS epyou Tovnpov, & émawely adel Kat pera uve avTos éauTov UT TONEY dua Xepa- voMEvOS. OUTE Yap Bourn oure dj u0v ovTe dixaaTijptov iv cuvedOety ev @& pn Katirjivav eet ? 3 a \ / ’ \ \ Opvrovpevov axovaoat Kat AévtTAov. ada Kal \ / “ / ‘ \ / Ta Pi PALA TEAEUT@Y KATETANGE KAL TA OVYYpPap- aA A Ul bY Hata TOY eye pio: Kal TOV NOYOV Hota rov OvTA Kal Xapev EXOvTa. TrELTTNY em axon Ka poptexoy errounce TOlS UKpowpevols, WOTTEP THVOS det KN POS ¢ avT@® THS andtas TavTHS Tpocovans. sSuws Sé, KaiTEp OUTWS dKpare prrorepia CVO, dir NAKTO TOD pOoveiv ETEPOLS, apdovwrtatos ov éy \ T® TOVS TPO aUTOV Kal TOvS KAP avrov avdpas ey wm wiacery, MOS €k TOV cUyypaypaTwy AaPeiv \ 3 a €oTlt. ToOAAa & avTov Kal atrop“ynpovevovow’ 3 / et 7 olov wept “AptototédXous, TL Ypvaiov ToTapos v / an Ein p€éovtos, Kal Tept tov IdXatwvos diadoyor, e fal td / A e ws Tov Avos, eb AOyYw YpHoOat wéepuKer, ovVTw / \ Soya / Sie, ‘ dianeyopevov. Tov d€ Mcodpactov cimler tTpudinv idiay amoxadelv. Tepi b€ taVv AnpocPevous 4 3 A , / , 3 Aoyor €pwTnleis Ttiva Soxoin KaAXNLOTOY éeivat, iA la TOV MEYLOTOY ETE. KALTOL TLVES TOY TPOTTFOLOU- , , 3 ? a) ~ 4 [EVV Onpioo Devitery emepvovtat povy tod Kuxe- / p@vos, vy Tpos TIA TOV éTaipor €Onxev év éte- GTOAH ypawas, €viayov TV Aoywr aTovuaTatetw 1 Cicero himself nowhere says this, nor does he mention Cato in connection with the title. In his oration in Pisonem, 140 CICERO, xxul. 3—-xxiv. 4 title,) after Cato had given it to him before the people. XXIV. So at this time Cicero had the greatest power in the state, but he made himself generally odious, not by any base action, but by continually praising and magnifying himself, which made him hateful to many. For there could be no session either of senate or assembly or court of justice in which one was not obliged to hear Catiline and Len- tulus endlessly talked about. Nay, he even went so far as to fill his books and writings with these praises of himself; and he made his oratory, which was naturally very pleasant and had the greatest charm, irksome and tedious to his hearers, since this un- pleasant practice clung to him like a fatality. But nevertheless, although he cherislied so strong an am- bition, he was free from envying others, since he was most ungrudging in his encomiums upon his pre- decessors and contemporaries, as may be gathered from his writings. There are also many sayings of his on record which prove this; for instance, he said of Aristotle that he was a river of liquid gold,* and of the dialogues of Plato that Jupiter, were it his nature to use human speech, would thus discourse.° Theophrastus, too, he used to call his own special delight. And when he was asked which of the speeches of Demosthenes he thought the best, he replied, “the longest.” And yet some of those who pretend to be imitators of Demosthenes dwell much upon an expression which Cicero used in a letter to one of his friends, to the effect that in some parts of 3, 6, he says that Quintus Catulus gave him the title in the Senate. 2 Acad. Prior. ii. 38, 119. 3 Brutus, 31, 121 (si Graece loquatur). I4! PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ , a ‘ , a tov Anpoabevn tov d€ peyadXov Kal Gavpactav , e a n \ A , éraivwv ols Tod\aXOD Xpitat Tepl Tov avopos, v4 a. A , fal OQ? , Kal OTL TeEpl ods pudtota TOV Lotwy éaTrovdaceE 9 , Aoyor, Tovs Kat “Avtwviov, Pirimmixovs éré- ypawev, auynpovovct. A > \ / Tav 6€ kar avtov évdokwv amo Xoyou Kat / 3 ” CN \ a 3 b] ? b] G / codias ovK éotiv ovdeis ov ovK eTroinoev éeveoko- A / XN - 3 la \ t TEpov 7) Aéyeor 7) ypadhwv EevpEevas Tept EXdoTov. , i a n ‘ \ Kpatimae 6€ TO Hepieratntix® dterpatato pev ¢ , , \ / U wv Popato yeverOat tapa Katoapos adpyovtos 1j6n, \ \ Day , / dtemrpakato 8é Kai) thy €& ’Apetov mayou BovAny F n / b] \ ? Widicacbat denOjvar pévery avtov ev “AOnvars tA A / A Kal d1aréyecOat Tois véots @S KOTMODYTA THY 4 b \ be Ni a“ K , > N Tod. émiaToXal 6€ mapa Tov Kixépwros cial ‘ id , id \ \ \ cs? » mpos Hpwdnv, érepat O€ pos Tov vlov, éyKEXEvO- , a / , pevov cuudtrdocode Kpatima@. Topyiav 6é if 3 \ , TOV pyTOPAa alTL@pevos Ets 1d0vaS Kal TOTOUS \ is lal TPOdyEW TO [MELPUKLOVY aTrEeAaUVEL THS TUVOUCIAS ~ \ N ¢ a ¢ A avTov. Kal cxyedorv aitn Te TOV EAANMIKOV pia \ , \ , 5} , b) b] A Kat deutépa mpos TléXovra Tov BuCavtiov év opyn , \ \ id na Tive yeypantat, Tov pev Topytay avtov mpoan- ie f ik A KOVTWS ETLKOTTOVTOS, ELTEP HY PAVAOS KAL akKo- @ , “‘ \ ‘N , actos, nrep eddKxel, mpos de Tov TléXoTA puKpo- ca 5 n - Noyoupevou Kal peurwipotpovvTos wWaTrEp apEdr- A A ia caVTAa Tlds TIVAaS aUT@® Kal WnhdicpaTa Tapa , / Bulartiov yevéo Gat. -‘*r aA tA \ 4 XXV. Tatra te 6n htdotipa, Kal TO TOANAKIS 1 «al supplied here by Reiske, and deleted before den@jvat by Sintenis! (in crit. notes). Graux simply transposes. Ie 87 ‘ CICERO, xxiv. q-anv. 1 his speeches Demosthenes nods; but of the great and admirable praises which he often bestows upon him, and of the fact that those speeches of his own to which he devoted most labour, namely, the speeches against Antony, were entitled by him Philippics, they say nothing. Moreover, of the men of his own time who were famous for eloquence or learning, there is not one whom he did not make more famous by what he said or wrote in favour ofhim. For Cratippus the Peripatetic he obtained the Roman citizenship from Caesar, now in power, and he also induced the council of the Areio- pagus to pass a decree requesting him to remain at Athens and discourse with the young men, and thus be an ornament to the city. Furthermore, there are Jetters from Cicero to Herodes, and others to his son, in which he urges them to study philosophy with Cratippus.t_ But Gorgias the rhetorician he censured for leading the young man into pleasures and drink- ing parties, and banished him from his son’s society.? This is almost the only one of his Greek letters (there is also a second, addressed to Pelops of By- zantium) which was written in a spirit of anger; and Gorgias he properly rebukes, if, as he was thought to be, he was worthless and intemperate ; but towards Pelops he shows a mean and querulous spirit for having neglected to obtain for him certain honorary decrees from the Byzantians. XXV. These complaints were characteristic of 1 These letters are not extant. 2 The younger Cicero, in a letter to Tiro (ad fam. xvi. 21, 6). says that he had found Gorgias useful as a teacher of declamation, but had dismissed him in obedience to his father’s positive command, 143 PLUTARCH’S LIVES > f aw , nw ies , \ ératpom“evovy TOV Aoyou TH CEeLVOTHTL TO TpéTrOV oh t \ mpolec@at. Movvatio pev yap more avynyopy- \ \ f a , gas, ws anodvywy thy Sikny éxelves édiwKev ¢, a) a al Uy lal étaipov avtov SaBivov, ottw AéyeTat TpoTEcetD ane nan ¢ ! e > > OA SE es \ Pees um opyis o Kixépwyv @aot etmreiv: “Xu yap éxei- 8 Z \ , b 4 \ U yyy, & Movvatie, THv dixkny atéguyes 61a cavutor, lal \ U \ a) 4 ovK é“ov ToAv oKoTos ev duwtl TO StxaoTnpiw / »” be x f bd] / meptyeavtos; Mapxov oe Kpacocoyv éyxwptatwv a 4 3 , \ bi e / amo TOU PHyaTtos evnmepynoe, Kat pel’ Huépas 9 b>] , la >) / e 9 a > avOis odtyas AoLdopa@v avTOV, ws EexEiVvos eitrED wn ‘ b) X lal 3 f “OU yap évtavia mpwnv autos nas émnves;” , , , , \ “Nai,” yor, “ mereTns evecev yupvafwv Tov , > s e 4 bb 3 4 4 Aoyov els havany vmToGeow. eElTovTos O€ ToTE, a ld , 3 ¢ / tov Kpacaov pndéva Kpdocov év ‘Popn BeBio- , / 3p Kévat praxpotepov é€nxovtaetias, €(8 totepov ’ / \ / ee A as N 2 A Oc apvovpevov Kal AEYOVTOS, i & av éyo twadov wn > Db ] v > ld ¢ iP td trout elmov; ‘Hidess,” py, “ Pwpaiouvs déws \ nm 3 , 3 , aKovgomévous Kal Sta TOUT ednpaywryes. apé- \ lal 4 a o a ‘2 axecOa 6€ TOV Kpacoou Tots Xtwixols dycartos, of 95 \ > \ b] , OTt WRovGLOY Eivat TOV ayalov amTopairovew, a“ 8 ” Up lal A “"Opa 1) parrop,” eltrev, “OTL TAaVTA TOU cogpov , 8 93 b] > / Aeyouowy eivar. SieBddreTo 6 els hirapyupiav & = \ ~ a , e o Kpdoaos. émel 6€ tov Kpacoov tov maidwr o er > 4 \ a e 3 \ \ a étrepos Akiw Tivi Sox@v bmotos Eivat, Kal Ota TOUTO ~ \ Ul 3 \ > \ a 3 ts Th PNTpL TpooTpLBopevos aicypav emt TH “AEi@ f 4 al , dtaBorny evdoxipynoe Noyor ev BovrAyn duedOor, e Ve id , 4 b] “ Ww bD ] épwrnfeis o Kixépwv te haivetar avTe@, “"Aézos, ® 6c if ”? etme, “ Kpaucoou. 144 CICERO, xxv. 1-4 ambition, as well as the fact that he was often led on by the cleverness of his speech to disregard propriety. For instance, he once served as advocate for Muna- tius, who was no sooner acquitted than he prosecuted a friend of Cicero’s, Sabinus, whereupon, it is said, Cicero was so transported with anger as to say: “ Was it, pray, on your own merits, Munatius, that you were acquitted, and not because I spread much darkness about the court when before there was light?” And again, he gained great applause by an encomium on Marcus Crassus from the rostra, and then a few days afterwards as publicly reviled him, whereupon Cras- sus said: “ What, did you not stand there yourself a day or two ago and praise me?” “ Yea,” said Cicero, “exercising my eloquence by way of practice on a bad subject.” Again, Crassus once said that no Crassus had lived in Rome to be older than sixty years, and then tried to deny it, exclaiming, “ What could have led me to say this?” ‘You knew,” said Cicero, “that the Romans would be delighted to hear it, and by that means you tried to court their favour.” And when Crassus expressed his satisfaction with the Stoics because they represented the good man as rich, “ Consider,’’ said Cicero, “whether your satis- faction is not rather due to their declaration that all things belong to the wise.”” Now, Crassus was ac- cused of covetousness. Again, one of the sons of Crassus who was thought to resemble a certain Axius, and on this account had brought his mother’s name into scandalous connection with that of Axius, once made a successful speech in the senate, and when Cicero was asked what he thought of him, he answered with the Greek words ‘‘ Axios Krassou.” ! 1 « Worthy of Crassus.” 145 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXVI. MéAXwv 8€ Kpaccos ets Zvpiav atat- \ aA fal / pev €Bovreto Tov Kixépwmva waddXov avt@ pidrov ‘ i f f h éy@pov elvaty Kai piroppovovpevos Epyn Pov- a A a e / NecOar SeiTVAoa Tap avTo> KaKeivos UTEdEEATO > / ¢ , mpoOvuws. oOdrryats © UoTepovy nuépars epi / , ~ , Bativiou didwv tiver évtuyyavovTav @s pywpe- \ f > \ f vou diadvcets Kal dirtav (Hv yap éxOpos), “Ov / 99 s a My dyrouv xat Bativeos,” ceive, “Sermvncat tap epuol 4 > N \ 8) An BovreTat;” pos pév ovv Kpacaoyv torovtos. av- \ / A tov 6€ tov Batimov éyovta yotpddas &v TO ‘ Us id ca) TPAXNAW Kal éyovta OtKNVY oldodyTA pyTopa mn > cf Tpoceimev. axovoas & OTe TébyynKev, eitTa peTa , A e fal La \ puxpov TrvOopmEevos cadas ote Fn, “ Kaos toivur b) , A e , ” b \ \ , GTONOLTO KAKWS O Wevodpevos. émel d€ Kai- , \ 3 Zz , cape Wndicapevp thy ev Kapravia Xepay fa “a \ KaTaveunOnvat Tols oTpatiwtats moddAGL pep a “a , \ , éSvayépatvov év tH BovryH, Aevxios d€ Tédd105 a) nN 3 b) Omov Te TpecBUTATOS BY EiTEY WS OV YEVITETAL “A nw “a / 29> trouto fCavtos avtov, “ Ilepipeivwpev, eimrev o , (73 \ \ > 3 a , Kixépwv, “ paxpav yap ovK« aitettat LedXuos e 4, 99 Ly lA > car > , ¥ umépGeow.” tv O€ tis ‘Oxtaovios attiay éyev , ‘ nA Y , éx AtBins yeyovérar’ mpos tovTov év tive dixy n A is \ ¢ Néyovta TOU Kixépwvos pn eEaxovery, “Kai pny 9 DA ” e 66 \ } > 4 29 4 ovK Eyels, Elmre, “TO OVS aTpuTNTOV. Mertédrov , va / A dé Néwwtos etmovtos OTt TAELOVAS KATALAPTUPOY avnpynKey 7) curvnyopov aéowxKev, ““Oporoy@ 4 9d 6c / 3 b) \ f a é t yap, edn, “ WioTEws EV Emo TAEOV H CELvOTNHTOS s 39 , , , , eivat. veavicxov 6€ TLV0s aitiav éxovtos év TrakodvT. dadppaxoy TO TaTpi dedwxévar Opa- 146 CICERO, xxvi. 1-5 XXVI. When Crassus was about to set out for Syria, wishing that Cicero should be a friend rather than an enemy, he said to him in a friendly manner that he wished to dine with him; and Cicero readily received him into his house. Buta few days after- wards, when some friends interceded with him for Va- tinius, saying that the man sought reconciliation and friendship (for he was an enemy), “It surely cannot be,’ said Cicero, “that Vatinius also wishes to dine with me.” Such, then, was his treatment of Crassus. Now, Vatinius himself had swellings on his neck, and once when he was pleading a case Cicero called him a tumid orator, Again, after hearing that Va- tinius was dead, and then after a little learning for a surety that he was alive, “ Wretchedly perish, then,” said Cicero, “the wretch who lied!” And again, Caesar once got a decree passed that the land in Campania should be divided among his soldiers, and many of the senators were dissatisfied, and Lucius Gellius, who was about the oldest of them, declared that it should never be done while he was alive; whereupon Cicero said: “Let us wait, since Gellius does not ask for a long postponement.” There was a certain Octavius, too, who was reputed to be of African descent; te this man, who said at a certain trial that he could not hear Cicero, the orator replied : “And yet your ear is not without a perforation.” ! And when Metellus Nepos declared that Cicero had brought more men to death as a hostile witness than he had saved from it as an advocate, “ Yes,” said Cicero, “I admit that my credibility is greater than my eloquence.” Again, when a certain young man who was accused of having given his father poison in 1 Usually the mark of a slave. 147 PLUTARCH’S LIVES guvopévov Kal A€yovTos OTL RAoLtdopyjcer Tov Kixépova, “Todto,” édy, “mapa cod BovrAopar pGiddov i) TAraKobyTa.” Ilowdiov 6€ Synortiov ou yyopov jev aurov ey TIVE dixn TaparaBovros pel? évépav, avroo dé maya, Bovdopévou éyerv Kab pdevi TAPLEVTOS eivrety, ws OHAOS HY apte- pEvos UTO TOV Sicaa Tov 79) THs Wapou pepope- vns, “X pa onpLEpov,” ébyn, “TO Katp@, Lot Le: pérXrets yap aisprov iStwTy5 elvat.” Wodmrduov 8 Kovortay VOpLKOV evar Boundopevor, OvTa o apa- Of Kal abun, mpos Twa diKny exdheoe peapTupa Tob dé pndey eldévat ddcxortos, “"Iaws,” én, “Soxels Tepl TOV vopiK@v épwtacda. Merér- hou oé Néretos eV Srahopa rit TOAAGKLS NE- yovtos ‘Tis cov maTnp €oTLv, 0 Kuxepav Sai TauT ay” Ein “Thy amoKpiaw 7 unTHp NareTro- Tépay emoinoer.” edoxer S akoddaotos 7 LyTHpP elvat TOU Nerwros, avTos 6€ TLS evpeTa Boros. Kat Tote Tv Onuapyiay amohTev addyw pos lloumniov é&érdevoev eis Yvptav, eit éxeiOev emai ev GROYOTEPOD. Oarypas dé Piraypov TOV Kadyyntny emipehes TEpov éméatnaev avTovu TO Tabw Kopaxa NAwov: Kaio Kixépwy “ Toor” edn soparepov éroinaas’ méTecOar yap ae padov y Aeyerv edidakev.” érret dé Mapxos "Atrios éy tiv dikn Tpootmalomevos eitre dirov avtod dSedenoOat Tapacyeiy émipedecav Kal Xo- s S f c¢ 72) ef 2 c¢ yloTnTa Kat Tiattv, “ Ki’ ovtws, edn, “ o1dn- povs yéyovas dvOpwiros wate pnodeyv ex ToToUTwY av ntnaal’ o diros Tapacyxetv;” 148 874 CICERO, xxv. 5-8 a cake put on bold airs and threatened to cover Cicero with abuse, “That,” said Cicero, “I would rather have from you than a cake.” There was Publius Sextius, too, who retained Cicero as an advocate in a case, along with others, and then wanted to do all the speaking himself, and would allow no one else a word ; when it was clear that he was going to be ac- quitted by the jurors and the vote was already being given, “ Use your opportunity to-day, Sextius,” said Cicero, “ for to-morrow you are going to be a nobody.” Publius Consta, too, who wanted to be a lawyer, but was ignorant and stupid, was once summoned by Cicero as witness in a case; and when he kept say- ing that he knew nothing, “ Perhaps,” said Cicero, “you think you are being questioned on points of law.” Again, in a dispute with Cicero, Metellus Nepos asked repeatedly “ Who is your father?” “In your case,” said Cicero, ‘‘ your mother has made the answer to this question rather difficult.” Now, the mother of Nepos was thought to be unchaste, and he himself a fickle sort of man. He once suddenly de- serted his office of tribune and sailed off to join Pompey in Syria, and then came back from there with even less reason. Moreover, after burying his teacher Philagrus with more than usual ceremony, he set upon his tomb a raven in stone; whereupon Cicero remarked: “In this you have acted more wisely than is your wont, for he taught you to fly rather than to speak.”” And again, when Marcus Appius prefaced his speech in a case by saying that his friend had begged him to exhibit diligence, eloquence, and fidelity, “And then,’ said Cicero, “are you so hard-hearted as to exhibit none of those great qualities which your friend demanded ?” VOL. VII. Tee ag PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXVII. Té pév ody pos éyApovs 7) avtidixous oKoOppact yphaVat mixpoTtépots Soxet pyntopexory elvat’ TO 6 ols EtUXE TpodKpovey Evexa Tod yedotou TORU GUVIyE Hicos auT@. ypdarrw oé Kal TOUT@Y ONL. Mdpxov *Axviviov é éyovta duo yapuSpovs puyacas "Aépacrov eKarEl. Aeuxiou dé Kotra TENT UK IY EYOVTOS apy, tXotvoTatov 8 OvTos, UTaTEelay METLOV O Kixépov edipnae, Kal tov dieov KUKMD TEPLOTAVTOY @S Enver, “ ‘OpGas poseia be,” eltre, “ {1 Lot ryévotTo Xar- e705 O TLUNTNS OTL vdwp Tivw. Bexovio § amavrioas dyovte pe’ éavtod Tpels duoppordtas Ouyatépas avedbéyEaTo: ‘“ , b) > IA v / bh DotBou wort ove €@vTos EoTrEtpEV TéKVA. Mdpxou 6é Tedriov do0xodvtos ovK ef érevd Epo yeryovevat, Aaumpa b6€ 77 Pwvn Kal weyary pap fata Tpos THY ouryeANTOV efavayvovrtos, ‘ ‘My Oavpatere, 4 elmre, ‘xal autos els éoTe TOV ava- TEPOVNKOTOY. émel O€ Paiiotos ) LuANa Tou POvapX7TavTOs év ‘Poun Kal TONOUS émt Gava- TO T poypaypavTos éy Saveious yevopevos Kal ToA- ra THs ougias diacmabyjoas a dm dptvov Tpoeypaye, TAUTNY epn pardov aUT® THY Tpoypadny ape- KEL THY TaTppay. XXVIII. "EK = ToUTwY éyiveTo Todnois éma.- xOns° Kal ol peta KrArwédiou cuvertnoay er avTov apxnv TOLAUTHY Aa Bovres. Av KAwézios aynp Evyevs, TH pev HNALKLA Vvéos, TO 5€ Ppovnuate _— 1 Adrastus, mythical king of Argos, gave his two daughters in marriage to Tydeus and Polyneices, both of whom were fugitives from their native cities, 150 CICERO, xxv. 1—xxvull. 1 AXVII. Now, this use of very biting jests against enemies or legal opponents seems to be part of the orator’s business; but his indiscriminate attacks for the sake of raising a laugh made many people hate Cicero. And I will give a few instances of this also. Marcus Aquinius, who had two sons-in- law in exile, he called Adrastus.1 Again, Lucius Cotta, who held the office of censor, was very fond of wine, and Cicero, when canvassing for the consulship, was a-thirst, and as his friends stood about him while he drank, said: “ You have good reason to fear that the censor will deal harshly with me—for drinking water.” And when he met Voconius escorting three very ugly daughters, he cried out :— “It was against the will of Phoebus that he begat children.”’ 2 Again, when Marcus Gellius, who was thought to be of servile birth, had read letters to the senate in a loud and clear voice, “Do not marvel,” said Cicero, “he too is one of those who have cried aloud for their freedom.” * And when Faustus, the son of the Sulla who was dictator at Rome and placarded many people for death, got into debt, squandered much of his substance, and placarded his household goods for sale, Cicero said he liked this placarding better than his father’s. XXVIII. Asa consequence of this he became odious to many; and besides, the partisans of Clodius com- bined against him on the following ground. Clodius was a man of noble birth, young in years, but bold 2 An iambic trimeter from some lost tragedy, perhaps the Ocdipus of Euripides (Nauck, T'rag. Graec. Frag.?, p. 911). 3 A play upon the phrase (used of a slave) ‘‘ in libertatem reclamare.” 151 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Opacus Kat avdadns. ovTos épav Toumrnias THS Katcapos yuvarKos eis TIHV olxiay avTou _Tapeio- re Kpupa, AaBav éo0ijra Kal oKeuny rar- T plas” é@vov yep ab yuraixes THY aTroppyTov éxeiynv Kal adearov avopacu Duciay éy TH TOU Katcapos oixia, Kal mapiy aynp oudeiss aAAG pelpaKlov @Y ETL Kab pyTH ryevercov 0 Kidwézos rm iE AnoesOar dea dvs Tpos THY Hopaniav pera TOV yuvarkay. ws 8 eianrOe VUKTOS Ets oixiay peyarny, nTopetto Tay dL0dwv" Kal TAa- VOMLEVOV AUTO iSotoa Avpmrias Oepatrauvis THs Kaicapos LNTPOS, NTN EDV dvopa. pbeyEac bau S avayxacbévtos éxeivou Kal pg avTos aK ONOU- Oov Iloprnias Snteiv "ABpav tovvopa, cuvetca Ty povnv ov yuvarxetav ovaav avéxpaye Kal TUVEKANEL Tas yuvaikas. ait & amoxreicacat TAS Ovpas Kal mavTa Svepevvespevae AauBavovart tov KrAws.ov eis olka TALOLT RNS, 1 n cuverainrOe, KaTaTepevyoTa. TOU 6€ TPayLatos meptBorrov yevouevou Katodp te tHv Uopurniav adjxe cai dixnv } aceBeias aveypayato T6 Kiwoiw. XXIX. Kixépwv & iv pév avtov diros xal Tov mept Katirtvav TParTopEevav EXpHTO Tpo- OumoTatTm cuvepy@ Kal puraxe TOU TOMATOS, ia xuptSopevov d€ 7 pos TO eye AN Lat TO poe ryevyovevar Kat’ € éxeivov ev ‘Pwpn Tov ypovov, arr’ ev Tots Topparara Xeopiows. dar piBew, KaTepwap- TUpnoey ws adiypwévov pos autov olxade Kal * Slieny before this word Sintenis and Bekker assume a lacuna in the text, where once stood some such phrase as eis Tav Snudapxwy (Plutarch, Caesar, x. 5). So (substantially) Graux, 1§2 875 CICERO, xxvii. 1—xx1x. 1 and presumptuous in spirit. This man, being in love with Pompeia, Caesar’s wife, got into his house secretly, by assuming the dress and guise of a lute- player; for the women of Rome were celebrating in Caesar's house that mysterious rite which men were not allowed to witness,! and no man was there; but being still a beardless youth Clodius hoped without being noticed to slip through to Pompeia along with the women. But since he got in at night and the house was large, he lost his way in the passages; and as he was wandering about, a maid of Aurelia, Caesar's mother, caught sight of him and asked him his name, Being thus compelled to speak, he said that he was looking for an attendant of Pompeia named Abra, whereupon the maid, perceiving that his voice was not that of a woman, raised a cry and called the women together. These shut the doors, searched carefully all about, and found Clodius, who had taken refuge in the chamber of the girl with whom he came into the house. The affair having become noised abroad, Caesar divorced Pompeia and had an action for sacrilege brought against Clodius. XXIX. Now, Cicero was a friend of Clodius, and in the affair of Catiline had found him a most eager co-worker and guardian of his person; but when Clodius replied to the charge against him by insist- ing that he had not even been in Rome at the time, but had been staying in places at the farthest remove from there, Cicero testified against him, declaring that Clodius had come to his house and 1 Cf. chapter xix. 3, 153 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 drecXeypévov Tmept TLv@v" OTE HY arndes. Ov pny €OOKEL paptupeiv ) Kexépov 61a THY arnberar, a) pos THY avTou yuvatka Tepevtiav amrono- ryoupevos. my yap avutn T pos TOV KrXwdrov aré- xGera Oa THY adedpiy THY éKElVvOU Krwdiar, WS TO Kixépove Bovdoperny yapnFhvar Kal TOUTO bua TvAXov TLVOS MpaTrovaar, os éTaipos pev Ay Kat auvnOns év Tos padtora Kixépwvos, del b¢ Tos Thv Krwoiav port ov Kal Geparreveov eyyus 3 o1xovcay vrowiay 73) Tepev tia TAperXe. Va- hem dé Tov oO otca Kal Tob Kirépevos dpyovca tapwtuve TH KAwdiw auveriPécBat Kai KaTapaptupijcat. Katevaptupovy dé tov Kio- diou To\AoL TOY KAN@Y Kayabav avdpay émLop- Klas, pgosoupytas, dxyrwv dexacpous, POopas YUVALKOV. Aevxovrros dé Kat Oeparratvisas TApElLYey WS TVYYEVOLTO TH VEewTATH TAY AdeAPav 4 0 KAwédcos, te AcvxovAdw ouvexKet. Torn O jv Soka Kal Tats adhaus Svalv adehpais Th oud lev tov Krwdsov, wv Teptiav bev Mapevos 0 ‘PHE, Krwdiav d€ Méredros o Kenep eixev, Hv Kovadpaytiav * €xadovy, OTL TOV epactay Ts auTH XarKous eBarov els Baravtvov OS apyv- plov cloémeuwe? TO O€ AETTOTATOV Tov _Xahkov VOpLoLaATOS KOVaOpavTny éxdoup. él TAUTN pddoTa TOV adedpav KAKOS Hove ev 6 KaAdduos. 5 ov pny GAB TOTE TOU d7}Lo0u 7 pos TOUS KATOpOp- 7. TUPOUVTAS AVTOV KAL GUVETTATAS aVTLTATTOMEVOU 1 Kovadparrfay Sintenis with the MSS.; Kovadpayraplay Bek- ker, after Xylander and Du Soul (cf. Cic. pro Cael. 26, 62, mulier quadrantaria). 154 CICERO, xxix 1-5 consulted him on certain matters; which was true. However, it was thought that Cicero did not give his testimony for the truth’s sake, but by way of defence against the charges of his own wife Terentia. For there was enmity between her and Clodius on account of his sister Clodia, whom Terentia thought to be desirous of marrying Cicero and to be con- triving this with the aid of a certain Tullus; now, Tullus was a companion and an especial intimate of Cicero, and his constant visits and attentions to Clodia, who lived near by, made Terentia suspicious. So, being a woman of harsh nature, and having sway over Cicero, she incited him to join in the attack upon Clodius and give testimony against him. More- over, many men of the better class bore witness against Clodius for perjury, recklessness, bribery of the multitude, and debauching of women. And Lucullus actually produced female slaves who tes- tified that Clodius had commerce with his youngest sister when she was living with Lucullus as his wife. There was also a general belief that Clodius had intercourse with his other two sisters, of whom Tertia was the wife of Marcius Rex, and Clodia of Metellus Celer; the latter was called Quadrantia, because one of her lovers had put copper coins into a purse and sent them to her for silver, and the smallest copper coin was called “ quadrans.”’ It was with regard to this sister in particular that Clodius was in evil repute. However, since the people at this time set themselves against those who com bined and testified against him, the jurors were no PLUTARCH’S LIVES hoByibévtes of Stxactal duraxny TeptectHaayTo, Kal TAS OEATOUS Ol THELTTOL TUYKEXUMEVOLS TOUS ypampacw WVEYKADV. opens d€ WAEtoves éofay ol damon vores yever at: Kat TLS erEXOH Kal Oa: 6 LOS dveAG civ. a0ev o per KatXos a ATrAVT HOAs TOUS KpLTats, * SV ers, elTreD, ‘ ‘ws arnbas virép aopa- Aelas ntno ac Ge THY puraxiyp, poBovpevor bn TiS UL@Y apEernrat 70 dpy upto.” Kixépwv oe TOU Krwdiov T POs avrov NeyovTos OTL LapTupay OUK ETE mor Tapa TOUS dicacrals, ORNS époot HEV, ” eivev, “ol TWévTEe Kal eixoot TOV StKa- CTO emia tevoay’ TOT OVTOL yap gov cate wn dbi- ayo" gol dé TpedKovTa OUK emlaTevoay’ ov yap mT poTEpov amtéXvaav 3) eraBov TO dpyuptov.” 70 HEV TOL Kaicap ov KATE LApPTUPNGE Kr1/Gels eT TOV KAw6zov, ovo &pn porxetay kareyvoxKevar THS yuvaros, agerkevar 5 avr HY OTe TOV Kaicapos ede yasov ov mpatews aicypas povov, dAXAa Kal dyuns cabapov eivat. XXX. Atapuywv b€ tov Kivdvvoyv @ Krwédzos Kab Onpapxos aipeeis evOus elXeTO tov Kexépw- VOS, nave opod Tpayywara Kal mvt as v0 pwrous cuvaryov Kal TapaT Tov ém avtTov. Tov Te yap Of wov @KELw@oaTO vopors piravOpar ots, Kab TOV UT UT OV EKAT EDD peyaras éemapxias éevrndicato, Heicw pev Maxeéoviar, TaBwin ce Lupiar, TONNOUS be TOV aT ope GuVveTAT TEV els 70 TOA TEVA, Kal dovrouUS oma pevous TEpl AUTOV ElYe. 2 Tw O€ TAEtcTOY SuvVapévwY TOTE TPLOV avdpar, 1 Cf. also the Caesar, x. '7. Each juror was provided with. three tablets, on one of which was marked A (absolvo); ona second C (condemno); and ona third N.L. (non liquet). The 156 CICERO, xxix, 5-xxx. 2 frightened and surrounded themselves with a guard, and most of them cast their voting-tablets with the writing on them confused.! But nevertheless those who were for acquittal appeared to be in the majority; and some bribery also was said to have been used. This led Catulus to say, when he met the jurors, “It was indeed as a measure of safety that you asked for your guard; you were afraid that someone would take your money away from you.” 2 And Cicero, when Clodius told him that as a witness he had found no credit with the jurors, said: “ Nay, twenty-five of the jurors gave me credit, for so many voted against you; and thirty of them gave you no credit, for they did not vote to acquit you until they had got your money.”’3 Caesar, however, when sum- moned as a witness, gave no testimony against Clodius, and denied that he had condemned his wife for adultery, but said that he had put her away because Caesar’s wife must be free not only from shameful conduct, but even from shameful report. XXX. But Clodius, having escaped his peril, and having been chosen tribune,* at once began to attack Cicero, arraying and stirring up against him all things and all men alike. He won the favour of the people by benevolent laws, got large pro- vinces voted to each of the consuls (Macedonia to Piso, and Syria to Gabinius), brought many of the poorer class into organized political activity, and kept armed slaves about his person. Now, of the three men who at that time had most power, jurors voted hy placing one of these tablets in the urn, Plutarch must have misunderstood his source. 2 Cf. Cicero, ad Att. i. 16, 5. 3 Cf. Cicero, sbid. 16, 10. 4 For the year 58 B.c. eS) an PLUTARCH’S LIVES i a Kpaooov pev avtexpus Keixépwve trodepodvtos, of. f \ f Iloprniov dé Opumtopéevov mpos apdortépous, , Kaioapos 6€ uédXovtos ets T'adatiav éftévar peta s lad \ ¢ OTPATEULATOS, UTO TOUTOV UTodus oO KuKépwr, / ? v , > > ef ? “ \ KaLTTep OUK OVTA PirAOV, AAX UTOTTOV EK TOV TrEpPL K XL 3 ger \ b a atirivav, nkiwoe mpecRevTns avT@ ovoTtpa- / a , revelry. OceEapévov 5€ tov Kaicapos 0 Krdzos ¢ a 4 N ie nn \ f op@v expevyovta thy Snmapxtav avtod tov Kuixeé- pwva mpocetroteito cupBatixa@s Exew, Kal TH , \ f > \ 2s ? f Tepevtia tTHv wielaoTnv avatibels aitiav, éxeivou a“ / dé peuvnpevos errieck@s ael Kal Aoyous evyvo- b 7 e v > “~ ? \ Hovas évo.oovs, @S av TLS OV pLo@Y OVE Yare- f b] tee pd ~ f \ a , TAlWwV, AA €yKadwy pEeTplLa Kal hirdtKa, TavTa- “a \ f a“ 4 a A Tact avtov Tov hoSov avijxev, WoT aTreiTrEty TO , \ f 4 ~ Kaicapt tHv mpecBeiay nal wadw éxecOat ths , 37? @ \ e a , Tortteias. é€h @ wapokvvbels o Kaicap tov te Krwdsov éméppwoe cat Wopmijiov améotpete ” ~ , b) / Kouton ToD Kixépwvos, autos Te KaTep“apTupno ev a \ a a a év TO Onuw wn SoKEiy AVT@® Karas pNdé Vvopipws v ? , 3 wn \ N 4 avépas axpitous avnphobat tovs mepi Aévtdov re N f kat KéOnyov. attn yap qv n KaTnyopia, Kai éri Toul’ o Kixépwy éxadreito. Ktivouvetwrv otv Kal , ? a / \ / ? f Suwmxopevos eoOATa peTHAXNaEE Kal KouNsS ava- ee 4 XN Aw al TAEWS TEpliov ixéTEvEe TOY Sipuov. TravTayoU 8 o \ \ Krwdtos amrnvta Kata ToUs otevwTrous, avOpa- \ ‘ A ¢ mous éywv UBpiotas Tept avTov Kali Opaceis, ot \ \ , ? f 3 A TOAAG pey YAEUaCoVTES AKONGOTS Els THY pETA- \ ‘N lal wn , nm Bornv Kal to oxjpa tov Kixépwvos, roAdayod 1538 87 CICERO, xxx. 2-5 Crassus was an out-and-out foe of Cicero, Pompey was dallying with both, and Caesar was about to set out for Gaul with an army ; into Caesar’s favour, therefore, Cicero insinuated himself (although Caesar was not a friend, but an object of suspicion owing to the affair of Catiline), and asked to accompany him on his campaign as legate.1 But no sooner had Caesar granted the request than Clodius, seeing that Cicero was thus escaping his tribunicial power, pretended to be desirous of a reconciliation, and by laying the chief blame upon Terentia, and always speaking of Cicero in friendly terms and using kindly expressions about him, as one who bore him no hatred or even ill-will, but had mode- rate complaints to make of him in a friendly way, he altogether took away his fear, so that he declined the office of legate under Caesar and again applied himself to public matters. But at this conduct Caesar was exasperated, and encouraged Clodius against Cicero, and completely alienated Pompey from him, while he himself testified before the people that he did not think it right or lawful that men should be put to death without a trial, as in the case of Lentulus, Cethegus, and their accomplices. For this was the denunciation made against Cicero, and to this he was summoned to make answer. And so, being in peril of prosecution, he changed his attire,? and with his hair untrimmed went about supplicating the people. But Clodius met him everywhere in the streets, with a band of bold and insolent men about him, who made many unbridled jests upon Cicero’s change of attire, 1 According to Cicero (ad Att. ii. 18, 3), it was Caesar who made the request. 2 Toa garb of mourning. 159 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a / / a 6€ wydkwo Kat AGous BdadrAovtTes evictavto Tais / (KECLALS. XXXII. Ob py adda TO Kixépwrt tp@tov peév al \ an e nw wn 6Xiyou Sely cuptTay TO TOY iTTLKoY TAHOOS cuppeteBare thy écOijta, Kat dicpvpiwv ov« 7 na EXaTTOUS véwy TapnKoAOVOOUY KOLaVTES Kal cuVI- lo a , KeTEvOVTES? eTreLTa THS BovAns cuverOovans 6Tws , \ a e > AN , a wWwndicaito Tov Siwov ws ert mévOect pwetaBRanety Ta (atia, Kal TOV UTdTwY évavTiwOévtav, Krw- , \ , \ \ , diov 6€ atdnpohopovpevov mept TO BovrAevT prov, > 4 b] b] 4 A n 2€é8papov ove orjLyot TOV BovrEUTLKaV KaTap- x al wn pyyvipevoe Tous yiT@vas Kal BowvTes. ws & Hv 7 ? 3 # IQA \ \ ” b > ovT olKToS OUTE TLS aldws Tpos THY Oi, AAXr Es oy Kuiké evyey 7 Bia Kal oLdn édes Tov Kixepwva gevyev 7 (ta np@ ms \ ‘ , IQA a, xpihivat mwpos tov Karwdiov, édetto Topsniov aA , \ BonOeiy éritnies éxtrodwy yeyovotos cat dsatpi- nw \ ? , \ fa) Bovtos év aypots Tept tov AdXBavov. Kat tpwTor \ ” II , \ \ PS / pev érreprve Iletcwva tov yapBpov denoopevor: 4 Ay > N > , v >] e émerta Kat avtos avéBn. truOopnevos 6 o Top- Foe b] e , > bd > @ cal PS \ \ Wnios OvX vTmEemetvev Els Orly EAVELV, CELYN yap auTov aidws elye mpos Tov avdpa peydrous nyw- viapevoy ayoavas uTép avTovd Kal ToAXa pos i > ld , b) \ r , vapw éKxelv@m mTeTrodLTeUpEvov, urddrAa Kaioape yapBpos @v Seouév@ mpovowKe Tas Tradatas / \ \ ig ” e \ 3 yvapitas Kal Kata Ovpas adXas uTEEEN wv are- ‘6 \ 4 ef or 5 0 \ e SidpacKxe thy evtevErv. ottw $7 mpodobels o a \ \ M4 \ Kixépov ta’ avtod Kal yeyovws Epnuos emi Tovs ¢e , , \ ti \ > umatous KaTepuye. Kal LaPuivios pev nv yare- \ Or nté , \ , , > an mos adel, Ileiowy de SuehéyOn mpaotepoy arte, 160 CICERO, xxx. 5—Xxxx1. 4 and often pelted him with mud and stones, and so interfered with his supplications to the people. XXXI. However, in the first place, nearly the whole body of knights changed their attire with Cicero, and as many as twenty thousand young men escorted him with their hair untrimmed and joined in his suppliant entreaties to the people;! and besides, when the senate had met in order to pass a vote that the people should change their dress in token of public calamity, and the consuls had opposed it, and Clodius was in arms about the senate-house, not a few of the senators ran out, rending their garments and crying aloud. But since “this sight awakened neither pity nor any mercy, but Cicero was obliged either to go into exile or to appeal to force and the sword against Clodius, he begged for aid from Pompey, who had purposely got out of the way and was staying at his country seat in the Alban hills. First Cicero sent Piso,? his son-in-law, to entreat for him; then he went up thither himself also. Pompey, however, on learning of his coming, could not endure to see him, for he felt a strong sense of shame towards the man who had made great struggles in his behalf and had often adopted a political course to please him; but since he was Caesar’s son-in-law, at his request he proved false to his old obligations, clipped out by another door, and so ran away from the interview. Thus betrayed by him and left desolate, Cicero fled for refuge to the consuls. Gabinius was always severe with him, but Piso dealt 1 Cf. Cicero’s oration post red. ad Quir. 3, 8. 2 Not the consul who is mentioned in xxx. 1 and below in § 4, 161 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TAPALWOV EXOTHVAL Kal UTOYwpHoat TH TOV Krw- diov puun Kat THY peTaBoArAnv TOV KatpaY éveyxKeEtv Kal yeveoOat Tadtvy cwThpa Hs Tatpidbos ev n b] aA oTdcect Kal Kaxols Ou éxeivov ovaons. Totavtns Tuy@y amroxpicews 0 Kirépwy éBov- , a / NevETO auV Tols hirots: Kat AevKOVAXOS pEV ExE- Ds e t ” \ , NEVE MLEVELVY, WS TEpleTopevoV, AANoL Oe hevryery, ry f os Tayv Tov Snpyov ToOrjcovtos avTov, Stay 9 wn nw , (A \ 5 4 éuTrAncOn Hs KAwdiov pavias Kal arrovoias. a > Fe. / \ \ ‘ ov a taut édofe Kixépwruy Kal To pev ayadpa THS ’ nA a \ , bd b ‘ A ’ 4 A@nvas, 6 qoduy XYpovov EXwy eml THS otKias e / b Ble f ? A idpupévov étiva ditagepovtws, ets Kamitadtov f b) LQ. > , ‘“o? ral e , KopLoas ave neev emuyparpas ; AGnvG Pons PUAaKt, TouTovs S€ Tapa Tov diiwv AaBav \ / 7 iC A n , \ A Tept pécas vuxtas vTEeEnAGe THS TOAEWS Kal TEST if dra Aevxavias étropeveto, AaBécOat Xtxedias Bovropuevos. XE “Os 6" a os 10 D 2.@: S nv pavepos non Tmedevyas, nw wn fo) e émiyyayev avT@ guys Widov o KrAwsd:os, cat &id- ypappa Tpov0nkey elpyery mupos Kal datos Tov \ / S avépa Kal py Tapéyeww oréyny évTos putdiov / ? , a \ ¢ ” mevtakooiwy Itadtas. Tots pev ovv adXots A , éXaxlaTos jv Tov diaypappatos TovTOV oOyos \ / a aldovpévors Tov Kixépwva, cal macav évdeckvv- , / pevot @troppocvvnvy Tapémeutov avtov: év & td , 4 n / A b fal A ImToviw, Toke THS AevKavias, Hv OtuBadva viv i 2h s pee eee ” \ KaNrovaw, OviBios, LiKedos avynp, addAa TE TOAKA wn f , 9 \ \ \ THs Kixepwvos pidtas aTroAeXavews Kai yeyovws 162 87! CICERO, xxxt. 4—xxxu. 2 with him more gently, advising him to stand aside and yield to the impetuous assaults of Clodius, to submit to the change in the times, and to become once more a saviour of his country when she was in- volved in seditions and misfortunes through Clodius. After getting such answer to his appeal, Cicero took counsel with his friends: Lucullus urged him to remain in the city, believing that he would prevail ; but others advised him to go into exile, believing that the people would quickly long for him when they were sated with the folly and madness of Clodius. This Cicero decided to do; so he took the statue of Minerva which had long stood in his house, and which he honoured exceed- ingly, carried it to the capitol,! and dedicated it there with the inscription “ ‘To Minerva, Guardian of Rome”; then, accepting an escort from his friends, about midnight he slipped out of the city, and set out on foot through Lucania, desiring to reach Sicily. XXXII. But as soon as it was known that he had fled, Clodius caused a vote of banishment to be passed upon him, and issued an edict that all men should refuse him fire and water and that no man should give him shelter within five hundred miles of Italy. Now, most men paid not the slightest heed to this edict out of respect for Cicero, and escorted him on his way with every mark of kindness ; but at Hipponium, a city of Lucania,? which is now called Vibo, Vibius, a Sicilian, who had profited much from Cicero’s friendship and_par- ticularly by being made prefect of engineers during 1 Cf. Cicero, de leg. ii. 17, 42 ; ad fam. xii. 25, 1. 2 Rather Bruttium. 103 PLUTARCH’S LIVES UTATEVOVTOS AUTOD TEKTOVWY ETAPXOS, OKLA LEV > INL E \ / de , > f ovx €dé£aTo, To ywpiov de KaTaypa ew éeTNyyér- fiw € a , AeTo, Kal [dios Ovepytrsos, 0 THs XLeKedtas oTpa- a / / TynYyos, év Tols pardtata Kexépwr Keypnpévos, 4 3 , a Ss ? x4) e ? f éypawev amréxer Oat THs RuKedtas. eh ols aGvmn- cas Opunoev éri Bpevtéciov, caxeiGev ets Auppa- Yi A ¢ ’ 4 Yiov avéum@ hop@ Tepatovpevos, avTimvEevcavTos Teraylou pel ipépav érradwdpounoer, eft’ atOrs avynyOn. Réyetar S€ Kal KaTaTAEvCarTOS Es Avppaytov avtod Kat pédXovtos amroPaivev cet- n A \ / a omov TE THS YRS Kal oTacpOY apa yevécOas Tis ¢ > 4) @ / ¢ \ \ Oaratrns. ah @v avvéBadrov ot pavtixol py povipov avt@ Thy duyiy ésecGar peTaBorgHs yap civat TavTa onpela. Tod\rA@Y Sé holT@YTWY ar- nw i¢ 9 b] f \ “A ¢ , 4 Sp@v um evvotas kai tov “HAAnvidwy TrOACwV \ \ a aa StaplAAWMEVOV TrPOS aUTAS Talis TpETBElals, OWS bf] “ \ f tol \ Yd \) \ abupov kat Twepidvios Suye TA TOANA, TPS THY ef € f n n [radiav, @omep of Sucépwtes, apopov, Kal T@ \ \ ¢ a ppovnywatt puxpos ayav Kal Tamewvos Ure TIS aovppopas yeyovas Kai ovverTarpéevos, ws ove ay Tis avdpa Tavela cupBeBimxota TocavTy mpoc- é / b] \ > , \ EOOKNGE. KALTOL ToAXrAKIS avTOS HEloV ToS dirovs un pyTopa Karey avTov, GAA dirocodor: / \ e f e a“ ry dirocogiav yap ws épyov npjoPat, pytopien & a / dpydve xpicGat ToAtTevopevos él Tas YXpelas. \ \ , ¢ arn 7 dda Savy tov Noyov, Os TEp Rady, arro- , a a \ \ a“ la > , KAVoAaAL THS Wuyijs, Kal TA TOV TONY evomdp- b is Uy \ a Eacda. mdOn dt opiriav cab ovvybeav ois 164 CICERO, xxxu. 2-5 his consulship, would not receive him in his house, but sent him word that he would assign him his country-place for residence; and Caius Vergilius, the praetor of Sicily, who had been on most inti- mate terms with Cicero, wrote him to keep away from Sicily.t Disheartened at this treatment, he set out for Brundisium, and from there tried to cross to Dyrrhachium with a fair breeze, but since he met a counter-wind at sea he came back the next day, and then set sail again. It is said, too, that after he had put in at Dyrrhachium and was about to land, there was an earthquake accompanied by a violent convulsion of the sea. Wherefore the soothsayers conjectured that his exile would not be lasting, since these were signs of change. But although many people visited him out of goodwill, and the Greek cities vied with one another in sending hin: deputations, still, he passed his time for the most part in dejection and great grief,? looking off towards Italy like a disconsolate lover, while in his spirit he became very petty and mean by reason of his misfortune, and was more humbled than one would have expected in a man who had enjoyed so lofty a discipline as his. And yet he often asked his friends not to call him an orator, but a philosopher, because he had chosen philosophy as all occupation, but used oratory merely as an instrument for attaining the needful ends of a political career. But public opinion has great power to wash away reason, like a dye, from the soul of man, and by force of familiar association to impress the feelings of the vulgar on those who engage 1 Cf. Cicero, pro Plancio, 40, 95 ff. ? As his letters to Atticus (ili, 8-21) show. 165 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 # , ba , , TOALTEVOMEVOLS, AV LN TLS EV para huvrAATTOMEVOS © aA \ al s oUTw cuUudépnTat Tols EKTOS WS TOY TPAaypaTwV a A \ A a“ QUT@V, OV TOV ETL TOIS TPaypnact TAaGaY cvppe- OéEwr. XXXITI. “O d€ Krwosos éFeAdcas tov Kuixé- pwva KaTéeTpnoe pev avTov Tas émavrets, KaT- \ beats A émpnae O€ THY OlKiay Kal T@® TOTM vadv 'EXev- / ? 4 \ > > + ? ’ Oeptas ém@Kodopunoe tHv 8 AdAXNV ovotav éerwrEL ’ / Kal dtexnpuTte Kad nuépav, pndév wvoupévou pn- \ ? \ A a Sevos. €k O€ ToUTOV PoPeEpos BY Tots aptaToKpa- a \ \ on 3 , ? ef \ TLKOLS, Kab TOY Ojpov aveimevoy as UBpiv ToAAHY \ , , b] , A Kab OpacuTnta TUVEPENKO[EVOS, emexetper TO Hloprnio, Tov dtwoxnpévwoy vr’ av’tod Kata THY oTpateéiav Evia orapdttwv. éd ols o Topmaaios adoEay éxaxilev avTos avTov mpoémevos Tov Kixé- pwva' Kat Tadw éx petaBorns Tavtotos éyiveto TpaTTwv KaGodov AVT@ peTa TOV hirtwv. Eevicta- A / f a A pevov 5€ ToD KrAwdiov cvvédo£e 7H BovrAn unbdev / a fe) \ dla pécov mpaypa Kupody poe mpattTew dnpuo- cov, e+ py Kixépwrr xaOodos yévotto. tay &é f A mept AévTXov UTaTEeVvoYTWwY Kal THS OTdTEws i? f a a Tpocw Badilovens, date TpwOhvat wev ev ayopa , Iw \ \ oe , b] N - dSnudpyous, Koivtov 6é tov Kixépwvos adergov év a a / A e Tois vexpois ws TeOvNnKOTa Keipevoy d1arabely, 6 A 4 A a, a Te Onpos HpxeTo TpeTECGar TH yvwoun, Kal TOY , Ww t “ > f iN Snuapxov “Avvtos Mitwv patos éToAunoe TOV , , Krwdiov es Sixny amdyev Biatwv, cal Toumnio A f “A i A ToANol cvvAAGov Ex TE TOD Onuwov Kal TOV TépLE , bd e \ \ \ , , Tovewy. peo wv mpoekOwv Kat tov Krwdrov 166 CICERO, xxxtl. 5—XXXII. 3 in political life, unless one is right well on his guard when he engages himself in things external, and is resolved to participate only in the things them- selves, and not in the feelings attendant upon them. XXXITI. As for Clodius, after driving Cicero away he burned down his villas, and burned down his house, and erected on its site a temple to Liberty ; the rest of his property he offered for sale and had it proclaimed daily, but nobody would buy anything. Being therefore formidable to the patricians, and dragging along with him the people, who indulged in great boldness and effrontery, he assailed Pompey, attacking fiercely some of the arrangements made by him on his expedition. The disgrace which this brought upon Pompey led him to reproach himself for his abandonment of Cicero; and changing front he used every effort to effect Cicero’s return, and so did his friends. But since Clodius opposed himself to this, the senate decided to ratify no measure that came up in the mean time and to do no public busi- ness, unless Cicero should be permitted to return.! During the consulship of Lentulus,? however, when the disorder went on increasing, so that tribunes were wounded in the forum and Quintus the brother of Cicero lay unnoticed for dead among the slain,’ the people began to change their minds, and Annius Milo, one of the tribunes, first ventured to prosecute Clodius for violence, and many joined themselves to Pompey both from the people and from the surround- ing cities. With these Pompey came forth, drove 1 Cf. Cicero, pro Sest. 31, 67 f.; Plutarch, Pompey, xlix. 1-3. 2 57 B.C. 2 Cf. Cicero, pro Sest. 35, 75 f. 167 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avactiaas €k THS ayopas emi thy Wihhov éxaret TOUS ToNiTas. Kal NEvyeTas pydémroTe pn dev ex ToT AUTNS opoppoauvns emiupnpicac bar TOY b7)- pov. 1 O€ GUYKANTOS dpe TOs TOV d7} ov éryparrev emauveOiva TAS TOAELS boar TOV Kuxé- pova Tapa 7 Thy puyny eOeparrevoar, Kal T1v oixiav avT@ Kat Tas emavras, as Krwdcsos dvebOapces, Téreat Onpoctow avactabjvat. Karnet 6¢ Kixépov ExardendT@ pnt pera tiv 87k puyny: Kab TOTAUTN Tas TONELS yapa Kal amoven TOUS avOpam ous Tepl THY aT aVTNaW Elyev ooTe TO pnOev v7r0 Kexépevos t Uo repov évdeéaTepov elvat THs arnOeias. edhy yap aurov éml TOY @ Lov TID ‘Iradiav pépoveay els THY ‘Pomny eloreveryKely, OTrOU Kat Kpacoos, ex Opos QV avT@ po THS duyijs, TOTE ™ poOvpws amiyra Kab Stedvero, TO Tatot TomAte yapilopevos, ws Ereye, EnrwrH Tov Kexépwvos ovtt. XXXIV. Xpovoyv & ov mworviw Stadimav Kal mapapurdtas atoénpovvta tov Krwdzsov érnrGe MeTAa TOAAOY TO KatritTwAL@, Kal TAS SnuapytKas déXTOus, év ais avaypadai Tov dtwxnpévwv Hoar, améotrace Kat SvépOerpev. €yKaXovvTos O€ Tepl TOUTOU TOU Kr.éiou, Tou o€ Kuxépwvos A€yorTos WS Tapavopors EK TAT PLKLOY els Onpapxiav TAaper- Got, Kal KUpLOV ovdey elvat TOV TET pany fev ov ie auton, Katov NYAVEKTNTE Kal aVTELTE, TOV pev KA @érov ove érrawav, adda Kal dua xepaivev TOLS TeTOALTEUMEVOLS, OeLVOV O€ Kal Biatov aTrodaivev 1 On the question of Cicero’s recall. 2 Cf. Cicero, in Prsonem, 22, 52. | 3 Cf. Cicero, post red. in sen. 15, 39. | 168 CICERO, xxxill. 3—XxxIv. 2 Clodius from the forum, and summoned the citizens to the vote.! And it is said that the people never passed any vote with such unanimity. The senate, too, vying with the people, wrote letters of thanks to all the cities which had ministered to Cicero during his exile, and decreed that his house and his villas, which Clodius had destroyed, should be restored at the public cost.? Thus Cicero came home in the sixteenth month after his exile; and so great was the joy of the cities and the eagerness of men to meet him that what was said by Cicero afterwards fell short of the truth. He said, namely, that Italy had taken him on her shoulders and carried him into Rome.? And there Crassus also, who was his enemy before his exile, now readily met him and was reconciled with him, to gratify his son Publius, as he said, who was an ardent admirer of Cicero. XXXIV. After allowing only a short time to pass and watching for an opportunity when Clodius was absent from the city, Cicero went up with a great company to the capitol, and there tore away and destroyed the tablets of the tribunes, in which were the records of their administration. When Clodius brought charges against him for this and Cicero argued that it was illegal for Clodius to pass from the ranks of the patricians into the tribunate,* and that therefore none of his acts was valid, Cato was in- dignant and spoke against Cicero; not that he approved of Clodius, nay, he was actually displeased at his political course, but he set forth that it was a 4 Clodius had secured an adoption into a plebeian family in order to become a candidate for the tribuneship. Cf. Cicero, pro domo sua, 29, 77. 169 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avaipedty Yn picacbat Soypatov Kal mpatewr TOTOUTOP THY a UYKANTOD, év ais elvat Kat tiv éavtov tov tept Kutpov cal Bufavtiov dsotxnouv. éx TovTov mpocéxpovoey 6 Kixépwv avt® mpoc- Kpovowy els ovdev eupaves 7 pochOobcay, aX’ WOTE TH diroppocvvyn ypnalat pos aAXAAOUS dL [Lav poTeE pov. XXXV. Mera ratdta KiXwédtov pév adroxtivyvet Midov: cat diwxopuevos povov Kirépwva tape- oTHTAaTO GvYHyopov. 7 de Bovrn PoPnOeioa p71) KLVOUVEVOVTOS dvd pos évdoEou Kal Oupoedobs Tod Midtwvos tapayn yévntar mept THY TONY, émre- tpewe Lloparnio TaVvTyy TE KAL TAS adXas Kploets BpaBedoat, Tapéyovta TH ToAEL Kal Tos StKa- arn plous dopaneray. exetvou dé THY aryopav ETL VUKTOS amo TOV aK pov meptraPovTos Tots oT pare @Tas, 0 Miawy tov Kixépwva detaas pn mpos Thy owl anbeia diatapax dels Yetpov Ssaryor'- onTat, cuverrercer év popeio Kopiabevta 7 pos Thy aryopav navy abel, a aype ov cuviacwy ol KpiTal Kal mAnpovrat TO OtxaaTHpLov. O06 ov povov HW, Ws éorKen, ev omhous alapons, arra kal TO Neyer peTa poBou Tpoonet, Kal ports ay ératoato} TANXNOMEVOS KAL TPELOY ETL TOANOY UYOVOV AKBHV Tov AOYoU Kal KaTdoTacLy AaBortos. Atxivviw de |] Moupijva pevyovte dixny i3d Kdtwvos Bon- Oar, Kal Prdoripovpevos ‘Optyocov vmepBanreip evnpmeprjoavta, Jtépos ovdev aveTTAavaaTO THS vu- KTOS, @S UTO TOD apodpa ppovticat Kal dtaypu- mvnca Kaxwlels évdcéotepos avtod davnvat. 1 &y émavoato Graux with D (averavoaro M4): émravuuro. 170 CICERO, xxxiv, 2-Xxxv. 3 strange and violent measure for the senate to vote the abrogation of so many acts and decrees, among which were those for his own administration in Cyprus and Byzantium. This led to an antagonism between him and Cicero which came to no open manifestation, but made their friendly treatment of one another less marked. XXXV. After this Clodius was killed by Milo;} and Milo, being prosecuted for murder, engaged Cicero as his advocate. But the senate was afraid that at the trial of Milo, who was a man of repute and high spirit, there might be a disturbance in the city, and therefore intrusted the superintendence of this and the other trials to Pompey, who was to furnish security for the city and the courts of jus- tice. So Pompey, while it was still night, posted his soldiers on the heights so as to command the forum, and Milo, fearing that Cicero might be disturbed at the unusual sight and conduct his case less success- fully, persuaded him to be brought in a litter to the forum and to wait there quietly until the jurors assembled and the court-room was filled. Now Cicero, as it would seem, was not only without courage under arms, but also felt fear when he began to speak, and in many trials he hardly ceased quivering and trem- bling after his eloquence had become high and sus- tained. When he was to plead for Licinius Murena in a case brought against him by Cato, and was ambitious to surpass Hortensius, who had made a successful plea, he took no rest at all during the night before, so that his lack of sleep and his great anxiety did him harm, and he was thought inferior 1 Early in 52 8.c. For this year Pompey had been made sole consul, 171 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 tore O ow ért THv TOU Midwvos dixny éx TOD popetou ™ poeOov Kab Jeacapevos TOV Topm jiov ave KabeSoperov G ooTep ev oTpatomese, Kal KUKA@ TA OT Aa TepihaTrovTa THY ayopay, ouvex On Kal Ors evnpEato TOU oyou, Kpadarvomevos TO copa Kab tHv dhovnv évucyopevos, avtov Tod Midwvos evOapo@s Kai avdpeiws TaptaTapévou 7 ayove kal Kkopnv Opéra. Kai petaBanreiv écOijta hatav atakiwcavtos: bTEp ovy HKioTa doxel avvaitioy avT@ yevécbar Ths Katadixns. aX’ 6 ye Kixépwy dca tadta didrétaipos madXov H detdos &do£ev eivat. XXXVI. Tevetat 6€ cat Tov tepéwv obs A’ryou- pas “Pwpaios xaXovawv, avtt Kpdacov tov véov pera THY eV TdpOous avTov TEAEUTID. elra KA1P@ haxov TOV emapXeay Kedtxiav Kat OTOATOV OTAL- TOV puptov Kal dtoyiriwv, immréwv Be Ova XerLeov éEaxootwy, E€TNEUTE, mpoaray Gey aUuT® Kal Ta mepl Karmadoxiay ‘A proBaplavy To Bactret 2 gira Kab meiOjvia mapacxeiv. TavuTa TE 57) Tap- €OT1}TATO Kal TUVi}ppoaev a PeMT TOs arEp TONE- pov, TOUS TE Kidceas op@v [pos TO THap@txov 879 TTA ja ‘Pwpaiwv Kat Tov év Lupia VEWTEPLE HOV EMNPMEVOUS KATETPAUVEV NUEPWS ApYwv. Kal 6@pa pev ove TOV Bactrhéwy SeddvTwY Eafe, Settvwr dé TOUS ema pXeKovs auAKEV" aVTOS dé kal? 7 LE pap TOUS xaplevTas dvedapSavev € EO TLAT EO LY Ov TONV- 3 Tees, arr’ erevdepios. 48 olKia Oupwpov ovK elyev, 0V0 avtTos WhO KaTaxelipevos br’ ovdeEVES, arr’ Ewlev Ext@s 7) TeptmaTaY Tpo Tov dwpuaTiov Tous aamalopévous edeEtovTO. AéyeTar bé prjTe 172 CICERO, xxxv. 4—xxxvi. 3 to himself in his plea. And so at this time, when he came out of his litter to plead Milo’s cause and saw Pompey stationed on the heights as in a camp, and arms flashing all around the forum, he was con- founded and could scarcely begin his speech, for his body quivered and his voice faltered; whereas Milo showed the good courage of a brave man at the trial and had not deigned to let his hair go untrimmed or to change his attire to a dark one; and this seems most of all to have contributed to his condemnation. However, Cicero’s behaviour led men to think him devoted to his friends rather than cowardly. XXXVI. He became also one of the priests whom the Romans call Augurs, in place of the younger Crassus, who had died among the Parthians.!. Then the lot gave him Cilicia as his province, with an army of twelve thousand men-at-arms and twenty-six hundred horsemen, and he set sail,? with instructions to keep Cappadocia friendly and obedient to King Ariobarzanes. This he accomplished and arranged satisfactorily without war, and seeing that the Cili- cians, in view of the Parthian disaster to the Romans and the uprising in Syria, were in an agitated state, he pacified them by his mild government. Gifts he would not receive, not even when the kings offered them, and he relieved the provincials from the expense of entertainments; but he himself daily re- ceived men of pleasing accomplishments at banquets which were not expensive, although generous. His house, too, had no door-keeper, nor did anyone ever see him lying a-bed, but early in the morning he would stand or walk in front of his chamber and re- ceive those who came to pay him their respects. It is 1 Tn 53 B.o, See the Crassus, chapter xxv. cul Gotan) bes ae 173 PLUTATCH S]EiyV Es es pe fe / ea tars) | a f paBdos aixicacbat tiva pit éoOjta Tepicxicar 4 / e >’ 3 aA A a wn pnte Braohynputav ur opyjns 7 Enutas mpoaBanreiv 9 ef ’ ‘ \ \ le) / ue? UBpewv. avevpwv b€ TodArdAA TOV Snpociwy KEKNEMPEVA TAS TE TOAELS EVTFOPOUS ETOLNGE, Kal TOUS aTroTivovTas ovdév TOUTOV TAEioy TabdvTas 4 émitipous dtepvrAakev. rato dé Kal mrodéuou, ca) > AnoTas TOY TEpl TOY 'Apavoy oiKOvYTOY TpEYa- pevos’ €h ® Kal avTOKpdTwWP UTO TOV oTpaTLW- an 3 10 K , 1 oe “A er o Tav avnyopevOn. Kastrtouv! 6€ tod propos Seo- a ‘ / pévov TrapodreEls avT@ Tpos Tiva Oéav eis ‘Pwopny éx Kidtxlas atroatetAat, xadrAwriComevos emt Tols Tem paypevors ypade Tpos AUTOV OUVK Eivat TAp- Oar ‘y Kidixias medevyévar yap eis Kapi drew ev a mepevyevar yap ets Kapiay b wv fal f ayavakTovaas OTL ovat woNEmoUVTAL, TaYTwY , f ? n elpnunyv éyovTwy. mréwv O ato THs étapyias a \ e , / A be) f Tovto pev ‘Pod mpocécye, TodTo & 'AOnvats b] / Vv / a) / ca) évoréeTpipev dopevos 100m Tov Tarar SraTpiBov. avopdat 6€ Tols TMpwWTOLS amo TraLoeias TUYyEVO- pevos Kal TOUS TOTE diAous Kal curjOers doTaca- pevos Kal Ta mpérovta Oavpacbels trod Tis “EAAdOos els THY TOALY eTraVIADEY, 7}5n TOV Mpa- \ “A yuaTwVY WaTEp VT pr€eymovns apioTapéevwy eTrt Tov éupvrtoy modELOv. s \ in “ XXXVIT. “Ev pev ody tH BovrH Wndilopévwv ’ “A / eo Kn 4 a avT@ OpiapBov Adwov av &pyn wapaxorovOjaoa , 4 Kaicaps OpiapBevovtt cupBacewr yevopévor: / \ idta 5€ cuveBovrAeve TOhAA prev Kaicapt ypddwr, 1 Ka:Afov Coraés, Bekker, and Graux, after Xylander: KexiAlou. 174 CICERO, xxxvi. 3-xxxvit. r said, moreover, that he never ordered any man to be chastised with rods or to have his raiment torn from him, and that he never inflicted angry abuse or con- tumelious punishments. He discovered that much of the publie property had been embezzled, and by restoring it he made the cities well-to-do, and men who made restitution he maintained in their civil rights without further penalties. He engaged in war, too, and routed the robbers who made their homes on Mount Amanus;! and for this he was actually saluted by his soldiers as Imperator. When Caelius the orator asked Cicero to send him panthers from Cilicia for a certain spectacle at Rome, Cicero, pluming himself upon his exploits, wrote to him that there were no panthers in Cilicia; for they had fled to Caria in indignation because they alone were warred upon, while everything else enjoyed peace.? On his voyage back from his province he first touched at Rhodes, and then gladly spent some time at Athens in fond remembrance of his old pursuits in that place. Then, after associating with men who were foremost for their learning, and after greeting his old-time friends and intimates, and after receiving from Greece the tokens of admiration that were his due, he returned to Rome,’ where a violent inflamma- tion, as it were, was already forcing matters on towards the civil war. XXXVII. Accordingly, when the senators were voting him a triumph, he said he would more gladly follow in Caesar’s triumphal procession if matters could be settled ; and privately he gave much advice + Cf. Cicero, ad fam. ii. 10, 2 f. Ad fame uy 1,2. 3 January 4, 49 B.o. Cf. ad fum. xvi. 11, 2f. 175 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 aA 4 ( of. modrka 8 avtov Iloumrntov deduevos, mpaivev ExaTepov Kal Tapapvlovpevos. ws 0 Hy avijxecta kat Katoapos érepyopévou Llopmrnios ovx Epeuvev, ANNA META TOAKOY Kal ayaday avdpav THY TOW 4 lal lel éEéduTre, TavTns pev aTreAetpOn THs huyis o Kuxé- / A pov, édoke 6€ Kaicaps tpoctiPecOar. Kai dros 9 A , . ¢€ \ pyaar b f €OTL TH yYwuUN TOAAG pimtacbets eT apdoTtepa kai OvoTrabnaas. ypader yap év tais émictoXais A i ef diatropety ToTépwoe xXp1 TpemecGat, Ilopmniov \ 5 \ \ ef \ \ t 2 prev Evdokov Kat Kadynv vToGecwv mpos TOY TOAE- / A pov Eyovtos, Katcapos 8 apetvoy tots moaypace Vpwpévou KaL padrov éEavTOY Kal Tovs didous , ee > \ a f \ ” \ awlovtos, wat évew pev dy huyn, py eves O€ \ A td 4 4 \ wn , mpos by duyyn. TpeBatiov dé, tivds Tov Kaicapos e f be 3 \ ef a a 7 éraipwv, yparpavtos émiatoAny ott Kaicap oletat A td A 3 \ 9 tf 3 ¢ A Sey partota péev avtoy ée€eTralerGar pel avtod \ A ’ ? , ) > 9 , \ Kal tov édmidwy perexev, eb & avadvetar dia aA ¢ 4 a yipas, ets THY EdAAdba Pabdilery Kaxel xaOnpevov Hovyiay ayew exmob@v apdotépors yevopevor, £ i“ 5 Javuacas o Kixépwy ots Kaicap avtos ov éypa- , \ \ ev, aTrexpivato mpos opynv ws ovdey avat.ov a , XN a ampakes TOV TeTONITEVLEVWOY. TA Lev OdY év Tals ETLTTONALS YEeypappeéeva TOLADTA eoTL. XXXVIIL. Tov 5é€ Kaicapos ets 1 8npiav dra- pavtos, evdus ws Tlopajiov érdevce: xa ois f v pev GArAros agpEevors Of0n, Katov & adtov idav idSta moda KaTepéeugheto Lloumrniw wpocbépevor a \ A ral auT@ bev yap ovyl Kadws Exe éyxaTaXdirely hv 176 CICERO, xxxvi. 1-xxxvin. 1 to Caesar by letter, and much to Pompey in person by way of personal entreaty, trying to mollify and pacify each of them. But when things were past healing, and Caesar was advancing upon the city, and Pompey did not stay there, but abandoned the city in the company of many good men, Cicero did not take part in this flight, and was thought to be attach- ing himself to Caesar. And it is clear that his judge- ment drew him strengly in both directions and that he was in distress. For he writes in his letters that he knew not which way he ought to turn, since Pompey had honourable and good grounds for going to war, while Caesar managed matters better and had more ability to save himself and _ his friends; he therefore knew from whom he should flee, but not to whom he should flee.! And when Trebatius, one of the companions of Caesar, wrote him a letter stating that Caesar thought he ought above all things to range himself on his side and share his hopes, but that if he declined to do this by reason of his age, he ought to go to Greece and take up a quiet life there out of the way of both, Cicero was amazed that Caesar him- self did not write, and replied in a passion that he would do nothing unworthy of his political career. Such, then, is the purport of his letters. XXXVIIT. But when Caesar set out for Spain, Cicero at once sailed to Pompey.? The rest of Pompey’s followers were glad to see him, but when Cato saw him, he privately blamed him much for attaching himself to Pompey. In his own case, Cato said, it was not honourable to abandon the 1 Ego vero quem fugiam habeo, quem sequar non habeo (ad Ate. viii. 7, 2). 2 In April, 49 B.c., Caesar set out for Spain, and in June Cicero sailed for Greece. 177 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sees oe? a ch a , , ? a \ aw apyis eiXeTo THs Tworitelas Taku, éxeivoy be , , “A / \ ww , ’ VPNTLLWTEPOV OVTAa TH TAaTpLOL Kai TOS dirots El lod \ \ A b] pévey loos Exel Thos TO aTOBaivov npuoleTo, KAT > , \ +09 b] 3’ / / ovdéva Aoyiapov ovd €E& avayKns TodEmLOV YyeEYo- / , , véevat Kaicapte kal tocovtov peOéEovta Kivdvvou devp KEL. Lg , \ a r , ’ ‘ e sf Odrot Te 67 Tov Kixépwvos avéotpedov oi Né6yot \ , \ , bf A a THY YVOUNV, Kal TO péeya pnoev avT@ yYpnoOat \ Tloprniov. aittos & tv adtos ovK apvovpevos , , \ A oh petapéerecOar, dravpilov € Tob Wopmniov thy ‘ \ , Tapackevny Kat Tpos TA BovrevuaTta SvcKonral- , \ a“ , VWV UTOVAWS, KAL TOU TAPAaTKwWITELY TL Kal Neve , > ‘ , b] b f 3 > VaApPlev Els TOUS TUMLpLAYOUS OVK ATEYOMEVOS, GAN N \ y , SAN wl A QUTOS fev AYEAATTOS aEl TEptioy ev TO aTPATO- 6 / , Tédw Kal cKVOpwTrOS, ETEpOLS O€ Tapévov yédAwTaA \ fi / N \ f 5] , pndev Seopévars. BEérXTLOV S€ Kal TOUTwWY bALya , / , 4 3 ? wapabecba:. Aopitiov toivuy advOpwrrov eis Tab \ YU \ / HYEMOVLKNY AYOVTOS OV TrOAELLKOV Kal A€YOVTOS WS ) \ \ , Bae, \ , oT’ 3% €TLELKNS TOV TPOTTOV éoTl Kal cwdporv, ‘Ti od», 4 un eimev, “ouK eTLTpOTOY ALTO Tols TéeXVOLS hUAdC- > 9 dé f S / \ , geus; émaivouvTwy 6€ Tivav Mcodavnv tov Aé- a 9 a f i aB.ov, 05 iv €v TO TTpaToTéd@ TEKTOVOY ETrap- e * , ¢ , \ , yos, ws ev TapauvOncatto “Podiovs tov cTtddov , ¢€ , b M2 atoBanrovtas, “ Hdtxop,” etter, “ayadov éott TO NX f 4 33 , Tpatxov éyew émapyov. Kaicapos &€ xatop- A \ A , A Jodvtos Ta TELTTA Kai TPGTOV TWA TOXOpPKOUY- b] / , N > 4 f tos autous, AévTA@ pev etmovte trurv@avecOas 178 &é CICERO, xxxvmi. 1-4 line of public policy which he had chosen from the beginning; but Cicero, though he was of more service to his country and his friends if he remained at home without taking sides and accommodated himself to the issue of events, without any reason and under no compulsion had made himself an enemy of Caesar, and had come thither to share in their great danger. By these words the purpose of Cicero was upset, as well as by the fact that Pompey made no great use of him. But he was himself to blame for this, since he made no denial that he was sorry he had come, made light of Pompey’s preparations and showed a lurking displeasure at his plans, and did not refrain from jests and witty remarks about his comrades in arms; nay, although he himself always went about in the camp without a smile and scowling, still he made others laugh in spite of themselves. And it will be well to give a few instances of this also. When Domitius, then, was advancing to a post of command a man who was no soldier, with the remark that he was gentle in his disposition and prudent, “Why, then,” said Cicero, “do you not keep him as a guardian of your children?” And when certain ones were praising Theophanes the Lesbian, who was prefect of engi- neers in the camp, because he had given excellent consolation to the Rhodians on the loss of their fleet, ““What a great blessing it is,’ said Cicero, “to have a Greek as prefect!”’ Again, when Caesar was successful for the most part and in a way was laying siege to them,! Lentulus said he had heard 1 At Dyrrhachium. See the Caesar, xxxix.; Caesar, B.C. iii. 41-55, 179 PLUTARCH'S LIVES \ s \ ‘ / 3 l4 otuyvovs evar tovs Kaioapos didous, amexpt- : oA ’ \ } n K , 33 M 5 vaTo éyets avtous ducvoety Kaicapt. Map- / be 4 b ’ , \ \ kiov 6€ tevos HKovtos é& “Itadtas veworti Kal Aéyoutos ev ‘POun hyunv éwixpatety ws ToALOp- n as wR. 27 ”» 4 Prete: xotto Llopmnios, Kit é&émXevcas,” elrev, “iva TOUTO mMiaTevaons autos Peacdpevos;” peta dé , e a Thy HTTav Novviov pev evtrovtos OTe Set ypnotas / e \ \ a éAmidas exe, EwTa yap aeTous év TO aTpaTo- A of a aA > méom tov Jloumniov rAeretdOar, “Kards av, ” ‘“ f ’ ae. A ” 6 edn, “ wapyvets, Eb KoOLOLS ETTOAELODMEV. Aa- Benvod b€ pavtetats tic loxvptfopévou Kat ré- e 8 a , Q Il Po 6s b] a 39 yovTos ws det TepiyevécOat Lloumniov, ‘‘ Ovxour, u , ig 7 fad Edn, “oTpaTnynpate TOUT XpwpmeEvol vOV aTroPe- \ / > BAnKkapev TO oTpaTOTEboV.” r > a XXXIX. “AANA yap yevouévns THs Kata Pap- e , . canov payns, 5 ov petéecyve Ot appwortiar, Kal of f e Ilourniov duyovtos, o uev Katwv cal otpatevya ouyvov é€v Avppayim Kal otoXov éywv péyav a f a a éxetvov nEiou oTpaTnyely KATA vomov Kal TO THS uUTaTteias akiwpya mpovyovta. StwOovpevos Oé \ ’ \ & / ‘\ <4 7 \ Thv apxnv o Kixépwv Kat dros hevywv To , \ > A avaTpateverbat tap oddev Oev avaipeOhvat, of a , \ a / , 2 Iloumniov tov véov Kai Tav dirwv mpodorny i \ aToKanovvtoy Kai ta Elpn oracapdvor, ef py K , 3 \ Xr ’ aN \ } aA 3 \ aTwV évoTas moArts adeireTo Kal dijKxev avTov ék Tov otpatoTébov. Katacy@v 8 eis Bpevte- ’ a / , otov evtavla cuétpthe, Kaicapa mrepipévev Bpa- dSvvovta Sta tas év ’Acta Kxal wept Alyutrrov 3 , 3 ‘ 3 > [A 4 lA 3 acxyoNlas. eres & ets Tapavta xadwppiopévos 180 CICERO, xxxvii. 4-xxXxIx. 3 that Caesar’s friends were gloomy, to which Cicero replied: “You mean that they are ill-disposed to Caesar.’ And when a certain Marcius, who had recently come from Italy, spoke of a report which prevailed in Rome that Pompey was_ besieged, “ And then,’ said Cicero, “did you sail off that you might see with your own eyes and believe?” Again, after the defeat, when Nonnius said they ought to have good hopes, since seven eagles were left in the camp of Pompey, ‘ Your advice would be good,” said Cicero, “if we were at war with jackdaws.” And when Labienus, insisting on cer- tain oracles, said that Pompey must prevail, “ Yes,” said Cicero, “this is the generalship that has now cost us our camp.” XAXIX. However, after the battle at Pharsalus,! in which Cicero took no part because of illness, had been fought, and Pompey was in flight, Cato, who had a considerable army aud a large fleet at Dyr- rhachium, asked Cicero to take the command in accordance with custom and because of his superior consular rank. But Cicero rejected the command and was altogether averse to sharing in the cam- paign, whereupon he came near being killed; for the young Pompey and his friends called him a traitor and drew their swords upon him, and that would have been the end of him had not Cato inter- posed and with difficulty rescued him and sent him away from the camp.2 So Cicero put in at Brun- disium and tarried there, waiting for Caesar, who was delayed by his affairs in Asia and Egypt. But when word was brought that Caesar had landed at 1 In August, 48 B.c. 2 Cf. Cato the Younger, lv. 3. VOL. VII, G 181 PLUTARCH’S LIVES annyyédreTo Kal Teoh Teptiov éxeibev eis Bpev- TEGLOY, WPILnoe TPOS avTOV, Ov Tdvu pev ov SugEATLS, aidoupevos 5€ TOANK@Y Ta.povT@v avdpos exOpov Kat K paTouvTos Aap Bavew melpav. ou pny edena ev avT@ mpagat Te map afiav i] elmrety. Oo yap Kaicap, as elev auTov TOD po Toy arAXov aTravT@vra, Karten Kal nowucaTo Kal SlaNEYOMEVOS LOVH TUXVOV aTAdiwY OdOV TpPOnA- Jev. éx a: TOUTOU SteTerEL TLL@Y Kal prog povov- pevos, MaTE Kal yparpavte oryov eyKa cov Ka- TWVOS aytiypadpev TOV TE AOYOY avTOU Kat TOV Biov as Hadtora TO Tlepuxdéous. €oikoTa Kal Onpapevous eT aLvely. O pev ov Kure pwvos Aoyos Katwy, o 6¢ Kaicapos ’Avtixatwv éruyé- ypanrar. AevyeTat dé xat Koiytov Auyapiou Sixny pev- ‘YOVTOS OTL TOV Kaicapos TONE LLWY els evyeyovet, Kat Kixépovos auT@ BonOodvtos, etmety Tov Kaicapa ™ pos TOUS pirous: ed I K@AVEL ola xpovou Kirépwvos axodoas AeyovTos, ere madnat KEK PLT QL Tmovnpos 0 avnp* Kal TONELLOS 5” émel O° apEapevos Aéyeu 0 Kixépwy UTEpp ues éxivet Kal mpovBaiwev avT@ Tabet Te TOLKLAOS Kab Xapire davpaaros o oO oyos, TOANAS pev lévat Xpoas eTL Tov mpoowTrouv Tov Kaicapa, tacas 5é THs Wuxis T PET OMEVOV TpoTras KATASNAOV elva, TENS O€ TOY KaTa Pdpcarov aapevou Tod prTopos ayavoy extra ryevopuevov Tivax Ojvar TO copa Kal THIS XELpPOS éxBarety via Tov Ypapparetwv. TOV youv advOpwirov améduce THS aitias BeSiacpévos. ? 6 avho Bekker, after Schaefer: arha. 182 88] CICERO, xxxtx. 3-6 Tarentum! and was coming round by land from there to Brundisium, Cicero hastened to meet him, being not altogether despondent, but feeling shame to test in the presence of many witnesses the temper of a man who was an enemy and victorious. However, there was no need that he should do or say anything unworthy of himself. For Caesar, when he saw him approaching far in advance of the rest, got down and embraced him and journeyed on for many furlongs conversing with him alone. And after this he continued to show him honour and kindness, so that in his reply to the encomium upon Cato which Cicero wrote he praised Cicero’s elo- quence and his life, as most resembling that of Pericles and Theramenes. Now, the discourse of Cicero was entitled “Cato,” and that of Caesar “ Anti-Cato.” It is said also that when Quintus Ligarius was under prosecution because he had been one of the enemies of Caesar, and Cicero was his advocate, Caesar said to his friends: “ What is to prevent our hearing a speech from Cicero after all this while, since Ligarius has long been adjudged a villain and an enemy?’ But when Cicero had begun to speak and was moving his hearers beyond measure, and his speech, as it proceeded, showed varying pathos and amazing grace, Caesar’s face often changed colour and it was manifest that all the emotions of his soul were stirred ; and at last, wlien the orator touched upon the struggles at Pharsalus,? he was so greatly affected that his body shook and he dropped from his hand some of his documents. At any rate he acquitted Ligarius under compulsion. 1 In September, 47 B.c 2 Cf. pro Ligurio, 9, 27 f. 183 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XL. ’Ex tovtov Kixépwr, ets povapyiav tijs TOMLTELAS pelerTaons, ab épevos TOU Ta KoLWa Tparrew eoxorale Tous Bovropévors ptrooopety TOV VED, Kab axedor € ex Ths 70s TOUTOUS ouVn- Ocias, evyevertatovs Kal TpwTovs dvTas, avdts 2 loyvev év TH ToOAEL péytaTov. auvT@d dS Epyov pev WV TO TOUS prroo ogous OUVTEAELY diadoryous Kal petadpatery, Kat TOV dtarextixov 1) phuotkav OvOLAaTwWY ExaTTOV els ‘Popaixny peta Bandrewv duanextov? éxetvos yap €atwv, ws hac, o Kal THY davtaciav Kal TV cuycatabeaw Kab THY eT OX) Kat THY KaTaryypu, & Ett O€ TO ATOMOP, TO dpepés, TO KEvor, Gdha TE TOAAA TOV TOLOUT@Y é€ovopdoas TP@TOS i) pada ‘Popaiors, Ta pev petagopais, Ta © olxeroTno tv arrAaLs Ye pupa 3 Kal T poon'yopa ENXavyo dpevos. TH O€ TPOS THY Toinav evxoia Trailov éXpijto. éyerau Yap, omnvira puety Tpos TO TOLOVTOV, THS vuKTOS en TOLELY TEVTAKOTIA. To pev ody TAelo Tov TOU Xpovou TovToU mepl TodcKdov év Xeptous auTou Oud-yor éypade T pos TOUS pirous Aaéptov Bio ony, €LTE Tailor, Os €00s elyev, €10’ vo dtAoTiuias OTAapy@v TpOS TY TrodTelay Kal adnuovav toils KabecTact. 4 omaviws & eis dotu Oepateias évera tod Kat- TAPOS KATHEL, KAL TPWTOS HV TOV TUVAyopEeVOVYTMY Tals TLuals Kal NEyELY GEt TL KALVOY Eis TOY Avdpa Kal T& TpaTTopeva PtroTipmovupevwr. oldv éote 1 In Latin, respectively, visum (conceptton), assensio(assent), assensionis retentio (withholding of assent), comprehensio (perception), individuum (atom), vacuum (void); ‘‘ameres” 184 CICERO, xu. 1-4 XL. After this, when the government had been changed to a monarchy, Cicero abstained from public affairs and devoted his time to those of the young men who wished to study philosophy, and mainly from his intimacy with these, since they were of the highest birth and standing, he was once more very influential in the state. He made it his business also to compose and translate philosophical dialogues, and to render into Latin the several terms of dialectics and natural philosophy; for he it was, as they say, who first, or principally, provided Latin names for “ phantasia,”’ “synkatathesis,” ‘“epokhe,’ and “katalepsis,” as well as for ‘“ atomon,”’ “ameres,’ “kenon,’! and many others like these, contriving partly by metaphors and partly by new and fitting terms to make them intelligible and familiar. His facility in verse-making, too, he em- ployed to divert himself. It is said, indeed, that when he applied himself to such work, he would make five hundred verses in a night. During this time, then, he lived for the most part at his country-seat in Tusculum, and he used te write to his friends that he was living the life of Laertes,? either jesting, as was his wont, or because his ambition filled him with a desire for public activity and made him dissatisfied with the turn things had taken. He rarely went down to the city, and then only to pay court to Caesar, and he was foremost among those who advocated Caesar’s honours and were eager to be ever saying something new about him and his measures. Of this sort is (indivisible), with its Latin equivalent, does not occur in the extant works of Cicero (Gudeman), 2 Cf. Odyssey, i. 189 ff. 185 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Y \ \ A of. \ > ¢ A kal To wept Tov Iloumniou AeyOev etxovwv, as ? 4 \ , e a oe ek avnpnuevas Kal kataBeBrnpévas 0 Kaicap éxé- ANevoeyv avactabhvar' Kai aveatadbnaav. &Epn yap e rr la 4 / A tg a 0 Kixépwv ote tavtn 7H ptrtavOpwria Kaicap of / \ a tous pev Lloumnyiov tatnos, tous 8 avtov m7- yvuaw avoptayTas. S , XLT. Acavoovpevos 8, ws A€yeTat, THY TaTpLOV istopiav ypabyn meptrkaBelv Kat TOANA ouppi_as aw em a“ \ ec \ / , tav EXAAnWUKwY KaL OXWS TOUS GUYNYMEVOUS Xo- b “~ Q / b] Cal / aw YOUS AUT@ KAL pvOous éevravGa Tpevat, TOAXOLS a , pev Onpcatots, TONS 6 tdLots KaTEANPON Tpa- yuactw aBovrrTos Kal maQectwv, @v avlatpeta a a a a \ \ doxel TWAELaTA TUUBHVAL. TWP@TOV péev yap aTe- , \ a / ’ \ e 3 Téuwato thy yuvaica Tepertiay apernOels tar auTAS Tapa Tov ToAEMOV, WaTE KaL TOV avay- / >? / > \ ’ fo) \ + 2 kalwv épodiwy évdens atootadjnvar kat und bre A 9 4, wn Katihpev avOts ets “Iradtay tuyeiv evyvopovos. ‘See \ \ ’ 9 al b B / 6 / avtTn pev yap ovk AAOev, ev Bpevteciw dvatpi- Bovtos avtov ToAvy Xpovov, épyopnevn Se TH Ov- ? e / yaTpl, TaccioKyn véa, ToTavTnY odoVv, Ov TOUT , mpémovgay, OU Xopnyiay mapéoyev, adda Kal Thy oixiay TO Kiképwvte TavTwy Epnpov Kal Kevipy amederEev emt TmodXois obAnpact Kal peyarots. avTat yap elo at rEeyouevat THS StacTacews eumpeméatata, mpopaces. tH bé€ Tepevtia xal li \ / TaUTas apvovpéevn NapTrpaV ETroLnoe THY aTONO- “ > ylav autos éxeivos eT ov TorXUY Xpdvoy yas \ G , TwapOévov, ws pev 1 Tepevtia xatepnurter, épwte a ce G \ if uy a , ’ / THs @pas, ws b6é Tipwy o tov Kixépwvos atrerev- 186 CICERO, xv. 4-XLt. 3 what he said about the statues of Pompey. These Caesar ordered to be set up again after they had been thrown down and taken away; and they were set up again. What Cicero said was that by this act of generosity Caesar did indeed set up the statues of Pompey, but firmly planted his own also. XLI. He purposed, as we are told, to write a comprehensive history of his native country, com- bining with it many Greek details, and introducing there all the tales and myths which he had col- lected ; but he was prevented by many public affairs which were contrary to his wishes, and by many private troubles, most of which seem to have been of his own choosing. For in the first place he divorced his wife Terentia because he had been neg- lected by her during the war, so that he set out in lack of the necessary means for his journey, and even when he came back again to Italy did not find her considerate of him. For she did not come to him herself, although he tarried a long time at aeabaibetent, and wiicn her daughter, a young girl,} made the long journey thither, she supplied her with no fitting escort and with no means; nay, she actually stripped and emptied Cicero’s house of all that it contained, besides incurring many large debts. These, indeed, are the most plausible reasons given for the divorce. Terentia, however, denied that these were the reasons, and Cicero him- self made her defence a telling one by marrying shortly afterwards a maiden.2. This he did, as Terentia asserted, out of love for her youthful beauty; but as Tiro, Cicero’s freedman, has written, 1 Tullia was old enough to have lost her first husband and married a second (§ 5). 2 Publilia, of patrician family. 187 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Jepos yeypaper, evTopias évexev pos Suadvow 4 Saveiwr. nv ap a mais opodpa Wrovaia, Kal THY OUclaY avTis o Kixépwv év miote: kAnpoVvdjLos aTronerp Geis _Svepvrar rev. _Opethov dé Tohhas pupiadas t UTO TOV pirav Kal oixetov emetaOn THY Taioa yar Tap nAiKiav Kal Tovs daverotas 882 amanr.aFar Tots éxeivns Ypyoduevov. “Avtwrios dé TOU yapou pynabeis év Tais Tpos tous Didi7- TLKOUS dvTuypapais exPanetv avrov pyoe yuvatKa Tap 7 7 eyipace XapLevtws apa TV olxouplay OS AMpakKTOUV Kal (GOT patEevTOU TAPATKON TOV TOU 5 Kixépwvos. ynpavtt & avt@ pet ov TodvY Ypo- vov n Ouvyarnp an éOave TiKTovod mapa Mévtrw* TOUTED yap éyapunOn pera THY [letowvos TOU 7™po- TEpou avdpos TENEUTHD. Kat auvndOov ev em Thy Tapauvliay TO Kuxépove mavtay ober OL diro! Bapéws 8 ayav hveyxe TO cvpBeBnKOs, Mate Kal THY yaunOcioay aToTépWac bat doEacay noOnvar TH TEeAEUTH THS TuAXLas. XLII. Ta pev ody kat oixov ottws elye TO Kixépwm. ths 8 émt Katcapa, TUVLT TAPLED)S mpakews ou HETETXE, KaiTrep ayy eTa‘pos év Tots padiara, Bpovtov kat Bapvveo Bat TQ TapovTa. Kal Ta TWadat TOGciY TpaypaTta SoKaY ws ETEPOS ovéeis, adr Edercay of dvdpes avdtod THD TE puow @s evoea TONS, TOV TE (xpovov, ey @ Kat Tas eppopever Tatars puoeow emihetTel TO Oap- 2 peitv. ws 6 ovv em ET PAKTO TOLS TEL Bpobrov Kal Kdootov 70 épyov cat tov Kaicapos pirov ovu- CTALMEVWY ETL TOUS avdpas avdis Av d€05 éuduAlots ToAgwols TepiTmeTH yevéoOar Thy TwortLv, ’Avto- 1 gfro: Graux, after Volkmann: g:Adgopor. 188 CICERO, xu. 3-Xuu. 2 to get means for the payment of his debts. For the girl was very wealthy, and Cicero had been left her trustee and had charge of her property. So since he owed many tens of thousands he was persuaded by his friends and relatives to marry the girl, old as he was, and to get rid of his creditors by using her money. But Antony, who spoke of the marriage in his replies to Cicero’s Philippics, says that he cast out of doors the wife with whom he had grown old, and at the same time makes witty jibes upon the stay-at-home habits of Cicero, who was, he said, unfit for business or military service. Not long after Cicero’s marriage his daughter died in child-birth at the house of Lentulus, to whom she had been mar- ried after the death of Piso, her former husband. His friends came together from all quarters to comfort Cicero; but his grief at his misfortune was excessive, so that he actually divorced the wife he had wedded, because she was thought to be pleased at the death of Tullia. XLII. Such, then, were Cicero’s domestic affairs. But in the design that was forming against Caesar he took no part, although he was one of the closest companions of Brutus and was thought to be dis- tressed at the present and to long for the old state of affairs more than anybody else. But the con- spirators feared his natural disposition as_ being deficient in daring, and his time of life, in which courage fails the strongest natures. And so, when the deed had been accomplished by the partisans of Brutus and Cassius,! and the friends of Caesar were combining against the perpetrators of it, and it was feared that the city would again be plunged into civil 1 On the Ides of March, 44 B.c. 189 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ e , N \ r \ vos pev viratevwy thy BovrANVY auvnyaye Kal i / \ e / y U \ \ Bpaxéa diehéyvOn rept opovoias, Kexépwv 5é Toda \ mpos Tov Katpov otKeiws StehOwv Emetce THY , ? aguykrAntov ‘“AOnvaiovs pipnoapevny apynotiav a SN , f A \ A Tov emt Katoape Wndicac@ai, veipat Sé Tots mept Kaactov cai Bpovtov érapyias. éaye 5é f / +Q? f \ a Spans \ > 4? TOUTW@Y TEADS OVOEV. 0 yap SHwOS AUTOS peEV ad a“ s éavTov mpos oixtov é€ayOeis ws ede TOV vExpoV 9 , > 9 a ry , \ \ \ €xxoptlopevov 6.’ ayopas, “Avtwrtov 6€ Kal tH A ~ vA éoOita SetEavtos autois atwatos KaTaT Newry Kal KEeKompevny TaVvTn Tols Etheowv, expavévtes vTr opyns €v ayopa Cytnaw émowovvtTo Tov avopar, kal mup éxovtes emt Tas otxtas EOeov ws Udd- wovtes. ot b€ TovUTOV pev TH TpoTedvAdyOar 4 \ , e / \ \ \ duéhuyov tov Kivduvoy, éTépous dé ToAXOVS Kal / A ? ‘4 N ‘ beydXous Tpocdoxavtes €EE€LTOV THY TOLD. r = e 3 ~ XLIII. Evéds otv o “Avtwvios érfpto, Kai A 9 ‘ e la) Tao. wev nv hoSepos ws povapynowr, T@ dé Kexépwvt hoSepwtatos. avappwvvupévny te yap avT@ TaALY Op@Yv TiVY SvVautY ev TH ToALTELa \ : a \ “ ? , ION v i Kat Tots wept Bpovtov émitidecov edas 1)yGeTo a, « nw TAapovTt. Kal TOV TL Kal TpovTHpYev virowias 3 n \ 3 / \ \ aA , SY avtTols mpos aANnAOUS KaTa Thy THY Biwv avo- povoTnta Kal dsadopav. tavta detcas o Kinépwv val e/ \ Tp@Tov pev wpunoe mpecBevtns AoroPérra a ’ Ss / O89 \ So ¢ / : cuvexTrAcdoal els Lupiav: éemet & of méXXovTES b 3 f vmatevery pet Avtw@vov, “Iptios cai Iavaas, \ ‘\ nA / dvdpes aya0ol Kai Enrwtat tov Kixépwvos, édé- “w “A 4 ovTO 1) ohaS KATANT ELV, UTOdEXOMEvOL KATANU- 190 CICERO, xu. 2—xum1. 2 wars, Antony, as consul, convened the senate and said a few words about concord, while Cicero, after a lengthy speech appropriate to the occasion, per- suaded the senate to imitate the Athenians! and decree an amnesty for the attack upon Caesar, and to assign provinces to Cassius and Brutus. But none of these things came to pass. For when the people, who of themselves were strongly moved to pity, saw Caesar's body carried through the forum, and when Antony showed them the garments drenched with blood and pierced everywhere with the swords, they went mad with rage and sought for the murderers in the forum, and ran to their houses with fire- brands in order to set them ablaze. For this danger the conspirators were prepared beforehand and so escaped it,” but expecting others many and great, they forsook the city. ALI. At once, then, Antony was highly elated, and all men were fearful that he would make himself sole ruler, and Cicero most fearful of all. For Antony saw that Cicero’s power in the state was reviving, and knew that he was attached to Brutus and his party, and was therefore disturbed at his presence in the city. And besides, they had previously been somewhat suspicious of one another because of the marked difference in their lives. Fearing these things Cicero at first was inclined to sail to Syria with Dolabella, as his legate; but the consuls elect to succeed Antony,? Hirtius and Pansa, who were good men and admirers of Cicero, begged him not to desert them, and undertook 1 These declared a general amnesty after the overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants by Thrasybulus in 403 B.c, 2 Cf. Plutarch’s Brutus, chapter xx. * In 43 B.c. Ig! PLUTARCH’S LIVES >] id D>] / / € 9 v9 > cetv Avtwriov éxetvou trapovtos, 0 & ovT arrt- a 7 wv , / \ oTWY TavTUTacL oUTE TLIGTEVwY AordoPérXAaD [Lev , & a Elace Yatpery, owoNoynaas O€ Tots Trepl Tov "I prov N 4 > >] A 7 td 3 3 a To Oépos év "A@nvars dia€ewv, OTav 8 éxetvos maparaBwot Thy apxny, aptEecPar rddw, avTos kal’ éavtov é€émdevoe. yevouévns O€ meplt Tov A a U € TrobY dtaTpLAAs, Kal Aoywv amo “Pwpuns, ota hirel, KaWwov TpoctecovTwy, peTtaCeBrARCOat ’ \ pev Avtovov Oavpactny petaBornv Kat TavTa f \ \ TMpaTTEw Kal TodLTEvEedOat TPOS THY TVYKANTOD, a a i. , \ \ évdety O€ THS EXELVOU TApOVOLasS TA TpdyLaTa pL , lg Thy apioTny exer didGecwv, KaTapeurapevos AS ¢ a) \ \ 3 if on WA avTos avuTov THY TOAAnY evrAaPELaY avéoTpEedeV avis eis “Pwounv. Kal TOV TWewTwV ov dinuap- > 4, Cal nm 3 , ¢ N Tavev éXTiOwy TocovTOV TANOGos avOpatwv Ud an 4 \ \ sf yapas Kat moVou pos THY aTavTnow éFeyuOn, f Kal cyEdov 1EpIjTLov dvnAwWOAY YXpoVvoV ai Trept Tas WvAas Kal Tip elcodov auTov deEtwoes Kal / A > ¢ 4 \ diioppocvvar. tH Oo votepaia Bovrnyv cuvaya- , \ a o yovtos Avtwviov Kat KaXOvYTOS avTOV ovK HAOED, GNAA KATEKELTO MANAKOS EYEW EK TOU KOTIOU OKN- U 3 / \ 3 \ 3 A ? mTomevos. ed0xer Oe TarnNOEs emvBovrATs eivas 1D ” € 4 \ f >» ¢Qr boos ex Tivos UTOWias Kal pnvucews kal? odov a > , \ a avtT@ mpoctecovons. “Avt@vios 5é YareTras Lev > aan a a ‘\ , ” etyev emt TH dtaRodn Kat oTpati@tas Errepev a \ , diye QUTOV 1) KATATPHaaL THY OiKlav KEXEvVCAS, : l de ANG L 6enOé 4 évotavtwy O€ Today Kai denOévtwy évéyupa 4 AaBwv povov éravaato. Kat TO AoLTOV OvTwS if 3 4 \ 4 avtimapetvovTes atpéua kal duratropevoe deeTe- 192 883. CICERO, xu. 2-6 to put down Antony if Cicero would remain at Rome. So Cicero, who neither distrusted nor trusted them altogether, let Dolabella go without him, and after agreeing with Hirtius and Pansa to spend the summer at Athens, and to come back again when they had assumed office, set off by himself. But there was some delay about his voyage, and, as is often the case, new and unex- pected reports came from Rome, to the effect that Antony had undergone a wonderful change and was doing and administering everything to please the senate, and that matters needed only Cicero’s presence to assume the best possible complexion ; he therefore blamed himself for his excessive caution and turned back again to Rome. And in his first expectations he was not disappointed ; for a great crowd of people, moved with joy and longing for him, poured forth to meet him, and almost a day’s time was consumed in the friendly greetings given him at the gates and as he entered the city. On the following day, however, when Antony convened the senate and invited him to be present, Cicero did not come, but kept his bed, pretending to be indisposed from fatigue. The truth, however, seemed to be that he was afraid of a plot against him, in consequence of some sus- picion and of information that had unexpectedly come to him on the road. But Antony was indig- nant at the implication and sent soldiers with orders to bring Cicero or burn down his house; but since many opposed this course and entreated him to desist, he did so, after merely taking sureties. And thenceforward they kept up this attitude, quietly ignoring one another and mutually on their guard, 193 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Nour, ax pl ov Kaicap o véos é& *“AtroAXwvias TAparyevouevos TOV TE KA pov avedéEato Tov Kaicapos €KELVOU, Kal Tepl TOV dio thio TevTa- KOTLWY pupidd@y as “Avr@vios ex THS ovoias KATELYED, ELS Sta opav KaTéaTy TOs. aUTOV. XLIV. "Ex 6€ TovTou Pirurmos o 0 THY payTépa Tov véov Kaicapos eXov Kal Mapxedros o TH adeh pny adixopevor peta TOD veavic Kov ™ pos TOV Kixépora cuvebevto, Kixépova pev éxelv@ THY GTO TOV AOYOU KAL THY ATO THS TOALTELAS Stivapw ev TE TH Bourg Kal TO Onwe TApEXELY, éxetvov O€ Kixépwve THY ATO TOV XPNLAT OY Kal TOV Or Aov adopdrerav. on yap OUK OALYOUS TOV vTo Kaicapt otpatevoapévwy mepi avtov eye TO petpaxtov. édoxer dé Kal peiCwy Tis aitia yeyo- vevat Tov Tov Kixépwva déEacbat Trpobvpas tiv Kalcapos ¢iriav. tt yap, os Force, Llopmniov Cavtos kal Kaioapos ééofe xata tovs tavovs o Kixépwv Kxadeiv tiva tovs TOV oUYKANTLKO@Y qmatéas e(s TO Kamitrwrtov, ws péddXovtos é& avuTav éva Tod Atos arr oberkyver tis “Pwpns Hyryewova: Tous O€ TodiTas bro oTovosys Jeovras iatac0at mept TOV vewr, Kab TOUS Taioas év Tals TepiTroph upots KabélecOat otw7riy eXovTas. éEaiduns d€ TOV Oupav avorx Gera Kal’ &va TOV TAlowy AVL TAPEVOV KUK AD mapa Tov Geo ‘Tapa- mopever0al, Tov O€ TavTas émioKOTElY Kal GTO- méuTrey ayOopévovs. ws & ovtos Hv Tpociwy Kat avTov, exreiva Ty deErav Kal ettreip: dG) ‘Popaior, TéEpas vpiv éupudioy TORE MOV OUTOS YEMWY YyEevouEvos. TOLoUTOV hac Eévv- 194 CICERO, x in. 6—xLiv. 4 until the young Caesar came from Apollonia,! assumed the inheritance of the elder Caesar, and engaged in a dispute with Antony concerning the twenty-five million drachmas which Antony was de- taining from the estate.” ALIV. After this, Philip, who had married the mother, and Marcellus, who had married the sister of the young Caesar, came with the young man to Cicero and made a compact that Cicero should give Caesar the influence derived from his eloquence and political position, both in the senate and before the people, and that Caesar should give Cicero the security to be derived from his wealth and his armed forces. For already the young man had about him many of the soldiers who had served under the elder Caesar. It was thought, too, that there was a stronger reason why Cicero readily accepted the young man’s friend- ship. For it would appear that while Pompey and Caesar were still living Cicero dreamed that some- one invited the sons of the senators to the Capitol, on the ground that Jupiter was going to appoint one of their number ruler of Rome; and that the citizens eagerly ran and stationed themselves about the tem- ple, while the youths, in their purple-bordered togas, seated themselves there in silence. Suddenly the door of the temple opened, and one by one the youths rose and walked round past the god, who revicwed them all and sent them away sorrowing. But when this young Caesar advanced into his pre- sence the god stretched out his hand and said: “O Romans, ye shall have an end of civil wars when this youth has become your ruler.” By such a dream as 1 Where he was studying. * Caesar's widow had made Autony guardian of the estate. 195 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 , \ aa / \ N »>Qs A mviov toovta Tov KiKépwva thy pév tdéav tov , aA \ matdos éxpeuayat Kal KaTéYelv evapy@s, aUTOV b] b] > / > e / \ ta & ove érictacba. pel pépay O€ KataBaivov- \ , x i la \ tal Tos elg TO Tedloy TO “"Apetovy avTov, TOs Taidas f , ? A non Yyeyupvacpmevous atépyet0al, KuKelvov Oh- fal A la wv , Ojvat TO Kixépwvt mpatov oios whOn xal ef > , \ , , v Umvov, éxtrayevta 6é€ TuvOdavecPat Tivwy ely \ bd of a 3 yovewy. Hv d€ TaTpos Oxtaoviou TeV ovK ayav al b] , a , éeripavav, "Attias d€ pytpés, aderdidyjs Kai- gapos. d0ev Katcap avt@® matéas ove éyov . { os > a idlous TV ovalav éavToU Kal Tov oikov év Tats , ” > , \ \ r , diabnnats ESwxev. €x TovTOV daal Tov Kixépwra A \ \ , TO Talol KATA Tas aTavTHaEls evTUyyavev érL- a ? a > , L \ if MEAS, KAKELVOV oLKelos exer Oa Tas dtrodpoav- vas? Kal 14p éK TUXNS aUT@ yeyovevat cup BeBrjKet Kuxépwvos v UTATEVOVTOS. XLV. Attar péev obv tpopdceas joav ai U Al \ be a "A , al kK , Neyopevat'! ro d€ mpos "Avt@mor picos Kinépwva wn 9 f i lal TpOTOY, ELTA 7 PVGLS HTTWY OTA TILAS Tpoce- , F / A moinoe Katocapt voplfovta mpoodapPavew th , \ > , / 7 \ e , TORLTELG THY eKElvoU Suva pay. ovTH yap vrjEL TO pelpdkloy aUTOV wWaoTE Kal TaTépa Tpoca- , > 4? e 40 B A 3 aA oY yopevery. ep Ww odhocpa Bpovtos ayavaxtav év ~ ‘ > N “~ ln’ Tais mpos AtTtikov émistoAats KadiWato tod Fa , 24 } \ / > Ld 4 Kexépwvos, ott O1a hoPov “Avtwviov beparevwn LY 2 a , bd b > Sf a tov Katcapa Shros éotw ovx édevOepiav TH i? 3 \ , TaTplo. TpaTTwOV, adrAa SeatTroTHY dthavOpwrroy a , \ \ , a AUT@® pvwpevos. ov funy GAAa TOV ye Taida 1 aj Acydpeva: Bekker, after Reiske;: Aeyduevas. 196 CICERO, xtiv. 4-XLv. 2 this, they say, Cicero had impressed upon him the appearance of the youth, and retained it distinctly, but did not know him.! The next day, however, as he was going down to the Campus Martius, the youths, who had just finished exercising there, were coming away, and the youth of his dream was seen by Cicero for the first time, and Cicero, amazed, inquired who his parents were. Now, his father was Octavius, a man of no great prominence, but his mother was Attia, a daughter of Caesar’s sister. For this reason Caesar, who had no children of his own, willed his property and his family name to him. After this, it is said, Cicero took pains to converse with the youth when they met, and the youth welcomed his kind attentions; and indeed it happened that he was born during Cicero’s con- sulship. XLV. These, then, were the reasons that were mentioned ; but it was Cicero’s hatred for Antony in the first place, and then his natural craving for honour, that attached him to the young Caesar, since he thought to add Caesar’s power to his own political influence. And indeed the young man carried his court to him so far as actually to call him father. At this Brutus was very angry, and in his letters to Atticus attacked Cicero, saying that in paying court to Caesar through fear of Antony he was plainly not obtaining liberty for his country, but wooing a kind master for himself? However, Brutus took up 1 According to Dion Cassius (xlv. 2) and Suetonius (Divus Augustus, 94), Cicero dreamed that Octavius was let down from heaven by a chain of gold, and presented with a whip by Jupiter. 2 Cicero, ad Brutum, i. 17, 5 (Brutus to Atticus), 197 ee PLUTARCH’S LIVES a 3 Kexépwmvos o Bpodtos év ’AOnvats ScatpiBovta al \ Tapa Tols gtdocddos avaraBwv éoyev éd’ \ a , NYEMOVLAS, KAL TOAAG YpwpEVOS aLT@ KaTwpOov. a \ r i ? \ of e , > Tod b€ Kixépwvos axpny éxyev 1) Svvapus év a / a ¢ Th Wore TOTE peyloTnY, Kal KpaTa@y Oaov éBov- eto Tov pev “Avt@vov é€éxpovoe Kal Kate- oTaclace Kal ToEMHCOVTAS aAv’T@ Tos dvO e f v \ , ge / , vT@atous, Iptiov cai lavoap, é€ereu we, Kaicape \ \ dé paBdovyous Kal orpatnyiKov Kocpov, ws 61) TPOTONELOVVYTL THS TaTpLOos, ETELTE Whdicacbat THY auyKAnTOV. émel & "Avtw@vios pev HTTNTO, aA / a Tov O uTaTwY apdoTépwy atoCavovtwy ex THs \ payns mpos Kaicapa avvéotncay ai duvapers, dei © 7 Bovry véov avdpa cal tUyn NauT Pa ioaca 0 n véov avdpa Kal TYYN NauT pa > a a \ a bd KEYpPNuEevov ETEIPaTO Tiais Kal dwpeais arro- wn aA \ nA Kadelv avTov Ta oTpaTevwaTa Kal TeEptomday iz \ / a Thy Ovvapty, ws pn Seomévn TOV TpoTOAELOUYT WY >] , id ¢ a“ Avtwviov mepevyotos, obTws 0 Kaicap doBnbeis al uu ‘\ UTémepTte TO Kixépwre tots deouéevovs Kat tret- / , e A Govras vrateiay peéev audotépors ood mparret, a \ a 4 a 7a 4 yvphabar o€ Tots TPaywaciy oTwS AUTOS EyvOxE, 7 > \ \ i? TupadapBavovta THY apxny, Kal TO pelpaKtov n / Storxety ovopatos Kal dons yAtyopevov. wpyo- , \ a > \ e \ , \ rAoyet € Kaicap avtos ws debiws KaTddvow Kal / a Kivduvevwy epnwos yevéoOar xpncatto TH Kuxé- / 4 pm@vos év déovTe pirapxia, TpoTpeiramevos avtoy UTATELAY fLETLEVaL ULTpPaTTOVTOS avTOvD Kal ovvapyatpectalovtos. 198 884 CICERO, xiv. 2-5 Cicero’s son who was studying philosophy at Athens, gave him a command, and achieved many successcs through his instrumentality.! Cicero’s power in the city reached its greatest height at this time, and since he could do what he pleased, he raised a successful faction against Antony, drove him out of the city, and sent out the two consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, to wage war upon him, while he persuaded the senate to vote Caesar the lictors and insignia of a praetor, on the ground that he was fighting in defence of the country. But after Antony had been defeated,” and, both consuls having died after the battle, the forces had united under Caesar, the senate became afraid of a young man who had enjoyed such brilliant good fortune, and endeavoured by honours and gifts to call his troops away from him and to circumscribe his power, on the ground that there was no need of defensive armies now that Antony had taken to flight. Under these circumstances Caesar took alarm and secretly sent messengers to Cicero begging and urging him to obtain the consulship for them both, but to manage affairs as he himself thought best, after assuming the office, and to direct in all things a youthful colleague who only craved name and fame. And Caesar him- self admitted afterwards that it was the fear of having his troops disbanded and the danger of finding him- self left alone which led him to make use in an emergency of Cicero’s love of power, by inducing him to sue for the consulship with his co-operation and assistance in the canvass. 1 Cf. the Brutus, xxiv. 2; xxvi. 3. 2 Near Mutina, a city in Gallia Cispadana, early in the year 43 B.c. Octavius Caesar acted in conjunction with the two consuls, Cf. Appian, B.C., in. 71. 199 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XLVI. ’Evratéa pévtow. padiota Kirépwov émapbeis vmod véou "ye pov Kal pevaxia Gels Kal cuvapxatpeciacas Kal _Tapacxav aUT@ THY cuyKhytov evOUs pev vmo TOV pirov aitiav elxev, only @ 8 aTepov avTov aTONWAEKOS nodeTo Kal Tob Sijpov TPOEMEVOS THY ehevdepiar. av&nbeis yep O veavias Kab THY uTaTtetay AaBav Kixépova bev elace yatpew, Avtwviw 6¢ cai Aetridw didos yevopmevos Kal THY Svvapuy els TAUTO TUvEveyKOY, Bonep aXXo TL KTHMA, THY NYyEwovlay evel waTo Tpos avTous. Kal Kateypadnoay avdpes obs édet OunoKev, vimrep dtaxoatous. TrELTT HY dé TOV audio ByTnwaTOV avuTols cpu n Kixépavos 7 po- ypagy TApEa XE, ‘Avtaviou pev acupPBatas exov- Tos ef pn Tp@TOS exelvo; aTroOvncKot, Aeridov S ‘Avtwviw mpoateuevon, Kaicapos 6é mpos audorépous aVTEXOVTOS. éyivovto 8 at cuvodor povous am oppnrot TEpl TONY Boveviay ep Tpepas Tpels, Kal ouynEecay eis TOTOY TWa Tpoow TOV TTPATOTESWY TOTAM@ TWeptppeomevov. AéyeTas bE Tas TMpoTas npépas draryovid dpevos UTep TOU Kexépevos o o Kaioap evoodvat TH TpiTn Kal 7 po- eo bat Tov avopa. Ta 6é Ths avtdscews obTas elyev. eder Kixépwvos éxotivat Kaicapa, Havnrov 5eé tadeXdov Aémidov, Aevxiov 6é Kaicapos "Avto@viov, ds jv Oeios avT@ pos pntpos. olTws éférrecov UTO Oupod Kal Avaons TaV avo pwTriverv Noyts wv, HaXXov | & amrébeaEav ws oddév avO pw@mov Onpiov éaotiv aypi@tepov éEovciay male: tpocAa- Bovtos. XLVIT. Upartopéver be TOUTOV O Kixépov 7 my pev év aypots tdtors mept Todoxdor, Eywy Tov 200 CICERO, xvi. 1-xtvu. 1 XLVI. Here, indeed, more than at any other time, Cicero was led on and cheated, an old man by a young man. He assisted Caesar in his canvass and induced the senate to favour him. For this he was blamed by his friends at the time, and shortly aftei- wards he perceived that he had ruined himself and betrayed the liberty of the people. For after the young man had waxed strong and obtained the con- sulship,! he gave Cicero the go-by, and after making friends with Antony and Lepidus and uniting his forces with theirs, he divided the sovereignty with them, like any other piece of property. And a list was made out by them of men who must be put to death, more than two hundred in number. The pro- scription of Cicero, however, caused most strife in their debates, Antony consenting to no terms unless Cicero should be the first man to be put to death, Lepidus siding with Antony, and Caesar holding out against them both. They held secret meetings by themselves near the city of Bononia for three days, coming together in a place at some distance from the camps and surrounded by ariver. It is said that for the first two days Caesar kept up his struggle to save Cicero, but yielded on the third and gave him up. The terms of their mutual concessions were as follows. Caesar was to abandon Cicero, Lepidus his brother Paulus, and Antony Lucius Caesar, who was his uncle on the mother’s side. So far did anger and fury lead them to renounce their human sentiments, or rather, they showed that no wild beast is more savage than man when his passion is supplemented by power. XLVII. ‘While this was going on, Cicero was at his own country-seat in Tusculum, having his brother with 1 In August, 43 B.c., when only twenty years of age. 201 PLUTARCH’S LIVES adedpov yweO avtou: tuOopevor O€ TAs Tpoypadas éyvoaay eis”*Aotupt peTaBnval, Xwplov Tapadov a) / > a \ A > 7 Tov Kuxépwvos, éxetOev S€ mreiv eis Maxedoviav \ a # \ e \ > a , ? , mpos Bpotvrov: 76n yap uvmep avtov Novos époita fo) 4 > Kpatouvtos. éxoptlovto & ev hopetos amretpnKores vmo AUTINS' Kal KATA THY OdOV EpioTapeEVvoL Kat Ta hopeia tmapaBarrXovtes AAAS TpoTwXoO- iA a b 2, lao > 4, ‘ dupovto. parrov 6 o Koivtos jOvper, Kat \ > ; aA Noylo pos avTOV Elanet THS aTropias: ovdev yap ébn rAaBeivy olxobev, AAAA Kal TO Kixépove 4 = > / ” cy 3 \ \ yAioxpov nv épod.ov: apewov ovv eivat TOV pev V4 , A A AY \ Kixépwva trpodapBavew 77 puyn, avrov b€ pera- a a? Ociv oixobev cvacKkevacapevov. TtavTt édofe* Kal meptraBovTes aAAnAOUS Kal avakNavaodpeEvot dueAvOnoayr. ¢ ‘ 9 Pas >] nw ee e ; O pev ovv Koivtos ov ToAXats VaTEpov nuepats LTO TOV OiKETOV Tpododes Tots EnTovow avnpeOn \ “ 50 e be / 9 v peTa TOU Tatoos. o O€ Ktkéepwy ets “Aotupa \ \ o ¢e \ ’ \ > \ Koutabeis Kai mAotov evpwv evOds evé8n Kal , / TapeTrevoev axpe Kipxatov, mvevpate ypwmevos. 9 wn \ , 3 \ v A éxetOey Sé€ Bovropevav evOus aipey tov KuBeEp- ynt@v, elite delaas tHyv Oddaccay eit ovTH , mavTadtact tiv Katcapos ameyvaxws TicTlD, > / ‘ nw aA / ¢€ \ id > amTéBn kat TapnrGe meln atadtovs ExaTov ws Els 9 7 ‘Pwunv wopevopevos. av0us 8 advwv Kai peta- , , N 4 ? od BarXropevos katynet wpos POaracoav eis "Aotupa. Kael OtevyKtépevoev emi Oevav Kal atropwv Noyltapav, ate Kal TapeNOetv els THY Kaicapos 3 ? / / \ / e \ 3 \ oixiay dtevonOn Kxpuda Kat odakas €avtov éri 202 88 CICERO, xivu. 1-4 him; but when they learned of the proscriptions they determined to remove to Astura, a place of Cicero’s on the sea-coast, and from there to sail to Brutus in Macedonia ; for already a report was current that he was in force there. So they were carried along in litters, being worn out with grief; and on the way they would halt, and with their litters placed side by side would lament to one another. But Quintus was the more dejected and began to reflect upon his destitute condition; for he said that he had taken nothing from home, nay, Cicero too had seanty pro- vision for the journey; it was better, then, he said, that Cicero should press on in his flight, but that he himself should get what he wanted from home and then hasten after him. This they decided to do, and after embracing one another and weeping aloud, they parted. So then Quintus, not many days afterwards, was betrayed by his servants to those who were in search of iim, and put to death, together with his son. But Cicero was brought to Astura, and finding a vessel there he embarked at once and coasted along as far as Circaeum, with the wind in his favour. From there his pilots wished to set sail at once, but Cicero, whether it was that he feared the sea, or had not yet altogether given up his trust in Caesar, went ashore and travelled along on foot a hundred furlongs in the direction of Rome. But again losing resolution and changing his mind, he went down to the sea at Astura. And there he spent the night in dreadful and desperate calculations; he actually made up his mind to enter Caesar's house by stealth, to slay him- self upon the hearth, and so to fasten upon Caesar an 203 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THs €oTias addotopa mpodBareiy. adda xa TAUTNS AUTOV aTEKpOVaE THS OO0d béos Bacuver: Kal ToAXa ! Tapax@on Kal TadtvtpoTa Bounev- para THiS yvapns pmeTarapSivorv TapedwKe Tots olKeTaes EQUTOV els Kauyrny” Kata 7 ouv KOLt- Ceu, Exwy Exel ywpia Kal Katadvynyv Opa Oépous diravpwrov, dTay Hototov ot étTyndia. KaTa- TVEWOLD. "Eyes & 0 témos kal vaov ’AroAXwVOS pLKpOV vmep TAS: Jararrys. évted0ev apOevtes a0 poor KOpAaKes UTO Khayyis TpooepEpovTo TQ TAOLW Tov Kixépavos érrh yy eper comer” ral Kabi- cavtes émt THY Kepaiav exatepobev ot pev éBown, ot © ékoTTOV Tas TOV pn pupaT ov dpxas, Kal mao €édoKet TO onfetov elvat Tovnpov. amTreBn dS ovv 0 Kixépwr, cat mapeO@y eis THY éTavrAWw @S dvaTavaopevos KaTEKrLOn. ToV dé KOpaKwY ot TrOAXOL pev él THs Oupisos drexdOnvto dUcyyo- evo JopuBades, eis 6é KataBas él TO K«Awwidvov ery KeKaRUHMEVOU ToD Kixépwvos a anipye TO TTOMATL Kara pK pov amo TOU TPOTWTOV TO (MaTLov. ot 5 oiKeT al Tavd opavres, Kal KAKloavtTes EaUTOUS €L TEpluévovat Tov SeaTroTOU ovevomevou GeaTtal yevéoOat, Onpia 8 ab’t@ Bonbet nal mpoxydetat Tap aEtav TpuTTOVvTOS, autol & ovK dpuvouat, Ta pev Oeopevor, Ta. dé Bia AaBovtes exopsfov év T® opelo 7 0s THY Jadaccay. XLVIII. ’Ev trovre & of chayeis éemhrOov, éxa- Tovtapyns “Epévvios kai TomiddXos ytrdiapyxos, 1 roAAG Graux, after Coraés : taAAa. 2 Kant: Coraés and Bekker, after Wyttenbach ; Ka:jras Sintenis (in notes), and Graux ; Kazitas MSS. 204 CICERO, xiv. 4-XLVUL. I avenging daemon. But a fear of tortures drove him from this course also; then, revolving in his mind many confused and contradictory purposes, he put himself in the hands of his servants to be taken by sea to Caieta, where he had lands and an agreeable retreat in summer time, when the breath of the Etesian winds is most pleasant. The place has also a temple of Apollo, a little above the sea. From thence a flock of crows flew with loud clamour towards the vessel of Cicero as it was rowed towards land; and alighting on either end of the sail-yard, some cawed, and others pecked at the ends of the ropes, and everybody thought that the omen was bad. Nevertheless Cicero landed, and going to his villa lay down to rest. Then most of the crows perched themselves about the window, cawing tumultuously, but one of them flew down upon the couch where Cicero lay with muffled head, and with its beak, little by little, tried to remove the garment from his face. The servants, on seeing this, rebuked themselves for waiting to be spectators of their master’s murder, while wild beasts came to his help and cared for him in his undeserved mis- fortune, but they themselves did nothing in his defence. So partly by entreaty, and partly by force, they took him and carried him in his litter towards the sea. XLVIIT. But meantime his assassins came to the villa, Herennius a centurion, and Popillius a tribune, 205 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ? , A f a) ¢ @ TWATPOKTOVIAS MOTE Stxny pevyovTe TUVELTFED 0 Kixépor, EXovTEs Umnperas. émel O€ TAS Oupas Kekhero pevas eUpovTes éféxoay, ov patvomevou TOU Kuxépavos ovde TOY évoov etdevat packovtar, reyeTat veavic Kov Tiva TeOpappéevov peév uT0 TOU Kixépwvos ev ypaupacuy erevOepiors Kal paen- paow, dmredevOepov d6€ Koilytov tod adedgod, Diroroyov Toivopua, ppdcar TO XerLd px TO popetov KopCojevov Ova TOY Katapirey Kal acuvoxiwy Tepitatwv emt thy OdraTTav. oO pev ovv Kedtapxos Odbyous avaraBov pel éavtod mepreDet pos TI éEodov, TOU o Eee dpoLo Pepopevou bua TOV TEPLTAT OV 0 Kixépwv iaerto, Kal TOUS olKeTas exehevo ev évtavda karabéc bat TO popeiov. AUTOS of OoTEp eta0et, TH dapratepa yEtpl TOV ryevelov aT TOMEVOS GTEVES évewpa Tots apayetouy, avy pod Kat KOS AVaTAEDS Kal OUYTETHKMS UTO Ppovtiowy TO TpOTwTOV, WATE TOUS mTAELaTOUS eyeadupacbar TOU “Epevviou opalovtos QUTOV. eopayn O€ TOV Tpaxnrov ex Tov popelov mpotetvas, ETOS éxetvo yeyovas €&n- KOoTOY Kal TETAPTOD. THY b€ Keharny aT éKowev avtod Kal Tas yelpas, “Avtwviov KENEUTAYTOS, ais Tous Pirsrmixovs éyparvev. autos TE yap oO Kixépov TOUS. Kat ‘Avtoviov Noyous DiruwmeKovs éméypawre kat péexpe viv Ta BiBria Didtrrmixoi KaXovvTat. XLIX. Tov 8 dxpwTnpiov ELS ‘Pouny KOjLt- abevTav eTUXE pev apxarperias TEA@V O ‘AvTo- vos, akovaas 66 Kai tomy aveBoncev ws voUY al mpoypapal tédXos éyoev. THv O€ KEepar}yv Kai Tas Yelpas exéXevoev UTEP THV éEuBorwy el TOD 206 CICERO, xtivint, 1--xLix, 1 who had once been prosecuted for parricide and de- tended by Cicero; and they had helpers. After they had broken in the door, which they found closed, Cicero was not to be seen, and the inmates said they knew not where he was. Then, we are told, a youth who had been liberally educated by Cicero, and who was a freedman of Cicero’s brother Quintus, Philo- logus by name, told the tribune that the litter was being carried through the wooded and shady walks towards the sea. The tribune, accordingly, taking a few helpers with him, ran round towards the exit, but Herennius hastened on the run through the walks, and Cicero, perceiving him, ordered the ser- vants to set the litter down where they were. Then he himself, clasping his chin with his left hand, as was his wont, looked steadfastly at his slayers, his head all squalid and unkempt, and his face wasted with anxiety, so that most of those that stood by covered their faces while Herennius was slaying him. For he stretched his neck forth from the litter and was slain, being then in his sixty-fourth year.! Herennius cut off his head, by Antony’s command, and his hands—the hands with which he wrote the Philippics. For Cicero himself entitled his speeches against Antony ‘‘ Philippics,’ and to this day the documents are called Philippics. XLIX. When Cicero’s extremities were brought to Rome, it chanced that Antony was conducting an election, but when he heard of their arrival and saw them, he cried out, “ Now let our proscriptions have an end.” Then he ordered the head and hands to be placed over the ships’ beaks on the 1 Ciccro was murdered ou the seventh of December, 43 B.c. 207 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , 4) a Gé ‘p / , ’ N Brnpatos Peivat, Péapa Pwpaios dpixtov, ov TO € aad f 4 “ Kixépwvos opay mpocwtov olopévots, GANG THS ’ i A > , ‘\ oe 4 ? Avi7mviov wWwuyis elxova. mAnv ev ye TL Ppovn- , / , A ws gas metprov év tovtols Lopurwva th Koivtov in N N @ ror Ss +) e be / yuvatkt Tov Didodoyov wrapédmxer. 1% S€ Kupia a / A yevouevn TOU cwpaTtos adAaLS TE SeLVAals EYPHTAaTO \ , > , “ TLLWPLALS, KaL TAS TAaPKAS ATOTE“LVOYTA TAS aUTOD \ 9 A LOL ayes 4 ¢ ¢ KATA [LLKpPOV OTTTAaY, ElT EoOie VdyKaTEV. OUTH “ 4 e / ¢ yap éviot T@V avyypadhéwy totopnxaciw: o & 9 ra a lA 3 f , \ avtov tov Kixépwvos aedevdepos Tipwy 70 \ / fo) lal TapaTav ovde péemynta. THs tov PidodOyou ? m™poodoatas. , , , “a IlvvOavopat dé Kaicapa xpovots modXoils bote- a N 4 A fa) pov eiaed ety mpos Eva TOV OvyaTpio@v: Tov &é / a BiBrXtov Exovta Kirépwvos év tats yepolv éx- A J ¢ TAAYEVTA TO ipatio meptxaruTTev: idovta &é Kaicapa r\aBetv nal dvedOety éEotata pépos Torv na tA ‘ >] , “ Tov SiBAlov, Tadkw 8 azodidovtTa TH petpakio 4 ? 4 = a , pavat ‘‘ Aoytos avnp, ® Tat, Noytos Kal dtdo- 99 ? ‘ 4 / maTpls. é€mel pévTOL TaYLOTA KaTETTONEULNoEV e id ‘ Of. ‘AvT@viov vTatevwy autos elheTO cuvapyovtTa a , \ er 949)? ® , > 9 F e Tov Kixépwvos tov viov, ép ob Tas 7 eixavas 7 a , Bovry cabeirev “Avtwviou Kai Tas ddXdas HKVpwoe 4 A TLULAS KaL TpOTEYHndicato pnoevt Tov “AvtTwviwr b) 9: ef N dvona Mapxov civat. ovtTw TO datpoviov els TOV 9 ig \ a Kixépwvos olxov emavyveyxe T0 TéXOS THS Avtw- viov KOAdGEWS. 208 886 CICERO, xix. 1-4 rostra, a sight that made the Romans shudder; for they thought they saw there, not the face of Cicero, but an image of the soul of Antony. However, he showed at least one sentiment of fair dealing in the case when he handed over Philologus to Pomponia, the wife of Quintus. And she, having got the man into her power, besides other dreadful punish- ments which she inflicted upon him, forced him to cut off his own flesh bit by bit and roast it, and then ‘to eat it. This, indeed, is what some of the historians say; but Cicero’s own freedman, Tiro, makes no mention at all of the treachery of Philologus. I learn that Caesar, a long time after this, paid a visit to one of his daughter’s sons; and the boy, since he had in his hands a book of Cicero’s, was terrified and sought to hide it in his gown; but Caesar saw it, and took the book, and read a great part of it as he stood, and then gave it back to the youth, saying: “ A learned man, my child, a learned man and a lover of his country.” Moreover, as soon as he had finally defeated Antony,! and when he was himself consul, he chose Cicero’s son as _ his colleague in the office, and it was in his consulship that the senate took down the statues of Antony, made void the other honours that had been paid him, and decreed besides that no Antony should have the name of Marcus. Thus the heavenly powers devolved upon the family of Cicero the final steps in the punishment of Antony. 1 At Alexandria, in 30 B.c. (see the Antony, Ixxxi. 1 f.). 209 PLUTARCH’S LIVES AHMOS@ENOYS KAI KIKEPONOS SYTKPISIS T."A pev ody a&ia prvnuns Tov wept Anpo- / abévous Kai Kixépwvos tatopoupéva@y els TIv 1me- an lal a 9 f Tépav adixtat yv@olv, TavT éoTiv. adetxas Oe a 4 e a TO ouyKpivey tHhv év Tois Royo E&v autor, nw a \ V4 f €xeivd pot Sox® py Tapncew appntov, drt An- \ \ / la) o poabévns pev els TO PNTOPLKOV eveTELVE TAY GaoV % b ¢ A b) / , e ‘ elyev Ex PvoEews 1} AoKITEWS OYLOV, UTEpBaddo- pevos évapyeia pev Kat Sewotnte Tovs emt Ta fal a / adyoveyv Kal tov dixav cuveEetalopévous, byKxo 4 Sé Kal peyadotpereta Tods éTLOELKTLKOUS, AKpt- f \ \ / \ A A \ Beta b€ Kal tTéyvn tovs codiotds: Kixépov oé \ / a , Kal ToAvpabns Kab ToLKidos TH TEPL TOUS NOYoUS fal , \ 3107 amovon yevopevos auvtakes pev dias dtdroao- b] 4 b] bp] 4 3 \ , ous a7roNéXouTrev ovK odiyas ets TOV “AKadn- - \ cal paixov tpotrov, ov pny adda Kal dia TOV pds , a / tas Sixas Kal Tovs ayavas ypadopévwy Aoywv A , \ dnAOS €oTL EuTrELpiav TIVa YpaLmaTwY TapeTt- i“ Setxvucbat Bovropuevos. Ww - \ a 3 a / e Eote 6 tis Kat Tov 7)0ous év tots Novos Exa- ’ , e Tépov dtoves. o pev yap Anpocbevixos &&w X\ ty A \ a lA TavTos wpaicpov Kat matdias ets SewotnTa Kai \ , b] b] / ” ¢ oTovony suvnypevos ovK edduvyviwy Gdwdev, wa- ¢€ / 4 3 ? ¢ 7 \ mep o Ilv0éas éoxwrtev, adr vdporocias Kal ppovrTidwy Kal THs Neyouevys mixpias Tod Tpomou kal otvyvotntos, Kixépwy $€ modrdayod 7@ 210 DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO, 1. 1-4 COMPARISON OF DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO I. THesr, then, are the memorable incidents in the recorded careers of Demosthenes and Cicero which have come to our knowledge. And though [ have renounced the comparison of their oratorical styles,! yet this, I think, ought not to be left unsaid, namely, that Demosthenes devoted to the rhetorical art all the powers of speech which he possessed by nature or acquired by practice, surpassing in force and effectiveness his rivals in forensic and judicial pleading, in pomp and majesty of utterance the professional declaimers, and in precision and _ skill the sophists; Cicero, on the other hand, became widely learned and had a variety of interest in the pursuit of letters, and left behind him not a few philosophical treatises of his own conforming to the fashion of the Academy; indeed, even in the speeches which he wrote for the forum and the courts he clearly desires to display by the way a considerable acquaintance with letters. It is possible, too, to get a glimpse of the character of each in his style of speaking. For that of Demosthenes, which had no prettiness or pleasantry, and was condensed with a view to power and earnestness, did not smell of lamp-wicks, as Pytheas scoffingly said,? but of water-drinking and anxious thought, and of what men called the bit- terness and sullenness of his disposition; whereas Cicero was often carried away by his love of jesting 1 See the Demosthenes, iii. 1. 2 Cf. the Demosthenes, vili. 3. 211 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TKOTTKD TPOos TO Bwporoxov expe popevos Kat TpaywaTa om ovdis akva yehore Kal Tada KAT ELPWVEUO[EVOS év Tats Otxars eis TO yperades npecoet Tou T PET OVTOS, OoTEp ev Th Katdiov * ouInyopia pndev ATOTTOV TOLELY AUTOV ev TooauTn Tpudh Kal TOAUTERELE Tais ndovats Xpepevor: 70 yep av é&eaTe pay peTé yeUv, paveKov eivat, Kal Tavta éy )O0vn TO Eevdatmov TOY émihavertdtwy dirocodwyv TiOenévwr. ean 6€ Katavos Movpivay d:@KovTos Uratevwy aToXoyetc Oar Kal TodrAa dia TOV Kadtova copodety tiv Stwixyy ai peau éml Tals atoTiatss TaV TapadoEwp Aeyo- evo Sorypat ov YEd@TOs dé Aapn poo KATLOVTOS €K TOV TEPLETTWTWY TPOS TOUS Sexaoras, 7 Nov? Staperdtaaas 0 Katey T pos TOUS cad npevous evmreivs “ Os yedoion, oO avdpes, € EX opev Umartov.’ Soxel dé Kal yéXwrTos oixelos 0 Kixéowv yeryovéva Kal procKkortns, TO TE ™ poo wr ov QUTOU pét- diapa Kal yadnvnv mapetye. TO bE Anuocbérous del TUS CHD omouvdr), Kal TO TedpovTLKos TobTO Kal ourvour ov pacias an édevmev* ® dev Kal SvaKohov avtov ot €xOpol Kat Svotporov, ws avtos dyna, amexddouvp. Il. “Ere rowvuy év tots cuyypdpuace xatideipy got, TOV pmev euped@s Kal averrayOas TaV eis avuToy amtopmevov éyxwplwy, OTe TovTOV dencat mpos €repov te petfor, TaAAa 8 evAABH Kal pé- tTptov: 1 b€ Kexépwvos ev Tots Noyots apeTpia Tis 1 KatAfov Coraés, Bekker, and Graux, after Wyttenbach : KextAfov. 2 aréXecnev With Graux and Bekker, after Coraés: améAcwev, 212 DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO, 1. q-n. 1 into scurrility, and when, to gain his ends in his cases, he treated matters worthy of serious attention with ironical mirth and pleasautry, he was careless of propriety. Thus, in his defence of Caelius, he said that his client, surrounded as he was by great luxury and extravagance, did nothing out of the way when indulging in pleasures; for not to enjoy what is in one’s possession was madness, he said, particularly when the most eminent philosophers assert that true happiness consists in pleasure.!} And we are told that when Cato prosecuted Murena, Cicero, who was then consul, defended him, and because of Cato’s beliefs made much fun of the Stoic sect, in view of the absurdities of their so- called paradoxes ;? and when loud laughter spread from the audience to the jurors, Cato, with a quiet smile, said to those who sat by: “ What a funny man we have, my friends, for consul!’’ And it would seem that Cicero was naturally prone to laughter and fond of jesting ; his face, too, was smiling and peaceful. But in that of Demosthenes there was always a certain intense seriousness, and this look of thoughtfulness and anxiety he did not easily lay aside. "For this reason his enemies, as he himself says,” cailed him morose and ill-mannered. II. Still further, then, in their writings it is pos- sible to see that the one touches upon his own praises cautiously and so as not to give offence, when there was need of this for some weightier end, while on other occasions he is eareful and moderate ; whereas Cicero’s immoderate boasting of 1 Cf. Cicero, pro Caelio, 12, 28; but Plutarch’s interpreta- tion does Cicero great injustice. CE. Pig oo. 2 Cf. pro Murena, 29-31. 3 In Phil. ii. 30. VOL. VIL. Heed 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , , ‘ TeplavToNoyias axkpaciav Twa KaTNHYOPEL TT POs A X a / éo€av, Bowrvtos was Ta OTA Edet TH THBEvYM Kal A , \ \ e , / TH yAOTTn THY OptapBrKny UTreixey Oadvnv. TeE- A ’ \ NevTav 6 ov Ta épya Kal Tas mpdkes povor, b) ‘ \ \ Z. bd va] \ ’ / e 4) ANNA KAL TOUS NOYOUS ETTALVEL TOUS ELpNuEeVvoUS UP avtou! Kal yeypappévous, waoTep “looxpate: Kai "Avakipéves tots codiatais Staperpaxtevopevos, 3 \ € ? A wv 9 A \ 3 a ov Tov Pwpaiwy djpov aye aEiav cal opOodr, ¢ o / Bp.Ouv, owdtToTaXay, Odiov avtiT@adots. loxverv pev yap dia Aoyou Tov TrodtTEVOpEVvor avayKaiov, ayaTav & ayevvés Kal AuxXvEevery THY ato ToD Aoyou ddEav. 6Oev épBpiOéatEpos Tav- ™ Kal peyarorpetéatepos? o Anpoobévns, THY pev AUTOD Ovvam éuTreplay TLVa TOAAHS SEope- UHV THS Tapa TOV GKpowpLevwov evvoias aTropatvo- pevos, averevGépous b€ xat Bavavaovs, woTrEp eiai, TOUS éml TOUT hYTwpLEeVOUS NYOUV[EVOS. TIT. ‘H peév ody év TO Snunyopety Kat troAtTev- ecOat Sivapis omaras audortépots varnpEev, date Kal TOUS TOV OTAWY Kal OTpaTOTébwY KUPioUS detaPat, Anuoabévous pev Napnta cai Acorrei@ny kal Mewobévnv, Kixépwvos b€ Lloumniov nat Kai- capa TOV véov, ws avTos 0 Katcap év tots mpos "Aypimmav cat Marxijvav vropvypact elpnkev. 1 §¢’ abrov Graux with M®; bn’ adrov. 2 peyadompenéatepos With Bekker, after Stephanus: peya- Aompenéotatos. 214 DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO, u. t-11. 1 himself in his speeches proves that he had an intem- perate desire for fame, his cry being that arms must give place to the toga and the laurel of triumph to the tongue.! And at last he praises not only his deeds and actions, but also his speeches, both those which he delivered himself and those which he com- mitted to writing, as if he were impetuously vying with Isocrates and Anaximenes the sophists, instead of claiming the right to lead and instruct the Roman people, “ Steadfast, in heavy armour clad, destructive to It is necessary, indeed, that a political leader should prevail by reason of his eloquence, but ignoble for him to admire and crave the fame that springs from his eloquence. Wherefore in this regard Demos- thenes is more stately and magnificent, since he declares that his ability in speaking was a mere matter of experience, depending greatly upon the goodwill of his hearers,’ and considers illiberal and vulgar, as they are, those who are puffed up at such success. III. It is true that in haranguing and guiding the people both had equal power, so that even those who controlled armies and camps had need of their services; Chares, Diopeithes, and Leosthenes needed Demosthenes, and Pompey and the young Caesar needed Cicero, as Caesar himself says in his Memoirs addressed to Agrippa and Maecenas. 1 Cedant arma togae, concedat laurea laudi (in Pisonem, 29.72 i1.). 2 The second verse of an elegiac distich attributed to Aeschylus in Morale, p. 334d. Cf. Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graect, li.4 p. 242. 3 Cf. On the Crown, 277. 215 PLUTARCH'’'S LIVES “A , s 26 dé Soxet padicta Kat NeyeTaL TpOTroY avdpos >’ f 4 / 3 / 3 4 émiverxvuvat Kal Bacavitev, éEovcia Kal apy?) mav 7Tados Kivovoa Kal Tacay aToKadUTTOVCA , , \ > e n QO ckakiav, Anpwocbever pev ovy vanptev, od Edwxe ToLAUTHY SLaTrELpaY EavTOD, pndEeMiay apynY TAY 9 A v A Oe a e >] e al éemipavav ap&as, 0s ovde THS Up avTOv curTE- taypevns ért Dirtimmov €atpatnynce duvdpews: r / de f > x / \ 3 Av 3 Kixépwv 6€ tapias eis XtxedXav Kat avOvTratos ae , eis Kudttxtav xat Kanmaboxiayv atootanels, év e ral a / 3 f 7 a @ Kaip@® THS PirAoTAouTias axpwalovens, Kat TOV “A 4 a TELTOMEVWY TTPATHYOV Kai IYELOVOY, WS TOD n 3 N e KNETTELY AYEVVOUS OVTOS, ETL TO apmraley TpETFO- péevwv, ov TO Aap Bavev edoxer Secvov, AA oO a A a \ HETPLWS TOUTO TOLOY NYaTATO, TOAAHY jev ETri- e / , bd / \ decEw vmepowias XpnpyatTwy emoincato, TONY \ / \ , bd IA \ 4 6€ diravOpwrias Kat ypnatoTynTos. ev auth oe ac , U \ bf \ ed b , TH Popn Noyo pev atrodey Geis Urratos, éEovciav S¢ AXaBov avtoxpdtopos Kal &txTdTopos ert Tovs \ 4 b tA (ia n 7 mept Katirivav, euaptupnoey apa to HAXatTom pavtevouevw tadvav é€ev Kxax@v Tas ToXeLs, e ’ 3 \ Vf , / \ /; we Gtay eis TAVTO SUVamis TE MEyaXNH Kal Ppovnats ex TLVOS TUXNS XPHNOTHS aTavTyjon peta Suxatocvvys. 5 NpnpaticacGat toivvy ato Tov Xoyou Anpo- / a ofévns péev errinpoyws NéyeTal, Noyoypapav Kpuda tois wept Poppiwva kal’ AmrodXObwpor aytidixots, \ \ \ a a , kat csaBrAnGels pev emt Tos BacirtKols Ypnuacwy, oprov 6¢ Tov ‘Aprarewv. ef 5é tadtTa Tovs ) ’ 2 ~ ypahovtas (ovx« orjtyot 8 eloiv obToL) evdecIa 216 DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO, i. 2-5 But what is thought and said most of all to reveal and test the character of a man, namely power and authority, which rouses every passion and un- covers every haseness, this Demosthenes did not have, nor did he give any such proof of himself, since he held no conspicuous office, nor did he even command the force which was raised by him against Philip ; whereas Cicero was sent out as quaestor to Sicily, and as pro-consul to Cilicia and Cappadocia, at a time when the love of wealth was at its greatest height, and when those who were sent out as praetors and governors, feeling that theft was an ignoble thing, resorted to open plundering, so that the taking of property was not thought heinous, but he who did this in moderation was held in high esteem; and yet Cicero gave many proofs of his contempt for wealth, and many of his humanity and goodness. And when in Rome itself he was appointed consul in name, but really received the power of a dictator and sole ruler against Catiline and his conspirators, he bore witness to the truth of Plato’s prophecy! that states would then have respite from evil, when in one and the same person, by some happy fortune, great power and wisdom should be conjoined with justice. Moreover, it is said to the reproach of Demosthenes that he made money by his eloquence, since he secretly wrote speeches for Phormio and Apollo- dorus, who were adversaries in the same case, and since he was accused in the matter of the Great King’s money, and condemned for taking that of Harpalus. And if we should say that those who write these things (and these writers are not few) ! Republic, p. 473 d. 217 6 PLUTARCH’S LIVES painuev, adr’ Ste ye Tpos Swpeas Bacidéwv avdv yYapite Kal Teun Stdopéevas avTtBrEpat Anpoc OE- / 9) wn yns ovK av éeroApLNGEDV, OVS Hv TovTO Epyov! av- Oowmov saveifovtos emi vavutiKols, apnjyxavov 9 an \ \ , oe \ a avrTeimev: mept dé Kixép@vos, OTe Kal YKEeALwWTa@V ayopavopovyts Kat Bacitéws tov Kammadoxav 3 s \ a) bd ¢ , / + > heh avOutTratevovtt Kai TaVv év Pwpun dirav, OT €Fe- fo / \ \ ; TUITE THS TWOEWS, SwpoULEeVOV TOAAG Kai Seopeé- yov AaBeEiy avTécyeEr, EipNTat. \ \ 4 4 A \ 3 \ a IV. Kai pny i) ye puyn TO pev atoxpa KroT IS e€ , / fal \ f v7 b] / adovtt cuvérede, TO 5€ KAAXNTOV Epyov avOpw- , a / Tous aNLTNPLOUS exKoWavTe THS matptoos. 610 a \ bf \ 4 b , 27? e 9 e Tod pev ovdels AOyos extimtovTos, ef @ 8 7 auyKAntos écOnra TE dujAXraEE Kal TévOos Eaye Kal yvounv wrép ovdevos elmrety érmeicOn Tpod- vr , tepov 7) Kuxépwrt xaboboyv Wwndicacba. trv nm ¢ pévto. guyny apyas o Kixépwv dujveyxev év Makedovia Kcadrpevos, TO S€ AnpocBéver Kai 1) / / a / puyn péya pépos THS TortsTELas yéyove. auva- , , 4 ” af \ yovilowevos yap, woTeEp cipntat, Tots’ EXAnae Kal ‘ U / b 7 b] / tous Makedovwy mpéoBes eEedavvwy émnpyeto Tas Toes, TortU BeATiov Oeutotoxr€ouvs Kal \ "ArKiBiadou Tapa Tas auTas TUXAaS havels ToXé- Tns* Kal pévtoe KaTEN@py atOts éavtov érrédmxev \ els THY AUTNV TAUTHY ToALTELAY, Kal SLETENEL TrO- a > / Aexaoyv wpos Avtimatpoyv Kai Maxedovas. Kuxeé- n ~ 4, pwova © wveidioev év TH BovrAyn Aatrtos aitoupévou 1 sovro €pyov Bekker and Graux, after Reiske: rotro rd Epyov. 218 888 | DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO, 1. 5-1v. 3 tell what is untrue, still, at least, that Demosthenes could not bring himself to look with indifference upon gifts which kings offered as marks of honour and favour, and that this was net to be expected of a man who lent money on bottomry, it is im- possible to deny; whereas, in the case of Cicero, that the Sicilians when he was quaestor, and the king of Cappadocia when he was pro-consul, and his friends in Rome when he was going into exile, offered him large sums and begged him to take them, only to meet with his refusal, has been said. IV. And surely in the matter of banishment, at least, for the one it was disgraceful, since he had been convicted of theft; but for the other it was a most honourable result, since he had rid _ his country of baleful men. Therefore no account was made of the one when he went into exile; but for the other the senate changed its garb and put on mourning and could not be induced _ to discuss any business until Cicero’s return had been decreed. However, Cicero spent his exile idly, remaining quietly in Macedonia; but the exile of Demosthenes proved to be a great part of his service to the state. [Tor he took part in the struggles of the Greeks, as has been said, and drove out the Macedonian envoys in the various cities which he visited, and so showed himself to be a far better citizen than Themistocles or Alcibiades when they were having the same fortune; and furthermore, when he returned from exile, he again devoted himself to this same public service, and steadfastly continued waging war upon Antipater and the Macedonians. Cicero, on the contrary, was re- proached in the senate by Laelius for sitting silent 219 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Katoapos umatetay peti€vat Tapa vopov, ovtrw yevet@vTos, aiwmn Ka9nuevov. éypade Sé xal Bpottos éyxadkov ws peifova Kxal Baputépav TeTalooTpiynKoTe Tupavvida THs vd’ avTod Katadvéeions. V. ‘Emi raat b€ THs TeNeuTAS TOV pev OlxTELpat Tis av, avdpa mpecButnv b¢ ayévverav bro o- KET@V AVW Kal KATW TrepLpEpopevoy Kal Tepided- yovta Tov Oarvatov Kal dmcKpuTTOmEvoy TOUS Ov TodvD mpo THS pvaoews tKovtas ém’ avdtov, eit aTvrocpayevta: tod 6, eb Kal yuxpa mpos THY ixeTetay €védwKev, GyaoTn pev 1) TapacKevyn TOD pappaxov Kal tTHpyows, ayaoty 8 1 xXpHoes, OTe ToD Oeod fn Tapacyovtos avT@ THY acurlay, @otep él pelCova Bwpov catadvyov, ée TOV OTAwY Kal TOY Sopvdopwv AaBwy EauTOY wyYeTO, THs Avtimdtpov KATAYENUTAS WMOTNTOS. DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO, iv. 3-v. when Caesar asked leave to stand for the consul- ship, which was contrary to law, since he was still a beardless youth. And Brutus also, in one of his letters, accused him of having reared up a tyranny greater and more severe than that which the writer himself had overthrown.! V. And after all, the one is to be pitied for the manner of his death—an old man ignobly carried up and down by servants, trying to escape death, hiding himself from those who were coming after him not much in advance of nature’s final summons, and then beheaded; whereas in that of the other, even though it had a slight touch of supplication, we inust admire the preparation of the poison and its place of custody, must admire, too, the use he made of it, because, since the god would not afford him asylum, he took refuge at a greater altar, as it were, made his escape from arms and inercenaries, aud laughed to scorn the cruelty of Antipater. } Cicero, ad Brutum, i. 17, 2 (Brutus to Atticus), 221 AAEZANAPO2 I. Tov ’AreEavdpov tod Bacitréws Biov Kal TOU Kaicapos, up ov KatedvOn Tloprrjios, év TOUT® TO BiPrXiw ypadovtes, dia TO TWAHOOS TOV DTroKetpeveoy mpafewy ovoev adrO 7 poepodpev n TmapaiTna opeba TOUS avaylyWOoKoVTas, €av pn mdavTa pnde Kal’ Exactov eFeupryacpéeves TL TOV meptBontov aT AY YEAXW LED, aN eTLTEMVOVTES Ta WrEloTa, Mn GUKOparTElyY. OTE yap LoTopias ypidhomev, aArNa Biovs, ovTE Tais émipavertTaTals mpakect TavTws éverte SHjAwWOtS ApeETHS 7} Kakias, GAAA Tpayywa Bpayv TodAaKkis Kal pHya Kat TALOLa TES Eupacw nOous émroinae baXdov 1) paxas HupLover pot Kal maparaters at péytoTat Kal TOALopKiat TONEWD. @aTrEp OvV Ob Soypagor TAS OMOLOTHTAS ATO TOV TpoTwTroU Kai THY Tept Thy Ovi eidav, ols eupaiveTar TO 780s, ava- AapuBavove wv, eAaytota TOV hour ay pep@y ppov- TiSovres, ovTwS uly SoTéoV els Ta Ths Yuxiis onweta Ha dov évoved Aa Kal bua TOUT@Y el00- To.iy Tov éxaotov PBiov, édcavtas étépois Ta peyeOn Kai Tous ayavas. If. “AréEavdpos Ott TH yéver pos TaTpos pev jv ‘Hpaxreidns amo Kapavov, 7 pos be HMNTPOS Alaxidns amo Neortodrénov, tav mavu TTL , aoTeupéeveoy éott. Réyetae b€ Pidimos év Lauo- 224 ALEXANDER I. Ir is the life of Alexander the king, and of Caesar, who overthrew Pompey, that I[ am writing in this book, and the multitude of the deeds to be treated is so great that I shall make no other preface than to entreat my readers, in case I do not tell of all the famous actions of these men, nor even speak exhaustively at all in each particular case, but in epitome for the most part, not to complain. For it is not Histories that I am writing, but Lives; and in the most illustrious deeds there is not always a mani- festation of virtue or vice, nay, a slight thing like a phrase or a jest often makes a greater revelation of character than battles where thousands fall, or the greatest armaments, or sieges of cities. Accordingly, just as painters get the likenesses in their portraits from the face and the expression of the eyes, wherein the character shows itself, but make very little ac- count of the other parts of the body, so I must be permitted to devote myself rather to the signs of the soul in men, and by means of these to portray the life of each, leaving to others the description of their great contests. II. As for the lineage of Alexander, on his father’s side he was a descendant of Heracles through Ca- ranus, and on his mother’s side a descendant of Aeacus through Neoptolemus; this is accepted with- out any question. And we are told that Philip, after 225 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , a? / N 3 if i? Goan Th Orvpriads cvppunbeis avtos Te petpa- \ A KLov @Y €TL KakelYnS Tatoos Oophavis ‘yovewy a \ \ fi e épacOivar Kal TOV Yapuov OUTWS appocal, TELTAS \ a - Tov adeAhov avTis ApupBav. 7 pév ody vimdn, MTpo THS vuKTOS 7 ovVELpXOnoay eis TOY Oddrapo)r, wn , n nw al ed0£e BpovrTijs yevoueuns eumreceiy auTns TH yaoTpl / a a \ fal KEpavuvoy, eK O€ THS TANYHS TOAD Tp avagdler, , 3 , eiTa pynyvipevov els phroyas mwavtn dhepopévas A e \ , ¢ , ’ \ diarvOjvat. o 5€ Didirimos voTepw Kpove peta \ , 3 A e N ’ 7 wn TOV yapov eldev Ovap avTov emt BadrovTa ohpayioa A a 4 \ a Th yaoTpl THS yuvatKos’ 4 O€ yAuUd) THs odpa- a / s ’ val yidos, @S @eTo, A€ovTOS Elyev ElKova. TOV dE ” , e / \ v € b) rwv pavtewv Uhopwméevov THY dryly, ws aKpL- a fal id al Beatépas vrais deomévov 76 Didinam@ Tov \ \ , bi , e \ mept Tov ydapov, “Apiotavdpos o Tedpunaocers f ” ‘\ ” +X \ > f xvety E¢n THY avOpwrrov, ovdev yap atoodpayi- tecOar Tov Kevav, Kal KvEeLW Traida Ovmoeldy Kai 4 4 NeovT@dN THY daw. WhOn dé ToTE Kai SpdKwv , n bd fal Kolmwperns THS Odvyuriddos TtapexteTapevos TH cwpate Kal TODTO padtaota Tov PidimTou TOV \ lal gpwra Kat Tas piroppocvvas apavp@aat Néyovaty, ¢ a 3 w@s pndée hortay étt ToAAdKIS Tap avTHY ava- 4 Tmavoopevov, elite SeicavTd Tivas payetas er A \ f A A i td , avT® kal ddppaka THs yuvatKkos, ete THY Ota s f > , WS KPELTTOI'L TUVOVENS apoadLovEvon. ¢ be \ f bd \ / e a Etepos b€ wept TovTwy éoTi Noxyos, WS TATAL fal a / a 9 A pev at THOE yuvaixes Evoyot Tois Opdixots odoar Kat toils wept tov Atovucoy opytacpmots ék Tov , a , / f qTavu waralov, Krwdwrés te cat Mipardoves 226 ALEXANDER, u. 1-5 being initiated into the mysteries of Samothrace at the same time with Olympias, he himself being still a youth and she an orphan child, fell in love with her and betrothed himself to her at once with the con- sent of her brother, Arymbas. Well, then, the night before that on which the marriage was consummated, the bride dreamed that there was a peal of thunder and that a thunder-bolt fell upon her womb, and that thereby much fire was kindled, which broke into flames that travelled all about, and then was ex- tinguished. Ata later time, too, after the marriage, Philip dreamed that he was putting a seal upon his wife’s womb; and the device of the seal, as he thought, was the figure of a lion. ‘The other seers, now, were led by the vision to suspect that Philip needed to put a closer watch upon his marriage rela- tions; but Aristander of Telmessus said that the woman was pregnant, since no seal was put upon what was empty, and pregnant of a son whose nature would be bold and lion-like. Moreover, a serpent was once seen lying stretched out by the side of Olympias as she slept, and we are told that this, more than anything else, dulled the ardour of Philip’s attentions to his wife, so that he no longer came often to sleep by her side, either because he feared that some spells and enchantments might be practised upon him by her, or because he shrank from her embraces in the conviction that she was the partner of a superior being. But concerning these matters there is another story to this effect: all the women of these parts were addicted to the Orphic rites and the orgies of Dionysus from very ancient times (being ealled Klodones and Mimallones!), and imitated in many 1 Macedonian names for Bacchantes. 227 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES emovupiay éXovea, TOAAG Tais ’"Hémviot Kat Tals TeEpl TOV Aipov Opyacats Opole. dpaciv, ad’ @y SoKet xa TO OpnoKevery 6 ovopa, Taig KATAKOpOLS ryevéa Bat Kal TEpLepyols lepoupyiats, ) dé ‘Odup- meas paddov étépwv Cnrtocaca Tas KATOVAS KL TOUS evdovorac mous éEdryovca BapBapixo- Tepov odes peydrous yeiponGers epetdKeTo Tots Otdcots, of mwoAXAdKIS EK TOU KLTTOUD Kal TOV HMUCTLE@Y ALKVOV TAPAVASVOMEVOL KAL TEPLEALTTO- pevot TOs Ovpacolts TOV yuvatK@V Kal Tols oTEda- vows é€émAnTtTov Tovs avdpas. III. Od pv adr Dorin HEV, [ETA TO pac pa meat Xaipova TOV Meyadoronitny ELS Aergous, x xpNe HOV Kouta Onvat heyouce Tapa tov Geov KENEVOVTOS "Appove Ovew Kat céBecOar partota tovTov Tov Oeov: anoBareiv dé TeV Owewv avTov THY ETE pay, yy TO THS Ovpas appe@ ™ poo Bahov KAT@MTEVC ED ev poppy OpaKovTos cuvevvatouevov TH yuvatkt Tov Oeov. bé Onup- TLAS, WS ‘Epatoabevns pict, Tpomepmouvea TOV “ArdeEavopov éml THv oTpaTelay, Kal ppdoaca Love TO Tept THY TEKVOOU aTroppytop, éx €XEVEV akia dpovety ths yevécews. EtEpor SE hacw aAvTHV ahoorotabat Kal every” “Ov TAVGETAL pe d:aBarAXwv 'AREEavdpos Tpos THY "Hpav;” "Eyevvnbn & ovv "AréEavdpos (otapévou pnvos ‘ExatouBatovos, dv Maxedoves A@ov xadovour, 1 Plutarch apparently derives this verb from @pjaca (Thracian women). 2 Sacred to Dionysus, and carried on the headg of the celebrants. 228 ALEXANDER, 1. 5-111. 3 ways the practices of the Edonian women and the Thracian women about Mount Haemus, from whom, as it would seem, the word “ threskeuein’’! came to be applied to the celebration of extravagant and superstitious ceremonies. Now Olympias, who af- fected these divine possessions more zealously than other women, and carried out these divine inspira- tions in wilder fashion, used to provide the revel- ling companies with great tame serpents, which would often lift their heads from out the ivy and the mystic winnowing-baskets,? or coil themselves about the wands and garlands of the women, thus terrifying the men. III However, after his vision, as we are told, Philip sent Chaeron of Megalopolis to Delphi, by whom an oracle was brought him from Apollo, who bade him sacrifice to Ammon and hold that god in greatest reverence, but told him he was to lose that one of his eyes which he had applied to the chink in the door when he espied the god, in the form of a serpent, sharing the couch of his wife. Moreover, Olympias, as Eratosthenes says, when she sent Alex- ander forth upon his great expedition, told him, and him alone, the secret of his begetting, and bade him have purposes worthy of his birth. Others, on the contrary, say that she repudiated the idea, and said: ‘Alexander must cease slandering me_ to Hera.” * Be that as it may, Alexander was born early in the month Hecatombaeon,* the Maeedonian name for 3 The lawful spouse of Zeus Ammon. 4 356 B.c. The day of birth has probably been moved back two or three months for the sake of the coincidence mentioned below (§5). Hecatombaeon corresponds nearly to July. 229 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e a > , extn, KAO Av nyuépav o THs KEeotas ‘Aptépedos 3 : , , e De. i e wy + 5] éverpnobn vewss @ y Hynotas 0 Mayvns émi- / \ . Tepavnkev evipwovnpa KatacBéoat THY TUpKaiay e 4 , 3 / x éxeivynvy vumTo Wuxpias Suvayevoy' eixoTws yap A \ \ an , éhn KataprexOjvar tov vewyv tis “Aptéuscos 3 / \ \ pk ‘ o / agyoNoupevns mept Thy AdeEavdpov paiwouv. o \ a t ? Ia? 5 / doo. O6€ Tav paywv év “Edéow dtatpiBovres > 4 ETUXOV, TO TEpt TOV Vewr TAOOS nrYyoUpmEvOL TAO OUS a f \ / étépou onpetoy eivat, dtéGeov Ta TPOTWTA TUTTO- fa YU pevoe Kal Powrvtes aTnv aya Kal ovppopayv a \ / peyddny TH Acta THY nuepav exEelyny TETOKEVAL. N f F / e f A Dirinme b€ dpte Uotidacavy npnxote Tpets HKov > , \ \ Jase , e \ ’ \ ayyerlar KaTa TOV AUTO Ypovov' 7 meV IXXUPLOUS e a ra) a , tr } \ iB / e be yTTacGat payn peyadrn dra Llappeviwvos, 4 dé / / , Oruptiacw int@ KérAnTte vevixnKkévat, TPiTN Oé “ bd b e / mept THS AdeEavdpou yevioews. ef ois 7Od0peEvor, 4 a / a , WS ELKOS, ETL MANXOV OL paVvTELs ETHpav aTopatvo- \ “A , plevol TOV Tatoa Tplal viKals auyyeyerynuévov avikntov écecOat. LV. Tov pév ovv dav Tod cwpatos ot Avair- v4 a 3 ¢ bf ? e > Tetol paddtata Tov avopiavtay éudpaivovaw, bd e , \ f ov povov Kat autos 1)£lou TAaTTETHaL. Kal yap f > A A “A , ef \ wn uardio® a TOrdOL TOY StadoxYwV VaTEpoY Kali TOV “ f 4 A PLAWY ATELMLLOVYTO, THY TE AVATATLY TOD AVYEVOS “A f \ ELS EUWYULOV NAVY KEKALWEVOU Kat THY UypOTNTA “ “A e TOV OmpaTtov, dvateTHnpnKey axptBas Oo TEYViTNS. A XN 2’Amedrns O€ ypddwy tov Kepavvopopoy ovK \ , \ , EULLNTATO THY Xpoav, AAA PaLoTEepov Kal TeTL- ff > 4 § \ “ e ¢e \ YW pLeVOV ETTOLNTEV. HY O€ AEUKOS, WS haat 7) dé 230 666 ALEXANDER, tm. 3-1v. 2 which is Loiis, on the sixth day of the month, and on this day the temple of Ephesian Artemis was burnt. It was apropos of this that Hegesias the Magnesian made an utterance frigid enough to have extinguished that great conflagration. He said, namely, it was no wonder that the temple of Ar- temis was burned down, since the goddess was busy bringing Alexander into the world. But all the Magi who were then at Ephesus, looking upon the temple’s disaster as a sign of further disaster, ran about beating their faces and crying aloud that woe and great calamity for Asia had that day been born. To Philip, however, who had just taken Potidaea, there came three messages at the same time: the first that Parmenio had conquered the Illyrians in a great battle, the second that his race-horse had won a victory at the Olympic games, while a third an- nounced the birth of Alexander. These things de- lighted him, of course, and the seers raised his spirits still higher by declaring that the son whose birth coincided ‘with three victories would be always victorious. IV. The outward appearance of Alexander is best represented by the statues of him which Lysippus made, and it was by this artist alone that Alexander himself thought it fit that he should be modelled. For those peculiarities which many of his successors and friends afterwards tried to imitate, namely, the poise of the neck, which was bent slightly to the left, and the melting glance of his eyes, this artist has accurately observed. Apelles, however, in painting him as wielder of the thunder-bolt, did not reproduce his complexion, but made it too dark and swarthy. Whereas he was of a fair colour, as they say, and his 231 PLUTARCH’S LIVES AevKoTNS eTEhoiviacev auto mepi To a7h0os panriaera wal TO TPOT@OTov. Ort b€ TOD YpwTOS ua rov anémves Kal TO oT Oma KATELY EV evodia Kab THY capKa Tacay, @oTE mrnpova bat TOUS YiTw@VLiTKOUS, avéyvopev év VTTopYyuacw ’ Aptoto- Fevetous. Aitia 6¢ tows TOD 70 LAT OS Kpacls TONU- Geppos ovoa Kal mupw@dys” y yap evwdia yiveraut meet TOV VYPOV uTO Fepporntos, WS oleTaL Ceoppacros. o0ev ot Enpot Kab O:dTrupor TOTrOL THS olKoupern)s Ta TreloTa Kat Kad OTA TOV apopatwov pépovaiw: éEatpet yap 0 HALos TO UypoD DOT EP UN onmedovos émiTohagov Tois THAT LD. “AdéEar6 pov b€ ) Jepporns TOU TWOLATOS, WS EOLKE, Kal TOTLKOV Kat Gupoero;) Tapeiyer. "Ete 6€ OvTos avrou Tatoos TE Twp poo wn) defaivero T® Tpos TadAAa paybatov sbvTa Kal pepopevoy opodpés ep Tals noovais Tats Tept TO oMpLa Sua Kivytov eivat Kat pera TOAANS T™ pQorn- Tos antecOat Tav TOLOUTMY, y TE prroripia Tap NALKLAD eu BprBes eixe TO ppovnua Kal peyarowpu- Xov. OUTE yap aTO TAVTOS OUTE TacaY HYyaTa do€av, ws Didimmos Noyou Te Sewornre copt- TTLKOS KarwmeFopLevos Kal Tas éy ‘Ohvprria vikas TOV appara eyXaparrov TOUS vouicpacw, AXA Kal TOV mept QUTOV aTroTrELpwUevwV et Bovdour’ av “Odvutiacw aywvicacbat otdoior, iy yap TOSWKNS, eS Oy yer é~yn, ‘‘ Bactreis €LENAOV eeu avTayovrras, daiverat bé Kal xkaQorouv pos TO TOY GOANTaY yévos adXoOTPiWs évwv mrEelaTous ye Toe Beis ayavas ov povov 232 ALEXANDER, 1v. 2-6 fairness passed into ruddiness on his breast particu- larly, and in his face. Moreover, that a very pleasant odour exhaled from his skin and that there was a fragrance about his mouth and all his flesh, so that his garments were filled with it, this we have read in the Memoirs of Aristoxenus. Now, the cause of this, perhaps, was the tempera- ment of his body, which was a very warm and fiery one; for fragrance is generated, as Theophrastus thinks, where moist humours are acted upon by heat. Wherefore the dry and parched regions of the world produce the most and best spices; for the sun draws away the moisture which, like material of corruption, abounds in vegetable bodies. And in Alexander’s case, it was the heat of his body, as it would seem, which made him prone to drink, and choleric. But while he was still a boy his self-restraint showed itself in the fact that, although he was im- petuous and violent in other matters, the pleasures of the body had little hold upon him, and he in- dulged in them with great moderation, while his ambition kept his spirit serious and lofty in advance of his years. For it was neither every kind of fame nor fame from every source that he courted, as Philip did, who plumed himself like a sophist on the power of his oratory, and took care to have the victories of his chariots at Olympia engraved upon his coins; nay, when those about him inquired whether he would be willing to contend in the foot-race at the Olympic games, since he was swift of foot, “ Yes,” said he, “if I could have kings as my contestants.” And in general, too, Alexander appears to have been averse to the whole race of athletes; at any rate, though he instituted very many contests, not only 233 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES Tpaywoov Kal avrAnTov Kal kLPapwdav, adr Kab € “ / a \ ¢ palwdav, Onpas te tavtodaTis kat paBdo- ” an Ww f MayYias, OUTE TUYLUNS OUTE TAYKpAaTLOV [META TLVOS aomovons éOnxcev aOrov. V. Tovs 5é rapa rod Ilepoav Bacthéws mpeé- 4 b) aA / / oBeus Heovtas atodnuovytos Didimmov Eevilwv U al Kal yevouevos avv7Ons oUTwS exetpwaaTo TH dtdo- ppocuvyn Kai TO pnoev Epwrnua tracdixov épwth- CNOA OAL MNOE MLLKPOV, UA’ OOOY TE pK Kal TrOpEias THS avw tpoTrov éxtruvOdvecOar, Kal Tept avTov la) an XN Tov Baciéws, omotos €in mpos TovS ToNépous, \ ig e a b) \ \ , ? , Kat Tis 7 Lepoay adn Kai dvvapus, Mote Oavma- b / \ \ U4 4 / fev éxelvovs Kai THY AeyouEevny DiritTov Sevo- \ Lal \ A ‘. e TNTAa pNnoev HyetoOat pos THY TOU TaLdds Opunv id e A Kal meyarompaypocurny. oaaKkls your aTayyen- iZ / x / ig \ Bein Dirsrrmos 7} worw évdo£or ynpynkwos 1} paxny \ , id i Tia TEpLBONTOV VEviKNKwWS, OV TaVvY haLopos ry b) , 3 \ \ \ € , M4 ce? aKkovwy, aA TpOs Tous nALKLwWTAS Edeyer? “°O, A / id e / > \ \ X+QN Taloes, TAVTA TPOANWETAL O TATIP* éuol O€ OOEY > , > e an ” b) , / amoneiper wed vuwv épyov atoseiEacOat péya \ , 9 ’ \ e \ A IQA a Kal NapTpov.” ov yap noovny EnX@v ove TACDd- b) bee | \ \ 60 » Peed & a la Tov, WAN apeTny Kal do€av, évopslev, dow mrEiova SS a , ANWEeTaAl Tapa TOU TaTPOS, éAaTTOVA KaTOPOwceELY A \ al 60 éavtov. 616 Tois Tpadypacw av€ouévols KaT- \ 3 a avarioxecGa Tas mpakers ets exetvov aHyoupevos, b 4 \ / be \ \ b) , éBovreTo hm) Ypnuata pnoé Tpupas Kal amoNav- ’ 9 bd “ \ / \ / gels, GAN ayavas Kal TorEmovs Kai PidoTipias éyovoay apxny TaparaPetv. \ , ° TIodXol pév ody repli Thy émtpérelay, ws ELKGs, 234 667 ALEXANDER, w. 6-v. 4 for tragic poets and players on the flute and players on the lyre, but also for rhapsodists, as well as for hunting of every sort and for fighting with staves, he took no interest in offering prizes either for boxing or for the pancratium. V. He once entertained the envoys from the Persian king who came during Philip's absence, and associated with them freely. He won upon them by his friendliness, and by asking no childish or trivial questions, but by enquiring about the length of the roads and the character of the journey into the interior, about the king himself, what sort of a warrior he was, and what the prowess and might of the Persians. The envoys were therefore astonished and regarded the much-talked-of ability of Philip as nothing compared with his son’s eager disposition to do great things. At all events, as often as tidings were brought that Philip had either taken a famous city or been victorious in some celebrated battle, Alexander was not very glad to hear them, but would say to his comrades : “ Boys, my father will anticipate everything; and for me he will leave no great or brilliant achievement to be displayed to the world with your aid.”” For since he did not covet pleasure, nor even wealth, but excellence and fame, he con- sidered that the more he should receive from his father the fewer would be the successes won by himself. Therefore, considering that inerease in prosperity meant the squandering upon his father of opportunities for achievement, he preferred to receive from him a realm which afforded, not wealth nor luxury and enjoyment, but struggles and wars and ambitions. In the work of caring for him, then, many persons, 235 PLUTATCH’S LIVES *® > a a \ \ \ / HoaV avTOV Tpodets Kal Tadaywyot Kal didadoKa- 4 A dot Aeyomeror, Wace 8 eperati Ker Aewridas, avijp f 9 > \ \ \ y , To Te 7005 avaotnpos Kal avyyevis Odvprriasos, \ a / 3 avTos pev ov hevywy TO THs Tatdaywyias dvopa \ , aN Kanov épyov éyvovons Kal NapTpOV, VITO Oé TOV wv XN \ De ate \ \ > , \ ddAXNov dia TO alwpa Kal THY olKELOTHTA TpodeEds 3 AnreEdvdpou cal xalnyntns Kadovpevos. o be ~ a ~ \ TO CX Ma TOV TraloaywyoU Kal THY TpOenyopiav (¢ , iy 7 aA 4 b] , UTroTrotoupevos HY Avoimayos, TO yéves Axapvay, ¥ \ 2 x ” b tal ef 9 e€ \ \ aXXo pev ovdevy EYwV aoTeEtov, OTL & éavTov pev b / ovopmatve Dowixa, tov d€ AdeEavdpov ’AyirXr€Ea, 4 \ \ , ’ a ‘ , II[nréa 6€ tov Pirtrzov, yyaTato Kai devtépay 3 s elye YOpav. , a a VI. ’Eqvet 6€ Pirovetkxov Tod Oeccarod Tov 5 , aA Boveeddrav ayayovtos wviov TO Piditiwre tpic- / b) \ , KAaLOEKA TANGYTMY KaTEBNGaY Els TO TEdiOV SoKt- ‘ , \ padaovTes Tov imroVv, boxe TE KAANETOS Elva Kal A / y > , / Komto;) SvtypnoTtos, ovTE avaBaTny Tpoctépevos by ‘ Cal oTE Hwviy VToMévwv TIWOS TOV Tept Tov Direr- 4 Tov, adr atavtwy Kate~aviatapevos, dua xepat- a , \ , vovtos 6€ Tov Didiwmov Kal KEdEVOVTOS aTayeELV e 4 \ > Ul @S TavTdTacly ayplov Kal aKoXaCTOV, TapwY 5 Ug "AréEavdpos eitrev “‘Otov trmov amoAXvovat ov , / \ ametpiav Kal padakiav ypnoacbas py duvapevot,” \ Q c) aA ¢ , > ‘ , TO ev ovV TP@TOV O DidiTTos éEoLwT noe TONNG- a , \ a xis b€ avtod Tapadeyyopmévov Kai Tepitabovr- fa aeae Wy) a 7°99 ~~» 66 , 4 tos, “’Emitiuas ov, edn, “ mpecButepols ws Te , > . OG. A Cal t/ , TNEOV AUTOS ELOWS TF padAAOY iTTM® YpHnacacbat 236 ALEXANDER, v. q—-v1. 2 as was natural, were appointed to be his nurturers, tutors, and teachers, but over them all stood Le- onidas, a man of stern temperament and a kinsman of Olympias. Although he did not himself shun the title of tutor, since the office afforded an honourable and brilliant occupation, yet by other people, owing to his dignity and his relationship, he was called Alexander's foster-father and preceptor. The man, however, who assumed the character and the title of tutor was Lysimachus, a native of Acarnania, who had no general refinement, but because he called himself Phoenix,! Alexander Achilles, and Philip Peleus, was highly regarded and held a second place. VI. Once upon a time Philoneicus the Thessalian brought Bucephalas, offering to sell him to Philip for thirteen talents,? and they went down into the plain to try the horse, who appeared to be savage and altogether intractable, neither allowing any one to mount him, nor heeding the voice of any of Philip's attendants, but rearing up against al] of them. Then Philip was vexed and ordered the horse to be led away, believing him to be altogether wild and un- broken; but Alexander, who was near by, said: “What a horse they are losing, because, for lack of skill and courage, they cannot manage him!” At first, then, Philip held his peace; but as Alexander many times let fall such words and showed great distress, he said: “ Dost thou find fault with thine elders in the belief that thou knowest more than they do or art better able to manage a horse?” 1 The preceptor of Achilles. 2 The talent was worth about £235, or $1,200, with four or five times the purchasing power of modern money. 237 PLUTARCH’S LIVES > le 3 duvapevos; “Tovtw yoodv,” ébn, “ xpnoatuny av Cet t 19:5) ck iS \ f / A, erepou BeNTLOD. Av 0€ £N XpNoN, Tiva OLKNDY a / ear Pie , \ ny 4 THS TpoTreTelas upeters; Eyo, vy Av, etzrev, “amotlaw Tov immou THY TinY. yevouevov € / 3 e A \ ? f ? \ YEAWTOS, ELTA OPtTmoU Tpos AAANAOUS Els TO \ a apyup.ov, evOus TpocdSpap@v TO iTTo Kal Tapa- N , \ ¢ AaBov Thy jviav éréatpewe pos Tov HALOV, ws €olKev, évvoncas OTL THY oKLaY TpoTitTOoVaaY / e a a Kal cadEevopmevny Opa@Vv mpd avTodD OLtaTapdTTotTo. \ ¢ puikpa € OUTW TapaKkadTracas Kal KaTaWyaas, / le \ a b) @S Ewpa TANPOULEVOY Oupod Kal TvEvMATOS, ATOP- a a \ / piyas Houxh THY XAapuvOa Kal peTEWpiaas AUTO 5) an / \ \ \ \ “ aoPharas TEpleBn. Kal miKpa prev TEeptrtaBwv Tats , \ a a nviars TOV YaALWov avev TANYHS Kai oTapaypLov , mTpocavéotetrev'! ws d€ Ewpa Tov immor apeiKoTa \ 3 , ? a \ \ \ , ? \ THY aTELAHY, Opy@vTa O€ Wpos TOV Spopoy, édeis OtwKxev 116n hdwvn Opacutépa Kal Todos Kpovce : , y iy a 7 i \ \ PS / 2 e ia F Ypw@pevos. Ta dé Tept TOY DiriTTOV HY aywvia \ a \ Kal olyn TO TWp@Tov: ws b€ Kaprpas érréotpeev ? al \ \ Q e ~*~ A U op0as coBapos Kat yeyndws, ot wev adrot TavTeEs 3 Ul ¢e be \ x Ps a / U nrdratay, o d€ TAaTHpP Kal OaxpUaal TL EyETAL \ a mpos THY XYapdv, Kat KaTaBavtos avTOU THY Ke- > a 39 A hariy piryaas, ‘PO wat,” pavas, “ Gytet ceavt@ / a Baotrelav iconv: Maxedovia yap ce ov ywpel.” wn \ fd nA VII. Kadopav dé tHv dua avtod dvaKivyntov \ 9 Sin 4 \ An e OL be pev ovaoav épicavtos pn PRracOhvat, padiws de \ \ aryouevny vTO AOyou pos TO Séov, AUTOS TE TTeEi- 1 wpocavéoterdey Bekker has apooeore:Aey, with inferior MSS. 238 ALEXANDER, v1. 2-vi1. 1 “This horse, at any rate,’ said Alexander, “I could manage better than others have.” “ And if thou shouldst not, what penalty wilt thou undergo for thy rashness?”’ “Indeed,” said Alexander, “I will forfeit the price of the horse.’”’ There was laughter at this, and then an agreement between father and son as to the forfeiture, and at once Alexander ran to the horse, took hold of his bridle-rein, and turned him towards the sun; for he had noticed, as it would seem, that the horse was greatly disturbed by the sight of his own shadow falling in front of him and dancing about. And after he had calmed the horse a little in this way, and had stroked him with his hand, when he saw that he was full of spirit and courage, he quietly cast aside his mantle and with a light spring safely bestrode him. Then, with a little pressure of the reins on the bit, and without striking him or tearing his mouth, he held him in hand ;! but when he saw that the horse was rid of the fear that had beset him, and was impatient for the course, he gave him his head, and at last urged him on with sterner tone and thrust of foot. Philip and his company were speechless with anxiety at first ; but when Alexander made the turn in proper fashion and came back towards them proud and exultant, all the rest broke into loud cries, but his father, as we are told, actually shed tears of joy, and when Alexander had dismounted, kissed him, saying: “My son, seek thee out a kingdom equal to thyself; Macedonia has not room for thee.” VII. And since Philip saw that his son’s nature was unyielding and that he resisted compulsion, but was easily led by reasoning into the path of duty, 2 Amyot, ‘“‘le remeit gentiment.” 239 tO PLUTARCH’S LIVES Oew érreipato paddov 1) mpooTatTEV, Kat Tots \ ‘ \ 4 n Tept MOVvoLKNY Kab TA €YKUKALa TraLoevTais ov , ‘ / “ qavu TL TloTEVMY THY éTLOTATiaY avTOvD Kal 4 / iS , KATAPTLOLV, WS pEeLCovos OVTAY TpaypaTeEias Kab LS , KaTa Tov ~opoxrEa nw a“ >’ TOAAOY Yadtvav Epyov olukwv O apa, peteTéwrato Tay dirocopay tov évdo€otatov 668 Q , bd / \ Q Ul Kat Noytwratoyv ApioToTeXny, Kaa Kal TpeTTOVTA f al \ nm biacKkddia Tehécas avT@a. THY yap Srayepitav / 3 ® a > , ) , C2 ToAw, €& WS AY “AptaotoTeAnS, avactaTov UT a / , QUTOU YEyEVNMEVNV TUVOKLTE WAAL, Kal TOUS OLa- huyovTas 7 Sov\evovtas TOY TOALT@V aTOKAaTE- OTNCE. Nv \ \ > b nn ‘ } ‘ ‘ \ LYoAnY pév ovy avtois Kat dratpiPiv TO Trept / nw > 4 ee 4 a) Mielav vupdatov aédetEev, Strov péype voy ? / ¢ , \ e 4 Apiatotérous edpas te ALGivas Kal UTogKious f , v \ ? f mepimatous Setxvvovalv. Eéorxe O€ ‘AXé£Eavdpos 9 Ud N 3 N \ \ a ov povov Tov 7O0tKOY Kai TOXNTLKOY Tapanraely , 5) \ \ a > / \ f Noyor, GAAa Kal TOV aTroppyTwY Kai BaduTéepwr “ e ft PENTA ) didacKkadiorv, as of avdpes idiws akpoapmatiKas 3 % if Kal émomTiKas mpocayopevovTes oux eEepepor els , a ay \ > aa id é TodXouvs, peTacxe. On yap ets Actay dtaPe- , \ 4 f \ bd , Bnxos, Kal muOopmevos ayous Tivas ev BiPALows \ ig Ld \ 9% / 3 , , wept TovTwy ve ’ApiatotéXous ExdeddaOa, ypa- , / get mpos avtov Urép pirocogias wappynaralopevos im b / emia ToAny, HS avTiypadoyv €otiv: “’AX€Eardpos i ’ la) / "ApiotoTéves ev mpaTTew. ovKk oplas éroinoas a U f €xO0US TOUS AKpOamaTLKOUS TAY NOYwH' TivL yap 240 ALEXANDER, vn. 1-4 he himself tried to persuade rather than to command him; and because he would not wholly entrust the direction and training of the boy to the ordinary teachers of poetry and the formal studies, feeling that it was a matter of too great importance, and, in the words of Sophocles,! “A task for many bits and rudder-sweeps as well,” he sent for the most famous and learned of philoso- phers, Aristotle, and paid him a noble and appropriate tuition-fee. The city of Stageira, that is, of which Aristotle was a native, and which he had himself destroyed, he peopled again, and restored to it those of its citizens who were in exile or slavery. Well, then, as a place where master and_ pupil could labour and study, he assigned them the pre- cinct of the nymphs near Mieza, where to this day the visitor is shown the stone seats and shady walks of Aristotle. It would appear, moreover, that Alex- ander not only received from his master his ethical and political doctrines, but also participated in those secret and more profound teachings which philoso- phers designate by the special terms “acroamatic ” and “epoptic,”? and do not impart to many. For after he had already crossed into Asia, and when he learned that certain treatises on these recondite matters had been published in books by Aristotle, he wrote him a letter on behalf of philosophy, and put it in plain language. And this is a copy of the letter. ‘‘ Alexander, to Aristotle, greeting. Thou hast not done well to publish thy acroamatic 1 Nauck, Trag. Graec. Fraq.? p. 315. 2 z.e., fit for oral teaching only, and for the initiated ; ‘‘esoteric,” as opposed to “‘ exoteric” doctrines. 241 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 57 Stolcopmey nueis TOV Addr, Eb KAD ods ETTAL- SevOnuev oyous, OUTOL TMavTwY EcovTaL KoLVOL; éya b€ Bovroluny dv rais wept Ta dpliota éurrec- piais } tats duvapeot Stadéperv. Eppwao.” Tav- THY men oby THY prroripiay avToU _TapapuOov- pevos “A pia ToTEhys amonhoyetTat Tept TOV hOYwv éxeivon, os Kal éxdedopevonv Kal pn éxdedopevorv™ arnOas Yep " peta TA Palka Tpaypareia 1 POs didacKkanriay Kal wabnow ovdév & exovea Xproupov UTOoELYya TOs TeTaLbevpévols aT apxXAs Yé- YypamTrTat. VIII. Aoxe? 6é por Kat To pircatpeiv ’AXeEar- Spe mpoatpiracbar paddov eTEpOV “A ptaroTéAns: ov yap fLovoy THY Oewpiay nyaTna ev, aNAa Kal vor ovaLy éBon ber TOUS pirous KAL TUVETATTE Gepa- TELaS TLVaS Kal Olaitas, ws €k TOV eT LT TONDY AaBeiv éotrv. Hv b€ Kal huvcet Piroroyos Kat piravayvoorns. Kal THY ev ‘Trrdda THS TOAE- LLKIS aperis epodiov Kal vomifor Kat ovo pata, érxaBe mev A pta ToTEAOUS SiopPwaarros 7; iy €x TOU vapOnKos Kahovow, eixe dé del peta TOU eyxXelpe- diov KeLpevny Utd TO mpoo cep dharov, OS ‘Ovnat- KpLTOS laTopnKe, TOV 6 G\rxov BiBrtov ovK ev- Topay ev Tots vw TOTTOLS “Apranov éxéXevae Teurpat. Kaketvos eTeurey avT@ tas Te Pir- oToOv BiBrous Kab TOV Evperidov Kab Lopoxdéous Kal Alaxvrou TparywoLr@v TuxXras, kat TedXéotov Kab Pirofevov d.0upauSous. A ptarorehny O¢ Oavpatov év apxi Kat ayaT ov ovxX HT TOV, @S AUTOS Edeye, TOD TATpPOS, wS bt €xEtvoY pev Cav, dia TovTov Sé Karas Cav, Uatepov UTomroTEpoV 242 ALEXANDER, vu. 4-vin. 3 doctrines ; for in what shall I surpass other men if those doctrines wherein | have been trained are to be all men’s common property? But I had rather excel in my acquaintance with the best things than in my power. Farewell.” Accordingly, in defending him- self, Aristotle encourages this ambition of Alexander by saying that the doctrines of which he spoke were both published and not published ; for in truth his treatise on metaphysics is of no use for those who would either teach or learn the science, but is written as a memorandum for those already trained therein. VIII. Moreover, in my opinion Alexander’s love of the art of healing was inculcated in him by Aristotle preeminently. For he was not only fond of the theory of medicine, but actually came to the aid of his friends when they were sick, and prescribed for them certain treatments and regimens, as one can gather from his letters. He was also by nature a lover of learning and a lover of reading. And since he thought and called the Iliad a viaticum of the military art, he took with him Aristotle’s recension of the poem, called the Iliad of the Casket,! and always kept it lying with his dagger under his pillow, as Onesicritus informs us; and when he could find no other books in the interior of Asia, he ordered Harpalus to send him some. So Harpalus sent him the books of Philistus, a great many of the tragedies of Euripides, Sophocles, and Aeschylus, and the dithyrambic poems of Telestws and Phil- oxenus. Aristotle lie admired at the first, and loved him, as he himself used to say, more than he did his father, for that the one had given him life, but the other had taught him a noble life ; later, however, 1 Cf. chapter xxvi. 1. 243 Le) PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 > ee a / f > ’ f ETXEV, OVX WOTE TOLNTAL TL KAKOV, AXX al Ptro- \ a \ dopoctvat To chodpov exeivo Kai oTEpKTLKOY OUK > \ , Eyougal TPS AVTOV AAXOTPLOTHTOS eyévovTO TEK- id \ / \ pnptov. oO pevToL Tpos Pirocodiay euTepuKars : / b b) ol A aA kat suvteOpappévos am apyns avt@® bros Kal , b] ? 7 a a e e \ 3 , mwO0o0s ove eEeppun Tis Wuyns, ws 7 mept Avak- \ , apyov te Ty Kal Ta TeupOévta Bevoxparter \ \ TevtnKovta TdvavtTa Kai Aavoamts cat Kadavos oUTw orovoac OevTes papTupovat. \ , IX. Dirliamov &€ ctpatevovtos ert Bulavtiovs, Ay pev éexxardexéeTns AréEavdpos, amrorepOels dé , 7 aA A Kuptos év Maxedovia TOV TpayyaTwY Kal Tis a i \ A oppayioos, Maidwy te tovs adecta@tas Kate- , \ 4 e \ b>] A \ \ oTpewato, Kal TodLy EhwY aUTOY TOUS pev Bap- , ? , , a , b Bapous é&jXace, cvppixtous 6€ Katotxioas 'AXeE- , i J \ Ty 4 avo pomrodu Tpoonyopevoe. — eV Oe Xatpwveig THS mpos Tous” KAAnvas wayyns Tupwv peTeryxe, Kal NéyeTal TP@TOS Evoeloat TH lEp@ AOYW TOV ld ” \ \ 2 ¢ a 3 , s \ OnBaiwv. ére d€ kal KaP pas ébeixvuto TWadaia N 4 al mapa Tov Kndioov ’AXeEavdpou xkaroupéry dpis, \ , , \ mpos Hv TOTEe KaTETKHVwWOE, Kal TO TOoAUdYSpLOV ov woppw tav MaxeSovwy éotiv. > \ 9% f e >] , , @ Ex ev ovy TOUTWY, ws Elkos, PireTTOs VITEpN- , ui \ a ydTa TOV ViOV, BOTE Kal yalpew TOV Maxedovwv ? , \ i id \ AnréEavdpov pev Baciréa, Pitimmoy 6€ otpaty- e \ yov KaXouVT@Y. al dé Tept THY oixiay Tapaxai, \ \ if a 61a TOUS YyaMmous Kal TOUS Epwtas avTOv TpoTrOY aA , a 4 Tia THS BaclrElas TH yuvatkwritLos GvYVOGOUCNS, 244 ALEXANDER, vin. 3-1x. 3 he held him in more or less of suspicion, not to the extent of doing him any harm, but his kindly attentions lacked their former ardour and affection towards him, and this was proof of estrangement. However, that eager yearning for philosophy which was imbedded in his nature and which ever grew with his growth, did not subside from his soul, as is testified by the honour in which he held Anaxarchus, py his gift of fifty talents to Xenocrates, and by the attentions which he so lavishly bestowed upon Dan- damis and Calanus.! IX. While Philip was making an expedition against Byzantium,” Alexander, though only sixteen years of age, was left behind as regent in Macedonia and keeper of the royal seal, and during this time he subdued the rebellious Maedi, and after taking their city, drove out the Barbarians, settled there a mixed population, and named the city Alexandropolis. He was also present at Chaeroneia and took part in the battle against the Greeks,? and he is said to have been the first to break the ranks of the Sacred Band of the Thebans. And even down to our day there was shown an ancient oak by the Cephisus, called Alexander’s oak, near which at that time he pitched his tent; and the general sepulchre of the Mace- donians is not far away. In consequence of these exploits, then, as was natural, Philip was excessively fond of his son, so that he even rejoiced to hear the Macedonians call Alexander their king, but Philip their general. How- ever, the disorders in his household, due to the fact that his marriages and amours carried into the king- dom the infection, as it were, which reigned in the 1 See chapter Ixv. 2 In 340 Buc. > In 338 B.c. VOL. Vil. 1 245 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TONGS aitias Kal peydras Stadhopas Tapetxyor, ray a ? \ as 9 THs ‘Odvpmiddos yadrerrorns, Svalnrov Kat BapvO jpou yuvarkes, ere petfovas emote, Tapotv- vovans tov ‘AréEavdpov. éxpaveotatny é v nm ? Attanros tapécyev év tots KdXeotratpas yapors, a € / ? , , bd \ > Hv o Dikimmos Ayayeto wapGévov, épacbes tap ral n wn ¢ HArAtKiaV THS KOpNS. Delos yap Ov auTHAs o “Arta- os €v T@ TOT peOUwy Tapexadre: Tovs Maxe- , b] al 4 A , > 4 T dovas aiteicOat Tapa Oewv yunavov éx Piditrrrov fel , xal KXeorratpas yevécbar diddoyov THs Bactnelas. > A r \ e3 , \ 9 , ért TouTm trapokuvOels 0 “AXéEavdpos Kat etry, “A a Ca > ““Huels 5€ cot, canny Kehbarn, vo0or Soxovpev; géBare oxvgov ém’ avtov. o 8&€ Pirimmos é éxetvov éEavéstn cracdpevos To Ethos, evTuxia , \ dé éxatépov d:a Tov Oupov Kai Tov olvov EmeceE , e adareis. o b€ ’AréEavdpos éfuBpifav, “ Obras t » 4 co 5 te , ? Suuat pevTot, elmev, “ dvdpes, eis Actav é€& Kupwmrns / , a bd N / ? \ mapecxevaleto dtaSaiver, Os émi KXrLYNY ato KMivns StaBaivwy avatétpaTtTat.” pera TaVTNV \ , y \ \ Y / \ THY Tapoviay avataBwv thv ’Odvpmidda Kat , ? ” Sea 3 > a Kataotnaas eis “Haretpov avtos év ‘IXdupiots dceTpuBev. e / "Ev tovt@ 5€ Anpadpatos o KopirOcos, Eévos av A / Ths oixias Kal mappynaias peTéeYwv, adixeto Tpos , \ \ \ , , \ Dirurmov. peta b€ Tas mpwtas SeEtwoes Kai diroppocivas étepwravros tov Didimmov més 7 éyovaw opovoias mpos addAnAous of “EXXAnVves, “Tlavu yobv,” édyn, “aot mpoonke, Pirie, , A ¢ vA ra) XN 9 \ nw xndeaOat THS “EXXdbos, ds TOY olKoV TOV cEeavTOdD 246 ALEXANDER, 1x. 3-6 women’s apartments, produced many grounds of of- fence and great quarrels between father and son, and these the bad temper of Olympias, who was a jealous and sullen woman, made still greater, since she spurred Alexander on. The most open quarrel was brought on by Attalus at the marriage of Cleo- patra, a maiden whom Philip was taking to wife, having fallen in love with the girl when he was past the age for it.1 Attalus, now, was the girl’s uncle, and being in his cups, he called upon the Macedonians to ask of the gods that from Philip and Cleopatra there might be born a legitimate successor to the kingdom. At this Alexander was exasperated, and with the words, “ But what of me, base wretch? Dost thou take me for a bastard?” threw a cup at him. Then Philip rose up against him with drawn sword, but, fortunately for both, his anger and his wine made him trip and fall. Then Alexander, mocking over him, said: ‘ Look now, men! here is one who was preparing to cross from Europe into Asia; and he is upset in trying to cross from couch to couch.” After this drunken _ broil Alexander took Olympias and established her in Epirus, while he himself tarried in Illyria. Meanwhile Demaratus the Corinthian, who was a guest-friend of the house and a man of frank speech, came to see Philip. After the first greetings and welcomes were over, Philip asked him how the Greeks were agreeing with one another, and De- maratus replied: “It is surely very fitting, Philip, that thou shouldst be concerned about Greece, when thou hast filled thine own house with such great 1 Amyot, ‘hors d’age et de saison.” In consequence of this passion Philip had divorced Olympias. 247 PLUTARCH’S LIVES OTUTEWS TOTAUTNS Kal KaKo@DV éuTréTANKAS. Ov- \ , e 4 v N tw 6) oupdpovicas o Dirdsmros eee Kat if n KaTnyaye Tetcas Sta TOU Anuapatouv tov ’AdéE- avopov. a X. ’Emet de [1eEgdapos, 6 Kapias catpazyns, \ , Urodudpevos bt’ olxeroTnTos eis THY WDiAtmoV 4 , ~ cuppayiay, eBovrAero THY mpecButatny Tav Ov- yarépwv ’Appidaiw t@ Didimmov yvvaika Sdotvat / Kat mept tovtwy ‘ApiordKpirov ets Maxedoviay 4 ‘ dméoretev, adits eyivovto Adyor Kat SdraBoyat \ a / \ “~ \ \ "Ade mapa Tov didwy Kat THS pNTpos Tos é€av- a “~ 4 Spov ws ‘Apptdaiov émt 7H Pacrreita Drrimrov “A A / ? >? yapots Aapmpots Kal mpdaypact peyayots ELcot- Ketoovtos. vd av Satapayeis méumer Oecca- fe ~ ~ vA Aov eis Kapiay, tov tay tpaywdtayv dmoKpiTny, 4 7 Tuéwddpw diadeEdpevov ws xpy Tov voboyv éacay- \ ad ? va, Kat od doeviipn, peOapydccacbar To KHdos Ets \ \ ’AdéEardpov. Kat [liEwdapw pwev ov mapa pukpov of ~ ~ a ¢€ \ 4 ypeoke TaUTa THY Tpotépwr paddAov Oo de Didiz- tos aicGouevos, twv eis To ’AXeEavdpov dwpua- TLov,' raparaBwv Tay dirwy avtod cal cvrvnbwv eva, Pirwtav Tov Tappeviwvos, éretiunoev ioyv- w~ ~ / nn A pas, Kal Tixpos edordopnoev WS ayevYH Kal THY UTAPYOVTwWY TEpt aUTOV ayabwv avakov, et Kapos b , \ / a , avOpwrov Kat BapBapw Baciret SsovrEvovTos > fal * / \ N N ayara yauBpos yevéoOar. tov b€ Oeccarov 4 AL ee > 4 > <8 eypae KopivOors Omws avatréurpwow év wédats dedeuévov. Tav dé dAwv Etaipwv “Apiradov Kal 1 idy... Swudtioy an anonymous correction of the MSS. dvta Tov *AdrgéZavdpov eis Td Swudtiov, after Amyot; Sintenis and Bekker adopt idvra, the correction of Stephanus (learning that Alexander was coming). 248 ALEXANDER, 1x. 6-x. 3 dissension and calamities.” Thus brought to his senses, Philip sent and fetched Alexander home, having persuaded him to come through the agency of Demaratus. X. But when Pixodarus, the satrap of Caria, trying by means of a tie of relationship to steal into a military alliance with Philip, wished to give his eldest daughter in marriage to Arrhidaeus the son of Philip, and sent Aristocritus to Macedonia on this errand, once more slanderous stories kept coming to Alexander from his friends and his mother, who said that Philip, by means of a brilliant marriage and a great connexion, was trying to settle the king- dom upon Arrhidaeus. Greatly disturbed by these stories, Alexander sent Thessalus, the tragic actor, to Caria, to argue with Pixodarus that he ought to ignore the bastard brother, who was also a fool, and make Alexander his connexion by marriage. And this plan was vastly more pleasing to Pixodarus than the former. But Philip, becoming aware of this, went to Alexander's chamber, taking with him one of Alexander's friends and companions, Philotas the son of Parmenio, and upbraided his son severely, and bitterly reviled him as ignoble and unworthy of his high estate, in that he desired to become the _ son-in-law of a man who was a Carian and a slave to a barbarian king. And as for Thessalus, Philip wrote to the Corinthians that they should send him back to Macedonia in chains. Moreover, of the other companions of Alexander, he banished from Mace- 249 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Néapyov, éte & “Epeyduov nat Wrodepaiov ex Maxedovias petéctycer, ovs Batepov AréEavdpos KaTayayov év Tais peyiotats éoye Tipats. Emel 6€ ayoavias ’AttaXov yvepn cat Kre0- matpas uBpicGeis Kal pn Tvy@v Stns aveire @Pitirmov, TO pev TrEtoTov eis "OXNvpTLAdaA THs aitias mepinrOev, ws Ouvpovpévm TO veaviox@ mpoceyxeNevoaperny Kal tapokvvacay, EBbuye bé tis kal AXeEdvopou SiaBorn. RéyeTat yap évtv- yovtos avT@ Tod Ilavcaviov peta thy bBpww éxelvnv Kal atrodupopéevou mpoevéeyxacOas TO THs Mnédelas fapPetov: / Tov OoVvTa Kal yHuaVTA Kal yapoupevyny. f al ipa ov "nv ANA Kal TOUS TUVaLTLOUS THS EwTLBOUVATS > , Sa! \ \ 2 3 avatntnoas éxodace, Kal THY KXeoratpav anobn- a n an ’ n mouvTos avTov THs Odupmiados Mas peTayerpe- 4 TAMEVNS HYAVAKTNGE. XI. HapérxaBe pév obv tn yeyoves elxoot tTHVv / r , \ ‘ 4 ‘ Bacireiav, POovous peyarous Kai bea pion Kal / Kiwoduvous Tavtayolev -Eyovoav. ote yap Ta , \ , , \ , ¥ BapSapa Kal mpocoika yevn Thy dovrAwWOLY edepe, a“ \ , , a \ € moGovvtTa Tas TaTtpious Baotdelas, ovtTe THY EX- Nada KpaTHaas Tots O7TAOLS O DidewTos olov KaTa- n \ a i“ 4 > \ , CevEar Kal tTiPacevoat Ypovoy Ecyev, ANAG MovoY 1 The AMedeia of Euripides, v. 289 (Kirchhoff). The con- text makes the verse suggest the murder of Attalus, Philip, and Cleopatra. 250 67) ALEXANDER, x. 3-x1. 1 donia Harpalus and Nearchus, as well as Erigyius and Ptolemy, men whom Alexander afterwards re- called and had in the highest honours. And so when Pausanias, who had been outrageously dealt with at the instance of Attalus and Cleopatra and could get no justice at Philip’s hands, slew Philip, most of the blame devolved upon Olympias, on the ground that she had added her exhortations to the young man’s anger and incited him to the deed; but a certain amount of accusation attached itself to Alexander also. For it is said that when Pausanias, after the outrage that he had suffered, met Alexander, and bewailed his fate, Alexander recited to him the iambic verse of the “ Medeia” } :— “The giver of the bride, the bridegroom, and the bride.”’ However, he did seek out the participants in the plot and punished them, and was angry with Olympias for her savage treatment of Cleopatra during his absence.? AI. Thus it was that at the age of twenty years Alexander received the kingdom, which was exposed to great jealousies, dire hatreds, and dangers on every hand. For the neighbouring tribes of Barbarians would not tolerate their servitude, and longed for their hereditary kingdoms; and as for Greece, al- though Philip had conquered her in the field, he had not had time enough to make her tame under his yoke, but had merely disturbed and changed the * “After his death Olympias killed Philip’s infant son, together with his mother Cleopatra, niece of Attalus, by dragging them over a bronze vessel filled with fire” (Pausa- nias, viil. 7, 5). 251 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ \ / \ , \ petaBarov Kai tapakas Ta Tpayuata ToNUY , y \ r ¢ nv. 9 , ee gaXov €vyovTa Kal Kivnow UTO anOelas aTédALTE. / \ fa) } \ f \ hofovpévav d€ tov Maxedcvwy Tov Katpov, Kal \ \ eM ae / ’ . \ \ Ta wey KAAnUKA TauYTws adelvaL KAL fn TPOG- \ / al Bidlec@at tov *AdéEavdpov otopéevwv deiv, Tovs \ b] / ca] 4 b “ dé adiotapévovs tov BapBdapwv avakareialar f \ / \ b \ a T paws Kal Cepam evew Tas apxyas TOY vewreEpl- wn a ei SUA, AVTOS AT EVAVTLMV AOYLTLOV WPUNnTE TOA- # a s bn Kal peyaroppocivyn Kktacbat Thy acdadeav n~ 4 e lal Kal GwTnpiay Tos mpaypacly, ws, KaV oTLOUY ¢ / > al fa) s 9 , Upéwevos apn tov ppov)jpatos, émiBycopevwy td \ 9 aTdavTwov. Ta péev otv PapRapixa Kiwhpata Kat a Ud Ud / \ Tous éKel TOAEM“OUS KaTéTTaVaEY OFEws éTLOpapoV n / \ \ 7 oTpaT@ péexpt wpos tov “lotpov, 7 Kal Yvppov Saas la / \ fA ca) rf eviknoe Man meyadry, Tov Pacirea Tav T'ptBar- av: OnBatous dé apectavat TuOopevos Kai cup- n na / * nm ppoveiv autots “AOnvatous, evdus tye cra Uvrev \ , bd \ 4 / a \ Ty Ouvapl, eiro@v ore Anpuoobever maida pev ‘ > 3 ~ al avutov, Ews Fv ev IAXNuplots Kai TptBardois, amo- al \ KadodVTL, petpaKlov dé Trept OeTTAaALav yevomevor, NS aA > / Bovr\eTat pos tois “AOnvaiwy teiyeoiv avnp pavinvat. \ ca / a Ipoopitas 5€ tats OnBars Kai did0vs Ett TOV f / TeTpayuévov petavotay €Entet Poivixa Kat Ipo- a / Ournv, kat toils petaPadropévots pos avtov a) 3 s Lol Oe (©) / y ig adeav éxiputte. Tov o€ OnBaiwy avteEattovr- 1 In September, 335 B.c. Plutarch makes no mention of a previous expedition of Alexander into Southern Greece, im- mediately after Philip’s death, when he received the submis- 252 ALEXANDER, x1. 1-4 condition of affairs there, and then left them in a great surge and commotion, owing to the strangeness of the situation. The Macedonian counsellors of Alexander had fears of the crisis, and thought he should give up the Greek states altogether and use no more compulsion there, and that he should call the revolting Barbarians back to their allegiance by mild measures and try to arrest the first symptoms of their revolutions; but he himself set out from opposite principles to win security and safety for his realm by boldness and a lofty spirit, assured that, were he seen to abate his dignity even but a little, all his enemies would set upon him. Accordingly, ke put a speedy stop to the disturbances and wars among the Barbarians by overrunning their territories with an army as far as to the river Danube, where he fought a great battle with Syrmus, the king of the Triballi, and defeated him; and on learning that the Thebans had revolted and that the Athenians were in sympathy with them, he immediately led his forces through the pass of Thermopylae, de- claring that since Demosthenes had called him a boy while he was among the Illyrians and Tribal- lians, and a stripling when he had reached Thessaly, he wished to show him that before the walls of Athens he was a man. Arrived before Thebes,! and wishing to give her still a chance to repent of what she had done, he merely demanded the surrender of Phoenix and Prothytes, and proclaimed an amnesty for those who came over to his side. But the Thebans made sion of all the Greek states except Sparta, and was made commander-in-chief of the expedition against Persia, in Philip’s place. See Arrian, Anab. i. 1. 8 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov meV Tap avTou Pirorav Kat “Avtimatpov, KnpuTTOVTwY O€ TOUS TIPV ‘EANaEa. Bovropévous cuvehevdepoby ‘rattec Oat per AUTOV, oUTMS eTpewe TOUS Maxedovas 7 pos TONE HOV. nYyo- via On poev ovv uiép SuvamlY apEeTH Kal mpobupia Tapa tav OnPaiwy' TohaT aators over TOLS Toheploes avritaxJevtov émel d€ kal THY Kao- pela apévTes ot dpovpol Tav Maxedovev émé- TenT OV aurois eforea bev, Kuerobevres Ol WELT TOL Kara THY waXny avTHVY ETEcor, a be TOMS HAW Kab Siaptacbeioa KatecKkagy, TO pev OXOV 7 poo SoKiTAaVTOS auUTOU TOUS “EXAnVAas exTharyevTas made. tTyrALKOUT@ Kal mrn~avTas aTpEemrnoery, ddrAws be Kal Kawa awevov xapilecr bar Tots TOV TULA OV eye Anpace Kab yap Pwxets Kat ITXataets tov OnBatov KaTnyopnaay. ume fe- Nopevos 5é TOUS lepets Kal TOs E€vous TOV Make- Sovav dnavtas Kal Tovs amo Luvddapou yeyovotas Kal TOUS brevavtimbevTas TOLS Ynpecapevors THY anoaractw, am €50T0 TOUS ANXOUS Tept Tplo MUpLoUsS rEvOMEVOUS” ot 5é amtoBavovtes Urép éEaxtayt- lous Hoa. XII. Ey oe Tois ToAAols Twabect Kab Xarerois éxeivots & THY TON KATELXE, Opgxes TIVES exKO- avtes olxiay Tipoxretas, yuvatKos €voo£ou kal Tw@PPOVOS, QaUTOL pev Ta Xprypara Sunptrafov, o 0 b¢ YE MOV 7H yuvarel T™ POs Biav TUYYEVOMLEVOS Kat KATALOXUVAS, aveKpiver el Trou Xpvatov EX OL KE- Kpuppévov % apyvpiov. 9 dé exetv wpmodroynae, 1 rapa Tay OnBalwy Coraés and Bekker, following Reiske: 7a Tapa TAY OnBalwy, Be 254 ALEXANDER, x1. 4-xu. 2 a counter-demand that he should surrender to them Philotas and Antipater, and made a counter-pro- clamation that all who wished to help in setting Greece free should range themselves with them ; and so Alexander set his Macedonians to the work of war. On the part of the Thebans, then, the struggle was carried on with a spirit and valour beyond their powers, since they were arrayed against an enemy who was many times more numerous than they; but when the Macedonian garrison also, leaving the citadel of the Cadmeia, fell upon them in the rear, most of them were surrounded, and fell in the battie itself, and their city was taken, plundered, and razed to the ground. This was done, in the main, because Alexander expected that the Greeks would be terri- fied by so great a disaster and cower down in quiet, but apart from this, he also plumed himself on grati- fying the complaints of his allies; for the Phocians and Plataeans had denounced the Thebans. So after separating out the priests, all who were guest-friends of the Macedonians, the descendants of Pindar,! and those who had voted against the revolt, he sold the rest into slavery, and they proved to be more than thirty thousand; those who had been slain were more than six thousand. XII. Among the many and grievous calamities which thus possessed the city, some Thracians broke into the house of Timocleia, a woman of high repute and chastity, and while the rest were plundering her property, their leader shamefully violated her, and then asked her if she had gold or silver concealed anywhere. She admitted that she had, and after 1 «* And we are told that Alexander preserved the house of Pindar the poet, and the descendants of Pindar, out of regard for Pindar” (Arrian, Arab. i. 9, 10). 08 PLUTARCH SS LIVES Kal jLovov els TOV KATOV ayayovoa Kab beiEaoa, ppéap, evtavda egy THS TONEWS adi KOpELNS cataBanrel avTn Ta TULOTATA TOV NPNLAT OV. eYKUTT OvTOS 6€ TOU Opgxos Kal KATATKET-TOMEVOY TOV TOTO, €waEV AUTOV éfomia bey ryevop.evn, Kab Tov Nw éreupBarovdaa Tordovs arréxTetvey, ws 6€ aviyOn Tos “AneEavdpov UTO TOV Opgxav dedené17), m p@Tov yey ato THS ovpecs KaL THS Badicews ébavy TES (eSt@parixi) Kal peyaroppov, GVEKTAIKTOS Kat adeds eT OMELN Tots ayovow évetta TOU Pactiéws EpwtnacavtTos tres ein yuvat- Ka, amex pivaro Ocaryevous aderpy ryeyoverat, TOU TapaTaganevov Tpos Diodurrov t bmreép THS TOV ‘EAA veOv érevbepias Kal TET OVTOS éy Xatpwveia aTpatyyouvTes. Gavudcas otyv o "AnéEavdpos avTtis Kal THY aTOKploly Kal THY TpakW, exérEv- cev éhevOépay amiérat meTa TOV TEKVOD, XIII. "A@nvaiors bé SindtrXayn, Kaitrep ob perT- pices éveyxovdot TO Tepl OnBas dvoTvynpa’ Kal \ a , € \ > \ 514 Yap THY TOY pUTTHpioOY EopTHY ev NEpoly EXOVTES Umo mévOous apijcay, Kal Tots Katagbvyovow ert} THY TOALY aTUVYTOV peTecioocay TaVv diravO pw- TWV. GAN’ EiTEe pEaTOS OY HON TOV BupoY, OoTEP ol NéovTes, ETE ETTLELKES Epyor @poTdT@ Kal OKU- Oowmorare Tapaparetw Bovropevos, ov povoy apiKev aitias TaoNs, GNA Kal T pocexely exe- Aevoe TOUS mpdypact TOV vouv THY TOLD, @S, €b Tl cupBain Tept avtov, ap Eove ay THS ‘EX)dOos. DoTepov [evTor TONNAKES avTov ) OnPatov avi- aoa cuphopa réyeTat xa TPQOTE pov OUK OnLy os mapasxetv. Gdrws Oé Kal TO Tept KAeitov épyov 1 gataguyovow én Bekker corrects to puyoter eis. 256 671 ALEXANDER, xu. 2—xi1. 3 leading him by himself into the garden and showing him a well, told him that when the city was taken she had itll her own hands cast in there her most valuable possessions. Then, as the Thracian was bending over and inspecting the place, she came behind him and pushed him in, cast many stones upon him, and killed him. And nei the Thracians led her, with hands bound, to Alexander, she showed by her mien and gait that she was a person of great dignity and lofty spirit, so calmly and fearlessly did she follow her conductors; and when the king asked her who she was, she replied that she was a sister of Theagenes, who drew up the forces which fought Philip in behalf of the liberty of the Greeks, and fell in command at Chaeroneia. Amazed, therefore, at her reply and at what she had done, Alexander bade her depart in freedom with her children. AI. Furthermore, he was reconciled with the Athenians, although they showed exceeding sorrow at the misfortunes of Thebes; for although they had begun the festival of the mysteries, they g gave it up in consequence of their grief,! and upon the ‘Thebans who sought refuge in their city they bestowed every kindness. But notwithstanding this, whether his rage was now sated, as a lion’s might be, or whether he wished to offset a deed of fhe. inost sullen savagery with one that was merciful, he not only remitted all his charges against the city, but even bade it give good heed to its affairs, since, if anything should happen to him, it would have the rule over Greece. In later times, moreover, as we are told, the calamity of the Thebans often gave him remorse, and made him milder towards many people. And certainly the 1 According to Arrian (i. 10, 2), 16 was from panic fright. =o PLUTARCR’S LIVES év olv@ revo mevov Kal THY 7 pos ‘Tv6ous TtTav Make- dover drrobeiMaow, womep aTenh THY otpateiay Kal THY dofav avTov TpoEuevar, Els pHi avijye Atovicov ral VEMET LY. my dé OnBaicv ovdels TOV TmepLyevopeveny OS evTuXov TL Kat den Bets DoTtepov ov duetpakéato map avtod. Tavta pev Ta TeEpi @nBas. XIV. Kis dé Tov To O pov TaV “EXMjvov auNXe- yevT@V Kal Wn pro apeveov émi Ilépoas pet’ ’AXeE- avdpov OTPATEVELY YEW avnyopevdn. TONNOY be Kal TONTLKE@Y av0pav Kat pirocopwr amnv7n- KOTWY avT@ Kal cuvndopévav, nATLCE Kal Atoyé- yy Tov Sweréa tavto Tomaew, S:atpiBovta mept KopivOov. ws 6 €KELVOS eMaXLa Tov “AneE- avdpou Aoyor éywy év TO Kpaveio oxXoNy YeD, AUTOS emo pevero Tos avr ov" ervxe dé Kataxel- pevos év NAL@. Kal piKpov peév avexdlicer, av- OpweTrwv tocovtwy émepyopevar, Kat dreBreErev eis Tov “AXeEavdpov. ws bé éxeivos doTacdmeros Kal TpocerT@V avTOV pot na Ev el TIVOS TUYXaveEL Seopevos, rs Mexpov,” elt@ev, “amo TOU nAtoU peTa- oTnOt. mWpos TOUTO NeyeTas Tov *“AXEEavdpov ovTw diateOHvat Kal Gavpacar xatadpovnbévra THY UTEepowiay Kal TO méyeos TOD avdpos, WaTE TOY TEepl AUTOV, @S aTEcap, OrayehovT@v Kab axwTtovtav, “’AXAG py eyo,” elrrev, “ed pn "AréEavdpos Hunv, Avoyévns av Hun. 1 See chapter li. 2 See chapter I xii. 8 This god was said to have been born of Semele, daughter of Cadmus the founder of Thebes, 258 ALEXANDER, xu. 3-xIv. 3 murder of Cleitus,! which he committed in his cups, and the cowardly refusal of his Macedonians to follow him against tne Indians,? whereby they as it were robbed his expedition and his glory of their consum- mation, he was wont to attribute to the vengeful wrath of Dionysus. And there was not a Theban of those that survived who afterwards came to him with any request and did not get what he wanted from him. Thus much concerning Thebes.4 XIV. And now a general assembly of the Greeks was held at the Isthmus,5 where a vote was passed to make an expedition against Persia with Alexander, and he was proclaimed their leader. Thereupon many statesmen and philosophers came to him with their congratulations, and he expected that Diogenes of Sinope also, who was tarrying in Corinth, would do likewise. But since that philosopher took not the slightest notice of Alexander, and continued to enjoy his leisure in the suburb Craneion, Alexander went in person to see him; and he found him lying in the sun. Diogenes raised himself up a little when he saw sO many persons coming towards him, and fixed his eyes upon Alexander. And when that monarch addressed him with greetings, and asked if he wanted anything, *‘ Yes,’ said Diogenes, “stand a little out of my sun.” It is said that Alexander was so struck by this, and admired so much the haughtiness and grandeur of the man who had nothing but scorn for him, that he said to his followers, who were laughing and jesting about the philosopher as they went away, “ But verily, if 1 were not Alexander, I would be Diogenes.” * For a full account of Alexander’s capture and destruction of Thebes, see Arrian, Anab. i. 8 f. 5 See the note on xi. 5. 259 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Bovdopevos 6é TO Oew xpycacbar " epl (Tis oTparetas ArAGev ELS Aeros: KaL KAT a TUYHY 7 LEP@V aTog pacay ove ay, év ais ov vevopeg Tas epsa reve, Tpatov pev ETE [LTE TapaKaroy THY 7 POMAVTLD. OS dé apyvouperns Ka Tpoia opens TOY vomov avTos avaBas Bia Tpos TOV VAOV elAKev avT IY, 7" O€ @oT Ep eEyrrmpwevn THs o TOVONS elev" si ‘Avixntos él, @ Tal, TOUTO akoveas ‘ANE Fav- Opos OUKETL épn yp tev ETEPOU HAVTEUUATOS, ANN EVELV ov éBovheTo map QAUTHS XpnT Lov. "Earel O€ opunoe 7 POs THY oTpaTEiayv, Ara Te Soxel onueia mapa Tov datuoviou yevéaOat, Kal to mept AeiBnOpa tod “Opdéws Eoavov (hv be KUTAPLTTLVOV) (OP@TA TOAD vmO TAS 7 MEpas éxel- vas adiKe. poBoupevov d€ WavTwY TO onfLELoV, ‘Aptatavdpos éxéXeve Jappein, @S dowipous Kat meptBontous KATEPYATOpLEV OV mages, at mwoNuY Lopara KQt TOVOY Uuvovot TOLNTals KaL MOoVaLKOLS mapéEovet. XV. Tijs dé oTpaTtias TO TANS ob pev éX = VLoTOY NeyovTes T pio wuptous mefous Kal TeT pa KLoKXLNLOUS innels, ot o€ Teta Tov melovs ev TETPAKLO MUpLOUS Kal TpLaXtNOUS, LTméas O€ TeEV- TakloytrdLous avaypagovatv. epddsov bé TovToOLS ob mhéov éBdouijxovta TaddavtTwy exen aur ov ‘A ptatoBounos ioropet, Aotpis be TpedKxovTa jL0- vov n MEep@v dtatpopyy, ‘Ovnaixpetos b€ Kal Oia o~ oa TahavTa Tm poaoet hel. arra Kaimep ago LIKP@Y Kal OTEVOV OUTWS OPpLwpEVvos, OV TPOTEpOV 1 In the early spring of 334 B.c, 2 Cf. Arrian, Anab. i. 11, 2. 260 67 ad ALEXANDER, xv. 4-xv. 2 And now, wishing to consult the god concerning the expedition against Asia, he went to Delphi; and since he chanced to come on one of the inauspicious days, when it is not lawful to deliver oracles, in the first place he sent a summons to the _ prophetess. And when she refused to perform her office and cited the law in her excuse, he went up himself and tried to drag her to the temple, whereupon, as if overcome by his ardour, she said: “Thou art in- vincible, my son!” On hearing this, Alexander said he desired no further prophecy, but had from her the oracle which he wanted. Moreover, when he set out upon his expedition,! it appears that there were many signs from heaven, and, among them, the image of Orpheus at Leibethra (it was made of cypress-wood) sweated profusely at about that time. Most people feared the sign, but Aristander bade Alexander be of good cheer, assured that he was to perform deeds worthy of song and story, which would cost poets and musicians much toil and sweat to celebrate.? XV. As to the number of his forces, those who put it at the smallest figure mention thirty thousand foot and four thousand horse; those who put it at the highest, forty-three thousand foot and five thou- sand horse.? To provision these forces, Aristobulus says he had not more than seventy talents; Duris speaks of maintenance for only thirty days; and One- sicritus says he owed two hundred talents besides. But although he set out with such meagre and narrow resources, he would not set foot upon his ship until 3 <*Not much more than thirty thousand foot, including light-armed troops and archers, and over five thousand horse ” (Arrian, Anab. i, 11, 3). 261 PLUTARCH’S LIVES b / a \ A» \ a € , , éméBn THs vews 7’ Ta TaV EéETAalpwY TpaypaTa a A t aA oKEWaMEVOS ATOVEl“LAaL TO MEV GYpOV, T@ O€ Kw- A , NV, TO O€ GUVOLKias TPOTOdoV 1H) ALpEvOS. 7/0 \ We \ dé KaTavn\wpévwov Kal drayeypaupéevwv oxXedoy Cd , aA n ¢ OL 66 rat antavrav tov Baciitxov o Ilepdixxas “ Yeavt@ IY ” 5 cc 2 “ / , 9 A Oe é, eltrev, “aw Bactred, TL KaTadeElTEts; TOV Oé€ e , a > dyoavtos 6Tt Tas éAtriOas, “ OvKody,” edn, “ Kai wn t \ A LES TOUTWVY KOLVWYNTOMEV OL META TOD OTPA- f > A Tevopevol. Tapaitnaapévov Sé tod Ilepdixxou THV OLAYVEYPALMEVNV KTHTLW AUTO, KAL TOV ANNOY ‘4 ” \ 3 \ b {é A x , hirwv éviot TO avTO éTOincav. Tols d€ AapBa- / if , vovat Kal Seopuévors mpolvpws éeyapileTo, Kai a a , Ta wrelota Tov év Makedovia diavépwv odTws \ e a aA KATNVEAWOE. TOLAUTN MEY OPH Kal TapacKeuT ¢€ , dsavoias tov “EXXjam7ovtov Suevépacev. v A ’ aA "AvaBas &€ eis “INtov EOvce tH “AOnva xa a ef v \ NES , / Tols Howow éorerce. THY d€ AYES GTNANV , \ \ a , anreupapevos Nita Kal peta TOV ETALPWY TUVaAVA- 4 e b) Spapnov yuuvos, @omep EOS éativ, eoTepavuce, \ © n A pakapioas ad’tov btt Kal Cav didov miotov Kat TENEVTI TAS LeyaNov KipvKOS ETUXEV. ev O€ TH os a \ meptievat kat OeaoOar Ta Kata THY Tod épope- N > > vou Tivos avTov et BovreTat THY ‘“AdeEdvdpov a id , AUpav loeiv, EXaxXLaTAa hpovTile exes Eby, THY a \ / S ’AyirrAéws Cnteiv, 7 Ta KNEA Kal Tas Tpdéets buver TOv ayabav avdpav Exeivos. id A A XVI. ’Ev 6é tovt@ tav Aapéiov otpatnyav 4 f pweyarny dovvapuiv nOpotxotwyv Kal tapaTteTaype- vov él TH dvaBdoe Tod Vparxod, wdyerbae pév 262 ALEXANDER, xv. 2—-xv1. 1 he had enquired into the circumstances of his com- panions and allotted to one a farm, to another a village, and to another the revenue from some hamlet or harbour. And when at last nearly all of the crown property had been expended or allotted, Perdiccas said to him: “ But for thyself, O king, what art thou leaving?” And when the king answered, “My hopes,” “In these, then,’ said Perdiccas, “we also will share who make the expedition with thee.” Then he declined the possessions which had been allotted to him, and some of the other friends of Alexander did likewise. But upon those who wanted and would aecept his favours Alexander bestowed them readily, and most of what he possessed in Macedonia was used up in these distributions. Such was the ardour and such the equipment with which he crossed the Hellespont. Then, going up to Ilium, he sacrificed to Athena and poured libations to the heroes. Furthermore, the gravestone of Achilles he anointed with oil, ran a race by it with his companions, naked, as is the custom, and then crowned it with garlands, pro- nouncing the hero happy in having, while he lived, a faithful friend, and after death, a great herald of his fame. As he was going about and viewing the sights of the city, someone asked him if he wished to see the lyre of Paris. “For that lyre,” said Alex- ander, “I care very little; but I would gladly see that of Achilles, to which he used to sing the glorious deeds of brave men.”'! XVI. Meanwhile the generals of Dareius had as- sembled a large force and set it in array at the crossing of the river Granicus, so that it was prac- 4 See the Iliad, ix. 185-191. 263 PLUTARCH’S LIVES # > a cy ce 3 4 A > ie laws avayKatoy Hv, WoTep ev TUAaLS THS 'Acias, a / \ a a a Tept THS eladdov Kal apyns Tod b€ ToTAapod TO \ ce. ral Ba0os xat tThv dvwpariav kcal TpaxvTnTa TOV ¢ 4 , mépav byOwv, pos ods Ede yiverVar THY aTrO- \ A , Bact peta payns, TOV TrEoTwY SedtoTwD, eviwDy x a d€ Kal TO Tepl TOY pHVvA vEevoutcpEévov OLomévwv Sey duraEacOa (Aataiou yap ovK eiw@betoay ot a a , \ Baowrets tov Maxedovwr éEayerv thy otpatiav), aA , ToUTO pev emnvwpPwaato Kedrevoas dSevTEpOY ? / v “A \ lA e > \ Aptepuictoy ayewv, tov dé [lappeviwvos, ws ove a , “ * > THS WPAS OVTNS, OUK EOVTOS ATOKLVOUVEVELY, ELT@V S ¢ alaxuverOat tov EXXaijo7rovtov et PoBycetat Tov ay \ ~ \ b) A b] U aA c , lpavixoy dia BeBncos EKELVOD, en Barret 7@ pev- ba patt ovv tras imméwy tpitoKaioexa. Kal pos A , \ “A ¢ évavtia Bédn Kal Tomovs atoppayas OTXoEs \ / \ KataTreppaypévous Kal immo éXavvwv, Kal dia pevpatos TapahépovTos Kai mepixruCovtos, Edoke a S; f A pavKkas Kal mpos amovotavy padXrov 7 yvopn “A 3 x ? % 3 \ a 2 \ oTpaTnyeiv. ov uny Arr éeugvs TH dtaBdoe Kai a hi a / A KpaTioas TOV TOTMY YarETaS Kal MOXLS, VYPaV \ A 4 A \ , > x Kal Teptaparav yevouevmy 61a TOV TiIprOV, EVOUS 9 , / / ‘ > yw nvayKatleto buponv payecOat Kai Kat avdpa ovpTr€éKer Oat Tois emiepopevols, Tply ets TAELY A 4 TWa KaTacThvat Tovs dtaBaivovras. évéKEtvTo al \ \ Cf yap Kpavyn, Kal Tovs immovs TapaBadXorTes a a “i / n Tots trios éxpwvto Sopact, Kat Eihect THY Sopd- bd a Toy ouvtTpiSevtTwy. @oapévwy b€ TOAN@Y ET ky a A fo) 4 avtov (nv 6€ TH TEATH Kal TOD Kpavous TH YatTn / ¢ f s Stat pens, HS ExaTéepwOey EiaT KEL TTEPOV NEVKO- 264 ALEXANDER, xvi. 1-4 tically necessary to fight, as it were at the gates of Asia, for entrance and dominion there. But most of the Macedonian ofhcers were afraid of the depth of the river, and of the roughness and unevenuess of the farther banks, up which they would have to climb while fighting. Some, too, thought they ought to observe carefully the customary practice in regard to the month (for in the month of Daesius the kings of Macedonia were not wont to take the field with an army). This objection Alexander removed by bidding them call the month a second Artemisius; and when Parmenio, on the ground that it was too late in the day, objected to their risking the passage, he declared that the Hellespont would blush for shame, if, after having crossed that strait, he should be afraid of the Granicus, and plunged into the stream with thirteen troops of horsemen. And since he was charging against hostile missiles and precipi- tous positions covered with infantry and cavalry, and through a stream that swept men off their feet and surged about them, he seemed to be acting like a frenzied and foolish commander rather than a wise one. However, he persisted in his attempt to cross, gained the opposite banks with difficulty and much ado, though they were moist and slippery with mud, and was at once compelled to fight pell-mell and engage his assailants man by man, before his troops who were crossing could form into any order. For the enemy pressed upon them with loud shouts, and matching horse with horse, plied their lances, and their swords when their lances were shattered. Many rushed upon Alexander, for he was conspicuous by his buckler and by his helmet’s crest, on either side of which was fixed a plume of wonderful size and 265 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ f f b \ \ TTL Kab peyéOer Oavpactov), axovtiabels pév , A , UTO THY UmoTTUXLOa TOD OwpaKos ovK éTPwON, e 4 \ \ / A “A Porcdxov b$€ cal XmiOpiddTov TaY oTpaTnyoY ei \ , Tpoopepopéevav aya, Tov pev exkrLvas, “Porcaxyn dé mpoeuBarov teOwpakiapéevw Kai To dopu KaTa- Krdoas él TO éyxetpidlov Opynoe. oULTETTH- KoTwv dé avTav o LriOpidatns vToctHcas éK \ a Trayiwv Tov irmov Kal peTa oTOVoNS cuve~ava- a \ oTas Komidt BapBapixn KatnveyKxe Kal TOV peév t b) , \ / A \ \ , Nopov améppake peta Oatepov mTEpod, To O€ Kpa- \ A ‘ Vos Tpos THY TANYHY aKpLB@s Kat pods ayTé- TXEV, ETE TOV THATAV Watcal TPLY@Y THY TTE- a \ pvya ths Komrisos. érépav bé Tov YriOpidatynv mTuArw émaipopevoy EfpOace Krettos 0 pédas TO A e A ¢ Evot@ diedacas pécov. ood dé Kai ‘Poroaxns émecev urd "AnreEavipou Eihet wANYELS. "Ev tovtT@ 6€ Kivdtvou Kal awyavos ovans THs inmropuayias h Te HdAaYE SiéBatve TOV Makedo- vov Kal cuviryov ai melal duvapes. ov pny wré- > ’ bf \ \ f ’ > TTNTAV EUPWOTWS OVE TOAVY YpOVoV, GAN’ Epuryov / \ a / e , TpaTropevol, mAnv TaV ptoOodopav “EXXjvev. if Uf ? \ ovTo: O€ Tpos Tivt AOhwW GVYEOTAaVTES 7TOVY TA \ \ ? , e \ A A a aicta tov “AnréEavipov. o b€ Oup@ pad2Xov 7 Aoylouw TeeTOS éuBarwv Tov Te inmmov atoBar- Y fon, E / ee \ 9 \ 4 A Lal Ly, ret Eihes wAnyévta Sid THY TrAEVPaY (Fv bé ETe- ’ e / \ \ / A pos, ovx 0 Bouxedddas), Kai Tovs TAELTTOUS THY atobavovtwyv Kal tpavpaticbévTmv éxet cuvéSn KiVOUVEDC aL KaL TeaELY, TpOS avOpwWTTOUS aTTEyVO- KOTAS Kal MAXLLOUS TULTAEKOMEVOUS. 266 ALEXANDER, xvi. 4-7 whiteness. But although a javelin pierced the joint of his breastplate, he was not wounded; and when Rhoesaces and Spithridates, two Persian commanders, made at him together, he avoided the one, and smote Rhoesaces, who wore a breastplate, with his spear ; and when this weapon snapped in two with the blow, he took to his sword. Then, while he was thus engaged with Rhoesaces, Spithridates rode up from one side, raised himself up on his horse, and with all his might came down with a barbarian battle-axe upon Alexander’s head. Alexander’s crest was broken off, together with one of its plumes, and his helmet could barely and with difficulty resist the blow, so that the edge of the battle-axe touched the topmost hair of his head. But while Spithridates was raising his arm again for another stroke, Cleitus, ‘« Black Cleitus,” got the start of him and ran him through the body with his spear. At the same time Rhoesaces also fell, smitten by Alexander’s sword. While Alexander’s cavalry were making such a dangerous and furious fight, the Macedonian phalanx crossed the river and the infantry forces on both sides engaged. The enemy, however, did not resist vigorously, nor for a long time, but fled in a rout, all except the Greek mercenaries. These made a stand at a certain eminence, and asked that Alexander should promise them quarter. But he, influenced by anger more than by reason, charged foremost upon them and lost his horse, which was smitten through the ribs with a sword (it was not Bucephalas, but another); and most of the Macedonians who were slain or wounded fought or fell there, since they came to close quarters with men who knew how to fight and were desperate. 267 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , fo Aéyovta: 56 weCol pév duc puptor TOY BapBRapwr, € a ‘ , U a a) N iaTets be Sua XiAvo1 MEVTAKOTLOL TETELV. TOV OE Tepl TOV ‘AréEavEpov ‘A pta toBovros pyar Téa- Tapas eal T ptaKOVTa vEKpOvS yevér Gar TOUS TAVTAS, OV évvéa melovus €lval. TOUTwWY pev ouv éxéA EUCEV elxovas avacTabivac XarKas, as Av- olnTos elpyadcato. KOWOUMEVOS dé THY vlenv Tous “EX ow LOL pev Tots "AOnvatots érrepape TOY al x HAhwT ov Tpraxocias aamibas, Kown 6é Tots aAXOLs Nadhupors ExéXevaev Erruyparpat dido- / 3 4 5 66? 7 } e la TimotaTny emiypadyny: “° AnreEardpos 0 Didtrmou \ ec \ , , \ a Kat ob EAAnves aha Aakedutpovioy amo TOV PapBapov TOV tThv ‘Acta KATOLKOUVTOY.” €x- TwUATA O€ Kab moppupas, Kab Oca TOLAUTA TOV Ilepotxav dae, mavra TH puntpl mArAnv ordiywv emeurvev. . € Dov ae Odtos 0 ayov peyadyy evOus érroince TOV T pays LaTOV pera Borny T pos” ‘AdeEavépor, @aTe Kal Lapdes, 7d Tm pooxnpa THS ert Jarao- on ToOV BapBapwy aAyemovias, TapadaBeiv Kat > / , \ e \ TaAAa TpootiPecOar. povn dé “AdAtKapvacaos 5 , \ , a € \ \ , \ avTeaTy Kab MiAnrTos, as EAWV KATA KPUTOS Kal Ta Teph auras TAVTA NEL Pwo dpEvos appiBoros WW Tpos TA NOLTA TH Youn. Kal TOANGKLS pev éomevoe Aapei@ cuuTeco@v atoxivduvedoat Tepl a ef , \ a“ 3 \ A ie TOV ohuy, TONAKLS dé Tots éml Garaoon T pa- yHact Kal Xpnpace Otevoetro TT PQ@TOV olov éva- ‘ oKicas Kal pwcas avTov otTws avaBaivey én’ 1 Diodorus (xvii. 21, 6) says that more than ten thousand Persian footmen fell, and not less than two thousand horse- men; while over twenty thousand were taken prisoners. 268 ALEXANDER, xvi. 7-xvu. 2 Of the Barbarians, we are told, twenty thousand footmen fell, and twenty-five hundred horsemen.! But on Alexander's side, Aristobulus says there were thirty-four dead in all, of whom nine were footmen. Of these, then, Alexander ordered statues to be set up in bronze, and Lysippus wrought them.? More- over, desiring to make the Greeks partners in his victory, he sent to the Athenians in particular three hundred of the captured shields, and upon the rest of the spoils in general he ordered a most ambitious inscription to be wrought: “ Alexander the son of Philip and all the Greeks except the Lacedaemonians from the Barbarians who dwell in Asia.” But the drinking vessels and the purple robes and whatever things of this nature he took from the Persians, all these, except a few, he sent to his mother. XVII. This contest at once made a great change in the situation to Alexander's advantage, so that he received the submission even of Sardis, the bulwark of the barbarian dominion on the sea-coast, and added the rest of the country to his conquests. Walicar- nassus alone withstood him, and Miletus, which cities he took by storm? and subdued all the territories about them. ‘Then he was in doubt as to his future course. Many times he was eager to encounter Dareius and put the whole issue to hazard, and many times he would make up his mind to practice himself first, as it were, and strengthen himself by acquiring the regions along the sea with their resources, and 2 According to Arrian (Anab. i. 16, 4), about twenty-five of Alexander’s companions, a select corps, fell at the first onset, and it was of these that Alexander ordered statues to be made by Lysippus. 3 The siege and capture of these cities occupied Alexander till the late autumn of 334 B.c, 269 PLUTARCH’S LIVES > A ww \ fel , , \ 4! éxetvov. €ote de THs AuKias Kpnvn wept Try pat Ud @ Favétwyv modu, 5s TOTE NEyovow avTouaTas ¢ id \ e 4 ? “A 7 mepitTpaTreions Kal vTepBarovons éx BuOod béd- TOV EXTETELW YAAKHVY TUTOUS Eyovcayv apyYaiwy ypapatwv, év ois édnrodTO mavcecOat! tip llepoayv apynv imo ‘EAAnvwv Katadvbeicar. 3 TovTols émapbels nreiyeTo THY Tapadiav ava- / / A , \ de ‘ e Kabnpacbat pexps Tis Powixns cat Kedixvas. 1 dé THs Tlaudvrias tapadpoun modXols yéyove TOV laTOpLKaY UTOOEaLS ypadexn TpOos éxmAnELv Kat OyKov, ws Oeia TiWi TUYN Tapaywpnoacav "AreEdvop@ tHv Oddaccay, arAXAws del TpaxeEiav éx TENUOUS TpotpEpopevnv, oTaviws dé ToTE A \ AeTTTOUS Kal TpogEYels UTO TA KpPNUYwOdH Kal TApEeppwyoTa THS opevis jayous StaxadvrTov- 4 cav. Snrot dé cal Meévavdpos év xopmdia maifwy wpos TO mapado€ov: ws AreEavdpwdes 76n TodTO: Kav Ente Twa, > / Ad / N A \ QUTOMATOS OVTOS TapEecTtal Kav dteOety dnra51) dia Jaracans Sén ToTov Ti’, ovTOS éxTat jot Bartos. 3 A A avtos 6€ “AdéEavépos €v tats émrtatoAais ovdev TOLOUTOVY TEpAaTEVTapEVvoS OdoTOLHaaL dyot TIDY 1 ravoecbar Sintenis?, with C and Stephanus; ratcacéas Sintenis! and Bekker. 1 According to Arrian (Anab. i. 26, 1 f.), there is no route along this beach except when the north wind blows. ‘* But at that time, after strong south winds, the north winds 270 674 ALEXANDER, xvi. 2-4 then to go up against that monarch. Now, there 1s in Lycia, near the city of Xanthus, a spring, which at this time, as we are told, was of its own motion upheaved from its depths, and overflowed, and cast forth a bronze tablet bearing the prints of ancient letters, in which it was made known that the empire of the Persians would one day be destroyed by the Greeks and come to an end. Encouraged by this prophecy, Alexander hastened to clear up the sea- coast as far as Cilicia and Phoenicia. His rapid passage along the coasts of Pamphylia has afforded many historians material for bombastic and terrify- ing description. They imply that by some great and heaven-sent good fortune the sea retired to make way for Alexander, although at other times it always came rolling in with violence from the main, and scarcely ever revealed to sight the small rocks which lie close up under the precipitous and riven sides of the mountain.!| And Menander, in one of his comedies,? evidently refers jestingly to this marvel :— “ How Alexander-like, indeed, this is; and if I seek some one, Spontaneous he’ll present himself; and if I clearly must Pass through some place by sea, this will lie open to my steps.” Alexander himself, however, made no such prodigy out of it in his letters, but says that he marched by blew, and rendered his passage easy and quick, not without the divine intervention, as both he and his followers inter- preted.” 2 Kock, Com. Att. Frag. iil. p. 240. 271 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES , A e Aeyouevny Kriwaxa xat dvedOetv opunoas éx , a PacnrLdo0s. é10 Kat TrAElovas Huépas Ev TH 0- Nee Ovétpiyrev: ev ais Kat Oeodéxtov tePvnKkotos 5 \ , IAN > s ’ a ’ (qv 3&€ Dacynritns) id@v etxova avaKermévny év la) Q a , ra ayopa, meta Seimvov éemexwmpace peOvav Kal Tov , > 7 , ? La 3 otepadvev éméppiye moddovs, OvVK ayapl ep atovad amodsoous Tiny TH yevouevyn be *Apt- masdi¢ ods Tymiy TH yevouévn 8 "Ap , \ , e / ‘ \ v OTOTEAHY Kal ptrocoptay opiALa TOS TOV avopa. XVIIL Mera tatta eordav te rovs avti- , ef \ , bd a \ , otavrTas nper Kal Ppvytav éyetpovto: Kat Topdzov / a aA moAu, eotiav Midov tod tmaXaLov yevéodat reyo- f f ‘4 e pevnv, Taparasav, tiv Opvrovperny apuakav cide aA f , b a prom xpavias évdedepévnv, kab AOyov ém’ a’th \ aA a TtoTEvomeEvoy UTTO THY BapBdpwv jKovcEV, WS TO , N \ / a 4 AvoavtTte TOY Seopov elwaptas Baciret yevecOat THS otKoupévyns. Ob pev ovv TOAXOL dace, TAY a \ Sees, \ ? \ \ os 5) , decpav TUPAas EYovTMY TAS apyas Kai du’ adAN- wv TOANGKLS TKOALOLS EALypols UVTOdEpopevur, \ , f , a a a tov ‘AnréEavpov dpnyavodvta AUaat StaTepety Th paxatpa TO cvvappa, Kai Todas €& adtob , > \ A > , \ \ KoTrEVTOS apxas havivat. AptotoBovros 6€ Kal , , e 7 9 A \ , , mavu eyel padtav avT@ thy AVow yevécOaL, 5 , a“ ¢ a SS ee , éfeXovTt TOU pupod Tov Extopa KadovpeEvoY, wo , N , Sf)? 4 e f auveiyeto TO Cuyoderpov, ei ovTwS UdEedkvoarTt Tov Curyov. a , "Evredbev Waddayovas te cal Karradoxnas Tpocayayouevos, Kat thy Méuvovos axoveas ANeuTHV, OS TV emt Para Aapet TENEUTHY, OS TOV emt OaratTyn Aapetouv otpaTn- 272 ALEXANDER, xvit. 4-xvul. 3 way of the so-called Ladder, and passed through it, setting out from Phaselis. ‘This was the reason for his spending several days in that city, during which he noticed that a statue of Theodectas, a deceased citizen of Phaselis, had been erected in the market- place. Once, therefore, after supper and in his cups, he led a band of revellers to the statue and crowned it with many of their garlands, thus in pleasantry returning no ungraceful honour for the past asso- ciation with the man which he owed to Aristotle and philosophy. XVIII. After this, he overpowered such of the Pisidians as had offered him resistance, and subdued Phrygia ; and after he had taken the city of Gordium,! reputed to have been the home of the ancient Midas, he saw the much-talked-of waggon bound fast to its yoke with bark of the cornel-tree, and heard a story confidently told about it by the Barbarians, to the effect that whosoever loosed the fastening was des- tined to become king of the whole world. Well, then, most writers say that since the fastenings had their ends concealed, and were intertwined many times in crooked coils, Alexander was at a loss how to proceed, and finally loosened the knot by cutting it through with his sword, and that when it was thus smitten many ends were to be seen. But Aristobulus says that he undid it very easily, by simply taking out the so-called “hestor,” or pin, of the waggon- pole, by which the yoke-fastening was held together, and then drawing away the yoke.? Setting out from there, he subdued Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, and on hearing of the death of Memon, one of the commanders of Dareius on the 1 Early in 333 B.o. 2 Cf. Arrian, Anab. ii, 3. 273 PLUTARCH'S LIVES an \ yav éridoEos hv “AdcEavopw modAAa Tpdypata Kal pupias avTirmpets Kal aoxorias mapéFeuv, 5) , \ ‘ BUA / a 4 émreppwaadn mpos THY aVw oTpPAaTELaY paddAov. 1d dé cal Aapeios éx Yovowv xatéBawev, émraipo- , A a \ pevos TE TO TAHOE THS Suvdpews (EF jKovTA yap Hye pupiddas oTpaTODdD), Kai TLVOS Gveipov Oappv- VOVTOS AUTOV, Ov ot payor pds Yap é€EnyodYTO a KA \ \ > , 4 \ \ , adXov 1) KaTa TO ELKOS. d0EE yap Tupi véepe- aOat TOAAG THY Maxcdovav darayya, Tov 6é "AréEavdpov Eyovta aotodnpy hy avtos épopet Tpo- ? A na / e a ? A Tepov aotavons av Baciréws, Urnpetely avTe@ / \ > \ “A f 4 3 A maperOovra b€ eis TO TOD BydXov réuevos adavh yeveoOar. 61a TovTwY, ws EoLKev, UIrednNOUTO Tapa Tov Jeod AauTpa pev yevyoecOar Kai Tept- aw “a > Aw gavn ta tOv Maxedover, “AréEavdpov $é tijs pev ’Acias Kpatnoev, waotTep éexpdtnce Aapetos b] 2 , \ / \ \ \ é& aotavoov Baciredvs yevomevos, Taxyv Oé ov d0&y Tov Biov atrorciwvecy. XIX. "Ere 68 padrov éOdppnce Katayvors Sevttav “ArXeEdvdpou todvy xpovov év Kirrxia Siatpiwavtos. Hv 561 SiatpBy Sia vooor, hv oi N b] , e Oe 4 ? a a f bev EX KOTTMD, Ol O€ NoVTALEV@ Ev TO TOD KUdvov pevpate KataTayévte! mpooteceiy Aéyouct. TaV \ 9 4 > “a > \ b] v4 , bev ovv AXXwY LaTpa@Y ovdels EOappee BonOncey, \ GNA TOV KivdUYOY olopEevOL dans LayUpOTEpOV eivat BonOetas éfoBodvto thy éx Tov charqvat di:aBornv mpos tovs Maxedovas: Piditros 8 6 1 xatamayévt: Bekker reads kal xatamayévrs (and got chilled). 274 ALEXANDER, xvul. 3-x1x. 2 sea-board, who was thought likely to give Alexander abundant trouble and infinite annoyance, he was all the more encouraged for his expedition into the in- terior. Moreover, Dareius was already coming down to the coast from Susa, exalted in spirit by the magni- tude of his forces (for he was leading an army of six hundred thousand men), and also encouraged by a certain dream, which the Magi interpreted in a way to please him rather than as the probabilities de- manded. For he dreamed that the Macedonian phalanx was all on fire, and that Alexander, attired in a robe which he himself formerly used to wear when he was a royal courier, was waiting upon him, after which service he passed into the temple of Belus and disappeared. By this means, as it would seem, it was suggested to Dareius from Heaven that the exploits of the Macedonians would be conspicuous and brilliant, that Alexander would be master of Asia, just as Dareius became its master when he was made king instead of royal courier, and would speedily end his life with glory. XIX. Dareius was still more encouraged by Alex- ander’s long delay in Cilicia, which he attributed to cowardice. The delay was due, however, to a sickness, which assailed him in consequence of fatigues, ac- cording to some,! but according to others, because he took a bath in the river Cydnus, whose waters were icy cold. Be that as it may, none of the other physicians had the courage to administer remedies, but thinking that the danger was too great to be overcome by any remedy whatever, they were afraid of the charges which would be made against them by the Macedonians in consequence of their failure ; 1 So Aristobulus (Arrian, Anab. ii. 4, 7). 275 ao PLUTARCH’S LIVES ee pox Onpa pep ewpa Ta TEpl avr ov ova, n oe didrta TLOTEVOY, Kal devov YOU MEV Os el civBovetor Ty guyKwduvevo et HEX pl THS éoxXa- THs welpas Pondav kal mapaBarhopevos, eTrex el page pappaxeia Kal cuvémetcey QUT OV UT OME VEL Kat melv, omevdorTa pocdhvar ™ pos TOV TOE HOV. év toute 6€ Ilappevior emepunpev ema Tony a0 otparoméou, Oraxehevopevos avT@ purafacbat Tov Ditirmov ws vwo Aapetov Tremetopeévoy ert dSwpeats peyadrats Kal yaum Ovyatpos averety 67 "AnréEavdpov. 0 O€ THY éETLeTOANY avayvods Kal pnoevi SetEas TOV hitwy vO TO TpoaKepddatoy vméOnxev. ws 6€ TOD KaIp9d TrapovTos etondrADe peta T@V éETaipwy Oo Pidimros TO happaxov év KUALKL KOmifwy, éxeivm pev er@édmKe THY érLOTO- apy, avTos dé 70 happaKkov edéEato TpoOvmas Kal aQvuTOTTOWS, @TE OavpacTHY Kat OeaTpiKnY THY ow eivat, TOD pey avaywwcKovtTos, TOD dé Ti- vOvTos, elra apa pos GX) AOUS aToSXeT ovTwY ovx opoiws, GNA TOD pev “AReEdvOpov parope TO TPOTOT Kal Svakexuperep THY T pos TOV Dirurrov eiudveray nal riotw drodatvovtos, éxeivou 6é€ wpos THyv dtaBorny éEtatapevov Kal mote pev OeoxruTodyTOS Kab TPOS TOY Ovpavor avaTeivovTos Tas Yelpas, Tote 5€ TH KAiVN TeEpt- TLTTOVTOS Kal TApAaKaroovTos TOV “AreEavdpov evOupeiv Kal T poo Ex ew auT@. TO yap p appaxov év apy Karo ay ToD TWMLATOS olov dn éwoe Kal KATEOUC EV els Babos THY Ovvaey, @aoTe Kal pavny €mihimely Kal Ta TEpl THY alcOnaw dcadh Kat pexpa Komloy yeveoOat, ALTOOUpLas eTLTETOVENS. 276 - v ALEXANDER, xix. 2-5 but Philip the Acarnanian, who saw that the king was in an evil plight, put confidence in his friend- ship, and thinking it a shameful thing not to share his peril by exhausting the resources of art in trying to help him even at great risk, prepared a medicine and persuaded him to drink it boldly, if he was anxious to regain his strength for the war. Mean- while, however, Parmenio sent a letter to Alexander from the camp, urging him to be on his guard against Philip, for the reason that he had been persuaded by Dareius, with the promise of large gifts and a marriage with his daughter, to kill Alexander. Alexander read the letter and placed it under his pillow, without showing it to any one of his friends. When the time appointed was at hand, and Philip came in with the king’s companions, carrying the medicine in a cup, Alexander handed him the letter, while he himself took the medicine from him with readiness and no sign of suspicion. It was an amazing sight, then, and one well worthy of the stage,—the one reading the letter, the other drinking the medicine, and then both together turning their eyes upon one another, but not with the same expression; for Alexander, by his glad and open countenance, showed his good will towards Philip and his trust in him, while Philip was beside himself at the calumny, now lifting up his hands towards heaven and calling upon the gods to witness his innocence, and now falling upon the couch on which Alexander lay and beseeching him to be of good courage and obey his physician. For at first the medicine mastered the patient, and as it were drove back and buried deep his bodily powers, so that his voice failed, he fell into a swoon, and became almost wholly unconscious. However, he VOL. VII. roe is PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 b] \ , \ a ov pny aAArAA TAYEwWS avaAnPOeEis VIO TOD PirIT- Tov Kal paioas avtov éméderEe tots Maxedoou: 3 \ ? Le \ 9 a ‘ > , “A ov yap émavovto mpl deity tov ‘“AdXéEavdpor au povvtes. A , nn XX. "Hv 6é tis év tH Aapetov ctpate wepev- / yos éx Maxedovias avnp Maxedeorv, *Apurtas, 9 bd a ? / ra 2 ovK ameipos tHS 'AXcEdvdpov gdvcews. ovTOS 4 A A A wopynuévoy io@v Aapetoy eiow TaV otevav Badi- > 9? 3 , IN A \ , e t Cew er AdéEavdpov, édeito kata Ywpav Urope- ve, €v TWAATOS EYouaL Tediols Kal avaTreTTApe- , vows mpos €AdtTovas TAME TOoTOUTM Stapayov- 4 \ , , 2 wevov. amoxpiwapévov be Aapeiouv dedrévae py dbacwoiv avtov atrodpavTes ot Tonéutoe Kal > dtahuyov AréEavopos, “AXA TovTOV ye,” el7rer, “a Baotred, yapw Odppe Badrettat yap éxeivos SN A \ \ 4 , 29 n , emt oé, Kal axedov dn Badiler.” Tavita rAéyou b] = v Q » > > \ 2 4 Apuvtas ovx ereev, aXX avactas €eTropeveTo Aapeios eis Kidixiav, dua de ’ArXéEavdpos eis 3 Suptav é’ éxeivov. év b€ TH vuKti dtapaprovtes 4 arAnA@Y adlis avéotpedov, ‘ArXéEEavdpos pev HOOMEVOS TE TH TUYTUXia Kal OTEVOWY ATraVTHCAL a \ mepl ta oteva, Aapetos d€ THY TpoTépay ara- wn v4 \ wn an 9 , AaPeivy oTpatoTrEedeiay Kai TaY otevav éFediEae THY OUvapLV. %5N yap eyvOKEe Tapa TO GUUdépow > \ e N > i 4 \N oy éuBeBrAnkws éavTov ets ywpia CaraTTyH Kal opece Kal ToTau@ oa pecou péovts TO IIwap@ dvc- imma, Kal OleoTracpéva TroAAayo’, Kal pos A rN N 4 THS GALYOTNTOS TOY ToOAELioy ExovTa THY Oéaty. ‘ , f , 4 ’AreEdvipw b€ Tov pmev ToTOV H TYUXN Tapecyer, 278 ALEXANDER, xix. 5-xx. 4 was speedily restored to his senses by Philip, and when he had recovered strength he showed himself to the Macedonians, who refused to be comforted until they had seen Alexander. XX. Now, there was in the army of Dareius a certain Macedonian who had fled from his country, Amyntas by name, and he was well acquainted with the nature of Alexander. This man, when he saw that Dareius was eager to attack Alexander within the narrow passes of the mountains, begged him to remain where he was, that he might fight a decisive battle with his vast forces against inferior numbers in plains that were broad and spacious. And when Dareius replied that he was afraid the enemy would run away before he could get at them,and Alexander thus escape him, “ Indeed,” said Amyntas, “on this point, O king, thou mayest be without fear; for he will march against thee, nay, at this very moment, probably, he is on the march.” Dareius would not listen to these words of Amyntas, but broke camp and marched into Cilicia, and at the same time Alex- ander marched into Syria against him. But having missed one another in the night, they both turned back again, Alexander rejoicing in his good fortune, and eager to meet his enemy in the passes, while Dareius was as eager to extricate his forces from the passes and regain his former camping-ground. For he already saw that he had done wrong to throw himself into places which were rendered unfit for cavalry by sea and mountains and a river running through the middie (the Pinarus), which were broken up in many parts, and favoured the small num- bers of his enemy. And not only was the place for the battle a gift of Fortune to Alexander, but 279 PLUTARCH’S LIVES eoTparHynae dé TOY amo THs TUXNS UTapXOvT@Y 7 pos TO vikhnous BédTLov, os ¥é ToT OUT e mrajAet TOV BapBapov AELTOMEVOS EKELVOLS pev ov Tap- éaVeE KUKKOOLY, avTos 6é TO beFtd 70 EUWVUJLOV uTepBarov Kal ryevopievos Kata Képas puyny eTOLnTE TOV Kad QUuTOV BapBdpov, év 7 paras dyovilonevos, WOTE TpoOjvar Eiger TOV unNpor, os pev Xapns dynoiv, vo Aapetou (cupTecety yap avTous ets xetpas), “Ad€Eav6 pos bé mepl THS paxns eETLITENNOY Tous mepl TOV “Avrimatpov ovK elpncer bots WV O TpwaaAsS, OTL Oe Tpwbein TOV pnpov eyXerpLover, Suaxepes & obdév amd tod TPAUVLATOS ouuBain yeypage. Nuxnoas 6€ Aaumpas Kat KkataBarov wvrép évdexa, pupiaoas TOV TohenLiov, Aapetov. peév ovx ele TETTAPAS oradious 7) TEVTE mpodaBovra TH puyn, TO oé apy a Kal TO ToEov avTov haBoov éravnrOe cal KatéraBe tovs Maxedovas tov ev anrdov TOUT OV en tov BapBaptxov atpatomédov pépovtas Kal dyovtas umepBardovra TrIDet, Kaimep evC@vev ™ pos THY paxny TaparyevopLEevov Kal Ta TreloTa THS aToaKEUNS ey AapacKkd KATANTOVTOY, Thy o€ Aapetou cKNY HY eEnpncoras oe Gepamreias Te apm pas Kal TapacKevijs XPNHATOV TOAN@Y yewoucay. evOvs ovv derobued uevos Ta OTA T pos TO Nout pov €Babrtev, elroy: ‘To pev aro ova ofEvot TOV ATO THS Ma- xs idipwTa TO Aapetou AouvT pS.” Ka TLS TOV stalpov “Ma TOV Ata” elmer, “ddr TW ’AdeEavdpou: Ta yap TOV ATT peéveov elval TE Sei Kal mpocayopevec(at Tod KpatovvTos.” ws dé 280 6 6 ALEXANDER, xx. 4-8 his generalship was better than the provisions of Fortune for his victory. For since he was so vastly inferior in numbers to the Barbarians, he gave them no opportunity to encircle him, but, leading his right wing in person, extended it past the enemy’s left, got on their flank, and routed the Barbarians who were opposed to him, fighting among the fore- most, so that he got a sword-wound in the thigh. Chares says this wound was given him by Dareius, with whom he had a hand-to-hand combat, but Alex- ander, in a letter to Antipater about the battle, did not say who it was that gave him the wound; he wrote that he had been wounded in the thigh with a dagger, but that no serious harm resulted from the wound. Although he won a brilliant victory and destroyed more than a hundred and ten thousand of his enemies, he did not capture Dareius, who got a start of four or five furlongs in his flight; but he did take the king’s chariot, and his bow, before he came back from the pursuit. He found his Macedonians carry- ing off the wealth from the camp of the Barbarians, and the wealth was of surpassing abundance, al- though its owners had come to the battle in light marching order and had left most of their baggage in Damascus; he found, too, that his men had picked out fur him the tent of Dareius, which was full to overflowing with gorgeous servitors and furniture, and many treasures. Straightway, then, Alexander put off his armour and went to the bath, saying: “ Let us go and wash off the sweat of the battle in the bath of Dareius.”” “No, indeed,” said one of his companions, “but rather in that of Alexander; for the property of the conquered must belong to the conqueror, and be called his.” And when he 281 PLUTARCH’S LIVES $s \ va \ \) N / % elde ev OAKLA Kal Kpoocous Kal mvéhous Kal draBaorpovs, TavTa xpuaod, noKnpeva Te put TOS, @dwdet 6€ Jeatréctov otov v0 dpa waTov Kal pLUPwY O OLKOS, Ex O€ TOUTOU TapHAOEY Eis oKNYND e a \ ies Te Kal peyéler Kal TO Tept THY OTPwWLVYINY nA A / Kat tpaTélas Kal TO Setrvov avTod Koopw Oavpa- / \ td a tos akiav, diaBréas pos Tovs ETatpous, “ TovTo 5 e ty 33) a3 \ , ” AV, ws éorxev, Edn, “TO Bacirevewv. XXT. Tperopévm 5€ pos TO Setrvov auT@ nw 3 ’ / ppaver tus €v Tois alypadwrtos ayouévas pnTépa a“ / \ cal yuvaixa Aapeiov Kai Ovyatépas dvo Twapbév- . \ , / \ ous isovaas TO appa cal Ta TOka KoTTETOat Kal n , / \ Oonveiv, ws amoAWOTOS ExElvOU. GuyYVOY ov 3 \ f b] , Q nm 3 , éemisywv xpovov “AdéEavdpos, Kal Tais éxelvwv a) XN a) A \ ’ TUYAaLS MANXOD 1) Tals EavTOD EuTrabns yevopevos, méumer Acovvatov, atrayyetvat KehEVTAS WS OUTE nw >] f Aapetos téOvnxev ote “AXéEavdpov dediévae p77" 4 Q \ hs A ? Aapeim yap uTép nyepwovias TroNepety, exetvars O€ , e / & \ / , mavta virapftew wv Kat Aapetov Basidevovtos wn la’ \ 4 n I, nEvovvTo. tov 6€ AOyov Tails yuvatElw Huépou a) / / a N va Kal ypnoTov havévtos Ett padrov TA TOV Epywv annvita diravOpwra. Oaryar yap Caous éBov- a ” 3 A \ f Novto Ilepca@py edwxev, EoOHRTL Kal KOT Mw Ypnaa- / 3 A , / a pévais €k TV Nadupan, GOepareias TE Kal TLMAS A a >as ¢ a“ ’ a / \ \ / Hv elyov ovd oTtoby adetre, ovvTdtes O€ Kal pel- nw a / Covas éxaptrovvtTo TOY TpoTépwr. 1 d€ KaAMaTH > A Kal BactitkwTaTyn Yapis iv Tap avTov yuvarkt i yevraials yevopévats atypyarwtos Kal cwdpoat , a 7 e n~ , “ [NTE AKOVTAL TL MHTE VTOVOHCAaL pNTE TpoG doKi- 282 ALEXANDER, xx. 8-xxt. 3 saw the basins and pitchers and tubs and caskets, all of gold, and curiously wrought, while the apartment was marvellously fragrant with spices and unguents, and when he passed from this into a tent which was worthy of admiration for its size and height, and for the adornment of the couch and tables and banquet prepared for him, he turned his eyes upon his com- panions and said: “This, as it would seem, is to be a king.” XXI. As he was betaking himself to supper, some- one told him that among the prisoners were the mother, wife, and two unmarried daughters of Da- reius, and that at sight of his chariot and bow they beat their breasts and lamented, believing that he was dead. Accordingly, after a considerable pause, more affected by their affliction than by his own success, he sent Leonnatus, with orders to tell them that Dareius was not dead, and that they need have no fear of Alexander; for it was Dareius upon whom he was waging war for supremacy, but they should have everything which they used to think their due when Dareius was undisputed king. If this message was thought by the women to be mild and kindly, still more did the actions of Alexander prove to be humane. For he gave them permission to bury whom they pleased of the Persians, and to use for this purpose raiment and adornment from the spoils, and he abated not one jot of their honour- able maintenance, nay, they enjoyed even larger allowances than before. But the most honourable and most princely favour which these noble and chaste women received from him in their captivity was that they neither heard, nor suspected, nor 283 PLUTARCH’S LIVES gat TOV AigyYpOV, AAr’ wWaTEp OvK ev oTPAaTOTEdw TorEeuiwy, Ar’ év lepots Kal aytows PuvAaTTOmEevas mapSevacwv aToppyntoy ExEewW Kal dopaTov ETEpots Siartav. Kaitot NéyeTat ye THv Aapetov yuvaixa TON TATWY TOV Bacthidwv EVTPETEDTUTND yEre- ofa, xabarep Kab avTOs Aapeios dvd pay Kad- Ma TOS Kal péytatos, TAs O& Taidas éotKévat ToOIs OVEUC LY. "AX "AréEavdpos, ws Eorxe, TOD viKaY TOUS Toveulovs TO Kpateiy éavtov PacidiKxwrTepov NHYOUMEVOS, OVTE TOUTMY EOLyEY OVTE AAANY eyvw yuvaika 7™ po ydpou, ANY Bapowvns. arn 0€, peTa TH Mépvovos TerXeuTIV Ynpa yevomevn, Tepl Aapackov érAndn. TeTaLoeupeyn | éé matdelav ‘EAA qpueny Kal Tov TpoTroy emLetkns ovca Kal TAT pos "A ptraBafou ‘YE/ov0TOS éx Bactréws Ov- Yat pos, éyvwa On, Tlappeviovos 7 pot pewra.uevou TOV “AreEavépor, as pnow ‘Apia toBounos, Ka- ANS Kal yevvaias ayacAat yuvatkos. Tas é ddras alXYMAXwWTOUS OpaV a “Ar€éEavopos eadnet Kal poeyeBer Sua epovaas éXeye Trailwy ws eloly anynooves Oppatoov at Mepatdes. dy tem tOELKvu- pevos dé 7 pas Ty idéav THY éxetvwv 70 Ths totas eyxpatetas Kat oppor vrs KEAXNOS, MoTTEP AWv- ous €ikovas ayakpdtwv Ta pemeprpen. XXII. ’Exrel d¢€ Deroevos 0 TOV ert Oaratry TTPATHYOS éypawev eivat Tap’ AUT @eddepdv tiva ‘Tapavtivov EXovTa matoas @viOUS dvo THY Opuy meppuels, Kal muvOavopLevos es m pinta, KareTras évey Kev éBoa TONNAKES 7 pos TOUS gi- hous, épwtav ti mwToTe Pidokevos ataypov avT@ 284 ALEXANDER, xxi. 3-xxm. £5 awaited anything that could disgrace them, but lived, as though guarded in sacred and inviolable virgins’ chambers instead of in an enemy’s camp, apart from the speech and sight of men. And yet it is said that the wife of Dareius was tar the most comely of all royal women, just as Dareius himself also was hand- somest and tallest of men, and the daughters re- sembled their parents. But Alexander, as it would seem, considering the mastery of himself a more kingly thing than the conquest of his enemies, neither laid hands upon these women, nor did he know any other before marriage, except Barsiné. This woman, Memnon’s widow, was taken prisoner at Damascus. And since she had received a Greek education, and was of an agreeable disposition, and since her father, Arta- bazus, was son of a king’s daughter, Alexander de- termined (at Parmenio’s instigation, as Aristobulus says) to attach himself to a woman of such high birth and beauty. But as for the other captive women, seeing that they were surpassingly stately and beautiful, he merely said jestingly that Persian women were torments to the eyes.) And displaying in rivalry with their fair looks the beauty of his own sobriety and self-control, he passed them by as though they were lifeless images for display. XXII. Moreover, when Philoxenus, the commander of his forces on the sea-board, wrote that there was with him a certain Theodorus, of Tarentum, who had two boys of surpassing beauty to sell, and enquired whether Alexander would buy them, Alexander was incensed, and cried out many times to his friends, asking them what shameful thing Philoxenus had ever 1 Cf. Herod. v. 18. 285 a) qn PLUTARCH’S LIVES UVEYVOKWS TOLAavTA OoVveidn tmpokev@v KAOnTAL. Lg A tov 6€ Dirokevov avtov év émigToOAR TOANA Rol- / b] f ’ a / \ , Sopnaas éxéXevoev avtois hoptiots Tov Oeodwpov 9 / eis TOv OdXeOpov atroaTédrewv. érrémrnEE Oé Kat "Ayvove. ypaavts mpos attov ott KpwBvrov NOOKL LOU év Kopitv@m BovreTat Ld LE evookipmouvTa év pivbq v T pud Levos b an X f 4 \ ayayety mpos avrov. muvOavopevos 5é€ pwicdogo- pov twev yovaa SuedOapxévar Aduova cat Ttp0- Oeov Maxedovas tov vo Tlappeviave otpartevo- ” / 7 9\ 3 pévov, &ypare Uappeviwvt xerevwv, av érey- yaa, ws Onpia éri katapOopa tav avOpwtrav yeyovoTa TLuwpnodpevoy arroKTeivat. Kal rept éavtov Kata réEw év tavtTn TH éemtaToOAn vyé- oc? \ \ ’ e e ore e , ypadev “'Eya yap ovy OTl Ewpakmws av evpePernv \ nw 3 a) b tv Aapeiov yuvaixa 7) BeBourAnpeévos ideiv, aXX ovdé TOV AEyovTwWY TeEpl THS evpopdias avTijs / \ , 23 yy \ 4 mpoadebeypevos TOV AOyov. Ereye Oé peddeaTa cuviévat Ovntros av éx Tov Kabevoey Kal cuvou- n / a aialely, ws aro plas éeyyivopevov aabeveias TH dice Kal TO TovodY Kal TO 7OdmEVOr. "Hy 6€ nai yaotpos éyxpatéotazos, Kal TovTO aNXots TE ToAAOLS €Or)AWoE Kal TOis mpos “Adav NeyOetowv, iv emromjcato pntépa Kal Kapias / b] f e \ ? / Bacittacay amédekev. ws yap éxeivn didodpo- / X\ \ ’ voupevyn Tora pev Oia Kal’ huépav améateddev “ \ A fa) avUT@ Kal Téupata, TéXos S€ Tous SoKodvTAas Eivat ’ \ Sevotatous ovotrotovs Kal aptototovs, ébn ToUv- XN nA Tov pnodevos SetcOarr Bedrtiovas yap dwWoroLovs Eyely UTO TOV Tatdaywyud Aewvidou Sedopéevous 286 ALEXANDER, xxi. 1-5 seen in him that he should spend his time in making such disgraceful proposals. And on Philoxenus him- self he heaped much reproach in a letter, bidding him send Theodorus to perdition, merchandize and all. He severely rebuked Hagnon also for writing to him that he wanted to buy Crobylus, whose beauty was famous in Corinth, as a present for him. Further- more, on learning that Damon and Timotheus, two Macedonian soldiers under Parmenio’s command, had ruined the wives of certain mercenaries, he wrote to Parmenio ordering him, in case the men were con- victed, to punish them and put them to death as wild beasts born for the destruction of mankind. In this letter he also wrote expressly concerning him- self: “As for me, indeed, it will be found not only that I have not seen the wife of Dareius or desired to see her, but that I have not even allowed people to speak to me of her beauty.” And he used to say that sleep and sexual intercourse, more than any thing else, made him conscious that he was mortal, implying that both weariness and pleasure arise from one and the same natural weakness. He had also the most complete mastery over his appetite, and showed this both in many other ways, and especially by what he said to Ada, whom he hononred with the title of Mother and made queen of Caria.) When, namely, in the kindness of her heart, she used to send him day by day many viands and sweetmeats, and finally offered him bakers and cooks reputed to be very skilful, he said he wanted none of them, for he had better cooks which had been given him by his tutor, Leonidas ; for his break- 1 Cf. Arrian, Anab. i. 23, 8. 287 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a / \ aUT@, TpOS mev TO Apiotov, vuKToTopiav, mpos Oe \ n ? , “«O ss »_\ e To detmvov, oAtyaploTiay. avToS ovTOS Tan ee ‘e \ a / ? \ v3 avnp, éby, “Kal TOY GTPOLATOY ETLOV TA AyY- a fal / a 4 / yela Kal TOV ipatioy EdvEv, ELTKOTO@V 41) TL \ 3 N , Z be) plot TpUhEpoy % Tepicoov 7 uNTHp EvTECeErKeDv. r > \ ic ® / XXIII. *Hv 6é xcal mpos oivoy irrov 7 edoKet 4 ” \ \ ‘\ , A > , Kkatapepys. edoke O€ dia Tov Ypovoy ov ov TivwY a 3 n & 3 HANXov 7) Aadav eidxev Eh EXdaTHS KUALKOS, GEL paxpov Tiva Aoyov StaTiPéwevos, Kal TavTA TOA- A a % , \ , ARS TVOANS ovaNS. E7rEl TpOS ye TAS TpAakeEts OVK oivos éKelvov, OVY UTVOS, OV TALdLa TIS, OV YapLOS, 3 Oé Q / IAX aay 4 3 7 ov Oéa, xadaTep addovgs aTpaTnyous, éTéoye. A \ e , a 4 X / dnrot 6€ 0 Bios, bv Biacas Bpayvy Tavtatact, / TAELTTWY Kal peyioTov Tpakewy evéerrAnoEv. €V dé Tats TYOAAIS TP@TOV perv avasTas Kal Ovaas a a \ , 7 tois Oeois evOus Hpiata KaOrjpevos: Ererta Sinpeé- bos x 3 a peve Kuvnyov 7 Oikalwv i) cuVYTAaTTMY TL TOV Leo N ? , b] ‘ CAN , TONEMIKWV 7) avayiooKkwV. e€t de odov Badifor \ / pa) ALav €rre’youcap, eudvOavev Gua TopEevo[Levos 3 , 1) ToEevew 7) émtBaivery Gppatos éXavvopévou Kal 3 / ¢ \ / \ 3 , aToSatvew. todaKis 66 Tailor Kal ad@meKas ’ ’ an n eOnpeve Kal opvidas, ws cote AaGelv ex ToV éhn- 4 a \ pepiowv. Katadvous 5€ Kal TpEeTomeEevos TPS \ A - ‘ n n NouTpov 7} aArepupa, Tos él TOV GITOTOL@Y Kal A 3 tA > N \ wn HayeLpwY aVEKpLVEY EL TA TPOS TO SElTVOY EvTpE- an ff \ an ww@S EXovalt. Kal Sevmvety wey oe Kal oKOTOUS yO , 7 \ \ iy ¢ ON KaTaKALVOMEVOS HpYeTO, Oavsaati dé Hy 1 b] / \ / > \ n , [4 emiperera kat TepiBreWis Eri THs TeaTrélys, OTTwWS de bd / Oe >] , id N N pndey avicws pnoe orALywpws StavésotTo: TOV bé 288 ALEXANDER, xxu. 5-xxu. 3 fast, namely, a night march, and for his supper, a light breakfast. ‘‘ And this same Leonidas,” he said, “used to come and open my chests of bedding and clothing, to see that my mother did not hide there for me some luxury or superfluity.” XXIII. To the use of wine also he was less ad- dicted than was generally believed. The belief arose from the time which he would spend over each cup, more in talking than in drinking, always holding some long discourse, and this too when he had abun- dant leisure. [For in the stress of affairs he was not to be detained, as other commanders were, either by wine, or sleep, or any sport, or amour, or spec- tacle. This is proved by his life, which, though altogether brief, he filled to overflowing with the greatest exploits. In his times of leisure, however, after rising and sacrificing to the gods, he immedi- ately took breakfast sitting; then, he would spend the day in hunting, or administering justice, or ar- ranging his military affairs, or reading. If he were making a march which was not very urgent, he would practise, as he went along, either archery or mounting and dismounting from a chariot that was under way. Often, too, for diversion, he would hunt foxes or birds, as may be gathered from his journals. After he had taken quarters for the night, and while he was enjoying bath or anointing, he would enquire of his chiet cooks and bakers whether the arrange- ments for his supper were duly made. When it was late and already dark, he would begin his supper, reclining on a couch, and marvellous was his care and circumspection at table, in order that everything might be served impartially and without stint; but 289 Ge e PLUTARCH’S LIVES ei \ TOTOV, MoTED ElpNTal, MAKPOV UTO adorEcyias Iges \ 9S 4 4 XN é€étewve. xal TAXA TavTwoYv Hotatos oY Ba- a , wn n gidéwy ouveivat Kal YaptTos ovdemas apmolpar, ~ , \ 4 4 TOTE Tals peyaravyiats andns éyiveto Kat Nav 4 N \ ~ OTPATLWTLKOS, AUTOS TE TPOS TO KOmTTa@dES UTrO- a , \ hepomevos Kal Tos KoAaEW EavTOV avEeiKws (TI1Ta- 3 * e , nw f acipov, up WY Ol YapleoTEepoL THY TAapOYTwY émeTpiBovto, mite autdkraa Gas Tots Koraks unre s ~ a NelrrecGar Bovdrcpevoe TOV avTa@V érraivwrv. TO N \ by ‘ 280 \ de ‘4 5 ” pev yap aicxypov édoxet, TO dé xivdvvov édepe. \ \ , , ) ‘4 . , ETA O€ TOV TOTOV AOoVaapEVos ExXalEvOE TOANAKIS / f e méexpt méons tuépass éote O° Ste nal Sunpépevev év T@ xadevdeu. \ Ne oe. \ Avtos pev obv Kai Owy éyxpatns hv, OoTE Kal Ta OTaVLwWTaTAa TOANUKIS TOY ato BadaTTNS a / avT@ Koptlopevwy axpodpvav Kat iyOvev éExaoto , a) / ¢ ~ / S.ATEUTOMEVOS TOY ETALPWY EAVT@ poVvm pNdeV a N / a 3 KaTaNITELW* TO pevTOL SEeimVvOY Hy del peyano- N a / a TpeTées, KaL TOiS EvTVY pace THS SaTUVvns dpa , S 3 , “A cuvavkomévns TéXOS Els purias dpaypuas TponAGED. al \ y N “ al évtav0a 5é€ EaTn, Kat TocoUTOY wpicOn Terety A e / b , tows vTodevopuevors AdéEavdpor. XXIV. Meta é€ tHv paynv tiv év loo wép- ? N f \ was eis Aapackov é\aBe Ta Xpnyata Kal Tas \ \ \ 4 \ a a GTOTKEVaS KAL TA TEXVA Kal TAS YyuUvaiKas TOV a \ “ \ n Ilepoav. Kat wreiota pev wpernOyncay of tav ~ e ~ 4 Ococar@v immets: TovTovs yap avdpas ayabous t > “A 4 4 > SiaEepovTws Ev TH MAXN yevomevous Ereprpen érri- 290 67 ALEXANDER, xxi. 3-XXIv. I over the wine, as I have said, he would sit long, for conversation’s sake. And although in other ways he was of all princes most agreeable in his intercourse, and endowed with every grace, at this time his boast- fulness would make him unpleasant and very like a common soldier. Not only was he himself carried away into blustering, but he suffered himself to be ridden by his flatterers. ‘These were a great annoy- ance to the finer spirits in the company, who desired neither to vie with the flatterers, nor yet to fall behind them in praising Alexander. ‘The one course they thought disgraceful, the other had its perils. After the drinking was over, he would take a bath and sleep, frequently until midday; and sometimes he would actually spend the entire day in sleep. In the matter of delicacies, too, he himself, at all events, was master of his appetite, so that often, when the rarest fruits or fish were brought to him from the sea-coast, he would distribute them to each of his companions until he was the only one for whom nothing remained. His suppers, however, were always magnificent, and the outlay upon them increased with his successes until it reached the sum of ten thousand drachmas. ‘There it stood, and that was the prescribed limit of expenditure for those who entertained Alexander. XXIV. After the battle at Issus,! he sent to Da- mascus and seized the money and baggage of the Per- sians together with their wives and children. And most of all did the Thessalian horsemen enrich them- selves, for they had shown themselves surpassingly brave in the battle, and Alexander sent them on this expedition purposely, wishing to have them enrich 1 November, 333 b.c. 291 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOES apernOivac Bovdopevos: eve oO dé Kal TO owrrov evTmopias oTpaToTecoy. Kat yevod- pevot TOTE Tpatov ot Maxedoves Vpucov Kal cpyopou kal yuvatkov Kal Ssartns BapBapuxgs, OoTEp KUVES éo-mevoov avrapevoe aotiBou dSioKxey Ba cyexvevewy Tov TOV Ilepoay rhodrov. U unv a2AN ’AreEdvdpw tp@tov edoxet Kpatv- veoOat Ta pos Pardoon. Kuzrpov pev ouv evdus ot Bacireis KOV eyxeupifovres avT@, Kal Powieny ThYV Tupov. Tupov bé TONLOPKOV eT TA pfvas XOuact Kal pnxavais Kal Tpuypect dla- Koalais ék Oararrns, ovap elde Tov ‘Hpaxréa deEtovpevoy QvTOV ATO TOD TELXOUS Kal KadovvTa. TOV dé Tupiwv TONO‘S Kara TOUS vrrvous edo€ev 0 “AmroAov eyeuv OS area T pos “AreEavopor ov yap aperKew avT@ Ta ‘Tpaccopueva Kata THY TOMY. GAN avTo. wey WoTEp aVOpwrov avuToO- porovvTa Tpos TOUS ToAEulovs eT avTopwMpH tov Oeov eiinhotes cerpas TE TH KONOTT®@ TeEpté- Bardov avtov Kal Ka@nrouv mpos tHv Bao, "AreEavdpta tn KanrovvTes. /erepay dé dvpev ‘Aréav6pos ele Kata Tovs Uvous. Larupos auto pavels édoxet mpooraile moppoben, elTa Bovdopuévov AaBetv umeEéhevye’ TéXOS O€ TrOAAA NTApPHNTAaVTOS Kal TepLdpapovTos HAOEV ELs YeEt- pas. ol O€ pavTers TOUVOma SiatpodVTES OVK aTrL- Paves epacav autre: “37 yevnoerat Tupos.” Kal Kpyvny O€ TiVa deuxvdovat, Tpos Hv KATA TOUS UTVOUS idetv édoke TOV Larupov. Aud pécou O€ THs ToXtopkias él Tovs "ApaBas Tous wpocoixourtas TO 'AvTtAtBave otpatevaas 292 ALEXANDER, xxiv. 1-6 themselves. But the rest of the army also was filled with wealth. Then for the first time the Macedo- nians got a taste of gold and silver and women and barbaric luxury of life, and now that they had struck the trail, they were like dogs in their eagerness to pursue and track down the wealth of the Persians. However, Alexander determined first to make him- self master of the sea-coasts. As for Cyprus, then, its kings came at once and put the island in his hands, together with Phoenicia, with the exception of Tyre. But Tyre he besieged for seven months,! with moles, and engines-of-war, and two hundred triremes by sea. During this siege he had a dream in which he saw Heracles stretching out his hand to him from the wall and calling him. And many of the Tyrians dreamed that Apollo told them he was going away to Alexander, since he was displeased at what was going on in the city. Whereupon, as if the god had been a common deserter caught in the act of going over to the enemy, they en- circled his colossal figure with cords and nailed it down to its pedestal, calling him an Alex- andrist. In another dream, too, Alexander thought he saw a satyr who mocked him at a distance, and eluded his grasp when he tried to catch him, but finally, after much coaxing and chasing, surrendered. The seers, dividing the word “satyros” into two parts, said to him, plausibly enough, “Tyre is to be thine.” And a spring is pointed out, near which Alexander dreamed he saw the satyr. While the siege of the city was in progress, he made an expedition against the Arabians who dwelt in the neighbourhood of Mount Antilibanus. On 1 January—-August, 332 B.c. 293 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5) if \ \ \ f 3 exivduveuce Sta TOV Taldaywyov Avoipayov: é&n- / \ b A , a , 9 Ko\ovOnge yap avT@ Aéywv Tov PotviKos ovK 3 , > \ f 3 \ \ eivat yelpwv ovde mpeaBuTepos. émel S€ Tr7- gladcas Tos Opetvots Kab TOUS tamoUs aTroALTTOV melos é€Bddrlev, of pev AAXOL ToAV TpoHdrOor, SieN \ \ / e A BA avtos 6€ Tov Avaoipaxov, éomrépas $n KaTAadap- Bavovons Kat TOV TOAEHIinY éyyUs GyTwY, aTra- , yopevovta Kat Bapuvopevoy ovy UTropévwv arroAt- ~ 3 , mel, GAN avakadovpevos Kal TapaKkopilor, a f éxade Tov oTpaTevpatos aToaTaabels meT OrLYOV , la Kal GKOTOUS Gua Kal piyous opodpod vuKTEpevwv a U év yopiots YadeTrois. eldev ody TOppw TUPA \ , / A , TOAAG KaLOmEeva oTropadny TOY TONELLwV. Oap- p@Vv O€ TOU THMATOS TH KOUPOTHTL, KAL T@ Tovety avTos del TapapvOovmevos THV atroptav Tov Make- 4 a a“ , Sovev, Tporédpape Tols éyyloTta Tup Katovot Kal S a A f meptxabnuevous TH TWUpa dvo BapBapous watakas a > ? \ \ e f \ TO eyxelptdiw Kal dadov aprdcas KE pos TOUS A , , A EauTOU Komilwv. éyKavaavTes O€ TIP TOAV TOUS \ +f) N > , ee a ‘\ > » , pev evdvs éfpoBnaav wate puyeiv, tovs 8 ériov- 5 / \ f b) i Tas étpéavto, Kal KatnudicOncay axivdvvos. a , TauTa pev ovy Napys totopyxev. XXV. ‘H 6€ wodopxia towvrtov éoxe Trépas. \ a "AreEdvdpou Thy mév TOAAnY THs SuVapEews ava- \ a , A TAVOVTOS ATO TOAAOY ayovwy Tov EumpoaOer, 9 ? , (d \ iA e , ddiyous b€ TLVaS, WS I TKXOAaCOLEY OF TOAELLOL, a 4 Tols Tetyeot Tpocayovtos, Apiatavdpos 0 pavtts éapayiaveto: Kai Ta onuelta KaTioa@v Opacutepov 294 6 = g! ALEXANDER, xxiv. 6-xxv. 1 this expedition he risked his life to save his tutor, Lysimachus, who insisted on following him, declaring himself to be neither older nor weaker than Phoenix.! But when the force drew near the mountains, they abandoned their horses and proceeded on foot, and most of them got far on in advance. Alexander himself, however, would not consent to abandon the worn and weary Lysimachus, since evening was al- ready coming on and the enemy were near, but sought to encourage him and carry him along. Before he was aware of it, therefore, he was separated from his army with a few followers, and had to spend a night of darkness and intense cold in a region that was rough and difficult. In this plight, he saw far off a number of scattered fires which the enemy were burning. So, since he was confident in his own agility, and was ever wont to cheer the Macedonians in their perplexities by sharing their toils, he ran to the nearest camp-fire. Two Barbarians who were sitting at the fire he despatched with his dagger, and snatching up a fire-brand, brought it to his own party. These kindled a great fire and at once frightened some of the enemy into flight, routed others who came up against them, and spent the night without further peril. Such, then, is the account we have from Chares. XXV. The siege of the city had the following issue. While Alexander was giving the greater part of his forces a rest from the many struggles which they had undergone, and was leading up only a few men to attack the walls, in order that the enemy might have no respite, Aristander the seer made a sacrifice, and after taking the omens, declared very confidently 2 Cf. chapter v. 4. 295 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , ’ 4 A Siwpliaato Tpos TOUS TapovTas ev ExEelv@ TO evi s € , \ / / \ 2 mavtws adwoecOat THv Tod. Yyevouévou Sbé a \ / “a yYAevac pov Kal yéXwTos (HV yap H TEXEUTALA TOD f \ ¢ pnvos nuépa), Sinmropnuévov avtov tdav o Bact- NevS Kal cuUdiAOTLMOVMEVOS GEL TOS HaVTEVLATW éxéXeve pnKkéTs Tptaxdda Thy nhuépav Exeivnp, GAA Tpitny POirovtos aptOpetys Kai TH Tad- a a a , TiyYl ONLHVAS ATETELPATO TMV TELYOV Eppwpmeve- a 4 aotepov rep €& apyns SrevonOn. yevopevns Oe Napmpas eriBors Kat undé Tov étl oTpaToTédou \ KAPTEPOLYT@V, ANAA TUYTPEXOVT@Y Kal TROT BoON- Oovvtwy, ametrov ot Tupiorr Kxal THv woXW etre > KaT é€xelyny THY Huepay. Ni \ a fe) , ’ la) a 3 Mera d€ tadta mortopxovwts Talay avta, Ths Sv f f / > , a ’ \ Lupias peyiotny WoAL, éumimte: BOXos els TOV = > \ v iy ‘ v e \ ew ? 3 @uov apelels avwbev vio dpviBos. 0 O€ dpres é ¢ la / év TOV pnXavnuatwrv Kabioas éEdabev évayebels Tois veupivots KexpudaAots, ols mpos Tas émLTTPO- 4 has TOV TyoWiwy éyp@vT70. Kal TO onpelov \ \ ’ avtéBn kata tHy Aptaotavdpou tpoppnaw: étpabn > 4 pev yap AndéEavdpos eis Tov @pmov, EXaLe O€ THY ToAW. atrooTé\Awy b€ ToAAA TOY AaAdh’pwY >] a Ordvpriads kat Kreotratpa Kai tots pidots, caté- \ ? a A f Tene Kat Aewvidn TH Taidaywy@ Tddavta NBavwrtov TevTakocia Kal TuVpYS ExaTOV, ara- 5 pvnobeis wardixns edrrridos. o yap Aewridns, os v 3 , \ N N ) , 5 éouxev, ev Gvaia Tote mpos Tov ’AréEavdpov ére- , , a dpakapevov adotépats tais yepol Kal Kxalaryi- a @ ff col ? ” 66 a gavta Tov Cuptapatos, Otay, ey, TiS 296 ALEXANDER, xxv. 1-5 to the bystanders that the city would certainly be captured during that month. His words produced laughter and jesting, since it was then the last day of the month, and the king, seeing that he was per- plexed, and being always eager to support his pro- phecies, gave orders to reckon that day, not as the thirtieth of the month, but as the twenty-eighth ; and then, after the trumpet had sounded the signal, he attacked the walls with greater vigour than he had at first intended. The assault became fierce, and even those troops which had been left in camp could not restrain themselves, but ran in throngs to help the assailants, and the Tyrians gave up the fight. So Alexander took the city on that day. After this, as he was giving siege to Gaza,! the principal city of Syria, a clod of earth, which had been dropped from on high by a bird, struck him on the shoulder. The bird alighted on one of the bat- tering-engines, and was at once caught in the network of sinews which were used to give a twist to the ropes.2, And the omen was fulfilled as Aristander predicted ; for though Alexander was wounded in the shoulder, he took the city. Moreover, as he was dispatching great quantities of the spoils home to Olympias and Cleopatra and his friends, he sent also to Leonidas his tutor five hundred talents’ weight of frankincense and a hundred of myrrh, in remembrance of the hope with which that teacher had inspired his boyhood. It would seem, namely, that Leonidas, as Alexander was one day sacrificing and taking incense with both hands to throw upon the altar-fire, said to him :—“ Alexander, 1 During September and October of 332 B.c. Ci, Curtius,- fist; Alex. iv, 6,114, 297 PLUTARCH’S LIVES adpwpatodopov xpatyans, “Ar€Eavdpe, mrovoiws oUTws érLOuptaces’ viv dé hedopévws YP Tots mapodot. tote ov ‘AréEavdpos éypawe mmpos avtov: “’Amectddxapev cot AULBavwtov adGovor Kal opupvay, das Travan Tpos TOUS JEeovs puLKpo- NOyoumEvos. AOS VI. KiBoriov dé Tivos avT@ mT poo eve Dev- TOS, ov TOAUTENETTEPOV ovdey éddvy Tols Ta Aapetov Xpnwara Kal TAS amroaKevas TApanai- Bavovorr, NPOT a TOUS pirous 6 TL OoKOLN padiora Tav akiwy aTovdns eis aUTO KaTabécOat Toda 5é€ mod\N@Y Xeyovtwy avtos edy THY “Ihidda hpoupjcey évtavda xatadémevos. Kal TavTA pev ovK OALyot TOV aELtoTiDTwWY fe“apTUPHKaGLY. El &’, dmep "AreEavdpets Aéyouow “Hpaxrrgeldn me- oTevovtes, adynbés éativ, OVKOUY apyos OVdE aaUpE- Boros alt@ avaotpatevery Eorxev” Opnpos. déyovat yap OTL TIS Aiyurrou Kpatnoas éBovXeTo TONY peyahny Kal TovavO por ov EAA yviOg TUvOLKiGUs éevwvujoy eavtod Kataher ely, Kab Tia TOTO YVOLN TOV APYLTEKTOVOY OaOY OVOETW OLEMETPELTO Kal wepteBadreEyv. EtTAa VUKTMP KOLWwpeEVvOS OrLY EOE Gavpact ny avnp TOANLOS ev para THY Kon Kal yEpapos To «00s éd0kev avT@ Tapactas Neyely TA EN TAOE a U Yi , N / Nijoos €merta Tis ETTL TOAVKAVOTH Evi TOVTO, ’ , / / / / Atyumtou tpotrapode Dapov b€ € KtKANTKOVOLD. ‘\ ¢ evOus ovv éEavactas éBadifev emt tiv Ddpov, 4) TOTE meV ETL VGOS HV, TOU KavwPtKovd puxpov , a avMTEPW TTOMATOS, VOY Oé ba YOpaTOS avetrn- 298 ALEXANDER, xxv. 5—xxvi. 3 when thou hast conquered the spice-bearing re- gions thou canst be thus lavish with thine incense ; now, however, use sparingly what thou hast.” Ac- cordingly, Alexander now wrote him: “I have sent thee myrrh and frankincense in abundance, that thou mayest stop dealing parsimoniously with the gods.” XAXVI. When a small coffer was brought to him, which those in charge of the baggage and wealth of Dareius thought the most precious thing there, he asked his friends what valuable object they thought would most fittingly be deposited in it. And when many answered and there were many opinions, Alex- ander himself said he was going to deposit the Iliad there for safe keeping.! This is attested by many trustworthy authorities. And if what the Alexan- drians tell us on the authority of Heracleides is true, then it would seem that Homer was no idle or un- profitable companion for him in his expedition. They say, namely, that after his conquest of Egypt he wished to found a large and populous Greek city which should bear his name, and by the advice of his architects was on the point of measuring off and enclosing a certain site for it. Then, in the night, as he lay asleep, he saw a wonderful vision. A man with very hoary locks and of a venerable aspect appeared to stand by his side and recite these verses :— “ Now, there is an island in the muclhi-dashing sea, In front of Egypt; Pharos is what men call it.’’? Accordingly, he rose up at once and went to Pharos, which at that time was still an island, a little above the Canobic mouth of the Nile, but now it has been 1 Cf. chapter viii. 2. 2 Odyssey, iv. 354 f. 299 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 7TaL Wpos THY Nrecpov. ws ovv Eide ToOTOV evduia dtadépovta (tawia ydp éotiv icOue , . v : 4 Y P ? MS 5 a TAATOS EXOVTL TUupETpOY émLELKwS SLELpyoUcAa Aluvyny TE TOAANnY Kal Odraccav év Aipérve 4 “A > ‘ € v4 §) ” peyddw TeXNEUTM@OAaY), ELTWY ws” Opnpos HY apa Td TE GANA GOavpactos Kal copwtatos apyiTé- KTwY, exédevoe Sraypawat TO TXHpA THS TOAEWS a f , \ A AY bp) A 5 T® TE RACH ALE Kal 2) pev oY Taprny n ’ ‘ / AevKH, TOV S€ AAPitwy AapBavovTes ev TEediw a , \ peXayyel@ KUKAOTEPH KOATGY Hryov, ov THY évTOS a ? \ mepipéperav evOetas Paces womep ATO KpacTédwv > an ? ¢€ ¢ Pb] 4 id els oXHpA YAapveos UrrerduPavor, €& icov cuvd- ‘ / e , \ a / nA youoat To peyebos. nabévtos b€ TH StaGéces Tov 686 i f \ ta) a Baciréws aidvidioyv dpuibes avo Tod ToTapod Kat a \ THS Aliuvyns, WANnOEL TE ATrELpoL Kal KaTa yévos , TavTooaTrol Kal peyeOos, emt Tov TOTOV KaTaipor- Tes véheoty eoLKOTES OVOE puLKpPOV UTEéALTTOY TaV \ ’ ] additwov, wate xat tov ‘AdéEavdpov statapa- n U yOjvat Tpos TOV OLwvor. ’ \ b) \ ~“ ¢ a 4 6 Ov pny adda TOV pavtewy Oappely Tapatvoutr- N , Twy (ToAvapKeoTaTny yap oixifecOat Tod UT’ avtov, Kal TavtodaT@y avOpwotTwv éecopévny Tpo- » ? ov) épyov KerXevaas EyecOat Tovs éemipednTas * ean autos wppnoev ets "Appwvos, odov pmaxpay Kat \ \ ” > 4 \ 4 ? ToANA Mev EYoucaY Epywon Kal TaXalTwpa, KiVdv- / « » vous 0€ dUo, TOY pev avudpias, Ot’ iy Epnuos éatuv b) > , e “ ‘ , > / bd ” ovK OALywY tuep@v, TOV dé, Ef AdBpos ev dupo A / Bafeia kai ayavel mopevopévols emimécot voTos, 300 ALEXANDER, xxv. 4-6 joined to the mainland by a causeway. And when he saw a site of surpassing natural advantages (for it is a strip of land like enough to a broad isthmus, extending between a great lagoon and a stretch of sea which terminates in a large harbour), he said he saw now that Homer was not only admirable in other ways, but also a very wise architect, and ordered the plan of the city to be drawn in conformity with this site. There was no chalk at hand, so they took barley-meal! and marked out with it on the dark soil a rounded area, to whose inner arc straight lines extended so as to produce the figure of a chlamys, or military cloak, the lines beginning from the skirts (as one may say), and narrowing the breadth of the area uniformly.2 The king was delighted with the design; but suddenly birds from the river and the lagoon, infinite in number and of every sort and size, settled down upon the place like clouds and devoured every particle of the barley-meal, so that even Alexander was greatly disturbed at the omen. However, the seers exhorted him to be of good cheer, since the city here founded by him would have most abundant and helpful resources and be a nursing mother for men of every nation, and so he ordered those in charge of the work to proceed with it, while he himself set out for the temple of Ammon. The journey thither was long, full of toils and hard- ships, and had two perils. One is the dearth of water, which leaves the traveller destitute of it for many days; the other arises when a fierce south wind sites men travelling in sand of boundless depth, 1 Cf. Arrian, Anah. iii. 2, 1. *See Tarbell, ‘‘The Form of the Chlamys,” Classical Philology, 1906, p. 285. 301 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES @S Tov Kal maha NéyeTal mepl Tov KapSvoov oT parton, avaotiaas Giva peyarny Kal KULATOTAS TO Trediov pupiddas avOpwrwv TévTEe KATAXYwCAaL Kal drag Peipar. TaUTa WdvTa ayYedov T avTEs ehoyilorto, Karem ov dé Hv “AAEEavd pov amToTpe- pat mpos oTuoby @punpEevon. i) Te yap TUXN TAis emiBorais t Umetkovoa THY yvounv io Xupav €Trolel, Kal To Gupoerces axe TOV Tparywarov vmekepepe THY prroverkiav ANT THTOV, ov movov Trodepious, GXXA Kal TOTOUS Kal KaLpous cataBratoperny. MAVIT. By your T™) TOTE _Topeta, TA GUYTU- yovTa tals aTopiats mapa Tov Oeov BonPnwata T@V UETEDWY XPNT WAV ema Tevon badQov: TpoTov dé TLva Kal ToLs Xeno pois y miatis €K TOUTWY varhypee. 7 p@TOv pep yap eK Aros bowp TOND Kal dapKets veTch Vevopevor Tov Te Tis Oivrns po/3ov éXucaV, Kal THY Enpornta xatacBecavtes THS cipou, VOTE PAS yevoperns Kal pos avuTny Evpmecovons, EUTVOUV TOV aépa Kal kabapwrepov TapeoYov. ETELTA THV opwn, olmep noav Tots odnyois, auyxv0évrwy Kal Tradvns ovons Kal dtactacpod tay Badifovtwrv bia THY ayva.ay, Kopakes exhavevtes vTedauPavoyv THY 1yEewoviay THS Topelas, ETopévov pev Eutrpoabev TeTomevot Kal omevoovtes, VaTEpouvTas b€ Kai Bpadvvovtas avapévovtes’ 0 b€ Hv Pavypaciwratoy, ws KadrL- abévns pynoi, Tais dwvais avaxadovpevor TovS 1 Cf. Herod. iii. 26. 2 According to Ptolemy, son of Lagus, two serpents served Alexander’s army as guides to the oracle and back again. ‘‘But Aristobulus, whose account is generally admitted to 302 ALEXANDER, xxv1. 6-xxvu, 3 as is said to have been the case with the army of Cambyses, long ago; the wind raised great billows of sand all over the plain and buried up fifty thousand men, to their utter destruction.1_ Almost all of Alex- ander’s followers took all these things into consider- ation, but it was difficult to turn him aside from any course so ever when he had once set out upon it. For Fortune, by yielding to his onsets, was making his purpose obstinate, and the high spirit which he carried into his undertakings rendered his ambition finally invincible, so that it subdued not only enemies, but even times and places. XXVII. At all events, during the journey which he made at this time, the assistance rendered him by Heaven in his perplexities met with more credence than the oracles which he afterwards received, nay, in a way, the oracles obtained credence in conse- quence of such assistance. For, to begin with, much rain from heaven and persistent showers removed all fear of thirst, quenched the dryness of the sand, so that it became moist and compact, and made the air purer and good to breathe. Again, when the marks for the guides became confused, and the travellers were separated and wandered about in ignorance of the route, ravens appeared and as- sumed direction of their march,’ flying swiftly on in front of them when they followed, and waiting for them when they marched slowly and lagged behind. Moreover, what was most astonishing of all, Callisthenes tells us that the birds by their cries called back those who straggled away in the night, be correct, says that two ravens flew in front of the army and acted as Alexander’s guides” (Arrian, Anab. iii. B, © {.). 393 PLUTARCIYS LIVES T NAVW[LEVOUS YUKTOP Kat KAaCovTES Els iyVvos KaGiotacay THs Topelas. "Karel dé bel erOoov THY épnyLov NKEV ELS Tov TOTOD, 0 pev T popayrys aurov 0 “A pL woves aro TOU Deob xaiper, os amd TATpos, T poo eiTen™ ) 6€ € em] peTo pry TLS aUvToOV El) taTrepevyas T@V TOU TAT pos povew. eupnpetv 6€ TOU 7 pod Tov KEAEVTAVTOS, OV Yap Elvat matépa Ovnrov avT@, pera Sarov ev avero, TOUS: Didiaroy poveis éL TavTas eln TET LILO PT MEVOS® eiTa TWept TIS LPXNS, el TavTwY avT@ didwotv avOpomev Kuplep ryeve- cba. xpijcavtos 88 Tod Oeod Kai TobT0 SiSévat Kat Didiwmoy aréxye ExTAEW THY OLKNY, EOwWPELTO Tov Oeov avabrjuact KapTpois Kal Ypnuact TOUS av0 pwrovs. Tatta mept TOV YPHTLOV ot TAELT TOL ypa- povow autos é€ “ANEEavopos ev em LoTON} T pos THY ENTEpa pnat yeyovevat TWAS AUTO pavreias aT oppiyTous, as avTOS ema eh Oo dpdcer POs povav éxeivyv. Eévioe 5€ hace Tov bev ™ popyT nv ‘EAANVLGTL Boudopevov Tpooevrrely ETA TLVOS piroppoavinys * °Q, radiov,” év TO TEAEUTAL@ TOV HO oyywv t vTO PapBaptiopob T pos TO oiypa ékeve- XO ivan Kat evrety, “°O macdios,” QVTL TOU VD TO oiypa NENT apLevor, acpéve 5é 7@ "AreEdvdpw TO opadpa, THS povijs yeveo Gat Kab dradoO hvac do- yov ws matoa Atos avtov tod Oe0d rposerTorTos. NéyeTat b€ Kal Vappwvos év Aliyvrt@ Tod dido- cohov btaxovoas amodéEacPar pddtata Tov ANeYGévtwy, OTe TavTes ot AvOpwiror BactdevovTat umo Jeov: TO yap apyov ev ExdoT@ Kal KpaTodY 304 ALEXANDER, xxvn. 3-6 and cawed until they had set them in the track of the march. When Alexander had passed through the desert and was come to the place of the oracle, the prophet of Ammon gave him salutation from the god as from a father; whereupon Alexander asked him whether any of the murderers of his father had escaped him. To this the prophet answered by bidding him be guarded in his speech, since his was not a mortal father. Alexander therefore changed the form of his question, and asked whether the murderers of Philip had all been punished; and then, regarding his own empire, he asked whether it was given to him to become lord and master of all mankind. The god gave answer that this was given to him, and that Philip was fully avenged. Then Alexander made splendid offerings to the god and gave his priests large gifts of monev This is what most writers state regarding the oracular responses; but Alexander himself, in a letter to his mother, says that he received certain secret responses, which he would tell to her, and to her alone, on his return. And some say that the prophet, wishing to show his friendliness by address- ing him with “O paidion,” or O my son, in his foreign pronunciation ended the words with “s”’ instead of “‘n,” and said, “O paidios,” and that Alexander was pleased at the slip in pronunciation, and a story became current that the god had addressed him with “O pai Dios,” or O son of Zeus. We are told, also, that he listened to the teachings of Psammon the philosopher in Egypt, and accepted most readily this utterance of his, namely, that all mankind are under the kingship of God, since in every case that 395 PLUTARCH?’S LIVES a fal SS 4 Geiov éotiv: Ett O€ paAXOV aAvTOS TEpl TOUTwWY 6S , , \ , e , dtrocodwrepoy do€dlew Kal Néyerv, ws TavTOV / , 3 pev ovta Koivov avOpamwv tatépa tov Oedov, lbi- fal \ , OUS O€ TOLOVMEVOV EAaUTOD TOS AploToOUS. =o f \ \ \ XXVIII. Kafonrou 6 wpos pév tovs BapBa- \ 3 \ / f povs coBapos Av Kai opodpa tetetopévw rept a “A / \ , e a THs €x Oeod yevérews Kal TEXVM@TEWS GjOLOS, TOIS 4 ‘ d6€"EAAnoe petpiws kat vrrobedopévws éavtov ty f A A 4 fe b>] / éFedeiale: TAHY Tept Lduou ypadwv ’APnvaioss, cor N \ 3 # 39 f cw fA aN Gé , Sy@ Mev ovk av, hyoiv, “vp éhevlepav Tro- Ne / \ ALY EdwKa Kal évdoEov: ExeTte 6€ adTiv AaBovtTes fa) / if \ \ fa) Tapa TOU TOTE KUpioV Kai TAaTPOS é€u“od Tpocayo- 39 f \ / evomévov, Aeywv Tov Pirrtrov. vatepov 6ée p és \ \ ? a bg \ TANYH TepiTec@v VITO TokEvaToS Kal TepLary?s r Ou Ways , 99 4 Ape , NE eeas yevopevos, “Toto per,’ eitrev, “@ iro, TO péov \ ala, Kal OvK > , a} 4 Ces , aA b> Ly@p, olos TEP TE péet paxapecce Oeotauy. 3 \ \ , x aA , émet O€ peyddns more BpovtTis yevouevns xar , ? / > f iy \ mTavtTwv extrAayevTwy Avakapxos o codtaotns , a map@y éepyn mpos autov, “Mn te ov toovtov o tov Atos;” yerdaas éxetvos, “OU Bovromat yap,” 3 ‘6 % 3 a , (4 , eimre, ‘hoPepos eivat Tos Piro, WaoTEP TU pe \ n 6 a KeAevels 0 KaTahavAtlwy pou TO Séitvoy, OTL Tals ¢ a , tpaneélats iv@vas opds émixepévous, od catpa- a LS A \ M4 , \ bd , mov Keparus. T@ yap ovTte A€yeTae Tov ’Ara- € , Eapxov iXOvdiov Hpaoriove Teuplévtmy w7rd TOU Baothéos TOV 7 poeipnpevov errupléyEac dar Aoyov, olovy é€evTedilovTa Kal KaTELpwYEvoMEvOV 306 ALEXANDER, xxvil. 6-XxvII. 3 which gets the mastery and rules is divine. Still more philosophical, however, was his own opinion and utterance on this head, namely that although God was indeed a common father of all mankind, still, He made peculiarly His own the noblest and best of them. XXVIII. In general, he bore himself haughtily towards the Barbarians, and like one fully persuaded of his divine birth and parentage, but with the Greeks it was within limits and somewhat rarely that he assumed his own divinity. However, in writing to the Athenians concerning Samos, he said: “I cannot have given you that free and illustrious city; for ye received it from him who was then your master and was called my father,” meaning Philip. At a later time, however, when he had been hit by an arrow and was suffering great pain, he said: “This, my friends, that flows here, is blood, and not ‘Ichor, such as flows from the veins of the blessed gods.’’’} Once, too, there came a great peal of thunder, and all were terrified at it; whereupon Anaxarchus the sophist who was present said to Alexander : “ Couldst thou, the son of Zeus, thunder like that?” At this, Alexander laughed and said: “ Nay, I do not wish to cause fear in my friends, as thou wouldst have me do, thou who despisest my suppers because, as thou sayest, thou seest the tables furnished with fish, and not with satraps’ heads.’’? For, in fact, we are told that Anaxarchus, on seeing a present of small fish which the king had sent to Hephaestion, had uttered the speech above mentioned, as though he were dis- 1 Tliad, v. 340. 2 Cf. Athenaeus, pp. 250 f. 3°7 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ \ , / , \ , TOUS Ta TreptBrAETTTA pLEyaNoLs TOvoLs Kal KLVSU- vows OLWKOVTAS, WS OVOEV 7) pLKpoV év r)d0Vvais Kat ’ , , ” n ” ew «4 aToN\avaoeol TWAEOY EXOVTAS TOV AXAwY. Oo 8 oOvdP "ArdEavdpos kal amo TV elpnuévwv SHAOS éoTev avtos ovdev tretrovOas ovdé TeTUdwUEVOS, AANA Tous aAAous KatadovAovpevos TH S0En THs Oeto- TNTOS. XXIX. Els 6€ Dowiknv éraverOav é& Airyv- , a a atouv Ovaias tots Geois Kai Twopmas éreténet Kal YOp@V KUKALwY Kal TpayLKaY ayavas, od ovo “ ~ 3 + \ A e , TALS TAPATKEVALS, ANAA KAL TALS apidrAaLs Aap- Tpovs yEevouévous. EXopyyouv yap ot Bacireis a r ? if > , e , tov Kumpiov, womep “A@jvnow ov KrAnpovpevot \ Be , \ ’ iC @ a Xx 4 Tas pvadds, kal nywvilovto GavpactH dtrdoTipia \ ’ 7 'é \ , e Tpos GAAjAous. partota b€ Nixoxpéwy o Ladra- va Y € / pivios Kat Tlacixparns 6 Soros Svehidovetenoar. outot yap éXayov tols évdoEotaTos wtoKpitais a , > / yopnyetv, Tactxpatns pev “A@nvoddop@, Nexo- , .@Q a Ya ’ , \ > \ Kpewv d€ Oeccard, Tept dv éomovddKe Kat avdTos > \ / "AnréEavdpos. ov piyy dvepnve THY omovdny Tpo- Tepov 7) Tals Widows avayopevOjvat vix@vTa Tov 9 @ 0 , b¢ ld ” > \ 54 ‘ AOnvodwpov. ToTE O€, ws EoLkeV, ATTLBY EhN TOUS \ “ , MEV KPLTAS ETALVELY, AUTOS MEVTOL [Epos AV 7déws a , “ mpoccOar THS Bacirelas él TO pw Oeccarov b a , b \ \ 3 / e \ a iSety verexnuevov. émet dé “A@nvodwpos bro TAY > , 4 ef \ \ 3 a “ AOnvaiwy Cnutwhets, OTL Tpos TOV ayova Tov ’ ? Atovucioy ovK amnvtnoev, n&iov ypayat mTepl 308 ALEXANDER, xxvii. 3-Xx1x. 3 paraging and ridiculing those who undergo great toils and dangers in the pursuit of eminence and power, since in the way of enjoyments and pleasures they have little or nothing more than other men. From what has been said, then, it is clear that Alex- ander himself was not foolishly affected or puffed up by the belief in his divinity, but used it for the subjugation of others. XXIX. When he had returned from Egypt into Phoenicia,! he honoured the gods with sacrifices and solemn processions, and held contests of dithyrambic choruses and tragedies which were made brilliant, not only by their furnishings, but also by the com- petitors who exhibited them. For the kings of Cyprus were the choregi, or exhibitors, just like, at Athens, those chosen by lot from the tribes, and they competed against each other with amazing ambition. Most eager of all was the contention between Nicocreon of Salamis and Pasicrates of Soli. For the lot assigned to these exhibitors the most celebrated actors, to Pasicrates Athenodorus, and to Nicocreon Thessalus, in whose success Alexander himself was interested. He did not reveal this in- terest, however, until, by the votes of the judges, Athenodorus had been proclaimed victor. But then, as it would appear, on leaving the theatre, he said that he approved the decision of the judges, but would gladly have given up a part of his kingdom rather than to have seen Thessalus vanquished. And yet, when Athenodorus, who had been fined by the Athenians for not keeping his engagement in the dramatic contest of their Dionysiac festival, asked the king to write a letter to them in his behalf, Pearly in 351.8.C, VOL, VII. Teor! PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 nw a / wn \ 3 3 ?, QA avtov Tov Bactdéa, TodTO Mev OK eTrOiNaE, THY \ , > + > a , \ dé Cnuiay amréoterke Trap éavtovd. Avewvos 6é a / al a Tov XKaphéws evnuepovytos év TO GedtTpw Kal \ 4 s oTiyoV eis THY Kwpwotavy éuParovTos aitnot s TeplevovTa OeKa TANAVTD, yedacas dwKe. Aapeiou 6€ réuwpavtos éricToAnY Tpds avTov \ , iA , \ € \ “ e Kai pirous SEomévous pupta pev UTEép TOY éarw- Cad \ KOoToV NaBetvy TddavTa, THY dé évtos Evdpadtov ad , a Tacay €xXovTa Kal ynuav7a piav Tov Buyatépwr hirov eiva. Kal cvppayov, éxolvoUTO Tols ETAI- \ , » ea \ , ) pos Kal Tlappeviwvos ettrovtos “’Eyo pév, et / a , "Ar€Eavdpos tunv, éiaBov av tadta,” “ Kayo, > t / yy) Mia,” eirev o ’Ad€Eavdpos, “ et Tlappeviov.” \ \ \ “ bg e > ‘\ > s mpos 6€ Tov Aapeiov éyparrer, ws ovdevos atuy?)- fa) f 3 \ \ > ‘ ? \ , ge. ToV diriavOpwrwy EMawv pos avTOY, Et O€ [41), avTos én’ éxetvoy dn TopevecOat. XXX. Tayd pévtoe peteweryjOn tis Aapetou yuvatkos atroPavovans év wdiau Kal havepos rv / aVLOmEVvOS- ws eémlderEty ov puixpay adnpnpévos ld Ky \ xpnatoTntos. €Gawev obtv tHv dvOpwrov ov- a : , , a denias wodvTereias hecdopevos. Tav d€ Gadrapun- 4 € an TWOAWY TLS EVVOVYWY, Ol TUVEAAwWKELTAY Tais yuU- \ a vatEiv, atrodpas €x Tov otpatoTédov Kal pos a ’ a , v Ui Aapeiov apimmacapevos, Teipews dvopa, dpaker Tov Oavatov avT@ THs yuvaikos. ws b€ WANE- \ \ \ ? ld 66 A fa! peevos THY Kehadrnv Kat avakravaas “Dev Tod n a A a Ilepoav”’ by “ datpovos, e¢ THY Bactrtéws yuvai- \ 3 \ 3 , 3 , , Ka Kal adeddnv ov povoy atypaurwtov yevécOas 310 6§ ALEXANDER, xxix. 3-xxx. 2 though he would not do this, he sent them the amount of the fine from his own purse. Furthermore, when Lycon of Searpheia, who was acting success- fully before Alexander, inserted into the comedy a verse containing a request for ten talents, Alexander laughed and gave them to him.! When Dareius sent to him a letter and friends,? begging him to accept ten thousand talents as ransom for the captives, to hold all the territory this side of the Euphrates, to take one of his daughters in marriage, and on these terms to be his ally and friend, Alexander imparted the matter to his com- panions. “If I were Alexander,” said Parmenio, “ I would accept these terms.” “ And so indeed would I,” said Alexander, “were I Parmenio.” But to Dareius he wrote: “Come to me, and thou shalt receive every courtesy; but otherwise I shall march at once against thee.’’ 3 XXX. Soon, however, he repented him of this answer, when the wife of Dareius died in child- birth, and it was evident that he was distressed at this loss of opportunity to show great kindness. Accordingly, he gave the woman a sumptuous burial. One of the eunuchs of the bed-chamber who had been captured with the women, Teireos by name, ran away from the camp, made his way on horseback to Dareius, and told him of the death of his wife. Then the king, beating upon his head and bursting into lamentation, said: “ Alas for the evil genius of the Persians, if the sister and wife of their king 1 Cf. Morals, pp. 334 f. * This was during the siege of Tyre, according to Arrian Pau. Wy Zoe 1) * This was but the conclusion of an arrogant letter. Cf. Arrian, Anab. ii. 25, 3. 311 PEULTARCEH S gelyias a ’ \ \ , v A Caicav, GN\a Kal TedEUTITAaGAaY apotpoyv KEtaOat n A \ e / tabs BaciitKhs,’ vroikaBav o Padrapuntonos, a / ” > 9 a “’AXAA Tadns ye Kup, eimwev, ““@ Bactred, Kal TLS aTUCNS Kal TOU MpétrovTOS ovdev EyeELS \ / n aitiacacOat Tov wovnpov oaipova Llepowv. ovte a , Sr \ \ A yap Swoon TH SeoTrotvn NtTaTEipa Kab pnTpL of Kal TéxvoLs evéder TOV Tpodbev ayalav Kal Karov 7 \ \ er oA A a / b 4 \ TO guV opav as, 0 Tadtv avarap wee NapT pov ° n f 0 KUplos “Opoudaadns, ote aTroPavotca Koa pou bY / \ \ , TLVOS GfLoLpOS Yyéyovev, GAXA Kal Todepmiov TeTi- e \ f \ penta dakpvow. ovTw yap EoTL YpNoTOS KpaTi)- ’ / ag XN / > cas ’AndéEavdpos, ws dewos payopevos. rnon A \ Tadta axovoavta Aapetov 1) tapayn Kal To , Sues \ e / > Q ‘ mados e€ehepe pos vTotas atoTrous' Kal Tov fa) , n A / evvodyYov evooTépw THS TKHVAS aTayayov, “Ki \ A n 39 f , fn) Kal ov peta THs Llepoay, Edy, “ TUXYNS HaKe- , > > + / b] \ n , f dovilers, AAX Ett oot SegTroTHS eyw Aapelos, eivé , / A 4 por oeBopevos Mi@pov te das peya cal deFtav f 9 \ \ , nm e Bactr\eov, dpa pn TA piKpoTata Tov Ytateipas n , \ KAALW KAK@Y, OlKTPOTEpA Oé Cwarns ETAT YOLMED, nm nx ? A an Kat paddov av Kat aklay édvaetvyodpEv BLO Kal oxv0pwT@ TEepiTecovTes EXOPM; Ti yap evTrpeTes >] \ f \ b ~ A nA avdpl vem mpos €xOpov yvvaixa péype! tipis Cs ij bb] “A TocavTns aupPoraov;” tt RéyovTos avTod \ b] \ \ - f ¢e N e A KaTaBarov él tous Todas Teipews avtov ixé- b a \ / an Tevey evdpynueiy Kat unte “AdéFavdpov adrxety \ “a A pte THY TEOVEO@TAaY AbEXP)Y Kal yUValKA KATAL- nm , £. n \ OXUVVAL, HTE AUVTOV THY MEeyioTIVY OV eMTALKEV 1 néype Coraés and Bekker: xal wéxpu B12 ALEXANDER, xxx. 2-5 must not only become a captive in her life, but also in her death be deprived of royal burial.” “ Nay, O King,” answered the chamberlain, “as regards her burial, and her receiving every fitting honour, thou hast no charge to make against the evil genius of the Persians. For neither did my mistress Stateira, while she lived, or thy mother or thy children, lack any of their former great blessings except the light of thy countenance, which Lord Oromazdes will cause to shine again with lustre; nor after her death was she deprived of any funeral adornment, nay, she was honoured with the tears of enemies. For Alexander is as gentle after victory as he is terrible in battle.” When Dareius heard this, his agitation and grief swept him into absurd suspicions, and leading the eunuch away into a more secluded part of his tent, he said: ‘“‘If thou also, together with the fortune of the Persians, dost not side with the Macedonians, and if I, Dareius, am still thy lord and master, tell me, as thou reverest the great light of Mithras and the right hand of thy king, is it not the least. of Stateira’s misfortunes that I am now lamenting? While she was alive did I not suffer more pitiful evils? And would not my wretched fortune have been more compatible with my honour if I had met with an angry and savage enemy? For what inter- course that is proper can a young man have with an enemy’s wife when it leads to such marks of honour?”’? While the king was still speaking, Tei- reos threw himself down at his feet and besought him to hold his peace, and neither to wrong Aloe ander, nor shame his dead sister and wife, nor rob himself of the greatest consolation for his disasters, of3 PLUTARCH Sabry iS adatpeta Cat mapapvOtar, 70 Soxeity um avdpos HrTho at KpelTTOVOS ) KATA THY cv pom ivay $e ow, ddra Kal Gavpalev "AdéEavdpov os WNeElova tais Ilepoav yuvarki cwdbpoa vynv 7% Ilépcais avopevav émude decry Levon. apa dé Gpxous Te ppe- Koes TOU Garapnrorov KLVOUVTOS UTEP TOUTMD, Kal Trepl THS GAANS eyKpatetas Kal peyarowuxias THIS "AnreEavopou AEyovTos, efehOov T pos. TOUS éral pous o Aapetos Kat XEtipas avaret a5 7 pos TOY oupavov émevEaTo- ““@cor yeveOr.or cat Bacinrevor, puriata pev éuol didoinre TY Tlepca@y tuyny ets opOov avdis orabeioav ep’ ois edeEapnv ayabois aT ONT EL, iva KpaTno as cpvetro eat Tas “Ane Eav- Spov Xapitas ov ELS Ta pidtata Traioas eTUXOV" el 0 apa TUS ovros ELLAPTOS KEL Xpovos, opetho- PEVOS veuéeoet Kal petaBory, Tavaacdlat Te Ilep - cv, pndels Ado avO pwr ov cabicerev ELS TOV Kvpov @povov wrnv ’AreEdvépov.” tadta pev ovTw yevéoOas Te Kal Nevennae Pacw ol TrAELoTOL TOV suyypadéwr. XXXI. "AréEavdpos 5 thy évtos tod Eidpa- Tov Tacav vd éavT@ Toincdpevos nravvev ert Aapetiov éxatov puptdot otpatod KataPatvorta. Kai TIS AUTO ppater TOV ETALPWY, WS 67) ‘ENWTOS aEtov mpaypa, TOUS axodovGous TmaivovTas Els dv pEpy Sunpneevat opas avTous, ov ExaTEpou oT parry ov eivat Kal myepova, TOV pev “AdEEav- Spov, tov oé Aapeiov UT AUT@Y MmpocayopEevo- pevov" apapévous dé Bonrous axpoBonriferO at Tpos GAAYAOUS, Elta Tuypats, TéAOS exxexadabat TH ptrovexta Kal péexpt ALGwv Kai EvAwy, TOA- 314 ALEXANDER, xxx. 5-XxXXx1. 2 namely, the belief that he had been conquered by a man who was superior to human nature; nay, he should even admire Alexander for having shown greater self-restraint in dealing with Persian women than valour against Persian men. Then, while the eunuch was confirming his testimony with the most solemn oaths, and discoursing on the general self- mastery and magnanimity of Alexander, Dareius went out to his companions, and lifting his hands towards heaven, prayed: “O ye gods of my race and kingdom, above all things else grant that 1 may leave the fortune of Persia reéstablished in the prosperity wherein I found it, in order that my victory may enable me to requite Alexander for the favours which I received at his hands when | had lost my dearest possessions ; but if, then, a fated time has now come, due to divine jealousy and the vicissitudes of things, and the sway of the Persians must cease, grant that no other man may sit upon the throne of Cyrus but Alexander.” That these things were thus done and said is the testimony of most historians.! XXXI. But to return to Alexander, when he had subdued all the country on this side of the Euphrates, he marched against Dareius,? who was coming down to meet him with a million men. On this march one of his companions told him, as a matter worth laughing at, that the camp-followers, in sport, had divided themselves into two bands, and set a general and commander over each of them, one of whom they called Alexander, and the other Dareius; and that they had begun by pelting one another with clods of earth, then had fought with their fists, and finally, heated with the desire of battle, had taken ' Cf. Arrian, Anab. iv. 20. 2 In June or July of 331 B.c. 315 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES id P a . Nous Kal dvoKxatamave Tous yeyovotas. Tabra 6: aKkovoas eK ENEVT EY AUTOUS povopaxijoar TOUS nyepovas® Kal tov pev “AréEavdpov avTos anh, tov 6€ Aapeiov Pirwtas. €Oeato Sé 0 aGtTpaTos, €v OlwV@ TLVt TOD pEAXOVTOS TLOEWEVOS TO ryLyVO- pevov. loxupas d€ THS wayns Evowevns evirrjo ev 0 KANOULEVOS ‘Arefavdpos, Kat dwpeav édaBe OwoeKka KO "AS Kal oTOAn Ilepocen Vv pio Gat. TaUTa pLeV OUV "Eparoodévns i (oTopnKe. Thy 6¢ pey any any 7 pos Aapetov ovx éy "ApBirols, @aTEP Of TOAAOL ypadovaw, ANG ev Davyapi rors ryevéo Oat TUVETETE. onpaiven é activ oixov Kapeyrov tHv SidrExToV, érel THY Tava. Tus Bacthéwyv éexhuywv Toreputous ent KQ[L1)N OV Spomdbos evraiba Kadidpuvoev auTny, amoragas TWAS K@mas Kal 7 poo osous els THY emiperetav. 7% ev ovv aeAnVH TOD Bondpomta@vos eEéhutre TEpl THY TAY pvaoTypiwy TOV "AOHYnow apynv, evdexdtn O€ amd THs éxrEivews vuKTt TOV OTpaTOTEédwY Ev Get yeyovoTwy, Aapetos pev év omdots cuvetye THY SUVA, UTO NapTadmy érrimropevopevos tas Tak€es, "AdéEavdpos O€ TaV Maxedovey avaTravopevov AUTOS TPO THS OKN- vijs pera TOU _(LEVTEDS Aptatavdpov Over pi Bev, / iepoupytas TLVAS ATrOppI)TOUS Lepoupyoupevos Kal TO Po8o opayvalonevos. or oe 7 peo BuTEpor TOV eTALpov, Kab patra, Tlappevior, OS TO pev mediov To petakév tov Nidatov cal tav opev Tav Topdvaiwy dtayv éwpato KataXapTopevov Tots BapBapixois peyyercr, GTEK [Lap TOS 6€ TIS dwvi cuppeprypéevyn Kat OopuBos éx tod otpato- 316 ALEXANDER, xxx1. 2-5 to stones and sticks, being now many and hard to quell. When he heard this, Alexander ordered the leaders themselves to fight in single combat; to the one called Alexander he himself gave armour, and to the one called Dareius, Philotas. The army were spectators of the combat, counting the issue as in some measure an omen of the future. After a strenuous battle, the one called Alexander was vic- torious, and received as a reward twelve villages and the right to wear Persian dress. ‘This, at any rate, is what we are told by Eratosthenes. Now, the great battle against Dareius was not fought at Arbela, as most writers state, but at Gau- gamela.! The word signifies, we are told, “ camel’s house,” since one of the ancient kings of the country, after escaping from his enemies on a swift camel, gave the animal a home here, assigning certain vil- lages and revenues for its maintenance. It so hap- pened that in the month Boédromion the moon suffered an eclipse,? about the beginning of the Mysteries at Athens, and on the eleventh night after the eclipse, the armies being now in sight of one another, Dareius kept his forces under arms, and held a review of them by torch-light; but Alex- ander, while his Macedonians slept, himself passed the night in front of his tent with his seer Aristander, celebrating certain mysterious sacred rites and sacri- ficing to the god Fear. Meanwhile the older of his companions, and particularly Parmenio, when the saw the plain between the Niphates and the Gor- dyaean mountains all lighted up with the barbarian fires, while an indistinguishably mingled and _ tu- multuous sound of voices arose from their camp as 1 Cf. Arrian, Anab. iii. 8, 7. 2 September 20, 331 B.c. 317 PLUTARCH’S LIVES médov Kalarep €& ayavots Tpoonyes TEAGYOUS, Javudaoavtes TO wWANHOOS Kat TpdsS AANAHXOUS dtareyGevtes ws péya Kal yadrerov Epyov ein cuuTecovTas €k mpopavovs TocovTov waacbat TOAELOY, ATO TOV lep@Vv yevouevwm TH Bacirel mpocerOovtes erretOov avtov émiyephoat vuKTwp Tois ToNEuions Kal T® aKOTM TO hofEepwrTaTor aouyxaruwat Tod pé\XovTOs ay@vos. oO 6€ TO jen provevopevov etTra@v, “ Ov Kreme THY viKny,” éviows pev edoke petpaxcadn Kal Kevny aT OK play merrowho Gat, mailov T pos Toa ouTOV Kivouvoy, éviows 5€ Kal TO TapovTt Oappeiv Kai oToxalecOat TOU HEXOVTOS op as, en dd0vs Tpohaci HTTN- Oevtt Aapeie 7 pos addqv aves dvabapphyaat Te(pay, ai Tee pero TOUTOY VUKTA Kal TKOTOS, ws con Kal oteva Kal Gadacoav TOV 7 poTepov. ov yap OTAwY ovdé TWMATOY aT opig mavcecbat TohepobvTa Aapeiov a0 TuKairns: duvapews Kat Xopas TOTAUTNS, GAN OTav adj TO dp povnpeat Kal Thy edmida, Oe éuhavods HrTHS KATA KPATOS éEerey Geis. XXXII. ’AmedOdvrwy b@ tovrwy KcataxrALOels urd oKnVHY AéyeTaL TO AOLTOY pépos THS vUKTOS tmve Badet xpatnOjvat Tapa To eiwOos, wate Gavuatew éredOovtay GpPeev tovs myemovas Kal Tap avToY efeveryKeiv Tapayyehpa 7 p@Tov apio tom orelabas TOUS oTpaTiwtas' émelTa TOU Katpov Katemeiyovtos eiaedOovta Ilappeviwva Kal TapacTavTa TH KALYN Ols 7 Tpls avToU hbéy- Eac@at tovvopa Kal dueyepGévtos ot Tws épwtav 318 ALEXANDER, xxx1. 5—XxxU. I if from a vast ocean, were astonished at their multi- tude and argued with one another that it was a great and grievous task to repel such a tide of war by engaging in broad day-light. They therefore waited upon the king when he had finished his sacrifices, and tried to persuade him to attack the enemy by night, and so to cover up with darkness the most fearful aspect of the coming struggle. But he gave them the celebrated answer, “I will not steal my victory” ; whereupon some thought that he had made a vainglorious reply, and was jesting in the presence of so great a peril. Others, however, thought that he had confidence in the present situ- ation and estimated the future correctly, not offering Dareius in case of defeat an excuse to pluck up courage again for another attempt, by laying the blame this time upon darkness and night, as he had before upon mountains, defiles, and sea.! For Dareius would not give up the war for lack of arms or men when he could draw from so great a host and so vast a territory, but only when he had lost courage and hope, under the conviction brought by a down- right defeat in broad day-light. XXXII. After the men were gone, Alexander lay down in his tent, and is said to have passed the rest of the night in a deeper sleep than usual, so that when his officers came to him in the early morning they were amazed, and on their own authority issued orders that the soldiers should first take breakfast. Then, since the occasion was urgent, Parmenio entered the tent, and standing by his couch called Alexander twice or thrice by name; and when he 1 Cf. Arrian, Anab. iii. 10, where it is Parmenio who advises a night attack. 619 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 6 te 67 wemovOms Uarvov Kabevdor vertKnKoTos, ouxl pmédAXoVTOS aywvietcbas TOV péylaTOV TeV aywvev. tov your Adé£Eavdpov eirety Svaperdea- cavta: “Ti yap; ovK dn cot verikynKévat Soxod- pev amndrary LeVvoe ToD TAavacbat Kal droxKety €v TONAT Kal catepOapuery pvyopaxobvra Xopa Aapetov; ” ov jeovov b€ po THS pays, andra Kal Tap aQUvTOV TOV KivouvoV emredet Earo péyay Kal TUVETTIKOTA TO hoyiSerbar Kal Gappeww EQUTOV. eoXe ep 0 ayov imorpomny Kal oddov év TO EVOVULD KépaTl KATA Hlappeviova, THS Baxrpt- aVvns immou pol TOAD Kal peta Bias Tapep- TEecTOvans ELS TOUS Maxeddvas, Malaiov dé mepiréuravtos €€@ THS haduyyos imeis Tos sxevopvrakovat mpoaBadovvtas. 610 Kai Oopv- Bovpevos UT depot pov o Ilappeviwy améoreire ™ pos Aaefavopor aryyédous ppatovras oixeo Oat TOV Na para Kal Tas amooKeuds, et i) KATA TAXOS Borevav o oxupay amo 708 TTOLATOS menrpere TOS omicOev. Ervye pev ovv KAT EeKxElvo KaLpoU TOIS mepl aurov épodov dLdovs onpetov" ws O€ MKOUCE © Ta, Tapa Tob Tlappeviovos, ovK edn owppoveiv avtTov ovdé évtos elvat TOY Aoyeg Ma, arr’ em NEAHaOat TAPATTOMEVOY OTL VIKOVTES MEV TPOTKT- covTat Kal TA TOY Toreniwy, NTTwmEVOLS bE / > , TY, ? & / 3 b PpovTtaTeov ov YpnuaTwv ovde avdpaTodwy, adr Omws aTofavodyTat KAAMS Kal AauTPas ayort- Copevoe. a A Tavr Ta €TIT TELNAS Tappevicove TO Kavos TEpL- éJeto, Tov b€ ANAOV OTALTpOV EVOLS ATO oKNVAS 320 684 ALEXANDER, xxxin 1-5 had thus roused him, he asked him how he could possibly sleep as if he were victorious, instead of being about to fight the greatest of all his battles. Then Alexander said with a smile: ‘What, pray? Dost thou not think that we are already victorious, now that we are relieved from wandering about in a vast and desolated country in pursuit of a Dareius who avoids a battle?” And not only before the battle, but also in the very thick of the struggle did he show himself great, and firm in his confident calculations. For in the battle the left wing under Parmenio was thrown back and in distress, when the Bactrian cavalry fell upon the Macedonians with great impetuosity and violence, and when Mazaeus sent horsemen round outside the line of battle to attack those who were guarding the Macedonian baggage. Therefore, too, Parmenio, much disturbed by both occurrences, sent messengers to Alexander telling him that eamp and baggage were gone, unless he speedily sent strong reinforcements from front to rear.t Now, it chanced that at that instant Alex- ander was about to give the signal for the onset to those under his command ; but when he heard Par- menio’s message, he declared that Parmenio was beside himself and had lost the use of his reason, and had forgotten in his distress that victors add the baggage of the enemy to their own, and that those who are vanquished must not think about their wealth or their slaves, but only how they may fight gloriously and die with honour. After sending this message to Parmenio, he put on his helmet, but the rest of his armour he had on as 1 Cf. Arrian, Anab. iii. 15, 1, where Parmenio’s message recalls Alexander from the pursuit of Dareius. 321 PLUTARCH’S LIVES elyev, UTévdupa TOV YKerLKav SwaTor, émi &é TovTw Owpaka ditrovv Awodv éx Tov ANPOEévTwWY év ‘loa@. To dé Kpadvos Hy pev aldnpodv, EcTiNB d. pdvos hy pev otdypodr, ¢ \ ee v / ” , dé wamep apyupos Kalapos, Epyov Oeodirov, A e TVYNPLOTTO OE AUTO TEPLTPAYNALOV Opoiws oLdn- pouv, ALGoKONAHTOV: payaipav Sé Bavpacriy Baby xal Kkovpotntt, Swpnoapuévov tod Kutréwy , > > if \ \ a Bactréws, eiyev, NoKnmEevos Ta TOANA yYpPHa Oat paxyaipa rapa Tas paxas. emiTopTrmpa bé époper a \ ? , , A \ ‘\ BY TH pwev épyacia coRapwtepoy 7) KaTa TOV addov e , > \ Yd e n fal A omic mov: HV yap Epyov [XtK@Vos TOD TadaLod, Ten O€ THS “Podiwy Torews, UP Hs &500n Spor: n \ ~ éypito 6€ Kal TovT@ Mpos TOUS ayavas. ayxpL pev ovv ourTaTTwY Te THS Padayyos Tapa- , N 4 N > a , KeAEVO"EVOS 4) OLOdaoKoY 7 ehopav TwapeEnrauver, didXov immo eiye, TOU Boveedara Perdopevos dy TapnrLKos OvTOS’ Yw@pobvTL Oe pos Epyov éxelvos \ 9 mpoanyeTo, Kal peTaBas evOus Apyev épodov. XXXIII. Tote d€ trois @ettadols mrElora “ / Suareyels ai tols adrous" EAAnowy, ws emréppw- > NX a v SGN \ A \ cav avtov Bowrtes ayev émi Tovs PapB8dpovus, To Evotov és THY apiotepay petaBarav TH deEta mapexare Tos Oeovs, ws Kaddrobévns dyair, emevyomevos, eltep dvtws Arofev éatl yeryovas, > oA \ a \ oo e \ apvva, Kat ouvevippwaat tous “EXAnvas. o 6é - 3 / f \ ” \ pavtis “Aptotavdpos yAavida every Exwv Kal Ypucouv oTépavoy ETESLKVLTO TAPLTTEVWY ETOV 322 ALEXANDER, xxxm. 5-xxxut. 2 he came from his tent, namely, a vest of Sicilian make girt about him, and over this a breastplate of two-ply linen from the spoils taken at Issus. His helmet was of iron, but gleamed like polished silver, a work of Theophilus; and there was fitted to this a gorget, likewise of iron, set with precious stones. He had a sword, too, of astonishing temper and lightness, a gift from the king of the Citieans, and he had trained himself to use a sword for the most part in his battles. He wore a belt also, which was too elaborate for the rest of his armour; for it was a work of Helicon the ancient, and a mark of honour from the city of Rhodes, which had given it to him ; this also he was wont to wear in his battles. As long, then, as he was riding about and marshalling some part of his phalanx, or exhorting or instructing or reviewing his men, he spared Bucephalas, who was now past his prime, and used another horse; but whenever he was going into action, Bucephalas would be led up, and he would mount him and at once begin the attack. XXXIII. On this occasion, he made a very long speech to the Thessalians and the other Greeks,! and when he saw that they encouraged him with shouts to lead them against the Barbarians, he shifted his lance into his left hand, and with his right ap- pealed to the gods, as Callisthenes tells us, praying them, if he was really sprung from Zeus, to defend and strengthen the Greeks. Aristander the seer, too, wearing a white mantle and having a crown of gold upon his head, rode along the ranks pointing out to 1 Sometimes the term ‘*‘ Hellenes” excludes. and some- times it includes, the Macedonians. The context must decide. Cf. xlvii. 5. 323 PLUTARCH’S LIVES na 3 uTep Keharns AdeEdvdpov cuveTratwpovpevoy Kat KkatevOvvovta TH mTnoEL OpOtov emt Tods TroAe- pious, @oTE TOAD pev Odpaos éyyevéoOat Tois € nA . a a nw \ n 3 / op@aw, éx d€ Tov Oappety Kal Tapaxadely adXri- , A e A © , Nous Spow ols tmmevow tepévots emi Tovs es , ’ / \ / \ \ 3 ToNeuious émixupaivery THY harayya. amply be an \ , 507 e 4 oupptEar tovs mpwtous e€exrAtvav of BapBapo., \ 9 4 3 \ , Kal Ouwypos HV TOAUS, ELS TA “LéGAa TUVEAAUVOVTOS ’ , . ‘ , e aA * Anrefavdpov To vixwpevov, Otrov Aapetos iv. \ \ An nw woppwOev yap autTov KaTetce Sta TOY TpoTETAay- peéevwy ev Bade. THs Baotdexts trys éxdavevta, \ v \ / 949 (id e wn Kadov avopa kal péyav éf a&ppatos vynrod a aA e a a) BeBota, TrodXots trmevot Kat AaLTpOts KaTA- meppaywevoy ev pdra cuverTetpapéevols Trepl TO dipua kat wapatetayuéevois SéyecOas Tods ToXe- 4 puous. aAra Sewos opOets éyytOev "AréEavdpos \ \ - > \ > \ 4 Kal Tovs dhevyovtas éuRadrwyv els Tovs pévovTas / a € éEémdnEe nai dvecxédace TO Wrelotov. ov Se dpisto. Kal yevvaoTatot mpd Tov PBaciréws , \ >] b] / , 3 \ POVvEevopevot KAL KAT GNANAWD TLITTOVTES EpLTTOOwWY n > , \ THs Simkews oav, éumAEKOpevos Kal TepioTa- a 7 povTes avTots Kat trots. 5 Aapetos bé, Tov Sewav ardavtwv év odbarpols dvTwy Kal TaY TpoTeTaypéevwy dSuvdpewy épevTro- [EVD ELS AUTOV, WS OVK HY ATOATTPEWal TO Appa Kal f er ’ 9 / \ , SteEeAdoar padsov, adr’ of Te TpoxYol suUVELYOVTEO 7 TTOMATL TEPUPPEVOL TOTOVTOLS Of TE iTTOL KATA- 324 ALEXANDER, xxxim. 2-5 them an eagle which soared above the head of Alex- ander and directed his flight straight against the enemy, at which sight great courage filled the be- holders, and after mutual encouragement and exhor- tation the cavalry charged at full speed upon the enemy and the phalanx rolled on after them like a Hood. But before the foremost ranks were engaged the Barbarians gave way, and were hotly pursued, Alexander driving the conquered foe towards the centre of their array, where Dareius was.! For from afar he was seen by Alexander through the deep ranks of the royal squadron of horse drawn up in front of him, towering conspicuous, a_fine-looking man and tall, standing on a lofty chariot, fenced about by a numerous and brilliant array of horse- men, who were densely massed around the chariot and drawn up to receive the enemy. But when they saw Alexander close at hand and terrible, and driving those who fled before him upon those who held their ground, they were smitten with fear and scattered, for the most part. The bravest and noblest of them, however, slain in front of their king and falling in heaps upon one another, obstructed the Macedonians in their pursuit, weaving and twining themselves in their last agonies about riders and horses. But Dareius, now that all the terrors of the struggle were before his eyes, and now that the forces drawn up to protect him were crowded back upon him, since it was not an easy matter to turn his chariot about and drive it away, seeing that the wheels were obstructed and entangled in the great numbers of the fallen, while the horses, surrounded and hidden 1 Alexander’s tactics are minutely described by Arrian (Anab. iii. 14, 1-3). 325 PLUTARCH’S LIVES / \ 3 s n , fad AapBavopevot Kab dM oKPUTTOMEVOL TH mrajee TED al b CQ ¢€ vexpov €EjAXOVTO Kal aUVETaPATTOV TOV HVLOXOP, ? / \ \ eo \ \ eo / 4 amToNciTEL bev TO Appa Kal Ta StrAa, Onrevav 6, ef s ivf \ 4 > \ ws pact, veotoKoyv immo TepiBas Epuyev. ov pny , x 286 & an 3 \ f Ka e TOTE AV EOOKEL OLADVYELY, EL [LN TAALY NKOV ETE- \ ”~ , cal fal pot mapa Tov Tlappevimvos tirets pwetaxadovvtTes "AréEavdpov, as cuverToaNS ETL TOAATS SuvapEws A A / €xel KaL TOV TrOAELIOY OK EvdLOOVTMY. OAWS Yap a 3 aitcavrat Ilappeviwva Kat éxelvny thy paxny \ / 4 nr vwOpov yevérOat Kai dvaepyov, cite TOD yHpws an , HON TL TAPANVOVTOS THS TOALNS, ETE THY éEovTiaY Kat Tov oyKxov, oF Kaddabévns dyat, tis ’AXe- Eavdpov duvapews Bapuvouevov cal rpoadOo- A , ie $ e \ Sey nA voovTa. TOTE ovv 0 Baatrevs ariabeis 77 f a \ peTaTréuyet TOS pév OTPATLWTALS OUK EppaceE TO ’ , > > > sf A , \ , arnbes, ANN ws avexwV TOU hovevEetvy KAL TKOTOUS dvTos avaKAnolv eoijpavers éXavYWV dé TpOs TO KivdvuvEedoy pépos jKovce Kal’ odov HrTHAaOat TavTatac. kal hevyey Tovs ToAEpLLoUS. XXXIV. Totvto tis payns exeivns KaBovans f \ b) \ n TO Tépas, » pev apxn tavtataocw 1 Lepody , nm édoxes Katarervabat, Bacirers bé THs *Acias ? LE S ? f re] “ a AréEavdpos avnyopevyevos eOve Tots Peots peya- an n f n AoTrpEeTasS Kal Tols dirows edwpetto TAOVTOUS Kal \ f OlKoUS Kal NyEep“ovias. eNoTipovpevos O€ TpOs ‘ ia Dee ” \ oO , tous “EXAnvas éEypate tas tupavvidas Tacas aA \ , 3 , 307 \ Katahv@ vat Kat TodvTevEry adbTovopous, idia oé TlXataedot tHv todw avotxodopeiv, Ste TV , ¢ ? A Py Yopav ol TaTépes avTav evaywricacbar Tols 326 68 ALEXANDER, xxxin. 5—xxxiv. 1 away by the multitude of dead bodies, were rearing up and frightening the charioteer, forsook his char iot and his armour, mounted a mare which, as they say, had newly foaled, and took to flight. However, it is thought that he would not then have made his escape, had not fresh horsemen come from Par- menio! summoning Alexander to his aid, on the ground that a large force of the enemy still held together there and would not give ground. For there is general complaint that in that battle Par- menio was sluggish and ineflicient, either because old age was now impairing somewhat his courage, or because he was made envious and resentful by the arrogance and pomp, to use the words of Callis- thenes, of Alexander's power. At the time, then, although he was annoyed by the summons, the king did not tell his soldiers the truth about it, but on the ground that it was dark and he would therefore remit further slaughter, sounded a recall; and as he rode towards the endangered portion of his army, he heard by the way that the enemy had been utterly defeated and was in flight. XXXIV. The battle having had this issue, the empire of the Persians was thought to be utterly dissolved, and Alexander, proclaimed king of Asia, made magnificent sacrifices to the gods and rewarded his friends with wealth, estates, and provinces. And being desirous of honour among the Greeks, he wrote them that all their tyrannies were abolished and they might live under their own laws; moreover, he wrote the Plataeans specially that he would rebuild their city, because their ancestors had furnished their ? Arrian makes no mention of a second appeal for aid from Parmenio. 327 Zz to PLUTARCH’S LIVES "EA Anow bmrép THS erevOepias TAPETXOV. em eppe d€ Kal Kpotwriarais ets ‘Itadiav [4€p0s TOV Lagupov, TV Pavrrov TOU ab Anrod TUpLeoy TT pO- Oupiay Kal apetTny, Os mept Ta, Mnéica TOV Gd\AwY ‘Tradtwrav ateyywkoToy tovs “EXXnvas idtocrTo- Nov Eywy vadv émhevoev ELS Larapiva, Tou KLV- Suvou TL ped eEov. OUT® TES EUHEVNS Hy T™ pos aracav apeTnvy Kat KaXoVv epywy gvrAaF& Kat OLKELOS. XXXY., *Eami@p 6é THY BaBvurwviav arracay evOvs em avT@ ‘yevopevny eCavpace padvora TO TE xao pa. TOU TUPOS @oT ep éx THY NS oUVEXaS ava hepopevon, Kab TO pedpa TOU _vadba Atma. Covtos bra TO TAOS ov TOppw TOU VAT MATOS, OS Tada Bey ao Part 7 poo EoLKeD, oUTw be evTradns TPos TO T Up eoTL Gore, mptv } Oryeiv THY proya, Ol aUTHS THS Tept TO POs éfam Topevos avyns Tov petakv TONAGKIS dépa. ouverKateLy. eT LOELKVU- pEvor O€ THY puow avTou Kal OUvapty ot | BapBapot TOV ayovTa: pos THY KaTadvow Tov Bactrhéws oreveomov eadpe@ T@ papacy KaTepeKxacay: elTa aoTavTes €% AKpw@ TOUS hapnTipas ToLS BeBpeypevors mpooeOnkar: 70n yap cweoKorate. TOV 5é rpwtav evOrs awapevov OvK Ex yey 7 voun -V povoyv aia Onrov, arr dua, vonmare Outro T pos Oarepov TEPAS Kab Top EVYEYOVEL TUVEXES 0 TTEVW- 70S. my o€ tes “AOnvodayvns "A@nvaios tov Tept areupa Kal Aovtpov eiwOoTwY TO copa Geparevery TOD Bactréws Kal THv Ocdvoray ep HEADS amare él TO paOvpov. ovTOS ev TO NouTPHVLE TOTE Tatoapiou TH ’ArcEavdpw Tape- 328 ALEXANDER, xxxiv. 2—xxxv. 3 territory to the Greeks for the struggle in behalf of their freedom.! He sent also to the people of Croton in Italy a portion of the spoils, honouring the zeal and valour of their athlete Phajyllus, who, in the Median wars, when the rest of the Greeks in Italy refused to help their brother Greeks, fitted out a ship at his own cost and sailed with it to Salamis, that he might have some share in the peril there.? So considerate was Alexander towards every form ot valour, and such a friend and guardian of noble deeds. XXXV. As he traversed all Babylonia, which at once submitted to him, he was most of all amazed at the chasm from which fire continually streamed forth as from a spring, and at the stream of naphtha, so abundant as to form a lake, not far from the ehasm. This naphtha is in other ways like asphaltum, but is so sensitive to fire that, before the flame touches it, it is kindled by the very radiance about the flame and often sets fire also to the intervening air. To show its nature and power, the Barbarians sprinkled the street leading to Alexander’s quarters with small quantities of the liquid ; then, standing at the farther end of the street, they applied their torches to the moistened spots; for it was now getting dark. The first spots at once caught fire, and without an ap- preciable interval of time, but with the speed of thought, the flame darted to the other end, and the street was one continuous fire. Now, there was a certain Athenophanes, an Athenian, one of those who were accustomed to minister to the person of the king when he bathed and anointed himself, and to furnish suitable diversion for his thoughts. This man, one time when there was standing by Alexander 1 In 479 B.c. 2 Cf. Herodotus, vili. 47. 329 PLUTARCH’S LIVES A n s 3 TTWTOS evtehous opospa Kai yerotou thy oi, aSovros dé XapeevTos, Ytépavos éxaretto, “ Bov- hen ” dnotv, “@ Bactrev, Stdmetpav éy Lrepaveo Tob hapudkov AdBopev; dv yap arntat tovTou a , ¥ Kal pn KatacBeoOn, Tavtdraciw av dhainv apma- a 93 bd yov kat devnv avtov thy Svvapiv éivat. Tpo- “ , e Fb pos dé ws Kal Tov Tarda.ptou S:d0vtos éavTov TPOS THY TELPAV, ALA TO Treprareiypar Kal Ouyeiv éEnvO noe proya TooavTny TO cpa Kal Tupt Katecyebn To TaV Bate TOV ’AXEEaVépop Ets Trav b) / \ A 3 a 3 \ \ \ /, amropias Kai Séous édOety: eb O€ py KaTa TUXNY A n \ \ ‘ e TOANOL TapHaav ayyela TWpos TO AOUTpOY UVdaTos \ aA ” 9 a ov e , dia yepov Exovtes, ovK av EpOacev 7 BorPea \ bd , 3 A \ U / , THY émivomyy. GAAAG Kal TOTE poyls KaTeaBecav 68K lal “ cy al , TO T@pua TOD Tatoos St’ GAOV TUP YEevouEVOY, Kal peTa TADTA YaAXETTaS Eayer. > > » \ A > r \ Eixotws obv éviot Tov poGov avacwlovtes pos A b) f a if 3 \ n , Tv arnOeray TovTO haa eEivat To THS Mnéeias 2 \ f pdppakov, @® TOV Tpaywdovpevovy atépavov Kal \ \ n Tov wémAov Eyptcev. ov yap €& avTov éxeivar 3 ‘ nw ovde amr avToudtov Aduwat TO TOP, GAAG ro- \ , bd a e ros éyytdev mapateleions o€etav odK}Y Kal cUVA- dyv adnrov aicOyjae yevérOat. Tas yap axtivas \ ¢ a N , Kal Ta pevpata Tov Tupos amwhev érepyopueva A \ V4 ¢ na TOlS MeV AANOLS THOUATL PAs Kal OepuoTnTAa TpoC- \ a Barretv povov, év O€ Tots EnpoTHnTAa TvevpaTiKNy / \ n 7?) votioa AtTapav Kal diapKh KexTnpévots GO pot- ? \ wn Coueva Kat tupipavodyTa petaBdrrAcy oFéws THY e Lal , vAnV. apetye O€ aumopiay nH yéveois... ETE 33° ALEXANDER, xxxv. 3-6 in the bath-room a youth who had a ridiculously plain countenance, but was a graceful singer (his name was Stephanus), said, “Wilt thou, O King, that we make a trial of the liquid upon Stephanus? For if it should lay hold of him and not be extinguished, I would certainly say that its power was invincible and terrible.” The youth also, strangely enough, offered himself for the experiment, and as soon as he touched the liquid and began to anoint himself with it, his body broke out into so great a flame and was so wholly possessed by fire that Alexander fell into extreme perplexity and fear; and had it not been by chance that many were standing by holding vessels of water for the bath, the youth would have been consumed before aid reached him. Even as it was, they had great difficulty in put- ting out the fire, for it covered the boy’s whole body, and after they had done so, he was in a sorry plight. It is natural, then, that some who wish to bring fable into conformity with truth should say that this naphtha is the drug which Medeia used, when, in the tragedies, she anoints the crown and the robe. For it was not from these objects themselves, they say, nor of its own accord, that the fire shot up, but a flame was placed near them, which was then so swiftly drawn into conjunction with them that the senses could not take cognisance of it. For the rays and emanations of fire which come from a distance impart to some bodies merely light and warmth; but in those which are dry and porous, or which have sufficiently rich moisture, they collect themselves together, break into fierce flame, and transform the material. There has been much discussion about 33! PLUTARCH’S LIVES ral e s fal N e nw \ ¢€ XN pLaNXOV UTEKKAUUA THS Proyos vITappEl TO UYypoOV A fa \ , ex THS ys Pvow ALTApav Kal TUpLYyOVOY exovoNs. ‘ 4 3 e / , / kal yap éaotiv 9 BaBvrwvia chodpa tupwdns, 0 f a @oTe TAS pmeyv KpLOaS Yapolev éexTNdaVv Kal aTo- mTadreaGat TOoAAAKLS, Olov LTO hrEyLOVAS TaV ToTwv aduypous e€vovtwy, Tavs dé av@pwrous ev n 4 b) fay ¢ TOS KavpacW er coKoV TETANPOLEVOY VdaATOS xaGevierv. “Aptraros d5€ THs XYwopas aTrorerdOeis A e a“ émiperntys Kat diroxaraov EdAnvixais puTecass Siaxoopnoar ta Bacireta Kal TOUS TEpiTaTous, A \ ” 3 lA N ‘ \ > Tov pev adrAwY expaTynoe, TOV OE KLTTOV OUK fo) 4 > éxtetev 7 yh povov, GAN del déhOetpev ov hépov- \ A e N A f ¢ a S Ta THY Kpaow: pev yap Tupwdys, o bé htdo- wn 9 / Wuyxpos. ToY pev ody ToLoUTwY TapexBaceEw)D, dv pétpov éywotv, HTTov lows ot dUocKoXOL KaTN- yopnoovely. XXXVI. ’AréEavdpos 66 Yovowy xuptevoas ral la mapéhaBev é€v tots PBactretars TeTpaKiopvpLa / ‘ Ta\avTa voplopatos, THy b6€ AAAnY KaATAaTKEUHY \ , > / ee \ ‘ Kal woAvTédeay ddinyntov. Omouv dacl Kat e A nA moppupas Epptovixns evpeOnvat tadavta TevtTa- 4 4 \ lal 4 Kityihta, cvyKermevns pev €& ETaV Oéxa SeovTwY , XN dtakoclwv, Tpocpatov O€ TO avOos Ett Kat veapov durattovens. aitiov d€ Tovtov daciv eivat TO \ ‘ \ f / A e a thy Bapyy ova pédtTos yiverOar THY adoupyar, 62 éXaiou &€ AevKod TOV AeVKaV: Kal yap TOUTwY / Tov loov Ypovov éyovTw@Y THY AauTpOTNTA Kala- N: \ , c oA , , pav Kat oti Bovoav opacda. Acivwy o€ dyat \ e b) , A tinea \ a Kal vowp amo te tov NeitAov cat tod “Iarpov 33? ALEXANDER, xxxv. 6—-xxxvi. 2 the origin of! .... or whether rather the liquid sub- stance that feeds the flame flows out from a soil which is rich and productive of fire. For the soil of Babylonia is very fiery, so that grains of barley often leap out of the ground and bound away, as if its in- flammation made the ground throb; and the inhabit- ants, during the hot season, sleep on skins filled with water. Harpalus, moreover, when he was left as overseer of the country and was eager to adorn the royal gardens and walks with Hellenic plants, succeeded with all except ivy; this the soil would not support, but always killed it. The plant could not endure the temper of the soil, for the soil was fiery, while the plant was fond of coolness. How- ever, if such digressions are kept within bounds, perhaps my impatient readers will find less fault with them. XXXVI. On making himself master of Susa, Alex- ander came into possession of forty thousand talents of coined money in the palace, and of untold furni- ture and wealth besides. Among this they say was found five thousand talents’ weight of purple from Hermione, which, although it had been stored there for a hundred and ninety years, still kept its colours fresh and lively. The reason for this, they say, is that honey was used in the purple dyes, and white olive oil in the white dyes; for these substances, after the like space of time, are seen to have a brilliancy that is pure and lustrous. Moreover, Deinon says that the Persian kings had water also brought from the Nile and the Danube and stored 1 “This naphtha,” and the first ‘‘ whether ”-clause, have fallen out of the text. * Cf. Arrian, Anab. iii. 16, 7, A talent’s weight was something over tifty pounds. 333 PLUTARCH’S LIVES N n , MleTA TOV ANAWY METATELTOMEVOUS els THY yulaYy amTotiGecOat tors Bactrets, otov éxBeBarovyévous TO péyeOos THS GPXAS Kat TO KUplEevElY ATAaVTMODV. XXXVIT. Tis db€ Hepcidos ottons ba Tpa- , f \ f e \ yuTntTa ducgewBorov Kal dudrattopévyns vio yev- n “ \ ‘ 7 vatotatwy Wepcav (Aapetos pev yap émedhevyer) / rd ylyveTat Tivos TEpLodou KUKXOV exyovans ov TOLD yyEeuoVv avT@ diykwooos avOpwios, eK TATPOS , \ \ , , er Avxtov, pntpos 5é Ilepaidos yeyouws: Gv dhacuy, étt Tratoos ovtos ’AXeEdvSpov, thy TIvOiav mpoet- A 7 \ 4 Cal TEV, @S AUKOS EaTaL KAOnyepwv ’AreEdvdpmw THs ? iy - émt Ilépcas mopeias. ovoyv pev ovv évtaida aA 4 TOADY TOV ANLaKOpEeV@Y yevéecOat cuvéTTETE: Ypa- N e ‘ fal “ ~ het yap AUTOS ws VoulCwY AVT@ TODTO AvVOLTEAELY 3 f , , \ 3 , , éxéXevevy atroopattedGat Tovs avOpwrous' vopt- be e . “4 er b) wae \ de opatos O€ evpeiy TARGOS Ocov ev Sovaots, THY” b€ 4 \ \ \ la) 3 r / QAXANV KATACKEUNV KAL TOV TAOVTOY ExKoptaOhvat la af dace puptos optxots Cevyect Kal mrevraxiaxtALals KapLnols. FépEou 6€ avéptavta péyav Oeacdpevos wr a ld TAHOovs TOV @PovpEvwY Eis TA Bacidea TAHL- A / MEAS GvaTETpappEevoY EeTrégTH, Kal KaOaTrep ep- 7 , U 3 2 wruxov mpocayopevaas, “ llotepov ce,” ei7re, “ dia \ aN \ ct / Thy éeTt TOUS EXAnvas oTpaTeElav KEly~EvOV Trap- 3 \ f EAOwpev 7) Sta THY aANY pEeyarodpocvvny Kal b \ 3 / a 4 be \ a N apeTny eyelpwpev;’ Tédos O€ TOADY YXpovov Tpds al / nw EaAUT@ yEevopevos Kab ciwmijoas TaphnrGe. Bovdo- pevos O€ TOUS OTPATLWTAaS avarafetV (Kal yap 7D 334 ALEXANDER, xxxvi. 2-xxxvu. 3 up among their treasures, as a sort of confirmation of the greatness of their empire and the universality of their sway. XXXVII. Persis was difficult of access, owing to the roughness of the country, and was guarded by the noblest of the Persians (for Dareius had taken to flight); but Alexander found a guide to conduct him thither by a circuit of no great extent. The man spoke two languages, since his father was a Lycian and his mother a Persian; and it was he, they say, whom the Pythian priestess had in mind when she prophesied, Alexander being yet a boy, that a “lycus,” or wolf, would be Alexander's guide on his march against the Persians.!_ In this country, then, as it turned out, there was a great slaughter of the prisoners taken; for Alexander himself writes that he gave orders to have the inhabitants butchered, thinking that this would be to his advantage; and they say that as much coined money was found there? as at Susa, and that it took ten thousand pairs of mules and five thousand camels to carry away the other furniture and wealth there. On beholding a great statue of Xerxes which had been carelessly overthrown by a throng that forced its way into the palace, Alexander stopped before it, and accosting it as if it had been alive, said: “Shall I pass on and leave thee lying there, because of thine expedition against the Hellenes, or, because of thy magnanimity and virtue in other ways, shall I set thee up again?” But finally, after communing with himself a long time in silence, he passed on. Wishing to refresh his soldiers (for it was winter 1 Arrian (Azab. iii. 18, 1f.) speaks only of a forced march through the mountains. 2 In Persepolis. 335 PLUTARCH'S LIVES YELL@vos Opa) Téeccapas pnvas avroOs ounyare. NéyeTat O€ KaGicayTos avTOU TO TPWTOV VTO TOY Ypucody ovpavicxov év T@ Bactdtx@ Opovw tov Koptv@iov Anpudpatov ebvovy dvta avopa xat Twatp@ov dirov ‘AreEdvdpou mpeaButixas ére- Saxptaat, Kal eirreiy ws peyarns 1)S0vns oTEpotvTo Tov ‘EXXAnvwv of TeOvnKoTEs piv toety *AXéEar- dpov év T@ Aapetou Opovw Kabrpevov. XXXVIIL. ’Ex tovtov pédrwv éEedavverv eri Aapeiov étvye pev eis méOnv tiva Kali tradsav Tols ETalpots éavTov SedwKwS, WATE KAL YyUVaLa ouptrivey él K@pov KovTa Tpos Tous épactds. év d€ TOUVTOLS EVdoKiMOvGA partoTa Mais 4 I1To- Nexatov ToD PactAEevoarTos VaTEpoV ETALpa, YyEVvOS "ATTiKn, Ta méev euperas erratvovaa, Ta O€é Tati- Covca mpos Tov AréEavdpov, dua TH weOn NOyov eiTety TponKXOn TH pev THs Tatpidos Gee mpé- TovTa, peitova 5€ 7) KaT auTnv. é&pn yap wv TeTovnKke TeTAaYN EVN THY Aciav aToNauBavety yapwv exeivns THS hyépas evTpupHoa Tots vmepn- davots Iepoayv Bactretos: ett O dv Hdvov wro- Tphoat Kwpdcaca tov =épfov Tod Kataxav- cavtos tas ’A@ivas oixov, abt) TO TIP awaca Tod Baothéws opavtos, ws av doyos Exn Tpos av@pwmous OTL TOY vavuadxywv Kal Telopaywv exelvwv oTpaTnyav Ta peta AdeEdvdpov yvvata petSova dixny éméOnne épcais trép tis “EXAd- Sos. dua 6€ TO AOyw TOVTw@ KpdTOV Kal BopUBov yevomevou Kal TapaxeNevoews THY ETAipwHY Kai 336 687 ALEXANDER, xxxvi. 3-xxxvuill. 3 time), he spent four months in that place. And it is said that when he took his seat for the first time under the golden canopy on the royal throne, De- maratus the Corinthian, a well-meaning man and a friend of Alexander’s, as he had been of Alexander’s father, burst into tears, as old men will, and declared that those Hellenes were deprived of great pleasure who had died before seeing Alexander seated on the throne of Dareius. XXXAVIII. After this, as he was about to march forth against Dareius, it chanced that he consented to take part in a merry drinking bout of his com- panions, at which women also came to meet their lovers and shared in their wine and revelry. The most famous among these women was Thais, an Athenian, the mistress of Ptolemy, who was after- wards king. She, partly in graceful praise of Alex- ander, and partly to make sport for him, as the drinking went on, was moved to utter a speech which befitted the character of her native country, but was too lofty for one of her kind. She said, namely, that for all her hardships in wandering over Asia she was being requited that day by thus revel- ling luxuriously in the splendid palace of the Per- sians; but it would be a still greater pleasure to go in revel rout and set fire to the house of the Xerxes who burned Athens, she herself kindling the fire under the eyes of Alexander, in order that a tradition might prevail among men that the women in the train of Alexander inflicted a greater punishment upon the Persians in behalf of Hellas than all her tamous commanders by sea and land. As soon as she had thus spoken, tumultuous applause arose, and the companions of the king eagerly urged him on, 337 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , > \ e \ \ » piroTiplas, éemicrvacbeis 0 Bactdevs Kal avatn- “i v / \ , n e 4 dnoas éxwv otéhavoy Kal AapTaba Tpojyev. ol \ , f fal of. dé érropuevor KOw Kal Bon Teptictavto Ta Baci- “ e , Aela, Kal TOV GAY Makedovwv of TuvOavopevot / OUVETPEXYOY [ETA apTadwWY YaipovTes. HATLCOY \ ¢ ca \ a yap ort Tots olxot mpoaéxovTos eaoTe Tov vodY Kal \ / 3 f > “ \ th Hn wéXAOvTOS ev PapBapols otKely TO TipMpavat \ / \ / e ‘ ef a Ta Bactrea Kai dtadOeipew. of pév oUTwW TadTa / / £ \ 3 \ * vd 3 9) yeveoOar dhaciv, ot 6€ amd yvopns OTe & ovv , / / petevonoe Tayv Kal KatacBécar mpocérakev e nw omodNoyelTat. a a , x , XXXIX. Duces 66 Gv peyarodwpotatos ért A / al nn HaAXOV ETEOWKEY ELS TOUTO TOV TpaypaTwy av- 3 \ al € 2g > e Fouévav' Kat tmpoonv » hiroppocvvn, pel as , e 3 “A ¢e 4 , povns ws adAnO@s ot didavTes yapifovtar. pyn- / \ > 4 b) / ty n s cOycopat 6é odiywv. “Apictwy o tav Ilatovev YU nyoUmEvoS aTOKTELVaS ToOAeuLOY Avdpa Kal TiV \ ? ¢ b] n 77s pe 39> Ly Keparnv émiderEduevos auto, “'Todto,” eizev, A 3 al > dé “A A “@ Buotred, Tip Huty exTr@patos Ypvcod Tima- A 99 id \ Tat TO O@pov. o 6€ ‘AXéEaVdpos yerXaaas, ow A ”» 4 fan Oy: \ ’ r KKevov ye, etmrev, “ éyw 0€ Gol pEeoTOY akpuTou > val \ bo) / TpoTiopar. Tov o€ ToAAMY Tis Maxedovwr of ¢ , \ v4 id Hravvev Hutovoyv Bactdikov xXpvaciov Kopitovta: a if * KGpVOVTOS O€ TOD KTIVOUS AUTOS apdpuevos exoptte N a ¢ TO poptiov. tdav ody o Bactrevs OrtSdpevov > N \ , x ral f auTov ogodpa Kai mu@opevos TO TPaypa, pér- z , Novtos KataTiGecOar, “ NI} Kapns,” elmer, “ adra 338 ALEXANDER, xxxvul. 3-XxxxIx. 2 so that he yielded to their desires, and leaping to his feet, with a garland on his head and a torch in his hand, led them the way. The company followed with shouts and revelry and surrounded the palace, while the rest of the Macedonians who learned about it ran thither with torches and were full of joy. For they hoped that the burning and destruction of the palace was the act of one who had fixed his thoughts on home, and did not intend to dwell among Bar- barians. This is the way the deed was done, according to some writers; but others say it was premeditated.} However, it is agreed that Alexander speedily re- pented and gave orders to put out the fire. XXXIX. Alexander was naturally munificent, and became still more so as his wealth increased. His gifts, too, were accompanied by a kindly spirit, with which alone, to tell the truth, a giver confers a favour. I will mention a few instances. Ariston, the captain of the Paeonians, having slain an enemy, brought his head and showed it to Alexander, saying : “In my country, O King, such a gift as this is re- warded with a golden beaker.” ‘‘Yes,” said Alex- ander with a laugh, “an empty one; but I will pledge thy health with one which is full of pure wine.” Again, a common Macedonian was driving a mule laden with some of the royal gold, and when the beast gave out, took the load on his own shoulders and tried to carry it. The king, then, seeing the man in great distress and learn- ing the facts of the case, said, as the man was about to lay his burden down, “Don’t give out, 1So Arrian, Anab. iii. 18. 11 f., where there is none of Plutarch’s romance. For this, ef. Diodorus, xvii. 72; Curtius, v. 7, 1-7. 339 Gn PLUTARCH’S LIVES / ” af \ egr > \ \ \ € mpooGes Ett THY NOLTTHY OdoV ETL THY TKNVHVY Eéav- foray a 4 99 ew \ ” re tal \ TH! TovTO Koploas.” OXWS be nx Gero Tois pa AapBavovat “adrov 7) Tols attovor. Kab Dwxi- \ ld N ¢ > , @ve pev eypawev Eto TOANVY WS OV KpNTopeEvos 5 a , ‘ / > a a 4 avT@ diriw TO NotTrOV, Eb diwOotTo Tas YapiTas., id a ‘\ / Nepamiwovt O€ TaY ato ohaipas Tivi veavioxwy ? \ 297 N \ \ 3 a ¢ 9 3 \ ovdey €didou Ora TO pndév aitety. ws OvY Els TO ‘4 , e WV f ” adhapifav tapayevouevos o Lepatiwv addors \ a 3 , a“ / éBarr€ tTHv ohaipav, eimovtos 5€ TOD Bactréws, \ b] , \ 3 ~ x “’Kuot 6€ ov didws;” “OU yap aitets,” eirzre, \ \ UL TOUT® bev On Yeddoas TOANG dwxe. II pwréa dé A , TWL TOY TEP OKOMpATA Kal TOTOV OVK apmovawY ” > 3 a , a“ \ / , édok&e Ou’ opyis yeyovevar: tav b€ dirwv Ceopévwv b] / , ” 4 b] a Kakeivou dSaxpvovtos Eby StadrAaTTEecOau Kaxet- an 99 o a , vos, “Ovxovdv, eimev, “a Bactred, dos Te pot a“ 3 9 a TLOTOV TP@TOV. €KEAEVTEV OVY AUT@ TEevTE Td- a \ N “ a / \ a Aavta SoPhvar. repi 6€ TMV Tots hidots Kal Tots A / 4 e / > TwUaTopPvAakl vEe“op“evwv TAOVTWY, NALKOV EL YOV ” 3 , 3 b] lal 3 4 aA OyKov, éudaiver os emiotoAns Odvytrids, iv 4 if > / éypawre ampos avtov. “Adds, dyoiv, “ed 4 \ 4 \ 3 f ” a“ >) ’ mole Tous hirous Kat évdoEous aye: viv & tao- a c Baociréas Tavtas Totets Kat todvudtrXtas Tapa- uf ’ a“ e ‘ N 3 a b>) if oxevalets avtots, éautov 5€é épnpols.” ToANdKLS a “ b) cd dé ToLravTa THs "OXvyTrLados ypadovans édvrAaT- , \ , \ A e TEV ATOPPNTA Ta Ypappata, TANnV ara& Hdai- otiwvos, woTrEp E.wW0EL, NVOEioay eTLTTOANY AUTO \ CUVAVAYLVYMOKOVTOS OVK Exw@AVTEV, GANA TOV Oa- 1 ggurg Sint., with the best MSS.; Coraés and Bekker have geauvrg@. Cf. § 5. 340 68E ALEXANDER, xxx1x. 2-5 but finish your journey by taking this load to your own tent.” Furthermore, he was generally more displeased with those who would not take his gifts than with those who asked for them. And so he wrote to Phocion in a letter that he would not treat him as a friend in future if he rejected his favours. Again, to Serapion, one of the youths who played at ball with him, he used to give nothing because he asked for nothing. Accordingly, whenever Serapion had the ball, he would throw it to others, until the king said: “ Won't you give it tome?” ‘ No,” said Serapion, “ because you don’t ask for it,” whereat the king burst out laughing and made him many pre- sents. With Proteas, however, a clever wag and boon companion, he appeared to be angry; but when the man’s friends begged his forgiveness, as did Proteas himself with tears, the king said that he was his friend again, whereat Proteas said : “In that case, O King, give me something to prove it first.” Accordingly, the king ordered that five talents should be given him. What lofty airs his friends and bodyguards were wont to display over the wealth bestowed by him, is plain from a letter which Olympias wrote to him. She says: “I beg thee to find other ways of conferring favours on those thou lovest and holdest in honour; as it is, thou makest them all the equals of kings and providest them with an abundance of friends, whilst thyself thou strippest bare.”” Olympias often wrote him in like vein, but Alexander kept her writings secret, except once when Hephaestion, as was his wont, read with him a letter which had been opened; the king did not prevent him, but took the ring VOL. VII. mM 34! PLUTARCH’S LIVES KTUALOV ahehopevos TOV AUTO TpoTeOnKE TH exeEL- vou oTOMaTt THY opparyica. Mafatov 6€ Tod peyotou mapa Aapeiw yevouévov trast catpa- metav EvovTe devtépav mpoceTiOe: petfora. Tap- attovpevos O€ éxetvos eimev: “"O. Bactred, TOTE pev Hv els Aapetos, viv dé ov Todos TeTroinKas "AreEdvdpous. e Weeaanaue per ovv TOV Bayoou EO@KEV OLKOV TOV TEpL Lobca," év @ hevyeTau xeric Taravrwv evpeOhvas (patio pov. mpos & “Avtt- Tatpov éypae KeXevwv Ever dvAaKAaS TOU co- patos ws émeBovrevopevov. TH O€ uNnTpl ToAXAa prev edwpetto Kal KatémeuTev, ovKx ela S€ TroAv- ™ parywovelv ove Tapactparyyetv" éyxanovons O€ TpPLws Epepe TV Xarer ora. TAnY arak torte "Avtimat pov paxpav KAT auras ypavvartos emre- oToAny avaryvous ayvoeiv elev ‘Avtimatpov or pupias émiatoAas ev Sdxpvoy aTraneiet HNTpOS. XL. ’Ezet 6€ tous TeEph QUTOV éWpa TaVTa- Tacw éxTeTpupyKotas Kal dhoptixovs Ttais dsai- Tats Kal ToduTeAclals bvTas, wate “Ayvwva pev tov Tniov dpyupods év tais xpnmiow Hrous popety, Aeorvarep 6€ TohrAais Kaunrow am At- yuTToU KOvI els Ta yupvacia mapaxopifes Bat, Piriora dé T pos Onpas oracioy EKATOV avratas yeyovevat, pvp dé Kpwpevous iévat T pos CM erpa Kal ouTpov Gaous ove eat, TpLT Tas dé Kal KATEVVAT TAS T EPLa'YOMLEVOUS, emreTinae Tpaws Kal dirocddas, Oavpdterv pa pevos El TOT OUTOUS TY@VeT LEvOL Kal THALKOUTOUS ayavas ov pvn- a OTL TOV KaTaTOoVNnOevTwWY Ol KATATOVN- 1 olxov roy mept Zovea, Coraés and Bekker: olkxov, é @ Aéyetat Tay wep) Sovoa x.7.A. 342 ALEXANDER, xxxix. 5-XL. 2 from his own finger and applied its seal to the lips of Hephaestion. Again, though the son of Mazaeus, the most influential man at the court of Dareius, already had a province, Alexander gave him a second and a larger one. He, however, declined it, say- ing: “O King, formerly there was one Dareius, but now thou hast made many Alexanders.” To Parmenio, moreover, Alexander gave the house of Bagoas at Susa, in which it is said there was found apparel worth a thousand talents. Again, he wrote to Antipater bidding him keep guards about his person, since plots were being laid against him. To his mother, also, he sent many presents, but would not suffer her to meddle in affairs nor interfere in his campaigns ; and when she chided him for this, he bore her harshness patiently. Once, however, after reading a long letter which Antipater had written in denunciation of her, he said Antipater knew not that one tear of a mother effaced ten thousand letters. XL. He saw that his favourites had grown alto- gether luxurious, and were vulgar in the extravagance of their ways of living. For instance, Hagnon the Teian used to wear silver nails in his boots; Leon- natus had dust for his gymnastic exercises brought to him on many camels from Egypt; Philotas had hunting-nets a hundred furlongs long; when they took their exercise and their Baths: more of them actually used myrrh than olive oil, and they had in their train rubbers and chamberlains. Alex- ander therefore chided them in gentle and reason- able fashion. He was amazed, he said, that after they had undergone so many and so great contests they did not remember that those who conquer by toil sleep more sweetly than those who are con- 343 PLUTARCH’S LIVES caves Hdtov Kabevdovow, ovdé op@ot Tots Lep- cewv Bios TOUS éauT ap mapaBarnXortes, 6Tt dov- MOT ATOV pev éott TO Tpupay, BacimKxorartov dé 70 mwovely. “ Kaitot was av Tis, epn, SOE! éavtod Oepatrevoetev immov 4 hoyxnv doKnoevev n Kpavos, amretOika@s TOU pidtatov oT @pL.aTOS am Te- o0at Tas Xetpas; ‘ “Oun | lore, elev, ‘OTL TOD K patel TE pas npiv éoTe TO He TavTa qoLety Tots KEK PATN{LEVOLS ; cs em €TELVEY ouv éTL _MadXov AUTOS EQUTOV éV TAS oTpateiats Kal Tois KUN YyErtots, KaKkoTad@y Kal mapaBardopevos, OTE kat Aa- Kova mpeo BevTny Taparyevopuevov avT@ R€ovTa kataBaddovte peyav elrrety" “Karos Y6, ”AXe- Eavdpe, ™ pos Tov héovTa NY OVC at Tepl TAS Baot- Aetas. — TOUTO TO KUVNYLOV Kpatepos ELS Aerhous aveOnen, elKovas Xarnas TOT a [LEvos TOU Xé- OVTOS Kal T@V KUVOY Kal Tov Baciréws TO EovTe TVVETTOTOS Kal avTOU mpoc Bonboovtos, @Vv Ta pev Avoimmos érAace, Ta € Aewydpns. XLT. ’AréEavdpos pév ody éavtov acKxav aya Kal TOUS adXAOUS Trapok-vVwY Tpos apEeTHY éKLVOv- vevev' of d€ trot Ova wOUTOY Kal oyKOV non Tpupav Bovdopevoe Kal oxonralew éBapwvovto Tas wravas Kab Tas oTparelas, Kal Kara puuxpov odT@ ™ por) ACov els TO Prac hype Kab KAKOS every auTov. 0 6€ Kal Tavu mpaws év apx7 T pos TavTa ScéxerTo, packer Baowduxov elvar TO KAK@S GKOUvELV ev TowouvTa. KalToL To fetK po~ TATA TOV YEevounevayv Tois cvvnGeot Tap avTod onuela peyadns UTApYev evvolas Kal TLS’ BY odiya Tapabnacopat. 344 ALEXANDER, xt. 2—x11. 2 quered by their toil, and did not see, from a com- parison of their own lives with those of the Persians, that it is a very servile thing to be luxurious, but a very royal thing to toil. “And yet,” said he, “how can a man take care of his own horse or furbish up his spear and helmet, if he is unaccus- tomed to using his hands on his own dear person? Know ye not,” said he, “that the end and object of conquest is to avoid doing the same thing as the conquered?” Accordingly, he exerted himself yet more strenuously in military and hunting expeditions, suffering distress and risking his life, so that a Spartan ambassador who came up with him as he was bringing down a great lion, said: ‘“ Nobly, indeed, Alexander, hast thou struggled with the lion to see which should be king.” This hunting-scene Craterus dedicated at Delphi, with bronze figures of the lion, the dogs, the king engaged with the lion, and him- self coming to his assistance; some of the figures were moulded by Lysippus, and some by Leochares. XLI. Alexander, then, in exercising himself and at the same time inciting others to deeds of valour, was wont to court danger; but his friends, whose wealth and magnificence now gave them a desire to live in luxury and idleness, were impatient of his long wanderings and military expeditions, and gradually went so far as to abuse him and speak ill of him. He, however, was very mildly disposed at first toward this treatment of himself, and used to say that it was the lot of a king to confer favours and be ill- spoken of therefor. And yet in the most trifling attentions which he paid his familiar friends there were marks of great good-will and esteem. I will instance a few of these. 345 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Hevxéota perv éypawe peupopevos Ste dnxGels e > 0 : e | alge EB / = > x 3 Um apKToU Tols pev AAXols Eypawev, aUT@ O€ OUK , ’ \ nn A édjnrtwoev. ‘AAA vov ye,” dyai, “ ypdvpov Tas 4 “A f EXELS, KAL fn TLVES GE THY GTUYyKUYNYETOVYTOV b] i / , a) >») A \ \ éyxatéditrov, iva Cixny Saat. Tots be Tepl € 7 \ , \ 3 “A sd Hdatotiwova é:a mpakées tTivas atrovclv éypawev e u n \ f a , OTe TaLCovTM@Y aAUVT@Y Tpos tyVvevpova TO Llepdix- , r \ \ \ Kov Oopatiw mepirecwyv Kpatepos tous pnpovs > , , \ / ” ’ érpwOn. Weunéota b€ cwlévtos éx Tivos acbev- / ¥ \ > , \ b] \ > elas €ypawe wpos AdeEiTmov Tov tatpoy evyapt- a r n \ fa v 9 ‘ 3 atav. Kpazepov b€ vocotytos ow idwv Kad e / f / a Umvoyv autos TE TLVas Ovalas EOvoEV UTép avTOU a A / f \ \ Kaketvov Ovaat éxédevoev. eEypare b€ xal THav- , cal y A 4 \ \ gavia T@ (aTp@ BovrNopevw tov Kparepov édre- s \ \ > nw \ \ wn Bopical, Ta fev aywVvLaV, TA Ys TAPAatvav OT WS n , \ \ Ypicetae TH happaxeia. Tovs d€ TpwTovs TV € , \ \ oe / > , Apwdndou duyny Kal amrodpaciy atrayyethavTas \ ¢ éonoev, Kdiartyny cat Kiooov, ws Katarevdo- nA ’ 3 \ \ \ n pévous TOD avopos. eel b€ TOUS aaOevovrtTas b] A \ 4 > 3 > f > avTou Kal yépovtas eis oixov atoaTédXovtos Ev- 7 > ral > ee e \ > \ pvroxos Atyaios eévéypayev éavTov eis Tovs A 5 \ vocouvTas, eita dwpaleis Exwy oddev KaKOV wLoO- / A \ a Noynoe ‘TerXeoinmmas éepadv Kal ovverraxonrovbeipv 7 4 émt Oaraccav amiovans éxelvns, HpwTNGE TivwYy - \ \ f b] 7 \ A avOpwtrav éoTi TO yuvatov. axovaas b€ OTL TOV , A e a 4 99 e 9 édevOepwr etaipav, ‘ Huas pev,” etaev, “a Ev- a i“ dd \ a 4 purpoye, TrvEepavras EvEls’ Opa Oe OTTwS TELOwLEV , , \ , A ANoyous 7) OWpors THY TeXeotTTaD, Erreldnmep €E fd b ) 493 éNevdépas éort. 346 689 ALEXANDER, xu. 2-5 He found fault with Peucestas by letter because, after being bitten by a bear, he wrote about it to the rest of his friends but did not tell him. “ Now, how- ever,’ said he, ‘‘ write me how you are, and tell me whether any of your fellow-huntsmen left you in the lurch, that I may punish them.” To Hephaestion, who was absent on some business, he wrote that while they were diverting themselves with hunting an ichneumon, Craterus encountered the lance of Perdiccas and was wounded in the thighs. After Peucestas had safely recovered from an illness, Alex- ander wrote to the physician, Alexippus, expressing his thanks. While Craterus was sick, Alexander had a vision in his sleep, whereupon he offered certain sacrifices himself for the recovery of his friend, and bade him also sacrifice. He wrote also to Pausanias, the physician, who wished to administer hellebore to Craterus, partly expressing distress, and partly advis- ing him how to use the medicine. Those who first brought word to him that Harpalus had absconded, namely, Ephialtes and Cissus, he put in fetters, on the ground that they were falsely accusing the man. When he was sending home his aged and infirm soldiers, Eurylochus of Aegae got himself enrolled among the sick, and then, when it was discovered that he had nothing the matter with him, confessed that he was in love with Telesippa, and was bent on following along with her on her journey to the sea-board. Alexander asked of what parentage the girl was, and on hearing that she was a free-born courtezan, said: “I will help you, O Eurylochus, in your amour; but see to it that we try to persuade Telesippa either by arguments or by gifts, since she is free-born.” 347 PLUTARCH’'S LIVES : \ 14 ee \ , XLIL Oavpdoa 58 adtov éotiv OTe Kai péexpe f 3 “ a / > / @ TOLOUTWY éTLcTOA@Y TOIs pirots eayora€er, ola Ta > / ypaber maida Lerevxov ets Kidixiav amodedpa- “A \ , KoTa Kerkevwy avatyntnoat, Kat Llevxéotay érat- a e a “ , vev ott Nixwva, Kpatepod dotXov, avrédaBe, Kai nw f la) A e A MeyaBvlo mepl tod Geparovtos Tov ev TH Epa , 4 > , Xx 7 cabeComévov, KeXevoV autor, av duvntat, gudAXa- a fa) a 4 3 \ lal Betv &Ew Tov iepovd mpoxareodpevos, ev 66 TO e a ‘\ / , ‘\ \ bs) , lep@ pn TpocaTTecOar. RéyeTas dé Kal Tas dixas Lp \ \ lal cal Staxpivey ev apxyn Tas Cavatixas THY KXEtpa TeV la) “ / OTWY TO ETEPW TPOTTLOEVaL TOU KATHYOpOU Néyov- “A XN Fd TOS, OTWS TO KWovvEevovTL KaDapov durdTTyHTAaL 3 , Kal AdLaBANTOV. GAN VaoTepoy ye avTov é€eTpa- , \ nm al yuvav at Toddal SsaPoratl, dra TOV adnOdY Tap- \ n fa) odov émt ta wevdh) AaBovcar. Kai pddLoTA a 7 , “ sae! \ KAK@S akovwnv eEiaTaTO TOU ppovery Kat YaNETOS , \ \ , a HY Kal amTapaityntos, ate 69 THv dokav aytl Tov A nn a , Chv cai THs Bactreias nyaTyKwSs. Tore 6€ é&)XNavvev él Aapetov ws mandi ‘ payoupevos: axovaas b€ THY UTO Bijacou yevo- a / pévnv avtov cvArAn anédXvae TOs Meccarous vf 4 4 \ bd / oixade, Cloxidta TddavTa dwpeav emipeTpnaas a a \ \ \ f ? , Tats ptaOopopais. ampos b€ tHv diwkiwy apyaréav \ \ Kal paKkpav ywwopmevny (&vdexa yap 7 mépas imma- k \ , gaTo TplcyYtrdiovs Kal Tplaxociovs otadious) , N e a aTnyopevaay ev ol WAEloTOL, Kal pddLoTAa KATA \ b] 4 v \ , > / Thv avudpiav. év0a bn Maxedoves arnvtnoav avT@ Tires Ddwp év aaoxols éd’ Hutovor KoutCovtes 3 \ fa n amo TOU ToTapmoU Kat Oeagadpevor Tov “AdéEav- 348 ALEXANDER, xt. 1-4 XLII. And it is astonishing that he had time to write so many letters for his friends. For instance, he wrote one giving orders to seek out a slave of Seleucus who had run away into Cilicia; and one in commendation of Peucestas for arresting Nicon, a servant of Craterus; and one to Megabyzus about an attendant who had taken refuge in a sanctuary, bid- ding him, if possible, entice the slave outside the sanctuary and then arrest him, but not to lay hands upon him in the sanctuary. It is said, too, that at first, when he was trying capital cases, he would put his hand over one of his ears while the accuser was speaking, that he might keep it free and unpreju- diced for the accused. But afterwards the multitude of accusations which he heard rendered him harsh, and led him to believe the false because so many were true. And particularly when he was maligned he lost discretion and was cruel and inexorable, since he loved his reputation more than his life or his kingdom. Now, however, he marched out against Dareius,} expecting to fight another battle ; but when he heard that Dareius had been seized by Bessus, he sent his Thessalians home, after distributing among them a largess of two thousand talents over and above their pay. In consequence of the pursuit of Dareius, which was long and arduous (for in eleven days he rode thirty-three hundred furlongs), most of his horsemen gave out, and chiefly for lack of water. At this point some Macedonians met him who were carrying water from the river in skins upon their mules. And when they beheld Alexander, it being now midday, in a 4 In the spring of 330 B.c, 349 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Spov non peonpBpias ovens KaKaS Wen) _ Sixpous EXOvTa TAXU TANT apEevor xpdvos TOT 1VEYKAY. mrudowevov dé avtod tio Kops OLED, “ Tiois,” epacay, ‘ ‘ iStous” adra cov CavTos ETEMOUS ToLn- copeda, KAY exelvous aToOnET wey.” TavUTa AKov- oas eda Bev els TAs Xetpas 70 Kpavos- meptBeWas dé kal Gea TAMEVOS TOUS TEpt avrov immels dravTas éyxexrLeoTtas Tals Keparais Kal pos TO OTOP Brérrovtas arédwxev ov Tiov, GAN émawéeoas \ , , ee \ > 7 99 » Pen) Tous avOpwrous, ‘Av yap autos, edn, “Tio Hovos, adupnoovaty oUTOL. Geacapevot 6€ THY eyapareray avTOV Kal peyarowuxiar | ot immets aye dveK paryov Gappodyta Kat Tovs tmmous éuadotefov: ovTe yap Kadpvew ovTe Oupav ove’ bAXws Gvyntovs civat vopiley avTovs, Ews av Eywot Bactréa ToLovTo”. XDI. A bev obp mpolupia TAVTOY ay omota* povous 6€ hac éEnkovta cuvetotreceiy els Ta aTpatoTreda TOV TONE MLOY. évOa 61) ToXuy pev dpyupov Kal \“pucov €ppempevov umepBatvovtes, TONAGS dé Taidwy Kab yuvarKav appapatas TVLOX OY €pN {Lous Seapepopevas TA pepNopevot, TOUS TP@TOUS edi@xon, @s éy exelvars Aapetov OvTa. pots be eUptoKeTat TONY AKO TLG LAT OV KATATAEWS TO THOUa KEipwevos ev appapakn, PL POV | Groner oy Tov TedevTay. Spws dé Kat met nTnoe, Kal Tiwy Bdwp Wuypov elite ™ pos TOV Sévra To\votparov: 0, avOpwre, TOUTO pot Trépas yéyore SvaTuyias amdons, ed Tradeiv apetracbat pn Surduevov" aXn’ “Arefavdp 0S amobwae. got THY yap, AreEavdpw dé of Oeot 525 69¢ ALEXANDER, xu. 4—xLul. 2 wretched plight from thirst, they quickly filled a helmet and brought it to him. To his enquiry for whom they were carrying the water, they replied: “For our own sons; but if thou livest, we can get other sons, even if we lose these.” On hearing this he took the helmet into his hands, but when he looked around and saw the horsemen about him all stretching out their heads and gazing at the water, he handed it back without drinking any, but with praises for the men who had brought it; “ For,” said he, “if I should drink of it alone, these horsemen of mine will be out of heart.” But when they beheld his self-control and loftiness of spirit, they shouted out to him to lead them forward boldly, and began to goad their horses on, declaring that they would not regard themselves as weary, or thirsty, or as mor- tals at all, so long as they had such a king. XLIII. So, then, all were alike ready and willing ; but only sixty, they say, were with Alexander when he burst into the camp of the enemy. There, in- deed, they rode over much gold and silver that was thrown away, passed by many waggons full of women and children which were coursing hither and thither without their drivers, and pursued those who were foremost in flight, thinking that Dareius was among them. But at last they found him lying in a waggon, his body all full of javelins, at the point of death. Nevertheless, he asked for something to drink, and when he had drunk some cold water which Polystra- tus gave him, he said to him: “ My man, this is the extremity of all my ill-fortune, that I receive good at thy hands and am not able to return it; but Alexander will requite thee for thy good offices, and the gods will reward Alexander for his kindness to 35° PLUTARCH S LIVES THS els pnTépa Kal yuvaixa Kal Taidas Tous émous émueikelas, © TavTny Sidwps THY SeELav dia aod.” TavTa ela Kat AaBdopuevos THS TOU IloAvoTpatov XELpas eEeherrev. ‘AdéEavdpos dé os emir Oev, anya@v te TO Tabet pavepos my Kat TY éauT ov yrapvea Mucas é7éBane T@ TO MATE Kal Tepte- oteive. Kal Biaoov pev Uotepov eUpov dueo hev- Sovyjcen, opOtav bévdpav eis TAUTO KappOevtov ExaTepy HLEpos Tpocaptnaas Tob THMATOS, elTa pedeis ExaTepov, as OpLNnTo pvyn Pepopevor, TO T poo ijKov av7@ [Epos velar dat. TOTE O€ TOU Aapetou TO mev oO pa KEKOG J7) LEVOV BacirtKes Tpos TV batepa améa TELE, Tov 6€ dberdov "EEdOpny eis Tous ETalpovs avéraPev. XLIV. Avdtos 5€ peta THS akpwatotatns suva- pews eis Tpxaviav catéBawe Kai TeXayOUS Lowy KOATrOV OvK é€AUTTOVa pev TOD IlavTov davévta, yAuKUTEpoy b€ THS GAANS OaraTTNs, capes pev ovdey éxxe TvGécOat Trepit avTov, pardiaota Se elxage THS Matwtidos Ali“vyns avaKoTiy éEivat. KaLTOL TOUS ‘YE puacKovs avopas ove érabe Ta- AnGEés, AMAA ToNNois eTETLY eum poo Gev THS “Ade- EavSpou oTpATELAs LoTopnKacly OTL Teccapwv KOATIOV eloeXOvT@V TO THs €&W Jardcons Bopevotatos ovtos éatt, TO “Tpxkaviov wéXayos kal Kaomcov ood mpocayopevopevov. "Evrav0a TOV BapBapov tives dm poadoKnTos TEPLTUXOVTES TOS ayouct TOV ir Tov avrob TOV 3 Bouxedadrav NapBavovaw. o Sé HveyKev ov pe- 1 These details of the death of Dareius are not to be found in Arrian (Anab, iii. 21 fin.), but in Curtius (v. 13, 28) and Diodorus (xvii. 73). 352 ALEXANDER, xii. 2—XLiv. 3 my mother, wife, and children; to him, through thee, I give this right hand.” With these words he took the hand of Polystratus and then expired.! When Alexander came up, he was manifestly dis- tressed by what had happened, and unfastening his own cloak threw it upon the body and covered it. And when, at a later time,? he found Bessus, he had him rent asunder. Two straight trees were bent together and a part of his body fastened to each ; then when each was released and sprang vigorously back, the part of the body that was attached to it followed after. Now, however, he sent the body of Dareius, laid out in royal state, to his mother,’ and admitted his brother, Exathres, into the number of his companions. XLIV. He himself, however, with the flower of his army, marched on into Hyreania. Here he saw a gulf of the open sea which appeared to be as large as the Euxine, but was sweeter than the Mediter- ranean. He could get no clear information about it, but conjectured that in all probability it was a stag- nant overflow from the Palus Maeotis. And yet naturalists were well aware of the truth, and many years before Alexander’s expedition they had set forth that this was the most northerly of four gulfs which stretch inland from the outer sea, and was ealled indifferently the Hyrcanian or Caspian Sea. Here some Barbarians unexpectedly fell in with those who were leading Alexander's horse, Buce- phalas, and captured him. Alexander was angry 2 In the spring of 329 B.c. Cf. Arrian, Anab. ii. 30, 5; NARS sie Uh 3 «To Persepolis, with orders that it should be buried in the royal sepulchre” (Arrian, Anab. iti. 22, 1). Sa6 PLUTARCH’S LIVES . > \ 7 / ’ / , Tpiws, AXAA KyHpUKA TEAS NmEi\ANTE TaVTAsS a \ / nw GATOKTEVELY PETA TEKVWOY KAL YUVaLK@Y, El TOV ? ‘mer a. , > ON \ \ \ (TWITOv avT@ pn avaTréurerav. émel b€ Kal TOV (TTOV AYOVTES KOV Kal TAS TOAELS eyyELplCovTes, éypycato ditavOpwrws Tact Kal Tov immou AUTpa Tots AaBovawy Edwxev. XLV. ’Evteddev ets thv UapOtxnv avavtervéas \ i“ A ? , \ \ Kal cyoNdlwy mpa@tov évedicato THv BapBapixny oTOAnY, elite BovAOMEVOS AUTOVY GUVOLKELODY TOTS , , - ETLVWpPLOLS VOmols, ws péeya mpos eEnwepwow b] 4 \ Uf \ e U v9 ’ , avOpwrwv to auvnfes kai opoduroy, elt amo- Telpu Tis upeEelto THS mpooKuyyncews avTN Tos ; ' N N Makedoct, cata pixpov avacyécbar tTHv éxd.ai- ’ “ \ \ b] , > \ 2 tTnolv auTov Kat peTaBorny eOrGopévors. ov pany / \ , thy ye Mndcxny éxewwny mpoonxato mavtaract \ ee) , % yO\ 9 , BapBapixkny Kai adXoxoTov ovaay, ovdé avakupt- das ovd€ Kdvduv ovdé ttapay édaPer, adXra ev x “ a A “A péow tiva THS Ilepatets cat THs Mndcehs prEa- lb peevos eU TWS, ATUPoTepay pev exetvyns, TaAUTNS O€ a) N n coBapwrépav ovoav. éxpito 5€ TO péev TpaToOV ~ t \ -~ 4 évtuyxavwv tots BapBapos Kat Tois ETAaLpots KAT’ = = A “A er b] f \ oikoVv, elTa TOiS TOAXO’S OUTS eFeAaVYMY Kal , wn \ N A 3 ypnpaTilwy ewpaTo. Kal AVTNPOY peEV HY ToOIS ; / \ / \ \ » A Maxedcot 70 Oéapa, tTHy dé GAXnV a’Tov Gavua- \ f a ow A Covtes apeTnv @ovto deiy Evia TMY pos 1dOV7V al U w ef \ A avT@ Kat do€av émerywpetv: G5 ye Tpos Atract TOLS , - \ GArows EvayYos Tésevpa pey Els THY KYHUHDY 354 ALEXANDER, xuiv. 3-xLv. 3 beyond measure, and sent a herald threatening to put them all to the sword, together with their wives and children, if they did not send him back his horse. But when they came with the horse and also put their cities into his hands, he treated them all kindly, and gave a ransom for his horse to those who had captured him. XLV. From thence he marched into Parthia,! where, during a respite from fighting, he first put on the barbaric dress, either from a desire to adapt him- self to the native customs, believing that community of race and custom goes far towards softening the hearts of men; or else this was an attempt to intro- duce the obeisance? among the Macedonians, by accustoming them little by little to put up with changes and alterations in his mode of life. How- ever, he did not adopt the famous Median fashion of dress, which was altogether barbaric and strange, nor did he assume trousers, or sleeved vest, or tiara, but carefully devised a fashion which was midway between the Persian and the Median, more modest than the one and more stately than the other. At first he wore this only in intercourse with the Bar- barians and with his companions at home, then people generally saw him riding forth or giving audience in this attire. The sicht — was offensive to the Mace- donians, but they admired his other high qualities and thought they ought to yield to him in some things which made for his pleasure or his fame. For, in addition to all his other hardships, he had recently been shot by an arrow in the leg below the knee, so ' In the early autumn of 330 B.c. * Prostration on the ground before a great personage, a peculiarly Persian custom, 355 PLUTARCH’S LIVES AaBwv, bf ob TO THs KEpKidos daTéov am oO pau- adev eerrece, NiO dé Trnyels Tadw els TOV TpaXnrOY WOTE Kal Tats dypeowv ay uv UTrO- Spa pety Trapapeivacay OUK odyov Xpovor, OMws OUK €TAavETO XPOmEVOS EAUT@ TPOS TOUS KLIVOUVOUS apevoas, adra kal TOV "Ope€d pray ts ToTa- [Lov, OY AUTOS WETO Tavaiv eval, Kal TOUS 2 «vas Tpeyrauevos elwtev émt oa tadtous éxaTtov, évo- YAOUpEVOS UTTO Stappoias. XLVI. ’Evtadda 6é Mpos avTov adixér ba THD ‘Apafova ot TOAXOL heyouow, @V Kat Kreirapxos éott xat Tlodverertos Kal “Ovnoixpttos Kal ‘Avtuyerns Kal “lotpos: “AptatoBovros 6€é Kal Xapys o eloaryryedeus Kab IroAepaios Kal ‘Avtt- KrELOns Kal Pirov O OnBaios Kal Dirurrros ) Ocayyerevs, mpos O€ TOUTOLS ‘Exatatos o ’Lpe- miptevs cal Dirurmos o Xadndevs Kab Aodpis O Ldap.os mAdcpa gaol yeyovévat TovTo. Kal paptupety AUTOLS EOLKEV “AneEav Epos. BLEEP yap aTAaVTA ypapav axptBas TOV pev Lavdny avT@ pynot di60var THY Guvyatepa Tpos yapov, "A pabdvos dé ov pvnpoveves. éyeTae O€ TOANOIS V povols ‘Ovyotkpitos vatepov 707 Bactrevovte Avaoipax Tov BiBriov 70 TETAPTOV avayive- oKELY, ev @ yeypanra mept THS “Apalovos: tov ouv Avaipaxov AT PEMA pediacavtTa Kai Tov, i pavar, “ TOTE Heavy éyw;” Tadta pev ovy av TLS OUTE ATLOT@Y WTTOV OUTE TLoOTEvWY paNdoOV "AréEavdpov Oavpacete. XLVIT. DoBovpevos 6€ trovs Maxedévas, wy ets Ta UTOAOLTA THS OTpaTElasS aTayopevcweot, TO peev GAO WAHGOS elace KaTAa ywpav, TaUs dé 356 ALEXANDER, xiv. 3-xtvir. 2 that splinters of the larger bone came out; and at another time he was smitten in the neck with a stone so severely that his eye-sight was clouded and remained so for some time. Nevertheless, he did not cease exposing himself to dangers without stint, nay, he actually crossed the river Orexartes (which he himself supposed to be the Tanais), put the Scythians to rout, and pursued them for a hundred furlongs, although he was suffering all the while from a diarrhoea. XLVI. Here the queen of the Amazons came to see him, as most writers say, among whom are Cleitarchus, Polycleitus, Onesicritus, Antigenes, and Ister; but Aristobulus, Chares the royal usher, Ptolemy, Anticleides, Philo the Theban, and Philip of Theangela, besides Hecataeus of Fretria, Philip the Chalcidian, and Duris of Samos, say that this is a fiction. And it would seem that Alexander's testi- mony is in favour of their statement. For in a letter to Antipater which gives all the details minutely he says that the Scythian king offered him his daughter in marriage, but he makes no mention of the Amazon. And the story is told that many years afterwards Onesicritus was reading aloud to Lysimachus, who was now king, the fourth book of his history, in which was the tale of the Amazon, at which Lysi- machus smiled gently and said: “ And where was I at the time?”’ However, our belief or disbelief ot this story will neither increase nor diminish our admiration for Alexander. ALVII. Fearing that his Macedonians might tire of the rest of his expedition, he left the greater part of thera in quarters, and while he had the best of 357 PLUTARCH’S LIVES apiotous éywr év “Tpxavia pe? éavtod, Sicpupt- ovs melous Kal Tpiaxytdious imets, mpocéBare, Neyov ws voy Lev AUTOS évUTTULOY TOV BapBdpwV opwvtay, av dé povoy tacdtavtes tHv “Aciav atiwolw, émiOncopévwr evGus dorvep yuvarkiv. ou pny adr amévat ye TOUS BovAopéevous edixe,} papTupapevos OTL THY oiKOUpLEVnY Tots Maxedoor KTWMUEVOS EYKATANEAELTTAL META TOV Hhirwv Kal Tov eXovTwy oTpaTEevelv. TavTa ayedov avTois ovopacw éy 7H mWpos ‘Avtitatpov émicTodAH yéypattat, Kal OTL TAVTA ELTOVTOS AVTOD TaVTES éEéxpayov oot BovreTat THS olKoupéevns aye. deEapéevwy 6€ TOUTwWY TINY Teipay oOUKéeTL HY Yaretov mpoayOnrat To mAHG0s, AANA padiws emnKkonrovl naev. Otte 6) cal Thy diartav rt padXov wpoiou Te Tois émtywplois éavTor, éxetvad TE TMpoanye Tols Maxedovixois éOecw, avaxpace Kal Kowwvia parrov Ot evvolas KatactHoecOal Ta TPpaypaTa vopifov Bla, pakpay amatpovtos avtov. 6&0 Kal Tplopuplovs taidas émtdreEdpevos éxédevce ypappata Te pavOavery “EXdXAnuika cal Maxedom- Kots arAos évtpedecOat, morXovs é€mtaTaTas KaTaoTHnaas. Kal ta mept “PwE&dvny épwtt pev empayOn, KaAnVY Kal wpatay év TLL YOpw Tapa motov opletcar, edoge 5€ ovK avdpmooTa TOIS UTOKELMEVOLS ELVaL TpdypactW. éOappnoav yap ot BapBapot tH Kolvwria Tov yapov, Kat Tov 1 épijxe Coraés’ correction of the épy nat of the MSS., adopted by Sint.; Bekker reads agiéva: ... %pn. 358 ALEXANDER, xtv.1. 1-4 them with him in Hyrcania, twenty thousand foot and three thousand horse, he addressed them, saying that at present they were seen by the Barbarians as in a dream, but that if they should merely throw Asia into confusion and then leave it they would be at- tacked by them as if they were women. However, he said, he allowed those who wished it to go away, calling them to witness that while he was winning the inhabited world for the Macedonians he had been left behind with his friends and those who were will- ing to continue the expedition. This is almost word for word what he wrote in his letter to Antipater, and he adds that after he had thus spoken all his hearers cried out to him to lead them to whatever part of the world he wished. After these had met his test of their loyalty, it was no longer a hard matter for the main body to be led along too, nay, they readily followed after. Under these circumstances, too, he adapted his own mode of life still more to the customs of the country, and tried to bring these into closer agree- ment with Macedonian customs, thinking that by a mixture and community of practice w hich produced good will, rather than by force, his authority would be kept secure while he was far away. For this reason, too, he chose out thirty thousand boys and gave orders that they should learn the Greek language and be trained to use Macedonian weapons, appoint- ing many instructors for this work. His marriage to Roxana, whom he saw in her youthful beauty taking part in a dance at a banquet, was a love affair, and yet it was thought to harmonize well with the matters which ne had in hand. For the Barbarians were encouraged by the partnership into which the marriage brought them, and they were beyond 359 PLUTARCH’S LIVES % IT& e - 4 ¢ AréEavdpov wtepnyarnaayv, 6TL cwppovéatatos ral \ e , TEpl TAVTA yEeyov@s ovo€é HS povns nTTHON yuvat- KOS dvev vomov Ouyetv Vm éewenvev. 5 \ \ \ A / er a , Emel 6€ kat tov didwy éwpa TOV peEeyioTwV ‘Hdaiotiova peév ématvobyta Kat ovppeTaKxoo povU- pevov avto@, Kpatepov b€ Tois maTpiows EupevovTas > 9 , \ ) , a , \ dz éxeivou pev éypnuatile tots BapSapois, dia a / al / tovrov 6€ Tots “EAAnot Kal tois Maxedoce xal e \ \ b] 4 , N ye eh at/ , Odkws TOV pev epirer wartoTta, Tov O€ éTipa, vopi- \ A > ON \ \ e , Cwv Kal rAéyov aet tov pev Hoarotiwva dira- réEavdpov eivat, Tov d€ Kpatepov didoBacirEéa. \ N \ 2) / e / v / 640 Kal mpos AAANAOVS UTTOVAWS EXOVYTES TUVE- / ot be \ \ bd \ Kpovov qmoAAaKis. amak& o€ epi tHY ‘Ivdixnv \ 3 a 9 i \ , \ Kat els Xelpas 7AOov oTacdpevar Ta Eihn, Kal Tov piriwy éxatépo TapaBonlovvtwv TpoceAXdcas , ¢ al "AnréEavdpos érotdopes tov “Hdatotiwva davepas, EUTANKTOV KANOV KAL MALVOMEVOD, EL 1) OUViNT WW ¢ Sink 3) “ N > / 3 / @s, éav tis avtov tov ‘AréEavdpov adérnrat, X \ wn n n pndév éotiv: idta b€ Kai Tov Kpatepod mixpas , \ \ bf \ \ s Kabinpato. Kal cuvayaywv avtous Kal draddaEas 3 , N ” \ \ ” , 5 éemwpoce Tov Apywva Kat Tovs adXous Geovs, 7 pny partota pirety avOpwrwv atavtwy éxeivous* a XN / ¥ , 3 a av d€ wad alicOntar dtapepopévous, aToKTEVELY >] hk A ‘ b] , e e/ > \ audhotépous, } Tov apEdpevov. bOev baTteEpov ove , ., nw b x nw \ 9 , mattovtTes eimrely TL ovde TPAEaL TPOS UAANAOUS NEVovTat. \ e XLVIII. Dirwras 5é 0 Llappeviwvos aFiwpa ry , , \ pev etyev év tots Maxedocu péya’ kai yap av- a 19 / \ \ t f \ dpetos édoxes Kal KapteptKos elvat, Pirodwpos 5é 360 ALEXANDER, xivu. 4—xivii. t measure fond of Alexander, because, most tem- perate of all men that he was in these matters, he would not consent to approach even the only woman who ever mastered his affections, without the sanc- tion of law. Moreover, when he saw that among his chiefest friends Hephaestion approved his course and joined him in changing his mode of life, while Craterus clung fast to his native ways, he employed the for- mer in his business with the Barbarians, the latter in that with the Greeks and Macedonians. And in general he showed most affection for Hephaestion, but most esteem for Craterus, thinking, and constantly saying, that Hephaestion was a friend of Alexander, but Craterus a friend of the king. For this reason, too, the men cherished a secret grudge against one another and often came into open collision. And once, on the Indian expedition, they actually drew their swords and closed with one another, and as the friends of each were coming to his aid, Alex- ander rode up and abused Hephaestion publicly, calling him a fool and a madman for not knowing that without Alexander’s favour he was nothing; and in private he also sharply reproved Craterus. Then he brought them together and_ reconciled them, taking an oath by Ammon and the rest of the gods that he loved them most of all men; but that if he heard of their quarrelling again, he would kill them both, or at least the one who began the quarrel. Wherefore after this they neither did nor said anything to harm one another, not even in jest. XLVIII. Now, Philotas, the son of Parmenio, had a high position among the Macedonians; for he was held to be valiant and able to endure hardship, and, 361 cr PLUTARCH’S LIVES obTwm Kal irétatpos pet’ avTov “Ar€Eavdpov ovoeis. A€yeTae your OTe TaV auInOwY TiVOS aitodvtos apyuptoy éxédevoe Sodvar: dracavtos dé tod dtoixntod py exe, “Ti réyeus;” elmer, “ovde TOT?) pLov Evers oveé (MET LOD; oyKe@ ¢ pov wartos Kal Paper movTOV Kal TH Tepl TO copa Geparreia Kab O1airy XpwpLevos éraxOéore- pov A «ar ididtyy, Kal TéTe 67 TO oepvOV Kab bynrov ovK EUPENOS, aX avev xapitov TO gONOiLKw Kal TAPAT ILD [LL LOUPLEVOS, vTowiay Kab pOovov ¢ EaXEVs @OTE Kal Lappeviova TOTE elmreip pos avr ov" TO) mal, XElpav pot ytvov.” ampos dé avtov “AdéEavdpov éx avy ToN\NGY xXpovev eTUyXaVE dra BeBrnpEv05. OTe yap Ta Tepl AapacKoy EANW NPNLAT OL Aapeiou vexn Devt os ev Kedexcta, TONA@V TMOMATOV Kopia Gevt cov EiS TO otpatomedoy evpéeb n yuvaroy év Tots aX Wahwrors, TO bev Les [ludvaior, eUT peTTes Oé TI oyu éxanelro dé” Avtuyov. TovTO éayvev 0 PidoTas: oia 6é véos Tm pos Epopmevny Kal GUY OlvVM TOA prrorepa Kal OTPATLOTLKG Trappnovatouevos é €au- TOU Ta peyiota TOV epyov damrépatve Kal TOU TAT POS, “AnreEavdpor dé pel paktov amekanrer 60 avUTOUS TO THS apxijs ovoua KapTOUMEVOD. TavTa THIS yuva.tros expepovans 7 pos TLVA TOV ovrndav, éxeivou Oé, @S ElKOS, ™ pos ET Epon, mepihrOev els Kpatepov o Aoryos" Kat NaBwv TO yuvatov elon- yarye Kpvpa T pos ‘An€eEavdpov. axovaas 6é exEelvos exehevoe port av ELS TAVTO TO Prora, Kal wav, 6 te dv é€xtrvOntat TovTov, Tpos avTOV avayyérrew Badifovear. 362 ALEXANDER, xtvint. 1-5 after Alexander himself, no one was so fond of giving and so fond of his comrades. At any rate, we are told that when one of his intimates asked him for some money, he ordered his steward to give it him, and when the steward said he had none to give, “What meanest thou?’ cried Philotas, “hast thou not even plate or clothing?” However, he displayed a pride of spirit, an abundance of wealth, and a care of the person and mode of life which were too offensive for a private man, and at this time par- ticularly his imitation of majesty and loftiness was not successful at all, but clumsy, spurious, and devoid of grace, so that he incurred suspicion and envy, and even Parmenio once said to him: “ My son, pray be less of a personage.” Moreover, for a very long time accusations against him had been brought to Alex- ander himself. For when Dareius had been defeated in Cilicia and the wealth of Damascus was taken, among the many prisoners brought into the camp there was found a young woman, born in Pydna, and comely to look upon; her name was Antigone. This woman Philotas got; and as a young man will often talk freely in vaunting and martial strain to his mistress and in his cups, he used to tell her that the greatest achievements were performed by himself and his father, and would call Alexander a stripling who through their efforts enjoyed the title of ruler. These words the woman would report to one of her acquaintances, and he, as was natural, to somebody else, until the story came round to Craterus, who took the girl and brought her secretly to Alexander. He, on hearing her story, ordered her to continue her meetings with Philotas and to come and report to him whatever she learned from her lover, 353 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XLIX. ‘O pév otvy Birertas ériBovdrevopevos OUTS HYyVoEL, KaL cuVHY TH AvTLyovN TOAAa Kal Tpos opyny Kal peyadavyiayv pryuata Kal Noyous KATA TOU Bacthews ave Tn OElous T poiépevos. 0 dé ‘AdéEavopos, KaLTFEp KapTepas evoei Eews KaTa Tov Didwrou TpooTEr ovens, exapTEpnce o1wT 7h Kal KATET XEN, eite Oappav TH TLappeviavos €U- voig pos auTov, elite d€dL0@5 THY dogav auTov Kal THY Suvapuy. év b€ T@ TOTE ypovw Maxedov dvoma Nipyos, EK Xaraicrpas, em Boureveov “Ane- Eavdpo Nixopaxov Twa TOV vewD, ™ pos OV AUTOS EPWTLKOS elXev, emt THY Koweviay THs trpaktews Tapekdrel. Tov O€ py SeEapéevov, PpacavTos bé TaAdEAPO KeBarivw thy Tetpav, éd\Oav éxeivos mpos Pidwrav exeevoey elo dye avTovs T pos ‘Ad€Eavdpoy @s Trept avayKatov eXovTas evTUYely Kal peyadov. o 6€ Direras, 6 te &y mabav (adnXov yup €aTtv), ov maphyev AUTOUS, WS ™ pos anrow petfoce yuyvopevov Tov Bactréws. Kal ToUTO ls Emoinaev. ot 6€ KAP VTOWiay dn TOD Piwrov Tpamopevor mpos Erepov Kat év éxetvou TO ’AnreEdvdpe TporanGevres TP@TOV Mev TA TOD Alpvou KATELTOV, eTELTA Taped) ora HOU TOV Pirarav, OS GpEeNHoEtev AUTAV OLS evTUX Ov- TWV. Kal TOUTO 67) ohodpa Tapweuve Tov ’AXé- Eavdpov' nai Tov TweudOevtos emt tov Aipvov, ws 7] PUVETO cuhhapSavopevos, ATOKTELVAVTOS AUTOD, ETL pardov duerapayOn, Tov eAeYX OV extrepevye- var THS ém@tBovAns vopilwr. Kal mixpas Exwv 693 1 In the late autumn of 330 B.o, 364 ALEXANDER, xxix. 1-5 XLIX. Now, Philotas was ignorant of the plot thus laid against him, and in his frequent interviews with Antigone would utter many angry and boastful speeches and many improper words against the king. But Alexander, although strong testimony against Philotas came to his ears, endured in silence and restrained himself, either because he had confidence in Parmenio’s good will towards him, or because he feared the reputation and power of father and son. Meanwhile, however, a Macedonian named Limnus, from Chalaestra, conspired against Alexander’s life, and invited Nicomachus, one of the young men, whose lover he was, to take part with him in the undertaking. _Nicomachus would not accept the invitation, but told his brother Cebalinus of the attempt, and he, going to Philotas, ordered him to conduct them into the presence of Alexander, on the ground that there were matters of great import- ance about which they must see him. But Philotas, for whatever reason (and the reason is not known), would not conduct them in, alleging that the king was engaged on other matters of more importance. And he refused their request twice. They now be- came suspicious of Philotas and applied to someone else, by whom they were brought before Alexander. In the first place they told him about the plot of Limnus, and then threw out veiled insinuations against Philotas, on the ground that he had ne- glected their petitions on two occasions. This greatly incensed Alexander; and when he found that Lim- nus had defended himself against arrest and had therefore been killed by the man sent to fetch him, he was still more disturbed in mind, thinking that the proof of the plot had escaped him. And since 365 PLUTARCH’S LIVES T pos TOV Pirwrav éreaTadoaTo TOUS Taal pL- covvTas avTov, 60 pavepas héyovtas ws padupia TOD Bacrrews ein Aippoy olopevou, Nadatotpaiov avO pwrroy, emixerpiioar TOLMNLATL TOTOUT@ Kal auTov" GXNG TOUTOV meV UmnpeTny elvat, padrov dé 6pyavov amo peiCovos apyns aprépevor, ev éxel- vous d€ THY émuBovrnyv EntynTéov ols padtoTa Tav- ta ravddve cuvéfEepe. TotovTots Royots Kal UTovoials avaTreTadcavTOS Ta OTA TOV Bactréus émiryov Hon pupias Kata Tod Pidwtov dLaBoras. éx ToUTOU OE curr pbeis aveKpivero, TOV ETALDWP eperT@Tav tats Bacavots, “AneEdvpou dé KaTa- KOVOVTOS efw0ev auraias TApareTaperns OTE én Kai hac avTov etreiy, oixTpas Kal Tareas tov Pirwtov dwvas Kat Senoers Tois tept Tov ‘Hoatotiwva tpocdépovtos: “ ObTw 67 paraxos ov, @ Pihota, Kai avavdpos émeyetpets Tpdypact TyALKOUTOIS;” aTroOavorTos bé TOU PirwTov Kal Hlappeviwva tréprras ebtOvs els Mndiav avetrer, dvépa. TONNe fev Diirre ovykaTepyac auevor, p-ovov dé 7) pideota Tov mpecButépwv dirov “Ad€Eavdpov ELS ‘Aciav eFopmnjoavra dia Bijvas, T pea d€ viv avs EaVEV, ETL THS TTPATLAS duo pev emtdovta Tporepoy aToVavovTas, TO O€ TPLT@ ovvavatpeOevTa. Tatra mpaxGévra TodXols TOV pihov doBepov érroinae tov AndéEavdpov, pddtota dé ‘Avrima- Tew Kal mpos AitwXovs Ereue xptha TicTeLs didovs Kat AauBdavoer. éfoBodvto yap *AXé- Eavdpov Attwrot da THY Olviad@v avactacw, iv 1 Of. Arrian, Anab. iii. 26. 366 ALEXANDER, xuix. 5-8 he felt bitter towards Philotas he drew to himself those who had long hated the man, and they now said openly that the king took things too easily when he supposed that Limnus, a man of Chalaestra, had set his hand to a deed of so great daring on his own account ; nay, they said, he was only an assistant, or rather an instrument sent forth by a higher power, and enquiry into the plot should be made in those quarters where there was most interest in having it concealed. After the king had once given ear to such speeches and suspicions, the enemies of Philotas brought up countless accusations against him. Con- sequently he was arrested and put to the question, the companions of the king standing by at the torture, while Alexander himself listened behind a stretch of tapestry. Here, as we are told, on hearing Philotas beset Hephaestion with abject and _ pitiful cries and supplications, he said: “So faint-hearted as thou art, Philotas, and so unmanly, couldst thou have set hand to so great an undertaking?” After Philotas had been put to death, Alexander sent at once into Media and dispatched Parmenio also, a man whose achievements with Philip had been many, and who was the only one of Alexander’s older friends, or the principal one, to urge his crossing into Asia, and who, of the three sons that were his, had seen two killed on the expedition before this, and was now put to death along with the third.! These actions made Alexander an object of fear to many of his friends, and particularly to Antipater, who sent secretly to the Aetolians and entered into an alliance with them. For the Aetolians also were in fear of Alexander, because they had destr oyed the city of the Oeniadae, and because Alexander, on 367 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , a A > > N avOduevos ove Olviadoy bn traidas, adr avTov 3 4 , 3 nn éemOnaey diknv Aitwrots. A / x L. OU moAA@ b€ VatEepoy cuvnvéexXOy Kal Ta \ ta “ ef \ e a / A mept Kyeitov, ov tw pev amdos Tudopevolts TOY \ 4 , , f Kata Pidkwtay aypiwrepa’ OY pévTOL ouUVTL- f ?? \ s Gévres Aya Kal THY alTiay Kal TOY KaLpOY, OVK D N , 3 \ / \ “A e f aTo yvouns, dra OvoTUXLa TLV TAVTA EUpLoKo- 4 A , > N \ U pev TeTpaypeva TOD Bactdéws, opyny Kat peOnv , n bd 4 , f mpodaci Te Knreitov datpore tmapavyortos. > s \ e © , ’ if eT émpaydn dé oUTws. KOov TIVES OTWpav ENXANM- ‘ ’ N 4 “a “ la € \ Kkny amo Gadaucaons TO Bactrel KomtfovtTes. Oo O€ 4 \ ? \ \ N , > , \ Gavpacas THY UkpNY KaL TO KaNXOS EXadEL TOV a) La) \ A ¢ Kvytetrov, éridetEut cal petadovvat Bovropevos. o \ , \ SS b) \ N \ / 3 / dé Ovwy peév éTUyyavev, adels 6é THY Avciav éBa- , A 66e- Kal Tpla TwOVY KaTeoTELaLéEVwWY TpOBaTwV A 4 \ e émnxorovOncevy avtT@. muGopevos d€ 0 BactrEus ’ A A , > 4 \ avexowvouTo Tois pavteow Apictavdp@ Kai Kreo- A \ pavre. TO Adxkwr. dnodvtwy b€ Tovnpov eivat ‘ ral a 3 \ , TO onpetov, ExéXevoev ExOvoacGar KaTa TuYOS e \ a , \ N See e / , uTep tov KrXettov. Kat yap autos npépa TpiTn \ \ iA bf “a v ” / \ KaTa Tous Umvous tdety Oiwv atoTrov: dSo—at yap ra 4 A \ A sf eA avtw Tov KAettoy peta Tov Ilappevriwvos vidy ev , € , ty , e , péracw ipatiows KabeCecPat, TeOvnxoTwy atrav- > \ ” © a a > , Tov. ov pny épGacey o Krettos éxduadpevos, > 3 Or b ] \ ‘ 6 a e f e arr evOus emt TO Seitvoyv Ke, TeAvKOTOS TOU , / / \ A Baciréws AtocKovpots. mwotou dé veavKod cup- Ya / / ¢ payevtos noeTo Troijpata IIpaviyou tives, ws 5é 4 ’ \ hac éviot, lltepiwvos, es Tovs otTpatnycus Te- 368 ALEXANDER, xtix. 8-L. 4 learning of it, had said that it would not be the sons of the Oeneadae, but he himself who would punish the Aetolians. L. Not long afterwards came the affair of Cleitus,} which those who simply learn the immediate circuimn- stances will think more savage than that of Philotas ; if we take into consideration, however, alike the cause and the time, we find that it did not happen of set purpose, but through some misfortune of the king, whose anger and intoxication furnished occasion for the evil genius of Cleitus. It happened on this wise. Some people came bringing Greek fruit to the king from the sea-board. He admired its per- fection and beauty and called Cleitus, wishing to show it to him and share it with him. It chanced that Cleitus was sacrificing, but he gave up the sacrifice and came; and three of the sheep on which libations had already been poured came following after him. When the king learned of this cireum- stance, he imparted it to his soothsayers, Aristander and Cleomantis the Lacedaemonian. Then, on their telling him that the omen was bad, he ordered them to sacrifice in all haste for the safety of Cleitus. For he himself, two days before this, had seen a strange vision in his sleep; he thought he saw Cleitus sitting with the sons of Parmenio in black robes, and all were dead. However, Cleitus did not finish his sacrifice, but came at once to the supper of the king, who had sacrificed to the Dioscuri. After boisterous drinking was under way, verses were sung which had been composed by a certain Pranichus, or, as some say, Pierio, to shame and ridicule the 1 During the campaign of 328 B.c., at Sainarkand, in Sogdiana. Cf. Arrian, Anab. iv. 8 f. 369 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOUNPEVA 7 TOUS évaryXos NTT MEVOUS UTo TaV Bap- Bapov ém’ aiaxuvn Kat yedore. TOV 6€ T pe- o BuTépov duo xeparvovtov Kat NowopovvT@v TOV TE TOLnT ny Kal TOV adovta, TOU b¢ ‘AneEdv6pov Kal TOV TEL AUTOV ydéws GKPOWMEVOY Kat NEéyeELY KEAEVOVTOV, O Kretros 0” peO veo Kat poet TPAXUS ov opyny Kal avdabys 7 nyavdK TEL padora, dackwv ov Kaas ev BapPapos Kab Tone pious vB piver Bar Maxecovas TOAD Bertiovas Tav ye- avr, el Kal dua tuxig KEXPNVTAL. pycavros dé TOU ‘Aref avopov TOV Kyretrov AUTO ouvnyopelv duo TUYLay aropaivovTa THY devhtay, € eTMAavacTas O Kreitros, “Abry [LEVTOL OE, ELTrEV, “ 1) devhia TOV éx Gedy 0n TO mB pibarou Eider TOV va@Tov EKTPETOVTA meplerroinae, Kat TO Maxedovev ai- hare Kab TOIS TpAavmacL TOUTOLS eyevou THALKODTOS @ote "Appwvt cavtov eiomoleiy amretTTapeEVvos Dirirtov.” LI. TapofvvGels otv o ’AXEéEavEpos, “°H tad- Ta, elmev, ““@ Kkaxkn Kedardy, ov rept nudov EXAOTOTE Leyov Kai dtactacialwyv Maxedovas Xalpryo ev vous ters; 7 NNN once viv,” Eby, a Katpoper, "AnréEavOpe, Towavra TEAM TOV TOVWD KopFopievoe, paKkaptCouev 5€ Tovs 1}6n TeOvNKOTAS apiv émidety Mndixais paBdors Eatvopévous Maxe- dovas, Kab epody deouevous iva T@ Bacirel mpooeOwpev. Toate, TOU Kreérou Moppnola- Comevou Kal TOY TrEpl ‘Ar ae ~ kal tov Korodwviov ‘Aptéptov, Od Soxodow,” > cs Sf a e fa) PY > a M 80 e¢ eitrev, “ vuty ot “EXAnves ev tots Maxedoow ado- 3 / e i - be) A \ , mep €v Onptows Hteor TepiTaTetv; Tov de Krei- N v > \ > i ray f i TOU [Ln ELKOVTOS, AAA Els weoov a BoureTat A€yeLV \ > / , A \ a > \ tov AréEavépov KeXevorTos, pn Karelv eri detmrvov avopas érevOépous Kat Tappyotav eyov- Tas, GvAXa peTa BapBapev chy Kai dvdparrooan, ot THY Ilepotxny Cwvny Kai tov dtddXevKOV avTOd LT@VvA T poo kuyijaovaw, OUKETL Pépov THY opyny ‘Ad€Eavdpos paprov Tapakeéevovy évi Barov ETALGEY AUTOY Kal TO ey xerplo.ov éCntet. Tav é Twp“aTopvrAaKwy évos “Aptatopavouvs POacavTos e / \ fal 4 , AN uderécGat, Kal TOY AAXwWY TEpLEYoVTwWY Kai beo- / a péevov, avatnoyjaas aveSca Maxedoucti carov Tous uTacTLaTUs (ToUTO O€ HY GUUBorOV JopuBou peeyarou), Kal Tov carmiyKxTHy éxéXevTe oNMAI- vel, KaL TUE ETatoev ws StaTpiBovtTa Kal pn Bovropevov. ovtos pév ody VaoTepov evdoxipnaey an a \ , @S TOU LN cuvtapaxOjvas TO oT paToTedov ALTLO- TATOS YEVOMEVOS. Tov 6€ Kr«irov ody Udiepevov ol piror ports éEewoay TOU «rdpavos. ‘O 6é kat addras Ovpas avOis clone, para odktywpws Kat Opacéws Evpiioou ta é€& *Avdpo- payns tapPeia Tadta Tepatvev: cae 3 al oiuot, KAO “EXAGS’ ws KAKaS voutCeTat. ouTw 87) AaBov mapa TLVOS TOD Sopudopev ‘ARE- Eavdpos ax env AT AVT@VTA, Tov Krétrov avt@ Kal TapdyovTa To TPO THS Ovpas mrapaxd dupa dueXauvet. mecovtos b6€ peTa oTevaypov Kal 4 Verse 683 (Kirchhoff). 372 ALEXANDER, Lt. 2-6 and Artemius of Colophon, said : “ Do not the Greeks appear to you to walk about among Macedonians like demi-gods among wild beasts?” Clcitus, however, would not yield, but called on Alexander to speak out freely what he wished to say, or else not to invite to supper men who were free and spoke their minds, but to live with Barbarians and slaves, who would do obeisance to his white tunic and Persian girdle. Then Alexander, no longer able to restrain his anger. threw one of the apples that lay on the table at Cleitus and hit him, and began looking about for his sword. But one of his body-guards, Aristophanes, conveyed it away before he could lay hands on it, and the rest surrounded him and begged him to desist, whereupon he sprang to his feet and called out in Macedonian speech a summons to his corps of guards (and this was a sign of great disturbance), and ordered the trumpeter to sound, and smote him with his fist because he hesitated and was unwilling to do so. This man, then, was afterwards held in high esteem on the ground that it was due to him more than to any one else that the camp was not thrown into commotion. But Cleitus would not give in, and with much ado his friends pushed him out of the banquet-hall. He tried to come in again, however, by another door, very boldly and contemptuously reciting these iambics from the “ Andromache” of Euripides! : « Alas! in Hellas what an evil government ! es And so, at last, Alexander seized a spear from one of his guards, met Cleitus as he was drawing aside the curtain before the door, and ran him through. No sooner had Cleitus fallen with a roar and a groan VOL. VIL n 373 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Bpvxijpatos evOus ab iev O Oupos avtov. Kal EVO [LEVOS. Tap €avT@ Kal Tous pirous Lowy ape vous ear Oras Axvoac Gat pev éx Tod vex pou THY ax uny épOace, matcat & éavTov opunoas Tapa Tov Tpaxnrov éemeaxeOn, TOV T@paTopurAaKov TAS Xelpas avToo LaBovtwy Kal TO capa Bra TOL pEVEYKOVT OY els TOY Odrapov. LIT. ’Ezret 66 tnv te vinta Kaka@s KKatwy 617)- veyKe Kal THY ériovcay nuépay dn TO Boav Kal Opnvety ameipnxeas avavoos éxerto, Bapets ava- pépwv otevaypous, deicavTes of hidoe THY atro- auoTnow elonrGov Bia. Kal TOY péev AAdwY Ov TpoaleTo Tovs Noyous, Apiotavdpou Oé Tov pdv- TEMS VTOMLLVHOKOVTOS avTOY THY TE Ori iv elde rept Tov Krettov, cal TO onpetov, ws 87 Tara Kabepappevov TOUT TOV, edokev évdiovae. 520 Kahvuo Gevny TE TOV prrocopov Tapelan- yaryor, ‘Apia toré)ous | OiKEtoV OVTA, Kal Tov "AB- Onpityy ‘Ava£apxov. Ov Karr\odevns pev OKs émetpaTo Kal TPaws, UTOSvOpLEVOS TO oye | Kal Tepuiov ahUT OS, AaBerbar TOU mabous, o 6€ ‘Ardfapxos idtav Tiva TOPEVOMEVOS é& apxijs odov év prrocogia, kal dofav eiAndas UTEpoYias Kal odtywplas TOV cuvGor, evus etc eGov aveBo- noev: “ Ovbtos éotwy “Are Eavopos, els OV 77 oLKou- pévn vov amroBréTret: o Oé Eppemrat KNaLwv OoTEP cvdpam bor, avO pwrray vopon | Kal poyov Sedorx@s, ois avTov tmpoonKer vopov eivas kal bpov Tov Sixatwy, émeimep apxKew Kal Kpatelv vevixyxey, GNNG pty SovrAEvELY UTO KEVAS OOENS KEKpAaTHMEVOD. 374 695 ALEXANDER, Lr, 6-t11. 3 than the king’s anger departed from him. And when he was come to himself and beheld his friends standing speechless, he drew the spear from the dead body and would have dashed it into his own throat, had not his body-guards prevented this by seizing his hands and carrying him by force to his chamber. LIT. Here he spent the night and the following day in bitter lamentations, and at last lay speechless, worn out with his cries and wailing, heaving deep groans. Then his friends, alarmed at his silence, forced their way in. To what the others said he would pay no attention, but when Aristander the seer reminded him of the vision he had seen con- cerning Cleitus, and of the omen,! assuring him that all this had long ago been decreed by fate, he seemed to be less obdurate. Therefore they brought in to him Callisthenes the philosopher, who was a relative of Aristotle, and Anaxarchus of Abdera. Of these, Callisthenes tried by considerate and gentle methods to alleviate the king’s suffering, employing insinuation and circumlocution so as to avoid giving pain; but Anaxarchus, who had always taken a path of his own in philosophy, and had acquired a reputation for despising and slighting his associates, shouted out as soon as he came in: ‘‘Here is Alexander, to whom the whole world is now looking ; but he lies on the floor weeping like a slave, in fear of the law and the censure of men, unto whom he himself should be a law and a measure of justice, since he has conquered the right to rule and mastery, instead of submitting like a slave to the mastery of a vain opinion. Knowest 1 Of, chapter 1. 2 f. 375 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 ovK olc0a,” elev, § ‘Ore Thy Ateny evel m dpedpov o Zevs Kal thy Cémy, iva may TO mpax ev UTO TOU KpatoovTos Oeperov 7) 7” Kal dixatov;” TOLOUTOLS tial ovyors Xpnoapevos i) "Avaapxos TO pev mwavos exouglae TOU Baciréos, TO O€ 7005 eis TONG Xauvorepov Kal TAPAVOpLOTEpOV émroinoen, auTOV b¢ Satpovios é év7/ppLoce, Kat Tob Kadvuode- VOUS THY Outrdiav, ode AAXws éTivaply Sta TO avoTnpov ovcay, mpotdtéBare. Aéyetat € Tote Tapa Setrvoy UTEP WPaY Kal Kpdoews TOU TEPLEXOVTOS Aoyor OVT@V, TOV Kan. Aco Bevny, peTEXOVTA dofns TOUS Aéyouor TAKEL padrov elvat puxpa Kal dua xetpepa TOV “EXAn- VLK@Y, EVAYTLOUMEVOU TOU “Avakdpxou Kab pe AoveEerKoUVTOS, elmeity? “’AXXA pny avaryen col TavtTa éxelvav oworoyely YruxpoTepa® au yap éxet pev ev tpiBwve dteyetpates, evtavla dé Tpets ém- BeBAnpEvos damibas KATAKELOAL. TOV bev ovV "Avakapxov Kati TovTO MpooTapatuve. LILI. Tovs dé adrovus copia Tas Kat KohaKas 0 Karhio evs éXUTrEL orrovdalopevos pey UT TOY véwy Oa Tov NOYOP, ovx AT TOV ¢ TOLsS mpeaBure- pos GpecKoy 64a Tov Biov, €UTAKTOV ovTa Kal oepvov Kal avtapKn, Kal BeBatovyta THY Aeryo- péevny THS aroonpias Tpopact, ¢ OTL TOUS ToNTas Kataryayety Kab KaToLKio al Tad THY TaTpioa Prhori movpevos aveBn ™ pos ‘Ar€Eavdpov. po- VOUJLEVOS dé Ota THY dofav € Early & kat cal avTov Tots OtaBdrrovot Tapetye, Tas Te KANTELS TA 1 Olynthus, which had been destroyed by Philip in 347 B.c, 370 ALEXANDER, tl. 4-Li1. 2 thou not,” said he, “that Zeus has Justice and Law seated beside him, in order that everything that is done by the master of the world may be lawful and just?” By using some such arguments as these Anaxarchus succeeded in lightening the suffering of the king, it is true, but rendered his disposition in many ways more vainglorious and lawless; he also made himself wonderfully liked by the king, and brought the intercourse of Callisthenes with him, which had always been unpleasant because of the man’s austerity, into additional disfavour. It is said that once at supper the canversation turned upon seasons and weather, and that Callis- thenes, who held with those who maintain that it is more cold and wintry there than in Greece, was stoutly opposed by Anaxarchus, whereupon he said : “You surely must admit that it is colder here than there; for there you used to go about in winter in a cloak merely, but here you recline at table with three rugs thrown over you.” Of course this also added to the irritation of Anaxarchus. LIII. Moreover, the other sophists and flatterers in the train of Alexander were annoyed to see Callisthenes eagerly courted by the young men on account of his eloquence, and no less pleasing to the older men on account of his mode of life, which was well-ordered, dignified, and independent, and con- firmed the reason given for his sojourn abroad, namely, that he had gone to Alexander from an ardent desire to restore his fellow-citizens to their homes and re-people his native city. And besides being envied on account of his reputation, be also at times by his own conduct furnished material for his detractors, rejecting invitations for the most 377 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ToAAa btmPovpevos, Ev TE TH Guvetvar BapvTnTs Kal owwin SoK@V ovK éeTraLvEiy OvlE apécKxedOat Tots yiwopevots, BaTE Kat Tov “AéEavopov elTeiv éT auto" a / ee 1. e oO - [Low COPLITHV, OD TLS OVD AUT® Godos. Aéyeta 0€ ToTe TOAN@Y TapaKexAnLEeVvwY eri a) / al TO O€lmvov ératvéecar KerNevabels etl Tod TOTN- / 4 e J ef > A ptov Maxedovas 0 Kadduobévns obtas evpojoat N\ / ev 4 ray Tpos THY vToVEcLY WaTE avicTapévous KpoTeEtV N 4 ‘ , > > > , b ] ad Kal Barre TOUS aT epavous em’ avrov' eimelp ovv TOV ‘AdEavdpov OTt, Kat Evpimidnv, tov AaBovta TV NOYywV \ bd \ by 4‘ yy * / kahas apoppas ou méy epyov ev NEyeLy “CANN EvdetEat,” ddvar, “tv abtov dvvamy nuty Katnyopnaas Maxedover, va nal Bertious yévavTat pabovtes a TAIN MLUENOVGLY. oUt 57) TOV avdpa Tpos Tv Tardwpoiav T PATO LevoV TONG. mappnovacacbat KaTa TOV Makedover, Kal THY EXAqueeny OTA AiTiaV anopivavta THS yevopevns mept Pidimmov av&jncews Kal duva- pews EeLTrELy" \ b] \ / e U ” a év d€ Otyootacin Kal 0 TayKaKos éXAaYE TLLAS ) ’ @ ‘ \ \ > / A A ep @ mikpov Kal Bapv éyyevécOat picos Tots Maxedoat, cat tov ’“AréEavdpor eiteiy as od TAS 1 An iambic trimeter from an unkuown play of Euripides (Nauck, 7'rag. Graec. Frag.? p. 652). 378 ALEXANDER, tut. 2-5 part, and when he did go into company, by his gravity and silence making it appear that he dis- approved or disliked what was going on, so that even Alexander said in allusion to him :— “ T hate a wise man even to himself unwise.’ ! It is said, moreover, that once when a large com- pany had been invited to the king’s supper, Callis- thenes was bidden, when the cup came to him, to speak in praise of the Macedonians, and was so successful on the theme that the guests rose up to applaud him and threw their garlands at him; whereupon Alexander said that, in the language of Euripides, when a man has for his words ‘‘A noble subject, it is easy to speak well;” ? “But show us the power of your eloquence,” said he, “by a denunciation of the Macedonians, that they may become even better by learning their faults.” And so Callisthenes began his palinode, and spoke long and boldly in denunciation of the Macedonians, and after showing that faction among the Greeks was the cause of the increase of Philip’s power, added : * But in a time of sedition, the base man too is in honour.” 3 This gave the Macedonians a stern and bitter hatred of him, and Alexander declared that Callisthenes 2 Bacchae, 260 (Kirchhoff). 3 A proverb in hexameter verse, sometimes attributed to Callimachus. Cf. the Nicius, xi. 3; Morals, p. 479 a. S79 PLUPTARCH S LIVES dewvoTnTos 0 KaddtoGévys, addXa THs SucpeEveias Ul la Maxedoow amodekw bédwxe. LIV. Tatra pev ody o “Eppermos pynoe tov > , nw 4, nw 3 avayvootny tov KadducOévouvs XtpotBov ’Apt- ototéve Sinyeiabat, Tov dé Kadrucbévny ovvévta N > / n“ , \ A \ Thy addoTpLOTHTA TOV Baciréws Sis 7 Tpls ATLOVTA TPOS AUTOY ELTrEty id \ KaTOave xat Ilatpoxdos, bmep oéo ToAXov / ALELWOV. ov havrws ovv evTety éovKev ) ‘AptatoteAns ¢ OTL Kadnduadevns oy pev mV Suvaros Kal peyas, voov dé OvK elyev. Garda THD ¥é TpooKuynow ia XUpOs AT WT ALEVOS Kal prrocopes, Kab “ovos év havep@ dvehOwv a Kptdha Tavtes ot BéXtiCTOL Kal mpecBuTatot ron Maxedovav yyavaxtour, TOUS pev “EXAnvas ala Xvvns amnrrake peyanrys, Kal peiCovos “AréEavopor, aToTpéewas THY Tpoa- KUUNOLY, autov 6é UT ONETED, éxBidcacbar Soxav pLarXov 7 Teta at Tov Bactréa. Xapns dé 0 Metuanvatos dnote Tov “AréEavdpov ev TO cUmTOTiD miovTa piddrnv Tm poreivat tev TOV pido" Tov dé beEdpevov Tpos éoTtiav ava- OTHVal Kab TeovTa TpooKuvijoar TpWTOV, ELTA hiijoat Tov ‘AnréEavd por, Kab KaTaKrd iva. TavTwy dé TOUTO TOLOULT@Y epeijs TOV Kadnru- clévny XNaBovTa TY pearyy, ov MpocéyovTos TOU Bacthéos, AXA ‘Hdatotiove Tpocdiaheyopevov, TLovTa Tpoctévat dirnaovta, Anuntpiov sé tov 1 Achilles to Hector, Iliad, xxi. 107. 380 69) ALEXANDER, uit. 5-ttv. 4 had given a proof, not of his eloquence, but of his ill-will towards the Macedonians. LIV. This, then, according to Hermippus, is the story which Stroebus, the slave who read aloud for Callisthenes, told to Aristotle, and he says that when Callisthenes was aware of the alienation of the king, twice or thrice, as he was going away from him, he recited the verse : ‘Dead is also Patroclus, a man far braver than thou art. + What Aristotle said, then, would seem to have been no idle verdict, namely, that Callisthenes showed great ability as a speaker, but lacked common sense. But in the matter of the obeisance, at least, by re- fusing sturdily and like a philosopher to perform the act, and by standing forth alone and rehearsing in public the reasons for the indignation which all the oldest and best of the Macedonians cherished in secret, he delivered the Greeks from a great dis- grace, and Alexander from a greater, by leading him not to insist upon the obeisance ; but he destroyed himself, because he was thought to use force rather than persuasion with the king. Chares of Mitylene says that once at a banquet Alexander, after drinking, handed the cup to one of his friends, and he, on receiving it, rose up so as to face the household shrine, and when he had drunk, first made obeisance to Alexander, then kissed him, and then resumed his place upon the couch. As all the guests were doing this in turn, Callisthenes took the cup, the king not paying attention, but conversing with Hephaestion, and after he had drunk went towards the king to kiss him; but 381 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpocovounatomevov Deldwvos etmovtos, “OQ Baa- Nev, wy Hirnons ovTos yap ae povos ov Tpoc- EKUUITE, StakXivat TO pihnua TOV ‘AnreEavdpov, Tov 6é Karnuo bevy peya pbeyEdwevov ELTTELD “ Dirnuate Tolvuv éhacaov EXOV AT etl. LV. Totavrns vmoyevopévns ddrXotpLoTyTOS mpa@tov pev ‘Hdarotiwy émiateveTo Néeywv Gtt our enevos 7 pos AUTOV O Karntodevns TpooKUV- oat spevoaito THY omoroyiay ETELTA Avaipaxor Kal “Aqveves émepvovTo pacKovtes Teptievat TOV copicTny ws emt KATANVGEL Tupavvioos peya ppovobvta, Kal o YT PENX EL T pos aUTOV TA poeipaxa Kab Te ple ELV Os povoy éhevd epov év ToT avTAals pupidot. 610 Kal TOV TreEpl ‘Epporaov émtBov- Aevcdvtwov To "AreEavdpw Kal davepOv yevo- pévwv edokav adnOéowv Gpota Katnyopety ot dtaBddXrovtes, OS TH pwev TpoBadovtt TAS av b ¢ / v > nN b) evdobotatos YEVOLTO avO pws, evmrev, “© Ap amro- Kreivy TOV évdoforatov,” Tov 6é Eppordaov emt THV m paw mapogvvev exeheve ry) deduevar Thy Xpua hy KALVNDY, andra pevnpeovevety OTL Kal vooouvTe Kal TLTPWOT KOpEVD T POT ela wv avAparg. KaLTOL Tov Tept KE pyoraoy ovdeis ovde did THS eaxaTys avayKns ToD Kaadrcodévous KATELTEV. GANG Ka "AreEavdpos avTos evOus Kpatep@ ypadwrv Kat "AtTadrw Kal “AdKéTa nat TOUS Taisas Bacavi- Sopévous OMmOAOYELY ws avtot TavTa mpafevar, adXos dé ovdeis cuverdein. vatepov b€ ypadwv ampos “Avtitatpov cat tov Karrobévny cuver- 1 Cf. Arrian, Anab. iv. 12. 2 The conspiracy of the pages (Arrian, Anab. iv. 13). 382 ALEXANDER, tiv. 4-Lv. 3 Demetrius, surnamed Pheido, cried: “O King, do not accept his kiss, for he alone has not done thee obeisance.” So Alexander declined the kiss, at which Callisthenes exclaimed in a loud voice: “ Well, then, I'll go away the poorer by a kiss.”’ ! LV. The king having been thus alienated, in the first place, Hephaestion found credence for his story that Callisthenes had promised him to make obeisance to the king and then had been false to his agree- ment. Again, men like Lysimachus and Hagnon persisted in saying that the sophist went about with lofty thoughts as if bent on abolishing a tyranny, and that the young men flocked to him and fol- lowed him about as if he were the only freeman among so many tens of thousands. For this reason also, when the conspiracy of Hermolatis and his associates 2 against Alexander was discovered, it was thought that the accusations of his detractors had an air of probability. They said, namely, that when Hermolaiis put the question to him how he might become a most illustrious man, Callisthenes said: “ By killing the most illustrious;”’ and that in in- citing Hermolaiis to the deed he bade him have no fear of the golden couch, but remember that he was approaching a man who was subject to sickness and wounds. And yet not one of the accomplices of Hermolaiis, even in the last extremity, denounced Callisthenes. Nay, even Alexander himself, in the letters which he wrote at once to Craterus, Attalus, and Alcetas, says that the youths confessed under torture that they had made this attempt of them- selves, and that no one else was privy to it. But in a letter written later to Antipater, wherein he ac- cuses Callisthenes also of the crime, he says: “The 383 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 AUTLAT ApLEVOS, “Or pev taides,” dyatv, “ vio TOY Maxedovev Katerevo Onoar, Tov O€ copia thy eyo KOAGoW Kal TOUS exTrepnpay tas avrov Kal TOUS UTodeXouEvous Tals qTroAEct TOUS epol eT L- Bovdevovras,” aVTLK US év ye TOUTOLS aT oKaNv- T TOMEVOS 7 pos “Aptorotehny: Kal yap eTeO pao Kadrrodevns Tap avT@ d1a THY ouyyeverar, e& - ‘Hpods yeyoves, dveas "ApiatotéXous. amro- Oavety d€ avTov ot pév vt’ ’AXeEdvdpou Kpeua- aofévra déyovaty, ot be év médats Sedeuévov Kal voorcarta, Xadpys 6é pera THY oudy yey eT Ta pvas puratredbat 6edeuevor, os ev TO cuvedpicp x piBein TApoVvTos ‘Aptatoréhous, € év als 88 7 nLEpals "AréEavdpos étpoHOn wept tHv “Ivdiav, amroaveiy UTEpTAXUY "Vevopevov Kal pbepiacarta. IDMe Taira fev odv VaoTeEpov empayOn. An- papatos b€ o Kopivétos 76n mpecBuTepos av ederoriunOn 7 p0s AreFavdpov avaBivat Kal Jeacapevos auTOV elmre peyarns ndovis eaTEph- cOat Tous "EAAnvas, door TEA Kact Tpiy idetv “AreEav8pov ev TO Aapetou Opove cabnuevov. ov pv él wA€ov ye THis 7 Os avTov evvoias TOD Bacirtéws atréXavcev, aAnN €& dppwartias amto- Javey exndevOn peyaroTpeTos, Kal TAO & EXWoED 0 TT PAT OS em aUT@ TH TEpL MET PO péyav, Urvpos bé TNX OV bySo/covra Ta 6€ dAEipava TéOpiTT TOV KEKOT LNLEVOY NaUTPAS ETL OdAagoaV KATEKOMLCE. LVIT. MéAAwv bé brrepBdrXrev eis THY “Ivd1- KH, @S €wpa TANOEL Aahvpov THY oTpatiav On 1 Cf. Arrian, Anab. iv. 14, 3f., where other accounts still are mentioned. 334 ALEXANDER, tv. 4-Lvu. 1 youths were stoned to death by the Macedonians, but the sophist I will punish, together with those who sent him to me and those who harbour in their cities men who conspire against my life;’’ and in these words, at least, he directly reveals a hostility to Aristotle, in whose house Callisthenes, on account of his relationship, had been reared, being a son of Hero, who was a niece of Aristotle. As to the death of Callisthenes, some say that he was hanged by Alexander’s orders, others that he was bound hand and foot and died of sickness, and Chares says that after his arrest he was kept in fetters seven months, that he might be tried before a full council when Aristotle was present, but that about the time when Alexander was wounded in India, he died from obesity and the disease of lice.! LVI. This, however, belongs to a later time.” Meanwhile Demaratus the Corinthian, who was now well on in years, was eagerly desirous of going up to Alexander; and when he had seen him, he said that those Greeks were deprived of a great pleasure who had died before seeing Alexander seated on the throne of Dareius.? However, he did not long enjoy the king’s good will towards him, but died from debility. His obsequies were magnificent, and the army raised in his memory a mound of great circum- ference and eighty cubits in height. His ashes were carried down to the sea-board on a four-horse chariot splendidly adorned. LVII. Alexander was now about to cross the mountains into India,# and since he saw that his army was by this time cumbered with much booty 2 The spring of 327 B.c. 3 Cf. chapter xxxvii. 4. 4 In the late spring of 327 B.o, 385 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a \ 4 4s See Tee / Bapetav cal dvoxtvntov ovaay, au nuépa auve- A a , N e f oKEvacLevoyv TOV auaEaY, THWTAS MEV UTETPNTE a a , \ \ / TaS avTOU Kal T@Y EéETAlpwy, peta SE TaUTAS a A , A A éxéXevoe Kal Tais TOV Makxedovwy évetvat top. \ a“ , ‘ s a bd / kal Tov mpaypyatos To Bovrevwa petlov épayyn X , 9 , \ \ Kal Setvorepov % TO Epyov. OXdtyous pev yap Sat e \ a a \ ? a \ nviageY, Ol O€ TAEtaTOL Bon Kal adaXayu®@ pEeTa A A A / évOovotacod Ta pev avayKaia Tots Seopévors t \ , A / 2 \ peTaoLoovTes, Ta O€ TEpLovTAa THS ypEelas avTot / ie a \ KaTakaiovtes kai dradOetpovTes opps Kal Tpo- f b] / \ Ouuias éevevipwracay tov ’“AréEavdpov. dn 6é , \ a kal poBepos hy Kal aTapatTnTos KoAaoTHS TOV , \ \ , } , A TAnupENOVYTMWY. Kat yap Mévavdpov tiva tov 7 / éTaipwv apyovta dpouptov KkatactHaas, ws ovK > Z A €BovrAETO MEVELY, ATIEKTELVE, KAL TOY ATOTTAYTOV , 9 , > x , BapBdpov ’Opacodatny avtos xateToFevce. , Ul a a IIpoBdatov 6€ TexovTos apva Tepi TH Kehary oX}ua Kal Yp@pa TLapas EyovTa Kat SiOvpovs Exa- A \ N A tépwlev avtod, BdeduxGeis TO onpetov exabapOn X\ (4 \ A ip A 9 ” J iZ pev vTrd TaV BaBvAwviwr, ovs €& EOous éemrjyeTo N \ A \ \ \ Tpos TA TOLAUTA* dieXEy On dé TPOS TOUS pirous WS 5) 5 ’ e 4 b \ } a) / 4 \ \ ov d¢° avtov, adda Ou exEtvous TapPaTTOLTO, [41) TO A / v KPATOS Els ayevYH Kal avadKw avO pwrov éxXtTOV- a 4 \ s TOS AUTOD TEpLaTHoN TO OatmovLoV. ov pny adrAa f a , ‘\ BérXtLov Te onpetor yevouevoy tThv abuulay éXvaev, Oo yap érl THY oTpwuaTopuAaKwY TeTAyMEVvOS av7npP ? ’ / ~ A A Maxedav, dvoypa Ipofevos, 77H Baoithixh oxnvi} 386 697. ALEXANDER, tvn. 1-4 and hard to move, at break of day, after the baggage-waggons had been loaded, he burned first those which belonged to himself and his companions, and then gave orders to set fire to those of the Macedonians. And the planning of the thing turned out to be a larger and more formidable matter than its execution. For it gave annoyance to a few only of the soldiers, while the most of them, with rapturous shouts and war-cries, shared their neces- saries with those who were in need of them, and what was superfluous they burned and destroyed with their own hands, thus filling Alexander with zeal and eagerness. Besides, he was already greatly feared, and inexorable in the chastisement of a transgressor. For instance, when a certain Menander, one of his companions, who had been put in com- mand of a garrison, refused to remain there, he put him to death; and Orsodates, a Barbarian who had revolted from him, he shot down with his own hand. When a sheep yeaned a lamb which had upon its head what looked like a tiara in form and colour, with testicles on either side of it, Alexander was filled with loathing at the portent, and had himself purified by the Babylonians, whom he was accus- to take along with him for such purposes ; and in conversation with his friends he said that he was not disturbed for his own sake, but for theirs, fear- ing lest after his death Heaven might devolve his power upon an ignoble and impotent man. How- ever, a better portent occurred and put an end to his dejection. The Macedonian, namely, who was set over those in charge of the royal equipage, Proxenus by name, as he was digging a place for the 387 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Yopav opuTToV Tapa tov “OQ£ov ToTAa pov aveka- Aue myyy vypou AuTrapouv Kal TtpLeNwdous: dmravtTdovpevou d€ TOU 7 pw@rou xabapov avéBru lev nOn Kal dtavyés EXatov, ovTe Oop Soxody ovTE yevoes édatov dtadéperv, aottAmVvoTnTa TE Kal ALTapOTNTaA TavTdTacl amapdAXaxkTor, Kal Tata THS Xopas. poe éhaias pepovars. heyerau pev ouv Kal TOV "OEov abtov etvat HANAKOTAT OV vVowp, @oTE TO Sépuwa Tots Novopevots eTLALTIAL- vey. ov pv arrA.a Savpactas “Ar€Lavdpos nabels Ofros éoTiv ef Ov ypaper 7 pos “Avti- TaTpov, év TOUS peyioTous TOUTO TOY amo TOU Geod yeyovor ey auTe TOE pLevos. ot be [aVvTeEls évdo€ov Bev oT pareias, emumovov 6€ Kab xXarem hs TO onpetov émroLobvTo" Tovey yap apwynv éatov avOparots v0 Geov S600 Gat. LVIE. Torroi pev ov Kara TAS paxas avT@ Kivdvvor ouvétecor Kal TPAVLATL veaviKots ari THGE, THY O€ TAELaTIY POopay atropiat TOV avay- Katwv Kat dvoxpaciar Tou T€PlEX OVTOS dtreiprya- CAVTO THS oTpaTias. autos 6é TOMI THV TUXNY umepBaréo bar Kal THD Svvapuy a aperh) ptAoTLpov- Mevos, ovdEV wWEeTO TOs Gappodaty avddwTov ovdé ox upoy elvat TOUS GTONMOLS. AeveTac dé THY Ltot- piO pov TroALopKaY TET pav aBatov ovoav Kal amo- Topov * ab upovvTav TOV OT paTeoT av EPHTHT aL TOV "Okvaptnv motos tis avTos ein THY Wuyny O Leo piO prs. dycavros Oe Tob ‘O£vaprov dec- Notatov avOpwrwy, “Aéyets oU ye, ” havat, “ tH 1 @xérouov Coraés’ correction of the MSS. axpéaBarov, for which Bekker reads ampécpaxov, after Schaefer. Sintenis? suggests amdtouoy xal ampdo Baroy, 388 ALEXANDER, tvi. 4—Lvi. 2 king’s tent along the river Oxus, uncovered a spring of liquid which was oily and fatty; but when the top of it was drawn off, there flowed at once a pure and clear oil, which appeared to differ from olive oil neither in odour nor in flavour, and in smoothness and lustre was altogether the same, and that too though the country produced no olive trees. It is said, indeed, that the Oxus itself also has a very soft water, which gives sleekness to the skin of those who bathe in it. However, that Alexander was marvellously pleased is clear from what he writes to Antipater, where he speaks of this as one of the greatest omens vouchsafed to him from Heaven. The seers, however, held that the omen fore- shadowed an expedition which would be glorious, but difficult and toilsome; for oil, they said, was given to men by Heaven as an aid to toil. LVIII. And so it proved; for he encountered many perils in the battles which he fought, and received very severe wounds; but the greatest losses which his army suffered were caused by lack of necessary provisions and severity of weather. Still, he was eager to overcome fortune by bold- ness and force by valour, and thought nothing invincible for the courageous, and nothing secure for the cowardly. It is said that when he was be- sieging the citadel of Sisimithres, which was steep and inaccessible, so that his soldiers were dis- heartened, he asked Oxyartes what sort of a man Sisimithres himself was in point of spirit. And when Oxyartes replied that he was most cowardly of men, “ Thy words mean,” said Alexander, “ that we 389 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , al Ed \ \ ? bd) lel TETNAV AAWGLMOV HuLY EiVaL* TO Yap ApYoV avTIsS > / , \ ovK OXUpOV éoTL. TAUVTHY pev Od ExpoBHGas TOV , Ye es \ e , b , XuciptOpnv EXaBev. Etépa Sé opolws aroTOLM , a , TpocBarwv Ttovs vewtépovs Ttav Maxedover id \ ? / / 7 Tapwpna, Kal ’Are~avopov tiva Kadovpevor , Pre) \ , » 4 cas mpocayopevaas, “ AXAa cot ye, et7rev, “ av- an \ x 99 Spayabetv mpoonjKe Kai d:a THY ewvupiav. érrel a e / , U d€ AauTpas oO veavias aywviCopevos ETETEV, OV , > / A \ / f “A peeTpiws €dnyOn. tH Sé Karovpévn Nvaon Tov / / s\ Maxedoverv oxvovvtwy Tpocayey (Kal yap ToTa- 1 4 \ yA 6; ’ a; Nae ee Los AV pos aUTH Badus) emiatas, “Ti yap, elev, al ? ’ “0 KAKLOTOS Ey@ velvy OVK Eualov; Kai non éxwv \ > / A Oé 3 \ \ / Tv acTioa Tepav nOérAnoev. eet 5é KaTaTIAV- “A a XN a gayvTos THy payny avtod Taphoav amo TOY / , ToALopKoupEevov TOAEwY TpéaBes Senoopevor, a \ > \ f n ee ampa@ tov pev oPGeis abepamrevtos év Tois OmAots 3 4 3 f v ? \ eféTTANEev aAvTOUS ETEetTa MpoaKedhaXraiov TLVOS 3 A / > , , / ‘ avuT® Koptadevtos exedXevoe AaPovTa Kabicar Tov , v ’ n / a mpecButatov' “Axoudus éxareito. Oavyacas ov \ f \ / e o THY AapTpoTHTAa Kal PiriavOpwriav o “Axovdus ? f “ npwta TL BovrETat ToLOvYTAS AUTOUS ExeLV didous. \ a ? , pycavTos dé tod “ArdeEdrdpou, “ dé pev apYovTa / “A \ aA KATACTHGAVTAS AUTMY, pos dé Huds Tew WavTas \ vw ‘\ b] f 99 EKATOV Avopas TOUS apioTous, yeAdaas Oo “Axov- > XN / %) 2 my dis, “ AdAa Bertiov,” eltrev, “ dpEw, Barred, , \ \ A a TOUS KAKLOTOVS TPOS GE TE“ras padXoOV 1%) TOvS aplaTous. ¢ \ te / A a LIX. ‘O d€ Takirns Aéyetar pév THs “IvdiKhs a / Eyer potpav ovK amrodéovaayv Aiyumtou TO péyeE- ” \ \ / bd a , Gos, evBotov bé Kal KadXixaprrop év Tols wddoTA, 399 698 ALEXANDER, tvin. 2-Lix. 1 can take the citadel, since he who commands it is a weak thing.” And indeed he did take the citadel by frightening Sisimithres. Again, after attacking another citadel equally precipitous, he was urging on the younger Macedonians, and addressing one who bore the name of Alexander, said: “ It behooves thee, at least, to be a brave man, even for thy name's sake.” And when the young man, fighting gloriously, fell, the king was pained beyond measure. And at another time, when his Mace- donians hesitated to advance upon the citadel called Nysa because there was a deep river in front of it, Alexander, halting on the bank, cried: ‘Most miserable man that I am, why, pray, have I not learned to swim?” and at once, carrying his shield, he would have tried to cross. And when, after he had put a stop to the fighting, ambassadors came from the beleaguered cities to beg for terms, they were amazed, to begin with, to see him in full armour and without an attendant; and_ besides, when a cushion was brought him for his use, he ordered the eldest of the ambassadors, Acuphis by name, to take it for his seat. Acuphis, accordingly, astonished at his magnanimity and courtesy, asked what he wished them to do in order to be his friends. “ Thy countrymen,” said Alexander, “ must make thee their ruler, and send me a hundred of their best men.” At this Acuphis laughed, and said: “Nay, O King, I shall rule better if I send to thee the worst men rather than the best. ””! LIX. Taxiles, we are told, had a realm in India as large as Egypt, with good pasturage, too, and in the highest degree productive of beautiful fruits. He ICf. Arrian, Anab. v. 2, 1-3. 391 PLUTARCH’S LIVES coos b¢ Tis avnp elvat, Kal Tov ‘AreEav6pov do Tac apEevos, “Te det TONE MOV, pavat, i Kat paxns nputy, ‘Ar€Eavope, pos add rovs, él pyre Dowp adarpnaopevos TO apigat pte Tpopryy avayKaiay, UTép BY LovoVv avayen orapaxes Oar voov eXovotv av pwr ors ; TOUS be arrows X PHA L Kal KT pal Aeyopevors, él pev put KpelTT Ov, EroLpLos eD trovety, eb O€ HTTwY, ov Pevyw nap éye ev Tadov.” jo bels ovr oO ‘AreEavdpos Kal deEtwaapevos avrov, “ "H Tou vomiers,” epn, a dixa pays évea ba THY evreveey npiy aro TOLOUTOD Aoyov Kal prroppoc wns ; arr ovdev Got Wéov' eyo yap aryoviot par TOs oe Kal Srapaxodpat Tals yapiow, @>s pov XpPNT TOS @V [1) Tmepuyevy.” NaBov dé d@pa TONG Kal Sous mretova TéXOS YALA TahavTa vopio 1aT 0s avT@ T poem Lev. ep ols TOUS pev pirous ta yupars eXUTNGE, TOV dé BapBdpav TOAANOVS érroinoev MEPOTEPOS exelv pos avr ov. "Eel 6€ tov ‘Ivdav ot HAXtMOTATOL pea Gogo- pouvTes emepoitav Tais TONETLY Eppopevns apv- vovTes Kal TONG TOV “Ar€Eavb pov éxaKomTrotovy, omeroapevos &v Tie TOAEL TPOS AUTOUS aTrLOVTAS év 06@ AaB@v amavtas améxtewe. Kal TovTO ToS TONEmLKOLS Epryols aUTOU, Ta ANAM Vopipws Kal BaciNtKk@s TO pHNCAYTOS, BaTEP KNALS TPOG- EOTIV. OUVK EXdoaOVAa O€ TOVTwWY ot Pidocodot TpayHaTa TapéoYov avT@, Tovs Te mpocTLe- pevous ToV Bacihéwy Kaxilortes Kal Tous édev- Gépovs SHpouvs adiotavtes. S10 Kal TovTwy TONNOUS Expeuace. 392 ALEXANDER, ux. 1-4 was also a wise man in his way, and after he had greeted Alexander, said: “ Why must we war and fight with one another, Alexander, if thou art not come to rob us of water or of necessary sustenance, the only things for which men of sense are obliged to fight obstinately ? As for other wealth and pos- sessions, so-calied, if I am thy superior therein, I am ready to confer favours; but if thine inferior, I will not object to thanking you for favours conferred.”’ At this Alexander was delighted, and clasping the king’s hand, said: “Canst thou think, pray, that after such words of kindness our interview is to end without a battle? Nay, thou shalt not get the better of me; for I will contend against thee and fight to the last with my favours, that thou mayest not surpass me in generosity.’ So, after receiving many gifts and giving many more, at last he lavished upon him a thousand talents in coined money. This conduct greatly vexed Alexander’s friends, but it nade many of the Barbarians look upon him more kindly. The best fighters among the Indians, however, were mercenaries, and they used to go about to the different cities and defend them sturdily, and wrought much harm to Alexander’s cause. Therefore, after he had made a truce with them in a certain city and allowed them to depart, he fell upon them as they marched and slew them all. And this act adheres like a stain to his military career; in all other in- stances he waged war according to usage and like a king. The philosophers, too, no less than the mer- cenaries, gave him trouble, by abusing those of the native princes who attached themselves to his cause, and by inciting the free peoples to revolt. He there- fore took many of these also and hanged them. 393 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a \ ~ LX. Ta &€ mwpos [l@pov avtos év tais émicto- ANals ws EmpayxOn yeypade. dyal yap év péow ; pdyOy yeypage. dyaot yap ev péag TaV otTpatoTédwy tov ‘TdaacTov péovtos aytt- . e f \ b) , JN N ~ Topouvs toTavtTa Tous édehavtas det tov Iapov ~ , Q b ] émitnpely tiv didBactv. auTov pev ovv Kal e / e , / a \ / b a“ nuépav exaotyny ropov mrorety Kai OopuBov ev TO S - 3/47 \ , aTpatoTédm modu, €Oifovta tovs BapBapovs \ n \ \ , \ 3 / pn poBetcOar: vuKtos b€ yetmepiov Kal aoedXrnVoU haPovta TaV TECH Epos, immeEts b€ TOUS KpaTi- t ral OTOUS, Kat mpoehOovTa TOppw TaY TroAELLOY la) N fal dtaTepacat Tpos vngov ov peyadnv. evtab0a , \ 4 3 dé paydaiov pev exyvévTos duBpou, mpnoTHpwv dé TOAA@Y Kal KEepavv@v eis TO aoTpaTtoTedov f ed ¢ a , PEepomevav, Ouws Opwv atrodhAUpévous TLVaS Kal e \ “ “ a cuppreyopévous UTO TMV KEpavvaYv ard THs n i / a 3 vnaidos apas mpoohépecOar tais avtitépas by- \ \ € n Oats. tpayuv b€ tov ‘Tddomnv bd tod xet- UOvos ETLOVTA Kal pEeTéewpov, Expnyma ToLtioat \ , > , a péya, Kal modu pépos exeivn dépecOat Tod e ¢ 3 \ \ / \ / 3 pevpatos: autous 6€ dé€acdar TO pécov ov , ee \ / \ A BeBaiws, ate 61 cuvodtcOdvoyv Kal repippynyvi- 3 NO be > ~ 2 , cc pevov. évtavda 6é eitretvy dacw avtov “"O >] A = , / xX e f e A@nvaiot, apa ye miaTEevoatTe av diKOUS UTr0- ig f ~ an eva Kivduvous Evexa THS Tap bpiv evdokias;” 3 \ a \ ’ Z v oS / arra TovTO pev Ovancixpitos elpnxev, avtos Sé \ i f a dynat tas oyedias adévtas avtovs peta TaV e 4 ba “a OTAwY TO Expnypya SraBaivery dypt pactav Bpe- \ \ a“ ~ yoméevous, diaBas b€ TOV TeCOV elxoct TTAadiovs ae a 4 3 ¢ s A T poiTmEevaal, NOYLEOMEVOS, EL LEV OL TrOAELLOL TOLS 394 ALEXANDER, Lx. 1-4 LX. Of his campaign against Porus! he himself has given an account in his letters. He says, namely, that the river Hydaspes flowed between the two camps, and that Porus stationed his ele- phants on the opposite bank and kept continual watch of the crossing. He himself, accordingly, day by day caused a great din and tumult to be made in his camp, and thereby accustomed the Barbarians not to be alarmed. Then, on a dark and stormy night, he took a part of his infantry and the best of his horsemen, and after proceeding along the river to a distance from where the enemy lay, crossed over to a small island. Here rain fell in torrents, and many tornadoes and thunder-bolts dashed down upon his men; but nevertheless, although he saw that many of them were being burned to death by the thunder-bolts, he set out from the islet and made for the opposite banks. But the Hydaspes, made violent by the storm and dashing high against its bank, made a great breach in it, and a large part of the stream was setting in that direction; and the shore between the two currents gave his men no sure footing, since it was broken and slippery. And here it was that he is said to have cried: “O Athenians, can ye possibly believe what perils I am undergoing to win glory in your eyes?” This, how- ever, is the story of Onesicritus; Alexander himself says that they left their rafts and crossed the breach with their armour on, wading breast-high in water, and that after he had crossed he led his horsemen twenty furlongs in advance of his infantry, calculating that, in case the enemy attacked with 1 See Arrian, Anab. v. 9-19. It was in the spring of 326 B.C. 395 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ¢ f \ , 3 \ immows mpocBaroev, TodV KpaThoev, eb S€ KuV- a \ Ul , \ \ % a olev THY harayya, POncecPat Tovs Tefovs avT@ mT poayevouevous’ Oatepov 5é cupSiyvar. TaY yap imméewy YiALovS Kal TOV appatawv é£r)KovTa ovup- , \ \ A TecovTa TpEipevos, TA pevy Appata RAaBeiv anavta, Tov & inméwv avedely TeTpaKkoctous. ¢ AY ca) ovTw 61) cuedpovycavta tov Il@poyv ws avtos ’ / ein StaBeBynxews ’AX€Eavdpos, émiévat peta Taons nA \ A THS Suvapews, TANV Ocov Eptrodwv eElvat Tois a / S:aBatvovet tov Maxedovey arédire. goByOeis \ \ / \ NY a a / > \ dé Ta Onpia Kal TO TAOS TOV TOAELiwV AUTOS a \ a a pev évocioa, Kata Oatepov Képas, Koivov 6é T@ An n n / \ wn defi poo Bane Kehedoat. ryevoperns dé T poms e “A éxatépwOev avaywpeiv acl mpos ta Onpia Kal la) \ 3 / ef 4 ‘ cuvetretabar Tovs éxBiafopevous, GOev Hon THY 4 5 \ U b] ‘ ef LAY HY GvapeplyMEeVNY Eival, KaL pores oydons Wpas na ié n \ € n amTevmely TOUS TrOAEuiOUS. TAUTA pEéV OUY Oo THS S: nw n MAXNS TOLNTHS AVTOS Ev Tals émMLaTOAAls ELpNKeED. ° fa) e fal Oi 5€ mAciotoe TOV GUyypadéwv oporoyodat a ? al tov Il@pov virepaipovta Tecoadpwerv mnyav omOa- n fo) / a Lip TO phKos immotou pnoey arodciv mpos Tov x, / if } \ \ 4, @Q \ \ M4 éhéhavta cuppetpia ota TO péyeOos Kal Tov byKov a le / TOU owpaTos. KaitTor péyiotos Av o édéhas: \ i cuveci 5€ Oavpactiny éredetEato Kal Kndepoviay a / \ i a tov Bactiéws, éppwuevov pev Ett Ovu@ Tovs 4 \ , TPOTHAXOMEVOUS ApLVVOMEVOS Kal AVAKOTTT@V, WS \ ” A , \ , 4 Sé nobeto Bedkav mrANOeL Kai TpavpaTwv Kdp- \ “A nw ‘ s vovTa, delaas pn TEpLpp’H, Tois pev yovacw Ets a n / “A \ yi UPnKe Tpdws EavToy, TH d€ Tpovopaia Nap- 396 ALEXANDER, -x. 4-7 their cavalry, he would be far superior to them, and in case they moved up their men-at-arms, his infantry would join him in good season. And one of these suppositions came to pass. For after routing a thousand of the enemy's horsemen and sixty of their chariots which engaged him, he captured all the chariots, and slew four hundred of the horsemen. And now Porus, thus led to believe that Alexander himself had crossed the river, advanced upon him with all his forces, except the part he left behind to impede the crossing of the remaining Mace- donians. But Alexander, fearing the elephants and the great numbers of the enemy, himself assaulted their left wing, and ordered Coenus to attack their right. Both wings having been routed, the van- quished troops retired in every case upon the elephants in the centre, and were there crowded together with them, and from this point on the battle was waged at close quarters, and it was not until the eighth hour that the enemy gave up. Such then, is the account of the battle which the victor himself has given in his letters. Most historians agree that Porus was four cubits and a span! high, and that the size and majesty of his body made his elephant seem as fitting a mount for him as a horse for a horseman. And yet his elephant was of the largest size ; and it showed re- markable intelligence and solicitude for the king, bravely defending him and beating back his assailants while he was still in full vigour, and when it perceived that its master was worn out with a multitude of missiles and wounds, fearing lest he should fall off, it knelt softly on the ground, and with its proboscis 1 Six feet and three inches. 397 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Bavwv atpéva tov Sopatiwy Exaotov éEnper Tov 8 gwuatos. émel d€ AnPOévta Tov Ildpov o ’Aré- Eavdpos npwTaT as avTe xpynontat, “ Bacidixas,” eime: tmpoomulopevov b€ pn TL GAAO Revel, “Tldvta,” eimev, “éativ ev TO Bacihixas. ov povov ouv aicev avTov dpe Gy eSactreve, TaTpaTHy Kaovpevon, aya Kal ™ poo eOnxe Xe- pav tous! AUT OVOLOUS KaTaoT pew dpevos, év 7 TEV TEKALOEKA pev €Ovn, TONES Oe TEVTAKLTXtALAS aktoXoyous, Kwpyas 5€ TapTroAXas eivai daw addrAnv b€ tpls tocavTny js Didimmov tia Tov éTalpwv catpamny amédeEer. LXI. ’Ex 6€ tis mpos Ilapov payns Kat o Bouxedddas éreXevTHoEV, oVK EVOUS, GAN VoTepor, WS ol TET TOL Aéyouoww aT TpavpaTtov Gepa- TEVOLEVOS, @s O€ ‘Ovnaixprtos, bua “Yipas Umép- Tovos YEVOLEVOS* TpidKkovta yap érT@v atrodavety avTov. €dnyVOn loxupas "AréEavdpos, ovdéev ano y ovvyOn Kal pirov amoBeBAncevat vopicwv: Kal TOALY otKioas én aur Tapa TOV ‘Tédorny Bouxepadiav Tpoanryopeuce. AeyeTas 6€ Kal KUVa Hepitay dvoua TEA pa pipevov vn avTov Kal oTepyopevoy aToBadav KTLOAL TOMY eT WVULOY. TovTo 6€ Xwttwv dyol Hotduwvos dxodoat tod Ae Biov. LXII. Tods HEVTOL Maxedovas 0 Tpos. Ta@pov aryov ap Brute pous emote Kai TOU Too THS "Tvdiuchs ete mpoenrOety erécye. pods yap éxeivov 1 rots with Bekker, after Coraés : xa) rods. 1 Cf. Arrian, Anab. v. 19, 4 f. * Alexander carried his conquests from the Indus to the 398 ALEXANDER, Lx. 7-Lxu. 1 gently took each spear and drew it out of his body. Porus was taken prisoner, and when Alexander asked him how he would be treated, said: “ Like a king ”’ ; and to another question from Alexander whether he had anything else to say, replied: “ All things are included in my ‘like a king.’’’ Accordingly, Alex- ander not only permitted him to govern his former kingdom, giving him the title of satrap, but also added to it the territory of the independent peoples whom he subdued, in which there are said to have been fifteen nations, five thousand cities of con- siderable size, and a great multitude of villages. He subdued other territory also thrice as large as this and appointed Philip, one of his companions, satrap over it. LXI. After the battle with Porus, too, Bucephalas died,—not at once, but some time afterwards,—as most writers say, from wounds for which he was under treatment, but according to Onesicritus, from old age, having become quite worn out;! for he was thirty years old when he died. His death grieved Alexander mightily, who felt that he had lost nothing less than a comrade and friend; he also built a city in his memory on the banks of the Hydaspes and ealled it Bucephalia. It is said, too, that when he lost a dog also, named Peritas, which had been reared by him and was loved by him, he founded a city and gave it the dog’s name. Sotion says he heard this from Potamon the Lesbian. LXII. As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India.? For having had Hyphasis (Arrian, Anab. v. 25), subduing the Punjab. It was now September, 326 B.c. 399 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ’ , , a \ id c A oadapevot Sic puptots TeCois Kal Sic xtALols iTTEvaL , b ] a) b ] , Tapata&dpevov, avtéctynaay iaxupas AreEavdpo va) / Bialopéve kal tov Vayyny mepacat trotapor, eUpos pev avTov Ovo Kat TpLdKoVTa oTAdiwY Eivat ’ \ , muvOavouevor Kab Bados opyvias éxaTov, avti- mépas 6€ tas 6y8as amoKxexpvdbat mrANnOeow e \ (7 \ 9 s b / \ OTAWY KaL iTTWY Kal EhehavTwv. EdEYOVTO yap OKT® pev pupiddas immoT@v, elkoot dé Trelar, e . 3 , \ , f dppata 6€ oKTakioxtALa Kal paytpmous éXMépavTas e r Yj ¢ “ \ éEFaxicxirtous éxovtes ot Tavdapitov cat Ipac- ciwy Pacirets vropevety. Kal KOmTTOS OVK AD A b f \ “ mept Tavta. ‘AvdpoKxottos yap vatepov ov TOAA@ f ys , / ~ / Bacitrtevoas Ledkevk@ TevTaKkoctovs éEdéehavtTas éSwpngato, Kal otpatov pupidow éfij)Kovta THV "Tvdsxny érirOev arracav Katactpepopevos. To péev ody mpetov Uo Svabupias Kal opyis \ / auTov eis THY aKnviy Kabeip~as Exerto, yap ? a ovdeuiay eLdws Tots OvaTreTmpayuevols Eb un Tepa- N es > > ’ , (4 f aeve TOV Vayynv, ddd’ eEomoroyynow Artns 710E- \ 4 pevos THY avaywpnaw. ws bé of Te Piro Ta EixoTA fal NX a TAapnyopovvTes AUTOV Ol TE OTPATL@TAL Krav- al \ a) ? a) Oud kat Bon mpocitotapevot Tats Ovpars ixétevov, émixracGeis avefevyvue, TOAAA Trpos Sokav atra- \ TNAA Kab cOpLaTLKa UNYavameEvos. Kal yap 67a peiCova Kat datvas inmwv cal yarivors Bapv- TEpOUS KATATKEUdCAS aTEALTE TE Kal Stepper ispvcato dé€ Bwpovs Gewv, ods péypt viv oi IIpa:ciwy Baotreis StaB8aivovtes céBovtat Kat 400 ee ALEXANDER, cxi. 1-4 all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Ganges also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men- at-arms and horsemen and elephants. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting ele- phants. And there was no boasting in these reports. For Androcottus, who reigned there not long after- wards, made a present to Seleucus of five hundred elephants, and with an army of six hundred thousand men overran and subdued all India. At first, then, Alexander shut himself up in his tent from displeasure and wrath and lay there, feel- ing no gratitude for what he had already achieved unless he should cross the Ganges, nay, counting a retreat a confession of defeat. But his friends gave him fitting consolation, and his soldiers crowded about his door and besought him with loud cries and wailing, until at last he relented and began to break camp, resorting to many deceitful and fallacious devices for the enhancement of his fame. For in- stance, he had armour prepared that was larger than usual, and mangers for horses that were higher, and bits that were heavier than those in common use, and left them scattered up and down. Moreover, he erected altars for the gods, which down to the present time are revered by the kings of the Praesii when they cross the river, and on them they offer 401 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ovovow ‘EXdnvixas Ovotas. “AvdpoxoTttos 6é peét- 4 bay 2 aN > 4 5 \ / paxvov wy avtov ’AdéEavdpov cide, Kat EyeTat f >] a (24 e > 3 \ S \ TONAGKLS ELTTELY VITEPOV WS Trap ovodEeV FADE TA , a ? , A Tpaypara AaPetv AreEavdpos, [LLTOUMEVOU TE Kal Katadpovoupevov Tov Bacthéws Ova poxOn- piav Kal duaryévevay. LXIII. “Evretev oppjoas “AdréEavdpos tiv é&w Gadaccav émidely, Kal moda mopO peta KOT PN Kal oxedias mn Ed Mevos, exomileTo Tots ToTapots Urropepopevos oXoAatWS. 0 6€ TAODS OUK apyos ny ovee ATPONEMOS, | m poo Biddov dé Tats modeot Kal aToBatvwy éyetpodTO TavTa. \ \ A 4 al e mpos 5€ Tols Kadoupévorts Maddois, ots dacu ‘Tvdav paxytpwtatous yevéoPar, pixpov édénoe KATAKOTHAVAaL, TOUS meV yap avOpwrous Béreaty \ fa) a a aro THY TELXaD amecKedace, mT pOT0S 6€ 1a KripaKos TEELaNS dvaBas € éml TO TeElYos, WS 7 TE crhipak ouvert piBn Kab TOV BapBapov udiata- peveov mapa TO TELXOS chau Bave TrNYVAS KaT@er, OALYOoTOS OY avaTpeWas EavTOV Els pégoUS AahHKe TOUS ToAEuious Kal KaTa TUYNY OopOds Earn. / \ aA ad M4 e /, Tiwagapevou d€ TOUS omhors, édoEav ot BapBapou oéXas Te Kat pdcpa TPO TOU T@MATOS héperOar. 610 Kal TO 7 p@Tov epuyov Kab SverKedda bycay @s 6€ elOov aurov peTQ vei UT AC TLOT OY, eT - dpapovres ol pev €K YELpOS Eipeot Kat Sopace bua TOV omhav ouveritpwckov GLUVO{LEVO?, els 6€ pukpov am@tépw atas epnxev ato to€ou BéXos ¢ \ f. \ oUTws evTovoy Kai Biatov Bate TOV OwpaKa Sia- Koay éuraynvat Tois wept Tov paaboy oaTéots. 1 Hydaspes, Acesines, and Indus (Arrian, Anab. vi. 1). 402 ALEXANDER, cx, 4-Lx111. 3 sacrifices in the Hellenic manner. Androcottus, when he was a stripling. saw Alexander himself, and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country, since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth. LXIII. From thence, being eager to behold the ocean, and having built many passage-boats equipped with oars, and many rafts, he was conveyed down the rivers! in a leisurely course. And yet his voyage was not made without effort nor even without war, but he would land and assault the cities on his route and subdue everything. However, in attacking the people called Malli, who are said to have been the most warlike of the Indians, he came within a little of being cut down. For after dispersing the in- habitants from the walls with missiles, he was the first to mount upon the wall by a scaling ladder, and since the ladder was broken to pieces and he was exposed to the missiles of the Barbarians who stood along the wall below, almost alone as he was, he crouched and threw himself into the midst of the enemy, and by good fortune alighted on his feet. Then, as he brandished his arms, the Barbarians thought that a shape of gleaming fire played in front of his person. Therefore at first they scattered and fled; but when they saw that he was accom- panied by only two of his guards, they ran upon him, and some tried to wound him by thrusting their swords and spears through his armour as he de- fended himself, while one, standing a little further off, shot an arrow at him with such accuracy and force that it cut its way through his breastplate and fastened itself in his ribs at the breast. Such was 403 4 cr PLUTARCH'S LIVES mpos Se Thy TANYHY évdovtos avTOv Kal TO Toma Kaprpavtos, o wey Barwv érédpape BapBapixnpy paxatpav TTATULEVOS, lleveéoras dé Kal Atpvaios TpocaTnoav' ay mryyevt@y éxaTépwy 6 Ev at éGave, Tleveéotas b€ avTeixe, Tov dé BapBapor “AAEEavdpos UTEKTELVEV. AUTOS 6¢ Tpavpata TOAAA AABwr, TENOS dé _mhnyels UTEP KATA TOU Tpaxnrou, TPO) pEtae TO TeLXEL TO copa, Brérrwv Tpos TOUS ToOAEmious. €v TOUT dé TOY Make- Sovwv tmepiyvb vty dpracbels avaia Ontos 6n TOV mept auTov eT GKNVIS exopivero. Kal TapautTixa pev ws TeOveatos mv Royos év 7@ TT PAT OT ESO" Karem as d€ Kal ToAVTOVWS TOV ola TOY exT PLOdVT OY EvAwoy ovta, Kab TOU Owpaxos ovT@ pores aToAvGevtos, meph THY exKOT YD éyivovTo THS axisos évoeduxulas évl TOV ootéwy. RéyeTar 6€ TO wey TAATOS TPL@V SaKTU- wy Eval, TO OE pHKOS Tecodpwr. 0 Tais ALTOOUpiats éyyiora davatov cuvehavvopevos éFarpouperns auras, 6 LOWS dvéraBe. Kal Sraduyov Tov Kivduvor, é ert dé do Bevis @V Kal TONY VY povov év d:aitn Kat Oeparretars Exov aurov, é&w Gopu- Bovvtas ws nobero mofouvTas aut ov ety TOUS Maxedovas, AaBov t bwaTioy mponrGe. Kat duoas Tots Geois aibus avnxOn Kal Tapexouiveto yYwpav TE TOAANY Kab TOAELS pEyaras KaTao TpEPopEvos. LXIV. Tov é Dupvocopiatay TOUS pddiora TOV ~aBBav avanéioavtTas amooThvat Kal KaKa Tr€loTAa TOS Maxeddor TapacXovras AaBov déxa, Servos SoxovvTas eivat Tept TAS aTrOKpiCELs 1 Leonuatus, according to Arrian, vi. 10, 2. 404 ALEXANDER, cxui. 3-Lx1v. 1 the force of the blow that Alexander recoiled and sank to his knees, whereupon his assailant ran at him with drawn scimitar, while Peucestas and Limnaeus ! defended him. Both of them were wounded, and Limnaeus was killed; but Peucestas held out, and at last Alexander killed the Barbarian. But he himself received many wounds, and at last was smitten on the neck with a cudgel, and leaned against the wall, his eyes still fixed upon his foes. At this instant his Macedonians flocked about him, caught him up, already unconscious of what was going on about him, and carried him to his tent. And straightway a report that he was dead prevailed in the camp; but when with much difheulty and pains they had sawn off the shaft of the arrow, which was of wood, and had thus succeeded at last in removing the king's breastplate, they came to the excision of the arrow- head, which was buried in one of the ribs. We are told, moreover, that it was three fingers broad and four long. Its removal, therefore, threw the king into swoons and brought him to death’s door, but nevertheless he recovered. And after he was out of danger, though he was still weak and kept him- self for a long time under regimen and treatment, perceiving from their tumult at his door that his Macedonians were yearning to see him, he took his cloak and went out to them. And after sacrificing to the gods he went on board ship again and dropped down the river, subduing much territory and great cities as he went. LXIV. He captured ten of the Gymnosophists who had done most to get Sabbas to revolt, and had made the most trouble for the Macedonians. These philosophers were reputed to be clever and concise VOL. VII, Oo 495 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal Spaxvroyous, epwTniara m podBanev avrots amropa, pnoas dmroxrevety TOV HN opOars a arroxpwwa- pevov T POTOV; elTa epetins OUT TOUS aNXous* éva dé Tov mpea BuUTaToV exédeuoe Kpiverv. O pev ouv 7 P@TOS epotneis MOTEPOV OLETAL TOUS CavTas elvat melovas a TOUS TeOnKoras, Edn TOUS Carv- TAS’ OVKETL yap Elva TOUS TeOUNKOTAS. O ce SevTEpos, TOTEPOV TI yp 4) TH Oddatray pel- Cova tTpépewy Onpia, THY yy" TAUTNS yap HEpos elvat THY Oddrarray. o 6é TpLTOs, Tmotov oT! Spov TavoupyoTatov, nC) expe vov, elev, “ avOpamos OUK eyvoKer. o o€ TETAPTOS ava- K pLvopevos Tivt Noyic Lo Tov LaBBav am éaTNG eV; ameKpivato, “ Karas Civ Bovdopevos avTov Y KANOS arroBavetv.” 0 dé TET TOS epornGeis T0- TEpoy olerau TV npeepav y THY vuKTa TpoTépav ryeyovevat, Thy neepav, ele, “pepe par Kat TPOoETELTEY ovTOS, Javpacavtos TOU Baot- NEWS, OTL TOY ATTOpwY epwTHTEewV aVaYKN Kal TAS amToxpiges amtopous elvat. petaBadwv ovv Tov EXTOV HpWTA TAS av TES prrnbein pddora Av KPaTLOTOS ov,” eh, “py poBepos 7. Tov oe NOLT WV Tplav o pev épwrtnbeis mas av TUS e& dvOpaTrov ryevotTo Oeds, Ei Te mpaterev, ‘ elev, Conn pagar SvvaTov av pwr ep pn ear” o be mepl Coiis Kat Gavarou, TOT EpOv to XvpoTepor, aT e- K PLATO THY Conny Tocabra KaKG pepovaar. o oe TEN evTaios, pEX pl TIVGS avO pone KANOS éxov ony, se Méxpe ov 1) vopiger TO TeOvavat TOU Chv apec- vov. ovTw 6) TpaTropevos 7 pos TOV Sicacriyy éxéXevoevy atopaiverbat. tod dé &repov étépov A > , ' se Ce ae bee \ yelpov eipnxevar pijcavtos “ OvKody,” épn, “ov 406 70 ALEXANDER, -xrv. 1-5 in answering questions, and Alexander therefore put difficult questions to them, declaring that he would put to death him who first made an incorrect answer, and then the rest, in an order determined in like manner; and he commanded one of them, the oldest, to be judge in the contest. The first one, accord- ingly, being asked which, in his opinion, were more numerous, the living or the dead, said that the living were, since the dead no longer existed. The second, being asked whether the earth or the sea produced larger animals, said the earth did, since the sea was but a part of the earth. The third, being asked what animal was most cunning, said: “ That which up to this time man has not discovered.” The fourth, when asked why he had induced Sabbas to revolt, replied : “ Because I wished him either to live nobly or to die nobly.” The fifth, being asked which, in his opinion, was older, day or night, replied: “ Day, by one day’; and he added, upon the king expressing amazement, that hard questions must have hard answers. _Pass- ing on, then, to the sixth, Alexander asked how a man could be most loved ; “ If,” said the philosopher, “he is most powerful, and yet does not inspire fear.” Of the three remaining, he who was asked how one might become a god instead of man, replied: “ By doing something which a man cannot do”; the one who was asked which was the stronger, life or death, answered: “Life, since it supports so many ills.” And the last, asked how long it were well for a man to live, answered: “ Until he does not regard death as better than life.” So, then, turning to the judge, Alexander bade him give his opinion. The judge declared that they had answered one worse than another. “ Well, then,” said Alexander, “thou shalt 407 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ™ patos anobav7 TowadTa Kpivav. “Oven av Yer elev, “ @ Bacired, EL pn ov Wevdn pycas. Tpo- TOV QTTOKTEVELVY TOV aT OK PIV jEVOV KAKLOTA. LXV. Toutous pev OvY ad ice Swpna dpevos: ™pos dé Tous év d0&n padtoTa Kal Kal’ abtovs év novxia CovTas émrepyrev ‘Ovnatxpitov, apices ba Sedpevos mpos autov. 0 6€ OvnatKpttos iv prro- copos TOV Atoyevet TO Kurexo@ cuverXoaxorov. Kab pyc TOV pev Kadavov iBproricds Tavu Kal TPAXEWS KEAEVELY ATrOOUYTA TOV xeT@va ryULLVOV axpoaa bat TOV Aoyov" adhos d€ ov brarefec Oar Tpos aUTOV, OVO’ el Tapa ToD Avos apiktas TOV dé Adveapu 7 PQOTEpov eival, Kal OvaxovcarTa mepl LwKxparous Kat IvOayopov Kal Aoyévous ELTTELY WS EUPVELS pev avT@ yeyovevat Soxovaw ot avdpes, Atay dé ToS vomous aicyvvdpevoe BeBro- EVAL arrow d€ pace TOV Advéapuy ovdev evmrely aXW 1 TOTOUTOY povov" “Tivos Xdpw 0 “Ad EEav- dpos o0d0v TocauTny dep HAGE; TOP pev ToL Kadavov é@recev o Takidns édOety mpos ’Adé- Eavdpov. éxareito dé Xdivns: eel 6é Kat Tvdicny yA@tTav T@ Kare mwpocayopevov avi Tod Xaipew tovs évtuyxavovtas nomaveto, Kaha- vos w7ro TOV “EAAnVOV avonacOn. TouUTov 6€ AéyeTat Kab TO Tapaderypa THS apxis TO ‘Ane- Eavopy mpobea Bar. KataBadov yap ev per Bvpoay Twa Enpav Kat KaTeoKhnKviay eT aT ATE TO axpov" 9 66 els év meaVeioa TOUS aNXOLS emnp- On pépect. Kal TovTo Tepliov ey KoKMD Kal TueSooy Kal exaoT ov edeiavue yeyvopevor, axpe ob TO péaov eTLTTAS KaTéETXE Kal TaVTAa oUTWS Hpé- 408 ALEXANDER, xiv. 5-Lxv. 4 die first for giving such a verdict.” “That cannot be, O King,” said the judge, “unless thou falsely saidst that thou wouldst put to death first him who answered worst.’ LXV. These philosophers, then, he dismissed with gifts; but to those who were in the highest repute and lived quietly by themselves he sent Onesicritus, asking them to pay him a visit. Now, Onesicritus was a philosopher of the school of Diogenes the Cynic. And he tells us that Calanus very harshly and insolently bade him strip off his tunic and listen naked to what he had to say, otherwise he would not converse with him, not even if he came from Zeus; but he says that Dandamis was gentler, and that after hearing fully about Socrates, Pythagoras, and Diogenes, he remarked that the men appeared to him to have been of good natural parts but to have passed their lives in too much awe of the laws. Others, however, say that the only words uttered by Dandamis were these: “Why did Alexander make such a long journey hither?” Calanus, nevertheless, was persuaded by Taxiles to pay a visit to Alexander. His real name was Sphines, but because he greeted those whom he met with “ Cale,” the Indian word of salutation, the Greeks called him Calanus. It was Calanus, as we are told, who laid before Alexander the famous illustration of government. It was this. He threw down upon the ground a dry and shrivelled hide, and set his foot upon the outer edge of it; the hide was pressed down in one place, but rose up in others. He went all round the hide and showed that this was the result wherever he pressed the edge down, and then at last he stood in the middle of it, and lo! it was all held down firm and still. 409 PLUTARCH’S LIVES unoev. €BovreTo dé 7) eixwy évderEts evar tov Ta péoa Sety pdrdtota THs apyns wrélev Kal py pakpav avotAavac Oat Tov “AréEavdpor. LXVI. ‘H dé ota TOV TOTALOY Tpos T Thy Oa- NaTTay uTaryory?) pnvev em Ta, xpovor avadwoer. éuBarwv b€ Tats vavolv els Tov ‘Oxeavov avé- TrEVTE TPOS VHgov iv UKihAodaTw avToOS wVO- pacev, ETepor O€ Virtovav. évtatéa bé€ droBas €Ove Trois Geois, Kal tTHv dvaw éretde TOU weda- yous Kal THS TapaXdlas doov édixtov iv. eita émevEdpevos pndéva pet avtov avOparwy vrep- Siva Tous bpous Tihs oTpateias avéoT pepe. Kal Tas ev vais éxéXevae TepiT Ney év de&ia THY Tvdeanv éyovaas, YE Hove. prev Tt Néapyxov arro8el- Eas, PON Tg dé ‘Ovnoixperor: avTos € mel © Opertav TOPEVOMEVOS ELS eoxatny aT0- play ripen Kat TAnGos avOpwrav aT WET ED, MOTE Tis paxipov Supauews pnde TO TETApTOV €k THS “Tvdiahs amayaryeiy. KALTOL dw@dexa pen pupeddes 7) Hoav ob meCol, TOO (mT LKOV ELS puptous Kal TEevTakLg XiAOUS. andra Kal vooot xarerral Kat dtartac movnpal Kal Kaupata Enpa kal TELTTOUS 0 Atpos SréhOecper, domopov xopav éTLOVTAS avO pwr KaKo Bio, ONiyYa Kal wyevVvh TpOBAaTAa KEKTNMEVOY, A TOUS GaratTious txOds elO.a pwéeva mpoa Peper ar odpKa, poxOnpav elye Kat Suawon. ports ouv év npepars efnKovTa, TAUT ND diehOov Kal TIS Despwotas awdpevos ev- dus év ahOovols Hv Tact, TOV éyyloTa caTpaTa@v Kai Bactiéwy TapacKkevacavTwr. 1 In midsummer of 328 b.c. 2 It is Cilluta in Arrian (Anab. vi. 19, 3). 410 ALEXANDER, cxv, 4-Lxv1. 3 The similitude was designed to show that Alexander ought to put most constraint upon the middle of his empire and not wander far away from it. LXVI. His descent of the rivers to the sea con- sumed seven months’ time. And after emerging with his fleet into the ocean,! he sailed out to an island to which he himself gave the name of Scillus- tis, others that of Psiltucis.2 Here he landed and sacrificed to the gods, and studied the nature of the sea and of all the sea-coast that was accessible. Then, after praying that no man after him might pass beyond the bounds of his expedition, he turned to go back. His fleet he ordered to go round by sea, keeping India on the right ; Nearchus was appointed admiral of the fleet, Onesicritus its chief-pilot. But he himself proceeded by land through the country of the Oreites, where he was reduced to the direst straits and lost a multitude of men, so that not even the fourth part of his fighting foree was brought back from India. And yet his infantry had once numbered a hundred and twenty thousand, and his cavalry fifteen thousand. But grievous diseases, wretched food, parching heats, and, worst of all, famine destroyed them, since they traversed an un- tilled country of men who dragged out a miserable existence, who possessed but few sheep and those of a miserable sort, since the sea-fish which they ate made their flesh unsavoury and rank. It was with difficulty, then, that Alexander passed through this country in sixty days; but as soon as he reached Gedrosia he had all things in abundance, for the nearest satraps and princes had provided them. 411 PEUTARCH SS LIVES LXVILI. ‘AvaraBov ouv evrabda THY Suvapup eEw@ppnoe KOLO XPOLEVOS ep aypepas emTA OLa TIS Kappavias. avrov pep ovp (m7 Ob ayédnv éxouelov OKT, META TOV éTaipav UTT ep Ouperns ev vyIrA@ Kal TEpipavel TraLTLY memnyutas €U- coXOU MEV OV TUVEX WS npepas Kai VUKTOS" apakae dé TauTrndeis, al pev adoupyois Kal TOLKLAOLS meptBoraios, ai & Ans ael _mpoapatou Kal XAwpas oxvalopevar KAdOoLS, ElTOVTO TOUS aA- Nous aryoud at dirous Kal nyeu“ovas éatepavwpe- vous Kat Wivovtas. ebdes O av Ov TéATHY, OV Kpavos, ov cdpicay, adda Piddrars Kai puTois Kai Onpixrelors Tapa THY OOoV aTaCaY OF TTPATIATAL Bartifovtes éx wifwyv pmeyaddwv Kal Kpatnpwv GAANHNOLS TPOETTLVOY, OL pméev EV TO Tpodyew apa Kal Badifer, ol 6¢ KATAKELMEVOL. TON) 6é pov- ga cuplyyav Kal avr@v Bois Te Kal Nvrarpod Kal Baxxevas yuvark av KATELXE TavTa TOTOV. T@ dé ATAKT® Kab TETAAYNMEVO TIS Topetas TAPElTETO Kal maudua Baxxeris UBpews, ws Tob Jeov Tap- ovTOs avTov Kal TULTAPAT ELT OVTOS Tov K@ Lov. émel de Ke THS Ledpwaias eis TO BaciNeov, av- Gis averauBave tiv oTpaTiay may yyupiov. dé- yeTau o€ peOvovta AUTOV Oewpety aryavas Nopav, Tov 6€ é €podpevov Bayoay Yopevovta vixhnoat Kai Kexoounpuevoyv Ota TOD Oeatpov tapedrOdvta Kabi- oat Tap avtov: toovtas dé TovsS Maxedovas Kpotety Kat Body didrfjaat xedevovtas, aypt ov mepiBarov Karepirnoer. — ' According to Arrian (Aned. vi. 28, Lt), this bacchana- lian procession through Carmania rests on no credible authority. 412 ALEXANDER, txvu. 1-4 LXVII. Accordingly, after refreshing his forces here, he set out and marched for seven days through Carmania in a revelling rout. He himself was con- veyed slowly along by eight horses, while he feasted day and night continuously with his companions on a dais built upon a lofty and conspicuous scaffolding of oblong shape; and waggons without number fol- lowed, some with purple and embroidered canopies, others protected from the sun by boughs of trees which were kept fresh and green, conveying the rest of his friends and commanders, who were all garlanded and drinking. Not a shield was to be seen, not a helmet, not a spear, but along the whole march with cups and drinking-horns and flagons the soldiers kept dipping wine from huge casks and mixing-bowls and pledging one another, some as they marched along, others lying down; while pipes and flutes, stringed instruments and song, and revel- ling cries of women, filled every place with abundant music. Then, upon this disordered and straggling procession there followed also the sports of bacchan- alian license, as though Bacchus himself were present and conducting the revel.! Moreover, when he eame to the royal palace of Gedrosia, he once more gave his army time for rest and held high festival. We are told, too, that he was once viewing some contests in singing and dancing, being well heated with wine, and that his favourite, Bagoas, won the prize for song and dance, and then, all in his festal array, passed through the theatre and took his seat by Alexander's side; at sight of which the Mace- donians clapped their hands and loudly bade the king kiss the victor, until at last he threw his arms about him and kissed him tenderly. 413 PLUTARCH’S LIVES LXVII. ‘Eyradda TOV mept Néapxov avaBav- TOY 1 pos avTov jabeis Kal StaKkovaas 7a meph Tov mWAODY, Oppnoev avTos TrEvC AS KaTa TOV Evdparny TTOAW peyarw, elTa Tepl THY "ApaBiav kat rny AiBinv Tapaxopiabels 61a otndo@v ‘Hpa- KArelwv éuBareiv eis tiv évtds OddXaccav. kal Troia TavTooaTa Trept Odrwaxov émnyvuto, Kat cuynyovTo vaitar Kal xuPepviitar wavtayoeev. O€ AVM oTpareia Xarer 7) yevomevn Kal TO TEpL MaaxXovs Tpabpa Kal um pOopa TONAN AexPeioa THS duvapews anata THs. coTnpias avTOU Ta TE UmnKOG 7 pos dTroaT aa els émnpe Kal Tos OTpartn- yous Kab cartpam ats adexiav } TONNIY Kal ™EoveE- Etav Kal vBpw eve oinae® Kal dds , Sued pape GdXos aTdvTwy Kal vewtTepicmos. O7ov Kal ampos “Avtimatpov ‘Odvumias kat Kreordtpa oTaclucacaL OLecAOVTO THY apyYnr, ‘Odupmids pev “H-recpov, Kreoratpa 6é Maxedoviay trapa- NaBovca. Kat TovTO aKovaas ‘AréEavdpos Bér- TLov eb BeBovretobar THY pnTépa: Maxedovas yap ovK dv vopeivar Baatevopevovs v0 YUVALKOS. Ava tradrta Néapyov pév adfis émi Odraccav emepapen, euT AHO at TONEY aTacay eYVOKOS THY Tapantay, avTos 6é cataBatvor éxonate TOUS TOVNpOVvS T@V aoTpAaTHY@V. Tov € ‘A Bouhntov matowy éva pev “Okvaprny avtos amméxtetve caption dtedacas, A Boudajrov bé pnoev TOV dvaykatov TApATKEvaoavTos, arr 7 Tpioxirea TUAQAVTA VvOpiTpaTOS avVT@® TpocayayovTos, éKé- 1 dd:clav Bekker reads axnSlay (indifference) with a Munich MS. (M.). 414 70 ALEXANDER, cxvu. 1-4 LXVIII. Here Nearchus came up to meet him, and Alexander was so delighted to hear of his voyage that he eagerly desired to sail down the Euphrates himself with a large fleet,) and then, after cireum- navigating Arabia and Africa, to enter the Mediter- ranean by way of the pillars of Heracles. And vessels of every sort were built for him at Thapsacus, and sailors and pilots were assembled from all parts. But the increasing difficulties of his march back, his wound among the Malli, and the losses in his army, which were reported to be heavy, led men to doubt his safe return, inclined subject peoples to revolt, and bred great injustice, rapacity, and insolence in the generals and satraps whom he had appointed. Ina word, rest- lessness and a desire for change spread everywhere. For even against Antipater, Olympias and Cleopatra had raised a faction, and had divided his realm between them, Olympias taking Epirus, and Cleopatra Macedonia. When he heard of this, Alexander said that his mother had made the better choice; for the Macedonians would not submit to be reigned over by a woman. For these reasons he sent Nearchus back to the sea,” determined to fill all the regions along the sea with wars, while he himself, marching down from Upper Asia, chastised those of his commanders who had done wrong. One of the sons of Abuletes, Oxy- artes, he slew with his own hand, running him through with a spear; and when Abuletes failed to furnish him with the necessary provisions, but brought him instead three thousand talents in coin, Alexander 1 It was after his return to Persepolis that this desire seized him (Arrian, Anabd, vii. 1, 1). 2 Early in 324 B.c. 415 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a C/ \ b ? a ¢€ ANevae TOls immols TO apyUpLoy TrapaBarely. ws ’ > b a / 66 / 5 wv (ral a & ove éyevovto, dycas, “Tt ovv operos nyiv ths a A ” n SN 3 , ons TapacKevns; KabeipEe tov ABovrAnrny. / a“ LXIX. Ev 6€ Ilépcais mpa@tov péev atédwxe 70 a , 4 voulopa Tals yuvakiv, womep ebw0ercav of Bact- a / , Nels, oodks ets Hépoas adixowrto, dudovar ypv- A \ aA , covv éxdotn. Kal dia tovTO daciw éeviovs pyr TorrdKs, OQyov 6€ pnde arrak eis Ilépcas wapa- \ f a yevéoOar, ia puexporoyiav amokevacavta Tihs , e / 4 N , , - maTtploos éuvtov. émerta Tov Kupov tddov ev- \ , pov diopwpuypévov améxtetve Tov dadtKnoarta, an 9 a e xaitot [leXXatos HY ov TOV donpoTdtwV Oo TANL- , yg , \ \ > \ perrjoas, dvoua Todkvpayos. thy 5€é émiypadny ? \ Sees: e a e , avayvous éxédkevoey EXXAnuikois vmoyapakéat , Sep be e : FC) of Q ee ypdupaci. elye O€ oTwS avi pwrre, batts 9? N ef 4 ed \ of \ (v4 s 3 4 el kat O0ev Hees, OTL pév yap Ee, oida, éyw a € / A Kipos epi o Wlépcars xtnodpevos thy apxiy. a f , a pen ody THS OAlyns poe TavTNS ys POovijons } na ’ lo) TOULOV Coma TepikaduTTEL. TavTa pev ovV a , \ a éuTralh opodpa tov AréEavdpoy eroincey, ev v@ f NaBovta THY adnrAOTHTA Kal peTAaBorNDY. ‘O d€ Karavos évtat@a ypovov od modvy vie Kotdias evoyAnVEls NTHTAaTO TUpav aUvT@ yevé- aOat. Kal Koptobels imm@ mpos avtny, émevéd- pevos Kal KATAGTELTaS EaUTOVD Kal TOV T PLY OV atrapEdmevos, avaBaivoy édeE.odTo Tous TwapovTas a / \ Ttav Maxedovwr, cal wapexdrer THV pépav éxet- 416 ALEXANDER, Lxvur. 4-Lx1x. 3 ordered the money to be thrown to his horses. And when they would not touch it, “ Of what use to us, then,’ he cried, “is the provision you have made?” and threw Abuletes into prison. LXIX. In Persia, to begin with, he distributed the money among the women, just as their kings were accustomed, as often as they came into Persia, to give each one of them a gold piece. And for this reason, it is said, some of their kings did not come often into Persia, and Ochus not even once, being so penurious as to expatriate himself. In the second place, having discovered that the tomb of Cyrus had been rifled, he put to death the perpetrator of the deed, although the culprit was a prominent Mace- donian native of Pella, by name Polymachus. After reading the inscription upon this tomb, he ordered it to be repeated below in Greek letters. It ran thus: **Q man, whosoever thou art and whencesoever thou comest, for I know that thou wilt come, I am Cyrus, and I won for the Persians their empire. Do not, therefore, begrudge me this little earth which covers my body.” These words, then, deeply affected Alexander, who was reminded of the uncertainty and mutability of life.} In Persia, too, Calanus, who had suffered for a little while from intestinal disorder, asked that a funeral pyre might be prepared for him.2 To this he came on horseback, and after offering prayers, sprinkling himself, and casting some of his hair upon the pyre, he ascended it, greeting the Macedonians who were present, and exhorting them to make that Cf. Arrian, Anah. vi. 29, 4-8. 2 The self-sacrifice of Calanus is narrated by Arrian {Anab. vii. 3). 417 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yyy nodéws yevécOar Kat peOvabjvar peta tov Bactréws, autor b€ éxeivoyv Epn pet’ orALyov ypo- vov év BaBur@rt oecGat. Tavta & eimwv KaTa- Kr els Kat TUYKAAVY A HEVOS ove exivy7On TOU TUpOs TANoLaLOVTOS, arr’ é&v ® KateKhiOn aX) part, TOUTO dcatnpav éxaddépyoev EAUTOV TO Tar pio Vou TOV €KEL copia Ta. TovTO Tools eTeoty VoTEpov Gros "Tvdos év ‘AG ijvats Kaicape cuvwv éroince Kal SeixvuTat MEY pL VOY TO uYN- petov lvdod mpocayopevopevov. LXX. ‘O dé ’AdéEavdpos aro THs Tupas yevo- PEVOS, Kal cuvayayov TOdOUS Tov didov Kal TOY ny ELOVe@Y emt Oeimvon, ayava ™ povOnke Kal oTepavov axpaToTroctas. 0 pev ovv mrEioTOD TLV Il popayos axpe VO@y TET oO Upw@Vv mT ponrOe Kal haBav TO vent pLov, orépavov TadavTtatov, Tpepas Tpels emélnoe. TOV d6€ GAAWY, WS Xapns ona, TETTAPAKOVTA Kal els arébavov TLOVTES, LayupoU ™ pedn Kpvous eTUYEVOMEVOU. Tov 6€ € éralpov yapov ev Lov ous ETLTEA@DV, KAL NauBdvwv péev autos yuvaixa tHV Aapetov Ovya- Tépa Yratecpav, diavéwwv S5€ Tas aptotas Tots apiotols, Kowwov b€ TaV 6m 7 poyeyaunKorov Makedovev yapov avrov! éotiacas, ev © pact evVAKLTXLMOY TOY TAPAkEKANMEVOY emt 70 Get mvov ovTwy EKETT Xpua hy diary T pos Tas oToVveds bof jvat, Ta Te adda Javpacras eda 7 puvaro Kab Ta vpéa Tos davetcacw UTE p TOV operdovTov aUvTos dsaduoas, TOU TAVTOS QvaXw- patos éAdoooves pupiwy TaddvTwv éxaTov Tplda- 1 &AAov Bekker, after Coraés: xaddyv with the MSS. 418 ALEXANDER, tyix. 3-Lxx. 2 day one of pleasure and revelry with the king, whom, he declared, he should soon see in Babylon. After thus speaking, he lay down and covered his head, nor did he move as the fire approached him, but continued to lie in the same posture as at first, and so sacrificed himself acceptably, as the wise men of his country had done from of old. The same thing was done many years afterwards by another Indian who was in the following of Caesar,! at Athens; and the “Indian’s Tomb” is shown there to this day. LXX. But Alexander, afte: returning from the funeral pyre and assembling many of his friends and officers for supper, proposed a contest in drinking neat wine, the victor to be crowned. Well, then, the one who drank the most, Promachus, got as far as four pitchers;? he took the prize, a crown of a talent’s worth, but lived only three days afterwards. And of the rest, according to Chares, forty-one died of what they drank, a violent chill having set in after their debauch. At Susa he brought to pass the marriage of his companions, took to wife himself the daughter of Dareius, Stateira, assigned the noblest women to his noblest men, and gave a general wedding feast for those of his Macedonians who had already contracted other marriages. At this feast, we are told, nine thousand guests reclined at supper, to each of whom a golden cup for the libations was given. All the other appointments too, were amazingly splendid, and the host paid himself the debts which his guests owed, the whole outlay amounting to nine thousand 1 Augustus Caesar. 2 The ‘ chous,” or pitcher, held about three quarts. 419 3 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KovTa TahavTous yevouevov. érret 6€ “Avtiyévys 0 érepopOan pos OS apetdwy aTreypawato pevdas, Kat Tapayayeov Tiva pacKovta Sedaverkévar 7 pos Thy Tparelay, ATETLOE TO apyupiov, elTa epwpa- On Wevdopevos, opyea bets O Bactrevs aTnhace THS avAns avToyv Kal TapeteTo THY TIVE MOVLAY. jv 6€ AapTpas ev TOS TrONEmLKOIS Oo “AvTLyévns Kat étt d€ véos wv, Pidimrov TrodopKodvtTos ITé- pwOov, éumecovtTos avT@ KatameAtiKov BéXous ets TOV OPGarpor, ov Twapécye Bovropévars é€e- hety TO BéXos ovdé UPHKato T ply dcacbat tpoc- wax opevos Kal KaTaKhetoat TOUS Tohepious ets TO TELXOS. ov HeTpios ouv TOTE THY aruuiay Epepev, GAAA SHAOS Hv éavTov vie AUTNS Kal BapuOupias Siaxpyaopevos. Kal TOUTO detoas O Bactrevs avijce THY Opynv Kal Ta Xpypata exe éxéNevoev avTov. LXXI. Tov dé rraidwy trav tpiopuptwr, ods aaKxoupévous Kat pavOavovtas améduTe, Tois TE copacw avdpetwv davévtwy Kat Tois eideowy evmperra@v, éTt 5é Kal Tails per€Tals evyepevav Kat Kovgotnta Oavyaotny émidevEapévwr, avtos pev Han, tois 6€ Maxedoot SucOvupia trapéoty Kal dé05, WS TTOV avTois TOD Bacthéws mpoce- Eovtos. 610 Kal Tovs acOevels Kal TeTNnpwpévous avTov KatatéumTovTos emt Odrattav UBpw éepa- cap elvau Kab _Tpommhakia Lov, av0 pwrrots arro- KENT apwevor eis aravra vov arrotiBea bas ou aloxXUYn Kat Tpocpintev Tais Tatpict Kal Tots 1 Alexander also paid the debts of all his soldiers, amounting to 20,000 talents (Arrian, Arnab. vii. 5, 1-3), 420 704 ALEXANDER, -xx. 3-Lxx1. 2 eight hundred and seventy talents.! Now Antigenes, the One-eyed, had got himself enrolled as a debtor fraudulently and, on producing somebody who affirmed that he had made a loan to him at the bank, the money was paid over; then his fraud was discovered, and the king, in anger, drove him from his court and deprived him of his command. Antigenes, however, was a splendid soldier, and while he was still a young man and Philip was besieging Perinthus, though a bolt from a catapult smote him in the eye, he would not consent to have the bolt taken out nor give up fighting until he had repelled the enemy and shut them up within their walls. Accordingly, he could not endure with any complacency the disgrace that now fell upon him, but was evidently going to make away with himself from grief and despondency. So the king, fearing this, put away his wrath and ordered him to keep the money. LXXI. The thirty thousand boys whom he had left behind him under instruction and training 2 were now so vigorous in their bodies and so comely in their looks, and showed besides such admirable dexterity and agility in their exercises, that Alexander himself was delighted ; his Macedonians, however, were filled with dejection and fear, thinking that their king would now pay less regard to them. Therefore when he also sent the weak and maimed among them down to the sea-board, they said it was insult and abuse, after using men up in every kind of service, now to put them away in disgrace and cast them back upon their native cities and their parents, no longer unless this is the donation which Plutarch has here erro- neously connected with the great wedding feast. Cf. Athenaeus, xii. pp. 538 ff. 2 Cf. chapter xlvii. 3. 421 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yovetalv, ov ToLovTous TapadaPovTa. TuVvTas oby éxédevov adiévat Kat mavTas aXpHaoTous vopitery Maxedovas, (ExovTa TOUS VEOUS TOUTOUS TUPPLXLOTAS, our ois emo KATAKTHOETAL THY oixoupevny. ™ pos Tatra Naren as O “AréEavd pos EXE, Kal ToAXa pev éhordopnaey QUTOUS Tpos opy ny, amedacas dé Tas pudaras Ta peSwKe Ilépaars Kat KaTéo THO ED ex TOUT@Y Sopupopous Kat paBdodopous, up ov op@ures aurov Twapa- TE [LTOLEVOV, avTous d€ a aT €LpryOLEvOUS Kat ™poTrn- AaKlopevous, ETaTrELVOUYTO® Kal didovTes Noryov eUptoKov atrous odMyou Sety pavevtas vmod &ndo- TuTias Kal opyfs. TéXOS be TULP porns aves éBaéilov advotrrot Kal povoyitwves ett THY oKN- vay, pera, Bons Kat KravO Lod mrapacidovTes éavTous Kab xpycacGat KéehevovTes OS Kaxois Kab axapioTous. ) & ov 7 poo ieTo, KaiTrep 780 pahacaopevos. ot S ovK ames Tn oay, GNX TEpas dvo Kal vUKTas OUTW TpocTETTaTES Kal OAOhUPO- fevot Kal Kolpavov avaKxadovvTes exapTépnaar. Th O€ Tpitn mpoeAOwy Kali Deacdmevos otKTpods kal TeTATELV@LEVOUS eSdxpve TONY Xpovov elTa pe papa pevos peT pla Kat _Mpooaryopevoas dirav- Oowmws améNuce TOUS aXPNTTOUS S@pnaapevos peyaron pers, Kal yparras 7 pos "Avtitrat pov 67 WS év TaoL ToS aydor Kab Tos GeaTpous mpoE- dptav & EXovTeEs eo repaveopevor KabeCowto. TOV 6 TeOuNKOT@Y Tous taidas ophavovs évTas éupi- aBous érroinaen. 1 The account of the quarrel between Alexander and the Macedonians in Arrian (Anab. vii. 8-11) differs materially from that of Plutarch. 422 ALEXANDER, txx1. 2-5 the men they were when he took them. Accordingly, they bade him send them all away and hold all his Macedonians of no account, since he had these young war-dancers, with whom he could go on and conquer the world.! At these words of theirs Alex- ander was displeased, and heaped much abuse upon them in his anger, and drove them away, and com- mitted his watches to Persians, and out of these constituted his body-guards and attendants. When the Macedonians saw him escorted by these, while they themselves were excluded from him and treated with contumely, they were humbled; and when they reasoned the matter out they found that they had been almost mad with jealousy and rage. So finally, after coming to their senses, they went to his tent, without their arms and wearing their tunics only, and with loud cries and lamentations put themselves at his mercy, bidding him deal with them as base and thankless men. But Alexander would not see them, although his heart was softening. And the men would not desist, but for two days and nights persisted in standing thus before his door, weeping and calling upon their master. So on the third day he came forth, and when he saw their piteous and humble plight, wept for some time; then, after chiding them gently and speaking kindly to them, he dismissed those who were past service with magnificent gifts, and wrote to Antipater that at all the public contests and in the theatres they should have the foremost seats and wear garlands. He also ordained that the orphan children of those who had lost their lives in his service should receive their father’s pay.? * Cf. Arrian, Anab, vii. 12. 423 PLUTARCH’S LIVES € \ > A LXXITI. ‘Os 6€ jxev ets ExSatava tis Myéias \ , ° Kal StwoKNGE TA KaTETELYOVTA, Tad Ty év Oea- , \ 4 A TpOLS Kat Tavnyupeciv, ate 1 TPLTXLALWY AUTO a 3 \ a e , ’ / ” TexviTav amo Ths “EAXdbos aduypévav. Etvye e tv , dé epi Tas nuépas éxeivas Hdaiatiwy mupéo- \ \ cwv ola b€ véos Kab oTpatiwtiKos ov dépwv 3 a f e a \ 3 \ A axpiBn startav, dpa to Tov tatpov TAav«ov a U U amenOeiv eis TO O€atpov mept aptaTov yevopevos \ \ > , e X \ fal Kat Katapayov arextpvova edOov Kali Wwuxtiipa \ ’ a / N péyay exTi@y olvou KaK@s €aye Kal puxpov dia- \ > / “ 3 \ a A 4 AuTr@Y aTéBave. TOUTO OvdEerlt NOYLTL@ TO TADOS Yi bd \ 7 "AréEavdpos nveyxev, AXN evOvs pev introus Te a , / / , Kelpat TavtTas émt wévOer Kal nutovous éxédeuvce \ a i , ’ a \ 3 f \ Kal Tov TéepLE Trohewy udetre Tas emTradkets, TOV \ oy > \ 3 z ’ ‘\ \ f dé GOXtov taTpov avertavpwaerv, avrous € KaTé- \ \ a A Tavoe Kat povotkny taaav év TO oTpaToTéso \ , ce 3 ” 9 A moXvy xXpovov, Ews €& “Appwvos 7rAGe pavteia A € , AS / e ied oo td tiwav Hdatotiova cat Ove ws hpwi TapaKered- “ \ / t a ovoa. Tov b€ wévOovs rapnyopia TO Toru td (4 JN / \ / Ypa@pmevos, WaTrep el Onpay Kal Kuvynyéotov av- / b ] A \ N Sac , vw Opworwv €&f\Oe cal to Koccaiwv éO@vos Kxarte- - ‘d ¢ * 3 , a \ atpédeto, TavTas nBndov aTochutzTwv. TovTO 6é € 4 > \ 3 al Zz \ Hdatotiwvos évayiopos éxadretto. TUpBov be \ lay N a 4 Kal Tapny avTov Kal Tov Tepl TADTA KOTMLOV ATO 4 4 pupiwy TaXravTwY eTtTENEcal SLtavoovpevos, UTEp- Barécba. b€ TO hiroTtéxvw Kal TeptTTe® TH & é& xX e Pp é THS A , 9 a, ra) KaTaoKeuns THY SaTravyy, éwoOnce padiota TAY TeXViTOY XTacixpatynv, peyadoupylay tiva Kal \ ; a TOAMAaY Kal KO-TrOY Ev Tals KalvoTOMiats éTAy- 424 ALEXANDER, -xxn. 1-3 LXXIJ. When he came to Ecbatana in Media and had transacted the business that was urgent, he was once more much occupied with theatres and festivals, since three thousand artists had come to him from Greece. But during this time it chanced that Hephaestion had a fever; and since, young man and soldier that he was, he could not submit to a strict regimen, as soon as Glaucus, his physician, had gone off to the theatre, he sat down to breakfast, ate a boiled fowl, drank a huge cooler of wine, fell sick, and in a little while died. Alexander's grief at this loss knew no bounds.! He immediately ordered that the manes and tails of all horses and mules should be shorn in token of mourning, and took away the battlements of the cities round about ; he also crucified the wretched physician, and put a stop to the sound of flutes and every kind of music in the camp for a long time, until an oracular response from Amnion came bidding him honour Hephaestion as a hero and sacrifice to him. Moreover, making war a solace for his grief, he went forth to hunt and track down men, as it were, and overwhelmed the nation of the Cossaeans, slaughtering them all from the youth upwards. This was called an offering to the shade of Hephaestion. Upon a tomb and obse- quies for his friend, and upon their embellishments, he purposed to expend ten thousand talents, and wished that the ingenuity and novelty of the construction should surpass the expense. He therefore longed for Stasicrates above all other artists, because in his innovations there was always promise of great 1 Arrian finds great diversity in the accounts of Alex- ander’s displays of grief at Hephaestion’s death (Anab. vil. 14), 425 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 yeANOmEVOV. OUTOS yap aUT@® mMpoTEpoy evTVYwV Epn TOV Opav partota TOV Opaxcov “AOwy divatv- 4 3 , , \ 4 Twow avopeikedov SéxyecOar Kat dtapoppwoi / a dv ovv Kerevy, povimwTatov ayadkpdTwov avT@ \ , b] ? \ ” A Kal Tmepipavéotatov é€epyacecbat tov “Adar, Ti a ld fev aploTEepa Yelpi TEptAauBavovTa puptavdpor TOAW oLKovpEeVyY, TH O€ SeELa oTEevdovTA TOTAapod ea \ 3 \ f > ? pevpa darwires ets tHY Paddaccav atroppéovTos. TAVTA Mev OY TAPNTHTATO, TOAA® O€ aTOTMTEPA \ , 4 kat damavnpotepa TovTwy codifopevos TOTE Kal a / TULELNVAvOpevos Tols TeyviTass OvéTpIBev. LXXIIT. Es 6€ BaBvrava tpodyovtos av’tod / b t, \ g > 4 3 \ Néapyos (adixeto yap avOis eiamdevaas eis Tov Evdparny dia THs peyadrns Paraoons) pn Tivas a A id a évtuyely avT@ Xaddaiovs, Tapatwovvtas aéxe- aA by a0a. BaBvawvos tov “AréEavdpov. o bé ovx b , > > ? f \ \ a ? eppovTicev, ANA ETrOpEvETO’ KAL TPOS TOLS TEL- € A tA YeTL yevopevos opa Kopaxas TrodXovs dtadhepopé- VOUS Kat TUTTOVTAS GAANAOUS, WV EVLOL KATETTETOV - 2 Tap avTov. meta pyvvcews yevouevyns Kata "AvoAXob@pou Tov atpaTnyod THs BaBvAOvos ws v \ > a“ Z 3 UA ? \ ein Trept autou TeOvpmevos, éxarer Tlu@ayopay tov MavTlw. ovK apvovpevov b€ TH” TpakEW npaTnae A ° A , i TOY iep@v Tov TpoTov. dryaavtos bé GTL TO z 9 ” 6é II 4% 3 ow? \ ‘ nmap 7v aroBov, aval, elev, “toyupoy TO A ” \ a , by \ 3 he onuetov’” Kai tov Iv@ayopay ovéév nbdixnoer. HYOeTO € wn TeLcOels TH Ned py, Kai TA TONKA A a v a \ / THs BaBuradvos é&m xatacknvav Kat TEepttTrEwv 426 ALEXANDER, txxn. 4 LXXxI. 2 magnificence, boldness, and ostentation. This man, indeed, had said to him at a former interview that of all mountains the Thracian Athos could most readily be given the form and shape of a man; if, therefore, Alexander should so order, he would make out of Mount Athos a most enduring and most con- spicuous statue of the king, which in its left hand should hold a city of ten thousand inhabitants, and with its right should pour forth a river running with generous current into the sea. This project, it is true, Alexander had declined ; but now he was busy devising and contriving with his artists projects far more strange and expensive than this. LXXIII. As he was on his way to enter Babylon, Nearchus (who had joined him again after sailing through the ocean into the Euphrates) told the king that certain Chaldaeans had met him and advised that Alexander should keep away from Babylon.! Alexander paid no heed to this, but con- tinued on his march; and when he was arrived at the walls, he saw many ravens flying about and clawing one another, and some of them fell dead at his feet. Again, being informed that Apollodorus the commandant of Babylon had sacrificed to learn Alexander’s fate, Alexander called Pythagoras the seer. Pythagoras did not deny the fact, whereupon Alexander asked him what was the character of the sacrifice, And when the seer told that the victim’s liver had no lobe, “Ah me!” said Alexander, “a forcible omen!” and did Pythagoras no harm. He was sorry, too, that he had not obeyed Nearchus, and passed most of his time outside of Babylon, either 1 According to Arrian (Anab. vii. 16, 5), the Chaldaeans besought Alexander in person to suspend his march to Babylon. It was in the spring of 323 B.c. 427 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 tov Evdpatny duetpiBev. nvwyrer 8 avtov a / \ \ Ty, a / onpela TOAAA. Kal yap NEoVTA THY TpEpoLEevwV , \ iA ce wv $ \ péyloTov Kal KaXXdLOTOV TuEpos Ovos éTEeAOwY A 3 Kat NaKticas dveirAev. atroduvcapévou dé mTpos area Kal ohaipay avtod tailovtos of veavi- aKkot of ahatpifovtes, ws det madw AaBeiv Ta ud Jopaorv av vy TO Opo befo iwatia, Ka0opwoty avOpwrov ev TO Opovw Kabelo- uevoyv otwmn, TO diadnua Kal THY oTOANnY THY Ba- N id « ? s 4 GCLALKIY TEPLKELLEVOY. OUTOS avaKpLVOMEVOS baTIS v \ ’ ” = f \ eln, TOAVY Ypovoy avavdos Hv: ports O€ cUpdpo- , , \ ¥ A , vicas Arovvctos pev én xareicbat, Meoaonmos dé elvas TO yévos: é« O€ TLVOS aitias Kal KaTN- , 3 na \ ? N 4 N yoptas evtav0a Koptobets ato Gadaoans Todvy a \ a ypovov yeyovévar év Secpois: apts 6€ avT@ Tov Sapaniv émiotavta tors deapovs aveivat xal mpoayayety dedpo, Kal Keredoat AaPBovta TV \ a oToAny Kal TO Oiddnua Kabioat Kai ciwTay. LXXIV. Tatra axovoas o ’AdéEavdpos Tov \ ” de Sarah, € a ? s pev avOpwrov, MaTEp ExéXEVOY Of pavTELs, Hda- b] \ \ 3 4 \ , @ N ‘ vioev' avtos Oé nOvper Kal duceATIS Fv pos TO wn > id Geiov 5n Kat mpos tous dirovs bromtos. pa- Nota bé€ Avtitvatpov époPeito Kai Tovs traisas, @ 77 ‘ ’ , a e A / av “lodas pev apyowvoyoos nv, 0 dé Kacavépos ? a \ f 4 \ , adixto pev vewatlt, Oeacdpuevos d€ BapBapous fay ef \ , ¢€ TWas MpooKkuvourtas, ate 5) TeOpappévos “EA- ANUKas Kal ToLvodTO MpoTEepov pHdev Ewpakas, e ? 2 éyékace TpoTetéaTepov. o d€ Arét~avdpos wpryi- n A fa) , a8, cal dpaEdpevos avtov tov tptyav ofodpa 428 ALEXANDER, -xxin. 3-Lxxiv. 2 living in his tent, or sailing about on the Euphrates. And he was troubled by many omens. For instance, the largest and handsomest lion in his menagerie was attacked by a tame ass and kicked to death. Again, he once took off his clothes for exercise and was playing at ball, and when it was time to dress again, the young men who were playing with him beheld a man seated on the king’s throne, in silence, wearing the royal diadem and _ robes. When the man was asked who he was, he was speechless for a long time; but at last he came to his senses and said that his name was Dionysius, and that he was a native of Messenia; in consequence of some charge brought against him, he said, he had been brought thither from the sea-board, and for a long time had been in chains; but just now the god Serapis had come to him and loosed his chains and brought him to this spot, bidding him put on the robe and diadem and sit on the throne and hold his peace.} LXXIV. On hearing of this, Alexander put the man out of the way, as the seers directed; but he began to be low-spirited, and was distrustful now of the favour of Heaven and suspicious of his friends. He was particularly afraid of Antipater and of his sons, one of whom, Iolas, was his chief cupbearer ; the other, Cassander, had only recently come to Babylon, and when he saw some Barbarians doing obeisance to Alexander, since he had been reared as a Greek and had never seen such a sight as this before, he laughed boisterously. But Alex- ander was enraged, and clutching him fiercely by 1 Other predictions of Alexander’s death are given in Arrian (Anab. vil. 18, 22, and 24), 429 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tals xEpaly apporTépars em a.as THY Kkeparnv T pos TOV TOIXOV. avOis 5€ mpos TOUS KaTnyopobvTas ‘Avrem at pou Névyely Te Bovhopevov TOV Kdoavépov éxxpovwv, “Ti réyets;” édyn, “TocavTny odov avOpwrovs pndev adsxovpévovs, dANA ouKOpar- toovtas édGeiv;” dicavtos 5é tov Kacavédpou TOUTO AUTO ONnpEtov Eivat TOU aUKOdarTELV, OTL paKkpay iKovat TOV eACY NOV, avayedacas o 'A)é- Eavopos, “Tabra €xelva, eb, “copiopata TOV ‘Apiarorédous ELS ExATEPOV TOV ovyou oluw Eope- vov,! av Kal puxpov adixovyTes TOUS avOpwirous pavire.” TO 6€ dAOV OUTw gaat dervov évdvrat Kal devoorooy eyyevéa Oat TH uxh Tob Kacav- dpou To dé0s, waTE VaTEpoV Xpovoes TONAOES, non MAO es Bactrevorvta Kat KparouvTa Ths ‘EX- Aabos, éy Acrdois TepLTaTovvTa Kat Gewwevov TOUS avdpiavras, ELK OVOS ’AdeEdvopou paveions, ddvw wAnyévta dpitar kal xpadavOFjvat TO capa Kal ports avaraPelv EavTor, thiyytacavtTa Tpos THY Oe. LXXV. ‘O 8 obv “AréEavdpos Ws EVEOWKE TOTE ™ pos Ta Oeta Tapaxwons YEVvOpEVOS Kai mepihoBos THY dtdvocar, ovdev my pcx pov OUTWS TOY anbav Kat atoTwv & pn TEpas €TOLELTO eal onpeior aGXra Ovopeveov Kal cabatpovtov Kal pavTevov- TwY pecToY Vv TO Baciretov. ovTwWS dpa Setvov pev 1) amiotia mpos Ta Oeia Kal Katadpovnars avtav, den dé avOes 7) Setocdaipovia, 4,2 Sieny Udatos del WpOs TO TATTELVOUMEVOY KaTappéoVTOS,” 1 oluwtonéevwy Sint. with the best MSS.; ofuwtoueévou ye Coraés ; oiudtn nev obv Bekker. 2 4, xatappéovtos supplied by Bekker, after Curaés, 430 - O¢ ALEXANDER, cxxiv. 2-Lxxv. 2 the hair with both hands dashed his head against the wall. And at another time, when Cassander would have said something in opposition to those who were bringing charges against Antipater, Alex- ander interrupted him, saying: “What meanest thou? Would men come so long a journey if they had not been wronged and were making false charges?”? And when Cassander declared that this very fact of their coming a long distance away from the proofs showed that they were making false charges, Alexander burst out laughing and said: “ These are the famous sophisms of Aristotle’s dis- ciples for either side of the question ; but ye shall rue the day if it appear that ye have done these men even a slight wrong.” And in general, as we are told, Cassander’s spirit was deeply penetrated and imbued with a dreadful fear of Alexander, so that many years afterwards, when he was now king of Mace- donia and master of Greece, as he was walking about and surveying the statues at Delphi, the sight of an image of Alexander smote him suddenly with a shuddering and trembling from which he could scarcely recover, and made his head swim. LXXV. Alexander, then, since he had now become sensitive to indications of the divine will and per- turbed and apprehensive in his mind, converted every unusual and strange occurrence, were it never so insignificant, into a prodigy and portent; and sacrificers, purifiers, and diviners filled his palace. So, you see, while it is a dire thing to be incredulous towards indications of the divine will and to have con- tempt for them, superstition is likewise a dire thing, which, after the manner of water ever seeking the 431 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aveT’npouv! aBertepias KxatadoBov tov ’Are- \ a Eavdpov yevopevov. ov pny adda Kal Xpnopov ye Tov wept Hdacotiwvos éx Oe0d Kopicbevtoy ? , \ a ny § 3 f \ aToBéuevos TO TévOos avOis Hy év Ovatats Kai a f TOTOLS. éaTidoas O€ AauTPas Tos mept Ne- s Ve ef 77 f apyxov, elTa ovoapeEros, WoTrEp etwmber heANOY cabevdev, Mndiov denbévtos ByeTo Kwpacopevos , a fa , Tpos AaUTOV’ KaKEl TLwY GANY THY eTLovGAaY 1)LE- ” i , of, f ‘H a pav nofato TupéTTav, ovte cxvgov Hpaxréovs \ , X éxtri@y ovTe abvw Stadryns yevopevos TO peTa- e \ a , hpevov waTEp AOYXN TWeTANywS, adda TadTa Tives @oVvTO Sely ypadev WaTrep SpduaTos peya- Nouv Tpayixoyv éEdd.oy Kal TepiTrabes TAACAYTES. aX U 6 , > NV , ptaotoBovros 6€ dyna avtov TupeTTOYTA pavi- Kas, Supnaarvta 6¢ cpodpa Tuety oivoy’ éx TovTOU dé hpeviTidoat, Kal TeXeuTHoat Tptaxdds Aatoiou £ LLNVOS. - A , iY LXXVI. "Ev 6€ tats éfnpepiow ottws yéeypa- , b] , MTaL TA Tepl THY vooov. oydon éml SexaTn Aa.otov pnvos exabevdev Ev T@ NoUTP@VML La TO , “A AP oe, cal , b>] A J mupéear. TH Oe EENS NovadpeEvos Eis TOV Oddapov nn ai \ } , \ / 16 tZ pmeTHrAGe, Kal Sunpepeve mpos Mndsov xuBevov. 9 3 3 \ ? ‘ \ ¢ \ ~ a ? eit Owe AOVTUMEVOS Kal Ta lEepa TOis OeEots érrt- \ > \ \ \ 9 4 A 3 Z Geis euhayov oid vuxKtos émupete. TH ELKads , ? v \ ? / , Novadpevos marw eOvae THY E:Oropevny Bvciar: Kal KaTakeipevos év TH NOUTPHML Tots Trepl Néap- 1 gvenArpouv Coraés’ correction of the MSS. xa) avarAnpoir, adopted by Bekker. 2 xatapoBov Coraés’ correction of the MSS. xal gdBou, adopted by Bekker. 432 ALEXANDER, txxv 2-Lxxvi. 2 lower levels, filled with folly the Alexander who was now become a prey to his fears. Notwithstanding, in consequence of oracular responses regarding Hephaestion which were brought him, he laid aside his grief and betook himself once more to sacrifices and drinking-bouts. He gave a splendid entertain- ment to Nearchus, and then, although he had taken his customary bath before going to bed, at the request of Medius he went to hold high revel with him ;! and here, after drinking all the next day, he began to have a fever. This did not come upon him after he had quaffed a “bowl of Heracles,” nor after he had been seized with a sudden pain in the back as though smitten with a spear; these par- ticulars certain writers felt obliged to give, and so, as it were, invented in tragic fashion a moving finale for a great action. But Aristobulus says that he had a raging fever, and that when he got very thirsty he drank wine, whereupon he became de- lirious, and died on the thirtieth day of the month Daesius. LXXVI. Moreover, in the court ‘‘ Journals ” there are recorded the following particulars regarding his sickness.? On the eighteenth of the month Daesius 3 he slept in the bathing-room because he had a fever. On the following day, after his bath, he removed into his bed-chamber, and spent the day at dice with Medius. Then, when it was late, he took a bath, performed his sacrifices to the gods, ate a little, and had a fever through the night. On the twentieth, after bathing again, he performed his customary sacrifice; and lying in the bathing-room 1 Cf. Arrian, Anab. vii. 25. ? They are given also by Arrian (Anab. vii. 25). 3 June 2, 523 B.c, 433 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 f b) 4, \ \ \ ~ yov €ayodatev, akpowpmevos Ta Teplt Tov mAouv Kat THY peyddnv Oarattav. TH Sexatyn POivov- TOS TAUVTA Toljcas maAXAoV avepr€yOn, Kal THV \ A vinta Bapéws eoye, Kal THY émLovacaY Hyépav , \ émupeTTe aPodpa. Kal peraplels KaTéxELTO Tapa \ 7 , e \ a ¢ f Thy peyarnv KorvpBnOpav, te 51) Tots rHyEenoct A / dierexOn mept tav eprjpmwv nyepovias taker, ef , / if , , OTs KaTacTHowot SoxiudacavTes. éEBSoun odho- \ \ a dpa mupéttwy eOucev éEapeis mpos Ta tepa: TOV \ S€é nyewovwy éxéXEvE TOUS peytaTous StaTpiPew év Th avrAy, takiapyous d€ Kai wEevTaKocldpyous EEw , ’ \ A / / vuxTepevelrv. els 6€ Ta Téepav Bacireaa diaxom- “A e ¢e adels TH Extn piKpov Urvacer, o d€ TupETOS OvK XA 3 / \ a € , a v avixev. érreOovtwy d€ TaV NyE“ovav HY adw- \ A vos, o“oiws b€ Kal TH TéumTny: 510 Kal Tots MaxeSdoowv é50£e TeOvdvat, Kai kateBowy érdOovtes > \ \ 7 \ fa) nw ¢ f 4 evi Tas Oupas, Kai SuntretAovyTo Tots ETALpots Ews éBiacavto: Kai Tav Oupav avtois avoryOeroav év a A {/ \ \ , Tois xiT@ar Kal Eva TavtTes Tapa THY KALYHDV el , \ nA ¢€ , ¢ \ , mapeEnrOov. tavTys d€ THS Nuépas ot Tept Ilv- \ , b ] \ ~ 3 Owva kat Lédeveov eis TO Lapazretov atoctan- id >] 7 > , 3 ~ \ > , EVTES NPOT@V EL Kouicwow Exel Tov AreEavdpov" ¢ \ \ \ , IA ’ a a \ , o 5é Geos Kata ywpav éav avetre. TH SE TpiTY , \ iA ’ i hOivovtos mpos Seihnv arreGave. LXXVII. Tovtwyv ta mreiota xata réEw ev tais édnucpiow ovtTw yéeypamta. happaxetas dé UToviav TapauTixa pev ovdelts Exyev, Extw SE 707 434 ALEXANDER, cxxvi. 2-Lxxvin. 1 he devoted himself to Nearchus, listening to his story of his voyage and of the great sea. The twenty-first he spent in the same way and was still more inflamed, and during the night he was in a grievous plight, and all the following day his fever was very high. So he had his bed removed and lay by the side of the great bath, where he conversed with his officers about the vacant posts in the army, and how they might be filled with experienced men. On the twenty-fourth his fever was violent and he had to be carried forth to perform his sacrifices ; moreover, he ordered his principal officers to tarry in the court of the palace, and the commanders ot divisions and companies to spend the night outside. He was carried to the palace on the other side ot the river on the twenty-fifth, and got a little sleep, but his fever did not abate. And when his com- manders came to his bedside, he was speechless, as he was also on the twenty-sixth; therefore the Macedonians made up their minds that he was dead, and came with loud shouts to the doors of the palace, and threatened his companions until all opposition was broken down; and when the doors had been thrown open to them, without cloak or armour, one by one, they all filed slowly past his couch. During this day, too, Python and Seleucus were sent to the temple of Serapis to enquire whether they should bring Alexander thither; and the god gave answer that they should leave him where he was. And on the twenty-eighth,! towards evening, he died. LXXVII. Most of this account is word for word as written in the “ Journals.” And as for suspicions of poisoning, no one had any immediately, but five 1 June 13, 323 B.c. 435 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ETEL pact MNVUTEDS YEVOMEVNS Thy ‘Odupmidda TOAXOUS [MEV avenety, expivras ¢ TO Aeipava, TOU Tova TEOUNKOTOS, @$ TOUTOV TO papparov eyXe- avtos. ot dé “Apiototédny pao KovTes “Avrima- TPO cup Bovrov ryeryevija Oat THS T™ pacews, Kab ONwS OL exEtvov Topia Oar TO pappaxon, ‘A yvo- Oepov TLVa Sunyeta Bau Aeyouaty w@s “Avtuyovou Tov Bacitéws dKovoavta: TO bé dappaxov bdwp elvat Wuypov Kal TayeTOdes ATO TETPAS TLVOS eV Nwvaxpt6s ovens, iv waoTtep Spocov NeTTHV ava- NapLuvovtes ets dvou YnANY atroTiOEevTaL’ TAV yap addAwy ovdev ayyetoy otéyetv, aAAG SiaKo- mTelv uTO uypoTnTos Kat SpiuvTnTos. oat dé Treia ToL TOV Aoyou Oheos olovrar met AAT OAL TOV mepl TAS. pappaxeias: Kal TEK LNpLOV autois €oTLV ov MiKpov OTL TOV HYyELOvwDV cractag dvT@y ep’ mpEpas TONAAS alepamevtov TO T@pA Ketwevov év tomo Geppois Kat MvLy wer Ww ovdev eave TOLAUTNS pOopas onpetov, GAN Epecve xalapov Kal mpoo parov. ‘H 6€ ‘Pwkdvn xvovca pév étiyyave Kal dia TOUTO TLL LEVY Tapa tots Maxedoce: cua ln hws d€ €yovga Tpos THY Lrdrerpap éEnm@atnoev avr hy EMLTTOAT TLVE TeT AAT MEY mapayeverOat, Kat Mpocayayovoa meTa THs adeAPys amréxteve, Kal TOUS VEKPOUS eis TO dpéap Katé Bane Kal ouve- Yooer, elSoTos Taira [epdixcov Kal supTpart- TOVTOS. Hv yep exeivos evOus év Suvd pee peytotn, TOV ‘Apptoaton ¢ OOTEP Sopupdopnua tis Baothelas ePEArKO[EVOS, yeyovora pev ek YUVALKOS adoEou Kat Kowhs Pirtvyns, ated} O€ TO Ppovetyv dvTa 436 ALEXANDER, -xxvi. 1-5 years afterwards, as we are told, upon information given, Olympias put many men to death, and scat- tered abroad the ashes of [olas, alleging that he had administered the poison. But those who affirm that Aristotle counselled Antipater to do the deed,! and that it was entirely through his agency that the poison was provided, mention one Hagnothemis as their au- thority, who professed to have heard the story from Antigonus the king; and the poison was water, icy cold, from a certain cliff in Nonacris; this they gathered up like a delicate dew and stored it in an ass’s hoof; for no other vessel would hold the water, but would all be eaten through by it, owing to its coldness and pungency. Most writers, however, think that the story of the poisoning is altogether a fabrication; and it is no slight evidence in their favour that during the dissensions of Alexander’s commanders, which lasted many days, his body, al- though it lay without special care in places that were moist and stifling, showed no sign of such a destructive influence, but remained pure and fresh. Now, Roxana was with child, and on this account was held in honour among the Macedonians; but she was jealous of Stateira, and therefore deceived her by a forged letter into coming where she was, and when she had got her there, slew her, together with her sister, threw their bodies into the well, and filled the well with earth, Perdiceas being privy to the deed and partner in it. For it was he who was at once in the greatest authority, dragging Ar- rhidaeus around after him to safe-guard, as it were, the royal power. Arrhidaeus was Philip’s son by an obscure and common woman named Philinna, and 1 Cf. Arrian, Anab. vii. 28. VOL, VII. p 437 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , “~ 61a TwWLATOS VOTOV ov duce TPOTTETOVGAaY OvbE / \ ’ avToudatws, ad\Aa Kal Tavu daci tratdos dvTos 9 fe) , / $ \ 3 b) s avtov Siadaivecbat yaptev 7005 Kai ovK ayevvés, > , 4 e \ a / elta pévtot dhappaxois vd ‘OdvpTriddos caxw- Oévra SiapPapivar thy didvo.ap, 438 ALEXANDER, Lxxvu. 5 was deficient in intellect owing to bodily disease. This, however, did not come upon him in the course of nature or of its own accord, indeed, it is said that as a boy he displayed an exceedingly gifted and noble disposition: but afterwards Olympias gave him drugs which injured his body and ruined his mind, 439 Il. KAIZAP I. Tiv Kivva tod povapynoavtos Ouyatépa KopynAiav, ws érexpatnoe YvAXraS, OVTE EATIiCLY ovte hoBw suvvnbeis atoomacat Kaicapos, €57- pevae THY hepyny avtTns. aittia dé Kaicap: tijs N 4 > / e \ , 5] , mpos YwArav amex elas 7 ™pos Mapuov otxeotns jv. “Tova yap, TAaTpos aderghy Kaicapos, O mpeaBbrepos TUVWKEL Maptos, eE 75 eryeryover 2 Mapuos o 0 VEWTEDOS, dveryvos @v Kaicapos. ws O€ v0 wArAnOous povev év px Ka ée aaxonas UTO Zura TAPOpw{LEvos OvK nyurnoey, arra METL@OY lepwauYnY els TOV OHmoV TponAOEY OvTTH TAVU MELPAaKLOY @Y, TAUTNS pév exTrETELY AUTOV vrevayTiwbels YUANAS TaperKEevaceE, TEpl Sé avat- pécews Bovrevopevos, eviwy AeyovTwY ws OvK Exot Aorvyov aTOKTLVYUVaL matoa THALKODTOD, CUK Eby vou Exel QUTOUS, EL p17) TONOUS év TO mato 3 TOUTM Maptous evopaat. TAUTNS Tis davis ave- rexOetans T pos Katcapa guyrov pév Tia xpovov TAAVOMEVOS ey LaBivors exhemTev éavTov é7retTa d: appwotiay eis olxiav étépav petaxoptlomevos KATA VUKTA TEPLTITTEL TTPATLOTALS TOU LAA 1 Many think that opening paragraphs of this Life, de- scribing the birth and boyhood of Caesar, have been lost. 2 In 86 B.c., after the death of his colleague, Valerius Flaccus. 442 CAESAR I. Tue wife of Caesar ! was Cornelia, the daughter of the Cinna who had once held the sole power at Rome,” and when Sulla became master of affairs, he could not, either by promises or threats, induce Caesar to put her away, and therefore confiscated her dowry. Now, the reason for Caesar’s hatred of Sulla was Caesar’s relationship to Marius. For Julia, a sister of Caesar’s father, was the wife of Marius the Elder, and the mother of Marius the Younger, who was therefore Caesar’s cousin. More- over, Caesar was not satisfied to be overlooked at first by Sulla, who was busy with a multitude of proscriptions, but he came before the people as candi- date for a priesthood, although he was not yet much more than a stripling. To this candidacy Sulla secretly opposed himself, and took measures to make Caesar fail in it, and when he was deliberating about putting him to death and some said there was no reason for killing a mere boy like him, he declared that they had no sense if they did not see in this boy many Mariuses.4 When this speech was re- ported to Caesar, he hid himself for some time, wandering about in the country of the Sabines. Then, as he was changing his abode by night on ac- count of sickness, he fell in with soldiers of Sulla who 3 In 82B.c. Cf. the Pompey, ix. 1 f. ‘Nam Caesari multos Marios inesse (Suetonius, Divus Julius, i.). 443 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Suepevywpevors éxelva Ta Neopia Kat TOUS KEK PULL [LEVOUS gvAdapSavovory. @v TOV nryEHova Kopyn- Nov wetaas dug Taravtos adeiOn, Kal kataBas evdds emi Oadarrav e&émr eve ev els BiOuviav ™ pos Nexounony Tov Baciréa. trap @ Ovatpivras x povov OU TOAUY, EtTA am oT ew adtioxerat mepl THY Pappaxovocav vio ov uo TELPATAV 170 TOTE aTohous peryarots Kal oxddeow arto KaTe- YOvTwWY THY Oddarrav. TT. II parov peev OUV aitnbeis UT avT@V AuTpa elKooe TahavTa KaTeyehacey OS ouK elOGT@Y OV PHKOUED, avTos be Oporhoynae TEVTNKOVTA owoety’ ETELTA TOV mepl auToy adov els arrnv Ova ep was modu éml TOV TOV YpHudTwY TroptcpoV, év avOpeotros ghovexwtatos Keres pe? évos pidrov Kal duvoty axoXovoty aTrOAEAELLMEVOS OUTW KaTA- ppovyn Texas elev Gore T ELT OY oodKis ava- TAVOLTO MPOTETATTEV AUTOIG cLwMaV. NwEpats b€ TecoapaKovTa dueiy Seovaas, @ OoTEp ov ppov- povpevos, adrAa Sopupopouperos um avTov, emt TOXNAS abetas ouverrarte Kat ouveyupyacero. Kat TOL WAT OL ypapav Kal Aoyous Twas axpoatais éxeivous €xXpHTO, Kal Tous pe) Gavpalovras avTt- KpUs amaoevTous Kal BapBapous GTrEKUNEL, Kat ou yehwre TONAGKLS HTT E Kpewav auTOUS. ot O€ € EXaI por, aerea Til Kab Tada THY Tap pnaiav TavTny vewovTes. ws S€ HKOV Ex Midsjrou Ta AUTpa Kat Sovs ageiOn, Troia wWANPwCAS evOus éx ToD MiAdnciwy ALpévos éml tobs AnaTas 1 Caesar served under Marcus Thermus, praetor of Asia, in 81-80 B.c., being then nineteen years of age, and by him 444 ( CAESAR, 1. 3-1. 3 were searching those regions and arresting the men in hiding there. Caesar gave their leader, Cornelius, two talents to set him free, and at once went down to the sea and sailed to King Nicomedes in Bithynia,! With him he tarried a short time, and then, on his voyage back,? was captured, near the island Pharmacusa, by pirates, who already at that time controlled the sea with large armaments and countless small vessels. II. To begin with, then, when the pirates de- manded twenty talents for his ransom, he laughed at them for not knowing who their captive was, and of his own accord agreed to give them fifty. In the next place, after he had sent various followers to various cities to procure the money and was left with one friend and two attendants among Cilicians, most murderous of men, he held them in such dis- dain that whenever he lay down to sleep he would send and order them to stop talking. For eight and thirty days, as if the men were not his watchers, but his royal body-guard, he shared in their sports and exercises with great unconcern. He also wrote poems and sundry speeches which he read aloud to them, and those who did not admire these he would call to their faces illiterate Barbarians, and often laughingly threatened to hang them all. The pirates were delighted at this, and attributed his boldness of speech to a certain simplicity and boyish mirth. But after his ransom had come from Miletus and he had paid it and was set free, he immediately manned vessels and put to sea from the harbour was sent to Bithynia in order to raise a fleet to assist in the siege of Mitylene. 2 According to Suetonius (Div. Jul. 4), it was on a voyage from Rome to Rhodes (after 77 B.c.) that Caesar was cap- tured by pirates, 445 rs) at PLUTARCH’S LIVES avijryeTo° Kal catrahaBov ere 7 POs Th Vvijow@ vav- AoxobvTas expatnae TOV TELTTOV, Kal TA pev Xpipara Aetav emoujoaro, Tous 6é avd pas ev Ilepyap@ Katalewevos eis TO Seg HoT pLov AUTOS emropevOn pos TOV SuéTrovTa thy ’Actav ‘Touveov,' OS éxELv@ poo hKov OVTL oT paTny~ Kohda a Tous gadwxdras. éxetvou Sé Kal Tots KPI macy €T 0- plarmiavTos (jv yap ovK GAtya) Kal TEpl TOV aixmadaroy oKevrer Oar pacKovtos em h TXOXis, Kalper edoas aUTOV oO Kaioap els Tépyapov @XETO, Kal Tpoayaryov Tous AnoTAs dmavras aver Tavpwcey, domep avtois Soxav raltew év Th vnc Tpoerpycel 7 TONAGKLS. III. Ex dé TOUTOV THs DLvAAa Suvd news 60 ja parvoperns Kab T@V OiKOL KahovvT@V avTov em Aeuoey eis “Podov eal oXOMD ™ pos “Atrohho- viov tov Tov ModAwvos, ov Kal Kixépov 7K pOATO, copia TevovTos émipavas Kal Tov TpoTrov err vet- Kovs elvat SokodvTos. AéyeTas de Kal pivas POs NOyous wodTiKo’s Oo Kaicap apiota, nal dra- TOVijo at pidoriporata THY pvc, ws TA OevTEpeta pev adypitas Exel, To oe TPOTELOY, OT WS TH Suvdpe. Kal Tos omhots _TP@TOS eln peaddov aoxorndeis, apeivat, Tpos O7rEp 7) huats vonyeito Ths év TO ever GewvoTnTos, t bir0 OTPATELOY Kat monTeias, 7 KATERTHO ATO THY mYyEpoviay, ovK éEtxomevos. avTos & ov totepoy ev TH pos Kixépwva mepi Kadtwvos avtiypadn mapartetrat [) OTPATLWTLKOU NCYOY avdpos avTeEeTaleww Mpos 1 “lovyxoy Sintenis. 1 According to Suetonius (Div. Jul. 4), this voyage, on which he was captured by pirates, was undertaken after his 446 CAESAR, u. 3-111. 2 ot Miletus against the robbers. He caught them, too, still lying at anchor off the island, and got most of them into his power. Their money he made his booty, but the men themselves he lodged in the prison at Pergamum, and then went in person to Junius, the governor of Asia, on the ground that it belonged to him, as praetor of the province, to punish the captives. But since the praetor cast longing eyes on their money, which was no small sum, and kept saying that he would consider the case of the captives at his leisure, Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking. III. After this, Sulla’s power being now on the wane, and, Caesar’s friends at home inviting him to return, Caesar sailed to Rhodes! to study under Apol- lonius the son of Molon, an illustrious rhetorician with the reputation of a worthy character, of whom Cicero also was a pupil. It is said, too, that Caesar had the greatest natural talent for political oratory, and cultivated his talent most ambitiously, so that he had an undisputed second rank; the first rank, how- ever, he renounced, because he devoted his efforts to being first as a statesman and commander rather, and did not achieve that effectiveness in oratory to which his natural talent directed him, in consequence of his campaigns and of his political activities, by means of which he acquired the supremacy. And so it was that, at a later time, in his reply to Cicero's Cato,’ he himself deprecated comparison between the diction of a soldier and the eloquence of an unsuccessful prosecution of Dolabella, mentioned in the next chapter. See the note oni. 4. 447 PLUTARCH’S LIVES devoTynta pytopos evdvods Kal oYoAny emt TovTO TONANY AYOVTOS. IV. "EzavenOwv 8 eis “Paunv AoroBérXav explve Kakwoews éTrapyias, Kal Tora TOV aTo THS EdAd6os TONEWY paptupias avT@ TAPET NOV. O pev ovy AoroSérras am epuye THY dixny, o be hatoap der Bopevos Thy ‘EAXXdba THS apoOupias curnyopeva ev aura IlowAtov ‘Avt@viov diwxovon Swpodoxias ért AeveouAdov TOU Madpxov Maxe- dovias oTparn yoo. Kal TocouToV toxuoev OTE tov “Avtwvioy emixareraaba TOUS Onpuapxous, od wevov OUK exe To igov év TH “EX G6 7 pos “EdAnvas. év 6€ ‘Pon TON pev el TO Novo Tepl TAS ournyopias avuTOU Yapts éfddamre, TOAAN 6€ THS Tepi Tas Se~rwoets Kal operas dirodpocvyns evvota Tapa TOY SnmoTaV aTHVTa, Geparrevtixod Tap HAtKiav OvTos. Hv dé Tus Kal ato Oeitrvwy Kal tTpaTéfns Kal dXwsS TAS, Tepl Ty diartay AapT poTnTos avéavopern xara putx pov auT@ Suvapes els THY ToheTelay. yy TO 7 p@Tov of $Oor obVTES Olouevot TaYD TeV AVANOLATOV dacehm barre é€ityAov ésecbat, TEpLe@pay avOov- cay éy Tois ToAAOtS oe be no Oovro, peryarns Kal SvoavarpémTou yevomerns Kal BadiSovens aVTLK pUS ez THY TOY ONOY peTaBorny, OS oude- pay apxny T payLaTos nryntéov + pK pay, hy ov TAXU TroLEet Heyaany TO evdoereves ex TOU Kata ppovnO vat TO [2 kohvOfvar AaBovoay. 0 youv T P@TOS umidéobar doxov avTtod Kat poPnOjvar THS ToXtTelas wWaTep JaraTTns Ta dtayerovTa 1 nyntéov MSS. and Sint.2; ayntéov oftw Coraés, after Stephanus ; oftw nynréov Sint.13; oftws yntéov Bekker, 448 7( CAESAR, i. 2-Iv. 4 orator who was gifted by nature and had plenty of leisure to pursue his studies. IV. After his return to Rome he impeached Dola- bella! for maladministration of his province, and many of the cities of Greece supplied him with testimony. Dolabella, it is true, was acquitted, but Caesar, in return for the zealous efforts of the Greeks in his behalf, served as their advocate when they prosecuted Publius Antonius for corruption before Marcus Lucullus, the praetor of Macedonia. And he was so effective that Antonius appealed to the tribunes at Rome, alleging that he could not have a fair trial in Greece against Greeks. At Rome, moreover, Caesar won a great and brilliant popu- larity by his eloquence as an advocate, and much good will from the common people for the friendli- ness of his manners in intercourse with them, since he was ingratiating beyond his years. He had also a large and gradually increasing political influence in consequence of his lavish hospitality and the general splendour of his mode of life. At first his enemies thought this influence would quickly vanish when his expenditures ceased, and therefore suffered it to thrive among the common people ; but later on when it had become great and hard to subvert, and aimed directly at a complete revolution in the state, they perceived that no beginnings should be con. sidered too small to be quickly made great by con- tinuance, after contempt of them has left them unobstructed. At all events, the man who is thought to have been the first to see beneath the surface of Caesar's public policy and to fear it, as one might fear the smiling surface of the sea, and who com- 1 In 77 B.C. 449 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ q > lal f \ ¢ nw Kal thy év TO htravOpwrw Kal ihap@ KEKPUp- 2 a f N) pévny dewvoTnta TOV HOovs KaTapalov Kixépwv . “a 7 ce > / b A éXeye Tols aAAOLS ATacW éTiBovAEevpacL auvTOD \ a Kal ToALTevpacle TUpavyiKnY évopav d.idvorar, f ef “AN Otay,” édn, “ THY KOpNY oOvVTH StaKELpevny a n / , TEptTTOS low KaKeivoy Evi SAKTULM KVYWpEVOV, OU nw , aA pot Soxel wadty ovTos av@pwros Ets vody ay a , , a éuBaréc0at tHrALKoDTOY KaKOY, avaipeoly THs > A ¢ ‘Pwpatwy odtTelas.” TavTa peéev ov voTEpor. A f \ b] , A V. Tod 8& Snuov rpwrny pev amodaéw ths \ > \ b , oo. a4 \ fw , mpos avTov evvoias EXaBev OTe pos Vaiov Iomt- a sf tov épicas vmép yidLapyias mMpoTEepos avnyo- / / A pev0n: devtépay b€ Kal xatahavectépay Ste, TIS \ ’ / Mapiov yuvatkos ‘lovAias amoGavovons, adedrgu- a N > A > f li \ > b) a dots Ov altThis éyx@ptoy Te NapTpoy ev ayopa wn \' x ‘ b \ ? 4 > 4 dunrOe, kal Tept THY éxhopay eTOrAUNCEY ElKOvAS , A ’ , Mapiov mpofécOat, tote Tpa@tov opGeioas peta \ Jaen 4 , , a b a THV ert YVAAA TONTELAY, TOAEMiOY TOY avdpav \ 4 \ , cpiOévT@V. el TOUTM yap éeviwvy KaTaRonoaYTwY a ate e a > , a , tov Kaicapos o dios avtyxynoe AapTpas, SeEd- f \ @ , er > ¢ & é \ pevos KpoT@ Kal Oavyaoas wotrep €& “Atdov dia a \ Ypovov TorArAoY avayovta tas Mapiov tipas eis \ \ ‘ THY ROAW. TO pev Ovv €rl yuvarkt TpecBuTépas f 9 NOyous émitahious dieEvévat wAaTpLov Hv Pwpatoss, , be bd a 2 ea aA b> J K a > véats 6€ ov dv év Ger patos cite Kaicap én A a / \ A Ths éauTOD yuvatkos atoPavovcns: Kat TovTO A \ / NVEYKEY AUT@ Yaply TWA Kal ovVEednUaywYNaE A t \ \ e G4 ” \ T® Ta0eL TOUS TOANOYS WS TuEpov avdpa Kal mepiuectov Oous ayaTay. 450 CAESAR, rv. 4-v. 2 prehended the powerful character hidden beneath his kindly and cheerful exterior, namely Cicero, said that in most of Caesar’s political plans and projects he saw a tyrannical purpose; “On the other hand,” said he, “ when I look at his hair, which is arranged with so much nicety, and see him scratching his head with one finger, I cannot think that this man would ever conceive of so great a crime as the over- throw of the Roman constitution.”’ This, it is true, belongs to a later pericd. V. The first proof of the people’s good will to- wards him he received when he competed against Caius Popilius for a military tribuneship and was elected over him; a second and more conspicuous proof he received when, as nephew of Julia the deceased wife of Marius, he pronounced a splendid encomium upon her in the forum,! and in her funeral procession ventured to display images of Marius, which were then seen for the first time since the ad- ministration of Sulla, because Marius and his friends had been pronounced public enemies. When, namely, some cried out against Caesar for this procedure, the people answered them with loud shouts, received Caesar with applause, and admired him for bringing back after so long a time, as it were from Hades, the honours of Marius into the city. Now, in the case of elderly women, it was ancient Roman usage to pronounce funeral orations over them ; but it was not customary in the case of young women, and Caesar was the first to do so when his own wife died.2 This also brought him much favour, and worked upon the sympathies of the multitude, so that they were fond of him, asa man who was gentle and full of feeling. i Tn 68 B.c 2 In 68 B.C, 451 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES “A b) > 4, CEN Oavas dé tv yuvaira tautas ets 1Bypiav evi nw A nA A t Tov otpatnyav Bétept cuveEndOev, Oy auToy TE a > ee, | 4 \ N en 4 3 \ Tius@v ael SueTéXETE KAL TOY VLOV TadW AUTOS \ \ A dpywv tapiay éroince. yevowevos 6€ amo THs b nw ’ 4 / 9’ 4 “A cis apyis éxeiyns tpitny nyayeto yuvatca Tlourniay, of 2k KK Alas Guyatépa thy votepov Iopn- éywy ex Kopyndias Guyatépa TH p m oh , A , \ A rniw Mayve yapunéetoav. Oe eas dé Tails 4 9 aw \ “~ b) if \ Satavais aderdas, kal doxav pev éprpepov nat A 3 , , > Bpaxetay avtixatadraTTecGar peyadov avaw- , 50 > 4 be aw b Q tf \ patov dofav, @vouuevos O€ Tats adnGelais Ta n ? , péyloTa piKp@Vv, NéyeTaL ply ets apynv Tiva i f ka0ictacOat yidiw@y Kal TpLaxoolwy yevéoPat / f > 4 \ an XN e n ypewherdérns TadavTwy. émeEt O€ TOVTO pEV OOOv A at f b \ ? \ f THs Amias atroderyGets emipedntns twapmod\da Vpywata T POTAVANWOE TOV EAUTOV, TOUTO 6é A 4 ayopavopav fevyn povouaywy Tptaxocia Kai x nw 14 elkogt Tapéaye Kal Tais addas Tept Oéatpa Kal TouTas kat ceimva Yopnylats Kat TodvTEdELALS \ Q e A / / e , TAS TPO AUTO KaTéxdAVGE PtdoTiMias, OUTW d:é- N a \ \ \ Onxe Tov Otjmov ws Katvas péev apyas Kaas 5é tTias Enretv Exactoy, als avtov apetraiyto. VI. Avety 6é ovoay év TH TédNeL OTdTEWY, TIS , a aA pev amo VvdAAa pévya Suvapevns, THs 5é Mapravis, i) TOTE KaTeT@TN KEL Kal StéoTATTO KOMLOH TaTrELVA TpaTTovea, TAVTHY avappwcat Kal Tpocayayé- cat BovNopevos év tais ayopavopixais Pidrotupt- 1 In 67 B.C, 452 CAESAR, v. 3-vi. 1 After the funeral of his wife, he went out to Spain? as quaestor under Vetus, one of the praetors, whom he never ceased to hold in high esteem, and whose son, in turn, when he himself was praetor, he made his quaestor. After he had served in this office, he married for his third wife ? Pompeia, having already by Cornelia a daughter who was afterwards married to Pompey the Great. He was unsparing in his outlays of money, and was thought to be purchasing a transient and short-lived fame at a great price, though in reality he was buying things of the highest value at a small price. We are told, accord- ingly, that before he entered upon any public office he was thirteen hundred talents in debt. Again, being appointed curator of the Appian Way, he ex- pended upon it vast sums of his own money; and again, during his aedileship,? he furnished three hundred and twenty pairs of gladiators, and by lavish provision besides for theatrical performances, processions, and public banquets, he washed away all memory of the ambitious efforts of his predecessors in the office. By these means he put the people in such a humour that every man of them was seeking out new offices and new honours with which to requite him. VI. There were two parties in the city, that of Sulla, which had been all powerful since his day, and that of Marius, which at that time was in an altogether lowly state, being cowed and scattered. This party Caesar wished to revive and attach to himself, and therefore, when the ambitious efforts of his aedileship were at their height, he had images 2 Caesar was first married to Cossutia, the daughter of a rich Roman knight. 3 In 66 B.c. 453 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ais axpiny éxovoats etKovas émotnoato Maptov if \ , f A , \ Kpuga Kal Nixas tpotatopopous, as Pepwv vuxtos 71 / eis To Katitédtov avéctnoev. aua be npuepa Tous Geacapévous pappaipovta TavtTa Xpva@ Kal A / Téyvn KaTeTKEvacpéeva TEptTT@S (StEedHNAOU Sé / \ K \ @ , \ @ , ypdupact Ta KipBpiea KxatopOwuata) PapBos ’ A a“ \ @ v gaye THS TOAMNS TOD avabévTos (ov yap HY adn- \ be oN e / 40 , Xos), TaYv Sé Teptiwy o Aoyos Opole Tavtas 3 , \ \ v 3 ? € \ b) / avOpwrovs mpos THv Of. add a1 pev eBowy , f Tupavvida todtteverGat Kaicapa, vopos Kat / / Soypact KaATOpwpvypévas éTTaVicTaVTA TLas, Kab TOUTO Telpay él Tov Ohmov elvat mpouadraTTo- A / > pevov, et TeTLOdcevTat Tais didoTipiats UT av- A / A \ a Tov kal didwot Tailey ToLavTa Kal Ka.voTopely, ot 6€ Maptavol mapadappyvavtes aNXAHNOUS TA- \ oe / > , \ Get te Oavpactol door duepavyncay éeEaidvns, Kal , a \ , a \ \ KpoT@m Kateiyov TO Kamit@Atov: TodXols bé Kal , \ / g , ld € > ‘6 wn ddxpva tiv Mapiov Gewpévors driv vd’ 7dov7s , a J, éywpe, Kat péyas iv 0 Kaicap éyxwpiots aipo- f € \ A uevos, ws avtTl mdvtwv aktos ein 0} avnp TIS Mapiov cuyyeveias. ouvaydeiaons && mept tov- twv THS Bovrns, KatrXos Aovtatios, avip evdoki- A € “ pov TOTe wadtoTa Pwpaiwv, dvactas Kal KaTn- / yopnoas Kaicapos émepOéyEato To pvnpovevo- = “OZ t \ € , 99» ‘ce a pevov UKETL Yap VIrovopoLs, Edy, “ Kaicap, ? > » a Con \ , 99 ’ \ arr’ on pnyavais aipet THY TordtTELav.” é7rel . A A d€ atroXoynodpevos mpos TavTa Kaicap érece \ , ¥ a € , > \ THY TUYKANTOY, ETL WAaAXOV ot OavydlovtTes avdTov } ef 6 bracketed by Sint.3, 454 CAESAR, vi. 1-4 of Marius secretly made, together with trophy- bearing Victories, and these he ordered to be carried by night and set up on the Capitol. At day-break those who beheld all these objects glittering with gold and fashioned with the most exquisite art (and they bore inscriptions setting forth the Cimbrian successes of Marius!) were amazed at the daring of the man who had set them up (for it was evident who had done it), and the report of it quickly spreading brought everybody together for the sight. But some cried out that Caesar was scheming to usurp sole power in the state when he thus revived honours which had been buried by laws and decrees, and that this proceeding was a test of the people, whose feelings towards him he had _ previously softened, to see whether they had been made docile by his ambitious displays and would permit him to amuse himself with such innovations. The partisans of Marius, however, encouraged one another and showed themselves on a sudden in amazing numbers, and filled the Capitol with their applause. Many, too, were moved to tears of joy when they beheld the features of Marius, and Caesar was highly ex- tolled by them, and regarded as above all others worthy of his kinship with Marius. But when the senate met to discuss these matters, Catulus Lutatius, a man of the highest repute at that time in Rome, rose up and denounced Caesar, uttering the memor- able words: “No longer, indeed, by sapping and mining, Caesar, but with engines of war art thou capturing the government.” Caesar, however, de- fended himself against this charge and convinced the senate, whereupon his admirers were still more 1 See the Jfarius, chapters xi.—xxii. 455 bo PLUTARCH’S LIVES b] , \ 4 A la f emnpOnaav, Kal TapEexeNEVOVTO wHOEVL TOU povn)- \ , a patos vdiecOar TadvTwv yap éxovTe TO SOrHpw mepiececOar Kal TPwWTEVvoELD. VII. “Ev d€ tovrw cat MetéAXov Tov apyte- , , péws TEAEUTITAVTOS Kal THY lepwouLnY TepijLa- yntov ovaav ‘loavpixov cal KdtAov petiovTwy, b) f ’ > \ / 5 a éemupaveotatwv avopdy cal péytatov év BovaAn / > e a > a e a 9 \ duvapévov, ovy uTetEev avtois 0 Katoap, adda kataBas ets tov Shpov avtimapiyyedrev. ay- , \ a a / e , yopdrov 5é€ THs arovdns dhatvopévns, 0 KatXos, > \ i ’ , A 3 “a \ b) , ato pelfovos a€ias wadrov oppwhav THY adnro- / a THTAa, TpocéTEupe Tei\Owy atrootHvat Tov Kai- a , SSN a , e \ capa THS piAoTiulas ETL TOAKNOIS yYpHMacLY. O O€ Kal TrELwW TpoToavercapevos Epn dtaywvieia Oat. TA » 4 A \ Tis & apépas évotdans Kat THs pntpos emi , Pere \ Tas Ovpas avtov ovK abaxpyTlL TpoTEeuTOVe)s, aoTacapevos avTny, "QO, whtep,” elzre, “ Tr) wEpov Aas , N ec. , ” ” , Hh apxiepea tov viov } guydoa oye.” SreveyOei- be fal / X 4 e / b) 7, ans 0€ THS Wapou Kal yevouevns apirAdANS éxpa- / a a tal THOE, Kal Tapéaxe TH BovdrAn Kal Tois aplaTots pofov ws ert wav Opacvtntos mpoaEwy tov 67- ef e \ , \ ete b] A pov. O0ev ot wept Hetowva cai KdtXov nridyto r , , a Kixépwva detaodpevov Kaicapos év tots mepl Kartidivay XaBny mapacyovtos. o yap 6) Kati- id a Atvas OV povoY THY TroALTELaY peTaBarelV, AAN OANY avedEiy THY HYEwoviay Kal TaYTAa Ta Tpa- , . yuata ouyyxear dtavonfels adtos pev éekérece, 1 In 63 B.C. 456 CAESAR, vi. 4-vil. 4 elated and exhorted him not to lower his pretensions for any man, since the people would be glad to have him triumph over all opposition and be the first man in the state. VII. At this time, too, Metellus, the pontifex maximus, or high priest, died,!} and though Isauricus and Catulus were candidates for the priesthood, which was an object of great ambition, and though they were most illustrious men and of the greatest in- fluence in the senate, Caesar would not give way to them, but presented himself to the people as a rival candidate. The favour of the electors appeared to be about equally divided, and therefore Catulus, who, as the worthier of Caesar’s competitors, dreaded more the uncertainty of the issue, sent and tried to induce Caesar to desist from his ambitious project, offering him large sums of money. but Caesar de- clared that he would carry the contest through even though he had to borrow stil] larger sums. The day for the election came, and as Caesar’s mother accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said : “ Mother, to-day thou shalt see thy son either pontifex maximus or an exile.” The contest was sharp, but when the vote was taken Caesar prevailed, and thereby made the senate and nobles afraid that he would lead the people on to every extreme of recklessness. Therefore Piso and Catulus blamed Cicero for having spared Caesar when, in the affair of Catiline, he gave his enemies a hold upon him. Catiline, namely, had purposed not only to subvert the constitution, but to destroy the whole government and throw everything into confusion. He himself, however, was expelled from the city,? 2 In 63 B.c, Cf. the Cicero, chapters x.-xxii. 457 PLUTARCH’S LIVES / \ a \ mTepimtaigas €AdTTOOW édEyXOLS TPO TOU Tas a a Ul éoxatas avtou BovAas anoxarudOjvat, Aevtrov a , , b / bé nal KéOnyov év TH Tove Stadcyous amédt7re n bd \ 7 nw , Ths ovvwpocias, ols ef pev Kpupa Tapelye Tt bc L duva 9 Kai LOnAOV € dpaous Kal dvvapyews 0 Kaioap adnrov éotwy, a a f \ év 6¢ TH Boudkh Kata Kpdtos éFeheyxPevtwy Kat a a \ Kixépwvos Tov vmdtou yywpas épwT@vTos mepl / sa C \ A / , KONaTEWS EKATTOY, Ol wey arXrAOL pexXpt Kaicapos a A \ , Oavatovv éxéXevov, 0 6€ Kaicap avaotas dXoyov A la “~ \ / bij rAGe TeppovtTiopevov, WS ATOKTELVAL MEV AKpt- \ tous avopas akimpats Kal yévet apTpovs ov a \ \ a Soxel Tatptov ovdé Sixatov eElvat, pn META TIS bd 4 > 4 3 \ a / > éayatns avayKns, et 5é ppovpoivto Sebevtes ev , a 3 / A A y \ és rf moveat THS ItTadtas as av autos EXnTtat Kixépwvr, péxpt o0 KatatroreunOn Katidivas, votepov ev elpnvn Kat Kal’ novyiav mepi éExactov Th Bovrr yvavat Trapébet. VIII. Oitw 6€ THs yrouns gtravOpwrov a 4 a a havelans Kal TOU AOyou SuvaTas én’ airh pnOev- / \ A TOS OV MOVOY OL peETAa TOVTOY avidTapeEVvoL TpoC- 4 \ \ ‘ Lal \ b) aA \ eti0evto, mo\Xol 5€ Kal TOY TPO avTOD TAS bi elpnuéevas yvwpas atreimapevor Tpos THY éxeivou peTeaTynaav, Ews emt Katwva To mpayya kal ” A / nw KatArov trepinr@e. tovtTwy dé veaviKds évavTiw- Gévtwv, Katwvos 6€ Kal THv UTovotay aya TO , a NOY oureTEpEicavTOS avT@ Kal auyKateEava- 7 , . ’ TTAVTOS EPPWLEVWS, OL MeV avdpes aTrOPavovpeEvot , , \ ~ a TmapeovOncav, Kaicaps dé tis Bovrns é€tovte 1 Cf. the Cato Minor, xxii. 4 £. 458 | 7111 CAESAR, vit. 4—-vul. 2 having been overwhelmed by proofs of lesser in- iquities before his most far reaching plans were dis- covered ; but he left Lentulus and Cethegus behind him in the city to promote the conspiracy in his place. Now, whether or not Caesar secretly gave these men any countenance and help, is uncertain ; but after they had been overwhelmingly convicted in the senate, and Cicero the consul asked each senator to give his opinion on the manner of their punishment, the rest, down to Caesar, urged that they be put to death, but Caesar rose in his place and delivered a long and studied specch against this. He pleaded that to put to death without legal trial men of high rank and brilliant lineage was not, in his opinion, traditional or just, except under ex- tremest necessity ; but that if they should be bound and kept in custody, in such cities of Italy as Cicero himself might elect, until the war against Catiline had been brought to a successful end, the senate could afterwards, in a time of peace and at their leisure, vote upon the case of each one of them. VIII. This opinion seemed so humane, and the speech in support of it was made with such power,}! that not only those who rose to speak after Caesar sided with him, but many also of those who had pre- ceded him took back the opinions which they had expressed and went over to his, until the question came round to Cato and Catulus. These warmly opposed Caesar's proposal, and Cato even helped to raise suspicion against Caesar by what he said.2 As a result, the men were handed over to the execu- tioner, and many of the young men who at that time formed a body-guard for Cicero ran together 2 See the Cato Minor, chapter xxiii. 459 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a / qmodAot TaV Kixépwva dpovpovyvtwy tote véwy / b] yupva ta Ein cuvdpapovtes émécyov. aArAra a A Kovpiwy te AéyeTat TH THREvvw TEptBara@v UTeE- ~ 4 e f ayayeiv, autos Te 0 Kixépwy, ws ov veavioxor a \ \ a mpocéBrewav, avavedoat, poBnGeis Tov Sipov, 7 TOV Povoy Ows adeKov KaL TApavopoY TYoUpEVOS. aA 4) e Todto pev obv ovx oida Omws 0 Kixépwr, elzep 9 9 , 3 a \ “ e , 3 ” hv arneés, ev TH TEpl THS VraTteias ovK Eypaer : / a a aitiav O€ etxev VoTEpOY WS APLTTA TO KALPwO TOTE ? \ A / \ TapacyorTt Kata Tov Kaicapos un xXpnoapevos, 9 ’ b] , \ a e€ a if GXX aTobeidoas Tov Ojpuov UTEppuas TEpLexo- wn f s4 \ > 3 f pevoyv Tov Kaicapos, 6s ye Kal pet OrLyas NUépas > \ \ > / $ “A \ \ * 3 eis THY BovrAnY eioeNOovTos avToOD Kal Tepl wv év Urowiats Hv amoXoyoupéevou Kal TepiTitToVvTos a n GopuBots tmovnpots, érevdn mrELwY TOV GUYHOoUS a A , a eyiryveto tH BovrAn KxabeCouevn xpovos, érhdOe peta Kpauyhs Kal TEpLegTN THY TUVYKANTOD, aTraL- a ¢ - nw TOY TOV avopa Kal KEXevwWY Adeivar. 610 Kal Kdtov poBybeis pddiota tov é€x TaV amopwv / ¢ A VEWTEPLGLOV, OL TOV TavTOS UTéxKaULA TANHOOUS @ ) a ‘é ‘\ bf , wv yd noav ev T) Kaicape tas éAmidas exovtes, évetce THY TUYKANTOV ATOVvEt MAL TLTNPETLOY aUTOLS Ep- unvov, €& ot daTavys pev ETTAKOGLAL TeEVTNKOYTA puptades é€viavatot TpogeyivovtTo Tots GAAOLS ava- a \ la 4 3 a ? / AWLATI, TOV LEVTOL PEyav ev TH TrapovTt hoPov a N / a ésBece trepthbav@s TO ToAriTevpa TODTO, Kal TO A 3 , a“ TrEloTOV aTréppynke 775 Katoapos duvapews Kal 460 CAESAR vin. 2~4 with drawn swords and threatened Caesar as he was leaving the senate. But Curio, as we are told, threw his toga round Caesar and got him away, while Cicero himself, when the young men looked to him for a sign, shook his head, either through fear of the people, or because he thought the murder would be wholly contrary to law and justice. Now, if this is true, I do not see why Cicero did not mention it in the treatise on his consulship ;! however, he was afterwards blamed for not having improved that best of all opportunities for removing Caesar. Instead, he showed a cowardly fear of the people, who were extravagantly attached to Caesar ; in facet, a few days afterward, when Caesar came into the senate and tried to defend himself in the matters wherein suspicion had been fixed upon him, and met with a tumult of disapproval, the people, seeing that the session of the senate was lasting a longer time than usual, came up with loud cries and surrounded the senate-house, demanding Caesar, and ordering the senate to let him go. It was for this reason, too, that Cato, fearing above all things a revolutionary movement set on foot by the poorer classes, who were setting the whole multitude on fire with the hopes which they fixed upon Caesar, persuaded the senate to assign them a monthly allowance of grain, in consequence of which an annual outlay of seven million five hundred thousand drachmas was added to the other expenditures of the state.2 However, the great fear which prevailed at the time was mani- festly quenched by this measure, and the greatest part of Caesar's power was broken down and dissi- 1 No longer extant. & Cf. the Cato Minor, xxvi. 1. 461 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a a 4 \ dtecKédacev ev KaLp@, aTpaTHNYELY fEéAROVTOS Kal U \ 5) hoBepwrépov dia THY apYnv ovToS. > A > b] b] “ IX. Od piv avéBn tt Tapaxyades am auth, > \ \ / a K f 4 GNAA KaL TUX) TLS aYapls TO Katoapt cuvyve- SN On wept tov oixov. Tlomdtos KrXwdcos jv avnp , \ > 1 \ , \ XO x ryévet ev evTaTplons Kab TWAOUT@ Kal NOY@ apL- ¢ n , mpos, UBpe de nal OpacvTnts Tov emi Bodedupia / > \ f e ” TeptBontwv ovdevos SevTepos. ovTos pa Tlop- A ral / mnias ths Katoapos yuvaikos ovdé avtis axov- 3 A , an , 3 ons. GANA hurakal Te THS yuvatkwviTLoos aKpt- vad 49 e , A , ’ / Bets joav, 7) Te paytTnp TOV Katoapos AvpnAta, yur ToPpwVv, TepleTrovaa THY vUpny del yare- any Kal TapakeKwduvevpéevyny autos émoies THY évTrevw. "Eote 66 “Pwpatos Oeos hv "Ayabnv ovopatou- aiv, @oTep LeAXnves Tuvarceiav. nat Ppvryes pév ’ , , , a Ul s oixeovpevot Mida pntépa tov Baciréws yevécOar dhaci, ‘Pwpaios dé viudyv Apvada Patve cvvot- 4 ad \ A id f \ knoacav,” EXdnves &€ trav Atovicou pntépwv thy appntov. GO0ev apredtvois Te TAS GKNVAS KX71- pact éoptalovaat Katepépovar, Kat Sparov e XN , ~ lal \ ‘N ~ lepos Twapaxabidpytas TH Oem Kata Tov pdOor. bl \ a > ‘4 + O09 > \ A ’ avépa b€ mpocedOety ov Oéuts ovS emi tis ol- / a) A Kias yeverOat TaV lepav opytatopévwv: avTal dé > e \ e A \ A ? A Ka?’ éauTas at yuvaixes ToAdXA TCis ’Opdeixois oporoyoovTa Spav éyovTat Tepl THY lepoupyiav. e A fo! , e OTav ovv oO THS EopTis KaOnnyn yYpovos, UTaTEv- oVvTOS 7) aoTpaTHyobVTOS avdpos, aUTOsS pev éfi- 462 CAESAR, vit. 4-1x. 4 pated in the nick of time, since he was praetor elect,) and would be more formidable on account of his office. 1X. However, there were no disturbances in con- sequence of Caesar's praetorship, but an unpleasant incident happened in his family. Publius Clodius was a man of patrician birth, and conspicuous for wealth and eloquence, but in insolence and effrontery he surpassed all the notorious scoundrels of his time. This man was in love with Pompeia the wife of Caesar, and she was not unwilling. But close watch was kept upon the women’s apartments, and Aurelia, Caesar’s mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview. Now, the Romans have a goddess whom they call Bona, corresponding to the Greek Gynaeceia. The Phrygians claim this goddess as their own, and say that she was the mother of King Midas; the Romans say she was a Dryad nymph and the wife of Faunus ; the Greeks that she was the unnameable one among the mothers of Dionysus. And this is the reason why the women cover their booths with vine-branches when they celebrate her festival, and why a sacred serpent is enthroned beside the goddess in conformity with the myth. It is not lawful for a man to attend the sacred ceremonies, nor even to be in the house when they are celebrated ; but the women, apart by themselves, are said to perform many rites during their sacred service which are Orphic in their char- acter. Accordingly, when the time for the festival is at hand, the consul or praetor at whose house it is to be held goes away, and every male with him, 1 For the year 62 B.c. ; 463 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTaTal Kal TAV TO Cppev, H SE YULN THY olKiaVv Taparafovaa dtaxoo pet. Kab 7a, HEyoTa vU- KT p TedelTaL, matd.as AV ALE {LLY [LEVNS Tais Tav- puxiot Kal HovatKens dpa TONS T apovens. X. Tavrny tote thy eopr ay THS Loprnias emiteNovans, 0 KAwdsos oUTM yevermv Kal dua ToUTO AnoeEV olopevos eoOATA Kal oKevnY Wad- Tplas avadtaBawv éywpet, véa yuvatel thy ove éoix@s. Kal tats Ovpats éemeTUYMV avEewmypevats eloXOn peep A0EWS UTO THS guverdvias Geparraivi- 605, exeluns b€ mpoSpapovons MS TH Hopanig ppacese, Kal ryevomevys dat pBis, TE PLLevely | pev Omrou Kcaterei pen 7@ Krodio pe Kaptepovytt, T ave even 5 év otKta peydidn Kal TepipevyovTe Ta PwTa Tpoomesovca THS Adpyrias axorov0os @s 6) yuvn yuvaika Tailew wpovKearetto, Kal pn) Bovropevor els TO pécov eidAKe, Kal Tis eats Kal ToGev émruvOdveto. tov d€ Krwodiov dijcavtos "ABpav tepipéverv Iloumanias, avto Tovto Ka- Aoupevynv, Kal TH hovh yevouevov xatadpavods, 9 pev akorovOos evOus atreTndnae Kpavyh Tpos TA Pata Kal Tov dyXov, avdpa Tepwpaké- vat Bowaa, Tav b6€ yuvarKav StaTTonGecav 7 Atpnria Ta pev Opyta THs Oeod Katémavce Kal auvexdduwev, avtn dé tas Ovpas atrokXcioat KENEVTATA TEpinEel THY OlKiaY UIT Aap adwv, tntovcea Tov Krodiov. evpioxetat © Ets olxnpa Tadic Kns 7 ouverai Oe Katatrepevyas: Kal rYEVOLEVOS pavepos ume THY yuvatk@v efeavve- tat dia TOV OupoOVv. TO dé TPaypa Kal vUKTOS evOus al yuraikes amlovcat Tois avt@y eppatov 464 71 CAESAR, 1x. 4-X. 4 while his wife takes possession of the premises and puts them in due array. The most important rites are celebrated by night, when mirth attends the revels, and much music, too, is heard. X. At the time of which I speak, Pompeia was celebrating this festival, and Clodius, who was still beardless and on this account thought to pass un- noticed, assumed the dress and implements of a lute-girl and went to the house, looking like a young woman. He found the door open, and was brought in safely by the maid-servant there, who was in the secret; but after she had run on ahead to tell Pompeia and some time had elapsed, Clodius had not the patience to wait where he had been left, and so, as he was wandering about in the house (a large one) and trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came. Clodius answered that he was waiting for Pompeia’s Abra (this was the very name by which the maid was called), and his voice betrayed him. The attendant of Aurelia at once sprang away with a scream to the lights and the throng, crying out that she had caught aman. ‘The women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius. He was found where he had taken refuge, in the chamber of the girl who had let him into the house; and when they saw who he was, the women drove him out of doors. Then at once, and in the night, they went off and 465 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 if \ ’ e / 3 , \ A U avdpact, Kal we” nuepav éywper bia THS TrOdAEwS e la) / AOryos ws Wbécpots eTiKexerpnKoTos TOV Krwdiov A , b A e / / 3 \ \ kat Oixny ov Tois UPpicpévots povov, GAA Kal Th Wonder Kal Tois Beois OeirAovTos. éyparyraTo A / pev ovy tov Krwdcov els TOV Snudpywv aaePetas, Kal auvéotncayv 7 avTov oi duvatwTaTtoL TOV va ol 7 avo Tis Bours, AdArXas Te Sewwas daoeryeias KATAPMAPTUPOUYTES Kal pwotyetay aderdijs, *) Aev- KOVANW TUVMKI}KEL. Tpos d€ TAS TOVTWY GTOVOAS ¢ wn > , e \ wv a Fa / N o Ojos avtitatas éavtov Huvve TH KrAwdilo, Kal / N be \ bd > b] éeya mpos tous dtkaactas dheros tv éxteTrH- ypevous Kal Sedoixotas Td TAOS. 0 6€ Kaicap 3 , x > \ \ of , * aTeTewWato pev evdus THV Lopumniav, waptus &é \ \ / \ b N ¥ A 4 Tpos THY Stkny KANGels OvdeY Eby TAY AEyouéevwY \ a , 4 e \ A U Kata ToD Krwoiov yryvwoxeav. ws d€ TOU Aoyou mapabofou pavévtos 6 Kat yyopos npwTnae, “ Ids =e 3 / \ a“ 9? co > 66 \ OUY ATETTELW THY YUVALKa; Ov, edn, “ THY 3 \ 3 / Ah Pd la) 99 eunv n&tovy pndé vTrovonOnvas. Tatra ot peéev odtw gdpovodvta tov Kaicapa , > A € \ a“ / %, ¢ A€youaw eivretv, ot O€ TSO SHuw yaplopuevov wp- / , X , , pnpevo cwlev tov Krwdiov. amodevyer 8 obv ‘ 4 A A TO é€ykAnua TOV TrELCTWY SiKaTTOY GUYyKEXU- Z A HEvOlS TOS Yypdppace TAS Yyvwpas aTroddyTw)Y, OTWS NTE TapaKxlWduvvevawow év TOls TrOAXOIS / ee ’ r aN , Kkatawnpioapevor pnte aTodvaavtTes aloEncwat Tapa Tos apiotoss. r e aA lel XI. ‘O 6€ Kaicap ets aro tis otpatynyias wn A \ > v4 ToV eTapylav THY IBnpiay NaBav, ws Fv Svabea- 466 CAESAR, x. 4-XxI. 1 told the matter to their husbands, and when day came a report spread through the city that Clodius had committed sacrilege and owed satisfaction, not only to those wnom he had insulted, but also to the city and to the gods. Accordingly, one of the tribunes of the people indicted Clodius for sacrilege, and the most infiuential senators leagued themselves together and bore witness against him that, among other shocking abominations, he had committed adultery with his sister, who was the wife of Lucullus. But against the eager efforts of these men the people arrayed themselves in defence of Clodius, and were of great assistance to him with the jurors in the case, who were terror-stricken and afraid of the multitude. Caesar divorced Pompeia at once, but when he was summoned to testify at the trial, he said he knew nothing about the matters with which Cledius was charged. His statement appeared strange, and the prosecutor therefore asked, “ Why, then, didst thou divorce thy wife?”’’ <‘* Because,”’ said Caesar, “I thought my wife ought not even to be under suspicion.” Some say that Caesar made this deposition honestly ; but according to others it was made to gratify the people, who were determined to rescue Clodius. At any rate, Clodius was acquitted of the charge, the majority of the jurors giving their ver- dicts in illegible writing, in order that they might neither risk their lives with the populace by con- demning him, nor get a bad name among the nobility by acquitting him.! XI. Immediately after his praetorship Caesar re- ceived Spain as his province, and since he found it 1 The sacrilege and trial of Clodius are described at length also in the Cicero, chapters xxviii. and xxix. 467 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Oetov AUTO TO TEpt TOUS davetaTas évoxXhodv7 as éEvovte Kai caTaBowrTas, émt Kpaooov Katepuye TrOVveLwWTAaTOV OvTa ‘Pwpaiwr, Seomevov dé THs Kaicapos akpis cal Oepmotntos émt tay ™ pos Hop njiov dvTimoheTetay. avaceEapevou be TOU K paaaou TOUS MaXLCTA Xarerous Kat ama patty) TOUS TOV Savero TOY Kal Sueyyurjoavtos OKTAKO- oie Kal TplaxovTa TANAVTMV, OVTWS EEHAOEV emt THD emapXiay. Aéyetat 6é, Tas "AXrets UarepBddXovTOS avTod Kal ToAlyVLov Tt BapBaprxov ouxoupevov UTO avO pomov TavTanacw Odyov Kal NUT POV Tapep- VOMEVvOU, TOUS éraipous dpa yéXwte Kal pera mavoras “"H cov” davar “ KavradGa Tivés elo UTEep apyov dtroTipiar Kal Tepl TpwTEelwy Aptr- Nat Kal PGovoe Tov SuvaTa@v mMpos AAXAjoUS;” tov 6€ Kaicapa crovidcavta pos avtovs eitrety, Eye pev éBovrouny Tapa TovToOLs Elvat “adrov Tpa@Tos » Tapa Pwpaios dSevtepos.” opoiws dé Tadw év ‘TBypia cXOANS ovens avayivoOrKovTa Te TOY mepl "Aref dv8pou YEYPappeveov opodpa ryevéo Ga T POs EaUTO TOAVY Ypovor, elra Kal 6a: Kpocar tov dé dirov Oavuacdvtwy tiv aitiav ettrety' “OU doxet byt aEtov eivae AUT NS, Eb THAL- KovTos pev my “AdéEavdpos 5n TocovTwr éBaci- Never, Euol S€ AapTrpov ovdev OvTIW TETPAKTaL;” XII. Tis youu ‘TAnpias émiBas evvs nV €vEp- yos, wo qpepass odiyaus dexa omelpas ouva- yayetv ST pos. Tats T poTe pov obo ass elKosl, Kal oTpatevoas emt KadXaixous Kai Avottavovs Kpa- ! Early in 61 8.0, 468 715 CAESAR, xi. 1-x11. 1 hard to arrange matters with his creditors, who obstructed his departure and were clamorous, he had recourse to Crassus, the richest of the Romans, who had need of Caesar’s vigour and fire for his political campaign against Pompey. And it was only after Crassus had met the demands of the most importunate and inexorable of these creditors and given surety for eight hundred and thirty talents, that Caesar could go out to his province. We are told that, as he was crossing the Alps and passing by a barbarian village which had very few inhabitants and was a sorry sight, his companions asked with mirth and laughter, “Can it be that here too there are ambitious strifes for office, struggles for primacy, and mutual jealousies of powerful men?” Whereupon Caesar said to them in all seriousness, “I would rather be first here than second at Rome.” In like manner we are told again that, in Spain, when he was at leisure and was reading from the history of Alexander, he was lost in thought for a long time, and then burst into tears. His friends were astonished, and asked the reason for his tears. Do you not think,” said he, “it is matter for sorrow that while Alexander, at my age, was already king of so many peoples, | have as yet achieved no brilliant success? ” 2 XII. At any rate, as soon as he reached Spain he set himself to work, and in a few days raised ten cohorts in addition to the twenty which were there before. Then he led his army against the Callaici 2 Suetonius (Div. Jul. 7) and Dio Cassius (xxxvii. 52, 2) connect this anecdote more properly with Caesar’s quaestor- ship in Spain (67 B.c.), when he was thirty-three years of age, the age at which Alexander died. VOL. VII. Q 469 PLUTARCEHI’S LIVES THoaL Kal TpoehOeiy ay pe THs é&w Oardoons Ta Ht) 7 poT €pov UTAKOVOVTA “Peopators eOun KaTa- aTpepopevos. Dépevos 6€ Ta Too | TONEMOU KANOS, ov _XEtpov éBpaBeve Ta THS eLpyvys, opovoay TE Tais ToAEot cabiaras, Kal pada Ta, TAS TOV XpewperdeT av Kal averaTov be evos S:ahopas. erage 14p TOV T po LovT@y Tols opetrovar Ka?’ éxaotov éviavtov ovo pev pmépn Tov Saveratny avatpeia Oat, TO O€ AoLTO ypHjaOat Tov SearoTny, aypte av ottws éxrAvO7 TO Sdvetov. er TOUTOLS EVOOKLL@V arn\rayn THs eTAapXias, AUTOS TE TOUTLOS YELOVOS | Kal TOUS TT PATLWOTAS OPeArnKas a7 0 TOV TTPATELAY, Kal Tpoanyopevpevos avto- KPaTwOp UT’ aAUTODV. XIII. "Evel d€ tovs eV pV@MEvOUS PpianBov Ew Svat piBerv édet, TOUS b€ peTLovTas UTratetav rapivras év TH TONEL ToUTO T PAT TEL, év TOLAUTY Yeyoves avriwopig Kal Tpos auras Tas UTATLKAS airy pév0S dpxatped (as eve“ We TOS THY oUyKAN- Tov attovpevos avT@ So@nvat tapayyéAXE ets UTaTEeav aTrovtt Sia TOV pirov. Katavos € T pOTov per taxuptCopevov T® VOL WpoS THY akin, ELTA, WS Ewpa Todos TeOepamevjevous UTO TOU Kaicapos, eXK POUTAYTOS TO Ypoveo TO mpayyua Kat THY nuépay €v TO réyerv KaTaTpi- Wavtos, eyveo TOV OpiapBov “adels ) Kaioap éyecOar THS vTatetas. Kal TmapeOov evOvs wro- OveTat To Teva TL TavTas avOpomous é€aTra- Thoav TANnVY Kadtevos. mY d€ TovTO diadrayyy Hopmrniov Kal K padcaovu TOV Méeytorov ev TH TOKEL duvauevor’ ods cuvayaywv o Kaicap eis didtav 470 CAESAR, xu. 1-xt. 2 and Lusitani, overpowered them, and marched on as far as the outer sea, subduing the tribes which before were not obedient to Rome. After bringing the war to a successful close, he was equally happy in adjust- ing the problems of peace, by establishing concord between the cities, and particularly by healing the dissensions between debtors and creditors. For he ordained that the creditor should annually take two thirds of his debtor’s income, and that the owner of the property should use the rest, and so on until the debt was cancelled. In high repute for this administration he retired from the province; he had become wealthy himself, had enriched his soldiers from their campaigns, and had been saluted by them as Imperator. XIII. Now, since those who sued for the privilege of a triumph must remain outside the city, while those who were candidates for the consulship must be present in the city, Caesar was in a great dilemma, and because he had reached home at the very time for the consular elections, he sent a request to the senate that he might be permitted to offer himself for the consulship m absentia, through the agency of his friends. But since Cato began by insisting upon the law in opposition to Caesar’s request, and then, when he saw that many senators had been won over by Caesar’s attentions, staved the matter off by con- suming the day in speaking, Caesar decided to give up the triumph and try for the consulship. So as soon as he entered the city he assumed a policy which deceived everyone except Cato. This policy was to reconcile Pompey and Crassus, the most in- fuential men in the city. These men Caesar brought together in friendship after their quarrel, and by 471 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éx Ssahopas, kal Thy am’ audoty cuveveyKapevos iayvv els Eavtor, py pirdvOpwrov EXovTt Tpoc- nyoplay €\abe petactijcas THY ToALTELaVY. Ov yap, ws of wretoToL vopifovoly, 7 Kaicapos cat Ilouaniov diadopa tovs éuduriovs atrepydcato TOAELOUS, GAAA pAAXAOV 17) Hiria, gvaTavT@V eT KaTadvoel THS aplaToKpaTias TO TpwToV, Elta oUTwWS Kal Tpos addANAOUS StacTdvTwY. Katwvri d€ ToAAdKLS TA péAAOVTA TpoPcaTiGovTe TrEpLAY duoKoXou pev avOpw@rovu TOTE Kal TOAUTPaYLOVOS, Uatepov dé povisouv pév, ovK evtuyous 6€ cup- Bovxrov AaBetv do€av. XIV. Ov piv addr’ 0 Kaicap ev pécw tis Kpdcaov xai Ilopmniov didtias dopudopovpevos éml Tv UTateiavy KaTHYOn: Kal AauTpas ava- ryopevOeis peta Kadzrrovpyiov Burov Kal Kxata- atas eis THY apyny EvOvds elaéhepEe vosous ovY UTATwW TpogrKovTas, GAAa Snudpy@ Twi Opacv- TATM, TPOS NOOVHY TOV TOAAMY KANPOVXLAS TUVAS yopas Kal Stavopds etonyoupevos. év dé TH BovrAn TaV Kado Te Kal ayalav avTiKpovaavTwr, mara Seopevos mpopdcews, avaxpayov cal pap- Tupaevos ws els Tov Shuov dxwv éFeXavvorTo Oeparrevowy éxetvov €& avaryans UBpet Kat xare- TOTNTL THS Bovdijs, mpos avtov éerndnce Kal TEplaT NO ApLEvOs évOev wey Kpdocov, évOev de Tloumaniov, npwtnoev et tovs vosous érratvoten. evatvety 6€ dackovtwy, tapexadre. BonOeiv emi Tous eviotacbas peta Evhav adretrovvtas. éxeivol 472 CAESAR, x1, 2-xIVv. 3 concentrating their united strength upon himself, succeeded, before men were aware of it, and by an act which could be called one of kindness, in chang- ing the form of government. For it was not, as most men supposed, the quarrel between Caesar and Pom- pey that brought on the civil wars, but rather their friendship, since they worked together for the over- throw of the aristocracy in the first place, and then, when this had been accomplished, they quarrelled with one another. And Cato, who often foretold what was to come of their alliance, got the reputa- tion of a morose and troublesome fellow at the time, but afterwards that of a wise, though unfortunate, counsellor.} XIV. Caesar, however, encompassed and protected by the friendship of Crassus and Pompey, entered the canvass for the consulship ; and as soon as he had been triumphantly elected, along with Calpurnius Bibulus, and had entered upon his oflice,? he proposed laws which were becoming, not for a consul, but for a most radical tribune of the people; for to gratify the multitude he introduced sundry allotments and distributions of land. In the senate the opposition of men of the better sort gave him the pretext which he had long desired, and crying with loud adjurations that he was driven forth into the popular assembly against his wishes, and was compelled to court its favour by the insolence and obstinacy of the senate, he hastened before it, and stationing Crassus on one side of him and Pompey on the other, he asked them if they approved his laws. They declared that they did approve them, whereupon he urged them to give him their aid against those who threatened to oppose 2 Cf. the Pompey, xvii. 1-5. = In 59 B.c. 473 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé Umea XvOUrTO™ Topmrnios dé Kat Tpocenei rev ws adpi€orto wpos Ta Ein pera Tov Eibous Kal Oupeov Kopilov. éml TOVT@ TOUS wep apa TOKpa- TLEODS avlacer, ovK akiay THS TEept avTOV aidods, ovde THS T pos THY ouyK A TOV evraBetas 7 peTrou- aay, anna HAVIKNY KaL pepaktwdyn dwynv aKov- cavTas, 0 0¢ &nmos adn. Kaicap dé perloves & eTl Tis Houaniov OUVA MEWS UrrodpatTopevos, AY yap avT@ ‘Tova Guyatnp ey yeyuneern Lepovidty Karriwvt, TavT HY évey- yunoe Lloprnio, THY O¢ Hlopaniou TO _Repovidio dwcew Ebnoev, ovOE avTnY avéyyVOY OvVdAaY, ANAG Davoto 1TH YaAXAa adit Kabwporoynpuévnv. driyo 6€ Yatepov Kaicap iyayeto Kadroupviapv Ouyatépa Iletawvos, tov bé lletcwva xatéotyncev UTAaTOV els TO wédXov, évtavOa $7 xa apotpa papTupopevov Katwvos cai Be@vtTos ovK avexTov elvat, yapots Stapactporrevoperns TS YEHovias Kal dla yuvaiwy ets eTmapxias Kal oTpatevyata Kal Suvdpers adhajrous aVTELTAOVTOD. O [ev Ov ouvipyov TOU Katcapos BuP os, éTel KWAUVWY TOUS VOHLOUS ovdev éré éparven, Gdra ToNANUKls exivdvveve peta Katwvos él Ths ayo- pas aTroJavety, &YKNELTApEVOS OiKOL TOY TIS AaPYIS \V povov OueTehece. Topanios b¢ yas evdus évé- TANCE THY ayopav 67AwY Kal TUVETTERUPOL TO Sx ue TOUS VOLOUS, Kaicaps 6€ tiv évtos "Adrreav Kal thy éxtos atacay Kedrtixnv, mpoalels to ‘Tyrvupixov peta taypatwv Tecodpoy eis Tevtae- tiav. Katova pev ody émixeipnoavta tovtois avTiréyery amiyyev els PurAakny o Katcap, olopevos auTov émikaréaedVat Tous Snpapyous: éxeivou bé 474 714 CAESAR, XIV. 3-7 him with swords. They promised him such aid, and Pompey actually added that he would come up against swords with sword and buckler too. At this impulsive and mad speech, unworthy of the high esteem in which Pompey stood and unbecoming to the respect which was due to the senate, the nobility were distressed but the populace were delighted. Moreover, Caesar tried to avail himself still more of the influence of Pompey. He had a daughter, Julia, who was betrothed to Servilius Caepio. This daughter he betrothed to Pompey, and said he would give Pompey’s daughter in marriage to Servilius, although she too was not unbetrothed, but had been promised to Faustus, the son of Sulla. And a little while afterwards Caesar took Calpurnia to wife, a daughter of Piso, and got Piso made consul for the coming year, although here too Cato vehemently pro- tested, and cried out that it was intolerable to have the supreme power prostituted by marriage alliances and to see men helping one another to powers and armies and provinces by means of women. As for Caesar’s colleague, Bibulus, since he availed nothing by obstructing Caesar's laws, but often ran the risk with Cato of being killed in the forum, he shut himself up at home for the remainder of his term of office. Pompey, however, immediately after his marriage, filled the forum with armed men and helped the people to enact Caesar’s laws and give him as his consular province Gaul on both sides of the Alps for five years, together with Illyricum and four legions. Cato, of course, tried to speak against these measures, but Caesar had him led off to prison, sup- posing that he would appeal to the popular tribunes ; but when Cato walked off without a word and Caesar 475 PLUTARCH’S LIVES adwvou Ba&silovtos opav o Kaioap ou povov TOUS KpatiaTous dua hopoivras, anrra Kral 70 Snporixov aidot THIS. Katwvos aperis owwTh Kal pera, KaTN- gelas Em Op1evov, avTOS edenOn kpugda tav dSnudp- Ya évos aera Ga Tov Katwva. 8 Tar dé Gov TUYKANT ERO oAlyot TavTaTacww avT@ cuvjecay els Bovryy, ol oé AovTrol duaxKeEpai- votes éxmosav aap. elTOvTOS dé Kovoudiov TLVOS TOY ododpa YyepovT@Yy @S poBovpevor Ta OWAa Kal TOUS oTpariwras ou TvvepXowTo, id lis ovv, ébn o Kaicap, ‘ov cai ov tadta Sdebdims oixoupets;” Kal o Kovatdcos eimevs “Ort pe troret un hoBeic0at TO yhpas' oO yap ETL EcTrOmEvos Bios ob aroAdHS OAtyos My Seitat mMpovolas.” 9 alaXtaTov 6é Ta TOTE ToNTevpaTwy edokev év TH Kaicapos UTaTELA Onmapyov aipeOhvae Kro- Otov exeivov, Up ov Ta TEpl.TOV ydpov Kal Tas aTroppytous mwapevounOn tavvvyioas. npéOn dé émi TH Kixépmvos xatadvoe cai Katoap ov tpo- tepov €&nAOev ert THY oTpaTLay i) KaTagTactacal Kixépwva peta KrX@diov cat cuvexBarety é« tis "IraXias. XV. Toradta pév ovv Réyetar yevéesOar Ta mpo tov Varaticov. o 6€ T@Y TokéuaV ods eTrohen Noe pera TavTa, Kal TOV oT parerav ats nHEPMTATO THY Kerrexyy, \Vpovos, Oomep addny apy AaBovros avtob Kat KATAGTUVTOS ELS eT e- pav Twa Biov Kat Tparya Tov KALV@Y OOO”, OUK éotTiv OTOU TOY padaTa, TeOaupac mevov ep’ nyEewovia Kal peyote yeyovor oy amroheiT@ovTa 2 TodkemioTy Kal oTpaTyraTHY amédetEev avTor, 476 CAESAR, xiv. 7-xv. 2 saw not only that the most influential men were displeased, but also that the populace, out of respect for Cato’s virtue, were following him in silence and with downcast looks, he himself secretly asked one of the tribunes to take Cato out of arrest. Of the other senators, only a very few used to go with Caesar to the senate; the rest, in displeasure, stayed away. Considius, a very aged senator, once told Caesar that his colleagues did not come together because they were afraid of the armed soldiers. “Why, then,” said Caesar, “dost thou too not stay at home out of the same fear?’’ ‘To this Considius replied: “Because my old age makes me fearless; for the short span of life that is still left me does not require much anxious thought.” But the most disgraceful public measure of the time was thought to be the election to the tribuneship, during Caesar's consulate, of the notorious Clodius, who had tres- passed upon his rights as a husband, and upon the secret nocturnal vigils. He was elected, however, for the overthrow of Cicero; and Caesar did not go forth upon his campaign until, with the help of Clodius, he had raised a successful faction against Cicero and driven him out of Italy.! XV. Such, then, is said to have been the course of Caesar’s life before his Gallic campaigns. But the period of the wars which he afterwards fought, and of the campaigns by which he subjugated Gaul, as if he had made another beginning and entered upon a different path of life and one of new achieve- ments, proved him to be inferior as soldier and commander to no one soever of those who have won most admiration for leadership and shown themselves 1 Cf. the Cicero, chapters xxx. and xxxi. 477 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 ‘i avn elte PaBiovs cal Xenriwvas cat MetédXovs \ , a Kal TovS KAT aUTOV 7 pLKpov EumpoaUey avToD, f ? XvArav cal Mapiov apdotépovs te AevxovrdAdous a \ fw by / Ka , e 4 ”? a 7H Kat Lloxaniov avtov, ov KX€os UTTOVpaVLoY HnYGEL TOTE TAVTOLAS TEpl TOAELOV apETHs, TaeaPdroL e ? e ? , ‘ \ Tis, at Kaicapos uvepBadXovor mpakers Tov peév / \ \ a YaneToTnTt TOTwY év ols érroNeuNoe, TOV O€ peEryé- ¢ \ f N Get ywpas ijy wpocextncato, Tov b€ ANGE Kal , , ¢ , \ b ? Bia mrodentwy ods évixnoe, Tov b€ aToTIats Kal b] ’ y cal a f ‘ \ 3 ¥ antotiats nO@v a Kabwpidrnoe, Tov Sé érlEeLtKELa \ kal TpaoTyTt Tpos Tovs aALTKOmEvOUS, TOV bé \ 4 dwpots Kal yaptot pos TOUS TVaTPATEVOLEVOVS, mavras 6€ T® WreloTas peuaynobat payas Kal TAELTTOUS aYnpHnKévat TOV avTiTAaXPevTwY. eTN ad yap ovdé déxa modennoas rept Tadatiav ronets \ ®@ fev UTEép OKTAKOGLaS KATA KPaTOS etrev, EOVN OE eyelpwoaTto TplaKoota, pupidoe S€ Twapatakdpe- VOS KATA pépos TpLaKociais ExaTov pév ev yEpal duepOecper, adras b€ TocavTas éfaryproev. XVI. Etvota 6€ kal rpodupia otpatiwtav éXPNTATO TOTAUTH TEplL AUTOY WaTE TOS éTépwY \ 3 a Y , f uncev év Ttais addXats otpateias Siapépovtas apayous Kal avuToatatous pépecOat pds Trav \ \ ce) Far a devvov v7ép THS Katcapos do&ns. olos fv TodTO SS ’ , a 3 “ \ , ? pev Axtidtos, 0s ev TH wept Maccandtay vavpayia \ , > ‘\ \ \ \ 3 z vews Toreuias eTtBeBnkas THY pev Se€tav artre- f A , al Ave ‘ \ \ ’ Komn Xelpa wayatpa, TH dé éTépa Tov Oupeov ove 3 a 3 \ / apijxev, adda TUTTwWY Els TA TpdOTwTA TOUS 478 715 CAESAR, xv. 2—xvi. 1 greatest therein. Nay, if one compare him with such men as Fabius and Scipio and Metellus, and with the men of his own time or a little before him, like Sulla, Marius, the two Luculli, or even Pompey himself, whose fame for every sort of military excel- lence was at this time flowering out and reaching to the skies, Caesar will be found to surpass them all in his achievements. One he surpassed in the difficulty of the regions where he waged his wars; another in the great extent of country which he acquired ; another in the multitude and might of the enemies over whom he was victorious; another in the savage manners and perfidious dispositions of the people whom he conciliated ; another in his reasonableness and mildness towards his captives; another still in the gifts and favours which he bestowed upon his soldiers; and all in the fact that he fought the most battles and killed the most enemies. For although it was not full ten years that he waged war in Gaul, he took by storm more than eight hundred cities, subdued three hundred nations, and fought pitched battles at different times with three million men, of whom he slew one million in hand to hand fighting and took as many more prisoners. XVI. His soldiers showed such good will and zeal in his service that those who in their previous campaigns had been in no way superior to others were invincible and irresistible in confronting every danger to enhance Caesar’s fame. Such a man, for instance, was Acilius, who, in the sea-fight at Massalia,! boarded a hostile ship and had his right hand cut off with a sword, but clung with the other hand to his shield, and dashing it into the faces ot 1 Described by Caesar in Bell. Civ. ii. 4-7. 479 PLUTARCI Selva Tmoheplous ameat pepe TavTas Kal Tob aKagous emeKpaTnae® TOUTO o€ Kdoovos = XKevas, Os ev TH Wept Auppaxvov HaXn TOV opar pov exkomrels Tofevpatt, Tov O€ & apov vao@ Kal Tov pnpov ETEDW died hapevos, TH O€ duped Berov éxatov Kat TpudKovTa myryas dvadedeypév0s, éxdrer Tovs TmoAEptous @s Tapad@owy éauTov. dvelv dé TPOTLOVT DY, TOD pev amreéKxowe TOV @pov TH paxatpa, TOV 6¢ KaTa TOD T poo wmov matatas am eatpeYen, avtos 6é die oOn TOV olxelov Tept- TXOVTOY. ép O€ Bperrari ia T@V TONEY Ets TOTOV éxwdn Kal pectov Sdtov éurrecotat Tois Tpw- tows taktapyos émrilepévay aotpatiwrns, Kai- Tapos avTod THY paxny ehopa@vTos, WadpeEvos els pécous Kal TOAAG Kal TepioTTAa TOALNS aTrodel- Edpevos &pya Tous pev Ttalvapxous ETWTE, TOV BapBapov puyovTar, avr os be NareT As éml Tact d:aBaivear eppuypev éavTov els pevpara TEAMAT@ON, Kal “ors avev TOD Ovpeod, TA pev VNYOMEVOS, TA dé Badivov, OueTrepace. Oavpatovtay d€ TOV mept TOV Kaicapa Kal peTa yapas Kal Kpavyis ATAVTOVT OD, avTos ev pdda KatTndhys Kat deda- KPULEVOS T pooeTrET€ T@ Kaicapt, ovyyveopny ai- TOUMEVOS ETL TO mpota Oat Tov Oupeov. év 6é€ AtBun vaov éddvres of mept Lanmiova, Kaicapos, év 2 D'pavios Ilérpey eT ET AEL Tapas amobedet- YHEVOS, TOUS pev aAXous €zroLovvTo heap, ™@ 5e Tapia d00vat THY TwTNpLay ehacav. o 6€ eima@v étt Tois Katoapos oTpaTLoTats ov AauBaverv, arrXa didovat T@Tnplay €Gos éattv, éauTov TO Eider matdEas avetne. 480 CAESAR, xvi. 1-4 his foes, routed them all and got possession of the vesse]. Such a man, again, was Cassius Scaeva, who, in the battle at Dyrrhachium, had his eye struck out with an arrow, his shoulder transfixed with one javelin and his thigh with another, and received on his shield the blows of one hundred and _ thirty missiles. In this plight, he called the enemy to him as though he would surrender. Two of them, accord- ingly, coming up, he lopped off the shou'der of one with his sword, smote the other in the face and put him to flight, and came off safely himself with the aid of his comrades.! Again, in Britain, when the enemy had fallen upon the foremost centurions, who had plunged into a watery marsh, a soldier, while Caesar in person was watching the battle, dashed into the midst of the fight, displayed many con- spicuous deeds of daring, and rescued the centurions, after the Barbarians had been routed. Then he himself, making his way with difficulty after all the rest, plunged into the muddy current, and at last, without his shield, partly swimming and partly wad- ing, got across. Caesar and his company were amazed and came to meet the soldier with cries of joy; but he, in great dejection, and with a burst of tears, cast himself at Caesar’s feet, begging pardon for the loss of his shield. Again, in Africa, Scipio captured a ship of Caesar’s in which Granius Petro, who had been appointed quaestor, was sailing. Of the rest of the passengers Scipio made booty, but told the quaestor that he offered him his life. Granius, however, remarking that it was the cus- tom with Caesar’s soldiers not to receive but to offer mercy, killed himself with a blow of his sword. 1 Cf. Caesar, Bell. Civ. iii, 53 481 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XVII. Ta d€ TolavTa Aypata Kal Tas ptro- TUBLLAas avTos avebpee Kal xatecxevace Kaioap, Tp@TOv pey TO xaptfecbar Kat THLay apedas EVSELKVULEVOS OTL TOV TAOUDTOY OK Eis TpUdNY iStav oveé Tivas nduTrabeias ex TOY TONEY AO pol- er, xowa Oe aOra THS avdpaya bias map AUTO pudraccopeva amr oKelTat, Kal PETETTLY éxeiv@ TOU movTely 60a TOS agtous TOV OTPATLOTOY dt- Smo." emelTa T® TAVTA pev xivOuvov EK@V Upi- otaa bat, ™ pos undéva 88 Tov TéveV AT AY OPEVELY, TO pev ovv pedoxivevvov OUK eGavpatov avTov dua Ty prrorupiay: n O€ TOY TOvOY Urromovi mapa THY TOU THMATOS Suvapuy eycapTepelv 50- KOUVTOS eLeT AT TEV, OTL Kal THY ef ov toXVOS Kal THY CapKa euKos Kal dmranos Kal THY Kepa- ANY voowons Kal Tots émt ToIs ETAT TLKOLS évo- X05; év KopdvBn T P@TOV avT@ TOU Tadovs, OS AeyeTat, ToUTOU T POT TES OVTOS, ov paraxias eTTOLNT ATO THY appworiav Tpopaci, anra Gepa- Telav THS appwatias THY oTpareiay, Tats aTpu- Tols odoLTropials Kal TAais evTeh Eat diaitais Kal T® Oupavreiv evdeheX@S Kal TaXarTr@pely aT O- paxopevos 7T@ mabet Kal TO TOpa THPeV oucd- AwTOV. EK OLLATO pev ye TOUS TAciaTOUS UTvous eV OXI Pac i popetors, els pak Thy avETavoly katate LEvos, @XEiTo b€ pe? ne pay emt Ta, ppovpia Kal Tas TONES Kab TOUS xapaxas, évos auT@ cuvyxadnpévou TALOos TOV UToyppety dpa SuovTos elOua weveny, Evos & é£omiadev epertn- KOTOS OTpaTL@ToU Eidos EXOVTOS. TUPTOVWS be iprauvev obras @OOTE THY 7 PwOTny e£odop amo ‘Pewpns Totnoapevos oysoutos émlt tov ‘Podavov er Getv. 482 71 CAESAR, xvn. 1-4 XVII. Such spirit and ambition Caesar himself created and cultivated in his men, in the first place, because he showed, by his unsparing bestowal of rewards and honours, that he was not amassing wealth from his wars for his own luxury or for any life of ease, but that he treasured it up carefully as a common prize for deeds of valour, and had no greater share in the wealth than he offered to the deserving among his soldiers; and in the second place, by willingly undergoing every danger and refusing no toil. Now, at his love of danger his men were not astonished, knowing his ambition ; but that he should undergo toils beyond his body’s apparent power of endurance amazed them, because he was of a spare habit, had a soft and white skin, suffered from distemper in the head, and was subject to epileptic fits, a trouble which first attacked him, we are told, in Corduba. Nevertheless, he did not make his feeble health an excuse for soft living, but rather his military service a cure for his feeble health, since by wearisome journeys, siniple diet, continu- ously sleeping in the open air, and enduring hard- ships, he fought off his trouble and kept his body strong against its attacks. Most of his sleep, at least, he got in cars or litters, making his rest con- duce to action, and in the day-time he would have himself conveyed to garrisons, cities, or camps, one slave who was accustomed to write from dictation as he travelled sitting by his side, and one soldier standing behind him with a sword. And he drove so rapidly that, on his first journey from Rome to Gaul, he reached the Rhone in seven days. 483 PLUTARCH'S LIVES To pev ovv immevew EK Tardos 7 ay avT@ paduor ei\Ocato yap els TouTiaw Tas xelpas cm dryou Kal TO VOT W TEPLTTNEKOY ava KpaTos éXNavvev Tov im7rov. €v exetvn d€ TH oTparela Tpooegno Kno ev immalomevos Tas émlaTOAaS Umraryopevety Kal dua ty opod ypapovaw éEapxety, as 6€ "Oreos not, cal wreioot. Réyetas O€ Kal TO bia ypap- aTwV TOiS pidoes omedety Kaioapa Tp@Tov j.1- xavnoac ban, THY KATA 7 Poo WT OV évTev&ly Umeép TOV eTELyOVTOV Tod Katpoi Ota TE TAG OS ac yo- ALOV Kal THis TOAEWS TO peyellos iT {TE PL pseVOVTOS. THS 6é mept THY diartap evKorias KaKEtvO 7 oLovv- TAL OnMeELov, OTL TOV SeLTViCoVTOS avToV év Mesio- Advw Eévou Ovardrepiov Aéovtos mapabévtos dom dparyov Kal pupov avt édatov KaTaxXéavtos, avTOS pev APEXWS eparye, Tots Os pirors dua xepat- vouow emeém An Eev. ‘“Hpkee yap, ebm, “ TO By xphoPas Tots dmapeoKkovaty’ o 6é TH TOLAUTHY aypotxiay éFedéyxXov AUTOS éoTev dry potkos. év 00@ Oé ToTe gUVEAaTOHEis UTO YEt@Vvos els errav- AW avo pwTrou TEVNTOS, WS OVSEY EvpE TAEOY OLKN- [aT 0s évos pMaxpus éva béEacbau Suvapevov, T POs TOUS pirous ELT @V OS TOV pev evTiwoov Tapa- Xo pnt éov eln Tots Kpatio tous, Tov oé dvary Katy Tots aobevertarors, ‘Onrmov exehevo ev avanTav- cao bac autos 6€ META TOV GAXOV VITO T@ Tpo- oTEyi@ THS Oupas exdbevoev. XVIII. ’AAAa yap 0 pev T POTOS aUT@ TOY Keatixav TONE LOY 7 pos “EXByttious TUvETTH Kat Teyupivous, ot Tas auT@v dwdera TONELS kal K@MAS TETPAKOTLAS EuTTPHTaVTES EXWPOUY TPOTW 434 CAESAR, xvi. 4 xvi Horsemanship, moreover, had been easy for him from boyhood; for he was wont to put his hands behind his back and, holding them closely there, to ride his horse at full speed. And in the Gallic cam- paigns he practised dictating letters on horseback and keeping two scribes at once busy, or, as Oppius says, even more. We are told, moreover, that Caesar was the first to devise intercourse with his friends by letter, since he could not wait for personal inter- views on urgent matters owing to the multitude of his occupations and the great size of the city. Of his indifference in regard to his diet the following circumstance also is brought in proof. When the host who was entertaining him in Mediolanum, Valerius Leo, served up asparagus dressed with myrrh instead of olive oil, Caesar ate of it without ado, and rebuked his friends when they showed displeasure. ‘Surely,’ said he, “it were enough not to eat what you don't like; but he who finds fault with ill-breeding like this is ill-bred himself.” Once, too, upon a journey, he and his followers were driven by a storm into a poor man’s hut, and when he found that it consisted of one room only, and that one barely able to accommodate a single person, he said to his friends that honours must be yielded to the strongest, but necessities to the weakest, and bade Oppius lie down there, while he himself with the rest of his company slept in the porch. XVIII. But to resume, the first of his Gallic wars was against the Helvetii and Tigurini,| who had set fire to their twelve cities and four hundred villages and were advancing through that part of Gaul which 1 Cf. Caesar, Bell. Gall. i. 2-29. 485 PLUTARCH’S LIVES da THS vm ‘Pwpatous Tarartias, Oo Ep mada KiuSpoe cat Tevtoves, ovre TONY €KELVWY UTTO- deéoTepor SoxobvTes eivat Kal THOS opards TpLdKovTa pev al Tacat wupraces ovtes, eixoat O€ at paxopevar Beas déovaal. TOVTwWY Teyupivous pev OUK auTos, anrra AaBujvos meupbets wir’ avTov mept TOV “Apapa TOTapov cuvetpirper, ‘EABytriev dé avT@ Tpos Tlva Tov didnv diryovTe THY oTpatiay Kae o60v am poo SoxijTos émiGepéevwy dOacas emi xwptov Kaptepov Kate- purye. KO KEL ouvaryayor Kab mapatagas THY ouvapl, ws (mT Os avT@ mpoanxOn, ‘Toute per, " €py, “ ViKHo as NPNTOpAL pos TH Siow, vov dé iwpev emi Tous Tonepious,” kal welos opunoas eve Bane. Kpove | dé Kal Narerras OT AMEVOS TO paxtpov Tept Tats apakars Kal TO Ku pare TOV WELaTOV eoxe a ovon, ouK QUTOV proveov UpioTapevoy EXEL KAL HAXOMEVOD, ddnra Kal TaAldES AVTAV Kall yuvaiices dpuvopevoe PEX pl Bavitov TUYKATEKOTIOAY, MOTE THV WaXNV pores els Heoas VUKTAS TEAEUTHTAL KAA@ be TO THS VUKNS Epy@ KpeiT TOV emeOnke TO TUVOLKiOAL TOUS Staguyovtas Ex THS paxns TOV TE pLovT@Y Bap- Bapov, Kab KaTavay cao al THY VOpav avaraBety Nv améhutrov Kal TAS TOKELS Gs orép Oetpar, ovTas Umep O4Ka. pupiaoas. én page b¢ TOUTO O€OLWS pen THY X@pav epnuov yevouevny ot Teppavol d1a- Bavtes KATATXWOL. XIX. Aevtepov S€ mpos Teppavovs aytexpus UTrep Kedrav ETONEULNGE, KALTOL TOV Bactréa Tpotepov avtav ApioBiatov év “Pwun cippaxov 486 CAESAR? xvii. 1=x1X. 1 was subject to the Romans, as once the Cimbri and Teutones had done. To these they were thought to be not inferior in courage and of equal numbers, being three hundred thousand in all, of whom one hundred and ninety thousand were fighting men. The Tigurini were crushed at the river Arar, not by Caesar himself, but by Labienus, his deputy; the Helvetii, however, unexpectedly attacked Caesar himself on the march, as he was leading his forces towards a friendly city, but he Bireeededn in reaching a strong place of refuge. Here, after he had col- lected and arrayed his forces, a horse was brought to him. ‘This horse,” said he, “I will use for the pursuit after my victory; but now let us go against the enemy,” and accordingly led the charge on foot. After a long and hard struggle he routed the enemy's fighting men, but had the most trouble at their rampart of waggons, where not only did the men themselves make a stand and fight, but also their wives and children defended themselves to the death and were cut to pieces with the men. The battle was hardly over by midnight. To the noble work of victory Caesar added a nobler still, that of settling those of the Barbarians who had escaped alive from the battle (there were more than one hundred thousand of them), and compelling them to resume the territory which they had aban- doned and the cities which they had destroyed. He did this because he feared that if the territory became vacant the Germans would cross the Rhine and occupy it. XIX. His second war, directly in defence of the Gauls, was against the Germans,! although pre- viously, in Rome, he had made their king Ariovistus 1 Cf. Caesar, B.G. i, 30-53. 487 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , > > hy 9 4 a ¢ i TETOLNMLEVOS’ ANN Noav ahopyntot Tots varNKoOLS na “ s bY avtov yeltoves, Kal Katpovd TrapadovTos ovK av éSoxouv él Tots Tapovow atpeunoev, adr 9 ? \ Gé \ - e a émweunoecOar cali KadéEev tHv Taratiay. opev s al 5é tous Hyenovas amodethi@vtas, Kal padiora 6 ~ ww \ la wa wn OooL TOV emupavey Kal Vewy AUTO ouvetirov ws 6n TpupH XPNToEvoL kal XPNPATLT LD TH peta Kaicapos otpatelg, ouvaryaryev els cxednotay éxéXevoev arriévat Kal pn Kivduvevety Tapa yvo- pny ovTws avavdpws Kai parakas ExovTas, avTos \ ‘ , 4 U N See dé bn TO SéxaTov Taypa povoy TaparaBwv éri oe , tous BapBdpovs wmopevoecOat, pnte xpeittoct , 4 s pérrov KiuSpwv payec0ar Troreptots prjte avros f / av Mapiov yelpwv otpatnyos. €x TovTOU TO pe \ f déxatov Taypa mpecBevtas Emrepmre mpos avTov 4 wv e “ \ \ o/ \ e Yap éyey opodoyobvtes, Ta 6€ AANA Tors Eéav- a , e ad Tov éxaxiloyv nyepmovas, opuns b€ Kal mpobupias yervomevot TWANPELS ATraVvTES NKONOVOOLY odoV ueE- ~ “ , a pav mortar, ws év Staxocioss TOV Todepior a / oTadlols KATETTPATOTECEVT AD. 3 \ = ° Y N \ ” > \ Hv pev ody 6 Te Kat mpos THY Ehodoy avTnv an , ~ 9 4 éréOpavato THs yvopns tov ’AptoBiatov. Tep- A € td pavois yap érTtOncecPat Pwpaiovs, ov érepyope- yov ovx av éddoxouy vToaTHvat, 1 TpocdoKjcas \ if s eOavpate thv Katoapos todkpav xal Tov otpa- 4 A TOV éwpa TeTapaypevov. Erte 5é wadXov avTovs \ , a) a A A MBAUVE TA LAVTEVLATA TOV LEepaVv yuvaltKOyv, al a , ToTapav divais mpooBAeTovcat Kal pevpatav A ‘ f EXiypots Kal yropots TEexpmatpoperat mpocBéo Tilov, 488 V7 CAESAR, xix. 1-4 an ally.) But they were intolerable neighbours of Caesar’s subjects, and if an opportunity presented itself it was thought that they would not remain quietly in their present homes, but would encroach upon and occupy Gaul. Seeing that his officers were inclined to be afraid, and particularly all the young men of high rank who had come out intend- ing to make the campaign with Caesar an oppor- tunity for high living and money-making, he called them together? and bade them be off, since they were so unmanly and effeminate, and not force themselves to face danger; as for himself, he said he would take the tenth legion alone and march against the Barbarians; the enemy would be no better fighters than the Cimbri, and he himself was no worse a general than Marius. Upon this the tenth legion sent a deputation to him, expressing their gratitude, while the other legions reviled their own commanders, and all the army, now full of impetuous eagerness, followed Caesar on a march of many days, and at last encamped within two hundred furlongs of the enemy. Now, the very approach of Caesar somewhat shat- tered the purpose of Ariovistus. For he did not expect that the Romans would attack the Germans, whose onset he thought they could not withstand, and he was amazed at the boldness of Caesar; be- sides, he saw that his own army was disturbed. Still more, too, was the spirit of the Germans blunted by the prophecies of their holy women, who used to foretell the future by observing the eddies in the rivers and by finding signs in the whirlings and 1 Acting as consul, in 59 B.c. ® Cf. Caesar, B.G. i. 40, 489 PLUTARCH SEs ovx é@aat payny TiOecOat Tpiv ériraprwat véav cerxynvnv. tavta TO Kaicape trvOavopérw ral tous Teppavovs novyalovtas op@vTt Karas éyety éd0Fev ampobvpots ova avtots aupPadrelv pwan- ov ) TOV éKElv@v ava pevovTa, Karpov Kabijabae. Kab ™poo Boras TOLOUMLEVOS TOES epupact Kal Nopors éh wv ea Tpatomédevoy, éEnypiawe Kal mapwEvve KataBavtTas T pos opyny Siayoricacbat. YEVOMEVNS O€ apm pas TpoTrijs avTov, émt orao- OUS TET paKoatous aX pe Tob *Payvou duwFas KaTeé- TANTE TOUTO TAY VEKPWV TO Te Otov kal Napvpwv. "AptoBtatos b5€ POdcas pet OrjyoY dteTépace tov ‘“Prvov: apiOuov dé vexpav pupiddas oxTw ryevéo Oat Néyousct. XX. Taita StatpakFapevos thv péev Svvapw évy Xnxovavois amédere Sraxyetudoovaar, avTos dé tois év “Phun mpocéyev Bovropevos ets T1v mept Iladov Ladatiav xatéBn, THs av’T@ dedo- péevns éTapxias ovcav' o yap KaXovpevos “Pov- Bixwyv rotrapos amo THS vmTd Tats “AXmect Keartexts opifer tav addy ‘Itadiav. évtavéa Kkadnuevos ednpaywyel, TONA@Y Tpos avToOY adt- KVOU LEVY, OLOOUS @V ExaaTos Senbein, Kal TaVTas ATOTELTOY TA pev EYoVTAS dn Tap avTOd, TA de édmifovtas. Kal Tapa Tov addov Sé TavTa THS atpateias yYpovov éravOave tov Tloumniov €y “épel VOY LEV TOUS TrONELLOUS TOTS TOV TOALTOV OTAols KaTUaTpedouevos, viv bé Tois amo TaD TONEMLWY YpnuaTiW aip@v Tovs Toritas Kal : VELPOUILEVOS. "Earet d€ BéXyas Heovce Suvatwratouvs Kertav Kal THY TpLTYWV aTraayns THs KerriKhs vewopérous 490 CAESAR, xix. 4-xx. 3 splashings of the waters, and now forbade joining battle before a new moon gave its light. When Caesar learned this, and saw that the Germans kept quiet, he decided that it was a good plan to engage them while they were out of heart, rather than to sit still and wait for their time. So, by attacking their entrenchments and the hills on which they were encamped, he irritated them and incited them to come down in anger and fight the issue out. They were signally routed, and Caesar pursued them a distance of four hundred furlongs, as far as the Rhine, and filled all the intervening plain with dead bodies and spoils. Ariovistus, with a few followers, sueceeded in crossing the Rhine; his dead are said to have been eighty thousand in number. XX. After this achievement, Caesar left his forces among the Sequani to spend the winter,! while he himself, desirous of giving attention to matters at Rome, came down to Gaul along the Po,* which was a part of the province assigned to him; for the river called Rubicon separates the rest of Italy from Cisal- pine Gaul. Here he fixed his quarters and carried on his political schemes. Many came to see him, and he gave each one what he wanted, and sent all away in actual possession of some of his favours and hoping for more. And during all the rest of the time of his campaigns in Gaul, unnoticed by Pompey, he was alternately subduing the enemy with the arms of the citizens, or capturing and subduing the citizens with the money which he got from the enemy. But when he heard that the Belgae, who were the most powerful of the Gauls and occupied the third 1 The winter of 58-57 B.c. 2 Cf. Caesar, B.G. i. 54: ipse in citeriorem Galliam ad conventus agendos profectus est. 491 PLUTARCH’S LIVES adheatavat, jToddAas 8% Tivas pupiddas evoTTrOV avdpav 7Opotxotas, émiatpéyas evOus éywpet TaXEL TOAN@ Kal TopOova. Tovs TUppmaxous Tardtas érimecmy ois moXepiots Tovs pev aOpovatatouvs Kal mAEclaoTovs alaxpes aywvi- gapévous Tpevrdpevos SvépOerpev, BoTE Kal Aipvas Kat totapnovs Babeis tots “Pwpatois vexpav ANGE Tepatous yevécOa, TOV 8 aTooTavTwD ot Mev TAPWKEAVLOL TAVTES Guayel TpoTEeXwpNnaav éml O€ TOUS AYPLWTATOUS Kal PaYLLwWTATOUS TOV tnoe, NepBious, éotpatevaer, olmep eis cuppryels Spupovs KaTwxnévot, yeveas b€ Kal KTHOELS EV tive BvO@ THS DANS atwratw Oéwevoe TOV TrorE- piwv, avtol TH Kaicapst motoupévw yapaxa xat fr) WpogbeyVopévw THULKAUTA THY waxny EEaKiapv- ptot TO TAOS Svtes aidvidiws mpocétrecor, Kat Tous pev immets éTpéyavto, Tav b€ TaypaTwv TO dwdéxaTov Kal TO EBSdSomov meptayxovtTes irav- Tas aTéxTevay Tovs TaEvdpyous. ef dé p7 Kaicap aptacas tov @upeov nal Stacywv Tous mpo avTOU payopevous évéBare Tois BapPdpots, Kat aTO TOV AkKpwv TO S€KaToY KLYdUVEvOYTOS aUTOD xkatédpape Kal dséxo we Tas TdEes TOY ToAELLOD, ovdels dv Soxel mepiyevéaOar viv 5€ 7h Kaicapos TON THY Neyowévny Uirép SivVamLY paynY ayw- Vigupevol TpéTTOVTAL pev OVS Hs Tous NepBious, KaTaKoTTOVat O€ dpUVOMEeVoUS? TeEvTAaKOTLOL yap amo pupidd@yv &E cwOivar Aéyovtat, Bovrevtal dé Tpels aTO TeTpaKOUlwv. 492 71 CAESAR, xx. 3-5 part of all their country, had revolted, and had as- sembled unknown myriads of armed men, he turned back at once and marched thither with great speed.! He fell upon the enemy as they were plundering the Gauls that were in alliance with Rome, and so routed and destroyed the least scattered and most numerous of them, after a disgraceful struggle on their part, that the Romans could cross lakes and deep rivers for the multitude of dead bodies in them. All the rebels who dwelt along the ocean submitted without a battle; against the Nervii, however, the most savage and warlike of the people in these parts, Caesar led his forces. The Nervii, who dwelt in dense woods, and had placed their families and pos- sessions in a recess of the forest at farthest remove from the enemy, at a time when Caesar was fortifying a camp and did not expect the battle, fell upon him suddenly, sixty thousand strong. They routed his cavalry, and surrounded the seventh and twelfth legions and slew all their centurions, and had not Caesar snatched a shield,” made his way through the combatants in front of him, and hurled himself upon the Barbarians; and had not the tenth legion, at sight of his peril, run down from the heights and cut the ranks of the enemy to pieces, not a Roman, it is thought, would have survived. As it was, however, owing to Caesar’s daring, they fought beyond their powers, as the saying is, and even then did not rout the Nervii, but cut them down as they defended themselves; for out of sixty thousand only five hun- dred are said to have come off alive, and only three of their senators out of four hundred. 1 Caesar’s campaign against the Belgae, in 57 B.c., is described by himself in 3.G. ii. 1-33. 2 Scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto (B.@. ii. 25, 2). 493 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ge Tavra ” TUYKANTOS mudopevn) mevrexal- dexa 1)mépas eynpicato Quew Tots Jeots Kal oxord ler eoptatovras, Goas é€m ovoEwa viny T pOTEpOV. Kal yap ) xivOuvos epavy peyas, cOvar a da, TOT OUT@Y dvappayévTov, Kal TO vixnpa Lapm porepon, ore Kaicap yy. 0 VIKOV, % pds LO evvowa TOV TONY érrotet. Kaicap 3 avTos* ev Oeper os TA Kara tHv Taratiav radu év Tots Tept []adov Xwploes duexetpate o ovo Keva- Copevos Thy TON. ov yap povov ot TAS apxas maparyyéddovres exeivep Npwpwevor yopnyo Kat Tois map éxeivov Xprpact dra pFetpovres TOV Siwov avyyopevovto, Kal Trav ém partov 0 THY éxeivou Svvauv able Eweddev, GNAA Kal TOV érihavertat@y avdp@v Kal peyioT@V Ol TAELTTOL auvidOov mpos avtov eis Aovxav, Topumnids te Kat Kpdoaos cal” Amatos 0 Tis Lapdovos syepov kal Nérws o THs “IBnpias avOvtatos, wate paBdovyous pév Exatov eikoat yevéoOat, cvyKAN- Texovs d€ mrELovas 7 Staxocious. BovaAnv oé€ Oéuevor SsexpiOnoav én tovtois: Ger Hopmniov pev cal Kpioooy trdtous arose: yO ihvat, Kaicapz 6 xpipata Kal revtuetiav adAnv émipeTpnOnvat THs atpatnyias, 6 Kal wapadroyw- TATOV epaivero Tols voty €yovotv. ob yap TO- caiTa VY PH UAT a mapa Kaicapos AapBavovtes ws ouk éxovtTe dvdovae Thy Bovday érretOov, “addov dé jparyKaton € ématévovcay ots eynpivovto, Kato- vos fev ov TapovTos, émitndes yap avTov ets 1 Kaioap 8 abrds Sint.*; abrds 8 Bekker; nal yap abrds MSS., Sint.!, and Coraés. 494 CAESAR, xxi. 1-4 XXI. The Roman senate, on learning of these suc- cesses, decreed sacrifices to the gods and cessation from business, with festival, for fifteen days, a greater number than for any victory before.! For the danger was seen to have been great when so many nations at once had broken out in revolt, and because Caesar was the victor, the good will of the multitude to- wards him made his victory more splendid. Caesar himself, after settling matters in Gaul, again spent the winter? in the regions along the Po, carrying out his plans at Rome. For not only did the candi- dates for office there enjoy his assistance, and win their elections by corrupting the people with money from him, and do everything which was likely to enhance his power, but also most of the men of highest rank and greatest influence came to see him at Luca,? including Pompey, Crassus, Appius the governor of Sardinia, and Nepos the proconsul of Spain, so that there were a hundred and twenty lictors in the place and more than two hundred senators. They held a council and settled matters on the following basis. Pompey and Crassus were to be elected consuls for the ensuing year, and Caesar was to have money voted him, besides another five years in his provincial command. This seemed very strange to men of understanding. For those who were getting so much money from Caesar urged the senate to give him money as if he had none, nay rather, they forced it to do so, though it groaned over its own decrees. Cato, indeed, was not there, for he had purposely been sent out of the way ona 1 Quod ante id tempus accidit nulli (Caesar, B.G. ii. 35, 4). 2 57-56 p.c. Cf. the Pompey, li. 3 f. 3 In April of 56 B.o. 495 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kum pov amedioTopTmcavTo, Pacviou bé, os ip CnrwTns Katwvos, @s ovder em epavev ayTt- Aéywv, €Eadropévov d1a Ovpa@v cal Bodvtos eis TO TAHOGos. AdNAa Tpocetyev OvdEtS, TOV pev Hlourniov atéovpévwr cal Kpdagoyr, ot 6€ trei- ato. Kaiocape yapifouevor cal mpos tas at éxeivou Caves édtridas navyalov. XXII. Tpatropevos 5€ atdis 0 Kaicap émt tas évy TH Kearixn Oupdpers ToNvLY KaTadapBaver TOE LOV ev TH Xopa, dvo0 Deppavix av éOveov peyarov él Kxataktnoe ys apte TOV “Pijvov dtaBeBnxotwv' Ovcizmras Kkadovdar tovs étépous, tous 6é€ Tevtepitas. mept 6& THs mpos TovToUs ryEVOMEVNS paxns o péev Katoap év tats epnueptar yeypager ws of BapBapot dram peo Bevopevor ™ pos avTov é€v a7roveais emtOoivro kal” odov, kat dra TOUTO Tpeawro TOUS auTov TEVTAKLTXtALOUS dvtas imrels oxTaKoatots Tots exeiveov pn m™poa6o- K@VTas’ eita Téwrperav ETEpous Tpos auvToV ads éfaratavtas, ods Katacywy émayayo Tois Bap- Bdapos TO oTpatevpa, TY TpoS OUTS aTiaTOUS Kal Tapactovoous miativ evrOerav 1youUpevos. Tavvctos dé réyer Karova, THs BovrAns emt TH ven Wye Comeviys éoptas Kal Gusias, aTopn- vacbar yrounv ws éxdotéov éorl tov Katcapa Tots BapBapors, doo rovpevous 70 Tapacnovonpa UTEp THS TONEWS Kal THY apav els Tov altLov TpéTrovTas. Tov dé SvaBavtov at pev KaTaKoTEioal TET a- pakovta pupiddes oar, OrALyous S€ TOUS dTo- 1 Cf. the Cato Minor, xxxiv. 496 eee CAESAR, xxi. 4-XxxiL 3 mission to Cyprus,! and Favonius, who was an ardent follower of Cato, finding himself unable to accomplish anything by his opposition, bounded out of doors and clamoured to the populace. But no one gave heed to him, for some were in awe of Pompey and Crassus, and most wanted to please Caesar, lived in hopes of his favours, and so kept quiet. XXII. On returning to his forces in Gaul,? Caesar found a considerable war in the country, since two great German nations had just crossed the Rhine to possess the land, one called the Usipes,? the other the Tenteritae.2 Concerning the battle which was fought with them Caesar says in his “Commentaries ’’ 4 that the Barbarians, while treating with him under a truce, attacked on their march and therefore routed his five thousand cavalry with their eight hundred, since his men were taken off their guard; that they then sent other envoys to him who tried to deceive him again, but he held them fast and led his army against the Barbarians, considering that good faith towards such faithless breakers of truces was folly. But Tanusius says that when the senate voted sacri- fices of rejoicing over the victory, Cato pronounced the opinion that they ought to deliver up Caesar to the Barbarians, thus purging away the violation of the truce in behalf of the city, and turning the curse therefor on the guilty man. Of those who had crossed the Rhine into Gaul four hundred thousand were cut to pieces, and the 2 In 55 B.c. Plutarch passes over Caesar’s campaign of 56 B.c. in Gaul, following the conference at Luca. Caesar describes it in B.@. iii. 3 Caesar calls them Usipetes and Tencteri (B.G. iv. 1). SCL OIE, 497 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TepacavTas avs umedéfavo LovyapuBpot, lep- QVeKon é?vos. Kal tavTnv AaBev aitiav én avtous 0 Kaioap, dd\rAws b€ b0Ens édiépevos Kat tod mpwtos avOpwrwv atpat@ dvaBivat Tov ‘Pivov, éyeptpou mAUTOS TE TOAULY OvTA Kal KAT €xelvo Tov Topov padtoTa TANpUpOvVTA Kal Tpaxr Kat powdn Kal TOUS KaTApEpopevols oTE- Aéveot Kal Evhois TAnyas Kal omaparypous EvOLOOPTA KATA TOV EpeLCovT@y THY yepupay. adhe TAaUTA T poBorois EvAwY peyadXwv dea TOU Topou KATAT ETN YOTOV dvadeXopevos, Kal yart- VOT AS TO ™ poo mim TOV pevua TO SEUYPATE, TLS TEWS macys Oéapa KpEetTTov éredelEato Thy yepupav Hepars Séxa ouvTErAcaOeEtaar. XXIII. Hleparmoas 5€ thy Svvaptv, ovdevos UTAVTHTAL TOALNTAVTOS, AAAA Kal TOV rHyEmovte- KwTaTwov tod Leppavxotd NovnBwv eis Baleis Kat VAMELS AVA@VUS avacKEeVaTaLevwV, TUPTO- Ajoas Mev THY TOV TOAELiMY, Oappuvas Sé TOUS del Ta Pwpatwv aotralopévous, aveywpyoev avbis els THY Taratiav, eixoct dvetv Seovcas nuépas €v 7) Teppaveny Craze pipes. MH oe én TOUS Bpettavovs oTpareta THD peev ~OApLay eb yev OVOLACT HY T PWTOS yap elS TOV éo Téptov ‘Oxeavov éréBn TTOND, Kat Sa THS ‘Atha ruichs Jararrns oT patov emt TOAE HOV KO- pile em evo Kal vi}cov amvaToupevny UTO Meé- yéOous Kat TONY pw TapToNoes cuyypapevat Tapacxobaav, ws dvoma Kat Aoyos ov yEeroperns ovde ovans TETAATTAL, Kata xXetv em LUE LEVOS Tponyayey e€&@ Tis olkoupévns tiv “Pwratwr 498 7] CAESAR, xxu. 4—xXxul. 2 few who succeeded in making their way back were received by the Sugambri, a German nation. This action Caesar made a ground of complaint against the Sugambri, and besides, he coveted the fame of being the first man to cross the Rhine with an army. He therefore began to bridge the river,} although it was very broad, and at this point in its course especially swollen, rough, and impetuous, and with the trunks and branches of trees which it bore down stream kept smiting and tearing away the supports of his bridge. But Caesar caught up these trunks and branches with bulwarks of great timbers planted across the stream, and having thus bridled and yoked the dashing current, he brought his bridge—sight beyond all credence—to completion in ten days. XXIII. He now threw his forces across the river. No one ventured to oppose him, but even the Suevi, who were the foremost nation of the Germans, be- stowed themselves and their belongings in deep and woody defiles. Caesar ravaged the country of the enemy with fire, gave encouragement to the constant friends of Rome, and then retired again into Gaul, having spent eighteen days in Germany. His expedition against the Britanni was celebrated for its daring. For he was the first to leunch a fleet upon the western ocean and to sail through the Atlantic sea carrying an army to wage war. The island was of incredible magnitude, and furnished much matter of dispute to multitudes of writers, some of whom averred that its name and story had been fabricated, since it never had existed and did not then exist; and in his attempt to occupy it he carried the Roman supremacy beyond the confines of 1 B.G. iv. 16-19. 499 9 vo PLUTARCH'S LIVES yyepoviav. dis d€ dvatrAEVTAaS Els THY VijcoV éx Ts avtimépas Vadarttas, Kat paxyats moddais KAKWGAaS TOUS TOAEULOUS pad Aov i) TOUS idious apednoas, ovdey yap 6 TL Kal AaBeww mY aE ov aT avO por av KaKkoBiwv Kal wevyjTwv, ovx otov éBovreTo TO TONED TENOS em eOnker, GAN’ Opn- pous ha Bev mapa Tov Bacrréws Kab TaEapmevos Popous ATHpEV EK THS vo Ov. Kati KatahapBaver pappara. jédAovTa dia- Tet 7 pos autov avo Tov év ‘Popun pirorv, bn- AobyTa THY THS Ouyatpos avuTovu TENEUTIY" TereuTa € TiKTOVTA Tapa Toprnie. KAL eya bev aQuTov gave Llopmrijiov, péya Oe Kaicapa mevOos, ot b¢ dino. _guverapax na av ws TiS ev ecpivn Kab opovola Tada vooovugayv TV TonuTetay pvvar- TOVENS oiKeLOTNTOS AeAvpeEnn]s" Kal yap TO ) Bpedos evdus ov moA\Xas myeepas peta, THY pytépa bia- Cho av eTENEUT IGE. THY HEV ouv ‘TovAtav Bia TOY ONMapKoV paper ov TO TrAHGOS eis To “A pevov NVEYKE TEOLOV, KAKEL K1)OEVUEtoa KElTaL. XXIV. Tod 6 Katoapos peyadny On THY Suva pu ovoay els TONG KAT avayKny Xeupeaora StEAOVTOS, avTou dé 7 pos THY ‘Irariav, OoTrEp elw0el, TpaTromévov, mavTa pev avOis aveppHyvuTO Ta TOV Padazov, Kal oTpatot peyanot Te priovTes efexomTov Ta Netpadua Kat 7 poo €MaXOVTO Tols Xapaxapace TOV ‘Popaior, ol be TrElLoTOL Kal KpateaTou TOV ATOOTAVTOV pera "ABptoptyos Kotrav pev avt@ otpatorédw Kat Titupiov &é- 1 Once in 55 B.c. (B.G. iv. 20-36) ; again in 54 B.c. (B.G. 1-22). 500 CAESAR, xxi. 3-xxiv. 1 the inhabited world. After twice! crossing to the island from the opposite coast of Gaul and in many battles damaging the enemy rather than enriching his own men—for there was nothing worth taking from men who lived in poverty and wretchedness— he brought the war to an end which was not to his liking, it is true; still, he took hostages from the king, imposed tributes, and then sailed away from the island. In Gaul he found letters which were about to be sent across to him. They were from his friends in Rome, and advised him of his daughter’s death; she died in child-birth at Pompey’s house. Great was the grief of Pompey, and great the grief of Caesar, and their friends were greatly troubled too; they felt that the relationship which alone kept the dis- tempered state in harmony and concord was now dissolved. For the babe also died presently, after surviving its mother a few days. Now Julia, in spite of the tribunes, was carried by the people to the Campus Martius, where her funeral rites were held, and where she lies buried.” XXIV. Caesar’s forces were now so large that he was forced to distribute them in many winter- quarters, while he himself, as his custom was, turned his steps towards Italy. Then all Gaul once more broke out in revolt,? and great armies went about attacking the entrenchments and trying to destroy the winter-quarters of the Romans. The most nu- merous and powerful of the rebels, under Abriorix,* utterly destroyed Titurius and Cotta, together with 2 Cf. the Pompey, chapter lili. 3 Cf. Caesar, B.G. v. 24-51. * Caesar calls him Ambiorix. VOL. VIL. R 50! PLUTARCH S “EI Es N f a 2 pOepav, to b€ bro Kixépwu Ttadypa pupidow ef 4 \ , TepiayovTes €rroNlopKouv Kai piKpov améduiTov , e NPNKEVAL KATA KPATOS, TUYTETPWLEVWY ATAYTODV td \ , b , Kal Tapa duvapuiy LTO TpoOumtas amvvopevwn. a a 7 \ ‘Qs 6€ ayyéA@n tavbtTa 7@ Kaicaps paxpay f \ \ e OVTL, TAYEWS ETLATPEWAS Kal OVVAYyaYywV ETTAKIO- 4 / \ , yidlous Tovs cUuTaVTas nrelyeto TOV Kixéepwva A , / \ \ Thy TodtopKxias éEatpnoopevos. Ttovs b€ ToXrt.- a ’ ” ’ ? bf , e > OPKOVYTAS OVK éXadev, AAX ATHVYTOV WS avapTra- A >] , 4 3 gouEevol, THS OALYOTHTOS KaTappovijcayTes. Ka- aA 9 nw ¢ / ’ 7 \ , N Ketvos é€aTraTay UTédevyev uel, Kal Ywpia KaBov b) , ” \ \ , > EMLTNOELWS EXOVTA TPOS TOAAOUS MAYOLEVM [ET > , 4 / “ ddiywy ppdyvuTat oTpaToTEdov, Kal paxyns Evye \ aA , a \ NX TOUS E€AUTOU TaONS, avayayety Oe TOV YapaKa Kal \ 4 > a e , ? iy TAS TUAAS avotKosopety ws SedoLxoTas nvayKale, aA A ? KkatappovnOhvar otpatnyav, méexpt ov smopadnpy N , > UTO Opacous TpogBarXovtas éTreEeOwv eT pérato “A / Kal TOANOUS auUTaV dLepOerpe. a \ a XXV. Todto tas roddas arroctaces TaY év- tav0a Tarata@v Kkateotopece, Kal Tod yetmovos \ “A , avuTOS émiboiT@y TE TavTayoce Kal Tpocéywn 3 ? n n e of€ws Tols vewTepicpois. Kal yap Kev é& *Ita- 4: > \ a ? / by a , , Mas AVTL TOY ATOXWAOTWY AUTO TPLa TaypaTa, Ul WA ‘ ) a ey? Coa ee t a oumniov pev €x THY UP avT@ dvO ypijcavTos, év \ 4 > A d€ veoovAXrExTOV é€x THs wept Hadov Tadatias. , \ e 2 woppw o€ TOVTM@Y al Tadat KaTAaBEBAnpévat KpU- \ , \ a aA pa Kai vewouevat O1a Tov dSuvaTwTtdTwy avdpar 502 CAESAR, xxiv. 2—~xxv. 2 their army, while the legion under Cicero was sur- rounded and besieged by sixty thousand of them, and narrowly escaped having its camp taken by storm, although all were wounded and went beyond their powers in the ardour of their defence. When tidings of these things reached Caesar, who was far on his journey, he turned back quickly, got together seven thousand men in all, and hurried on to extricate Cicero from the siege. But the besiegers became aware of his approach, and went to meet him with the purpose of cutting his forces off at once, despising their small numbers. Caesar de- ceived them by avoiding battle coutinually, and when he had found a place suitable for one who was fighting against many with few, fortified a camp, where he kept his men altogether from fighting and forced them to increase the height of their ram- parts and the defences of their gates as though they were afraid. His strategy thus led the enemy to despise him, until at last, when their boldness led them to attack in scattered bands, he sallied out, routed them, and destroyed many of them. XXV. The numerous revolts of the Gauls in those parts were quieted by this success, as well as by the fact that Caesar himself, during the winter, went about in all directions and kept close watch on the disturbers of the peace. For there had come from Italy three legions to replace the men that he had lost, Pompey having lent two of those under his command, and one having been newly levied in Gaul about the Po. But in remoter regions! the germs of the greatest and most dangerous of the wars waged in 1 Plutarch here passes over the events of the year 55 B.c., described by Caesar in B.G. vi. The seventh book is wholly taken up with the war now to be described (52 B.c.). 5°3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES év Tols PAY LLWTATOLS yeveruy dpxat TOU peylotou Kal KivdurwbecTaTov TOY Exel TORE MOY avedai- VOVTO, powobeicat TONAT [ev nrc Kal TwavTa- xobev Orr dots aOporcbeian, peyarous 5é WAOVTOLS els TaUvTO cuvevex Getaw, laxupais b¢ TONE, SucepPoroes dé Xwpais. TOTE 6é Kal KELUOVOS Opa Tayo HOTA pay Kal veperots dTroKeK puppevo Spupol xa media VELMA P POLS emthedtpvac peva,, Kal wh mev aT eK wapToL Baber yeovos atparol, 7H dé de EXO Kal pevpatoy TApaT peTopeveny dod- hea TOAAN THS Topetas TavtTatractw eddKouY av- emeyeipnta Kaicapt ta Tov abiarapevev qovety. aperaT nner peep obv TOAAA hvAG, Tpooxnpa bé Hoav ApBépvor Kal Kapvourivos, TO 66 cvUpTraY aipebels Kpatos ELve TOU TONELOV Ovepyevtopi€, ov TOV TATE pa. Taddtat tupavvida doxodvta tm pat- TELY ATEKTELVAD. XXVI. Obrtos ovv ets Toda dLeN@Y THY duva- pay HEpn Kal ToAXOUS emLaToas mpyepovas OKEL- ovTO THY Tepe ATaTAaY ay pt TOY TOs TOV ”A papa KEKNLMEVOY, Sravoovpevos 50 Tov év ‘Pouy ouvt- TTA MEvoy ETL Kaicapa ovpragay éryelpewy TO TONELM Tarariav. Srrep él peKpov oTrepov émpa- Ee, Kaioapos els TOV emp vALov éumecovTos T0- EMoy, OVK ay edadporepor TOV KipBpiay e EKEL- vov doBor tHv ItaXiav Katéoxov. vuvl 6€ 0 Tact ev apiora xphoGac TOUS ™ pos TONELOD, pddoTa € Karp@ TEPUKDS Kaicap é apa. T@ mubéc bat THY amogtacty dpas éywper tails avtais odois as 1 GOpoia Beton Sint. with the MSS.; Coraés and Bekker read aépoiobetos (arms collected from all sides) with the Aldine ed. 504 CAESAR, xxv. 2 xXxvI. 2 those parts began to show themselves. They had for a long time been secretly sown and cultivated by the most influential men among the most warlike tribes, and derived strength from large bodies of young men assembled from all sides in arms, from great riches brought together, from strong cities, and from countries which were hard to invade. At that season of winter, too, frozen rivers, forests buried in snow, plains converted into lakes by winter torrents, in some parts paths obliterated by deep snow, and in others the great uncertainty of a march through swamps and streams diverted from their courses, all seemed to make it wholly impossible for Caesar to oppose the plans of the rebels. Accordingly, many tribes had revolted, but the head and front of the revolt were the Arverni and Carnuntini,! and Ver- gentorix! was chosen to have the entire authority in the war. His father the Gauls had put to death because they thought he was aiming at a tyranny. XXVI. This leader, then, after dividing his forces into many parts and putting many officers in com- mand of them, was winning over all the country round about as far as the water-shed of the Arar. He purposed, now that there was a coalition at Rome against Caesar, at once to rouse all Gaul to war. If he had done this a little later, when Caesar was involved in the civil war, Italy would have been a prey to terrors no less acute than those aroused by the Cimbri of old. But as it was, the man endowed by nature to make the best use of all the arts of war, and particularly of its crucial moments, namely Caesar, as soon as he learned of the revolt, set out and marched by the same roads over which 1 In Caesar’s B.G. the names are Carnutes and Ver- cingetorix. 595 PLUTARCH Sei Vis bunrGe, kat Bia cal Tayee THS Topelas bta i000v- ree, p wal Tdyee Ths mop i Tov yelmavos éTuderEauevos Tois BapBapots ws A ? f , duayos avtots Kal anttntos emerot otpatos. ei N , A A otrou yap dyyeXov 1) ypaupatodopov diadbvat Tov tal A = f “A Tap avtod ypovm TOAA@® Hv amtatov, évtavda e lal A nA / , ETA TUTNS EWPATO THS oTpAaTIas aua Ywpas A \ , \ , AVMALHOMEVOS AUTOY KAL EKKOTTOY TA Kowpia, , id a) é \ KaTacTpepomevos TOES, dvartauBavev Tovs pe- f \ a be a] f TaTiGepevous, meype Kal TO THY “Edovav €Ovos y , v bd , ray \ ” U eEctrohewaOn mpos avtov, ot Tov adAov yYpovoy 3 N b] ? e \ € / \ aderhous avayopevovTes avtovs “Pwpaiwy Kat , a / ‘ a Tiuwpevor StamrpeTms, TOTE O€ TOLS aToaTAaTALS \ a f a Tpooryevomevot Toddny tH Katoapos atpatia f a TepteaTnoav abupiay. dtomrep Kat Kuvijoas éxeilev \ , urepéBare ta Acyyovutrd, Bovropevos trpracbar fo la) , b) \ le) THS Unkovavev hirov Ovt@v Kal TpoKELLéerov THS ‘ U / A "Iradtas mpos tiv dddnv Vadatiav. évtadda &é n la) / f \ s QUT@ TOV TOAELLMOY ETLTETOVTMOV Kal TEpLaXOV- n e / TWOY pLUpLdoL TrOAAaLS, Opncas Staywvicacbat aw A f Tots Mev OdOLS KATATONELaY EKXpPaTHGE, YXpoVvM A ‘ / i A , TOAXW Kat hovw KataBracapevos tovs BapPBa- ” Nv b] ’ f \ a \ pous, €do0ke dé Kat apyds Te kal ofarivat, Kal ig ? f ‘ A ¢ deexvuovawy A pRépvoe Echidsov mpos lep@ Kpemd- e \ 7 , Ul A , pevov, ws 6n Kaicapos Aagpupov. 6 Ocacdpmevos Shae ef > f \ la) U a auTos vaTEpoy EmEedLtace, Kal TOV ditwy KaGereiy f > ‘ KENEVOVT@V OUK ELACED, LEPC NYOUMEVOS. sabe, eat ‘ \ / n NXXVIT. Ov pny adra Tote TOV Stahvyortwv e A \ nw ol TEtoTOL pEeTa TOU Lactréws els TOALY ’AXD- , , \ an i7 5 olay cuvepuyov. Kal ToALopKouvTL TavTnv Kai- 506 CAESAR, xxvt. 2—xxvil. I he had previously come, and by the vigour and speed of his passage in so severe a winter showed the Barbarians that an unconquered and invincible army was coming against them. For where it was incredible that one of his messengers or letter- carriers could make his way in a long time, there he was seen with his whole army, at once ravaging their lands and destroying their strongholds, sub- duing cities, and receiving those who came over to his side, until the nation of the Aedui also entered the war against him. These up to this time had called themselves brethren of the Romans and had been conspicuously honoured, but now, by joining the rebels, they caused great dejection in Caesar’s army. In consequence of this Caesar removed from those parts and passed across the territory of the Lingones, wishing to reach the country of the Sequani, who were friends, and stood as a bulwark be- tween Italy and the rest of Gaul. There the enemy fell upon him and surrounded him with many tens of thousands, so that he essayed to fight a decisive battle. In the main he got the best of the struggle, and after a long time and much slaughter over- powered the Barbarians ; but it appears that at first he met with some reverse, and the Arverni show a short-sword hanging in a temple, which they say was captured from Caesar. When Caesar himself saw it, at a later time, he smiled, and though his friends urged him to have it taken down, he would not permit it, considering it sacred. XXVII. However, the most of the Barbarians who escaped at that time took refuge with their king in the city of Alesia. And while Caesar was besieging 597 PLUTARCH’S LIVES capt doxovaav avaAWT ov eliat peyebet TE TELY OV Kat wANOE TOV ATOLAXO EVV emUTLMT EL TAVTOS Noryou peter KivOvvos eEwbev. oO yap iw ev Varatia KpaTLaTov arto Tov €Ovay cOporaden, € €v OTAOLS HKOV emt ™yv ‘Adqoiay TpLaKovTa pLupl- ddes ai & év auth TOV [a Xopeveov ovK ehaTTOoveEs Hoav énraxaidera pupiddov, MOTE EV peow Toné- pov Tocovtov tov Kaicapa KATELANMLMEVOY Kal ToLopKoUpevoy dvaryxac iva ditra TeX ™ po- BarécOat, To pev 7 pos THY TONY, TO be amo TOV émeAnrvOoT@v, ws, ef orvvédOotey ai duvapess, KOMLOn Seamrem pay Levey TOV Ka aurov. Ata TOANG Lev ov ELK OT OS 0 pos "Adrnala KiVOvVOS & éaxe do£ar, as Epya TOApNs Kal Sewvory- TOS ola TOY add oov CY OVov oveels TAPATXOMEVOS, partota Oe av Tis Oavpacete TO AaOELV TOVS ev TH TONEL Kaicapa TOTAUTALS pupiact Tats efo Up Barovta Kal _ TE pUryevOpEvOY, padrov d€ Kal TOV ‘Popaiwv TOUS TO 7 pos Th TONE TELXOS pudar- TovTas. ov ap ™ potepor no Povto THY viKny 7 KravO pov éx THs ’AXnaias avdpav Kal KoTeTOv yuvark ov axovo Onvat, Geacapevov dpa Kata Oa- Tepa pep) TOANOVUS [EV aPYULO Kal UXpue® KEKO- TUNLEVOUS Oupeous, Torhous 6€ aipate mepup- JEVOUS Jopaxas, éTt © EXT OpAT Kal oxnvas Taratixas vo Tov ‘Pwpaiwy eis TO oTpaTOoTrEdoV Kopifopevas. ovTws o€éws TocavTnH dvvapis, OaTrep ElOwAOV y ove(pov, npavic ro Kat d.eTre- popnto, TOV TrELaT OD év TH LaXn TET OVTMD. ol dé THY ‘AXnaiav exovTes OUK OALYya Tparypara TapacxovTes éavtots kal Kaicape tédos trapé- 508 CARSAR, xxvi. 1-5 this city, which was thought to be impregnable by reason of the great size of its walls and the number of their defenders, there fell upon him from outside the city a peril too great for words to depict. For all that was mightiest among the nations of Gaul assembled and came in arms to Alesia, three hundred thousand strong; and the number of fighting men inside the city was not less than a hundred and seventy thousand. Thus Caesar, caught between so large hostile forces and besieged there, was com- pelled to build two walls for his protection, one looking towards the city, and the other towards those who had come up to relieve it; he felt that if the two forces should unite his cause was wholly lost. For many reasons, then, and naturally, Caesar’s peril at Alesia was famous, since it produced more deeds of skill and daring than any of his other struggles; but one must be amazed above al] that he engaged and conquered so many tens of thousands outside the city without the knowledge of those inside, nay more, without the knowledge even of the Romans who were guarding the wall that faced the city. For these did not learn of the victory until the wailing of the men in Alesia and the lamentations of the women were heard, as they be- held in the quarters of the enemy many shields adorned with gold and silver, many corselets smeared with blood, and also drinking cups and tents of Gallic fashion carried by the Romans into their camp. So quickly did so great a force, like a phan- tom or a dream, disperse and vanish out of sight, the greater part of them having fallen in the battle. Those who held Alesia, too, after giving themselves and Caesar no small trouble, finally surrendered. 5°09 PLUTARCR’S LIVES ¢ \ na e Q Socay éavtovs. 0 O€ TOU GuUpuTTAYTOS HYyEe“@V } \ a morénou OvepyevtoprE avadaBov tav btrAWY TA \ v4 KaXMOTA Kab KoouHnOaS TOY immoyv éEimmacaTo Sia TOV TWUABY? Kal KUKAwW Tepi TOV Kaicapa t 9 - 95 b , nw (vf cabeCopevov édacas, eita adadopevos Tov tmmov \ \ a ’ 4 ’ \ \ / Thy pev TavoTriav aTéppiev, autos 5é cabiaas fal 7 UTO Todas TOD Kaicapos iovyiay tryev, axpt ov 4 , 3 N \ / TmapesoOn dpovpnacpevos ert tov OpiapBov. XXVIII. Kaicaps 6€ wadrat pév édéb0xK70 Kata- “ f J aA Avery Iloprniov, @omEep apédet KaKEiV@ TODTOY: K , \ 5) im 7 6 5] x X60 a 9 paacov yap év IlapOois amodwAoTos, d5 Hv Epedpos audoty, amedeiteTO TO pev vTep TOD \ y a yevéeoOat peyioT@ Tov dvTa KaTadvely, TO é, iva aA a a a pn TaOn TOdTO, Tpoavacpety ov edEdoixer. TOUTO of. \ ? / n Sé Tloparni@o pev €& ortyou doBetcbat wapéoty ¢ n / Téws UTEpop@VvTe Katoapos, ws ov YaXrerov épyov a eae ” a / e > ’ a Ov autos nvEnce KatadvOjvas Tardy UT avTod, a “ , , Kaiocap 5€ am’ apxns brobecw tavtTny Twemro.n- BEeVvOS, ATO TOV avtaywvicTav woTeEp aOANTHS \ “~ a EQUTOV UTOTTICAS paKpav Kat TOis KeAtiKois éy- \ \ YUULVATALEVOS TOAEMOLS ETIjTKHTE meV THY SUVA- ‘ N aA puv, nvénoe S€ tHv dokav, amo TaV épywy ets brs of. / avtimanrov apbeis tois Lloumniov catopOwpaci, \ n oh AauBdvev mpopdces Tas pev avtTov Tloumniou, Tas € TOY Kalpav éevdidovTwy Kat THs év “Pon > ¢ KaKoTroAtTeLas, OL ijv of pey apxYas peTlovTes éb , 4 péow@ Oéuevor tparrélas édéxalov avaicyvvTws Ta , \ ¢ n mr0n, Katner dé 0 Oijtos EuptaOos, ov r>AWrdots 510 CAESAR, xxvit, 1-XXVII. 3 And the leader of the whole war, Vergentorix, after putting on his most beautiful armour and decorat- ing his horse, rode out through the gate. He made a circuit round Caesar, who remained seated, and then leaped down from his horse, stripped off his suit of armour, and seating himself at Caesar's feet remained motionless, until he was delivered up to be kept in custody for the triumph. XXVIII. Now, Caesar had long ago decided to put down Pompey, just as, of course, Pompey also had decided to put Caesar down. For now that Crassus, who was only waiting for the issue of their struggle to engage the victor,! had perished among the Parthians, it remained for him who would be greatest to put down him who was, and for him who was greatest, if he would not be put down, to take off in time the man he feared. This fear had only recently come upon Pompcy, who till then despised Caesar, feeling that it was no hard task to put down again the man whom he himself had raised on high. But Caesar had from the outset formed this design, and like an athlete had removed himself to a great distance from his antagonists, and by exercising himself in the Gallic wars had practised his troops and increased his fame, lifting himself by his achieve- ments to a height where he could vie with the suc- cesses of Pompey. He laid hold of pretexts which were furnished partly by Pompey himself, and partly by the times and the evil state of government at Rome,? by reason of which candidates for office set up counting-tables in public and shamelessly bribed the multitudes, while the people went down into the forum under pay, contending in behalf of their 1 Cf. the Pompey, lili. 6. 2? Cf. the Pompey, chapter liv. 511 PLUTARCH’S LIVES birép TAU SedwKOTOS, ANAG To£ os Kal Eupect Kal opevdovats GpUXNO[EVOS. aipate dé Kal vex pots TONNKes alo xuvavTes TO Pha dtexplOnoay, d avap- xia THY TOALD Oomrep axuBéepyntov vad" UT og epo- pevny dm OMT OVTES, OTE TOUS vodV exovTas arya- Tav €l TPOS MNOEV AUTOLS xelpor, ada povapytay ex TOLAVTNS Tapahpos wns Kal TOTOUvTOV KrNvSw- vos EKTETELTAL TA TPAYLATA. TOAXOL Oé aap ot Kal Néyety ev pécw TOALOVTES On TWANY UvTO povapxias avnkea TOV elval THY ToNTELaD, Kal TO pappaxov TOUTO XpiHvat TOD TpaoTaToV THY ta- T POV dvacxéeo Oat 7 pos PEepov7os, uTrodnhoby tes tov Llopmiov. ézret be KAKELVOS Roy Tapauret- cOat kad opevos Epy@ TavtTos paAXov ée7é- pawev e& wv dvaderx Ono 0170 duxTaTwp, Tupuppo- VATAVTES ot mept Katova metBouat TH yepovolay Umatov avtov atodetEat povon, @S 1) Budoatto SuKTATOP ryever Gat, VOMIMOTEDG povapxXia Tapn- yopn Gets. ot 6€ Kal _Xpovov éreynpicavro TOV eTmapX Lav: dvo dé elyen, TBnptav Kat AtBuny cupmacay, as Stw@icee m peo BevTas amroo TEhKov Kai oT PATEVATA tpépov, ols eXapBavev €x TOU Snpoctou Tap.tetov yYilta TddXavtTa Kal? éxacrov evlauTov. DOS OG ‘Ex TOUTOU Kaicap umateav eur'aTo TEMT OY: Kal Xpovov Omotws TeV ldtwv emapxian. TO [eV OUP T™p@Tov Tloumniou CLWTAVTOS Ob rept Mapxedov Kat Aévthov nvavTLoovTo, peo oovT TES adirws Kaicapa Kat Tots avayKatols OUK avay- Kata T poor evtes ELS arepiay avTou Kab 7 po- myrakiopov. Neoxwpitas yap évayyos vo ! yaw supplied by Coraés and Bekker, after Reiske. 512 72 ¢ CAESAR, xxvii. 3-xx1x, 2 paymaster, not with votes, but with bows and arrows, swords, and slings. Often, too, they would defile the rostra with blood and corpses before they separated, leaving the city to anarchy like a ship drifting about without a steersman, so that men of understand- ing were content if matters issued in nothing worse for them than monarchy, after such madness and so great a tempest. And there were many who actually dared to say in public that nothing but monarchy could now cure the diseases of the state, and that this remedy ought to be adopted when offered by the gentlest of physicians, hinting at Pompey. And when even Pompey, although in words he affected to decline the honour, in fact did more than any one else to effect his appointment as dictator, Cato saw through his design and _ per- suaded the senate to appoint him sole consul, solac- ing him with a more legal monarchy that he might not force his way to the dictatorship. They also voted him additional time in which to hold his provinces; and he had two, Spain and all Africa, which he managed by sending legates thither and maintaining armies there, for which he _ received from the public treasury a thousand talents annually.} XXIX. Consequently, Caesar canvassed by proxy for a consulship, and likewise for an extension of time in which to hold his own provinces. At first, then, Pompey held his peace, while Marcellus and Lentulus opposed these plans; they hated Caesar on other grounds, and went beyond all bounds in their efforts to bring dishonour and abuse upon him. For instance, the inhabitants of Novum Comum, a 1 Cf. the Pompey, lv. 7. Ses PLUTARCH’S LIVES Katcapos eV Tarartia KAT@KLO [LEVOUS adn pobvTo THS ToAtTEelas: Kal Mapiedros uTaTevwy eva Tov eéxet Bovrevtav ets “Pouny adsxopevor nKLoTO paPdos, émtdéyov ws TAaDTAa TOD 41) ‘Pwpatoy eivar wapaonua tmpoctiOnow avTa, kal Oetxvverv amtovta Katoape éxédXeve.’ peta dé Mapxedrov, 69 Katoapos tov Tadatexov TAovTOY apvecOat pudnyv aderKoTos Tact TOS ToAtTevonevats, Kal Kovpimva pév Snuapyodyta TOAAM@Y ElEevVepwcavTos davetwr, LlavAw dé UTTA- TevovTt yihia Kal TevTaKOcLa TadaVTAa SoVrTos, ad av Kal THY Bacrhixny exeivos, ovopac Tor avaOnpa, TH ayopa T POT EKO LNTEV avTl TIS DovdBias oixoSopnetcar, ovUTw 67 poBndets Thy avotacw o Llopmnios avadhavdov on dv éavtod Kal TOV pirov eT paTTEy amosexOjvat buadoxov Kaicape TIS apxis, Kat MELT OY ar yt TOUS TTPATLOTAS ous EXPN EV avr mpos Tous Kea- TLKOUS dyavas. O b¢ AT OT ELT El, Swpnadpevos Exaatov dvdpa (TEVTIKOVTO. Kal drakootass dpax- pais. Ol O€ TOUTOUS Toparnie Kopicavres ELS ee TO TANHOOS OvK émvericets ovoe XpnaTrous Karé- ometpav oyous vireo tov Katcapos, avtov 6é Tloumniov édrior xevais duépOerpav, ws troGov- pevov vmo THs Katoapos otpatias Kal ta pep evTavOa da Govoy TOMTELAS, UmoUNou Hos EXOVTa, THS 6€ éxel duvd LEews Erouuns vmapyou- ONS aVT@, Kav peovov umepBddwow ELS ‘Iradiay evOus ésopévns pos éxetvov: oTwS ‘yeyovévat TOV 1 So Coraés and Bekker with the MSS.; Sint.? corrects to KEAEVEL, 514 CAESAR. vxx1x. 2-4 colony recently established by Caesar in Gaul, were deprived of citizenship by them; and Marcellus, while he was consul, beat with rods a senator of Novum Comum who had come to Rome, telling him besides that he put these marks upon him to prove that he was not a Roman, and bade him go back and show them to Caesar. But after the consulship of Marcellus, Caesar having new sent his Gallic wealth for all those in public life to draw from in copious streams, and having freed Curio the tribune from many debts, and having given Paulus the consul fifteen hundred talents, out of which he adorned the forum with the Basilica,! a famous monu- ment, erected in place of the Fulvia,—under these circumstances Pompey took fright at the coalition, and openly now, by his own efforts and those of his friends, tried to have a successor appointed to Caesar in his government, and sent a demand to him for the return of the soldiers whom he had lent him for his Gallic contests.2 Caesar sent the soldiers back, after making a present to each man of two hundred and fifty drachmas. But the officers who brought these men to Pompey spread abroad among the multitude stories regarding Caesar which were neither reasonable nor true, and ruined Pompey himself with vain hopes. They told him that Caesar's army yearned for him, and that while he was with difficulty controlling affairs in the city owing to the disease of envy which festcred in the body politic, the forces in Gaul were ready to serve him, and had but to cross into Italy when they would at once be on his side; so obnoxious to 1 The Basilica Pauli Aemilii, called also Regia Pauli. It took the place of the Basilica Acmilia et Fulvia, erected in 179 B.C. * See chapter xxv. 1] 515 PLUTARCH’S LIVES i , A S ? a \ Katocapa rAnder otpater@v AUTINPOY avTOIs Kai 5 ye} ; , (v4 J . Ul Il gdofw povapyias viromtoyv. emt tovtos Llop- TnHiOS EXAVVOUTO' Kal TrapacKeuns pev nwéret a \ aTpatiwtav, ws un Sedotx@s, Noyous b€ Kal yvo- pals KaTeTroXLTEveTo TO Soxety Kaicapa, Kxata- WndiComevos wv éxetvos ovdev éppovtifev? adda A > a Kal NéeyeTat Tiva TOV adiypévwvy Tap avToU Ttakidpywv éot@ta mpo tov Bovreuvtypiov Kai / , mu0opevoy ws ov dSidwatv » yepovoia Kaicape a aA > Ypovoy Ths apyhs, “’AXN abrn” hava “ doce,’ / A \ \ a KpovoavTa TH Kelpt THY NaABHY THS paxaipas. XXX, OU pay ard’ 4 ye mapa Kaicapos 4 , A akiwmalts TO mpocynpa THs dtKatoroyias Aaptrpov 5 ? , \ b / / Led elyev. n&lov yap autos te catabéoba Ta btha, of N kat Lloumrniov tavto mpakavtos apdotépous LOLWTAS YEvoevoUs eEvpioxedlai Te Tapa TH a , TokuT@Y ayabov, ws Tovs avTov perv apatpov- 4 > id \ A ic aA ? pévous, éxeirw Oe Hv eiye BeBatodvtas Svvamuir, 4 ? 4 / f érepov dtaBaddovtas ETEepov KatacKevadley TUpav- aA , 9 A / ? 2 voy. Tavta mpokadovpevos €v TO Snuw Koupiwr \ / 9 a lal Cd uTép Katoapos éxpotetro Napmpas: of dé Kal 9 Q\ ¢ wn otepavous ém avtov wamTep aOXnTHY avOoBorovv- ’ f > , \ cal , tes nhiecav. “Avtavios dé dnnapyav Kaicapos UTép ToUT@Y emtaTOAHY KomlaOeiaaY Eis TO TAH- 9 - \ b] L a aA ¢ te > \ Bos eEnveyxe Kal aveyyw Bia tov UTaTwv. év &é A a / \ e of. 7h BovrAn Sxntiwv pev o Topmrniov evOepos 1 Cf. the Pompey, Iviii. 2. 516 ————E CAESAR, xxix. 4-xxx. 2 them had Caesar become by reason of the multi- tude of his campaigns, and so suspicious of him were they made by their fear of a monarchy. All this fed Pompey’s vanity, and he neglected to pro- vide himself with soldiers, as though he had no fears; while with speeches and resolutions of the senate he was carrying the day against Caesar, as he supposed, although he was merely getting measures rejected about which Caesar cared naught. Nay, we are told that one of the centurions sent to Rome by Caesar, as he stood in front of the senate-house and learned that the senate would not give Caesar an extension of his term of command, slapped the handle of his sword and said: “ But this will give it.” 1 XXX. However, the demands which came from Caesar certainly had a striking semblance of fair- ness. He demanded, namely, that if he himself laid down his arms, Pompey should do the same, and that both, thus become private men, should find what favour they could with their fellow citizens; arguing that if they took away his forces from him, but confirmed Pompey in the possession of his, they would be accusing one of seeking a tyranny and making the other a tyrant. When Curio laid these proposals before the people in behalf of Caesar, he was loudly applauded, and some actually cast gar- lands of flowers upon him as if he were a victorious athlete. Antony, too, who was a tribune, brought before the people a letter of Caesar’s on these matters which he had received, and read it aloud, in defiance of the consuls. But in the senate, Scipio, the father-in-law of Pompey,? introduced a motion 2 Pompey had married Cornelia, the young widow of Publius Crassus (Pompey, lv. 1). 517 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , , A A a ELONYYTATO YVOL_UNVY, Av eV HUEPA PNHTH pty KaTAa- O@ntat ta GTA Kataap, amodeyOjvat Torépmtov avtov. épwrovtTwy dé Tov Urdtwy e& doxet ILop- eo wn \ a mniov abelvat TOUS oTpaTL@Tas, Kal Wat, et a a > f A doxei Kaicapa, Th pev orgLyot Tavtatact, TH Oé 5] , f a TuvTes Tap OAlyous mpocéevto’ tTav Sé Tepl >) , 4 > 4 > f \ > Avto@vioyv wad akiovvtwy audotépous Thy ap- nw f e lal yy adbetvalt, TAaVYTES OMAXNWS TpocEXMpnaay. f f , n aNXG exBialouéevov Lentiwvos, Kat Aévrrov Tov e , a er a“ \ w , vTatov BowvTos oTXwy deity pos avdpa ANoTHD, \ od Wijdav, ToTe wev SteAVONnaay Kal peTeBdNovTO a \ Tas éoOAtas érl wévOet Sta THY oTdowv. rx Ges N 3 \ oTo\at petpiavery Soxovytos (nktov yap adels A fe Ta ddXa Tavta THY évtos “AXmewv Kal 70 IAXv- \ N a 4 > nn A pexoy peta duely Taypatwv avT@ Soljvat, péxpe 4 / , od tiny devrépay brrateiav ywéTetot), Kal Kixéowv 6 ee? ” \ > f \ \ pyt@p apte twapwv ex Kidrsxias cal d:adr\ayas 4 b f N foe e \ > mpaTtoy éudratre Tov Lloumniov, o &€ Tada fal \ / TVYXOPaY TOUS aTpaTLWTas adype. Kal Kixépwv \ ” \ / , , pev émetOe tovs Katcapos dtrovs avvervdovtas val > / 4 Mi éml Tais elpnuévais eTTapyiats Kal oTpaTi@Ttats , a \ povars e€axtoytrors TroteicPar tas Starvcess, A , , Tloprniouv d€ Kaumropévov Kat didovtos ot rept / \ ral Aévthov ovk eiwy vTaTevovTes, AXXA Kal THs a ’ / \ / , Bovrys “Avt@viov cat Kovptwva mporndaxicar- , \ tes €&)Nacay atipws, THY evmperrectatny Kai- capt Tov Tpohacewy avTol pnyavnodpuevor, Kal \ , du 15 wpadtoTa TOS oTpaTLWTAas TrapwEUVED, érTt- 518 72 CAESAR, xxx. 2—xxXxI. 2 that if by a fixed day Caesar did not lay down his arms he should be declared a public enemy. And when the consuls put the question whether Pompey should dismiss his soldiers, and again whether Caesar should, very few senators voted for the first, and all but a few for the second; but when Antony again demanded that both should give up their commands, all with one accord assented. Scipio, however, made violent opposition, and Lentulus the consul cried out that against a robber there was need of arms, not votes; whereupon the senate broke up, and the senators put on the garb of mourning in view of the dissension. XXXI. But presently letters came from Caesar in whieh he appeared to take a more moderate position, for he agreed to surrender everything else, but demanded that Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum to- gether with two legions should be given him until he stood for his second consulship. Cicero the orator, too, who had just returned from Cilicia and was busy with a reconciliation, tried to mollify Pompey, who yielded everything else, but insisted on taking away Caesar’s soldiers. Cicero also tried to persuade the friends of Caesar to compromise and come to a settlement on the basis of the provinces mentioned and only six thousand soldiers, and Pom- pey was ready to yield and grantso many. Lentulus the consul, however, would not let him, but actually heaped insults upon Antony and Curio and drove them disgracefully from the senate,! thus himself contriving for Caesar the most specious of his pre- texts, and the one by means of which he most of all incited his soldiers, showing them men of repute 1 January 7, 49 B.c, 919 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Serxvupevos avdopas éARorvyiwous Kal adpxovras emi puro Otov Cevry av mepevyoras ev eo Ojow oiKxeTiKais. ovtTw yap a6 ‘Poyns cKevdcavtes eavtovs Sta hoPov vmeEnecay. XXXII. *Hoav peév odv trepi avtov ov retous inméwy Tpiaxociwy Kal TEvTAaKLTYLNL@Y OTALTOV TO yap aAXO oTpUTevpLA Tépav "AXTewy aTo- heA|tHpeEvOV eweddov ageuv OL menpOevres. opay dé THY apxny @v évicTato m parywaTav Kal THY Epodoy ov ToAvyerpias Seomevny é€v TO Tapovre panrrov 1) Gap Bev Te TOALNS Kal TaXel Katpou Katadyn eay ovear, ex mA ery yap amtotov- [LEVOS paov uy Bracecbat pera TapacKeuns €Tend- dav, TOUS pev Hyepovas Kal TakuapXous éxéNeuce paxaipas eXovTas dvev T@V GAAwV OTAWY KaTA- oVelV “A pipwov THS Kedriiis peyadny TOLD, QS evoeyeTa padtora peroapevous g@ovov kal tapa- XS; ‘Optyacig | d€ THY Suva pu Tapéduwxer. AvTOs dé THy pev nuépav Sefer ev pavepa povopayors eperTas yupvalopevoss Kal Gew@pevos® puuKpov O€ ™ po eo mepas Jepamevoas TO Tapa Kal Taped Oo els TOV dvdpava Kal _TUYYEVOMEVOS Bpaxyéa Tois TapaKexdAnpévots em TO det7rvor, non ovaKoTavovTos efaveorn, TOUS pev adXovs prrodporn bets Kal KeNevaaS Tept every avrov Ws eave eva opEvor, odiryous d€ TOY pirwv 7 poelpnto 11) KATA TO AUTO TravTas, AAXov bé AAA StMKELD. avTos dé Tav pro Otov Ceuy av emi Bas EvOS ipauvev érépav Tia ™p@rov odop, eita 7 pos TO A pipuvov emiaTpewas, @S mprOev emt TOV SiopiSovta THY évtos “AXrewy Tadatiayv ato ts adAns 'Itarias 520 CAESAR, xxxt. 2-xxxil. 4 and high office who had fled the city on hired carts and in the garb of slaves. For thus they had arrayed themselves in their fear and stolen out of Rome. XXXII. Now, Caesar had with him not more than three hundred horsemen and five thousand legion- aries ; for the restof his army had been left beyond the Alps, and was to be brought up by those whom he had sent for the purpose. He saw, however, that the beginning of his enterprise and its initial step did not require a large force at present, but must take advantage of the golden moment by showing amazing boldness and speed, since he could strike terror into his enemies by an unexpected blow more easily than he could overwhelm them by an attack in full force. He therefore ordered his cen- turions and other officers, taking their swords only, and without the rest of their arms, to occupy Ari- minum, a large city of Gaul, avoiding commotion and bloodshed as far as possible; and he entrusted this force to Hortensius. He himself spent the day in public, attending and watching the exercises of gladiators; but a little before evening he bathed and dressed and went into the banqueting hall. Here he held brief converse with those who had been invited to supper, and just as it was getting dark rose and went away, after addressing courteously most of his guests and bid- ding them await his return. To a few of his friends, however, he had previously given directions to follow him, not all by the same route, but some by one way and some by another. He himself mounted one of his hired carts and drove at first along another road, then turned towards Ariminum. When he came to the river which separates Cisalpine Gaul from the 521 PLUTARCH’S LIVES A N \ twotaunov (‘PovBikwy xadeitat), Kat oytapmos >) ‘N > , ”~ > / wn a) A avTov elayer paddAov eéeyyifovTa T@ Selva Kat a / a / Tepipepopevov TH peyeles THY TOAL@pmEVOD, \ \ , Ex VETO Opopov' KAL THY TOpelay éTLaTHAGAS TOA- \ ‘ > A 9 r A , a \ , Na MEV AUTOS EV EaUTO SujveyKe oLyHn THY yvoOunv >] bf] 3 ? ¢ \ \ by 4 er appoTepa petarapyBavov, cat TpoTas éaxev A / avutT@ TOTE TO BovAevpa TWAEtaTAS: TOAAA 6é Kal a - an e 5 , tov pirwv tois trapovow, wv Hv cat HWorNov ’ , , ’ / € , Agios, suvdintopyaev, avaroyilopevos 7 ALKwY A an , ro Kaxov apter Tacw avOpwras 7 bia8acis, doov , a a if Te Noyou auTis Tols avis amoreirovat. TédOs a - a dé weTa Pupod Tivos WaTEep AdeEls EaUTOV eK TOD a \ \ A \ es \ \ \ NoytoLov Tpos TO MEAAOY, KAL TOUTO 67 TO KOLVOY a ’ 4 ’ , ’ , , Tots eg TUXAaS é€uRatvovaly aTropous Kal TOAMAS , ¢ , er , , > Tpootp.ov UTretrov, “ AveppitbOw KuBos,” epunce \ \ id ‘ td \ \ vw mpos THV dtaBaoww Kat dpo“@ TO AoLTOV dN ’ , \ , ‘ ’ YPWMEVvos EloeTTETE TPO Huepas els TO Apipvov \ 4 f \ a / \ na Kai KaTegVE. R€yeTaL OE TH TMpoTépa vuUKTL THS , 4 ’ a ” +9 7 \ 9o oN d:aBacews bvap ideiv ExPecpov: éddKxer yap avTos A A , \ 1d a TH EAVTOD pNTPL piryvucBat THY AppyTor weet. r Ir 7: NXXIII. ’Evet d€ xaterypOn 7d ’Apipuvor, / Ley / , WaOTEp avewypmevou TOU TOhE“OU TAATELALS TUAALS a ¢ a \ a é7t Tacav onov THY ynv Kat Odraccary, Kat a ef “ , a TUYKEYUMEVMY Apa TOS Opals THS eTAapXLas TOV a“ Yd / VOMOV THS TOAEWS, OUK aVvdpas av Tis @HOn Kal nn Yj ‘ , a yuvaixas, BoTEp ANXOTE, aUY éxTTrAHEEL StaphorTav fol x \ \ ths ItaXias, adda Tas TONES AUTAS dviaTaperas 724 522 CAESAR, xxx. 4—XxxtlL 1 rest of Italy (it is called the Rubicon), and began to reflect, now that he drew nearer to the fearful step and was agitated by the magnitude of his ventures, he checked his speed. Then, halting in his course, he communed with himself a long time in silence as his resolution wavered back and forth, and his purpose then suffered change after change. For a long time, too, he discussed his perplexities with his friends who were present, among whom was Asinius Pollio, estimating the great evils for all mankind which would follow their passage of the river, and the wide fame of it which they would leave to posterity. But finally, with a sort of passion, as if abandoning cal- culation and casting himself upon the future, and uttering the phrase with which men usually prelude their plunge into desperate and daring fortunes, «‘ Let the die be cast,” he hastened to cross the river; and going at full speed now for the rest of the time, before daybreak he dashed into Ariminum and took possession of it.! It is said, moreover, that on the night before he crossed the river he had an unnatural dream; he thought, namely, that he was having incestuous intercourse with his own mother.” XXXIII. After the seizure of Ariminum, as if the war had opened with broad gates to cover the whole earth and sea alike, and the laws of the state were confounded along with the boundaries of the pro- vince, one would not have thought that men and women, as at other times, were hurrying through Italy in consternation, but that the very cities had 1 Cf. the Pompey, |x. 1-2. 2 According to Suetonius (Div. Jul. 7), Caesar had this dream while he was quacstor in Spain (67 B.c.). The inter- preters of dreams told him that his mother meant the Earth, the universal parent, which was to become subject to him. 523 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 puyi Siapéperbar be ar} AOY, Ty dé ‘Popny OaTep UT O pevpatov TT NA LEVNV puyais TOV méput 67) Lov Kal peTaoTdcEoW, oUTE ap ovTe TWeloat padtav ovcav OUTE oy Kabextny, év TONG Krvoove Kab TAXM [LK POV amonurreiy au- THY id’ avtis dvarerpidbau. 7adn yap aVTiTANa 3 Kal Biava KaTeixe KUN MATa WaVTA TOTIOV. OvUTE 14p TO Xatpov nouxiay YD, aXrAa TO SedorKxoTe Kal AUTOULEVM KATA TOAAA GUT iTToY év pEeyarn mode. Kal Opacuvopevov UTép Tov pédXOVTOS be épidwyv tw, avtov te Lopumyiov éxmemAnypévov ddAros GAANayobev ETAapaTte, Tots perv, wS NUENTE Kaicapa xa? éavtod xal tis Hryepovias, evOvvas UTexXorTa, TOY O€, OTL TapelKoVTA Kal T poretyo- Wéevov evyv@povas duarvoets epnKxe Tots rept 4 Aevtov UBpioar, KATITYOPOVYT WD. Pawvios be avTov éKéXeve TH TOOL KTUTELY THY Yyhv, érrel MEyAANYOP@V TOTE TPOS THY GUYKANTOV oOvOEY ela ToAvTpaypovely ovde ppovtTive éxeivous THS ert TOV TOAEMOY TApagKEUTS’ AUTOS yap, OTaV érin, Kpovaas TO €dados TH TOOL oTpaTevpaTwv ép- mTrAnoew THY ITadiav. 5 Od phy adda Kai TOTE TANOEL SuVdpews UTrEpé- Barnev 6 Llopmrnios thy Katcapos: elace & ovdeis TOD avdpa xpicacbas TOUS éauTov hoya pois, ara UT’ AYYEALATWOV TOAX@V Kal Yevdar Kal poor, WS eperTOTOS 7100 TOD TOAEMOU Kal Tavra KaTé- NovTos, elEas Kal cuverxpova Gets TH TAVTOV pope wapiverar TAaPAYNY opay, Kal THY mohev éFéduTre Kehevoas émrec Oat THY yepouciav, Kal pendéva, pévewy TOV _Tpo Ths Tupavvidos ypnuévov tiv matpiba Kat Thy édAevPeplar. 524 CAESAR, xxxin. 2-5 risen up in flight and were rushing one through another; while Rome herself, deluged as it were by the inhabitants of the surrounding towns who were fleeing from their homes, neither readily obeying a magistrate nor listening to the voice of reason, in the surges of a mighty sea narrowly escaped being over- turned by her own internal agitations. For con- flicting emotions and violent disturbances prevailed everywhere. Those who rejoiced did not keep quiet, but in many places, as was natural in a great city, encountered those who were in fear and distress, and being filled with confidence as to the future came into strife with them; while Pompey himself, who was terror-stricken, was assailed on every side, being taken to task by some for having strengthened Caesar against himself and the supreme power of the state, and denounced by others for having permitted Lentulus to insult Caesar when he was ready to yield and was offering reasonable terms of settlement. Favonius bade him stamp on the ground; for once, in a boastful speech to the senate, be told them to take no trouble or anxious thought about preparations for the war, since when it came he had but to stamp upon the earth to fill Italy with armies.! However, even then Pompey’s forces were more numerous than Caesar's; but no one would suffer him to exercise his own judgement; and so, under the influence of many false and terrifying reports, believing that the war was already close at hand and prevailed everywhere, he gave way, was swept along with the universal tide, issued an edict declaring a state of anarchy, and forsook the city, commanding the senate to follow, and forbidding any one to remain who preferred country and freedom to tyranny. 1 Cf. the Pompey, lvii. 5. an PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXIV. Oi nev ody braTo. poe & VO{LOS. éoTl mpo é&oduu Oucavres épuyov" epevyov dé kat TOV Bovreutav ol TELTTOL, TpoToy Teva Ov dpraryiis avo Tov idtey 6 te TUXOLEY WaTTED GAXOTPiOV AapuBavovtes. cial 5é ol Kai cpodpa ta Kaicapos npneevor mpotepoy e&émecov uTo OduBous Tore TOV AOYiTLaV Kal cuuTapynvéxXOnoay ovdey Seo- pevou TO pevpate THs popas éxeivys. olKTpoTaToY dé TO Jéapa THS TOAEWS Vs em ube poievou TO- gouToU NEL PLOVOS, @aoTep VEWS umro cuBepyntav ATAYOPEVOVYTWY TPOS TO TUVTUYOV EKTETELY KOpt- Copevyys. Gna KaiTep oUTW THS JLETATTATEWS OL- KTpas ovens, THY pev puyny ol aOparot TaTpioa 64a Llourpiov yyoovTo, Thy oé ‘Popny os Kaica- pos oTPATOTEOoY efeheuov" 6Trov Kal AaBunvos, avyp €v Tots padwota iroes Kaicapos Kab mT pea BevTNs yeyovas Kal cuynywvicpévos év TACL mpoOupotata Tots Kertixots todéuous, TOT exel- Vov aTOOpas APLKETO TT POS Lopmniov. "ANAG TOUT Lev Kal Ta Xpynpata Kal Tas amoaKevas dnérepwer 0 Kaicap: Aoperti¢n O€ NYOUPLEL | OTELPOY TpiadKovTa Kal KATEXOVTL Kop- pivioy emeNeov TapearTpatoTedevaer. 0 6€ aTro- yvous Ta Kal’ éautov nTnoE TOV LaTpoY oiKeTHY ovTa happaxov' Kal NaBwv to doGev Emtev ws TeOvnEopevos. met OALyor 5€ axovaas TOV K ai- capa Cavpacrh Tee pirravOpwria Xphobae ™pos TOUS Eah@KOTas, avTOS aiyr ov dre privet Kal THY o€vtTnTAa TOD Bovhevparos TAT O. TOU & lat pood Gappuvavtos auton, @S UTVv@TiKoY, ov Gavactpov, TETWKOTA, TepLyapns avactas ame. Tpos Kai- 526 CAESAR, xxxtv. 1-4 XXXIV. Accordingly, the consuls fled, without even making the sacrifices usual before departure ; most of the senators also fled, after seizing, in a sort of robbery, whatever came to hand of their own possessions, as though it were the property of others. Some, too, who before this had vehemently espoused the cause of Caesar, were now frightened out of their wits, and were carried along, when there was no need of it, by the sweep of the great tide. But most pitiful was the sight of the city, now that so great a tempest was bearing down upon her, carried along like a ship abandoned of her helmsmen to dash against whatever lay in her path. Still, although their removal was so pitiful a thing, for the sake of Pompey men considered exile to be their country, and abandoned Rome with the feeling that it was Caesar’s camp.! For even Labienus, one of Caesar's greatest friends, who had been his legate and had fought most zealously with him in all his Gallic wars, now ran away from him and came to Pompey. But Caesar sent to Labienus his money and his bag- gage; against Domitius, however, who was holding Corfinium with thirty cohorts under his command, he marched, and pitched his camp near by. Domitius, despairing of his enterprise, asked his physician, who was a Slave, for a poison ; and taking what was given him, drank it, intending to die. But after a little, hearing that Caesar showed most wonderful clemency towards his prisoners, he bewailed his fate, and blamed the rashness of his purpose. Then his phy- sician bade him be of good cheer, since what he had drunk was a sleeping-potion and not deadly ; where- upon Domitius rose up overjoyed and went to Caesar, 1 Cf. the Pompey, lxi. 4. 527 PLUTARCH’S LIVES capa, Kat haBov beEvav avis dueEerece T pos TLopemniov. TAUTA ELS THY Popny aTraryyeXNOpeva, Tous avOpatrous Hdious emrotel, Kal TWes huyovTeEs aver Tpeyar. eX Vee Once Kaicap TaD Te TOU Aopertou oTpatiavy mapéd\aBe Kat Tovs adXovs, dcoUS EV tais ToAcat Lloumniw otpatoroyoupévous Eplace xkatarkaBwv. morvs b€ yeyovws 5n Kalb hoBepos em aUuTOV ipauve Topmiiov. o O€ ovK edéfaro THY Epodor, adr’ ets Bperrésiov duywv Tovs pev VIaTOUS ™ poTepov ECTELNE peTa Suvd mews ELS Auppaxtor, autos O€ Odin “you Uo tepov emeFovtos Kaicapos éfémevoen, @S €v Tots Tept éxEtvou pans optevors Ta Kal? éxaa Tov dnrwbnoerat. Katcape 6€ Bovropev pev eves di@xewy dmropia veav Hv: eis b€ THY “Pounv avéotpee, yeyovas év nuepars éEnxovta Taans avatpwtt THs ItTaXtas KUPLOS. "Emel 6€ kal THv ToALW ebpEe adXov } TpOGeE- doxa xabeat@aav Kat TOV aro Bounhs év auTy TUXVOUS, TOUTOLS meV emeerkh, Kal OnpotiKa Ste- NEXON, TapaKkarav avTous Kal pos Toprnjiov drrooréxhew avopas emt cupBdcect mpeTovaats: umynxovae & ovdeis, elite hoBovpevor Lopmniov eYKATANENELLLEVOY, elTE [7 vouitovres otTw Kai- capa ppovety, AXXr evTrpeTreta Loyeou xpijo Gat. Too O€ Snpuapxov Meréddou K@AVOVTOS avrov éx TOD aTrobeTav Xpypara hapBaverv Kab vojous TLVaS TpopepovTos, oun épy TOV auTov Om hov Kat VOLOV Katpov elvae' “ Xd dé ef Tots T PAT TOLEVOLS dSucKoAaivers, vov pev extrod@y amie Tappnotas 5238 725 CAESAR, xxxiv. 4-XxXxxv. 3 the pledge of whose right hand he received, only to desert him and go back to Pompey. When tidings of these things came to Rome, men were made more cheerful, and some of the fugitives turned back. XXXV. Caesar took over the troops of Domitius, as well as all the other levies of Pompey which he surprised in the various cities. Then, since his forces were already numerous and formidable, he marched against Pompey himself. Pompey, how- ever, did not await his approach, but fled to Brundisium, sent the consuls before him with an army to Dyrrhachium, and shortly afterwards, as Caesar drew near, sailed off himself, as shall be set forth circumstantially in his Life.! Caesar wished to pursue him at once, but was destitute of ships; so he turned back to Rome, having in sixty days and without bloodshed become master of all Italy. He found the city more tranquil than he was expecting, and many senators in it. With these, therefore, he conferred in a gentle and affable manner,? inviting them even to send a deputation to Pompey proposing suitable terms of agreement. But no one would listen to him, either because they feared Pompey, whom they had abandoned, or be- cause they thought that Caesar did not mean what he said, but was indulging in specious talk. When the tribune Metellus tried to prevent Caesar’s taking money from the reserve funds of the state, and cited certain laws, Caesar said that arms and laws had not the same season. “ But if thou art dis- pleased at what is going on, for the present get out 1 Chapter Ixii. 2 Caesar gives a summary of his speech to the senators in B.C. i. 32, 529 PLUTARCHS ERY ES yap ov OetTat Todepos' Stray b€ KaTdOwuar Ta Oma cupBdacewy yevouévwyv, TOTE Taptwv Snpua- ywyroes. Kal tTadta, édbn, “réyw THY €“auToU Suxaiwy uplémevoss €uos yap & Kal OV Kal TAVTES Gaous elAnha TOV Tpos eu“ée oTaciacdyTMY.” tavta mpos tov MétedXov eiva@v eBudsle mpos Tas Ovpas TOU Tamteiov, wy patvowevwv bé TOY KNELOOY YarKels meTaTEeuWapevos exxoTTEw exé- Nevey’ aves b€ evicotapévov tos MeréAXov Kat TLVWY ETTALVOVYTO!, SLATELVAMEVOS NTTELANGEV ATTO- KTEVELY AUTOV, El LN TAVAAaLTO TapevoxrAaDV. “ Kat TouTo, édn, “‘melpaKlov, ovVK «ayvoeis OTL pmol SuvtKovA@TEpov Hv elmeiy mpakat.” ovTos oO AGyos TOTE Kal MéteAXOv arrenOety erroince KaTa- Seicavta Kai Ta Adda padiws avT@ Kal TaYXéws uTnpeTeiaOar Tpos TOV ToNELOP. XXXVI. ’Eotpateve 6° ets “I 8npiav mporepov éyvoxws tors wept Adpaviov Kat Bappwva Tlop- aniov tpecPevtas exBareiv, cal tras éxel duva- pels Kal Tas éTapyias Up avT@ Toinodpevos ovTws ert Loumrniov éXavvev, undeva KATA VWTOU TOV TONELLMY UTONELTOMEVOS. KLYdUVEvaAS 6é Kal TO TOpaTt TOANAKLS KaT Evédpas Kal TO oTpPAaT@ pdrtoTa Oia ALLOY, OVK aAVAKE TPOTEpPOV Si@KwY Kal TWpokKadovmEevos Kal TreptTappevwr Tous avdpas 7 KUptos Bia yevéoPar TOY oTpaToO- Tédwy Kal TOY duvadpewv. ob 5é HYyEmoves WYOVTO apos Iloparniov pevyortes. XXXVI. “EaverOovta bé es “Popnw Kai- capa Iletowy pév 0 mevOepos mwapexarer Tpos llouwniov amoctédAayv avdpas vrép dadvoews, 539 CAESAR, xxxv. 3-xxxvu. 1 of the way, since war has no use for free speech ; when, however, I have come to terms and laid down my arms, then thou shalt come before the people with thy harangues. And in saying this I waive my own just rights; for thou art mine, thou and all of the faction hostile to me whom I have caught.” After this speech to Metellus, Caesar walked to- wards the door of the treasury, and when the keys were not to be found, he sent for smiths and ordered them to break in the door. Metellus once more opposed him, and was commended by some for so doing ; but Caesar, raising his voice, threatened to kill him if he did not cease his troublesome inter- ference. “And thou surely knowest, young man,” said he, “that it is more unpleasant for me to say this than to do it.” Then Metellus, in consequence of this speech, went off in a fright, and henceforth everything was speedily and easily furnished to Caesar for the war.} XXXVI. So he made an expedition into Spain,’ having resolved first to drive out from there Afranius and Varro, Pompey’s legates, and bring their forces there and the provinces into his power, and then to march against Pompey, leaving not an enemy in his rear. And though his life was often in peril from ambuscades, and his army most of all from hunger, he did not cease from pursuing, challenging, and be- sieging the men until he had made himself by main force master of their camps and their forces. The leaders, however, made their escape to Pompey. XXXVII. When Caesar came back to Rome, Piso, his father-in-law, urged him to send a deputation to Pompey with proposals for a settlement; but 1 Cf. the Pompey, lxii. 1. * Cf. Caesar, B.C. i. 34-86. 53! No PLUTARCH’S LIVES "Ioavpixos Se Kaicape XaprSopevos avTetTer. atpebeus dé OuxTaTop t imo THs Bovrns duyddas Te KATHYAYE, Kal TOV er 2UAAa Sua tuyna dvtav TOUS maidas ETLTLMLOUS eroinae, Kal ceca bea TLVL TOKOY éxougele Tous Xpewperreras, adrwv TE TOLOUTWY iyaTO ToOALTEVLATwY OV TOANOY, arn’ év Huépais Evdexa THY pmév povapyiay atre- Tdpevos, UTaTov 5€ avadet~as EauTOYV Kal Lepoui= Nov Icaupixov, ei yeTo THs oTpaTetas. Kal tas pév GddXas Suvapers xa” oddv éretyo- pevos Tmaphrden, immets b€ exov hoydoas éGa- Koatous Kal TEVTE TAaYLaTa, XEtu@vos év Tpomats OvTos, io Tapeévou "Tavvovapiov pnvos (otros & ap ein Llocesdeap A Onvaioss) apnKev els TO TEAAYOS* kal S:aBarwv tov “lévioy "Opixov xai ’Ato\N- viav aipet, Ta O€ Thoia Tad dr émepayev ets Bpevtéctov ent TOUS VoTEpijcavTas TH mopeta TTpaTLOras. or de axpe pev KAP odoy 7) oay, are 67 Kat TCP KLAKOTES non tots Tomar Kal T pos Ta, TrION TOV TONLWDY AT ELPNKOTES, év aitials etx ov TOV Kaicapa- “Tlot 69 Kal mpos ti mépas nas obTOS O avip katabyaerac Trepipépav Kal XPwopevos GoTeEp aTpuToLs Kal arpuxous piv ; Kab oidnpos éfera pe Tras, kat Oupeod Tis éore pedo é év Xpovep TOT OUT Kat OwpaKxos. ovod€e amo TOY T Papa ov apa hovikerar Kaicap 6 OTL Ountav pev dpxet, Ovnra &é TepvKapev mdaxew Kal ar- ety; @pav d€ Yetwa@vos Kal TvevpaTos év OadadT- ™ Kkatpov ovee Oem BiafecOar Svratov: arn OvUTOS mapaBddretat Kadatep ov SitwKwy ToAE- pious, GANA hevywy.” ToLadTa NéyovTEs eTrOpEd- 53? CAESAR, xxxvit. 1-4 Isauricus, to please Caesar, opposed the project. So, having been made dictator by the senate, he brought home exiles, restored to civic rights the children of those who had suffered in the time of Sulla, relieved the burdens of the debtor-class by a certain adjust- ment of interest, took in hand a few other public measures of like character, and within eleven days abdicated the sole power, had himself declared consul with Servilius Isauricus, and entered upon his campaign. The rest of his forces he passed by in a forced march, and with six hundred picked horsemen and five legions, at the time of the winter solstice, in the early part of January! (this month answers nearly to the Athenian Poseideon), put to sea, and after crossing the Ionian gulf took Oricum and Apollonia, and sent his transports back again to Brundisium for the soldiers who had been belated on their march. These,as long as they were on the road, since they were now past their physical prime and worn out with their multitudinous wars, mur- mured against Caesar. ‘ Whither, pray, and to what end will this man bring us, hurrying us about and treating us like tireless and lifeless things? Even a sword gets tired out with smiting, and shield and breastplate are spared a little after so long a time of service. Will not even our wounds, then, convince Caesar that he commands mortal men, and that we are mortal in the endurance of pain and suffering ? Surely the wintry season and the occasion of a storm at sea not even a god can constrain; yet this man takes risks as though he were not pursuing, but fly- ing from, enemies.” With such words as these they 1 48 8.c. The Roman calendar, at this time, was much in advance of the solar seasons. P ei: VOL. VIL S 9) 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovTo TXOALWS ELS TO Bpevréciov. ws 6€ er OovTes eupoV GvnyALEVOV TOV Kaicapa, TAYU may av peTaParovTes €xaxiCov EavTOVS mpodotas a aToKa- AooVTES TOD avTOKpUaTOpOS, EKaKLCov O€ Kal TOUS nryepovas: ovK eT TAX VVAVTAS THY mopelay. rea }- Hevot 66 é emt TOV ax pov 7 pos TO mEAYOS Kal THv "Harerpov dm ea KoTOUY Tas vads éd’ wv &ueddov meparova bat T™ pos EXELVOD. XXXVIII. ’Ev oe ‘ATod via Kaicap ov« EY Ov aE Lopaxov THY pel eavtod Our ap, Bpa- duvovans O€ Tis éxeiOev, GT OPOUPEVOS Kab TE puT a. Gav, SElvov éBovrevae Bovrcuua, Kpuda Tm avTov els mAOtoV éuBas TO péyeOos Owdexdakadpor a ava- yOrvar ™ pos TO Bpevréctov, TIMKOUTOLS OTOAOLS TELEX OMEVOU TOD TENUOUS UTO TOV mo May VUKTOS ovv ecOnte Jeparrovtos eT LK PUWaHEVOS évéBn, kal eataBarov éavTov Os TWA TOY mopy- pednpeveoy novxate. tov 6€’ Awou Totapod TIP vadv bropepovTes Ets Thy Garaccar, TI pev Ew Ouvv avpay, i) Tapelye THVEKAUTO mept TAS éxPoras yarayvny aTrwiotoa T Oppo TO a TOUS mvevoas TEAL LOS 61a vUKTIS amo Peoe 7 pos dé THY TAN LUA THiS Gararrys Kab THY avtiBas ow TOU KAUS@VOS dry piatvov 0 T OTAL0S, Kea TPAXUS dpa Kai KTUTD peyary Kal oKAnpats AVAKOTTOMEVOS divas, dTrOpos HV Bracivar TO KuBepynty Kal peta Bahety exéXevae TOUS vaUTas ws atTooTpéywy tov Trovv. aicBopevos &€ Oo Kaicap avacerxvucw EavTOV, KAL TOD xuBepyntov Aa Sopevos THS YELPOS ex Tem hay Lev ou 7 pos THY owe, “"T00,” edn, “ yervate, ToApa Kat bédiOe 534 CAESAR, xxxvit. 5-XAXVUI, 3 marched in a leisurely way to Brundisium. But when they got there and found that Caesar had put to sea, they quickly changed their tone and reviled them- selves as traitors to the Imperator; they reviled their officers, too, for net having quickened their march. Then, sitting on the cliffs, they looked oft towards the open sea and Epirus, watching for the ships which were to carry them across to their commander. XXXVIII. At Apollonia, since the force which he had with him was not a match for the enemy and the delay of his troops on the other side caused him perplexity and distress, Caesar conceived the danu- gerous plan of embarking in a twelve-oared boat, without any one’s knowledge, and going over to Brundisium, though the sea was encompassed by such large armaments of the enemy. At night, accord- ingly, after disguising himself in the dress of a slave, he went on board, threw himself down as one of no account, and kept quiet. While the river Aoiis was carrying the boat down towards the sea, the early morning breeze, which at that time usually made the mouth of the river calm by driving back the waves, was quelled by a strong wind which blew from the sea during the night; the river therefore chafed against the inflow of the sea and the opposi- tion of its billows, and was rough, being beaten back with a great din and violent eddies, so that it was impossible for the master of the boat to force his way along. He therefore ordered the sailors to come about in order to retrace his course. But Caesar, perceiving this, disclosed himself, took the master of the boat by the hand, who was terrified at sight of him, and said: “ Come, good man, be bold 550 PLUTARCH Saici\ is pndév Kaicapa pépes Kat THY Kaicapos TUXMY 4 cupTrEovTaD. éXabovto Tov XELpuavOs ot vav- Tal, KL Tats KOT ALS EMpuvTes eBialovto Taon mpoOvuia Tov ToTapov. Os dé Av amopa, deEa- PEVOS TONANHY Oadatrav Kal Kivduvevaas é€v T@ OTOPATL TUVEX@PNTE dra aKav TO xuBepyirn peTaBareir. aviovte b€ avT@ KaTa TOs ATHVT@V OL TTPATLOTAL, ToANd peppopevor Kal duo ravoby tes el pn TéTETTAL Kal ovY avTois {LOVOLS (Kavos Elvat yiKay, arr’ axOerat Kab Tapa- Barretar Sta Tovs aTovTas ws aTLaTa@Y TUS Tapovow. XXXIX. "Ex TOUTOU KaTém hevoe pev >Avto- VLoS ATO Bpevtectov Tas duvapes ayav: Oappy- cas dé Kaicap Tpouxanretto Tloparniov iSpupevov EV KANO Kal Nopnryovpevov éx TE yHS Kal OaXdarT- TNS ATOXPOVTMS, avTos év ovK apOovars dtayov Kat PX, borepov dé Kal a podpa Tea Gels aTropla TOV dvayKatov. GAXa pifav Tiva KO- TTOVTES Ol TTPATLATAL Kal yDakre pupavtes 2 mpocehépovTo. Kai mote Kal dvavrAacavTes é& avThs aptovs Kal tais mpodvAaxkais T@V TroXe- piwv emOpapovTes éSardov elow Kab Sveppimrouy, eT UNE YOVTES OS, aype av ) yh Toltavtas exhépn pifas, ov TavoovTaL ToMopKobvTeEs Hopaaiov. 0 pévtoe Llopmnios ovTe TOS ApToUsS OUTE TOUS O- yous ela touvtous éxpépecOar mpos TO mANOAos. nOvwovy yap ol OTpaTLOTAaL, THY aypLOoTHTAa Kal Thy aTafeayv TOV TOdELioV WoTrep Onpiwy op- pw doves. 3 ’Ael O€ Teves mepl Tols épupace Tots Tloparniov payat omropabes éyiyvovto: Kai Tepinv wdaats oO 536 CAESAR, xxxvit. 37-XxxIx 3 and fear naught; thou carryest Caesar and Caesar's fortune in thy boat.” ! The sailors forgot the storm, and laying to their oars, tried with all alacrity to force their way down the river. But since it was impossible, after taking much water and running great hazard at the mouth of the river, Caesar very reluctantly suffered the captain to put about. When he came back, his soldiers met him in throngs, find- ing much fault and sore displeased with him because he did not believe that even with them alone he was able to conquer, but was troubled, and risked his life for the sake of the absent as though dis- trusting those who were present. XXXIX. After this, Antony put in from Brundisium with his forces, and Caesar was emboldened to chal- lenge Pompey to battle. Pompey was well posted and drew ample supplies both from land and sea; while Caesar had no great abundance at first, and afterwards was actually hard pressed for want of provisions. But his soldiers dug up a certain root, mixed it with milk, and ate it.? Once, too, they made loaves of it,and running up to the enemy’s outposts, threw the loaves inside or tossed them to one another, adding by way of comment that as long as the earth produced such roots, they would not stop besieging Pompey. Pompey, however, would not allow either the loaves or these words to reach the main body of his army. For his soldiers were de- jected, fearing the ferocity and hardiness of their enemies, who were like wild beasts in their eyes. There were constant skirmishings about the forti- fications of Pompey, and in all of them Caesar got 1 Cf. Dion Cassius, xli. 46, 3. E7Ci. Caesar, B.C, iti 48, 537 PLUTARCH’S “EDVES Katoap TANY plas, ev 7 TPOT NS peyarns ‘yevo- MeEVvNS exivouvevoev aToXécat TO TT PAaToTEdov. opm niou yap 7 poa BudXovTos oveels E[ELVED, adda Kal TAPPOe KATETLMTAAYTO KTELVOMEVOD, Kal meph Tots AUTOV Napaxopace Kal TepeTeLyt- opacw emir tov eLauVOMEvOL mpoTpomdony. Kai- cap dé vravred lov ETELPATO Lev dvagtpepet TOUS pevyorras, em épaive 6é oven, arr em hap Bavopevou TOV onpetav aT eppimTouv ot Kopi- Covtes, Mate Svo0 Kal Tpidxovta aPelvy ToUS TOAEMLOUS. AUTOS bé Tapa pLKxpov HAOEV aTrofavely. cvdpt yap peyir Kal popware pevyovTe map. avTOV éTIBarov THY YKelpa pmévery ExEeAEVTE Kal atpéherlat 7pos ToUs ToAEptous: o O€ pegTOS aY Tapayns Tapa To Servoy émnpato THY pwaxatpav ws Ka9rEopevos, bOaver 6€ 6 TOD Kaicapos trac- TLoTHS aToKoas avTOv TOY pov. oOUTw 6€ dem éyvon TO Kad abrov Gore, é7rel Toparnios vm evraPetas TLVvOs 7) TUXNS epye peyaho TENOS ovK em éOnkev, AXA KabetpEas Els TOV Vapaka TOUS pevyovras dvex@pnaer, cimev apa T pos TOUS pidous ATLWV 0 Kaioap, x ~nuepov cay ”) vinn Tapa Tois ToNELLOLS min €l TOV vuxovTa elyov. QAUuTOS 6€ Tapeh ay els THY oKnyny Kal KATAKXI- Deis VUKTA TATOY éxelvny VLA POT AT I/D Surryaryev év GTOpOLS Noyta pois, @s KaKds Eo TPATNYNKDS, OTL KaL Ywpas emixetpevns Balcias Kal TOodEwV evcatovwy tov MaxedomKxarv kal OertadrtKav, €daas éxel Treplam@dgat Tov TrodEenov évTavda cablélorro mpos OadatTn, vavepatovvT@y TOV TONELLWY, TWOALOPKOUMEVOS TOLS aVvayKaio”Ls pad- 538 72 CAESAR, xxxix. 3-6 the better except one, where there was a great rout oi his men and he was in danger of losing his camp. For when Pompey attacked not one of Caesar’s men stood his ground, but the moats were filled with the slain, and “others were falling at their own ramparts and walls, whither they had been driven in headlong flight. And though Caesar met the fugitives and tried to turn thein back, he availed nothing, nay, when he tried to lay hold of the standards the bearers threw them away, so that the enemy captured thirty-two of them. Caesar himself, too, narrowly escaped being killed. For as a tall and sturdy man was running away past him, he laid his hand upon him and bade him stay and face about upon the enemy; and the fellow, full of panic at the threat- ening danger, raised his sword to smite Caesar, but before he could do so Caesar’s shield-bearer lopped off his arm at the shoulder. So completely had Caesar given up his cause for lost that, when Pompey, either from excessive caution or by some chance, did not follow up his great success, but with- drew after he had shut up the fugitives within their entrenchments, Caesar said to his friends as he left them: ‘To-day victory had been sa the enemy, if they had had a victor in command.” ! Then going by himself to his tent and lying He he spent tice most distressful of all nights in vain reflections, convinced that he had shown bad generalship. For while a fertile country lay waiting for him, and the prosperous cities of Macedonia and Thessaly, he had neglected to carry the war thither, and had posted himself here by the sea, which his enemies controlled with their fects, being thus held in siege by lack of 1 Cf. the Pompey, Ixv. &., 539 7 Ne) PLUTARCH’S LIVES Nov Tols OTOL ToALOpKaY. oUTw On piTTTAa- cbeis Kal addnuwovycas mpos THY atopiay Kal yaderoTyTAa THY TaporvT@V avicoTn TOV oTpaTOD, éri Sentiwva mpoayew eis Maxedoviay éyvwkos: yap émratacecOat Uoprniov Omrov paxettat Ly Xopyyovpevos opoiwas ato THs Baratrys, 7) Teptécer Oat pepovwpévov LKNTLMVOS. XL. Todto thy lloumniov stpatiay émwhpe xat TOUS TEPL AUVTOV HyE“ovas WS TTHLEVOU Kal Pev- yovtos éyecGat Kaicapos. avtos péev yap ev- haBas eixe opmijios avappiprar paxynv wept TNALKOUTWY, KaL TAapecKevagpévos apioTa Tact mpos Tov Ypovoy HEiov TpiBey Kal papaivery Ti TOY TorEuLwy akpny Bpaxeiay obcav. 76 yap TOL payiuwwotatov THS Katoapos duvapews éepr7rec- piav pev elye Kal TOAMaY AyUTOTTATOY TOS TOUS ayavas, év dé Tals wravats Kal Tals oTpaToTre- delais Kal TeryouaxovrTes Kal vuUKTEyEpTODVTES éLéxapvov bid yipws, Kal Bapeis Hoav ‘Tots TWLATL TPOS TOUS ToVOUS, dt acOEeveray éyKaTa- NetTOVTES THY TpoOUmlay. TOTE bé Kal TL VOTHpLA Aotpwades EXEYON, THY aToTiav THS d1aiTHS TotN- TUMEVOY UPYnV, eV TH oTTpaTLA TrepipepedOat TH Katcapos. Kal To péylotov, ovTEe yprpacty ép- pOLévOS OUVTE TPOPHS EvTrOpaY ypovouv Bpayxéos édoxer TEpt aUT@® KaTadvOrjoec Oat. XLT. Ava tadta Tloprniov payecOar pn Bov- opevov wovos ernver Katwy hecdolt Tay TodTaY’ 540 —_ CAESAR, xxxrx. 7—-XLt. I provisions rather than besieging with his arms. Thus his despondent thoughts of the difficulty and perplexity of his situation kept him tossing upon his couch, and in the morning he broke camp, resolved to lead his army into Macedonia against Scipio; for he would then either draw Pompey after him to a place where he would give battle without drawing his supplies as he now did from the sea, or Scipio would be left alone and he would overwhelm him. XL. This emboldened the soldiers of Pompey and the leaders by whom he was surrounded to keep close to Caesar, whom they thought defeated and in flight. For Pompey himself was cautious about hazarding a battle for so great a stake, and since he was most excellently provided with everything necessary for a long war, he thought it best to wear out and quench the vigour of the enemy, which must be short-lived. For the best fighting men in Caesar’s army had experience, it is true, and a daring which was irresistible in combat; but what with their long marches and frequent encampments and siege-warfare and night-watches, they were beginning to give out by reason of age, and were too unwieldy for labour, having lost their ardour from weakness. At that time, too, a kind of pestilential disease, occasioned by the strangeness of their diet, was said to be prevalent in Caesar's army. And what was most important of all, since Caesar was neither strong in funds nor well supplied with provisions, it was thought that within a short time his army would break up of itself. XLI. For these reasons Pompey did not wish to fight, but Cato was the only one to commend his course, and this from a desire to spare the lives 541 PLUTARCH’S LIVES bs ye Kal TOUS TEOOVTAS év T ayn Tay TONE- pov els x tALous TO TrA00s YEVOLEVOUS LOWY amt nrNOev eyxaruypapevos Kal KaTacaxpvoas. ol 5 adroe mares ex anfov TOV Toparniov duvyoua- xobvra, Kal Tapogvvov “Aya pepvova Kal Bacthéa Pactéwv dmroxahowTes, OS én pn Bovdopevor arrobéabat THY povapxiav, adr Grad opevoy NYE HOVOY TooOUT@V éEnpTnméevav avrob Kab poe- TOVTMY eT oKNUNY. Dawvrios 6€ THY Katwvos Tappyolav vTroToLOvpEvos, paviKas e€ayeTAlalev el noe THTES Ectar TOV Trept TovocKAdvoY «aTo- Aatoat avxwy bia THV Hopaniov dirapxiav. A ppavios dé (vewoti yap é& T8npias apixro KAKOS oTparnyno as) draBarnopevos emt xPI- pace mpododvar TOV orparoy, para bud Ti pos > TOV EWTOpov ov ptXovTat TOV €@v7 LEVOV Tap avTov Tas éemapxias. ex TOUT@Y ATAVTWY TUVE- Aavvopevos axwv els paynv o Lloumnios éywper TOV Kaioapa SroKxev. ‘O b€ THY péev AAANY TopEiayv YaNETOas Hvucer, ovdEeVvOS TAPEXOVTOS ayopay, UAAA TdaVTw@V KaTAa- hpovovvtwy 1a THY evaryXOs NTT AY as 6€ ide Doudous, Oeccarieny | Toy, ov /LOVOY eOpeve THY oTparidy, GNA Kal Tou VOT NPATOS anjrhagte TApAoyos. apbove yap evéTuXov oivw, Kal TLOVTES aveday, elTa XPopevor K@LOL Kal Bax- YEVOVTES AVA THY OOO”, éK pens dex povaavTo Kal Tapnd\ArAalav To TaOos, eis EEwv Evépav Tols cwpact [ETATEDOVTES. XLIT. ‘Os 6€ efs tv Papoariayv éuBarovtes aupoTepor KaTeotpatomédevaay, o pev Tloptrijios 542 728 CAESAR, xu. 1—xLin t of his fellow citizens ; for when he saw even those of the enemy who had fallen in the battle, to the num- ber of a thousand, he burst into tears, muffled up his head,and went away. All the rest, however, reviled Pompey for trying to avoid a battle, and sought to goad him on by calling him Agamemnon and King of Kings, implying that he did not wish to lay aside his sole authority, but plumed himself on having so many commanders dependent upon him and coming constantly to his tent. And Favonius, affecting Cato’s boldness of speech, complained like a mad man because that year also they would be unable to enjoy the figs of Tusculuin because of Pompey’s love of command.! Afranius, too, who had lately come from Spain, where he had shown bad generalship, when accused of betraying his army for a_ bribe, asked why they did not fight with the merchant who had bought the provinces from him.1_ Driven on by all these importunities, Pompey reluctantly sought a battle and pursued Caesar. Caesar accomplished most of his march with diffi- culty, since no one would sell him provisions, and everybody despised him on account of his recent defeat; but after he had taken Gomphi, a city of Thessaly, he not only provided food for his soldiers, but also relieved them of their disease unexpectedly. For they fell in with plenty of wine, and after drink- ing freely of it, and then revelling and rioting on their march, by means of their drunkenness they drove away and got rid of their trouble, since they brought their bodies into a different habit. XLII. But when both armies entered the plain of Pharsalus and encamped there, Pompey’s mind 1 Cf. the Pompey, lxvii. 3. 543 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avirs els TOV apxatov avexpoveTo ovo pov THY VoOuny, ere Kal pacparov OUK aiciwy 7 poayevo- pévov Kat Ka? brrvoy dwews. €éd0Ker yap éauTov opav év T@ Oedtp@ KpoTovpevoy vTO “Pawpaiwr, ... ot 6€ wept avTov oUTwH Opacets oav Kal TO viKn pa Tais éATict TpoeeAnpores QTE pedor et- Keiv ae THs Kaicapos apxtepwavvns Aopitiov Kal LmivOhpa Kal Lantiova Sra pthhopevous an- AyjAous, TET ELV dé ToONOUS els ‘Popny pra Bov- févous Kal TpokaTadapBavovTas olKias UTaTev- ovcl Kat oTpaTnyovaw éreiTndetous, ws EvOdS dpEovtes weTa TOV TOAEMOV. pdrtoTa bé éoda- dalov ot immets ert THY MLaYNY NOKNLEVOL TEPLTTOS OTA Aap poTnat Kal Tpopais immoy Kal KaN- ree TMOPATOD, péeya hpovoovtes kat 51a TO TrIOOS, emtaKiaxtheot POs YEALOUS TOUS Kaicapos ¢ OV TES. Hv O€ Kal TO TOV TWECHY TAHOOS ovK ayY@padroy, GNAG TETPAKIOpUpLOL KAL TrEVTAKLTYiNLOL TapeE- TUTTOVTO Suc pupious Kal SuorxtAtors. XLII. ‘O 6é Kaicap TOUS OT pPATLOTas ovva- yayov, Kal TpoeiTav ws dU0 pey AVT@ TaypaTa Kopdivios ayov éyyis éotiv, adrat O€ Trevte- Katdexa omeipar peta Karnvod xdOnvtac crept Méyapa xai ’AOjvas, npwtnoev elite BovrovTat TE PLLEVELV éxelvous, elTE AUTOL Svaxwouveboar Kage EavTOUS. ol O€ dveBonoay Sedpevoe pn Te pt- peeve, ara parnov, OT WS TaXLTTA cuviacw ELS yvetpas Tots Todemlois, TexvalecOat Kal oTpa- THyelv. Trocoumévw Sé Kabappov avT@ Ths duva- 1 The substance of what has fallen from the text here may be found in the Pompey, Ixvili. 2. Sintenis brackets the sentence as an intrusion here from marginal notes. 544 CAEBSAR, xum 1-xiur 2 reverted again to its former reasoning, and besides, there befell him unlucky appearances and a vision in his sleep. He dreamed, namely, that he saw himself in his theatre applauded by the Romans,... Those about him, however, were so confident, and so hope- fully anticipated the victory, that Domitius and Spinther and Scipio disputed earnestly with one another over Caesar’s office of Pontifex Maximus, and many sent agents to Rome to hire and take posses- sion of houses suitable for praetors and consuls, assuming that they would immediately hold these offices after the war.! And most of all were his cavalry impatient for the battle, since they had a splendid array of shining armour, well-fed horses, and handsome persons, and were in high spirits too on account of their numbers, which were seven thousand to Caesar’s one thousand. The numbers of the in- fantry also were unequal, since forty-five thousand were arrayed against twenty-two thousand. XLIII. Caesar called his soldiers together, and after telling them that Corfinius? was near with two legions for him, and that fifteen cohorts be- sides under Calenus were stationed at Athens and Megara, asked them whether they wished to wait for these troops, or to hazard the issue by themselves. Then the soldiers besought him with loud cries not to wait for the troops, but rather to contrive and manoeuvre to come to close quarters with the enemy as soon as possible. As he was holding a lustration 1 Cf. Caesar, B.C. iii. 82 f.; Plutarch, Pompey, Ixvii. 5. 2 An error for Cornificius, 545 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pews Kat Ovoavte 70 Mp@rov iepeiov ev us ) Mayes eppate T pee 7 PEp@V BaXN xpiOnoea bar T pos TOUS TohEpious. €popevou dé TOU Kaicapos el Kal mrepl Tov TéAOUS évopa TL TOUS Lepois eUonLov, sf AvTos av,” épy, “ ov ToUTO BEXTLOY U vToKpivaco TAUTO. poeyadny yap of Ocot wetaBornv Kal peTa- TTOOW ent Ta evavTia TOV KadeoToTav Onoda, Gore él pev ev TWpaTTEV NY ceauTov emt TO Tapovre, THD Xelpova m™ poo 60Ka, TUXNY" él 0€ Ka- KOS, TH dpeivova. TH 5€ 7 po THS paxns vurti Tas purakas épodevovros avtov mepl 70 Heo o- VUKTLOV OpOn Aapmas ovpaviov Tupos, iv vmEp- evex Geloav TO Katoapos o7 pat oTredov AauT pav Kal hroyoon yevopuevny eo€ev ets TO Tlopaniov KATATETELD. ewOuviys d€ purakijs Kal TavLKoV Tapaxov no Govto yeryvopevov Tapa TOUS TONE [LOLS ov pay payelodal ¥¢ Kat éxelvnv TpoaedoKka THY TLEpay, ara ws éml Yeotovacns odevwov ave- Cevryvuev. XLIV. ’Emel b€ tTav cenvdv dn KaTadedv- peveov ot oKoTol T poo immevaay aUT@ TOUS TrO- AEmious em waxy kataBaive arraryyéddovres, Tepixapns yevopevos Kat TpooevEdpevos Tots Oeots TApeTATTE THY parayya, THY Takw TpiTdAHy Tov. Kal TOS pev perous emeo noe Kadivov Aopitvor, TOV O€ KepaTov TO [ev elev "AvTwvios, autos O€ TO beEtov, év TO dexdT@ Taypare HEADY payer Oat. KaTa TOUTO dé TOUS TOV TOMpLOV immrets dyTUTapaTarTopevous opay, Kal dedouxws THY apm poTnta kal TO TrHGOS QUT@V, ATO TAS eax aTns rafews adnrors exéhevoe meptehGetv POs éavtov €& oteipas Kal KaToTLy éatyae TOU SeELOd, 729 546 CAESAR, xin. 2 xiv. 2 and review of his forces and had sacrificed the first victim, the seer at once told him that within three days there would be a decisive battle with the enemy. And when Caesar asked him whether he also saw in the victims any favourable signs of the issue, ‘‘Thou thyself,” said the seer, “canst better answer this question for thyself. For the gods in- dicate a great change and revolution of the present status to the opposite. Therefore, if thou thinkest thyself well off as matters stand, expect the worse fortune ; if badly off, the better.’ Moreover, on the night before the battle, as Caesar was making the round of his sentries about midnight, a fiery torch was seen in the heavens, which seemed to be carried over his camp, blazing out brightly, and then to fall into Pompey’s. And during the morning watch it was noticed that there was actually a panic confusion among the enemy.! However, Caesar did not expect to fight on that day,? but began to break camp for a march to Scotussa. XLIV. But just as the tents had been struck, his scouts rode up to him with tidings that the enemy were coming down into the plain for battle. At this he was overjoyed, and after prayers and vows to the gods, drew up his legionaries in three divisions. Over the centre he put Domitius Calvinus, while of the wings Antony had one and he himself the right, where he intended to fight with the tenth legion. But seeing that the enemy's cavalry were arraying themselves over against this point, and fearing their brilliant appearance and their numbers, he ordered six cohorts from the furthermost lines to come round to him unobserved, and stationed them behind his right 1 Cf. the Pompey, xviii. 3. 2 August 9, 48 B.c 547 PLUTARCRH'S LIVES / a \ ~ 7 Cf a , € didaEas & Xp ToLeiy OTAaV Of THY TOdEMiwDY bT- ~ 4 oe \ meis tpoopépwvtat. Uoprrajios d€ TO pev avTOS 3 al \ » ] , “ elye TOV KEepatwv, TO 6 Evwvupov Aopitios, TOD \ c , \ e¢ a Sé pécou SKnwiwy hpxev o wevOEpas. ob 6€ tmmeEis e Jaren \ ? \ ” e \ S amavtes emt TO apictepov éBpicay ws TO deEvov a {? KUKAWOOMEVOL TOV Toreulwv Kal rNaApTpaV TreEpt , 4 N \ AUTOV TOV NYELOVA TOLNTOMEVOL TPOTIHY: OVOEV yap e a avééEev Bados omrutexns parayyos, GANA oup- \ , ~ tpivecOat kal katappakecOar Tavta Tois évav- Tiols emt Borns Ga TOTOUTMY LTTéEwWY yEevomerns. ’Earel 6€ onuaive EuerdXov apporepor THY Epo- . / fa) Sov, Lloumrios pév éxéXevce TOUS OTALTAS ETTOTAS év mpoBorH Kal pévovtas apapotws dSéyecOat THv cal , A a eTLOpopmny TOV Toenlwy, wéexpt av Vacod Boris , a fa évtos yéevovtat. Katcap 6€ kai Tepi tovTo dvapap- a / / Teiy dyow avtov, ayvoncavTa THv peta Spopou A 3 a , B) Kat popas €v apxyn ywopevny ocvppakiy, ws ev TE “ al , tals wAnyais Biav mpoatiOnat Kal avvexkaies TOV Ouyov éx mavtwy avappimitouevov. autos € a ‘ 7 / \ wo \ 3 > + Kively THY Padrdayya MEAXWY KAaL TpOtwY em Epyov a ec oa a , non Tpa@Tov opa Tov Taktapywy davdpa TiaToVv a / , auto Kal Todkéuwy EuTretpov, EmtGapavvovTa TOUS @€ 4? Cpe \ 4 > ee ? n ud avT@® Kal TpoKaNovpEvon els Aptdhrav adKjs. a 3 ? ToUTOY GvopacTt mpocayopevaas, “Té éArmi Soper,” 3 cc S is Toe K , \ a“ , eitrev, “@ Laie Kpacociue, cat mas tt Oapaous ” ait c oe K ? bd , \ } \ éyowev;” 0 6€ Kpacotvos éxteivas thy deEvav , / ee 3) a Kat peya Bonaas, “ Niexnoopev,” pn, “ \auTpas, a a SN Se ~ / N f ® Kaicap> éué 6€ 7 Covta thmepov } TeOvnKoTa 3 Coal tal o~ emraivésels. TAUTA ELTOV TPATOS EuBAaArXrEL Tots 548 CAESAR, xuiv. --6 wing, teaching them what they were to do when the enemy's horsemen attacked. Pompey had one of his wings himself, and Domitius the left, while Scipio, Pompey’s father-in-law, commanded the centre. But his horsemen all crowded to the left wing, intending to encircle the enemy’s right and make a complete rout about the commander himself; for they thought that no legionary array, however deep, could resist them, but that when so many horsemen made an onset together the enemy would be utterly broken and crushed.} When both sides were about to sound the charge, Pompey ordered his legionaries to stand with arms at the ready and await in close array the onset of the enemy until they were within javelin cast. But Caesar says? that here too Pompey made a mistake, not knowing that the initial clash with all the im- petus of running adds force to the blows and fires the courage, which everything then conspires to fan. As Caesar himself was about to move his lines of legionaries, and was already going forward into action, he saw first one of his centurions, a man ex- perienced in war and faithful to him, encouraging his men and challenging them to vie with him in prowess, Him Caesar addressed by name and said: “ Caius Crassinius,? what are our hopes, and how does our confidence stand?” Then Crassinius, stretching forth his right hand, said with a loud voice: “We shall win a glorious victory, O Caesar, and thou shalt praise me to-day, whether I am alive or dead.” So saying, he plunged foremost into the enemy at full 1 Cf. the Pompey, |xix. 1-3 Seb sC oa oe. 3 In Caesar’s version of this episode (B.C. iii. 9] and 99), the name is Crastinus, 549 G2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES modeulots Spopw, TuveTTtaoTAaTaMEVOS TOUS TEpt éauTov EKATOV KL elkooe \TPATLOTas. Siaxowas dé Tous TpwrTous Kal Tporw Xopav pove TOAA® Kab Bravopevos dvanomreTat Eiger TANYELS Sua TOU OTOMATOS, MOTE KAL THY ALYMIY UTEP TO LvLoV dvacyelv. XLV. Otto be TOV areCov Kara TO peoov TUppAryEvT@Y Kat HAXOHEVOD, aTO TOU KEPATOS ot Top niov iT 1rets coBapas em NQUVOV els KUKO- aw tod deftod Tas thas avayedpmevoe Kat TpLV a mpoo Barely aUTOUS EKTPEYOUVTLY al oaTrEtpaL Tapa, Katoapos, o ovX, wWaoTep Elw@lEecaV, aKov- Tho Laat Xpwpevoe Tots Vaaois, ovdE peN]pous Tai- OVTES EK XELpos 7 KUnLAS TOV TrohE Lion, adna TOV Ovpewy eptepevor Kal Ta TpdowTa SUVTLTPO- oKkovTes, UTO Katicapos Sedidarypevor TOUTO TOLELD, érxmifovtos dvopas ov wodXa TroAguoLs oOvdE Tpavpacty OpidyKoras, véous 6€ Kal KOM@VTAS éTt KaXAEL Kal wpa, Hahiara Tas ToLaUTas mryyas uTowerOas Kal pn peveir, Tov é€y T@ TapovTe Kivduvoy apa Kal thy adOts aioyvvnv SedotxoTas. 6 81 Kal cuvéBaivev' od yap Hvei- XovTo TOV vooay dvapepopevror, ovee erohwav év opOar pots TOV atdnpov Op@VvTes, ANN’ aT EDT pe- povro Kal TWEKANUT. TOVTO herdopevoe TOY Tpoc- oTwY' Kal TéAOS OUTWs TapdEavTas EavTOUS érpuTovTo evyety aloytota, AvpNVapEvoL TO cuuTrav. evdus yap ot pev vevixnKoTes TOvTOUS éxukAOUVTO TOUS TrEfOUS Kal KaTa VwTOU TpoodTi- UTOVTES EXOTTOV. Iloumyios 6€ ws Kxatetdev amo Gatepou tous 502 CAESAR, xttv. 6-xLv. 4 speed, carrying along with him the one hundred and twenty soldiers under his command. But after cutting his way through the first rank, and while he was forging onwards with great slaughter, he was beaten back by the thrust of a sword through his mouth, and the point of the sword actually came out at the back of his neck.} XLV. When the infantry had thus clashed to- gether in the centre and were fighting, Pompey’s cavalry rode proudly up from the wing and deployed their squadrons to envelope the enemy’s right; and before they could attack, the cohorts ran out from where Caesar was posted, not hurling their javelins, as usual, nor yet stabbing the thighs and legs of their enemies with them, but aiming them at their eyes and wounding their faces. They had been instructed to do this by Caesar, who expected that men little conversant with wars or wounds, but young, and pluming themselves on their youthful beauty, would dread such wounds especially, and would not stand their ground, fearing not only their present danger, but also their future disfigurement. And this was what actually came to pass; for they could not endure the upward thrust of the javelins, nor did they even venture to look the weapon in the face, but turned their heads away and covered them up to spare their faces. And finally, having thus thrown themselves into confusion, they turned and fled most shamefully, thereby ruining everything. For the conquerors of the horsemen at once encircled the infantry, fell upon their rear, and began to cut them to pieces. When Pompey, on the other wing, saw his horse- Cf, the Pompey, Ixxi. 1-3. 551 PLUTARCH’S LIVES immets huyhn aKedacGévtas, ovuxéte vy 6 avTos ovd éuéuvnto Loumrnios ay Madyvos, adr’ wrrd Qeod partota Prartopévo THY yoounv éoixas apBoyyos OXETO aTuay ert TKN, Kal xabe- Copevos éxapacoKer TO pedo”, axpe ou TpomNs dard Tov ryevopierns em éBawvov 0 TONEMLOL TOU Xadparos Kal StemdovTo ™ pos TOUS purarrovras. TOTE 6é WaTEP €EVvYOUS ‘YEVOEVOS, Kal TAUTHY povnv, os haat, dPwvnv adets, ‘ OvKodv Kal éri THY TapEe“BoANnV; aATredUcaTO meV THY évaywvLoY Kal otpatnyixny écO0ira, devyovte b€ 1wpémovcav petadaBov men Gev. aXX ovtos pey olats bo Tepov XpNg apLevos TUXALS OTWS TE Tapadous EQUTOY TOES Alyumtioss avopaow avnpéOn, dnrov- prev €v TOLS Trepl éxeivou Ypammacw. XLVI. ‘O o€ Kaioap @s é€y 7 Vapakl TOU Toprniov ‘yevopevos TOUS TE KEL{LEVOUS vexpous dn TOV ToNeuiwy ede Kal TOUS ETL KTELVOMEVOUS, elev dpa orevagas: ** 'Tovto €BouvrnOnoay, els TOUTO pe dvayKns vIrnyayovTo, iva Daios Kaioap 0 peyiotous Tohe Lous Kkatopbocas, ef Tponea pny Ta oTpaTevpaTa, KAD KaTedinda On.” TAaUTa ona TIloAAtwv ‘Aaivntos TA pryuata Popaiort pev dvapbeyfac bat TOV Katcapa Tapa TOV TOTE Kalpov, EDAnve Th 0 um’ avtou yeypap bar: TOV d€ dn ofavovtoy TOUS Tela TOUS oixétas yevér Oat wept THY Kararmy TOU YapaKkos avaipebévras, TTpPATLOTAS d€ p41) WAELoUS eLaxiaXihov TECELW. TO d€ Corto ddovT@v KaTéwsEe TOUS TELTTOUS o Kaicap eis ta TaypaTa* ToANois dé Kal TOY em upavav adecav EOWKED, ov Kal Bpodros 7 AY Oo KTéivas avTOV UaTEpor, ep @ A€yEeTaL [1 hatvo- 552 73) CAESAR, Xv. 4-X.vI. 2 men scattered in flight, he was no longer the same man, nor remembered that he was Pompey the Great, but more like one whom Heaven has robbed of his wits than anything else, he went off without a word to his tent, sat down there, and awaited what was to come, until his forces were all routed and the enemy were assailing his ramparts and fighting with their defenders. ‘Then he came to his senses, as it were, and with this one ejaculation, as they say, “ What, even to my quarters?” took off his fighting and general’s dress, put on one suitable for a fugitive, and stole away. What his subsequent fortunes were, and how he delivered himself into the hands of the Egyptians and was murdered, I shall tell in his Life.} XLVI. But Caesar, when he reached Pompey’s ramparts and saw those of the enemy who were already lying dead there and those who were still falling, said with a groan: “ They would have it so; they brought me to such a pass that if I, Caius Caesar, after waging successfully the greatest wars, had dismissed my forces, I should have been con- demned in their courts.” 2 Asinius Pollio says that these words, which Caesar afterwards wrote down in Greek, were uttered by him in Latin at the time; he also says that most of the slain were servants who were killed at the taking of the camp, and that not more than six thousand soldiers fell. Most of those who were taken alive Caesar incorporated in his legions, and to many men of prominence he granted immunity. One of these was Brutus, who afterwards slew him. Caesar was distressed, we are told, when 1 Chapters Ixxvii.—-]xxx. ? Hoe voluerunt; tantis rebus gestis Gaius Caesar con- demnatus essem, nisi ab exercitu auxilium petissem (Sue- tonius, Div. Jul. 30). 553 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pEvep per ayoudcal, owfévtos b€ Kal Tapayeor- Jévou 1 p0S oa noOnvar dtadepovTas. PVE Snpetoov 6 TONA@Y _Yevopeveov THS viens eTLPAaverTATOV ioTopetrat TO mepl TpanrrXets. év yap ‘Ep@ Nixns dvdpras. elo THKEL Kaicapos, Kal TO TEpL AUT@ Kwpiov avo TE oTepeov puces Kat NiO w oednpo KATEOT PWMEVOV Dv avedev ex TOUTOU Aéyovow avarethat HoiviKa Tapa THY Baow Tov avdpidvTos. eV be HaraBie Tdios K opyn Atos, avip evdOKLLOS em pavteKh, ArBiov TOU Tvyypapews TOTS Kal YrewpLpos, éruyxavev én olwvols Ka 1) LEVOS éxetvny THY nyepav. Kal 7 POT OV pe, WS AiBros oyoe, TOV KaLpov eyo TIS Haxns, Kal ™ pos TOUS TapovTas elev ore Kab 6 TEpaiveTat TO XpHpea Kat ouviact els épyov ou avdpes. avis dé T pos TH Gea YeVvOMEVOS Kal TA onueta KaTLb@v dvnhato HET ’ évOovarac pod Boav, “Nixds, @ Kaicap.” €xT LaYEVTOY b€ TOV TAPATUXOVT@Y TEPLEA@V TOV orepavov aTO THS Kepanrijs EVO HLOTOS edn py Tp emOjoec Gar Tarw i TH TéEXYN papTUpijcaL TO Epyov. TavTa pev ovv o AiBtos ot Tas yevéoOar kataBeBatovTat. XLVIIT. Katcap d6€ tO Ocettarav Over tiv ehevOeptav avadets vexentypeov édimxe Loumpiov: ayrdapevos 6€ THS ‘Actas Kyidtovs te OcomouTr@ TO cuvayayovTe TOUS podous Xapilopevos nrev- Bbépwce, Kal maot tots tiv Actay Katotkovat TO TplTov Tov popwy avikev. es bé ’AreEav- dperav emt Hopmarnio TeOvnKOTe KaTaydets Oeo- SoTOV pev ameaTpady tv Llopaniou Keparny mpochépovta, THvy O€ odpayida SeEdpevos tod §54 CAESAR, xvi. 2-XxXLvmt. 2 Brutus was not to be found, but when he was brought into his presence safe and sound, was pleased beyond measure. XLVII. There were many portents of the vic- tory, but the most remarkable one on record is that which was seen at Tralles. In that city’s temple of Victory there stood a statue of Caesar, and the ground around it was itself naturally firm, and was paved with hard stone; yet from this it is said that a palm-tree shot up at the base of the statue.! More- over, at Patavium, Caius Cornelius, a man in repute as a seer, a fellow citizen and acquaintance of Livy the historian, chanced that day to be sitting in the place of augury. And to begin with, according to Livy, he discerned the time of the battle, and said to those present that even then the event was in progress and the men were going into action. And when he looked again and observed the signs, he sprang up in a rapture crying : “ Thou art victorious, O Caesar!”’ The bystanders being amazed, he took the chaplet from his head and declared with an oath that he would not put it on again until the event had borne witness to his art. At any rate, Livy insists that this was so.? XLVIII. Caesar gave the Thessalians their free- dom, to commemorate his victory, and then pursued Pompey ; when he reached Asia he made the Cnidians also free, to please Theopompus the collector of fables, and for all the inhabitants of Asia remitted a third of their taxes. Arriving at Alexandria just after Pompey’s death, he turned away in horror from Theodotus as he presented the head of Pompey, but he accepted Pompey’s seal-ring, and shed tears over 1 Cf. Caesar B.C, tii 105 ad fin. 2 In Bock exi, which is lost. S50 €e3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ’ \ LA o¢ \ a e a, 5) A avdpos KaTedaKkpucev’ Ocot b€ THY ETAIPwWY aUTOD 4 \ (/ e Kal cuvnOwv TAAV@MEVOL KATA THY Ywpav éaArO- A / / Keoav UTO TOV BaclrXéws, TavTas EvEpyeTNGE Kal ( a) \ ‘4 > e / wv TpoanyayeTo. Tots d€ dirs eis Paopny éypadev a / >) , al , OTL THS VikKnS aToNavot ToUTO péytoToV Kal ¢ % , ‘ \ aA 4 HOtaeTOY, TO TOWLE TLVAS dEl TOV TETTONEMNKOTWY TONT@OY AUTO. rqx\ , 4 \ A Tov d€ avto@t morXepov ot péy ovK avayKaioy, f A arr’ épwtt KrXeovdtpas ddoEov abt@ Kal Kxivdv- , / , e \ \ \ yoon yevécOar Néyouvcty, of 6€ Tos BactrLKOvS “A \ A / alTt@vTal, Kal padtoTta Tov evvovyov IloMecvo», e \ oy \ Os wWAelaTov duvdpevos Kai Lloumniov pev avn- 4 \ pnkws évayyos, éxkBeBrAnxas 6é€ Kreoratpar, ¢ \ > 7 a) , \ XN a 4 Kpupa pev étreBovreve T@ Katicapt: cai dia totTo ‘ > , f la act avutov apEdpevoy Extote StavuxTepevey ev a A lal lal , aA Tols TWOTOLS EveKa PvraKhs TOV cwomaTos’ Parepas \ ? > ’ \ ar, \ \ \ dé ove Hv avextos éTipOova mora Kal Tpos ef > \ bat / dA \ if vBpw es tov Katcapa Aéeywv Kal TWpdTT@v. \ \ Z f TOUS MEV YAP OTPATLWTAS TOV KUKLOTOY LETPOULE- 4 a / VOUS Kal TaNaLoTAaTOY aiToY éxédevoeEV avexer Oat \ f > U \ > 4 ‘\ \ \ Kat oTépyev, €oOtavtas Ta AAXOTPLA, Tpos 5é TA al ? “A A deirva axeverty éypnto Evdrivois Kai KEepapeots, \ A \ > A ’ id WS TA Xpuca Kai apyupa Tauvta Kataapos éxyovtos 4 , f \ e a elg TL Ypéos. @petle yap o Tod BactdevorTos , \ / / , Tote matnp Kaicape xXtdtas Ertakocias TevTn- , \ / a a KOVTa pupiisas, @Y Tas pev adAaS aVKE Tots ‘ ) a , e i \ Taw avtov mpotepov 0 Kaicap, tas b€ xtrias 1 Cf. the Pompey, Ixxx. 5. * See the Pompey, Ixxvii. 2. 556 731 CAESAR, xivin. 2-4 it! Moreover, all the companions and intimates of Pompey who had been captured by the king as they wandered over the country, he treated with kindness and attached them to himself. And to his friends in Rome he wrote that this was the greatest and sweetest pleasure that he derived from his victory, namely, from time to time to save the lives of fellow citizens who had fought against him. As for the war in Egypt, some say that it was not necessary, but due to Caesar’s passion for Cleopatra, and that it was inglorious and full of peril for him. But others blame the king’s party for it, and especi- ally the eunuch Potheinus, who had most influence at court,” and had recently killed Pompey; he had also driven Cleopatra from the country, and was now secretly plotting against Caesar. On this account they say that from this time on Caesar passed whole nights at drinking parties in order to protect himself. But in his open acts also Potheinus was unbearable, since he said and did many things that were invidious and insulting to Caesar. For instance, when the soldiers had the oldest and worst grain measured out to them, he bade them put up with it and be content, since they were eating what belonged to others ; and at the state suppers he used wooden and earthen dishes, on the ground that Caesar had taken all the gold and silver ware in payment of a debt. For the father of the present king owed Caesar seventeen million five hundred thousand drachmas,? of which Caesar had formerly remitted a part to his children, but now demanded payment of ten millions for the * During Caesar’s consulship (59 B.c.) Ptolemy Auletes was declared a friend and ally of the Romans. To secure this honour he both gave and promised money to the state. 557 9) PLUTARCH’S LIVES nEiov TOTE AaBov dad peyrar TO oTpatevpa. TOD 6é Todenvod viv pév adtov amtévat kcal tov peydrwy execGat TpayuaTw@V KENEVOVTOS, VaTEPOV d€ KoptetaoGat peta Xa plros, ELTOV WS Atyurtioy eXaXLoTa d€ouTo cvpBovruv, pupa Thy Kyeo- TATPAV ATO THS xXoOpas METETELLTFETO. XLIX. Kaxeivy TaparaPotoa TOV giro ‘AtrohhoOwpov TOV DeKcehorny eovov, Ls aKaTvov pixpov éuBadca Tots pev Bacirelors mpocéaxer On cuaKoTavovTos: amropou bé Tov NaGety dvTOS ArAAWS, 1) pev Els OTPwWLATOSETpOY évdvaAa TPpoO- TelveL pakpay éauTry, 0 b€ “AtroNdOSwpos imavTe guVOnaas TOV oTPwMaTOoET MOV EicKopiter Sta Oupav mpos Tov Kaicapa. Kal TovT@ TE POT eyeTal TO TeXVipaTe THS KrEeotaTpas ad@var, ANapupas daveians, Kab THS aAANS OmtAtas Kai yapiTos HTTwv yevouevos dtaddraEat mpos Tov aderhov ws avpBaciievcovoav. émetta 6 év Tais dtadrayals éotiwpévev atravTov otKkérns Kaicapos xoupevs, da Setdiav, 4 wavtas avOpo- mous umepéBanrev, ovdev éov aveEéTaaTOV, GAN’ @TAKOVGTOV Kal ToAVTpPAayLOVaY, auVAKEY éT- Bovr\nv Kaicapte mpattopévnv vm’ ’AyiAda TOD aotpatnyov Kal LoGewvov tov ebvovyov. dwpdaaas b¢ 0 Kaicap Ppoupay jeev TEPLETTIOE TO avd pave, TOV Ge Ilo@ecvov aveirev: o 5é AXOMAGs guyav els TO OTPATOTESOY Tepiia THT avT@ Bapov Kal dvopeTaxei pla Tov TONEMOD, duyoord TOTavTHY GLUVOMEV@ TOA Kai SUVamuLY. év ® ™p@Tov pep exwwouvevoev VOaTOS atrokAEtabels? ai yap So- puyes aTrw@xodopnOnaarv bro TOV TodEpiov: Sev- TEpOV O€ TEPLKOTTTOMEVOS TOV aTOAOY 7vayKddby 558 CAESAR, xtvii. 5—x1tx. 3 support of his army. When, however, Potheinus bade him go away now and attend to his great affairs, assuring him that later he would get his money with thanks, Caesar replied that he had no need what- ever of Egyptians as advisers, and secretly sent for Cleopatra from the country. XLIX. So Cleopatra, taking only Apollodorus the Sicilian from among her friends, embarked in a little skiff and landed at the palace when it was already getting dark; and as it was impossible to escape notice otherwise, she stretched herself at full length inside a bed-sack, while Apollodorus tied the bed-sack up with a cord and carried it indoors to Caesar. It was by this device of Cleopatra's, it is said, that Caesar was first captivated, for she showed herself to be a bold coquette, and succumbing to the charm of further intercourse with her, he reconciled her to her brother on the basis of a joint share with him in the royal power. Then, as everybody was feasting to cele- brate the reconciliation, a slave of Caesar’s, his barber, who left nothing unscrutinized, owing to a timidity in which he had no equal, but kept his ears open and was here, there, and everywhere, perceived that Achillas the general and Potheinus the eunuch were hatching a plot against Caesar. After Caesar had found them out, he seta guard about the banqueting- hall, and put Potheinus to death; Achillas, however, escaped to his camp, and raised about Caesar a war grievous and difficult for one who was defending him- self with so few followers against so large a city and army. In this war, to begin with, Caesar encountered the peril of being shut off from water, since the canals were dammed up by the enemy; in the second place, when the enemy tried to cut off his fleet, he 559 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sea TupOs atwaacbat Tov Kivduvor, O Kat THY peeyadnv BrBrLoOnKnv eK TOV vewptov émLvepo- [LevOV Osed Dexpee TpiTov O€ Tepl TH Papo paxns FUVETTHTNS KateTrOno yey aro TOU XOLATOS Eig aKxatlov Kal tapeBonbex Tots aywvitopevoes, em LT MEOVTOV 6é Todhaxobev aAUT@ TOV Atyuttion pirpas éavTov els (THY Oadacoav ameviEato ports Kal Nahe ws. OTE Kat N€yEeTAaL BiBr«eva KpaT@v TONNG pn mpoeabar Bardopevos Kal Barrefo- pevos, GAN avexXov ump THS Oaracons Ta BiBrtdca TH ETEpA xeupl vr xeo Bau TO O€ dear Lov evdus éBv0ic8n. Téhos 6€, tov Bactrtéws 7 pos TOUS qToAeulovs amoywpioavtos, émedOoyv Kak cuvawas PAXNY EVLKNTE, TOAXOY TETOVTWV AUTOD Te TOD Bactréws adavovs yevouévov. KaTadtTov dé THY KXeomdtpav Bacthevovoay Aiyurrou Kal pixpov VaTepov €E avTov Texovoay viov, Ov “Ae Eavdpeis Karcapiwva tpoonyopevoy, Opunoev ert Supias. L. Kaxetdev ériwy thy “Aciav éruvOaveto Ao- pitioy pev vo Papvdxou Tov MiOpidatov tmasos WTTHMLEVOV EK Ilovrov mepevyevae oov odious, Dapvaxny 6€ TH vin PW [LEVOV aTrAHT TOS Kab Bed uviav éeNovTa kal Kammaboxiay “A pHevias epier Oar THIS pixpas KadXoupévyns, Kal TavTas avior ava TOUS TaUTN Barrels Kal TeTPapXas. evOvs oy éml Tov dvdpa T pov Nauve Tay Lact, Kal Tept TOA Lipav paxnr peyarny cuvaas avtov pev €&€Bare tov Ilévtov hevyovta, tHv dé 1JIn the Museum, founded by the first Ptolemy (ob. 283 B.c.). The destruction of the library can have been only partial. 560 CAESAR, xix. 3-L. 2 was forced to repel the danger by using fire, and this spread from the dockyards and destroyed the great library; and thirdly, when a battle arose at Pharos,? he sprang from the mole into a small boat and tried to go to the aid of his men in their struggle, but the Egyptians sailed up against him from every side, so that he threw himself into the sea and with great difficulty escaped by swimming. At this time, too, it is said that he was holding many papers in his hand and would not let them go, though missiles were fly- ing at him and he was immersed in the sea, but held them above water with one hand and swam with the other ; his little boat had been sunk at the outset.3 But finally, after the king had gone away to the enemy, he marched against him and conquered him in a battle where many fell and the king himself disappeared. Then, leaving Cleopatra on the throne of Egypt (a little later she had a son by him whom the Alexandrians called Caesarion), he set out for Syria. L. On leaving that country and traversing Asia,‘ he learned that Domitius had been defeated by Pharnaces the son of Mithridates and had fled from Pontus with a few followers; also that Pharnaces, using his victory without stint, and occupying Bi- thynia and Cappadocia, was aiming to secure the country called Lesser Armenia, and was rousing to revolt all the princes and tetrarchs there. At once, therefore, Caesar marched against him with three legions, fought a great battle with him near the city of Zela, drove him in flight out of Pontus, and 2 An island off Alexandria, connected with the mainland by a mole, or causeway, which divided the harbour into two parts. 3 Cf. Dio Cassius, xlii. 40. 4 In July of 47 B.o. 561 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTpaTlav aponv aveine. Kal TS pays TAUTNS THY o€UTNTa Kal TO TAXOS avayyéAXwv ets ‘Paopeny TpOs nee Tav dtAwy *Apavtioy eypave TPELS reEas* “ "HA Gor, eloov, évixnaa.” ‘Popaiatt 6€ ai NéEEts Els Opoloy ATONHYyovcaL OXIA PLATS ovx amiOavoy tiv Bpaxvroytav Exovowy. LI. ’Ex rovrov dsaBarov ets Itadiav avéBat- vey els ‘Pony, TOU pev éviauTou KATATTPEPOVTOS els Ov hpnto OLR TATOP TO devTEpon, ovdemore THS cpxfs. eKELv/S TPOTEpov eviauvatov ryevoperns” Ets dé TOUT LOD bTatos amredety On. Kal KAKOS Tycov- GEV OTL TOV TTPATLWT@Y OTacLacavTwY Kal dvO oTpaTnyiKous avopas avedovtwyv, Kooxwviov Kai TarBav, éretinoe pev avtois tocovtToy ocov aVvTL OTPATLWTOV TOAITAS TpoTayopEvaal, YLALAS dé dréverpev Exdotw Spaypas Kal yxwpav THs "ITa- Alas aTEeKAHpwWoE TOAAHV. AV € avTOD dtaBory cat» AodoBérAXa pavia Kai 7 “Auavtiov didap- yupla xal pedumv ’Avt@vios kai Kopdivios tiv Tlouaniov cKxevwpovpevos oikiav Kal petotKoco- U@V WS LKaVnV OUK OVGAY. éTL TOUTOLS yap éduvC- dopouv “Pwpyata. Kaicap 6€ da thv vrodeow THS TOALTELAS OVK AyvowV OVE BovrAOLEVOS NYAY- xaleto ypnoGat Tols UTroupyover. LIT. Tay dé rept Katova Kal LKntiwva peta THY év Dapoare pax ets AtBuny puyovtoy KaKel, TOU Bactréws “loBa BonGodvros avrois, nO potxoTa@y Ovvdapets aEtorNOyouS, eyvw oTpAaTEvELY 0 Kaicap én’ avtovs: Kai Tept TpoTras Yetpepivas 1 Veni, vidi, vici. According to Suetonius (Div. Jul. 37), the words were displayed in Caesar’a Pontic triumph. 552 13 CAESAR, L. 2-Ln. 1 annihilated his army. In atuouncing the swiftness and fierceness of this battle to one of his friends at Rome, Amantius, Caesar wrote three words : “ Came, saw, conquered.” ! In Latin, however, the words have the same inflectional ending, and so a brevity whieh is most impressive. LI. After this, he crossed to Italy and went up to Rome, at the close of the year for which he had a second time been chosen dictator,” though that office had never before been for a whole year ; then for the following year he was proclaimed consul. Men spoke ill of him because, after his soldiers had mutinied and killed two men of praetorian rank, Galba and Cosco- nius, he censured them only so far as to eall them “citizens” when he addressed them, instead of “ soldiers,’ and then gave each man a thousand drachmas and much allotted land in Italy. He was also calumniated for the madness of Dolabella, the greed of Amantius, the drunkenness of Antony, and for the fact that Corfinius built over and refurnished the house of Pompey on the ground that it was not good enough for him. For at all these things the Romans were displeased. But owing to the political situation, though Caesar was not ignorant of these things and did not like them, he was compelled to make use of such assistanits. LH. After the battle at Pharsalus, Cato and Scipio made their escape to Africa, and there, with the aid of King Juba, collected considerable forees. Caesar therefore resolved to make an expedition against them. So, about the time of the winter solstice, he 2 The senate named Caesar Dictator for the year 47 immediately after the battle at Pharsalus, * Cf. Appian, B.C. ii. 93. 563 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES diaBas ets LuxeMiay, Kab Bovdopevos evOus arro- Kowar TOV mept aQuTOV yyeHoveoy anacav éTia peddrjoews Kal drat puis, emt TOU KNUC UATOS émn&e THv éavTov a KYIV" Kal yevopevov TVEU- patos euBas avixOn meta TpLaxX iho meCav Kal im éwy orion. am oBuBacas o€ ToUTOUS NaAbwy avnyOn TaN, umép THs petCovos Oppwocer ouvd- pews” Kal Kara Odratray ovaw 1)0n TpoTTUY@V KaTHYyayev AravTas els TO OTPATOTEOLY. Tuvavopevos dé XPT HP TeYe mTararo Oappetv TOUS Tohepious, WS TPITHKOV aél TO Srey eebveov yéver Kpatety ev AtBun, YaNETOV ELTELY ELTE prav- pitov év Travia Tut TOV Laymiova oTparnyouvTa TOV Tronepicon, ere Kal oroven TOV OLWVOV OiKELOv- HEvOS, Hv yap Kal Tap avT@ TLS avO pwrros addws jev evKaTappovntos Kab Trapnuednpevos, olKLas d€ THS "Adpicavav (Racymteov exareiTo Lanhou- otiwy), ToUTOV ev Tals payats TpoeTATTEY MaTEP HyEeLova THS TTpATLAS, crayKalomevos TOANAKIS éFamtecOat TOV ToAEpioy Kai hiroupayelv. Av yap oUTE otToS Tots avopac apbovos OUTE UTTO- Curious YINOS, GNAG Spvors nvaryKatovTo Garar- TLOLS, aroThubetans THS arpupioos, omvyny dy pa- orl Oot ep ove pa TA paperyVUVvTEs eTWMyElv TOUS immous. ol yap Nopades errupatvopevor TOROL Kal Taxels EXAOTOTE KaTeixov THY Xw@pav’ Kab TOTE TOV Katoapos immeov TYOANY ayovT@V (érvyxe yap avTois avnp AiBus ET LOELKYUMEVOS opxnaw apa Kat poovauray Oavpatos altos, ot € TEPTFOLLEVOL Kab hvro Tois tatol tous immous éTt- TpewavTes), eEaidvns mepehOovres eu Baddovat Ol TONEMLOL, KAL TOUS péev AVTOU KTELVOVOL, TOLS OE 504 CAESAR, ul. 1-5 crossed into Sicily, and wishing to cut off at once in the minds of his officers all hope of delaying there and wasting time, he pitched his own tent on the sea-beach. When a favouring wind arose, he em- barked and put to sea with three thousand infantry and a few horsemen. Then, after landing these un- observed, he put to sea again, being full of fears for the larger part of his force, and meeting them after they were already at sea, he conducted all into camp. On learning that the enemy were emboldened by an ancient oracle to the effect that it was always the prerogative of the family of the Scipios to conquer in Africa, he either flouted in pleasantry the Scipio who commanded the enemy, or else tried in good earnest to appropriate to himself the omen, it is hard to say which. He had under him, namely, a man who otherwise was a contemptible nobody, but belonged to the family of the Africani, and was called Scipio Sallustio. This man Caesar put in the forefront of his battles as if commander of the army, being com- pelled to attack the enemy frequently and to force the fighting. For there was neither sufficient food for his men nor fodder for his beasts of burden, nay, they were forced to feed their horses on sea-weed, which they washed free of its salt and mixed with a little grass to sweeten it. For the Numidians showed themselves everywhere in great numbers and speedy, and controlled the country. Indeed, while Caesar’s horsemen were once off duty (a Libyan was showing them how he could dance and play the flute at the same time in an astonishing manner, and they had committed their horses to the slaves and were sitting delighted on the ground), the enemy suddenly sur- rounded and attacked them, killed some of them, VOL. Vit. T 56 5 6 PLUTARCH’S LIVES €ig TO oTpatoTredoy mpotpoTadny éAavvopévols OUVELGETTETOV. EL OE 1) Kaisap avtos, Gpua dé Kaioape Todrtov "Agivytos Bonoivres ex TOD Yapakos Eaxov THY guy, Sewer part av 0 To0- NELOS. éore & 6Te kal nal” érépay paynv émhe- ovéxTng ay ot TOA EMLOL CULTNOKNS yevoperns, év 7 Katcap TOV detopopov pevyovTa ever at Kata TX OY ek Tob avxEvOS dvactpeyat Kal evTrety ‘Evravéa elaty ot mrodéptot.” IDOE Tovrors MEVTOL TOUS T poTEprpacty émnpOn Lent leov pan K pO far Kal KaTaNT@Y Ywpis pev ‘A gpavior, Xo pis dé ‘ToBav be Odyou [oT pato- medevovTas, avros érerxelev U vITreép Mipyns epupa. TO oTpatoT Edw mepl TOMY Odyov, w@s ein Taotv érri THY paxny OpENTNpLOV Kal Katagpuyy. TroVvov- pévw O€ AVT@ TEpL TAUTA Kaicap rwdets ToTous Kal mpoo Boras appagtovs éyovtas apnyave ta- yer SteAO@y tovs pev exuKdovTO, TOls Sé mpoce- Barre Kata oTopa. TpeYrd pevos oe TOUTOUS EXPHTO TO KaLp@ Kal TH pupn THs TuXNS, UP Ss avToBoet pev pet to ‘Adpaviou oT patomesov, avtoBoel dé dhevyovtos ‘loBa Steopber TO TOV Nopddov: auépas 56 mas pepe HLKP@ T pPL@v oT patoT ew@y eyKparis YEyoves Kat TEVTAKLG [LU- pious TOV TOAELioY avNpHKwWS OvdSe TeEVTHKOVTA Tov tdiwy aTéBanrev. Or pév tadra TeEpi THs HaXNS exeivns avayyér- ovat: ot O€ ov pact aurov éy 7@ épyo yever Oat, TUVTATTOVTOS O€ THY oTpaTiay Kal Siaxocpodvros awacbat to ctvnbes voonpa* Tov dé evOds aico- EVO ApXomevov, mpiy extapaTtTecGat Kal KaTa- 566 733 CAESAR, Li. 6-Linn. 3 and followed hard upon the heels of the rest as they were driven headlong into camp. And if Caesar himself, and with him Asinius Pollio, had not come from the ramparts to their aid and checked their flight, the war would have been at an end. On one occasion, too, in another battle, the enemy got the advantage in the encounter, and here it is said that Caesar seized by the neck the fugitive standard- bearer, faced him about, and said: “ Yonder is the enemy.” LIII. However, Scipio was encouraged by these advantages to hazard a decisive battle: so, leaving Afranius and Juba encamped separately at a short distance apart, he himself began fortifying a camp beyond a lake near the city of Thapsus, that it might serve the whole army asa place from which to sally out to the battle, and as a place of refuge. But while he was busy with this project, Caesar made his way with inconceivable speed through woody regions which afforded unknown access to the spot, outflanked some of the enemy, and attacked others in front. Then, after routing these, he took advantage of the favour- able instant and of the impetus of fortune, and there- by captured the camp of Afranius at the first onset, and at the first onset sacked the camp of the Numid- ians, from which Juba fled. Thus in a brief portion of one day he made himself master of three camps and slew fifty thousand of the enemy, without losing as many as fifty of his own men.} This is the account which some give of the battle ; others, however, say that Caesar himself was not in the action, but that, as he was marshalling and array- ing his army, his usual sickness laid hold of him, and he, at once aware that it was beginning, before his 1 In April of 46 B.o. ’ 557 OS PLUTARCH’S LIVES AapBavecOat Tavtadnacww vTO Tov wabovs THY ais Onow non oeLomerny, els Tiva TOV ™Ano tov Tupyav Koja O vat Kab Siaryaryely ép novxta. Tov oé mepevryoTov ék THS. paxns UTATLK@Y Kal OTPATHYLKGY avdpav OL pep eau Tous drepOerpar ado Kopevot, auxvors 6é Kaicap éxrecvev andovtas. lerve Katwva dé NaBetv favre pirortpovperos éo Tevoe 7 pos ‘Irunny exelvny yap Tapapudar- TOV THY mOALY ou HETETXE TOV AYOVOS. mu Gopevos Sé ws éauTop 0 aVvnp Olepyacai7o, dios peev HY dnyeis, eb & dé adyov. elie 8 oop: ed Katov, PO ovis GOL TOU Oavarou: Kal yap ov pol TIS corn pias epOornaas.” O Mev OUY pEeTa TAUTA ypageis vt avTov mpos Katwva teOvedta Novos ov Soxet T Paws EXovTos ovde EVOLANAGKTOS on- petov etvat. TOS yep av épetoato CavTos els avaic@nrov exXéas opyny TOT AUT NY; Th dé mpos Kixépova Ka Bpovrov auTov kal puplous adrous TOV TETOREMNKOTOY émerketa TexMaLpovTat Kai TaV oor éxetvov ovK é& ameyOelas, aXra prro- Tima TOALTLKN ouvreTax ar dua TOLAUT HY aitiav. éyparpe Kixépwv eryKe@opcov Kadtovos, Ovopa TO Aoy@ Oépevos Kdteva- Kat Toots 0 NOxos mp Ota oroudis, as elxoS, UTO TOU SetvoTatov T@V PNTOPwV Ets THY KaXN OTH TET OLNLEVOS v7 o0e- ou. TOUTO jvia Kaicapa, kat nyopiay auTOU vouitovta Tov Tov TeOyynKoTos Ov avTov erratvoy. éypawev ovv ToAXAus Tivas Kata Tov Katwvos aitias cuvayayov: To 6€ BiBXtov *Avrixatwv eT UyeypaTrTaL. Kal oTovoaaTas éyer TOV NOYov éxatepos 61a Kaicapa cal Katwva trodxXous. 568 CAESAR, tit. 3-Liv. 3 already wavering senses were altogether confounded and overpowered by the malady, was carried to a neighbouring tower, where he stayed quietly during the battle. Of the men of consular and praetorial rank who escaped from the battle, some slew them- selves at the moment of their capture, and others were put to death by Caesar after capture. LIV. Being eager to take Cato alive, Caesar hastened towards Utica, for Cato was guarding that city, and took no part in the battle. But he learned that Cato had made away with himself,! and he was clearly annoyed, though for what reason is uncertain. At any rate, he said: “Cato, I begrudge thee thy death ; for thou didst begrudge me the preservation of thy life.” Now, the treatise which Caesar after- wards wrote against Cato when he was dead, does not seem to prove that he was in a gentle or reconcil- able mood. For how could he have spared Cato alive, when he poured out against him after death so great acup of wrath? And yet from his considerate treat- ment of Cicero and Brutus and thousands more who had fought against him, it is inferred that even this treatise was not composed out of hatred, but from political ambition, for reasons which follow. Cicero had written an encomium on Cato which he entitled “Cato”; and the discourse was eagerly read by many, as was natural, since it was composed by the ablest of orators on the noblest of themes. This annoyed Caesar, who thought that Cicero’s praise of the dead Cato was a denunciation of Caesar himself. Accordingly, he wrote a treatise in which he got to- gether countless charges against Cato ; and the work is entitled “ Anti-Cato.” Both treatises have many eager readers, as well on account of Caesar as of Cato. 1 See the Cato Minor Ixv. 569 PLUTARCH’S LIVES LV. 'AXAa yap os emavirder els ‘Pwunv aro , al \ e a AtBuns, mp@tov péev vTép THS viens eweyadn- yopnoe mpos Tov Onmov, @S TOTAaVTHY KEXELpo- Ul / o > pEevos Ywopay oon TwapéEes Kad ExacToy éeviavTov Els TO OnooLov GiTtou pev elxoat puptadas AtTe- KOV pedtuvov, €EXaiov Sé ALTp@V pupLadas TpLAa- Kooias. émetta OptauBovs Katyyaye tov Atyu- J \ , \ , b) b) NX mtiaxov, tov Lovtixoy, tov AtBuKov, ovK ao f A a XKynriwvos, GAN aro “loBa d4Oev tod Baciréws. / id a tote Kat “loBas vios Ov éxeivov Komton vijtreos ev TO Q@ L is B 4 a , ir \ aN » OptauBo TapyyOn, paxaptwTtdTnv arovs dro- , ¢ a aw, €x BapBapov Kat Nopuados “EXAnvev ois / Totupabertatos evapiOusos yevéoOar ovyypa- A \ \ \ dedor. peta b€ Tovs OptduRous otpati@tats TE é \ 2Q/ \ N A ? f peyaras Swpeas edidov Kal Tov Shyov averap- e 4 7 Bavev éotiacect Kal Oéass, éotuioas pev év dic- / / / a peuplows Kat dtoxXtALoLs TPLKALVOLS OmovU avuTAV- lé u a Tas, Géas 5é Kai povopayer Kai vavpayev avdpav Tapacyov éni tH Ovyatpt ‘lovAia wddat Te- Ovewon. Mera 6€ tas Oéas yevouévor Timnoewy avTt TOY mpotépwy dvety Kal TpiadxovTa pupiddwr éEnta- cOyoav at macat TevtTeKaidexa. THALKAUTHY 7 Taos aTeipyaoato caupdopav Kal TocodToy 3 ? A f A v , , aTAaVaXwWaE TOV Onpouv pépos, Ew Aovyou TLPEpE- , ’ yous Ta KaTagYoVTA THY adAnV ‘ITadiay atvy71)- pata Kal Tas émapxias. LVI. Suvrerecbévtwy 6€ tovtwy Uratos azo- \ / 3 ed / SecyGeis To TéETaptov ets IBnpiav éotparsvoer o72 CAESAR, Lv. 1-LvI. 1 LV. But to resume, when Caesar came back to Rome from Africa, to begin with, he made a boastful speech to the people concerning his victory, assert- ing that he had subdued a country large enough to furnish annually for the public treasury two hundred thousand Attic bushels of grain, and three million pounds of olive oil. Next, he celebrated triumphs, an Egyptian, a Pontic, and an African, the last not for his victory over Scipio, but ostensibly over Juba the king. On this occasion, too, Juba, a son of the king, a mere infant, was carried along in the triumphal procession, the most fortunate captive ever taken, since from being a Barbarian and a Numidian, he came to be enrolled among the most learned historians of Hellas. After the triumphs, Caesar gave his soldiers large giits and entertained the people with banquets and spectacles, feasting them all at one time on twenty thousand dining-couches, and furnishing spectacles of gladiatorial and naval combats in honour of his daughter Julia, long since dead. After the spectacles, a census of the people was taken,! and instead of the three hundred and twenty thousand of the preceding lists there were enrolled only one hundred and fifty thousand. So great was the calamity which the civil wars had wrought, and so large a portion of the people of Rome had they consumed away, to say nothing of the misfortunes that possessed the rest of Italy and the provinces. LVI. After these matters had been finished and he had been declared consul for the fourth time, Caesar made an expedition into Spain against the 1 According to Suetonius (Div. Jul. 41), this was not a census of all the people, but a revision of the number of poorer citizens entitled to receive allowances of grain from the state. 571 PLUTARCH’S LIVES €mri TOUS Toparniou qjatoas, véous pev ovtas €Tt, Pavpactny 6€ TO TAHOE oTpariay cuvethoxoTas Kal TOhpay drroderxvupévous dF 10x pewv T pos mye poviay, WOTE Kivouvov TO Kaicape TEpla Tia at TOV Ea xXatov. n 0€ peyarn ayn mept Trodw TUveTTD Mobvéar, ev 7 Katcap exOtBopevous Op@Vv TOUS eavTov Kal KAKOS avTévovTas éBoa, dia TOV OTAwY Kal TOV TaEEwY EtaGewy, Et uNndev aidodvrar NaBovres autor eyxerpiaar Tots maiba- plots. joes be mpobupig. TOXT TOUS Torepious WO ApLEVOS exelvov Bev UTEP Tpiapuptous O1€- pepe, TOV 6¢ auToU XtrLous aTwhere TOUS dpi- OTOUS. am Lay 6é pera THY pany Tos TOUS pidous ELTEV WS TONKS pev aryoviaLto mept ViKNS; vov o€ 7 T™p@Tov Tept Wnts. TAavTNY THY paxny evixnae 7H Tov Atovuciwy €0pTh, Kal spy AéyeTat Kal Top nios Maryvos €ml TOV TONE [OV éferGetv: Sta pécov € Xpovos evLauT OV Tego apov dun dOe. tay dé Lloumniov maidwr o pev VE@TEPOS Suehuye, ToD Sé TpeaBuTépov peP Huépas drgLyaS Acidios aviveyKe THY KEeparrp. Todtov €xyatov Kaioap émwoXeunoe Tov Trode- pov' o 6€ am avtod Kataybeis OpiauBos ws ovdev AAO ‘Pwpaiovs nviacev. ov yap adrodv- ous rrye“ovas ovdé BapRdpovs Bactrels xatn- rYy@VLO LEVOP, avd pos dé “Popatoy Kpatia Tov TU- xaes KeXpnwevov Tatoas Kal ryévos dpénv avnpn- Kora. Tats TAS TaTpLoos eT UTOpT EVEL cupdopais ov HarOS eLyev, dyaXdopevov él TOUTOLS GV pia Kal T pos Oeovs Kal 7p0S avOpa@rrous amonoyia TO per avayKns mTempay ban, Kal TavTa 7 pOTEpov LTE ayyerov pte ypaypata Onpocta wéuWartTa 572 734 CAESAR, tvi. 1-4 sons of Pompey. These were still young, but had collected an army of amazing numbers and displayed a boldness which justified their claims to leadership, so that they beset Caesar with the greatest peril. The great battle was joined near the city of Munda, and here Caesar, seeing his own men hard pressed and making a feeble resistance, asked in a loud voice as he ran through the armed ranks whether they felt no shame to take him and put him in the hands of those boys. With difficulty and after much strenuous effort he repulsed the enemy and slew over thirty thousand of them, but he lost one thousand of his own men, and those the very best. As he was going away after the battle he said to his friends that he had often striven for victory, but now first for his life. He fought this victorious battle on the day of the festival of Bacchus,! on which day also it is said that Pompey the Great had gone forth to the war; a period of four years intervened. As for Pompey’s sons, the younger made his escape, but after a few days the head of the elder was brought in by Deidius. This was the last war that Caesar waged; and the triumph that was celebrated for it vexed the Romans as nothing else had done. For it commemorated no victory over foreign commanders or barbarian kings, but the utter annihilation of the sons and the family of the mightiest of the Romans, who had fallen upon misfortune ; and it was not meet for Caesar to cele- brate a triumph for the calamities of his country, priding himself upon actions which had no defence before gods or men except that they had been done under necessity, and that too although previously he had sent neither messenger nor letters to announce } March 17, 45 B.c. 573 PLUTARCH’S LIVES meph vinns ao TOV eppudiov TONEMWY, Ur’ ATWO {LEVOV alaxuvy THY dogav. LVII. Ov pay GAXa Kab Tpos THY TUYNY TOU avdpos ery KEKALKOTES Kal Sederypevor TOV Xahwor, Kal TOV eu udicov TONE LOY Kab KaK@V avarvony Hyoumevot THY poovapxian, SixTaTopa fev QUTOV am eerEay d:a Biov: tTovTo & Hy omororyoupevn) Tupapvis, TO avuTrevOUVO THs povapyias TO aKata- T AUGTOV mpoohaBovens” TL WLS dé Tas mporas Kuxépeovos els THY Bovdny yparyartos, OV ALOS yé THs avO por evov my To peyelos, Erepor ™poo- TiOévtes vmepBoras Kal Stapidropevor Tpos ad- dajprous efeipyacavto Kal Tots TpaoTar ous ena Oh TOV avopa Kat ut pov yevecar Sra TOV OyKov Kal THY atoTiay Tav Whdifopéevwv, ois ovdév HTTOV olovTat avvaywvicacbat TOV KONAKEVOVTMV Kaicapa tovs pucodvtas, OTws OTL TAELOTAS KaT avUTOD Tpohdces Exwot Kal peTA pEeyiocTwV eyxhnparov em uxerpelv Soxaaou. emel Ta YE anna, TOV EudvAtov aVT@ 7 ONE LOY Tmépas eax KOTOV, aveyKhyTov éavtov} Tapelxe Kal TO ye THS ‘Ereevcetas, lepov ouK amo TpoTrov SoKovat Xaplarnptov éml TH TPQOTNTL Wnpicacbar. Kal yap adie TOAOUS TOV TET ONE UNKOTOY T POS auTov, éviows 6€ Kal apyas Kat Temas, WS Bpovte cat Kaocig, TpoceOnker ETTPATIYOUV Yap aj- porepor. kab Tas Tloprniov cata BeBrnpevas ELKOVAaS OU Tepeider, ann’ aver TnaeD, eh wv Kat Kixépwv eirrev OTe Kaicap tovs Hourniov orjcas avopiavtas Tous idious éxnte. trav 8€ dirov 1 QvéyxAntoy éavtéy Coraés and Bekker, after Reiske: aveyKANToV. 574 CAESAR, tv. 4-Lvn. 4 to the people a victory in the civil wars, but had scrupulously put from him the fame arising there- from. LVII. However, the Romans gave way before the good fortune of the man and accepted the bit, and regarding the monarchy as a respite from the evils of the civil wars, they appointed him dictator for life. This was confessedly a tyranny, since the monarchy, besides the element of irresponsibility, now took on that of permanence. It was Cicero who proposed the first honours for him in the senate, and their magnitude was, after all, not too great for a man; but others added excessive honours and vied with one another in proposing them, thus rendering Caesar odious and obnoxious even to the mildest citizens because of the pretension and extravagance of what was decreed for him. It is thought, too, that the enemies of Caesar no less than his flatterers helped to force these measures through, in order that they might have as many pretexts as possible against him and might be thought to have the best reasons for attempting his life. For in all other ways, at least, after the civil wars were over, he showed himself blameless ; and certainly it is thought not inappropriate that the temple of Clemency was decreed as a thank-offering in view of his mildness. For he pardoned many of those who had fought against him, and to some he even gave honours and offices besides, as to Brutus and Cassius, both of whom were now praetors. The statues of Pompey, too, which had been thrown down, he would not suffer to remain so, but set them up again, at which Cicero said that in setting up Pompey’s statues Caesar firmly fixed his own.! When his friends thought it 1 Cf. Cicero, xl. 4, p. 186. Si9 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ak vovvror avTov Sopudopeta ba Kab TONOY emt TOUTO TapeXovT@V EavTous OVX Urréuever, ELT @V WS Bédreov eo TW anak ato0avety 7) del ™ poo bo- Kav. tiv ® evvotay ws KadMOoTOY aya Kai Be- Bavotatov éavT@ mept Bard ope vos pudaxTy ploy, aves ave ipBave TOV Ofjpou € éoTiaceot Kal o1Tn- peaiors, TO 6€ OT PATLOTLKOY GTroLKiaLs, oY emt paver tartar Kapyndov Kab Kopuv8os joav, ats Kal mporepov THY ahootw Kal TOTE THY avadnyw dua Kat Kare TOV AUTOV Ypovoyv auporépars ryevé- ofa cvuveTuye. LVIII. Tay dé duvara@v Tots pev Umatetas Kal oTparnyias eis TOvTTLOV EMNYYENAETO, Tous & array ticiv eEovciats Kal Tipais mrapepvbetro, mao. be édmive évedidov, pvnotevopevos apyxetv éxovtwy, ws Kat Makipou tod vmdtou TeXevT7- TavTos els THY Tepodoay ETL TIS apxijs piav n ME pay Dratov atrobetEat Kaviviov "PeBirtov. T pos OV, WS EOLKE, TON Oov beErmoacbat Kal 7 po- meppar BadiSovtwy O Kixeépan, ¢ Srevdwpev,” edn, “ mpl hOdon THs vmateias éEehOwv o av- Gpowrros.” Eze 6€ TO ghicet peyaroupyov avtod Kat dtrAoTLov at ToANAal KaTOpOwceEs OV POS aTrO- Ravel ETpEeTOVY THY TreTOVNMEVWY, ANN UTEK- Kavya Kal Oapoos ovcat mpos Ta pédAdOVTA pecCovwy évétixtoy érivoias mpayuatwv Kal Kawnhs EpoTa d0Ens ws ATrOKEX PN MEVY TH Tapouen, TO pev TaOos ovdey 7) AV eTepov i) Cipdos auTov Kabarep Grou Kat peroveria TUS uTrép TOV MEAXOVTWY TAOS TA WETpaypéeva, TapacKeuy 576 CAESAR, tv. 4-LVUL 3 best that he should have a body-guard, and many of them volunteered for this service, he would not consent, saying that it was better to die once for all than to be always expecting death. And in the effort to surround himself with men’s good will as the fairest and at the same time the securest protection, he again courted the people with banquets and dis- tributions of grain, and his soldiers with newly planted colonies, the most conspicuous of which were Carthage and Corinth. The earlier capture of both these cities, as well as their present restoration, chanced to fall at one and the same time.! LVIII. As for the nobles, to some of them he promised consulships and praetorships in the future, others he appeased with sundry other powers and honours, and in all he implanted hopes, since he ardently desired to rule over willing subjects. There- fore, when Maximus the consul died, he appointed Caninius Revilius consul for the one day still remain- ing of the term of office. To him, as we are told, many were going with congratulations and offers of escort, whereupon Cicero said: “ Let us make haste, or else the man’s consulship will have expired.” Caesar’s many successes, however, did not divert his natural spirit of enterprise and ambition to the enjoy- ment of what he had laboriously achieved, but served as fuel and incentive for future achievements, and begat in him plans for greater deeds and a passion for fresh glory, as though he had used up what he already had. What he felt was therefore nothing else than emulation of himself, as if he had been another man, and a sort of rivalry between what he had done and what he purposed to do. For he 1 Both cities were captured in 146 B.c., and both were restored in 44 B.C. 577 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé Kal youn oT patevely pev ert IldpOous, KaTacTpeyapLevo 5€ ToUTOUS, Kal ov ‘Tpxavias Tapa THV Kaontay Jaracoay Kat TOV Kavcacov éxtreprenO ov tt TOV Tlovrov, els THY LacvB oxy éu- Bareiv, Kat Ta Tepiywpa Veppavois cat Tep- paviav avTHY emeépa pov bua KeAtov éravenOetv els ‘Tradap, Kat cuvarra TOV KUKNOV TOUTOV THS nryepovias 7 mavrax ober ‘Oxcav@ meptopia Bet- ons. Ola perou d¢€ TIS oTpateias TOV TE Kopiv- Grov "Ico é ETE XELpEL Cvackam TEL, "Avinvov éri TOUT® T POXELPLE ULEVOS, kal tov TiBepuv ev us aro Tis Toews vTokaBov Stwpuye Bubeia Kal TEPLKhaTas é7ti tO KipKxaiov ep Barely eis THY ™ pos Tappaxivy Oadarttay, aap ddevay aya Kab peotavny Tots OL epTropias poraow els ‘Popny MNXAVOLEVOS* TpPOS be TOUVTOLS TA pev EAN TA mept Ilwpevtivov Kat Snriav exTpewas medtov dmoveiEae TorXrais évepyov avOpwTreav puplace, TH 6é éyylora THS ‘Popns Garacan KrelOpa b1a NO LUT ov eTayayor, Kal Ta TudAra Kal vo oppa THs ‘Qottaviis niovos avaxaOnpapevos, ALpévas éumoincacOat Kai vavroxa mpos TooavTny akco- TioTa vavTiiiav. Kal TavTa pey ev Trapa- TKEVATS iV. LIX. ‘H 6éé 700 TEEpororiov dtaGeats Kai dtop- Owats THS Tept TOV _Xpovov GVO LaANIAS dtdogo- dnbeiaa XaprevTas ur avTov Kal TENS AaBodoa yragupworarny Ta perXe npeta. ov yap povov €v Tols Tandatotsy Tavu Xpovors TeTapaypevars EXPavTO ‘Pepaioe Tals TOV MNVOV 7 pos TOV évt- auTOv mepLooots, Hote TAS Guaias Kat Tas éopTas UTopEepomévas KATA puKpoV eis évavTias éxTEeTTTO- 578 CAESAR, tvin. 3-LIx. 1 planned and prepared to make an expedition against the Parthians ; and after subduing these and march- ing around the Euxine by way of Hyrcania, the Caspian sea, and the Caucasus, to invade Scythia ; and after overrunning the countries bordering on Germany and Germany itself, to come back by way of Gaul to Italy, and so to complete this circuit of his empire, which would then be bounded on all sides by the ocean. During this expedition, moreover, he intended to dig through the isthmus of Corinth, and had already put Anienus in charge of this work; he intended also to divert the Tiber just below the city into a deep channel, give it a bend towards Circeium, and make it empty into the sea at Terracina, thus contriving for merchantmen a safe as well as an easy passage to Rome; and besides this, to convert the marshes about Pomentinum and Setia into a plain which many thousands of men could cultivate ; and further, to build moles which should barricade the sea where it was nearest to Rome, to clear away the hidden dangers on the shore of Ostia, and then construct harbours and roadsteads sufficient for the great fleets that would visit them. And all these things were in preparation. LIX. The adjustment of the calendar, however, and the correction of the irregularity in the com- putation of time, were not only studied scientifically by him, but also brought to completion, and proved to be of the highest utility. For not only in very ancient times was the relation of the lunar to the solar year in great confusion among the Romans, so that the sacrificial feasts and festivals, diverging gradually, at last fell in opposite seasons of the year, 579 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , a , Ca ) A \ \ \ , 2 Kéval Tols ypovolts Wpas, adAG Kal TEPL THY TOTE U ovaay HALAKNY OL pev AAAOL TAYTaTTAGL TOUTWY A / daurroylaTws elyov, ot O€ Lepets povot TOV KaLpOV eLootes eEaidvns Kal mponoOnpévov pndevos Tov > / Us A U > éuBortpmov mpocéypagoy pinva, Mepxnoovior dvo- ia A “~ € \ A 9 wn pavovtes, Ov Nouas 0 Bactdevs patos éuBarelv \ \ Y NévyeTal, pixpav Kal dStaTeivovaay ov Troppw Bon- \ cal \ \ > Jeav é€evpmv Ths wept Tas amokatactdaceEls , a \ / TANM[LEAELAS, WS EV TOS TEPL eKEivOU YyéypaTrTal. 3 Kaicap 6€ Tois apictos THY dirocopwv Kal A \ A padnuatix@v TO TpOBAnMa TpoVeEls Ex THY UTO- , BA / 4 3Q7 \ \ Ketevov On peOocwy Euikev idtav Tiva Kal bin- 4 A 3 , ? cpiBwpevny padrrov érravop$wow, 7 Ypw@mevoe péxpt viv ‘Pwpatos Soxovow Artov étTépwv shar- , NecOar TEpl THV avMpariav. ov pnVv adda xal TovTo Tots BacKkaivovot Kat Bapuvopévors tHv pe A “ , aA ¢ Suva aitias jwapetye. Kixépwv yovy o pntwp, e 54 , / ” > , i? @S Eotke, PNTAVTOS TLVOS aUpLoY emLTEAXELY AUpaD, GOING ee ae co 2 8 s >» e \ ie Nat, eimev, ‘‘€x dlatayuaTos, ws Kat TOUTO mpos avaykny Tay avOpaTrwv Seyopnévwn, LX. To dé éudaves padtaota picos rai Java- 4 3 b b] \ e Cal ? 4 b] 7 Tnpopov ew avTov o THs Baciretas Epws éeFerpya- a a , o gato, Tols pev modXdols attia mpwTn, Tois be UTOUAOLS TAAAL Tpophacls EvTpETETTATH yevo- pevn. Kaitot Kat oyov Twa KaTéoTeELpay Eis ol / , Tov Onpov ot TavTnv Kaicapt tiv tiny mpoke- VOOVTES, WS EK YpapmadToV YBvAXrEiwY adwoiwa 736 / € ? a ta Ilap@wv gdaivorto Pwpators cu Bacirel 580 CAESAR, Lix, 2-Lx. 1 but also at this time people generally had no way of computing the actual solar year;! the priests alone knew the proper time, and would suddenly and to everybody's surprise insert the intercalary month called Mercedonius. Numa the king is said to have been the first to intercalate this month, thus devis- ing a slight and short-lived remedy for the error in regard to the sidereal and solar cycles, as I have said in his Life? But Caesar laid the problem before the best philosophers and mathematicians, and ont of the methods of correction which were already at hand compounded one of his own which was more accurate than any. This the Romans use down to the present time, and are thought to be less in error than other peoples as regards the inequality between the lunar and solar years. However, even this fur- nished occasion for blame to those who envied Caesar and disliked his power. At any rate, Cicero the orator, we are told, when some one remarked that Lyra would rise on the morrow, said: “Yes, by decree,” implying that men were compelled to accept even this dispensation. LX. But the most open and deadly hatred to- wards him was produced by his passion for the royal power. For the multitude this was a first cause of hatred, and for those who had long smothered their hate, a most specious pretext for it. And yet those who were advocating this honour for Caesar actually spread abroad among the people a report that from the Sibylline books it appeared that Parthia could be taken if the Romans went up against it with a king, 1 At this time the Roman calendar wus more than two months ahead of the solar year. Caesar’s reform went into effect in 46 B.c. 2 Chapter xviii. 581 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TTpAaTEvomevols eT AVTOUS, AAAWS avédtKTa OvTA' kal xataBaivovtos é& “AXBns Kaicapos eis tH TOA éTOApnoaY avToY aotdoacbat Bactréa. Tov dé Onuou d:atapayPevtos axybeabels exeivos ovx én Bactrevs, GANA Kaicap xareicPat Kai yevouéevns mpos TOUTO TavT@Y alwTHAS ov mavu paid pos ove Evers map bev. év O€ ovyehyre@ Teas TLVaS umeppuels auT@ Wndicapevov éTuXe ev virép TOV éuBodwv wabeLopevos, T Pog Lovr@y d€ TaYv UTadTwY Kal TOV OTPATHYOY, dua 6€ Kal THS Bours an acns ETOMEVNS, ovy vreLavacras, GNX w@oTrep LOL@TALS teat yenpaTtiCon, amex pt- VATO GUaTOAS parrov } Tpocbécews TAS TLLAS Seic Oat. Kal TodTO ov povoy Hviace THY BovAny, aXXa Kab TOV Onjov, as év TH BovrAn THs ToAEws T pomnraKtlopevns, Kal pera dew hs KaTnpelas amirGov evdus ols éEAv py TApapevery, @OTE KiL- Kelvoy évvoncavTa tTapaypnua pev olxade Tpa- mécOar Kal Body T pos TOUS pirous, amayaryovTa TOU Tpax7}rov TO iparvov, WS Eromos ein T@ Bov- NO Mevo THY opayny TApeNery, orepov dé mpopa- oiler Pat TID vooov" ov yap eOehewy Thy aicOnow at pepety TOV obras EXOVTOY, OTav LoTapevot Sta- NéywvTac T pos OX AOD, GXXA ceLomevnv TAXY Kal Te pipe po mevnv idiryyous emia ao Gat Kal KaTa- AauBiver Bar. TO 6¢ ovx elyev oUTWS, GAA Kal mavu Bovropevoy avtov uTeEavacthvat tH BovrAn Aéyouow vm Tov TAY hirwv, wadXov b€ KONaKw)Y, Kopyynrtov BarBouv, KatacxeO var pncavros: Ou pemyynon Kaicap OY, ovde akiwces ws xpeittova Oepatrever Oat ceavTov;” 582 CAESAR, Lx. 1-5 but otherwise could not be assailed; and as Caesar was coming down from Alba into the city they ventured to hail him as king. But at this the people were confounded, and Caesar, disturbed in mind, said that his name was not King, but Caesar, and seeing that his words produced an universal silence, he passed on with no very cheerful or contented looks. Moreover, after sundry extravagant honours had been voted him in the senate, it chanced that he was sitting above the rostra, and as the praetors and consuls drew near, with the whole senate following them, he did not rise to receive them, but as if he were dealing with mere private persons, replied that his honours needed curtailment rather than enlarge- ment. This vexed not only the senate, but also the people, who felt that in the persons of the senators the state was insulted, and in a terrible dejection they went away at once, all who were not obliged to remain, so that Caesar too, when he was aware of his mistake, immediately turned to go home, and draw- ing back his toga from his neck, cried in loud tones to his friends that he was ready to offer his throat to any one who wished to kill him. But afterwards he made his disease an excuse for his behaviour, saying that the senses of those who are thus afflicted do not usually remain steady when they address a multitude standing, but are speedily shaken and whirled about, bringing on giddiness and insensibility. However, what he said was not true; on the contrary, he was very desirous of rising to receive the senate; but one of his friends, as they say, or rather one of his flatterers, Cornelius Balbus, restrained him, saying : “ Remember that thou art Caesar, and permit thyself to be courted as a superior.” 583 a PLUTARCR’S LIVES LXI. ’Ezreyiverat tovtots tots T poo Kpous pac ty 0 TOV Onpapxov TpoTrAKLG LOS. VY fev yap % TOV Aovrepradtov E07}; mepl nS TOOL ypa- hovoly ws ToLwevwv TO TaXaLOY eElyn, Kal TL Kal T POT nKeL Tots A praduxots Aveatots. Tov © EVYEV@V veavioxoy Kal apxovTov TOAXNOL OLa- Jéovow ava THY Toh yupvot, OKUTEDL Aacious Tous éurrodwy él waded Kat yéAwTe Traiovtes: ToAAal 6€ Kal Tov év TéXEL yuvatK@Y érriTNOES UTavT@cAaL TapeXOVoLY WaTTEP EV d.6arKddou To Xeipe Tais mAHyats, TeTeLo Meval pos evToKiay Kvovoals, ayovots d€ mpos Kuno w ayadov elvat. Tabra Katcap €@eato caOnpevos é ent TOV éuBorwy emt dip pou xpvood, OprapPin@ KOo Lp ‘KeKOT UN - pévos. ‘AvTw@vios oe TOV Geovtwy tov ‘epov Spo- pov els Ave Kal yap Umdrevev. @S Ov Els THY ayopay évéBare kal to mARO0s avTo Oven, péepov dradnpa orepavey dagvns me pemreTheyevov epee TO Kaicapu- Kat yiveTar KpOTOS ov Aap ™ pos, GX bréLyos ex TApPad KEUTS. ATWO afLevou 5é Tov Kaicapos amas 0 Ofjjos aveK poTnaey’ abéis € 7 poo hépovTos oruryor, Kal ay, de€apévov made amayres. ovTH dé THs melpas éfereyxXo- pevngs Kaicap bev avioratat, TOV orepavov els To Kamit@Atov amevexOivat Kxedevoas, wh0n- cav 6€ avdptaytes avtob Sradnuacw avacece- pevot Bacirsxois. Kal TOV Onpdpxov dvo, ra- ovios Kal Mapun2ros, emer Oovtes arTréoTracay, Kal TOUS doTATALEVOUS Bacthéa TOV Kaicapa T™ po- TOUS éEeupovtes am iyyov els TO Seaport nptov. “) dé Ojos eltmeto KpoTta@v, Kal Bpovtous atrexanret Tous avopas, Ott Bpodros Hv 0 Katadvcas THY TOY 584 CAESAR, Lxi. 1-5 LXI. There was added to these causes of offence his insult to the tribunes. It was, namely, the festival of the Lupercalia, of which many write that it was anciently celebrated by shepherds, and has also some connection with the Arcadian Lycaea. At this time many of the noble youths and of the magis- trates run up and down through the city naked, for sport and laughter striking those they meet with shaggy thongs. And many women of rank also purposely get in their way, and like children at schoo] present their hands to be struck, believing that the pregnant will thus be helped to an easy delivery, and the barren to pregnancy. These cere- monies Caesar was witnessing, seated upon the rostra on a golden throne, arrayed in triumphal attire. And Antony was one of the runners in the sacred race; for he was consul. Accordingly, after he had dashed into the forum and the crowd had made way for him, he carried a diadem, round which a wreath of laurel was tied, and held it out to Caesar. Then there was applause, not loud, but slight and preconcerted. But when Caesar pushed away the diadem, al] the people applauded ; and when Antony offered it again, few, and when Caesar declined it again, all, applauded. The experiment having thus failed, Caesar rose from his seat, after ordering the wreath to be carried up to the Capitol ; but then his statues were seen to have been decked with royal diadems. So two of the tribunes, Flavius and Mar- yllus, went up to them and pulled off the diadems, and after discovering those who had first hailed Caesar as king, led them off to prison. Moreover, the people followed the tribunes with applause and called them Brutuses, because Brutus was the man who put 585 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Bacihéwv dcadox7v Kal TO KPaTOs eis Boudyy Kal Ojuwov éx povapytas KaTACTHOAS. él TOUT@ Kaioap mapotuvets THY pev apx iy apeineTo TOV Tepl TOV Mapunvov, év 6€ TO KaTnyopety AUTO apa Kal TOV Of Lov éguBpivor ToAraKLs Bpovtous re Kal Kupuatous aTreK ANE TOUS avopas. LXII. Otto 64 tTpérovtat tpos Mapxov Bpod- TOD ol TONNOL, ryevos pev éxeiOev eivat Soxobvta 7 pos TATEPOV, Kal TO pos puNnTpos O€ aro Zepoue- Aiwy, oixias éTépas emepavovs, yapSpov 6¢ Kal adehp ody | Kdtwvos. tovtov €& éavtod pep oppijo at 7 pos. KaTaAXvoL THS povapxias ip Bruvov ab Tapa Kaicapos TLpat Kat dpites. ov yap povoy éawOn trepl Papoarov amTO THS Toparniov ghuyis, ovdé TodXovs TOV erretnoetov ET Woe eLartno auevos, ana Kal maT ete peyadny Tap avT@. Kal oTpaTnyiav pev éy Tots TOTE THY éxupavertarny édaBev, Umatevey O€ éuednrev els TéTAPTOV 705, épioavtos Kaaciov TporrunOeis. Neyerae yap o Kaicap elmety OS Sixaorepa pev Néyor Kaaowos, avtos pévtot Bpodtov ove av TapeOot. Kab TOTE Kal bcaBardovtov TLV@V TOV dvopa, TPAaTTo“Erns 789 THS Tuvepogias, ov ™ pooerxer, andra TOU TwM"ATOS TH KELpt Guyav eon 7 pos TOUS 6taBaddovtas . ‘Avapevel TOUTO TO Séppa Bpodros, & OS afvov pev ovta TIS EOXAS és apeTny, Oia O€ Thy apxny ovK av aydptotov Kal Tovnpov yevomevoyv. ot d€ THs petaPorHs ee ee ae ee ee 1 See the Publicola, i.-ix. 2 The word ‘‘brutus” in Latin signified stupid (cf. the Publicola, iii. 4); and the people of Cymé, in Asia Minor, were celebrated for stupidity (Strabo, p. 622). 586 37 CAESAR, Lxl. 5-LXxIL. 4 an end to the royal succession and brought the power into the hands of the senate and people instead of a sole ruler.! At this, Caesar was greatly vexed, and deprived Maryllus and Flavius of their office, while in his denunciation of them, although he at the same time insulted the people, he called them repeatedly Brutes? and Cymaeans.? LXIJ. Under these circumstances the multitude turned their thoughts towards Marcus Brutus, who was thought to be a descendant of the elder Brutus on his father’s side, on his mother’s side belonged to the Servilii, another illustrious house, and was a son- in-law and nephew of Cato. The desires which Brutus felt to attempt of his own accord the abolition of the monarchy were blunted by the favours and honours that he had received from Caesar. For not only had his life been spared at Pharsalus after Pom- pey’s flight, and the lives of many of his friends at his entreaty, but also he had great credit with Caesar. He had received the most honourable of the praetor- ships for the current year, and was to be consul three years later, having been preferred to Cassius, who was a rival candidate. For Caesar, as we are told, said that Cassius urged the juster claims to the office, but that for his own part he could not pass Brutus by. Once, too, when certain persons were actually accusing Brutus to him, the conspiracy being already on foot, Caesar would not heed them, but laying his hand upon his body said to the ac- cusers: “ Brutus will wait for this shrivelled skin,’ + implying that Brutus was worthy to rule because of his virtue, but that for the sake of ruling he would not become a thankless villain. Those, however, who 3 Cf. the Brutus, vii. 1-3. 4 Cf. the Brutus chapters vili., 1x. 587 PLUTARCH’S LIVES € pre wevor Kat 7 pos Povey éxelvov 7) TP@Tov aTo- BrérrovTes auT@ pev OUK éTOh pov diareyer Gat, VUKTP dé kareriumdacay Ypappatov To BHya Ka TOV Sip pov eh’ ov oTpaTny av expnparever” @V HV TA TOAAG TOLAvTA* “Kadevders, a @ Bpovre,” cat “Ov ef Bpodtos.” vd’ wv 0 Kaacios aicbo- [LEVOS Sraxivovpevov NOUXT TO piroTLpuov avroo, paAXov 7 TporEpov eVEKELTO Kal Tapwtvven, avToOs idia Te eal picous EXeov 7 pos. TOV Kaicapa, be’ aitias as ev Tots Tept Bpovtov YE Pap pEvoss edn woxaper, exe PEVTOL Kat ov brrowias o Katcap avtov, wate Kai 7 pos TOUS pidous eLTreLy more: * Ay paivetar Bovropevos Up Kacotos; enol pev yap ov Mav apeo Kes May @YPOs wv.” waru oé heyeTau, rept ‘Avt@vtov kat AodoBédra SiaBorns pos avtov, ws vewtepiCorer, EXMovens, “Od Tay,” hava, “‘rovrous dédorKka TOUS Taxets Kal KOMNTAS, padXov O€ TOUS @Xpous Ka’ NETTOUS Exeivous’” Kaoovov Aeyoou Kal Bpovtov. Loree ANN: couKev ovx OUTS am poo SoKntov @S apvnakTov elvau TO TeTpwpmevov, eTEL Kal onpeta Oavpacra Kal pacpara pavivas Néyouae. céka pev ovv ovpavia Kal KTUTOUS VUKT Op TOX- haxov Suaepopevous Kab KataipovTas eis aryopav épnysovs épvidas ouk aftov iows emi wade, THN- KOUT® pvnpovevoar XTpaBwv 6é o prrooodos to Topet TONKOVS LEV avOpwrrous dat vpovs emt- pepopevous pavivar, oTpatiwtou é av8pos oiKe- Tnv eK THS YELpos éx Baneip TONY proya Kab Soxeiv xaicoOat Tous Op@dly, WS 6é eTAVTATO, undev exe Kxaxov tov advOpwrov: avt@ be Kai- 583 CAESAR, Lx. 4-Lxin. 2 were eager for the change, and fixed their eyes on Brutus alone, or on him first, did not venture to talk with him directly, but by night they covered his praetorial tribune and chair with writings, most of which were of this sort: “Thou art asleep, Brutus,” or, “ Thou art not Brutus.” ! When Cassius perceived that the ambition of Brutus was somewhat stirred by these things, he was more urgent with him than be- fore, and pricked him on, having himself also some private grounds for hating Caesar; these I have mentioned in the Life of Brutus.! Moreover, Caesar actually suspected him, so that he once said to his friends: “ What, think ye, doth Cassius want? I like him not over much, for he is much too pale.” And again, we are told that when Antony and Dolabella were accused to him of plotting revolution, Caesar said ; “ Tam not much in fear of these fat, long-haired fellows, but rather of those pale, thin ones,” meaning Brutus and Cassius.} LXIII. But destiny, it would seem, is not so much unexpected as it is unavoidable, since they say that amazing signs and apparitions were seen. Now, as for lights in the heavens, crashing sounds borne all about by night, and birds of omen coming down into the forum, it is perhaps not worth while to mention these precursors of so great an event; but Strabo the philosopher says? that multitudes of men all on fire were seen rushing up, and a soldier's slave threw from his hand a copious flame and seemed to the spectators to be burning, but when the flame ceased the man was uninjured; he says, more- 1 Cf. the Brutus, chapters viii., ix. ? Probably in the ‘ Historical Commentaries” cited in the Lucullus, xxviii. 7. 589 Gea an PLUTARCH S LIVES , \ Q/ >] ~ , a capt Ovovtse THVY Kapdtay adavi) yevéobas Tod , ~ \ > \ , \ b ts (epetov Kat etvoyv elval TO TEpas’ ov yap ay Pucet A “ f 4 \ A ye cuoTthvat Saov axdpoiov. ate d€ Kai TavTa A wn id f ? n TONAGY aKOUT at Cue ScovT wn, OS TLS AUT@ PavTis nuepa Maprtiou pajvos, yy Eddous ‘Pwatos Ka- LovaL, TpoetTroe peeyav pudattec Gat xivouvov éerXGovans € Tis Huepas Tpoiwy 0 Kaicap eis tHhv , , A GUYKANTOV aoTacapEevos TpooTatieere TH pavTet ? ‘ce € \ oO? i f weé \ ie Pb Sty hapevos: ‘ At pev on Maptiar Kudoi maperow, o oe e aA \ 3 \ vw ce NT \ 4 3 3 € NOU Tpos auTov eitrou ‘Nat wapeiotv, adr ; , ” \ a eee td ra ov Tapernrvlact. mpo pias dé nuépas Mapxov , la \ \ nw Aemtoov Setrrvifovtos avtoy étuxe pev émTLaTOAtS f ‘ i Uroypapov, OTTED eve Oet, KATAKEL[EVOS* é Tr e- cOvTOS d€ AOyou Toles dpa THY Oavatowv dplaTos, émavTas peacas efeBonoer 2a) am poo 0oKijT0S.” peTa TAavTa KOLLO@LEVOS, women ewle, Tapa TH , yuvakl, Taco dua tov Ovpdv tod Swpariov A , 4 Kat TOV Oupiowy avaTetavyupévany, StatapaxGeis ¢ n 4 n f. wn AUAaA TO KTUTM KAL TO HwHTL KATAXAUTOVENS THS , wv \ , / \ cernyyns, noGeto tiv Kadrovpviav Babéws peév , nw ‘ x \ \ xaGevdovaary, acadels 6€ havas Kat ctevaypovs / A e t avap0 povs avaTéutrovoay €k TOY UTvwY: €dOKEt , A \ A , d€ apa KNalELY Exelvoy ETt Tals ayKadals EvovTa , KaTteopayevov. ¢ 3 “ x f \ Or dé ob pace TH yuvatet Tavtyy yever ar THY oyriy: arra IV yap Te TH Kaicapos oKig 7 poo KElLEVOY OLOV ETL KOT LM Kat GE“VOTNTL TIS / 5 / ¢ Bovrrs vapioaperns CKPWTIPLOY, OS AtBtos (atopel, TovTo dvap 1 Kadrovpria Peacapern KaTappynyye pevov écoke worvriabar Kai Saxpvey. nuépas © obv yevopevns édeiro tov Kaicapos, 02 738 CAESAR, -Lxu. 2-6 over, that when Caesar himself was sacrificing, the heart of the victim was not to be found, and the prodigy caused fear, since in the course of nature, certainly, an animal without a heart could not exist. The following story, too, is told by many. A certain seer warned Caesar to be on his guard against a great peril on the day of the month of March which the Romans call the Ides; and when the day had come and Caesar was on his way to the senate- house, he greeted the seer with a jest and said: * Well, the Ides of March are come,” and the seer said to him softly: “Aye, they are come, but they are not gone.” Moreover, on the day before, when Marcus Lepidus was entertaining him at supper, Caesar chanced to be signing letters, as his custom was, while reclining at table, and the discourse turned suddenly upon the question what sort of death was the best; before any one else could answer Caesar eried out: “That which is unexpected.”’ After this, while he was sleeping as usual by the side of his wife, all the windows and doors of the chamber flew open at once, and Caesar, confounded by the noise and the light of the moon shining down upon him, noticed that Calpurnia was in a deep slumber, but was uttering indistinct words and inarticulate groans in her sleep; for she dreamed, as it proved, that she was holding her murdered husband in her arms and bewailing him. Some, however, say that this was not the vision which the woman had; but that there was attached to Caesar's house to give it adornment and distinction, by vote of the senate, a gable-ornament, as Livy says, and it was this which Calpurnia in her dreams saw torn down, and therefore, as she thought, wailed and wept. At all events, when day came, she begged Caesar, So PLUTARCH’S LIVES el prev olov Te, TpoerOetv, arr’ avaBarécOut THY GUYKANTOVY: Eb O€ TOV exeivns ovelpwv éXd- Xora ppovriver, oKxewacGat dua HavTeKns arAns Kat Lepa@v TEpt TOU HEAROVTOS. eiye 5€ TUS, os EOLKE, Kaxetvov uTowia Kal poBos. ovdeva yap YUvaLKLa WOv év Serr Oarpovia TpoTEpov KATEYVO- Ket THS Kadroupuias, TOTE O€ € ewpa mepimadovoar. ws 6€ Kal TOANA KaTaBtaavTeEs of pavTEets Edpa- gav att@ dvotepeiv, éyvo méuas *Avtwviov adetvat THY cUyKANTOV. LXIV. ’Ep &€ TOUT Acxipos Bpotros émTiKAN- ow "AABiv0s, TLd TEVOLEVOS pev UTrO Kaicapos, @oTe Kal SevTEpOS om AUTO KAN povosLos "ye- ypapbat, Tois 6é€ TEpl Bpovrov TOV ETepov Kal Kaoovov peTeX ov TIS TUVW{LOTLAS, poPnbeis yn THY 7 ME par exetyny Stax povaapévov | TOU Kaicapos EXTTUOTOS Y makes yevntat, TOUS TE pavrers exrevate Kat Kann TeTo TOU Kaicapos, as aitias Kat d1aBoras éavT@ KT@PEVOU ™ pos THY oUyKAN ov evtpupaa bar donodcav KEY [Lev yap avr KEhEVTAYTOS exelvou, Kal Tm po uous elvat Wage rCeaOat TavTas omas TOV exTOS ‘Itarias errapxiav Bactrevs avayopevoito Kal hopotn dia- dna THY adAnV éTtLov yHv Kal Odraccav: et &é ppace Tis autos cabeCopevors yov peev amraNXat- tea Oat, Tapetvat oe avdrs 6 OTaV evTUX Bedrioow avetpous Kadroupvia, Tivas éseaBas Noyous Tapa TOV PO ovouvT wv ) TiVa TOV pirov dveEeaOau di6acKovT@V os ovxt dovheta TAUTA Kat Tupavvis €oTlv; GX et SoKet TAVTMS, épn, THY neepay aporwaoacbat, Bérr1ov avTov tapedOovta Kat mpocayopevoavta Ty BovrAnv uTepPécOat, Tavl” 592 CAESAR, cx. 6—-LxIv. 4 if it was possible, not to go out, but to postpone the meeting of the senate ; if, however, he had no concern at all for her dreams, she besought him to enquire by other modes of divination and by sacrifices concern- ing the future. And Caesar also, as it would appear, was in some suspicion and fear. For never before had he perceived in Ca]purnia any womanish superstition, but now he saw that she was in great distress. And when the seers also, after many sacrifices, told him that the omens were unfavourable, he resolved to send Antony and dismiss the senate. LXIV. But at this juncture Decimus Brutus, sur- named Albinus, who was so trusted by Caesar that he was entered in his will as his second heir, but was partner in the conspiracy of the other Brutus and Cassius, fearing that if Caesar should elude that day, their undertaking would become known, ridiculed the seers and chided Caesar for laying himself open to malicious charges on the part of the senators, who would think themselves mocked at; for they had met at his bidding, and were ready and willing to vote as one man that he should be declared king of the provinces outside of Italy, and might wear a diadem when he went anywhere else by land or sea; but if some one should tell them at their session to be gone now, but to come back again when Calpurnia should have better dreams, what speeches would be made by his enemies, or who would listen to his friends when they tried to show that this was not slavery and tyranny? But if he was fully resolved (Albinus said) to regard the day as inauspicious, it was better that he should go in person and address the senate, and then postpone its business. While eS PLUTARCH’S LIVES dpa Néywv o Bpodrcs tye tis xXerpos NaBopevos TOV Kaicapa. Kal pbk pov pev auT@ TpoeOovTt TOV Oupav olxeTns GNAOTPLOS évTuxety ™ pol upou- HEVOS, WS 1)TTATO TOD mept éxetvov wbtapod Kal ThiGous, Brac apevos els THY olxiav Tapedw@ner éauTov ™) Kaaroupvig, puharre Kehevoas axpe av éravenOn Kaisap, ws €yov pweydrXa Tpaypata KATELTELY TPOS AUTOV. LXV. ’Aptepidmpos 5é Kvidcios ro yévos, ‘ENX2)- vikov AOywv codiaTiIs Kal bid TovTO yeryovws éviois auynOns tav epi Bpodtov, wate Kai yV@vat TA TELTTA TOV TPATTOMEVOD, HKE EV ev BiBrsdie Komilov aqrep EMeA NE penvvery, opav dé TOV Kaicapa Tay BiBredvev ExaoTov bexopevov Kal tapad:oovta Tots TEpL avTOY banpérats, éyryus opodpa mpocedOow, : Todt,” ébn, “ Kaicap, dvayvot [0V05 Kat TAX EWS" yeypaTTat yap ree Tpaypatov peyarwv Kat oot Srapepovtov.” deEdpevos ovv Oo Kaicap avayv@vat ev uTo TrNOoVS THY EevTVyXaVvoVT@Y exwAVON, KaiTrEp opprjaas TONAGKLS, év 6€ TH KeLpl KaTEX@V Kal puratT wv HOvov EXELVO TrapirOev els THY ouy- KAXyNTOV. EvLOL 6¢ dacty addov émidodvat TO BiBrLov Todto, Tov & ‘’Aptepidwpov ovbé brAwWs mpocerUetv, arr €xOrXUBivat Tapa wacav Ti OOOv. LXVI. “AdAd tatta pev 76n Tou pépel Kui TO auToparoy o 6é deEdpevos Tov povoy éxeivov Ka TOV ayova X@pos, els a7 a) TUYEANTOS nO poiaOn TOTE, Tloumniov peév etkova, Kelpevny éyov, Lopu- mniov o¢ avalnpa yeyovws THY mpoaKEeKoo pN- 594 CAESAR, Lxiv. 4 -Lxvl. 1 saying these things Brutus took Caesar by the hand and began to lead him along. And he had gone but a little way from his door when a slave be- longing to some one else, eager to get at Caesar, but unable to do so for the press of numbers about him, forced his way into the house, gave himself into the hands of Calpurnia, and bade her keep him secure until Caesar came back, since he had important matters to report to him. LXV. Furthermore, Artemidorus, 2 Cnidian by birth, a teacher of Greek philosophy, and on_ this account brought into intimacy with some of the followers of Brutus, so that he also knew most of what they were doing, came bringing to Caesar in a small roll the disclosures which he was going to make ; but seeing that Caesar took all such rolls and handed them to his attendants, he came quite near, and said: “Read this, Caesar, by thyself, and speedily ; for it contains matters of importance and of concern to thee.” Accordingly, Caesar took the roll and would have read it, but was prevented by the multitude of people who engaged his attention, although he set out to do so many times, and holding in his hand and retaining that roll alone, he passed on into the senate. Some, however, say that another person gave him this roll, and that Artemi- dorus did not get to him at all, ‘but was crowded away all along the route. LXVI. So- far, perhaps, these things may have happened of their own accord; the place, however, which was the scene of that str ugele and murder, and in which the senate was then assembled, since it contained a statue of Pompey and had been dedi- cated by Pompey as an additional ornament to his 595 PLUTARCH’S LIVES “A 5] , la , pévoy TO Oeatpw, TavtaTacty aTrepaive Saipovos 73 ‘ é Tivos Udnyoupévov Kal KaXrotvTos éexet THY TpaEuy ’ > t Epyov yeyovévat. Kal yap ovv Kat éeyetTar Kao- a a \ fal auos eis Tov avdptavta Tov Llourniouv mpo Tis éyxerpyoews amoB\éTwv eémixareicbat ciw77, , > ’ / XN A b 4 f KaLTEP OVK GANOTPLOS WY THY 'ExLKOUpoU NOywr" GX’ 0 KaLpOS, Ws EorKev, HON TOD SeLvod TapEeTTO- tos évOouctacpov évetroies Kal tados avtl Tav TPOTEPWY NOYLT LOD. > , BS 4 \ ¥ s \ Avr@viov péev ovtv mictov évta Katicapi Kat Cal “a > ww poparéov €Ewm tmapaxatetye Bpovtos “AdPivos, éuBar@v éritndes opidiay pnKos €yovoav: eict- f \ 4 e \ ‘ e , ovtos 6€ Kaicapos 7 Bovrn pev vmeEavéory Gepamevovaa, Tav 5é mepit Bpovdtoy ot peév é€o- micGev tov dippov avtod teptéatnaay, ot &é A 4 ? a anrnvrncav, ws dn Tehrdtw KiuSpw wept aderdod , , duyados évtuyyavovtt cvvdencopevol, Kai ouve- , “ 4 aA id SéovTo péypt tov Sigpou tapakoXovOodvtes. ws 4 , Sé xabicas dtexpoveto Tas Senoets Kal TpocKel- f ¢e pévov BraroTepoy rnyavaxret mpos ExacTov, Oo mev \ a a TidALos thy THBEevvoy aUTOD Tals Yepoly audoré- pais cvANaBwv aro TOU TpAXi)NOU KaTHYyev" Strep nv cuvOnpa THS emLyetpnaEews. TpaTos 6€ KacKas , \ Eipee Tater mapa Tov avxéva ANY ov Bavatn- , > N a“ > 3 e 3 , 5] > wn gopov ovdé Babeiav, aN, ws eEtKos, ev apyT TOALNUATOS peyadrou Tapaxlels, BaTE Kal TOV / val Katoapa petactpagevta tov éyyetpidiov ra- 1 These discouraged belief in superhuman powers, 596 CAESAR, txvt. 1-4 theatre, made it wholly clear that it was the work of some heavenly power which was calling and guiding the action thither. Indeed, it is also said that Cas- sius, turning his eyes toward the statue of Pompey before the attack began, invoked it silently, although he was much addicted to the doctrines of Epicurus ;1 but the crisis, as it would seem, when the dreadful attempt was now close at hand, replaced his former cool calculations with divinely inspired emotion. Well, then, Antony, who was a friend of Caesayv’s and a robust man, was detained outside by Brutus Albinus,? who purposely engaged him in a lengthy conversation; but Caesar went in, and the senate rose in his honour. Some of the partisans of Brutus took their places round the back of Caesar’s chair, while others went to meet him, as though they would support the petition which Tillius Cimber presented to Caesar in behalf of his exiled brother, and they joined their entreaties to his and accom- panied Caesar up to his chair. But when, after taking his seat, Caesar continued to repulse their petitions, and, as they pressed upon him with greater importunity, began to show anger towards one and another of them, Tillius seized his toga with both hands and pulled it down from his neck. This was the signal for the assault. It was Casca who gave him the first blow with his dagger, in the neck, not a mortal wound, nor even a deep one, for which he was too much confused, as was natural at the beginning of a deed of great daring ; so that Caesar turned about, grasped the knife, and held it fast. 2 By Caius Trebonius, rather, as Plutarch says in the Brutus, xvii. 1. Cf. Appian, B.C. ii. 117; Cicero, ad fam. x. 25. =» VOL. VII. U 597 6 oJ PLUTARCH’S LIVES Bear Kal KaTac xel. dpa dé tas eEehwvnoav O wey mAnyels ‘Pwpaicte: “ Mtapwrate Kaoxa, Ti trovets;”> o 6€ mAnEaS ‘EAAnuatt pos TOV adergov' ° Adergeé, Bon Gee.” Totavtyns b€ THs apyis yevouenns TOUS pev ovder TUvELooTas exTA ELS ele Kat ppixy 7 pos Ta Spapieva, pnte pevyev pate apuvvewv, adda punoe povny éxBadrew TOAPLOVTAS. TOV 6€ 7 a.pe- oKEVAT PEVOY éml Tov povov EXO TOU yuuvor aTrO- detEavtos TO Eidos, €v KUKA® TE PLEX OMEVOS Kai 7 pos 6 TL Tpéeere THY inbey TAHYyats aravTav Kal oLerpe@ PEepopevwm Kal Kara TPOTWTOU Kal KAT opGarpav SveR Avvo pevos OoTEp Onptov é €VEL- AeltTo Tats mavToV Kepow" admavras yap éde xatapéacbar Kat yevoacbar tov dovov. 610 cai Bpodtos avtT@® TANnyHY evéBare piav els TOV BouBava. rRéyetat 5€ UO TWwY ws Apa TpOs Tous dAdoUS aTopmaxKopuevos Kat dtadépwv Sevdpo KAKEL TO TMA Kai KExpayas, OTe Bpodtov cider €o TAG MeVvOV TO Eigos, edethxveato Kata TAS Keparns TO (watvov Kal Taphev EAUTOD, ELTE aT6 TUXNS elite UTO TOV KTELVOVTWY aTTwobEis, TpOS Ty Bacw éd fs o Touarniov BeBnxev avopids. Kal TON Kady pager avTny O povos, ws doKxety avTov épertavar 7H TUL pla TOU TONEMLLOU Hop- aniov UTO TOOAS KEKALLEVOU Kal TEplLaTALpovTos UT ™ArnGous Tpaupatov. elxooe yap Kat T pla, da ety Aeyerau Kat TroAXal Katetpadnaay vr GAAnAwY, els EV aATrEpEeldoMEevoL Toa TANYAS TodavTas. LXVII. Katetpyacpévou 6€ Tov’ avdpos 7 peév yepoucia, Kaitrep €is pécov edOovtos Bpovtou ws 598 CAESAR, -xvi. 5-Lxvn. 3 At almost the same instant both cried out, the smitten man in Latin: “ Accursed Casca, what doest thou?’’ and the smiter, in Greek, to his brother: *‘ Brother, help!” So the affair began, and those who were not privy to the plot were filled with consternation and horror at what was going on ; they dared not fly, nor go to Caesar’s help, nay, nor even utter a word. But those who had prepared themselves for the murder bared each of them his dagger, and Caesar, hemmed in on all sides, whichever way he turned confronting blows of weapons aimed at his face and eyes, driven hither and thither like a wild beast, was entangled in the hands of all; for all had to take part in the sacrifice and taste of the slaughter. Therefore Brutus also gave him one blow in the groin. And it is said by some writers that although Caesar defended him- self against the rest and darted this way and that and cried aloud, when he saw that Brutus had drawn his dagger, he pulled his toga down over his head and sank, either by chance or because pushed there by his murderers, against the pedestal on which the statue of Pompey stood. And the pedestal was drenched with his blood, so that one might have thought that Pompey himself was presiding over this vengeance upon his enemy, who now lay prostrate at his feet, quivering from a multitude of wounds. For it is said that he received twenty-three; and many of the conspirators were wounded by one an- other, as they struggled to plant all those blows in one body. LXVII. Caesar thus done to death, the senators, although Brutus came forward as if to say something VOL. VII. U2 999 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tt /Tepl TOV TET pay LEvov epobvTos, OUK dvacyxo- péevn Ova Oupav efemimre Kal pevyouea KaTe- TANTE TAPAXTS «al déous dm opou TOV dij pov, @OTE TOUS pev oLKlas Krélew, TOUS 6€ aTroAEL TEL Tpamevas Kal XPnpatic Tnpla, O popu b€ xo pely TOUS Lev el TOV TOTOV orropevous TO mabos, TOUS b¢ éxetOev € EWPAKOTAS. "Avtevios 6é Kal Aém6os ol padiora iro Kaicapos Umexduvres els oikias érépas Kkatéduyov. ot O€ TTeEpi Bpobrov, Oa TEP Hoav ete Oeppot T@ pove, yupra Ta Ein SercvuvTes, apa TAVTES amo TOU BoureuTnpiov TVTTPAPEVTEs €X@povy els TO Kamitoduov, ov pevryovaty €otKoTEs, GANA para pardpol Kal Jap- panréor, TapaKkarovyTes emt Thy éhevdepiay TO wAHG0s Kab T poo Sex opeVvoL Tovs api Tous TOY eEVTUYXavOVTOY. EvLot be Kal cuvave Barvov av- Tots Kal KaTepiryvuc ay EAUTOUS as HETETXNKOTES Tov &pyou Kal T poem orovyTo Tv Ookav, wv ny kat Vaios ‘Oxraovios cal Aévrrdos LariwOrp. ovuTor pev ovv Ths aAralovetas Sixnv &dwxav UoTEpoY UTTO ‘Avte@viov kal tov véov Kaicapos avatpebevres Kal poe THS b0Ens, buy amréOyn- oKOV, aTroAava aVTEs anwatia TOV AAAWY. ovdE yap ov Kcodabovtes avrous Tis mpakews, GANG THS BovrAncews THY Sixny éaBov. Mc” jpyépav 5€ TaV Trept Bpodrov Kate OovTwv Kal TOlNT apEVvOV ovyous, o pev Onuos ove duaxe- paivev ovTe ws éTawov Ta TET pary Leva, TOUS Aeyouevors 1 POooeLXeED, aXn vrednhov TH TONAN ciwtn Kaicapa pev olxtetpwr, aiSovpevos Se Bpodtov, 7 8€ cuyKAnTOs auynotias Twas Kal 600 740 CAESAR, txvir. 1-4 about what had been done, would not wait to hear him, but burst out of doors and fled, thus filling the people with confusion and helpless fear, so that some of them closed their houses, while others left their counters and places of business and ran, first to the place to see what had happened, then away from the place when they had seen. Antony and Lepidus, the chief friends of Caesar, stole away and took refuge in the houses of others. But Brutus and his partisans, just as they were, still warm from the slaughter, displaying their daggers bare, went all in a body out of the senate-house and marched to the Capitol, not like fugitives, but with glad faces and full of confidence, summoning the multitude to freedom, and welcoming into their ranks the most distinguished of those who met them. Some also joined their number and went up with them as though they had shared in the deed, and laid claim to the glory of it, of whom were Caius Octavius and Lentulus Spinther. These men, then, paid the penalty for their imposture later, when they were put to death by Antony and the young Caesar, with- out even enjoying the fame for the sake of which they died, owing to the disbelief of their fellow men. For even those who punished them did not exact a penalty for what they did, but for what they wished they had done. On the next day Brutus came down and held a discourse, and the people listened to what was said without either expressing resentment at what had been done or appearing to approve of it; they showed, however, by their deep silence, that while they pitied Caesar, they respected Brutus. The senate, too, trying to make a general amnesty and 601 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , 4 A Fuel, \ ¢ cuuBaces mpadttovca tract Kaicapa pév ws \ A lal , Oeov tipav eyndicato Kal xively pnd TO puKpo- A tA n TaTov wv éxelvos dpxwv éBovrevce, Tois dé TreEpt a i \ Bpodrov évapyias te duéverpe Kal Tras aTrédwxe e b) \ MpeTovcas, WaoTe TavTas ol~cPat TA TpayyaTa / KaTaoTacl eye Kal avyKpaciy aTeidnpévar THY , aptoTny. LXVITI. ’Esel 56 trav dcaPneav tov Katoapos 9 A ¢ 4 4 € J e / avayGerca@yv evpebn dedopevn Pwpaiwy éexaot@ na 3 docs aktoNoyos, kal TO c@ua KoutCopevov ou bJ A b] ? “a nw , ayopas ¢Gedcavto Tais mANnyais brarerwBrypévor, 9 \ a a OUKETL KOTMOV Eiyev OSE TAELY AVTaV TO TANOOS, 9 . an \ fal , 9 9 n GArAa TO pev vexp@ Tepiawpevoavtes €& ayopas , \ / \ , ¢ a ? A Bapa Kal KuyKrt6as Kat TpaTélas Udiay avtov Kal KaTéxavoav, apdpevot b€ darovs dLaTrUpoUsS 4 fa €Geov emi Tas oikias TOV aYNpHKOTwWY ws KaTA- J , an hrEEovtes, AArou b€ Efoltwr TavTayoce TIS To- News TUAAaBEV Kal dtacTacacGat Tovs avdpas “A ia ld \ Cnrovvtes. ols éxeivwy pev ovdeis amnvTnceD, 4 / ara ev Teppaypevor mavtes Hoav. Kivvas 6€ a , tis Tov Kaicapos étalipwy etTvye pév, OS hact, THS TWAPWYNMEVNS VUKTOS OLY EWPAKwS ATOTOY 90 / \ e \ La / ae “ a edoxer yap Uo Katcapos éml detrvov xareio bat, \ 14 n ¢ >] n mapattovpevos b€ ayecOa THs Yetpos UT avTov \ , > > > , € > ] BA yr) BovrOpevos, GAN avtiTetvwv. ws 8 NKovoev “~ A 4 A év ayopa TO cMpa Katec0a Tov Kaicapos, dva- \ b : , & > \ fal , e , , otas éBadiley emi tin, Kaitep vpopwpmevos TE 4 , Thy OWly Gua Kai TupéTTMOV. Kat TIs OPOEvTOS a nan nn - , 3. avTov T@Y TO\NBY EfpaceEy ETEPH TOUVOLA TUP- 602 CAESAR, txvit. 4 LXvVIt. 3 reconciliation, voted to give Caesar divine honours and not to disturb even the most insignificant measure which he had adopted when in power ; while to Brutus and his partisans it distributed provinces and gave suitable honours, so that every- body thought that matters were decided and settled in the best possible manner. LXVIIJ. But when the will of Caesar was opened and it was found that he had given every Roman citizen a considerable gift, and when the multitude saw his body carried through the forum all disfigured with its wounds, they no longer kept themselves within the restraints of order and discipline, but after heaping round the body benches, railings, and tables from the forum, they set fire to them and burned it there; then, lifting blazing brands on high, they ran to the houses of the murderers with intent to burn them down, while others went every whither through the city seeking to seize the men themselves and tear them to pieces. Not one of these came in their way, but all were well barricaded. There was a certain Cinna, however, one of the friends of Caesar, who chanced, as they say, to have seen during the previous night a strange vision. He dreamed, that is, that he was invited to supper by Caesar, and that when he excused himself, Caesar led him along by the hand, although he did not wish to go, but resisted. Now, when he heard that they were burning the body of Caesar in the forum, he rose up and went thither out of respect, although he had misgivings arising from his vision, and was at the same time in a fever. At sight of him, one of the multitude told his name to another who asked him 603 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Oavopéva, Kaxeivos GAN, Kal Ota TravT@V evOuS HV WS ovUTOS é€oTLVY 0 avnp TaY avnpnKoTwV Kai- gapa* Kal yap HY TLs Opwvupos éxeivm Kivvas év Tots TVVOLOTAapEVOLS, OY TOUTOV Elvat TpoAaBovTES oppnoav evOrs Kal dieoctacay év péow TOV ar- Opwrov. TovTo padtaota SetoavTes of Tepi Bpod- Tov Kat Kagowov ov TOAA@Y MEp@Y SiayEevomeva@V aTeyapnoay €K THS TOdEwWS. a Sé Kal mpdé~ayTes cal twabovtes éTENEUTHGAY, EV TOis TEL BpovTou ye ypaTTat. LXIX. Ovnoxe S€ Kaicap ta pév ravta ye- yovws étn TevtnKkovta Kal €&, loprnio 6 émt- Buwoas ov TOAD TAEOV éT@Y TEcTUpar, iy dé TO Bio mavti apynv cal duvacteiay d1a Kwvdvvav TOTOUT@Y OSLWKMY POLS KATELPyddaToO, TAaUTNS ovdey OTL pn TovVoLAa povoyv Kal THY émridOovor KapTwodapevos Cofav Tapa TOV TOMTAY. Oo Mé- Tor wéyas avTov daipwv, @ Tapa Tov Biov éypn- CATO, KAL TEAEVTICAVTOS ETNKOAOVONTE TLULWPOS Tov dovou, dua TE YRS TAGS Kal OadaTTNs éXav- VOV Kal aviyvEevoVv aYpL TOU pwNndéva LTE TAY ATEKTOVOTM@V, UNXA Kal TOvS KAY OTLODY H YELpl Tov Epyou Ouyovtas } yvwpuns peTacyovtas érre€- edetv. Oavpaciwtatoy d€ Tav pev avOpwrivwyv to mept Kacovovy nrTnGeis yap é€v Pirimmrots exeivo TO Eihidio SvePOecpey Eavtov @ Kata Kaicapos éypjaato: tay 6€ Belwy 6 TE péyas KOmNTNS (é€pdavn yap emi vuxtas émta peta THY Kaicapos 604 CAESAR, cxvin. 3-Lx1x. 3 what it was, and he to another, and at once word ran through the whole throng that this man was one of the murderers of Caesar. For there was among the conspirators a man who bore this same name of Cinna, and assuming that this man was he, the crowd rushed upon him and tore him in pieces among them.!. This more than anything else made Brutus and Cassius afraid, and not many days afterwards they withdrew from the city. What they did and suffered before they died, has been told in the Life of Brutus. LXNIX. At the time of his death Caesar was fully fifty-six years old, but he had survived Pompey not much more than four years, while of the power and dominion which he had sought all his life at so great risks, and barely achieved at last, of this he had reaped no fruit but the name of it only, and a glory which had awakened envy on the part of his fellow citizens. However, the great guardian-genius of the man, whose help he had enjoyed through life, followed upon him even after death as an avenger of his murder, driving and tracking down his slayers over every land and sea until not one of them was left, but even those who in any way soever either put hand to the deed or took part in the plot were punished. Among events of man’s ordering, the most amazing was that which befell Cassius; for after his defeat at Philippi he slew himself with that very dagger which he had used against Caesar; and among events of divine ordering, there was the great comet, which showed itself in great splendour for seven nights 1 Cf. the Brutus, xx. 5 f. 605 PLUTARCH’S LIVES adayiny Siam pers, celta npavia On) Kal TO mept 741 4 TOV iALov dpavpopa THS avyns. 6XOV yap EKEL- vov Tov eveauTov GX POs fev 0 KUKAOS Kal pappa- puyas OUK eXov averennep, adpaves dé Kal dem Tov aw avtTov KAT HEL TO Geppor, @OTE TOV pev aépa dvopepov Kat Bapvv aadeveia THS Sax pivovans auTov aréas emu epeo Gat, Tous 6€ Kaprovs 7 pe TéT TOUS Kal atedets aravO haat Kab TApakLac at 5 da THY Wuxpornra TOU TEPLEXOVTOS. partoTa dé To Bpovta ryevopLevoy pacpa THY Kaicapos £on- Awae ThHayHVY ov yevouevyny Geots apeatyy: Hv 5é TOLOVOE. pérhov TOV oT paTov ef ‘AB d6ou dtaBt- Bagew eis THY eT epay NIT ELPOV dveTt aveTo VUKTOS, Oorep elwOer, KATA TKNUHY, ov cabevowr, anra hpovTilwv Tepi Tov MéXXOVTOS’ AéEyETAaL yap OUTOS avnp yKlora 67) TOY oTPATH YOY Drvwdns yeve- abat Kal TEL TOV EaVTO Ypovov eypnryopore pi 6 oar mepuKws* opou dé TWOS aicbécbat mept Thy Ovpav édo€e, Kab 7 pos TO TOD hUxXvoU has non KaTAapepopevou oKerapevos op eLO€ poBepav avd pos exprov TO péyeBos Kal xarerrob TO eidos. ext aryels dé TO 7 p@TOV, WS éwpa pene 7 PATTOVTG Te pare POeyyouevov, anda eoTaTa ovyn Tapa, ii THY Ki, NOwWTAa OOTLS cori, ATTOK PLVETAL avT@ To dacpa: “'O aos, @ Bpovte, daipnwv KaKOS" Owes 5€ we wept Pidimovs.” TOTE pev oy 6 Bpodtos evOapaas, “ "Owpopat,” ele: Kal TO Satpovtov evOus ext oO@y amTne. T@ O tkvov- pevep Xpove mept TOUS Pirirrovs dvritax Debs “AvT@Vip Kab Kaicape TH pev TpoTn ayn Kpa- Thoas To Kal EéavTov éTpéyrato Kab deEnXace 8 topGa@v to Katcapos otpatotedov, THy bé deuTé- 606 CAESAR, cxix. 3-8 after Caesar’s murder, and then disappeared ; also, the obscuration of the sun’s rays. For during all that year its orb rose pale and without radiance, while the heat that came down from it was slight and ineffectual, so that the air in its circulation was dark and heavy owing to the feebleness of the warmth that penetrated it, and the fruits, imperfect and half ripe, withered away and _ shrivelled up on account of the coldness of the atmosphere. But more than anything else the phantom that appeared to Brutus showed that the murder of Caesar was not pleasing to the gods ; and it was on this wise. As he was about to take his army across from Abydos to the other continent, he was lying down at night, as his custom was, in his tent, not sleeping, but thinking of the future ; for it is said that of all generals Brutus was least given to sleep, and that he naturally remained awake a longer time than anybody else. And now he thought he heard a noise at the door, and looking towards the light of the lamp, which was slowly going out, he saw a fearful vision of a man of unnatural size and harsh aspect. At first he was terrified, but when he saw that the visitor neither did nor said anything, but stood in silence by his couch, he asked him who he was. Then the phantom answered him : “Tam thy evil genius, Brutus, and thou shalt see me at Philippi.” At the time, then, Brutus said courage- ously : “I shall see thee; ’’ and the heavenly visitor at once went away. Subsequently, however, when arrayed against Antony and Caesar at Philippi, in the first battle he conquered the enemy in his front, routed and scattered them, and sacked the camp of Caesar; but as he was about to fight the second 607 PILLUTARCH’S LIVES pav avT@ paxerbar peddovTe porta TO avTO pa- oa THS VUKTOS avis, oux MOTE TL ‘T poo etre, aNrG ouvels 7) Bpodros TO TET PW LEVOV eppipe dhépwy éautoyv eis Tov Kivduvoy. ov pny em eg ev arywvilopevos, arrAa THS TpoT Hs yevomerns ava- duyov mwpos Tt K PN LVades Kal To Eider Yyupye Tpoafarwv TO oTEpvoD, apa Kal gidov TLVOS, WS pact, cvvevippwoavtos THY TANY)V, am éOaver. 608 CAESAR, -xix. 8 battle, the same phantom visited him again at night, and though it said nothing to him, Brutus under- stood his fate, and plunged headlong into danger. He did not fall in battle, however, but after the rout retired to a crest of ground, put his naked sword to his breast (while a certain friend, as they say, helped to drive the blow home), and so died.! 1 Cf, the Brutus, xxxvi.; xlviii.; lii. 609 A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES A Achillas, 559, one of the guardians of Ptolemy XII. (Dionysus), and commander of his troops when Caesar came to Egypt. See the Pompey, Ixxvii.-lxxx. Afranius, 531, 543, 567, Lucius A., @ warm partisan of Pompey, and one of his legates in Spain during the war with Sertorius. as well as in Asia during the Mithridatic war. He was consul in 60 B.c. He was killed after the battle of Thapsus (46 B.c.) Agrippa, 215, Marcus Vipsanius A., fellow student of Octavius Caesar at Apollonia, and an intimate friend. He was one of the prominent and powerful men of the Augustan age. He lived 63-12 B.c. Alcetas, 383, a brother of Perdiccas, whom he supported after Alex- ander’s death. After the murder of Perdiccas in 321 B.c., Alcetas forsook Eumenes, and was joined by Attalus, the brother-in-law of Perdiccas. They were de- feated by Antigonus in 320, and Alcetas slew himself rather than fall into the hands of his enemy. Alcidamas, 13, of Elea in Asia Minor, a popular rhetorician of the school of Gorgias, who resided at Athens 431-411 B.o. Anaxarchus, 245, 307, 375 f., of Abdera, a philosopher who accompanied Alexander on his campaigns in Asia and won his favour by flattery. After the death of Alexander, Anaxarchus fell into the hands of Nicocreon. king of Salamis in Cyprus. whom he had offended, and was cruelly put to death. Anaximenes, 71, 215, of Lampsacus, a rhetorician and historian, who lived circa 390-320 B.c. Androcottus, 401 f., or Sandro- cottus, an Indian prince who achieved the conquest of northern India after Alexander’s death. Seleucus waged unsuccessful war upon him. Anticleides, 357, of Athens, author of a history of Alexander about which nothing further is known Antigenes, 357, otherwise unknown. Antigonus, 437, surnamed the One-eyed, king of Asia, and father of Demetrius Poliorcetes. Antiochus of Ascalon, 89 f., called the founder of the Fifth Academy. Cicero speaks of him in the high- est and most appreciative terms (Brutus, 91, 315.) Antipater, 67-79, 219-437, regent of Macedonia during Alexander’s absence, and of Alexander’s empire after the murder of Perdiccas in 321 B.c. He died in 319. Antiphanes, 11, 25, of Rhodes, a poet of the Middle Comedy, who began his career in 383 B.c. Antonius, 109 f., 121, 137, Caius A., uncle of Mark Antony the triumvir. He served under Sulla 613 DICTIONARY OF in the Mithridatic war, and was expelled from the senate for plundering the allies and wasting his substance. After the events here described, he went to his province of Mace- donia, and in 59 B.C. was con- victed of extortion there, in spite of the defence of his conduct by Cicero. Apollonia, 195, 533 f., an ancient Greek city of Illyria. Towards the end of the Roman republic, it became a famous seat of learn- ing. Apollonius, 91 f., 447, son of Molon, and sometimes called Molon, a native of Alabanda in Caria, and a distinguished rhetorician. Cf. Cicero, Brutus, 90, 312; 91, 316. Aristander of Telmessus, 227, 261, 905 f., 317,328, 369, 375, the chief soothsayer of Alexander, and probably the author of a work “On Prodigies ’’ referred to by Pliny and Lucian. Aristobulus, of Cassandreia, 57, 261, 269, 273, 285, 357, 433, accompanied Alexander on his expedition and wrote a history of his campaigns, of which we know most from Arrian’s Anabasis. Ariston, the Chian, 25, 75, a Stoic philosopher who flourished about 260 B.O. Aristoxenus, 233, a pupil of Aris- totle, and a philosopher of the Peripatetic school. Only frag- ments of his musical treatises have come down to us. Arrhidaeus, 249, 437, a bastard son of Philip of Macedon. He was put to death by order of Olym- pias in 317 B.c. Artemidorns, 595, of Cnidus, a teacher of rhetoric at Rome, and a friend of Caesar. Artemisius, 265, see Daesius. Attalus (1), 247, 251, one of Philip’s generals. After Philip’s death he was assassinated by order of Alexander. Attalus (2), 383, one of Alexander’s chief officers, and the brother- 614 PROPER NAMES in-law of Perdiccas. After the murder of Perdiccas, Attalus joined Alcetas, and was defeated and taken prisoner by Antigonus. See Alcetas. B Balbus, 583, Lucius Cornelius B.,a native of Gades in Spain, who came to Rome at the end of the war with Sertorius (72 B.C.). He served under Caesar both in Gaul and during the civil war, and was the manager of Caesar's property. After Caesar’s death Balbus was high in favour with Octavius. For the incident here noted, cf. Suetonius, Div. Jul. ie Bessus, 349, 353, satrap of Bactria under Dareius III]., and com- mander of the Persian left wing at the battle of Arbela. Bestia, 139, Lucius Calpurnius B., one of the conspirators with Catiline. Cicero was afterwards reconciled with him, and de- fended him unsuccessfully when accused of bribery in his candi- dacy for the praetorship in 57 B.C. Bibulus, 473 f., Lucius Calpurnius B., aedile in 65 B.C., praetor in 62, and consul in 59, in each case a colleague of Julius Caesar. He died in 48. Boédromion, 69, 317, the Attic month corresponding to parts of our September and October. Brundisium, 181 f., 529, 533, an important city on the eastern coast of Italy (Calabria), with a fine harbour. It was the natural point of departure from Italy to the East. and the chief naval station of the Romans in the Adriatic. Brutus, 593, 597, Decimus Junius B., surnamed Albinus, was widely employed, highly es- teemed, fully trusted. and richly rewarded by Julius Caesar, and DICTIONARY OF yet joined his murderers. He was put to death by order of Antony in 43 B.c. C Caecilius, 7, Caecilius Calactinus, a native of Sicily, a distinguished rhetorician at Rome in the time of Augustus. Calanus, 409, 417, one of the Indian philosophers called gymnoso- phists. Calenus, 545, Quintus Fufius C., tribune of the people in 61 B.c., and praetorin 59 through Caesar’ 8 influence, whom he ever after- wards faithfully served, holding high commands under him in Gaul and during the civil war. He died in 41 B.c. Callias the Syracusan, 13, otherwise unknown. Callisthenes, 303, 323, 327, 375- 385, of Olynthus, a philosopher and historian, who accompanied Alexander on his expedition in the East until put to death by him in 328 B.c. Besides an account of Alexander’s expedi- tion, he wrote a history of Greece from 387 to 357 B.o. Callistratus, 11, 13, 33, a distin- guished orator and statesman at Athens,who flourished from about 380 to about 361 B.c., when he was condemned to death and fled the city. Carneades, 89, of Cyren¢, head of the Academy at Athens in 156 B.c. (when he was one of an embassy of philosophers to Rome) and until his death in 129. See the Cato Major, xxii. Casca, 597 f., Publius Servilius C., at this time tribune of the people. He fought in the battle of Philippi, and died soon after- wards. His brother, Caius Ser- vilius Casca, had also been a friend of Caesar,and was a fellow couspirator. Cassander, 33, 429, f., a son of PROPER NAMES Antipater the regent of Mace- donia. He was master of Athens from 318 to 307 B.c., when Demetrins Poliorcetes took pos- session of the city. He died in 297 B.A. Catulus, Quintus Lutatius C., 83., 133,357, 495. f., a leading aristocrat of the nobler sort, consul in 78 P.C., censor in 65, died in 60. Chares (1), 215, a famous Athenian general, eeomne oe from 367 to 334 B Chares (2), “581, 295, 357, 381, 385, 419, of Mitylené, court. chamber- lain’ of Alexander, and author of an anecdotical history of Alexander’s campaigns. Cicero, 503, Quintus Tullius C., younger brother of the orator, served as legate under Caesar in Gaul, but went over to Pompey in the civil war. He fell a victim to the proscription of the triumvirs in 43 P.c. Cimber, 597, Lucius Tillius C, had been a warm supporter of Caesar and was rewarded by him with the province of Bithynia, to which he retired after Caesar’s murder, and co-operated with Brutus and Cassius. Cinna, 603 f., Caius Helvius C., see the Brutus, xx. 5 f. , and the Dict. of Proper ‘Names for Vol. vi. Cithaeron, 57, the mountain range between Attica and Boeotia. Citium, Citieans, 323, a city of Cyprus. Cleitarchus, 357, a historian who accompanied Aléxander on his expedition to the East, and wrote a highly rhetorical account of it. He was the son of Deinon of Colophon, who was author of a history of Persia. Cleitomachus, 87, 91, a Carthagi- nian by birth, ‘and a teacher of philosophy at Athens from about 146 B.c. to about 111. In 129 he succeeded Carneades as head of the New Academy. Cleitus, 259, 267, 360-375, was commander of one of the two 615 DICTIONARY OF companies of the ‘‘ companion ” cavalry, and at the time of his death had been made satrap of Bactria by Alexander. Cleopatra (1), 247, 251, 297, 415, soon after this put to cruel death by Olympias, together with her infant child, who was regarded as a rival of Alexander. Cleopatra (2), 557 ff., queen of Egypt. See the Antony, xxv. ff. Clodius. 151-171, 463-467, Publius Claudius (Clodius) Pulcher, youngest son of the Appius Claudius mentioned in the Su//a, xxix. 3. He helped to de- moralise the soldiers of Lucullus (Lucullus, xxxiv.), and became a venomous foe of Cicero. Coenus, 397, son-in-law of Par- menio, and one of the ablest of Alexander’s officers. He _ died shortly after the army had begun its return from India. Collytus, 29, an Attic deme, or township. Cornificius, 545 (Corfinius), Quintus C., a quaestor under Caesar in 48 B.¢c., and a friend of Cicero. In 45 Caesar made him governor of Syria, and in 44 he had the province of Africa, where he fought against the second trium. virate, and fell in battle. Craterus, 345-383, one of the ablest of Alexander’s officers, and a man of noble character. He fell in battle against Eumenes in ae B.o. See the Eumenes, vi. ff: Cratippus, the Peripatetic, 143, of Mitylene, a contemporary and intimate friend of Cicero, and a teacher of Cicero’s son. See the Brutus, xxiv. 1 f. Ctesibius, 13, perhaps the Cynic philosopher of Chalcis in Euboea, who was the instructor of Anti- gonus Doson, king of Macedonia (229-221 B.C.). Curio, 461, 515-519, Caius Scri- bonius C., an able orator, but reckless and profligate. He was tribune of the people in 50 B.c., and sold his support to Caesar, 616 PROPER NAMES who made him praetor in Sicily in 49. Thence he crossed into Africa to attack the Pompeians there, but was defeated and slain (Caesar, Bell. Civ., ii, 23-44.) D Daesius, 265, 433, a Macedonian month answering to the Attic Thargelion. i.e. May-June. It followed Arteniisius. Dareius, 263 ff., Dareius IIT., surnamed Codomannus, came to the throne of Persia in 336 B.c. Deinon, 333, of Colophon, see Cleitarchus. Demaratus the Corinthian, 247 f., 337, 385, known only from these incidents. Demetrius (1), 33, Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus (cf. Plutarch’s Demetrius, ix.). Demetrius (2), the Phalerean, 23-27 35, 71, a celebrated rhetorician and orator (346-283 B.c.). He was guardian, or regent, of Athens for Cassander from 318 to 307. Demetrius (3), surnamed Pheido, 383, son of Pythonax, one of the “‘companion ” cavalry (Arrian, Anab., iv. 12, 5). Demetrius (4), the Magnesian, 39, 69, a Greek grammarian con- temporary with Cicero. Diogenes of Sinopé, 259, 409, a Cynic philosopher, born 412 B.o. He became a pupil of Antisthenes the Socratic at Athens, and changed from a dissolute to a most austere life. He died at Corinth in 323, according to Plutarch (Morals, p. 717 c) on the same day as Alexander the Great. Dionysius of Magnesia, 91, a distinguished rhetorician. Cf. Cicero, Brutus, 91, 316. Diopeithes, 215, an Athenian general, father of the poct Menander. He was arraigned by the Macedonian party at DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES Athens, and was defended by Demosthenes in the extant oration ‘‘ On the Chersonese.”’ Dolabella, 191 f., 449, 563, 589, the profligate and debt-ridden son-in-law of Cicero, lived 70-43 B.c. He took part with Caesar in 49, but approved of his murder, and gained the consul- ship for the remainder of the year 44. He was outlawed and declared a public enemy on account of his extortions in Asia, and committed suicide. Domitius (1), 179, 527 f., 545, 549, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul in 54 B.c. He was Cato’s son-in-law, and one of the ablest supporters of the aristo- cratic party. He opposed both Pompey and Caesar until their quarrel, then sided with Pompey. He met his death at Pharsalus. Domitius (2), 547, 561, Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus, consul in 53 B.C. He was a _ supporter of Bibulus against Caesar in 59, but after 49 an active sup- porter of Caesar. After the battle of Pharsalus he was Caesar’s lieutenant in Asia. Duris, 47, 57, 261, 357, of Samos, a pupil of Theophrastus, his- torian and, for a time, tyrant, oe Samos, lived circa "350-280 De eraehban. 181, 529, a city on the coast of Illyricuin, opposite to Brundisium, known in Greek history as Epidamnus. It was a free state, and sided with the Romans consistently. E Eratosthenes, 23, 75, 229, 317, of Cyrené, librarian at Alexandria, most distinguished as geographer and chronologist, a writer also on philosophy and ethics, 275- 194 B.C. Erigvius, 251. of Mitylené, an officer in Alexander’s army. He fell in battle 328 B.o F Favonius, 497, 525, 543, Marcus F., called the ‘“‘ Ape of Cato,” was aedile in 52 R.c.,and praetor in 49. He joined Pompey in the East, notwithstanding personal enmity to him, and accompanied him in his tlight from Pharsalus (cf. the Pompey, \xxiii. 6 f.). He was put to death by order of Octavius Caesar after the battle of Philippi (42 B.o.) G Gabinius, 157, 161, Aulus G., tribune of the ‘people in 66 B.C. , praetor in 61, consul with Piso in 58, the year during which Cicero was exiled. He was recalled from his province of Syria in 55, prosecuted for taking bribes, and exiled. He died in 48. Granicus, 263 f., a river in the Troad "emptying into the Pro- pontis. H Hagnon, the Teian, 343, 383, after- wards admiral under ” Antigonus. Harpalus, 61 f., 243, 251, 333, 347, Alexander’s faithless "treasurer. Antipater demanded his sur- render by the Athenians, who put him in prison, whence he escaped and went to Crete. Here he was assassinated. Hecataeus, of Eretria, 357, known ouly from this citation. Hegesias, the Magnesian, 231, a rhetorician and historian who flourished in the early part of the third century B.C., and was noted for his inane conceits. Helicon, 323, son of Acesas, of Salamis in Cyprus. Father and son were famous weavers of embroidered textures, probably in the latter part of the fifth century B.c. 617 DICTIONARY OF Hephaestion, 307, 341, 343, 347, 361, 367, 381, 383, 425, 433, officer and beloved friend of Alexander. Heracleides, 299, of Alexandria, a historian who flourished under Ptolemy IV. (222-205 B.c.) Hermioné, 333, a city in southern Argolis. Hermippus, 13, 27, 71. 75, 381, of Smyrna, a distinguished philo- sopher and biographer who was active in the second half of the third century B.o. Herodes, 143, probably the business Manager of Cicero’s friend Atticus. Cf. Cicero ad Att., vi. 1 ee I Idomeneus, 39, 57, of Lampsacus, a pupil and friend of Epicurus (342-270 B.c.) author of bio- graphical works entitled ‘‘ The Socratics’’ and ‘‘ The Dema- gogues. folas, 429, 487, the time and man- ner of his death are unknown. He is last mentioned in connec- tion with the marriage of hls sister to Perdiccas, in 322 B.c. lon, 7, of Chios, a popular poet at Athens between 452 and 421 B.c., and author of a_ prose work entitled ‘ Sojourns,” in which he recounted his experi- ences with famous men of his time. Isaeus, 13, a professional writer of speeches for the law-courts 420— 350 B.c., and numbered among the ten great Attic orators. Isauricus, 457, 533, Publius Ser- vilius Vatia I., deserted the aristocratic party to support Caesar, but after Caesar’s death returned to his former allegiance. He tried with more or less success to hold a middle course as be- tween Antony and Octavius Caesar. Isocrates, 13, 215, the celebrated Attic orator and _ rhetorician, 436-338 B.C. 618 PROPER NAMES Ister, 357, a slave, and afterwards a friend of Callimachus_ the Alexandrian grammarian and poet (250-220 B.c.), a volu- minous writer, whose works are all lost. L Labienus, 181, 487, 527, fled to Africa after the battle of Phar- salus, and after the battle of Thapsus (46 B.0.), to Spain, where he was the immediate cause of the defeat of the Pom- peians at Munda, and was slain (45 B.C.). Lacritus. the rhetorician, 71, of Phaselis in Pamphylia, a pupil of Isocrates about 350 B.c. Laelius, 219, perhaps the Laelius Decimus who was prominent during the civil war as a partisan of Pompey, and held military command under him. Lentulus (1), 513, 519, 525. Lucius Cornelius L. Crus, on the out- break of civil war joined Pompey in the East, fled with him from Pharsalus, and was put to death See the Pompey, influence, but took the field for Pompey at the outbreak of civil war in 49. He also, like Lentulus Crus, fled with Pompey to Egypt, but got safe to Rhodes. Lentulus (3), 123-127, 135 f., 141, 459, Publius Cornelius L.. sur- named Sura, was consul in 71 B.c., but in the following year was expelled from the senate. This led him to join the conspir- ators with Catiline. Lentulus (4), 189, the name by which Dolabella was sometimes called after his adoption into the plebeian family of Gneius Len- tulus in order that he might DICTIONARY OF become a candidate for the tribuneship. Dolabella was Tullia’s third husband. See Tullia. Leonnatus, 283, 343, 405, one of Alexander’s most ’ distinguished officers. He fell in 322 B.C., while attempting to relieve Anti- pater at Lamia. Leosthenes, 67, 215, an Athenian, general of the league for expelling the Macedonians from Greece after the death of Alexander. He died during the siege of Lamia. Lepidus, 201, 591, 601, Marcus Aemilius L., joined the party of Caesar in 49 B.c., was Caesar’s magister equitum in 47 and 45, and his consular colleague in 46. After Caesar’s murder he sided with Antony, and as mem- ber of the second triumvirate re- ceived Spain as his province, then, in 40, Africa. Here he remained till 36, when he was deposed from the triumvirate. He: lived till 13 B.o. Lucullus, 449, Marcus Licinius L., younger brother of the great Lucullus, also called by adoption M. Terentius Varro Lucullus, consul in 73 B.c., and after- wards a warm friend of Cicero. He died before the civil war. Lysimachus, 357, 383, an officer of Alexander, not prominent during Alexander’s life, but after- wards king of Thrace. He fell in battle with Seleucus, 281 B.c. a Maecenas, 215, Caius Cilnius M., the patron of poets and artists during the reign of Augustus, whose prime minister he was. Marcellus, 195, 513 f., Caius Claudius M., consul in ‘50 Ce a friend of Cicero and Pompey, and an uncompromising foe of Caesar. But after the out- break of the civil war he remained PROPER NAMES quietly and timidly in Italy, and was finally pardoned by Caesar. As husband of Octavia, the sister of Octavius Caesar, he had _ considerable influence. He is last heard of about 41 B.C. Marsyas 43, of Pella in Mace- donia, author of a history of his own country from earliest times down to 332 B.c. Mazaeus, 321, 343, a Persian officer under Dareius III., after- wards made satrap of Babylon by Alexander. Megabyzus, 349, probably a priest or keeper of the temple of Artemis at Ephesus. Menippus, the Carian, 91, the most accomplished rhetorician of his Bue in Asia. Cf. Cicero, Brutus, Metellus ‘(), 119, 155, Quintus Caecilius M. Celer, consul in 60 B.C., and an influential aristocrat. He was a violent opponent of Caesar during the latter’s con- sulship in 59, in which year he died. Metellus (2) 529 f., Lucius Caecilius M. Creticus, little known apart from the ee here narrated. Metellus (3), 139, 147, f.. Quintus M. Nepos, a brother of Metellus Celer, a partisan of Pompey, and for a time a violent opponent of Cicero. As consul, however, in 57 B.c., he did not oppose the recall of Cicero from banish- ment. He died in 55. Metellus (4), 479, Quintus Metellus Pius, consul with Sulla in 80 B.c., and one of Sulla’s most successful generals. Against Sertorius in Spain he was less fortunate. He died about 63. Murena, 117, 171, 213, Lucius Licinius M., had been quaestor, aedile, and praetor, and had served under Lucullus against Mithridates (Lweullus, xix. 7). He was accused of bribery in his canvass for the consulship, was defended by MHortensius and Cicero, aud acquitted. 619 DICTIONARY OF N Nearchus, 251, 411, 415, 427, 433f., the trusted admiral of Alexander. Nicocreon, 309, king of Salamis in Cyprus. After the death of Alexander he took sides with Ptolemy of Egypt. Nonacris, 437, a town in Arcadia, near which the water of the river Styx descended from a cliff. O oo 417, Dareius II., 424-404 Glens O97. 2314 247, 200s 20 341, 415, 437, 439, Alexander’s mother. She was put to death in 316 B.c., by order of Cassan- der Guscieritiia: 243, 261, 357, 395, 399, 409, 411, a Greek who accom- panied Alexander in Asia and wrote an account of his cam- paigns. His work contained valuable information, but was full of exaggerations and false- hoods. Oppius, 485, Caius O., an intimate friend of Caesar, “and author (probably) of Lives of Marius, Pompey, and Caesar. Oricum, 533, a town on the coast of Epirus, ‘north of Apollonia. Oxyartes, 389, a Bactrian prince, father of Roxana. Alexander made him satrap of northern India. He supported EKumenes until the death of that officer, and then came to terms with Antigonus. P Panaetius, the philosopher, 33, chief founder of the Stoic school at Rome, flourishing between 150 and 110 B.c. Pappus, 75. otherwise unknown. Parmenio, 231, 249, 265, 277, 285f., i oI BIT 327, 343, '361ff., 369, 620 PROPER NAMES an able and trusted commander under both Philip and Alexander. Pasicrates, 309, king of Soli in Cyprus. Patavium, 555, an ancient and important city of Venetia, the modern Padua. Paulus, 515, Lucius Aemilius P., consul in 50 B.c. with Claudius Niarcellus. He had been a violent opponent of Caesar. Cf. the Pompey, lvili. 1. Pelops, of Byzantium, 143, not otherwise Known. Perdiccas, 79, 263, 347, 437, the officer to whom the dying Alex- ander is said to have given his signet-ring, and who was regent for the royal successors of Alexander till 321 B.o. Peucestas, 347f., 405, a distin- guished officer of Alexander, and satrap of Persia. It was chiefly due to him that Eumenes met with disaster in 316 B.c. See the Eumenes, xiv. ff. Pharmacusa, 445, a small island off the coast of Caria, about 120 furlongs south of Miletus. Philip (1), 195, Lucius Marcius Philippus, consul in 56B.¢., married Atia, the widow of Caius Octavius, thus becoming the stepfather of Octavius Caesar. He remained neutral during the civil wars. Philip (2), 399, made satrap of India by Alexander in 327 B.C. In the following year he was assassinated by his mercenaries. Philip (3), the Chalcidian, 357, known only from this citation. Philip (4), of Theangela (in Caria), Soe. author of a history of Caria which 1 is cited by Athenaeus and fa Philistus, 243, the Syracusan, an eyewitness of the events of the Athenian siege of Syracuse, which he described thirty years later in a history of Sicily. Philo, the Theban, 357, known only from this citation. Philon, the Academic, 87, 91, a native of Larissa in Thessaly, DICTIONARY OF and a teacher of rhetoric and philosophy at Athens and Rome during Cicero’s lifetime. Cf. Cicero, Brutus, 89, 306. Philotas, 249, 255, 317, 343, 361- 369, the son of Parmenio. Philoxenus, 243, of Cythera, one of the most distinguished dithy- rambic poets of Greece (435-380 B.c.), resident at Athens and Syracuse. Phylarchus, 67, an Athenian his- torian, author of a history of Greece from 272 to 220 B.c. Plutarch is heavily indebted to him in his Agis and Cleomenes, and Pyrrhus. Piso (1), 127, 457, Caius Calpurnius P., consul in 678B.¢c., and a violent aristocrat. As pro-consul he plundered his province of Gallia Narbonensis. He must have died before the civil war. Piso (2), 157, 475, 531, Lucius Cal purnius P., father-in-law of Julius Caesar. "He plundered his province of Macedonia shame- lessly, and was recalled in 55 B.c. He is covered with invec- tive in Cicero’s oration de Provine. Cons. He took no part in the civil war that followed. Piso (3), 161, 189, Caius Calpurnius P. Frugi, married Cicero’s daugh- ter Tullia in 63 B.c. He was quaestor in 58, and used every endeavour to secure the recall of Cicero from exile, but died before his father-in-law’s return. Cicero mentions him often with gratitude. Pollio, 523, 553, 567, Caius Asinius bare: famous orator, poet, and historian, 76 B.c.—4 A.D. He was an intimate friend of Julius Caesar, fought under him in Spain and Africa, and after Caesar’s death supported Oc- tavius Caesar. After 29, he devoted himself entirely to literature, and was a patron of Vergil and Horace. None of his works are extant. Polycleitus, 3857, of Larissa in Thessaly, one of the numerous PROPER NAMES historians of uncertain date. Poseidonius, 91, of Apameia in Syria, a Stoic philosopher, pupil of Panaetius of Athens, contem- porary with Cicero, who often speaks of him and occasionally corresponded with him. CT, Cicero, de Natura Deorum, 1, 3, 6. Potamon, the Lesbian, 399, a rhetorician who enjoyed the favour of the emperor Tiberius (14-37 A.D.), and was an author- ity on the career of Alexander. Potheinus, 557f., one of the guar- dians of the young Ptolemy when Caesar came to Egypt. Ptolemy, 251, 337, 357, one of the ablest of Alexander’s officers, and afterwards king of Egypt. He wrote a history of Alexander’s campaigns which is the chief authority for Arrian. Pyanepsion, 71, 77, the Athenian month corresponding to parts of October and November. Python (or Pithon), 435, son of Craterus, one of the seven select officers forming the immediate bodyguard of Alexander. After the death of Alexander he sup- ported Perdiccas, but went over to Antigonus and Seleucus when they made war upon Eumenes. Alexander, of RK Roxana, 359, 487, daughter of Oxyartes the Bactrian prince. With her son by Alexander she was taken to Macedonia by Antipater. Mother and son were put to death in 311 B.c. by order of Cassander. 8 Samothrace, 227, a large island in the northern Aegean sea, about oy miles south of the Thracian coast. 621 DICTIONARY OF Scaurus, 83, Marcus Aeinilius S. Father and son of this name were prominent in the Roman aris- tocracy from 126 to 52 B.c., the former having been consul in 115. Both were venal, but the first was often highly praised, and the second was defended, by Cicero. Scipio (1), 479, Publius Cornelius 8. Africanus Major, the conqueror of Hannibal, 234-183 B.c. Scipio (2), 481, 517, 519, 541, 545, 549, 563f., 571, Publius Cor- nelius Scipio Nasica, adopted by Metellus Pius, and therefore often called Metellus Scipio, was Pompey’s colleague in the con- sulship for the latter part of the year 52 8.C., and a determined foe of Caesar. He killed himself after the battle of Thapsus. Though a Scipio by birth, a Metellus by adoption, and a father-in-law of Pompey, he was rapacious and profligate. Seleucus, 349, 401, 435, founder of the Seleucid dynasty in Syria. Silanus, 117, 127, 131f., Decimus Junius S., stepfather of Marcus Brutus, had been aedile in 70 B.C. Sotion, 399, a native of Alexandria, who lived in the first part of the first century A.D. Stateira, 419, 437, daughter of Dareius III., and wife of Alex- ander. Stateira was also her mother’s name (pp. 311ff.). T Tanusius, 497, Tanusius Geminus, a Roman historian of Cicero’s time (probably), the nature and scope of whose work is uncertain. Telestes, 243, of Selinus in Sicily, won a dithyrambic victory at Athens in 401 B.c. A few of his verses are preserved in Athenaeus (pp. 616 and 617, 626a, 637a). Thapsacus, 415, an important town 622 PROPER NAMES comilanding a crossing of the Euphrates, east of Upper Syria. Theodectes, 273, a distinguished rhetorician and tragic poet, a pupil of Isocrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and an imitator of Euripides. He flourished in the time of Philip of Macedon, and lived for the most part at Athens. Theodotus, 555, a rhetorician of Chios (or Samos), put to death by Brutus. See the Pompey, Ixxvii. 2; lxxx. 6. Theophilus, 323, an artist in metal work, not otherwise known. Theophrastus, 25, 41, 141, 233, the most famous pupil of Aristotle, and his successor as head of the Peripatetic school of philosophy at Athens. He was born at Eresos in Lesbos, and died at Athens in 287 B.c., at the age of eighty-five. Theopompus, 9, 31, 35, 43, 51, 63, of Chios, a fellow-pupil of Iso- crates with Ephorus, wrote anti-Athenian histories of Greece from 411 to 394B.c., and of ay of Macedon from 360 to Theramenes, 183, a brilliant Athen- jan naval commander who co- operated successfully with Alci- biades during the closing years of the Peloponnesian was. He was one of the Thirty Tyrants, and favoured a moderate course, but fell a victim to the jealousy and hatred of Critias. Thurii, 71, a colony of Athens in Lucania, Italy, founded under Pericles. Tralles, 555, a large and flourishing city 1n north-western Caria. Tullia, 189, daughter of Cicero and Terentia, married Caius Cal- purnius Piso in 63 B.C., was a widow in 57, married Furius Crassipes In 56, from whom she was soon divorced. In 50 she married MDolabella (Lentulus) from whom she was divorced in 46. She bore him a son in 45, but died soon after at her father’s house in Tusculum., DICTIONARY OF Vv Varro, 531, the most learned Roman scholar, the most volum- inous Roman author, and yet no literary recluse. He held high command under Pompey in the war against the pirates, the Mithridatic war, and in ‘Spain with Afranius. "After the cam- paign in Spain he joined Pompey in Greece, but after the battle at Pharsalus threw himself on Caesar’s Mercy, was pardoned by him, and restored to literary PROPER NAMES activity. He was at this time nearly seventy years old. x Xenocles, of Adramyttium, 91, a distinguished rhetorician, men- tioned by Strabo (p. 614). Cf. Cicero, Brutus, 91, 316. Xenocrates, 245, of Chalcedon, 396-314 B.c., an associate of Aeschines the Socratic and Plato, and head of the Academy at Athens for twenty-five years. 623 a ee a PLUTARCH’S LIVES. ® VoLumeE I. THESEUS AND ROMULUS. LYCURGUS AND NUMA. SOLON AND PUBLICOLA. Vouume II. THEMISTOCLES AND CAMILLUS. ARISTIDES AND CATO MAJOR. CIMON AND LUCULLUS. VouuME III. PERICLES AND FABIUS MAXIMUS. NICIAS AND CRASSUS. Vo.tumeE IV. ALCIBIADES AND CORIOLANUS. LYSANDER AND SULLA. VoLumME VY. AGESILAUS AND POMPRY. PELOPIDAS AND MARCELLUS. VoLumME VI. DION AND BRUTUS. TIMOLEON AND AEMILIUS PAULUS. VoutumE VII. DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO. ALEXANDER AND CAESAR. PLUTARCH’S - LIVES WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY BERNADOTTE PERRIN IN ELEVEN VOLUMES Vill SERTORIUS AND EUMENES PHOCION AND CATO THE YOUNGER LONDON : WILLIAM HEINEMANN NEW. YORK : G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS MCMXIX j . « #6 » e.sr @ a -s* ° 3 ° e %e “%*wve e . °@ e%ee » e o % a oe reg? ? ae ' r Sa ave ? ’ oy? over y o . e@eaave e2eee . e ete eles ° s e ~ o7 e .f e s, e e @eenr, S e oe "6 % “ee Pad 1a PREFATORY NOTE As in the preceding volumes of this series, agree- ment between the Sintenis (Teubner, 1873-1875) and Bekker (Tauchnitz, 1855-1857) editions of the Parallel Lives has been taken as the basis for the text. Any preference of one to the other, and any important departure from both, have been indicated. An abridged account of the manuscripts of Plutarch may be found in the Introduction to the first volume. None of the Lives presented in this volume are con- tained in the two oldest and best manuscripts—the Codex Sangermanensis (S*) and the Codex Seiten- stettensis (S), or in the excellent Paris manuscript No. 1676 (F*). Their text therefore rests principally on the Paris manuscripts Nos. 1671, 1673, and 1674 (ACD). No attempt has been made, naturally, to © furnish either a diplomatic text or a full critical ap- paratus. For these, the reader must be referred to the major edition of Sintenis (Leipzig, 1839-1846, 4 voll., 8vo), or to the rather inaccessible text of the Lives by Lindskog and Ziegler, in the Teubner PREFATORY NOTE Library of Greek and Latin texts (Vol. III.,- Fase. I. was published in 1915). In the present edition, the reading which follows the colon in the brief critical notes is that of the Teubner Sintenis, and also, unless otherwise stated in the note, of the Tauchnitz Bekker. All the standard translations of the Lives have been carefully compared and utilized, including those © of the Sertorius and Cato by Professor Long. B. PERRIN. New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. October, 1919. vi CONTENTS PREFATORY NOTE .. 1... 0 es + eee eee v ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION ... Viii eADTORAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES . . .. « ix SERTORIUS: 24) u:-8 % & & 4 ed ep be a ee Oe 1 SUMERIh sb a 8 he ee en 77 COMPARISON OF SERTORIUS AND EUMENES. ...... 137 PHOCION . e : e ry e e e . a e ca e ° ° e E ® e e e 143 CATO THE YOUNGER ....¢.. +. +e eee eee 235 DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES ........... £=413 ORDER OF THK PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK LIVES. VoutuME I. (1) Theseus and Romulus. Comparison. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. Comparison. (3) Solon and Publicola. Comparison. VotumeE II. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (9) ‘Aristides and Cato the Elder. Comparison. . (13) Cimon and Lucullus. Comparison. | VovuumeE III. (5) Pericles and Fabius Max- imus. . Comparison. . (14) Nicias and Crassus. . Comparison. ~Votume IV. (6) Alcibiades and Coriola- nus. Comparison. (12) Lysafder and Sulla. Comparison. VoLuME V. (16) Agesilaiis and Pompey. Comparison. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. Comparison. Vill oom Vouume VI. (22) Dion and Brutus. Comparison. (7) Timoleon and Aemiliug Paulus. Comparison. VotumME VII. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. Comparison. (17) Alexander and Julius - Gaesar. VoruME VIII. _ (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. Comparison. _ (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. VonumE IX. (21) Demetrius and Antony. Comparison. (11) bi and Caius Marius. Vout ME X. ' (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. Comparison. ininus. Comparison. VotumeE XI. | (10) Philopoemen and Flam- ) (24) Aratus. (23) Artaxerxes. (25) Galba. | (26) Otho. THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES. (1) Theseus and Romulus. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. (3) Solon and Publicola. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus. (6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus. | (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus, (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. (10) Philopoemen and Flamininus. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius, (12) Lysander and Sulla. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. (14) Nicias and Crassus. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. (16) Agesilaiis and Pompey. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. (21) Demetrius and Antony. (22) Dion and Brutus. (23) Weiesvee, (24) Aratus. P (25) Galba. (26) Otho. ix SERTORIUS VOL. VIII. 2 ZEPTOQPIO2R I. @avpactoy pev lows ovK éorw, év ameipe Paris Edition) TO xpove THS TUXNS GaNAOTE GANWS peovons, éml a. 1624, | TavTa CULT TOMATA TOAAAKLS catapéped Gar TO avTopaTov. elite yap ovK Eat TOV UTOKELMEVOY apa wevov TO TANS, agpOovov Exel THIS TOY dtroTehoupevey OMOLOTNTOS Xepnyov v) TOXN Thy THS ANS evmropian, elt’ &« TiveV apio pévery app oumTrEKET AL Ta mpdypata, TONNGKLS avayKn TavTa yiverOau bia TOV auTav Tepatyo- peva. érrel & arya OvTEs éveot 7a Towaira ourd- youow totopia Kal aKof TOV Kara TUXNY ryeryov0- TOV doa Loyeo pod Kal Tpovoias épyors EouKer, oloy 6 dt. dvetv “Artewv yevopevey eupavar, Tob pev Xvpov, tov oé "Apkdoos, é ExaTEpOS TO vos aT @NETO, dveiv dé “AxTarover, 0 pev bro TOV KUVvOV, 0 © UT TOY épac tap dveotraaOn, duety dé LanTeaver, up’ ov pep évixnOnoay Kapyxndovoe mporepov, U ug ov Oe aTepov dponv avnpeOnoay, éadrw dé 7} "TAcov op’ ‘Hpaxréous dua Tas Aaope- Sovtos immous Kal wo ‘Ayapépvovos dua Tov Soupeiou mpocayopevOévtos immou, tTpitov & wre 1 The story of a Lydian Attis who was killed by a wild boar is told by Pausanias, vii. 17,5; that of the Arcadian Attis is unknown. 2 The Actaeon, son of Aristaeus, who saw Artemis bathing, 2 568 SERTORIUS. I. Ir is perhaps not to be wondered at, since fortune is ever changing her course and time is infinite, that the same incidents should occur many times, spontaneously. For, if the muJtitude of elements is unlimited, fortune has in the abundance of her material an ample provider of coincidenees ; and if, on the other hand, there is a limited number of elements from which events are interwoven, the same things must happen many times, being brought ~ to pass by the same agencies. Now, there are some who delight to collect, from reading and hearsay, such accidental happenings as look like works of calculation and forethought. They note, for example, that there were two celebrated persons called Attis, one a Syrian,! the other an Arcadian, and that both were killed by a wild boar; that there were two Actaeons, one of whom was torn in pieces by his dogs, the other by his lovers? ; that there were two Scipios, by one of whom the Carthaginians were conquered in an earlier war, and by the other, in a later war, were destroyed root and branch ; that Ilium was taken by Heracles on account of the horses of Laomedon, by Agamemnon by means of what is called the wooden was changed by the goddess into a stag and devoured b ai he his own dogs. An Actaeon, son of Melissus, was belov Archias of Corinth, who sought to take him away by Poise The friends of Actaeon resisted, and jin the struggle Actaeon was torn to death (Plutarch, Morals, p- 772). 3 B 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Xapidnuov, tats tua iarirou Twos ELE OVTOS aTOKNELo aL TaXy T@p, Idvéov pu) SuvnevTwy, Sveiv 8¢ opovipor tale edadertarors putois 70- hewy, “lov xal Siniphns, TOV mount ay “Opnpov év 49 pev yevéo Bas Agyouewy, év 7) O€ amobaveiy, pépe Kal TOUTO repog Od pev avtois, OTL Kal TOY OTpa- THYOY ot TONE moKdTAT OU Kal wreloTa SoX@ KaTEp- yaodpevot ‘eta Servorntos étepopOarpot yeyo- vae t, PtAcarros, "AyTiyovos, ‘AwiBas Kal qTéept ob.1phe' 7d ciyypaypa Leptwpios, dv Didiarov per. ‘dv ris atopaivorto awd pover Tepov rept TAS “efyuvaixas, Avteyovov 5é Tea TOT Epov mept pirous, . oe -AvviBouv 8é TE PWT EPO 7 pos TroAepous, NeLTrO- >» pevov dé ouveoer pev ovdevos TouTwv, TUYn Sé ‘ qavTov, 7 TOV TOY éudavav ToAEuioVv yane- TWTEPa Tepl WavTa xpnodpevos éeTravicwoer éavTov éumetpia pev TH Metéddov, ToApn O€ TH Tlopmniov, tuyn 5& TH SvArAa, Svvaper S€ TH ‘Pwpaiwv, duyas nal BapRapov Ernrus apyov GVTLTAEAMEVOS. 6 Tovtm 8) pddtota Tov ‘EAAjvev tov Kap- Stavov oporcodpev Evpévyn? appotepor yap apycxol Kal avv S0A@ TodeutKol, Kal THS pev avTav dtokevwbévtes, nynodpevor 8 adrodaTrav, THY 5¢ ypnodpevor Biaiw Kal adixw rept tiv Ted«Ev- Thy: émiBovrgevbévtes yap audotepor, pel” ov TOUS TrodEpLOUS eviKwY, LTO TOUTwY advnpeOnaav. II. Koivtm Yeptwpio yévos Hv ovK aonyota- tov év mode Novocots tijs YaBivwv tpadels Se 4 SERTORIUS horse, and a third time by Charidemus, because a horse fell in the gateway and prevented the Ilians from closing the gate quickly enough ; that there are two cities which have the same name as the most fragrant plants, Ios and Smyrna,! in one of which the poet Homer is said to have been born, and in the other to have died. I will therefore make this addition to their collection. The most warlike of generals, and those who achieved most by a mixture of craft and ability, have been one-eyed men,— Philip, Antigonus, Hannibal, and the subject of this Life, Sertorius ; of whom one might say that he was more continent with women than Philip, more faithful tohis friends than Antigonus, more merciful towards his enemies than Hannibal, and inferior to none of them in understanding, though in fortune to them all. Fortune he ever found harder to deal with than his open foes, and yet he made himself her equal when he arrayed himself against the experience of Metellus, the daring of Pompey, the fortune of Sulla, and the power of Rome, though he was an exile and a stranger in command of Barbarians, With him we may best compare, among the Greeks, Eumenes of Cardia. Both were born to command and given to wars of stratagem; both were exiled from their own countries, commanded foreign soldiers, and in their deaths experienced a fortune that was harsh and unjust ; for both were the victims of plots, and were slain by the very men with whom they were conquering their foes. II. Quintus Sertorius belonged to a family of some prominence in Nussa,’ a city of the Sabines. Having 1 Violet and Myrrh. * Nursia, in Latin writers, and in Amyot. PLUTARCR’S LIVES Koopios UTdO pnTpl XPS TaTpos ophavos vrep- guas Soxei dirountwp yevéoOar. dvoua Tis pntpos ‘Péay Aéyovowv. HoKxnto pev ovv Kal mept Sixas ixavas, kai twa Kal Sivamw év TH TOANEL PeLpaKLoy BV amd TOU AéryeLV éayer" ai dé Tepl Ta oTpaTiwTiKa NapTpPOTHTES avTOD Kal catop0wces évrad0a thy dirotimiav petéatnoav. III. Ipa@rov péev odv KipBpov cai Tevtover éuBeBAnkotwv eis Taratiav otpatevopevos v0 Kaitiou, Kakoas ayovicapévav trav “Pwopaiwr Kal TpoThs yevonévns atroBeBAnKas Tov immov Kal KaTaTETpwWLEVOS TO C@pa TOV ‘Podavoy S:er7é- pacev, avT@ Te TH Owpaxi Kal Oupe@ pos évav- Tiov peda ToAU vnXoMEVOs' OUTW TO copua poparéov hv avt@ Kxalt Starovov tH aoKnoe. Sevtepoy S€ TaV av’Tav érepyopévwy puplact ToAnNais Kal Seivais aretNais, Mote Kal TO pévey dvipa ‘Pwpaiov év taker rote kal To weiGecOau TO OTpPAaTHY@ péya Epyov eivat, Madpios pev rryei- To, Leptw@pios b€ KatacKoTHny UTécTH TOY TrOAE- piov. écOAre dé Kerrixy oxevacdmevos Kal Ta KowoTata THS Stanréxtou Tpos évtevkw emi Kas- pov TaparaBar, avapiryvuTat Tobs BapBapous: Kal Ta pev id@v, Ta & axon wvOopevos TéV éret- yovtwy éravnrGe mpos Mdpiov. rote pev ovv apicteiwy étuyev’ év O€ TH RAoiTH otpareia TOAAG Kal cuvécews Epya Kal TOAUNS aTrodeaka- peevos eis Ovopa Kal Tictl vUTd TO oTpaTHyoD mponxOny peta be TOV KiuBpev kal Tevrovey Tohepov extreupbets UTro Acdip TTPATHYD Xtre- apxyos émt “IPnpias éy tH more Kacrraave 6 569 SERTORIUS lost his father, he was properly reared by a widowed mother, of whom he appears to have been excessively fond. His mother’s name, we are told, was Rhea. As a result of his training he was sufficiently versed in judicial procedure, and acquired some influence _ also at Rome from his eloquence, although a mere youth ; but his brilliant successes in war turned his ambition in this direction. III. To begin with, when the Cimbri and Teutones invaded Gaul,! he served under Caepio, and after the Romans had been defeated and put to flight, though he had lost his horse and had been wounded in the body, he made his way across the Rhone, swimming, shield and preastplate and all, against a strongly adverse current ; so sturdy was his body and so inured to hardships by training. In the next place, when the same enemies were coming up with many myriads of men and dreadful threats,? so that for a Roman even to hold his post at such a time and obey his general was a great matter, while Marius was in command, Sertorius undertook to spy out the enemy. So, putting on a Celtic dress and acquiring the commonest expressions of that language for such conversation as might be necessary, he mingled with the Barbarians ; and after seeing or hearing what was of importance, he came back to Marius. At the time, then, he received a prize for valour ; and since, during the rest of the campaign, he performed many deeds which showed both judgement and daring, he was advanced by his general to positions of honour and trust. After the war with the Cimbri and Teu- tones, he was sent out as military tribune by Didius the praetor to Spain,’ and spent the winter in Castulo, a 1 In 105 B.c. 2 In 102 B.c. 3 In 97 B.c. Didius was then pro-consul. PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 mapexeipate THs KedtiBnpwv. émet S€ Tav oTpaTLaT ay év adbovois UBpilovray Kal Ta TOAAG MeOvovT@V Karadpovicavres ot BapBapor pereneurpavTo VUKTOS émuxoupiay Tapa TOV datuyetovov 'Opitavev cal cat’ oixias émtovtes e 9~ 7 ExTELvoy AUTOUS, UTTEKdSUS O LEepT@ptos pet’ OALY@V \ kal tous éxmimtovtas cuvayay@v KUKAw THY qwoAtv TepinrOe Kal Kal’ as ot BapRapot mvAas éxabov tmapeomecovTes avemypéevas etpwv, ov > \ 3 4 4 > \ \ ? , TavTov éxetvors Erraber, GAXra hpovpas éemioTHCAas N ‘\ 4 \ / v Kat xataraBov mavtayobev thy Tod ExTELvE ‘ > ar / , e oe > é0 > / 5 ToUs év HALKia TrayTas. @s bé avnpéOnaar, éxé- \ A AevTE TOUS OTpaTLwWTAaS TdvTas Ta pev avUTOY e \ \ b fo] , a \ A érAa Kat Thy éoOATa KatabécOa, Tois dé TOV BapBdpov évoxevacapévovs Erec0at mpos THY modu éxelwnyv é& Ao amertdAncayv ot viKTwp / a A wn émiTecovTes avTois. evoduevos S€ TH TOV étwAwY det Tos BapBdpouvs tds Te WiAas ave- / 2 \ a > , ” > @rypwévas evpe Kal TAHGOs avOpwrwv EXaBev oio- pévov arravTav ev TeTpaxoor pirows Kal ToNX- a a e Taius. 640 mAcioTo. péevy vO Tov ‘“Pwpaiwv 9 , \ 4 e \ \ é€opdttovto wept Tas TvUAas, of bé€ oTrol Trapa- Sovtes Eavtous érpabnaar. b 4 , ? ~ ? , IV. Ex _ToUTOU LepTwpios év TH I8npig die- BonOn: Kai 6Te wpa@tov. érravynxey ets Popny, , > / a \ / / Tapias atrodeixvutas THs wept Iadov Tadatias, an \ le) év SéovTt. Tov yap Mapocxod ToAguov cumota- Mévov, oTpaTLM@Tas Te TpoTTAaYOEeY aUT@ KATAXE- yew Kal OAa troveicBat, arrovdny Kal Taxos 8 ~ SERTORIUS city of the Celtiberians. Here the soldiers shook off all discipline in the midst of plenty, and were drunk most of the time, so that the Barbarians came to depise them, and one night sent for aid from their neighbours, the Oritanians, and falling upon the Romans in their quarters began to kill them. But Sertorius with a few others slipped out, and assembled the soldiers who were making their escape, and surrounded the city. He found the gate open by which the Barbarians had stolen in, but did not repeat their mistake; instead, he set a guard there, and then, taking possession of all quarters of the city, slew all the men who were of age to bear arms. Then, when the slaughter was ended, he ordered all his soldiers to lay aside their own armour and cloth- ing, to array themselves in those of the Barbarians, and then to follow him to the city from which the men came who had fallen upon them in the night. Having thus deceived the Barbarians by means of the armour which they saw, he found the gate of the city open, and caught a multitude of men who supposed they were coming forth to meet a successful party of friends and fellow citizens. Therefore most of the inhabitants were slaughtered by the Romans at the gate ; the rest surrendered and were sold into slavery. IV. In consequence of this exploit the name of Sertorius was noised abroad in Spain ; and as soon as he returned to Rome he was appointed quaestor of Cisalpine Gaul, and at a critical time. For the Marsic war! was threatening, and he was ordered to levy troops and procure arms; to which task he brought such earnestness and celerity, as compared with the 1 Or Social War, 90-88 B.c. PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ a \ \ a v , mpocbeis TH Epy@ Tapa THY TOV adN\jWY véwY Bpadutira xa paraxiav avdpos éumpdxtas Bio- couévov dokav éaxyev. ov pny vdynKato THs A 4 ’ 9 gs \ TTPATLWTLKHS TOAMNS Els aEiwpa MpoEeANnAVOaS NYEHOVOS, GANA Kal yetpos emiderxvipevos Epya Oavyacra Kal TO cpa Tois ayoow adetdas ? 4 Led bg > / \ | See > éridtdous, TaV Oirewy améBare THY ETEpav éEx- A 9 4 \ 4 KoTrétaav, emt touTm dé Kal KaddAwTLCopevos > N 4 \ \ \ ” b 2 ON \ ae SueTédet, TOUS prey yap AAXoUS OVK det TA papTtupia ToY apioTeLav Teptpéperv, GANA Kal anotiWecGat otpenta kal Sopata Kal otepavous, avt@ b€ THs avépayabias Tapapévery TA yvepi- CMaTa, TOS aUTOUS ExoVTL THS apeTHS apa Kal a Sa , 9 / \ \ e a THS cuughopas Ocatds. amédwxe dé cai o SHpos aUT@ Tyny TpéTovcav. eiceAOovtTa yap ets Oéa- tpov é€edéEavTo Te KpoT@ Kal KaTevpnunoay, ov \ a la , : ovdé Tois mavu mponxovow nrKia Te Kal SoEn Tuxely jv padtov. Snpapyiav pévrow peTiov YY / 4 > \N 97 Py ‘ yvAAa KaTactaciacavtTos avTov éfemece’ O10 ‘\ A , / > \ \ / kat Soxet yevéoOat prcoavaras. érret dé Mdpuos \ ¢ N St \ ” / \ pev bro SvAAa KpatnOeis Ehevye, BaAras é MiOpiddtn tworeunowv annpe, Tov S€ vrdtwv "OxtaBtos peév ert THs YvAXAa Tpoatpécews Epeve, | , n Kivvas 8 vewrepifov vaodepopévnv avexanreiro \ , 4 «oN e tnhv Mapiov ordow, TovT@ Tpocéverpeyv avTov oO / ” \ 9 , Coa LepT@pios, GAAwS Te Kal Tov OxtaBuov opav a , avrov péev apSrUTepov dvta, Tots dé Mapiou le) \ “ e pirows amioctobvta. ‘yevouevns O€ Tois UTaTOLS 10 570 SERTORIUS slowness and indolence of the other young men, that he got the reputation of a man whose life would be one of great achievement. However, he did not remit the activities of a daring soldier after he had ad- vanced to the dignity of a commander, but displayed astonishing deeds of prowess and exposed his person unsparingly in battle, in consequence of which he got a blow that cost him one of his eyes. But on this he actually prided himself at all times. Others, he said, could not always carry about with them the evidences of their brave deeds, but must lay aside their neck- laces, spears, and wreaths; in his own case, on the contrary, the marks of his bravery remained with him, and when men saw what he had lost, they saw at the same time a proof of his valour. The people also paid him fitting honours. For, when he came into the theatre, they received him with clapping of hands and shouts of welcome, testimonials which even those who were far advanced in years and honours could not easily obtain. Notwithstanding this, when he stood for the tribuneship, Sulla formed a_ party against him, and he lost the election; for which reason, apparently, he became an opponent of Sulla. And so when Marius was overwhelmed by Sulla and went into exile,! and Sulla had set out to wage war against Mithridates,? and one of the consuls, Octavius, adhered to the party of Sulla, while the other, Cinna, who aimed at a revolution, tried to revive the drooping faction of Marius, Sertorius attached him- self to Cinna, especially as he saw that Octavius was rather sluggish himself and distrustful of the friends of Marius. A great battle was fought in the 1 In 88 B.c. 2 In 87 B.c. Cf. the Marius, xli. 1. tl] PLUTARCH’S LIVES bd 9 ” 4 ir "0 4 ‘ 9 4 év ayopa payns peyadns ‘OxtdBuos pev éexparnce, Kivvas 6€ cai Yepr@pios ob ToAA® eAaTTOUS TOV , ? s ” \ a \ ‘\ pupiov amroBarovtes Epvyov: Kal TaY Trepl THY "Ttadiay és Stectrappévav otpatorébwv mpoca- / nw a youevoe Ta Treicta TweOoi tayd Katéctnoav 9 f a \ \ > , aftopayoe Tots mept Tov ‘OxrdBrov. V. Mapiov &€ xatarrevoarvtos éx« AtBins Kat a / , e \ eo»? , e + T@ Kivva tpoctiOevtos éavtov ws LOveTnv UTaTe, Tots pev adrots edoxet SéyerOar, Yeprwpios Se amnyopevev, elite Tov Kivvav tTov oiduevos éav- a \ , / T@ tMpoaeEev avdpos nyE“oviKwWTEpouv TrapovTos, ¥ ‘\ 4 fe) , , \ elre thv Bapvtnta tov Mapiov Sedoxas, pr \ / A / TavTa Ta Tpadypata auyyén Ouu@ pétpov ovK , el a ‘ Eyovtt, wépa dixns év TH Kpatetvy Wpoepyopevos. \ » \ ¢€ Edeyev ovY pLKPOV ElvaL TO VITOAELTTOMEVOY EpryoVv autos 46n xpatovot, deEapévwy 5é tov Mdpuov a / a lo TO ovptrav oicecOar ths SoEns éxelvoy Kal THs Suvapews, YadeTroy dvTa mpos Kolvwriav apxis a / le) Kal dmictov. ettrovtos 6€ tod Kivva taidra pev a ‘ a 6p0as vaonroyitecOar Tov Yeptwpiov, aideicOar a \ 5é nat Svaropeiy OTws at@cetat tov Madpiov autos él KoWwvia TpaypatwV KEKANKOS, UrT0- 9 AaBeov o Leptwpros eitrev’ “'’AAN eyw@ pev avrov “A \ ad’ éavtod Mapuov Frey vopifwv eis “Itadiav ro \ \ \ \ aupdépov éoxkotrouy col dé THY apxynv ovdé Bov- a A \ n NevecOat Karas elyev HKovTos Oy autos édOeiv A , A / nkiwaas, adda xpncOar nai SéxecIar, THs Tri- 12 SERTORIUS forum between the consuls, in which Octavius was victorious, and Cinna and Sertorius took to flight, after losing almost ten thousand men; and then, winning over to their side most of the troops still scattered about Italy, they soon made themselves able to cope with Octavius.! V. And when Marius sailed home from Libya ? and was proposing to serve under Cinna as a private citizen under a consul, the rest thought that his offer should be accepted, but Sertorius declared against it, either because he thought that Cinna would pay less attention to him when a man of greater military experience was at hand, or because he was afraid of the harshness of Marius, and feared that he would throw everything into confusion by a passion which knew no limits, and exceed the bounds of justice in the hour of victory. Accordingly, he said that little remained for them to do, now that they were already victorious, and that if they received Marius he would appropriate to himself all the glory and the power, since he found it hard to share authority and was not to be trusted. Cinna replied that these con- siderations of Sertorius were sound, but that for his part he had perplexing scruples about rejecting Marius after having himself invited him to join their cause. To this Sertorius answered: “Indeed, I for for my part thought that Marius was come of his own accord into Italy, and so I was trying to discover what was advantageous in the matter; but in thy case it was not well to deliberate at all after the arrival of one whom thou thyself didst ask to come ; nay, thou shouldst have received and employed him, 1 In 87 B.c. Cf. the Afarius, xli. 1. 2 Cf. the Marius, xli. 2 ff. 13 PLUTARCH’S LIVES OTEWS pndevi hoytau@ Xwpay bidovens.” ovTasS METATTEMTETAL TOV Mdpuoy Kivvas- Kal TALYh THS Suvapews Staveunderans 7; Wpxov Ol Tpeis. 4 Acarronepunbévros 5é tov ToAéwov Kal T@v Trept TO Kivvav kal _Mapioy éudopoupévav UBpews Te Kal muxplas ardans, dare xXpvaov amobdeiEae ‘Peopaiors Ta Tou TONE MOU Kaxd, Leprapros ré- yeTau povos ovTe amoKTeEtvai Twa ™ pos opyny ovTe evuBpicat Kata, andra Kal TO Mapio Suaxepaivery Kal tov Kivvay é evTuyxavev idia Kat 5 Sedpevos eT piw@Tepov moveiy. TENS 88 trav Sov- Awv, obs Mdptos TULpLaXOUS pev ev 7 TOhew@ Sopupopous ¢ dé THS Tupavvidos é Ex cov taxyupous Kal WAovaioUs énoinge, Ta pev pelo S:Sévr0s Kal KeNevovTos, TA Se Kai Bia Tapavouourtay els TOUS Seamoras, oparrovrav pep aUTOUS, Tais be dec- Toivars TAnoalovT@y Kal Bralopever TOUS 1 ai- das, ovK dvacxera TOLoUpEVOS O Leprwptos a atav- TAS év TavT@ aTpatoTredevovTas KATNKOVTICED, OvUK éXaTTOUS TET PAKLTXLALOV ovTas. VI. "Emel dé Mapvos pev eTEAEUT ITE kat Kiv- yas avnpéOn pK pov Uorepov, o b€ veavias Mapuos AKOVTOS AUTO Tapa TOUS VOMOUS uTaTelay éraBe, KdpBoves $é xal NapBavol Kal Lenmiaves em L- ovTt vA KAKOS emohepouv, Kal Ta wey avavdpia Kat paraxia TOY oTpPATHY GY épOcipero, Ta b¢ ot 2 mpodidovres ama@ddva ay, Epryoy 5é ovdév Hv avtod TApoOvTos Tots Tpaywace pox Onpas she hin vows 4a TO Yeipov poveiy Tous padAov duvapé- 1 That is, when the party of Sulla and the senate ceased to resist and Rome had surrendered. 2 Cf. the Marius, xliv. 6. 3 In 86 B.c. 14 SERTORIUS since a pledge leaves room for no discussion.’’ So Cinna sent for Marius, the army was divided into three parts, and the three men held command. When the war had been brought to an end,! Cinna and Marius were filled with insolence and all bitter- ness, and made the evils of war appear as gold to the Romans; Sertorius alone, as we are told, neither killed any one to gratify his anger, nor waxed inso- lent with victory, but actually rebuked Marius, and by private interviews and entreaties made Cinna more moderate. And finally, there were the slaves whom Marius had used as allies during the war and as body-guards of his tyranny. They had thus become powerful and rich, partly by the permission and under the orders of Marius, and partly through their lawless and violent treatment of their masters, whom they would slay, and then lie with their masters’ wives, and outrage their masters’ children. Such a state of things Sertorius felt to be unendurable, and there- fore when the slaves were all encamped together he had them shot down with javelins, and they were as many as four thousand in number.’ VI. But presently Marius died ;3 and shortly after- wards Cinna was murdered ;* and the younger Marius, against the wishes of Sertorius and contrary to the laws, assumed the consulship ;° and such men as Carbo, Norbanus, and Scipio were unsuccessfully op- posing Sulla’s advance upon Rome; and the cause of the popular party was being ruined and lost, partly through the cowardice and weakness of its generals, and partly by treachery ; and there was no reason why Sertorius should remain to see matters go from bad to worse owing to the inferior judgement of those 4 In 84B.c. Cf. the Pompey, chapter v. 5 In 82 B.c. 15 PLUTARCH’S LIVES / \ 4 vous, TéXos 5€ YaAAas LenTwiwve wapactpatoTe- 7 devoas Kal dirodpovovpevos, ws elpynvns écopéerns, / a duepOerpe TO oTpadtevpa, Kal tavTa mpodréyor 4 \ 4 4 > 4 Lentiov. Kat diddoxwv Yeprw@pios ov« éererbe, TavTadTacw atroyvous THY TOALY wpuNnoev eis 9 / ? \ a IBnpiav, ws, eb POdoe Thy éxet Kpatuvdpevos \ a a“ a apxnv, xatagvyn tois mratovow eéevtad0a tav 571 hirwv écopevos. a \ a / b / 3 Xeupwor S€ yareTois ypnodpevos ev ywpiots > a e \ iA > 4 4 \ Gpetvois uma BapBapwyv émpatteto TéAn Kal ce) a eqs pucOovs tov trapedOeivy thy odov. dayavakTovv- tov 6¢ Tav civ avT@, kal Sewvoroyoupévar et A a ‘Pwpaiov avOvtatos tékn KataBaret BapRapots orLO pois, piKpa PpovTicas Tov SoxovvTOS aia ypod, Kat Katpov @vetoOar diyoas, ov oTraviwTEepov ov- dév avdpi peydrwv édiepévo, tors ev BapBdpous 3 4 / \ > 9 / 3 \ EOepdrrevoe yYpnuact, tHv & “I Bnpiav éreryGeis A \ 4 xatéoxe. traparaBov dé €Ovn mAnOe pev Kal nrtkia axpatovta, wAeovegia Sé kai UBpe Tav a \ TeuTomevwy ExdoTOTE oTpaTHY@Y Mmpos SAV a , Kaxas Siaxeipeva THY Hyepoviay, avehapuBavev optria te Tovs Suvatovs Kal popwv avécer TOUS ToANoUS. pardtota 6€ TeV émiotabmay aTrar- 4 > / \ \ / ? 4 AadEas nyatnOn TOvs yap oTpaTL@Tas HvayKalev A / a éy Tois MpoacTeios Yelwadia THyvUGIaL, TPwTOS 5 autos oUTW KaTacKnV@V. ov pny él TH TOV a \ BapBdpov eivoia To wav érroujoato, ‘Pwpatiwr dé 16 ~~ SERTORIUS who had superior power. And finally, Sulla en- camped near Scipio and made friendly overtures, assuming that peace was to be made, and proceeded to corrupt his army.! Sertorius warned Scipio of this plainly, but could not persuade him. At last, therefore, altogether despairing of the city, he set out for Spain, in order that, in case he should succeed in firmly establishing his power there, he might afford a refuge to those of his friends who were worsted at Rome. After encountering grievous storms in mountainous regions, he was asked by the Barbarians to pay them tribute and purchase his passage. His companions were indignant, and considered it a terrible thing for a Roman pro-consul to render tribute to pestilent Barbarians ; but Sertorius made light of what they thought a disgrace, and with the remark that he was purchasing time, than which nothing is more precious to a man bent on great achievements, he pacified the Barbarians with money, and then hastened on and took possession of Spain. He found its peoples strong in numbers and in fighting men, and since the rapacity and insolence of the Roman officials sent thither from time to time had made them hostile to the empire in all its aspects, he tried to win them over, the chiefs by his personal intercourse with them, the masses by a remission of taxes. His greatest popularity, how- ever, was won by ridding them of the necessity of furnishing quarters for soldiers ; for he compelled his soldiers to fix their winter-quarters in the suburbs of the cities, and he himself was first to pitch his tent there. However, he did not rely wholly on the goodwill of the Barbarians, but he armed all the 1 Cf. the Sulla, xxviii. 1-3. 17 ra VOL. VIII. C. PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOV aVTOOL peToLKOUYTWY TOUS ev HALKia KADOTAL- oas, unXavas te tTravrodaTas Kal vavTnyias tTpinpwv wuToBaropuevos, did yeupos elye Tas TO- Nels, Huepos pey wv ev tais eipnuixais xpetass, gdoBepos Sé TH TapacKevy Kata TOV ToAEuLoV hawopevos. VII. ‘Os 6€ SvAXAay pev érvvOdvero tis “Po- ns Kpateiv, Eppa dé tyv Mapiov Kal KdpBwvos oTdoly, aUTiKa TpocdoKay otpatiav SiatTroNEpn- covoay avt@ pel Hryewovos apiEecOar ppayvuTas 7a Ilupnvaia épn da “lovAiov Yaduwvartopos é€axt- oxXtALiovs omAitas ExovTos. Kal peT ov TOAD Tdios “Avvtos éxteupOels tro TvANa Kal Tov "lovALov admpocpayov opav év amopw Kadjoto 2 mapa tais uimwpelats. Kadtovpviov Sé Tivos émixrnow Aavapiov Sorodovncaytos tov *lov- Mov Kai TOV OTpaTLwTaV Ta axpa Ths IlupHyys éxdTrovTwv, UTepBarwv Avvios émrjer yetpl peya- An TOUS eprrodev aviotds. Lepraptos 5é ove Ov dE vopaxos peTa TPLTXLALwY Ets Kapyndova THY véav Katapuyer, KaxeiOev émiBas TeV veov Kal Siatepdaas To TrédXayos, AiBin xata tHv Mav- 3 povciay wpocéoyev. adudrdktots b€ Tols oTpa- TL@mtTais Vdpevopevols TOV BapBdpwv émitecovTwr, avyvors atoBarwrv adOis eis ‘IBnpiav amémnee: Kal TavTns pev atroxpovetat, Kittooay dé Ano Tpt- Swy avt@ mpocyevopévay Ilutvovaean vnow mpocé- Bane, cat awéBn thv tap’ Avviov dpovpay Bra- odpuevos. “Avuos 5¢ pet ov TodAv TrapHy vavoi 18 ~ SERTORIUS Roman settlers of the country who were of mili- tary age, and by undertaking the construction of all sorts of engines of war and the building of triremes, kept the cities well in hand, being mild in the affairs of peace, but showing himself formid- able by the preparations which he made against his enemies. VII. When he learned that Sulla was master of Rome,! and that the party of Marius and Carbo was on the way to ruin, he expected that an army with a commander would come at once to fight the issue out with him. He therefore sent Julius Salinator with six thousand men-at-arms to bar the passage of the Pyrenees. And not long afterwards Caius Annius was sent out by Sulla, and seeing that Julius could not be assailed, he knew not what to do, and sat idly down at the base of the mountains. But a certain Calpurnius, surnamed Lanarius, treacherously killed Julius, whose soldiers then abandoned the heights of the Pyrenees; whereupon Annius crossed over and advanced with a large force, routing all opposition. Sertorius, not being able to cope with him, took refuge with three thousand men in New Carthage ; there he embarked his forces, crossed the sea, and landed in the country of the Maurusii, in Africa. But while his soldiers were getting water and were off their guard, the Barbarians fell upon them, and after losing many men, Sertorius sailed back again to Spain. From this shore too he was repulsed, but after being joined by some Cilician piratical vessels he attacked the island of Pityussa, overpowered the guard which Annius had set there, and effected a landing. After a short time, however, Annius came 1 In 82 B.c, 19 c 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES n ¢ N Te TodXNais Kal TevTaKiaytALo“s OTALTALS, POS a a a Ov emexeipnae cv Stavavpayelv, Kaitrep édadpois ‘ Kal WpOs TAXOS, OV TWpds GAKHY, TeETOLNMEVOLS Ul / 4 \ “A nn 4 oKxaheot ypwpevos, Cepvp@ Sé Aaurp@ TOD Treda- b , a A yous avictapévov Kal Ta TOAAG TOV TOU Lep- ld 4 a Twplov MAoiwy bmd KOoUhoTnTos TWAUaytAa Tas e 4 / > A a / \ fol paxtars meptBadXovtos, avTOS OAiyats vavol THs \ A “A a pev Oardoons bro TOD YELpavos eipyomevos, Tis \ a \ a / dé yAs Ud TOV ToAELLoV, Huépas Séxa TadevoV \ ce) Mpos évavtiov Kiya Kal KAVdwva TpaxyvY émLTO- vos dvexaptépnaer. VIII. ’Evdovros 5€ tod mvevpatos hepopevos 4 ynoois tialy évavrtleTat otropdow avudpo.s Kd- a 4 \ \ \ “a xetOev apas kal duexBarov tov Tadecpaiov ropd- \ a a “A pov év deEta Tots extos emiBadrrAe THs “I Bnpéas, \ \ “A A a puxpov vTép Tav Tov Baitios éxBorwy, os els THY ? \ a AtXavtixny éxpepopevos OdrdatTav dGvoma TH mept avrov I Bnpia tapéoyev. a a > A "Evrav0a vadtai tives evtvyydvovew avT@ / “A a / véov éx Tov “ATAAVTLK@Y VHTwWY avaTrETTAEVKOTES, at Svo pév eict AeTTOS TavtTdtract TwopOn@ Siac- 4 povpevat, pupious 8 améyovor AuBins oradious \ kal ovopalovta. Maxdpworv. suBpors dé ypwpevar petpiols otraviws, Ta bé TAELoTA TYEVPAGL pada- al A , b 4 b) fe) \ 7 xois Kat SpocoBodots, ov povov dpovv Kai puTeverv / \ mapéxovow ayabny Kal miova yopay, adda Kal \ a a Kaptrov avtopun dépovow atoxpavra mrHGer Kal 4 / yAuniTntTe Booxew advev Tovey Kal wpaypateias lA on aA de ” e ” 4 cxor\alovra Ojpov. anp O€ aAXuUTTOS WPwY TE Kpa- 20 a7 SERTORIUS with numerous ships and five thousand men-at-arms, and with him Sertorius attempted to fight a decisive naval battle, although the vessels which he had were light and built for speed rather than for fighting. But the sea ran high with a strong west wind, and the greater part of the vessels of Sertorius, owing to their lightness, were driven aslant upon the rocky shore, while he himself, with a few ships, excluded from the open sea by the storm, and from the land by the enemy, was tossed about for ten days in a battle with adverse waves and fierce surges, and with difficulty held his own. VIII. But the wind subsided and he was borne along to certain scattered and waterless islands, where he spent the night; then, setting out from there, and passing through the strait of Cadiz, he kept the outer coast of Spain on the right and landed a little above the mouths of the river Baetis, which empties into the Atlantic sea and has given its name to the adjacent parts of Spain. Here he fell in with some sailors who had recently come back from the Atlantic Islands.!. These are two in number, separated by a very narrow strait ; they are ten thousand furlongs distant from Africa, and are called the Islands of the Blest. They enjoy moderate rains at long intervals, and winds which for the most part are soft and precipitate dews, so that the islands not only have a rich soil which is excellent for plowing and planting, but also produce a natural fruit that is plentiful and wholesome enough to feed, without toil or trouble, a leisure folk. Moreover, an 1 Perhaps Madeira and Porto Santo, though these are forty miles apart. Features of the Canary Islands have doubtless crept into the description. . 21 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oe. kal peTaBorgrHs meTpLornte KaTéxKet TAS VHTOUS. of pev yap évOdvde THs ys amomvéovtes EEw Bopéat kat amnrdorar ba pixos éxtecovtes eis ToTov axyavyn Stacteipovtat kal mpoatroneitrovat, merayto. 5é mepippéovtes apyéctat nat Cépupor Barnyxpovs péev vetovs Kal omopabdas éx Oardrrns 3 4 \ \ “a ? 4 b] émayovtes, Ta 5€ TOAAA voTEpais aiOpiats émt- uyovres navy Tpépovatv, WaTE wexpt ToV Bap- / A , b] \ > , \ 3 4 Bapov SiixOa trict ioyupav avto&. to *HAV- oto elvat Tredtoy Kal THY TaV evdatmLovav olKnaL, ny“ Opnpos tuvyce. IX. Tad& o Sepra@psos axovaas épwra Gavpa- \ v > A \ / \ fel b] e / orev Exxev oixjoat Tas vHoOUS Kal Ch ev novyia, 4 ? ‘\ \ J ? , Tupavyidos atradXayels Kal TONé“oV aTravoTOD. > 4 \ e J > \ > A 4 aicOopevot 5é ot Kirsxes, ovOev eipnvns Sedpevor kal oxyorHs, dAAA wWrovTOV Kal Aadupwr, «Eis AtBunv arémrevoar, *Acxadw tov “Id0a xata- 2 Eovres éri tiv Mavpovoiwy Bacirelay. ov pv > / e , ? a \ N od atréxapev 0 LepTwpLos, AANA Tois mpds Tov “Ac- kadiv StatroNepodaw eyvw BonOeiv, ws of cov x oA , , , 2 \ \ avT@ Kawny tiva AaBovTes EATriOwWY apxXnV Kal , e 4 ef ; \ a eN a mpatewy éTépov wroVecw pn StadrvOetev bro Tis / a atropias. aapérots 5é tois Mavpoucio adixo- pevos elxeto Epyou, Kal KaTtapayeodpevos Tov 3 “Ackadw érodtdpxe. Ara S€ Tlaxxiavov ék- méurpavtos BonOjca: tois wept tov “AoKaduy peta Suvduews, suuBadrov o Leptw@pios Tov pev Tlaxxcavov améxteave, Thv 5é otpatiavy Kpatynoas 22 SERTORIUS air that is salubrious, owing to the climate and the moderate changes in the seasons, prevails on the islands. For the north and east winds which blow out from our part of the world plunge into fathomless space, and, owing to the distance, dissipate them- selves and lose their power before they reach the islands; while the south and west winds that en- velope the islands from the sea sometimes bring in their train soft and intermittent showers, but for the most part cool them with moist breezes and gently nourish the soil. Therefore a firm belief has made its way, even to the Barbarians, that here is the Elysian Field and the abode of the blessed, of which Homer sang. IX. When Sertorius heard this tale, he was seized with an amazing desire to dwell in the islands and live in quiet, freed from tyranny and wars that would never end. The Cilicians, however, who did not want peace or leisure, but wealth and spoils, when they were aware of his desire, sailed away to Africa, to restore Ascalis the son of Iphtha to the throne of Maurusia. Nevertheless Sertorius did not despair, but resolved to go to the aid of those who were fighting against Ascalis, in order that his followers might get some fresh ground for hope and occasion for new enterprise, and so might remain together in spite of their difficulties. The Maurusians were glad to have him come, and he set himself to work, defeated Ascalis in battle, and laid siege to him. Moreover, when Sulla sent out Paccianus with an army to give aid to Ascalis, Sertorius joined battle with Paccianus and slew him, won over his soldiers after their defeat, 1 Odyssey, iv. 563-568. 23 PLUTARCH’S LIVES s , , > A CVA mpoonyayeTo, Kal Thy Tiryyu, es hv o “Aoxanis 4 \ a a) a bd , cuvéduye peta THV aderhav, éEeTTONOpKHCED. "Evtav0a tov ’Avtaiov ot AiBves iatopodat xetc0ar' Kat tov tdpov avtod Leptwpios d:é- oxayye tois BapBapots amictav Sia péyeOos. éytuyav 6€ TO copatt. tmHyav éEEnKovTa piKos, as pact, KaTeTNAaYN, Kal oddytov évteu@v auve- NOTE TO LVRpa, Kal THY TeplL avTOD TLUNVY TE Kal dnunv avvnve—nce. Teyyitae 5é€ pu€oroyovouy ; ; a / "Avtaiov teXeutTncavtos THY yuvaixa Tiyynv “Hpaxret cuvenbeiv, Xodpaxa & ée& avtav yevo- “a “A 4 : pevov Bacirtedoar THs YwOpas Kal TONY ém@vupoV “ aA 4 a / THS pnTpos atrodetEar, Lopaxos Sé maida ryevea Oar s “ lal 9 “ e Avodwpov, & modrka tov AtBuxav eOvav tb77- xovoev ‘EXAnucoy éxovTs oTpdTevpa TOY avToOs Katoxiopevovy bd “Hpaxréovs "OXABiavdv Kat / > \ oe) \ b , “ Muxnvaiwv. add\a TavTa pev avakeicw TH "loBa xapitt, rod wavtwev totopixwtdtov Bact- A€wv exeivov yap toTopovat Tovs MpoyovouS A } , \ “i 9 4 9 todwpou Kat Lopaxos atroyovous elvat. \ / Leptwpios Sé wavtwv éeyxparns yevomevos ToVs denbévras avTov Kal miaTevcavTas OVK NdiKNGED, ’ \ / \ 2 \ ’ \ ahha Kal Xpywara Kat Tonets Kab THY apXny am@édwxev avtois, doa Karas elye SeEdpevos S:- SovToVv. af / X. "Evtev0ev Stroe ypyn tpamécOat Bovdevo- pevov éxddovy Avattavol mpéoBes tméurpavrtes 97? e / 4 \ ” + g/ / ep mYEHoViG, TAVT@S MEY apXOVTOS atiopa peya, Kal éumepiav &yovtos Seduevot mpos Tov atro 24 SERTORIUS and forced to a surrender the city of Tingis, into which Ascalis and his brethen had fled for refuge. In this city the Libyans say that Antaeus is buried ; and Sertorius had his tomb dug open, the great size of which made him disbelieve the Barbarians. But when he came upon the body and found it to be sixty cubits long, as they tell us, he was dumbfounded, and after performing a sacrifice filled up the tomb again, and joined in magnifying its traditions and honours. Now, the people of Tingis have a myth that after the death of Antaeus, his wife, Tinga, consorted with Heracles, and that Sophax was the fruit of this union, who became king of the country and named a city which he founded after his mother; also that Sophax had a son, Diodorus, to whom many of the Libyan peoples became subject, since he had a Greek army composed of the Olbianians and Mycenaeans who were settled in those parts by Heracles. But this tale must be ascribed to a desire to gratify Juba, of all kings the most devoted to historical enquiry ; for his ancestors are said to have been descendants of Sophax and Diodorus. Sertorius, then, having made himself master of the whole country, did no wrong to those who were his suppliants and put their trust in him, but restored to them both property and cities and government, receiving only what was right and fair in free gifts from them. X. As he was deliberating whither to turn his efforts next, the Lusitanians sent ambassadors and invited him to be theirleader. They were altogether lacking in a commander of great reputation and ex- perience as they faced the terror of the Roman arms, 25 ~ PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘Pp 4 4 >? , 4 e ‘ wpatov hoBov, éxeivm S€ miorevovtes avrovs ove wuvOavopevot Tapa TOV avYyEeyovoTwY TO 2 700s avtod. Réyetat 6€1 o LYeptaptos ote vd’ noovis ovte Ud Séous EevdrwTOS yevécIaL, duces 5é avéxtrAnnTos Oy Tapa Ta Sea Kal pérpLos Ev- Tuxlay éveyxeiv: Kal mpos pev evOupaxiav ovdevos aToAmoTEepos TaY Kal’ éavTov Hyepovwr, doa Sé KNwTrelas év ToNeuots Epya Kal mAeovetias Tepl totous éyupovs xal daBdoces tayous Seopévas atratns te cal wevdar év déovtt, codons Setvo- 573 3 tatos. éy b€ tails Tipais Tay avdpayabnpdtov Sayrirns pawwopevos, wept Tas Tywpias éuerpiale TOV dpaptnuatwv. Kaitou Soxei repli Tov éoxa- Tov autov Biov wmpoTntos Kal BapvOupias TO 7rept TOUS ou4npous wpaxOev Epyov emibdetEae THY Pio OUK OVTAY HuEepov, GAN ETrapTrExXomEvnY NOYLT UO 4 Sua thy avaynny. éwot 8 dperny pev eidxpev7, Kal KaTa NOYOY cuvEecTacay ovK av Tote SoKEel TUYN Tis €xoTHoat Tpos TovvavTiov, GAXws Sé mpoatpé- ces Kal duces YpnaTas UTO cuphopay pweyddrov map atiav kaxwleicas ovx advvatov T@ Saipove ovppetaBarelv 76 7005. 6 Kal Leprwptoy olpar mwabeiv HOn THs TUXNS aUTOY eTLNELTTOVENS, ExT pPa- Xuvopevov bro TOV Tpayparay ylvomévov TroVvn- p@v pos Tovs adixodvras. XI. Ov pov adda Tore ye TOV AvoiTavar Karovvtav amhjpev ex AtBins. Kal rovrous cuvé- tattev evOvs avToxpdtwp otparnyos, Kal TH éyyos “[8npiay omnxoov émoteito, THY TWAELT TOY ao Coraés and Bekker read ydp with one (inferior) MS. 26 SERTORIUS and they entrusted themselves to him, and to him alone, when they learned about his character from those who had been with him. And it is said that Sertorius was no easy victim either of pleasure or of fear, but that he was naturally unterrified in the face of danger, and bore prosperity with moderation ; in straightforward fighting he was as bold as any commander of his time, while in all military ac- tivities demanding stealth and the power to seize an advantage in securing strong positions or in crossing rivers, where speed, deceit, and, if neces- sary, falsehood are required, he was an expert of the highest ability. Moreover, while he showed him- self generous in rewarding deeds of valour, he used moderation in punishing transgressions. And yet, in the last part of his life, the savage and vindictive treatment which he bestowed upon his hostages! would seem to show that his mildness was not natural to him, but was worn as a garment, from calculation, as necessity required. In my opinion, however, a virtue that is sincere and based upon reason can never by any fortune be converted into its opposite, although it is true that excellent principles and natures, when impaired by great and undeserved calamities, may possibly change their character as the guiding genius changes. And this, I think, was the case with Sertorius when fortune at last began to forsake him ; as his cause grew hopeless he became harsh toward those who did him wrong. XI. However, at the time of which I speak he set out from Africa on the invitation of the Lusitanians. These he proceeded to organize at once, acting as their general with full powers, and he brought the neighbouring parts of Spain into subjection. Most 1 See chapter xxv. 4. 27 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e ld 4 4 \ PS \ \ éxovaiws mpooTiOepéevwv, pardtota pev ia TO Mpaov avrov Kal Spactnpuoy, Ete O€ & Kal codt- TTLKMS AUTOS Eis aTraTHY Kal KNANOLW eunxavato. Kal TP@TOY ye TavTw@Y TO TEpl THY EXagoOV. HV dé tovovee. N > \ 4 “~ 9 \ , 4 Lravos avnp Snuotns Tav éml ywopas Brovytwv éAddw veoroxm hevyovaon Kuvyyétas éemituyov auThs pev atredrcihOn, THhv dé veBpov, éxmrraryels ol / a“ / a Th KalwoTnTe THS KXpoas (AevKN yap hv aoa), AapBave Sio€as. kata tHxYnv dé Leptwpiov Tos TOTrOLS evaudicapévou, Kal wav & Tis eF aypas 4 yewpytas Hiroe Kouilwv SMpov acpévas Sexopuévov, \ , 9 / \ 4 Kal diroppovws aperBouévou tovs Peparevortas, 3 , 4 > “ \ , e \ , éyxerpiler hépwy avut@ tHv veBpov. o bé deEa- pevos autixa pev oOn petpiws: ypovm 4é Totnodpevos TUWacov ottTw Kal dirdvOpwrov of N “ > , N / , @aoTe Kal KadovvTos dxovew, Kal Badifovri rot nw wv N , N mapaxorovleiv, dyAov Te Kal BopvBov maytos avéyerOat otpatimtixov, Kata puiKpov é&eOciale dacxwy "Apréudos Swpov Thy EXadgor eivat, cal TokAa THOV aonArAwv érepnutteyv avT@ Snrodv, , ytwwooKkwy evarwrov eis Secodatpoviay elvar picet to BapBapixov. o Sé xal wpocetexyvato To.ade: yvous yap av kpuda Tovs Trodepuious euBeBANKOo- o) / TAS TOL THS UT avTOV Ywpas 7 TOALY agioTayTas, Wpoceroreito THY EXahov aUT@ KaTa Tovs Uarrvous , , > e , 4 duetr€xOar, xedevovoav év EToipm Tas Suvdapes éyew. avlis 5€ vicnv tia Tov éavTovd otpaTn- 28 SERTORIUS of the people joined him of their own accord, owing chiefly to his mildness and efficiency ; but sometimes he also betook himself to cunning devices of his own for deceiving and charming them. The chief one of these, certainly, was the device of the doe, which was as follows. Spanus, a plebeian who lived in the country, came upon a doe which had newly yeaned and was trying to escape the hunters. The mother he could not overtake, but the fawn—and he was struck with its unusual colour, for it was entirely white—he pursued and caught. And since, as it chanced, Sertorius had taken up his quarters in that region, and gladly re- ceived everything in the way of game or produce that was brought him as a gift, and made kindly returns to those who did him such favours, Spanus brought the fawn and gave it to him. Sertorius accepted it, and at the moment felt only the ordinary pleasure in a gift; but in time, after he had made the animal so tame and gentle that it obeyed his call, accompanied him on his walks, and did not mind the crowds and all the uproar of camp life, he gradually tried to give the doe a religious importance by declaring that she was a gift of Diana, and solemnly alleged that she revealed many hidden things to him, knowing that the Barbarians were naturally an easy prey to superstition. He also added such devices as these. Whenever he had secret intelligence that the enemy had made an incursion into the territory which he commanded, or were trying to bring a city to revolt from him, he would pretend that the doe had con- versed with him in his dreams, bidding him hold his forces in readiness. Again, when he got tidings of some victory won by his generals, he would hide the 29 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yov axovoas Tov ev dry'yeXov ExpumTrTe, THY dé EXadoy éotehavapevny én’ evaryyeAiors T ponryen, evOupeia Oa TapaKxarov kat Tois Beois Ovew ws ayaov Ti mevaopevous. _ XIL. Ottw 66 yesponbecs Touno a puevos airous To Wpos atavra HETpLMTEpots, ou un’ av- Rit adrobatrov Aoyia way, GNA’ bo oi oTpa- Tnyeto Oat mreOopévors, Gua Kat TOV TpaypdTov ETLLAPTUPOUYTWY TH Tapa _Aoyov Thy dSvvapuy avEdveo Gar. SuaxXrAtous yap eEaxoatous obs avouate ‘Papatous, TUUpLKTOLS dé emtaxociots AtBvor eis Avottaviay avT@ cvvdiaBaor meNTa- aras TETPAKLTXLALOUS Avovttavov Kai tmreis émTaxoatous mpoodaSov ETrONE WEL TeTTApoL “Po- patov otpatnyois, bp: ols hoa qeCoy pev ba- dexa pupiddes, tireis O€ éEaxroxidsor, Toforas 5é Kal opevdovijrar Sta xidvot, TOKELS dé dvapiO untor TO TAOS, QUTOS E€LKOGL TAS mao as ev apxi KEKTNILEVOS. arn’ Gos dadevns ovTw Kal puK pos dpEapevos ov povoy eOvav é expaTynoe peyadov Kat Toes EldE TONNES, ara Kat To avTiaTpatn- yov Korrav pev ev 7 mept THY MeAAapiav qopO ue KATEVAUYHAXNTE, Dovgidiov dé Tov dp- YOVTA THS Bastuchis Tept tov Batre eTpeparo dia xuAtous arroxreivas: ‘Popaiwr, | Aopercov dé Aevxtov! av@vTatov évra THs érépas “I Bnpias dia Tov Tapiov KATAywViT dHEVOS, kal Owpduor, ad)Nov nyewova TOV 1rd MerédAov wepnpbévtwv PETG Suvdpews, avetrev, avrov re tov MéreAddop, 1 Aevxcoy the conjecture of Sint.?, after Amyot, for the MS. kat Aovciov; Reiske, followed by Sint.! and Bekker, read KaAoulouor. 30 574 SERTORIUS messenger, and bring forth the doe wearing garlands for the receipt of glad tidings, exhorting his men to be of good cheer and to sacrifice to the gods, assured that they were to learn of some good fortune. XII. By these devices he made the people tractable, and so found them more serviceable for all his plans ; they believed that they were led, not by the mortal wisdom of a foreigner, but by a god. At the same time events also brought witness to this belief by reason of the extraordinary growth of the power of Sertorius. For with the twenty-six hundred men whom he called Romans, and a motley band of seven hundred Libyans who crossed over into Lusitania with him, to whom he added four thousand Lusitanian targeteers and seven hundred horsemen, he waged war with four Roman generals, under whom were a hundred and twenty thousand footmen, six thousand horsemen, two thousand bowmen and slingers, and an untold number of cities, while he himself had at first only twenty all told. But nevertheless, from so weak and slender a beginning, he not only sub- dued great nations and took many cities, but was also victorious over the generals sent against him : Cotta he defeated in a sea-fight in the straits near Mellaria ; Fufidius, the governor of Baetica, he routed on the banks of the Baetis with the slaughter of two thousand Roman soldiers ; Lucius Domitius, who was pro-consul of the other Spain,! was defeated at the hands of his quaestor; Thoranius, another of the commanders sent out by Metellus with an army, he slew; and on Metellus himself, the greatest Roman 1 Spain was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior (Hither) and Hispania Ulterior (Further), or Eastern and Western Spain. Fufidius was pro-consul of Western Spain. 31 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ” € 4 b A / , avdpa ‘Pwpaiwy év trois tote péytotov Kal Soxt- , > b 4 4 N bd H@TATOV, OVK OXLYOLS OhdApact TrepLBarwV Es TocauTHY atropiay Katéatnoev Wate AevKLOV pev MaAXov é€x ths wept NapBova Taratias érOeiv avt@ BonOov, Uopumrniov 5€ Mayvov é« ‘Pomns KATA TAaXOS aTocTAaAHvar peta Suvdpews. Ov yap elyev 6 MéreAXOs 6 Te YpHoatTo Tpoc- A“ > \ A , ? , TO\EL@v avdpt ToAUNTH Taons éFavadvopevw pavepas payns, Tacay 5€ petaBaddopévg peta- \ > 4 \ / a > a Bornv evo Tanerg Kal Kouporyte THS IBnpicijs OTPATLAS, AVTOS OTALTLKO@Y Kal vopipwv aoKNTHS yeyovas ayovev kal atpatnyos éuBpiOods Kat povipouv ddrayyos, waoacGar pev eis Yetpas €\Povtas orepiovs Kal xataBareivy dapiocra yeyupvacpévns, opetBately dé Kat ouvnptncbat diwkeot nal gduyais atavotos avOpoTav brn- , \ > / \ / v veuiwy Kal ALuov avéyecOa kai Siattay amrupovy Kal doxnvop, domep exeivor, pn Suvapevns. XIII. "Ere 66 auros pev 70n mpeo Butepos HV Kat TL Kat Tpos averpevny 76n Kal tpudepay di- atTay ex TOMA@Y dyover Kal peydrwn evdeduxas, T@ b€ Yeprwpio cuvecotynKes Wvevpatos akpatov yé“ovTe Kal KaTecKevacpévoy ExovTse Oavpaciws TO O@pa pwn Kal Taxer Kal ALTOTHTL. péOnsS pev yap ovd€ pabupayv Arteto, movous bé peya- Nous Kal paxpas odouropias Kai avveyeis dypu- 4 9 / ” \ 4 > 4 mvias oArLyos elOtoTO Kal havrols apKovpeEVvos attiows Stadéperv, mAdvors O€é. Ypw@pevos det Kal Kuvnyecious omote ayorala, mdons dtexdvoews 32 SERTORIUS of the time and held in highest repute, he inflicted many defeats and reduced him to so great straits that Lucius Manlius came from Gallia Narbonensis to help him, and Pompey the Great was hurriedly dispatched from Rome with an army. For Metellus was at his wits’ end. He was carrying on war with a man of daring who evaded every kind of open fighting, and who made all manner of shifts and changes, owing to the light equipment and agility of his Iberian soldiers ; whereas he himself had been trained in regular contests of heavy-armed troops, and was wont to command a ponderous and immobile phalanx,! which, for repelling and over- powering an enemy at close quarters, was most excellently trained, but for climbing mountains, for dealing with the incessant pursuits and flights of men as light as the winds, and for enduring hunger and a life without fire or tent, as their enemies did, it was worthless. XIII. Besides this, Metellus was now getting on in years, and was somewhat inclined also, by this time, to an easy and luxurious mode of life after his many and great contests ; whereas his op- ponent, Sertorius, was full of mature vigour, and had a body which was wonderfully constituted for strength, speed, and plain living. For in excessive drinking he would not indulge even in his hours of ease, and he was wont to endure great toils, long marches, and continuous wakefulness, content with meagre and indifferent food; moreover, since he was always wandering about or hunting when he had leisure for it, he obtained an acquaintance with every way 1 Cf. the Pompey, xvii. 2. 33 VOL. VIII D PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 , 4 > Ul dhevyovts cal Siwxovts cuxrocews aBdtwv Te Kal / N a) Bacipwv toTwv éurretpiay mpocarndea. 610 TO bev elpyopéva payns boa viKwpevo. TacyovoL e fe! avOpwrot BranrtecOar cuvéBarvev, 0 5é TO Hev- a \ yew elye Ta TOV SiwxdvTwv. Kal yap vdpetas wf améxomrre Kal attoroyias elpye, Kal TpoiovTt pev > \ 2 > / \ ¢ 4 ce) éxtrob@y jv, éxives S€é idpuvOevta, modopKovyTe 5é AAXous emrihatvopevos avTeToNopKEL TAais TOV dvaykaiwy amopiat, @aoTe TovS oTpaTLWTAs amayopevetv, kal tov Leptwpiov povopayjaoar ™poxanoupévou tov MéreddXov, Body Kal xedeverv payecOar otpatnyov otpatny@® Kal ‘Pwpaiov € , > 4 \ 4 e \ , Pwpaio, avadvopevoyv b& yrevaferv. 0 S€é Tov- TOV péev, ev TOLMY, KaTEyéda: OTpaTNHYOU Yap, e ” / ad , b / \ ws hn Geodpactos, det Odvarov arroOvnoxetv Tov oTPATNYOV, OV WeATAGTOU TOV TUXOVTOS. opav 4é tovs AayyoBpitas ov pixpa TO Deptwpio ova- AapBavopévous, difen 6€ dvTas evadrwTous (év yap qv adtois dpéap ev TH wore, TaY SB év Tos \ mpoacteios Kal wapa Ta TEelyn va“dTwY oO TrO- ALopKay ériKpaTeiv Euendev), Hey Em) THY TWOALY as juépats dual cuvaipycwv THY TToNLopKiay, Ddatos ovK dvtos. 610 Kal révTe Huepav éemidé- / A pecOat ovtia povov Tpoeipnto Tots oTpaTiwrats. e o Leptaptios 8 dkéws BonOyoas éxérevoe Sicyeri- ous aoxous datos éuTAnoa, Kal’ Exactov acKov ? , \ 4 \ a“ \ > VA apyuptoy cuxvoyv takas. Kali ToAA@Y pev '187- “A \ 4 e , N pov, morrdov 56 Mavpovoiwy tidiotapévwv Oo ” Epyov, émireEdpevos avdpas evpwotous dua Kal 34 SERTORIUS of escape for a fugitive, or of surrounding an enemy under pursuit, in places both accessible and inac- cessible. The result was, therefore, that Metellus, by being kept from fighting, suffered all the harm which visits men who are defeated; while Sertorius, by flying, had the advantages of men who pursue. For he would cut off his opponent’s supply of water and prevent his foraging; if the Romans advanced, he would get out of their way, and if they settled down in camp, he would harass them; if they besieged a place, he would come up and put them under siege in their turn by depriving them of supplies. At last the Roman soldiers were in despair, and when Ser- torius challenged Metellus to single combat, they cried aloud and bade him fight, general with general, and Roman with Roman, and when he declined, they mocked at him. But Metellus laughed at all this, and he was right ; for a general, as Theophrastus says, should die the death of a general, not that of a common targeteer. Then, seeing that the Langobritae were giving no slight assistance to Sertorius, and that their city could easily be taken for lack of water (since they had but one well inthe city, and the streams in the suburbs and along the walls would be in the power — of any besieger), Metellus came against the city, intending to complete the siege in two days, since there was no water there. On this account, too, he had given orders to his soldiers to take along provisions for only five days. But Sertorius quickly came to the rescue and ordered two thousand skins to be filled with water, offering for each skin a considerable sum of money. Many Iberians and many Maurusians volunteered for the work, and after selecting men who were both sturdy and swift of foot, he sent them 35 p 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES A a 4 TmobwKes érreure Sid THs Opewhs, Kekevoas, OTav “A A fol A Tapabaot Tovs aaKovs Tois év TH TodE, TOV aypnotov wmeEayayely dyndov, Straws eEapKy Tots Gpuvopévots TO ToTOV. exTvaTou b€ ToVTOU YyEvo- / \ \ 4 4 @ \ HO a peévov mpos tov Meteddrov, nxGeto pev non T EMLTNOELA TOY OTpPaTLWTaV UTavadwxoTor, é&é- meprpe O€ él ottodoyiay “Axvivoy é€axioytdiwv myoupevov. atcOopevos S¢ 0 Leptwpios Kal mmpo- Aoxioas THY oddov erravepyonévm TE "Axvive Tptoxtdious avdpas &« Twos svoxiou yapddpas éraviotnow, autos b€ KaTa oTop“a TpocBadwv 4 \ \ \ / \ \ TpéemeTat, Kal Tous pev StadOeipe, rors 5é Nap- Bave Cavras. “Axvivoy é peta Tav Grrov kal Tov immov amtoBeBAnkota SeEdpwevos Méreddos aigxpas amnel, ToAAa yAevalopevos bd TaV "TBnpov. v , an XIV. “Ex re 57 tovtwv Gavpalopevos nyaTato A UA e , A 4 € mapa tois BapBapos o Seprw@pios, cat ort “Po- paixots omAtcpois Kal td&eoe Kal ovvOnpacww adatpav To pavixov Kal Onpiddes adtav Tis aXKhs advtt NnoTNpiou peyddou otpaTov érotelTo N 14 4 9 bd) 4, , 9 A Thy diva, ett 8 apyip@ yYpwpevos adedas Kal Xpvo@ Kpavn Te KaTexdoper Kat Oupeods A / a avTa@y dvemroiKidre, Kal yNapvow avOwais Kal yita@ot xphobas SidaoKxwy cal yopnyav eis radTa \ a“ > , 4 \ kal oupdiroxarav édnuaywoye. pdrotra Se elkev avtovs Ta TV Taidwv.. Tors yap evrye- vesTatous ato TaY eOvav auvayayev eis “OcKar, TOW peyadny, SudacKarous émiotnoas ‘ENAn- 36 575 SERTORIUS by a route through the mountains, with orders that when they had delivered the skins to the people in the city, they should secretly convey away the unservice- able mass of the population, in order that the water might suffice for the actual defenders of the city. When Metellus learned that this had been done, he was annoyed, since his soldiers had already consumed their provisions, and sent out Aquinus, at the head of six thousand men, to forage. But Sertorius learned of this and set an ambush of three thousand men in the road by which Aquinus was to return. These sallied forth from a shady ravine and attacked Aquinus in the rear, while Sertorius himself assailed him in front, routed him, slew some of his men, and took some of them prisoners. Aquinus, after losing both his armour and his horse, got back to Metellus, who then retired disgracefully, much flouted by the Iberians. XIV. In consequence of these successes Sertorius was admired and loved by the Barbarians, and especially because by introducing Roman arms and formations and signals he did away with their frenzied and furious displays of courage, and converted their forces into an army, instead of a huge band of robbers. Still further, he used gold and silver without stint for the decoration of their helmets and the ornamen- tation of their shields, and by teaching them to wear flowered cloaks and tunics, and furnishing them with the means to do this, and sharing their love of beautiful array, he won the hearts of all. But most of all were they captivated by what he did with their boys. Those of the highest birth, namely, he collected together from the various peoples, at Osca, a large city, and set over them teachers of Greek and 37 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ViK@V TE Kal ‘Popainay pabnudrov Epy@ pev eEwunpevoato, hoy dé érraidever, ws avdpaat ryevowevors mWoNTElas TE peradacav Kal apxijs. ot bé TAT Epes iSovro Javpactas TOUS maidas éy TepiTop Upots OpwVTeEsS pada Koo Lis povravras els Ta Oldackanreia, Kal TOV LepT@ptov imép avTav pcos TedouvTa, Kal TOARGKus dmodei ters AapBavovta, Kat yépa trois akiots ve povTa, Kal Ta ypuvoad mepidépata Sw@povpevov a ‘Pewpaior Bovhras Kadovow. EOous 8 OVTOS ‘TBnpixod TOUS wept Tov dpxovta TET AY MEVOUS cuvaToOunc ety avT@ TecovTl, Kal TovTO Tov exel BapBapav KATAOTELOLY ovopalovren, TOUS pev arrows YE foot odiryou TOV UTaoTioT@Y Kal TOV éTAipar, DepTwpio be Todral pupiddes avO pwrmcov KaTE- OTELKOTOY EauTOLS NKOAOVOOUD. Aéyerar dé ™ pos Tie TOAEL TpoTrijs yevopevns Kal TOV TONE MLOY ETrLKELLEVOV TOUS “T8npas Gpedjoavtas aura TOV LepT@piov cater Kal Tois @mLoLs éemapapevous dd Xous 7 po addov dvaxoudia at Tpos Ta Tel, yevouévov & &v aopanrel TOU dpXovtos, ovTw Tpérrec Oat 7 pos guyny exacrov avr av. XV. Ov povov 5é rots "I Bnpow ay moUetvos, ada Kal ois é& ‘TraMas OT PaTEvouEvoLs, Ilep- mévva, yoov Ovévtwvos aro Tis aris LepTwpi@ oTdoews eis ‘T8npiav Taparyevouevov peta Ypn- patov TONY Kal pmeyadns duvdpews, idia &é Kal” éavtov éyvwKortos Toneuely Mpos TOV Méren- Aop, Educ x épasvov ot TT PATLOTAL, Kab ToAUs ay TOU LepTopiou oyos ev TO otpatomé}p, Tov Heprévvay avedy evyevelg rar TOUT TeTupw- pévov. ov pny arr érret Iloumnios nyyéAXero 38 SERTORIUS Roman learning ; thus in reality he made hostages of them, while ostensibly he was educating them, with the assurance that when they became men he would give them a share in administration and authority. So the fathers were wonderfully pleased to see their sons, in purple-bordered togas, very decorously going to their schools, and Sertorius paying their fees for them, holding frequent examinations, distributing prizes to the deserving, and presenting them with the golden necklaces which the Romans call “bullae.” It was the custom among the Iberians for those who were stationed about their leader to die with him if he fell, and the Barbarians in those parts call this a “ consecration.”’ Now, the other commanders had few such shield-bearers and companions, but Sertorius was attended by many thousands of men who had thus consecrated themselves to death. And we are told that when his army had been defeated at a certain city and the enemy were pressing upon them, the Iberians, careless of themselves, rescued Sertorius, and taking him on their shoulders one after another, carried him to the walls, and only when their leader was in safety, did they betake themselves to flight, each man for himself. XV. And not only were the Iberians eager to serve under him, but also the soldiers who came from Italy. At any rate, when Perpenna Vento, who belonged to the same party as Sertorius, came to Spain with much money and a large force, and was determined to wage war on his own account against Metellus, his soldiers were displeased, and there was much talk in the camp about Sertorius, to the annoyance of Perpenna, who was puffed up over his high birth and his wealth. However, when word 39 PLUTARCH’S LIVES thv Iupnyny trepBdddor, dvaraBfovtes ot oTpa- TioTaL Ta STAa Kal Ta onucia TOV Ta-ewV avaprracavtes KaTteBonoav tov Lleprrévva, xedev- OvTES @S TOY LepT@ptov adyev avtovs: ef Sé pn, / 9 a b 4 > \ a KATANLTOVTES Exeivoy HTEiNOUY avTol BadteicAat mpos avopa awlecOar nal acawlew Svvapevov. avyyopnoas dé o Leprévvas tryayev adtovs, cal ouvemte T LEeptwpieo meen eree Kal Tpeis Eywu omeipas. XVI. DEpTa@plos dé, tav évtos “IBnpos avtT@ TOTALOD TUVTWY OMOD TL TpoaTELEvwY, TANOEL bev HY péeyas’ eTréppeov yap ael kal auvedépovTo ravraxolev mpos avTov: atakia 8 BapBapixy \ , / 5 . A “ : Kal OpacuTntse TapaTTomevos émiyetpely Tols TONE- picts Bowvtwr Kal thy TpLBnv SvcavacyeTovvToV ? La) A \ , e \ e¢/ 2 émetpato wapapvbciabar d1a Aoywv. ws bé Ewpa YareTraivovtas kat Brafouévovs axaipws, mpor- KATO Kal TepLetoe TUUTAEKOMEVOUS TOIS TrOAEpIOLS 576 5 b a / > \ \ év ols ov TavTedos ovyTpiBévTas, GANA TWANYAS AaBovtas HAmioe Tpos Ta OITA KATNKOOUS HAA- 4 et \ 4 / > 4 rov E€ew. av 5 eixale yevopévwr, éruBonOnoas avéraBé te hevyovtas avtovs Kal KatéoTnoev 3 acparas els TO oTpaTOTedov. Bovrdpevos bé Kai \ 9 , b a b] @e VA >] / 4 Thy adupiav adereiy, uel” nuépas orAtyas wavdn- pov éxxAnoiay aOpoicas immous eianyaye Svo, \ \ ’ n / \ , 4 \ Tov pev acbevh TeXews Kal mpeaBuTepoy 76n, TOV 5é Erepov evpeyeOn pév avtov Kal ioyupor, Oav- paothy Sé muKvoTnte Kal KddXrEL TPLYO@Y ovpaV éyovTa. mTapeotnKe O€ TO pev aoevel péyas 40 SERTORIUS came that Pompey was crossing the Pyrenees, the soldiers caught up their arms and snatched up their standards and made an outcry against Perpenna, ordering him to lead them to Sertorius, and threaten- ing, if he did not, to abandon him and go by them- selves to a man who was able to save himself and save those under him. So Perpenna yielded and led them off, and joined Sertorius with fifty-three cohorts. XVI. Sertorius, then, since all the peoples within the river Ebro were unitedly taking up his cause, had an army of great numbers, for men were all the while coming to him in streams from every quarter; but he was troubled by their barbaric lack of discipline and their overconfidence, since they called loudly upon him to attack the enemy and were impatient at his delay, and he therefore tried to pacify them by arguments. But when he saw that they were impatient and inclined to force their wishes upon him unseasonably, he let them take their way and permitted them to have an engagement with the enemy in which he hoped that they would not be altogether crushed, but would be severely handled, and so made more obedient for the future. Matters turning out as he expected, he came to their aid, gave them refuge in their flight, and brought them safely back to their camp. And now he wished to take away their dejection. So after a few days he called a general assembly and introduced before it two horses, one utterly weak and already quite old, the other large-sized and strong, with a tail that was astonishing for the thickness and beauty of its hair. By the side of the feeble horse stood a 41 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 ‘ N @ , A \ 9? a \ ig avnp kal pwoparéos, TO 5é ioyup@ puxpos ErEpos \ v b , , de } kal thy Orv evxatadpovntos. anpeiov dé do- Oévtos avtots o péev iaxupos apporépas tais xepol Tod tarmou Thy Képkov ws arroppntwv eldKe Bia mpos avtov, o Sé aobevns tod ioxyuvpod Kata , a“ “A 2¢/ 9 t de € \ piav Tov Tpiyov éeereArNev. eel O€ O pmev oux OAlya TWpayuaTa paTnvy éavtT@ Kal Todd yédwrTa Tots Oewuévors Tapacywv arreitev, o bé > \ bd \ A \ > N / A dabevns axapel at ody ovdevi Tove Widny Tpt- yav amébe&e thy ovpav, avactas o Yeptwptos, ‘ce ‘O a 9 9 co 6 / \ J N pate, elev, ‘“avdpes cvppayot, THY éripmovny dvuctpatépay TAS Bias odaay, Kal moAXNA TOV b / bd , J / A \ , GOpows arnmrwov évdidovTa TO KaTa plKpov. dpayov yap To éevdereyves, © TAacaY éTL@Y 0 XpovoS aipet Kal Katepydberar Suvapuv, evpevns dv cvp- paxos Tois Sexoudvors AoytoU@ Tov Katpov avTod, tois 8€ axaipws émeiyouévots TroNE“LwWTATOS.” TOLaUTa = ey O LepTw@ptos éExdotote mwAEKwV 4 A , , \ TmapapvOta tots BapBdpos Sverradaywryer Tov Katpov. XVII. Ovsevos 5¢ HrTov abrod Tay ToNELLKOV ” b] 4 \ \ ‘ / , Epywv eOavpacdn To wept Tovs Neyopévous Xapa- kitavous. eal dé Sipos bmép tov Tayouov WOTAMLOV, OUK AoTETLY OVE Kpats evoLKOvVTES, / GNA Addos early evpeyéOns Kal irpnrdos avTpa Kal KotN@paTa TeTPaY BrérOvTAa mTpos Bopéav Teptéxyov. 4 8 wvroKkeévn Taca Ywopa wHdOv A e \ apythodn kat yy viro yauvotntos evOpuTrrov 42 SERTORIUS man who was tall and robust, and by the side of the powerful horse another man, small and of a con- temptible appearance. At a signal given them, the strong man seized the tail of his horse with both hands and tried to pull it towards him with all his might, as though he would tear it off; but the weak man began to pluck out the hairs in the tail of the strong horse one by one. The strong man gave him- self no end of trouble to no purpose, made the spectators laugh a good deal, and then gave up his attempt ; but the weak man, in a trice and with no trouble, stripped his horse’s tail of its hair. Then Sertorius rose up and said: “Ye see, men of my allies, that perseverance is more efficacious than violence, and that many things which cannot be mastered when they stand together yield when one masters them little by little. For irresistible is the force of continuity, by virtue of which advancing Time subdues and captures every power; and Time is a kindly ally for all who judiciously accept the opportunities which he offers, but a most bitter enemy for all who urge matters on unseasonably.”} By contriving from time to time such exhortations for the Barbarians, Sertorius taught them to watch for their opportunities. XVII. But of all his military exploits that which he performed in dealing with the people called Characitani is admired as much as any. They are a people beyond the river Tagonius, and they do not dwell in cities or villages, but on a large and lofty hill containing caves and hollows in the cliffs which look towards the north. The whole country at the base of the hill abounds in white clay and a soil that 1 The story is told also in Valerius Maximus, vii. 3, 6. 43 PLUTARCH’S LIVES >] OLo # \. b) , > 4 avadidwalv, ote Tovs émiBaivoytas avéyecOas Kaptepav, ral pixpov arrapévav, @oTep do BeaTov aA? ’ \ , A ® h Téppay, él Tov dtayeopévnv. Tav ovv Bap- Bapov, ocaxis $d08@ Toréuov Katabvvtes eis TA omnrala Kal THY Neiavy claw cuVayaryorTeEs aTpE- Lal ” 3 4 e \ , \ \ , Hotev, 6vTwV adnwTwV bro Bias, Tov Sé Lepta@ptov , , 3 N le) VA ToTe Otaxexptuévov amo Tov MeréAAov cal xata- oTpaToTEdevoavTa Tapa TOV AOhoy UTEepppovovv- TOV @S KExpaTnpévory, elte Um’ opyns éexetvos el'Te pn Soxety devyerv BovrAopevos au nuépa mpoce- Adoas KaTETKEeTTTETO TOV TOTTOY. ovdapmoOev Se mpooBornv éxovTos, GAAws advov Kal Kevais A e n A 4, \ V P@MEVOS ATELNALS OPG THS hs exelvns KoviopToV dvw Tony bro mvevpatos er’ avTovs pepomevov. TéTpaTTar pev yap, ws pny, TA oTyAaLA TWpOS Bopéav, o 5é aro Tis apxTov tvéwv! dvemos, Karxiav @vor Kxarotow, éméyes pddtota Kat WrEloTOS é€aTe TOY éxel Tvevpdtov, é€& sbypav , \ J , 9 A , Tedtov Kat vipoBorAwv cupdvawpevos pov: TOTE , dé Kal Oépous axpafovtos iayvay Kal Tpepopevos Th TOV UTapKTioy avéce TaywY HOvoTtos érétvEr Kal KaTelxev avTous te Kal Bota Sv Huépas ava- la) , e wuxyov. tadta 6) suddoyilouevos 6 Yeprwpios Kal Tapa Tay éyywpiwv axovwr, éxéXevoe TOUS TTPATLOTAS THS apatas Kal Tepp@dous ys éxelvns aTooTa@vTas Kal twapadépovtas KatavtiKpv Tod 4 “A “A A e 4 4 9 9° Nopou Piva trosety, jv ot BapBapor yopatos ér avTous elvas KaTaoKevny UirovoobyTes éxAevalor. TOTE [ev OvV eEpyacapévous TOUS OTpATLMTAS ayXpt 1 wvéwy Van Herwerden: péwy. 44 SERTORIUS is porous and crumbly ; it is not firm enough to bear the tread of man, and spreads far about if only slightly stirred, like unslaked lime or ashes. These Barbarians, then, whenever they were afraid of war, would hide themselves in their caves, take all their plunder in with them, and keep quiet, for they could not be taken by force ; and at the time of which I speak, when Sertorius had retired before Metellus and encamped at the base of their hill, they thought scornfully of him as a vanquished man, and he, either out of anger, or because he did not wish to be thought a fugitive, at break of day rode up to the place and inspected it. There was no attacking it anywhere, but as he was wandering about to no purpose and indulging in empty threats, he saw that dust from the soil which I have described was being carried up against the Barbarians in great quantities by the wind. For the caves, as I have said, faced the north, and the wind which blows from that quarter (some call it Caecias) is the most prevalent and the strongest of the winds in that country, being a confluent of winds from watery plains and snow-covered mountains; and at this time particularly, which was the height of summer, it was strong, was fed by the melting snows of northern regions, and blew most delightfully with continual refreshment for man and beast all day. So, reflecting on these things and getting information about them from the natives of the country, Sertorius ordered his soldiers to take some of the loose and ashy soil that I have described, carry it directly opposite the hill, and make a heap of it there. This the Barbarians con- jectured to be a mound raised for assaulting them, and jeered at their enemy. On that day, then, the soldiers of Sertorius worked until night, and were 45 PLUTARCH’S LIVES YUKTOS amnyaryev" dpa 8 nyépa TpPATOv pev apa pardann mpoaTreT vel Siaxivotca Tis cuptrepopy- pévns ys TO NecoTaTov GoTEp axyny oKLOvdpevor, emerTa coBapov tov Karxiov ™ pos TOV HpAsov éx- Neopevou Kal TOV opwv KOVL@ MEvOY CTLOTAVTES ot TTPATLATAL TOV Te xobv dvérpeTrov bia Bdous Kal TOV omihov ExomTov, Eviot 6é Kab TOUS immous ave Kal KaTo SueEjAacav a GVLOTAVTES TO Xavvepa Kal TH von peTEwpov mapadsoovres. ” 8° viro- Nap Bdvovea TaVv TO Opumropevov Kal Kivoupevov avo _mpoaéBarne TOUS ok pact TOV BapBaper, kata Ouvpas Sexopevors TOV Karxiav. oi O€, ate én TOV omnhatov play exeiyny dvarvony eXovT@v a TO Ted ya T pooeMLTTE, TAXU pev ATrecKOTOUVTO Tas Ovpes, TAaXY &° dverriwrhayto TvUy@oous doO wars, Tpaxvuv aépa Kal TOA] KOVvet oUp- Tepuppevov Exxovtes. SOev TpEpAS dv0 podas avaTXopmevot TH TpiTy maped@xay EAUTOUS, OU TOG OUTOV Leprooply Suudpews 6 Ssov doEns T poc- Oevres, as Ta 8s STAwY dvarwTa copia KaTepya- TAMEVO. XVIII. Méxpe fev ovv Tots meph MereAAov emone pel, Ta WAEtoTA KaTevTuxely edoxet, ynpa Kat prac Spadurire TOU MerédAov ™ pos dvSpa TOMMNT HY Kal ANoT piris pardov Y) TTPATLOTLKTS nryOUjLevov Suvapens ouK avapépovTos® éqrel 6€ Kal Tloprrnio tv Tupyvny bmepBarovte TapacTparo- mededcas, Kal tacav dya pev S180vs, apa dé AapBavov OT PATH YLK OD Tanaicpatwv Weipar, AVTLTEXVOMLEVOS TE wal pudarTopuevos TELOV eixe, Kopoy SieBonOn péxpe Paopns ws deworatos dy 46 577 SERTORIUS then led back to camp. But when the next day came, at first a gentle breeze arose, stirring up the lightest portions of the gathered soil and scattering them like chaff ; then, when Caecias was blowing strong with the mounting of the sun and covering the hills with dust, the soldiers came and stirred up the mound of earth to the bottom and broke up the lumps, while some actually drove their horses back and forth through it, throwing up the loosened earth and giving it to the wind to carry. Then the wind caught up all the earth thus broken and stirred and threw it up against the dwellings of the Barbarians, which opened so as to admit Caecias. And the Barbarians, since their caves had no other inlet for air than that against which the wind was dashing, were quickly blinded, and quickly choked, too, as they tried to inhale an air that was harsh and mingled with great quantities of dust. Therefore, after holding out with difficulty for two days, on the third day they surrendered, there- by adding not so much to the power as to the fame of Sertorius, since by his skill he had subdued what could not be taken by arms. XVIII. Well, then, as long as he carried on the war with Metellus as his antagonist, he was thought to be successful for the most part because, owing to great age and natural slowness, Metellus could not cope with a man who was bold and headed a force composed of robbers rather than soldiers ; but when Pompey also crossed the Pyrenees and became his antagonist,! and each of them had offered and accepted every test of a general’s powers, and Sertorius had the advantage in counter-planning and watchfulness, then indeed it was noised abroad as far 1 In 76 B.c. 47 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 A ra) TOAeLOY peTaxepicacbal THY TOTE TTPATHYODV. Pp) 4 N = \ , > > ov yap TL pixpov nv TO Iloumniov Kréos, aAXr v , , \ Ul > A \ nvOe. toTe padtota mpos Sokav éx Tay .Tept vara avdpayadnudrov, éd’ ols nat Madyvos vr’ avTov, TouTéoTe peéyas, éravoudcdn Timayv Te OptauBixav ovtw yeverov Ervyev. Sev kal A /, f TOANaL TOY LTO LepTwpiw worEwv aTroBrAEacat a 9 ? Tpos avToV oppnv peTaBorANs ExyXov, eita émrav- gavto, Tov epi Aavpwrva mafous Tapa Tacav / , éXmrida cuuBavros. ; / \ a“ bd \ Leptwplou yap rodLopKobvtos avtovs Axe Tlop- Iau le! , 9 e \ 4 THis TavaTpaTig BonOjcwy elra o pep Aodov ev dokobvTa tepuKéval KaTa THS Toews Tpo- AnWopmevos, 0 S€ TOUTO KwAVTwY HITEi'yeTO. TOD 5é Leptwpiov dOdacavros émictncas Tov oTpaTov e Sos »” A la , 3 4 O Top jios eXatpe TH ovvTUXia, vopitav éy perm THS TWOMEWS Kal THS avTodD aoTpaTLas aTresAnpOas Tov YepTwpiov: Kal wpos tovs Aavpwvitas cicé- meme Oappety Kedevov cal xabjobar tepl ta relyn Oewpévovs TodLopKovpevov LepT@ptov. eKel- > 9 / > fs \ \ 4 \ vos 8 axovoas éyéXace, Kal Tov YUAAA pabnTHy (otrTw yap tov Tloumrniov émicxamtwv tpocn- / > A ¥ 4 4 A N \ yopevev) avtos épn duddEew Ste Set Tov oTpatnyov KaToTL paddov 7 KaTa Tpoowmoyv PrAérreuv. Tavta dé Aéywv dua Tos ToALOpKOUpEevOLS érre- Seixvuev EEaxtaxtrtous omditas bm’ avToD KaTa- NerEtupéevous él Tov mpoTtépov yapaxos, SOev , a oppnOels, KaTretAnpe Tov Odor, Straws él adds 48 SERTORIUS as Rome that he was the ablest general of his time in the conduct of a war. For the fame of Pompey was by no means inconsiderable, nay, at this time his reputa- tion was in most vigorous flower in consequence of the valiant deeds which he performed in the cause of Sulla, deeds for which he was given the surname of “ Magnus” (that is, Great) by Sulla, and received the honours of a triumph while he was still beardless. Therefore, too, many of the cities which were subject to Sertorius turned their eyes towards Pompey and felt inclined to change their allegiance ; they ceased to do this, however, after the disaster at Lauron, which happened contrary to all expectation. For Sertorius was besieging that city, and Pompey came to its assistance with all his forces. Now there was a hill which was thought to afford a good command of the city, and this hill Sertorius strove to seize in advance, while Pompey sought to prevent him. But Sertorius got there first, where- upon Pompey, taking position with his army, was delighted with the way things had turned out, believing that Sertorius was caught between the city and his adversary’s forces ; he also sent a messenger in to the people of Lauron bidding them be of good cheer and take seats along their walls for the spectacle of Sertorius undergoing siege. When Sertorius heard of this, he gave a laugh, and said that to Sulla’s pupil (for thus he was wont to style Pompey in jest) he himself would give a lesson, namely, that a general must look behind him rather than in front of him. As he said this, he pointed out to his beleaguered troops six thousand men-at-arms whom he had left behind at their former camp, from which he had sallied forth to seize the hill; these, in case Pompey moved 49 VOL, VIII. E PLUTARCH’S LIVES T peTropEr T® [loprnie Kata vero T pooTréa OLev. & 67 Kal Hoprijios ore pada oupppovnaas emt- Netpely pev ove eOdppet KUKAwow SedoLKas, aTTO- Aurrely dé NOX UVETO KivOUVEvOVTAS avOparous, Tapov be Kal aby pevos jvaryratero Opa aTroX- Aupévous: atréyvwoav yap avrous ot _BapBapor Kal T@ Lepraplo mapedwKay. o 6€ TOY péev ow- patov epeioato Ka mavTas adie, THY 5é oA KATET pnoeD, ovy vt opyns oud’ @MOTNTOS, éXd- Xora yap Soxel und apicacbas TOY oTparn- you oUTOS avnp, GAN ér aio vv Kal Karnpela TOV TeGaupaxorov Tlopmnion, t iva 7 oryos év Tots BapBdpos 6 OTL Tapav éyyus Kab pHovovov Oeppas- VOMEVOS TH Trupt TOV TUMBAX@Y Ov Tpoonmuver. XIX. "Hrrau Bev ou To LepTopie TAELOVES cuveBatvor, auTov pev ANTTNTOV Gael purat rove Kal Tous Kal’ aurov, Opavopeve dé epi TOUS add dous nyepovas: éx S€ wv émnvwpOodTo Tas HTTAS padrov eGaupatero VLK@VTOV TOV avri- oTpaTHYyoY, oloy é év TH TrEept LovKpove paxn T pos Hoparniov, Kal maduy év TH Tepl Tovpiav * 7 pos TE TOUTOV onod cal MéredXov. a) pev obv tept LovKpove paxn Aéeyerau yeverOar Tob Tlouaniou KaTeTrelEavTos, @S 1) peTdaxor THS viKns MéreA- dos. o 6é LEpTwptos éBovreTo pev TO Toprnic, 7 piv éemenbeiy TO MérteAXopr, SiaryovicacBas, Taparyaryav dé éomépas 760 ouve Barer, olopevos Eévous ovat Kal ameipors TOV Xeoptov TOUS TONE- piots TO oxoTos éaecOar Kal hevyovow éprrodsov 1 Tovplay Sintenis*, after Ukert; Sintenis', Coraés and Bekker have Tovrriay. The MSS. reading is uncertain. 50 578 SERTORIUS against the occupants of the hill, were to fall upon his rear. Pompey also became aware of this all too late, and did not venture to attack Sertorius for fear of being surrounded, but he was ashamed to go away and leave the people of the city in their peril, and so was compelled to sit there quietly and see them ruined; for the Barbarians gave up all hope and surrendered to Sertorius. Sertorius spared their lives and let them all go, but he burned down their city,1 not because he was angry or cruel, for he appears to have given way to passion less than any other general, but to put to shame and confusion the admirers of Pompey, in order that it might be said among the Barbarians that though he was near at hand and all but warming himself at the flames of an allied city, he did not come to its relief. XIX. It is true that Sertorius suffered several defeats, and yet he always kept himself and his own forces undefeated, and got his crushing blows where other generals than he were in command ; and from the way in which he repaired his defeats he was more admired than the victorious generals opposed to him, as, for instance, in the battle on the Sucro against Pompey, and, again, in the battle near Turia against both Pompey and Metellus. Now, the battle on the Sucro? is said to have been precipitated by Pompey, in order that Metellus might not share in the victory. Sertorius, too, wished to fight the issue out with Pompey before Metellus came up, and therefore drew out his forces when evening was already at hand, and began the engagement, thinking that, since his enemies were strangers and unacquainted with the region, darkness would be a hindrance to 1 Cf. the Pompey, xviii. 3. 2 Cf. the Pompey, chapter xix. 51 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 nal Su@xovot. yevouevns 5€ THs pdyns ev yepoly 4 A b N Iu > / b) N éruxye pev ov mpos Llopmrniov adtés, adAAa mpos "Adpavioy év dpyn asvvertnxas éxovta TO aps- oTepov, autos él Tov SekLod TeTaypévos. axovaas Sé 7@ Llopmrnig tots cuvectatas broywpeiv éyxepevm Kat xpateicOar, tro pev Se€iov ear adXots €roujcato atpatynyois, mpos bé éxetvo TO 4 vix@pevovy autos éBondpope. Kal Tovs pev Hon Tpetropéevous tous dé ért pévovtas ev takes cuva- \ \ b) v4 3 e nA | eee 4 “A yayev kal avabappovas, €€ uTapyns évéeBare TO Tloprnieo didxovtt, cal duyny éroujoato ToAAHD, ¢ A Doe 3 \ 9 \ > al dte xat oprnios éyyts éAOwv amobaveiy nat Tpavpatiobels taparoyws Suépuyev. of yap peTa /} , e bd A“ \ / Leptwpiov AiBuves, os éXaBov avtov tov tmmov Xpve®@ Kekoopunpévov Kal dardpav avatrAEwv To- A b “A / \ , \ AUTEAOD, ev TO OtavépecOar nal SiadépecPar rpos 5 aNANXOUS TponKavTo THy Siwkw. *‘Adpdvios Sé tous av0ecta@tas mpos avTov Gua TO Leprwptov 9 nn 9 \ , a 4 b] \ ameNety eri Oatepa BonOobvra tpeyrapevos evs TO otTpatoredov Katnpake: Kal cuvecoTrecoy érropbet aKoTous On dvTos, wnTe THY Tlopmniov duynv ELO@S LTE TOUS OTPATLOTAS THS apTayHS emuayelv Suvdpevos. év Toute dé Leptw@pios avéotpeve TO Kal avtov verixnnas: cat trois “Adpaviov 8&0’ atakiay tapaccopévos émimec@v todXovs Sté- 6 pOepe. mpwt dé adfus é€ordobeis emi paxnv A 9 / > 4 b \ katéBawev, elita MétedAdXov atcPopevos éyyvs elvat AVaas THY Takw avétevEev, ciav: “’AAN EyWYE TOY Traida TOUTOV, EL yn TAapHY 7H ypais 52 SERTORIUS them either in flight or in pursuit. When the fight- ing was at close quarters, it happened that Sertorius was not himself engaged with Pompey at first, but with Afranius, who commanded Pompey’s left, while Sertorius himself was stationed on the right. Hearing, however, that those of his men who were engaged with Pompey were yielding before his onset and be- ing worsted, he put his right wing in command of other generals, and hastened himself to the help of the wing that was suffering defeat. Those of his men who were already in retreat he rallied, those who were still keeping their ranks he encouraged, then charged anew upon Pompey, who was pursuing, and put his men to a great rout, in which Pompey also -came near being killed, was actually wounded, and had a marvellous escape. For the Libyans with Sertorius, after getting Pompey’s horse, which had golden decorations and was covered with costly trappings, were so busy distributing the booty and quarrelling with one another over it, that they neglected the pursuit. Afranius, however, as soon as Sertorius had gone off to the other wing with aid and succour, routed his opponents and drove them head- long into their camp; and dashing in with the fugi- tives, it being now dark, he began to plunder, knowing nothing of Pompey’s flight and having no power to keep his soldiers from their pillaging. But mean- while Sertorius came back from his victory on the other wing, and falling upon the straggling and con- fused soldiers of Afranius, slew great numbers of them. In the morning, moreover, he armed his troops and came out for battle; then, learning that Metellus was near, he broke up his array and decamped, saying: “ But as for this boy, if that old 53 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éxelvn, mrnyais dy vovOernaas eis “Po&unv are- oTaNKey.” XX. "HO dper dé devas 51a 70 pndapod pavepav Thy érapov exeivny elvat: pnxavijs yap él Tous BapBapous é éarépnto Javpacrhs, TOTE 57) pada ma papubias Seouevous. celta pevror VUKTOS an- AOS TAAVOMEVOL TUES emeTuyydvoue tv aura, Kal yopiaavres a0 THS xpoas AapBavovow. axou- cas 6€ o LepTwpros exeivous pep GMOOYNTEV, av pndevi ppacwor, HUATA Toa dace, a7ro- Kpiypas dé TH Tage Kal sada odiryas Huepas mpones pdra patdpos an drpews él TO Sijpa, Sumyotpevos Tots nyEHooe TOV BapBdpwv OS aryabov tT péya Tob Geod 7 popnvuovTos avuT@ Kara, TOUS dmvous’ elra avafas él To Bihpa Tots évtuyxdvovow éexpnudriver. 1) dé éxados bre TOV purAarTovT@y aur hy eyyus apedetoa Kal catibotoa TOV Lepraptov € eX@pet Spopp TMepixapns ™pos TO Biya, Kal Tapactica THY Kepadiy éréOnxe tals yovacw avdtod Kal TE oTOMATL THS beEias épavev, elOua pévn Kal ™ poTEpov TOUTO TOLELV. avtipthoppovoupéevov dé Tov Leptwplou midavas Kal TL Kal Saxpicavros, ext Anes elye TOUS TapovTas TO Tp@TOV, ELTA KpoTe@ kat Bon TOV LepTdpiov @S Satpoviov dvdpa Kal Geots pirov olxabe Wporéupartes év evOupiais Kal ypnotais éXriow joav. XXI. Ey b¢ Tots TeV Layourtivay medious eis Tas éoyatas atropias KATAKEKNELKOS TOUS TTOAE- pious, jvaycacOn oupBareiv avtots KataBaivou- aw ép aprayny Kab auTonoyiav. nyovicdn 6é Lapmpas map aphotépwv. Kal Méppos pév o 54 579 SERTORIUS woman had not come up, I should have given him a sound beating and sent him back to Rome.”’ XX. He was now greatly disheartened because that doe of his! was nowhere to be found; for he was thus deprived of a wonderful contrivance for influencing the Barbarians, who at this time particularly stood in need of encouragement. Soon, however,some men who were roaming about at night on other errands came upon the doe, recognized her by her colour, and caught her. When Sertorius heard of it he promised to give the men a large sum of money if they would tell no one of the capture, and after con- cealing the doe and allowing several days to pass, he came forth with a glad countenance and proceeded to the tribunal, telling the leaders of the Barbarians that the Deity was foretelling him in his dreams some great good fortune. Then he ascended the tribunal and began to deal with the applicants. And now the doe was released by her keepers at a point close by, spied Sertorius, and bounded joyfully towards the tribunal, and standing by his side put her head in his lap and licked his hand, as she had been wont to do before. Sertorius returned her caresses appropriately and even shed a few tears, whereupon the bystanders were struck with amazement at first, and then, con- vinced that Sertorius was a marvellous man and dear to the gods, escorted him with shouts and clapping of hands to his home, and were full of confidence and good hopes. XXI. In the plains of Saguntum, after he had reduced his enemies to the greatest straits, he was forced to give them battle when they came out for plunder and forage. Both sides fought splendidly. Memmius, the most capable of Pompey’s generals, 1 Cf. chapter xi. 55 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOV VITO lloprnio otparnyev 1YEMOVLKOTATOS éy T@ KaptepwTaTo THs paxns erecev, exparet Q , , n A ty 4 , 5é Deprwpios Kal hove TOAA@ Tov ett cuverTo- tov éwOcito mpos avtov MéreAdov. o O€é Tap’ HrtKiay UTooTaS Kal Tepipavas aywvitouevos , A n maieTat Sopatt. TodTO Tovs pey LdovTas TaD ‘Pp , \ de ’ , (oa ” >] wpaiwy, tous dé axovcavtas aidos éaxev éy- KaTaXiTev Tov nye“ova, Kat Oupos Gua mpos TOUS ToNEeuious TapéaTn. mpoOéguevor 5é Tov Oupeovs Kai ovveteveyxovtes evpwatws éEwOodat tous “IBnpas' Kat yevopévns ottTw TadwvtTpoTou Ths vikns, 0 YepTwpios éxetvous te huyas adecis LNnXavepevos Kat Teyvatov éTépay avT@ duvapty auvedOeiy ef navyias, els ody opewny Kal KapTepay avapuyov éppayvuTo Ta Teiyn Kal TAS TUAAS W@KUpOvTO, TdvTAa paddov H ToALOpKiay vmopmevety Stavoovpevos. GAN eEnirata Tovs To- Nepious: éxeiva yap mpooKxaebouevot Kal To / A fa! Ywpiov ov xYareTas AnYecOa mpocdoKarTes, tous Te hevyovtas Tav BapBdpwy mpolevto Kral Ths aOpoloméevns avOis TO Yeptwpio duvapews > VA 10 , bY , e , npernoayv. nOpoivero €, méepurrayTos nyemovas éml Tas Tones avTod, Kal KeXEVOYTOS OTaV HON \ bd , 4 9 \ > 4 TONNOUS EXWOLV, AYYENOV ATTOTTELAAL TPOS AUTOV. émel 6€ améotethav, crv ovdevl Trove Siextraiod- 4 la) ry Hevos Tovs TroNEepious cuvéwEe Tois éavTod: Kal wdadw émnet ods yeyoves Kal TWEpLexoTrT EV AUTOV THY wey ATO THS yjs edtropiav évédpars Kal KUKN@CETL Kal TO TavTaxyoce horrav GEvs ériar, 56 SERTORIUS fell in the thickest of the battle, and Sertorius was carrying all before him, and, with great slaughter of the enemy who still held together, was forcing his way towards Metellus himself. Then Metellus, who was holding his ground with a vigour that belied his years, and fighting gloriously, was struck by a spear. All the Romans who saw or heard of this were seized with shame at the thought of deserting their com- mander, and at the same time were filled with rage against the enemy. So, after they had covered Metellus with their shields and carried him out of danger, they stoutly drove the Iberians back. Victory had now changed sides, and therefore Sertorius, con- triving a safe retreat for his men and devising the quiet assembly of another force for himself, took refuge in a strong city among the mountains, and there began to repair the walls and strengthen the gates, although his purpose was anything rather than to stand a siege. But he completely deceived his enemies; for they sat down to invest him and ex- pected to take the place without difficulty, and thus suffered the Barbarians who were in flight to escape, and took no heed of the force that was being collected anew for Sertorius. And collected it was, after Sertorius had sent officers to the cities, with orders that as soon as they had a large body of troops, they should send a messenger to him. Then, when the cities sent their messengers, he cut his way through the enemy with no trouble and effected a junction with his new troops; and so once more he ad- vanced upon the enemy with large reinforcements and began to cut off their land supplies by means of ambuscades, flank movements, and swift marches in 57 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ta © éx Oaratrns AnoTpLKOIs oKadect KaTéyov THY TapaNdiayv, woTe HYayKdaOnoay ot oTpaTHyol Suarvdevtes o pev eis T'adratiav azredOeiv, Top- anios dé mept Baxxatous dSiaxerpacar poxOnpas io aypnuatias, ypaddwv mpos THY svyKANTOV @s amd&e. Tov oTparor, e& pn TéuTrOLEY apyupLoV avT@’ KaTavadwKévar yap dn Ta avTov po- A A ? / \ = @ 9 jo\enov THS ‘Itadias. Kal rors Hv OovTOS év e lA , e 4 J > 4 Papn oyos, ws Llopmrniov mportepos ets ‘Itadiav apiEotto Yeptw@pios: els TOTOUTOY Tovs mpwTOUS kat Suvatwratous THY TOTE TTPATHYAY LepTw- ptov Seworns KaTéoTnoev. XXII. ’EdnAwce 6€ cal MérerXos éxtemrAny- pévos Tov avdpa Kal péyay hyovpevos. émexnpuke yap, el tts avTov avérou “Pwpaios, Exatov apyv- pov TddAavTa doce kal wAdbpa Stopvpia yas > \ 4 4 3 ¢€ , e bd , et de huyds, Kabodov eis “Paynv, ws atroyvecer davepas dwuvns avovpevos Tov avdpa ba mpobo- alas. ére dé vixnoas wore waxn Tov Leptwptov ottws érnpOn Kal THYv evTUYiaY HYdTnOEV WoTE avtoxpatwp avayopevOjvat, Ovotats & avdtov at , _ 9 A \ “ 3Q 7 , TONES eTrLpotT@vTa Kal Bwpois edéyovTo. Rérye- tat 6¢ Kat otedaverv avabécers tpocierOat Kal Seirvwv coBapwrépwy wtrodoyds, év ols éoOfra OprauBicnv éxov emuve, cal Nixas tretmounpévar ov’ opydvwv émidpopav Ypvicea TpoTTaLta Kal oTepd- vous Ssadépoveat Katyyovto, Kal yopot taidwv Kal yuvatkav émivixious tuvous noov eis avTov. be ae > - A > / éd’ ols eixotws Rv KatayéXacTos, et Spamrétnv 53 SERTORIUS every direction, and their maritime supplies by be- setting the coast with piratical craft; so that the Roman generals were compelled to separate, Metellus retiring into Gaul, and Pompey spending the winter among the Vaccaei. Here he suffered much from lack of supplies, and wrote to the senate that he would bring his army home unless they sent him money, since he had already exhausted his own re- sources in his war for the defence of Italy.1_ Indeed, this story was prevalent in Rome, that Sertorius would come back to Italy before Pompey did. To such straits were the first and ablest generals of the time reduced by the skill of Sertorius. XXII. And Metellus also made it clear that he was afraid of Sertorius and considered him a great leader. For he made proclamation that to any Roman who should kill Sertorius he would give a hundred talents of silver and twenty thousand acres of land, and to any exile, freedom to return to Rome ; implying his despair of openly defeating the man by this attempt to purchase his betrayal. Moreover, after a victory which he once won over Sertorius he was so elated and delighted with his success that his soldiers saluted him as Imperator and the cities celebrated his visits to them with altars and sacrifices. Nay, it is said that he suffered wreaths to be bound upon his head and accepted invitations to stately banquets, at which he wore a triumphal robe as he drank his wine, while Victories, made to move by machinery, descended and distributed golden trophies and wreaths, and choirs of boys and women sang hymns of victory in his praise. For this it was natural that men should laugh at him, since, while calling 1 Cf. the Pompey, xx. 1. 59 PLUTARCH’S LIVES LwAra xal reirpavov tis KdpBwvos guyfs atro- KANGV TOY YEPT@PLOV OUTW KEYAVYWTAL KAL TeEpt- A / Yapns yéyovev, UroywpncavTos avTov Tepiyevo- [eEvos. A A \ Meyadodpocuvns 5 tod Yeptwpiov mparTov pev \ N , x \ ene \ TO Tovs devyovtas amo “Pwouns BovAevTas Kai Tap avut@ dsatpiBovtas cvyxAnTov avayopedaat, Tapas TE Kal oTpaTHyoUs EE exetvwr aTrodeKVU- vat, Kal TavTa Tos TaTpioLs vomoLs TA TOLADTA Koopmely émrettTa TO Ypw@pevoyv Otros Kal ypr- \ ’ “A > 4 > , pact Kat Todeot Tais IBnpwy pnd’ aypt Aoyov A ” > 4 e / \ > UA ig THS axpas éEovclas udierGar pos avtovs, ‘Po- paious 6€ caOtotdvar otpatnyovs Kal dpyovTas avTav, ws “Pwpators dvaxtepevov Thy édcvOepiar, oux éxeivous aifovta Kata “Pwpaiwrv. Kal yap ® > A / ‘\ \ v A a qv avnp pirorratpis Kai tov éxwv ipepov Tod KaTedOeiy? adr\a dvoTrpayav pev nvdpaydbe Kal TaTrEeLvoV OvdéY EpaTTE TPOS TOvS TOAEMiOUS, eV \ “a / / \ 4 \ 5é€ tais vixats dveméumeto mpos MéreAXov cat \ fw 4 KN ee / mpos Uopmrniov érowpos Ov TA OTrAA KaTabécbat kai Buody idtwrns Kadodouv tuyav waddXov yap LA eOédXev aonpuotatos év ‘Pan woritns h dhevywv A le) A a THY EAVTOU TAaVTwWY OOD TOY GAWY a’TOKPAaTwP avayopevecOat. / \ 3 ¢ fo) a Aéyerat 6€ ov FKtota Ths watpiSos émuOupeiv \ \ , \ ? a dia THY unTtepa, Tpadels oppavos br avTH Kal To ocuuTay avakeipevos éxeivyn. KadrovvTwv Sé TOV \ LY 9 , / > AN 24? e , mept tThv IBnpiav dirtwv avtov éf nyepovia, 60 580 SERTORIUS Sertorius a runaway slave of Sulla and a remnant of the routed party of Carbo, he was so puffed up with pride and overjoyed merely because he had won an advantage over Sertorius and Sertorius had retired before him. But the magnanimity of Sertorius showed itself, firstly, in his giving the name of senate to the senators who fled from Rome and joined his cause, appointing quaestors and praetors from their number, and making all such arrangements in accordance with the customs of his country ; and, secondly, in his using the arms, wealth, and cities of the Iberians without even pre- tending to yield to the Iberians themselves a portion of the supreme power, but selecting Roman generals and commanders over them, feeling that he was re- covering freedom for the Romans, and not strengthen- ing the inhabitants against the Romans. For he was a man who loved his country and had a strong desire to return home from exile. And yet in his misfortunes he played a brave man’s part and would not humble himself at all before his enemies; while as a victor he would send to Metellus and Pompey expressing his readiness to lay down his arms and lead the life of at private citizen if he could get the privilege of return- ing home, since, as he said, he preferred to live in Rome as her meanest citizen rather than to live in exile from his country and be called supreme ruler of all the rest of the world together. We are told that his desire for his native country was due in large measure to his attachment to his mother, by whom he was reared after his father’s death, and to whom he was entirely devoted. When his friends in Spain were inviting him to take the 1 Cf. chapter ii. 1, 61 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES TUOOMEVOS THY TEAEUTHVY THS pNTPOS GALyov édé- noev UTO AUTINS TpoécIat Tov Biov. émTa yap nuépas ovTte avvOnua Sovs ovTe OpOeis Tie TOV dirwv éxetto, Kal worLs of gvaTpdTnyot Kal ouo- TLULOL THY OKHVHY TWeplaTayTEsS nYayKacav avTOoV mpoeNOovTa Tois atpatiwTtais évyTuyeiy Kal TOV TpaywaTov ev hepopévwv avtirAapBaverOa. S10 Kat qwodnois edokevy Huepos avip ducer yeyovas Kab pos nouxiay éywv émuexas Ss aitias Tapa yepny Tais otpatnyixais apyais xphoGau, xa HN TuyXavav adeias, andra ouvehavvopevos v0 Tov €yOpav eis TA STAA hpovpav avayKaiay Tod ToMpaTtos TeptBadrrEc Oat Tov ToNEpOD. XXIII. "Hv 6€ cal ra awpos MiOpiddtny adtod ToMTEevpaTa peyaroppocuvns. é7rel yap éx Tov Kata Ywrrav odddrpatos o Mibpidatns dorreEp eis TaXato pa SevTEpov auaTapevos avOts éerrexei- pnoe TH ’Acia, peya Sé 70n TO Leptwpiov Kréos éhoita tavraxoce Kal TOY Tept avTOD AOywY @otep goptiov Eevxav ot mréovtes ato THs éamépas dvamentAnxecav tov Ildvrov, dppunro StatrpecBevecbat Tpos avTov, émnpuévos padtcra tais TOV KoAdKeV adalovelats, ot TOY Mev YEepTa- prov ’AvviBa, tov 6& MiPpidarnv Ilvpp@ mapeina- Covres ov dv épacay ‘Pwpaiovs pos Tn\KavTas ouov pvoeas Te Kal Suvdwes emuyerpoupévous d:yo0ev avtiaxetv, ToD SewvoTatov otpaTnyod TP peyiot@ Tav Bactléwy Tpoayevouévov. Téutres bn wpéoBers 0 MiOpiddrns eis “IBnpiav ypap- 62 SERTORIUS leadership there, he learned of the death of his mother, and almost died of grief. For seven days he lay prostrate in his tent without giving out a watchword or being seen by any of his friends, and it was only with difficulty that his fellow-generals and the men of like rank with him who surrounded his tent could force him to come forth and meet the soldiers and take part in their enterprises, which were moving on well. Therefore many people were led to think that he was a man of gentle temper and naturally disposed to a quiet life, but was practically forced against his wishes into the career of a soldier, where, not achieving safety, but being driven by his enemies to have recourse to arms, he encompassed himself with war as a necessary protection to his person. XXIII. His negotiations with Mithridates also gave proof of his magnanimity. For Mithridates, after the fall which Sulla gave him, rose up, as it were, for another wrestling bout and tried once more to get the province of Asia into his power. At this 4 time, too, the fame of Sertorius was already great and was travelling every whither, and sailors from the west had filled the kingdom of Pontus full of the tales about him, like so many foreign wares. Mithridates was therefore eager to send an em- bassy to him, and was incited thereto most of all by the foolish exaggerations of his flatterers. These likened Sertorius to Hannibal and Mithridates to Pyrrhus, and declared that the Romans, attacked on both sides, could not hold out against two such natures and forces combined, when the ablest of generals was in alliance with the greatest of kings. So Mithridates sent envoys to Iberia carrying letters 63 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pata Yeptwpim Kal Aoyous Kopitovtas, Oi’ ov AUTOS pev emNnyyéeAXETO YpHpaATA Kai vas Trapé- Eew els tov moXenov, Um éxelvou 5é nEiov THY 9 , 9 A la! A e 4 Aciav avT@ BeBatovobat tracav, hs vreyopnoe e , N N 4 lA Pwpaious Kata tas mpos YvAAaY yevouevas ouv- Onxas. aOpotcavtos 5é Yeprwpiov Bovarny, iv avyKAnToY avoyate, kal TOV dAdXwv SéxecIat TAS TpokAnoels Kal ayamav KedevovTav (dvoua yap Kal ypdupa Kevoy altovpévous yepi TeV ovK é6yT@v én avtots, avtl tovTwv AapRdvev wv pedrsota Seopevos. Tuyxdvovow), ov‘ nvéoyeTo oO Lept@ptos, dAAA Bidvviav pev bn wal Karma- Soxiav AapBavovtt MiOpidatyn py POovetv, Evy Bactrevopeva xal pndév mpoorjxovta ‘“Pwpaiors, hv 6¢ t@ Stxatotdt@ tpoww “Pwpaiwv Kextnpe- vov érapyiay aperopevos Kal KaTacxy@v Tone- nA \ > / e N / ‘ \ pav pev éEérrecev Ud DipBpiov, orevdopevos 6é Mpos YvAAaY adhe, TavTnv ovK hyn TeptowecOat madw wm éxeivm yevouevnv: Seiv yap avféecOa THY TOMY UT avTOD KpaTodYTOS, ovK éXaTTHCEL Tov éxeivns Kpateiy avTov' yevvaip yap davébpt PETA TOV KANOD vUKGaY aipeToY, aicypas 5é ovdé cwlecbat. XXIV. Tadta amayyenOévta MiOpidarns dia OapPovs erovetto: Kal rNéyerar pev eEitreivy mpos Tous pirous: “Ti dita mpoordte, Yeptwpios ev Tlavatio xabelopevos, ef viv eis THY’ ATNaYTLKNY éfewopevos Odraccav Gpovs nuav TH BactrgEla B , b) p 4 1 a , ” TlOnou Kat Tretpwpévors ’Acias arretret Trodepov; 64 581 SERTORIUS and oral propositions to Sertorius, the purport of which was that Mithridates for his part promised to furnish money and ships for the war, but demanded that Sertorius confirm him in the pos- session of the whole of Asia, which he had yielded to the Romans by virtue of the treaties made with Sulla. Sertorius assembled a council, which he called a senate, and here the rest urged him to accept the king’s proposals and be well content with them; for they were asked to grant a name and an empty title to what was not in their possession, and would receive therefor that of which they stood most in. need. Sertorius, however, would not con- sent to this. He said he had no objection to Mithridates taking Bithynia and Cappadocia, coun- tries used to kings and of no concern whatever to the Romans; but a province which Mithridates had taken away and held when it belonged in the justest manner to the Romans, from which he had been driven by Fimbria in war, and which he had renounced by treaty with Sulla,—this province Sertorius said he would not suffer to become the king’s again; for the Roman state must be in- creased by his exercise of power, and he must not exercise power at the expense of the state. For to a man of noble spirit victory is to be desired if it comes with honour, but with shame not even life + itself. XXIV. When this was reported to Mithridates he acted like one amazed; and we are told that he said to his friends: “ What terms, pray, will Sertorius im- pose when he is seated on the Palatine, if now, after he has been driven forth to the Atlantic sea, he sets bounds to our kingdom and threatens us with war if 65 VOL. VIII. F PLUTARCH’S LIVES 200 pnv adda yivovtai ye cuvOjKat Kal Spxat, Karasoxiav xat Biduviav éyew Me6pidarny Leptwpiov otpatynyoy avT@ Kal otpatioras wép- TovtTos, Yeptw@pioy sé mapa Midpiddrouv rAaPBeiv 3 TploxiALa TadavTa Kal TecoapdxovTa vads. Téu- metas 5é€ Kal otpatnyos eis “Aciay tio Yepto- piov tTav amd BovAns wepevyotwy mpos avTov Madpxos Mdptos, 6 auveEeAX@y Tivas TONES TOV "Aciddwy o Mipiddrns eiceXavvovTt peta pa- Boar kai weréxewy abtos eiteto Sevtépav taku 4 Kat oxjpa Oepamevovtos Exovciws avetrAnpas. 0 5é Tas péev nrevOépou, tais 5é arérXerav ypadhwv Vdpits Yeptwpiov KaTnyyerev, woTe THY *Aciav avOis évoxyNoupéevny pev bro TaY TEeXwvaV, Ba- puvopevny b€ tats mAeoveFiats Kal Urepnpaviass TOV émickiverv, avatronOjnvat mpos thy éAtridba kal wobeiy thy wpocdokwpévny petaBorAny THS nryemovias. XXV. Ev 0 "I8npia trav wept Yepra@pvov ovy- KANTLKOY Kal LooTiLwV, WS TP@TOV Eis aYTiTTAaNOV érmida xatéotynoav, éravévtos Tod doBov, 00- vos HirteTo Kal Cros avontos THs éxeivou Suva- pews. eviye 5é Leprévvas 80’ evyéverav érratpo- pevos hpovnpate Kev@ wpos THY Hyenoviav, Kal Noyous poxOnpovs Siedidov Kpvda Tots émitydel- 2 as: “Tis apa movnpos has UrocaBav éx Kaxav els Yeipova, péper Saipav, ot LUANG pe omod Te cupmacns apxovTe ys Kat Oararrys moteiy 70 TpooTaTToOMEevoy ovK nELovMEY OiKOL pméVOVTES, Setpo 6€ POapévtes ws erEVOEpo. Riwcopevor 66 SERTORIUS we try to get Asia?” However,a treaty was actually made and ratified with oaths. Mithridates was to have Cappadocia and Bithynia, Sertorius sending him a general and soldiers, while Sertorius was to receive from Mithridates three thousand talents and forty ships. Accordingly, a general was sent to Asia by Sertorius, one of the senators who had taken refuge with him, Marcus Marius.! He was assisted by Mithridates in the capture of certain cities of Asia, and when he entered them with fasces and axes, Mithri- dates would follow him in person, voluntarily assuming second rank and the position of a vassal. Marius gave some of the cities their freedom, and wrote to others announcing their exemption from taxation by grace of Sertorius, so that Asia, which was once more harassed by the revenue-farmers and oppressed by the rapacity and arrogance of the soldiers quartered there, was all of a flutter with new hopes and yearned for the expected change of supremacy. XXV. But in Spain, as soon as the senators and men of equal rank about Sertorius felt confident that they were a match for their enemies and dismissed their fears, they were seized with envy and foolish jealousy of their leader. They were encouraged in these feelings by Perpenna, whose high birth filled him with vain aspirations for the chief command, and he would hold malevolent discourses in secret among his associates: ‘ What evil genius, pray, has seized us and is hurrying us from bad to worse? We would not consent to remain at home and do the bidding of Sulla when he was lord of all the earth and sea to- gether, but we came to this land of destruction with the idea of living like freemen, and are now 1 Cf. the Luculus, viii. 5. 67 F 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sovevopev Exovalws THD Leptwptou Sopudo- pobytes puyiy, 6 dvopa _Xrevalopevor UT TOY GKOU- OvT@, TUYKANTOS, ovTes, bBpets dé xat Tpoo~ Taypwata Kal TOvOUS OvK érdTTOvaS TP ypov Kat Avowtavay bmouévovtes;’ ” TOLOUT@V dvamiTd- pevot AOYwY oF modnol pavepsrs fev ovK adi- oT avTO, Sedouxotes avTov THv Suva, kpvda Oé Tas Te mpatets éAupaivovto, Kal tous BapBdpous éexdxouv Kordlovres Tixp@s Kal Sacporoyobrtes, Os Leprepiov KENEVOVTOS. é& av am@roaTdaets éyivovto Kal Tapaxat mepl Tas Tones. ot dé TE WTO MEVOL tavta Oeparrevew Kat amon paivew emavnpXovTo elovas eFerpyac uevot TOE LOUS Kal Tas UTapxovcas NvEnxores amreBeias, Gore TOV Leptwprov éx THS TpoTepas errleteelas Kal TPQOTHTOS petaBadovra, mept tous ev “Ooky Tpepopevous Tapavopija at maidas Ttav "I Bipwyv, TOUS [Lev dvehovta, Tous &é arodouevov. XXVI. ‘O 8 ob Tleprévvas mrelovas €v@ [L0- Tous &yov ‘Tpos Thy em iBeow Tpoodyerat Kat Manvuop, eva Tav édp nyepovias. ovTOS épav TLVOS TOD éy wpa petpaxtov Kab prroppovoupevos Wpos avTo pater THY émBoudip, Kehevov awed cavTa Tay adXwv epac Tay avT@ pov TpoaexXety @s évTds ME POY Od yoV pyar yevngouevo. TO 5é pecpdxvoy étépw til Tov épacray Adgedie pandXov ™ poo merrovOos expépet TOV oyov. aKov- aas 6é o Au idtos eEemAayn’ Kal yap auTos pereixe THS emt LepTaptov oVVwpLoTiAas, Ov pévrou TOV Maaduop eyivwo ne peTexovTa, Tlepmévvay 5é kal Tpaxivov cai twas adXous, Ov avTos 70Ee 68 SERTORIUS voluntarily slaves in the body-guard of Sertorius the exile, being a senate, a name jeered at by all who hear it, and submitting to no lesser insults, injunctions, and toils than Iberians and Lusitanians.” Most of his hearers, their minds infected with such sentiments as these, did not, indeed, openly desert Sertorius, be- cause they were in fear of his power; but they secretly tried to vitiate his enterprises, and abused the Barbarians with severe punishments and exac- tions, on the plea that Sertorius thus ordered. Conse- quently there were revolts and disturbances among the cities. And those who were sent to assuage and cure these disorders brought more wars to pass before they returned, and increased the existing insubordination, so that Sertorius laid aside his former clemency and mildness and wrought injustice upon the sons of the Iberians who were being educated at Osca,! killing some, and selling others into slavery. XXVI. Perpenna, accordingly, having now more accomplices in his attempt upon Sertorius, brought into their number Manlius also, one of those in high command. This Manlius was enamoured of a beau- tiful boy, and as a mark of his affection for him told him of the conspiracy, bidding him neglect his other lovers and devote himself to him alone, since within a few days he was to be a great personage. But the boy carried the tale to another one of his lovers, Aufidius, to whom he was more devoted. And Aufidius, on hearing the story, was astounded; for though he himself was a party to the conspiracy against Sertorius, he did not know that Manlius was. But since the boy mentioned by name Perpenna, Gracinus, and sundry others of those whom Aufidius knew to 1 Cf. chapter xiv. 2 f. 69 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TVVO MOTD, ovopuatovtos TOU perpakiou, Svar apa- xoeis 1 pos EXELVOV pev eFepravprte TOV Aoyor, Kal mapexdrer TOU Ma))iou kaTadpoveiv @sS Kevov Kal aralovos, autos 8é T pos TOV Tepreévvay Tmopevbels Kal ppdcas THD ofurnta To Katpov Kat Tov xivduvov exédevoev €muyerpety. ob O€ émeiGovTo, Kat TapacKevdaavres avOpwrov ypap- pata Kouitovta T@ Leptaple T Poa iyaryov. é57- Dov dé Ta ypaupara vixnv Twos Tov UT avTe oT parnyav Kai dovov mroNvy TOV TOKE MOV. éd’ ols Tov Yeptwpiov meptxapous évT0s Kal Ovovtos evaryyédia., Ilepmeévvas éoTiagw auT@ Kat Tots mapodot pidous (ovTor 6é€ Hoav éx Tijs TUvw LO aias) rnyyéAreTO, Kal TOAAA ALTTapHoas Etrevoev EN Oeiv. "Ael weév odv Ta pera Leprwpiou Seimva Toh- aay elev aide Kat Koo MOY, obTe opav Tt TOY aloXpw@Vv oUuTE dcovewy UTTOMEVOVTOS, GANA Kal ToVS ouvoyTas EUTAKTOLS Kal avuBpicrots Tau- Siais xpiio Gar Kat prrogppoavvais eOilovtos: TOTE é, TOU TOTOU pecobvtos, apxnv anpyuaxias Cnrovv- TES avapavoov dxoddaTous EXPAVTO pnyuac, Kal TOAAG T poo Trotovpevot eve NOENYALVOVY WS mapotuvobyres exeivov. o Oe elTe Sucxepaiver THV aKxoo war, elTe THY Sudvoray avTov TH Opacv- TTL THS AaNLAS Kal TH mapa TO ebwOds drAUywpia cup povycas, peréBare TO oXHpa TAS Kdaovas, Ur vov savels éavTov, @s ovTE T pore wv ouTE KaTaKovmD. érrel 5€ 0 Tleprévvas piadnv TLva NaBov axpatov peTakd mivev abhnev EK TOV Yetpav Kal xrodov érroinaey, Strep Hv avTois ovp- 7° SERTORIUS be among the conspirators, Aufidius was confounded, and after making light of the story to the boy and exhorting him to despise Manlius as an empty brag- gart, he himself went to Perpenna, told him of the sharpness of the crisis and of their peril, and urged him to attempt the deed. The conspirators were per- suaded, and after providing a man to act as the bearer of letters, they introduced him to Sertorius. His letters made known a victory of one of the generals serving under Sertorius, and a great slaughter of the enemy. At this Sertorius was overjoyed and offered a sacrifice of glad tidings, during which Per- penna proposed a banquet for him and his friends who were present (and these were of the conspiracy), and after much entreaty persuaded him to come. Now, the suppers at which Sertorius was present were always marked by restraint and decorum, since he would not consent to see or hear anything that was disgraceful, but held his associates to the practice of indulging only in mirth and merriment that was decorous and restrained. On this occasion, however, when the drinking was well under way, the guests, seeking occasion for a quarrel, openly indulged in dissolute language, and, pretending to be drunk, committed many indecencies, with the hope of angering Sertorius. But he, either because he was vexed at their disorderly conduct, or because he had become aware of their purpose from the boldness of their talk and their unwonted contempt for his wishes, changed his posture on the couch and threw himself upon his back, as though he neither heard nor regarded them. But when Perpenna, after taking a-cup of wine in his hands, dropped it as he was drinking and made a clatter with it, which was 71 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Boxoyp, “AvT@vv0s DIrEpKaTaKelLEVos Tae 7 6 Eien TOV LepTaptov. avactpeyavTos dé ampos THY Ty. éxetvou Kal guveEavioTapevon, Trept- TET OV els TO 7700s kaTéraBe Tas Yelpas auo- Tépas, Bate unde Guvvopevoy ToAAwY TraLovTw@Y at oGavety. XXVII. Or pep ovv Teta Tor TOY “TBipav evOus @XOvTO Kal mTaped@Kay EavTous émumpe- a Bevo apevor Tous qept Hoparniov kat Méreddop: Tous 6é€ cuppeivavTas 0 Ileprévvas avaraBov émexelpet TL TpaTTEeLD. XpPneapevos dé Tais Yep- Twpliov TmapacKevais dcop evarxXnuovijaat Kal pavepos yevéoOar pnre dpxew pare apxer Ga 2 TEPUKOS, Hopmnio mpooeBane: Kal Taxv cup- TptBeis v um avrou Kal YEVOMEVOS aixparwTos aude THY éoxarny Ur épetve cuppopay TYE HOVLK DS, Gna TaV Leptwpiov Yeapparav KUpLOS yeyovas UTUrxXvElTo Topamnte Seifew tratixev avdpav Kat péyeorov ép ‘Poun Suva pévov avroypapous emlaTonas, KaNovvT@y LEpT@prov es ‘Iraniav, @S TONA@Y moBouvTewy Ta mapovTa Jkovijoat Kal 3 petaBanreiv THY mohuTeiay. epyov ovv oO Toparn- ios ov véas ppevos, GX’ Ev para BeByxvias cal KATNPTUBLEVNS epyacdapevos perydoov amnrrake THD ‘Paunv oBeov kal VEWTEPLT LOY. Tas pev yap €mloToAas éxeivas Kat Ta ypampara, Tov LepTwpiov cUvayaryov dmavra Katéxavoey ove avTos dvaryvous * ove édoas Erepov: avrov be TOV Tleprévvav KATO TAXOS aveine, poBnbeis pay TOV OVOLATOV eFevex Devt Mpos Tivas aTooTaceELs Kal Tapaxat yévwvTas. 1 girds avayvois Naber : dvayvods. 72 SERTORIUS their signal, Antonius, who reclined above Sertorius on the couch, smote him with his sword. Sertorius turned at the blow and would have risen with his assailant, but Antonius fell upon his chest and seized both his hands, so that he could make no defence even, and died from the blows of many. XXVII. Well, then, most of the Iberians imme- diately went away, sent ambassadors to Pompey and Metellus, and delivered themselves up to them; but those who remained Perpenna took under his com- mand and attempted to do something. After using the materials provided by Sertorius just enough to cut asorry figure and make it clear that he was fitted by nature neither to command nor to obey, he attacked Pompey ; and having been quickly crushed by him and taken prisoner, he did not even endure this extreme misfortune as a leader should, but, being in possession of the papers of Sertorius, he promised to show Pompey autograph letters from men of consular rank and of the highest influence in Rome, in which they invited Sertorius to come to Italy, assuring him that there were many there who desired eagerly to stir up a revolution and change the constitution. Pompey, then, did not act in this emergency like a young man, but like one whose understanding was right well matured and disciplined, and so freed Rome from revolutionary terrors. For he got together those letters and all the papers of Sertorius-and burned them, without reading them himself or suffering any- one else to do so; and Perpenna himself he speedily put to death, through fear that seditions and disturb- ances might arise if the names of the correspondents of Sertorius were communicated to anybody.! 1 Cf, the Pompey, xx. 4. 73 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 Tov 6é 7@ Tleprévva cuvopocapévoy ot pév 2 \ ra’ ’ ps / © gy ért Iloumniov avayévtes dSiepOapnoav, ot Sé devyovtes eis AtBunv to Maupovoiwy xatn- | 4 VA b] b) \ A J , kovtiaOnaav. sséduye 8 ovdels mAnv Avddidzos 6 Tov MadXiou avtepacrns: ovtos 5é } AaDwv 7 TmapapednOels év tit BapBdpw Komn Tevopevos Kal pLoovpEevos KATEYNpAaTeED. 74 SERTORIUS Of Perpenna’s fellow conspirators, some were brought to Pompey and put to death, others fled to Africa and fell victims to the spears of the Maurusians. Not one escaped, except Aufidius, the rival of Manlius; he, either because men did not notice him or because they did not heed him, came to old age in a barbarian village, a poor and hated man. _ 75 Digitized by Google EUMENES EYMENH®2 I. Evpévn 6€ tov Kapdiavov iotopet Aotpis 583 TWaTpos pev apakevovtos ev Xeppovnaw Sia Treviav , fel \ 3 4 b 4 yevéoOar, tpadjvar Sé éXevIepiws év ypadppact Kal wept Tadaiotpav: ére dé matbds dvTOS avTod Didimmov tmapenidnpodvta Kal oxornyv dyovta Ta Tov Kapdiavav Oedoacbar Tayxpdtia petpa- , \ ld , 9 > , Kiwv Kal tadaiopata taidwv, év ols evnpepn- cavta Tov Kipevn nal davévta ovvetov cal av- a / A a Spetov apécar tH Dirirm@m cal dvarndOjvat. a a / Soxovar 5é eixoTa Aéyerv padXov of Sta Eeviav Kal / / ‘ 3 UA e N A diriav tmatpwav tov Evpévn Aéyovtes vie Tov Dirimmov mpoayOjva. peta 5é THY éxeivov TEAEUTNY OUTE TUVETEL TLVOS OUTE TioTEL KeEtTE- Oat Soxav tav tepit 'AréEavdpov éxareito pév apxlypaupatevs, Tuuns Oé WoTrEep of pddLoTA diror cal cuvidas étvyxavev, Bote Kal otpa- \ 9 A \ A b] \ 979 @€ Aa THYOS aTooTadHnvat Kata THY “Ivdinnv é’ éEavTod peta Suvapews, Kal tHv Ilepdixxov tmaparaBeiv e , e / ? / e immapxiav, OTe Ilepdixxas, amroPavovtos ‘Hdar- U > A > , “ , \ \ OTLWVOS, Els THY exetvou TrponAGe Takiy. 610 Kal NeottoNéuov Tod apxytuTacTicToD peta THD 78 EUMENES I. Eumenes of Cardia, according to Duris, was the son of a man whom poverty drove to be a waggoner, in the Thracian Chersonesus, but received a liberal education in literature and athletics. While he was still a boy, Duris says further, Philip, who was so- journing in the place and had an hour of leisure, came to see the young men and boys of Cardia exercising in the pancratium! and in wrestling, among whom Eumenes had such success and gave such proofs of intelligence and bravery that he pleased Philip and was taken into his following. But in my opinion those historians tell a more probable story who say that a tie of guest-friendship with his father led Philip to give advancement to Eumenes. After Philip’s death Eumenes was thought to be inferior to none of Alexander’s followers in sagacity and fidelity, and though he had only the title of chief secretary, he was held in as much honour as the king's principal friends and intimates, so that on the Indian expedition he was actually sent out as general with a force under his own orders,” and received the command in the cavalry which Perdiccas had held, when Perdiccas, after Hephaestion’s death, was advanced to that officer’s position. Therefore when Neoptolemus, the commander of the Shield-bearers, after Alexander’s 1 A mixture of wrestling and boxing. 2 Cf. Arrian, Anab. v. 24, 6f 79 PLUTARCH’S LIVES "AreEavdpov tedeuTHY AéyovTOS WS aUTOS pev aomida Kal royxnv, Kipévns Sé ypadetov éyav Kal tivaxidtov nKodov0e, KateyéXov ot Maxedo- VES, META TOV GAAOV KaXO@V TOY Evpévyn Kal THs KaTa TOV ydpov olKELOTNTOS U7TO TOV BacLréws eloores aFiwOévta. Bapoivnv yap tiv ‘AptaBa- Cov mpwrnv év Acacia yvovs o “AdéEavpos, é& Hs viov éoyev ‘Hpaxréa, rav ravtns adderdav II70- Acuaiw pev "Arduav, Evpéves 8¢ Bapoivnv é€é- Swxev, Ste Kal Tas ddrAas Tlepoidas Seéverpe Kal TUV@Ktioe TOLS EéTALpors. II. Od pv adda Kal wpocéxpovae TroAAdKS "ArcEdvipe, cal rapexivddvevoe 8s “Hdarotiova. mpatov pev yap Evip t@ avAnrA rod “Hdaioti- @VOS OiKiaV KaTavEipavToOS fy ob Taides ETUXOV T@ Evpéver mpoxaretAndotes, eAOwy imo opyhs mpos Tov AnréEavdpov o Evpévns éRoa pera Meév- TOpos WS avAEly ein KpaTicToV Tpayodeiy TA dma pivpavtas éx TOV Ye_pov, wate AdéEavdpov avT@ cuvayavaxtely Kal ANotdopetc Oar TG “Hdai- oTiwv. TaXY pévToL peTaTEc@V avOis elye TOV Evpévyn 80 dpyis, ws BBpet waAXov pds éautov 7 Tappnoia mpos ‘Hohatotiwva ypnodpevov. "Errecta Néapxov éxméutrov peta veov emt thy éEw Odraccay 7ret ypnuata Tovs pirous: ov yap nv év TO Bacireio. Tov S Evpévous aitnbévtos pev Tplaxoota tddavta, Sovtos 5é éxatov pova, Kal TavTa yAicypas Kal pods avT@ cuverréxOat 80 EUMENES death, said that he had followed the king with shield and spear, but Eumenes with pen and paper, the Macedonians laughed him to scorn ; they knew that, besides his other honours, Eumenes had been deemed worthy by the king of relationship in marriage. For Barsiné the daughter of Artabazus, the first woman whom Alexander knew in Asia, and by whom he had a son, Heracles, had two sisters; of these Alexander gave one, Apama, to Ptolemy, and the other, also called Barsiné,! to Eumenes. This was at the time when he distributed the other Persian women as consorts among his companions.” II. However, Eumenes was often in collision with Alexander, and he got himself into danger through Hephaestion. In the first place, for instance, when Hephaestion assigned to Euius the flute-player the quarters which his servants had already taken up for ‘Eumenes, Eumenes, accompanied by Mentor, came in a passion to Alexander and cried out that it was best for him to throw away his arms and be a flute- player or a tragic actor. The immediate result was that Alexander shared his indignation and heaped abuse upon Hephaestion. Soon, however, he changed his mind and was angry with Eumenes, feeling that he had indulged in insolence towards himself more than in bold words against Hephaestion. Again, when Alexander was sending out Nearchus with a fleet to explore the outer sea, he asked money of his friends, since the royal treasury was empty. Eumenes was asked for three hundred talents, but gave only a hundred, and said that even these had been slowly and with difficulty collected for him by 1 In Arrian, Anab. vii. 4, 6, the names of the sisters are Artacama and Artonis, respectively. 3 Cf. the Alexander, Ixx. 2. : I VOL. VIII. G PLUTARCH’S LIVES a 9 , , +O\ > / dua TOV éTiTpOTMY hacKoVTOS, ovdey éyKaéoas ovdé deEdpevos exéAXevoe Tos Taidas Kpvda TH Aa A J 4 “ b] A / > : oxnvn tov Kvpevous trip éveivar, Bovdopevos éx- copilouevav Tov ypnpatwv AaBeiv én’ avtodwpe@ pevdopevov. &bO0n 5é ) oxnvy catadrcxOeica, Kal petevonoe TOY ypaypdtov diadOapévTwv o "AréEavdpos. TO d€ cuyxubev Ypuciov Kal apyv- A a / ptov umo Tod mupos dvevpéOn TrEiovy 7) KXLALwv TtaravTwv. édraBe Sé ovdév, GAAA Kal ypawas Tols TavTayov caTpdtrats Kal otpaTnyois avti- ypada trav SvepOappévav arooréAd\ev wdvtTa / > i N > / TaparauBaverv exeXevoe Tov Kvpevn. IIdduv &€ rrepi dwpeds Tivos ets S:adopay xata- otas mpos tov “Hdatotiwva, nal moddAa pev ? 4 A \ \ b] 4 , \ > Gkovcas KaAKOS, TOAAG 6€ EiTT@V, TOTE MEV OVK M. 54 9 9, / * VA éXaTToy oye: pet OrgLyov Sé TeAEUTHCAVTOS ‘H / O06 e \ } a dato timvos tepirabav o Bactrev’s Kal tao A 256 a \ ? / @ a ? , de ovs edoxes CovTe pév exeivm POoveiv émiyaipey 5é TeOvnkoTe TpaXéws OMLA@Y Kal yareTros OV, pa- ATA TOV Edpévn bu’ drrowpias elye, Kal mpovdpepe ToddaKls Tas Stagopas Kal Nodopias éxeivas. oO dé mavodpyos dv nal miPavos éeyetpnoer ols b] , 4 e 4 / > \ amTwdduTO owley éEavToV. KaTépuye yap eis THY mpos ‘Hgatotiova didotipiav “AreEdvépov Kal Yap, Udnyoupevos Te TLMAS al padtoTa Koo pELY EueAXov Tov TteOvnKoTa, Kal yYpnuata TeXOV Els THY TOD Tahov KaTacKEUNY Aperdas Kal Tpodvpws. 82 084 EUMENES his stewards. Alexander made no reproaches, nor did he take the money, but ordered his servants secretly to set fire to the tent of Eumenes, wishing to take its owner in a manifest lie when the treasure was carried out of it. But before that could be done the tent was consumed, and the destruction of his papers made Alexander repent him of his orders. Still, the gold and silver that was melted down by the fire was found to be more than a thousand talents’ worth. Alexander took none of it, however, but actually wrote to his satraps and generals everywhere to send copies of the documents that had been destroyed, and ordered Eumenes to take them all in charge. And still again, Eumenes had a quarrel with Hephaestion about a certain gift, and much abusive language passed between them. At the time, indeed, Eumenes was no less in favour than before; but a little while afterwards Hephaestion died, and the king, in his bitter sorrow, dealt harshly and was severe with all who, as he thought, had been jealous of his favourite while he lived and now rejoiced at his death. Eumenes, in particular, he suspected of such feelings, and often reproached him for his former quarrels with Hephaestion and his abusive language towards him. But Eumenes, who was wily and persuasive, tried to make what threatened his ruin conduce to his salvation. He sought refuge, namely, in Alexander’s ardent gratitude towards Hephaestion, suggesting honours which were most likely to adorn the memory of the deceased, and contributing money for the construction of his tomb lavishly and readily. 83 a 2 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES III. ’AzroBavovros dé *AreEdvipov ral tis ddrayyos SuectHons mpos Tovs ETaipous, TH wev yvaun TovtTois mpocévermev Eavrov o Kipévns, TO 5é Ady@ Kowvos Tis HY Tpds audorépovs Kal id10- TNS, @F ovdeéy ad’TO MpoahKov Eévm dvTt ToNv- mpaypoveiy év tats! Maxedovay diadopais. Kat TaV adXov éraipwv éx BaRvrAdvos avacKkevaca- , b \ e \ b] “A 4 fo Hévov autos Umodehbels év TH TOAEL KATET PAVE ToAAovs Tov Telav Kal mpos Tas Stadvces 7HOi- bd , > \ \ > / b) 4 e ous €mroinoev. érrel dé avamyPévtes adAHAOLS Ot oTpatnyol Kal KaTacTaytes éx TOV TPwWTwY Tapa- yvav Suevé“ovto catparetas Kal aotpatnyias, Ev- pévns NapBdver Karasoxiav cal Taddayoviay kal thy vroKkepéevnv TH Tlovtixg Cardtry péxpe Tpamelodvtos, ota tore Maxeddvar ovcar, "AptapdOns yap avtis éBacinevev, Arn’ edeu Acov- 4 \ ? / \ lA \ > / vatov Kat Avtiyovoy yep peyadryn Tov Evpévy KaTadyovtas arobeiEar THS K@pas caTpaTny. "Avtiyovos pev ovv ov Tpocéaye Tots ypadetou e \ II bt / A 1 \ “ vmo Ilepdixxov, wetéwpos Ov 75n Kal Twepid povav e f 4 \ , N v > avavtwy, Aeovydtos dé xatéBn pev avober eis Dpuyiav dvadeEouevos Eipéves tiv otpateiav: ‘Exartatou d€ tod Kapdvavav tupdvvov cuppikar- 1 éy rats Bekker, after Coraés: vais. 1 June 13, 323 B.c. 2The quarrel was over the succession to Alexander's throne. The officers, supported by the cavalry, proposed that the crown be reserved for the child of Roxana by 84 EUMENES III. When Alexander was dead! and a quarrel had arisen between the Macedonian men-at-arms and his principal officers, or companions,? Eumenes sided with the latter in his opinions, but in what he said he was a kind of common friend to both and held himself aloof from the quarrel, on the ground that it was no business of his, since he was a stranger, to meddle in disputes of Macedonians. Moreover, when the rest of the principal officers had withdrawn from Babylon, he remained behind in the city and mollified many of the men-at-arms and made them more dis- posed towards a settlement of the quarrel. And when the officers, having conferred with one another, brought their first tumultuous proceedings to an end, and were distributing satrapies and commands, Eumenes received Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, and the southern coast of the Euxine sea as far as Trapezus. It is true that at the time this territory was not yet subject to the Macedonians, for Ariarathes held royal sway over it; but Leonnatus and Antigonus, with a great army, were to conduct Eumenes thither and declare him satrap of the country. Now, Antigonus paid no heed to the edicts of Perdiccas, being already lifted up in his ambitions and scorning all his associates ; but Leonnatus came down from the interior into Phrygia in order to undertake the expedition in behalf of Eumenes. Here, however, Hecataeus the tyrant of Cardia joined him and be- Alexander, if it should bea son, and that Perdiccas should be regent in the meantime ; the infantry demanded that Arrhi- daeus, the bastard brother of Alexander, should at once be roclaimed king. In the end a compromise was effected, and Dordiccas became chief in command under Arrhidaeus, with whom Alexander’s son, when born, was to be joint king. Cf. the Alexander, Ixxvii. 5. 85 PLUTARCH’S LIVES | TOS avTo@ cal Seopevov Bon Beir paidrov ‘AvTimatpe 4 Kal Maxeddvev roils ev Aapig ToALopKoupevors, @pULnTo diaBaivew cal rov Kipévn mapexdnet kal dinate T pos tov ‘“Exataiov. jv yap avrois TaTpLKy TLS ex TOAMTIKaY SLadopay vrowia TpOs adAnhous* Kal morAAAKLS O Eopévns éyeryovel pa- vepos KaTnyopav tov “Exatatov Tupavvodvros Kal TapaKahay ‘Ad€Eavpov aTrodotvat Tois Kapéia- vois THv éhevepiay. 606 wal TOTE TOU Evevous Tapattoupeévou THY emt TOUS “EAAqvas oTpateiar, cal dediévat bdoxovtos ‘Avtimatpov, LNTOS ‘Exatato Xapelomevos Kal madae pod auTov avery, TLOTEUTAS o Aeovydros ovdey @v eppover mpos avrov amexpuyaro. oyos ev yap hv 7 Bonbea Kal mpodhacts, éyvaner dé SiaBas evdus avritroteta Oat Maxedovias: Kai TWAS emaTonas ederfe Krcordtpas peTameprrouerns avrov els ITé\Aav ws Yaunoouerns. 0 & Evpévns, elite tov Avtimratpov dedorxas ebTe Tov Aeovvarov eu dn- KTOV évTa Kal hopas peorov aBeBaiov | kat o€eias aTroryvous, VUKT WP avévev&e THv éavtod AaBov dmog Keuny. _eixe 6¢ TpLaKoatous pev tmmeis, Sva- Koatous 6€ TOV Taidwv oTAOPOpous, ev 5é Ypuaots eis apyuptou oyov TadNaVTa TEevTaKLaXidea. gu- yav 6€ oUTwS TpdsS Hepdtcxay cal Ta Aeovvarov Bovretpara KateuTa@v evOrs pev loxve péeya map avuT@ Kal Tov ovvedpiov pereixev, OAryOY dé doTe- pov eis Kammasdsoxiay xatnyOn peta Svvdpeos, 1 On the death of Alexander the Greeks had revolted from Macedonia, and had driven Antipater and his army into Lamia, a city of southern Thessaly. 2 The sister of Alexander, widow, since 326 B.c., of the 86 EUMENES sought him to go rather to the assistance of Antipater and the Macedonians besieged in Lamia.! Leonnatus therefore determined to cross over to Greece, in- vited Eumenes to go with him, and tried to reconcile him with Hecataeus. For they had a hereditary dis- trust of one another arising from political differences ; and frequently Eumenes had been known to denounce Hecataeus as a tyrant and to exhort Alexander to restore its freedom to Cardia. Therefore at this time also Kumenes declined to go on the expedition against the Greeks, saying he was afraid that Anti- pater, who had long hated him, would kill him to please Hecataeus. Then Leonnatus took him into his confidence and revealed to him all his purposes. Assistance to Antipater, namely, was what he alleged as a pretext for his expedition, but he really meant, as soon as he had crossed into Europe, to lay claim to Macedonia; and he showed certain letters from Cleopatra ? in which she invited him to come to Pella and promised to marry him. But Eumenes, either because he was afraid of Antipater, or because he despaired of Leonnatus as a capricious man full of uncertain and rash impulses, took his own equipment and decamped by night.? And he had three hundred horsemen, two hundred armed camp-followers, and in gold what would amount to five thousand talents of money. With this equipment he fled to Perdiccas, and by telling him of the designs of Leonnatus at once enjoyed great influence with him and was made a rember of his council. Moreover, a little while after he was conducted into Cappadocia with an army king of Epeirus. No less than six of Alexander’s generals sought her hand in marriage. 3 According to Nepos (Humenes, ii. 4), Leonnatus, failing to persuade Eumenes, tried to kill him. 87 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avtod Ilepdixxov mapovtos Kal otpatnyovros. 585 ‘Aptapdbov dé AnpOevtos aX maN@Tov Kal THs YoOpas Umoxerpiou yevopevns amobeiKvuTar catpa- 7717S. Kal Tas fev TrOAELS Tous éavtob hiross Tapédwxe, Kal ppoupapxous eykaTéaTya€ Kab du- KQOTAS ATTENLTE Kal drown as ods éBovreTo, Tov Tepdixxou pn dev éy TOUTOLS TouTrpayLovodVTos, avr os dé ovvavétevEev éxeivov TE Ocpamrevov Kat TOV Baciréwv amoneiTres Oat py Bovdopevos. IV. Ov pny adr’ o Tlepdixxas éf’ & peév punto miatevwyv Ob avTOU mpoodtea Gar, TH O€ UTTOAELTIO- peva Seta Oar dpaarnpiov Te Kal musTOU puraros olopevos, dmérepapev éx Katieias TOV Evpevn, Oyo pev emi THv éavTod catpateiav, Eoyw &e Thv Ouopov A ppeviav Terapaypéevny bro Neorto- 2 Aéuov dea XEtpos &Eovra. TovTtov pev ovv o Kv- peévns, Kaimrep SyK@ Tw Kab ppovnpare Kev due Pappevor, émretpaTo tails OptrAcass Karexew" avros dé TH parayya TOV Maxedover é emnpwevny Kal Opaceiay elpoy, domep ayritayja Kater Keu- alev avrh Svvapiy immixcny, TOV pev eyXwpiov Tos (mmevel Suvapévors aveva popias 6i50us Kal 3 arehetas, Tav Oé mepl aurov ols pddora, emia Tevev avnrous Sravéwov iwqrous, prdorepiacs TE Kal bw- peais Ta ppovnpara Tapofuvev Kal Ta copara Kivjoeat Kal pedéraus diatrovav, Bote TOUS meV exTrhayivat, TOUS b¢ Gappioar TOV Maxedovwr, Opavras orAly@ ypov@m rept aitov nOpotcpévors 1 Arrhidaeus and the infant son of Alexander, both under the guardianship of Perdiccas. Eumenes thus ranged him- self with the legitimists. 88 EUMENES which Perdiccas commanded in person. There Aria- rathes was taken prisoner, the country was brought into subjection, and Eumenes was proclaimed satrap. He entrusted the cities of the country to his own friends, appointed commanders of garrisons, left behind him such judges and administrators as he wished, Perdiccas not at all interfering in these matters, and then marched away with Perdiccas, de- siring to pay court to that general, and not wishing to be separated from the kings.! IV. However, Perdiccas felt confident of carrying out his projects by himself, and thought that the country they had left behind them needed an efficient and faithful guardian, and therefore sent Eumenes back from Cilicia, ostensibly to his own satrapy, but really to reduce to obedience the adjacent country of Armenia, which had been thrown into confusion by Neoptolemus.?. Accordingly, although Neoptolemus was a victim of ostentation and empty pride, Eumenes tried to constrain him by personal intercourse ; then, finding that the Macedonian men-at-arms were con- ceited and bold, he raised a force of cavalry as a counterpoise to them, by offering the natives of the country who were able to serve as horsemen immunity from contributions and tributes, and by distributing horses that he had bought among those of his followers in whom he placed most confidence; the spirits of these men, too, he incited by honours and gifts, and developed their bodies by exercise and discipline; so that a part of the Macedonians were amazed, and a part emboldened, when they saw that in a short time 2 One of the principal officers of Alexander, to whom Armenia had been assigned as a province. Cf. chapter i. 3 89 PLUTARCH’S LIVES immets oux éXatTous é€aKicyiAiwy Kal TplaKo- oiwv. V. ’Ezei 6é Kparepos Kat “AvTiTarpos TOV “EAN jvov TEPUryEVOMEVOL S1¢Basvov els "Aciav THY Tlepdicxov KATANUVGOVTES apxX ny, Kal T™poanyyen- NovTo pédRovTes euBarelv eis Karraéoxiar, o Tepdixxas avros él Irorenatov oTpaTeEvOV a1ré- SecFe Tov Evpévn trav év ’Appevia xal Karra- Soxig Suvdpewy avToxparopa orparnyév" Kat mept TOUTWY émloTONAS emenwer, "ArKéTar peév Kab NeomroAepov Kvpevee TpoaexXelv Kedevoas, Edpevn dé xpho Gar Tots mpdry wa ST ws avros eyveocer. “Adkéras pev oby avTUKpUS ateiTato TY otparelay, @s tov vm atta Maxedover ‘AvTimat py ev aidoupever pdxeoOar, Kpatepov 5é cat déxerOar bu evvouay eT olen dvtwv: Neo- TONE LOS dé Bovrevov fev étr’ Evpéver mpodoctay OvK ehade, KANOUPEVOS dé ovy UmjKovey, aN TAapeTaTTe THY Suvapuy. ev0a, Tp@Tov ) Evpevns aTrédave TiS EaUTOU mpovotas Kat Tapackevis® HTT @{LEvOs yap 76n Kata TO TeCov erpépato Tots iT Tevet TOD Neomrodepov kal THY amoaKeuny édaBev avTod, Kal TH parayys Svea Tr appern mepl THV Siwy a0 pous emehaoas nvayKace Ta oma, Oécbat Kal Sovtas Kal raBovtas EpKxouvs avTo ova Tpareven. ‘0 pev ov Neo rorepos odiyous TWAS cuva- yayov ex Ths tpoTHns Epuye wpos Kparepov cat 1 One of the ablest of Alexander’s officers, who, in the division of the empire that followed Alexander’s death, was nee ruler, in common with Antipater, of Macedonia and reece, go EUMENES he had assembled about him no fewer than sixty-three hundred horsemen. V. And when Craterus! and Antipater, after over- powering the Greeks,? were crossing into Asia? to overthrow the power of Perdiccas, and were re- ported to be planning an invasion of Cappadocia, Perdiccas, who was himself heading an expedition against Ptolemy,’ appointed Eumenes commander of the forces in Armenia and Cappadocia with plenary powers. He also sent letters on the subject, in which he commanded Alcetas® and Neoptolemus to look to Eumenes for orders, and Eumenes to manage matters as he thought best. Alcetas, then, flatly refused to serve in the campaign, on the ground that the Macedonians under him were ashamed to fight Antipater, and were so well disposed to Craterus that they were ready to receive him with open arms. Neoptolemus, however, plotting treachery against Eumenes, was detected, and when he was summoned would not obey, but drew up his forces in battle array. Here first did Eumenes reap the fruit of his forethought and preparation; for when his infantry had already been defeated, he routed Neoptolemus with his cavalry, and captured his baggage, and when the men-at-arms of Neoptolemus were scattered in pursuit of their enemies, charged upon them with his entire body of horse and com- pelled them ta lay down their arms and make oath with him to serve under him. Neoptolemus, then, collected a few of his men from the rout and fled to Craterus and Antipater. 2 In the battle of Crannon, Aug. 7, 322, which put an end to the revolt of the Greeks and the war called the ‘‘ Lamian ” war. 3 In 321 B.o. * Now governor of Egypt. 5 A brother of Perdiccas. OI PLUTARCH’S LIVES ’"Avtimatpov. tap éxetvwv Se améotaXrto Tpe- a Beta Tos Evpévn Tapakanovdoa, perabécGar Tpos avrous, KapToupmevov pev as ele ocatpa- metas, mpoohaBovra be oT paTiay Kar Xopav Tap avTav, AvtTimatpo pev avr éX9 pov pirov ryevo- peevor, Kpatepo 8é pa yevopevov ex pidov TONE- pcov. TaUTa Oo Evpevns axovoas ‘Avturatpe pe ovK ay edn TANALOS Ov xO pos vov yevéoOar piros, GTE AUTOV Opa TOIS Pirots wS éxO pois Xpwmevov, Kparepov dé Tlepdixxe dtadraTTeEv & ETOLLOS elvau Kal cuvdrye émt tots icous Kat Sixaious: apXovros dé mreovetias TO adicouperp BonOncew peX pt ay éumvén, kal wadXov TO o@pa Kal Tov Biov 7H THY Tio TLY TponoerGat. VI. Of pév ody mept TOV “Avtitrat pov mud opevot Tava Kata axonny éBouhevovto Teph TOV OWD, ) NeomroAepos 5é pera THY puyny adiKxopevos ™ pos avrovs THY TE paxny annyyedre Kab Tmape- kare Bonbeiv, partota pev apport epous, TAVTOS dé Kparepov: mobeiab au yap UTEppuas exeivov bro TOV Maxedoven, Kav povov idwou THY Kavo lay avTov Kat THY povnv axovowst, pea TOV Om Av HEew pepopevous. Kal yap ny OVTWS OvopLa TOD Kparepob péya, Kal pera, THV “Arefavdpou TENEU- THY TOUTOY eToOnaav ot TONNOL, PmpovevorTes Stt Kat mpos ’AdéEavdpov omép auTa@y avedeEato TOAAGKLS amex Geias TOANGS, UTrodEpojévou TpOs TOV Tepovwov CnXov avTthapBavopevos, Kat Tots Tar plous apivev dia tpupjy Kal dyxov 76n mEepiv- Bprfopevors. Tore & ody o Kpartepds tov pev ’Avtimatpov Q2 586 EUMENES But they had already sent an embassy to Eumenes inviting him to come over to their side; he would enjoy possession of his present satrapies, would receive additional troops and territory from them, would be- come a friend to Antipater instead of an enemy, and would not become an enemy to Craterus instead of a friend. On hearing this proposition Eumenes replied that he had been Antipater’s enemy from of old and could not now become his friend, when he saw him treating his friends as enemies, but that he was ready to reconcile Craterus with Perdiccas and bring the two together on just and equal terms; if, however, either undertook to overreach the other he would give aid to the injured party as long as he had breath, and would rather lose his life than his honour. VI. Craterus and Antipater, then, after getting this answer, were taking deliberate counsel about the whole situation, when Neoptolemus came to them after his flight, told them about the battle he had lost, and urged them to come to his aid, both of them if possible, but at any rate Craterus ; for the Macedonians longed for him exceedingly, and if they should only see his cap and hear his voice, they would come to him with a rush, arms and all. And indeed the name of Craterus was really great among them, and after the death of Alexander most of them had longed for him as their commander. They remem- bered that he had many times incurred the strong displeasure of Alexander himself in their behalf, by opposing his gradually increasing desire to adopt Persian customs, and by defending the manners of their country, which, thanks to the spread of luxury and pomp, were already being treated with contempt. At the time of which I speak, then, Craterus sent 93 PLUTARCH’S LIVES els KiAtxiav aréotetrev, avdtos 5€ THs Suvdpews dvaraBav Tord pépos emt TOV Every peTa TOD Neomrodépou Tponyev, olopevos ov m poo Sex oper Kal pera mpoodatoy vintny év atakia Kal Teph TOTOUS éXovTe THV Suva pu émumeceioBar. TO pev obv mpoatabéa bat thy Ehodov avtod Tov Edpevn Kal TpoTapacKevdaas Jat vnpovans dy TI mye HO- vias, ov pny akpas Dein Seuvornros TO O€ pH fLOvoV TOUS Tonepious a a pa KANOS elev aicbécbat Siaduyei, arra Kal Tous pet avTou oT paTevo- pévous aryvoobytas @ paXovvras T poeve elaat TO Kparep@ kal drroxptypas TOV avTiaTparnyor, 1Stov OKEl TOUTOU Tou TYE HOVOS Epryov yevérOar. d1é- Scone pev ovv Norvyov Os Neomrodepos avbis émlos Kat Hiypns, é EYOVTES immets kat Kataboxapv cal [laprayovev. vuKTos 66 avaledEat Bovrdpevos, elta catrabapbov dyuv eidev GAXCKOTOV. éd0KEL yap opav “AreEdvdpous Sto TmapacKevalouevous adNANAOLS paxea Oar, pias EKATEpOV Hryoupevov pa- Nayyos’ elta TO pev THY ‘AOnvav, To Oe Thy Anpytpav BonBoicav enbein, ryevopmevou dé ayo- VOS iaxupod KpatnOfvas TOV peTa THis "AOnvas, T@ O€ VIK@YTE oTAX VOD Spetropévny thy Anuntpav oupmréKew aTépavov. Avrobev pev ovv 77 Oyu elxatey elvat ™ pos avo, paxouevou wept YAS. apiotns Kal ToTeE TONY Kal Karov éyovons év KANVKL ord: dmaca yao Katéotaoto Kal wapeiyev eipnvy 1 Antipater, Craterus and Ptolemy had declared war against Perdiccas. The destruction of Perdiccas’ ally, Ku- menes, was a side issue. Perdiccas, taking with him Arrhi- daeus and Roxana and her infant son, had already invaded 94 EUMENES Antipater into Cilicia,! while he himself with a large part of the forces advanced with Neoptolemus against Eumenes. He thought that he should fall upon him when he was off his guard, and when, after their recent victory, his soldiers were in revelry and dis- order. Now, that Eumenes should learn before- hand of his approach and get himself ready for it in advance, one might consider a mark of sober general- ship, though not of superlative ability; but that he should keep his enemies from getting any knowledge that would work him harm, and, besides this, that he should hurl his soldiers upon Craterus before they knew with whom they were fighting, and conceal from them the name of the opposing general, seems to me to have been an exploit peculiar to this com- mander. He gave out word, then, that Neoptolemus was once more coming against him, with Pigres, and that they had a force of Paphlagonian and Cap- padocian cavalry. One night he was planning to decamp and then fell asleep and had a strange vision. He dreamed, namely, that he saw two Alexanders ready to give each other battle, each at the head of a phalanx; then Athena came to help the one, and Demeter the other, and after a fierce struggle the one who had Athena for a helper was beaten, and Demeter, culling ears of grain, wove them into a wreath for the victor. At once, then, he conjectured that the vision was in his favour, since he was fighting for a country that was most fertile and had at that time an abundance of fine young grain in the ear; for the land had everywhere been sown and bespoke a time of peace, Egypt in an attempt to destroy Ptolemy. Antipater was hastening to the aid of Ptolemy. 95 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpérrovaay opty, dupirapas TOV TESIWVY KOMODV- TwY" paddov dé ereppwa On mTvO opevos cvvOnpa TOUS Tohepiors "AOnvay | kal "AdéFavdpov elvat. Anpuntpav 8) Kal avtos édidov ocuvOnpa Kal ’AréEavdpor, avadetcOat TE mavTas ExéXEVE KAL KaTacTepey Ta OTAa TOV oTaXVoY AawBavoyTas. Opyncas dé ToAdaKes eEayopetoat Kal paca Tots Tept avrov Hryewoot Kal oTpaTnyois 7 pos Ov EweAXev O ary av ever Oat, Kab my Hovos év auT@ Dé pevos amroxpurpat kal Katacxe aTroppntTov ob Tas avaycatov, bos évépewe Tois Aoyta pois kal Sueriotevce TH yvapn Tov Kivduvor. VII. “Avrérage dé Kpatepo Maxedover pep ovdéva, dvo 5é immapyias Eevirds, ov PapvdBalos 6 "ApraBalouv xal DoimE o Tevédsos jryodvto, Siakehevodpevos op Devray TOV Tone pov éhavvery Kara TAXOS kal oupmréKer Oat, Ty) diovtas a ava- oTpopny pnde poviy, pnde enpuka TET OMEVOY TPOoLEMEVOUS. ededies yap ioYUpas TOUS Make- Sovas, pH yepicavres TOV Kpatepov oixavras peTaBaropevor T pos EKELVOD. avTOS d€ TOUS eppwmevertarous UMTEts Tpraxoatous ets dyna cuvTagas Kat Tapedaaas éml TO beEtov EMENE Tois Tept Neo roAenov émixetpelv. ws dé Tov ev péow ogov bmepBarovtes ap Oncav ofelay Kat pe” OpLiS apodporépas Trovovpevor THY epodor, extrharyels 0 ) Kpatepos Kal ToAKa rodopncas TOV Neomrodenov os éEnratnpuévos tn’ avtod trept THs TOV Maxedovav petaBorrns, éyxedevoadpevos avSpayabeiy trois wept avtTov nyepoow avreen- AACE. Tevopevns 5& tis mpetns cuppdEews Bapeias 96 587 EUMENES now that its plains were covered with a luxuriant growth ; and he was all the more strengthened in his belief when he learned that the enemy’s watchword was “ Athena and Alexander.” Accordingly, he too gave out a watchword, namely, “Demeter and Alexander,” and ordered all his men to crown them- selves and wreathe their arms with ears of grain. But though he often felt an impulse to speak out and tell his principal officers who it was against whom their struggle was to be, and not to keep hidden away in his own breast alone a secret so important, nevertheless he abode by his first resolution and made his judgment surety for the peril. VII. However, he arrayed against Craterus not a single Macedonian, but two troops of foreign horse commanded by Pharnabazus the son of Artabazus and Phoenix of Tenedos, who had strict orders to charge at full speed when the enemy came into view and engage them at close quarters, without giving them a chance to withdraw or say anything, and without receiving any herald they might send. For he had strong fears that his Macedonians, if they recognized Craterus, would go over tohim. He himself, with a division of his best horsemen, three hundred in number, rode along to the right wing, where he purposed to attack Neoptolemus. When the forces of Eumenes had crossed the intervening hill and were seen coming on to the attack with a swift and impetuous dash, Craterus was dumbfounded and heaped much abuse upon Neoptolemus for having deceived him about the Macedonians changing sides ; but he exhorted his officers to act like brave men, and charged upon the enemy. The first collision was severe, the spears were 97 VOL. VIII. H PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ A 4 \ Ul “ ‘ Kat TaY Sopatwy tayv auvTpiBévtwv, tod 6é ayavos év tois Eiheow Svtos, ov KaTaloxvvas Oo Kpatepos tov ‘ArdéEavdpov, ada TroAdovs pev , , \ , \ > KataBanrwv, TodAdKs 5€ TpEYrapevos TOUS ayTL- 4 lA \ \ e \ N > TeTaypevous, Tédos O€ mAnyels bro Opaxos éx TrayiwY MpoceAacavTos atreppvn TOU tmou, 4 \ > A e \ BA / b TecovTa O€ AUTOV Ol Mev AAXOL TApPHAAaATAY ayvo- obvtes, Topytas 6¢ trav Evjpévous otparnyav &yve Te Kal xataBas treptéotnce Ppovpav TO cwopaTt KaKos Hon Staxetpévov Kal SvacPavarodvtos. év U4 oe \ N ar Ee / 4 touT@m S€ Kai Neomrorcuos Evpéver cvrvrjpyero. le) by J 4 A 9 3 fo] pucoovres yap aAAnAOUS mMddae Kal Ou’ Gpyts éyovtes év pev dbuclv dvactpodais ov Kxateidov, év &€ TH Tpitn YyvwpicavTes EvOIS HravvOD, omacdpevor TA éeyxetpiova Kal Boorvtes. TaV O , S intov é€& évavrias Bia cuptecovTwy woTep , Tpinpwv, TAS Hvias adévTes AAAHNAwY érredpd- Eavto Tais Yepol, Ta TE KPdvNn TEptoTr@VTES Kal mepippnyvuvtTes ex TaV éTwpidwy Tors Owpaxas. mpos S€ TOY oTTapaypoy UrexdpapovTwoyv apa TOV immwyv, amoppvévtes eis yhv Kal mTepiTecovTes adAAnXoS ev ANaBais Hoav Kal Svewdratov. eta o pév Eipévns trod Neorrodéyou mpoc~aviorapévov \ > 4 e , > \ > > N 4 THY tyviay vTéKxoev autos eis OpOov dOdcas KatacThvat, o dé Neorrorepos eis Oatepov éperoa- J pevos yovu, Odrepov S€ memnpwpévos, nuvveto Heéev evpootas KaTwber, ob Oavacipous Sé TAN Yas e lA \ \ N 4 ” Uropépwv, mANyels b€ Tapa TOV TPaXNAOD ETTECE \ / a > / > b \ Kal qwapetOn. tod dé Evpévous de opynv xal picos tadatov Tad Te SirAa TEpLoT@VTOS avTOU 98 EUMENES quickly shattered, and the fighting was done with the swords. Here Craterus did not disgrace Alexander, but slew many foes, and frequently routed the opposing arrays. At last, however, he was wounded by a Thracian who attacked him from the side, and fell from his horse. As he lay prostrate there all his enemies rode past him, not knowing who he was, except Gorgias, one of the officers of Eumenes; he recognized him, dismounted from his horse, and stood guard over his body, for he was now in an evil plight and struggling with death. In the meantime Neopto- lemus also was engaged with Eumenes. They had long hated one another with a deadly hatred, but in two onsets neither had caught sight of the other ; in the third, however, they recognized each other, and at once drew their swords and with loud cries rode to the attack. Their horses dashed together with the violence of colliding triremes, and dropping the reins they clutched one another with their hands, each trying to tear off the other’s helmet and strip the breastplate from his ‘shoulders. While they were struggling, their horses ran from under them and they fell to the ground, where they closed with one another and wrestled for the mastery. Then Eumenes, as Neoptolemus sought to rise first, gave him an undercut in the ham, and himself got to his feet before his adversary did; but Neoptolemus, support- ing himself on one knee, and wounded in the other, defended himself vigorously from underneath. He could not, however, inflict fatal wounds, but was himself wounded in the neck, fell to the ground, and lay there prostrate. His sword, however, he still retained, and while Eumenes, transported with rage and ancient hatred, was stripping off his armour and 99 H 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal KaK@s Aéyovtos, ett TO Eihos Eywv Edabev uTO Tov Owpaka Tpwoas, 7 Tapéavce Tov BovBavos amoBas. 7 S€ TANY) parrov edoBycev h Brave tov Etpévn, dv dobéverav apyvdpa ryevoeévn. Lavrevoas bé Tov vexpow elye pev YareTras Ud TpavpaTwoy pnpovs Kal Bpayiovas Siaxexop- ‘ Cd \ 93 \ > \ \ ivf 207 pévos, Guws 56 avaBArAnbeis ert tov immov édiwoxe mpos Odrepov Képas, ws ett cuvertoTwV Tov ld ‘ \ \ “A A ToAEuiov. muOopevos Se THv Kpatepod TteXeuvTHv kal mpoceAdoas, ws eldev éwrrvéovta Kai cuviéevta, KataBas ameddaxpuce Kal thy deEvav évéBare, Kal TONAG pev eroLdopynae Tov NeowTorepov, TOAAA 5é éxelvov pév @KTicaTo TIS TUYNS, aUTOV Oé THS avaykns, 8: hv avdpt dire cal curvnfer tadra TEeLTopuEvos 7 Opdawy suvnvéxOn. VIII. Tavrnv rnv paynv Edpévns népars Séxa aoyedov TL meTa THY MpoTépay evixnoe Kal d0kn pev p0n péyas am’ avtis, os Ta pev codia, TA dé dvdpeia Katepyacpévos, POovov dé mroduv éxxe a e aA lA a / Kal picos oars apd TE TOs TUUpaxols Kal “A / e 4 > A N / 4 TOUS TOAELLOLS, WS ETNANUS avnp Kat EEevos OTOL kal yepot Tov Maxedovwy Tov mpatov avroy Kai Soximw@ratov avnpnkws. aAr e pev €fOn Tlep- Sixcas muOopevos tHY Kpatepod tereutnv, ovK dy adAos érpwtevoe Maxeddvwrv: vuvi dé avnpn- vA , \ 4 > 3 UA Py \ pévou Ilepdixxov Kata ordow év Aiyirt@ dvatv NMEpALs TMpoTEpov Kev OvTOS O TrEepl THS payns 100 EUMENES reviling him, Neoptolemus surpiiéed him with a wound under the breastplate, where it,24ches the groin. But the blow gave Eumenes more i than harm, since lack of strength made it feeble.’ . After stripping the dead body, weak as he was from wounds received in legs and arms, Eumeries never- theless had himself put upon his horse and hastened to the other wing, supposing that the enemy were still resisting. But when he learned of the tafe. of Craterus and had ridden up to where he lay, and’ saw that he was still alive and conscious, he dismounted, a wept bitterly, clasped his hand, and had many words - of abuse for Neoptolemus, and many words of pity -.. for Craterus in his evil fortune, and for himself in — the necessity which had brought him into a conflict with a friend and comrade, where he must do or suffer this harm.! VIII. This battle was won by Eumenes about ten days after the former.” It lifted his reputation high, and he was thought to have accomplished his task alike with wisdom and bravery ; but it got him much envy and hatred as well among his allies as among his enemies. They felt that he, an alien and a stranger, had used the arms and might of the Macedonians for slaying the foremost and most approved of them. Now, if Perdiccas could have learned in time of the death of Craterus, no one else would have had chief place among Macedonians ; but as it was, he was slain in a mutiny of his soldiers in Egypt? two days before this report of the battle 1 According to Nepos (Himenes, iv. 4), Eumenes gave Craterus worthy funeral rites, and sent his remains to his wife and children in Macedonia. 2 Cf. chapter v, 3. 3 See the note on chapter vi. 3. Io! € bb o a 4 ce PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aoyos eis TO oxpiirimedor, Kab ™ pos opyny evO vs ot Maxedoves Odvurov TOU Evpevous KaTéyvooay. daredeix On ae TOO TroNéu“ou TOU mpos avrov ’Avti- yovos peta’: ‘Aeron dz pov oTpaTnyos. "Erret $é-Kdpevns TOUS Bacrricois immodpopBiors mept TV "Tdnv vewopevors EMLTUY@V Kal AaBov irmous towv éypnte Tots emipedntais THY ypapiy erreyithe, NéyeTas yerdoae TOV “Avtimart pov wal direiv OTL Javpdter Tov Evpéevn THS TT povoias, enigovta AOryov avrois am obec ew TOY Bacirt- kav 4 Aneo Gat Tap aurav. Trepl dé Tas Ddpdecs -,€Bovrero pev immoxpaTov O Edperns tois Av6éots evayovicacbat mediow, aua Kal TH Krcomdtpg THY Suvapuy érdetEar prrorepoupevos: aurijs be éxelvns Sen Beions (epoBeiro yap aitiay twa AaBeiv v v6 TOY TreEpt TOV ’Avtimatpov) é€nXNacev els THY ave Ppvyiav Kal Stexeipater € ev KeXawvais: Orrou TOV pev mept Tov "AAKeTay xat TlovXéuwva Kab Aoxtpov vrép nyepovias Siaprdortpmoupevov 7 pos avtov, “ Toiro Vy ébn, “0 heyopevor, ‘"OnEO pou & ovdeis oyos.’ ” tots dé oTpaTLaOTals UTOTXOMEVOS ev Tpioly Tue pas Tov peabov a amro- dace émimpac kev avTois Tas Kara THY yYoOpav émavners Kal _ TETpaTTUpyias oopdrov Kat Boonn- pao yepovoas. o 8€ mptapevos TYE weOY Tay- patos h Eevaryos 6 épyava cat pnxavas Tov Evpévous TapeXovTos eEerroAopKer Kai wWpos TOV apetdo- pevov pradov ot OT PATLOTAL SevewovTo TOV adtcKkopéevwoy Exactov. éx 6) TovTov mdr oO Evpévns nyarato: cat wote ypaupdatov évy TO otpatoTrééw gavévtwy & Siéppiay ot TOV TrONeE- JO? 588 EUMENES came to his camp, and his Macedonians, in a rage, at once condemned Eumenes to death. Moreover, Antigonus was appointed to conduct the war against him, in conjunction with Antipater. When Eumenes fell in with the royal herds of horse that were pasturing about Mount Ida, he took as many horses as he wanted and sent a written statement of the number to the overseers. At this, we are told, Antipater laughed and said that he admired Eumenes for his forethought, since he evidently expected to give an account of the royal properties to them, or to receive one from them. Because he was superior in cavalry, Eumenes wished to give battle in the plains of Lydia about Sardis, and at the same time he was ambitious to make a display of his forces before Cleopatra!; but at the request of that princess, who was afraid to give Antipater any cause for complaint, he marched away into upper Phrygia and wintered at Celaenae. Here Alcetas, Polemon, and Docimus strove emulously with him for the chief command, whereupon he said: “This bears out the saying, ‘Of perdition no account is made.’”» Moreover, having promised to give his soldiers their pay within three days, he sold them the homesteads and castles about the country, which were full of slaves and flocks. Then every captain in the phalanx or commander of mercenaries who had bought a place was supplied by Eumenes with implements and engines of war and took it by siege ; and thus every soldier received the pay that was due him, in a distribution of the captured properties. In consequence of this, Eumenes was again in high favour; and once when letters were found in his camp which the leaders of the enemy 1 See the note on chapter ii}. 5. 103 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pov WYEHOVES, « ExaTov TdXavTa Kal TLLas OLdovTES Tp KTELVAVTL TOV Evpevn, apodpa mapotvvOnoar au Maxkeédoves, Kal Sopa. movobvrae VuALOUS TOV NYE LOVLK OV Tept avTov det Sopupopotvras elvat Kab purarrew év mepiodep Kal Tapavunrepevely. ot be émetBovto, Kal TLS nyaT av jap avTov AapBavovres as ot iro Tapa TOV Baciréwv. éEnv yap Evpéves cal Kavatas aroupyets Kal XAapvdas Stavéueww, ATs HY Swpead BacirKwTaTn Tapa Maxeédoor. IX. To peév ody evTuxelV Kal TOUS pucer puxpovs cuvemixoupiler Tots ppovnpacty, date paiver bai Te peyeOos mepl avtovs Kal OryKov ex Tpayparov UmepexovTov amoPeopevous: 0 b€ arnOas peyaroppav Kat BéBatos év Tots oddApact wadXov Kal Tais duvonpeplass avadepav ylveTat xaTddnros, aomep Eodpévns. ampatov pev yap é ép ‘Opxuviors THS Karmasdoxias HTT Oels UT 0 "ApTeyovov da Tpodoaias Kat SiwKopevos ov Taphre TOV mpodorny ex THS puyns SvaTreceiv pos TOUS TOAEULOUS, ana curAdNaBov € expéuace. hevryov S€ Thv évavtiav odov Tots SiwKovar pere- Bare AaHav, Kat maparhdtas, ws NAGev emt Tov TOTOV ov THY paynV cuveBn yevec Bau, kaTe- oTpatoTrésevae, Kal cuvayayeov TOUS VEKPOUS Kal TOV év KUKX@ KOO {LOY Ta Jupwpata KaTaoxioas exavoev isi pev Tyyewovas, idta dé TOUS Todos, kal todvdvpta Yoras dninrbev, ote nal Tov 1 Karly in 320 bc. 2 Antigonus had corrupted Apollonides, commander of a division of cavalry under Eumenes, and he went over to the 104 EUMENES had caused to be scattered there, wherein they offered a hundred talents and honours to any one who should kill Eumenes, his Macedonians were highly incensed and made a decree that a thousand of the leading soldiers should serve him continually as a body-guard, watching over him when he went abroad and spending the night at his door. These carried out the decree, and were delighted to receive from Eumenes such honours as kings bestow upon their friends. For he was empowered to distribute purple caps and military cloaks, and this was a special gift of royalty among Macedonians. IX. Now, prosperity lifts even men of inferior natures to higher thoughts, so that they appear to be invested with a certain greatness and majesty as they look down from their lofty state; but the truly magnanimous and constant soul reveals itself rather in its behaviour under disasters and misfortunes. And so it was with Eumenes. For, to begin with, he was defeated by Antigonus! at Orcynii in Cappadocia through treachery,? and yet, though in flight, he did not suffer the traitor to make his escape out of the rout to the enemy, but seized and hanged him. Then, taking the opposite route in his flight to that of his pursuers, he changed his course before they knew it, and, passing along by them, came to the place where the battle had been fought. Here he encamped, collected the bodies of the dead, and burned them on pyres made from the doors of the neighbouring villages, which he had split into billets. He burned the bodies of the officers on one pyre, those of the common soldiers on another, heaped great mounds of earth over the ashes, and enemy in the midst of the battle, with his division. Cf. Diodorus, xviij. 40, 5-8, | 105 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aytiyovoy taTtepov éreNOovta Oavpatev To Odp- oS avTov Kal THY evo Tabetav. “Erect Tas amoaKevais tov ’Avtiyovou ‘Tept- Téecwv, Kal ra Beiv pasios Suvdpevos ToAdG pev érevOepa oopara, TONNHY 5é Oeparretav Kal TAOUTOV EK Toke nov TocovTwY Kal Aenhacvav nO pots pevor, eee en caraTrAnabevtes aperetas Kal Lad vpav ot ou avT@ Bapeis yéveovTae 7 pos THY puyny, Ka paaxedrepor Tas mhavas v7r0- pévety Kal Tov Xpovov, éy @ padicra Tov jokewou Tas édrribas elyen, WS amoo Tpeyroy tov *Ayti- yovov. eel Sé dvtixpus yaderrov Hp arrotpeTety Maxedovas ypnuatov év efucTg TapovTov, € éxé- Nevo Jepanedoavtas autovs Kal Tols: larmous xedov éuBarovras obTw Babiferv é emt TOUS TONE- pious. autos Oe TE MTEL Kpua mpos Tov él THS drrogKevis TOV Tohepiov Mevavépov, @S KndSopevos avTod pitrou yeyovotos Kal cuvndous, purafacbar TrApaway Kal avaxwpijcat THY TAaXLoT HY ex TOY emdpopay Kal TATELVOD T pos THY eyyus UT@peLay abim Tov ovcav Kat KUKNO- TELS OUK éxoucay. Tou Oé Mevdydpov TAXU cup ppovnc avros TOV xivduvov Kal dvacKkevacapéevou, KATAGKOTOUS Emre wTrev O Kopevns pavepars, Kal Tapnyyetre Tots OT PATLOT ALS omAifecOar Kat Tous itdrous _eyXadwoty as mpoaakwv Tols Tohepiors. TOV de KATACKOTTOY anayyedavrav 6Tt mavTdanacty o Mévavdpos adntrtos ein Kata- mepevryas els TOTOUS Narerrovs, ayer bar Tpoc- TOLOUMEVOS o Evpévns ariyye THY oTpartedy. NévyeTae dé, Tou Mevdyopou Tatra papTupncavTos mpos Tov "Avtiyovov, kal trav Maxeddver érat- 106 589 EUMENES departed, so that even Antigonus, when he came up later, admired his boldness and constancy. Again, when he came upon the baggage of Antigonus, and could easily have captured many free- men, many slaves, and wealth amassed from so many wars and plunderings, he was afraid that his men, if loaded down with booty and spoils, would become too heavy for flight, and too luxurious to endure wander- ings and lapse of time. In lapse of time, however, he placed his chief hopes for ending the war, feeling that he could thus cause Antigonus to turn back. But since it was quite a difficult matter to deflect his Mace- donians from good things which were within their reach, he ordered them to refresh themselves and bait their horses before advancing upon the enemy. He himself, however, sent a secret message to Menander, who was in charge of the enemy’s baggage, implying that he was concerned for him as an old time friend and comrade, and advising him to be on his guard and withdraw as quickly as possible from his low-lying and accessible position to the foot-hills near by, which could not be reached by cavalry or surrounded. Menander speedily comprehended his peril and decamped, and then Eumenes openly sent out scouts and ordered his soldiers to arm themselves and bridle their horses, as he was going to lead them against the enemy. But when the scouts brought word that Menander was altogether safe from capture now that he had taken refuge in a difficult region, Eumenes pretended to be vexed, and led his forces away. And it is said that when Menander bore witness of these things to Antigonus, and the Macedonians began to praise Eumenes and felt more 107 PLUTARCH’S LIVES vouvtwy tov Evpéevn cal giravOpwrrotepov dia- TO évtwv, tt Kal mraidas avtév avdparrodicacbat a “A 4 A Kal yuvaixas aioxivat trapov épeicato Kal Trapn- a b) / kev, “ANN éxetvos ye, ddvas tov ’Avtiyovor, ce > e “A > 4 50 A ’ > ] ovy ULoV, @ paxapiot, KnSopevos TaphKev, GAN ait@ hevyovte Sedias repiOcivar médas tocav- Tas.” X. Ex tovrov tAav@pevos o Evpévns cat vrrohevywy Eretae TOUS TONNOUS TOV TTPATLWTOV 9 A w , > A 4 9 li amenOeiv, etre KnSopevos avTav cite épérxecOat \ / 4 \ ce) 4 pn =Bovdropevos éXaTTOvas pév ToD payecOat, , A / v \ Treiovas 5€ Tov AavOavey GvTas. KaTaduyov a 4 dé eis Napa, ywpiov év peOopiw Aveaovias xal Kamrasdoxias, peta mevtaxociwy imméwv Kal , e A a “ dtakociwy omAttav, KavTedvbev adOis, Soot TaV , A dirwv edenOnoav adeOjvar Tod ywpiov THY yare- s lol / ToTnTa Kal THS Siaitns THY aVayKny ov hépovtTes, TavTas dotacdpevos Kal dtrodpovnbeis aré- Teuev. ows 6é éreNOwy o ’Avtiyovos eis NOYouS avtov éxdder po THs ToALOpKias, aTreKxpivaTo ToAXovs elvat Tovs “Avtiyovov didous kal peta , “~ "Avtiyovoy nyenovas, ay Sé avTos mpoTroAEpEl [47- 9 4 Séva AetrecOar peT avTov: ounpous dé méurrecv > / > , } \ , b) A , @ éxéXevoev, eb ypnter dia ANOywY avT@ yevecOar. a \ 9 , 4 e , n Tov O¢ AvTuyovou KENEVOVTOS WS KpELTTOVE NaNELD, “Oz Sé » 4 oc? a / , vdéva, eltev, “ éuavtTov KpeitTova vopilo, / a ® a / 4 39 ef be , expe av w tov Eihous Kuplos. oOpws oe TeEL- wavros tov ’Avtiyovou tov adeAgioody II ToXc- 108 EUMENES kindly towards him, because, when it was in his power to enslave their children and outrage their wives, he had spared them and let them go, Anti- gonus said: ‘‘ Nay, my good men, that fellow did not let them go out of regard for you, but because he was afraid to put such fetters on himself in his flight.” X. After this,as he wandered about and sought to elude his enemies, Eumenes persuaded most of his soldiers to leave him,! either out of regard for them, or because he was unwilling to trail after him a body of men too small to give battle, and too large to escape the enemy’s notice. Moreover, after he had taken refuge in Nora, a stronghold on the confines of Lycaonia and Cappadocia, with five hundred horsemen and two hundred men-at-arms, even there again, whatsoever friends asked to be dismissed because they could not endure the asperities of the place and the constraint in diet, all these he sent away, after bestowing upon them tokens of affection and kind- ness. And when Antigonus came up and invited him to a conference before the siege began, he replied that the friends of Antigonus and officers to succeed Antigonus in command were many, whereas those in whose behalf he was fighting had no one left to command them after him; and he bade Antigonus to send hostages if he wanted to have a conference with him. Moreover, when Antigonus demanded to be addressed by him as a superior, Eumenes replied: “I regard no man as my superior so long as I am master of my sword.” Neverthe- less, after Antigonus had sent his nephew Ptolemy 1 Many deserted to Antigonus, according to Diodorus (xviii, 41, 1). 109 PLUTARCH’S LIVES patov ets 70 Ywptov, @orep iEiwa ev 6 Evpevys, xaTeBn, Kal meptBarovres addjrous HowacavTo prricas kal OLKELWS, ATE 2) aGrAHAOLS KE pnpévor TONG kal suvnbets yeyovores. hoyov é yevo- pevov TONG Kat Tou Evpeévous ou”, vrép ao pa- elas pepvnpevou Kat Siarvcews, ara Kal Tas catparreias aEvovvTos avT@ BeBarotabat Kal Tas Sw peds amobiboc ban, Gatipa TOUS mapovTas eixe TO ppornua Kal THY evTOApLAY ayapévous. dua be TodNol TUVETPEXOV TOV Maxedover ieiv 6 dots éorl TOV _Evpevn mwoOouvtes* ov Yap érépou NOYos qv ToaovTOS év TO TTPATD pera THY TOU Kpa- TEpod TENET HD. Seiaas dé o “Av Tiryovos omép avrob, pH Tt waOn PRiatov, T™ p@Tov pep amnyopeve pe T poovevat Boav, Kal Tots ALBors éBarnre TOUS emrupepopevous, TEAS dé Tals Xepat Tov _Ebpevn meptBadov Kal Tov by Aov aTrepvKav tois Sopu- gopors ports eis TO ao panes aTOKATETTHCE. XI. Tovvredbev o pep TepiTerxioas Ta Napa Kal ppoupay KaTadiTro@v avelevéer Eopeévns be TONLOPKOUMEVOS eycpaTas, Tob Y@ pLov otrov Kat ddwp AaPPovoy cai aras Kal ddr pndev € EXOVTOS éd@6tp0v poe ovo pa IT pos TOV gitov, &x THY TapovT@y Gps Katea Kevate Tols TuvovcLY thapav THY Siartay, € év peper TE TaparapPavev TAaVTAas emt THY. avrou tpametav, Kal TO cvociTioy omirig Xap éxovon Kat prroppootyny epndvver. my 5é xal TO eldos 700s, OU TOAEMLKG Kal TETPLULBLEVD b0’ 6rrrAwv eoLKes, anna yhadupos Kal veo peTrys, Kal tjav TO oa a dinpOpwpévos ws uo TEXYNS axptBas Tots pédeot OavpactHy ovppetplav Exov- Ilo EUMENES into the fortress, as Eumenes had demanded, Eumenes went down to meet him, and they embraced one another with greetings of friendship and affection, since they had formerly been close associates and intimate companions. eltrev, ““@ Kaxtoto. Maxedovwy, tpoTatov ‘Avtt- b] 4 A y > e¢ A ¢e A yovos €ernaas av éotnce Kal” vp, oloy vues Kad avT@v aviotate TOV OTpAaTHYOV aiypdrwTov éxdsdovtes; ovx apa Sewov hv xpatodvras buds e 3 A \ \ ? U e > nttav é€oporoyercOasr Sia Tas AtTroaKEUS, WS eV ToiS XpHnpacw, ovK év Tois OTAOLS TOU KpaTetY OVTOS, GAAG Kab TOY HYyE“ova TéuTrETE AVTPOV THS ATOCKEUHS. €yYW Lev OVY ANTTNTOS AyOmal, VLKO@V TOUS TTOAEMLOUS, UTO TOV TULULAYwV ATOANUMEVOS” vpeis dé, mpos Atos otpatiov kal Dewy opxior, évrav0da pe Se avtav xteivate. mdavtTas KaKel 4 KTEWOomevos UméTEepov Epyov eiul. péurerar 5é 9 A a ovdev Avtiryovos: vexpod yap Eipévous Seitas nai bf io > \ 4 A a 9 / ov Cavros. eb b€ heidecbe THY YeL_paV, apKéceEt A > A ee f/f a “A \ 9 \ Tov éuav n ETEpa AVOEioa TpaEaL TO Epryov. eb OE bd , 4 , ¢e / a , ov mateveTe poe Eidos, UTroppivate tots Onpioss dedepévov. Kali tadta mpdkavtas byas adinut THs én’ éuol Sixns ws avdpas oowwtatovs Kal Sixaco- TATOUS TEPL TOY AUT@Y OTPaTNYOV yevopévous.” XVIII. Tatra tod Evpévous Néyovtos To pev A A Gro WAHGos ayGer KaTeiyeTo Kal KrNaVOMOS Hy, e \ ? 4 ” > 4 \ A ot 5€ apyupaomtides ayev éBowy Kat pn pdva- poovtt mpocéyew* ov yap elvat Sevov et Xeppo- / 4 yvncitns OdreOpos otpwkerar pvpiows yupvacas qonrénois Maxedovas, avr ef tav ’AdeEavdpou kat Pirimrmov otpatiwtav oi KpatiaTot ToTaiTa 132 EUMENES Silence was made, and standing on an eminence he stretched forth his hands, bound as they were, and said: “ What trophy, O ye basest of Macedonians, could Antigonus have so much desired to set up over your defeat, as this which ye yourselves are now erecting by delivering up your general as a prisoner? It is not a dreadful thing, then, that in the hour of your victory ye should acknowledge yourselves defeated for the sake of your baggage, implying that victory lies in your possessions and not in your arms, but ye must also send your leader as a ransom for that baggage. As for me, then, ye lead me away undefeated, a victor over my enemies, a victim of my fellow-soldiers; but as for you, by Zeus the god of armies and by the gods who hallow oaths, I bid you slay me here with your own hands. Even should I be slain yonder, it will be wholly your work. Nor will Antigonus find any fault; for he wants a dead and not a living Eumenes. And if ye would spare your own hands, one of mine, if released, will suffice to do the business. And if ‘ ye cannot trust me with a sword, cast me to the wild beasts, all bound as Iam. If ye do this, I will absolve you from your guilt towards me, holding that ye have shown yourselves most just and righteous in your dealings with your own general.” XVIII. As Eumenes said this, the rest of the throng was overwhelmed with sorrow, and some _ wept, but the Silver-shields shouted to lead him along and pay no attention to his babbling; for it was not so dreadful a thing, they said, that a pest from the Chersonesus should come to grief for having harassed Macedonians with infinite wars, as that the best of the soldiers of Philip and Alexander, 133 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KajLovTes ev ype oTEpovTat TOV emdOhov Kal Tpopny Tap ere pov Lap Bavovowy, at 5é yuvaiKes avuTav on TpiTny vuKTA Tots Tohepioes ouyKa- Gevdovo.v. dpa dé > iyo auTov émiTaXvvovTES. “Avtiryovos 5é deiaas Tov byAov (arredeipOn yap ovdels év T@ aTpatorTedy) déxa TOUS KpaTLaTEv- ovTas _edepavtas eerreprpe Kal Noyxopopous suxXvous Mydous Kal _Tlap@vatous 61axpovao- HEvOUS TO TAHOOs. eit’ auTos pep Seip OuX UTeé- pewve Tov Evpévn dia tHv 7 poryeryev nwevny prdiav Kat curndecay, muvOavopevov 5é Tov Tmaperrngo- TOY TO CHUA TAS huAd~ovoL, “OdTws,” etzer, “@s éXéhavta 7 ws A€ovtTa.” peta puxpov Oé cvpTradns ryevOMEVOS TOV te deap“av TOUS Bapeis éxéNevoev aheneiv kal maida mapadeacbar TOV cuvnbwr, 6 Sirws adeiypatto, ral TOV pidov eprne T@ Bovrdopév@ ouvdunpepever Kal cowiterv Ta emer pdeca. Bovrevopevos dé mrept avrob Trelovas nuepas ™ po eto Kal oyous Kal UmoaxErets, Nedpyouv te Tod Kpnros Kat Anuntpiou Tow viov prdoripoupeveoy TOV Evpevn caoaL, Tov O€ adddov O“ov TL TaVTwY évoTapévary Kal KeXEVOVTWY aVv- arpety. Aeyerat dé tov Evpévy Tob puddacovtos av- TOV ‘Ovopdpxou Tub écOar ti dnote AVTiyOvOS é Opov av6pa Kal TONE LLOV AaBov broxelptov OUTE aATOKTLYYVOL TAXEDS OuUTE EVYEVOS adinge: tou 6¢€ ‘Ovoudpxou mpos UBpw ELTTOVTOS as ov vov, AX él Tis paxns éder ‘Tpos Gavatov é eyeuv evPapaas, ne Nat pa tov Aia,” pavar tov Evyevn, ‘Kat TOTE elyov epod dé TOUS Els Xetpas édGov- Tas GAN ovdevl KpeitTove Tpoatuyav olba. Kal 134 EKUMENES after all their toils, should in their old age be robbed of their rewards and get their support from others, and that their wives should be spending the third night now in the arms of their enemies. At the same time they led him along at a quickened pace. But Antigonus, fearing their multitude (since no one had been left behind in the camp), sent out ten of his strongest elephants and a great number of Median and Parthian spearmen to drive away the throng. He himself could not endure to see Eumenes, by reason of their former intimate friend- ship, and when those who had received him asked how they should guard his person, he said: “ Just as ye would an elephant or a lion.’’ But after a little while he became compassionate and ordered the keepers to remove the prisoner's heavy fetters and admit one of his personal servants to anoint him, and permitted any one of his friends who wished to spend the day with him and bring him what he needed. Then he deliberated many days what to do with him, and considered various arguments and suggestions, Demetrius his son and Nearchus the Cretan being eager to save the life of Eumenes, while the rest, almost all of them, were insistent in urging that he be put to death. We are told, also, that Eumenes asked his keeper, Onomarchus, why in the world Antigonus, now that he had got a hated enemy in his hands, neither killed him speedily nor generously set him free; and when Onomarchus insolently told him it was not now, but on the field of battle, that he should have faced death boldly, “ Yea, by Zeus,’ said Eumenes, “then, too, I did so; ask the men who fought with me; I know that none I met was a 135 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov ‘Ovouapxor, “ Ovxodv én érrel vov, pdvat, ss TOV KpeiTTova eUpnKas, TL OvK avapevets TOV éKeivou Katpov;” XIX. Os 5 owv eboke TP ’Avtuyov tov Ev- bev?) KTeLvELY, éxéhevo ev avTov THY Tpodny ape- rely. Kal dvo pev neépas q Tpels aoLtTos oUT@ T poonyeTo Tpos THY TENCUTID. aipvidsov 8é ava- cuyiis ryevoxevns elo TEU AVTES av0 pwtrov aTro- apatrovaw autov. To S€ copa ois pirors mapadous 7) AvTiryovos emeT pewre Kavoat Kal Ta Neirava auvdevras els dpryupav vépiav Kop Cer’, amoboOnaopeva TH yuvaiki Kal Tots TALoLD. Obre dé amoBavovros Evpevous OUK éT arp Tul THY Ti@piay émolnoTato TOV TpooovT@y av- TOV aryewover Kal OTPATLWTH@V TO Satpoviov, are AUTOS "Avtiyovos mpoBarNropuevos ws aceBels rai Onpradders TOUS dpyupdomdas TrapéeowKe LBupriy T@ S:otxobyte THY "Apaxwotar, mavra, T poTrov ext pinpat Kal katapGeipas KEAEVTAS, OTWS padeis avtay eis Maxedoviav ameiot pydé oweras TH “EAAnviKny OdraTTaV. SEPTOPIOY KAI EYMENOYS SYTKPISIS I. Tadra éotw & mepl Kupévous Kal Septwpiou ponens afta Taperhn paper. év O€ Th cuyKpices KOLWOV Lev duo épors Umdpxet To Eévous Kal aAdobatovs xai puydéas évtas €Ovav te TavTo- 1 According to Nepos (Eumenes, xii. 4), Eumenes was 136 SERTORIUS AND EUMENES COMPARED better man.” ‘ Well, then,” said Onomarchus, ‘*since now thou hast found thy better, why canst thou not bide his time?” XIX. When, then, Antigonus had decided to kill Eumenes, he gave orders to deprive him of food. And so, after two or three days of fasting, the prisoner began to draw nigh his end. But camp was suddenly broken and a man was sent to dis- patch him.! His body, however, was delivered to his friends by Antigonus, who permitted them to burn it and collect the ashes and place them in a silver urn, that they might be returned to his wife and children. Eumenes thus slain, on no other man than Anti- gonus did Heaven devolve the punishment of the soldiers and commanders who betrayed him, but he himself, regarding the Silver-shields as impious and bestial men, put them into the service of Sibyrtius the governor of Arachosia, ordering him to wear them out and destroy them in every possible way, that not a man of them might ever return to Mace- donia or behold the Grecian sea. COMPARISON OF SERTORIUS AND EUMENES I. Sucn are the memorable things in the careers of Eumenes and Sertorius which have come down to us. And now, as we compare the men, we find this common to both, that although they were strangers, aliens, and exiles, they were continually strangled by his keepers, without the knowledge of Anti- gonus. 137 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Satay Kai oTpatevpdtwv payipwv Te Kal peyau- Nwv! Hyoupevous Statereiv, idcov dé Yeptwpio pev TO Tapa TavTMY TOV cuupayorv Sedouévny exe \ \N 3 ge \ > , > + \ \ a 51a TO akiwpa Thy apynv, Evpéver 5é TO ToNdN@Y fe) 4 Siadepopévwv epi THs NyEu“ovias Wpos avToOP Ex A \ a A \ Tov Tpakewy AapRavey TO Tpwreiov’ Kai TO pev y , , or nA §\ dpyec0at Bovropuevor Sixaiws eitrovto, T@ 5é ap- . \ yew pn Suvapevor mpos TO oupdépov UmNKOVOY. \ \ e \ >] 4 \ A ¢€ a Kat yap o pev “[Bynpwv cat Avottavav Powpaios, € \ / / a ? e \ o 6¢ Xeppovnoitns Maxedovor ipyev, @v ov per 4 ¢e / b 4 e \ , , éxtranar Pwpatous édovrevov, of dé TOTE TaVTAasS b] 4 b] A \ , \ > \ avOpwrovs édovrodvTo. Kal Septwpios pev ato ‘BovrAns nal otpatnyias Oavpafopevos, Evpévns 9 Sé dua THVY ypaypateiav Katadppovovpmevos &p A , Hyepoviay mpondOev. ov povoy Toivuy érdTTOGL \ \ b) \ b] a ? \ \ , \ Mpos THY apyny adoppais, adrAa Kal pelCocet pos THv av&now éxpnoato Kwrvpaow Evpevns. Kat \ v yap avTixpus Tovs évicTapévous Kal Kpuda TOUS > / 9% 4 b] a ” emeBouXNevovtTas elye ToAXOUS, OVX WaTED TH e / “A \ > / , \ o \ eTéepw havepas péev ovdeis, AXaMpa Oé HaTeEpov Kal la la A ON yoL TOY oUpLpayYwy érravéotncav. 610 TO pmev , “a n / HY TWEPAS TOD KLVOUVEVELY TO VLKAY TOUS TrOAELLOUS, T@ O€ €x TOD WiKav Oo KivduVvos UT TOY POovovYTAD. IT. Ta peév ody xata thv otpatnyiay épapirra Kat TApaAANAa® TW 5€ GAAW THOT PiAoTFOAELOS pev o Kvpeévns cai gidovetxos, yovyias b€ Kal ‘ > al e 4 e \ 4 ? TPAOTHTUS oLKELOS O LEpTwpLOS. Oo peV yap, dopa- 1 neyadwy with Bekker : peydAwy duvapewy. 138 SERTORIUS AND EUMENES COMPARED in command of all sorts of peoples and of armies that were large and warlike; but it was peculiar to Sertorius that he held a command which was given him by all his confederates because of his reputation, and to Eumenes that many contended with him for the leadership, and yet he took the highest place in consequence of his achievements. [urthermore, the one was followed by those who wished to be under a just command ; while the other was obeyed by those who were incapable of command and sought their own advantage. For the one, a Roman, com- manded Iberians and Lusitanians, who had long been in subjection to Rome; the other, a Chersonesian, commanded Macedonians, who at that time were holding the whole world in subjection. Besides, Sertorius rose to leadership when a career in senate and field had brought him admiration ; but Eumenes when his post as secretary had brought him con- tempt. Eumenes, therefore, not only had fewer advantages at the outset, but also greater hindrances as he advanced in his career. For there were many who directly opposed him and secretly plotted against him ; whereas Sertorius was openly opposed by no one, and secretly only in the latter part of his career, when a few of his confederates rose up against him. For this reason Sertorius could put an end to his peril by a victory over his enemies: while Eumenes, in consequence of his victories, was in peril at the hands of those who envied him. II. In their capacities as commanders, then, they were very much alike; but in their general dis- positions Eumenes was fond of war and fond of strife, while Sertorius was a lover of peace and tran- quillity. For the one, though it was in his power to 139 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ia \ \ fe) “A 3G 3 \ / AOS Kal weTAa Tihs Brody éEov extrod@v yevopeva a , TOS MpwTOLS, paYXowevos Kal Kivduvetwv SieTE- Nece, TO O€ OvOeYV Seopévw Tpayudtov bTrép aALTHS nw fel / \ a THS TOD cw@puaTos dodadeias Tpos OUK EeoVTAS > 4 ” La € / > 4 \ \ eipnvnv dye Hv 0 TroAeuos. Etpéver pev yap "Avtiyovos éxotavt, TOV UTép TOU mpwrevey ayovev ndéws av eyphto Thy pet aUTOV aya- a 4 > , de e \ II fu Oe TovtTe tTakiv, Veptwpio dé ot wept Ulopumrniov ovde Chv ampayyoves émétpetrov. 610 TO peév ExovTi cuvéBatve trodeyely er’ apxh, TO 5é axovoiws a / dpxew Sia To TorepeicOat. gedoTrorEepos pev nw \ / A owv 0 THS aodadrcias THY TrEOveFLaY TpoTiMaV, Q \ e a / , \ b / TOAELLKOS OE O TO TOAEUM KTWpEVOS THY acda- NElav. \ \ a : , la! \ 9 Kail pny Oaveiv ye cuveBn TO pev ov mpoataBo- / a \ \ / \ pévm, TH Se Kal mpoadexopév@m THY TEAEUTHY, OV / TO pev emvetKeias, hirous yap edoKEL Tea TEVELY, TO / a 5é aaOeveias, Bovdopevos yap huyeiy cuvernpOn. Kal TOU pév ov KaTHaoxXuVve TOV Biov o OdvaTos, TATXOVTOS VITO TOV cULpaYoV & TOV TOM pPLOY Pp] N bd N P] / ¢€ \ UA \ N avtov ovdels émoincev: o 5é hevyety pev mpd atyparwaias pn Suvnbets, Cav S€ pet alyparo- “ \ ciav BovrAnOeis, ote épurdEato nadws THY TE- \ a NeuTnv OVO’ irrépervev, GANA TpocdLTAapaY Kal / A A A Seduevos TOU T@pmaTOS poVvoU KpaTtety SoxodYTA TOV TONEMLOY Kal THS Wruy7ys avTod KvpLov érroingen. 140 596 SERTORIUS AND EUMENES COMPARED live in safety and with honour if he kept out of the way of the leading Macedonians, was continually fighting them at the risk of his life; whereas the other, though he craved no participation in affairs, had to wage war for his very life against those who would not suffer him to be at peace. For if Eumenes had stood aside from the struggles for the primacy and been satisfied with the second place, Antigonus would gladly have given him that; whereas Ser- torius could not get permission from Pompey to live, even though in retirement. Therefore the one was ever waging war of his own accord for the sake of power; while the other held power against his wishes because war was waged upon him. Now, that man is fond of war who sets greed above safety ; but that man is warlike who by war wins safety. And further, the one met his death when he had no anticipation of it, the other when he was expect- ing the end. In the one case, death resulted from the man’s goodness of heart, since he appeared to trust his friends; in the other, from weakness, since he wished to fly, but was arrested. Moreover, death brought no stain upon the life of Sertorius, since he suffered at the hands of confederates what none of his enemies could inflict upon him ; Eumenes, how- ever, who was unable to fly before being taken prisoner, but was willing to live after being taken prisoner, neither took good precautions against death, nor faced it well, but by supplicating and entreating the foe who was known to have power over his body only, he made him lord and master of his spirit also. 141 PHOCION POKION I. Anpddns o 0 pijt@p icyvev pev év Tais “AOn- vais 54a TO ™ pos yap TodtTever Oar Maxedover Ka L “Avtemdtpov, TOANG dé ypagetv Kal Aéyeu ivaynatipevos Tapa TO akioma THS Todews Kal TO 700s, EXeye ouyyveapuns Aévos elvat TodLTEVO- HEvos Ta vavayia THs Toews. TouUTO 6€ € Kal 7@ PNTOpt Opacutepor elpyTas, Sofevev a av arn Ges elvat perevex ev emt THY Peoxiwvos TOMLTELAD. Anpdéns pév yap avros my vavarylov Tis Toews, oUTMS doenyas Bocas Kal TohsTevg aMeEVvOS OOTE Avtitrat pov eimety em avrov, yépovtos 5n ye- yovoros, ore caddmep tepetou Seamrem parypévov yAOooa Kal Kotha povov GATONELTETAL THY d€ Dwxiwvos a aperny, WoTEp avTayoviarh Ba el Kat Brain Karp@ ovdAaxovcay, au TUXGL THS EAAa- Sos dpavpay Kal drdaprh ™ pos dofav emoinaay. ov Yap Lopokhel ye Mpooextéov agGevi) trovovvTt Thy apeTnv év ols hyo } "AAN ov yap, avag, ovd Os av Braorn peéver vous Tos KaK@s mpdEacw, adr’ éFloratac: Toc oUToOv dé TH TUXN doréov avr iTaTTomery T pos TOUS ayabous avépas t loxvely, oop avti Tis akias TiLAS Kal yapttos éviots Ypoyous Trovypovs Kat 1 Antigone, 563 f. (od yap wor’, vat, KTA.). 144 =~T to PHOCION I. Demapes the orator, who was powerful at Athens because he conducted affairs so as to please Antipater and the Macedonians, and was forced to propose and favour many measures which were at variance with the dignity and character of the city, used to say that he was excusable because he was in command of a shipwrecked state. This may have been too hardy an utterance for the orator, but it would seem to be true when transferred to the- administration of Phocion. Demades, indeed, was himself but wreckage of the state, since his life and administration were so outrageous that Antipater said of him, when he was now grown old, that he was like a victim when the sacrifice was over—nothing left but tongue and guts. But the fame of Phocion’s virtue, which may be said to have found an an- tagonist in a grievous and violent time, the fortunes of Greece rendered obscure and dim. Surely we must not follow Sophocles in making virtue weak, as when he says :— “Indeed, O King, what reason nature may have given Abides not with the unfortunate, but goes astray”; yet thus much power must be granted to Fortune in her conflicts with good men: instead of the honour and gratitude which are their due, she brings base | 145 VOL, VIII. L PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ b] / \ / ’ / dtaBoras eripépoveav thy tiactiv dabevertépar TOLELY THS UpPETHS. II. Katroe Soxodow of Shor padXov eis TOUS b] \ > , o > A e ‘ ayadous éEuSpiley otav evtuyoow, bro mpa- yuaTov peydrwv Kal Suvduews eTarpopevor’ aupm- / ? / € Baiver 5€ Tovvavtiov. ai yap ouppopal mixpa \ \ »” \ / \ b] A \ pev Ta nOn Kat pLxpoduTra Kal aKpoodarh pos opyas motovat, SvaKxorov Sé THY aKony Kal Tpa- yelav, bo TayTos NOyou Kal pyyaTtos Tovovy EYovTos évoxAoupévny: o O€ émiTema@v Tots é€a- \ paptavouevors é€overdivery ta dvaoTvynuata 2 doxel, kal natadpoveiy 0 tappnotalopevos. Kal -cadatrep TO MéAL AUTEL TA TETPWLEVA Kal HAKW- péva pépn TOD cwpatos, oUTwWS TOAAAKIS OL arnOivot Kai vodv éyovtes Aoyor Sdxvovat Kai , a \ mapofvvovet Tovs KaK@S TpaTTOVTas, €ayv pN a e/ Tpoonvers Wat Kal GUVELKOVTES, DOTTED ApeNEl TO nou ‘‘ mevoetnes” 0 TrOLNTHS KEXANKEV, WS TO nooméevm THS uyis vmeixov Kal pn waxopevoy 3 pnd aytituTovv. Kal yap oupa preypaivoy iy 4 a a \ ? , > , nOtora ToIs oKLEPO’S Kal GrAapTréowW evdiaTpLBer Vpwopact, Ta 6€ avyny ExovTa Kal PWS aTTOCTPE- etal, kat ToS ev TUXAaLs aBoUANTOLS YyevouEevn } \ \ , ? 5 3 ? @ 4 ’ / yropodecs Kal tpudepov eote Os acleveray uve- yeoOat tappnoias, Ste padsoTa SeitaL, TAY Tpa- ’ ‘4 yuaTov avapopay apyaptnuatos ovK éxovTmv. 5:0 wavtTn opadepov 7 ToLavTN TroNTELa’ cUD- 146 PHOCION censure and calumny upon some, and so weakens the world’s confidence in their virtue. II. And yet it is commonly held that a people is more apt to wreak its insolence upon good men when it is prosperous, being then lifted up by grandeur and power; but the reverse is often the ease. For calamities make men’s dispositions bitter, irritable, and prone to wrath, so that no one can say anything to please or soften them, but they are an- noyed by every speech or word that has vigour. He who censures them for their transgressions is thought to abuse them for their misfortunes, and he who is outspoken with them, to despise them. And just as honey irritates wounded and ulcerated parts of the body, so often words of truth and soberness sting and exasperate those who are in an evil plight, unless uttered with kindness and complaisance ; and therefore, doubtless, the poet calls that which is pleasant “ menoeikes,” on the ground that it yields to that part of the soul which experiences pleasure, and does not fight with it or resist it.1 An eye that is inflamed dwells most gratefully on colours which are dark and lustreless, but shuns those which are radiaut and bright; and so a city that has fallen on desperate fortunes is made by its weakness too sensitive and delicate to endure frank speaking, and that at a time when it needs it most of all, since the situation allows no shifting of the blame for the mis- takes that have been made. Therefore the conduct of affairs in such a city is altogether dangerous; for 1 As often, Plutarch’s etymology is amiably wrong. Homer uses ‘‘ pevoesxés” as a stock epithet of good things in such abundance as to be apirit-suiting, or satisfying. 147 L 2 oy | PLUTARCH’S. LIVES aToAAVal yap TOV TpOS Kapiv AéyovTa Kal Tpo- amodAvat Tov un yapCopmevov. “Oomep obv Tov HArALov of paOnpatixol Aé€éyouct LTE THY AUTIY TO ovpave hepopuevov hopav pyre avTinpus évaytiav nal avtiBatixnv, addr\ja OED Kal tjapeyxexdipév@m Topelas oXnpaTe Ypwpevov iypav Kal evKayTrh Kal tepiediTTOuéevny edLKa mov, 7 owlerat twavTa Kal AapBaver THY apioTny Kpadowy, ovTws apa THS ToALTElas oO pev dpOtos ayav Kal mpos aravta tots Snpoctors ! avtiBaivwv Toves aTnuns Kal oxANpos, WaTeEp av Tadd émuchares Kal KaTavTes TO auvepEedno- pevov ols Guaptavovatw ot ToAAol Kal cuveTip- pétrov, 1) 6¢ avOuTretxovea Trevopevots Kai dtdovoa TO Tpos Yapw, Elta aTatToVaAa TO GUuépon érre- atacia Kal KuBépynots avOpworev ToAAa TPaws Kal Xpnoi“ws vTrovpyouvT@v, Ee wn Tavta Sde- OTOTLKOS Kal Biaiws AyouvTo, TwTHpLOS, Epywodns dé xal yareTTn Kal TO ceuvoY Eyovaa TH errverKel Svopixtov: éav 5é wyOH, TovTO éoTLY 4 TdvT@D pev pO nov, Tacay 6é apyoviay éupereotaty Kal fovaltKWTaTH Kpao.s, 7 Kal TOV KOcpOV Oo Oeds rNéyeras Stoixetiv, ob Bralopevos, dAAA TeOot Kai NOY@ Tapdyov Thy avayKny. III. Tadra 5€ cai Katou te véw ovvéByn. Kal yap ovros ov riWavov éoyev ovd€ Tpoadires dyAw TO HO0S, OVSE BVOncTEY ev TH TrodLTELQ TpOS 1 §yuociots Bekker has dfyors, after Coraés. 148 PHOCION she brings to ruin with herself the man who speaks but to win her favour, and she brings to ruin before herself the man who will not court her favour. Now, the sun, as mathematicians tell us, has neither the same moticn as the heavens, nor one that is directly opposite and contrary, but takes a slanting course with a slight inclination,’ and de- scribes a winding spiral of soft and gentle curves, thus preserving all things and giving them the best temperature. And so in the administration of a city, the course which is too straight, and opposed in all things to the popular desires, is harsh and cruel, just as, on the other hand, it is highly danger- ous to tolerate or yield perforce to the mistakes of the populace. But that wise guidance and govern- ment of men which yields to them in return for their obedience and grants them what will please them, and then demands from them in payment what will advantage the state,—and men will give docile and profitable service in many ways, provided they are not treated despotically and harshly all the time,—conduces to safety, although it is laborious and difficult and must have that mixture of austerity and reasonableness which is so hard to attain. But if the mixture be attained, that is the most con- cordant and musical blending of all rhythms and all harmonies; and this is the way, we are told, in which God regulates the universe, not using com- pulsion, but making persuasion and reason introduce that which must be. III. These principles found an illustration in Cato the Younger also. For his manners were not winning, nor pleasing to the populace, nor was he eminent in 1 «4.¢, to the plane of the ecliptic. 49 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yap adr’ o pév Kixépwv dyoiv avtov warep év tH Udadte@vos rrodteia Kai ovx ev TH Pwptrov TONTEVOLEVOY UTOT TAO UN THS UTaTtelas exec ety, éuot dé tavTo Soxei mrabeiv toils pn Kal’ wpav exhavelot Kaptrois. ws yap éxeivous Hdéws Opav- res Kai Oavyalovtes ov ypa@vtat, ottws 7 Kdto- vos apyatoTpoTria 1d YpdveEY TOAKMY ETruyevOMEVH Biots SvehOopooe nat tovnpois Gear So€av pev elye peyadnv nal Kré€os, ovK évnppoce S€ Tals xpetats Oud Bapos ral péyeBos THs apeTas aovp- petpov toils Kabectaat Katpois. Kal yap avTos ov KEexrALpevns pev HON THS TaTpidos, ®omwep o Powxkiwv, modu é yetwava Kal sdrov éxyovans, Soov iotiwy Kat Kkddwv éemiriaBécOar Kai Trapa- oTHvar Tois mAéov Suvapévots TroALTEVodpEVOS, oiaxay € Kai kuBepyncews atrwoDets, Suws péyav ayava TH TUXy TWeptéoTncev. eElrXe pey yap Kal xaTéBare Thv TodtTetay Ot’ AdAovsS, morALs Sé Kat Bpadéws Kal ypovm ToAA@ Kal Tapa puKpov EMovoav tepiyevécOa. Sa Katwva al thy Kdtovos apetnv’ 4 trapaBdAdopev thy Poxio- vos, OU KATA KoLVas OpmoLoTNTAsS, ws ayabaV Kat TOMTLK@Y avdpav' ExTL yap apéAEL Kai avdpeias Stadopa mpos avopeiav, as THs AdKtBiadov pos thy Erapewovdov, cai ppovycews mpos ppovn- rm nr ee — 1 Cicero, ud Att. ii. 1, 8, where, however, there is no allusion to Cato’s loss of the consulship. Dicit enim 150 743 PHOCION his public career for popularity. Indeed, Cicero says it was because he acted as if he lived in Plato’s commonwealth, and not among the dregs of Romulus, that he was defeated when he stood for the consul- ship;! but I think he fared just as fruits do which make their appearance out of season. For, as we look upon these with delight and admiration, but do not use them, so the old-fashioned character of Cato, which, after a long lapse of time, made its appearance among lives that were corrupted and customs that were debased, enjoyed great repute and fame, but was not suited to the needs of men because of the weight and grandeur of its virtue, which were out of all proportion to the immediate times. For his native city was not already prostrate, like that of Phocion, but struggling with great tempest and surge, and though he could only serve her by putting hand to sails and ropes and by supporting men of greater influence, but was repulsed from rudder- sweeps and pilotage, he nevertheless gave Fortune a hard contest. She did, indeed, seize and over- throw the commonwealth by means of other men, but with difficulty, slowly, after a long time, and when it had almost won the day through Cato and the virtue of Cato. And with this virtue we com- pare that of Phocion, though not for their general resemblances, but on the ground that both were good men and devoted to the state. For there is surely a difference between the bravery of one man and that of another, as, for instance, between that of Alcibiades and that of Epaminondas; between the wisdom of one man and that of another, as, tamquam in Platonis woArrefa, non tamquam in Romuli faece, sententiam. 151 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ou, @S THS Beproroxdréous mpos tHhv Aptoteisou, Kat Sixavocvvns 7 pos Sixavocvyny, as THS Nopé. ™ pos THY ’Aqnovdaov. ToUT@V O€ Tov avdpav ai aperal pexX pe TOV TehevTalov Kal aTopov dia- popav éva XapaxThpa Kal popdny Kal Npopa KOLVOV nOous ery KEK papevoy expépovown, @orep lo@ Het PD Hepiyuevou Mpos TO avaTnpov Tob grravOperov Kab T pos TO acpanes Tou av6peiov, Kal THs vmeép addov pev ndenovias, vIrép aAUT@V dé agoBias, . Kal pos per TO aiax pov evraPeias, 7 pos dé To dixatoy evTovias oUVNpLoG Wévns opvoiws: Hore Nem Tou mavu doyou Sei Oa xaba- ep opydvou mpos Staxptow Kkal avevpeciv TOY Siahepovter. IV. To pev ovv Kdtevos @LONOYNTAL yévos ex AapT pay Draper, as hex Ono eras Poxiova dé TEKMLALPOMAL Ln TAVTAT ALD eivar syévous ari pov Kat KATAMENTOKOTOS. él yap 7 Ys OS pyow "Td0- peveus, Soducorrotod TAT OS, ovK dv év T@ oye Pravaimros 6 O “Tarepetdou pupia oUvELhoY@s Kal ELONKOS Kat avTov KaTa THY Suaryevevav waph- Kev, ovd av odTws ehevBepiou Biov Kat owppovos mavdeias peTéaxev Bare THs T1Adtevos ¢ ere pmeupa- KLov @v, VaTepov 5€ THS Eevoxpatous Siar prijs, év ‘Axadnpetg peTacyelv, Kal TOV apiotwy é& apxXns émurmbevpdrav nharns ryeverOau. Doxi- wva yap oUTEe yeNaoavTa Tos ovTe KNavoayTa padiws ‘AOnvaioy elev, odd év Baraveto dnpoot- evovTt , Nova dpevon, WS toropnke Aoiprs, ovee ExTOS éxovta THY YElpa THS TmepiBorns, 6 Ore TUYOL mepuSeBAnuévos. émrel KaTa ye THY X@pav Kal 152 PHOCION between that of Themistocles and that of Aris- tides; between the justice of one man and that of another, as, between that of Numa and that of Agesilaiis. But the virtues of these men, even down to their ultimate and minute differences, show that their natures had one and the same stamp, shape, and general colour; they -were an equal blend, so to speak, of severity and kindness, of caution and bravery, of solicitude for others and fearlessness for themselves, of the careful avoidance of baseness and, in like degree, the eager pursuit of justice. Therefore we shall need a very subtle instrument of reasoning, as it were, for the discovery and determination of their differences. IV. That Cato’s lineage, then, was illustrious, is generally admitted, as will be said later; but Phocion’s, as I judge, was not altogether ignoble or lowly. For had he been the son of a pestle- maker, as Idomeneus says, then Glaucippus the son of Hypereides, in the speech wherein he collected -countless evil things to say against him, would not have omitted his mean birth; nor would Phocion have lived on so high a plane or enjoyed so sound an education as to have been a pupil of Plato when he was still a stripling, and later a pupil of Xenocrates, in the Academy, and to have cultivated the noblest behaviour from the very beginning. For hardly any Athenian ever saw Phocion in laughter or in tears, or making use of a public bath, as Duris tells us, or holding his hand outside his cloak,—when he wore a cloak. Since in the country, at least, and on his 153 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tas oTpatelas avuToontos ael Kal yupvos éBa- biter, eb pn oyos vmepBaddov ein kal ducKap- TEPNTOV, WATE Kal mailovras On TOUS oT paTevo- péevovs avpBordov peydrou TroveicOar yewpavos évdedupévov Paoxiwva. V. To &é ner T PoonVverTaTOs ay Kat dirav- Opwmoraros amo TOU Tpoawmov dua Eup Boros epaivero Kat oxvpwrds, | OTE UN padtws ay Twa jLovov évruxeiv auT@ TOV dovnbov. 610 Kal Xdpnti tote mpos Tas odpis avtod AeyouTs TOV "AOnvaiwy emuyehovTor, ae Ovdev,” elrren, “ arn Upas NehvrrnKer 7 op pus: o 6€ TovUTwY yews TOAAA KAavaaL THY modty TeTrolNKeD. ” Opmotws dé mas Tod Pooxiavos kal o NOyos HY eri xen- oTOUS eUTUX IMATE Kal Sravonpace TWTNPLOS, TPOoTAKTLKHY Twa Kal avotnpav Kal avSvvTov EXov Bpaxvroyiay. | @S yap o Znveov éreyev ott dei TOV pidoaopoy els vooy anoBanrovra 7 poge- pesdar Thy NéEW, oTwS O Poxiwvos ayos Trei- oToV ev édaxXiory refer voov elye. Kal mpos TOUTO Eounev ambav J Lp rLos TlovAvevetos elmeiy STL pHTwP ev dpiaros ein Anpoabevns, elmety d€ dewortatos O Pooxiov. as yap 4 Tov vopic WaTos afia TELOTHY €v OyK@ Bpaxvtatp Stvapmi é EXEL, ote Noryou devvorns edoxer TOA onpaivery am’ odiywov. Kal EVTOL Kai avrov WOTE TOV Dooxiovd pact TANpovpevou TOD Gea- Tpov TepiTrateiy vmro oKNUTY avToyv dvTa Tpos EaUT@O THY Stavoay' ELT OVTOS dé Tevos THY pirwv, ZKET TOME, Poxiov, corKas,” “Nal pa tov Aia,” davaz, “ TKETTOMAL el Te Suvapas Tov do- you agerciy by pédArAw A€yerv pds “AOnvatovs.” 154 744 PHOCION campaigns, he always walked without shoes or outer garment, unless the cold was excessive and hard to bear, so that presently his soldiers used to say in jest that it was a sign of severe winter when Phocion wore a cloak. V. Though his nature was most gentle and most kind, his countenance made him seem forbidding and sullen, so that hardly any one of those who were not on intimate terms cared to converse with him alone. Therefore, when Chares once made the Athenians laugh by speaking of Phocion’s frowning brows, “ No harm,’ said Phocion, “has come to you from this brow of mine; but these men’s laughter has cost the city many a tear.’’ And in like manner Phocion’s language, also, was salutary in its excellent inventions and happy conceits, although it had a brevity which was rather imperious, severe, and un- pleasant. For, as Zeno used to say that a philosopher should immerse his words in meaning before he utters them, so Phocion’s language had most mean- ing in fewest words. And this is probably what Polyeuctus the Sphettian had in mind when he said that Demosthenes was a most excellent orator, but Phocion a most powerful speaker. For, as a valuable coin has greatest worth in smallest bulk, so effective speech would seem to indicate much with few words. Indeed, it is said that once upon a time, when the theatre was filling up with people, Phocion himself was walking about behind the scenes lost in thought, and that when one of his friends remarked: “ You seem to be considering, Phocion,” he replied : “ Yes, indeed, I am considering whether I can shorten the speech which I am to deliver to the Athenians.”’ And 155 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé Anpoobevns TOV pev adAAwv Katedpovet TON pntope, avig Tapevou dé PDaxiwvos et@det eve aTpeua T POs TOUS pirovs, «“H TOD emev Aoyou Kors maperTiy.” Gdra TOUTO pep lows 7 pos To 9005 avototéov: émel Kal pha Kal veopa jLOvov avdpos ayabod pupiors évOvuunuact Kat TEPLoooLs av Tippotrov éxet TioTLD. VI. Néos be « ov XaBpia mpoa eter éauTov T@ oTpaTnyp Kal mapelmero, TOAAG per ets eprres- piay TOV TORE MLK OY apehovpevos, € €ote O€ ep ols érravopOovpevos THVY éKeivou puow dveparov ovaav Kal axpatov. vwlpos yap av o XaBpias Kal SuaKivntos arArXws év avtois Tois dry eo w apya kat duerrupovTo TH Oup@ Kat ouvekerim re Tous Opacutarous mrapaBorwrepor, Oa TEp apénet at KaTéoTpeve TOV Biov é éy Xiw TPATOS elo edd- cas TH Tpinper Kal _Bralopevos Tos THY am o- Baowv. aapanrns obv dua Kat dSpactnptos o Pwxiov parvopevos THY TE peXM OLD dvebeppatve TOU XaBpiou, Kat Wad. apnper THY aKALpov ofvTnTa TAS oppiis. o0ev EUpEVT)S ov 0 XaBpias Kat XPNTTOS, nyama Kal T poryev avrTov eml mpd- Eeus Kal yyepovias, yy @ptwov Tovey TOUS "Eddnot, Kal Ta TELTTNS abva aTouoys éxeivep XP@MEVOS. KaK THS wept Na€ov vaupayias évoma Kal dofay ov puxpay Dwxiwrt TepleTroinae Tov yap evvu- pou KEpwS am edwnev avT@ THY myepovian, Kad’ 0 Kal THY paxnv ofelay elyev O aryov Kal Kplotv évroinge Tayelav. mpwTny ody éxeivny vavpaxiav 1 Cf. the Demosthenes, x. d. 156 PHOCION Demosthenes, who held the other orators in great contempt, when Phocion rose to speak, was wont to say quietly to his friends: “ Here comes the pruning- knife of my speeches.” ! But perhaps this must be referred to Phocion’s character; since a word or a nod merely from a good man is of more convincing weight than any number of elaborate periods. VI. When he was a young man, Phocion attached himself to Chabrias the general as a close follower, profiting much thereby in military experience, and sometimes also rectifying that general’s tempera- ment, which was uneven and violent. For though Chabrias was sluggish and hard to move at othe: times, in actual battle his spirit was excited and all on fire, and he would rush on with the boldest at too great a hazard, just as, without doubt, he actually threw away his life at Chios? by being the first to drive his trireme to shore and trying to force a landing. So then Phocion, who showed himself at once safe and active, would put ardour into Chabrias when he delayed, and again would take away the unseasonable intensity of his efforts. Wherefore Chabrias, who was a good-natured and worthy man, made much of him and advanced him to enterprises and commands, making him known to the Greeks, and employing him in most affairs of moment. Especially in the sea-fight off Naxos® he conferred no little name and fame upon Phocion; for he gave him command of the left wing, and here the battle raged hotly and the issue was speedily decided. Accordingly, as this was the first sea-fight which the 2 In 357 B.c. Chios, Rhodes, and Byzantium had revolted from Athens. 8 In 376 B.c. The Athenians defeated the Lacedaemonian fleet and regained the mastery of the sea. 157 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TONS avTH OL aUTHS ayovoapevn THis” EAA noe peta THY Gdwow, Kal KaTaTVYOvGAa, Tov Te Xa- Bpiav vrepnyamrnoe kai ToD Pwxiwvos ws avdpos nYyEMoviKOD Aoyov Eaxev. evixwy O€ peydroLs pvoTnpioiss Kat Trapetyev oivoyonua Xapias "AOnvators xa’ Exacrov émavtov tH Extn emi déxa Tov Bondpopmtavos. VII. ’Ex tovtou Aéyetas mwéutrovtos avtov émi TAS VnoLwTiKas cuvTdeets TOU XaBpiov Kal vads elxoot StddvTos Eelreiy, EL MEV WS TOAELNOOY TEL- jwo.To, peifovos Sety dSuvdpews, eb 5€ @S Tpos TULUAYOUS, -apKely vaiy pilav’ Kal TEVTAVTA TH avtod tpinpe cai SuareyOévta tais modeot Kal ovyyEVvOpEVvoY TOIS ApYovaty eTLELKaS Kal AapEdas KATATAEVTAL META TOAXWY VEOV, aS aTéaTELAaY of oUmpayot Ta xXpHpwata Tos “AOnvaious Komt- fovcas. ov povov o€ Cavta tov XaPpiay Oepa- Tevmv OLETENEL KAL TLUL@V, GANG Kal TENEUTNTAVTOS aUuTOvU THY TpOTHKOVTWY Kars érrEepedeiTO, Kal Tov maida Krnowirov éBovreto wev avdpa trovety aya0ov, éumAnkrov Sé op@v Kal avaywyov duos ouK amettreyv émravopOovpevos Kal aTroKpUTTTMY TA alayn. wry arak NéyeTat, TapevoxrodvTos ev oTpaTela Til TOU veavioKoU Kal KOTTOVTOS avTOV épwtnuacw axaipos Kal cvpPovriass oloy érav- opJovpévov Kal mapactpatnyovrtos, elteiv “?1) XaBpia, XaBpia, peydrdnv yé cou yapev éxtive THs hidias bropévwv cov Tov viov.” 158 PHOCION Athenians had fought with the Greeks on their own account since the capture of their city,! and as it had succeeded, they made exceeding much of Chabrias, and came to look upon Phocion as a man fit for command, ‘They won the victory during the celebration of the great mysteries; and therefore Chabrias used to furnish the Athenians with wine for the festival every year on the sixteenth of the month Boédromion. VII. Afterwards, we are told, when Chabrias sent him to get their contributions from the islanders and offered him twenty ships, Phocion said that if he was sent to wage war, he needed a larger force, but if to confer with allies, one ship was enough; and after sailing out with his own trireme and discussing matters with the cities and dealing with the magis- trates considerately and in a straightforward manner, he returned with many ships, which the allies sent off with money for the Athenians. And not only while Chabrias was alive did Phocion continue to show him attention and honour, but also after his death he took good care of his relatives, and es- pecially of his son Ctesippus, whom he wished to make a good man; and although he saw that the youth was capricious and intractable, he nevertheless persisted in correcting and covering up his disgrace- tul conduct. Once, however, we are told, when the young man was troublesome to him on an expedi- tion, and plied him with unseasonable questions and advice, like one making corrections and sharing in the command, he cried: “O Chabrias, Chabrias, surely I make thee a large return for thy friendship in enduring thy son.” 1 At the close of the Peloponnesian war (404 B.c. ). 159 3 PLUTARCH’S ee ‘Opa be TOUS Ta KOLWa ™ pac cov: as TOTE » O'n- ee BOOTED amo KANpov TO o7 par nyLov Kat 0 Biya, Kat TOUS pep héyovras ev 7 byu@ Kai ypddovras pLovop, ov EvBovndos hv Kat "Apia topav kal Anpoobévns Kat AvKodpyos Kal ‘Trrepeidys, AvotreiOny &é Kat Mevecdea kat NewoOevny kai Xdpyra T@ otpatnyel Kal Tohepety avlovras éavTous, éBovreTo THY Tlepuxd€ous Kat A pio ret- Sou Kal Lorwvos ToAtreiav @oOTEP odGKANpOV Kal Sinppooperny € ev apdotv avaraeiv Kat amro- dovvar. Kal yap TOV avopay éxeivwv EXATTOS épaiveto KaTa TOV "Apytroyon,! "Apdortepor, Oeparrwv pev ’Evvadioto Oeoio, kai Movoéwv epatay dapov émiatapevos: Kal THY Oeov éwpa TONE LY Te Gua Kal TONLTE- Knv ovcav Kal T pocaryopevouerny. VIII. Otte be cuvTdéas éavrov émrohiTeveTo fev adel mpos eipnyny Kat nouxiay, eo TpaTHYNTE dé Treia ras ov pLovov TOY Kal EQUTOV, GANA Kal TOV ™ po QUuTOU TTpATHYIAS, ov TapayyéAAwY OvdE pETLor, Grn’ ovde pevyov ovoe arrobibpac Kav THs TONES Kahovons. om“oroyelTas yap StL WévTe Kal TecoapaKkovta otpatnyias ékaBev ovd’ arak apKatperiots TApaTUxX oY, GAN amrovta, peTamep- > Topevwv AvTOV del Kab NELpoTOvOULTwD, dare Oavyaley tovs ovK ev hpovovvtas Tov Ofjpov Ort, TrELTTA Tod Paxiwvos GVTLKPOVOYTOS AUTO Kal pndev el@OvTos TOTOTE pode mpatavTos mpos yapw, @oTrep aktovat Tovs Bactreis Tois KoNaEL 1 Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graeci, ii.4, p. 383 (eiul 8 @ym Oepdarwy . €pardy). 160 745 PHOCION He saw that the public men of his day had dis- tributed among themselves as if by lot the work of the general and the orator. Some of them merely spoke before the people and introduced measures,— men like Eubulus, Aristophon, Demosthenes, Ly- curgus, and Hypereides; while such men as Dio- peithes, Menestheus, Leosthenes, and Chabrias advanced themselves by holding the office of general and waging war. He therefore wished to resume and restore the public service rendered by Pericles, Aristides, and Solon, which was equally apportioned in both fields of action. For each of those men showed himself to be, in the words of Archilochus, “ As well a squire of Enyalius god of war, As versed in the lovely Muses’ gifts.” He also saw that the goddess Athena was a goddess of war as well as of statecraft, and was so addressed. VIII. Having taken this stand, his civil policies were always in favour of peace and quiet; and yet he held the office of general more frequently than any man, and I speak not only of the men of his own time, but also of those who came before him. He did not seek the office or canvass for it; nor, on the other hand, did he flee or run away when his city called him. It is generally admitted, indeed, that he held the office of general forty-five times, although he was not even once present at the election, but was always absent when the people summoned and chose him. Therefore men of little understanding are amazed at the conduct of the Athenian people. For Phocion opposed them more than anybody else, and never said or did anything to win their favour; and yet, just as kings are 161 VOL. VII. M PLUTARCH’S LIVES ~ : \ ” 2 xpjnocbat pera TO KaTa xELpos Vowp, éxpHTO ovTOS Tos wey Koprvorépots Kat trapots ev Trasdias pépet n \ N Snpaywyots, émi 5é Tas dpyas ael vndwv Kal aomovoatwy Tov avaTnpoTaToy Kal PpoviwrTatov éxadvet TOV TOMT@Y Kal povoy 4 padXov Tais n a / BovAnceciwv avtTod Kai oppais avtTiraccopevor. ~ \ \ ? a > 4 ve Vpnopov pev yap ex AcAhay dvayvwobévTos Ott, A bi > 4 ig 4 J \ TaV adXdov 'APnvaiwy opodpovovytwr, els avnp 4 a / évavtia dpovoin TH ode, TwapedOwv o Paxiwv ’ a > ff e > _\ A ¢ / aperely exeXevoEev, WS AUTOS WY Oo CnTOUMEVOS' ove yap avT@ pndev apéckey TOY TpaTTOMEeVvwn. érrel 5€ Néywr TroTé yuwpNnv mpos Tov Shpuov ev- Soxiper Kal TdvTas OMarws EWpa TOY AOYoV a7ro- Seyopévous, émeatpadels mpdos Tovs hirous eltrev: “ Ov bn mov Tt Kaxov A€éyou éwauTov AéANGa ;” IX. IIpos 8€ Ouciavy tia trav “AOnvaiwy ai- 4 b] J \ al w > v TOUVTWY ETLOOCELS, KAL TOV AAAwY ETLOLOOVTOY, KAnOels TodrAdKs pn: .“ Tovtous aiteite Tovs , J \ \ > , 5A b] 4 \ Trovatous éyw 5é aicyuvoimnv av, Et TOUT@ py amrod.bovs byiv émidoinv,” detEas Kaddcxdréa tov Savetatnv. ws & ovK émavovto Kexpayortes Kai a 4 ed > Cal aA cc? \ KkataRowvtes, Noyov elev avtots ToUTOV' “’Avnp Secdos emi moreuov éEner, POeyEapévwv Sé xopa- \ bd \ e 4 : ed ? \ Kkwv Ta Ora Geis novyalev’ cita avadaBov addis éEne, Kal POeyyopévwv wWarw bTréctn, Kal TéXos eltrev: ‘ “Tyeis xexpdkecOe pev péytotov ws 162 PHOCION supposed to listen to their flatterers after dinner has begun, so the Athenians made use of their more elegant and sprightly leaders by way of diversion, but when they wanted a commander they were always sober and serious, and called upon the severest and most sensible citizen, one who alone, or more than the rest, arrayed himself against their desires and impulses. Indeed, when an oracle from Delphi was read out in the assembly, declaring that when the rest of the Athenians were of like mind, one man had a mind at variance with the city, Phocion came forward and bade them seek no further, since he himself was the man in question ; for there was no one but he who disliked everything they did. And when, as he was once delivering an opinion to the people, he met with their approval, and saw that all alike accepted his argument, he turned to his friends and said: “Can it possibly be that I am making a bad argument without knowing it?” IX. The Athenians were once asking contribu- tions! for a public sacrifice, and the rest were con- tributing, but Phocion, after being many times asked to give, said: “ Ask from these rich men; for I should be ashamed to make a contribution to you before 1 have paid my debt to this man here,” pointing to Callicles the money-lender. And once when his audience would not cease shouting and crying him down, he told them this fable. “A coward was going forth to war, but when some ravens croaked, he laid down his arms and kept quiet ; then he picked them up and was going forth again, and when the ravens croaked once more, he stopped, and said at last: ‘You may croak with all 1 Cf, the Alcibiades, x. 1. 163 mM 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES U 9 a“ \ 5] 4 999 Ul 4 Suvaroy, é€wov O€é ov yevoedOe. Tar. é€ TrOTE A , a trav "AOnvaiwv éEayayety autov émi tovs TroXe- ‘\ pious KeXNEVOVTY, ws & ovK éBovrAETO, Setdov Kal wv > a, (<3 # e a 9 9 dvavdpov amoxadovvtav, “Ovte wpeis, elrrer, ss 28 Si f) a 6 t ” 2» \ ff 4 éue Ouvace Troincat Oapoanréov ote éyw Upas detdovs. ov pny GAN iopev GAAnAOUs.” ev Sé Kaipois émiopanréot tpayuvopévou tod Snpou mpos avTov apodpa Kal THs otpatnyias evOvvas dma.toovros, “ XwOeinte, elev, “@ paxaptot, TpO@TOV. E7TEL OE TTONELOUYTES eV HOaY TaTreLVol Kat tepioecis, yevoméevns Sé eipnvns eOpacuvoyto Kal KkateBowv Tod Dwxiwvos ws adnpnpévou THv vinnv autov, “ Evruyeite,” elmev, “ éxovtes \ PINE e aA ? \ 4 ? , oTparnyov eidoTa vas: eel madar dv aTwro- bf a n a nerte. Tois 5€ Botwrois ov Bovropévwv avTtav / a A duxalecOar epi THs Xwpas, AAA TrodEpeElD, 4 \ A auveBovreve bia THV Adywr, ev ols eiot KpEiTTOUS, py Sta THY StrrwD, év ols ciowv Arrous, wayecOar. Aéyovta Oé avrov ov Tpoctepévwy OvdSE UTopeEvor- ’ , ? sy ¢ fA \ , twy axovev, “ Eye,’ elev, ‘upets & pn Bov- Aopat Trovety Bidoacbar Svvacbe, rAéyew Se & py ef Tapa yvounv ovx avayKdcete.” tav Sé aVTLTONTEVOLEVWY avT@® pyTopwv Anpoabévous A > 4 “? a _s ’ aA pev evrrovtos, “’Amroxrevodoi ae AOnvaia, Pw- 4 A A 9 ed 66 \ bé A A ” Kiwov, dv pavoow, elie “dé dé, Av cwhpovace TIloAvevatov dé tov Xdyttiov opay év Kavpatt 4 a ? , a \ oupBovrevovta tots ‘AOnvaiots rodepety mmpos Pirurov, celta vm’ doOpatos ToANOD Kal idpo- Tos, ate 57 Kal Uméptayuy dvta, WoANaKIs erip- 144 46 PHOCION your might, but you shall not get a taste of me.’”’ And at another time, when the Athenians urged him to lead forth against the enemy, and called him an unmanly coward because he did not wish to do so, he said: ** Ye cannot make me bold, nor can I make you cowards. However, we know one another.” And again, in a time of peril, when the people were behaving very harshly towards him and demanding that he render up accounts of his generalship, “ My good friends,” said he, “ make sure of your safety first.” Again, when they had been humble and timorous during a war, but then, after peace had been made, were getting bold and denouncing Phocion on the ground that he had robbed them of the victory, “Ye are fortunate,” said he, “in having a general who knows you; since otherwise ye had long ago perished.” Once, too, when the people were unwilling to adjudicate with the Boeo- tians a question of territory, but wanted to go to war about it, he counselled them to fight with words, in which they were superior, and not with arms, in which they were inferior. Again, when he was speaking and they would not heed or even consent to hear him, he said: “Ye can force me to act against my wishes, but ye shall not compel me to speak against my judgement.” And when Demos- thenes, one of the orators in opposition to him, said to him, “The Athenians will kill thee, Phocion, should they go crazy,’ he replied: “ But they will kill thee, should they come to their senses.” Again, when he saw Polyeuctus the Sphettian, on a hot day, counselling the Athenians to go to war with Philip, and then, from much panting and sweating, since he was really very corpulent, frequently gulp- 165 PLUTARCH’S LIVES popowvra tov vdatos ““A€wov,” &dy, “ TrovT@ 4 e a , \ ‘ mic revoavtas vas YndicacBar Tov Todepor, Sv ti oleaOe trounce ev TO Owpant nal TH aoTrid, TOV TOAELLODV eyyUS OVTMV, OTE AEyOU POS Upas & éoxerrrat xivduvever mrviynvat;” tod 6¢ Auxovp- you tjoA\a BAadodnua mpos avtov elmovtos év éxkrnoia, Kal mpos aac Ott, Séxa TOV TOAL- tav éEartouvtos ‘AXeEdvdpov, cuveBovrevev éx- Sodvat, eime: “ TloAXNa eym cuuBeBovrevKa xara N la 7 6) b b) 4 ld ” Kai cupdépovta TovTols, GAN ov TreiMovTai pot. X."Hv 8€ tis “ApytBiadns émixadrovpevos Aaxouorns, me@yovd te Kaberpévos vrepdhuh , / wn 9 N , peyéeOet Kal TpiBwva hopav dei cat cxv0pwralov: a) b] “A 4 e , 9 tovtov év BovrAn OopuRovpevos 0 Pwxiwy érre- “ a / , bu \ 4 e KarelTo TH AOYO wdpTuY dua Kai BonBov. as dé . a \ a dvaoTas éxeivos & pos xYdpiv jv tots ‘AOnvaiors 4 e 4 > a a / oct auvveRovreverv, arapevos avtov Tav yeveiwv: ‘°O, "A 10 ” 9 66 , @ > 9 / ri pxeBiddn, elie, “tL ody oUK arrEKEtpu; ’"Aptotoyeitovos 5€ Tov auKopavTov TodEpLKOU pev dvtos év tais éxxAnotias Kal twapokvvovtos 9 \ \ , \ a ? \ a , émt tas mpakes tov Shpov, ev 5€ TO KaTadoyo 4 > \ / \ 4 mpoceNOovtos émi Baxtnpia Tw oKEedXn KaTade- Seuévov, ToppwHev avTov amd Tov Bnpatos towy e / > /f oc 4 \ ? 4 0 Dwxiwy avexpaye ‘‘Ipade cat Apiotoyeitova A , 99 @ 4 @ \ yodov Kal Tovnpov. aote Oavydlew Straws Kal omobey Tpayvs odTws avnp Kal oxvOpwros éxT1- ATO THY TOD KpnoTov Tpocnyopiav. 4 “Bore 5é, ola, yaretrov, od pay advvaror, 166 PHOCION ing down water, Phocion said: “It is meet that ye should be persuaded by this man to go to war; for what do ye think he would do under breastplate and shield, when the enemy were near, if, in making you a premeditated speech, he is in danger of choking to death?” At another time Lycurgus heaped much abuse upon him in the assembly, and above all be- cause, when Alexander demanded ten of the citizens of Athens,! Phocion counselled their surrender ; Phocion, however, merely said: “I have given this people much good and profitable counsel, but they will not listen to me.” X. There was a certain Archibiades, nicknamed Laconistes, because, in imitation of the Spartans, he let his beard grow to an extravagant size, always wore a short cloak, and had a scowl on his face. Phocion was once stormily interrupted in the coun- cil, and called upon this man for testimony and support in what he said. But when the man rose up and gave such counsel as was pleasing to the Athenians, Phocion seized him by the beard and said: “O Archibiades, why, then, didst thou not shave thyself?” Again, when Aristogeiton the public informer, who was always warlike in the as- semblies and tried to urge the people on to action, came to the place of muster leaning on a staff and with both legs bandaged, Phocion spied him from the tribunal when he was afar off, and cried out: “ Put down Aristogeiton, too, as lame and worth- less.” So that one might wonder how and why a man so harsh and stern got the surname of The Good. But though it is difficult, it is not impossible, I 1 Cf. chapter xvii. 2 f. 167 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ld 9 \ » \ > A eg e @omrep olvov, Kal avOpwrov Tov avToy ndvy dua \ > \ 4 4 lé kal avotnpop elvat: Kaatrep Erepo Wary, hawo- ” Ul A pevor yAvKeis, andéotatot Tois xpwpévors eiol \ , , ‘ e la kat BraRepwrator. Kattoe daciv ‘Trepetdnv a \ nA a Wore eiteiv mpos Tov Shpov, ““Avdpes *AOnvaior, A a a 4 ? “A [1] OKOTELTE LOVOY EL TLKPOS, GAN EL TPOiKG Elpt sf “A / la aA TLKpOS, WoTEp TH WrEoveELa povoy éTrayOeis Kal ANumNpovs GvTas, ovXl pmaAXOY, Boot pos DBpiv f a ? \ A / \ a“ cat POovov 4h opynv 7 piroverxiay twa ypavrat a lA Ud / \ / T@ Svvacbai, rovtovs SedtoTwy Kal mpoBarrope- A A / vov TOY TOMMY. PwxKiwy towvy ExOpa peév A aA “” 4 OVSEVA TOV TONTOAV KAKS ETroincev, OVOE EVvO- > 4 ? >@ 4 , A 3 4 putev éxOpov' add’ Soov de povoy TaV EenoTtapeé- a , vov ols émpartrev uTép THS Tatpidos KareEava- A 4 oTnvat tpaxvs ov Kal ducexBiactos Kal amapai- TNTOS, ELS TOY AAXOV Biov evpevn Tact Kal KoLVOV kat gdtravOpwrov éavToy mapeixev, WoTE Kal mraicact BonOeiv cat xuvduvevovot ovvetetate- a a] 4 aOat Trois Suaghopors. éeyxaXovvtwy dé Tav didwv OTL TOVNnP@ TLL KpLVOMeV@ GUvElTE, TOUS XPN- ‘ ” \ a , ? 4 atous edn un Seta Bar BonBeias. “Aptoroyeitovos 5é€ Tov cuxoddvrou peta THY KaTadiKkny Tréppay- 4 a , Tos Kal denBevros éNOeiv mpos avTOY, UTaKOvaas 3 , > \ 4 > > 7 \ A éBadifev cig To Seaopwryplov: ovK ewvTwy O€ TAV : 73 9 4 9 9 66 @ , “A A dirwv, “’Edaoate, elmev, “ @ paxdpioe tod yap ” 4 9 4 / ”? dv tts HOtov Apiotoyeitove cupBarou; XI. Kal pny of ye cvppayor Kat o1 vyowmras 4 tous "AOnvndev amoatodous éTépov pev ex7rdEov- A / 4 TOS OTpAaTHYOU TrOAEuioUs vouiCovTes EppayvuVTO 168 PHOCION think, for the same man, like the same wine, to be at once pleasant and austere; just as others, on the contrary, appear to be sweet, but are most un- pleasant to those who use them, and most injurious. And yet we are told that Hypereides once said to the people: “Do not ask, men of Athens, merely whether I am bitter, but whether I am paid for being bitter,” as if the multitude were led by their avarice to fear and attack those only who are troublesome and vexatious, and not rather all who use their power to gratify their insolence or envy or wrath or contentiousness. Phocion, then, wrought no injury to any one of his fellow citizens out of enmity, nor did he regard any one of them as his enemy ; but he was harsh, obstinate, and inexorable only so far as was necessary to struggle successfully against those who opposed his efforts in behalf of the country, and in other relations of life showed himself well-disposed to all, accessible, and humane, so that he even gave aid to his adversaries when they were in trouble or in danger of being brought to account. When his friends chided him for plead- ing the cause of some worthless man, he said that good men needed no aid. Again, when Aristogeiton the public informer, who was under condemnation, sent and asked him to come to him, he obeyed the summons and set out for the prison; and when his friends sought to prevent him, he said: ‘“ Let me go, my good men; for where could one take greater pleasure in meeting Aristogeiton ?”’ XI. And certainly the allies and the islanders re- garded envoys from Athens under the conduct of any other general as enemies, barricading their 169 aff PLUTARCH’S LIVES Teiyn Kal ALpévas aTrexwvyvaay Kal KareKoptCov aTo THS Ywpas eis TAs TONES BooKkhpata Kal avdparoda Kal yuvaixas Kal raiéas: et 8€ Daxiov Hyoito, Toppw vavoly idiars atavt@vtes éote- havwpévor nal Yaipovtes ws avTOvS KaTHYOD. XII. Tlapadvopévov Sé es tHv EvRorav tod Dirimrov Kal Siva éx Makedovias d:aBiBa- Covros Kal Tas ToAELs OiKEeLoupévou Ota TUpavYwr, TIAourdpyou Sé tod ‘Eperptéws xadodvtos Tovs "AOnvaious Kal Seouévou tyv vijcov ékeréoOae KatadapBavoyerny vo Tod Maxedovos, arecta- An TTpATHYOS Oo Poxiwy Eyov Sdvapuv ov TONAIY, ¢ “A 3 a e b OS TOY éxel TUaTHGOLEVOY ETOLLWS TPOS AUTO. evpwy 5é mpodotayv aravta pecta Kai vocodvTa cat Siopwpuvypéva Swpodoxiais ets xivduvoy peyav KatéoTn Kai tia AOhov yapadpa Babeia tavV mep) tas Tapivas émimédoy amoxpuTTopevov KataraBov ovveiyev év TOVT@ Kal TUVEKpaTEL TO paxiuweotaroy THs Suvdpews. tov 5é atdKTov Kal Addwv Kal Trovnpov SiadidpacKkovtwy ex Tov oTpatovédov Kal arroxwpovvTwy éxéXevcey ape- Ney TOUS Hyemovasy Kal yap évtadOa duaxpy- orous wire atakias écecBar nai BraBepovs Tots paxopuevots, KaKkel ToLavTa auveldotas avtois Hrtov avtov KataBoncecOat Kal pn wavy cuKo- pavTnoery. XIII. ‘Os 8 errnecav ot moréusot, KeXevoas év tots Sols atpeuety axpt Av abros ohayiaonta, Treio SétpeBe xpovov Svorepo@v 7 BovAopevos éyyuTépw Tovs oAveulous eéemaondcacbar. S10 mpa@tov pev 6 Ildovrapxos oldpevos azrodereay 170 747 PHOCION gates, obstructing their harbours, and bringing into their cities from the country their herds, slaves, women and children; but whenever Phocion was the leader, they went far out to meet him in their own ships, wearing garlands and rejoicing, and con- ducted him to their homes themselves. XII. When Philip was stealing into Euboea and bringing a force across from Macedonia and making the cities his own by means of tyrants, and when Plutarch the Eretrian called upon the Athenians and begged them to rescue the island from its occupation by the Macedonian, Phocion was sent out as general with a small force,' in the belief that the people of the island would rally readily to his aid. But he found the whole island full of traitors, disaffected, and honeycombed with bribery, and was therefore in a position of great peril. So he took possession of a crest of ground which was separated by a deep ravine from the plains about Tamynae, and on this assembled and held together the best fighting men of his force. To the disorderly and worthless triflers who ran away from the camp and made their way home he bade his officers give no heed, for in the camp their lack of discipline would make them use- less and harmful to the fighting men, while at home their accusing consciences would make them less liable to cry down their commander, and would keep them entirely from malicious accusations. _ XIII. When the enemy came up against him, he ordered his men to remain quietly under arms until he should have finished sacrificing, and then waited a considerable time, either because the omens were bad, or because he wished to draw the enemy nearer. Therefore, to begin with, Plutarch, who 1 In 350 B.c. 171 Ps 2 a4 PLUTARCH’'S LIVES Kal KQTOKVELY EXELvOV Spaye peta trav eévwv: érretta TOUTOY LOOVTES ot tamets OvK EkapTepnaay, GAN’ HAravvoy evVOUs eis TOUS TOAEpioUS aovYTA- KTOL Kal oTropddes €x TOD oTpaToTédou TpoahEpo- pevol. vorccopevery dé TeV TPOTOV AT AVTES éoKe- ddcOnoav Kal o TAovrapyos épuye: Kal TO Xapace m poo pi€avres Evol TOV TONE LLeOV €KKO- TEV em etp@VTO Kal Siacm av as amravTov Kekpa- THKOTES. ev TOUT@ S€ TOV Lep@Y yevopéevor, TOUS poev evOus éx TOU oTparom@édov mpooTecovTes ot “AOnvaior Tpémovat Kal cataBdaddovar Tous TELE TOUS mepl Tois epupact devyovtas, o 5é Poxiwv ty pev Parayya wpocétakev ed edpevery dvadapBdvoveay apa Kal mpoo EXOMEDNY TOUS év TH guyn ™ poTepov Siac mapevtas, avtos 6€ TOUS eTrUNEKTOUS EX ov éveBane Tous Tohepiors. Kat paxns KapTEpas yevopévns TrayTes pev éxOv- pos Hyovicayto kal apetdas, Odrros dé 0 Kuvéov Kat Praveos ) Tlorvpndous qept ayrov TeTarype- vot TOY oT parhyov jpiarevoay. ov pny GNA Kal Kreoparns aE tov meio TOU Tapéaxev éautov év éxelvy Hh paxn. TOUS yap immrets AVAKANOUPEVOS ex THS TpOTHS kat Bow cat Staxehevopevos Kw- duvevovtt TO oT pPATHY® BonGeiv, émroinaey ava- atpépavras émrupp@a at TO VIKNMA TOV OTTALTODV. "Ex tTovrou Tov TE TTAovrapyxov efeBanrev ex THs "Epetpias, kat Zapnrpa ppovptov eo eT b- KaLlpoTaron, 7 padiora cuvehavveTat TO TAATOS eis Bpayv Sudlopa THS vig ov ohuyyopuerns éxa- Tepwbev tais OaXdooais, doous éda Bev aly wanre- TOUS “EXAnvas adie, poBndeis TOUS pytopas TOV "AOnvaiov, jut) 1 POS opynv te Budowvrat Tov Sjpoyv ayvwpovijcat TEept avTous. 172 PHOCION thought that Phocion’s delay was due to cowardice, sallied forth with his mercenaries. Next, the horse- men, catching sight of Plutarch, could not restrain themselves, but rode at once into the enemy, hurry- ing out of the camp in a disorderly and scattered fashion. The foremost of them were conquered, and then all of them dispersed and Plutarch took to flight, while some of the enemy gained the ramparts and tried to cut them away and destroy them, sup- posing themselves to be entirely victorious. But at this point the sacrifices were completed, and the Athenians, bursting out of their camp, routed their assailants and slew most of them as they fled among the entrenchments. ‘Then Phocion ordered his phalanx to halt for the reception and support of the troops which had been scattered in the previous flight, while he himself with his picked men fell upon the main body of the enemy. A fierce battle ensued, in which all the Athenians fought with spirit and gallantry ; but Thallus the son of Cineas and Glaucus the son of Polymedes, whose post was at their general’s side, bore away the palm. However, Cleophanes also did most valuable service in that battle. For, by calling back the cavalry from their flight and exhorting them with loud cries to succour their general in his peril, he made them turn back and confirm the victory of the men-at-arms. After this, Phocion expelled Plutarch from Eretria, took possession of Zaretra, a fortress most advan- tagéously situated where the island is reduced to its narrowest width by the sea, which hems it in on both sides, and released all the Greeks whom he had taken prisoners. For he was afraid that the orators at Athens might drive the people, in some fit of anger, to treat them with cruelty. 173 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XIV. ’Evei 5€ tatdra Stampakdpevos ame- hd U \ \ > / e , Trevcev 0 Daoxiorv, rayv pév érroOnoay ot cup- payor THY XpnoToTnTa Kal Sixarocvvny auto, Tayv bé éyvwoav ot AOnvaio: thy éutretpiav Kal @¢s a~ 3% & c € \ > 9» a > Aa 2 \ popmnv tov avdpos. o yap pet exeivov éXOwv ETL \ 4 \ ef > 4 ed Ta mpdypata Modogads obTws érrodéunoey WaTE Kal Cov adros brroyeiptos yevésOas Tois TONELMLOLS. 3 A \ 4 a , A e ‘4 émrel O€ peydAa Tals éArrict Trepivow@y o PirsTrTos eis “EXAHowovTov HAGE pera Taans THS Suvapews, e , ? x» A \ t 4 \ a@s Xeppovyncoy év tavt@ Kai IlépwOov éEwv Kat Bulavriov, oppnpévorv Sé Tov’ AOnvaiwy Bonbeiv of pyTopes Hywvicavto Tov Xdpyta otpatyyov amoctannvat, Kal mwrevaas éxeivos ovdéev aEtov a / 4 2 Q\ e / 9Q/ Ths Suvdpews Empatrev, ovdé ai roves edéxoVTO .’ Ul > b ] e¢ A An 9 A TOV oTOAOV, AAN VTOTTOS WY Trac EeTAVATO xenpatilopevos amo TOV cuppaywY Kal KaTa- dpovovpevos vrd THY TrodEpiov, O bé SHpuos VITO TOV pnTopey TrapoEvvopmeEvos NyavaKTEL Kal METE- la A 4 / \ 4 > voet Tois Bufavriows wéuras tHv Bondecav, ava- aotas 0 Doxiwv elev Sti Set py Tois atictovow opylter Oar Tay ovppdywyv, GAA TOls aTLTTOU- pévots TOV oTpatnyav: ‘‘OdroL yap bas Trotovat gpoBepovs Kai tois yopis vudv calerBat py Suvapevots.” e A “A Kun bels obv 0 Sipos 76 Tod AOyou Kal peTa- Teawy éKéAcvey avTov exeivoy érépav mpocda- Bovra Sivamw Bonbeiv trois cuppdyots eis TOV ‘EAX 4 A ? € \ > , N nomovTov: 0 peyioTny pony émolinoe pos 174 748 PHOCION XIV. After these things had been accomplished, Phocion sailed back home, and then the allies speedily felt the absence of his probity and justice, and speedily did the Athenians recognize the ex- perience and vigour which had been shown by him. For his successor in command, Molossus, conducted the war in such a way as actually to fall alive into the hands of the enemy. And now Philip, cherish- ing great anticipations, went to the Hellespont with all his forces,! expecting to get the Chersonesus, and at the same time Perinthus and Byzantium, into his power. The Athenians were eager to give aid to their allies, but their orators strove successfully to have Chares sent out as commander, and he, after sailing thither, did nothing worthy of the force under his orders, nor would the cities even receive his armament into their harbours. On the contrary, he was held in suspicion by all of them, and wan- dered about exacting money from the allies and despised by the enemy, so that the people of Athens, instigated by their orators, were incensed at him, and repented of having sent aid to the Byzantians. Then Phocion rose in the assembly and declared that they must not be angry at their allies who showed distrust, but at their generals who were dis- trusted ; “ For these,” said he, “make you to be feared even by those who can be saved only by your help.” Accordingly, moved by his words, the people changed their minds again and ordered him to take another force and go himself to the help of their allies on the Hellespont ;2 a commission which con- tributed more than anything else to the salvation of 1 In 340 B.c. 2 In 339 B.c. 175 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 70 owOhvar 7o Bufavriov. fv pev yap 757 peydrn Soka tod Paxiwvos: eet b€ nai Aéwr,} avnp Bufavtiwy mpa@tos apetn xal Te Poxiovs yeyovas ev "Axadnueia ouvyOns, avedé—ato tHv miatty UTép avTOD TpOS THY TONAL, OVK elacaY é&w stpatotrededcat Bovropevor, adr’ avoiEavtes Tas muAas édéEavto Kal KatéwEay éavtois Tovs "AOnvaious, ov povov aveykAnTous Tais Svaitrats Kal aoppovas, GAXa Kal mpoOvpotatous éy Tots ay@ou Sia THY TiatL Yyevomévous. odTH péV oO @idirmos é&érrece tov ‘EXXnotortov ToTE Kal cateppovndn, Sox@v amayos Tis elvat Kal dvavTa- youotos, 60 6€ Daxiwv Kxai vads tivas elrev avrov Kal gdpovpovpévas Troves avérdaBe, Kat moAAayoh: Tis xYwpas atoBaces ToLlovpevos érop0e Kal Katétpexe, mEX pl OU Tpavpata AaBov vTo TaV TpoaBonOovvTwy améT eve. XV. Tav 6 Meyapéwv érixaroupévwr xpvda, doBovpevos 6 Paxiwy tovs Bowwtovs un mpoaia- Oopevor POdowot tHv BonBeav, éxxdnotay cuv7- yayev éwOev, Kal mpocayyeiAas Ta Tapa TwV Meryapéwy tois "AOnvaiors, ws éreyrndicarto, TH canmiyyt onunvas evOvs amo THs éxxdAnoias Wyyev avtovs ta Oda AaBovtas. SeEapévwr 5é tov Meyapéwv mpodvpws thv te Nicaray érei- yice, Kal Sta pécou oxédrAn Svo mpos TO érrivetov 1 xa Aéwy Sintenis’ correction of the MSS. KAéwy ; Bekker has Aéwy, the correction of Wachsmuth. 1 See the Nicias, xxii. 3. 176 PHOCION Byzantium. For already Phocion was held ih high repute there ; and when Leon? also, a man who was first among the Byzantians for virtue, and had been a familiar companion of Phocion in the Academy, went surety for him with the city, they would not suffer him to go into camp outside the city, as he wished, but threw open their gates and received the Athenians into close companionship with themselves. This mark of confidence caused the Athenians to be not only discreet and blameless in their general conduct, but also most spirited in the struggles for the city’s defence. In this way Philip was expelled from the Hellespont at this time and brought into contempt, although men had thought there was no fighting or contending with him at all; moreover, Phocion captured some of his ships and recovered cities which he had garrisoned. He also landed in many parts of Philip’s territory and plundered and overran it, until he was wounded by those who rallied to its defence, and sailed back home. XV. The people of Megara once made a secret appeal to Athens for help,? and Phocion, fearing that the Boeotians might get early knowledge of the appeal and anticipate Athens in sending help, called an assembly early in the morning and an- nounced to the Athenians the message received from Megara. Then, as soon as the requisite decree had been passed, he ordered the trumpeter to give the signal and led them, under arms, directly from the assembly. The Megarians received him eagerly, and he enclosed Nisaea ? with a wall, built two long walls 2 Against a faction in the city which would have delivered it into the power of Philip. The date of these events is un- certain (perhaps 344-343 B.C. ). 3 The sea-port of Megara, about a mile away. 177 VOL. VIII. N PLUTARCH’S LIVES J \ ~ be 4 \ A ~ , aro TOD dares eveBanre, Kal curvy we TH OaratTy ca A ~ , 3 , THV TONY, WATE TOV KATA YHV TONEMLLWY OALYOY , fol a 76n ppovrilovaay éEnptncOas Tav "APnvaiwr. wv A ‘6 XVI. “Hén 6é wpos Didurrrov éxtreToA\cuwpe- YOV TAVTATAGL, Kal OTPATHY@VY avTOD MN Trap- OvTos éETEpwv emt TOY TOAELOY NONLEVOV, WS KATE- TAEVTEY ATO TOV VHTwY, TepaTov pev ErreOe TOY A n A , Sjpov eipnuixas Exovtos tov Pirimov Kai go- , ‘ , A Bovpévov tov kivduvov iaxvpas déyecOar Tas 4 , a n Siadvoels’ Kai TLVOS aYTLKpovaaVTOS aUT@ TAY , a , etwPotwy xudwvbeicbar wept thy “Hdaiav cai “A N > , “Se de a @ ouvkodavtTeiv, Kat evTrovTos, v 0€ TOALGS, w A Doxiwv, atotpérayv *AOnvaiovs bn Ta Ora dua yetpav Exovtas;” “"Eywye,’ ele, “ kai TavTa OG ee 4 \ v 2 AN “A ? 4 be elO@s OTL TrONé“OU peV OVTOS eyw God, ELpHUNS Oé , A J A » 99 e é > 4 @ yevouerns ov éeuov ap—eas. ws 6 ovKk emreGer, 3 > e 4 bd] 4 rf e GXr o AnpooBévns éexpate: KeXevwWY ws TrOPpw- 4 A 3 A , , \. 3 , Tato TAS ArTiKns OécOar paxyny tovs AOnvatous, 66 70 A 33 bY 4 ‘cc \ A , @ A Tay, én, “pn Tov paywopela cKoTaper, a A GANA TAS ViKHTwWLEV. OUTW yap ~oTAaL paKpay A \ O TOAELOS, NTTwWpmévots 5é Wav aei detvoy éyyvs mTdpectt. yevouerns 5€ THS ATTns! Kal Tov JopvBoToav Kai vewtepitotav év adorer® Tov , fo] al Xapidnuov érxovtwv ért To Bjwa Kal oTparnyeiv A aftovvray, épokynOncav ot Bértictoe Kal thy éF b ) , U \ ¥ > A 4 4 Apetov mayou BovAny éyovtes ev T@ SHu@ Se0- 1 sis fr7rns Bekker, with CF®: frrns. 2 év &ore: Coraés and Bekker have ray év &ore, after Stephanus. 178 PHOCION down to the sea-port from Megara, and thus united the city with the sea, so that she need now pay little heed to enemies on land and could be in close connection with Athens by sea. XVI. Presently! the relations between Athens and Philip were altogether hostile, and, in Phocion’s absence, other generals were chosen to conduct the war. But when Phocion returned with his fleet from the islands, to begin with, he tried to persuade the people, since Philip was peaceably inclined and greatly feared the peril of war, to accept the terms of settlement which he offered. And when one of those who haunted the law-courts in the capacity of public informer opposed him, and said, “ Canst thou dare, O Phocion, to divert the Athenians from war when they are already under arms?” ‘I can,” said he, “and that, too, though I know that while there is. war thou wilt be under my orders, but when peace has been made I shall be under thine.’ When, however, he could not prevail, but Demosthenes carried the day and was urging the Athenians to join battle with Philip as far from Attica as possible, “ My good Sir,” said Phocion, “let us not ask where we can fight, but how we shall be victorious. For in that case the war will be at a long remove; but wherever men are defeated every terror is close at hand.’ But when the defeat came,? and the turbulent and revolutionary spirits in the city dragged Chari- demus to the tribunal and demanded that he be made general, the best citizens were filled with fear ; and with the aid of the council of the Areiopagus in the assembly, by dint of entreaties and tears, 1 In 340 B.c. 2 In 338 B.c., at Chaeroneia, where Philip defeated the allied Greeks and put an end to their independence. 179 N 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pevol Kat SaxpvovTes pmoAls Etretcay émiTpéyrat T@ Dwxiwve THY Tov. ‘O 86 tTHv peéev GAXnV Tod Dirdimmov wortetav cat diravOpwriav weto Seiv mpocdséxesOar: An- peddov 8é ypdwpavtos Strws 4 ToALS peTeXOL THS KOWAS ELpnYNnS KaL TOU avvedptov Tois “EAAnawy, ovuK ela TPO TOD Yyvavat Tiva PirdiTTos avTO yevéoBat Tapa Tay ‘EAAnvev akioce: kpatnOeis dé tH yvoun b1a Tov Katpov, ws evOus Ewpa Tors "AOnvaiovs petapeXopévous, Ott Kal Tpinpets Eder mapéyew TO Piditr@ xal inmeis, “ Tadta,” épn, “hoBovpevos nvavriovpny: érel 56 cuveé- Geade, det un Bapéws dépery unde advpeiy, peyvn- févous Ott Kal of Tpoyovor TroTé péy ApyovrTes, mote d€ apyopuevolt, Karas Sé audhotepa tadta TOLOUVTES KAL THY TOALY Eowaay Kal Tous “EX- Anvas.” Dirdiamouv Sé amoPavovtos evayyéNia Ovew tov Shwov ovK cla: Kal yap ayevves elvat emixaiperv, Kal THY év Xatpaveig mapatatawevny mpos avrovs Suvayiy évt ow@pate povoy éXdTTMw yevéo Oat. XVII. Anpoobévous S€é NotdopobvtTos Tov ’AXé- Eavdpov 76 tpocdyovta tais OnBars Edn: “ SyeTre, Tir7 eOérers epeOCéuev dyptov avdpa cat do&ns peyarns opeyopuevov; 7) BovNer trupKaias THALKAUTNS OvoNS eyyUs pitticat? THY Tod; 1 Sirloa: Bryan’s correction of the MSS. fipa: (to hurl), which Coraés and Bekker retain. 1 The congress of Greek states summoned by Philip to meet at Corinth. It voted for war against Persia under the leadership of Philip. 180 149 PHOCION they persuaded them at last to entrust the city to the guidance of Phocion. In general, Phocion thought that the policy and kindly overtures of Philip should be accepted by the Athenians ; but when Demades brought in a motion that the city should participate with the Greeks in the common peace and in the congress,! Phocion would not favour it before they found out what demands Philip was going to make upon the Greeks. His opinion did not prevail, owing to the crisis, and yet as soon as he saw that the Athenians were re- penting of their course, because they were required to furnish Philip with triremes and horsemen, “ This is what I feared,” said he, “ when I opposed your action ; but since you agreed upon it, you must not repine or be dejected, remembering that our an- cestors also were sometimes in command, and some- times under command, but by doing well in both these positions saved both their city and the Greeks.’ And on the death of Philip,? he was opposed to the people’s offering sacrifices of glad tidings; for it was an ignoble thing, he said, to rejoice thereat, and the force which had been arrayed against them at Chaeroneia was diminished by only one person. XVII. Again, when Demosthenes was heaping abuse upon Alexander, who was already advancing against Thebes, Phocion said: “‘Rash one, why dost thou seek to provoke a man who is savage,’ 3 and is reaching out after great glory? Canst thou wish, when so great a conflagration is near, to fan the city into flame? But I, who am bearing 2 In 336 B.c. See the Demosthenes, chapter xxii. * Odyssey, ix. 494, Odysseus, to a companion, of Polyphe- mus the Cyclops. 181 PLUTARCH’S LIVES > a \ GNX nets ovdé Bovropévots atrodécOat TovTots émitpéirouev, of Sta TovTo oTpaTnyely vTrope- 99 e 1 2? , € An \ ¢ vovtes. @s O€ amTwr@reLcav ai OABar nai o "AnréEavdpos éEnteito tous mept Anpuoobévny nai le) € Avxotpyov Kati “Trrepeidny nat Xapidnpov, 7 dé éxxAnoia mpos éxeivoy améBreTrev, ovopacti , , > sf \ a“ ‘é ToNAaKls KadoUpEVOS avertn Kat ToOY diriov é&va TapacTnodpevos, @ waddicTa ypwpevos dieTé- Net Kal wiaTevwv Kal dayarra@v, “Eis totaita,” ” ESN , e , o> » epy, “‘ THY TOALY OUTOL TAPAYNOKYactY WaT EyWYE, av Nixoxréa tts tovTov éEarrH, Sidovar Kedevow. TO fev yap avTos UTép Dua@v ardvtTwv atroOavetv > , A 9 na VA 9 “~ 439 = evTuyiay adv éuavtov Ocipnv. ére@ Sé,” elcrev, “avdpes “AOnvaiot, nai tovs é« OnBav Sevpo , > a \ \ / 4 a mepevyotas, apxer S€ Tas OnBas Kraiew ois \ A BAAnoe. 610 Bérriov éotw brép auoty treiPew Kal wapatteicOat Tovs KpatobovTas 7} paxerOas.” To pév ody tmpatov Whdiopa éyerar Tov > A a AnréEavépov, as édaBe, piyar nal duyeivy arro- , \ VA N \ 4 IQ SK otpadevta tovs mpéeaBes: to de Sevtepoy édé- Eato, coutcbev bd Pwxiwvos, Tav TpecButTépwr > lA ef / > 4 \ bd axovoyv ott Kat Didirmos eOavpale tov avdpa TovTOV’ Kal ov povoy THy évtevEw vrrépevev av- A \ \ , > \ \ 4 Tov Kat THhv Sénow, adAa Kal cupBovrEvovToOS BY 4 4 } e @ 4 > \ e nKovoe. cuveBovreve 8 0 Daxiwr, ei pev naov- , vias opéyetat, OécOar Tov Todepov: et dé S0Ens, \ a petabécOat, mpos tovs BapBdpous amo tay ‘EX- / \ \ \ AnVwOY Tpatropevov. Kal Toda Kal mTpos THY 182 _ PHOCION the burdens of command with this object in view, will not suffer these fellow citizens of mine to perish even if that is their desire.” And when Thebes had been destroyed! and Alexander was demanding the surrender of Demosthenes, Lycurgus, Hypereides, Charidemus, and others, and the as- sembly turned their eyes upon Phocion and called upon him many times by name, he rose up, and drawing to his side one of his friends, whom he always cherished, trusted, and loved most of all, he said: “These men have brought the city to such a pass that I, for my part, even if this Nicocles should be demanded, would urge you to give him up. For if I might die myself in behalf of you all, I should deem it a piece of good fortune for me. And I feel pity,” said he, “men of Athens, for those also who have fled hither from Thebes; but it is enough that the Greeks should have the fate of Thebes to mourn. Therefore it is better to suppli- cate and try to persuade the victors for both you and them, and not to fight.” Well, then, we are told that when Alexander got the first decree which the Athenians passed, he cast it from him and ran with averted face from the envoys; the second, however, he accepted, because it was brought by Phocion, and because he heard from the older Macedonians that Philip also used to admire this man. And he not only consented to meet Phocion and hear his petition, but actually listened to his counsels. And Phocion counselled him, if he sought quiet, to make an end of the war ; but if glory, to transfer the war, and turn his arms away from Greece against the Barbarians. And 1 In 335 B.c. 183 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ ’AreEdvipou dicey Kai BovAnow evo ToXws elTa@V S \ a otTw petréBare Kal Kxaterpdaivey avToy wore eireiy OTrws mpocéEovar Tov vodv "AOnvator Tots / 4 TpAayLAcL, WS, El TL yévoLTO TrEpl auUTOV, ExELVOLS a \ / , dpyew mpoojxov. idia dé tov Pwxiwva toinaa- e a / \ / 2 , 4 pevos avrod dirov xai Eévov, eis tocautny Eero a 4 Tiny Bony elyov OdjLyot THY del cUVOYTMV. O a a / / youov Aovpis elpnxev ws péyas yevouevos Kal a ca) a“ \ Aapetov xpatnoas ddeiie tov émicToN@Y TO yaipe mrAnV ev Soa &ypade Paoxiwre> todTov dé povov, wotep ‘Avtitatpoy, weTa TOD yaipew mMpoonyopeve. TovTO dé Kal Xdpns ioropnke. XVIII. To pévroe rep) Trav ypnedtwv oporo- youpevov é€otiv, Ott Swpeav avT@ Karétreprwev e N 4 tf / ? ? VA EXATOV TaNaAVTA. TOUTwWY KomLcbevTwY eis ’AO- 9 , e 4 \ / / / vas, npetnoey 0 Paxiwv tovs dépovtas ti 87 Tote TONN@Y 6vTwVv AOnvaiwy aiT@ povm Tocav- / ta Sidwow *AréEavSpos. citrovtwy Sé éxeivwr, 7 “Ort oé xpive povov dvdpa Karov Kai ayabov,” ce O % % s. , @ e @ , sc? , \ vxovv, ‘eitev 0 Pwxiwv, “éacdtw pe Kal } A 2 A A 3 eo] 99 e \ bd oxely adel Kal elvat ToLodTov.” ws &€ aKxodov- s A Onoavres els OlKoV AVT@ TOAAHY EWpwv EVTENELAY, \ a THY pev yuvaixa pdtrovcay, 0 5€ Paxiwy avros / @ a avipnoas Ddwp éx Tod ppéatos atrevirrreto Tovs , 4 A jwodas, ETL paAdov eévéxewto Kal nyavaKtour, 9 f. A Secvov elvat éyortes et diros Ov Tod Bacthéws 1 Of. the Alexunder, xiii. 2. 184 750 PHOCION by saying many things that suited well with Alex- ander’s nature and desires he so far changed and softened his feelings that he advised the Athenians to give close attention to their affairs, since, if any- thing should happen to him, the leadership of Greece would properly fall to them.! In private, too, he made Phocion his friend and guest, and showed him greater honour than most of his constant associates enjoyed. At any rate, Duris writes that after Alex- ander had become great and had conquered Dareius, he dropped from his letters the word of salutation, “ chairein,’ except whenever he was writing to Phocion; him alone, like Antipater, he used to address with the word “chairein.” This is the testimony of Chares also. XVIII. The story about the money, indeed, is generally admitted, namely, that Alexander sent him a present of a hundred talents.2. When this was brought to Athens, Phocion asked the bearers why in the world, when there were so many Athen- ians, Alexander offered such a sum to him alone. They replied : “ Because Alexander judges that thou alone art a man of honour and worth.” “In that case,” said Phocion, “let him suffer me to be and be thought such always.’’ But when the messengers accompanied him to his home and saw there a great simplicity,—his wife kneading bread, while Phocion with his own hands drew water from the well and washed his feet,—they were indignant, and pressed the money upon him still more urgently, declaring it an intolerable thing that he, though a friend ot 2 The talent was equivalent to about £235, or $1,200, with four or five times the purchasing power of modern money. 185 ao PLUTARCH’S LIVES obra SvarrnoeTas Topas. iSeov ovv oO Doxiov Twévnta mpeo BuTny &v TpiBevig puTap@ Topevo- pevor, nparncev el TOUTOU Xelpova vopitovary auTov. edpnpeiv 6é € exetvav Seopeven, “ Kai pny OUTOS,” elrren, _ an ear Tovey épod oH Kat dpxet- tat. To dé dArov BN XPOMEVOS, ebm, “ parqy ew TOC OUTOV xpuaiov, n GMEVOS é“auTov apa xaketvov d:aBar® T pos THV TOA. OTH peV émravinnoe Tdi TA YpHpata & "AOnvan, émrubei - favra Tots "EAAgat Tova LOT Epov tov didovTos Tocabra TOV py) Seopevov. émel O€ "Are£avdpos HyavaKTnoe Kal may éypawe T@ Poxiwr di- ous V7) voi fe Tous pnodev autod Seopuévous, xpmyara ev ovd & Daxiwrv éraBer, ddeP hvac nEiwoe TOV copia Thy “Exexparidyy Kal Tov "T uBprov ‘AOnvodwpov xat ‘Podtous duo, Anpa- parov Kal Lraptwva, TUVELANMLEVOUS én aitiass teat Kal xaderpypévous € év Yapbect. TovTouvs pev ovv evOus amehuoev ) “AréEavépos, K parepov dé arog TEAM eis Maxedoviay éxéXevoe TETTAPODY movkewv év ‘Acta, age DepyiBov, MvAdowr, "Eralas, piav, iv adv aipiras, Tapabobvat TO Poxiovt, Siatervdpevos & €TL parrov OS Xarerravel un NaBovtos. GND ouTe Doxiov éraBer, 6 TE "AdeEav6pos TAXES améBavev. 1 5é& oixia Tod Doxiwvos Erte viv ev Menritn Setxvurat, xaraais Neiot Kexoounuévn, Ta Se GAKA ATH xKal agers. ————— 1 In 324 B.c., when Craterus was commissioned to lead the veteran soldiers of Alexander back to Macedonia. See the Alexander, chapter 1xxi. 186 PHOCION the king, should live in such poverty. Phocion, accordingly, seeing a poor old man walking the street in a dirty cloak, asked them if they considered him inferior to this man. “ Heaven forbid!” they cried. “And yet this man,’ said Phocion, “has less to live upon than I, and finds it sufficient. And, in a word,” said he, “if I make no use of this great sum of money, it will do me no good to have it; or, if I use it, I shall bring myself, and the king as well, under the calumnies of the citizens.’’ So the treasure went back again from Athens, after it had showed the Greeks that the man who did not want so great a sum was richer than the man who offered it. Alexander was vexed and wrote back to Phocion that he could not regard as his friends those who wanted nothing of him. But not even then would Phocion take the money; he did, how- ever, ask for the release of Echecratides the sophist, Athenodorus of Imbros, and two men of Rhodes, Demaratus and Sparton, who had been arrested upon sundry charges and imprisoned in Sardis. These men, then, Alexander set free at once, and at a later time,! when he sent Craterus back into Macedonia, he ordered him to turn over to Phocion the revenues from whichever one of four cities in Asia he might select,—either Cius, Gergithus, Mylasa, or Elaea,—insisting still more strongly than before that he would be angry if Phocion did not take them. But Phocion would not take them, and very soon Alexander died. And even to the present day Phocion’s house is pointed out in Melité,? adorned with bronze disks, but otherwise plain and simple. 2 A deme, or ward, in the S.W. part of Athens. See the Themistocles, xxii. 2. 187 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XIX. Tov dé yuvarkay as eynue, Tept THS TpoTepas ovbev toTopetrau, TANv Ore Kn¢gico- SoTos Hv oO TATTHS aderpos auras, THs O€ SevTépas ovuK eAdTTOV € emt coppoo wy Kab adeheia Noyos my Tapa Tois "AOnvaios 4 Pwxiwvos ert OTOTHTL. Kat TOTe Oewpévov KaLvous Tparye- dous ‘AOnvaiwy, o O pe Tparypoos elovévar péALOV Baotnridos mpoowrov qree Kekoo pnpevas Todas OT ad0US TONUTEADS TOV Xopnyov: Kab p1) Tape- Xovros Hyavaxte: Kal KaTeixe TO Oéatpov ov Bovdopevos mpoenGeiv. o 6é Xopmyos MeAdv@cos ada avTOV €lS TO péoov éBoa: s Thy Poxiwvos ovx opas yuvaixa mpoiodaay del META [Las Gepa- matvisos, aN” aralovevn Kal Stapdeipers THY YyUvaltK@viTiv; * ” éaxovarou dé THs pwvijs yevo- pévns edéEato KpoT@ TroAAW Kali BopvB@ To Oéatpov. avtn dé i] yur", Eévns Tivos "Teovers émiderEaperns Xpucovy Kal MOoxor.AnTov KO Lov ev TAoxious al mepioepaios, sei "Epot Oé,” Ep, - HOG 10S éott Dwxiwy eixootov Eros 45n oTpatn- yav “AOnvaiwv.” XX. Poxe 5é¢ T@ vie Bovropéeve ayovicacbas ava@nvaiors drroBdrny épjxev,! ovxt THiS viens Gperyouevos, ann’ Ores emtpedn Gets Kal aonnoas TO copa Berrian é égolro" Kal yap Hy ahs gtdo- TOTNS kal ATAKTOS 0 vEeaVvio Kos. ViKTAYTOS dé Kal TOAK@D aiToupevoy éoTiacae Ta viKNT NpLa, Tovs GAXous Doxiov TAparTna apevos évl rH prroripiay TAUTHY TUvEXWPNTEY. Os dé éXOav émt to Seitrvoy ddAAnv te coRapav éwpa trapa- 1 dnp... BovrdAopévy... épixevy with Coraés, Sintenis?, and Bekker, after Fa; @anov... BovAdpuevov . .. apixev. 188 PHOCION XIX. As for his wives, nothing is told us about the first, except that she was a sister of Cephiso- dotus the sculptor; but the reputation which the second had among the Athenians for sobriety and simplicity was not less than that of Phocion for probity. And once when the Athenians were wit- nessing an exhibition of new tragedies, the actor who was to take the part of a queen asked the choregus to furnish him with a great number of attendant women in expensive array; and when he could not get them, he was indignant, and kept the audience waiting by his refusal to come out. But the choregus, Melanthius, pushed him before the spectators, crying: ‘ Dost thou not see that Phocion’s wife always goes out with one maid-servant? Thy vanity will be the undoing of our women-folk.”’ His words were plainly heard by the audience, and were received with tumultuous applause. And this very wife, when an Ionian woman who was her guest displayed ornaments of gold and precious stones worked into collars and necklaces, said: “ My orna- ment is Phocion, who is now for the twentieth year a general of Athens.” XX. When Phocus his son wished to compete at - the Panathenaic festival as a vaulting rider of horses, Phocion permitted it, not because he was ambitious for the victory, but in order that care and training of the body might make his son a better man; for in general the youth was fond of wine and irregular in his habits. The youth was victorious, and many asked him to their houses for the victor’s banquet ; but Phocion declined the other invitations and granted the coveted honour to one host only. And when he went to the banquet and saw the general 189 PLUTARCH’S LIVES OKEUNY KaL TrodaviTTHpas olvov Ot apwuaTwv mpoadepopmevous Tots Elotovat, KaXécas Tov VioD, “Ov rravoes,” edn, “ Tov éTaipov, ® Daxe, dia- hUcipovra cov tHy vienv;” Bovdropevos Sé Kat xaQoXou peTacthicar TO pmetpaxtoy éx THs Stairns éxeivns, amnyayev eis Aaxedaipova cai xarépike TOUS AYOMEVOLS THY NEYOLEVHVY aya veavicKots. kat todto Tovs "AOnvaious éAvUTyTEV, WS UTEP- opavTos Kat dTrepppovodvTos Ta oixeta TOD Paxiw- > 7 \ a s \ > fgg PV vos. ettrovtos € tod Anpddou mpos avtov, “ Tt ov teiGoperv, @ Pwoxiwov, “APnvaiovs thv Aaxo- A , a 9\ \ yuxnv mpocdéEacOar TrodTEiav; eav yap av Ke- Uf > A , \ , ef , >] 29 Aeuns, ey@ ypadew Kal Reyer EToLmos Ebpt, “Tldvu yoo,” Edn, “ mpéyrerey av cot pvpov tocovTov olovte Kai yAavida ToravtTyny PopodyTt oupBovrever “AOnvaiors trept giditiwv Kab Tov Avxodpyov érrawvetv.” XXI. [pdyavros 5€ trod *AreEdvdpov epi Tpinpwv, STs amooTEiAwotV aUT@, Kal TOV pN- Topwy évictapevwnv, THS 5é BovAns Tov Pwxiwva Xré x , “ce Aé / e a % éyely KxeNEvOvoNS, éyw Toivuy wpiv,” etrev, ‘9 tots SaAows Kpately } Tois KpatovdaL dpidous ® 99 \ \ 4 > f 4 A elvas. ampos dé IIlu@éav apyouevov tote mparTov évruyxavew “AOnvaiois, dn Sé Addov Svta Kal Opacvy, “Ov ciwomnoes,” Edn, “Kai TadTa vew- yntos @v T@ Snuw;” eet Sé “Apmados peta Xpnudtwv woNNe@v amodpas ’AréEavdpov ex THs A a , "Acias tH Artix mpocéBanre, kat Tay ciwOoTwr 190 751 PHOCION magnificence of the preparations, and particularly the foot-basins of spiced wine that were brought to the guests as they entered, he called his son and said: “ Phocus, do not let thy companion ruin thy victory.” Moreover, wishing to remove the young man entirely from that style of living, he took him off to Sparta and put him among the youths who were following the course of discipline called “agoge.’! This vexed the Athenians, who thought that Phocion despised and looked down upon the native customs. And once Demades said to him: “ Phocion, why shouldn't we try to persuade the Athenians to adopt the Spartan polity? For if thou sayest the word, I am ready to introduce and support the requisite law.” But Phocion replied: “ Indeed it would very well become thee, with so strong a scent of ointment upon thee, and wearing such a mantle as thine, to recommend to the Athenians the public mess-halls of the Spartans, and to extol Lycurgus.”’ XXI. When Alexander wrote asking the Athen- ians to send him triremes, and the orators opposed the request, and the council bade Phocion speak upon the matter, “I tell you, then,” he said, “ either to be superior in arms or to be friends with those who are superior.”” To Pytheas, who at that time was just beginning to address the Athenians, but was already loquacious and bold, Phocion said: “‘ Hold thy peace, thou who art but a newly bought slave of the people!’’ And when Harpalus, who had run away from Alexander out of Asia with great sums of money, landed in Attica,? and those who 1 See the A gestlaiis, i. 1. 2 See the Demosthenes, chapter xxv. Ig! PLUTARCH’S LIVES b 4 “ , / , @ \ ato tov Bnyatos xpnuarivecOar Spouos mv Kai bi , \ > 7 Ul \ > \ apuihra Pberpopévav pos avtov, TOVTOLS ev aTrO TOANOY wixpa Sereadlwv mponxato Kal dréppie, » 6€ Doxi g dsd0vs é ) T@ 6€ Dwxiwve mpocéreue Sed0vs émtaxdora TaXNavta, Kal TANNA TayTa, Kal peTa TaVTOV éavTov éxeiva povm TwapaxatatiOéuevos. atro- xpwapévou 6€ tpaxéws TOD Pawxiwvos oipwkecOar ‘ a > N 4s , \ tov “Aptanov, eb pn tmavoeta Siadpbeipwr tiv , , \ \ > , > 3 , ‘ TOALY, TUTE HEV TVTTANELS ATEGDTN, MET OALVOV bE , > s e/ A A > Bovrevopévov *“AOnvaiwy éwpa tovs pév eidXn- potas Ta Ypnpata Tap avTov petaBaddopévous Kai Katnyopotvtas, iva pn pavepol yévevtas, Pwxiwva Sé tov pyndev AaBovta peta Tov Kowwod acuudépovtos dua Kal tHv éxeivou catnpiav &y s 4 4 @ > \ > \ XN tive NOy@ TLIOéuevov. Mads ovv évexOels emi TO Oepatrevety éxeivov, avTov pev ws Epupa tavta- yobev dvddwtov bro Tod ypuciov Tepiodedwv e7 , \ \ \ > A , éwpa, Xapixréa dé Tov yauBpov avtod trounod- / \ U J A 56 A“ pevos cuvnOn nai pirov, averrAnoe OoEns Trovnpas, TAVTA TLOTEVOY KAL TAVTA YPWMEVOS eKELVO. XXII. Kai $7 «cai Wudoviens tis éraipas atro- 4 a J cd 2 A \ Oavovons, iv eityev 0” Apirados épav Kai Ouya- tpiov twatnp é€& auThs yeyovel, puvnpetoy amo f A > / @ 4 4 Xpneatwv ToNNWY eEmitTecoar VeAnoas mMpoceE- take T@ Xapexrel tHy emipérerav. ovoav dé THv bmoupyiay TavuTny ayevyh) MpooKaTHaxXvvEY oO , if , , \ v A ? Ttados avvtTedecOeis. Stapéver yap Ete viv ev 1 éxelvp with Coraés and Bekker : én’ éxelvy. 192 PHOCION were wont to make merchandise of their influence as orators came running to him at breakneck speed, to these men he dropped and scattered small mor- sels of his wealth by way of bait; but he sent to Phocion and offered him seven hundred talents, and everything else that he had, and put himself with all his possessions at the sole disposition of Phocion. But Phocion answered sharply that Harpalus would rue it if he did not cease trying to corrupt the city, and for the time being the traitor was abashed and desisted from his efforts. After a little, however, when the Athenians were deliberating upon his case, he found that those who had taken money from him were changing sides and denouncing him, that they might not be discovered ; while Phocion, who would take nothing, was now giving some consideration to the safety of Harpalus as well as to the public interests. Again, therefore, he was led to pay court to Phocion, but after all his efforts to bribe him found that he was impregnable on all sides like a fortress. Of Charicles, however, Phocion’s son-in-law, Harpalus made an intimate associate and friend, trusting him in everything and using him in everything, and thus covered him with infamy. XXII. For instance, on the death of Pythonicé the courtesan, who was the passionately loved mis- tress of Harpalus and had borne him a daughter, Harpalus resolved to build her a very expensive monument, and committed the care of the work to Charicles. This service was an ignoble one in itself, but it acquired additional disgrace from the com- pleted tomb. For this is still to be seen in Hermus, 193 VOL. VIII. oO PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘Epper,' % Badilouev €& adoteos eis ‘EXevoiva, pnodey Eywv TOV TpLdKovTa TadavTwY akiov, doa nae nA T® Aptrdr AoyicOjvai hac eis TO Epyov vio tov Xapixréovs. Kat pévtoe cal TerevTHoavTos aA A A A avTov TO TaLdapLov UTO ToD XapixAéovs Kat Tov Dawxiwvos avaryndpbev éruyyave wacns emipenreias. Kptvouévou pévtoe Too Xapixréovs est tois “Ap- manretos, Kal Seouevou Bonbetv avt@ tov Pwxiwva kal aouvercerbeiy eis TO Sixactiptov, ovn 70é- > 2 “ce? , ) / > a AnoEV, ELTTOV: Eyo ae, @ Xapterets, ETL TAGL a / Tois dixatos yauBpov érrornodpny.” 4 fa) IIpwrou d€ "A@nvaios ‘AckrAnmiddov tod ‘Ir- Ul 4 ‘4 > / mapyou TeOvavat mpocayyeiAavtos ‘AdXéEavdpor, e o pev Anuddns éxédeve un Tpocéxerv’ dda yap dv SrAnv oCerv vexpov THv oixovpévny: o b€ Paxiwv émnpuevoy op@ayv mpos TO vewtepiley Tov Srwov éretpato Tapnyopeiv Kal Katéyev. avaTnd@ovTwv oe Le) b] \ N nw : \ 4 > On € TWoNNwY emt TO Anya, cat Bowvtwy arnO7 \ 2 A b) lA \ lA N tov AokAnmiddnv amayyéAXrew Kal teOvavar Tov AnreEavdpor, VKoUV, eElirev, ‘El onpEpoV TE- 4, Ovnke, kal avpiov éorar Kal eis TpitHy TEOYnKOS, icf e aA 3 e J 4 “A be 9 WOTE NAS ev novxla BovrevoacBat, “adrov de peTa aodaneias.” ¢ XXIII. ‘Os 5€ hépwv evécercey 0 Acewobevns Thv Todw eis Tov Aaptaxov® mrodepmov, Kal TOD / , A , Dwxiwvos dvcyepaivovtos npwta KaTayeAov TL 1 “Eoue: Bekker, after Coraés: ‘Epyely. 2 3¢ Bekker, after Coraés, corrects to xa. 3 Aauiaxdy Coraés and Bekker, after Xylander : ‘EAAnukdy. 1 See Pausanias, i. 37, 5, with Frazer’s notes. Pausanias speaks of it as ‘‘the best worth seeing of all ancient Greek: tombs.” 194 PHOCION on the road from Athens to Eleusis, and it has nothing worthy of the large sum of thirty talents which Charicles is said to have charged Harpalus for the work.! And yet after the death of Harpalus him- self,? his daughter was taken up by Charicles and Phocion and educated with every care. However, when Charicles was brought to trial for his dealings with Harpalus, and begged Phocion to help him and go with him into the court-room, Phocion refused, saying: “I made thee my son-in-law, Charicles, for none but just purposes.”’ Asclepiades the son of Hipparchus was the first one to bring to the Athenians the tidings that Alexander was dead. Thereupon Demades urged them to pay no heed to the report, since, had it been true, the whole earth would long ago have been filled with the stench of the body. But Phocion, who saw that the people were bent on revolution, tried to dissuade them and restrain them. And when many of them sprang towards the bema, and shouted that the tidings brought by Asclepiades were true and that Alexander was dead, “ Well, then,” said Phocion, “if he is dead to-day, he will be dead to-morrow and the day after. There- fore we can deliberate in quiet, and with greater safety.”’ XXIII. Leosthenes, who had plunged the city into the Lamian war * much to Phocion’s displeasure, once asked him derisively what good he had done 2 Antipater demanded his surrender by the Athenians, and Harpalus fled to Crete, where he was assassinated. 3 323-322 B.c. So named because the confederate Greeks held Antipater and his forces for some time besieged in Lamia, a city of 8.E. Thessaly (§ 4). 195 o 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mwetroinxey ayabov THv TONY éTH TOTADTA OTpA- TOYO, “Od puxpov,” py, “7d Tovs ToriTas év Tois iStoes pynpace OantecOar. trodrga bé Opa- ouvopévou Kal Koutralovtos év TO SHuw tod Acw- aBévous, 0 Pwxiwv, ‘Oi Aoyou cov,” eliev, “@ petpaxcov, éolKact KumapiTrous: peydrou yap dyTes Kal _dypnrot KapTovs ov pépovow.” as dé €TravacTas 0 ‘Trepetdys npwtnae, “ lore obv, @ Pwxiwv, cupBovrevcers worepueiv "AOnvaioss; ” “"Orav,” elie, “ Tous pev véovs ido thy Takw Bovdopévous purarreLy, Tous 6€ Touatous ela Pé- pewv, Tous 5€ pytopas améyecOar Tod KrNEwTELY TA Snpoota.” @avyualovrwy dé ToAROv THY v7o tov Aew- aOévous curnypévny Svvaptv, Kai tod Paxiwvos TuvOavowevov mas tet maperxevac Gat doxod- ow avTe, “ Kanés,” Epn, “ pds TO aTabuov" TOV dé Séduxov TOU ToAé pov poBotpat, pate Xprpara THS TOAEWS erepa prjre vas bate omhiTas exou- ons. 7 epapTuper dé avT@ Kal Ta epya. TT PG)TOV pev yap o Aewa Gévns Aaprpos pn Tais mpakeot, tov te Botwrav payn Kparnoas Kal TOV Avtina- Tpov eis Adpiav cuvenaoas: OTe Kat pace THV pev TOMY ehmidos * peyanrns ryevowevny éoptatery evayyedua TUVEX OS Kat Ovew Tots Geois, TOV dé Poxiova ™ pos TOUS éNeyxery aurov olopévous, kat truvOavopévous é: Tadra ovK dv nOedev AUTO mempaxOas, fy avy pev ov,” bn, = BeBovred- cOat dé éxeiva.” Kai wddwv adAXwv érr ado15 evayyertov ypadouévwv Kal gepopévwy aro 1 ads rt Bekker, after Coraés, corrects to mas. 2 éanlSos Bekker, after Coraés, corrects to én’ éArl5os. 196 PHOCION the city during the many years in which he had been general. “No slight good,” said Phocion, “in that its citizens are buried in their own sepulchres.”’ Again, when Leosthenes was talking very boldlv and boastfully in the assembly, Phocion said: “ Thy speeches, young man, are like cypress-trees, which are large and towering, but bear no fruit.” And when Hypereides confronted him with the question, “When, then, O Phocion, wilt thou counsel thc Athenians to go to war?’ “ Whenever,” said Phocion, “I see the young men willing to hold their places in the ranks, the rich to make contributions, and the orators to keep their thievish hands away from the public moneys.” When many were admiring the force got together by Leosthenes, and were asking Phocion what he thought of the city’s preparations, “They are good,” said he, “for the short course ;! but it is the long course which I fear in the war, since the city has no other moneys, or ships, or men-at-arms.” And events justified his fear. For at first Leosthenes achieved brilliant successes, conquering the Boeotians in battle, and driving Antipater into Lamia. Then, too, they say that the city came to cherish high hopes, and was continuously holding festivals and making sacrifices of glad tidings. Phocion, however, when men thought to convict him of error and asked him if he would not have been glad to have performed these exploits, replied: “ By all means; but I am glad to have given the advice I did.”’ And again, when glad tidings came in quick succession by letter and messenger from the 1 The short course in the foot-races was straight away, the length of the stadium ; the long course was ten times back and forth. 197 PLUTARCH’S LIVES / 9 , otpatotédou, ‘“Ilote apa, hava, “ ravoopeba VLKOVTES; XXIV. ’Esrei 6€ trod Aewodévous atrobavovtos ‘ 4 ‘ ot poBovpevoe Tov Poxiwva, pn otpatnyos éx- \ U4 \ / ” , Tweupbets Katarvon Tov TodEpOV, avOpwroy Tiva A “” 4 TOV ovK émipavav év ExXKNHOLa TapEecKEevacay > 4 / cd lé A “~ , \ dvactavtTa Néeyev Ste hiros ov TOV Dakiwvos Kat cupTrepolTnk@s tapaier deidecBar Tov avdpos \ 4 e v7 vd 3 ” Kat dudaacelv, ws adAOY OmoLloV ovK ExOVTAS, 3 / \ 9 4 > AN \ Ul \ éxtréutrety 5é “Avtidirov éri TO otpatevpa, Kal n a - \ tavta tots “AOnvaios acuvedoxet, tmrapedAOav o / # a Dwoxiwvy Edeye ponte cuptehoirynKévat ToTé TO : , v t avopwir@ unte AdNAWS yeryovévat yuwpLLos } TUVN- > “A A Ons» “Ada vov,” elrev, “ato THS onMEPOV , , A >] a a \ nuépas Kat dirXov ce TroLovpal Kai olKEioV: & yap @ > \ / , 39 nv é“ol cupdepovTa cvpPeBovrEvxas. e / \ A b] , > \ \ Oppnpuévon b€ tov “A@nvatav éri tovs Boww- , A a A TOUS OTpaTEvELY TP@TOV peVv avTelye’ Kal TOV v4 U A a dirov Aeyovtwv ws atoPaveitat TpocKpovw TOOLS bf / A A@nvaiots, “’Adixws,” elev, “av Told TO oUL- / A \ 4 4 bP] J \ bY dépoyvy dv 6€ tapaBaiva, dixaiws.” éret Oé€ e “ b] b / > \ a : ee A \ opav ovx avevtas, adda Bowvtas, exeNevoe TOV a , \ ” , Knpuxa avetrety “AOnvaiwy rods aypt eEnxovtTa b] ~ > > ef J e an 4 s érav ad nBns wévte huep@v oitia AaRovTas b] ‘ 3 aA > N “~ >] / / evOus axorovleiy ato THs éxxAnaotas, JopvBov TOAAOU yevouévou Kal TV TpeaBuTépwy BowvTav A > \ Kal avarrndorvtav, “ Ovdév,” edn, “ dSeevovy eyo f 4 4 yap 0 otparnyos oySonKooTov Exwy ETOS Evopat a 4 peO tpov.” -cal Tote pev ovTwS KaTEeTaVCEDV \ é auTovs Kal meTé Bare. 198 . PHOCION camp, “ When, pray,’ said he, “will our victories cease?” XXIV. But Leosthenes was killed, and then those who feared that Phocion, if he were sent out as general, would put a stop to the war, arranged with a certain obscure person to rise in the assembly and say that he was a friend and intimate associate of Phocion, and therefore advised the people to spare him and keep him in reserve, since they had none other like him, and to send out Antiphilus to the army. This course was approved by the Athenians, whereupon Phocion came forward and said that he had never been intimately associated with the per- son, nor in any way familiar or acquainted with him ; “‘ But now,’ said he, “ from this very day I make thee a friend and close companion, for thou hast counselled what was for my advantage.” Again, when the Athenians were bent on making an expedition against the Boeotians, at first he op- posed it; and when his friends told him that he would be put to death by the Athenians if he offended them, “ That will be unjust,” said he, “if I act for their advantage ; but if I play them false, it will be just.” Afterwards, however, seeing that they would not desist, but continued their clamour, he ordered the herald to make proclamation that every man in Athens under sixty years of age should take pro- visions for five days and follow him at once from the assembly. Thereupon a great tumult arose, the elderly men leaping to their feet and shouting their dissent. “It is no hardship,” said Phocion, “ for I who am to be your general am in my eightieth year.’ For the time being this checked them and changed their purpose. 199 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXV. HlopAoupévns S€é THs maparias vo Me- a , xiwvos cuxvois Maxedoot kai prcbodopos aro- a \ BeBnxotos eis ‘Papvodvta cal catatpéyovtos THhv 4 9 yopav, éEjryaye tovs ‘AOnvaiovs ém avTov. @s \ , ? Li ¥ , 5é€ mpootpéxyovres adrayobev adros dtecTpaTn- A \ youv kal auvveBovrevoy avtod Tov AOpov KaTa- aA A VA A AaBetv, éxet wepitréurpar Tovs imméas, évTad0a A e > mapepBaretv, “°O, “Hpdxrets,” elev, “ws ToA- AOVS OP® aTpaTnyous, Griyous 5é oTpaTLMTas.” érrel 5€ trapatdEaytos avtovd Tous omAitas els \ \ A Mv na a , 9 TOV TPO TOV ANAwY m™ poner, celta d€icas avTi- 4 > \ 4 lA > \ / otavros avépos todeulov maduw eis thy takev b U4 ec? , 393 J ‘ce ? Qa aveywpnaoev, “QO, petpaxiov,’ elmrev, “ovK aid7 4 / BJ 4 > 4 e \ “~ dvo tafers amro\edorTTWS, iv eTaXOns vo Tov aA \ lA 779 A \ 54 b> ie) oTpaTnyou Kai radu éd’ hv ceavrTov étakas;” ép- \ A A 7 \ \ lA , Baroy d€ Tots ToNEuiots Kal KaTa KpadTos TpEYra- b a \ J \ \ v pevos, autoyv Te Tov Mexiwva Kai ToAXOVS AAXOUS améxteve. TO 5é€ “EXANVIKOY év OeTTAXIa aTpa- Teva, cuppiFavtos ‘Avtimdtp@ Acovvatov Kat A 3 > , / > 7 / \ tav é€& “Acias Maxedovar, évixa payopevov: Kal / a Aeovvdtos érecev, Hryoupévov THS pév hdrayyos "Avtidirov, tav dé imméwv Tod Beccarod Mévwvos. > / \ ed / a XXVI. Oduye dé DaTepov Xpovp Kpartepod Dz a \ SsaBavtos é& “Acias peta moddns Suvapews Kai yevomevns madw év Kpavyavr tapatakews, 4TT7- 7 Onaoav pév ot “EXAnves oUTE peyadny hrTav ovTE a 4 \ TOAXaY TecovTwy, amretOeia Sé Tpos TOS apxov- Tas émueixels Kal véovs ovtas, Kal Gua Tas To- 200 753 PHOCION XXV. However, when their sea-coast was being devastated by Micion, who landed at Rhamnus with a horde of Macedonians and mercenaries and over- ran the adjacent territory, Phocion led the Athenians out against him. And as they marched, men would run up to their general from all sides and show him what to do. He was advised to seize a hill here, to send his horsemen around thither, or to make his attack upon the enemy there. “O Heracles,” said Phocion, “how many generals I see, and how few soldiers!’’ Again, after he had drawn up his men-at-arms, one of them went out far in advance of the rest, and then was stricken with fear when an enemy advanced to meet him, and went back again to his post. “Shame on thee, young man,” said Phocion, “for having abandoned two posts, the one which was given thee by thy general, and the one which thou didst give thyself.” However, he attacked the enemy, routed them utterly, and slew Micion himself together with many others. The Greek army in Thessaly, also, al- though Leonnatus and his Macedonians from Asia had joined Antipater, was victorious in battle, and Leonnatus fell ; the Greek men-at-arms were led by Antiphilus, their cavalry by Menon the Thessalian. XXVI. But a short time afterwards Craterus ‘crossed from Asia with a large force,! and there was another pitched battle at Crannon. Here the Greeks were defeated. Their defeat was not severe, nor did many of them fall, but owing to their lack of obedience to their commanders, who were young and soft-hearted, and because at the same time 1 Cf. chapter xviii. 5. 20! PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aes avTa@v repovTos ‘Avtimarpov, Stappvévtes ¥ / \ , > \ 9 2 aloyicta mponxavto thy edevOepiav. evOvs odv b] A N\ > J 54 a > 4 A émt tas “A@nvas ayovros tod ‘Avtim@atpov THv dvvayuv ot pev rept Anuoobévnv cat ‘Trrepetdnv amrnd\raynoav éx THS ToAEws, Anuddns Sé, unOév pépos wv wpeare Ypnuatov él tais catabdixas > a a or PS 4 e , a e \ éxticat TH Toda Suvapevos (jAwKEL yap érTa ypadas tmapavonwv Kat yeyovms atipos éEeip- yeTO TOU Aéyelv), AdEtay EvpopeEevos TOTE, ypadet Whdiopa éxtéutrev! mpos ‘Avritatpov obrép bf 4 4 > / , \ 3 eipyvns mpéoBers avToxpatopas. goBoupévou Sé tov Snwov Kal Kadovvtos Poxiwva, cal povy , 2 7 , oc? > ov : , WloTEvELy EXELV@ ANEyovTOS, “ANA Ele erLTTEVO- ” 9 co 2 N / eon > A A unv,” elmev, “ éyo cuuBovrevov vpiv, ovK dv viv éBovrevopea Trepi TpayLaTwV TOLOUT@V. oUTw a / 5é tod Whdicpatos éemixupwOévtos amectadn 4 A mpos “Avtimatpov év tH Kadueta otpatoredev- ovTa Kal TapacKevalopuevoy evOus eis THY ’ATTE- nv Badiferv. Kal todTo TpwTov HTEL, TO LévovTa 4 KaTa ywpav TroincacOar Tas diadvoes. Tod dé Kpatepod Aéyovtos ws ov dixata reife. Pwxiwv Has, THY TOV cuupdyov Kai ditwv caOnpévous YOpav KaKaS ToLety Suvapévous ex THIS TOV ToAcwiov apercicbat, AaBopevos avdrod THs SeEvas e 3 , 6c , > i J “c 4 lA o Avtitratpos, “ Aoréov, etre, “ Dwxiwre tavtTnv A Ul ”? \ \ A #. > + > a THY yap. epi d€ TOV AAXrAwWY exédevEY avTOIS > / \ b , 4 > , émitpémey tors ‘AOnvaiovs, waomep ev Aapia AewaoOevns éxeivov. 1 éxwéurery with Doehner ; the MSS. have xa! réume:, which Bekker retains: wéure:v, after Coraés. 202 PHOCION Antipater made tempting overtures to their several cities, their army melted away and most shamefully abandoned the cause of freedom. At once, there- fore, Antipater led his forces against Athens, and Demosthenes and Hypereides left the city. De- mades, however, though he was unable to pay any portion of the fines which had been imposed upon him by the city (he had been seven times convicted of introducing illegal measures, had lost his civic rights, and was therefore debarred from speaking in the assembly), obtained immunity at this time, and brought in a bill for sending to Antipater ambas- sadors plenipotentiary to treat for peace. But the people were fearful, and called upon Phocion, de- claring that he was the only man whom they could trust. “ But if I had been trusted,” said he, “ when I gave you counsel, we should not now be deliberat- ing on such matters.”” And when the bill had thus been passed, he was sent off to Antipater, who was encamped in the Cadmeia,! and was making prepara- tions to march into Attica at once. And this was the first request that Phocion made, namely, that Antipater should remain where he was and make the treaty. And when Craterus declared that it was not fair in Phocion to try to persuade them to remain in the territory of their friends and allies and ravage it, when they had it in their power to get booty from that of their enemies, Antipater took him by the hand and said : “ We must grant Phocion this favour.” But as for the other terms of the peace, he ordered the Athenians to leave them to the conquerors, just as, at Lamia, he had been ordered to do by Leosthenes. 1 The citadel of Thebes. 203 ~PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXVITI. ‘Os odv érravprbev 0 Pwxiwy eis 76 ” \ A 3 4 A 4 e >» 3 / aotu Kal Tots “A@nvaios tabvta okey tn’ avay- Kens, avis eis OnBas éBadile peta TaV adv mpéeaBewv, Revoxpatnv tov derocogov tav ’AOn- valwy Tpocedopévwy. ToaovTov yap Hv akiwpa A A un / THS apeTHs TOU Hevoxpatouvs xai d0Fa Kai royos Tapa Tac wate olecOar pnte UBpu elvar pre , a @poTnta unre Oupov év avOpetrivn Wuyn pudpe- * _— 4 I b] } > A > le! vov, @ evoxpatous povov opGévros ovK av aidods TL Kal TULAS éyyévotto mpos avTov. améBn Sé > 4 b) 4 \ A / aA Tovvavtiov dyvepootvy Twi Kal pucaryabia TOD AvTiTaTpOV. TPWTOV pEev Yap OVK NOTdCGaTO TOV = 4 \ ” } 4 Lee) t Elevoxpatnv tovs adAous SeFtwodapevos: ed @ ghacw eiteiy éxeivov ws Avtimatpos KaX@s Trowel povov avTov aliayuvouevos éf ols ayvapoveiv / \ \ 4 v , b] 4 peArNeL Trpos THY ToL ErretTa NEyev apEapeEvov ? e / > > 93 lA \ la OvX vVIropévwv, AN avtTixpovav Kal ducKoraivov éroincey atociwmjcat. tav dé Twept Tov Do- , / > , J 4 Kiava StareyOevtwv amexpivato diriav EcecOar tois A@nvaiow Kai cuppayiav éxdovor pev Tovs \ / \¢ / 4 mept AnpooBevnv cat “Trrepetiny, mrodttevopévots 4 dé THY TaTpLoY amo Tiunpmatos! qodTelav, deEa- / \ \ 9 \ , 4 \ peévors 5€ dpovpav eis tHv Movvuyiav, err Se XpPHUaTa TOD ToAéuou Kal Enuiav mpocexticacw. e \ LZ ¥ / b 4 e Ou. pev ovv adrot tpecBets NyaTncay ws nn grravOpwtrous tas S:advces, ANY TOU Hevoxpa- \ nw Tous: édn yap ws pev SovAoLts peTpins Kexphabau 1 amd riuquaros Coraés and Bekker, with most MSS.: ard Tiunpdrov. 204 PHOCION XXVII. Accordingly, Phocion. returned to Athens with these demands, and the Athenians acceeded to them, under the necessity that was upon them. Then Phocion went once more to Thebes, with the other ambassadors, to whom the Athenians had added Xenocrates the philosopher. For so high an es- timate was set upon the virtue of Xenocrates, and so great was his reputation and fame in the eyes of all, that it was supposed the human heart could harbour no insolence or cruelty or wrath which the mere sight of the man would not infuse with rever- ence and a desire to do him honour. But the result in this case was the opposite, owing to a certain ruthlessness and hatred of goodness in Antipater. For, in the first place, he would not salute Xeno- crates, although he greeted the other ambassadors ; at which Xenocrates is said to have remarked: ‘‘ Antipater does well to feel shame before me alone of his ruthless designs against our city.”” And again, when the philosopher began to speak, Antipater would not listen to him, but angrily contradicted him and forced him into silence. But when Phocion had made his plea, Antipater replied that the Athenians could be his friends and allies on con- dition that they delivered up Demosthenes and Hypereides, reverted to their earlier constitution with its basis of property qualification, received a garrison into Munychia,! and, in addition, paid the costs of the war and a fine. The rest of the ambassadors were satisfied with these terms and considered them humane, with the exception of Xenocrates, who said that Antipater dealt with them moderately if he held them to be 1 The acropolis of Peiraeus. 205 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tov Avtitratpov, ws b€ éAevOépors Bapéws. Tov \ 5é Dwxiwvos wapattoupévov tHv gdpovpay Kai , Ul \ bd / b a cc* deouévou AéyeTat Tov ‘Avtimatpoy etmety ‘OD, A , Pwxiwv, jets mavta cor yapilerPar Bovropela \ “ \ A b / \ e “A > e \ TAnY TOV Kal oé aToAOVVTMV Kal nuas.” ot 5é > ef 4 > \ b] fo! \ 3 , ovy ovTws daciv, adda EpwThicat Tov AvTi- TaTpov et THY Ppovpav avévtos avtod tois ’AOn- / a ’ a a vatots 6 Pawxiwv éyyvatat THY TOALY Eupevely TH eipnvn Kal pnOev ToAUTTpaypoVngELY? TLwWT@VTOS \ 3 / \ / b] , dé éxeivou kat d:apédAovos, avaTrndnoavta Kad- AwédovtTa Tov KdpaBov, avipa Opacvy Kai piao- } 6] A ‘ce? \ be ka e 9 , nuov, evmety: “Kav b€ ovtos, ® ’AvTitaTpe, A \ , \ J 4 A / drvapyn, cv miatevoets Kal ov mpakes a dué- yuwKkas;” XXVIII. Odtw pev edéEavto dpovpav Make- / ’ a \ / e / ~ Sovwv ’A@nvaio. cai Mévurrov ajyenova, tev emletK@Y Tia Kal TOD Pwxkiwvos eémitndeiwv. > 4 \ e / \ , \ a éhavn 5é UTrepjdavoy TO TpdcTaypa, Kal waddov / e éEovcias UBper ypwpmevns éemriderkis 1) Tpaywatov évexa yiyvouevpn Katadn is. ov puxpov b€ TO wda0e. tpocéOnKev 0 KaLpos. eikadds yap 1) ppov- pa Bondpout@vos etonyOn, pvotnpiwy dvtTwv, 7 \ Ww >] v ’ a 4 / tov “laxyov é& doteos ’EXevoivade Twéutrovow, LA A a , b] / WOTE THS TErAETHS TUyyVOEions avaroyilerOat TOUS TrOANOLS Kal TA TpecBUTEepa ToV Ociwv Kai \ a Ta Tpochata. Marat pev yap ev Tots apiotors } eEVTUXH MATL TAS puoTLKAas dels Kal dovas Tapa- 1 Qpioros Bekker adopts G. Hermann’s conjecture of anlorots (ancredtble). 206 T54 PHOCION slaves, but severely if he held them to be freemen. Phocion, however, besought Antipater to spare them the garrison, to which Antipater, as we are told, replied: ‘“‘O Phocion, we wish to gratify thee in all things, except those which will ruin thée and us.” But some tell a different story, and say that Anti- pater asked whether, in case he indulged the Athen- ians in the matter of the garrison, Phocion would go surety that his city would abide by the peace and stir up no trouble; and that when Phocion was silent and delayed his answer, Callimedon, surnamed Carabus,! an arrogant man and a hater of democracy, sprang to his feet and cried: “ But even if the fellow should prate such nonsense, Antipater, wilt thou trust him and give up what thou hast planned to do?” XXVIII. Thus the Athenians were obliged to re- ceive a Macedonian garrison, which was under the command of Menyllus, an equitable man and a friend of Phocion. But the measure was held to be an arrogant one, and rather a display of power which delighted in insolence than an occupation due to stress of circumstance. And it came at a time which added not a little to the distress of the people. For the garrison was introduced on the twentieth of the month Boédromion, while the celebration of the mysteries was in progress, on the day when the god Iacchus is conducted from the city to Eleusis, so that the disturbance of the sacred rite led most men to reflect upon the attitude of the heavenly powers in earlier times and at the present day. For of old the mystic shapes and voices were vouchsafed to them in the midst of their most glorious successes, 1 Stag-beetle. 207 PLUTARCH’S LIVES © yever Oat ovv éxrrnée cal OapBer Tov Torepior, vov o€ Tols avTots lepols Ta Sucyepéotata abn THs ‘EArdbos ericKoTety Tous Oeovs, Kal Kabv- BpilecOar Tov ayiwtatov Tod ypovov Kal Adsorov AUTOS, ETM@VULOV TOV LEYLOTOV KAKOV yEevomevon. , TpOTEpov pev OvV OAtlyoLs ETEaL Ypnaopov é&- e 5 is A , ‘7 ? t veykav at Awdwvides TH TOdEL “TA aKpwTHpLa THs Aptéuisos hurAdooev,” Stas aAXoL 1) Aa- A Boo tore 5é rept Tas Huepas éxetvas ai Tawviat pév, als eptedtTTovo. Tas. puoTLKAaS KOtTAaS, Bartopevat Oarypivov avti gowixod ypa@pa Kal a a \ vexpaoes avnveyxay: 6 bé peifov hv, Ta TmapaBa- TTOMEVA TOV LOLATLKOY TAVTA TO TpoatKoV avOos ” 4 \ t / > / gxxve. pvaoTny O€ NoVoVTAa yotpidtov év KavOape@ Aupeve KATOS ocuvérXaBe Kal Ta KaTw pépN TOD TWOMATOS Apt THS KotdLas KATETTLE, TPOOELKVUVTOS avtTois tov Oeod mpodhavas ott Tav KdtTw Kal N , / \ v / mpos Oaracan otepnOevtes THY avw TOoALY Stadv- Aa€ovewv. / ‘H pev ovv dpovpa ba Mévuardov ovdév jnviace Tovs avOpwrous: tav dé ato ndicbévTwy Tov TOMTEVMLATOS Sta Treviav UTép pupious Kal dioxe- Aious yEevouevwv of TE pévovTes EdoKOUY TYéETALA a \ , Kal aTina mdcyew, of te Sua TOUTO THY ToALW > U \ lA > , 3 4 éxdeTrovTes Kal peractavTes eis Opaxny, Avtimd- 1 See the Themistocles, xv. 1. 2 Artemis was the patron goddess of Munychia. 208 PHOCION and brought consternation and affright upon their enemies ;! but now, while the same sacred cere- monies were in progress, the gods looked down with indifference upon the most grievous woes of Hellas, and the profanation of the season which had been most sweet and holy in their eyes made it for the future give its name to their greatest evils. Indeed, a few years before this the Athenians had received an oracle from Dodona bidding them “ guard the summits of Artemis,’? that strangers might not seize them ; and now, during the days of the festival, when the fillets with which they entwine the mystic chests were dyed, instead of purple they showed a sallow and deathly colour, and, what was more signi- ficant still, all the articles for common use which were dyed along with the fillets took the natural hue. Moreover, as a mystic initiate was washing a pig in the harbour of Cantharus,? a great fish seized the offering * which he held and devoured the lower parts of its body as far as the belly, by which Heaven clearly indicated to them in advance that they would be deprived of the lower parts of the city which adjoined the sea, but would retain the upper city. Now, the garrison, owing to the influence of Me- nyllus, did no harm to the inhabitants; but the citizens who were deprived of their franchise be- cause of their poverty numbered more than twelve thousand, and those of them who remained at home appeared to be suffering grievous and undeserved wrongs, while those who on this account forsook the city and migrated to Thrace, where Antipater 3 Part of the harbour of Peiraeus. ‘ Intended for Demeter, the chief divinity of the mys- teries. 209 VOL. VII. P PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tpov ynv Kal woALY AUTOS TapacxXoVTOS, éKTreE- TOALOPKNMEVOLS E@KETAD. XXIX. 'O 6€ Anpocdévous ev Kadaupia cai ‘Tarepeisov mpos Krewvais Oavatos, wept ov év Grows yéeypamrrat, povovovK épwta Kal mdo0oyv "AOnvaios “AXeEdvdpov cat Pidrimrov tapiotn. Kat TovtTo! Srep Vorepov, avatpeOdvtos * Avtiyo- vou kal TaV averdovTwr éexeivoy apEapévwyv Bid- CecOat cal AvTreEty TOs avOpweTrOUs, aVnp dy PoLKOS év Dpvyia xwptov opyTtwv Twudopévou Twos, “Ti motets; otevdtas, ‘“’Avtiyovoy,” eire, “ Enta:” TovuTo! roAXNois emer Néyery Stauynwovevovar Tov éxelvav Tov Baciréwr Oupov, os TO péya Kal yevvaioyv evrrapairntov elyov, oy wamTep AvTi- TATpos LOL“wTOV TpocwT@ Kal davrAoTnTL YAa- pevdtou Kal Siaitns evTedeia KATELPwWVEVOMEVOS THY é£ouciav eax GeoTepos 7 Tots maoxouet KAKOS Seomorns kal TUpavvos. dSpuws 8 odv 0 Paxiwv kal muyns arnd\Aake Todos denBels rob ’Apti- TaTpov, Kal devyouct dverrpaEatro wn KaOdtrep ot Roetrot TOV peOroTapévav UTép TA Kepavvia dpn cat Tov Taivapov éxreceiv tis “EXXdébos, GAG ev TleXotrovvno Katotxetv, av cat ‘Ayvavidns jy o acuKxopavTns. émipedopevos S€ TOY KaTa THY TOMY Tpaws Kal vouipws TOs wey doTeious Kal Vapievtas év tais apyais del ouvetye, Tovs dé ToAuTpaypwovas Kal vewTEptoTds, AUT@ TO 1) 1 rovro retained in both places by Bekker; the first is deleted by Coraés, after Reiske; the second is corrected to tére by Sintenis’. 210 755 PHOCION furnished them with land and a city, were like men driven from a captured city. XXIX. Moreover, the death of Demosthenes in Calauria, and that of Hypereides at Cleonae, about which I have written elsewhere,! made the Athe- nians yearn almost passionately for Philip and Alex- ander. At a later time, after Antigonus had been slain,? and those who slew him began to oppress and vex the people, a peasant in Phrygia who was digging on his farm was asked by someone what he was doing, and answered: “I am looking for Antigonus.”’ So now many were moved to speak, as they called to mind how the greatness and generosity of those illustrious kings made their wrath easy to appease ; whereas Antipater, although he tried to conceal his power under the mask of a common man of mean attire and simple mode of life, was really a more burdensome tyrant and master to those who were in trouble. But nevertheless Phocion successfully pleaded with Antipater for the exemption of many from exile, and for those who went into exile he obtained the privilege of residing in Peloponnesus, instead of being driven out of Hellas beyond the Ceraunian mountains and the promontory of Taena- rum like other men in banishment. Of this number was Hagnonides the public informer. Furthermore, by managing the affairs of the city with mildness and according to the laws, he kept the men of edu- cation and culture always in office, while the busy- bodies and innovators, who withered into insignifi- cance from the very fact that they held no office and 1 See the Demosthenes, chapters xxvili.—xxx. 2 Antigonus was defeated by Seleucus and Lysimachus at Ipsus, in Phrygia, in 301 B.c., and fell in the battle. 211 p Q PLUTARCH’S LIVES dpxew unde OopuBeiy atropapatwvopévous, edidake piroxywpety Kal ayarayv yewpyobvtas. opav dé \ 4 fa) N V4 > 4 Tov Elevoxpatny teXovvTa TO peToixtoy éBovrETO lA lA e b A , > A ypayrat toditny: o 6é ameimre,-pyoas ovx av n 4 A peTacXely TAaUTNS THS ToNtTELas Tepl Hs emmpé- oBevev iva pn yévntat. XXX. Tot 5&€ MevidArgouv dwpeav ait@ kal , , >] 4 4 9 > A b ] vpnuata didovtos, atexpivato unt éxetvov ‘AXe- Eavdpou BeAtiova eivat wnTe KpeLTTOVA THY aLTiaV eh’ 4 Aneta viv oO ToTEe pn SeEdpevos. GANA Poxw ye TO Tatdl NaBetv Seopévov tod Mevva- Xx ce @® 4 lA 93 J ce 2\ \ ; ipl ou, wm pév, eéltev, “éay pev awdppovn petaBaropmevos, apkéoes Ta TOU TaTpos’ ws 8 V4 “A J \ e , > 39 > 4 \ Eyes viv, ovdey ixavov éotiw.’ "Avtitatp@ é 4 TpaXvTEpoy amexpivato PBovropévp te yeverBas A A Q 4 3 ds avtov Tav pn mpeTvovtay: “Ov duvatat yap,” 8 ‘6c? 4 ee \ / \ ELTITED, AvtTimatpos apa pot Kali Pirm Kat , a ” N \ > 4 J \ KoAaKke ypnoOar. tov dé “Avtimatpov avtov eimrety Aéyouow ws dveiy avT@ dirov ’AOnvnow 5) \ “ dvtav, Paxiwvos cai Anpddov, tov pev AaBetv b , N \ A > > / \ ov meémeiKe, TOV dé Std0US OUK Eu“TréeTANKE. Kal pévtoe. Paxiwy pev ws apetnv éredetxvuTo THY ; Teviav, év 7 TocavTaKs “AOnvaiwv otpatnyncas a 4 Kail Baoirevor dirois yYpnoduevos éyxaTeyynpace, Anpadns 66 T@ TAOUT@ Kail Tapavopwrv éxadrw- A cy mwiteto. vosov yap ovtos “AOnynot tote pH yopever E€vov 7) yiAlas atroTtivey Tov Yopnyor, dmavras eicayayov Eévovs Tovs yopevoytas 212 PHOCION raised no uproars, were taught by him to be fond of home and to delight in tilling the soil. When he saw that Xenocrates paid the resident alien tax, he offered to enrol him as a citizen; but the philosopher refused, saying that he could not take part in an ad- ministration for the prevention of which he had served on an embassy.! XXX. When Menyllus offered Phocion a gift of money, he replied that neither was Menyllus better than Alexander,? nor was there any stronger reason why the man who would not accept it then should take it now. Menyllus, however, begged him to take the money for his son Phocus at least, whereupon Phocion said: “ For Phocus, should he be converted to sobriety of life, his patrimony will be enough ; but as he is now, nothing is sufficient.” Again, when Antipater desired him to do something that was not seemly, he gave him a sharper answer, saying: “ Anti- pater cannot have from me the services of friend and flatterer at once.” And Antipater himself once said, as we are told, that he had two friends at Athens, Phocion and Demades; one he could never persuade to take anything, the other he could never satisfy with his gifts. And verily Phocion displayed as a virtue the poverty in which, though he had been so many times a general of Athens and had enjoyed the friendship of kings, he had come to old age ; whereas Demades made a great parade of his wealth, even though he was violating the laws to do so. For instance, there was a law of Athens at this time forbidding a choregus to have a foreigner in his chorus, under penalty of a thousand drachmas; but Demades presented a chorus of a hundred members 1 Cf. chapter xxvii. 2 Cf. chapter xviii. 213 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ExaTOv dvTas cpa Kat THY onulay ava xirtas vmep éxdarou elarjvey Kev eis TO Jéatpov. Anpeg be 76 vi@ yuny aryopevos, “ “Eyob per,” elev, ‘@ Tail, THY ONY UNTEPA. yapobvTos 0vde o yeltov ¥oBero tots b€ cots yapous Kat Baowrets Kat duvaotat cvyxopnyovaor. "Evoxhow Tov be TO Doxiorr TOV ‘AOnvatov 6TwS amarrakn THY ppoupav mwetoas Tov ’Avti- TaTpov, elTe wn TpocSoKay metoew elTE paiddov opay owppovobvra, TOV Sfjwov Kal ‘TONTEVOpEVOY eUTAKTOS dua TOV PoBov, éxelyny HED det dmb ito THY mpeo Beiay, Ta O€ Ypynuata pn TparTew, aN pednewp Kal dvaBadrecbat Tov “Aprimatpov ETrELoE. petaBavtes ouv Anpaday Tapexdhovv. o d€ mrpodvpas bt bran Kal TOV vioV eXov amrijpev eis Maxebdoviay, v7 Satpoves TLWOS;, Os couxev, els TOUTO KaLpov Kop Gels év & KATELXETO poev ‘Avtimratpos nn yoo, Kdeav8pos bé Tay mpa- YUaTOV eyKPATNS yeryoves eUpev emLaToNay Anud- ov yeypampéevny T pos ’"Avtiyovoy «is ‘Actay, TapaKanrodyTos avTov emupavijvar TOUS Tept THY “Edda, Kal Maxedoviay, ¢ eK Tada.od Kat cam pou K pepapevors TT PLOVOS, TOV ‘Avtimatpov ovT@ TKOpavTos. @s ovr eiSev auTov Gi try LEVOV 0 Kdaavépos, cuvehaBe, Kat TparTa fev TOV vito éyyus T pocaryaryev aréapager, Gare xatadefa- cOat Tots KOMTOLS TO alua TOV TmaTépa Kal Kata- TAnaOhvar Tou povou, peta Tadta bé ets ayapi- ortay avrov Kal m poboatav TOAAA AoLdopHaas kat xaOuBpicas améxrecvev. 214 PHOCION all of whom were foreigners, and at the same time brought into the theatre his fine of a thousand drachmas for each one of them. Again, when he was bringing home a wife for his son Demeas, he said to him: “ When I married thy mother, my son, not even a neighbour noticed it; but to thy nuptials kings and potentates are contributing.” When the Athenians importuned Phocion to go and persuade Antipater to remove the garrison, whether it was because he despaired of persuading him, or because he saw that the people were more sensible and conducted public affairs with more de- corum when they were thus under the influence of fear, he continually rejected that mission; he did, however, persuade Antipater not to exact the moneys due from the city, but to delay, and postpone their payment. The people, accordingly, transferred their importunities to Demades. He readily undertook the mission, and taking his son with him set out for Macedonia. He arrived there, as some heavenly power, doubtless, would have it, precisely at the time when Antipater was already afflicted with sick- ness, and when Cassander, who had assumed control - of affairs, had found a letter which Demades had written to Antigonus in Asia, beseeching him to present himself suddenly in Greece and Macedonia, which hung by an old and rotten thread, as he facetiously called Antipater. When, therefore, Cas- sander saw Demades after his arrival, he arrested him, and first slaughtered his son, whom he had brought so near that the folds of his father’s robe caught the blood of his murder and were filled with it, and then, after heaping much insult and abuse upon him for his ingratitude and treachery, slew the father too. 215 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXI. "Ezret dé ’Avtimatpos atrobetEas IloAv- om epXovTa oTpaTnyoy, Kdoavépov dé xiALapxov, éFédutrev, evOds Siavacras O Kdoavdpos Kal TpoxaTarapBaveov Ta Tpaypata Twéurer KaTa taxos Nexdvopa To Mewar» duddoxov Tis ppouvpapyxias, Tp éxdnrov TOV “Avturatpov Odavarov yevéa Pa Kedevoas THY Mouvuxiap mapa- AaBeiv. yevopevou S€ TouvTov, Kat pel nuépas oriryas mudopeveov TOV "AOnvator 6 bru TeOunKev O "Avtitatpos, é€v aitiais 0 Dwxiwy hv Kat Kaxas Tcovev @s tpoatcOopevos Kal KaTacLwTioas xapure tod _ Nuxavopos. o 6€ TOVTM@Y pév OvK eppoviter, € evTuyX avov dé T@ Nixdvope kal dva- Aeyouevos els TE Tada TOLs 'AOnvatous ™pGov avTov Kal KeXapto uevov mapeixe, Kal prroripias Twas émetce kal datrdvas brootivat yevouevoy arywvoderny. XXXII. "Ev tovr@ Sé Kal [lorvamrépxov, THY TOU Baciréws érripedevay eyav ud éauT@ Kat KAT ATOMTEVOMEVOS Tov Kacavépor, emeprpey émiaToANY Tos év doret YEYPALpEVND, @s TOU Bac iréws amobibavros avrois THV Snwoxpatiav Kal ToNrLtTever Oat Kara Ta maT pla mavras "AOn- vaious KeXevovTos. mV dé TOUTO Kara TOU Dooxio- v0s émtBouny. cvaKevalouevos yap eis éavtov, OS pix pov DaTepov éderEe Tots Epyats, 0 Ilodvorép- yov THY TOMY, ovdev rrr e Tepatvery pa Tov Pwxiwvos éxmecovtos: éxmeceiaOar Se éxeivov 1 Not to be taken in its literal meaning of commander of a thousand, but in the general sense of lieutenant-general, second in command. Antipater vainly sought to deprive his son of the succession. 216 756 PHOCION XXXII. And when Antipater died, after appoint- ing Polysperchon general-in-chief, and Cassander chiliarch,! Cassander at once became rebellious, promptly took the government into his own hands, and sent Nicanor with all speed to relieve Menyllus from the command of the garrison at Athens, bid- ding him take over Munychia before Antipater’s death became known. This was done, and when, after a few days, the Athenians learned that Anti- pater was dead,? they blamed Phocion severely, alleging that he had known about it before and had held his peace as a favour to Nicanor. Phocion, however, paid no heed to these charges, but by in- terviews and discussions with Nicanor rendered him in general mild and gracious to the Athenians, and, in particular, persuaded him to undertake sundry expensive exhibitions as director of games. XXXII. In the meantime, too, Polysperchon, who had the king? in his own personal charge and was seeking to thwart the schemes of Cassander, sent a letter to the citizens of Athens, announcing that the king restored to them their democracy and ordered that all Athenians should take part in the adminis- tration of the city according to their earlier polity. This was a plot against Phocion. For Polysperchon was scheming (as he plainly showed a little later) to dispose the city in his own interests, and had no hope of succeeding unless Phocion was banished ; he was sure, however, that Phocion would be banished if the 3 In 319 B.c. 3 The imbecile Philip Arrhidaeus, half-brother of Alexan- der. The other king, the little son of Alexander by Roxana, was in Epeirus with Olympias, the mother of Alexander. See the Humenes, iii. 1 and 7, with the notes. 217 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a a ? 4 bd f a dua tov atevndicpévoy ereyv0évtwv TH TWoN- , / A Aa A / Telg Kai wdadw To Biya dnuayoyav KaracxovTov Kal TUKOPAVYTOV. ¢€ / \ \ A A b 4 Trroxtvovpéverv S€ pos tavbta tev ‘AOnvaiwr, / > a > a) e 4 > Bovropevos evtuxety avtois o Nixavwp, ev Ilee- pases BovArAns yevouévns, TapnrOe, TO Poxiworvi 9 , \ a Us Q c A > \ éumirtevoas To capa. Aepxvrrov oé Tov émi THS K@pas oTpaTnyod cudAAaBeEiv avTov émriye- a / pnaoavtos, éxeivos pev mpoatcOopevos é&erndnce, \ \ A\ 9 , \ n e kal havepos Hv evOvs apuvovpevos THY TOALY, O \ 4 > \ A 4 X wv \ \ 5é¢ Dwxiwv eri T@ TpoécOar Tov avdpa Kai py KaTacxel éyxanrovpevos pn TioTEevey pev TO Nixavops: cai pndév an’ adtov mpoadoxav Sevov: ef O€ p11}, waAXrov eOérXeww AdsKotpevos 7 abieav ghavepos yevéecOar. Todto Sé€ brép avrod pev av Tit oKoTrovvTt SoKoin KadoKayabiKads NErAEXOat kal yevvaiws: o S€ ets tartpidos atroxivduvevwrv cuTnpiay, Kal tav’Ta otpatnyos Kal apyYwv, ovK oda py peiCoy Te wapaBaiver nal mpecBvtepov TO Tpos TOUS TroAiTas Sixatov. ode yap éxeEivo ” 3 a a 4 \ > , éotiy evtrety, Gtt hoRovpevos pev Els TToAEMOV 3 a N U e / b U fe) éuParety thy wordt o DPwxiwyv amecyeto Tov Nixavopos, GAAws 5é mpovBadrrA€cTO THY TiaTLY kal To Sixatov, Strws aidovpevos exeivos novxiav ayn cat pndév abdixn tovs ‘AOnvatovs: add’ dvtws Gotxev toxyupa Tis ad’t@ Tept Tov Nexavopos éy- A / yevéoOat triatis, dv ye TOAN@Y TrpodtaBaddorTwY 218 PHOCION disfranchised citizens overwhelmed the administra- tion, and the tribunal was again at the mercy of demagogues and public informers. Since the Athenians were somewhat stirred by these communications, Nicanor wished to address them,! and after a council had been convened in Peiraeus, he came before it, relying upon Phocion for the safety of his person. But Dercyllus, the Athenian general in command of the district, made an attempt to arrest him, whereupon Nicanor, who became aware of the attempt in time, dashed away, and was clearly about to inflict speedy punishment upon the city. Phocion, however, when assailed for letting Nicanor go and not detaining him, said that he had confidence in Nicanor and expected no evil at his hands; but in any case, he would rather be found suffering wrong than doing wrong. Now, such an utterance as this might seem honourable and noble in one who had regard to his own interests alone; but he who endangers his country’s safety, and that, too, when he is her commanding general, transgresses, I suspect, a larger and more venerable obligation of justice towards his fellow citizens. For it cannot even be said that it was the fear of plung- ing the city into war which made Phocion refrain from seizing Nicanor, but that he sought to excuse himself on other grounds by protestations of good faith and justice, in order that Nicanor might respect these obligations and keep the peace and do the Athenians no wrong; nay, it would seem that he really had too strong a confidence in Nicanor. For though many gave warning against that officer and 1 Nicanor, acting in the interests of Cassander, wished to expose to the Athenians the designs of Polysperchon. 219 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal Katnyopouvtwv émitiOecOar Te Uetparet cat dtaBuBalew ets Tarapiva Eévous nal d:apOeipew tivas Tov év Ilespatet xatouxovvtwy, od tpoo7- > KATO TOV AOYoV ovo éeriotevaEV, GAAA Kal Pido- / a / 9.7 / pnrov tov Aaumtpews Wydiopa ypawavtos "A@nvaious arravtas év tots StXots elvat Kai TO atpatny@® Paxiww mpocéxe, nuernoev, aypt e a ov mpocdyav o Nixavwp éx tHs Movuvuyias ta ed \ A / oma Tov Ileipara treptetadpevce. XXXTII. Tparropévwy b€ tovtwv o pev Do- 4 b] A \ aA \ > , xiwv éGopuBetto xai cated poveito tous AOnvaious Ul 3 e / éEdyew Bovropevos, AréEavdpos dé o Hovvorrép- \ YovTos vies Ke weTa Suvduews, Noyo ueyv etl Tov / a 3 ¥ 4 4 \ ‘\ Nixdvopa tots év adotet BonOyjowyr, Epyo Sé tTHV , > 4 / > \ e fo Tod, €& SvvatTo, KaTAaAnYomevos avTHnY éauTA TepiT@EeTH yevouevnv. ot Te yap puyddes avTo auvetaBarovtes evOus Hoav év dotet, Kal TOV / A Eévov dua nal TOV aTipwv mpos avTovs etadpa- / hovrTwy éxxrAnoia Trappyns nOpoicOn Kat data- KTOS, é€v 4 TOV Pwxiwva THs apyfs atrodvoayTes étépous etNovTo oTpaTnyous. et b€ wy oUYL@D Ets A \ Aoyous o ’Adé~Eavdpos tO Nexdvope povos Tapa To Telyos WhOn, Kai TodTO ToLodYTES TrOAAaKLS e / A b / f > N e uToviay tots "AOnvaiow trapéoyov, ovK av 7 / woAts Ovepuye Tov Kivduvov. érret dé ‘Ayvavidns 0 pyTwp evOvs errehveTo Tos Trept TOV Poxiwva kal KaTnyopes Tpodocias, ot pev wept KarrLpe- / an A Sovta kai Xapixréa hoByOévtes amHnrOov éx THs , e \ , b 9 A a f- Tronews, 0 66 Daxiwy cal pet avtov Tav dirov 220 757 PHOCION accused him of hostile designs against the Peiraeus, in that he was sending mercenaries across to Salamis, and tampering with some of the residents in Peiraeus, Phocion would not give heed to the story nor believe it at all. Indeed, even after Philomelus of Lamptrae brought in a decree that all Athenians should stand under arms and await orders from Phocion their general, he paid no attention to the matter, until Nicanor led his troops forth from Munychia and began to run trenches around the Peiraeus. XXXII. In this state of affairs, Phocion, who now wished to lead the Athenians forth to battle, was stormed at and held in derision, and Alexander the son of Polysperchon came with an armed force. His ostensible design was to bring aid to the citizens against Nicanor, but he really wished to seize the city, if he could, now that she was ruinously divided against herself. For the exiles who had burst into the country with him were at once in the city, strangers and disfranchised citizens ran in to join them, and a motley and turbulent assembly was gathered together, in which Phocion was deposed from his command and other generals were chosen. And had not Alexander been seen in close confer- ence with Nicanor near the walls, and had not their interview, which was often repeated, rendered the Athenians suspicious, the city would not have escaped its peril. Moreover, Hagnonides the orator! at once assailed Phocion and denounced him as a traitor, whereupon Callimedon and Charicles? took fright and left the city, while Phocion, and with him those 1 The same as the public informer of xxix. 3. 3 Prominent partisans of Antipater, who had transferred their allegiance to Cassander, the son of Antipater, rather than to Polysperchon, the succéssor of Antipater. 221 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ot TrapapeivaytTes @yovTo pos IloAvaTépyovTa. Kat avveEnrOov avrois yapitt ToD Dwxiwvos o TIvataseds Yorwv cat Acivapyos o Kopivdsos, émitndecot Tov IloAvomépyovtos eivat Soxodvtes , aA kat ovvndes. appwotia S& xpnoapévov tod 9 Aewapxou cvxvas juépas év “Enarela Ssérpuar, év als ‘Ayvewvidou meicavtos, 'Apyeotpatou bé To Whdiopa yparpavtos, éreute mpecBetav o dSHuos KaTnyopjycovcay tov Daxiwvos. dua dé Kal cuvémstav aupotepor te IloAvorépyovte peta tov Bacthéws Tropevopévw trepl Kony Twa TIS Dwxidos, Papvyas, Kespévnv b7ro To *AKpovpiov épos, 6 vov T'aXrarny Kadodour. "Evradéa 89 Beis o Tlodvaortépywr tov ypucody oupavionov, Kal Kabicas it’ av’T@ Tov Baciréa \ A 4 N N 4 > A b kat Tous girous, Tov péev Aeivapyov evOvs éx mpoodov AaPely ExéXevoe Kai otpeBX\WoarTas > “A A \ b ] 4 b] 4 S amoxteivat, tots 6€ AOnvaios amwédwxe Royov. a@s 5¢€ OdpuBov Kai Kpavynv érotouy dvtiKatn- a 3 t 3 A 4 \ yopouvTes GAAHAwY ev TH auVEdpi~, Kal TpocEd- dav o ‘Ayvewvidns citev, “"Arraytas nas eis , 5] J 4, > , b] / piav éuBarovtes yaredypav ’AOnvaios avatrép- S e , 99 e \ A > VA rate Noyov vpéfovtas, o pev Bactreus éye- Nacey, of dé TepreaT@Tes TH cuvedpim Maxedoves kai Eévoe oxoAny dyovtes éreOvpouy axovetv, Kal Tovs mpéaBets TapexdAouy amo vevpatos évTad0a qoteiobar tTHv KaTnyopiav. hv dé ovdév gov, GANA TO pey Poxiwvie TodrAdKis aytéxpovcev oO J 4 / @ A , LloAvorépxwv Aeyovtt, méxpt ov TH Baxtnpia 222 PHOCION of his friends who remained faithful, set out to go to Polysperchon. There went forth with them also, out of regard for Phocion, Solon of Plataea and Deinarchus of Corinth,! who were reputed to be intimate friends of Polysperchon. But Deinarchus fell sick, and the party therefore tarried many days in Elateia, during which time the people of Athens, in accordance with a decree brought in by Arche- stratus and supported by Hagnonides, sent an em- bassy to denounce Phocion. Both the parties fell in with Polysperchon at the same time, as he was marching with the king near Pharygae, a village of Phocis lying at the foot of Mount Acrurium, which is now called Galata. Here, then, Polysperchon, after setting up the golden canopy and seating beneath it the king and his friends, as soon as Deinarchus came forward, ordered him to be seized, tortured, and put to death,? and then gave audience to the Athenians. But they raised a tumultuous shouting with their denuncia- tions of one another in the council, and at last Hag- nonides came forward and said: “ Throw us all into one cage and send us back to Athens to render an account.” At this, the king burst out laughing; but the Macedonians and foreigners who were gathered about the council, having nothing else to do, were eager to listen, and nodded to the ambassadors to make their denunciation there. But there was no fairness in the conduct of the case, since, when Phocion tried to speak, he was frequently interrupted by Polysperchon, and at last, smiting the ground with 1 Antipater’s chief agent in Peloponnesus, ? In order to maintain himself in power, Polysperchon was forced to treat Antipater’s friends as his own enemies, 223 PLUTARCH’S LIVES matatas Thy ynv améotn Kal KatTectwrnoev. € A A Hynpovos 5€ dijcavtos Ste waptus aVTO THS POS Tov Sipov evvoia;s TloAvorépywr éoti, kab Tov TloAvorépyovtos aroxpivayévov mpos opyny, A N lA “Tlatcat pou mpos tov Bactdéa Kxatarpevdo- b>] 3 & 4 e A a / pevos, avamrnoncas o Baatrevs wpunoe NOYXN ‘N ¢ 4 4 \ A A tov Hyrova marafar. tayv dé rob lodvotrép- , > N 4 Py , \ VovTos meptkaBovTos auTov ovTw dteXvOn TO ouvédptov. 4 > A XXXIV. Tov d¢ Poxiwva kai tovs pet avtov puArakhs Tepieyovons, door Tv éTalpwv ETVYoV ouUK éyyus éoTa@TeEs, @S TOUTO eldov, éyxadud- evo. kal Stadvyovtes eowOnoav. éxetvous dé A fo) , Knreltros ets “AOnvas aviye AOyo pev KptOnoopme- vous, épyw o€ amobaveiy KataKxexpimévous. Kat Tpoonvy TO oXnwa TH KouldH Avtrnpov, ed’ apdktats couCopévwmv avta@v d:a tov Kepapecxov \ a e mpos TO Oéatpov: éxel yap avTovs Tpocayayav o Kyeitos cuvetyev, a Y THy éxxAnotav érX7- vev, axpt ov THY éxKANolay éTA7 e A pwoav ot apyovtes, od SovAov, ov Févov, ov« ATtwov aTrokpivayTes, AAAA TaGL Kal Tacals avaTeTTapévov TO Siua Kal To Oéatpov trapa- t 3 \ \ a > 9» \ n 4 ayovTes. émet O€ T éemtoToAn Tod Bactréws aveyvacOn, Néyovtos avT@ pev éyv@abat mpodo- ¢ Tas yeyovévat Tovs avdpas, éxetvors dé dedovar / THv Kptow érevOépors -te 57 Kal avTOVOmOLS Ov~CL, kat tovs avdpas o Kyeitos eionyayev, ot pev f a A > , A J BérrTicTo. THY TodtT@Y odGEvTOs TOU PwxKiwvos J 4 \ 4 7 3 4 évecadvwavto kal Kato Kuavtes eddxpvor, els 224 PHOCION his staff, he retired and held his peace. Moreover, when Hegemon! said that Polysperchon could bear witness to his good will towards the people, and Polysperchon replied in wrath, “Cease telling lies against me in the presence of the king,” the king sprang to his feet and would have smitten Hegemon with a spear. But Polysperchon quickly threw his arms about the king, and thus the council was dissolved. XXXIV. A guard was now placed about Phocion and his associates, and at sight of this all of his friends who were standing at some remove covered up their faces and sought safety in flight. Phocion and his party, however, were taken back to Athens by Cleitus, ostensibly to be tried, but really under sentence of death. And besides, the manner of their return to the city was shameful, for they were carried on waggons through the Cerameicus to the theatre. For thither Cleitus brought them and there he kept them, until the magistrates had made up an assembly, from which they excluded neither slave, foreigner, nor disfranchised person, but allowed all alike, both men and women, free access to theatre and tribunal. After the letter of the king had been read aloud, in which he said that according to his . judgement the men were traitors, but that their fellow citizens, who were freemen and self-govern- ing, should pronounce sentence upon them, Cleitus led the men in. Then the best of the citizens, at sight of Phocion, covered their faces, bent their heads, and wept. One of them, however, rose up 1 One of Phocion’s party, and, like him, under accusation of treachery, 3.e. of favouring Cassander rather than Poly- sperchon. 225 VOL. VIII. Q PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé dvac ras eToApnoev elmrely Ott, _THMKAUTHY Kplow ey KEXELPLKOTOS T® See tov Bactréws, KarOS exer tovs Sovdous wat TOUS Eévous amren- 4 Oetv éx THiS exkAnatas. ovK GvATXOMEVOD | 6é TOV TOAD, ann’ avaxpayovray Barrew TOUS OXL- Yapxecous Kal pa odnpous, adros peev ovdels vmép TOU Peoxiwvos émexelpnoey eitrety, autos 5é Nahe as Kat HOLS eEaxovobeis, “ Tlorepov,” elTrev, “ adixws q Sixaiws aTroKTeivat BovreoGe nas; drroxpwapevov 6€ Tver ore Oucalas, 758 “Kal tovto,” épn, “ Tas yuooerOe 7 akovoar- 5 Tes; émel dé ovév padAXov irovov, éyyuTépw a 6? A 4, ” 3 cc ? A e mpocedOav, “'Eyo pév, elirev, “ adtxety opo- Noyo, Kal Gavdrou TLLGMAL TA TETOALTEVLEVA evauT@: Toutous 6é, avdpes "AOnvaior, bua TL AMTOKTEVELTE pLNoeV adixodvras; ° crroxpwapevov bé TONY, “Ore col Pirov elo, o pev Pw- Kiwy aTrooTas novxiav iyyer, 0 dé Ayvenidns Whpiopa Yeypappevov EX ov aveyva, Kad & Tov SHpov edet Xetporovely Tept TOV avdpeav et doxov- ow ad.xety, tous 5é dvdpas, av KaTayetpoTovn- Oacuv, amroOuna Kew. XXXV. ‘Avayvad Vévtos dé Tob Wn dio paros nEtouv tives Tpocypaderv Srrws Kal aTpeBrwOeis Pooxiwr amroBavor, Kal Tov TPOXOV elo pepey Kat TOUS varnpetas canelv 7 pooeTaTT OV. o 6¢ “Aqve- vidns kal Tov Kyetrov opav Bvoyepaivorra Kal TO mpary wa BapBaptxov elvat Kal p1apov nyou- pevos, “"Oray,” &bn, Kadrrpébovta tov pactt- 1 In cases where the penalty was not fixed by law, the accuser proposed a penalty, and the accused had the right to 226 PHOCION and had the courage to say that, since the king had put a case of such importance into the hands of the people, it were well that slaves and foreigners should leave the assembly. This the multitude would not tolerate, but cried out to stone the oligarchs and haters of the people. Therefore no one else under- took to speak in behalf of Phocion, but he himself, with great difficulty, at last made himself heard, saying: “Do ye wish to put us to death unjustly or justly?” And when some answered, “Justly,” he said: “ And how will ye determine this without hearing me?” But they were not a whit more willing to hear him, and therefore, drawing nearer, he said: “I admit my own guilt, and I assign death as the penalty! for my political conduct; but these men with me, men of Athens, are not guilty at all, and why will ye put them to death?” “ Because they are thy friends,’ answered many, whereat Pho- cion retired and held his peace. But Hagnonides read aloud an edict which he had prepared, in ac- cordance with which the people were to vote by show of hands whether they thought the men to be guilty, and the men, if the show of hands was against them, were to be put to death. XXXV. After the edict had been read aloud, some demanded an additional clause providing that Phocion should be tortured before he was put to death, and insisted that the rack should be brought in and the executioners summoned. But Hagnonides, who saw that Cleitus was displeased at this, and considered the measure abominable and barbarous, said : “ When. ever we catch that rascally Callimedon, men of Athens, propose a counter-penalty. The court then chose between the two penalties. Phocion waived all the advantage of this right, as Socrates, in a different way, had done. 22 Q 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yiav AdBoper, a avdpes “AOnvaior, otpeBdwao- bev mept bé Deoxiwvos ovdey eyo ypapw rTotov- TOV. evraiba TOV em vereey TLS UTepwvncer “’Op0as ye av TOLD" dv yap Poxiwva Bacavi- TMpEV, TE ti TOLNTOMEY ; “ émixupwbevTos dé Tov vaio patos Kal Ths xetporovias arrodobeians, ovdeis Kab nuevos, Gra tavres éEavacravtes, ob dé Treio Tou Kal arepavwodpevol, KATEXELPOTO- vnocav avtav Oavatov. joav 56 avy Te Paxiworve Nixoxdijs, @ovdinros, ‘Hyjpov, Tlvdonrjs° An- pntpiou dé Tod Parnpéws Kal KadaArpedovtos Kat Xaptxréous Kal TMV GOV aToVTMY KaTeEWn- dicOn Oavatos. XXXVI. ‘Os obdv dtadvcavtes THY éxKAnciav ipyov eis TO Seo parnplov TOUS dvdpas, ot pep adnot, TEpUT NEKOMEVOV TOV pirov auTois Kal oixeton, odupopevot Kal catabpnvobvtes eBdd.Cov, TO 5€ Dwxiwvos ™p0g wTrov olov Ste TT pPATHYOY an excAnotas I POUTréELTETO Brérovtes, édav- pavov THY amdaBevav Kal peyarouxiav TOU avopos. ob 6é ex pot KaK@s Edeyov TapaT pexXov- TES" els dé Kat 7 poo én Tua ev eevartias T poo ed- Gov. Ore Kal TOY PDoxiova Aéyerar Brepavra T pos TOUS apxovras elmrely “Ov mavoe Tis do xnwovovrTa ToUTOV;” éret dé Oovdirrros év T@ Sea paTnpi yevopevos Kal TO KevELov opa@v TptBdpevov nyavaKrel Kal KaTéxXae THY cUp- popar, @S OU TpognKovTws TO Poxiov TUvAT ON upevos, “ Kita ove ayardas,” elev, ‘Ste pera Poxiwvos amobvija Kets; ‘ epopevou bé TLVOS TOV dirwv ef te mpos Paxov réyet Tov viov, “ Tdvu 228 PHOCION we will put him to the torture ; but I cannot make any such motion in the case of Phocion.’”” Here some decent fellow called out in response: “Right thou art; for if we should torture Phocion, what would be left for us to do to thee?” So the form of the edict was approved, and when the show of hands was taken, no one keeping his seat, but all rising to their feet, and most of them wreathing themselves with garlands, they condemned the men to death. Now, there were with Phocion, Nicocles, Thudippus, Hegemon, and Pythocles; and Demetrius of Pha- lerum, Callimedon, Charicles, and sundry others, were condemned to death zn absenitd. XXXVI. When, accordingly, the assembly had been dissolved and the men were being led to the prison, the rest of them, as their friends and rela- tives clung about them, walked along lamenting and shedding tears; but the countenance of Phocion was the same as it used to be when he was escorted from the assembly as general, and when men saw it, they were amazed at the man’s calmness and at his grandeur of spirit. His enemies, however, ran along by his side and reviled him; and one of them actu- ally came up and spat in his face. At this, as we are told, Phocion looked towards the magistrates and said : “ Will not someone stop this fellow’s unseemly behaviour?”’ Again, when Thudippus, on entering the prison and seeing the executioner bruising the hemlock, grew angry and bewailed his hard fate, declaring it not fitting that he should perish with Phocion, “Is it no satisfaction to thee, then,” said Phocion, “that thou art put to death in company with Phocion?” And when one of his friends asked him if he had any message for his son Phocus, (229 PLUTARCH’S LIVES fev ovr,” edn: “Aéyo put) pyynorxaxeiv ’AOnvai- os. tov dé Nexoxréous, bs Hv avT@ TLcTOTATOS Tov dhitwy, TapaKkaXdodvTos STrws avToY édon TO ddppaxov muciy mpotepov, “Bapv pév, elzrev, “& Nexoxdes, éuol To aitnua Kal AUTNpor, érret dé ovdé GAO OvdéTroTE GOL Tapa Tov Biov ovdéev nXaploTnca, Kal TOUTO GUYYwWPa. TETWKOTWY 5é 46n mdavreyv To dappuaxov érréNutTre, Kat 0 Snpo- aos oun edn Tpixpe Erepov, ei uy NABot Swdexa Spaxpuds, dcov thy odKHy a@veirat. ypovou bé yevopevou Kal SiatpiBis 6 Pwxiwv Kadécas TiWa tov dirwv, cal eirra@v ei unde aTroBaveiv ‘AOnvnet Swpeay éotiv, éexédevoe TO avOpar@ Sodvat TO KEpUaTLov. XXXVIT. "Hy S€ jpuépa pnvds Movyvyravos évatn én déxa, Kal t@ Aut thy ToT TéwTrovTeEs oi immeis TapeEnecay’ Ov of pev adelrovTo Tovs orepavous, of 5é mpos tas Oipas Sedaxpupévot THs etpxTns dréBrevav. épavn Se tots py Tavramacw w@pois Kai SiePOappévors br’ opyis kal POovou tHv Wuyry, avootwTaTov yeyovévas TO pnd erioxeiv tHv Huépav éxeivnv, pndé xadaped- cat Snuociov dovov tHv Tod éoptatovcay. ov pny adr wdotrep évdcéatEepovy nywviapevots Tots éyOpois Soke nal To cHpa TOD Pwxiwvos éEopi- gat nal pndé wip éevadoat pndéva tmpos THY tagmy 'AOnvaiwy. b10 diros pev ovdeis erorpunoev apacOat tov cwpatos, Kovwriwr $€ Tis, vrroup- yelty eOtopevos Ta ToradTa ptcbod, xouicbévTa 230 59 PHOCION “‘ Certainly,” said he; “my message is that he cherish no resentment against the Athenians.” Again, when Nicocles, his most faithful friend, begged the privilege of drinking the drug first, “O Nicocles,” he said, “thy request is grievous to me and painful; but since I have never in all my life denied thee any other favour, I grant thee this one also.” But when all the rest had drunk of it, the drug ran short, and the executioner refused to bruise another portion unless he were paid twelve drachmas, which was the price of the weight re- quired. However, after a delay of some length, Phocion called one of his friends, and, asking if a man could not even die at Athens without paying for the privilege, bade him give the executioner his money. XXXVII. It was the nineteenth day of the month Munychion,! and the horsemen conducting the pro- cession in honour of Zeus were passing by the prison. Some of them took off their garlands, and others gazed at the door of the prison with tears in their eyes. And it was thought by all those whose souls were not wholly savage and debauched by rage and jealousy, that an impious thing had been done in not waiting over that day, and so keeping the city pure from a public execution when it was holding festival. However, his enemies, as if their triumph were in- complete, got a decree passed that the body of Phocion should be carried beyond the boundary of the country, and that no Athenian should light a fire for his obsequies. Therefore no friend of his ventured to touch his body, but a certain Conopion, who was wont to perform such services for hire, 1 Karly in May, 318 B.c. 231 a A PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOV vexpoy uTép tHv *EXevoiva, wip AaBav éx TAS Meyapixijs, éxavaev. n be yuvn Tapodoa pera, TOY Geparraividwr & Eywoe prev avTohe youa Kevov Kal KATETTELTED, evenevn 6¢ T@ KONT@ 7: Ta ooTa Kal Kopicaca VUKT@p els THY olxiay KaTo- puke Tapa tHy éotiav, eitrovca: “Zoi, @ Pirn éotia, TapaxaTaTibepat TavTa avd pos ayabod eiypava: av 6€ avTa Tois TaTppors a7r060S nplots, Stav "A@nvaior coppovyowa.. XXXVIII. Kai PEVTOL \V povou Bpaxéos dva- “yevopevou, Kal TOV Tpaypnatwv OtdacKovTwv olov emlioTaThy Kal PurAaKA Twppocurns Kat Sixatog v- yns 0 bf] 10s amr@Xécev, avdpiavta pev avTov Xarxooy aver Tnaay, eayav dé Snpociors Téheot Ta OoTa. ToV O€ KaTHYyOpwv ‘Ayvwvidny yey avTol Oavarov KaTAXELpoTOVHT aves am éxTewvay, "Ent- Koupov dé Kal Anpopirov dmodpavras € ex THS To- AEws dvev pov 0 TOV Dwxiwvos vids eTLMepnTato. Tobrov ovTe TaAXA omoudatov dvdpa yevéo Oars gaci, Kat mardiakns épavra mapa mropvoBorK@ Tpepoperns Kara TUYNY Geodapp TO abeep Tapa- yever Oar hovyov ey Auxei@ Staheyouerep TOLOUTOV' as Ei TO pirov AvoacOat pn aiaxpov EoTLD, oude TO inp opolws: et be wn TO eraipon, ovoe TO éraipay” ” Oéuevov ovv éavt@ pos THY em Oupiay Tov AOYov as ev éxovta, AvaacOat TH éraipav. "AAG Ta pev Tmepl Poxiova mpaxévra TOV mept Leoxparny mad avéwynoe TOUS "EAAqvas, WS omororarns exeivy THS dpaptias TtauTns Kal Svotuxias TH ToNEL yevopuevns. 1 Cf. chapter xix. 232 PHOCION carried the body beyond Eleusis, took fire from the Megarian territory, and burned it. The wife of Phocion,! however, who was present with her maid- servants, heaped up a cenotaph on the spot and poured libations upon it; then, putting the bones in her bosom and carrying them by night to her dwell- ing, she buried them by the hearth, saying: “To thee, dear Hearth, I entrust these remains of a noble man; but do thou restore them to the se- pulchre of his fathers, when the Athenians shall have come to their senses.” XXXVIII. And indeed, after a short time had passed, and when the course of events was teaching them what a patron and guardian of moderation and justice the people had lost, they set up a statue of him in bronze, and gave his bones a public burial. Moreover, as regards his accusers, the people them- selves condemned Hagnonides and put him to death; while Epicurus and Demophilus, who had run away from the city, were found out by Phocion’s son and visited with his vengeance. This son of Phocion,? we are told, turned out to be a man of no worth in general, and once, being enamoured of a girl who was kept in a brothel, chanced to hear Theodorus the Atheist discourse in the Lyceium as follows: “If there is no disgrace in ransoming a man beloved, the same is true of a woman loved ; what is true of a comrade, is true also of a mistress.’ Accordingly, his passion leading him to think the argument sound, he ransomed his mistress. But Phocion’s fate reminded the Greeks anew of that of Socrates;* they felt that the sin and mis- fortune of Athens were alike in both cases, 2 Cf. chapters xx. and xxx. ]. 3 In 399 B.c. 233 CATO THE YOUNGER KATON I. Katou dé TO pev yévos px emipaveias érxaBe Kal S0Ens amo TOU ™pomammou Kdravos, avd pos év SoEn Kat Suvdpe padora, Popaiov ryevopevou dz) apernv, ws év Tois mept éxelvou yéypamras, KarereipOn 6¢ ryovewy oppavos per” aderpoi Kauriwvos! cat Io Klas aderdas. Av 5é Kal LepBirtia Kdrwvos OMOpLIT LOS aberoy. Kal WAVTES ovrot Tapa AtBieo A povaw Tpopyy Kal Stavtav elxov, Geip peév GyTt TpOs LNT POS, dyovre O€ THY moheTelav TOTe’ Ka yap elTrety ServoTatos iv, Kal TaAXNa cadpwv avnp év Trois pddora, kat dpovnpatos ovdevi “Pwpaiwy Upcepevos. Aéyerau dé Karo evd Us ex maidiov T) TE pwv"yn Kat T@ Tpooan Kal tals mepl Tas TraLduds Siar psBais Oos bropaivery at pen Tov xal an ades BeBacov évy Tracw. loxov Te yap elxov avTov Tap puctay TeXeTLOUpYOY al oppad, Kal TOUS KohaKevouct Tpaxus @v Kat Tpooavrns, ert parrov éxpates tav éxpoRovvrav. Av dé Kal 7 pos yehora Komeoy dvaKivnros, apt pecdud- HaTOs oTravies T@ Tporame Staxeopevos, Kat apos Gpynv ov Taxus ovde OrALTONpOS, GpytcDels dé Svotrapairntos. 1 Ka:wlevos with Coraés and Bekker: Kazlwvos. 2 xpds with Coraés and Bekker, after Xylander : ris 236 CATO THE YOUNGER I. Cato’s family got its first lustre and fame from his great-grandfather Cato (a man whose virtue gained him the greatest reputation and influence among the Romans, as has been written in his Life), but the death of both parents left him an orphan, together with his brother Caepio and his sister Porcia. Cato had also a half-sister, Servilia, the daughter of his mother.! All these children were brought up in the home of Livius Drusus, their uncle on the mother’s side, who at that time was a leader in the conduct of public affairs; for he was a most powerful speaker, in general a man of the greatest discretion, and yielded to no Roman in dignity of purpose. We are told that from his very childhood Cato displayed, in speech, in countenance, and in his childish sports, a nature that was inflexible, imper- turbable, and altogether steadfast. He set out to accomplish his purposes with a vigour beyond his years, and while he was harsh and repellent to those who would flatter him, he was still more masterful towards those who tried to frighten him. It was altogether difficult to make him laugh, although once in a while he relaxed his features so far as to smile; and he was not quickly nor easily moved to anger, though once angered he was inexorable. 1 By her second husband, Q. Servilius Caepio, who was also the father of Cato’s half-brother Caepio. 237 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘Os odv eis TO pavOdvew Ke, vwOpos Hv ava- AaBeiy Kal Bpadvs, dvadkaBov Sé Kdtoyos Kal , A \ 4 ” A \ pevnpovexos. 6 dy nal mépuxev GAXwS, TOUS péV EVPVELS AVaLVNTTLKOUS MAaAXOV Elvat, pYNMOVEKOUS 5é Tovs peta Trovou Kal TpaypuaTtelas Tapadeyo- pévous: yivetat yap oloy éyxavpa TIS Yuyns TOV pabnpatwv Exactov. éoixe b¢ cal To SvamTerotTov T@ Katou toeiv épywdeorépay thy padnow: Tacxew yap Te TO pavOdvew atexvas éort, Kal To weiOecOat Tayv Tos Arrov avrtéyey Suvape- vors aupBéBnne. 810 weiOovtat parrov véot yepovtev Kal vocobvtes bytatvovtav, Kal drAws Ev ols 10 dmopoty acbevéotatov éott, paatoyv Td mpoaTiéuevov. TO méevtot Tatdaywy@ tov Kad- tava weiecOar pév Aéyouot Kal Troteiy atrav TO mMpocTtaTTopevoy, ExdoTtou O€ THY aitiay amraiTety \ \ / 4 @ / Kal ro dia Ti truvOdverOat. Kai yap Hv yapies 0 Tavaywyos avToD Kal Noyov éywv TOD KovdU- Nou mpoyerporepoy, Gvona LapTrndov. II. "Ere &€ rracdds tod Kdtawvos évtos érpar- Tov ot cvUppayo TOV “Pwpaiwy Sires pebéEovct a > € 4 , 4 / ths év “Peon tordsteias’ Kat tis Tlopraidios a > \ N \ / 54 > g/ LiAAWY, AvP ToNEwLKOS Kal péytoTov Eywv aki- “a \ 4 4 , +] b “A wpa, Tov 6€ Apovoov didos, xatéXuce Tap avT@ Wrelovas nuépas, ev als yeyovwms trois tratdioss 50 cov A 99 9 co? e \ e ” PY / ocuvynOnes, ye,” elev, “ Oras UTép nuav Sen- aeabe Tov Deiov auvaywvicacbar trepi Tis qoX- , 99 e ‘ = , 4 3 , tetas. o pev ovv Karriwov diapedidoas ée- 238 760 CATO THE YOUNGER When, accordingly, he came to study, he was slug- gish of comprehension and slow, but what he com- prehended he held fast in his memory. And this is generally the way of nature: those who are well endowed are more apt to recall things to mind, but those retain things in their memory who acquire them with toil and trouble ;! for everything they learn becomes branded, as it were, upon their minds. It would appear, too, that Cato’s reluctance to be persuaded made his learning anything more labo- rious. For, to learn is simply to allow something to be done to you, and to be quickly persuaded is natural for those who are less able to offer resistance. Therefore young men are more easily persuaded than old men, and sick folk, than those who are well, and, in a word, where the power to raise objections is weakest, the act of submission is easiest. However, we are told that Cato was obedient to his tutor, and did everything that was enjoined upon him, although in each case he demanded the reason and wanted to know the why and wherefore. And, indeed, his tutor was a man of culture, and more ready to reason with a pupil than to thrash him. His name was Sarpedon. II. While Cato was still a boy, the Italian allies of the Romans were making efforts to obtain Roman citizenship. One of their number, Pompaedius Silo,? aman of experience in war and of the highest po- sition, was a friend of Drusus, and lodged at his house for several days. During this time he became familiar with the children, and said to them once: “Come, beg your uncle to help us in our struggle for citizenship.’”’ Caepio, accordingly, consented with a 1 Cf. Aristotle, De Mem. i. 1, 2, 24. ? Erroneously called Publius Silo in the Marius, xxxiii. 2. 239 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a \ , Oe bd / \ vevoe, TOU 5€ Kdtwvos ovdéy aroxpiwapévov Kat Brémovtos eis Tous Eévous atevés Kat Brooupor, e Ul 8 66 D0 bé ” * co fA @ / 0 Tloptraidcos, ‘Xv 5é,” etzrev, ‘‘ jpiv, @ veavia, TL A€yets; ov olos ef Tots Eévors cvANapBave- N \ a (c4 e 3 , 2? A Oat wpos Tov Oeiov, BaTrep 0 adeAPOs;” pwn POey- , de A / > a a A \ A youevou o€ TOU Katwvos, ANNA TH GLWTH Kal TO mpocwT@ Soxovvtos amoréyecOat tiv dénow, b) 4 bd N e ‘4 e \ , e apdauevos avtov o Llopmraidsos tbrép Oupidos ws 3 , e ra) > #f A 7 ww apnowy o-oroyew exedevey 7H pivrery ehacker, A “A / a dua TH TE povi TpaxXuvTépa Ypwpmevos Kal Tats \ > N\ A 4 \ fe} NEepoly arnpTNuévoy TO THUA TrOAAGKES UITép THS Oupidsos xpadaivwv. émel dé wodvv ypovov odtw Stexaptépnoey o Katav dvéxmdnktos cai adens, , x A , e A \ \ _Katabéuevos avrov Toumaidios jyovyh mpos Tovs 6 dirous eitev: “Oloy evtvynpua ths ‘Iradias Ott mais ovTos éotiv ef b€ avnp Hv, piay ovK ay olpat Wwipov juiv év Toe Snuw yiverOat.” Tlavuv 5€ cuyyevots tivos év yeveOdXLous Kanré- cavtos émt Seirvov GAXous Te Traidas Kal Tovs mept Katava, oyorny ayovtes ev tive pépet THS oixias érafov avtot Kal éavtovs dvapeptypévot vewtepo. Kat mpecButepo, To Sé traclopevov Hv Sixat kal xatynyopiat Kal aywyai Tov adcKo- pévav. els ov TOV EaXwKOTWV Taidwy EvTTPETTIS Thy Ow bd mperButépov trados axGeis eis Te Swudtiovy Kal eipxGeis érexareito Tov Kdtawva. Tax 57 TO yLvopevov auvels Heev emi tas Ovpas 0 Kadtoyv, cal Siwoduevos tovs wpoectatas Kat dtaxwrvovtas é€Enyaye TOV Traida: Kal pet opyns 240 CATO THE YOUNGER smile, but Cato made no reply and gazed fixedly and fiercely upon the strangers. Then Pompaedius said : ‘But thou, young man, what sayest thou to us? Canst thou not take the part of the strangers with thy uncle, like thy brother?’’ And when Cato said not a word, but by his silence and the look on his face seemed to refuse the request, Pompaedius lifted him up through a window, as if he would cast him out, and ordered him to consent, or he would throw him down, at the same time making the tone of his voice harsher, and frequently shaking the boy as he held his body out at the window. But when Cato had endured this treatment for a long time without showing fright or fear, Pompaedius put him down, saying quietly to his friends: ‘“‘ What a piece of good fortune it is for Italy that he is a boy; for if he were a man, I do not think we could get a single vote among the people.” ! At another time a relation of his who was cele- brating a birthday, invited Cato and other boys to supper, and the company were diverting themselves at play in a separate part of the house, older and younger together, their play being actions at law, accusations, and the conducting of the condemned persons to prison. Accordingly, one of those thus condemned, a boy of comely looks, was led off by an older boy and shut into a chamber, where he called upon Cato for help. Then Cato, when he understood what was going on, quickly came to the door, pushed aside the boys who stood before it and tried to stop him, led forth the prisoner, and went 1 This incident must have happened, if at all, in 91 B.c., when Cato was four years old; but it need not be inferred that he had already formed an opinion on public affairs. The story is told also in Valerius Maximus, iii. 1, 2. 241 VOL. VIII. R PLUTARCH’S LIVES éywv amnrOev oixade, nal maides Erepoe cvvn- Korovbnaap. III. Oita & hv repiBontos wot’, émredy DA- Aas THY Tadicny Kal lepav immodpopuiayv, Ay kadovot Tpotav, eri Oéa SidaoKxwv nal cuvaya- yav Tous evyevels taidas améderEev nyepovas dvo, Tov pev Erepov ot traides eéEavto dia THY pnrépa (MerérdrAns yap Ww vides, tis YaAra yuvarxos), Tov dé Erepov, adeAdtdobv dvra Tlop- aniov, {éETov, ovK elwy ovbdée éBovAovTO peXeTav ove érrecOat, wuvOavopévov Sé Tov YUAAa Tiva , / 10! ce , . a2 BovXowrTo, travtes éBonoay “ Kdtwva, Kai 6 ye LéETos avtos el~as wapixey ws KpeitToM Ti derorepiay. "Eruye 6¢ xal piros dv o YvAAas tatpiKos avTois, Kai TOTE Kal TpooNnyayerTo Kal TpoTwpi- ANGeEV, OdLiyols Tdvu véwor THY ToLA’THY ptdo- dpoowvny, dia Bdpos Kal OyKov HS elyey apyYs Kal duvdpews. péya 69 Trotovpevos o Lapirndwv TOUTO T pos TopHY cpa Kat dopdneay, ipyev aomvacopevov Tov Kdtwva avveyas eis THY ot- kiav tou YvAAa, pndeyv TOTE Tpocdelvy aceBav yaopou Siapépovaar, bro ARGOS TaY ayopévay Kal otpeBAroupévov. Hv pev ovv Etos éxeivo TO Kdrwv trecoapecxaidéxatov: iiov 8 xeparas eripavav avipav Neyouévoy éxxoptCopévas, Kat Kpuda Tous Tapovras ériotévovtas, npwTnaE TOV Tmatoaywyov 6 te 59 TOUTOY Tov AvOpwTroV ovbeEls arroxrivyuow. eitrovros 8é éxeivov, “ PoBovvrar yap auTOV, @ Trai, waAXOY, } ptocovat, “ Ti ody,” elev, “ ovx épuol Eigos euxas, iva avtov dvedav 242 761 CATO THE YOUNGER off home with him in a passion, followed by other boys also. III. He was so celebrated that, when Sulla was preparing for exhibition the sacred equestrian game for boys! which is called “Troja,’’ and, after as- sembling the boys of good birth, appointed two leaders for them, the boys accepted one of them for his mother’s sake (he was a son of Metella, Sulla’s wife), but would not tolerate the other (who was a nephew of Pompey, named Sextus), and refused to rehearse under him or obey him; and when Sulla asked them whom they would have, they all cried “Cato,” and Sextus himself gave way and yielded the honour to a confessed superior. Now, Sulla was friendly to Cato and his brother ? on their father’s account, and sometimes actually asked them to see him and conversed with them, a kindness which he showed to very few, by reason of the weight and majesty of his authority and power. So Sarpedon, thinking that this conduced greatly to the honour and safety of his charge, was continually bringing Cato to wait upon Sulla at his house, which, at that time, looked exactly like an Inferno, owing to the multitude of those who were brought thither and put to torture. Now, Cato was in his fourteenth year ; and when he saw heads of men reputed to be eminent carried forth, and heard the smothered groans of the bystanders, he asked his tutor why no one slew this man. “Because, my child,” said the tutor, “men fear him more than they hate him.” “Why, then,” said Cato, “didst thou not give me a 1 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid, v. 553 ff. 2 Both here, and in i. 1, Plutarch carelessly speaks as ee Caepio were own brother, and not half-brother, of ato. 243 R 2 4 5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES annrrata Sovdelas THV marpisa;” ToDTOV TOV Aoryov axovoas 0 Laprndov, & dpa 5é kal To Breu- pa Kal TO Tmpocwmov avTov ToT Nd wevov opyns Kal pévous KaTLoav, oTws eercev BaTE TO Aovrov non T poo exe axptBas Kal wapagpuratrew, “7 TL TokuHoD mapaBohwtepov. “Ere pev ouv TaLoaptov @Y pKpoV, atrexpivato Tots EPWTACL Tiva pret partoTa, TOV adehgov- “wa Sevrepor, opotars TOV adedpor, Kal TplTov, 4 “Xpe ov TONAGKLS AeyovTos ameitev 0o EPWT OV. ryEvopevos 5 év preci pardov éBeBaiou THY m™pos TOV adehpov ebvoway. érn yap elkoot yeyoves vwptis Karrriwvos ouK edeimynaer, OvK amredn- PNOEDV, ELS aryopap ov mponrve. pupov 8 exelvov AapBavovros avT OS T apyTetTor Kal Tadha Ta Treph tHy siaitay jv axptBns Kal oUVTOVOS. O youv Kautriwy ért cwppoovry Kat peTpLoTnte Javpalouevos a@uodoryet TOLOUTOS elvac 7 pos TOUS addous éferalouevos, «°AXN Grav,” ep, * ‘Tapa Tov Kadtawvos Biov mapaBardrgw Tov éuov, ouder cuavt@ paivopar Lummiov Siapéperv,” Tov emi Tpudf Tia Kai paraxia TeptBonray o ovopacas. IV. ‘O 6é Katav erred) THY lepwavuny éraBe TOU "ATOAVOS, peToLK Tas Kal VELMA [EVOS jLot- pav TOV TatTppov éxarov elKool TANAVYTWY ‘yEVO- pevny, Thy pev Startav ett paddov ouvéer tether, ‘Avtimatpov dé Tu Upiov TOY amo THS oTOaS Ptdo- code poo eTarpra dpevos, Tots nOvKois padsora Kal TOMTLKOLS évep vero Soypact, jTept wacav joey aperiy domwep émimvoig Tit KaTdaxeros yeyovws, Stapopws Sé Tod Kadod To Teph Tip 244 CATO THE YOUNGER sword, that I might slay him and set my country free from slavery ?’’ When Sarpedon heard this speech, and saw also the look on the boy’s face, which was full of rage and fury, he was so frightened that in future he kept him under close watch and ward, lest he should venture on some rash deed. When he was still a little boy, and was asked whom he loved most, he answered, “ My brother”; and to the question whom he loved next, likewise, ' © My brother ” ; and so a third time, until, after many such answers from him, his questioner desisted. And when he came to maturity, he maintained all the more firmly this affection for his brother. Indeed, when he was twenty years old, without Caepio he would not take supper, or make a journey, or go out into the forum. But when his brother used perfume, Cato would decline it; and in his habits generally he was severe and strict. At any rate, when Caepio was admired and praised for his discretion and moderation, he would admit that he had _ those qualities when tested by reference to most men; “ But when,’ he would say, “I compare my life with that of Cato, I seem to myself no better than Sippius,’—mentioning one of those who were cele- brated for luxury and effeminacy. IV. After Cato had been made priest of Apollo, he took a house apart, accepted his share of the patrimony, which amounted to a hundred and twenty talents, and began to live yet more simply than be- fore. He made a close companion of Antipater the Tyrian, a Stoic philosopher, and devoted himself especially to ethical and political doctrines. He was possessed, as it were, with a kind of inspiration for the pursuit of every virtue; but, above all, that 245 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Suxavoovvny ateves, kal Akaptrrov eis érrveixerav 2% yap, vepnyarnkes. none 8 Kal tov épyavixov eis mwAHOn Royov, aEiav waTep ev TONEL peyaAn TH TortTiKH ptdrocodia Kal pd- Xiwov elval TL Tapatpepopuevov. ov pévTor pe érTépwv érroveiro Tas pereras, ovd HKpodoaTto NévyovTOsS ovdEis, GANA Kal Tpos TLVa TOV ETAipwr eltrovta, “ Méudovtai cov, Katoy, oi avO perro TY own, “ Mévov," en, “un tov Biov. apEopat dé Aéyewv, Stay pw BeNNe Aéyeww akia cwwmhs.” V. ‘H 6é Kahovpern Tlopxia Baoidxn Ton TLKOY HV avdOnua Tov Twadaiod Kdtewvos. et- wOores otv éxel ypnparive ot Shwapxot, Kal xiovos tots Sidpots éptrod@y elvat SoxodrTos, éyvacay udereiy avTov peTactioar. TovTO Kdrova mpatov eis ayopay axovra mponyayev’ avrtéotn yap avtois, Kal teipav awa Tov AdyoU xal rod gpovnpatos Sovs eBavyacbn. Kal yap o AOyos vEeapov péev ovdey OVE KoprpoY Elyerv, GAN’ iv 6pOvos Kal repimrAnOns Kal tpaxvs. ov phy GANA Kal yd pis aywyos aKons eréTpEXE TH TPAXU- THTL TOV vonudtwv, Kat TO 7005 avTOD KaTapt- yvupevoy nOovny tia Kal petdiayua TO cELV@ mapelyev ovx amravOpwrov. 4 dé pawvn peyéeder pev amoxpaca Kat Svapxns eis tooodTov é€tKe- abat Sipov, iaxdy 5é Kal Tovoy dppyerov etxe Kat 246 CATO THE YOUNGER form of goodness which consists in rigid justice that will not bend to clemency or favour, was his great delight. He practised also the kind of speaking which is effective with a multitude, deeming it right that in political philosophy, as in a great city, a certain warlike element should also be maintained. However, he did not perform his exercises in company with others, nor did any one ever hear him rehearsing a speech. Indeed, to one of his companions who said, “Men find fault with thee, Cato, for thy silence,” he replied: “Only let them not blame my life. I will begin to speak when I am not going to say what were better left unsaid.” V. The Basilica Porcia, as it was called, had been dedicated by the elder Cato while he was censor.! Here, then, the tribunes of the people were ac- customed to transact their business; and as one of the pillars was thought to be in the way of their seats, they determined to take it down or move it to another place. This brought Cato for the first time, and against his wishes, into the forum ; he opposed the tribunes, and was admired for the proof of elo- quence and high character which he gave. For his speech had nothing about it that was juvenile or affected, but was straightforward, full of matter, and harsh. However, a charm that captivated the ear was diffused over the harshness of his sentiments, and the mingling of his character with them gave their austerity a smiling graciousness that won men’s hearts. His voice was sufficiently loud and pene- trating to reach the ears of so large a multitude, and it had a strength and tension which could not 1 Of. the Cato Major, xix. 2. This was in ]82 B.c. 247 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dit puTov npépav yap OAnv eit@y TroAAdKIS OUK amrnyopevae. Tore S ov KpPATneas THS dixns mda éavtov els THY oor hy Kab THY aonnow cuvéctetre: Kal SueTrOvel TO oO pa. yunvaciors evepyois, eO.Couevos avéyecOat Kal KAU LATO. Kal vierov axarinre Kepanrg, Kal Babdive éy Tals odois Tacay wpav aTEp 8X7 HATS. TOV dé pirdov oi guvecdnpoodvres im Trous EXPaVTO, Kal TOAAaKLS ExadoT@ TrapéBad- rev O Karo € ev pépet m poo Stadeyopuevos, TepiTra- TOY auros dX oupevor. Oavpacrh b¢ Kab Tepl Tas vocous UTromovy; per’ éyxpareias ex pitro" TUPETTOV yap. HOvos. éh éavTov Sunuépeve pndeva TPOGtELEVOS, aX pe ov BéBarov aicBovro paotevny Kal petaBorHy Tov voonpatos. VI. "Ev &€ tots Servors éxAnpobro Tmept TOV pepidwy: et dé atrodXayxot, Tp@rov aipew TOY bi- | Aw KEAEVOYTWY, Edeye pn Kadas exer, axovans THiS "Agpodirns. Kal Kat apyas pev drat ént- Tiw@y TO Seimvov avédue, mpotovre é TO Xpov padiora TpoaieTo TO tively, dare TONAGKES év oive Sudryew eis OpOpov. aitiav $e Eeyou ot pirou TovTOV THY ToT ELay Kal Ta Snpocta T parypara, mpos ols Nas Tov Kdtova Tas npépas Syra, Kal @ NUVOMEVOV prroroyeiv, VUKT Op Kat mapa TOTOV ovyyiver Bat TOUS prrocogors. 510 Kal Meppiov tevos év cudhoyp dynaavrTos Nas Tov Katova peDvanxer0at TAS VUKTAS, vrohaBav o Kixépov, “’Exeivo 5é ov Aéyets,” elarev, “ dre Kal Tas Huépas Oras xuBever;” Kadonrou 8€ trois tote Biows nal rots érurndev- 248 762 CATO THE YOUNGER be broken or worn out; for he often spoke all day without getting tired. At this time, then, after winning his case, he went back again to his silence and his discipline. He built up his body by vigorous exercises, accustoming himself to endure both heat and snow with uncovered head, and to journey on foot at all seasons, without a vehicle. Those of his friends who went abroad with him used horses, and Cato would often join each of them in turn and converse with him, although he walked and they rode. In sickness, he had wonderful patience, as well as self-control; for instance, if he had an ague, he would pass the day alone by himself, admitting no visitor, until he was conscious of lasting relief and the departure of the disease. VI. At suppers, he would throw dice for the choice of portions; and if he lost, and his friends bade him choose first, he would say it was not right, since Venus! was unwilling. At first, also, he would drink once after supper and then leave the table; but as time went on he would allow himself to drink very generously, so that he often tarried at his wine till early morning. His friends used to say that the cause of this was his civic and public activities; he was occupied with these all day, and so prevented from literary pursuits, wherefore he would hold inter- course with the philosophers at night and over the cups. For this reason, too, when a certain Memmius remarked in company that Cato spent his entire nights in drinking, Cicero answered him by saying: ‘Thou shouldst add that he spends his entire days in throwing dice.” And, in general, Cato thought he ought to take a 1 The highest throw at dice was called the ‘‘ Venus-throw,” 249 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pacw o Karov thy évaytiay 6ddv oldpevos Seip / e @ UA \-: A A Badifev, as ovat havros Kai peyarns Seopévors peraBorrs, éret toppupay éwpa Thy KaTaKopas épvOpayv nal ofelay ayatapévnv, adtos édoper \ A ; 4 b > A Thy péAavav. oddXaKis & avuTodntos Kal axitwy eis TO Snuootoy mpones per’ Aptotov, ov d0Eav €« ravtns THs KawvoTnTtos Onpw@pevos, GAAA eOilwy éavtov emt toils aicypols aicyvverBat f “A \ ww» ? , a \ povos, Tov bé GAAwy abdEwv xatadpoveivy. Kal KAnpovoptav Sé avT@ Tpocyevopevny averiod Katwvos éxatov TaXavTwy eis apyvptov avvaya- yov tTapetyey avev toKwv ypjacOar T@ Seopévm tav dirwy. évcoe € Kal ywpia Kal Oepdrovtas > A , \ a e , \ avtov didovtos Kai BeBatobvtos vTébevto mpos To Snootov. VII. *Ezrei 5€ dpav @eto mpos yapov Exew, ov- Sed yuvanit auvednrv0es, jppocato Aeriday, , \ 2 a“ , 4 mpotrepov pev éyyunbcioay Uxynriwy. Merérdr, Tote 5€ aTevTapévou TOU Yxnmiwvos Kai THs ey- yuns AvOeions cxorAalovcay.’ ov puny adda TPO TOU Yydmou petapeAnGeis maddy Oo Lentiov Kal , , wv A f e \ 4 jwavTa troincas édaBe Thy Kopny. o S€ Katov Lae \ i) \ opodpa trapokuvbels cai Ssaxaels éreyelpnoe pev érreFeNOety Sia Sixns, ws 5é of hiror TodTO éxwXv- gav, opyn Kal veornre Tpéras EauTov eis tauPBous TOAANA TOV LKynTriwva KabvBpice, TO TLKP@ Tpoc- , a 4 N \ > 4 ypnodpevos tov ’ApyiNoxou, TO S€ axoNac Tov adels cal mradapi@des. eynue 5¢ Atiriav, Lep- pavov Ouvyatépa, cal TavTn mpa@Tov acvvydOev, ov 250 CATO THE YOUNGER course directly opposed to the life and practices of the time, feeling that these were bad and in need of great change. For instance, when he saw that a purple which was excessively red and vivid was much in vogue, he himself would wear the dark shade. Again, he would often go out into the streets after breakfast without shoes or tunic. He was not hunting for notoriety by this strange practice, but accustoming himself to be ashamed only of what was really shameful, and to ignore men’s low opinion of other things. When an inheritance worth a hundred talents fell to him from his cousin Cato, he turned it into money, and allowed any friend who needed it to have the use of it without interest. And some of his friends actually pledged to the public treasury both lands and slaves which he offered for this purpose himself, and made good his offer. VII. When he thought that he was old enough to marry,—and up to that time he had consorted with no woman,—he engaged himself to Lepida, who had formerly been betrothed to Metellus Scipio, but was now free, since Scipio had rejected her and the be- trothal had been broken. However, before the marriage Scipio changed his mind again, and by dint of every effort got the maid. Cato was greatly exasper- ated and inflamed by this, and attempted to go to law about it; but his friends prevented this, and so, in his rage and youthful fervour, he betook himself to iambic verse, and heaped much scornful abuse upon Scipio, adopting the bitter tone of Archilochus, but avoiding his license and puerility. And he married Atilia, a daughter of Serranus. She was the first woman with whom he consorted, but not the only 251 PLUTARCH’S LIVES povn 5é, caOatrep Aaidtos, 0 Xentiwvos éraipos: GAN’ evUTUXETTEpOS ExEtvos, ev TrOAXOIS ols éBiwce xpovoss piav ty &ynpev €& apxis yvovs yuvaixa. VIII. Tot S€ SovrAccod woréu“ou auvertaros, Oy Lmraptaxeov éxddovy, TérrAgLos pev eortpartn- yet, Karwv d€ tis otpateias peteivey eBeXovTis, dia tov adedgov éxihidpyes yap 0 adeddos av- tod Kaitriwov. xal ypicac8ar pev eis dcov éBov- NeTO TH TpoOupia Kal doxynoe THs apeTAs ovy vanpeev avt@, Sia TO wn KAAwS TTPATHYyELCIaL TOV TrOAEwov’ GAAWS Oé, Tapa TOAANY padaKiav xal tpudnv trav éxel orpatevopevwy émiderxvu- pevos evtakiav Kal éyxpdteay cal 76 Oapparéov év waar xal Evverov, eddxer pnOev atrodeiv rod mwaratod Karwvos. o 5€ T'évdXtos dapioreia Kat Tuas avT@ Stampereis &yparypev, As éxeivos ovK ékaBev ovdé mpoonxato, dnoas akiov pnOéev eipydcOar tiynwv. &« tre 8) TovTwY AdXOKOTOS édcxet, Kal vouov ypadévtos Saws toils tapay- yéAAovol eis apXnv dvowaToAoyor p47) Trapact, Xiktapyiay peti@y povos éeiOeTo TO vouw: Kal 5: attov womaduevos épyov aomdtecOar Kal Tpocayopevery Tovs évtuyydavortas, ovdé avTois averraXOns hv toils éraivovotw, Socov marXopv évo- Ouv TO KaNOov ov éerrerndeve, TO Svapintoy avTav Bapvvopévors. 1 In 73-71 B.c. Cf. the Crassus, viii. ff. 2 Lucius Gellius Publicola, consul in 72 B.c. with Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus. Both consuls were defeated by Spartacus. 252 163 CATO THE YOUNGER one, as was true of Laelius, the friend of Scipio Africanus ; Laelius, indeed, was more fortunate, since in the course of his long life he knew but one woman, the wife of his youth. VIII. When the servile war was in progress,! _ which was called the war of Spartacus, Gellius? was commander, while Cato took part in his campaign as a volunteer, for the sake of his brother; for his brother Caepio was a military tribune. Here he had not the opportunity to employ as much as he wished his zeal and discipline in virtue, because the war was not well conducted ; but notwithstanding, amidst the great effeminacy and luxury of those who took part in that campaign, he displayed such good discipline, self-control, courage in all emergencies, and sagacity, that men thought him not one whit inferior to the elder Cato. Moreover, Gellius assigned to him prizes of valour and distinguished honours; but Cato would not take them nor allow them, declaring that he had done nothing worthy of honours. And so, in conse- quence of this, he was thought to be a strange creature. For instance, a law was passed forbidding candidates for office to be attended by nomen- clators,? and in his canvass for the military tribune- ship he was the only one who obeyed the law. He made it his business to salute and address without help from others those who met him on his rounds, but he did not avoid giving offence even to those who praised his course; for the more clearly they saw the rectitude of his practice, the more distressed were they at the difficulty of imitating it. 3 Attendants whose duty it was to tell the candidate the names of those whom he was going to meet, that he might appear to be acquainted with them. 253 PLUTARCH’S LIVES IX. "Arrodery Geis de XedLapxos eis Maxedoviay €1réLTTETO T pos ‘PouBprov TOV oTpAaTHyov. ev0a Oy) éyerar Tis yuvaceos axPopuens kal Saxpvov- ons eva TOV pirov tov Kdtwvos Movvdrvop é- mew “"O "Atidla, Odpoet TOUTOV éyo aot purago,” “ Tlavu pev oop, ” pavat TOV Kdrova, kal poe ovrav peas npépas odor, evOvs etzreiv pera TO Setmvor- "Arye, OTwS, @ Movvdree, TH "Aridta THY Dmoaxyerw éumedaaers,) pate mHEpas é4100 pajre VUKTOS aia Tapevos.” éx dé TovTou dv0 Kdivas els TAUTO Sw@partvov éxédeve tiBecat, kal tov Movupdriov odTws ae xadevdew peta macolas puraccopevov t UmTO TOU Kdravos. Eitrovto 5é auT@ Tmevrexaidena, pep olxérat, bv0 dé ater ev epor, pirot dé Téa apes. ov dX OUpE- yov im-mous avros ael TEPLTATOY éxdoT@ TWapé- Barnev é év péper m poo diaheyopevos. émel be Kev elS TO OTPaToOTEsoOY, TELOVOY Tay LaTOY évT@D, évos dpxov aroderx Gels t vd TOU atparnyod, TIS peev idtas a aperis, pas ovens, pcx pov épryov Hryetro Kal ovK dvvatpov” THY emiderEev, aut@ oé ToLnoat TOUS apxouevous opotous padwora pidoripovpevos ov TOV oBov adeinre Tis, éEoucias, adda Tpooé- Onke tov Aovyou" @ met Dev Tmepl éxdoTov Kal Siddoxwy, é ETOMEVNS TUS Kal KoNaTEWS, Xarerov nV evretv TOTEpOV elpnvixovs HGAXNOV 7 -IToONeE- piKous Kal _Tmpoduporépous i) Siearotépous ma pe- oKEVATE TOUS dvdpas: ovTaS épaivovro poBepol pep Tots Trodeplots, Huepoe Se Tois Tuppdyots, ATOA- 1 éuwedéces Sintenis*®, after Cobet; éuweddons Sintenis!, Coraés, Bekker. a Litota Sintenis’ correction of the MSS. Baa:Arkdy (kingly), adopted by Bekker. 254 CATO THE YOUNGER IX. Appointed military tribune,! he was sent to Macedonia, to serve under Rubrius the praetor. At this time, we are told, his wife being full of grief and in tears, one of Cato’s friends, Munatius, said to her: ‘“‘ Take heart, Atilia; I will watch over thy husband.” “ Certainly he will,’ cried Cato, and after they had gone a day’s journey on their way, immediately after supper, he said: “Come, Munatius, see that you keep your promise to Atilia, and forsake me neither by day nor by night.” Then he gave orders that two couches be placed in the same chamber for them, and thus Munatius always slept—and that was the joke—watched over by Cato. He had in his following fifteen slaves, two freed- men, and four friends. These rode on horses, while he himself always went a-foot ; and yet he would join each of them in turn and converse with him.2. And when he reached the camp, where there were several legions, and was appointed to the command of one of them by the general, he thought it a trifling and useless task to make a display of his own virtue, which was that of a single man, but was ambitious above all things to make the men under his command like unto himself. He did not, however, divest his power of the element which inspires fear, but called in the aid of reason ; with its help he persuaded and taught his men about everything, while rewards and punishments followed their acts. Consequently, it were hard to say whether he made his men more peaceful or more warlike, more zealous or more just ; to such a degree did they show themselves terrible to their enemies but gentle to their allies, without 1 About 67 B.c. 2 Cf. chapter v. 3. 255 PLUTARCH’S LIVES poor S€ pos TO aduKeiv, heroTLpoe dé mpos Tovs bf , e \ @ 4 bd / “A 4 émraivous. ov dé hxtota Kdtwv érrepernOn, TovTo WrElo Tov UIApKYev avTO, Kal d0£a Kat ydpts Kal vmepSaddXrovea Tin Kal duroppocvvyn Tapa TeV oTpaTiwtav. & yap étépots émétattev Exovciws S:atrovay, kal orodny pév cal Siarray Kal Tropeiav éxeivous waAXov f) Tots apKYovacy opotovpevos, HOt 5é cal hpovipare nai Aoym TWdvtas UTepaipwv TOUS avTOKpaToOpas Kal TpaTHYOUS po ayopeuo- / Py \ , ud \ \ e_N pévous, €Xabe dua ToVTwY aya THY Tpos avTov 5 ebvoltay évepyaadpevos Tots avopactww. apeTis yap ? ‘ > b 4 a A ? 4 A arnOuvos ovn éeyyiveras Chros 7 8s axpas Tov jmapadtdovros evvoias Kal tins: ot 5é avev Tod direivy érrawvovvtes tovs ayabods aidodyvras THv Sofav abtav, ov Oavydlovar 5 thy dpetnv ovde pupLovuv Tat. X. Tv@opevos 5é "APnvodwpov, tov émixadov- / , rd ? a o a pevov Kopovariwva, peydrny é€wv ev tois Yrwixois Noyous Exovta, dtarpiPew epi Uépyapov, 457 - ynpatov dvta Kai tmdcats éppwpyevéotata Ttais e “~ \ “A , Q , nryepovixats Kat Baotintxais cuvnbeiats Kal pir- , 2>Q\ v , \ , aus Svapepaynpevov, ovdey wero méewTov Kal ypa- pov Tepaivery Tpds avTOV, GANA éxwy Tapa Tov vopov Sedopévny arrodnpiav Sveivy pnvev éwrevcev els THY "Aciay él tov dvdpa, wiotevwv Tois év a a“ \ ? 4 nA wv / 2 aAUT@ KaXois pH aTUYXNTELW TIS aypas. cuyyeEvo- 4 b] pevos S€ xal Kataywvicdpevos Kai petactynaas éx THS Tpoatpecews AUTOV HKEv Aywv eis TO TTPATO- medov, Tepryapns Kal peyadoppovav, @s TL Kd)- 256 CATO THE YOUNGER courage to do wrong but ambitious to win praise. Moreover, that to which Cato gave least thought was his in greatest measure, namely, esteem, favour, sur- passing honour, and kindness, from his soldiers. For he willingly shared the tasks which he imposed upon others, and in his dress, way of living, and conduct on the march, made himself more like a soldier than a commander, while in character, dignity of purpose, and eloquence, he surpassed all those who bore the titles of Imperator and General. In this way, with- out knowing it, he produced in his men at the same time the feeling of good will towards himself. For a.. genuine desire to attain virtue’ arises only in conse- quence of perfect good will and respect for him who displays virtue ; those, on the other hand, who praise good men without loving them may revere their reputation, but they do not admire their virtue or imitate it. X. On learning that Athenodorus, surnamed Cor- dylion, who had a large acquaintance with the Stoic philosophy, was living at Pergamum, being now in his old age and having most sturdily resisted all intimacies and friendships with governors and kings, Cato thought it would be useless to send messengers or write letters to him. Instead of this, since he had a furlough of two months allowed him by law, he sailed to Asia to visit the man, relying upon his own good qualities to make him successful in the chase. He held converse with the philosopher, conquered his objections, drew him from his fixed purpose, and took him back to the camp with him. He was overjoyed and in high spirits, feeling that he had made a most noble capture,.and one more 237 VOL. VIII. S PLUTARCH’S LIVES MLoTOv npNKaS Kal AapTpoTepoy wv Lloptrnios TOTE Kal AevicoAXos eOvav kal Bactierov xate- aTpépovto ou drrhous meptiovTes. . XI. “Ete dé aurou mepl TV oTpareiay OVTOS 0 abedpos els THY "Agiav, BadiSer évoonce epi Opaeny é év Aivg. Kal ypdppata wey evdus hice 764 Tos , TOV Kartova: XELpavos 66 TOANOD KaTe- Novos THv Oddarrav Kal vews ixavis poeryeOe py Tapovans, els bixpay oAKaba povov dv0 pious Kal Theis oixétas avadaBov éx Beccadovixns Sih * Kal map’ ovdev eOav catamovtTwOjvat, TUN Tit Tapahoye cw0els apte TEOKOTOS Tov Kaurriwvos, Eunabéarepor edofev } ptrocodo- TEpov éveyxely THY Tuppopar, ou povov chav ots Kat TepuTTy €OL TOU VvEeKpov Kal Bapurnte AUTAS, arra nal dardavn rept THY raphy Kat mpa- yuareiats Oupiaparov Kab ipatioy ToAVTEAOY guykataxaévtay Kal pynuatos Eectod AiOwv Baciwr amo Taddvrov ‘OKT@ KataaKevacbévtos €v TH Aivioy ayopa. TavTa yap évot eouKxopar- TOUY Tpos THY aN Aqv atugiay TOU Kadrvos, ov calopavres 6 daov ev TO 7 pos ndovas Kal poBous kat Senoets a dvaraxuvTous ayvapnre Kat oTEPP® Tod avdpos TO Hl epov evi Kal diroaTopyov. eis dé TavTa al TOAELS AUT@ Kal Suvde Tat TOMA Kara TEmHY Tov TeOve@Tos eTeuTor, @y éKxetvos Xpywara, pev Tap ovdevos edéFaro, Ouyuduata bé Kal KOO LOV érduBave, THY Tony * dmodibovs Tots TEMTOUCL. Tis dé KAnpovouias els AUTOV TE xal Ouyadtpiov tod Karriwvos nxovaons, ov0ev av 1 rhv tyuhv Bekker, after Reiske: riuhy. 258 CATO THE YOUNGER illustrious than the nations and kingdoms which Pompey and Lucullus at that time were subduing with their marching armies. XI. While Cato was still in military service, his brother, who was on his way to Asia, fell sick at Aenus in Thrace, and a letter came at once to Cato advising him of this. A heavy storm was raging at sea and no ship of sufficient size was at hand, but nevertheless, taking only two friends and three servants with him in a small trading-vessel, he put to sea from Thessalonica. He narrowly escaped drowning, and by some unaccountable good fortune came safe to land, but Caepio had just died. In bearing this affliction Cato was thought to have shown more passion than philosophy, considering not only his lamentations, his embracings of the dead, and the heaviness of hits grief, but also his expenditure upon the burial, and the pains that he took to have incense and costly raiment burned with the body, and a monument of polished Thasian marble costing eight talents constructed in the market-place of Aenus. For some people cavilled at these things as inconsistent with Cato’s usual free- dom from ostentation, not observing how much— tenderness and affection was mingled with the man’s inflexibility and firmness against pleasures, fears, and shameless entreaties. For the funeral rites, more- over, both cities and dynasts sent him many things for the honour of the dead, from none of whom would he accept money; he did, however, take incense and ornaments, and paid the value of them to the senders. Furthermore, when the inheritance fell to him and Caepio’s young daughter, nothing 259 s 2 PLUTARCH’S : LIVES 9 4 \ \ , 9 / 3 A 4 avadwoe TEept TOY Tahov amnTnaev ev TH veunoet. (e) : ” e Kal tabra mpaEavros avtod Kal TpdtTOVTOS, HY O yparvras Ste kooxiva thv Téppav Tov vexpod perTeé- Bare nai dinOnce, ypvciov Snrav KataKxexav- / ¢ b aA / ‘ bd \ \ Hévov. ovTws ov To Eider povov, adrAa Kal T@ ypadeiw TO dvuTevOuvoy Kal TO avuTrodiuoV €mrioTEVOED. 2 \ \ , ? e , “ XII. "Ewe 5€ tédos elyev 4 orpatela To Kdtovt, mpoetéupOn, ov« evyais, 6 xowov ear ovd émaivots, adAa SdKpvot Kat meptBorais : a e amAnoTots, UToTiévTwy Ta iwatia Tois Toalv 7 Badifor.xnat xatadirovvtwy tas YXelpas, & ToV avTokpaTopwv dAtLyous ports émoiovy of Tore ‘Pwpaior. Bovrnbeis dé wpd Tod TodLTELa Trpod- a iu \ P a > ¢ / a eNOeiy aua pév wravnOjvar Kal toropiav THs "Actas kal yevéoOar Geatns O@v Kai Biwy Kat Suvdpews HS wept Exdotny érapytiay, dpa 6 ro 4 ee , N _ f \ / , Paddrn Aniorapp dua Feviay Kat pidtay Tatpway Seoevw impos avtov éNMey pn ayapiotiocat, Tov- a / Tov TOV TpOTOY érroLEtTO THY aTroOnuiaVv. mpov- > TeuTrEV A uépa TOY apTOTrOLOY Kal TOV pdyELpoV 4 4 : ” e \ la Svrov xatadvoew Enerrev. ot d€ wdyv Kooplas ‘ > oe , ’ , A > \ f kai we Hovyias etoeNOovtes av els THY TOY, bd \ 4 “A 4 , A > I eb pndels tuyor TO Kdtww didros dv avtoOs TATPOOS 7) yvwpipos, év Tavdoxeip THY LITObOKY HY a A } auT@ Twapecnevalov, évoxdovvTes ovdevt: aavdo- xeiov dé py dvtos, o}Tws mMpos ToOvs apxovTas Tpatropevor. Eeviay éAduBavov, ayara@vres tHv do0cicay. trodAdxKts 5€ amricTOUpEVvoL Kai TrEpLopw- 260 CATO THE YOUNGER that he had expended for the funeral was asked back by him in the distribution of the property. And although such was his conduct then and after- wards, there was one! who wrote that he passed the ashes of the dead through a sieve, in search of the gold that had been melted down. So confidently did the writer attribute, not only to his sword, but also to his pen, freedom from accountability and punishment. XII. When the time of Cato’s military service came to an end, he was sent on his way, not with blessings, as is common, nor yet with praises, but with tears and insatiable embraces, the soldiers casting their mantles down for him to walk upon, and kissing his hands, things which the Romans of _that day rarely did, and only to a few of their im- perators. But before applying himself to public affairs he desired to travel about in a study of Asia, and to see with his own eyes the customs and lives and military strength of each province; at the same time he wished to gratify Deiotarus the Galatian, who had been a guest-friend of his father, and now solicited a visit from him. He therefore arranged his journey as follows. At daybreak, he would send forward his baker and his cook to the place where he intended to lodge. These would enter the city with great decorum and little stir, and if Cato had no family friend or acquaintance there, they would prepare a reception for him at an inn, without troubling anybody; or, in case there was no inn, they would apply to the magistrates for hospitality, and gladly accept wliat was given. But frequently they were distrusted and neglected, because they 1 Julius Caesar, in his ‘‘ Anti-Cato.” See the Caesar, chapter liv. ve a2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pevot Sta 76 Ln FopuBo pnde amen TavTa mpaccew 1 pos TOUS adpxovras, UTO TOD Kdrtwvos ampaxrot katedapBavorto, Kal paidrov avTos opOels WALYWPELTO, Kal Tapeixev éml TOV poptioy oLwmh cabelopevos t Umrovotay avél pomrou TATELVOU Kal mepideods. ov pay arra Kal mpooKanou- [EVOS avTous etwOer Neyer? °° O, poxOnpoi, peTa- Bdarecbe tavrns tis kaxofevias. ov Tavres Upiy adifovras Kadrwves. apPr0uvare Tals prroppoau- vais THY eEouciav TOV Seomevav Tpopacews, iva Bia AapBavocw, @S Tap éxovTwy py TUYXd- VOVTES. XIII. ’Ev 6é¢ Lupia Kal yehotor Te éyerau mabeiv. Babifwyv yap eis Avtidyetav cide rept Tas mudas &&o TAH OS avO pwrrav éxarépwoer, THS ob0b TapaKexpl Lever, év ols &pnBot pev xepis év yAapvae! Kal maides érépwOev Koo Liws elaTHnKET aD, éaOjras dé kabapas é éveot Kal orepa- vous elon, Lepeis Gedy 6 OVTES 7) dpxovres. mavTay ouv Haddov oinBels 0 Karoyv auT@ TLva 7 par- tec Oat ToD kat deEiwow obo THs TONEWS, apyileTo pev Tots tpoTreuPUeion THY Ldiwy, WS LH KwAvoaaly, exédevoe 5é KataBivat tovs didous, Kal meth pone per’ avT av. es 5 eyyus: HoaV, O wavTa Siaxoapiy é éxeiva Kal TOV dxAov els Tabi cabiotas, avnp mpeaButepos non, paBdov év TH xetpt Kal orépavov KpaT@v, amrivrnce TO Kdrwve 7 po T@V GAXAwY, Kal pide doTrac auevos pera, mov Anpunrtptov amonehoiTac Kal myviKa. mape- aorat. Uloparniov Sé Hv yeyovms o Anpunrptos 1 yAautos MSS. and most editors: xAavlo: (mantles), after Cobet. 262 ps 65 CATO THE YOUNGER raised no tumult and made no threats in their dealings with the magistrates. In such a case Cato would find their work not done when he arrived, and he himself would be more despised than his servants when men saw him, and would awaken suspicion, as he sat upon the baggage without saying a word, that he was a man of low condition and very timid. However, he would then call the magistrates to him and say: “ Ye miserable wretches, lay aside this in- hospitality. Not all men who come to you will be Catos. Blunt by your kind attentions the power of those who only want an excuse for taking by force what they do not get with men’s consent.”’ XIII. In Syria, too, as we are told, he had a laughable experience. As he was walking into Antioch, he saw at the gates outside a multitude of people drawn up on either side of the road, among whom stood, in one group, young men with military cloaks, and in another, boys with gala robes, while some had white raiment and crowns, being priests or magistrates. Cato, accordingly, thinking that this could only be some honourable reception which the city was preparing for him, was angry with his servants who had been sent on in advance, because they had not prevented it; but he ordered his friends to dismount, and went forward on foot with them. When, however, they were near the gate, he who was arranging all these ceremonies and marshalling the crowd, a man now well on in years, holding a wand and a crown in his hand, advanced to meet Cato, and without even greeting him asked where they had left Demetrius and when he would be there. Now, Demetrius had once been 263 PILUTARCH’S LIVES 3 , , \ 4 e 4 3 a > , oixéeTns: Tore O€ TavtTwy, ws eros elTetv, avOpo- >] ian > 4 > 4 mov eis Tlouaniov aroBveTrovrwv, éOeparrevero b / A nA. map akiav, péeya Tap avT@ duvdpevos. Tois pev bd h a / / > * a ovv dirols tov Katwvos yéXws evetrece TOTOVTOS C4 > a € \ ? 29 7 fe) @atTe avadraBeiy éavtovs ovK édvvaytTo ba Tod mrn0ouvs dua Baditovtes, 0 S¢ Katwyv tote pev nw fo) > ioxupas Statparreis, “0. tis KaKxodaipovos,” bf edn, “‘morews, adro S€ ovdéev ePOéyEaTO, ypov@ \ @ 27 A \ 9 N > A , XN dé darepoy eiw@Oer yerXav Kal avTos eri TOUT, Kal Sunyoupevos Kal v2movevov. ; XIV. O8 pv adda Lloprrnios avros éréorpeve Tovs avOpw@rous ovTwH TANEpEAOUVYTAS Eis TOV. Kdtwva 50’ dyvorav. ws yap eis “Edecov €-Mav ETOPEVETO TIPOS AUTOY aaTrTacOMEVOS TpEeaBuTEpoV ébvta, Kal do—n wodv mponKxovta, kal Suvapewy , * TOTE peyioTwVv nyovpevoy, toov o [loparnios ovK Ewewvev, ovde elace xabelouév mpocedOety, arr’ WS TLL TOY KpELTTOVWY avafopwY amHnYTNGE, Kat thy SeEvav évéBare. Kal worda pev evOds ev TO diroppovetcbat nal adomdlerOas trapovta, TAEiw dé Ts peractavtTos éyxwpma SunrOev avtov Tis apETHS, OTTE TavTas éeTiaTpepopmévous Kai Tpodé- ” A 4 4 Pb] Lg / xovTas On TO Kdtov, Oavpater é€ ov mpotepov a , A , kareppoveito, Kal mpgoTnTa Kat peyarowuxiay “A ‘ avabewpeiy. xal yap % Tlopmantov orovdy crept avrov ovx éddvOave OepatrevovTos ovaa pAadXov 7 tNovvtos, AAN éeyvwoay Sti Oavpaler pev Trap- 264 CATO THE YOUNGER a slave of Pompey, but at this time, when all man- kind, so to speak, had their eyes fixed upon Pompey, he was courted beyond his deserts, since he had great influence with Pompey. Cato’s friends accord- ingly, were seized with such a fit of laughter that they could not recover themselves even when they were walking through the crowd; but Cato was greatly disturbed at the time, and said: “O the unhappy city!” and not a word besides. In after times, however, he was wont to laugh at the incident himself also, both when he told it and when he called it to mind.! XIV. However, Pompey himself put to shame the men who were thus neglectful of Cato through ignorance. For when Cato came to Ephesus and was proceeding to pay his respects to Pompey as an older man, one who was greatly his superior* in reputation, and then in command of the greatest forces, Pompey caught sight of him and would not wait, nor would he suffer Cato to come to him as he sat, but sprang up as though to honour a superior, went to meet him, and gave him his hand. He also passed many encomiums upon his virtue even while he was present and receiving marks of kindness and affection, and still more after he had withdrawn. Therefore all men, being put to shame and now directing their attention to Cato, admired him for the traits which before had brought him scorn, and made a study of his mildness and magnanimity. And indeéd it was no secret that Pompey’s attentions to him were due to self-interest rather than to friendship ; men knew that Pompey admired him when he was present, but was glad to have him go 1 This story is told also in the Pompey, xl. 1-3. 265 PLUTARCH’S LIVES / 3 ovta, Yaipe: dé atepyopév@. Tovs yap aAXOUS véous, da0t Tap avtTov adixvobvto, dPtdoTipov- pevos KaTeltye Kal TOOG@Y avT@ cuvetvat, Tov 5é A > Katwvos ovdév éde79n rowodtTov, GAN @oTeEp OUK dvuTevOuvos apxywv éxeivov tapovtos é&éreurrev \ n ¢ dopevos, povm axedov éxeivm tav els “‘Papunv \ a TAEOVTMOY TA TéxVA Kal THY yUVAaiKa TapaKxata- A \ Oéuevos, AAXNWS AUTO TpodjKovTa Kal dia auy- ryéveray. "Ex tovtou S0&a Kai omovdy Kai dutdra epi 3 A = A“ 4 \ a A vA 3 avTov nV TaV TOAEwWY Kal Selva Kal KXHoELS, eV \ /. b] / 4 b a” ‘ , ols Tous Pirous exeXeve TpOTEXELY AUT@, wn NAOy , e 4 BeBatwoas tov Kovptwvos dAoyov. o yap Kov- ~ a a le f piov axOopevos TO avatnp@ Tod Kdtwvos, didou Kal cuvnfous dvtos, npwrnoev avTov et tpoOupos ; a f_: éoTt peTa THY otpateiavy yevéoBar tis “Acias f) / 5 3 \ ’ ; ‘RS rE ” €aTnsS. TOU 0€ Kal Travu dnaarTos, “‘ Ku NEeyers, 3 e / “ 53/ \. 93 , Pen) eltrev o Kovupiwv, “ ndiwv yap éravntas éxeibev n 99 n kal paGAXov Hwepos, ovTw Tas Kal TO pratt Vpn amevos. XV. Aniotapos 5€ o Tantdrns petetéupato \ \ , 4 A v pev Tov Katrwva mpeoButepos dv nbn trapadécbar A a 4 \ Tous maidas av’t@ BovAopevos Kal Tov olKov, éd- Oovrt 5é mpocdépwv Spa TravtobaTra Kal Tretpav , @ Kat Seopevos TadVTa TpoTrOV OUTW TrTapwELVEY WoTE, a , SetAns €XMovta Kal vuKtTepevoarta, TH voTEpaig / a \ a 2 wept Tpitnv @payv awapar. tmpoedOwv pévTor mas 266 ; CATO THE YOUNGER away. For all the other young men who came to him were retained by Pompey, who showed an eager longing for their companionship ; of Cato, on the contrary, he made no such request, but, as if he must render account of his command while Cato was there, he was glad to send him away. And yet Cato was almost the only person among those bound for Rome to whom Pompey commended his wife and children, although it is true that they were relatives ef his. As a consequence of all this, the cities eagerly vied with one: another in showing Cato honour, and there were suppers and invitations, at which times he would urge his friends to keep close watch upon him, lest he should unawares confirm the saying of Curio. For Curio, annoyed at the severity of Cato, who was his intimate friend, had asked him whether he was desirous of seeing Asia after his _ term of service in the army. “Certainly I am,” said Cato. “That’s right,’ said Curio, “for you will come back from there a more agreeable man and more tame,’—that is about the meaning of the word he used.! XV. But Deiotarus the Galatian sent for Cato, being now an old man, and desiring to commend to -his protection his children and his family. When Cato arrived, however, Deiotarus offered him gifts of every sort, and by tempting and entreating him in every way so exasperated him that, although he had arrived late in the day and merely spent the night, on the next day about the third hour he set off. . However, after proceeding a day’s journey, he found 1 Plutarch is seeking a Greek equivalent for the Latin ‘* mansuetior.” 267 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e 4 QA @ b a , A nuépas odoy evpev ev Llecowvotvts mieiova Tov éxel Sopwov avlts adtoyv vropévovta, Kal ypap- pata tov T'adatou Seopévov, AaBetvy autos et A le a un mpoOuuos eotiv, GANA Tors didrous éacat, Tavrws pev akiovs ovtas eb trabeiv Su éxeivors oux dvtrav dé Tav iditwyv tov Kdtwvos tocovTov. 9 9 ION / > / e 4 , Grr’ ovdé rovTas evédwxey 0 Kadtwv, xaitep > 2 a } 4 \ ¢ EvLOUS TOV dirtwy paXragcopevovs Kal UTOLEUgo- / ea b \ , ud a , pévous opav, adr\Aa gdyoas Ott Twaca Swpodoxia mpopacews av evtopyaeev, ot dé hirou peGéEou- ow ov dv éxn Karas Kat Sexaiws xTnodpevos, ’ / nw A A oS amvrétremye ta S@pa wpos Tov Aniorapov. > \ \ / b / > \ / Emel 5€ wédXovtos arraipey eis to Bpevréovov @ovto Sety of Piro Ta Aeipava Tov Kauriwvos 3 a 4 A ’ \ a a “ els Erepoy OéoGat mrolov, eit@y Ste THS WuyAs / a a 4 > 4 \ , peOnoetat padrAov 7 ToOvTaY, avnYOn. Kat pévToL AéyeTat KaTAa TUYNHY emiaharéoTAaTa TEpacal, TOV / adAXwv petpiws copuCopeven. XVI. ’EzavenrOav Sé eis “Pony tov pev adXov , > 8 ’ , a Xpovoy Kat’ oixov "AOnvodepm suvev,’ 7 Kat ayopav ois giro waptotapevos SueTédecev. é iB tAXr v de 7 A \ \ b \ mwiBddXovoay b€ avT@ THY TameUTLKnY apyYnv 9 , “ 4 , b ov mpotepov peTHrAGey 4 TovS TE VYomoUS ava- yvavat Tous Tapevtixovs Kal diatrvOécOar Tav éuteipwov Exacta Kal tur@ til THS apxXhs THY Svvayiv trepirraBeiv. GOev evOds eis thy apxny KatacTas peydAny érroince petaBorAny Tav Tept 1 guvev supplied by Sintenis?. 268 766 CATO THE YOUNGER at Pessinus more gifts again awaiting him than those he had left behind him, and a letter from the Galatian begging him, if he did not desire to take them himself, at least to permit his friends to do so, since they were in every way worthy to receive benefits on his account, and Cato’s private means would not reach so far. But not even to these solicitations did Cato yield, although he saw that some of his friends were beginning to weaken and were disposed to blame him; nay, he declared that every taking of gifts could find plenty of excuse, but that his friends should share in what he had acquired honourably and justly. Then he sent his gifts back to Deiotarus. As he was about to set sail for Brundisium, his friends thought that the ashes of Caepio should be put aboard another vessel; but Cato declared that he would rather part with his life than with those ashes, and put to sea. And verily we are told that, as chance would have it, he had a very dangerous passage, although the rest made the journey with little trouble. : XVI. After his return to Rome, he spent most of his time at home in the company of Athenodorus,! or in the forum assisting his friends. And though the office of quaestor was open to him, he would not become a candidate for it until he had read the laws relating to the quaestorship, learned all the details of the office from those who had had experience in it, and formed a general idea of its power and scope. Therefore, as soon as he had been instated in the office,? he made a great change in the assistants and 1 Cf. chapter x. 2 In 65 B.c. | 269 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ” TO Taptetov UTNpeTaV Kal ypaupatéwv, of dia vetpos ael Ta Snudota ypadupata Kal Tovs vopous ExovTes, Elta véous dpxYovTas TapadapBavovtes be’ atreipiav kal ayvotay ateyvas SidacKddowv éré- pov cal tadaywyav Seopévous, ovx iievto THs J 4 9 4 b \ 2 ¥ b 4 éfovcias €xelvois, GAAA Hoav apxovTes avtoi, péxpt ov Kadtwv émiotas trois mpdypact veavi- KOS, OUK Svoua Kai Tiuny Eywy apYovTos, GANA kat voov Kal ppovnpa Kai NOyor, UINpéTais, STEP noav, nEiov xpjoBat toils ypaypatedot, Ta pev éFeXéyywv Kaxoupyobovtas avtovs, Ta 5€ duaptd- vovtas atreipia SiddoKkwv. ws 5é hoay itapol Kai \ ¥ b] 4 @ / > , A Tous adXous €Ow@mevoy vrotpéyovtes, éexeiva Se émroX€mouv, TOY ev TPOTOV avT@V KaTayvods wept miortw év KANpovopmia yeyovévat tovnpov amnrace Tod tTamsietov, Sevtépw Sé tive padiovp- yias mpovOnxe xpiow. & Kdrrdos Aoutatios o Teuntyns avéBn BonOjcwv, dvnp péya Oo TAS apxns eéxwv dkiwpua, ro Oé THs aperis éxov! péytotov, ws TavTwy Stxatocvrvn Kal cwdppootvy € , lA 9 \ N “A 4 Pwpaiwy duagépwv. jv b5€ nai tod Kadtevos DJ , 4 XN \ , e Ld émaiverns Kal auvvnOns dia tov Biov. ws ovv nTT@pmevos Tois Stxators eEnteito Pavepa@s Tov avOpwroyv, ovK ela tavtTa Tovey avTov o Kadrtov. éru 6€ paAdAov mpocdttTrapodvTos, “ Aioxpor,” 9 “eo 9 4 \ ‘ A ‘ \ e ecmrev, “a Karnde, o€ Tov TintTny Kal Tous nmeE- 4 , b / , e LY A e Tépous Bious odeirovra Soxipalery bo TOV HyLeE- 1 ¥xwy bracketed by Bekker, after Coraés. 270 CATO THE YOUNGER clerks connected with the treasury. These were fully conversant with the public accounts and the - laws relative thereto, and so, when they received as their superior officers young men whose inexperience and ignorance made it really needful that others should teach and tutor them, they would not sur- render any power to such superiors, but were superiors themselves. Now, however, Cato applied himself with energy to the business, not having merely the name and honour of a superior official, but also intelligence and rational judgement. He thought it best to treat the clerks as assistants, which they really were, sometimes convicting them of their evil practices, and sometimes teaching them if they erred from inexperience. But they were bold fellows, and tried to ingratiate themselves with the other quaestors, while they waged war upon Cato. Therefore the chief among them, whom he found guilty of a breach of trust in the matter of an inheritance, was expelled from the treasury by him, and a second was brought to trial for fraud. This person Catulus Lutatius the censor came forward to defend, a man who had great authority from his office, but most of all from his virtue, being thought to surpass all Romans in justice and discretion; he also commended Cato’s way of living and was in- timate with him. Accordingly, when Catulus had lost his case on its merits and began to beg openly for the acquittal of his client, Cato tried to stop him from doing this. And when Catulus was all the more importunate, Cato said: “It would be a shameful thing, Catulus, if thou, who art the censor, and shouldst scrutinize our lives, wert put out of 271 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tépwv wirnpetav éxBddrAccOat.” rTavTnvy THY bs) > , A , e vA , govyv adpévtos tod Kadtrewvos, o KdtXos mpoce- \ > ‘ e J s 9 \ 9 4 Bree pév avtrov ws aperropevos, eltre 5é ovdér, > bd ” e 9 ’ A w e b ’ 4 J ol GW’ elite bm’ opyns cite Un’ aicyvvys amnrOe o.wmh Sintropnuévos. ov pny HrAw ye o avOpwTos, GAN’ éerrel ped Wndw tas adieicas vrepéBadXov € A , 4 / at xa@atpodoa, Kat AodAXos Mapxos els, cvvap- le) 4 @ \ 2) / > } “ yov tov Katwvos, to aobeveias amedédetTT0 ths Sixns, wéumet pos TovToOv o Kardos Seopevos BonOjaat t@ avOpwr@ Kaxeivos év hopei@ Kopt- obeis peta thy Sixny Eero Thy arrodvovcav.. ov pay éxypnoato ye TO ypappatet o Kdtwy, ovdé Tov pucOov arédwxev, ovbé Grws évdpiOpov tod AoAXlov tH Widov éryev. XVII. Odtw Sé rovs ypaupartels Tatrewwoas Kal Trowjoas UTroyxetpious, Kal Tots TPdypLaAcLY WS > A >] 4 , > / , \ autos €BovreTO YpwpeEvos, OALYH Ypovw TO TA- petov awédecEe tod Bovreutnpiov cEpvorEpor, WS kal réyerv Kal dpovety atravtas bre Katwv vra- > gs A 4 ’ A \ relas afiopa Th Tapueia mepeOnne. mp@rov pep yap etpwv ypéa taraa TH Snuooim TodXous 9 J wn \ , @ . A opetAovtas Kal moAXois TO Snuoctov, aya THY Tod éravoev adiKoupevny Kal adixovcay, TOUS pev evtovas Kal atapaitntws amait@v, Tots 5¢ tayéws azrodsb0vs Kal mpoOvpws, doTe Tov Sjpov aideicOat Tovs pév olopévous atrootepnaety éxtivovtas opavta, tous 5é & pun mpoceddcxwy avo\apBavovras. émeita ypaupara tToAA@Y ov Mpoonkovtws avadepovtwv, cal Soypata wWevd7 272 767 CATO THE YOUNGER court by our bailiffs.’ When Cato had uttered these words, Catulus fixed his eyes upon him as if he would make reply ; he said nothing, however, but either from anger or from shame went off in silence, much perplexed. However, the man was not convicted, but when the votes for condemnation exceeded those for acquittal by a single ballot, and one Marcus Lollius, a colleague of Cato, was kept by sickness from attending the trial, Catulus sent to him and begged him to help the man. So Lollius was brought in a litter after the trial and cast the vote that acquitted.. Notwithstanding this, Cato would not employ the clerk, or give him his pay, or in any way take the vote of Lollius into the reckoning. XVII. By thus humbling the clerks and making them submissive, and by managing the business as he himself desired, in a little while he brought the quaestorship into greater respect than the senate, so that all men said and thought that Cato had invested the quaestorship with the dignity of the consulship. For, in the first place, when he found that many persons were owing debts of long stand- ing to the public treasury and the treasury to many persons, he made an end at the same time of the state being wronged and wronging others; from its debtors he rigorously and inexorably demanded payment, and to its creditors he promptly and readily made payment, so that the people were filled with respect as they saw men making payments who thought to defraud the state, and men receiving payments which they had ceased to expect. In the next place, though many used improper methods to get writings filed with the quaestors, and though 273 VOL, VIII. T PLUTARCH’S LIVES UA 4 \ / a / mapabexyec. Gat yapiTe wat dSenoer TY TPOTEpwY > , 2 Oar oN , A . elwOorav, ovdev avtov EXade ytvdpuevov toLovton, > x e \ @ , / > 4 b] tA GXN’ Uirép évos TroTe SOypaTos evdotdaas et KUpLOV yéyove, TOAX@Y papTUpovYTMY OvK érriaTEUCE)D, ovdé xatrérake mpotepov 4 TOUS UTraTouUsS éTOpocat mapayevopméevous. dvtwv S€ moAdA@v ols LUAXas a ” fol éxeivos atroxteivact avdpas éx mpoypadis yépas ” 9 4 , , @ éSwxev ava pupias Sioytrias Spaypuds, aravtes pev avtovs ws évaryeis Kal puapovs épicour, apivacbar S€ ovdels éroAwa, Kdtwv S€ mpoo- Kadovpevos Exactov Exovta Snudo.ov apyvptov LOL, ~2/ ef 0 A \ / N nA adixas é&érpartev, dua Ouu@ Kal rNoy@ TO THs A > 4 / > , e mpakews avoovoy Kal Twapavopov ée€overdifwv. ot n , > & } 4 , 5é rodto Trafovres evOrs Hoav evoyor Pove, Kal TpOTov TLVa MponAWKOTES ATHYOVTO TPOsS TOUS dtxaotas Kal Sixas .étivoy, ndouéevoyv Travtov Kal vouCovTwv avveEarciperOar THY TOTE TUpavvida kal SvAXav avtov éepopav Koralopevor. XVIII. “Hepee 5€ rovs rrodXovs ral 7d évderexes avTov Ths émipereias nal atputTov. ovTe yap mpotepos tis avéBn TOY oUvapyxoVTwY Eis TO taptctoy Katwvos olte torepos amndOev, €x- KAnoiav 5é cat Bovrny ovdepiav trapj«e, Sede Kai jwapaguAdtTwv Tovs ETOipws Kal Tpdos yap odrAnpatov cal TeXov dvécets 7 Sdcets ols Eruyev erindifopévous. émridecxvupevos S€ TO Tapetov 274 CATO THE YOUNGER previous quaestors had been accustomed to receive false decrees at the request of those whom they wished to please, nothing of this sort could be done now without Cato finding it out. Indeed, on one occasion when he was doubtful whether a certain decree had actually passed the senate, though many testified to the fact, he would not believe them, nor would he file the decree away until the consuls had come and taken oath to its validity. Again, there were many persons whom the famous Sulla had rewarded for killing men under proscription, at the -rate of twelve thousand drachmas. All men hated them as accursed and polluted wretches, but no one had the courage to punish them. Cato, however, called each one of these to account for having public money in his possession by unjust means, and made him give it up, at the same time rebuking him with passionate eloquence for his illegal and unholy act. After this experience they were at once charged with murder, were brought before their judges con- demned beforehand, one might say, and were pun- ished. At this all men were delighted, and thought that with their deaths the tyranny of that former time was extinguished, and that Sulla himself was punished before men’s eyes. XVIII. Moreover, the multitude were captivated by his continuous and unwearied attention to his duties. For no one of his colleagues came up to the treasury earlier than Cato, and none left it later. Besides, no session of assembly or senate would he fail to attend, since he feared and kept close watch on those who were ready to gratify people by voting remissions of debts and taxes, or promiscuous gifts. And so by exhibiting a treasury which was inacces- 275 T 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES v / A a \ , aBarov te kat kaBapov cuvxopavtTav, wAHpEs Fé Npnuatwv, édiSacnev Ste TH Tore TrovTED 4 \ ’ ’ b] > \ \ “A éEeote wy abdixovon. Kat apxas 6€ Tov ocvvap- ’ > 7 ’ \ \ \ \ ¢ YovTwy eviots émrayOns nal yadeTros haves do- n a a \ TEpov nyaTato, Tais éx Tod pH yapilecOar Ta a A Snpoora unde xpivery Kanes areyOeiats bTroT Els EavTOY avTi TdvTwv, Kal Tupéxywy atrodoyeraBat mpos Tous deopuévous kal Bialopévous exeivous, ws Ul apunyavov éotiv, dkovtos Katwvos. a \ oe a a / \ e \ / Tov dé nuepov TH TeXNcUVTALa oYEdOY Ui Trav- A A > 3 v TOY TOV TONTOY TpoTE“POEis Ets OlKOV, HKOU- aev OTe MapKédAr@ ToAAG cuvyGers Kal Suvarot TpoomerovTes év TO Tamei@m Kal TepréyovTes exBialovrat ypdwar tiva Soow ypnudtwv odei- 4 Lopevwy. Av 5€ 0 Madpxedros éx« Taidwy diros A / ‘ ‘\ b , 4 LA T® Katww, cai ovv éxeiv@ BérATLOTOS apxyor, > AN \ > e A > 4 e > by “A wn autos 5€ Kaé’ avtov aya@yijmos Ur aidods Tois Seopévors, Kal KatdvTns pos Tacav Yap. eEv- dus obv o Kdtov émiotpéyras xai rov MdpxedXov e \ > , 4 \ 4 W eupwv éxBeBiacpévoy ypawar thv Soow, nTnceE \ / \ 9 , 9 n A Tas SéXtovs Kai dmnrEWev, adToD TapecT@TOS ow Kat tovTo mpakas KaTHyayev avTov éx n , Tov Tamweiov Kal Katéotycev els gixov, ovTE TOTE 4 ww a 3 > b , fo! peprpdevoy ovte VaTtepov, AN eppeivavta TH ournfeia Kai pidia péypt Tavtos. Ov pny ovdé aradAayels HS Taptelas adjKe a a A 9 / THS Ppoupas Epnuov TO Taptefov, GAN olKérat 276 CATO THE YOUNGER sible to public informers and free from their taint, but full of money, he taught men that a state can be rich without wronging its citizens. At first some of his colleagues thought him obnoxious and trouble- some, but afterwards they were well pleased with him, since he took upon his own shoulders ex- clusively the burden of the hatreds arising from refusal to give away the public moneys or to make unjust decisions, and furnished them with a defence against people who tried to force requests upon them. They would say, namely, “It is impossible ; Cato will not consent.” On the last day of his term of office, after he had been escorted to his house by almost the whole body of citizens, he heard that many friends of Marcellus and men of influence had closely beset him in the treasury, and were trying to force him to register some re- mission of moneys due. Now, Marcellus had been a friend of Cato from boyhood, and when associated with him had been a most excellent magistrate. - When acting by himself, however, he was led by a feeling of deference to be complaisant towards sup- pliants, and was inclined to grant every favour. At once, then, Cato turned back, and when he found that Marcellus had been forced to register the re- mission, he asked for the tablets and erased the entry, while Marcellus himself stood by and said nothing. After this had been done, Cato conducted Marcellus away from the treasury and brought him to his house, and Marcellus had no word of blame for him either then or afterwards, but continued his intimate friendship up to the end. However, not even after he had laid down the quaestorship did Cato leave the treasury destitute of 277 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pep avrov Kal’ nuépav arroypapopevot TAS b100- : KNOELS maphoay, AUTOS 5é BiPrLa Aayous Tepte- Xovra Snpoolay oLKOvOMLeDV amo TOV LAra Xpovery els THY EavTOU Tapweiay UNO ALEVOS TEVTE TaravTov ael Sta YeLpos elev. XIX. Kis &¢ ovyKhnTov Elones TE Tp@TOS Kat TEANEUTALOS aNNANETTETO® moNNaKs O€ TOY an- AwY TXONF cuvaryoueveny cabelouevos aveyive- o KEV NOVY, TO iatiov Tod BiBXiou Tpoiaxo- HEvOS. anednunoe dé ovd€érore BovrRs yevoperns. émel 5é & ba Tepov ol qept Hopaniov ewpeov | aurov év ols éorovdalov adikws apetatetotov Kal ducexBiac tov aéi, Sepnxavavro perixais Tit ournyopiass 0) Stairacs 7 i) T parypwareiacs efo Tmept- omap. cuvels ov Taxu THY émiBoudny am ettre Tact Kal maperafato Bourjjs aryomevns pn dev ao TpaTTeL. ouTe yap o&ns yapiy ovTe mreovefias obre avToMaTWS Kal Kara, TUYNY, domwep Erepoi TUES, eM TrET OV eis TO WPaTTEW Ta Tijs TONEWS, GAN ws idtov é Epyov avdpos ayabob THY ToATELaV ENOpEVOS, faddov Geto deity T pooe- Xew tois Kowois n To Knplp THY péeALT TAD, 6S ve Kat Ta TOV eT apXLav mpaypara Kal Soyuata Kat Kpioets Kal mpakes Tas peyioras Epyov wemotinro bia, TOV éxactaxobe Eévav cai dirov wéprrecbar 7 pos avrov. "Evotas 5é rote KiAwdio TO Snuaywy@ Kivodr- Tt Kal TapattovTe peyddov apyas VEWTEPLO [Lov cat S:aBddXovte mpos Tov O7jpov Lepets Kal tepeias, 1 éépwy Sintenis, with one Paris MS.; Coraés and Bekker have dpavres, with the other MSS. 278 768 CATO THE YOUNGER his watchful care, but slaves of his were there every day copying the transactions, and he himself paid five talents for books containing accounts of the public business from the times of Sulla down to his own quaestorship, and always had them in hand. XIX. He used to be the first to reach the senate and the last to leave it; and often, while the other senators were slowly assembling, he would sit and read quietly, holding his toga in front of the book. He never left the city when the senate was in session. But afterwards, when Pompey and his friends saw that he could never be prevailed upon or forced from his position in any unjust measures which they had at heart, they would contrive to draw him away by sundry legal advocacies for friends, or arbitrations, or business matters. Ac- cordingly, Cato quickly perceived their design and refused all such applications, and made it a rule to have no other business on hand while the senate was in session. For it was neither for the sake of reputation, nor to gain riches, nor accidentally and by chance, like some others, that he threw himself into the management of civic affairs, but he chose a public career as the proper task for a good man, and thought that he ought to be more attentive to the common interests than the bee to its honey. And so he was careful to have the affairs of the provinces and decrees and trials and the most important measures sent to him by his connections and friends in every place. | At one time he opposed Clodius the demagogue, who was raising agitation and confusion as a prelude to great changes, and was calumniating to the people priests and priestesses, among whom Fabia, a sister of 279 PLUTARCR’S LIVES év ols cat DaBia Tepevrias aderpy, THs Kexeé- pevos YUVALKOs, cuwvdivevae, TOV peev Krwdcov alaxyuvn TEeptBarov nvayKacey UTEKoTHVaL THS modews, tov b€ Kixépwvos evyaptarodvtos, TH mone. Sety Exeww Epyn xdpwy avtov, was éxeivns EVEKA TAVTA TOLOY Kal TONLTEVOLMEVOS. €K TOU- Tov peyarn Soka epi avToyv Hv, w@oTE pyTOpA pév, Sixn tivi paptupias puas hepopévns, eimeiv mpos Tous Sixactas ws Evi papTupodyTt 7 poce- yew, ovde Kdtwu, caras exer, woddovs Sé 75n wept TaV atriotwy Kal tapabo—wv, woTrep év Tapotula Twi, Neyety STL TOVTO pev OVdEe KaTwvos Néyovtos WiOavov éott. poxOnpod &é avOpwrrov Kal moAvTEedNods Adyor év cuyKAnT@ SiaBeuévou mpos euTéAetav Kal owdpoviopoy eTavactas "Apvaios, “"O avOpwme,” elme, “ris avéEetai cou Sevtvovvros pev ws AevKdddXov, oixobopovr- tos 5€ ws Kpdoaou, dSnunyopodvtos 5é jpivy ws Katevos;” cal tov adrwv 8€ tors havrous cal axoXdaotous, Tos Aoyots b€ Geuvovs Kal avorn- pous xAevdlovtes exaddouy Katrwvas. XX. TloAA@y 5€é adrov emi Snuapyiav Kanrovv- TWV OUK WETO KANOS Eye peyarns éEoucias Kal apxiis, @omep loxupov papydxou, Suvapey éy mTpayuaci ovx dvayxaios é€avarooat. rat dpa, cxYorrs ovens tov Snuociwyv, waparaBov BiBrla nal dirocdgpouvs éBabdsev eis Aeveaviar, aypous avToOt Kextnwévos ExovTas ovK dvEedev- Gépovs SvarpiBas: elta Kab’ odov toddXois Tice brrotuylois Kal oxevert Kal axodrovOots arravTn- cas kal muOdpuevos Nérwta Méteddop eis ‘Pony émavépyecOar Snpapyiay uetiévar TwapecKeva- 280 CATO THE YOUNGER Cicero’s wife Terentia, was in danger of conviction. But Cato put Clodius to such shame that he was forced to steal away from the city; and when Cicero thanked him, Cato told him he ought to be thankful to the city, since it was for her sake that all his public work was done. In consequence of this he was held in high repute, so that an orator, at a trial where the testimony of a single witness was introduced, told the jurors that it was not right to give heed toa single witness, not even if he were Cato ; and many already, when speaking of matters that were strange and in- credible, would say, as though using a proverb, “ This is not to be believed even though Cato says it.”” Again, when a corrupt and extravagant man was expatiating in the senate on frugality and self-restraint, Amnaeus sprang to his feet and said: “ Who can endure it, my man, when you sup like Lucullus, build like Crassus, and yet harangue us like Cato?”’! And other men also who were degraded and licentious in their lives, but lofty and severe in their speech, were mockingly called Catos. XX. Though many invited him to become a tribune of the people he did not think it right to ex- pend the force of a great and powerful magistracy, any more than that of a strong medicine, on matters that did not require it. And at the same time, being at leisure from his public duties, he took books and philosophers with him and set out for Lucania, where he owned lands affording no mean sojourn. Then, meeting on the road many beasts of burden with baggage and attendants, and learning that Metellus Nepos was on his way back to Rome prepared to sue for the tribuneship, he stopped without a word, and 1 Cf. the Ducullus, xl. 3. 281 PLUTARCH’S LIVES / 9 4 A \ \ \ > ff © THEVOV, ETETTN LOT], KAL SiadiTrav pLxpov exe- ANevoey dvactpédery oTriaw TOUS éavTov. tay oé pidov Javpacdvrer, “QOux tote,” elwev, “Ott kat xa? avtov vo éumAnkias hoBepos éote MéreAXos, kal viv é« rs Llopmrniov yvapns ap sry wEv0S els THY moMtTeLay éumeceitas Sixny oKNTTOU TWavTa Tpaypara TapaTTay; OUK ouv TXOAS ovde aTroonmias KaLpos, anra bei Kpari- cat TOU av6pos, n KaOS arroBaveiv omep THs érevbepias arywrifouevov.” Gos dé Tav theov | TapatvesdvTay adixeto 7 P@TOV els Ta xwpra Kat Suet peypev ov jToXvy xXpovoy, elta émraviicev els Tow. éomépas dé éXOwv evOus Ewbev els ayopay xatéBatve Snwapxiav peTLOY, as avritabopevos 7 pos TOV MéredAov. TO yap taxupov uy apXn m pos TO Keohvew éxel padDov i] 7 pos TO Tpar re’ Kav TavTES ol AOLTTOL Trap éva nbicwvras, Tou p71) O€XNoVTOS pnde é E@VTOS TO Kpatos éoti. XI. To pep obv Tp@Tov orLryou Tepl TOV Kdrwva TOV pirov jj oav" havepas 6 THS yveoins avdrob YEVOMEDTS, dAdryou YpOovou TAVTES Ob xen oTol Kal yva@piwor a UveTpeXov Kal Ta,pexddouv Kal Taped dppuvov avrov, WS Ov AapBavovra yapwy, GNA THY peyioTny didovTa TH mar piou Kal Tots emvetKer TAT OLS TOV TrOMLT OY, OTL TrOA- Adis am parywoves ap&at mapov ou Jedjoas, yov Umrép THS édevOepias Kal toXLTelas drycoveovpevos OUK AKLVoUVaS KaTELoL. RéyeTat Oé, Toa vmod omoudis kal tho poo buns @0oupeveor Tpos av- TOV, év cvduvp ryevopevos mores e&txéacBar did WAHOos eis THY ayopdv. amrodery Gels Sé Snpapyos 282 769 CATO THE YOUNGER after waiting.a little while ordered his company to turn back. His friends were amazed at this, where- upon he said: “ Do ye not know that even of himself Metellus is to be feared by reason of his infatuation ? And now that he comes by the advice of Pompey he will fall upon the state like a thunderbolt and throw everything into confusion. It is no time, then, for a leisurely sojourn in the country, but we must over- power the man, or die honourably in a struggle for our liberties.”” Nevertheless, on the advice of his friends, he went first to his estates and tarried there a short time, and then returned to the city.! It was evening when he arrived, and as soon as day dawned he went down into the forum to sue for a tribuneship, that he might array himself against Metellus. For the strength of that office is negative rather than positive ; and if all the tribunes save one should vote for a measure, the power lies with the one who will not give his consent or permission. XXI. At first, then, Cato had only a few of his friends about him; but when his purpose became known, in a little while all the men of worth and note flocked to him with exhortations and encourage- ments. They felt that he was not receiving a favour, but conferring the greatest favour on his country and the most reputable of his fellow citizens; for he had often refused the office when he could have had it without trouble, and now sued for it at his peril that he might contend for the liberties of the state. It is said, moreover, that he was in peril from the many who crowded upon him in their zeal and affection, and could hardly make his way through the crowd into the forum. He was declared 1 In 63 B.c. 283 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ou érépos, cal TO MerédArdm, Tas trartixds apyatpesias opav wvious ovcas, éteTtiinoe TO Syu@ Kal xatatravwv Tov AOyov éT@pmoTE TOU Sovtos apyuptov, Sotis av 7, Katnyopnoeyv, &va N b Leravov wmreEedomevos dt otxevoTnta. LepBrriav yap dbergpav Kdravos o teraves elye. 510 Tod- N A 4 / 2997 Tov pev trapnxe, Aevecov 5€ Movpnvay édiwxerv ? / 4 ” \ “a apyupio Sat paEdpevov apyovta meta TOD YtdNa- vod yevéoOar. vom dé tive Tov’ hevyovtos aet pvrAaka TO K ppm odo A n Aabe!i » KaTnyop@ Sidovtos, @oTe 7 AaOety & ovvaye nat wapacKkevaletat wpos THY KaTN- UY e A K 4 5 @ \ e \ “A / yopiav, 0 T@ Katww dofeis vireo tov Movpnva A A , e es jTapaxo\ovlav Kat tapapudXatTav, ws éwpa 4 pnbev emiBovrAws mpdttovTa pndé adixws, ara yevvaiws Te Kal hiravOpoTras atTAnY TWA TIS KaTnyoptas Kal Suxaiay oddv topevopevov, odTaS ? / Ne , ~ \ #4 a +) Cavpale to Ppovnua Kal To 7005 wate KaT dyopav tpoci@v Kai hovtav emi Ovpas aruvOd- veoOat tov Katwvos e¢ péddXee Te oNpEepoy mpa- a / ypatevoacbar TOY Trepl THY KaTnyopiav: eb Sé py pain, misTrevwv amrnet. Ths Sé déens Aeyouévns o Kixépwv, daratos av Tore Kal T@ Movpyva cuvd:ndv, Todda Sa Tov Kdtwva tots 2twikods pidocopous Kai tadta 67 A , 4 o 4 \ Ta Twapdooka KaXovpeva Soypata xrevdlwv Kai Tapackantwv yékwTa Trapeiye Tots Stxactais. 284 CATO THE YOUNGER ' tribune with others! (including Metellus), and see- ing that the consular elections were attended with bribery, he berated the people; and in concluding his speech he swore that he would prosecute the briber, whoever he might be, making an exception only of Silanus because of their relationship. For Silanus was the husband of Cato’s sister Servilia. For this reason he let Silanus alone, but he pro- secuted Lucius Murena on the charge of having secured his election to the consulship with Silanus by bribery.2, Now, there was a law by which the defendant could set a man to watch the prosecutor, in order that there might be no secret about the ~ material which he was collecting and preparing for the prosecution. Accordingly, the man appointed by Murena to watch Cato would follow him about and keep him under observation. When, however, he saw that Cato was doing nothing insidiously or unjustly, but was honourably and _ considerately following a straightforward and righteous course in the prosecution, he had such admiration for Cato’s lofty spirit and noble character that he would come up to him in the forum or go to his house and ask him whether he intended that day to attend to any matters connected with the prosecution; and if Cato said no, the man would take his wore and go away. When the trial was held, Cicero, who was consul at that time and one of Murena’ s advocates, took advantage of Cato’s fondness for the Stoics to rail and jest at length about those philosophers and what were called their “ paradoxes,” thus making 1 At this time the number of the popular tribunes was ten. 2 Silanus and Murena were consuls in 62 B.C. 285 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tov ov Kdtava hact Stapedsacavta mpos tous TapovTas elrreiy" e"Q) av6pes, as yehotov bma- Tov EXOMED.” anopuyav dé 0 Moupyvas ou movnpod wdBos ovde appovos émabev av parrov mpos tov Katwva: kai yap UTaTevov EXPHTO cupBovr TOV peyioron, Kal Taha TLUL@Y Ka Tig TEveY dveTéAEeD. aitvos 5é¢ wv o Katav av- TOS, émi Tov Bnpatos Kal rod ouvedpiov Xareros av Kal poBepos imép tov Sixaiwv, eita waow evvoiKas Kal pravd pores 7 poo pepopevos. XXII. IIply b¢ els Thy Snuapxiav xaliora- cGat, Kixépevos t UTaTtevovTos, adrows Te ToNNois ayaot THV apxny apOwcer avrov Kal Tais qepi Karidivay mpateae peyiotats Kal KadrLo Tas yevouevats TEAOS eméOnxev. autos péy yap o Karidivas on€O tov Te Kal TavTen} peraBodny errdryov Trois ‘Popaiov T paypace Kal ardoels opob Kat qoXéuous TAPATTOV eFereyx Gels bao TOU Kuxépovos eferere TIS TOAEWS, Aévtros dé xal KeOnyos Kal per’ aur ay Ere por cuxvol beEdpevor HV cuvaporiay, kal T@ Karidiva Secdiav Kal puxpoAroyiay TOY Tonpn drop émuxanoovres, avrol devoobyTo THY wonky apdnv avatpeiv Tupl Kal THY yyepoviay eOvav ajoatTacect Kal ToEMoLs arog vrows dvatpéeren. pavepas dé Ths el a OKEUHS auTov ryevopevns, wat Kixépavos * ev BovrAh yvapunv wpobévtos, o pev TpPATOS el TT @V Lravbs arepnvaro Soxeity avT@ Ta éoxara eee Xphvat tovs avdpas, oi Sé wer avtov ede- 1 xal Kixépwvos so Sintenis? for the corrupt MSS. ds é& Tors wept Kixépwvos yéyparra:; Coraés and Bekker adopt the early anonymous correction wal Kixépwyos, as év rois wept éxeivou yéypawrat. 286 CATO THE YOUNGER the jurors laugh. Cata, accordingly, as we are told, said with a smile to the bystanders: “My friends, what a droll fellow our consul is!” And after Murena had been acquitted, he did not feel towards Cato as a base or senseless man might have done; for during his consulship he asked his advice in the most important matters, and in other ways con- stantly showed him honour and trust. And Cato himself was responsible for this; on the tribunal and in the senate he was severe and terrible in his defence of justice, but afterwards his manner towards all men was benevolent and kindly. XXII: Before he entered upon his tribuneship, and during the consulship of Cicero,! he maintained the authority of that magistrate in many conflicts, and above all in the measures relating to Catiline, which proved the most important and most glorious of all, he brought matters to a successful issue. Catiline himself, namely, who’ was trying to bring about a complete and destructive change in the Roman state, and was stirring up alike seditions and wars, was convicted by Cicero and fled the city; but Lentulus and Cethegus and many others with them took over the conspiracy, and, charging Catiline with cowardice and pettiness in his designs, were them- selves planning to destroy the city utterly with fire, and to subvert the empire with revolts of nations and foreign wars. But their schemes were dis- covered, and Cicero brought the matter before the senate for deliberation.? The first speaker, Silanus, expressed the opinion that the men ought to suffer the extremest fate, and those who followed him in 1 63 B.C. * Cf. the Caesur, vii. 4-v ii. 2; and the Cicero, x. ff. 287 PLUTARCH’S LIVES A “a \ 4 Ens neorovOnoav, aypt Kaicapos. Kaicap 6é avaotds, ate 57 Kal Sewos eitrety Kai Tacay év a , \ \ / C4 ef TH Torte. petaBoArAnv Kal KivnoLY WoTEp UANHV ? > A a , ” ; a @v autos Stevocito BovrAopevos avery padrdov a / a 9 \ N ‘ 770 i) oBevvupernv epiopav, érraywya Toda Kat a / diravO pwira StareyGels atroxtetvar pevy akpiTous “ 4 oux ela Tovs avdpas, eipxOévtas Sé Typety éxe- 5 Nevoev, otTw Sé Tas yvwOpas peETéoTNOE TIS A , \ aA @ \ Bovrns, poBnGeians tov Shpov, Bote Kat L- N 4 3 \ / e #09 > AN ANavov &Eapvoy elvat Kai Aéyetv ws Od’ aUTOS ry) , > \ e ‘ v ‘ > \ elrot Oavatov, ada eipypov: Exyatov yap avdpt ‘Pwpat@ TodTO KaKOY aTravTwv. XXIIT. Tevopévns S€ troravrns THs Tpowhs Kat admdvtwv émt To mpaotepoy puévtTwv xai pidav- ‘ Opwrotepov, o Kdtwy pos Thy yvounyv avactas A / A evOus iero TO AOYD pet Opyns Kal wdOous, Tov te 2travov Kaxilwv THs petaBorjjs, Kal xaba- “i A “A mropevos TOD Kaicapos os oynuate dnyeTix®@ kal 2 Xo Davo pa } DALY a : y yo piravOpor@ thy Tod avatpétovTos, Kal 4 \ ‘ 9499 > A v dedutTopevov THY BovAnv éf’ ols avtov Edeu de- duévat Kat ayaTav eb Tov yeyovdtwv aO@os aTadrAdéet Kal avuTroTrTos, oUTwS Trepipavas Kal ? “A tTau“as Tous Kowous éEaprralwy trodeuious Kat \ > 2QO\ bf a“ > / / THY Tap ovdev éXOovaay amorécOat Tratpiba Uf \ a, e “ \ “ b] bd TOLAUTNY Kal TOTAUTHY OMoOAOYaV pn) EAEEtY, GAX A ” \ , y “ 4 \ ods ede pn. yevéoOar unde hodvat Saxpiwv Kai avaKNaLopEvos, Eb hovwv peydrwv Kal xivdvvev > / \ , ’ , aTadXafovat THY TOALY atTroPavorTes. 3 Tovtov povov dv Katwyr elite d:acwtecdai 288 CATO THE YOUNGER turn were of the same mind, until it came to Caesar. _ Caesar now rose, and since he was a_ powerful speaker and wished to increase every change and commotion in the state as so much stuff for his own designs, rather than to allow them to be quenched, he urged many persuasive and humane arguments. He would not hear of the men being put to death without a trial, but favoured their being kept in close custody, and he wrought such a change in the opinions of the senate, which was in fear of the people, that even Silanus recanted and said that he too had not meant death, but imprisonment ; for to a Roman this was the “ extremest’’ of all evils. XXIII. After such a change as this had been wrought and all the senators had hastened to adopt the milder and more humane penalty, Cato rose to give his opinion, and launched at once into a pas- sionate and angry speech, abusing Silanus for his change of opinion, and assailing Caesar. Caesar, he said, under a popular pretext and with humane words, was trying to subvert the state; he was seeking to frighten the senate in a case where he himself had much to fear; and he might be well content if he should come off guiltless of what had been done and free from suspicion, since he was so openly and recklessly trying to rescue the common enemies, while for his country, which had been on the brink of ruin, and was so good and great, he confessed that he had no pity; and yet for men who ought not to have lived or been born even, he was shedding tears and lamenting, although by their deaths they would free the state from great slaughten and perils. This is the only speech of Cato which has been | 289 VOL. VIII. U PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ 4 / le e / ‘ dace tov Royov, Kixépwvos tov viatouv Tous Stadhépovtas ofvTnTt TAY ypadewy onpeia Tpode- “a J la) SdEavtos év puxpois kat Bpayéot TvIToLs TOANOY , 4 Uy % Mv > ypapydatwv éxovta Suvapiv, eita adXov adda- / A : / , > f yooe tov BovdrevTnpiov oopddny éuBadovtos. ovTw yap HoKxovv ovd éxéxTnvTO TOvs KadoupE- \ , a VOUS ONpELoypahous, GAAG TOTE TpwToOY eis LyVvOS A e Tl KatTacThvat Aé€yovow. éexpatnae & ovv oO Kadtov nal peréotynce Tas yvopas, @ote Oavatov / n > A katandicacbat Tav avdpav. XXIV. Ei b€ det unde ta pixpa trav nOadv a a , , a onpeia tmapadirety @oTrEp ELKova rvuyns vTrO- 4 / , \ e? \ ypadopmevous, NEyeTal, TOTE TONANY autrAdXaVY Kal a \ “~ péyav ayava mpos tov Kdtwva tod Kaicapos a , A / EyovTos Kal THS BovAts els exeivous avnptnuévns, SeAtdpiov te puxpov EEwOev eioxoutcOjvar TO 4 A Kaicapt. tod dé Katwvos eis vrroyiay dyovtos \ A N 4 ted U ‘ TO Tpaypna Kal dtaBadrXovTOS Elvai TLVas TOUS KLvoUpévous, Kal KeXNEVOVTOS avayiWocKELY Ta yeypappéva, Tov Kaicapa te Kdtwu mpocdovvar To OeATdpLov éyyus éot@Tt. Tov dé avayvorTa LepBirias THs adeAdHs emictoNov dKoXacTOV mpos Tov Kaicapa yeypappévov, épwons Kal , e bd > A a , “A , dtehPappervns UT avtov, mpocpiai te 7@ Kat- \ > ow &é , l “99 \ / capt nai evmetv, ‘ Kpater, péOvoe,” cat warw, e > \ \ b] b] n , , oUTwS emt Tov €€ apyns Aoyov TpaTEc Oat. Daiverac b€ GAws atvynua yevéoOar Tod Katwvos 1 yuvatxwvitis. attn pev yap emt 290 CATO THE YOUNGER preserved, we are told, and its preservation was due to Cicero the consul, who had previously given to those clerks who excelled in rapid writing instruc- tion in the use of signs, which, in small and short figures, comprised the force of many letters; these clerks he had then distributed in various parts of the senate-house. For up to that time the Romans did not employ or even possess what are called short- hand writers, but then for the first time, we are told, the first steps toward the practice -were taken. Be that as it may, Cato carried the day and changed the opinions of the senators, so that they condemned the men to death. XXIV. Now, since we must not pass over even the slight tokens of character when we are de- lineating as it were a likeness of the soul, the story goes that on this occasion, when Caesar was eagerly engaged in a great struggle with Cato and the attention of the senate was fixed upon the two men, a little note was brought in from outside to Caesar. ‘Cato tried to fix suspicion upon the matter and alleged that it had something to do with the con- spiracy,! and bade him read the writing aloud. Then Caesar handed the note to Cato, who stood near him. But when Cato had read the note, which was an unchaste letter from his sister Servilia to Caesar, with whom she was passionately and guiltily in love, he threw it to Caesar, saying, “Take it, thou sot,”’ and then resumed his speech. : But as regards the women of his household Cato appears to have been wholly unfortunate. For this 1 Plutarch’s ambiguous words here mugt be interpreted by comparison with the Brutus, v. 2 f., where the same story is told. 291 u 2 ~ -PLUTARCRH’S LIVES Kaicapt xax@s jeovoe ta Sé THs érépas Lep- Birias, aderdjns b€ Kadtwvos, aoynpovéctepa. AevxorAr\o yap yaunbcioa, tmpwtevoavtt ‘Po- paiwy cata dofav dvdpi, nat texodoa tratdiov éEémece Tov oixov 6: dxoraciav. To b€ aloyt- oTov, ovd 7 yuvn Tod Kdtwvos ’Atidia To.ovT@V éxabapevoev aduaptnudtwy, ddArAa KaiTep é&F av- THs dvo tratdia Tetoinuévos avdyKknv éaxev éx- Bareiv acynpoyovoar. XXV. Elta éynue Ovyarépa Pidirmov, Map- xiav, emernn Soxovoav elvas yuvaixa, Tepl ts 0 TAEetoTOs Aoyos: Kai KaOatrep! ev Spdpate TH Bim tovtTo TO pépos TpoBAnpaT@bes yéeyove Kal atropov. émpaxOn dé tovtTov Tov TpoToY, ws istopet Opacéas, ets Movvatiov, dvdpa Kdrwvos éraipov kal oupBiwtyy, avadépwv THY TioTev. év tToAXois épactais Kal Oavpactais tov Ka- TwVvos oav érépwy Erepot uGAXrov ExdnrAoL Kat Siadavets, av nat Koivtos ‘Opryotos, avnp a&io- patos Te Aapmpod Kal Tov TpoTrov ériecKns. émiOupov ody T@ Katou py auvnOns eivar pndé éTaipos movov, GAN apes yé Tas Eis OlKELOTHTA catapifat Kai KoLywviav TdvTa TOV OLKOY Kal TO yévos, emexeipnoe ovptrei\Oew Orws THY Ovyatépa Tlopxiav, BuBAw avvoixodcav nai wemoinpévny éxeivym 5v0 traidas, aiT@ Tad woTEp Eevyerty ywpayv evTexvocacbat trapacyn. do6&n péev yap avoporwy atoTov elvat TO ToLodTov, duce. dé KaNOV Kab TONTLKOY, EV Mpa Kal akph yuvaixa unte apyely TO yovlmov atocBécacay, pte 1 «al xaddmwep the wal is supplied by Sintenis; Bekker has xa0anep yap, after Coraés, 292 ~ CATO THE YOUNGER sister was in ill repute for her relations with Caesar ; and the conduct of the other Servilla, also a sister of Cato, was still more unseemly. She was the wife of Lucullus, a man of the highest repute in Rome, and had borne him a child, and yet she was banished from his house for unchastity.1. And what was most dis- graceful of all, even Cato’s wife Atilia was not free from such transgressions, but although he had two children by her, he was forced to put her away because of her unseemly behaviour. XXV. Then he married a daughter of Philippus, Marcia, a woman of reputed excellence, about whom there was the most abundant talk ; and this part of Cato’s life, like a drama, has given rise to dispute and is hard to explain. However, the case was as follows, according to Thrasea, who refers to the authority of Munatius, Cato’s companion and intimate associate. Among the many lovers and admirers of Cato there were some who were more conspicuous and illustrious than others. One of these was Quintus Hortensius, aman of splendid reputation and excellent character. This man, then, desiring to be more than a mere associate and companion of Cato, and in some way or other to bring his whole family and line into com- munity of kinship with him, attempted to persuade Cato, whose daughter Porcia was the’ wife of Bibulus and had borne him two sons, to give her in turn to him as noble soil for the production of children. According to the opinion of men, he argued, such a course was absurd, but according to the law of nature it was honourable and good for the state that a woman in the prime of youth and beauty should neither quench her productive power and lie idle, nor yet, by bear- "1 See the Lucullua, xxxviii. 1. - 29 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 A “~ A TAELOVA TOV iKaVOY emitixToVaaV, evoyrEeiy Kal KaTtantTwyevery ovdev Seduevov,! Kowvovpévous 5é Tas dtadoxas akiows dvdpdat Thy Te apeTny adpOo- vov Toteiy Kai TroAvXUTOY Tos yéveot, Kal THY / a TOALY aUTHY TpOSs AUTHVY avaKepavvevat Tais ol- , A KELoTNoUW. eb O€ TadVYTWS TEPLEXOLTO THS YyUVALKOS e , ? , AN A 3 , 0 BuPAos, atroba@cew evOds Texodoay, oiKELoTEpos J a , N 4 , / avut@ te BuBdXw xai Kdtrow xowwvia traidov ; é rYEVOMEVOS. b] lA \ “A 4 e e , Arroxpwapévou 5€ tod Katwvos ws ‘Optyo.ov pev ayaTa Kat Soxipdfee Kxotvwvov otxerorntos, ” \ oe a a / \ 4 atotrov dé Hyeltat trotetaPat AOyov TWept yasov ‘ e h67f 4 \ b] a Ouyatpos érépm Sedopmévns, petaBarwv éxeivos a“ \ a ovK WKYNTEV ATrOKaAUWapEVos aiTteiy THY aAUTOV aA "4 \ ‘\ yuvaixa Katwvos, véay pev ovoay Ett pos TO tixtev, éxovtos Sé€ tov Kdtwvos amoxpacay diadoynv. Kal ovn éotw Eltety WS TavTA ETpaT- i ; Tey edws ov mpocéyovta TH Mapxia tov Katwva: \ , KvOVTaY yap aUTHVY TOTE TUYXdVELY AéyouvdLY. OO o] 4 , e a’ A ai c¢ , A 8 ovtv Katwv opav tnv tod ‘Optnaiou omovdiny \ , ’ ’ a ’ > A \ Kal mpoOupiay ovK avteitrev, GAN Edy Seiv Kal / “A f A fo / Ditirr@ tabta cuvdoEat T@ watpt THs Mapxias. e 2 e / 9 \ v \ , @s obv o Pidurmos evtevxPeis Eyvo THhv cuyyo- b M” 9 , \ , a pnotv, ovk adrdAwWs eEveyyunoe THY Mapxiav 7 mapovtos Tov Kdtwvos avtod Kal cuveyyvavTos. “a / e TavTa pev ov, EL Kal YpovoLs VaTEpoy éeTpayOn, aA a a 54 puna Oévte pol TO TOV yuvatka@v TporaBeiv edoke. 1 Seduevov Coraés supplies olxoy. 294 : CATO THE YOUNGER ing more offspring than enough, burden and im- poverish a husband who does not want them. More- - over, community in heirs among worthy men would make virtue abundant and widely diffused in their families, and the state would be closely cemented together by their family alliances. And if Bibulus were wholly devoted to his wife, Hortensius said he would give her back after she had borne him a child, and he would thus be more closely connected both with Bibulus himself and with Cato by a community of children. Cato replied that he loved Hortensius and thought highly of a community of relationship with him, but considered it absurd for him to propose marriage with a daughter who had been given to another. Then Hortensius changed his tactics, threw off the mask, and boldly asked for the wife of Cato himself, since she was still young enough to bear children, and Cato had heirs enough. And it cannot be said that he did this because he knew that Cato neglected Marcia, for she was at that time with child by him, as we are told. However, seeing the earnestness and eager desire of Hortensius, Cato would not refuse, but said that Philippus also, Marcia’s father, must approve of this step. Accordingly, Philippus was consulted and expressed his consent, but he would not give Marcia in marriage until Cato himself was present and joined in giving the bride away.! This incident occurred at a later time,? it is true, but since I had taken up the topic of the women of Cato’s household I decided to anticipate it. 1 It is plain that Cato divorced Marcia; otherwise her father could not have given her in marriage to Hortensius. 2 Probably in 56 B.c. 295 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXVI. Tav é epi Tov Aevthov dvarpeOev- TWV, KAL TOU Kaicapos mept @v elonyyend Kal deBANOn aWpos THY obyKdyTov els TOV Sfjwov Katagduyovtos Kal Ta TOMA vooobvTa Kat StepOappéva THS ToNTELas pepn TAPATTOVTOS Kal TUvaryovTos 7 pos aUTOV, O Katwv poBnGeis émeroe ™HY Boudny avahaBeiv TOV amropov Kat avéuntov 6x Aov els TO oLTnpeccor, Gvarwparos pev 6vTOs évavaiou yYidiwv Kal diaxociwy xal TEVTNKOVTA TANAVTOD, Tepipavas d€ TH prdav- Opwrria (TAUTD Kat YapeTe TiS ATELANS jexceivns diaru elons. éured0ev eis THY Snuapyiav ép- Tec@v oO Mérehdos éxxAnoias te OopuvBodeas TUVIYE, Kal | Popov éypanpe Toparnjiov Mdyvov teva KaTa TAXOS META TOV Supdpewy ELS ‘Tradtav kal maparaSovra owtev THY TOMY, @S vUTr0 Katihiva Kevduvevovaay. mV bé TOUTO oyos eUT peTrns, epyov 5é Tov vomou Kal TédoS eyxetpt- oat Ta Tpay ware Toprnip Kat mapadsodvar THD myeHoviav. Syevoperns dé Bovis kal tov Ka- TOVOS ovy, Gomep elaben, TO Mgrédro apodpais EMT ET OVTOS, GNX’ ETTLELKT) Toa "cad pétpLa Tap- atvéravTos, TEROS dé Kai 7 pos denoers Tparro- peévou Kab THY Meréd dw oixtay ael yevouevny dpaToKpaTiKny errawwe avtos, ETL pandrov éfap- Geis Kat KaTadpovicas ) MeredXos @s évdsddvTos avTov Kal TTHNTTGOVTOS Ets Umepnpavors GTrELNAS kal rAoyous Opaceis eferecen, as Bia tavra TAS Bovxrjs diam pakopevos. oUTw on petaBarov 0 Kadtov «al ox Apa Kat dovnv Kat ovov, ETELTIOV 5€ waot Ttois aAdots Statetapévws Ste Ca@vtos 296 CATO THE YOUNGER XXVI. Lentulus and his associates were executed, and Caesar, in view of the charges and accusations made against him to the senate, took refuge with the people and was stirring up and attaching to himself the numerous diseased and corrupted elements in the commonwealth. Cato was therefore alarmed and persuaded the senate to conciliate the poor and land- less multitude by including them in the distribution of grain, the annual expenditure for which was twelve hundred and fifty talents.!_ By this act of humanity and kindness the threatening danger was most successfully dissipated. Then Metellus, who hastened to take up the duties of his tribuneship, began to hold tumultuous assemblies of the people, and pro- posed a law that Pompey the Great should hasten with his forces to Italy ? and undertake the preserva- tion of the city, on the ground that it was imperilled by Catiline. Now, this was a specious proposition ; but the end and aim of the law was to put matters in the hands of Pompey and hand over to him the supreme power. The senate met, and Cato did not, as was his custom, attack Metellus with vehemence, but gave him much fitting and moderate advice, and finally, resorting to entreaties, actually praised the family of Metellus for having always been aristocratic in sympathy. Metellus was therefore all the more emboldened, and, despising Cato as a yielding and timorous opponent, broke out in extravagant threats and bold speeches, intending to carry everything through in spite of the senate. So, then, Cato changed his looks and voice and words, and con- cluded a vehement speech with the declaration 1 Cf. the Caesar, viii. 4. 2 Pompey had just finished his conquest of Mithridates and was on the way home from Asia (62 B.c.). 297 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avtov Iloumnios ov mapéota: pel’ GtrAwD Els THY TOALY, Exetvo TH BovAn TapéaTynoev, ws ovdéTEpOS pev KabéotynKxev ovdE ypnTat Aoytopois aadaré- ow, ott O€ 7 pev MeréAAou TohuTela, pavia bu brepBorqy KaKias pepowern pos OreO pov Kal ouyXuoy andvrwv, n O€ Kdtwvos apeths évOou- Tag 105 UTép TOV KaXoV Kal dSixalwy aywrvito- pévns. XXVITI. ‘Evel 5€ ray pipov Umép TOU vojou pépety O Shuos EMENE, MeréAA@ pev Orda Kal Eévou Kal povoudyor Kal Oepdrovres. emt tH ayopav TeTarymevot Taphoay, Kat TO Tododv petaBonijs erm oe Hopanjiov vIrHpXE TOD SHpov pépos ouK OAbyov, mV Oé peyarn Kal amro Kai- Tapos pon TTPATNYOUVTOS TOTE, Kdtou dé of TMp@ToL TOV Toker av cuynyavaxtouv Kal ouvn- Sixobvto paddov n ouvnyoviforTo, Tomy dé Ty oixiay avTod karnpea Kat hoBos eixev, Hore TOV pideov évious dairous StaypuTrvyja ae per dAAnXrwv év atropas dvTas UTrép avTOD Aoyto pots, Kal yuvaixa Kat ddeAdhas totviwmpévas Kal da- Kpvovoas. autos 8 does Kai Tedappnkoras evTUXOV maae Kat Tapnyopycas, Kal yevopevos Tept Seimrvov, & BoTep etw@0er, Kal VUKTEpEvTAS, U évos TOV TUVApYOVTMY, Muvuxiov Oe€ppyov, Babéws Kadevowv emnyepOn Kal kaTéBnoay els aryopay, OAV pev avTovs mpoTeuTovTwv, jodkA@y dé amavT ave Kal purarredOas TApaKehevopevav. @s ow émustas o Katwv kareive TOV VE@VY TOV Avooxovpav Sirrdots TEPLEXOMEVOY Kab Tas ava Ba- TELS ppoupoupevas um povopaxwr, avrov 6é KaOnpevov avw peta Kaicapos tov Méreddop, 298 CATO THE YOUNGER that while he lived Pompey should not enter the city with an armed force. The senate was thus led to feel that neither man was in his right mind or using safe arguments, but that the policy of Metellus was madness, which, through excess of wickedness, was leading on to the destruction and confusion of all things, while that of Cato was a wild ebulli- tion of virtue contending in behalf of right and justice. XXVII. When the people were about to vote on the law, in favour of Metellus there were armed strangers and gladiators and servants drawn up in the forum, and that part of the people which longed for Pompey in their hope of a change was present in large numbers, and there was strong support also from Caesar, who was at that time praetor. In the case of Cato, however, the foremost citizens shared in his displeasure and sense of wrong more than they did in his struggle to resist, and great dejection and fear reigned in his household, so that some of his friends took no food and watched all night with one another in futile discussions on his behalf, while his wife and sisters wailed and wept. He himself, how- - ever, conversed fearlessly and confidently with all and comforted them, and after taking supper as usual and passing the night, was roused from a deep sleep by one of his colleagues, Minucius Thermus; and they went down into the forum, only few persons accompanying them, but many meeting them and ex- horting them to be on their guard. Accordingly, when Cato paused in the forum and saw the temple of Castor and Pollux surrounded by armed men and its steps guarded by gladiators, and Metellus himself sitting at the top with Caesar, he turned to his friends 299 PLUTARCH’S LIVES emia peas 7 POs TOUS pirous, oO Opacéos,” elmrev, “ avO pwrrov Kat dethod, o os Kal” évos avo- ov Kal yupvov TOTOUTOUS eat patohoynaey.” apa & evOvs éBadite pera TOU O€ppov. Kal dué- org ay avtois! of Tas avaBdcets KATEXOVTES, a&NXov be ovdéva Taphay, n pores emianmdaas THS yerpos o Katov TOV Movvadtiop a donyaye Kal BadiSeov ev us as elye Kcabiver pécov éuBadov éavtov tod MeréAXov Kat TOU Kaicapos, OOTE Siaxopat THY Kowonoyian. KAKELVOL pev 5271 0- pnoay, ot dé Xapievtes Jeac dpevor Kal avpa- GavTes TO _TpoowToy Kat TO dpovnua xa 70 Oapoos tov Katawvos eyyutépo mpoonrOov, Kal Bon dvexeNeVoaVvTo TO pev Kadtove Gappeiv, péverv S€ GNI AOLS Kal cvaTpeped ba Kat yn mpodidovat Thy érevOepiav nal tov brép avdTis dry wviSopevov. XXVIII. "EvOa or) TOU Uarnpérou Tov vowov T poxerpioapévov, Tov 6€ Katwvos ovx éavtos avayiwadKew, Tov 6€ MeréAAou mTapadraPovtos aurov Kal avayWaarKOVTOS, o ev Karo eEnp- Tae TO BuBAtov, o Oe O€ppos dro TTOMATOS TOU Meréddou TOV vopov emia Tapevou Kal AeyouTos ETETNVE TH Yetpt To oTOMa Kab TH peony am é- KNELT EDs axpt ov, apayov opav ayova TOUS dvdpas o O MéredXos ayovelopevous, | Kal TOV | Ofjpov NT TO LEvov 7 pos TO oupépor Kal T PeTrOpLEvoy, éxéXNevoev dmobev” OTMITAS peTa poBou Kal Kpauyijs eTreT pexely. yevopevou 6e TOUTOU Kat wavrwv dsackedacbévtwy UroatdyTa povoy Tov 1 abrots followed in the MSS. by éxetvo:, which Coraés and Bekker delete ; Sintenis corrects to éxelvots. 2 wrodev Kaltwasser : ofcoBev (from his house). 300 CATO: THE YOUNGER and said: ‘ What a bold man, and what a coward, to levy such an army against a single unarmed and defenceless person!’’ At the same time he walked straight on with Thermus. Those who were oc- cupying the steps made way for them, but would allow no, one else to pass, except that Cato with difficulty drew Munatius along by the hand and brought him up; and walking straight onwards he threw himself just as he was into a seat between Metellus and Caesar, thus cutting off their communi- cation. Caesar and Metellus were disconcerted, but the better citizens, seeing and admiring the counte- nance, lofty bearing, and courage of Cato, came nearer, and with shouts exhorted him to be of good heart, while they urged one another to stay and band themselves together and not betray their liberty and the man who was striving to defend it. XXVIII. And now the clerk produced the law, but Cato would not suffer him to read it; and when Metellus took it and began to read it, Cato snatched the document away from him. Then Metellus, who knew the law by heart, began to recite it, but Thermus clapped a hand upon his mouth and shut off his speech. At last, seeing that the men were making a struggle which he could not resist, and that the people were giving way and turning towards the better course, Metellus ordered men-at-arms, who were standing at a distance, tu come running up with terrifying shouts. This was done, and all the people dispersed, leaving Cato standing his ground alone 301 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Katova xal PBaddopevov Aas Kal EvrAos Mv 3 a / e \ / N dvwbev ov twepteid6e Movpnvas o thy dixcny duyov ‘e) ld aN bm’ avtov kal xatynyopnbes, adda THY THREevvov Tpoiayopuevos Kal Body avacyeiv tois Baddovat, ages Kal téXos autov tov Kdtwva reiOwv nai tept- n 4 MTVITWV, ELS TOV VEDV TOV Atos Kobpov daripyaryev. "Ezrel 66 xatetdev 0 MéteAXos épnuiav Tept TO Bijua Kai duyny du dryopas TOV evavtioupévery, mavrdnact weobels Kpatety éxéXevoev atreévat , \ e / \ \ id Tadty Tovs oTAOPOpoUs, Kai TpocTEeNOwy Koo Mis avros éTeyVelpel TWPATTELY TA TEPL TOV VOmOV. ot , / a 5é évavtios Tayéws avadraBovtes éavtovs éx TIS a / Tpomns émnecav ailis éuBoncavtes péya Kal Oapparéov, @ate Tois mept tov MéreAXov ép- a“ \ \ , > , ee \ Tecely Tapaxny Kai Séos otopévors OTrX@V - TOBeY evtropyaavtas avtavs émipépecOar, cai pnOéva 4 > \ 4. ¢ ? \ “ / pévery, Ada hevyew atTravtas atro Tov Bnyatos. LA A , 9 4 A \ / ovTw 67 aoxedacbévtwy éxeivwr, Tov 6é Kadtavos x ’ mpoceAOovtos Kal Ta pev étrawéoavtos, Ta 6 2 , ai a vd , émippwacavtos Tov Shwov, ot TE TroANOL TapeTa- \ , . “A N lA C4 Eavto travti TpoT@ Katadvoat Tov MeérteddXop, 7 Te auyKAnTos aOpocbeioa TapnyyeAey apxnOev a A \ Bonbeiv rO Katou nat Siapdyecbar mpos Tov 4 n YOMOV, @S oTdoW eTEeLcayovTa TH wee Kat ToAEuoVv EupvALov. XXIX. ‘O dé Mereddos avTos Hep my arpem Tos kat Opacds Ett, opa@v 5é€ Tovs Tepl avTov éxTe- wANyLévous Koon Tov Kadtwva xal vopmilovtas 302 173 CATO THE YOUNGER and pelted with sticks and stones from above. Here Murena, who had been denounced and brought to trial by him,! came to his relief, and holding his toga before him, crying to those who were pelting him to stop, and finally persuading Cato himself and folding him in his arms, he led him away into the temple of Castor and Pollux. When, however, Metellus saw the spaee about the tribunal? empty and his opponents in flight through the forum, being altogether persuaded that he had won the day, he ordered his armed men to go away again, and coming forward himself in orderly fashion attempted to have the law enacted. But his opponents, quickly recovering from their rout, ' advanced again upon him with loud and confident shouts, so that his partisans were overwhelmed with confusion and terror. They supposed that their enemies had provided themselves with arms from some place or other in order to assail them, and not a man stood his ground, but all fled away from the tribunal. So, then, when these had dispersed, and when Cato had come forward with commendation and encouragement for the people, the majority of them stood prepared to put down Metellus by any and every means, and the senate in full session announced anew that it would assist Cato and fight to the end against the law, convinced that it would introduce sedition and civil war into Rome. XXIX. Metellus himself was still unyielding and bold, but since he saw that his followers were com- pletely terrified before Cato and thought him utterly 1 Cf. chapter xxi. 3-6. 2 The steps of the temple of Castor led down to a platform, from which the people were often addressed. 393 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dpayov kai dvacxBiactov, aidvidsov éEerndnoev > \ > , \ \ \ a wv eis THY ayopay, Kal auvayaywv Tov SHpov adrja Te TOAAa rept Tod Kautawvos éridpOova binrOe, Kat gevyelv tiv Tupavvida Boav Thy éxelvou Kal Thv Kata Lloprniov cuvwpociay, éd’ } petavon- Ew TAXU THY TOA aTiualovaav avdpa Toaod- Tov, @ppnoev evOvs ets “Aciav, ws Tav’Ta pos éxelvov KaTnyopnawy. nv ovv do€a peyadyn TOU Katwvos ay8os ov pixpov atecxevacpévov TIS Snpapyxias, Kat TpoTrov tiva THY Tloumniov dvva- py év MerédrXXr@ KaOnpnKotos. ere dé padrov eVdoxipinoe THY TUYKANTOV @p_uNnuevnV ATLMODY kat ato wndiverOar tov MéteAdXov ovK édoas, Grr évavtiwbeis Kal Tapattnodpevos. ot Te \ \ ld 9 “ ‘ , yap Tool diravOpwrias érrovodvTO Kai peETPLO- THTOS TO wy eTrEUBHVAL TO EXOP@ pwNdé evuBpioar KATA KpaTOS TreEpiyevopmevov, Tois TE Ppoviposs ° fal ’ “ A opbas épatveto Kal cupdepovtws pn trapokivar Tour niov. "Ex tovtrov AeveorXos érravedbav éx Tis , e ” \ , N A , > oTpateias, ns €b0€e TO TéXOS Kai THY SdEav adn- “~ Sun 9 7 = nw ‘ pnoOat Llopmrnios, ets xivdvvoy AOE Tod py nm mA ‘4 OptapBevoar, Tatou Mepptov xatacracidlovros avrov év TO SHuw xai Sixas émdyovtos, eis THY Tloparniov ydpw padrov 7 Kata éyOos idtov. o A , ’ ’ / \ ? 2 A 5é€ Katwv, oixecotntos te mpos AevxoAXov avT@ yeyevnpeévns, Exovta LepBirLav tiv aderddny av- an a \ Tov, Kal TO Tpayua Sevov nyoupevos, avtéctn A / \ \ e , \ T® Meppiw, kat todas vireperve StaBoras Kat 304 CATO THE YOUNGER invincible, he suddenly rushed off into the forum, assembled the people, and made a long and invidious speech against Cato; then, crying out that he was fleeing from Cato’s tyranny and the conspiracy against Pompey, for which the city would speedily repent in that it was dishonouring so great a man, he set out at once for Asia, intending to lay these accusations before Pompey. Accordingly, Cato was in high repute for having relieved the tribunate of a great burden, and for having in a manner overthrown the power of Pompey in the person of Metellus. But he won still more esteem by not allowing the senate to carry out its purpose of degrading Metellus and deposing him from his office, which course Cato opposed, and brought the senate over to his views. For the multitude considered it a token of humanity and moderation not to trample on his enemy or insult him after prevailing completely over him, and prudent men thought it right and advantageous not to irritate Pompey. After this, Lucullus, having come back from his expedition,! the consummation and glory of which Pompey was thought to have taken away from him, was ‘in danger of losing his triumph, since Caius Memmius raised a successful faction against him among the people and brought legal accusa- tions against him, more to gratify Pompey than out of private enmity. But Cato, being related to Lucullus, who had his sister Servilia to wife, and thinking the attempt a shameful one, opposed Memmius, and thereby exposed himself to many 1 He came back in 66 B.c., and had to wait three years before being allowed to celebrate a triumph. Cf. the Lucul- lus, XXXvil. 305 VOL. VIII. Xx PLUTARCH’S LIVES a oe / 4 xatnyopias. téros dé, THS apyns exBadropevos @s Tupavvidos, ToaovTOV éxpitnoevy WaTE TOV Méppuov avrov avayxaoat Tov Sixk@v aroaThvat n \ 6 “A 4 Ly duyeiy tov ayava. AevKorAXos pmeéev ovv OptapBevoas Ett waddov evedveto TH didia Tod , \ Kdtovos, éyov pupa cai mpoBAnpa péya mpos tnv Woprrniou Suva. e : an , XXX. Tloprnios 5€ péyas aro THs oTpateias ] 4 N a , \ , __ A érTravueov, Kal TH AamTpOTHTL Kal TpoOupia TIS Ag ol \ QA A \ 2 A umoboxns weTolWas ovdév dv denbels atroruxetvy a A a \ TOV TOMTO@V, TpovTEeuev akiav Tas UraTiKas ? / > ld \ 4 e A apyatpecias avaBanrécbat THY ovyKANTOY, ws av 2 autos tapwy Iletcwvt ocvvapyatpeoidon. TaV \ 4 e , > \ > \ / 6€ mNeloT@V vTELKOVTwWY, ov THY avaBorAnY pEé- yotov o Kdtawv iyovuevos, adda THY Telpay amoxowat kat Thy éXrrida tov [lopaniou Bovroc- pevos, avtTetme Kal petéatnce tHv Bovarnpv, ef bf , le) \ Pee > DOTE anoynpicacbat. TOUTO TOV Topargiov ovx Hovxy duet apage: Kat vouilwv ov pipe mpoo- mraicev Te Katou wa hiro yevopery, peTeTreu- rato Mourdriov, éTaipov autov: Kai dvo Tod Kadtwvos adergpidas émiydpous Exovtos Aree THY pev TpecRutépay éavt@ yuvaira, Thy 56 vewTépav 3 TO Vid. Tives € hac ov TaY abeXPLOaV, AAG tav Ouvyatépwv thy pynoteiav yevéoOar. Tod Se Movvatiov tadta mpos tov Kdtwva xat tiv a ‘ \ > \ / e \ yuvaixa Kat Tas adeAdas Ppdcavtos, ai pév UTEepnyadTnoay THY oiKELoTHTA Tpos TO péyeOos 306 CATO THE YOUNGER slanderous accusations. Finally, however, though he was on the point of being ejected from his office on the ground that he exercised tyrannical power, he so far prevailed as to compel Memmius himself to desist from his accusations and shun the contest. Lucullus, accordingly, celebrated his triumph, and therefore clung still more closely to the friendship of Cato, finding in him a great bulwark of defence against the power of Pompey. XXX. And now Pompey returned with great prestige from his expedition,! and since the splendour and warmth of his reception led him to believe that he could get whatever he wanted from his fellow citizens, he sent forward a demand that the senate postpone the consular elections, in order that he might be present in person and assist Piso in making his canvass. The majority of the senators were inclined to yield. Cato, however, who did not regard the postponement as the chief matter at issue, but wished to cut short the attempt and the | expectations of Pompey, opposed the measure and changed the opinions of the senators, so that they rejected it. This disturbed Pompey not a little, and considering that Cato would be a great stumbling- block in his way unless he were made a friend, he sent for Munatius, Cato’s companion, and asked the elder of Cato’s two marriageable nieces to wife for himself, and the younger for his son. Some say, however, that it was not for Cato’s nieces, but for his daughters, that the suit was made. When Munatius brought this proposal to Cato and his wife and sisters, the women were overjoyed at thought of the alliance, in view of the greatness and high repute of 1 In 62 B.C. 3°97 x 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal TO afiopa Tod avopos, o b¢ Katwv ovr ért- oX@v ovte Bovrevaodpevos, GAN TAnyels evOus eltre> “ Babube, Mouvatte, Badbube, kal déye pos Iloparniov as Katwv ovx éort bia LTis yuvasco- viTL6os ANWCLLOS, arnra THY pev evvotav ayamd, Kal Ta Sixava Tovovyre piriav ma peter Taons La TOTEPAY oiKELoTNTOS, Gunpa dé ov mponcerat TH Topaniov b0&n xaTa Tijs marpisos.” ‘El TOUTOLS iixGovro ev at yuvaixes, HTLBVTO 5é of pirou Tob Katwvos @S Gypotkov apa Kat bmepnpavov THY aTroKptaty. eita pévTo mpar- TOY Tet TeV pirov Umatetav O Tloparnios ap- yuptov ets Tas punras érreutre, Kat areptBonros 0 Sexacpos tv, év knTrous exeivou TOV Xpnwarav aprOpoupevery. elm OvTos ovv tov Kdtavos T pos Tas yuvaixas OTe TOLOUT@D my Kowwveiv Kal ava- wipmracOas T parywaTov avayKn Llopani ouva- poevra de’ oixeroTn TOs, @moAOyouv éxetvat Kadduov auTov BeBovretobat Staxpovadpevov. el 6é det Tpos Ta aupBavra Kpivery, Tov TAVTOS EotKev 0 Kdtov dpapteiv THY OLKELOTNTA [LI Sef dpevos, GND édaas 7 pos Kaioapa Tpam éa ae Kal yhpae yd pov Os THD Tlopmniov Suvapuy Kal Kaica pos eis TavTO oUvEvEeyKOY oAtryou Ta pev ‘Pwpatwr avér pee mpaypara, THY dé TmoheTevay dveinen, Ov ovdev adv iows ouveémecev, et a) Kdtwv Ta puxpa tov [lopmrniou poBnbels apapThwara, TO péytotov Tepuetoev, auTov éTépm Svvayuv tpoo- ryevopevov. XXXT. Taira pév odv Eyerrev Err, Aeuxor- ov 6€ tepi tav év Tlovtm dvatdEewy otacia- 308 774 CATO THE YOUNGER Pompey ; Cato, however, without pause or delibera- tion, but stung to the quick, said at once: “Go, ' Munatius, go, and tell Pompey that Cato is not to be captured by way of the women’s apartments, although he highly prizes Pompey’s good will, and if Pompey does justice will grant him a friendship more to be relied upon than any marriage connec- tion ; but he will not give hostages for the glory of Pompey to the detriment of his country.’’ At these words the women were vexed, and Cato’s friends blamed his answer as both rude and over- bearing. Afterwards, however, in trying to secure the consulship for one of his friends,| Pompey sent money to the tribes, and the bribery was notorious, since the sums for it were counted out in his gardens. Accordingly, when Cato’ told the women that he must of necessity have shared in the disgrace of such transactions, had he been connected with Pompey by marriage, they admitted that he had taken better counsel in rejecting the alliance.2~ However, if we are to judge by the results, it would seem that Cato was wholly wrong in not accepting the marriage con- nection, instead of allowing Pompey to turn to Caesar | and contract a marriage which united the power of the two men, nearly overthrew the Roman state, and destroyed the constitution. None of these things perhaps would have happened, had not Cato been so afraid of the slight transgressions of Pompey as to allow him to commit the greatest of all, and add his power to that of another. XXXI. These things, however, were still in the future. Meanwhile Lucullus got into a contention 1 Lucius Afranius, elected consul in 61 B.c. for the year 60 3s.c. Cf. the Pompey, xliv. 3. 2 Cf. the Pompey, xliv. 399 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘ lon gs \ > 4 cavros mpos Llopmrniov (n€iouy yap toxyve e 4 \ e b ] @ “A , \ s EXaTEpOS TA Up avTOU yevopyeva), Kat AevKO\A@ Kdrwvos adixouvpévp tepipavas mpocapmuvoytos, éXatroupevos 0 Iloumnios év cuyxAnt@ cal Snp- aywyaov, emi vounvy yopas éxdder TO oTpaTLw- , e \ > fe) l4 bd “ ll 2ttxov. ws 6€ xavtav0a Katwv évotdpevos 2¢e/ \ 4 ef 4 , éféxpovoe Tov vouov, ovtw Kdwédiouv te meptet- ce , A a YeTo, TOU ToTe OpacuTaTou TaY Snmaywyav, Kai Kaicapa mpoonyeto, tpotrov twa Kdtwvos avtov \ a, A TapacxovTos apynv. o yap Kaicap amo tis év "TPnpia otpatnyias éravykwv dua pév vrrateiav wv éBovrAeTO Trapayyédre, Gua 5é nre OpiayBov. U 3 émel S€ xaTa vopoy eet TOVS pév ApXNV pETLOVTAS an \ \ A ? / f Tapewvat, TOUS d€ weXAOVTAS ELoeAavvetY OpiauPBov , , n na &Ew Telyous viropéverv, nEiov mapa tis BovAgs 9 A a oJ e / > “A A > 4 avt@ SoOhvar bu’ -érépwv aitetoOar thy apyny. a \ “ > lA e Bovropévwy 5€ TodA@y avTérXeyev 0 Katwv: ws dé / A naOero xaptlouevovs TH Kaicapi, Aéywv SAV Katavddwoe THY Nuépav Kal THY BoudnY ovTwS 3g / , La > 7 \ , e 4 €€éxpovce. ‘yaipey ovv éacas tov OpiauBov o Kaicap eicerOwv evOvs elyeto Loumrniouv cat ris e / > \ \ a , >) 4 uTateias. atroderyOels 5é Urratos Thy te lovAiav > lA b] A \ 4 wv b > 4 éveyyUNoev aVT@, Kal avoTavTes ON eT GANT- \ , e 4 a .' Awv él THY TOA O peV EloéhEpE VYOLOUS ToS : , mévnot KAnpovxiav Kal vouny yopas S.ddvTas, 6 aA “ / A 5 5€ mapnv tots vopots BonOav. ot Sé arepi Aev- / 4 “n ¢ ry _«odXov Kal Kixépwva BuBA@ TO éTép@ TAY UTTA- \ , P) Tov cuvtakavtes éavTovs avtTémpattov, wadtoTa 310 CATO THE YOUNGER with Pompey over the arrangements in Pontus (each of them, namely, demanded that his own proceedings should be confirmed), Cato came to the aid of Lucullus, who was manifestly wronged, and Pompey, worsted in the senate and seeking popular favour, invited the soldiery to a distribution of land.!- But when Cato opposed him in this measure also, and frustrated the law, then Pompey attached himself to Clodius, at that time the boldest of the popular leaders, and won Caesar to his support, a result fer which Cato himself was in a way responsible. For Caesar, on returning from his praetorship in Spain,? desired to be a candi- date for the consulship, and at the same time asked for a triumph. But since by law candidates for a magistracy must be present in the city, while those who are going to celebrate a triumph must remain outside the walls, he asked permission from the senate to solicit the office by means of others. Many were willing to grant the request, but Cato opposed it; and when he saw that the senators were ready to gratify Caesar, he consumed the whole day in speaking and thus frustrated their desires. Accordingly, Caesar gave up his triumph, entered the city, and at once | attached himself to Pompey and sought the consul- ship. After he had been elected consul, he gave his daughter Julia in marriage to Pompey, and now that the two were united with one another against the state, the one would bring in laws offering allotment and distribution of land to the poor, and the other | would be at hand with support for the laws. But the party of Lucullus and Cicero, ranging themselves with Bibulus, the other consul, opposed the measures, 1 Cf. the Lucullus, xlii. 6; Pompey, xlvi. 3 f. 2 In the summer of 60 B.c. 3 Cf. the Caesar, xiii. 1 f. 341 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé Kdrop, non pep Upopapevos THY Kaicapos xal Tloparniov diriav Kai cvotacw én ovdevt Sicaip ryervyernuerny, poBeto bar 6 packov ov TV vomny THS X@pas, arr’ Ov avril TAUTNS aTrarTioouatl pabov oi Yaprtouevor Kal dehedlovres TO TAHOOs. XXXII. Os dé tabra éyoor THY TE Bouvdny oporpnpov elye, Kal TOV EKTOS av para ovK odiryou TapiaTavTo dua xepaivovtes THY aToTriav Tob Kaicapos: & yap ot Gpacvrato Sr papxor Kal dALy@poTaToL TpO0s xa pov | erro TEVOVTO TOV TONY, TavTa an’ éfoucias UTaTiKis, aiax pas Kal TATELVOS Umodvopevos Tov Shop, empatte poBnbevres oup éX@ pour dia Bias, Kal Tp@Tov pév avT@ TO Buprg | cataBaivovre KOT piwv éreakedaaOn Kopuvos, éretta Tots paRsovxors 7 poo Tes OvTES avTov Katéx\acay Tas paBsdous- Tédxos bé Kal Bedrov pepopever Kat TOMKOY TUVTLTPWTKOMEVOY Epuyov é& aryopas Spopep pe ot NoTrol mrdvTeEs, EcYaTOS Oé Kartwv a amnet Baddny, pera Tpepopevos Kal wapTupopevos) rovs tronditas. OU MovoY ovY THY Lavopiyy exvpwa.ar, aAXa Kal mpoceyrnpiaavto THY a vyKANTOV Opocas Tracay y} pny emBeBarocenv TOV vowov, Kal BonOncew av TLS Tavavtia TpaT7Tn, peyara Tagavres eT t- Tia KATA TOV 11) GUOTAVT@V. WpVUCay ovv aTrav- TES ef avdyKns, TO MeréAAov Tod Traha.od mdbos ev v@ NapRavoytes, dv els vopov Guovov Omooas py Jednoavra meptetoey o OHpos extrecovtTa huyh 1 poprupduevos Bekker and Sintenis?, after Emperius ; Coraés and Sintenis' adhere to the MSS. xarapdépevos (cursing). ‘ 312 775 ~CATO THE YOUNGER and above all Cato, who now suspected that the friendly alliance between Caesar and Pompey had been made for no just purpose, and declared that he was afraid, not of the distribution of land, but of the reward which would be paid for this to those who were enticing the people with such favours. XXXII. By these utterances he brought the senate to unanimity, and many men outside the senate supported him out of displeasure at the strange con- duct of Caesar; for whatever political schemes the boldest and most arrogant tribunes were wont to practise to win the favour of the multitude, these Caesar used with the support of consular power, in disgraceful and humiliating attempts to ingratiate himself with the people.! Accordingly, the opponents of Cato were alarmed and had recourse to violence. To begin with, upon Bibulus himself, as he was going down into the forum, a basket of ordure was scattered ; then the crowd fell upon his lictors and broke their fasces ; and finally missiles flew and many persons were wounded.? All the other senators fled from the forum at a run, but Cato went off last of all at a walk, turning about and protesting to the citizens. Accordingly, not only was the law for the distribution of lands passed, but also a clause was added re- quiring the whole senate to swear solemnly that it would uphold the law, and give its aid in case any one should act contrary to it, and heavy penalties were pronounced against such as would not take the oath.? All took the oath, therefore, under compulsion, bearing in mind the fate of Metellus of old, whom the people suffered to be banished from Italy because 1 Cf. the Cacsar, xiv. 1. * Cf. the Pompey, xlviii. 1. 2 Cf. the Caesar, xiv. 2 f. 313 PLUTARCH’S LIVES “ \ \ 4 THs ‘Iradias. 610 nal tov Kdtova mova pév ai yuvaixes. oixot Saxpvovaoa Kxadixérevoy clEac Kal duocat, TOAAA 5é of hiroe Kal cuvyes. oo dé uddiota cuptreicas Kal ayayov éml Tov SpKov nv Kexépwy o pytwp, twapawav nal diddoKwy ws Taya pév ovdé Sixarov é€ote Tois éyvwopéevots a U ¥ a b a b] \ 3 , Kowwn povov olecOar, Sev amrecOeiv, év 5€ advvdt@ TO PETATTH Cal TL TOV yeyovoTwv adeoety éavTod 5 TavTdtTacw dvontov Kai pavixov: Eayatov 5é A > >] ee , / J \ \ Kaxov, eb Ov iy atavra wpatTe. TONY adeis Kal Mpoém“evos Tois emiBovrAEvovaLY WoTEP ATMEVOS atadvrakerat TOV UTép a’THAS aywvev: Kal yap et yn Kadtov tis ‘Pouns, arr’ 7 ‘Poyn Setrat Katavos, Séovras dé Kal ot didor wavtes: ov e \ 9 a e / Mv 3 auTov elvat Tpwrov o Kixepwv éreyev, emtBov- Aevopevoy vO Krwdtov dia Snpapyias avte- >» 9 >» N , e \ , A 6 xpus én’ avtov Badifovtos. bo tovTwyv daat kal totovtwyv tov Katwva droyov kai Senoewv paXraccopevoy oixot Kal Kat’ ayopav éxBiacOjvae porns, Kal mpocedeivy mpos Tov GpKov éxyaTov e / \ e oN , A , A amdavrwv mAnv évos Pawviov tav dirov kai cuvnbav. a Vv XXXIII. “EmapGeis ody o Kaicap ardov > Ff , \ / \ e elaépepe vopov, tv Kapraviay oxedov oAny a , MpockaTavés“ovTa Tois amopos Kal Tévnaow. avT- 4 \ > \ \ a 4 \ a éxeye O€ ovdEls ANY TOV Kdtwvos. Kal TovTOY b) \ A / e ad > , ano tov Byuatos o Kaicap elrAxev eis Seo pwrn- A 4 a ptov, ovdéy Te paAXov vdtéevov THs Tappyoias, arr ev to Badifery dua epi Tov vopmov s&a- pa mep po 314 CATO THE YOUNGER he would not swear to asimilar law.! For this reason, also, did the women of Cato’s family earnestly and with tears beseech him to yield and take the oath, earnestly, too, did his friends and intimates. But the one who was most successful in persuading and inducing him to take the oath was Cicero the orator, who advised and showed him that it was possibly even a wrong thing to think himself alone in duty bound to dis- obey the general will; and that his desperate con- duct, where it was impossible to make any change in what had been done, was altogether senseless and mad; moreover, it would be the greatest of evils if he should abandon the city in behalf of which all his efforts had been made, hand her over to her enemies, and so, apparently with -pleasure, get rid of his struggles in her defence; for even if Cato did not need Rome, still, Rome needed Cate, and so did all his friends; and among these Cicero said that he himself was foremost, since he was the object of the plots of Clodius, who was openly attacking him- by means of thetribuneship. By these and similar argu- ments and entreaties, we are told, both at home and in the forum, Cato was softened and at last prevailed upon. He came forward to take the oath last of all, except Favonius, one of his friends and intimates. : XXXIII. Elated by this success, Caesar introduced another law, which provided that almost the whole of Campania be divided among the poor and needy. No one spoke against the law except Cato, and him Caesar ordered to be dragged from the rostra to prison. Cato did not any the more remit his bold utterances, but as he walked along discoursed about 1 In 100 B.c. Cf. the Marius, xxix. 315 PLUTARCR’S LIVES “a Ul Neyouevov Kal Tapatvovvta TravoacOa ToLavTa 2 moAtTevopevovs. éemnxodrovber 5é 7 BovdAn peta , \ a / ‘ 4 b] KaTnpeias, cal tov Sdnyov to BéATLCTOY aryava- a a ef 4 KTobv alwmn Kal ayOopevov, OoTe Tov Kaicapa Hy NavOdverv Bapéws hépovtas. GArAAG dtdAover- a N a / K@v Kal Tepiuévoy Dro TOU Katwvos érixAnow yevéoOat kat Sénaw mpohyev. érret dé exetvos Hv fol bd / a) e \ e \ d7Aos ode peAANTwWY TL TroLEtY, HTTNOELs LITO aicxuvns kai adokias o Kaicap aités tia tev , e a , ? , ‘\ , Snpapyov udnKe tretoas éEeNéoOar Tov Katova. Tos pevToL vopots éxeivors Kal Talis ydpiot TLOa- 4 \ v7 > 4 , \ gevoartes Tov OxXAOY, erndicavto Kaicapi pév a : \ Trvpr@v cat Taratias apynv amaons Kai téc- gapa Taypata oTpatias els TevtaeTiav, Tpo- e / Aéeyovtos Kdtwvos ws ets axKpoTroNLY TOY TUpavvoY avtot tais éavtav Widois idpvovart, Tlomdsov Sé / Kr a@biov éx tmatpiximy ets SnuotiKods TapavopLes 4 petaotnoavtes atrédetEav Sypapyov, éri picd@ fel , > 4 4 N , > 4 Th Kexépwvos éEeAdoet tavra mpos ydpwv exeivots 4 ¢e / A U , TONLTEVOMEVOY, UTATOUS dé Teicwvad te Kand- \ a / moupviov, ds Hy Twatnp THs Katcapos yuvatxos, kal TaBiviov Adrov, éx tev Tlopaniou nodrwv e \ a“ dvO pwirov, @s pacw ot TOY TpoTTOV avToU Kal Tov Biov eiddres. \ / XXXIV. “AAAa Kattrep odTws Ta TPdypaTa KaTEIAnpotes eyxpaTas, Kal TO pev YapiTLe TIS , \ A / / e > e \ 54 Toews, TO OE HOBw pépos Ud’ EavTods eyxovtTes, buws époBodvtTo tov Kdtwva. xal yap év ols a “ / A Tepijoav avtod TO ye YadeTas cal peta Tovar 316 CATO THE YOUNGER the law and advised the people to put a stop to such legislation. Moreover, the senate followed him with downcast looks, as well as the best part of the people in silence, though they looked annoyed and troubled, so that Caesar could not fail to see that they were displeased ; but he was obstinate, and expected that Cato would resort to appeal or entreaty, and therefore had him led along. However, when it was clear that Cato did not so much as think of doing anything of the sort, Caesar was overcome by.the shame and in- famy of his course, and by his own secret persuasions induced one of the tribunes of the people to rescue Cato. Nevertheless, by these laws and by other favours Caesar's party so cajoled the people as to get a vote passed giving to Caesar the government of Illyria and all Gaul, with an army of four legions, for five years, although Cato warned the people that they them- selves by their own votes were establishing a tyrant in their citadel. They also unlawfully transferred Publius Clodius from patrician to plebeian rank and got him elected tribune of the people, a man who, in order to secure Cicero’s banishment as his reward, was using all his political influence for the gratification of the people. For consuls, too, they secured the elec- tion! of Calpurnius Piso, who was Caesar’s father- in-law, and Aulus Gabinius, a man from the lap of Pompey, as those say who knew his ways of life. XXXIV. But although they had in this way usurped the power, and although one part of the citizens was made submissive to them by gratitude and the other part by fear, nevertheless they were afraid of Cato. For even when they did prevail against him, it was with ditliculty and toil and not 1 For the year 58 B.c. 317 PLUTARCR’S LIVES Kal un Ywpls aioyuvns, adr’ éXeyxopévous Bra- tecOar poris aviapov Fw Kal mpdcavtes. oO 8é Kr.odi0s ode Kixépwva xatarvoev Armile Ka- TwWVOS Tapovtos, GAAa TOTO Staynyavapevos TPOTOV, WS ELS APXHY KATETTN, peTETEU“WATO TOV Kdtova Kal Noyous avT@ TpoanveyKev Ws TAVTOV > a e 4 A e ld ry s : éxeivov nyovupevos avdpa Pwopaiwov xcabapa@tarov Epy@ Sidovat tiotw Erowuos éott’ ToANOVY Yap aitoupévay tHv él Kumpov xat U-rorepaitov apynv Kal deopévwv aroatadjvat povov aEvov éxeivov HyetcOar Kat Sidovae tHv ydpw Hdéws. dvaxpayovros 6€ tov Kdtawvos as évédpa To Tpaywa Kal mpomnraKtopos, ov yadpis eatin, uTepnpavas 0 Krwdzi0s5 kal drduyopas, ‘‘ OvKodv,” elmev, “et py yapw exes, avimpevos mrEvoN,” Kat mpoceNOav evOus eis Tov Sjwov éxvpwce vou~@ Thy éxtrepapi tov Katewvos. é&sovte dé ov vadv, ov oTpaTLMTHY, OVY UInpérny ESmKE TANV Hh SvO YPapparels povov, OY O pev KNETTNS Kal Tap- movnpos, atepos 5€ KAwdiov meradtns. as dé puxpov épyov aut@ Kuapov xat Irodrepaiov avabeis, éte kat Bufavtiov duydbas xatayew mpocétake, PBovrAcpevos Ste WrEioTOv ypovov éxTrod@y apxovTos avtTov yevécOar tov Kutova. XXXV. Tovavtyn 6 catarngdeis avayin Keré- pov pév éXavvouevm Tapyvece 1) TTacltdcat pndé eis Orda Kal dhovovs THv Trodw éewBanreir, GAN vrexotavTra TO Kaip@ Tadwv yevérOas 318 | 776 CATO THE YOUNGER without the shame of exposure that they forced their measures through at last, and this was annoying and vexatious to them. Clodius, too, could not even hope to overthrow Cicero while Cato was at Rome, but since he was scheming for this above all else, when he had come into office he sent for Cato and made proposals to him. He said that he regarded Cato as the purest man of all the Romans, and that he was ready to prove this by his acts. Therefore, though many were soliciting the commission to Cyprus and the court of Ptolemy! and begging to be sent upon it, he thought Cato alone worthy of it, and therefore gladly offered him this favour. But Cato cried out that the thing was‘a snare and an insult, not a favour, whereupon Clodius haughtily and contemptuously replied: ‘“ Well, then, if you don’t think it a favour, you shall make the voyage as a punishment,’ and going at once before the people _ he got an edict passed sending Cato on the mission. Moreover, when Cato set out, Clodius gave him neither ship, soldier, nor assistant, except two clerks, of whom one was a thief and a rascal, and the other a client of Clodius. And as if he had put a slight task upon him in the mission to Cyprus and Ptolemy, Clodius enjoined upon him besides the restoration of the exiles of Byzantium, being desirous that Cato should be out of his way as long as possible while he was tribune. XXXV. Subjected to such constraint as this, Cato advised Cicero, whose enemies were trying to banish him, not to raise a faction or plunge the city into war and bloodshed, but to yield to the necessities of the times, and so to become again a saviour of his 1 A younger brother of Ptolemy Auletes the king of Egypt. 319 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a “ , / A “a cwTHpa tHS Tatpioos, Kavidsov b€ twa tev pirov mporrepypas els Kumpov émeOe tov Irone- paiov dvev payns ele, as ovTeE Xpnparov ouTe Tops évdead Biwodpevov: lepwo vuny yap avT@ THs év Tldd@ Oeod dSwcew tov Shpov. avTos ry / y b e U s [ud \ duérpiBev év “Podm mapacKevalopevos apa Kal / TAS ATOKpiCELS AVapevwr, "Ev 6€ trovt@ Utorepaios o Aliyurrov Bac- A a \ evs Um opyyns Tivos Kal dSeadhopas mpos Tovs moXitas aroAeAoTras pev "AreEdvdpesav, eis 5é € , , e of \ , o Popny trA€Ewv, as Wopmrniov cal Kaicapos adds avrov peta Suvapews xatakovtwy, évtuxeiv TO / A Kadtwve Bovrndeis mpooereprpev, érriCwv éxetvov e > NX 54 e \ 4 >] / \ A @s avtov HEev. o 6€ Katav éruyyave wey dv , \ 4 4 4 : \ \ TOTe Tept Kotdias KdOapoty, Kew dé tov IItoXe- A 9 4 4 N 3 U e \ patov, ef BovAatTO, KeXEvVTasS pos auToV, ws 5é & A > , ¥ e , > ? WAGev, ovVTE aATTaYTHACasS ov’TE UTEEaVaTTUS, AAX as éva TOY ériTUXOVTMOV acTracdpeEvos Kal Kabi- Gat KéXEVoAaS, TP@TOV avTois TovTOLs SeeTapake, ’ \ a Oavydtovta mpos TO SnpotiKov Kal ALTOV avTOD Ths KaTacKkeuns Thy UTrepoiay Kat Baputynta Tov ” ? \ \ \ / \ “ >] nOous. emet 6€ nat SvaréyerOar wept tav Kad avrov apEdpevos nxpodcato NOywy voiy ToADY éYovT@V Kal Tappynoiav, émitiw@vTos avT@ TOD Katwvos cat duddcKovtos Gonv evdatmoviay aro Aur@v Goats éavtTov vrroTiOnat RAaTpeiats Kal Tovolts Kat dwpodoxiats Kal mreoveEiats tav év ‘Popyn Suvvatov, ods ports éEapyupicOetcav épu- wrjoev Aiyutrrov, cupBovrevovtos 5é mdeiv 320 CATO THE YOUNGER country. He also sent Canidius, one of his friends, to Cyprus in advance,! and tried to persuade Ptolemy to yield his kingdom without fighting, promising that his future life should not be without wealth and honour, since the Romans would give him a priest- hood of the goddess in Paphos. He himself, however, tarried at Rhodes, making his preparations and awaiting his answers. Meanwhile Ptolemy the king of Egypt, who had quarrelled with the citizens of Alexandria and for- saken the city in wrath, and was now on his way to Rome in the hope that Pompey and Caesar would restore him again with an armed force, wished to have an interview with Cato, and sent a messenger to him, expecting that Cato would come to him. But Cato, as it chanced, was taking a course of medicine at the time, and bade Ptolemy come to him if he wished to see him. And when Ptolemy had come, Cato neither went to meet him nor rose from his seat, but greeted him as he would any ordinary visitor and bade him be seated. At first Ptolemy was confounded by the reception itself, and was amazed at the contrast between the haughtiness and severity of Cato’s manners and the plainness and simplicity of his outfit. But after he had begun to converse with Cato about his own situation, words of great wisdom and boldness fell upon his ears. For Cato censured his course, and showed him what great happiness he had forsaken, and to how much servility and hardship he was subjecting himself in dealing with the corruption and rapacity of the chief men at Rome, whom Egypt could scarcely glut if it were all turned into money. Cato also advised him 1 Cf. the Brutus, iii. 1. 321 VOL. VIII. Y PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTiaw Kat dtadXaTTEcOat TOis TOALTALS, AUTOD be Kal oupTnely Kal cuvdiadarrery ETOLMOS EXOVTOS, olov €x pavias TLVOS 7) Tapaxon ys vIrO TOV NOyeov éuppav cabardpevos, Kat KATAVOOY THY arnOecav cat THY ouveow Tov avdpos, & Bpynce pev Xphabar rois éxetvou hoya pois, dvatpamets 5é wrro THY pidov abdus a dpa T@ wp@Tov év ‘Poun yeverdar Kat Gupass EVOS apXovtos mpoaenGeip éoteve THY avToD KaKxoBovrar, as ovK avopos ayaGot rAoywv, Geod Sé pavreias xatadpo- vnoas. XXXVI. ‘O de é ev Kurpp I tonepaios euTuxig Twi Tov Karavos éavtov happuaxos aréxteuve. TONED dé yonudtrov arronenei par Eeyouevon, autos pev éyvw wheiy eis Bufartious, mpos 5é THY Kumpov éEémeprpe TOV aderdudobv Bpodttov, ov WAVY TL TLTTEVOY TO Kandip. TOUS dé guyddas biadrd£as Kal KaTadiTe@v év opovoia TO _Bular- TLor, odTws els K vrrpov émevoev. avons Oé TOrATS Kal Bacwruxis év exTr@pact Kal Tpamelars kat ALGos Kal mopdvpais KaTacKevijs, ny eee mT pabetoay eEapyupia Ova, T avr, Bovdopevos eFax ptBoov Kal mavra Karateively els dx pay TLLHY xal Tac avros ‘Tapeivas Kal T poo aye TOV éaxarov exdoyia or, ovdé Tots eOdar THs aryopas emia Tevev, GNA t UTOVOOY opod mavTas, Uanperas, KnpUKas, @vntas, pirous, TEAOS auTos idta Tots @VOUPEVOLS Stareyopuevos Kal mpooBiBdtwv éxa- OTOV, OUTW TA TAELTTA TOV dryopac waTov €mwNEL. 5:0 Tois TE ad Xots dirors ws aria TeV ™ po é- Kpouce, Kal Tov cuvnféctatov amavtwv Movvd- 322 17 f CATO THE YOUNGER to sail back and be reconciled with his people, holding himself ready also to sail with him and help effect the reconciliation. Then the king, as if brought to his senses by Cato’s words after a fit of madness or delirium, and recognizing the sincerity and sagacity of the speaker, determined to adopt his counsels; but he was turned back to his first purpose by his friends. However, as soon as he reached Rome and was approaching the door of a magistrate, he groaned over his own evil resolve, convinced that he had slighted, not the words of a good man, but the prophetic warning of a god. XXXVI. But the Ptolemy in Cyprus, fortunately for Cato, poisoned himself to death. And since the king was said to have left much treasure, Cato deter- mined, while sailing himself to Byzantium, to send his nephew Brutus to Cyprus, since he did not altogether trust Canidius. Then, after reconciling the exiles and citizens of Byzantium and leaving the- ‘city in concord, he sailed to Cyprus. Now, there were many furnishings of a princely sort, such as beakers, tables, precious stones, and purple vest- ments, which had to be sold and turned into money. So Cato, wishing to treat everything with the greatest exactness, and to force everything up to a high price, and to attend to everything himself, and to use the utmost calculation, would not trust even those who were accustomed to the market, but, suspecting all alike, assistants, criers, buyers, and friends, and at last talking privately himself with the purchasers and encouraging each one to bid, he thus succeeded in selling most of the merchandize. For this reason he gave offence to most of his friends, who thought that he distrusted them, and Munatius, the most 323 y 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TLov eis Gpyiyv Orjiyou Seiv avnKxertov yevouéevny > / Lf 4 , / \ evéBarev, aote kal Kaicaps ypadorte Aoyov Kata Tov Kdtwvos mixpotatny rodTo TO pépos THS Katnyopias OvaTpiByny Trapacyeiv. XXXVII. ‘O pévtor Movvdtios ovx atiotia “ / PJ > 3 4 \ 3 / \ tov Kadtwvos, adr éxeivou peéev OrALYWPLA TPOS € t e wn / , \ N ‘4 avtov, avrov dé tive CnroTuTria pos TOV Kavidsoy iatopes yevéoOar thy opynv. Kal yap autos avyypaupa tmept tov Kdtwvos éFédwxev, @ pa- Mata Opacéas érnxorovOnae. Révyes 5é SaTEpos pev eis Kompov adixécOas nal AaBeiv mapnuedn- péevny Eeviav, Pav Sé emi Ovpas atracbjvat, aKevwpovpévov Tt ToD Karwvos olxot avy TO , , 4 Kavidio, peurrdpevos Sé petpiws ov peTpias a b] , 4 4 \ , a) TUXELY aTOKpLTEwWS, OTL KLVdUVEVEL TO ALaY Hireiv, e U v le) A / as dnot Mcoppactos, aitiov Tod pucetv yiverOar modAdks: “'Eqei cal cv,” davai, “T@ padsoTa A v a7 A , lal Pirely NTTOV oLopevos 7 TpotHKer TLLacIat Yare- / a maivers. Kavidio 5é xai bd: éumespiay ypapae \ \ 4 ¢ Ul Lal b] b aA \ Kal Ota qiotTl éeTépwy padrov, €E apyjs pev ? / a \ / 99 el , adiypévy, kabap@ Sé hawopévm.” Tadta pévTot a Ud povov avT@ pove diarexOévta tov Katwva mpos \ , : a ’ ’ * >A tov Kavidsov éFeveyxetv. atadopevos ovv avtTos bd > a ” a ” 4 e ovre éml Seimrvoy Ett hortav ovte atpBovros vrra- 4 V4 ’ A \ an VA Kovely KaXovpmevos. atretdodvTos 5é ToD Katwvos, (4 97 n > 4 > / : 4 @oTep ei@Pace Ta atreovyTwr, évéyupa A7- \ / 2 “ \ \ yrecfar, pndev dhpovticas éxTAeEIoaL Kal TroNUY 324 CATO THE YOUNGER intimate of them all, he threw into a rage that was well nigh incurable. Hence Caesar also, when he wrote a discourse against Cato,! dwelt most bitterly on this part of his denunciation. XXXVII. Munatius, however, states that his anger arose, not from Cato’s distrust of him, but from his inconsiderate conduct towards him, and from a cer- tain jealousy which Munatius himself felt towards Canidius. For Munatius himself also published a treatise about Cato, which Thrasea chiefly followed. Munatius says that he came to Cyprus after the others, and found that no provision had been made for his entertainment; he says, too, that on going to Cato’s door he was repulsed, because Cato had some engagement inside with Canidius. He says, further, that his measured protest met with no measured reply, for Cato told him that excessive affection, according to Theophrastus, was likely to become a ground for hatred in many cases. “And so thou too,” said Cato, “by reason of thine especial affec- tion for me, art vexed to think thyself less honoured than is meet. Canidius I employ more than others both because I have made trial of him, and because I trust him; he came at the very first, and shows himself to be incorrupt.’’ This private conversation, however, between himself and Cato, Munatius says was reported by Cato to Canidius, and that therefore, when he heard of it, he would no longer go to Cato’s table, or visit him, or share his counsels, when he was invited. Further, Munatius says, when Cato threatened to take security from him, as the Romans do in the case of those who refuse to obey orders, he paid no attention to the threat, but sailed away, 1 See chapter xi. 4, and note. 325 oa PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 ypovov év opyn Staterciy: eita tHS Mapsxtas (éte yap cuvexe TO Kdtow) SvarexGeions, tTuyxetv A e XN B 4 , 3. ON 5 a 3 pev otro Bapxa Kexdrnpévous eri Setirvov, eicer- Oovra 5é batepov tov Kdtava, Tay GdAwV KaTa- Keiévav, épwrav Orrov KatakAOcin. tod 4é Bapxa KxeXevoavtos brrov Bovrerat, TepiBrEYra- pevop eitrety OTe Tapa Movvdtiov: Kal repieAOovta TAnalov avTov KatakNOnvar, mrAéov Sé pnOev 5 diroppovncacbat Tapa To Setrvov. adda Tad “ , / \ \ 4 / THS Mapxias dSeopévns tov péev Katwva ypavar A \ \ Tpos aUTOV, ws évTUYely TL BovAdpLEVOY, avTOS be ¢ a ? AN 9 , N e N nA lé Hey EwOev els THY Olxiav Kal vo THs Mapxias KatacyeOjnvar méxpt TavtTes amTNnAXaynoay, OUTW \ ? ' \ / \ 4 \ dé eiceNOovta Tov Katwva xal weptBarovta tas a ? ’ ’ / \ yetipas auhotépas aomdcacOa, Kai dtrodpo- veloOat. Tadta peéev ody ody ATTOV olopevol TOV e , \ , pie 2 \ ” vraibpwv kal peyadrov mpodktewy mpos eévderEv ’ \ nOous Kat Katavonow éyew tivda cadyverav eri awréov SinrOopev. A \ , / \ 3 XXXVIII. T@ 6é Katove cuvnyOn pev apyu- / , > / plov TdXavrTa pixkpoy értaxicytAtwy arrodéovTa, \ \ a a N a > a \ dedia@s S€ TOD TAOD TO pHKOS ayyela TOANG KaTA- \ oKxevacas, way éxactov éywpe Svo tadavtTa Kat \ dpaypas Tevtaxocias, Kadkwdiov ExaoT@ pakpov a a , \ Tpoonprncev, ov TH apXh MpoceryeTo Heddos b] 2 4 > e , \ A 4 } \ evpeyeOns, Smras, et payein TO TAOtOY, ExwV da a \ / \ \ 2 Bv@od To aptnua onpaivot Tov ToOTOV. Ta peEv ovv YpnpaTa TAY odiywv TLVdY aoparas diE- 326 CATO THE YOUNGER and for a long time continued to be angry with Cato. Then, Munatius says, Marcia, who was still living with Cato,! spoke with her husband about the matter; and when it chanced that both men were invited to supper by Barca, Cato, who came late and after the others had taken their places, asked where he should recline; and when Barca told him to recline where he pleased, Cato looked about the room and said: “I will take my place by Munatius.” So he went round and reclined by his side, but made no further show of friendship during the supper. Marcia, however, made a second request in the matter, Munatius says, and Cato wrote to him, saying that he wished to confer with him about something. So Munatius went to Cato’s house early in the morning, and was detained there by Marcia until all the other visitors had gone away. Then Cato came in, threw both arms about him, kissed him, and lavished kindness upon him. Such incidents, now, in my opinion, quite as much as deeds of greatness and publicity, shed considerable light upon the per- ception and manifestation of character, and I have therefore recounted them at greater length. XXXVIII. Cato got together nearly seven thou- sand talents of silver, and fearing the long voyage home, he had many coffers provided, each one of which would hold two talents and five hundred drachmas, and attached to each of them a long rope, to the end of which a huge piece of cork was fastened. This, he thought, in case the vessel were wrecked, would hold to its deep mooring and indicate the place where the treasure lay. Well, then, the money, except a very little, was safely transported ; 1 Cf. chapter xxv. 5, 327 ome PLUTARCH’S LIVES xoptaOn, Noyous Sé TavToyv av StwKnoe yeypap- ba u Y ” ? \ wy, a ts 7P . pevous éripedas Exyov év Svat BeBrAtLots ovdérEepov ” » \ “ \ ? 4 b) A , Egwoev, UANA TO ev aTrENEVOEPOS avTOD KOmilwY bl 4 3 A“ > \ 3 ovona Diddpyvpos éx Keyxpeav avaydeis ave- TpaTN Kal cvvaTr@NecE TOs hopTials, TO Sé AUTOS aype Kepxvpas durdtas év ayopa xatecxnvace Tov dé vavtay dia TO piyobv mupa TOoAAa KaLov- Twy THS vuxTos HdOnoav ai oKnval Kat to / > 4 \ A = > \ \ BiBrtov ndavicbn. Tovs pev ovv éexOpous Kai / b] a v e \ cuxopavtTas émiaTome Huedrov ot BacrKol Siorxntal mapovtes, aAAXws 6€ 7@ Katove To wpayya Snywov Hveyxev. ov yap eis miotev Umrép aUTOD TOUS AOYoUS, GAAA Tapdbeypa Tots v b] / b a 4 b arros axpiBetas eEeveyxely diroTipovpevos éve- peonOn. XXXIX. ITleparwGeis 5€ trais vavaoiv ovx érabe tous ‘Pwpaious, addAdAa mavtTes pev ApxovTes Kal € a A \ ¢ , ‘\ A fe) , 4 iepets, Taca Sé 4 Bourn, ToAv dé Tov SHmou pé- pos amnvTwv Tpos TOY ToTapOV, BaTE Tas oxYOas > 4 3 4 \ / A apdotépas atoxexpudO0ar kat OpidpBov pyndév dyer nal ptroTipta ReiwecOar Tov avarrovr auTov. KaiTot oxaLoy éviots TOUTO éedaiveto Kal av0ades, tt THY UTdTwY Kal TOV GTPATHYOV TapovTwv ovte améB8n mpos avtous ovte érrécye TOV TAODY, GANA pobim THY GyOnv TrapeEEXavVOY émi vews éEnpous Bacthixns odK avaKe TpoTEpoV kadoppioat Tov OTOXOY Eis TO VEewWpLOV. Ov pV GANA TOV XpnudTwY Tapakomlopmévwv St wyopas 5 te Shuos eOavpale To mAHO0s, H Te RBovrAn 328 78 CATO THE YOUNGER but although he had the accounts of all his adminis- tration of the estate carefully written out in two books, neither of these was preserved. One of them a freedman of his, Philargyrus by name, had in charge, but after putting to sea from Cenchraeae he was capsized and lost it, together with his cargo; the other Cato himself had safely carried as far as Corcyra, where he pitched his tent in the market- place. But because it was so cold the sailors built many fires during the night, the tents caught fire, and the book disappeared. It is true that the royal stewards who were at hand were ready to stop the mouths of Cato’s enemies and traducers, but never- theless the matter gave him annoyance. For it was not as a proof of his own integrity, but as an example to others of scrupulous exactness that he was eager to produce his accounts, and he was therefore vexed. XXXIX. The Romans did not fail to hear of his arrival! with his ships, and all the magistrates and priests, the whole senate, and a large part of the people went to the river to meet him, so that both banks of the stream were hidden from view, and his voyage up to the city had all the show and splendour of a triumph. Yet some thought it ungracious and stubborn that, although the consuls and _ praetors were at hand, he neither landed to greet them, nor checked his course, but on a royal galley of six banks of oars swept past the bank where they stood, and did not stop until he had brought his fleet to anchor in the dock-yard. However, when the treasure was carried through the forum, the people were amazed at the great amount of it, and the 1 In 56 B.c. 329 a | PLUTARCH’S LIVES cuvayxbcioa peta TOV TpeTTOVTMY éTraivarv éyrn- dicato T@ Katwu otpatnyiav éEaipetov S00Fvat \ 4 b) ‘ b] 3 A 4 4 xal tas Oéas avrov év écOATL Twepitophip@ Oea- cac8at. tavta pev otv o Katwv trapytncato, Nexiay 5é Tov otxovopxov Trav Bactdtxay édevOepov ” \ \ 6 a , b / érecce THY BovrANY adeivar, paptuphnaas émipé- Netavy Kal Tiotw. wUmdteve b€ PidiwTos oO \ a \ / \ 2 gos Tmatnp THs Mapxias, kai Tpotov Twa To akiopa Ths apyins Kal H Svvapis eis Katova epider, ) , a , > 9 \ A 9 oux éAdTTOvVa TOD auVdapyovTos bt’ aperny Hh Ot >] U fe , aA 4 \ ouxecoTnta Tov Piditrmov TO Katove tipnv m poot Oevtos. XL. ’Ezrel 5¢ Kixépov ex rhs puyis, iv epuyev uTo KAwdiov, catedOav cai Suvdpevos péya Tas Snuapxexas SéXTOus, as o KAwdsos EOnxev ava- , > N , > J , \ ypavras ets to Kamitwdov, améeorrace Bia Kal xcabeitrxe TOD KrXwbiov py trapovtos, él rovtots 5é Bours aOporcBeions kal tod KdXwdiou xatn- yopodvtos éAeye trapavonws TO Krwdio Tis Snuapylas yevopéevns ater kal dxupa Seiv elvat Ta TOTe TWpaxOevTa Kal ypapEevTa, Tpocéxpova ev 6 Kdtwyv ait@ réyovTt, Kal TéXOS avacTtas Edy Ths pev Krwdiov morsteias pndev tyes pnde XpyoTov GAws vopilev, eb 5é dvatpet TLs doa Snuapyav émpakev, avarpetcoPar macav avtod \ / Thv tept Kumpov wpaypateiay Kai pwn yeyovevar ‘ THY ATOTTOANY vops“ov aApXoVTOS TAapaVvouou 330 CATO THE YOUNGER senate in special session voted, together with the appropriate praises, that an extraordinary praetorship should be given to Cato, and that when he witnessed the spectacles he might wear a purple-bordered robe. These honours, now, Cato declined, but he persuaded the senate to bestow freedom upon Nicias, the steward of the royal household, after bearing witness to his care and fidelity. Philippus, the father of Marcia, was consul at the time, and the dignity and power of his office devolved in a manner upon Cato; the colleague of Philippus, also, bestowed no less honour upon Cato for his virtue than Philippus did because of his relationship to him. XL. But Cicero had now come back! from the exile into which he was driven by Clodius, and, relying on his great influence in the senate, had forcibly taken away and destroyed, in the absence of Clodius, the records of his tribuneship which Clodius had deposited on the Capitol. When the senate was convened to consider the matter, and Clodius made his denunciation, Cicero made a speech in which he said that, since Clodius had been made tribune illegally, all that had been done or recorded during his tribunate ought to be void and invalid. Cato contradicted Cicero while he was speaking, and finally rose and said that, although he was wholly of the opinion that there was nothing sound or good in the administration of Clodius, still, if everything which Clodius had done while tribune were to be rescinded, then all his own proceedings in Cyprus would be rescinded, and his mission there had not been legal, since an illegal magistrate had obtained it 1 In 57 B.c., after an absence of sixteen months. Cf. the Cicero, chapters xxx.-xxxiii. 331 chy PLUTARCH’S LIVES Wnpicapevov- T apavops pev ov | Onpapxov aipeOnvat' tov KA.@dcoy éx TaTpiKloy peTa- OTAVTA vopov dudovto0s ets Snporuxcoy olKov, et b¢ pox Onpos, aoTep arnro, yeyovep dpxov, QuTov Cob ied TOV abuxioavta, pH AVELY THY ouvase- KnBeio av apxny elvat T poonKov. ex TOUTOV be opyiis ) Kixépov eoxXe tov Kdtwva, xa pir YP@mevos ETAVTATO Ypovoy Troduy: EiTa pmévTOL dundAaynoav. XLI. ’Ex ToUTOU Tloprnios Kat Kpdocos brepBadorte Tas "AXrets Kaicap: ovyyEevopevot yropmny émrorna avTo KOU devTépav Umatetay METLEVaL, Kal KATAOTEYTES Els AUTH Kaicape pev THS apXis adXov Tog OUTOV emipngiverbar xpo- vov, autos b¢ TOV emapxeav TAS peyloras Kal Xenpara Kat TTPATLWOTLKAS Suvdpets. orrep my em vepnoet THS Hyepwovias Kab KaTanrucer THS TOALTELAS cuvepod ia. TOANGY 5é nal ayabav avdpev pereevas THV apyiy TOTE _Tapacxevato- Hever, TOUS [ev addous opbevtes év tais mapary- yehiass am étpewar, povov dé Aevxtov Aopittov Mopxta uvotkouvTa TH adeNGf Kdtov emeure pry exoTivar ynde ipéoOas, TOU ary @vos ov mept apxis 6VTOS, GNA Tmepl THS ‘Papatov édevbepias. Kal peVTOL Kal Noyos exper 51a Tod ow povoby- TOS ére THs TOAEWS pépous, @S ov TEpLOTTEOY, Ets TaUTO THs Kpdocou Kat Toparniov Suva pews uve Bovans, TavTanacw Um époyKov Kal Bapeiav THY apYXnY yevouevny, Ar’ adaipetéov adbris Tov 1 ev ob 3. afpebjvac Sintenis, after Schaefer, for the MSS. pev ody 8. alpeOjvac; Bekker has nev obv ph 5. aipedjvat. 332 779 CATO THE YOUNGER for him; but it had not been illegal, he maintained, for Clodius to be elected tribune after a transfer from patrician to plebeian rank which the law allowed,! and if he had been a bad magistrate, like others, it was fitting to call to an account the man who had done wrong, and not to vitiate the office which had suffered from his wrong doing. In consequence of this speech Cicero was angry with Cato, and for a long time ceased friendly intercourse with him; afterwards, however, they were reconciled.” XLI. After this, Pompey and Crassus had a meeting with Caesar,? who had come across the Alps, in which they laid a plan to canvass jointly for a second con- sulship, and, after they were established in the office, to get a vote passed giving to Caesar another term in his command, of the same duration as the first, and to themselves the largest provinces, money and mili- tary forces. This was a conspiracy for the division of the supreme power and the abolition of the constitu- tion. And although many honourable men were getting ready to canvass for the consulship at that time, they were all deterred by seeing Pompey and Crassus announce themselves as candidates, excepting only Lucius Domitius, the husband of Cato’s sister Porcia. Him Cato persuaded not to withdraw from the canvass or give way, since the struggle was not for office, but for the liberty of the Romans. And indeed it was currently said among those citizens who still retained their good sense, that the consular power must not be suffered to become altogether overweening and oppressive by the union of the in- fluence of Pompey and Crassus, but that one or the 1 Cf. chapter xxxiii. 3. 2 Cf. the Cicero, xxxiv. 3 At Luca, in 56 B.c. Cf. the Pompey, li.; the Caesar, xxi. 333 a ag PLUTARCH’S LIVES érepoy. Kal ocuviotavto tmpos Tov Aopitiov Tapopiavres Kat wapalappuvovtes avTtAauBa- veoOau ToAXNOUS Yap AUT@ Kal TOY GLwTT@VTWY \ , b a / ° , dua déos ev Tais yypos UTapEev. r “A \ , e \ N 4a Todro 6% detcavtes of rept tov Llopmniov e a > £ “a s 4 4 upeicay evédpay T@ Aomtip KkataBatvorts dp- Opiov Ue Naptrddwv eis TO Tediov. Kal TP@TOS pev o Tpopaivwy émictas T@ Aopttio amdnyels | Kat Tecw@y amréBave: peta dé TovTOV Hon Kal TOY v / > 74 b) \ ahXwWy GUVYTITPWOKOLEVWY EyiveTO huyn WANY Kdtwvos cat Aouitiov. Kxatreiye yap avtov o Kdtov, xaimep autos eis Tov Bpayiova teTpw- MEVOS, KAL TWApEKEAEVETO pévety Kal un TPOALTELY, Ews éeumrvéwot, Tov uTrép THs éAevOEpias ayava Wpos TOvS TUpayvous, ol Tiva TpOTOY YpHooYTAL a 3 nv “A \ UA +> , > 9 TH apxX7n Snrodae Sta THALKOVTWY adiKnuaTwDY éT autny Babdivovtes. XLII. Ov~y vroordavtos 5€ tot Aopetiou To 4 b] > 3 \ > #f , € J Setvov, aA eis THY oixiay KataduyovTos, npé- Onoav pev brratot Wloumnios cat Kpdoaos, ovx améxape 5€ 0 Kadtwv, ard avtos mpoedOav oTpatnyiav metner, Bovdopevos opunthpioy Exeww TOV Mpos éxeivous aywvav Kal mpos apyovTas > , \ > , e \ A avticabictacOat pn idssoTns. of 5€ Kati TovTo Seicavtes, ws THS oTpatnyias dktopdyou Sia Kdtwva pos thy bTrateiay yevnoopévns, Tpa@ToV \ > ’ a “a bd 4 pev éEaiguns cal trav TOANwY ayvoovyTwy Bov- Any guvayayovTes Evrnhicavto Tovs aipeHévTas 334 CATO THE YOUNGER other of these men must be deprived of it. So they joined the party of Domitius, inciting and en- couraging him to persist in his opposition ; for many, they said, who now held their peace through fear, would help him when it came to voting. This was precisely what the partisans of Pompey feared, and so they set an ambush for Domitius as he was going down at early morning by torchlight into the Campus Martius. First of all the torch-bearer who stood in front of Domitius was smitten, fell, and died ; and after him the rest of the party were presently wounded, and all took to flight except Cato and Domitius. For Cato held Domitius back, although he himself had received a wound in the arm, and exhorted him to stand his ground, and not to abandon, while they had breath, the struggle in behalf of liberty which they were waging against the tyrants, who showed plainly how they would use the consular power by making their way to it through such crimes. XLIT. But Domitius would not face the peril, and fled to his house for refuge, whereupon Pompey and Crassus were elected consuls.! Cato, however, would not give up the fight, but came forward himself as candidate for a praetorship, wishing to have a vantage- point for his struggles against the men, and not to be a private citizen when he was opposing magistrates. But Pompey and Crassus feared this also, feeling that Cato would make the praetorship a match for the consulship. In the first place, therefore, they sud- denly, and without the knowledge of the majority, got the senate together, and had a vote passed that the praetors elect should enter upon their office at 1 For the year 55 B.c. 335 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTpaTyyous evOvs dpyew Kat pH Svademovras TOV VO pL pov xpovov, év @ Oixas Tots dexdoac' TOV pov hoav. éreta bia Tob Wndicpatos TO b.60- vat ‘ davuTrevOuvov KatacKevdoavres UTNpeTas aura Kat pirous emt TH oTpaTnyiay T potyyov, avTou pev didorTes apyuvpLor, aurol be Tals v7- pots Pepopevars epertares. WS bé Kal TOUT@V 4 Kdtevos dperi kai do€a mepinv, oT aidovs TaV TOAN@Y EV dew TON TU epevenv atroboa Gat Kaztwva tais Wwadors, OV KAANBS ElxeE m plac at TH TONEL oT parnyon, ) TE TpPOTH KrOeica TaY puX@v exetvov am everken, eLaidvns 0 LTopmnios Bpovrijs dKntoevat yrevadmevos aloyiota diéhuce THY exe Anotar, eva weveov apoatovcbat Ta TOL- adTa Kal pndev émexupoov Svoonpias yevoperns. avOis 6é TOA XPNT apevor TO dexacu@, TOUS Bertiarous doavres éx tod mediov Bia Scverpa- Eavto Bativiov avi Karwvos aipeOivas oTpa- Tnyov. &vOa 51) Néyerat Tovs pev odTw Tapavo- pws Kai adixws Oeuévous THY pas evOs BaTrEp anodpavras oixer au, Tois 6€ AdXNOLS GUYLOTA- PEVOLS Kal ayavaxTovat Snudpxov TWOS avro™r TAaparXovTos éxxdnaotav KatacTavTa Tov Kdreva atavra bev @omep éx Oewv érimvouy Ta per- AovTAa 7H Tronet Tm poecTrety, Tapoppnoat 5é TOUS mwoNitas én Tlopmniov Kal Kpdocov as Tovavra guvelootas avTtois, xal ToLtavTns dmrTouevous TomuTelas bu iy éderoav Karova, pa oT pATHYOS aura mepiyevnTau. Tédos 6é amovTa eis. THY oixiay tpovTepe ANOS tTocodTOV Gaov ovdé 1 +d :5dvar Sintenis, after Schaefer, for the MSS. 7d d:5d6yar 5{xas ; Coraés and Bekker delete also d:ddvai. 336 CATO THE YOUNGER once, without waiting for the time prescribed by law to elapse, during which time those who had bribed the people were liable to prosecution. In the next place, now that by this vote they had freed bribery from responsibility, they brought forward henchmen and friends of their own as candidates for the praetorship, themselves offering money for votes, and themselves standing by when the votes were cast. But even to these measures the virtue and fame of Cato were superior, since shame made most of the people think it a terrible thing to sell Cato by their votes, when the city might well buy him into the praetorship ; and therefore the first tribe called upon voted for him. Then on a sudden Pompey lyingly declared that he heard thunder, and most shamefully dissolved the assembly, since it was customary to regard such things as inauspicious, and not to ratify anything after a sign from heaven had been given. Then they re- sorted again to extensive bribery, ejected the best citizens from the Campus Martius, and so by force got Vatinius elected praetor instead of Cato. Then, indeed, it is said, those who had thus illegally and wrongfully cast their votes went off home at once like runaways, while the rest of the citizens, who were banding together and expressing their indig- nation, were formed into an assembly there by a tribune, and were addressed by Cato. As if inspired from heaven he foretold to the citizens all that would happen to their city, and tried to set them against Pompey and Crassus, who, he said, were privy to such a course and engaged in such a policy as made them afraid of Cato, lest, as praetor, he should get the better of them. And finally, when he went away home, he was escorted on his way by a greater 337 cay PLUTARCH’S LIVES cuunTavTas aya Tors arodederypévous oTpa- Tnyous. XLII. Taiou dé _ TpeBoviov ypaypaytos vowov urep vounys emapxeav Tois UTaToLs, Gore TOV pev ‘I 8npiav éxovra kat AtBunv id avbt@, tov 4é vplav Kal Alyurrop, ols Bovrouro ToNELELY Kat kaTaorpepea Oar VaUTLKaLS al meCiKais Suvd- pew emiovTas, ot mev Grow THY avrimpagev Kat K@AVTW ATEYVMKOTES éFéhurrov Kal TO avrevmeiy, Katrove be avaBayte Tpo THS Yvnpopoptas émt TO Bijpa Kat Bovropevep Aéyev podas apav dveiy Loyov éwxav. ws 6€ ToAAa Aeyon Kal biddoKav Kat m podea mlScov KaTavadwoe Tov Xpovov, OUKETL eye avTov eiwy, GAN emipévovta KaTeoTrAC EY uTnpéTns TpoceNOw@v. ws O€ Kal KatwOev iorda- pevos €80a Kal Tovs axovovtas Kal avvayava- KTobvTas eixe, TaNALV o DINpETns émtraBopevos Kal deyaryov autov &&w THs dyopas KATETTHGE. Kat ovK EpOn 7 perrov apedeis, Kal 1wadw avacT peas ieTo ™ pos TO Biya. peta Kpavyijs éyxehevdpevos Tots ToNiTars dwuverv. moAAdKis € TOUTOU ye vopévou Trepitrabav o TpeBwuvios éxéXevoev avdTov eis TO Seopwtypioy ayeoOat: Kal wAnOos érn- Kohovdet NEevyouTos cpa ouv Tp Badiferv aK pow- HEVvOY, WOTE beivavra TOV TpeBavior ageivac. Kdxeivny pev odtw THY Tipe pav o Kdtwv xart- avarwoe tais 8 épekis obs pev debi Edpevor TOV TOALTO@V, ods SE TVTKEVAT A [EVOL Xapiae Kal dwpo- Soxiats, éva dé Tov Snudpxeov "AKUNALOV Grrhoes elpfavtes éx Tov Boureutnpiou T poerOeiv, avrov 5é tov Kdtwva Bpovtny yeyovévas Boavta Tis 338 80 CATO THE YOUNGER throng than accompanied all the elected praetors together. XLII. And now Caius Trebonius proposed a law for the assignment of provinces to the consuls, where- by one of them was to have Spain and Africa under him, the other Syria and Egypt, and both were to wage war on whom they pleased, and attack and sub- due them with land and sea forces. The rest of the opposition were weary of their efforts to prevent such things, and forbore even to speak against the measure; but Cato mounted the rostra before the vote was taken, expressed a wish to speak, with difficulty gained permission, and spoke for two hours. After he had consumed this time in long arguments, expositions, and prophecies, he was not allowed to speak any longer, but an official went up to him as he sought to continue, and pulled him down from the rostra. But even from where he stood below the rostra he kept shouting, and found men to listen to him and share his indignation. So the official once more laid hands on him, led him away, and put him out of the forum. Then, the instant that he was re- leased, he turned back and strove to reach the rostra, shouting, and commanding the citizens to help him. This was repeated several times, until Trebonius, in a passion, ordered him to be led to prison; but a crowd followed listening to what he said as he went along, so that Trebonius took fright and let him go. In this manner Cato consumed that day ; but during the days that followed his adversaries intimidated some of the citizens, won over others by bribes and favours, with armed men prevented one of the tribunes, Aquillius, from leaving the senate-chamber, cast Cato himself out of the forum when he cried out that there 339 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ayopas éxBaXovtes, ovK GAliyous S€ Tpwoartes, éviov 5é Kai Trecdvtwv, Bia Tov vowov éexvpwaar, @OTE TOANOVS GVaTpahEevTas opyn Tovs Lloumniou Barrew aviptavtas. adda TovTO pév érredOwv oO Kdtov dexorAvce TO S¢ Kaiocape wadwv vopov ypadopeévov rept Tov éTrapyL@v Kal TOV OTpATO- wédwv, ovxéTt mpos Tov Shpov o Kdtwv, adda Tpos avTov Tpatropuevos Ilopmrniov euaptupato Kat mpovreyey ws él TOY avTOD TpdyYnrov avarap- Bavov Kaioapa viv pév ov« older, dtav dé dpyn- tat BapiverOar Kai xpateioBas pyre atroBécOat Suvdpevos pnte héperv vtropévev, ets THY TWodw éumecettas ovv avtT@, Kal pepvnoetat TOTE TOV Kadtwvos tapawécewv, as ovdév HrTov év avtais To Ilopmniov cupdépov evavy 7 TO Kadov kal Sixatov. TavTa qToANdKis axovwv o Lloumnios npérer Kai Tapéreutev amiotia this Kaicapos peTaBoAns Sia wiotw edtuxias THS éavTod Kal Suva pews. XLIV. Eis 6€ ro é&js Eros aipeBels 0 Kdtwv atpatnyos ovdev &boke mpootiOévas TH apyn Toc- oUTOV cis GEeuvoTnTa Kai péyeOos adpywy Karas, doov adaipely Kal Kataroxyuvery avuTrddnros Kal aXiTwv TodNaKes él 76 Bia mpoepyopevos Kat Oavatixas Sdixas émipavav avipav ottw Spa- Bevwv. évioe 5€ hace cai per’ apictov oivov mweTwKxoTa Ypnuativey: dNNA TOUTO peEVv OVK AAN- Aas Néyerat. StapOerpopévou dé Tov Sypov rais dwpodoxiais Ud TaY dtrapyYouvtwy Kai xpwpé- 340 CATO THE YOUNGER had been thunder, and after a few of the citizens had been wounded and some actually slain, forced the passage of the law. Consequently, many banded to- gether and wrathfully pelted the statues of Pompey. But Cato came up and stopped this. However, when once more a law was introduced concerning Caesar’s provinces and armies, Cato no longer addressed him- self to the people, but to Pompey himself, solemnly assuring and warning him that he was now, without knowing it, taking Caesar upon his own shoulders, and that when he began to feel the burden and to be overcome by it, he would neither have the power to put it away nor the strength to bear it longer, and would therefore precipitate himself, burden and all, upon the city; then he would call to mind the exhortations of Cato, and see that they had sought no less the interests of Pompey than honour and justice. Pompey heard these counsels repeatedly, but ignored and put them by; he did not believe that Caesar would change, because he trusted in his own good fortune and power. XLIV. For the next year} Cato was elected praetor, but it was thought that he did not add so much majesty and dignity to the office by a good admini- stration as he took away from it by disgracing it. For he would often go forth to his tribunal without shoes or tunic, and in such attire would preside over capital cases involving prominent men. Some say, too, that even after fhe mid-day meal and when he had drunk wine, he would transact public business; but this is untruthfully said. However, seeing that the people were corrupted by the gifts which they received from men who were fond of office and plied the bribery of 1 54 B.C. 34! | PLUTARCH’S LIVES vov TO dexalea Bat Kad drep épyacia ovvnber TOV TONAWY, Bovdcpevos éxxowpat TAaVTATAGL TO voo- npa TOUTO THis TONEWS, ETELoE Soya Géc bat THY cUyKnTOY Srws ot katacradevres dpxovres, rr pndéva KaTHYOpOV éxorev, avrol maptovres €& avdryens eis & évopKov SixaaTiploy evOuvas bidaou. emt TOUT® Karen as pev EaYoV ot peTLovTes apxas, ere dé xademebrepov o picbapvev ox/ros. Ewbev ovp éTl TO Bia rod Katwvos mpoedOovtos a6 poor T poa'TEd OVTES éBowy, éBracdnpovy, éBarrop, dare pevryery amo Tov Biparos amavtas, avrov dé éxeitvov €Ewobévta TO Tr OE Kal mapadepo- pevov poms éridapécbar TOV éuBorwv. évredbev dvacTas T@ pev iTap@ Kai Oappodvte Tis GWwews evOus éxparnae Tob BopiBou Kal THY Kpavyny ETAVTEV, ELTOV bé Ta TpémovtTa Kal pe? Houxias dKoua Gels jTwavTaTact dvéhuge THY TAPAXiV. errawvovons dé THs Bovdijs avtov, ‘Kyo 0g,” elzrev, ‘ ‘Duds ou. eTaLva KxwwOuvevovTa oTpaTnyov éykaTadsrrovTas Kal py TpocapuvavTas. Tov € petiovtwy apynv Exactos amop@ wdaber ouvetyeto, poBovpevos prev avTos Sexalev, poBov- pevos 5é érépov TovtTo mwpakavtTos éxteceiy THs apxis. eokev odv avrois els TAUTO cuveMoiat mapaBaréa as Spaxpmer € éxao Tov dpyuptov Sexa- dSvo Huov pupidoas, elTa peTiévar THY apXnv mavras opOas Kal Otxatws: tov dé mapaBdvra, Kal Xeno dpevov Sexaou@ oréperOas TOU dpyu- piov. TavTa oporoyro artes aipodyras puhaxa Kab BpaBevrny Kat Hdptupa tov Katova Kal Ta XpHwata, pépovtes exeLvep mapeTiberto: Kal Tas auvOnkas éypaypayto mpos éxeivov, avtl Tav XpN- 342 781 CATO THE YOUNGER the masses as they would an ordinary business, he wished to eradicate altogether this disease from the state, and therefore persuaded the senate to make a decree that magistrates elect, in case they had no accuser, should be compelled of themselves to come before a sworn court and submit accounts of their election. At this the candidates for offices were sorely displeased, and still more sorely the hireling multitude. Early in the morning, therefore, when Cato had gone forth to his tribunal, crowds assailed him with shouts, abuse, and missiles, so that every- body fled from the tribunal, and Cato himself was pushed away from it and borne along by the throng, and with difficulty succeeded in laying hold of the rostra. There, rising to his feet, by the firmness and boldness of his demeanour he at once prevailed over the din, stopped the shouting, and after saying what was fitting and being listened to quietly, brought the disturbance completely to an end. When the senate was praising him for this, he said: “ But I cannot praise you for leaving an imperilled praetor in the lurch and not coming to his aid.” Now, all the candidates for offices were at a loss what to do; each one was afraid to use bribes him- self, but was afraid of losing his office if another used them. They decided, therefore, to come together and deposit severally one hundred and twenty-five thousand drachmas in money, and that all should then sue for their offices in fair and just ways; the one who transgressed and practised bribery forfeiting his money. Having made this agreement, they chose Cato as depositary, umpire, and witness, and bringing their money, offered to deposit it with him; they even drew up their agreement in his presence. Cato 343 PLUTARCH’S LIVES padtov eyyunTas AaBovra, Ta dé Xpnwara 1) Sefdpevov. as 5é Aicev Kupla THs avabeifews, TapacTas oO Karey TO BpaBevovre Snuapye@ kat mapapuratas THD ior, éva TOY mapaBaro- pevov amrepyve Kaxoupyobvra Kal mpooéragev arrodotvat TOUS ad Xots TO apyvpiov. aXn’ EXELVOL bev eTTALveaaVTES avTou Thy opOornra Kal Javua- caves avetNov TO TPdTTLMOY. WS ieavny Stnv EXOvTES mapa Tob adixnoavros” TOUS bé ad ous érvrrnoev 0 Katwv xai hOdvov é eEaxev amo TOUTOU TELA TOV, WS Bours Kal Sixacrnplov Kal apyxov- tov dvvayw avT@ TeplTroNnTapevos. Ovdemsas yap aperis Sofa Kab triotis emi Oo- vous Tout padrov 7H THS Stxatoovvys, Ste Kat Svvauis avTH Kal miotis Emetar paddiota Tapa TOV TOAA@Y. OU yap TEMATL povor, @S TOUS av- Spetous, ovde Javpdlovew, @> TOvs hpovipous, adda Kat prrotor TOUS Suxatous cat Oappovow avrois Kai Tua Tevovaw. éxeiywv 6 TOUS wep poBodvras, Tots dé amiotovet' ™ pos dé TovToLS éxeivous pév olovrar dices Pad Dov 1) T@ Bovnre- oOaut Siapépery, avdpetav Kal hpovnoty, Tv pev o€vTNTAa TWA, Tv Oo evpwariay puxiis TiO émevot, Sicaie dé & Umdpyovtos evdus elvau T@ Bovropev@ padiora, tiv adixiay os Kaxlay ampopdo.cTov ais xvvovran. XLV. Aco Kal t® Kdtove maytes ot peydror T pooe Toh Lov | OS éXeyxouevou: Lloparnios 5é cal Katdhuaw Ths éauTov duvdpews TH éxelvou d0£av nyoupevos ael Tivas TpotéBaddev avTt@ AoLdopn- copevous, ay Kat KrAwdzsos Hv 0 Snpwaywryos, avOts ets Tloprniov urroppvuets cai KataBoay Tov Kato- 344 CATO THE YOUNGER took pledges for their money, but would not accept the money itself. When the day appointed for the election came, Cato took his stand by the side of the presiding tribune, and after watching the vote, de- clared that one of the depositors was playing false, and ordered him to pay his money over to the others. But these, after admiring and praising Cato’s upright- ness, cancelled the penalty, feeling that they already had sufficient satisfaction from the wrong-doer. In the rest of the citizens, however, this conduct of Cato caused more vexation and odium than anything else ; they felt that he was investing himself with the powers of senate, courts and magistrates. For no virtue, by the fame and credit which it gives, creates more envy than justice, because both power and credit follow it chiefly among the common folk. These do not merely honour the just, as they do the brave, nor admire them merely, as they do the wise, but they actually love the just, and put confidence and trust in them. As for the brave and wise, however, they fear the one and distrust the other; and besides, they think that these excel by a natural gift rather than by their own volition, con- sidering bravery to be a certain intensity, and wisdom a certain vigour, of sou), whereas any one who wishes can be just forthwith, and the greatest disgrace is visited upon injustice, as being inexcusable baseness. XLV. For this reason all the great men were hostile to Cato, feeling that they were put to shame by him; and Pompey, who considered Cato’s high repute as a dissolution of his own power, was always egging certain persons on to abuse him, among whom was Clodius the demagogue especially, who had again drifted into Pompey’s following. He 345 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES vOS, WS TOAAG pev ex Kurrpou ypnpata vordioa- pévov, Tlopmniw Sé rodepodvtos amakiwoavtt ydapov avtovd Ouyatpds. o 5é Katawv édeyer ote Npnuata pev é« Kumpov tocaita Th ToAeE cuva- yayou ute inmov éva pnte otpatiwTyy AaBwv, daa [lopmnios é« Tmodéuwv TocovTev Kal Opidp- Bwv tHv oixoupévny Kuxnoas ovK aynveyKe, KN- Seaotny 5& pndétote mpoeréaOat Tloprniov, ovx avdaEvov nyovpevos, GAN’ opav THv év TH ToALTELG Siagopav. “ AvTos pev yap,” én, “‘ didopévns fol peTa THY oTpaTnYylav érapyias aTréaTHY, ov- Tos O€ Tas pev ever AaBav, Tas bé Sidwawv érépots’ vuvi d€ Kal rédos EEaxtoxXtALov oTduTaV Kaicaps xéxpncev eis Tadariav: 3 ob7’ éxeivos ArnTE TAP Uuav ovTEe ovTOS edwxe pe” Kuav, adrAQ Suvapets THALKaDTAaL Kal OmdAa Kal imoL YXapiTés ELoLD idtwT@v Kal avtidoces. Karovpevos 5é€ avTo- Kpatwp Kal otparnyos adAXoLs TA oTpAaTEvLaTA Kal Tas émapyias rapadédaxev, avtos 5é TH TOdEL Tapaxdbnrat ordcets aywvobeTar ev Tais Tapay- yeriats xal BopvBouvs pnxyavwpevos, ¢E ay ov NEANOe br’ dvapyias povapyiav éavT@ pvnorevo- pévos.” | XLVI. Odtes pev nuivato Tov Tlopmniov. jv 5é Mdpxos Pawvios étaipos avtod nal tnrwrns, olos o Dadnpeds *"ArrorAddSwpos iatopettar tepi Lwxpdtnv yevécOat Tov taratov, éumans Kat TAPAKEKLUNKWS TPOS TOV AOYOY, Ov ayédnv OvdE TPaWs, GAN axpatov avTov Kadaapevov woTep 346 CATO THE YOUNGER loudly denounced Cato for having appropriated much treasure from Cyprus, and for being hostile to Pompey because he had declined to marry his daughter. But Cato declared that, without taking a single horse or soldier, he had got together from Cyprus more treasure for the city than Pompey had brought back from all his wars and triumphs after stirring up the habitable world; and that he never chose Pompey for a marriage connection, not because he thought him unworthy of it, but because he saw the difference in their political tenets. “I, for my part,” said Cato, “when a province was offered me after my praetorship, declined it, but this Pompey took provinces, some of which he holds himself, and some he offers to others; and now he has actually lent Caesar a body of six thousand legionaries for use in Gaul. This force neither did Caesar ask from you, nor did Pompey give it with your consent, but armies of this great size and arms and horses are now the mutual gifts of private persons. And though he has the titles of general and imperator, he has handed over to others his armies and his provinces, while he himself takes up his post near the city, managing factions at the elections as though he were directing games, and contriving disturbances, from which, as we clearly see, by way of anarchy, he is seeking to win for himself a monarchy.” XLVI. With such words did Cato defend himself against Pompey. But Marcus Favonius was a com- panion and ardent disciple of his, just as Apollodorus of Phalerum is said to have been of Socrates in olden time. Favonius was impulsive, and easily moved by argument, which did not affect him moderately or mildly, but like unmixed wine, and to the point of 347 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 olvov Kat paviKeTepov. OUTOS aryopavopiay per- LWY NTTATO, TULTTAPOY dé o Kate Tpoaéaxe Tais déhroes peg xerpr Yeypappevars® Kat rnv 782 Kaxoupytiav eFereyEas TOTE per ET LKANC EL Snpdp- Xov éXuoe THY avdbeEtv, o Datepov 5é tod Daw- viov kataorabévtos a aryopavopou Ta TE ada Ths apXns émepedetTo wal tas Oéas Sieirev ev TH Jedrpe, dudous Kat Tots Oupedixois a repavous 3 ev ov Xpucods, aX’ woTrEp eV ‘Odupria oTi- vov, dopa 5é dyri TOV TOAUTEAOY TOES pev "EA- Anow tebTra Kal Opidaxas Kat pagpavidas «al am-tous, Tois O€ ‘Pepators oivou Kepayita, Kal Kpéa Deva Kal avKa Kai oLxvous ral EvAwy aryKxanioas, Ov THV evTeAELay ob pev éyéXwy, ot dé nO0dvTo TOU Karevos TO avaTnpov Kal KATES TUL LEVOD opav- 4 TES NOUXT petaBarrov els Sidyvory. Téhos dé 0 Pawvi0s els Tov OY AOV euBarov € éavTov Kat Kade- Copevos év ois Jearais exporter tov Kdtova Kal did0vat Tots eUnpepodat Kat Tebay éBoa, Kat Tupmapexdne TOUS Jearas, OS éxelv tv éEov- ovav Tapasedwxws. éy 5€ TO ETEpep Ocadtp@ Koupiwv o Pawviov cuvdpywv exopmryet ToNv- TEAMS’ GAN’ éxetvov dmonet moves of avOpwrtrot peréBatvor evraida, Kal ouvérrattov T pod vums UTTOK pivopevep T@ Pawvie Tov itaTny Kal TO 5 Kdrove TOV dryavod erny. émTparre be tavra Sta- oupwv TO Tpayua, Kal biSdoKxwr bts mailovra det 7H Tada xpiie Pac Kat xapere TapaTréwTrety aripe padrov 7) Tapackevals Kat mohuTeneiars, eis Ta pondevos akia gpovtidas peyddas xal oTrovoas KataTiOépevov. 348 CATO THE YOUNGER frenzy. He was being defeated in a candidacy for the aedileship, but Cato, who was present, noticed that the voting tablets were all inscribed in one hand; and having exposed the foul play, at the time he stopped the election by an appeal to the tribunes. After- wards, when Favonius had been appointed aedile, Cato both discharged the other duties of the office and managed the spectacles in the theatre. He gave to the actors crowns, not of gold, but of wild olive, as was done at Olympia, and inexpensive gifts,—to the Greeks, beets, lettuce, radishes, and pears; and to the Romans, jars of wine, pork, figs, melons, and faggots of wood. At the practical sim- plicity of these gifts some laughed, but others con- ceived respect for Cato when they saw his severe and solemn manner gradually relaxing to pleasant good- humour.! And at last Favonius, plunging into the crowd and taking a seat among the spectators, applauded Cato and called to him in a loud voice to give presents to the successful performers and to honour them, and helped him to exhort the specta- tors, as though he had delegated his powers to Cato. Now, in the other theatre, Curio, the colleague of Favonius, was managing things with a lavish hand ; but the people left him and went over to the other place, and readily shared in a sport where Favonius was playing the part of a private citizen and Cato that of master of the games. But Cato did all this in disparagement of the usual practice, and with an effort to show that in sport one must adopt a sportive manner and conduct matters with unostentatious gladness rather than with elaborate and costly pre- parations, where one bestows upon trifling things great care and effort. 1 Cf. chapter i. 2. 349 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XLVII. "Errel 5é, LanTiwvos Kal “Typaiov Kal Mirwvos t UTATELAY METEPYOMEVWY OU povov éxeivots Tots TUT popots 76n Kat TUL TOMTEVOMEVOLS adiKn- pact, S@podoxiass kar dexac pois, GAN’ avTicpus | be 6mAwY Kal povey ets éupurdcov TONE Lov w0ov- péveov TOMMY Kai atrovoia, Tlopmijiov TUVES nEtovy eTLaTHVaL Tals dpxatpeciass, TO pev Wp@ToVv ayt- elirey 0 Karo, ov Tous vopots €K Hopmntov papevos, ANN’ éx TOV vOMev Lopmni Seip unep Xeuv THY ac parear, @s O€ ToNuy Xpovor ava xias avons xal T PLOY oTpaToT édcy THV aryopay oonpéepat TEplLeXOVT OY odLYyov am éhemev avetri- aXeTov yeyovevar TO KAKOV, éyvo Ta Tpaypata To TIS eax ans GaVvayKns ets Toprijiov éxovci@ xapere THS Bours TEPLO THO At, Kal T) eT pie- TAT TOV TApavounparav Xpns dpevos idpare THS TOV peyioTwV KATATTAS EWS THY povapxtay emayayér bau paArANov 1 mepuidety Thy oTaow eis povapxiav’ TEMUTMT AY. eltrev ovp ep TH Bovdy yvepny Bv8nros oixetos av Kdrwvos, os xpN peovov éeheodar Toparnioy imatov: i yap &Feuv KaAXNOS Ta Mpayuara éxelvou KATATTHGAVTOS, a T? Kpatiore Sovdevoew THY TOMY. dvac Tas 6€ 6 0 Kdrwy ovdevos av Tpoodoxycartos € emqvece THY yvopunv Kal acuveBovreuce macav apXnv @S avapxias KpelTrova, Tloumrniov dé Kai mpoaSoKay dptota tois twapovor XpnoecOar Tpaypace Kai purdkew Starioctev0evta thy TOA. XLVIII. Odt@ 8 amrodety Gels Umaros o Tlop- anios édenOn tod Karwvos é\deiy mpos avroy 1 povapyfay Sintenis' and Coraés, with the MSS.; Sintenis? and Bekker adopt the dvapxflay of Emperius. 35° CATO THE YOUNGER XLVII. But presently Scipio, Hypsaeus, and Milo sought the consulship.) They not only used those illegal means which were now a familiar feature in political life, namely, the giving of gifts and bribes, but were openly pressing on, by the use of arms and murder, into civil war, with daring and madness. Some therefore demanded that Pompey should pre- side over the elections. Cato opposed this at first, saying that the laws ought not to derive their security from Pompey, but Pompey from the laws. However, when there had been no regular government for a long time,! and three armies were occupying the forum daily, and the evil had well-nigh become past checking, he decided that matters ought to be put into the hands of Pompey by the voluntary gift of the senate, before the extreme necessity for it came, and that by employing the most moderate of unconstitutional measures as a healing remedy for the conservation of the greatest interests, they should themselves introduce the monarchy, rather than allow faction to issue in monarchy. Accordingly, Bibulus, a kinsman of Cato, moved in the senate that Pompey should be chosen sole consul ; for either matters would be rectified by his settlement of them, or the state would be in subjection to its most power- ful citizen. Then Cato rose up and, to everyone's surprise, approved the measure, advising any govern- ment as better than no government at all, and saying that he expected Pompey would handle the present situation in the best manner possible, and would guard the state when it was entrusted to him. XLVIII. After Pompey had in this way been ap- pointed consul, he begged Cato to come to him in the 1 For the year 52 B.c. Riots in Rome prevented any election. Cf. the Pompey, chapter liv. 351 PLUTARCH’S LIVES eis TO mpodaoTteov. édAOdvTa Se dSeEdpevos ptdo- dpovws aacmacpois Kal SeEraoccot Kal yap Ou“oroynoas tmapexdder avpSovrovy avT@ Kal lol a € \ mapedpov ela. ths apxns. o S€ Katwr arre- la) \ a Kpivato pnTe Ta WpaTa mpos améyOerav ecirety A \ b] Tlopwrniov pnte tavta mwpos ydpw, arr emi / a / 20/7 \ 9 cupdépovts. mavra THs TWodews: idia péev ovv ? a“ A 4 4 / avT@® TapakaroovTs svBovros EceaOat, Snwocia / A \ a 4 a \ , dé, xav un TapakaAnTat, TavTws épely TO hatvo- pevovy. Kat Tadta émpattey ws eElme. mMpwToVv pev yap émi rovs Sexdcavtas 8n tov Siow > 4 \ \ ld UA “A of. €TlTipua Kawa Kab dixas peyadas Tov Lloutniov vowoOeTovvTos apercty éxéXevoe TOV YeyovoTwV Kal Tpocéxyew Tois péXdNOVTLY’ OTE yap Grou “ t , OTHOETAL TO TA TponwapTnuéva Cnteiy opicat padiov, édv Te vewtepa ypddntat Tov adiucnuatoy émutipia, Seva TeicecOas Tovs, Sv ov TapéBa.vov br’ ndixovy vopov, Kata TovTOv Koralopévous. ETELTA TOAA@Y Kplvopévwy eTipavav avdpar, 2» / \ \ 4 le) of. \ >] / éviov bé Kal dirwv tov [loummniov Kai oixeiwr, cia > AN 9 5 50 74 A \ , op@v autov évdudovta év! TodXols Kal KapmTTo- pevov emetina opodpas Kai Siryerpev. érret dé vow tovs eiwOotas rAéyecOar Trepl TaY Kpivo- 4 bY , ’ \ b] , / 4 evar eTraivous autos adeXwyv, Movvatiw IIXaynm A 4 acuyypaas errawov éri tis Sixns edwxev, éme- / ® a / ¥ axouevos 0 Kdtwv ta @ta tais yepoiv (éTvyXe \ yap ducdlwv) ex@rvev avaywooKxerOar THY pap- / € \ A b , > NX ? la) tupiav. o 66 IIldkayxos amédeEev avtov éx Tav 1 é@v Coraés and Bekker, with most MSS.: rots, with M. 352 783 CATO THE YOUNGER suburbs. And when Cato was come, Pompey gave him a friendly welcome with salutations and hand- clasps, acknowledged his obligations to him, and invited him to be his counsellor and associate in the government. But Cato replied that he had neither spoken as he did at first out of enmity to Pompey, nor as he afterwards did to win his favour, but in every case in the interests of the state; in private, therefore, upon his invitation, he would be his coun- sellor, but in public, even without his invitation, he would certainly say what he thought was best. And he did this, as he said he would. In the first place, for instance, when Pompey was proposing to fix by law fresh penalties and heavy punishments for those who had already bribed the people, Cato urged him to ignore the past and give his attention to the future; for, he said, it would not be easy to fix the point at which the investigation of past transgressions should stop, and if penalties should be fixed subsequent to the crimes, those would be outrageously dealt with who were punished in conformity with a law which they were not transgressing when they committed their crime. In the second place, when many promi- nent men were on trial, some of whom were friends and relations of Pompey, Cato saw that Pompey was giving in and yielding in many cases, and therefore rebuked him sharply and tried to spur him on. More- over, though Pompey himself had made illegal the customary panegyrics upon men under trial, he wrote a panegyric upon Munatius Plancus and handed it in at his trial; but Cato (who chanced to be one of the jurors) stopped his ears with his hands and pre- vented the reading of the testimony.! Plancus got 1 Cf. the Pompey, lv. 5. 353 VOL. VIII. A A PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sixactav peta Tous Noyous, Kal ovdey Hrrov HrAw. Kal SAws aTropoyv hv wpadyna Kal dvcpeTayeipt- orov 0 Katwy tots devyouct, pnte Bovropévois avrov atronitreivy SixactHny pijte amoXEeyely TOA- HOoW. HAwoav yap ovK oAlyou TO Katova a a > / gevyey SoEavtes od Oappeiv ois Sixaiots €viors 5é kal mpovdepov oi AowdopodvtTes ws Gverdos péeya To pn déEacIa Kpitnvy Kdrova mpotevopevov. XLIX. ’Ered 5€ Kaicapos a’rod pév éuredv- KOTOS Tots oTpaTevpacw ev Tadatia Kal THV St- Aw éyopuevov, Swpois Sé Kal ypjpace kal dirous parsoTa pos THY év TH Wore Ypwpévou Svvamy, 46n pév ai Kdrwvos mpoayopetoess avépepov Tov Tloptrniov é« movrhs nbn THs wpocbev amiotias overpoTroAobvTa TO Sewov, ere bé Hv dKvov Kat PEAAHTEWS ATOAMOU TpPdS TO KWAVELY Kal émLXeEL- pety vtroTAEws, Opunoev o Kdtwv bratetay Tap- / e > 4 b] \ a eo . A ayyéArNew ws adatpnoopevos evOus Ta OTAA TOD Kaicapos thv émiBovanv éferéyEwv. of 8 dytTimapayyéAXovTes avT@ YapievTes péev Hoav b s , hy: \ \ A a dpupotepot, YovArmixios S€ Kal ToAAA THs TOD Karavos év rh mode Sokns te Kal duvapews atro- AeAauKws: OU péeTpLOV OvY edoKEL TPaYpLA TroLety 0 b] , > A a , b] 4 ovd evxaploTov’ ov pny O ye Katav évexdree “Ti yap,” Edn, “ Davpacrev et 6 Tes vopiter TOV 9 A e \ / ” / \ ayabav péytotov évép@ pn Tapinot;” meicas dé \ \ , Q \ a \ > thv BovrAny ndicacbar Tovs petiovtTas THYy ap- A ? \ 5 a A on > e ff A “nv avrous SeEtovcOar Tov Simo, de’ Erépou bé yy SetcOar pndé evtuyxdvew virép avTa@Y TepLLoVTOS, 354 CATO THE YOUNGER him removed from the jury after the speeches were over, and was convicted none the less. And alto- gether Cato was a perplexing and unmanageable quantity for defendants; they neither wished to allow him to be a juror in their cases nor had the courage to challenge him. For not a few of them were convicted because their attempted rejection of Cato made it appear that they had no confidence in the justice of their cases; and some were bitterly assailed by their revilers for not accepting Cato as juror when he was proposed. XLIX. But Caesar, though he devoted himself to his armies in Gaul and was busy with arms, never- theless employed gifts, money, and above all friends, to increase his power in the city. Presently, there- fore, the admonitions of Cato roused Pompey from the great incredulity which he had indulged in up to this time, so that he had forebodings of his peril. However, he was still given to hesitation and spirit- less delay in checking or attacking the threatening evil, and therefore Cato determined to stand for the consulship, that he might at once deprive Caesar of his armed forces, or convict him of his hostile designs. But his competitors were both acceptable men, and Sulpicius had actually derived much benefit from Cato’s repute and power in the city, and was there- fore thought to be acting in an improper and even thankless manner. But Cato had no fault to find with him. “Pray, what wonder is it,” said he, “if a man wil] not surrender to another what he regards as the greatest of all good things?” However, by persuading the senate to pass a decree that candidates for office should canvass the people in person, and not solicit nor confer with the citizens through the 355 AA 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Mv “A b S A 9 tA 9 A ‘ ért padrov €Enypiave tous avOpwrrous, et pn so- vov TO AaBeiv picOov, ddrAdXrAa Kal TO Siddvae Yap A ‘\ avrovs adnpnuévos Atropov Kal AtLpov ood Tov Sipov tretroinxe. mpos 5 TovT@ pHnTE AUTOS évTL- “A e \ e le) \ v b] % 9 wv \ “ vey vIréep avtou TiBavos MY, AAN ev 70EL TO TOU Biov padrov akiwwa BovAdcuevos duddccew 7 mpocraPely TO THS apYAs Trovovpevos Tas SeEww- TEs, pHTE TOUS pirous éaaas ols SyAOS GALoKETAL Kat Oeparreverat troteiy, amrétuXE THS APKTS. L. Dépovtos 5é tod mpdypatos ovK avtots po- A > A >] A 4 > A VOLS TOLS ATTOTUXOUCG LD, ana Kal pirous AUTWV Kal oixelols avy aloxyuVy TLVi KaTHnpeLay Kal Trév- os ep’ yépas TOAAGS, OdTws HveyKe Padvpws TO N [4 > , N\ ? le! ld oupBeBnKos OoTe areipapevos pev évy TO Trediw 4 9 A 4 C4 ¥ adatpioa, pet’ aptotov dé Tddw, BoTrEp clOcoro, xkataBas eis dyopay dvuTobyntos nal dxitwv Tept- TaThnoat peta TOV cuvnOwv. aitidtar dé Kixépwv STL, TOV TpayLaTwWV ApKoVvToS ToLovToUv Seopévar, b 9 4 A 3 N e fa) e / ovK émotncaTo oTrovdny ovde vmrndOev opmrtLa diravO poe tov Sipov, dAAa Kal pods TO NowTrOV éféxape kal amnyopevae, Kaito THY oTpAaTNHYLaAV avs €& bmapyis weteNOov. EXeyev odv o Kdtwv OTL THS pev oTpaTHYyias ov KaTa yvopuny éFérece TOV TOAKOY, GANA BracGevtwv 7} StapOapévtwr, év 5€ tais UTratixais Whdos pndemtas Kaxoupyias yevopuevns yyw nal te Sy mpooKexpovews dia TOV aUTOU TpoTOY, bY oUTE pweTabéacDat Tpos éETE- pov Yap ore Ypwpevoy opoim maddy Spora 784 madetv voor éxyovtos avdpds éore. 356 CATO THE YOUNGER agency of another going about in their behalf, Cato still more exasperated the common folk, in that he deprived them, not only of getting money, but also of bestowing favour, and so made them at once poor and without honour. And besides this, he was not per- suasive himself in canvassing for himself, but wished to preserve in his manners the dignity of his life, rather than to acquire that of the consulship by making the customary salutations; neither would he permit his friends to do the things by which the multitude is courted and captivated. He therefore failed to obtain the office. L. Though the matter brought, not only to the unsuccessful candidates themselves, but also to their friends and relatives, dejection and sorrow tinged with considerable shame for many days, Cato bore so easily what had happened that he anointed him- self and practised ball in the Campus Martius, and after the mid-day meal, again, as was his wont, went down into the forum without shoes or tunic and walked about there with his intimates. But Cicero finds fault with him because, when affairs demanded a man like him for office, he would not exert himself nor try to win the people by kindly intercourse with them, but for the future also ceased to make any effort and gave up the contest, although he had re- newed his candidacy for the praetorship. Cato replied, accordingly, that he had lost the praetorship, not because the majority wished it to be so, but because they were constrained or corrupted; whereas, since there had been no foul play in the consular elections, he saw clearly that he had given offence to the people by his manners. These, he said, no man of sense would change to please others, nor, keeping them unchanged, would he again suffer a like disaster. 357 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES LI. Tob 5é Katcapos éuBarovtos ets EON pa- Xepeas Kat TapaBorws KpaTnoavTos, Deppavois b¢ Kal omrovdav yevopeveoy Soxodyros. éemieaOat Kal KataPanetv TpldkovTa pupiadas, ol ev AADOL Tov Sjpov neiovv evaryyéehua Qvev, o 5€ Kdtov éxé- Aevev éxdiSovae TOV Katcapa TOUS Tapavouneiar Kal pay Tperrewy els avToUS pnde avadexer Oar TO ayos eis THY ToAwW. “Ov pay arra Kal Tous Jeois,” épn, “ Ovmpev, éTt THS Tod otpatnyou pavias Kab aTrovoias THY Siny els TOUS OT aTLe- Tas ov TpéTovolv, ANG peldovras THS TOAEWS.” ex TOUTOU Kaicap ema Tohny ypanras amréaTeELrNeV els THY oUyKANTOV as dé aveyvac On Brac dnpias Todas éxouca Kal karnyopias tov Kadtwvos, dvacras exeivos ovX um opyns oudé pudoverkias, GND’ Gomep éx Loyia woo Kal TApacKEeyys TQ pev els €avTov éykAnuatTa owopiars Kal TKO PAT LW Spota kal Tradiav Tia Kal Boporoxtar tod Kai- capos amederEev, axpdpevos dé Tav éxetvou Bov- Aeupatov an apxiis Kal waoay avrod THY bud- vo.ay, aTEp OUK exOpos, ara TUVOLOTNS Kat Kolv@vos, exkahvyas, Kal bidafas @s ov Teppa- vay ovdé Kertav maidas, adr’ éxeivoy avtov, et sop povoiat, poBytéov éorlv avtois, ob ws éré- otpevre xal mapwEvver @S TOUS pidous TOU Kat- capos peTavoein, 6Tt Thy ema toMy avaryvorres év TH Bourn KaLpOV TO Kdrov Aoyov Sixaiov wal KaTnyoplay arnbav Taper Xov. exupoOn peev oop ovdév, GAN’ eréyOn povov bre Karas é exer d.ddoxov Kaicapt Boda. tav o€ pirwv aFtovv Tov Kat Tloparniov é& tcou ta btrAa Katabécbat Kal atro- 358 CATO THE YOUNGER LI. After Caesar had fallen upon warlike nations and at great hazards conquered them, and when it was believed that he had attacked the Germans even during a truce! and slain three hundred thousand of them, there was a general demand at Rome that the people should offer sacrifices of good tidings, but Cato urged them to surrender Caesar to those whom he had wronged, and not to turn upon themselves, or allow to fall upon their city, the pollution of his crime. ‘“ However,” said he, “let us also sacrifice to the gods, because they do not turn the punishment for the general’s folly and madness upon his soldiers, but spare the city.” After this, Caesar wrote a letter and sent it to the senate; and when it was read, with its abundant insults and denunciations of Cato, Cato rose to his feet and showed, not in anger or conten- tiousness, but as if from calculation and due prepara- tion, that the accusations against him bore the marks of abuse and scoffing, and were childishness and vulgarity on Caesar’s part. Then, assailing Caesar’s plans from the outset and revealing clearly all his purpose, as if he were his fellow conspirator and partner and not his enemy, he declared that it was not the sons of Germans or Celts whom they must fear, but Caesar himself, if they were in their right minds, and so moved and incited his hearers that the friends of Caesar were sorry that by having the letter read in the senate they had given Cato an opportunity for just arguments and true denunciations. However, nothing was done, but it was merely said that it were well to give Caesar a successor.2, And when Caesar's friends demanded that Pompey also, as well as Caesar, should lay down his arms and give up his provinces, 1 Cf. Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. 12-15; Plutarch, Caesar, xxii. 2 Cf. the Caesar, xxx.; the Pompey, lviii. 359 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a 4 ” ” Sodvat ras érapyias 4 unde Katoapa, viv éxeiva Boov o Kdrowv & mpotreyev avtois fre, Kat , N ” @ b] hy nO a 5 s BialecOat tov avOpwrov avadavoov non TH duva- pet Ypwpevov hv éxxev cEaTratav Kal pevarilov Thy Tod, é&w pev ovdev érrépatve, TOD Sypov 4 9% \ Pérovros aet tov Kaicapa péytotov elvat, tv 5é Ul % 4 \ / N auyKAntov eiye TweOopéevny Kat poBovpevny tov O7jwov. LIT. ‘Os 6€ ’Apipevov xareiAnrro Kai Kaioap KaTNyyéAXETO peTa oTpaTLas eXNavvELY err THY 4 ? “ \ 7 > 3 9 aA J lA id ToAw, evtav0a bn mavrtes én’ éxeivoy apewpwr, ot Jae e / \ b] ’ “ Te TodAol Kal Ilopmnios, ws povoy pev €F apxijs jTpoatcOopevov, WpaTov 5é Pavepa@s mpoerTrovTa thv Kaicapos yvopnv. elmev ovv o Kdrov: “7AXAG ef ye ols ey mpovAeyov det Kal ouve- 4 > / e a ” vo> A a Bovrevov érreicOn Tis bpav, avdpes, oT dv Eva époBetobe viv ovre év évt tas Edzidas elyere.” Tloumniov S€ eirrovtos pavtTix@tepa pév eipjabas Katou, diric@repa S¢ avt@ tmempayOar, cuve- lA e A ean f. \ 4 Bovrevey o Katov evi Hoprrnio ta mpdaypata THY TVYKANTOV eyyELpicaL’ TOV yap avTaY elvat Kal Totely Ta peyadAa Kaka Kal Tavelw. oO ev ® fee A / ” e / LA ovv Lloprrnios ove Suvayuv Exwv Etotpuny ove ods , , 4 Cc a 9 ‘ € 4 KarTéXeye ToTe TpoOvpous opwv é&éduTre THY ‘Po- pny, o 8é Kdtav érecbar cai cupdevyew éyvwxes eA > / Tov pev vewtepov viov ets Bpertious virekébeto \ 4 \ \ U4 9 \ mpos Movvdriov, tov de mpecButepov eiye ovv A A / A éauT@. THS dé olxias Kal TOV OvyaTtépwv Knde- 360 CATO THE YOUNGER or else that Caesar should not do so either, “ Now,” shouted Cato, “those things are come to pass which I foretold to you, and the man is at last resorting to open compulsion, using the forces which he got by deceiving and cheating the state.” Outside the senate-house, however, Cato could accomplish noth- ing, since the people wished all along that Caesar should have the chief power; and although Cato had the senate under his influence, it was afraid ot the people. LILI. But when Ariminum was occupied! and Caesar was reported to be marching against the city with an army, then all eyes were turned upon Cato, both those of the common people and those of Pompey as well; they realised that he alone had from the out- set foreseen, and first openly foretold, the designs of Caesar. Cato therefore said: “ Nay, men, if any of you had heeded what I was ever foretelling and ad- vising, ye would now neither be fearing a single man nor putting your hopes in a single man.” Pompey acknowledged that Cato had spoken more like a pro- phet, while he himself had acted too much like a friend. Cato then advised the senate to put affairs into the hands of Pompey alone; for the same men who caused great evils, he said, should put a stop to them. Pompey, however, who had no forces in readiness, and saw that those which he was then enrolling were without zeal, forsook Rome; and Cato, who had de- termined to follow him and share his exile, sent his younger son to Munatius in Bruttium for safe keep- ing, but kept his elder son with himself. And since his household and his daughters needed someone to 1 In 49 Bc. Cf. the Caesar, xxxii. fin.; the Pompey, lx. 1. 361 PLUTARCH’S LIVES povos Seopévwv avédNaBe mad thv Mapkiav 4 b] \ lA aA e \ € 4 Ynpevovoay ETL YoHnpact ToANNois’ o yap Opt7- otos OunoKxwy éxeivny amédtTre KANPOVOpOV. Ets 6 57) padtota NoLdopovpmevos 0 Kaicap r@ Katour 4 A / > a gtroTAovTiay mpopéper Kal pucOapviay eri TO yao. Th yap ev tapaxwpelv Sedpevoy yuvai- KOS TL p71) Oeopevov avis avarayBavey, eb pn / 9 9 “~ e / A / € / \ déreap €£ apyins vpeiOn To ydvatov ‘Optyci@ xat véeav éxpnoev, iva Tovciay aToAaBn; mpos péev ody TavTa peTpiws Ever TO Kvpumidecoy exetvo’ TPOTOV ev OVV TAaPPHT ev appHToat yap \ \ / l4 9 ¢ , THY onv vopitw Setriav, ® Hpaxres: Gpotov yap éott TO “Hpaxret paraxiav overdivew Kal KaTnyopeiy atoyponépderay Kdtwvos. et b€ GAN 1 pL) KANOS Témpaxtat TA TWepl TOV yapon, émiskeTrtéov. éyyunodpevos yap thy Mapxiav o Katev, cal tov oixov érmutpéwas éxeivn Kai Tas Ouyatépas, avtos édiwxe Topurijiov. LITT. Am’ éxeivns dé Aéyerat THs juépas pte ceparnpy ett Keipacar unre yévera pte orépavov émOéo Oat, 1évOous Sé Kal xatndelas cat Bapirn- Tos éml Tais cuupopais tHS TwaTpibos év oyApa VIKOVT@OVY OMOlwWS Kal viKwWLévWY AyYpL TEEUTHS SiadvrdEar. tote S€ KANpw AaxYoVv BKerLav SiéB8n pev eis Yupaxovoas, muOopevos Sé ’Aciv- viov IloAAiwva Tapa Tay Todepiov apiyOas peta 362 785 CATO THE YOUNGER look after them, he took to wife again Marcia, now a widow with great wealth; for Hortensius, on his death,! had left her his heir. It was with reference to this that Caesar heaped most abuse upon Cato,? charg- ing him with avarice and with trafficking in marriage. “For why,” said Caesar, “should Cato give up his wife if he wanted her, or why, if he did not want her, should he take her back again? Unless it was true that the woman was at the first set as a bait for Hortensius, and lent by Cato when she was young that he might take her back when she was rich.” To these charges, however, the well-known verses of Euripides? apply very well :— “ First, then, the things not to be named; for in that class I reckon, Heracles, all cowardice in thee ;” for to charge Cato with a sordid love of gain is like reproaching Heracles with cowardice. But whether on other grounds, perhaps, the marriage was improper, were matter for investigation. For no sooner had Cato espoused Marcia than he committed to her care his household and his daughters, and set out himself in pursuit of Pompey. LILI. But from that day, as we are told, Cato neither cut his hair nor trimmed his beard nor put on a gar- land, but maintained the same mien of sorrow, de- jection, and heaviness of spirit in view of the calamities of his country, alike in victory and in defeat, until the end. At the time, however, having had Sicily allotted to him as a province, he crossed over to Sy- racuse, and on learning that Asinius Pollio had come 1 In 50 s.c. Cf. chapter xxv. 2 In his treatise entitled ‘‘ Anti-Cato.” Cf. chapter xi. 4. 3 Hercules Furens, 173 f. (Kirchhoff). 363 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Suvapews ets Meoonvny éreue, Noyov atrattov 2 tap avtov THs StaBdoews. avtatraitnbelis Sé ANoyou Un’ éexeivouv Tis THY Tpaypatwv peTaBorRs, kal Tloprniov axovaas éxXNEXOLTIOTA TaVTENBS "Iradiay é €v Avppaxio orparomedeveww, TONDY &bn meph Ta, Ocia ™dvOv elvat Kal acadesav, et Top- mniov év ols oyves ovdev ovdé Sixasov em patrev ANTTNTOV ryevopuevov vov, ote THV martpiba Bov- AetTat owlerv Kat THs édevdepias Umepyd ETAL, 3 Tporéehoure TO evTuyelp. "Acivutov pév ovv épn Suvatos elvat YKerias exBanreiv, adrns be pet- Covos émrepxXopernys Suvdpews ov Bovrer ae THY pijoov EM TONE LOD amroNéoal, xwpetv 5é mpos TO Kpatoby kal cwlecbar Tapatvécas Yupaxovatots eérdevoev. ’Adsxopevos dé pos Toparniov Gael pev elyero plas yvouns, XpovotprBeiv TOV moheuon, emia Siadvoets Kat pn Bovdopevos ev dry ave xelpe yevopevny THY TOA auTny ud’ aurijs malety Ta 4 érxara, oon pw Staxpietcav. ara 8€ rovTwv adehpa Tloprniov é eTreoe Kal TOUS guvedpous Wn- gicacbat, pnTe TwOALY UarjKoov ‘Pwpaiwy Siap- matew pare avdpa ‘Pepaior ee TapaTazews d.vaupeiy a nal d0€ay qveyre Kat mpoanyaryeTo ToNNovs TH Toparniov pepios, THY émetKerav avTov Kal TO HMEpoV dom ac apevous. LIV. "Exreug dels dé eis “Aciav, ws Tois Exel ouvayouat Troia kal oTpaTiay OpEd MOS yevorTo, LepBiriav emnyaryero THY adehpny kat to Aev- KovAnrou Tratdiov é& éxeivns yeyoves. nKorovOnae 364 CATO THE YOUNGER to Messana with a force from the enemy, he sent and demanded a reason for his coming. But having been asked by Pollio in turn a reason for the con- vulsion in the state, and hearing that Pompey had abandoned Italy altogether, and was encamped at Dyrrhachium, he remarked that there was much inconsistency and obscurity in the divine government, since Pompey had been invincible while his course was neither sound nor just, but now, when he wished to save his country and was fighting in defence of liberty, he had been deserted by his good fortune. As for Asinius, indeed, Cato said he was able to drive him out of Sicily; but since another and a larger force was coming to his aid, he did not wish to ruin the island by involving it in war, and therefore, after advising the Syracusans to seek safety by joining the victorious party, he sailed away. After he had come to Pompey, he was ever of one mind, namely, to protract the war; for he looked with hope to a settlement of the controversy, and did not wish that the state should be worsted in a struggle and suffer at its own hands the extreme of disaster, in having its fate decided by the sword. Other measures, too, akin to this, he persuaded Pompey and his council to adopt, namely, not to plunder a city that was subject to Rome, and not to put a Roman to death except on the field of battle. This brought to the party of Pompey a good repute, and induced many to join it; they were delighted with his reasonableness and mildness. LIV. When Cato was dispatched to Asia, that he might help those who were collecting transports and soldiers there, he took with him Servilia his sister and her young child by Lucullus. For Servilia had 365 fe ‘ a PLUTARCH’S LIVES yap auT@ Xnpevouca, Kal ToAv TOV Els TO aKo- Aacrov auTns §:aBorov adetrev Urodvaa TV bro Kdreove ppoupay Kat mAdvnv Kat Stavray éxovaiws. GAN 6 ye Kaicap ovéé trav én’ éxeivy Brac dnc TOU Karovos épeicaro. II pos pév odv Tanna, tov Kdtwvos ovdér, @S Goixev, edenOnaav oi Topmrniou oTpaTHyol, ‘Po- dtous dé reOoi Tporaryaryopevos Kal thy YepBe- Atay avToOt nal To Tatdtoy atroNTra@v éemavijnOe pos Topmrnior, Hon melixts Te Aapmpas Kal vauTixis duvapews Tepl avTov ovons. év0a 67) «al pddorTa THS yeuns KaTapapos édo£e yeyo- vévat Toparnios. Opunce pev yap. eyxXetpioas T® Karove THY TOV vEwY nryepoviav noav 5é TevTa- Kooiwy bev OUK ehaTrous at paxipor, UBupviKa dé xal KATAGKOT IKE Kat adpaxra Tapa rn Oi TaXy b¢ évvoncas 7 dbax Gels bie TOV pikwy as & éott Kepddatov Kdtevt waons ToONTELAS enevOepaoat THV marpioa, | Kav yevntar KUpLOS TNALKAUTNS Suvdpews, Hs ay jpépas KaTaryovi- oWVTAL Kaicapa, THS AUTHS exelyns afioces Kat Iloparniov Ta émrda katabecBar Kab Tots YOmors erea Oa, peTéyva, Kaitrep nen Sierderypevos avrTa, Kat Burov arréderte vavapxov. ov pny noOero ye mapa TodT0 Tis mpoupias Tob Kdtwvos d Gp Brurtepas: avAra Kal AevyeT at Tpos Tia paynv 7 po TOU Auppaxiou avrod TE Tloumniou 7 apop- HOVTOS THY Suvapuy, Kal Tov GrAdwv ExacTov Tye woveov elTrety TL Kal mpotpewacbar KehevovTos, apyas Kal cuwrhH Tovs oTpatiwTtas dKovew, Kd- 366 786 CATO THE YOUNGER followed Cato, now that she was a widow, and had put an end to much of the evil report about her dis- solute conduct! by submitting to Cato’s guardianship and sharing his wanderings and his ways of life of her own accord. But Caesar? did not spare abuse of Cato even on the score of his relations with Servilia. Now, in other ways, as it would seem, Pompey’s commanders in Asia had no need of Cato, and there- fore, after persuading Rhodes into allegiance, he left Servilia and her child there, and returned to Pompey, who now had a splendid naval and military force assembled. Here, indeed, and most clearly, Pompey was thought to have made his opinion of Cato mani- fest. For he determined to put the command of his fleet into the hands of Cato, and there were no less than five hundred fighting ships, besides Liburnian craft, look-out ships, and open boats in great numbers. But he soon perceived, or was shown by his friends, that the one chief object of Cato’s public services was the liberty of his country, and that if he should be made master of so large a force, the very day of Caesar’s defeat would find Cato demanding that Pompey also lay down his arms and obey the laws. Pompey therefore changed his mind, although he had already conferred with Cato about the matter, and appointed Bibulus admiral. Notwithstanding, he did not find that in consequence of this the zeal of Cato was blunted; nay, it is even said that when Pompey himself was trying to incite his forces to a battle before Dyrrhachium, and bidding each of the other commanders to say something to inspire the men, the soldiers listened to them sluggishly and in silence; 1 Cf. chapter xxiv. 3. 2 In his ‘* Anti-Cato.” Cf. chapter xi. 4. 367 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tovos oé pera, mavras Goa Katpov elxe TOV ATO ptrocopias axovew Aeyouévoy wept érevOepias Kal apeTas Kal Oavarov Kal dofns deh ovros auton alas, Kat TENEVTOVTA TpEwavtos Tov Aoyov els Jed avaxdnolv, ws TapovT@y Kai epopevTor TOY vrep THIS TWATpLOOS aryava, THALKODTOV ana- Day mov yever Oar Kal TocobTov Kina THS oTpa- Tuas éerrapOeians aote TavTas EXTLOMY [ET TOUS emt Tov xivdvvor o opufoat Tous mYEHOVAS. Tpera- pévery 6é Kal Kpatnoavtay adeireTo THY TavTent viknv oO Kaicapos Saipwv, Th Topmrniou xpnod- HEvOS evhafeig Kal amiatia mept TO evTUX NLA. Tara peev ovv ev Tobs wept Lloumniouv yeypamrrae. Xatpovtev 5é mdvrwyv Kal peyahuvovT@v 70 epyov O Karo ameddxpve TV Tatpiba, Kal THv dd€O prov Kal Kaxodaipova pirapxiav adupero, Toous Kal ayaovs op@v troditas UT” adAAnOV TETTWKOTAS. LV. ’Exei dé Katcapa Si@Kwv Topmnios els Ococanriav avelevyvve TONG KATANT OY TEpt Avppaxiov Omha Kab Xenwara Kal TopaTa ovy- yer Kat oixela, mavTov améderEev nyewova Kab duraxa Tov Katwva mevrexaibera ameipas ExovTa OT PATLUOT OD bia ior apa Kat poBov TOU av- 5pos. HTTO MEV OD mer yap mavToov elvat BeBato- TATOV évopstev, et Se vuKgn, IT) émeTpewetv Ta- povTa xeyoacar Tois Wpdywacw ws TPONPNT al. TodNol dé xal tov emupavanv avipav ameppibn- cay éy Avppa i@ peta Kadravos. Tevopevns O€ THS Kara Papoarov 7} TTS OUTWS éoTn Tois Aoyto pois 0 Katwv ws, et pev TeOvyjKot 368 CATO THE YOUNGER but that when Cato, after all the other speakers, had rehearsed with genuine emotion all the appropriate sentiments to be drawn from philosophy concerning freedom, virtue, death and fame, and finally passed into an invocation of the gods as eye-witnesses of their struggle in behalf of their country, there was such a shouting and so great a stir among the soldiers thus aroused that all the commanders were full of hope as they hastened to confront the peril. They overcame and routed their enemies, but were robbed of a complete and perfect victory by the good genius of Caesar, which took advantage of Pompey’s caution and distrust of his good fortune. These details, how- ever, have been given in the Life of Pompey.! But while all the rest were rejoicing and magnifying their achievement, Cato was weeping for his country, and bewailing the love of power that had brought such misfortune and destruction, as he saw that many brave citizens had fallen by one another’s hands. LV. When Pompey, in pursuit of Caesar, was breaking camp to march into Thessaly, he left be- hind him at Dyrrhachium a great quantity of arms and stores, and many kindred and friends, and over all these he appointed Cato commander and guardian, with fifteen cohorts of soldiers, because he both trusted and feared him. For in case of defeat, he thought that Cato would be his surest support, but in case of a victory, that he would not, if present, permit him to manage matters as he chose. Many prominent men were also ignored by Pompey and left behind at Dyrrhachium with Cato. When the defeat at Pharsalus came, Cato resolved that, if Pompey were dead, he would take over to 1 Chapter Ixv. Cf. the Caesar, xxxix. | 369 VOL. VIII. a B B PLUTARCRH’S LIVES Iloprjios, eis “Itadiav tovs avy atT@ Tepaio- owv, autos S€ woppwratw THs Tupavvidos émi A / huyn Biwoopevos: et 5é cwlotto, Tavrws éxeiv@ StaduvrdEwy thy Sivauv. obttw 57 diaBadrov eis Képxvpav, Strov To vavtixoy hy, éEiotato pév Kixépwvt THs apyns @S UTaTiK® oTpaTnyLKos, ov deEapévov b& Kixépwvos, aA atraipovtos es ‘Itariav, idov tov Topmrniov im’ av’Oadeias Kal , 9 , , 4 ‘\ dpovnpatos axatpov BovANopevoy Kordfev Tous atroTAEovTas, mpwaT@ Sé pédXrAOVTA TO Keixépwvr mpoapépe Tas yeipas, évovbéTnoev idia Kal KaTe- mpduvev, @aote TOV Kixépwva tepicdaat aadas b] 4 \ A ” ” a éx Oavdtou Kai Tots adds Adetay Tapacyxeiv. LVI. Texparpopevos dé Tlopaniov Mdyvov eis Aiyurrov AtBunv StexrreccicOa. nal orevdov \ >] aA > , \ 4 a "4 \ Mpos exeivoy avnyOn pev Exwv atrayTas, ewer Oé a) > J \ \ ec / \ > mpa@tov amtévat Sidovs Kal vrodcitecOas Tovs ov 4 / e , \ TpoOvpws svoTtpatevopevous. arrapevos Sé At- , / b 4 / A Bins nal tapatréwv éevtvyyaver LéET@ TO vew- / “a . / > li \ > 3 tép@ trav Iloutrniov traidwy ayyéAXovte THY ém Alyumrov Tov jTaTpos TeNeUTHV. TWaVvTES pEv OUV / A > \ \ Jo > ws Bapéws fveyxav, ovdets S€ pera Toparniov n&tiou Kadtwvos mapovtos ovdé dxovery AdXov Hyepova. N \ , ? 4 N > / wv S10 kai Kdtwv aidovpevos kal oixteipwv avdpas 3 \ , lj ” b] \ 4 ayabous xal tictews Sedwxotas teipav émt Eévns épnmous Kal airopous atroNTeiv, UTéaTH TE THY apxnv kat wapndOev eis Kupnynv: édéEavto yap 37° CATO THE YOUNGER Italy those who were with him, but would himselt live in exile as far as possible from the tyranny of Caesar ; if, on the contrary, Pompey were alive, he would by all means keep his forces intact for him. Accordingly, having crossed over to Corcyra, where the fleet was, he offered to give up the command to Cicero, who was of consular rank, while he himself had been only a praetor. But Cicero would not accept the command, and set out for Italy. Then Cato, seeing that the younger Pompey! was led by his obstinacy and unseasonable pride into a desire to punish all those who were about to sail away, and was going to lay violent hands on Cicero first of all, admonished him in private and calmed him down, thus manifestly saving Cicero from death and pro- curing immunity for the rest. LVI. Conjecturing, now, that Pompey the Great would make his escape into Egypt or Libya, and being eager to join him, Cato put to sea with all his com- pany and sailed away, after first giving those who had no eagerness for the expedition leave to depart and remain behind. After reaching Libya, and while sailing along its coast, he fell in with Sextus, the younger son of Pompey, who told him of his father’s death in Egypt. All, of course, were deeply dis- tressed, but no one, now that Pompey was gone, would even listen to any other commander while Cato was at hand. For this reason also Cato, who had compassion on men who were brave and had given proof of fidelity, and was ashamed to leave them helpless and destitute in a foreign land, under- took the command, and went along the coast to Cyrene, the people of which received him kindly, 1 Gnaeus Pompey, the elder son of Pompey the Great. Cf. chapter lix. 5. 37! BB 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 a 9, 7 e 4 4 b , Exetvov, OALyaLS Népats EuTrpodOEY aTroK\Eicay- ; / b a) 4 / 3 tes AaBinvov. évtav0a truvOavopevos YxnTriwva \ eh \ e \ oF 7 “ 4 tov Iloumniov tev@epov vio ‘loBa tov Baciréws averrAnpOat, cat Ovapov “Artiov, bs hv Uo Tlop- oh Ul > A ¢€ , 9 \ amniov AtBuns atrodedevypévos Hyeuov, elvat avy avtois peta Suvdpews, eEwpunoe meth Yetmavos @pa, ToAXovS pev vous Udwp Kopito v 787 pa, pe § VOWP KomLgovTas auvaya- 7F8i , A) \ 4 b] / 4 \@ A yov, ToAAnY Sé Aetay ELavvor, Ett SE Appata Kai \ / 4 bd / OA 4 Tous KaNoupevous VudXous etayopevos, ol Ta TE Siypata Tav Onpiwv i@vTat Tots oTdopacw éd- KovTeS Tov tov, auvTa Te Ta Onpia Katemradovtes > , \ A“ e 4 A fa) 4 apBrvvovet Kail Knrovow. nuépas S€ suvEYas ETTA THS TWopeias yevouevns MpaTos Hynoaro pnte inne pyre bTrolvyio ypnodpevos. édeimver dé KaOnpevos ad hs juépas THY Kata Pdpoarov HTTaY éyvw* Kal ToUTO TS AOLT@ mpocéOnxe Tév- Jet, To wn KatakALOnvar wAHY Kabedvdwrv. év dé AtBvn S:ayaywv rod yepmavos éEnyaye THY oTpa- Tidy’ joav Sé pupiwy orjLyov atrodéovTes. LVII. Ta d€ wpdypata xaxas elye Tois tepl Lxntiova kat Ovapoy, éx Stapopas Kal ordcews wrrodvopévots nat Oeparrevovat tov “loRav, ovn avextov dvta Baputnte ppovnpatos Kal dyno bia TAOVTOY Kal Suvamy: bs ye Kdtwve mpatov év- Tuyyaver pédrwy péecov One Tov éavTov Opovov 2 Tov YKntiwvos kal Tod Katrwvos. o péevtot Katov 1 Now a partisan of Pompey, anda fugitive from Pharsalus. Cf. the Caesar, xxxiv. 2. 2 Cf. Herodotus, iv. 173. 372 CATO THE YOUNGER although a few days before they had closed their gates against Labienus.! There he learned that Scipio, the father-in-law of Pompey, had been well received by Juba the king, and that Attius Varus, who had been appointed governor of Libya by Pom- pey, was with them at the head of an army. Cato therefore set out thither by land in the winter season, having got together a great number of asses to carry water, and driving along with him many cattle. Be- sides, he took with him chariots, and the people called Psylli.2 These cure the bites of serpents by sucking out the venom, and charm and deaden the serpents themselves by means of incantations. Though the march lasted for seven days consecutively, Cato led at the head of his force, without using either horse or beast of burden. Moreover, he used to sup ina sitting posture from the day when he learned of the defeat at Pharsalus; yes, this token of sorrow he added to others, and would not lie down except when sleeping. After finishing the winter in Libya, he led forth his army ;3 and it numbered nearly ten thousand. LVII. But matters were in a bad way with Scipio and Varus. Their dissension and quarrelling led them to pay court to Juba in efforts to win his favour, and the king was unendurable for the severity of his temper and for the arrogance which his wealth and power gave him. When he was going to have an interview with Cato for the first time, he placed his own seat between that of Scipio and that of Cato. Cato, however, when he saw the arrangement, took * The text of this sentence is uncertain: Sintenis an Bekker assume a lacuna. Libya means here the Koma province of Africa. 373 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e % A N e a 4 9 A 4 ms eldev, Apas Tov éauvTod peTeOnxev eri Oartepa, , Ul \ , 4 9 ‘ pécov AapBdvev Tov Yentiwva, Kaimep éyOpov / évTa Kai tt Kal BiBMov éxdedwxota Bracdnpias éyov tov Kdrwvos. elta rotro pev eis oddéva ld TiPevtat Aoyov, et 5€ DirAdotparoyv év BKedrtta A , pécov elye mepimatav éml tiny idocodgias, 9 a , >] 9 ‘ 97 7 Mv éyxanovot. Tote & ovv cal tov loBay éravoe povovovyl catpdtas temomnpéevov éavtod Tovs Tept Tov {KnTriwva, Kakeivous SunrAdakev. aksovv- Tov S¢ TavTwY apyew avToY, Kal TPwWTaV TOV N / ‘ Ww b] N Tept Yxntiwva Kat Ovapov éfiotapévwv xa Tapaosoovray THY Hyepoviay, ovK epn KaTadAVoELY TOUS vOpOUS Tepl OY T@ KaTadVoVTL TOAELOVOLY, ovdé EavTov avtioTpaTnyov oyra trapovtos avbvu- , mwatov twpotatew. avOvTatos yap o Yxntriwv ? , \ , * e \ ” amredédetxTo, Kal Odpaos elyov ot modXoi bua Tov- 4 voua, KaTopOace apyovtos év AtBin UKnTiwvos. LVIII. "Evel pévtoe trav apynv o Yknriev \ b \ > / 7 / TmaparaBov evOus éBovreto ‘loBa yapifopevos ’ , N > a : Ituxaiouvs Bndov amoxtetvat Kal KataoKkdwat ‘ , e N la a“ 3 e , THY TOALY ws TA Kaicapos dpovotcar, ody treé- pewvey 0 Kdtwv, adrd paptupopevos Kal Kexpayas é A PS / \ @ x “ Xv. $2 aN A vy T@ ouvedpio nal GeoxruvTav pods eEeiAETO THs @LOTHTOS avT@Y Tovs avOpwrous: Kal TA per >, A , \ ‘N A / ? A autav Senbévrwr, Ta Sé TOD Lantiwvos aktobvvTos, ? / / \ / € , ” avedéEato hpoupyoety THY TOL, WS NTE akovaa pntre éxodoa Kaicap: mpocyévoito. Kal yap hp 9 tu , 4 eis AtavTa TO Ywpioy wpértpov Kat SrapKés 374 CATO THE YOUNGER up his own seat and moved it over to the other side, thus placing Scipio in the middle, although Scipio was an enemy, and had published a book which contained abuse of Cato. And yet there are those who give Cato no credit for this, although they censure him because, in Sicily, as he was walking about with Philostratus, he placed him in the middle, to show his respect for philosophy. But at the time of which I speak, Cato actually put a check upon Juba, who had all but made Scipio and Varus his satraps, and reconciled the two Romans. And though all thought it meet that he should have the command, especially Scipio and Varus, who resigned and ten- dered to him.the leadership, he refused to break the laws to support which they were waging war with one who broke them, nor, when a pro-consul was present, would he put himself, who was only a pro- praetor, above him. For Scipio had been made pro- consul, and the greater part of the army were emboldened by his name; they thought that they would be successful if a Scipio had command in Africa. LVIII. When Scipio, however, after assuming the command, straightway desired to gratify Juba by putting all the people of Utica to death and demol- ishing their city, on the ground that it favoured the cause of Caesar, Cato would not suffer it, but by ad- jurations and loud outcries in the council, and by invoking the gods, with difficulty rescued the people from this cruelty; and partly at the request of the people, and partly at the instance of Scipio, he undertook to watch over the city, that it might not, either willingly or unwillingly, attach itself to Caesar. For the place was in every way advantageous for 375 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ” 4 w \ lal e N a 4 Tois éyovow* éTt dé pGAXov UTO TOD Katwvos 9 , \ A > 4 e Ul éppwaOn. xabyap citov eaonyayey UTrepBddAXovTa mwAnGe Kal KatecKevate TA Tey TUpyous eTaLpo- pevos Kal Tappous oxXupas Kal Yapax@pata po THs Twokews Baddopevos. “ItuKaiwv dé tovs pév nBovras év Tois Yapaxopacw érakev oixeiv, Ta xg 56 > A \ \ es” b lo StAa tapadovtas avT@, Tos 5é aArXous ev TH TONEL TUVELYEV, loXUPaS EmLpEdOMEVOS Ln aOL- KeicOar unde Tadcyew Kaxas dO TOV ‘Popatov. 67rAa 5é ToAAa Kal ypnpata Kal citoy éFérepe Tots emi oTpatotédou, Kal Grws elye TOU TrOAguOU \ 4 a A \ of UA THY TOA Tasuetov. & dé Tloumnip cvveBovrAeve mpoTepov Kal ToTe Lenriwv, wy paxyecOar Tpos ” \ \ , ? a , dvipa Torguotny Kal Sevov, adda TO Ypovm NphoOat Tacay axunv Tupavyls icyver papat- vovTt, TOUTwY O LKnTiwv vO avOadeias KaTe- 4 / A 4 / ’ , dpovers Kat mote TO Kdtwve derrAtay overdifwv Eyparpev, eb un povovy avTos ayamd Kxabnpevos év mode Kal TEeLyveotv, GANA pNde ETEpoUS ea TIPO L Terxeouy, a pn épous €& pos Tov Katpov evdapoas xpncGat Tois Aoytopois. \ aA e mpos tavta o Kadtwv avréypawev ws Erotpos > A.» 2A ’ / € , \ éativ ods Hyayev avTos ets AtBunv omditas Kal imteis traparkaBov eis “Itadiav tmepaobv, Kal Kaicapa peOiotdvat wal tpémev ar’ éxetyvwv mpos auTov. ws b€ Kal tovTwy o YxnTiwv KaTe- yéra, mavu diros hv ayOopevos 6 Kdtov rH 4 a ’ a A TAPAXWPHTE THS APXHS, @S OTE TH TOAEUO a \ , KANGS TOY ZKNTiwva ypnoomevor, odte, dv Tapa- / > / , aA a NOYHS EVTUXHTN, METPLOV EV TH KpaTeEty TpOS TOUS 374 788 CATO THE YOUNGER those who held it, and fully capable of defence; and it was still further strengthened by Cato. For he brought in a great abundance of grain, and perfected the walls by building towers and by running formidable trenches and palisades in front of the city. To the men of Utica who were of military age he assigned the palisades for quarters, and made them give up their arms to him; the rest he kept together in the city, taking great pains that they should not be wronged or suffer harm at the hands of the Romans. Moreover, he sent out great quantities of arms and stores and grain to the Romans in their camp, and, in a word, made the city a store-house for the war. But as for the advice which he had given Pompey before and now gave Scipio, namely, not to give battle to a man who was versed in war and of for- midable ability, but to trust to time, which withers away all the vigour which is the strength of tyranny, —this advice Scipio, out of obstinate self-will, des- pised. And once he wrote to Cato reproaching him with cowardice, seeing that he was not only well content to sit quietly in a walled city himself, but would not even allow others to carry out their plans with boldness as opportunity offered. To this Cato wrote in reply that he was ready to take the legion- aries and the horsemen whom he himself had brought to Libya and cross the sea with them to Italy, thus forcing Caesar to change his plan of campaign, and turning him away from Scipio and Varus against himself. When Scipio mocked at this also, it was very clear that Cato was distressed at having declined the command, being convinced that Scipio would neither conduct the war well, nor, in case he should have unexpected good fortune behave with moder- 377 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 6 mroAtTas éoopevov. S10 Kal yvoOpunv elyev 6 Karov, N \ V4 4 b) Kal mTpos Tous cuvynders Edeyev, OV ypnoTas pév bd / ” e “A / > 9 , édmidas éyey vrrép Tov ToAguou Sv arreipiay Kat OpacvTnta TeV Hyepmovwr, et S odv evTYYia TLS yévotto Kat KxatadvOein Kaicap, ov peveiv év ‘Paun, pevEerOar é thy yareTroTNTa Kal TeKpiaV Tov YKnriwvos, 75n ToTe Sewas Kat brepndavous TOLOUJEVOU KATA TOAAQV ATPELAGS. 7 ‘AmwéBn 5€ padXrov 4 Tpocedoxa: Kai cept e / a , 9 \ , éotrépay Babeiay Ke Tis amo aoTpatoTrédou Tpi- Talos ayyéANwy GTe payns peydAns pos Ode yevouerns SrépOaptrar tavtdtac. Ta wpdypara Kal xpatet Kaicap trav otpatorédov, Yxntriwv 5é «al “loBas adv drjiyos éexredpevyacu, % 5é GAAn Svvayts aTrodAWDE. LIX. Tovtrwy mpootrecovrwy 1 pev Tods, olov eixos ev vuKTl Kal TroAéu@, T pos TOLODTOV ayyeApa pxpov Sety Exppwv yevouévn ports éauTny évtos Tevyav Katetxyev, 0 6¢ Kdtov mpoeav tore pév, @s éexaotos amnvtTa Stabéovar Kal Bowouv, éme- AapBavopevos Kal rrapauvOovpevos adnper tod déous TO TweplOauBes Kal rapayades, ws ov TN- 4, ” / 9 b “a ? KovTwY tows yeyovoTwv, GANA éml petloyv aipo- pévav TO AOYO, Kal KaTéotnoe Tov BopuBov- uf \ , A a 2 dua 8 iuépa Tovs tpiaxoatous ols éxphro Bourg, ‘*P l4 \ 4 3 Oe A , / w@patous pev dvras, ev dé ArBin moayuatevope- 378 CATO THE YOUNGER ation towards his fellow citizens in the hour of victory. Therefore Cato made up his mind, and said to his intimate friends, that there were no good hopes for the war owing to the inexperience and rashness of the commanders; but that if, then, by any good for- tune, Caesar should be overthrown, he himself would not remain in Rome, but would fly from the harsh- ness and cruelty of Scipio, who was even then making extravagant and dreadful threats against many. But his fears were realized more fully than he ex- pected ; for late one evening there came a messenger from the camp who had been three days on the road, announcing that there had been a great battle at Thapsus, that their cause was utterly ruined, that Caesar was in possession of their camps,! that Scipio and Juba had escaped with a few followers, and that the rest of the force had perished. LIX. These things coming suddenly upon the city, the people, as was natural at night and in time of war, were almost beside themselves at such tidings, and could with difficulty keep themselves within the walls. But Cato came forth, and for the present, whenever he met people running about and shouting, would lay hold of them one by one, and with en- couraging words would take away the excessive wild- ness and confusion of their fear, saying that perhaps the defeat was not so bad as reported, but had been magnified in the telling, and thus he allayed the tumult ; but as soon as it was day, he issued pro- clamation that the three hundred who made up his senate (they were Romans, and were doing business 1 Scipio had separated from his allies and was encamped apart. Cf. the Caesar, liii. 379 PLUTARCH’S LIVES vous amo éumopias Kat Savero wav, els tepov Atds exnpUuTTE ouleva, Kal 6 boot raphoay amo ouy- KAHTOU, Kal tratdas avTav. étt dé oUAAEYOMEDO D exelvov mpoceNav aboptBas Kal Mera evoTa- Ocias, Gomep oudevos Kawvoo YeyOvOTOS, BuBrtov éxov év rais Xepoty dveyivwokev. iv 6& ava- ypapn TOV Tos. TOV Toe {Lov opydvan, STrov, citov, tokwv, omduTov.! érrel dé ouvnrdor, apEdpevos amo TOV TpLaxog tov Kal behav 7r0- Nov Etratvoy THS mpodupias avuTav Kal THis Tia TeEws, iv éredetEavto Kal Xpnwace Kal coMaTt Kal BovXais Ope WOTaT ou rYyevOpmevot, mapexdret pn SiarvOhvat Tais édtmiow éxacTov avuT@ puyny iSiav 7 i) amodpaciv Twa moptlopevor. dv yap év TAUT@ CUPLPEVOOL, KAL TONEMOVYTMY ATTOV KaTA- gpovnoav Kaicapa, nai deicerOar parrov Se0- peveov. BovarevecOar & éxéXevev avrous bre QuTaV, ovdérepa HEprpopevos, GX’ et pev Tpé- TOWTO TH YVOuN TpOS THY TUXNY, THS avaryKns Ono dpevos THY peraBorrv- loTapevov 5é mpos Ta Seva Kat Sexopevov Tov UTrép THS edevOepias KivOuvov, OvK émauves omevos Hovon, adda Kal Javpacopevos THY aperqy, Kat mapeEwv éau Tov dpxovra Kal cuvarywvilopevor, aX pt ov THV éaxd- Thy TUXNY THs TAT PLOOS eFeheyEwow, iy OUK "I tdKeny ovee "Adpovpntov ovcap, adda, ‘Pouny, TONNGKLS EK YadEeTrWTépwV oparparev t UTO pmeryé- Jous avapéped Ban. TONY &° aUTOLS ELS owTN- piav nal aoddreav broxepévwv, Kal peryiotov mpos avopa trodreuetvy et woAAa Tos Katpots 1 $xdtra@v bracketed by Bekker. 380 CATO THE YOUNGER in Libya as merchants and money-lenders) should assemble in the temple of Jupiter, as well as all the senators from Rome who were present, with their children. And while they were still coming together, he advanced quietly and with a composed counte- nance, and as if nothing unusual had happened, with a book in his hands from which he was reading. This was a register of his military engines, arms, grain, and men-at-arms. After they had come together, begin- ning with the three hundred and commending at great length their zeal and fidelity, which they had manifested by making themselves most helpful with their means and persons and advice, he exhorted them not to ruin their good prospects by trying to procure for themselves severally some separate flight or escape. For if they should hold together, he said, Caesar would despise them less as foes, and show them more mercy as suppliants. Moreover, he urged them to deliberate upon their future course, declaring that he would have no fault to find with either de- cision which they might make. If they should turn their allegiance to the fortunate side, he would attribute their change to necessity; but if they should face the threatening evil and accept danger in defence of liberty, he would not only praise them, but would admire their valour and make himself their leader and fellow combatant, until they had fully tested the ultimate fortunes of their country; and this country was not Utica, nor Adrumetum, but Rome, and had many times by her greatness re- covered from more grievous disasters. Besides, he said, many things favoured their salvation and secur- ity, and chiefly the fact that they were waging war against a man who was drawn in many opposing 381 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avberxopevov, Tnpias TE pos Topmniov ade- TTWONS TOV véor, auTns TE THS ‘Popns ovTrw oe anQJeav Tavtdtact Sedeyperns TOV xarsvor, Garr’ avakiorabovans Kat ouvelaviaTaperns pos Ta- oav peta Bory, ovde TOV xivduvov elvat deux téov, adr exeuv biddoKkarov TOV TONE [Lov apedotyta Tis Wuxijs em tals peyiorass adixiats, ovx WoTEp cauTois eis TOV eUTUXETTATOV Biov Kat- opPovery 7) mraiovot els Tov evKAEéoTATOV Gdvarov THY adnrornta Tou TONE MOU TeNEUTaY. ov pny GD’ €XELVOUS ye dety épn Bovrever Oar. Kal éavTous, TUVEVXOMEVOS avri THS «awpoabev apeTis Kat mpoOuuias avtois ta Sokavta ouve- veyKetv. LX. To.adta Tov Karwvos el TTOVTOS, 70 av pep Oi Kal Tots ovyors aryO evo Tpos TO Oappeiv, ot dé amdelotoe mpos TO abeés Kal yevvaiov avtov Kat pir.dv6 pwr ov ddiryou deity exAaGopevor TOV Ta.povTor, @S {ovo évTa, TOUTOV anTTnTOV Ye pova Kal TAaoNS KpeiTrova TUXNS, €d€0vTO xen Oat Kal Topacty aura Kal Xenpace Kat 7r- Rois, Gmrws avTos EyvwKxe: KpEtTTOV yap éxElv@ mecOomevous aToQavetv 1 awlecbat mpodévras aperhy TOTAUTHD. Eimovros 5é TLvOS QS xpn Wndicacbat Sovhous edevOepiar, Kal TOV TET TOV cwvETraivEed dvTOV, ovK épn TovTO ToLnoew ) Karov: ov yap elvat YO pt pov ovee Sixacon, QAUT@VY “EVTOL TOV Sea mora adévTov TOUS ép Wrst déverOau. YEVvOLEVOOV be TOAN@Y UTOTXETEDY Kedevoas dtroypabecOat Tov BovAdpevov amnAAdTTETO. Kal peTa puLKpOV 382 789 CATO THE YOUNGER directions by the exigencies of the times. For Spain had gone over to the younger Pompey, and Rome herself had not yet altogether accepted the bit to which she was so unaccustomed, but was im- patient of her lot and ready to rise up unitedly at any change in the situation. Nor, he assured them, was danger a thing to be shunned, but they must learn a lesson from their enemy, who spared not his life in perpetrating the greatest wrongs, while in their own case, so different from his, the uncertainties of war would end in a most happy life, if they were successful, or in a most glorious death, if they failed. However, it was for them to deliberate by themselves, he said, and in return for their former bravery and zeal he joined them in praying that what they decided might be for their advantage. LX. When Cato had thus spoken, there were some whom his words merely restored to confidence, but the majority, in view of his fearlessness, nobility, and generosity, almost forgot their present troubles in the conviction that he alone was an invincible leader and superior to every fortune, and they begged him to use their lives and property and arms as he himself judged best; for it was better to die as his willing followers than to save their lives by betraying such virtue as his. | And now someone proposed that they should pass a vote giving freedom to the slaves, and the majority approved ; but Cato said he would not do this, since it was not lawful or right ; if, however, the masters ot their own accord gave up their slaves, those slaves who were of military age should be accepted. Many promises to do this were made, and after ordering a list to be made of all who were willing, Cato with- 383 PLUTARCH’S LIVES HKev avT@ ypaupara Tapa "loBa Kal Lantriavos, ‘loBa pev év Gpee KEK PUJLLEVOU per’ dAiywv épw- TOVTOS 6 Tt mparrey déd0xtat T@ Kdtove Kal yap Trepimevety ‘Trunny éxAuTrovTa Kal TroALopKou- pevep pera oTpatlas emtBonOnaev, Lenmiwvos dé pos axpq Tet vavhoxoivTos ov mroppw THs “ITv- KNS emt Tois avrois Kapadoxobrtos. LXI. "Edofev obv TO Karove TOUS Pap paro- gopous emia xelv, adxpt ob BeBaroon Ta mapa TOV | T pLaxoa tov. ot pev yap atro Bovrijs hoa 7 po- Oupot, Kal TOUS oiKéTas ev Us adtevres éXevOépous amAlovy Tav Sé TpLaKociw?, ate on TOTLKOY kal SaveraTixay avOparrav Kat TO Tela TOV ev Tots OLKETALS THS ovolas exovTon, ov TOAVY OL Kdtwvos oyou Xpovov éupetvavres eFeppunoar: xabatrep yap TOV ToOMATOY Ta pava dexerar padios Thv Oeppotnta Kat mad pinot, Tod mupos array dévros puxovpeva, Tapa Ano ios ExeLvOUS O peV Kartov Opwpevos dvelwm vpet Kat Sie Dépparver, avtous dé éavTois Aovyou didovras 0 Kaicapos hoBos éfexpovoe THS ™ pos Kdtova Kal TO Karov aidods. “ Tives yap, éhacar, “ OvTeEs, rive TO TpoaTacaopevov Tmovety anaftov- peD ; ouxt Kaioap bev ovTos els dv » ‘Pwpatov araca TE plea TNKEV loys ; nav sé Lucy Lov ovdels ovde Ilopmrnios ovde Kdrov. arre év ols Katpois TAVTES avOpwrrot TaTELvOTEpa TOV T poo NKOVT OV bua poBov ppovotow, év TOUTOLS NMELS UTeppaxobyTes THs “Pwyaiwy édevOepias trode- poduev é& “Irvens & Kdrtov pera Tlopaniou Mayvou devywv idetro THs ‘Iradias; Kat dov- 384 CATO THE YOUNGER drew. After a little while there came to him letters from Juba and Scipio. Juba, who was hidden ona mountain with a few men, asked what Cato had de- cided to do; for if he abandoned Utica, Juba would wait for him, and if he underwent a siege, Juba would come to his aid with an army. Scipio, who was stationed with his fleet off a certain headland not far from Utica, awaited Cato’s decision in the same way. | LXI. Accordingly, Cato decided to detain the bearers of the letters until he felt sure of the at- titude of the three hundred. For the Romans of senatorial rank were eager in his cause, and after promptly manumitting their slaves, were arming them; but as for the three hundred, since they were men engaged in navigation and money-lending and had the greater part of their property in slaves, the words of Cato did not long abide in their minds, but lapsed away. For just as porous bodies readily re- ceive heat and as readily yield it up again and grow cold when the fire is removed, in like manner these men, when they saw Cato, were filled with warmth and kindled into flame ; but when they came to think matters over by themselves, their fear of Caesar drove away their regard for Cato and for honour. ‘“ Who, pray, are we,” they said, “and who is he whose commands we are refusing to obey? Is he not Caesar, upon whom the whole power of Rome has devolved ? And not one of us is a Scipio, or a Pompey, or a Cato. But at a time when all men are led by fear to think more humbly than they ought to think, at sucha time shall we fight in defence of the liberty of Rome, and wage war in Utica against a man before whom Cato, with Pompey the Great, fled and gave up Italy? And 385 VOL, VIII. Cc Cc PLUTARCH’S LIVES a a / > io Nous eAevOepodpev xata Kaicapos, ols avrois A 6) > ] éXevOepias, daov av éxeivos OérAn, méTETTLV ; ANN x w“ lA Ere vov, @ poxOnpol, yvovTes EavTo’s TapalTo- le) A - pea Tov Kpatodvta kal wéprypwopev tors den- oOjevous. ” e , “A : pea 4 Taira of peTpidTaToL THY TpLaKociwy Tapn- e a a) “A your: ot 6€ TWAElaoTOL TOs GUYKANTLKOIS E7rE- 4 e bd / 4 e t BovxXevorv, ws, EL ToVTOUVS TVANaBoLEV, LNaATOpMEVOL THY Tpos avToUs opynv Tod Kaicapos. LXII. ‘O 6€ Karawv trovodyv tiv petaBorAnv OUK HAEYYE, TH pevTo. Vantiwv. cal t@ “loBa Ul 7 YX, : / ? B on 4 > ? ee ypawras améyecGar ths ‘ItTUKns amiotia TOV Tptaxooiwy éEérepre TOUS ypaupatopopouvs. TaY 5é imméwv ot Ssaghuyovtes ard THs wayns, api wos ovuK evKatadppovntos, mpoceddoartes TH ‘ItvKY méumovat pos Tov Kdtwva tpeis avdpas ov thy QUTHY Youn amo TavTwY ExoVTAaS. ob Mev yap anvévat mpos “loBav, ot dé T@ Kdtwvt tpocyo- petv @punvto, Tovs dé Kai déos elyev ets “ItuKnv Taptévat. tavta o Kadtwy axovoas Tots peév , > / , Ul € , Tplakootows €KéXevoe Trpocexyey Mapxov “Pov- 790 Bptov, atpéua tas atroypadas Tov éXevOepovvTav , Sexouevoyv Kat m1 mpooBialopevov, avtos Sé Tovs ouykAntixous avaraBav mponrev Ew ths “Itv- Kns, Kal Tols immdpyois évétruxe Seopevos fi / e 4 ” b) N A , apoécbar ‘Pwpaiwy avdpas amo BovAjs Ttocov- \ 3 ‘ e , N > \ 4 tous unde loBav éXéc8at otpatnyov avti Kata- > N 4 fo) N 4 / vos, dAAa owlerbat Kown Kat owlev, TapedOov- Tas els TOALY OUTE KATA KpaTOS arAwWoLpoV Ets 386 CATO THE YOUNGER shall we give our slaves freedom in opposition to Caesar, we who ourselves have only as much freedom as he may wish to give us? Nay, before it is too late, poor wretches, let us know our- selves, crave the conqueror’s grace, and send men to entreat him.” This was the course which the more moderate of the three hundred advised ; but, the majority of them were laying a plot against the men of senatorial rank, in the hope that by seizing these they might mitigate Caesar’s wrath against themselves. LXII. Cato suspected their change of heart, but would not tax them with it. However, he wrote to Scipio and Juba advising them to keep away from Utica, because the three hundred were not to be trusted, and sent away the letter-bearers. And now the horsemen who had escaped from the battle, in numbers quite considerable, rode up to Utica and sent three of their number to Cato. These men, how- ever, did not bring the same proposition from the whole body. For one party among them was bent on going off to Juba, another wanted to join Cato, while a third was prevented by fear from entering Utica. Onhearing their views, Cato ordered Marcus Rubrius to attend to the three hundred ; he was to accept quietly the lists of those who gave freedom to their slaves, and was to use no compulsion. But Cato himself took the men of senatorial rank and went forth outside of Utica. Here he conferred with the leaders of the horsemen, entreating them not to abandon so great a number of Roman senators, and not to choose Juba as their commander instead of Cato, but to save others as well as save themselves by coming into a city which could not be taken by storm, 387 cc 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES eTn TE TapToNa aitov Kat THY aXAnv Tapa- oKEUnV éxougay. TadTa bé Kal TOV TUYKANTLKOY deomevav Kal Saxpvovrov oi pev larmrapxoe Suede- yovtTo Tos inmevat, o 6€ Katov éri Xo paros TIVOS Kabicas METAR TOV GUYKANTLKOVY avéepErveE TAS arroxpic ets. LXIII. “Ev dé rovr@ maphy o “PovBptos ou opyn KATHYOPAY TOV TplaKooiov dxog piay TOX- Anv Kal BopuBor, WS aia rapeveov Kat dvata- parrovTay THv TOL. eg’ ols ot ev GdGe TavraTacw aTroyVvorTEs EAUTOV eis baxpva Kal aduppous éferecor, 0 e Karo éxeivous te Oap- ouvey errerparo Kal 7 pos TOUS TpLaKog tous Emenev avapeivat Kedeveor. ot 6€ amo TOV imméwy HKOV ov méTpLa TpooTarTovTes’ épacay yap ovre "loBa Seta Bat praGodoroivros ovTE Kaicapa poBeic bart Katovos avtév apxortos, Itucatous d¢, Pointe avOpwr ous evperaBonors, ouyxabeipyvuc bat Set- vov elvau: Kal yap é viv atpepovdow, STav Kaiocap émin, ocvverrtOnoecOat xat mpodacerv. elmep ovv Seitat TLs aUT@Y TULTONELOVYTMOV Kal cuutapovrav, éxBarwv atavtas “ItyKxaiouvs 7 S:apGeipas, ottws eis Tod Kabapay TOhepov Kat BapBdpov Kaneito. TavTa o Karey arypta pev devas nryetto cal BapBapa, Tpaas 5é drre- xpivaro Bovrevoec Oat pera, TOY Tptaxocion. Kat mapenfav aibes eis THY TWOALY éveToryxave Tois avdpdow ouKére oKinpers ode Tapayaryas TAT TOUEVOLS Om’ aidods Tos autov, avtikpus 5é Yareraivovory et tes avtovs Bialorro Tone perv Kaioape un dvvapévous undé Bovropévous. eveot 388 CATO THE YOUNGER and had grain-and other requisite provision for very many years. In these entreaties the senators also joined, and with tears ; whereupon the leaders of the horsemen discussed the matter with the horsemen, while Cato sat down on a mound with the senators _ and awaited the answers. LXIIL. At this juncture Rubrius came up, wrathfully denouncing the three hundred for great disorder and tumult, inasmuch as they were falling away and throwing the city into confusion. Thereupon the other Romans altogether despaired of their case and burst into tears and lamentations; but Cato tried to encourage them, and sent to the three hundred bidding them await his coming. And now the spokesmen of the horsemen came with immoderate demands. They said they neither wanted Juba for a_pay- master, nor feared Caesar if Cato were their leader, but that to be shut up with the people of Utica, a fickle Phoenician folk, was a fearful thing; for even though they were quiet now, whenever Caesar came up against them they would play the traitor and aid him in his attacks. If, therefore, any one wanted their aid in war and their presence, he must first drive out or destroy all the people of Utica, and then invite the horsemen into a city that was free from Barbarians and enemies. This proposal Cato regarded as ex- cessively barbarous and cruel, but he returned a mild answer, saying that he would advise with the three hundred. So he went back into the city, where he found the men no longer manufacturing pretexts or evasions out of regard for him, but downright angry that any one should try to force them to war with Caesar when they were neither able nor willing. And some of 389 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé cal TrapepBeyyovto Tept TOV TVYKANTLKDY, @S xabextéov év Th wonet Kaicapos 1 pod LovTos. andra TOUTO pev! ws obK axovoas 0 Katov map- AKe Kal yap. ay UToKxwporepos® OS 5é TUS avT@ mpoceNOaov arrnyyerre TOUS Lev irarets amvevat, hoBnOeis un Tavratacw ot TpLaxdctot Kara, TOV TUYKANTUROY drrovonOeatv, éBadile pera tov pidov efavacras: Kal Jearduevos non T™ poKexa- pnkoras i irmrov AaBov édiwKe pds avrous. ot 6é iOovTes aopevot Tpogehavvovra. | Kat ebéfavro Kal mapexddovy owvecOar per’ auTav. Tote Kal oa- Kpioas Tov Karova hac t vmép TOV TUYKANTLKOY Seopevov Kal TpoTeivovTa Tas xeipas, éviav 6é Kat TOUS birtrous dvaatpépovTa Kat TOV Orrhov avtt- AapBavopevov, EX pt ov KaTepydaaro THY yoov nuépav éxetyny em tpelvavTas aagary toils av- Space puyny Tapacxeiv. LXIV. Os ovv EXOV avTOUS aixero wat TOUS pev ert tas mvAas KaTéaTyGE, Tots be THY axpav ated mapédwxer, éSevmav ot TpLaKoatot Tr) veny Sact THS petaBorijs- Kal Tpos Tov Kdtova TEUTOVTES édéovTo mdvtas adixéodar 7 pos au- Tous. ob b€ auyKAnTLKOL meptxvbevres OUK Elwv, ovoé épacay mponcea Bar TOV wndewova Kal oo- Tijpa Tots amictou Kal Tposorass. capeartarn yap, @S EouKev, aiaOnots TOTE Tapéorn Kat m 000s Kat Oaijpa. Tis ToD Kateavos aperiis Tact Opa AOS Tos ev TH “ItvKy ryevouevors, @s ovdéy apa KiBdnrov | obdé amatnhov €“eu“tKTO TOs TpatTo- pévors UT’ avTov. mene 5é avOpwrros éavtov éyvaxwas avereiv 1 nev bracketed by Coraés and Bekker. 39° CATO THE YOUNGER them actually muttered that the men of senatorial rank ought to be detained in the city while Caesar was approaching. But this Cato let pass, as though he had not heard it (and indeed he was somewhat deaf) ; when, however, men came to him with tidings that the horsemen were going away, he was afraid that the three hundred might become altogether desperate in their hostility to the senators, and there- fore rose up and set out on foot with his friends ; and when he perceived that the horsemen had already gone on, he took a horse and hastened after them. The horsemen were glad when they saw him riding up, and greeted him, and exhorted him to save him- self with them. Then, it is said, Cato actually burst ‘into tears as he begged with outstretched hands in behalf of the senators, even trying to turn back the horses of some of the horsemen and laying hold of their arms, until he prevailed upon them to remain there that day at least, and to make the flight of the senators safe. LXIV. Accordingly, when he came to the city with them, stationed some of them at the gates, and committed the citadel to others to guard, the three hundred were afraid they might be punished for their change of allegiance, and sending to Cato they begged him by all means to come to them. But the senators crowded about him and would not let him go, de- claring that they would not give up their saviour and guardian to treacherous and faithless men. For by that time all the inhabitants of Utica alike most clearly perceived and fondly admired the virtuous qualities of Cato, convinced that nothing deceitful-or spurious entered into what he did. But for a long time the man had determined to 391 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES detvous movous em over Kal ppovTioas Kat adivas elev vrép dAAwY, OTS els aapanres KATAOTHOAS dmavras amarrd£arto Tov chy. ov yap iy adn- Ros 7) Wpos TOV Odvarov avTou popd, Kaimep ov pda Kovtos. barijKovaev OUY TOTE TOES Tplaxoatols TrapapvOno dpevos TOUS TUYKANTLKOUS® Kab paves KE TTPOS avTovs Xap Eve opohoyodvras Kat Seopevous Ta pev ara pio Gas Kal TLOTEVELY, Eb dé Katwves ovK eloly ov é TO Katwvos Ppovnpa Xwpovory, olKn TEL pel THY aa Géverav aura: eyveo- KOTES 5 ov Kaicapos Seta bau Kal TEMTELY TOS auTov, Umrép exelvou padtoTa Kab TPMTOV TOLnoe- Oat dénow* é b¢ pn metOouev, ovd avrois 6160- peevnv béfeo Oar THY xapw, GX’ aypt av éurrvéwot TOAEMNTELY UTEP éxeivou. IIpés tadra o Karov emarveras THY edvoray Epn Xphvar THS aut av cwTnpias &veka Téurewv Kata TAX OS, brép autou 6é€ uN deta Par: KeKpatn- pevov yap elvat denow Kat adiKovvToV Tapat- THOW" avr os b¢ ov povoy aNTTNTOS yeyovevar Tapa Tava TOV Biov, GANA Kat vinay éf’ Gcov éBovreTo Kal Kpa.teiv Kaicapos Tos KAAOIS Kat Sixators® éxeivov & elvat Tov éahwxora. Kai vevi- Knuévov’ & yap jpveiro 7 parTwv KaTa THS Ta- Tpioos TaXat, viv ebnréyxIac Kat mepwpaa bat. LXV. Totairta diarex Geis TOUS Tplaxog tots amrnAdatreTo® Kat mud opevos Kaioapa Twacav dryovta THY orpaTiay on Kad odov elvat, * Tla- mal, elev, ‘ ‘as én’ avdpas as éxetvos.” «al TPATTopEVvos Tpos TOUS TUYKANTLKOUS éxéXeve 7) pérrELY, GAN Ews Trapapévovoty of immets owte- 392 791 CATO THE YOUNGER destroy himself, and he was undergoing dreadful toils and suffering anxiety and pain in behalf of others, that he might put them all in the way of safety be- fore he took his leave of life. Indeed, there was no secret about his resolution to die, although he said nothing about it. Accordingly, after comforting the senators, he obeyed the call of the three hundred. He came alone to them, and they thanked him, and _ begged him in all other ways to trust and make use of them, but if they were not Catos and could not carry the large thoughts of Cato, to have pity on their weakness; and now that they had determined to send to Caesar and pray for his mercy, for Cato first of all they would make their prayers; and if they could not prevail with Caesar, they would not accept the grace which he might offer to them, but as long as they had breath would fight for Cato. In reply to this, atter praising their good will, Cato said that to secure their own safety they ought to send to Caesar with all speed, but they must make no prayer for him; prayer belonged to the conquered, and the craving of grace to those who had done wrong; but for his part he had not only been unvan- quished all his life, but was actually a victor now as far as he chose to be, and a conqueror of Caesar in all. that was honourable and just ; Caesar was the one who was vanquished and taken ; for the hostile acts against his country which he had long denied, were now detected and proven. LXV. After this discourse to the three hundred, he withdrew ; and on learning that Caesar with all his army was already on the march, “Aha!” he said, “he thinks we are men!’’ Then turning to the senators he bade them not delay, but save themselves 393 PLUTARCH’S LIVES | @ Oat. Kal Tas pev adXas am éxeuoe Ovpas, pod dé TH 7 pos Odrvacoav depovan’ Ta Te TOA Tois vg’ éauTov Sréverpe kat Tafews mre eA ELTO, Tavov Tas adixias kai diadvwv Tovs DoptBous, kal TOUS aropas éXovras epodialonv. éret 56€ Madpxos "‘OxrdBuos a ayov duo Taypara TANaiov KATEOT pO ToTredeuce at Te TTOV nEtou TOV Kdtova Tepe apis Svopicacbar 7 POs avrov, exelvp bev ov0év amex pivato, T pos b€ TOUS pidous elev “ Kiva Javpuafopev draws dm ohwre Ta mpayyara, THY dirapyiay opavres mpiy év avT@ T@ OrCOp BeBnroat jrapapévovaay;” "Ey tovr@ 6 TOUS vameis dKxovaas amvovTas 78n hépew Kal dyev Ta TOV ‘Irvcatwv Oamep Aagupa, Sponm guvéererve Tpos autos Kal Tois TPWTOLS EVTU av adypeito, Tov dé dAXNwv Exa- TOS épbave pimrov Kal KaTarbeuevos, TAVTES b¢ tr aloyuvns LOTT Kat KATO Brérovtes amnecav. o bé Karov ets THY TON TOUS ‘Ttv- 7 Katovs cuvayayov éseito Tept THY TpLaKocion, Th) rapofivar Kaicapa war avTav, adda Kal Koln THY owTNpiay _mparretv GNF OLS. eira, modu T PATTOpLEVOS ™ pos THY Oadnratrav é emeaKOTEL TOUS euPaivovras, Kal TOV pirov Kal Eeveov 6 cous emretoev notmatero Kal T pourreprre. TOV dé -viov OUK €7rELoeE NaBetv Toiov, ovde ETO dSety amor pé- TEL TEplex opEevor Tob Tat os. Ww 5é TUS 2Ta- TUAALOS, aVNP TH ev HAtKLa véos, iayupos bé TH 1 pepovon after this word one Paris MS. (C) has éxpijiro wpos EEodov (he used as an exit). Bekker adopts what other editors regard as a gloss, adding also cai; Sintenis? assumes a lacuna. 394 CATO THE YOUNGER while the horsemen were still there. He also closed the other gates of the city, and stationing himself at the one Jeading to the sea, he assigned transports to those under his command, and tried to keep things in order, stopping deeds of wrong, quelling tumults, and supplying stores to those who were destitute. And when Marcus Octavius with two legions en- camped ncar by and sent to Cato demanding that he come to terms with him about the command in the province, Cato would make no reply to him, but said to his friends: “Can we then wonder that our cause is lost, when we see that the love of command abides with us though we are standing on the brink of destruction ?”’ At this juncture, hearing that the horsemen, as they went away, were already plundering the people of Utica as though their property was booty, he ran to them as fast as he could; from ‘the first whom he met he took away their plunder, but the rest, every man of them, made haste to lay down or throw away what they had, and all felt so ashamed that they went off in silence and with downcast looks. Then Cato, after calling the people of Utica together into the city, begged them not to embitter Caesar against the three hundred, but to unite with one another in securing safety for all. Next, he betook himself again to the sea and superintended the embarcation there, embracing and escorting on their way all the friends and acquaint- ances whom he could persuade to go. His son, how- ever, he could not persuade to take ship, nor did he think it his duty to try to turn the young man from his purpose of clinging to his father. But there was one Statyllius, a man who was young in years, but minded 395 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yvoun Bouvdopevos civar cat tov Katwvos atropi- 5 petoOar tHhv amdQeav. tovtov nkiov wei Kai yap hv Katadhavns picoxaicap: ws dé ovK nOerev, “AtrorAdwvidn Te LUrwik@e Kai Anpn- , a “A e , tpim te Ileperarntin@ mpocBréas o Kdrtov, “Tuétepov, eltev, “épyov oidodvTa TovTov pardkat Kal Katapticat mpos TO cupdépov.” avros Sé€ Tous NouTrods cuvexTeuTroY Kal ypnpa- titwrv tots Seopévors thy Te vinta SuétpiBe Trepi tadTa Kal THs emriovons Huépas TO TrEloTOY Epos. LXVI. ’Emet d€ Aevxios Kaicap, otxetos pév ay Kaicapos éxeivov, péddwv 6 mpea Reve vrrép TOY Tptaxociwy, Tapexddet Tov Kdtwva doyov auT@ avvuTrobécOar TiOavov @ XpHoEeTat wept exeivwv, “umép cov pév yap avTov Kai yetpav €uol Kadov arpacOat Kxat yovace mpoomeceiv Kaicapos,” ov« efa tabta trovety 0 Kadtwv avtov. 792 2 “"Kuot yap,” elev, “ei cwleo8ar yapite Kai- aapos éBovArcuny, ait@ Badsoréov Av impos éxet- vov sovov. ov BovArAopar S€ T® TUpavYm YapLY éxew omép av Tapavopei. Tapavopel dé cwtov OS KUpLOS OY AUTO Searoter oudey mT poatixev. 61rwsS pévTOL TapaLTnoN TOvS TPLaKoGiovs KOLA 3 oxoma@pev, ef BovrAE.” yevopuevos Sé pos TOUT@ pera ToD Aevxiou Tov viov auT@ cuvérTyce Kat Tous éTaipous dmiovtTt: Kal mpoTéuas éxeivov cal deEwwodpevos eravijdOev oixade, Kai Tov viov Kal tovs dhirous cuvayayov addda TE TOANA OLe- AEYOn Kal TorLTELas atrelrrev GrpacBat TH pelpa- cio: To pev yap akiws Kdtwvos odxéte TA tpd- - 396 CATO THE YOUNGER to be strong in purpose and to imitate Cato’s calmness. This man Cato insisted should take ship; for he was a notorious hater of Caesar. But when Statyllius would not consent, Cato turned his eyes upon Apollon- ides the Stoic and Demetrius the Peripatetic, saying : “It is your task to reduce this man’s swollen pride and restore him to conformity with his best interests.”’ He himself, however, continued to assist the rest in getting off, and to supply the needy with ways and means, and was thus engaged all through the night and the greater part of the following day. LXVI. Lucius Caesar, a kinsman of the great Caesar, was about to go on an embassy to him in behalf of the three hundred, and requested Cato to suggest to him a convincing speech which he might employ in the case ; “ for,” said he, .“ in thine own behalf it were well for me to fall down at Caesar's knees and clasp his hands.” But Cato would not suffer him to do this. “ For if,” said he, “I were willing to be saved by grace of Caesar, I ought to go to him in person and see him alone ; but 1 am unwilling to be under obligations to the tyrant for his illegal acts. And he acts illegally in saving, as if their master, those over whom he has no right at all to be the lord. However, if it is thy wish, let us consider jointly how thou mayest obtain mercy for the three hundred.”’ After his conference with Lucius on this matter, he presented his son and his companions to him as he was going away ; and after escorting him on his way and bidding him farewell, he came back home, called together his son and his friends, and discoursed with them on many subjects. In particular, he forbade the young man to engage in political matters ; for to do so worthily of a Cato was no longer possible, as 397 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yara befac0an, TO be GANS aiox pov éivar. Kat Tept éomrépay Hn Tpémerat mpos TO Badavetov. Ev 5é TO Aover Oat TOV YratvArov pna Geis Kal peya $eryEdpevos, - "BEéreupas,” elev, “@ ‘AroA@vidn, TOV 2 TaTUANOV aro TOU ppovn- patos éxelvou cabehav; kal TET ANEUKEV 0 avnp pyndé aomacapevos NAS 5 ” «Tlo0ev;” eimev o “Atrohrwvidys: “ Kaitou TOAAG SuehExOnpev adAG dynos éoTt Kal aT peTTOS, Kab péveuv gnot Kat mparrew & Te ay ov mparrys. - _T pos TavTa pace TOV Kdrova pediacat kal eirety: “'’AXXA TOTO bev avtixa pavetrat.” LXVIT. Aovo dpevos bé pera modnav edeirrver xaOnpevos, do mep el@Oer peta THY payne: ou yap KaTexMan may xabevdorv ouvedeimvouy dé TaVTES oi éraipot Kal TOV Truxaiwv ot apXovres. Kal pera To Setmrvov o TOTOS eoxe povoav TONY Kat Xapw, adov én adXows Loyov piroc opar KUKNOUYTOD, aypt ov mepiirbev a) _Snrnots Ets Taira 8) Ta mapdsoka Kadovpeva TOV Yrwixor, TO Hovov elvat TOV ayabov édevepor, Sovdous de TOUS pavrous avavras. évrad0a 5%, as eiKos, avttBavtos Tob Ileperrarntixod, opodpos éusreca@y o Kdrov Kal TOVOY mpoaGels Kal TpaXUTnTa hovns arrérewe Toppwtata TOV ROYor, ary Ove Gavpacte XPNT apevos, woTe pndoeva AaOeiv Ste Te Bip TEpas éyvoxev émiOeis atradratrec Oat TOV TapovTov. 510 Kal pera TOV AOYOY TLwIT IS Kal xatnpeias ryevomerns év waow, avarapuBdvov avTovs Kal am dycov THS wmowias O Kare addus umTép Tov Tapovrwy évéBarrAEy epwrypata Kat 398 CATO THE YOUNGER things were going, and to do so otherwise would be disgraceful. And presently, towards evening, he betook himself to the bath. But while he was bathing he bethought himself of Statyllius, and called out in loud tones, saying: “ Apollonides, didst thou send off Statyllius? And didst thou bring him down from that lofty purpose of his? And has the man set sail without even bidding me good-bye?” <“ By no means,” said Apollonides ; : ‘although we reasoned much with him; but he is lofty and unbending, and says he will remain and do what- ever thou doest.” At this, we are told, Cato smiled, and said : ‘“‘ Well, we shall see about that presently.” LXVII. After his bath, he took supper with a large company, sitting at table, as was his wont after Phar- salus ; indeed, he lay down only when he slept ;} and there were at supper with him all his companions, and the magistrates of Utica. After supper, there was much literary and genial discourse over the wine, and one philosophical tenet after another made the rounds, until there came up the enquiry into what were called the “ paradoxes’ of the Stoics, namely, that the good man alone is free, and that the bad are all slaves. Here, as was to be expected, the Peripatetic made objections, whereupon Cato broke in with vehemence, and in loud and harsh tones maintained his argument at greatest length and with astonishing earnestness, so that everyone perceived that he had made up his mind to put an end to his life and free himself from his present troubles. Therefore, as all were dejected and silent after his discourse, Cato tried to revive their spirits and remove their suspicions by once more putting questions and expressing anxiety about what was going on, implying that he feared for those 1 Cf. chapter lvi. 4. | 399 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , e \ \ e \ ~ , dpovridas, ws Sedios wey vrép Tav TrEovTWD, “ e . dediw@s S€ brép TOV odevdvTwY eEpnuiav dvudpov kat BapBapov. LXVIII. Odtw 5€ dtadrvoas ro cvvderTrvor, Kal wepimatnoas peta TaV hirtwv Tov cuvynOn peta TO Seimrvoy Tepitratov, Kai Tois dpyovet TOV guraxwv & Katpos hv mpootdtas, amiwy eis TO Swudtioy dn, Tov te traida Kal Tov dirov ExaoTov. uadXov 7 TpoTEepoy eiwber Tpocayayo- pevos Kal drrodppovnbets, Tard Urowiay Tapéoye Tov péAXovTos. elaeNOwyv S€ nal KataxdyOeis 9 A A , , ‘ éxaBev eis yetpas tov IINdtwvos dtadoywy Tov N a“ \ \ “A , A nn mepi wuyns Kat dueNOwv tod BuBALov To 7EtoTOV \ 3 / e A “A e 3 9 4 kai avaBréWas v7rép Keparrs, ws ovK elde KpEeud- e a A pevov TO Ethos (udypyto yap o mais éte Seurrvovv- ToS avTov), Kadéoas olKeTny HpwTnoEy BaTIS AdBot TO éyyetpisiov. aiwma@vtos Sé éxetvou aA ld Tad WY Tpos TO BiBAio Kal pixpov SiarLTrev, 4 9 / > \ > , 4 N @oTEep ov amrevdwy ovedé érretyopevos, GANws 5é 70 Eidos emifnrav, éxérevce kopioa. SearpiBys dé yivouevns kai pndevos xopifovros, éEavayvous N\ , a > / > o A bd A To BiBAtov av&is éxdrer xa’ va Toev olKEeTaV \ A > # \ \ \ ’ > a Kab wadXov EeveTerve THY Pwvnv To Evhos aTraitwv: évos 6€ nal mvE 7d otTopa Tratdéas juake THV av’Tov Yelipa, xXadeTTaivwy Kai Boov dn péya TapadidocBat TO TrOAEHLIO YyUmVOS UO TOD TraLdos fo) la) “A e e avTod Kal TOV OiKET@Y, AYpL OV KNaLwWY O Vids aA 4 cic edpape peta TOY didwv Kal TeptTET@Y WOUPETO € kat Kabixérevev. o S¢ Katworv é€avactas évé- ” \ Brewé te Secvov cai “lore, elmrev, “éy@ xal mov AéANOa trapavoias HAwKOS, STL SiddoKE pev 400 793 CATO THE YOUNGER who were going away by sea, and feared, too, for those whose path lay through a barbarous and waterless desert. LXVIII. Thus the supper came to an end, and after walking about with his friends as he usually did after supper, he gave the officers of the watch the proper orders, and then retired to his chamber, but not until he had embraced his son and each of his friends with more than his wonted kindness, and thus awakened anew their suspicions of what was to come. After entering his chamber and lying down, he took up Plato’s dialogue “On the Soul,’ ! and when he had gone through the greater part of the treatise, he looked up above his head, and not seeing his sword hanging there (for his son had taken it away while Cato was still at supper), called a servant and asked him who had taken the weapon. The servant made no answer, and Cato returned to his book ; and a little while after, as if in no haste or hurry, but merely looking for his sword, he bade the servant fetch it. But as there was some delay, and no one brought the weapon, he finished reading his book, and this time called his servants one by one and in louder tones demanded his sword. One of them he smote on the mouth with his fist, and bruised his own hand, angrily crying now in loud tones that his son and his servants were betraying him into the _ hands of the enemy without arms. At last his son ran in weeping, together with his friends, and after em- bracing him, betook himself to lamentations and entreaties. But Cato, rising to his feet, took on a solemn look, and said : “When and where, without my knowledge, have I been adjudged a madman, that no 1 The Phaedo. 40% VOL, VII. DD -PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovdeis ovdé peraTreiOer rept wv S0K@ kaxas BeBou- NevoOar, KwAVOpaL 5é ypHaOaL Tots éuavtov Roya pois Kal Tapomhilopat; ti & ovyt cat ouvocis, @ yevvaie, Tov watépa Kal Tas Yelpas doar pépets, bey pe av éN wv Kaicap eUpy me 5 pndé apuvac bar uvdwevov; ov yap én éuavrov ye Séopar Eigous, brrov wal TO mvev pa Bpaxov \povov ema XOvTA Kal THY Keparny ama Tata- Eavra mpos Tov ToiYyov amoGaveiv € ever Tt. LXIX, Taira NEVOVTOS avtoo TO pev peipdxtov éEnrOe pera, Kravd pov kal amdvtes ot Aovrroi: TQ dé Anuntpio Kat T@ ‘Atrod\Awvidy povots UTro- AerPGeiar 7 PZOTEPOV non har, “°H arov- «al vpiv, ’ €67, s béboxrat Bia Karexew dvSpa Tocov- Tov nrKias éy 7® Bio Kal xanpevous avrTou oLwT Tapapuhaa cet, 7 a} hovyov ieee Kopitovres | @S OU Seuvov ovee aiaxpov cot amopobvTa corn pias _STépas Kdtova THY amo TOU Tmoheuiou 2 TEpLpevery; TL ovv ov heryere meiBovres npas TAaUTAa Kat peradiddaxovtes, iva Tas 7 poTepas Sofas éxetvas kal | doyous, ols oupBeBroxaper, éx Badovres kal Yevomevor dua Kaicapa TopwreEpot peilova Xapuw etd @pev AUTOS xaitot BeBovrAcupat pev ovden & eyorye Trepl euautod: dei € pe Bovrev- 3 odpevov elvat KUptov ols & éyvoxa xpHaOat. Bov- Nevropas dé TpoTrov Tia ped LOY, Bovdevopevos peta TaOV AOYywV ols kat vets prrocopovvtes xpija Ge. Sappodytes oby admire, Kat KEAEVETE TOV viov & wn Suvatat Tov maTépa meiOew pn Bid- CecOat.” LXX. IIpés TavtTa pnOéev avrevtrovrTes ot trept tov Anpuntptov, adda daxpvoavtes vmeEnnOov. 402 CATO THE YOUNGER one instructs or tries to convert me in matters wherein I am thought to have made bad decisions, but I am prevented from using my own judgement, and have my arms taken from me? Why, generous boy, dost thou not also tie thy father’s hands behind his back, that Caesar may find me unable to defend myself when he comes? Surely, to kill myself I have no need of asword, when I have only to hold my breath a little while, or dash my head against the wall, and death will come.”’ LXIX. As Cato said these words the young man went out sobbing, and all the rest also, except De- metrius and Apollonides. These alone remained, and _ with these Cato began to talk, now in gentler tones. ‘ N \ \ \ e 4 \ N NX 9 A autoy 6€ Kal TOUS ETalpouvs Kal Tov vidV abEeas avactpépecOat, Svatéxpaptov nyetto THY yvOmnv Tov avdpos, ate b€ Tov mreioTov Oyov Eywv , n “~ _éxetvou tpoonye peta Ths Suvdpews errevyopevos. a@s 5€ HKovae TOV OdvaTov avTod, NéyeTAt TOTOD- > We 66 70 K 4 0 a a 0 Ud ‘ TOV eLTrELY atv, P9ova cot tod Oavarou \ \ \ “A A , , , Kal yap é“ol ov THs GavTOv cwTnpLas epPovnaas. ° T@ yap ovt. cwOnvar Kadtwv avacyopevos v7r0 Kaicapos ovx av ottw Soxet Katatoxovar thy avtov dofav, @ Koopioat tHv éexeivov, TO Sé \ A ww 3 4 \ \ , mpaxOéev dv adnrov’ eixalerar 5€ Ta ypnoToTepa 4 mapa Kaicapos. LXXIII. ’Ererevtnce 5€ Kadtwv érn dvetv 6€- ovta trevtnkovta BeBiwxws. o b€ vies avtod e N a, \ 27OQV\ 3 , , \ vmo Kaicapos pév ovdév nouxnOn: réyetar Sé pabupos yevéerOat Kai rept yuvaixas ovK avert- AntTos. ev b€ Kamasdoxia Eévm tii yxenoa- pevos Mapdadatn trav Bacidixadv éyovtt yuvacov evTpeTrés, Kal TWAElova Tap avTois 7 KaXOS ElXe diatpiSwv Xpovov, éoxwmteto ToLav’Ta ypahovTwv elS aUTOV" avptov Katoyv Badifer peta tptadxov0’ apmépas: , Kal, , \ Tlopxvos nat Mapdaddrns, dvo pirdot, puxn pia. \ a a WVuyn yap éxareito rod Mapdaéadtov To yuvacov. Kal €Tt, evyevns Kal Naputpos o Kdrwvy Bacidtuxny pouyny Exee. 408 CATO THE YOUNGER rest, while he himself, his companions, and his son, were fearlessly going up and down, he thought it diffi- cult to discern the purpose of the man, but since he made the greatest account of him, he came on with his army in all haste. When, however, he heard of his death, he said thus much only, as we are told: “O Cato, I begrudge thee thy death; for thou didst be- grudge me the sparing of thy life.” For, in reality, if Cato could have consented to have his life spared by Caesar, he would not be thought to have defiled his own fair fame, but rather to have adorned that of Caesar. However, what would have happened is uncertain ; though the milder course is to be con- jectured on the part of Caesar. LXXIII. When Cato died,! he was forty-eight years old. His son received no harm at the hands of Caesar, but he was of an easy disposition, as we are told, and in his relations with women not blameless. In Cappadocia he enjoyed the hospitality of Marpha- dates, one of the royal family, who had a comely wife ; and since young Cato spent more time with them than was seemly, he was satirized in such writings as these : “On the morrow Cato journeys,—after a good round thirty days ;’ and, ‘* Marphadates and Porcius, two friends with but a single Soul.” For the wife of a was named Psyche (souw/). And again: “ Nobly born, iilustriaus, our Cato hath a royal Soul.” 1 In 46 B.c. A single letter of his to Cicero is extant (ad div. xv. 5): cf. chapter xxiii. 3. 409 * PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 ad\\a Waoadv ye THY ToLaUTHY eEn ere Kab npdvice T@® Oavato Svodeav. aryeovtlopevos yap év Bidiarrois T pos Kaicapa kal ’Avt@viov vTrép Ths érevdepias, Kal KALvopmévns THs panrary- yos oUTE puyelv ovte Aabeivy akiwoas, ara 7 po- KAaXOULEVOS TOUS TroNELLOUS EuTrpocOev EavToOV é-- davifwv rat cuvefoppav TOUS guppévovTas erEce, Jatpa THS ApETHS Tots EVAVTLOLS TapacXev. 4 “Ere de pai dov » Ovyadrnp tod Katrwvos ove awppoavvys ovte avdpeias arronerpbeioa (Bpovr@ yap CUVOKEL TO KTELVAYTL Kaicapa) auras TE THS gvv@pocias. peter é, kal T™ponKato tov Biov akiws THs evryevelas Kal apeTns, @s év Tois trept Bpovrov yéypam ra. LrarTvrduos éé pyoas pus- petcOat Kdtwva TOTE pev vTO TOV prroaopov exon Bovdopevos éauTov avenety, Dotepov b¢ TO Bpovte TLS TOTATOV €auTov Tapacyov Kal Xpnotwotarov év Didrimros areBavev. 410 CATO THE YOUNGER But all such ill-report was blotted out and removed by the manner of his death. For he fought at Philippi against Caesar and Antony, in behalf of liberty ; and when his line of battle was giving way, he deigned not either to fly or to hide himself, but challenged the enemy, displayed himself in front of them, cheered on those who held their ground with him, and so fell, after amazing his foes by his valour. And still more true is it that the daughter of Cato was deficient neither in prudence nor courage. She was the wife of the Brutus who slew Caesar, was privy to the conspiracy itself, and gave up her life in a manner worthy of her noble birth and her lofty character, as is told in the Life of Brutus.! Statyllius, too, who declared that he would follow Cato’s ex- ample,” was prevented at the time by the philosophers from destroying himself, as he wished to do, but afterwards gave most faithful and efficient service to Brutus, and died at Philippi.% 1 Chapters xiii. and liii. |? Cf. above, chapter Ixvi. 4. 2 Cf. the Brutus, li. 4. A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER A Adrumetum (or Hadrumetum), 381, a Phoenician sea-port on the coast of northern Africa, a few miles south of Carthage. Afranius, 53, Lucius A., a warm isan of pOmDey. and one of legates in Spain during the war with Sertorius, as well as in Asia during the Mithridatic war. In 55 B.o. he was sent by Pompey with Petreius, to hold Spain for him. He was killed after the battle of Thapsus (46 B.0.). Annius, 19, Caius A. Luscus, had served under Metellus Numidicus in the Jugurthine war (108 B.o.). Antaeus, 25, a fabled Libyan giant and wrestler, son of Poseidon, whose strength was invincible as long as he remained in contact with his mother Earth. Heracles discovered his secret and slew him. Antigonus, 5, 85, 211, 215, sur- named the One-eyed, a general of Alexander who received the provinces of Phrygia, Lycia and Pamphylia in the division of ‘Alexander’s empire, and _ suc- ceeded in making himself king of all Asia. He fell in the battle of Ipsus (301 B.c.). _ Antipater the Tyrian, 245, died shortly before 44 B.C., according to Cicero (de off. ii. 86). Antipater, 87, 91-95, 145, 185, 197, 201-217, regent of Macedonia during Alexander’s absence in the East, and of Alexander’s empire after the murder of Perdiccas in 321 B.O. He died in 319. PLUT. VHT. NAMES Antiphilus, 199, 201, an Athenian general known only from these events of the Lamian war ‘Antonius, 78, known only from this incident. Apollonides the Stoic, 397, 399, 403, known only from these incidents. Aquinus, 37, known only from these cidente. Archilochus, 161, 251, of Paros, one of the earliest Ionian lyric poets, flourishing In 650 B.o. Ariminum, 361, an important city of Umbria, on the sea-coast, about nine miles south of the Rubicon. Aristophon, 161, of the Athenian deme Colyttus, a® prominent orator and politician contempor- ary with Demosthenes. Athenodorus (1), of Imbros, 187, an Athenian of Imbrian family, and a@ mercenary captain in the East, who attained political power in Thrace in 359 B.o. He was a supporter of Persia against Alexander, by whom he was captured at Sardis in 334. Athenodorus (2), surnamed Cor- dylion, 257, 269, a Stoic philoso- pher, born at Tarsus. e was keeper of the library at Per- amum, whence he removed to me in 70 B.0., and lived there with Cato. B 21, $1, the southern district of Spain; traversed by the great river Baetis. Barca, 327, not otherwise known. 415 Baetica, _ DICTIONARY OF Bibulus, 298, 295, 311, 318, 351, 367, Lucius Calpurnius B., aedile in 65 B.O., praetor in 62, and consul in 59, in each case a colleague of 5 ulius Caesar. He died in 48 Boédromion, 207, the Attic math corresponding to parts uf our September and October. — Butas, 405, «+known also as an author from the Romulus. xv‘ 3. Cc Caepio (1), 7, Quintus ~c, vilius C., consul in 106 B.0., and pro-consul in Gallia Narbonensis for the following year. Ten years after his defeat by the Cimbri (Camil- lus, xix. 73 he was brought to trial for misconduct of the war, condemned, and thrown into prison. Caepio (2), 237, 239, 243, 245, 253, uintus Servilius C., half- brother of Cato. Caesar, 397, Lucius, not otherwise known. Callimedon, 221, 227, 229, surnamed the Crab, one of the Athenian orators who favoured the Mace- donian interest. Canidius, 321-325, not otherwise known. Carbo, 15, 19, 61, Gnaeus Papirius C., one of the leaders of the Marian party. After his flight to Libya (Sulla, xxix. 8) he was taken prisoner by FOmpsy. and cruelly put to death (Pompey, chapter x.). Cardia, 79, 85, 87, one of the chief towns of the Thracian Cher- sonese. Cassander, 215, 217, a son of Antipater the regent of Mace- donia, to whom his father refused the succession. He was master of Athens from 318 to 307 B.0o., and .died in 297. Castulo, 7, an important city in the southern part of Hispania Tarra- conensis, on the upper waters of the Baetis. 416 PROPER NAMES Catiline, 287, Lucius Sergius, the famous conspirator in the consul- ship of Cicero (63 B.0.). See the Cicero, chapters x.-xxii. Catulus, 271, 273, Quintus Lutatius C., a leading aristocrat of the nobler sort, consul in 78 B.c., censor in 65, died in 60. Cenchraeae, 329, the eastern har- bour-town of Corinth. Cephisodotus, 189, a celebrated Athenian sculptor. In 871 B.c, he executed for the Athenians a group of Peace holding Plutus the god of riches in her arms. Ceraunian Mountains, 211, some- times called Acroceraunian, a range in the northern part of Epirus. Chabrias, 157-161, an able and successful Athenian general, prominent from 392 B.o. till his allant death at the siege of hios in 357. Chaeroneia, 181, manding the entrance from Phocis into Boeotia, celebrated for the number of important battles fought in i neighbourhood. Here Philip of Macedon defeated reeks in 338 B.o. 155, 175, a famous . enian general, prominent from 367 to 334 B.o. Chares (2), 185, of Mitylene, court chamberlain of Alexander, and author of an anecdotical history of Alexander’s campaigns. Charicles, 193, 195, 221, 229, known only from these incidents. Charidemus, 5, 179, 183, an Athenian general and a roving soldier of fortune, prominent from 867 to 349 B.o. Cinna, 11-15, Lucius Cornelius C., leader of the Marian party during Sulla’s absence in the East (87-84 B.O.). He was consul in 87, 86, 85, and 84. He was slain in a mutiny of his soldiers at Brundisium, where he hoped to revent the landing of Sulla. a town com- the Pompey, v. 1. Cleanthes, 405, known only from this passage, DICTIONARY OF Cleitus, 225, 227, successfully com- manded the fleet of Antipater in the Lamian war (323 B.0.), and later (318) that of Polysperchon at Byzantium, but was surprised oy, Anblgonue, defeated, and 8 Clodius, 279, 281, 311, 315-319, 331, 333, 345. Publius Claudius (Clodius) Pulcher, youngest son of the Appius Claudius mentioned in the Sulla, xxix. 3. He helped to demoralise the soldiers of Lucullus (Lucullus, xxxiv.), and became a venomous foe of Cicero. Corcyra, 329, 371, an island in the Ionian sea, opposite Epirus ; the modern Corfu. Cotta, 31, possibly the Marcus Aurelius Cotta who became consul with Lucullus in 74 B.c. now a legate under Caius Annius (pp. 19 f.). Crassus, 405, not otherwise known. Craterus, 91-95, 187, 201, 203, one of the ablest of Alexander's officers, and a man of noble character. He fell in battle against Eumenes in 321 B.C. See the Eumenes, v. ff. , Ctesippus, 159, not otherwise known. Curio, 267, 349, probably the Calus Scribonius Curio who was consul in 76 B.c. He was a steadfast opponent of Julius Caesar, and a friend of Cicero and Cato. He was pontifex maximus in 57, and died in 53. Cyrene, 371, the most important Greek colony on the northern coast of Africa, almost directly south of Crete. It was founded in 631 B.c. D Deiotarus the Galatian, 261, 267, 269, tetrarch of Galatia in Asia Minor, and an old man in 54 B.c. (Crassus, xvii. 1 f.). He was a faithful friend of the Romans in PLUT. VIII. PROPER NAMES their Aslatic wars, and in 63 was rewarded by the senate with the title of King. Caesar could never be brought to pardon him for siding with Pompey. Demades, 145, 181, 191, 195, 213, 215, an Athenian politician and orator of Macedonian sympathies, and bitterly hostile to mos- thenes. Demetrius the Peripatetic, 397, 403, not definitely known. Demetrius of Phalerum, a _ cele- brated rhetorician and orator (346-283 B.c.). He was regent of Athens for Cassander from 318 to 307. perenne 233, not otherwise own. Didius, 7, Titus Didius, consul in 98 B.o. He fell in battle during the Marsic war (89 B.0o.). Diopeithes, 161, an Athenian eneral, father of the poet enander. He was arraigned by the Macedonian party at Athens, and was defended by Demosthenes in the _ extant oration ‘‘ On the Chersonese.” Dodona, 209, a town in Epirus, famous in earlier times for its oracle of Zeus, the influence of which among the Greek states was later assumed by the oracle of Apollo at Delphi. Domitius (1), 31, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, known only from this defeat, in which he was killed. Domitius (2), 333, 335, Lucius Domnitius Ahenobarbus, consul in 54 B.C. He was one of the ablest supporters of the aristo- cratic party. He opposed both Pompey and Caesar until their quarrel, then sided with Pompey. He met his death at Pharsalus. Drusus, 237, 239, ‘Marcus Livius D., at first an able and ardent supporter of the _ aristocratic party and the senate, but after- wards an agitator like the Gracchi. He was assassinated in 91 B.O. Duris, 79, 153, 185, the Samian, a 417 EE DICTIONARY OF pupil of Theophrastus, historian and, for a time, tyrant of Samos, lived circa 350—280 B.C. Dyrrhachium, 365-369, a city on the coast of Illyricum, opposite to Brundisium, known in Greek history as Epidamnus. It was a free state, and sided with the Romans consistently. : E Ebro (Iberus), 41, a large river the basin of which forms the north- eastern part of the peninsula of Spain. Echecratides the sophist, 187, not otherwise known. Elateia, 223, a city of Phocis in a plain commanding passes into southern Greece. Epicurus, 233, not otherwise known. Eubulus, 161, a leading Athenian orator and statesman, highly successful as a minister of finance. He was of the party opposed to Demosthenes. F Favonius, 315, 347, 349, Marcus F., called the ‘‘ Ape of Cato,” was aedile in 52 B.c. and praetor in 49. He joined Pompey in the East, notwithstanding personal enmity towards him, and accom- pened him in his flight from harsalus (cf. the Pompey, 1xxiii. 6 f.). He was put to death by order of Octavius Caesar after the battle of Philippi (42 B.c.). Fimbria, 65, Caius Flavius F., a partisan of Marius. He won important successes against Mith- ridates in 85°B.c., but was de- feated and brought to death by Sulla in 84. See the Sulla, xxiii.-xxv. Fufidius, 31, a creature of Sulla, mentioned also in the Sulla, xxxi. 3. 418 PROPER NAMES G Gabinius, 317, Aulus G., tribune of the people in 66 B.C., praetor in 61, consul with Piso in 58, the year during which Cicero was in exile. He was recalled from his province of Syria in 55, prose- cuted for taking bribes, and exiled. He died in 48. Glaucippus, 153, not otherwise known. Gracinus, 69, not otherwise known, H Hagnonides (or Agnonides), 211, 221, 223, 227, 233, an Athenian sycophant and demagogue, whose tae is known mostly from this ife. Harpalus, 191-195, the faithless treasurer of Alexander. Anti- pater demanded his surrender by the Athenians, who put him in prison. Thence he escaped and went to Crete, where he was assassinated. Hegemon, 225, 229, a minor | Athenian orator of the time of Demosthenes, who supported the interests of Macedon. Hephaestion, 29, 81, 83, officer and beloved friend of Alexander. Hortensius, 293, 295, 363, the great oratorical rival of Cicero, a man of high character, brilliant parts, and great wealth. He died in 50 B.C. Hypereides, 153, 161, 169, 183, 197, 203, 205, 211, a great Athenian orator, who stood with Demos- thenes at the head of the anti- Macedonian party. . Hypsaeus, 351, Publius Plautius H., tribune of the people in 54 B.C., and candidate for the consulship two years later. He was accused of corrupt practices, tried, and convicted. Pompey, whom he had devotedly served, forsook him in the hour of need. DICTIONARY OF I Iberians, 69 and passim, a general name for the original peoples of . the Spanish peninsula. Ios, 5, an island in the eastern Aegean sea, one of the Sporades, south of Naxos. J Juba (1), 373-379, 385-389, Juba I., ing of Numidia, and a supporter of Pompey, to whom he owed his throne. He _ followed Cato’s example and put an end to his own life. Juba (2), 25, Juba II., king of Mauretania, son of the preceding. After his father’s death in 46 B.c., he was taken as a child to Rome by Caesar, where he was edu- cated. He became a learned and voluminous writer, and among his works was a History of Rome. L Labienus, 373, though a trusted officer of Caesar in Gaul, he went over to Pompey in the Civil War, fled to Africa after the battle of Pharsalus, and after the battle oF Thapsus (46 B.c.) to Spain, where he was the immediate cause of the defeat of the Pom- peians at Munda, and was slain (45 B.C.). Laelius, 253, Caius L., a brilliant - commander’ and _— statesman, whose deeds _ are inseparably interwoven with those of his friend and companion, the elder Scipio. He died about 170 B.o. Laomedon, 3, a mythical king of Troy, the father of Priam. Lauron, 49, a small town in the S.E. part of Spain, south of Valentia, near the sea. Leonnatus, 85, 87, 201, one of Alexander’s most distinguished officers. PROPER NAMES Leosthenes, 161, 195-203, an Athenian, general of the league for expelling the Macedonians from Greece after the death of Alexander. poms 2 273, Marcus L., not further Lusitanians, 25-31, 69, the people of mer western district or province oO Lounge th, 191, the great Spartan lawgiver. Lycurgus (2), 161, 167, 183, an able Athenian orator and a highly successful minister of finance (396-323 B.c.), one of the noblest specimens of old Attic integrity and virtue in a degenerate age. M Manlius (1), 33, Lucius M., pro- consul in Narbonese Gaul in 78 B.C. He was badly defeated by one of the generals of Ser- torius. Manlius (2), 69, 71, 75, not other- wise known. Marcellus, 277, perhaps the Caius Claudius Marcellus who was consul in 50 B.c., a friend of Cicero and Pompey, and an uncompromising foe of Caesar. Marius, 15, an adopted son of the elder Marius. He became consul at the age of twenty-seven, and was as merciless and cruel as his father. His death by his own hands is noted in the Sulla, xxxii. 1. Mellaria, 31, a small town on the southern coast of Spain. Memmius (1), 55, Caius M., a brother-in-law of Pompey, and his pag? in Spain. f. the Pompey, xi. Memmius (2), 305, 307, Caius M.- Gemellus, tribune of the people at this time (66 B.c.), and two years later an unsuccessful candi- date for the consulship. He left Rome under impeachment for 419 DICTIONARY OF corrupt practices, and spent the rest of his life in Mitylene. Menestheus, 161, a son of the famous Athenian general Iphi- crates by a Thracian princess. He was distinguished for his military skill, and was prominent with his father in the Social War (356 B.0.). Nothing is heard of him after 325 B.c. Menon the _ Thessalian, 201, a citizen of Pharsalus, and a man of great influence and reputation. His cavalry bore themselves well in the battle of Crannon. In 321 he was defeated and slain by Polysperchon. Mentor, 81, not further known. Menyllus, 207, 209, 213, 217, known only from these passages. Metellus (1), 5, 31-61, 73, Quintus Caecilius M. Pius, consul with Sulla in 80 B.o., and one of his most successful generals. After Sulla’s death in 78 Metellus was sent to Spain as pro-consul to prosecute the war against Ser- torius. He died about 63. Metellus (2), 281-285, 297-305, Quintus M. Nepos, a partisan of Pompey, and for a time a violent opponent of Cicero. As consul, however, in 57 B.c., he did not oppose the recall of Cicero from exile. He died in 55. Metellus (3), 313, Quintus Caecilius - M. Numidicus, victor over Jugur- tha in 109 B.c., but supplanted by Marius. He was censor in 102, was unjustly expelled from the senate, and went into exile, from which he was recalled in 99 B.O., largely through the efforts of his son, Metellus Pius. Micion, 201, known only from this peat. Milo, 351, Titus Annius Papianus, a ruffian and swashbuckler, tribune of the people in 57 B.o., and from that time on involved in a flerce quarrel with Clodius, which ended with the murder of Clodius. Milo was impeached for the crime, defended by Cicero in an extant oration, condemned, and 420 PROPER NAMES sent into exile. Attempting to en by force in 48, he was slain. Mithridates, 11, 63-67, the sixth king of Pontfis bearing this . hame, commonly called the Great, 120-63 B.o., the most formidable enemy of the Romans in the East. Molossus, 175, not otherwise known. Munatius, 255, 293, 301, 307, 309, 323-327, 361, the bosom friend of Cato. Murena, 285, 287, 3803, Lucius Licinius M., had served under Lucullus (Lucullus, xix. 7). On his trial he was defended by Hortensius and Cicero (in an extant oration), and acquitted. N Nearchus, 81, the able and trusted admiral of Alexander. Neoptolemus, 79, 89-101, an officer of Alexander. New Carthage, 19, a famous colony of Carthage on the south- eastern coast of Spain. Nicanor, 217-221, held the Peiraeus for Cassander, and afterwards served him successfully as naval commander in the Hellespont. but awakened his jealousy and was put to death by him. Nicocles, 183, 229, 231, not other- wise known. Norbanus, 15, Caius N., consul in 83 B.c. After his defeats by Sulla and Metellus, he fled to ‘ Rhodes, where he put an end to his own life. O Octavius (1), 11, 13, Gnaeus O., consul with Cinna in 87 B.0. His oan is described in the Marius, xiii. DICTIONARY OF Octavius (2), 395, Marcus O., consul in 54 B.C.,-and a supporter of Pompey in the Civil War. He fled to Africa in 47. He is last heard of as_ serving under rae fa at the battle of Actium Osca, 37, 69, a Roman colony in north-eastern Spain. “ ? Paccianus, 23, not otherwise known. Pella, Fae the capital city of Mace- donia. Perdiccas, 79, 85, 89-93, the officer to whom the dying Alexander is said to have given his signet- ring, and regent for the royal successors of Alexander till 321 B.O. Perpenna, 39, 41, 67-75, Marcus P. ento, a leading partisan of Marius. On the death of Sulla (78 B.c.) he joined Lepidus in his attempt to win the supreme power, and failing here, retired to Spain and served under Sertorius. Pessinus, 269, an important town in the west of Galatia, famous for its cult of Cybele. Pharsalus, 369, 373, an ancient town in southern Thessaly, near which Caesar finally defeated Pompey. Philip, 5, 79, Philip of Macedon, father of Alexander. Philippi, 411, a city of Macedonia on the river Strymon, formerly called Crenides, but renamed by Philip IT. Philippus, 293, 295, $31, Lucius Marcius P., consul in 56 B.o., and step-father of Octavius Caesar. He remained neutral in the civil wars, and lived to see his step-son master of the world. Philostratus, 375, the Aegyptian, a ag but degenerate fol- ower of the Academy, after- wards associated with Antony and Cleopatra (Antony, 1xxx. 2). PROPER NAMES Phocus, 189, 19], 213, 229, 238, the son of Phocion, not otherwise known. noe 95, an officer not otherwise own. Piso, 307, 817, Lucius Calpurnius P., father-in-law of Julius Caesar. He plundered his province of Macedonia shamelessly, and was recalled in 55 B.c. He is covered with invective in Cicero’s oration de Province. Cons. He took no ~ part in the Civil War. Pityussa, 19, the name of two islands (often spoken of as one) lying off the southern coast of Spain. Plancus, 353, Titus Munatius P. Bursa, tribune of the people in 52 B.c. and largely responsible fer the riots of that year, for complicity in which he was tried and condemned. He was re- stored to civil rights by Julius Caesar, and served under Antony. Plutarch the Eretrian, 171, 173, sought the aid of the Athenians age nst his rival, the tyrant of Chalcis, who had allied himself with Philip of Macedon. Pollio, 363, 365, Caius Asinius P. a famous orator, poet, and historian, 76 B.c.-4 A.D. He was an intimate friend of Julius Caesar, fought under him in Africa and Spain, and after Caesar’s death supported Oc- tavius Caesar. After 29, he devoted himself entirely to literature, and was a patron of Vergil and Horace. None of his works are extant. Polyeuctus the Sphettiam, 165, an Athenian of the deme Sphettus, a political friend of Demosthenes, and an orator of some note. Polysperchon, 217, 221-225, a distinguished officer of Alex- ander, appointed by Antipater to succeed him in the regency. He connived at some of the worst crimes of Cassander. Pompeius (1), 371 (‘‘ the younger - Pompey ’’), Gnaeus P., the elder son of the triumvir by his third 421 DICTIONARY OF*PROPER NAMES wife, put to death by the troops of Caesar after the battle of Munda in Spain (45 B.c.). Pompeius (2), 371, 383, Sextus P., the younger son of the triumvir by his third wife, escaped after the battle of Munda and was active against the triumvirate until his death in 35 B.c. Porcia (1), 333, Cato’s own sister, died in 46 B.c., ten years after her husband. Porcia (2), 293, 411, Cato’s daugh- ter, married first to Bibulus, Caesar’s consular colleague, in 59 B.O. Bibulus died in 48, and in 45 Porcia married Brutus the conspirator. Ptolemy (1), 81, 91, Ptolemy Lagus, the most far-sighted and success- ful of the officers of Alexander, afterwards Ptolemy I. of Egypt. Ptolemy (2), 321, Ptolemy XI. of Egypt, commonly known as Ptolemy / T. Ot mp@tou tas téyvas éouxdvar Taig aicOn- a \ ceow vTovaBovtes ovy HKtotd pot Soxovor THY J al a , @ Tept Tas Kpioets aAUT@V KaTavonoat Suvaml, 7 A / e ; , , ToV évavTimvy opolws év ExaTépm! yéver Tredu- A \ > ”“ Kapev avtitiauBavecOar. tTovTo yap avrTais , A \ A lA Kotvov éote TH O€ TPOS TA TEAN TOY KpLVOLEVWD bd aA / e \ \ ” avaghopa diadratTovelw. péev yap aiaOnous ovdéy TL “aAXOY El NevKOY 7 pEerXavaY Siayvo- A > Q\ , A A OV GEL yéeyovev, ovOE YAUKEwWY f TIKpOY, ovde wada- a \ 02> 2 ry a \ 2? , 9 9 K@V Kal EixovT@V 7 okKANPOY Kal avTLTUTO@V, GAN Epyov auTns éExdotols évTUyyavovcay vTo Tav- a N A Tov Te KivetcOar Kal KivoupévyY pos TO Ppovody > , e la 3 e \ lA \ / avadépey ws wétmovOev. ai dé Téeyvat weTa Noyou le) A , 4 TVVETTHCAL TPOS Aiperw Kal AAYLY oiKELOU TLVOS, / \ \ ? ghuynv € xal Sudxpovoty addoTpiov, Ta pev ad ea , \ Ve ey an , AaAUT@Y Tponyoupévas, TA Oé UTrép TOD dPvdaEad bar la) \ \ 9 “A Kata cupBeBnds éemiBewpovor Kal yap taTpiKy \ a \ . , cid 4 TO vooepov Kal appmoviKH TO expedEeS, OTrMS EXEL, a / \ \ / oKxoTre cupBEBnKe Tpos THY TAY évavTioY aTrEp- 6 a 4 la) yaciav, at TE TATwY TEdELOTATAL TEXVOV, TWh- poovyyn Kal Stxaiocvyn Kai dpovnats, ov xadov 1 év éxarépp Coraes and Bekker, after Reiske: éxarépy. DEMETRIUS-: : I. Tose who first assumed that the arts are like the bodily senses, seem to me to have perceived very clearly the power of making distinctions whick, both possess, by which power we are enabled to apprehend opposites, as well in the one case as in the other. For the arts and the senses have this power ‘ia- common; though in the use to which we put the | distinctions made, they differ. For our sense- ~ perception has no greater facility in distinguishing white objects than black, or sweet things than bitter, or soft and yielding substances than hard and re- sisting ones, but its function is to receive impressions from all objects alike, and having received them, to report the resulting sensation to the understanding. The arts, on the other hand, which proceed by the use of reason to the selection and adoption of what is appropriate, and to the avoidance and rejection of what is alien to themselves, contemplate the one class of objects with direct intent and by preference, and yet incidentally contemplate the other class also, and in order to avoid them. For instance, the art of healing has incidentally studied the nature of disease, and the art of harmony the nature of discord, in order to produce their opposites; and the most consummate arts of all, namely, temper- ance, justice, and wisdom, since their function is to distinguish, not only what is good and just 3 B 2 co PLUTARCH'S: LIVES poovov Kal dixaiwv wat Bherlper, GNA Kab Bra- 88 Bepav Kal aiay pay. Kal aotKov Kpioets oveat, THY arretpia. TOV Mi COD Kkaddoreloperny dxaxiay ovK emawoialy,. QXr’ aBeXrepiav nyouvTat Kat ayvotay ov: partiora yeveoa ew TpoanKel TOUS 4 opO ds Bipeopévous. ot yey ovy madavol 2rap- TLATAL,TOUS cidwras € év Tals éopTais Tohvv avary- naboyres. givew & dixpatov elotyov els TA TULTOOLA, Tois- _véots olov éoTt TO peOvery émderxvovtes” ueig- de THY pev éx diacrpopiis éTEp@V émavop- Oaciv ov mavu piravO pwrrov ovodé TOMTLRNY _ 5. yobpeba, Ttav oé KeX pnLevorv doKxemTOTEpOV au- ae “+ TOIS Kal yeyovoTwV ev éfouciars Kal Tpaypace a peydrous emipavav ets KaKiav, ov Yeipov lows " éotl cubuyiay play q 6vo mapepBareiv eis Ta mapadely para TOV Bion, ouK ép 1dovh, pea Ata, wal rayon TOV evTUYXavovT@V TOUKLANOVTAS 6 THY ypadny, GAN wamTeEp "Topnvias 0 On Baios em Serkvopevos Tois pabnrais kal Tovs ev Kal TOUS KAKOS avAODVTas EiwOer NéyetV, “OBTAS aunely def,” cat mars, $¢ Obras avAely ov ei,” 0 8 ‘Avteyevioas Kal jdcov @ETO TOV aya dv dxpodicBas TOUS vVéOUS addytév éav Kal Tov pavhov Tetpay AapBavocw, ovUTw joe doxovpev Kal 7 [LETS mpoOuporepor TOV Bedriovey éceoOat kali Geatai Kat poyntal Biwv el unde TOV havrAwY Kal peyopuevav avec TopyT@s EXOLMED. 7 Tlepréfeu 57) TovTO TO BiBrLov TOV Anpntpiov i TOU TloXopxntod Biov kat “Avtwviov Tod avTo- KpaTopos, javopay paMoTa 57) TO I\drove | paptupnodvTwy dtr Kal Kaxias peyddas, @oTrEp 4 DEMETRIUS and expedient, but also what is bad and unjust and disgraceful, have no praises for a guilelessness which plumes itself on its inexperience of evil, nay, they consider it to be foolishness, and ignorance of what ought especially to be known by men who would live aright. Accordingly, the ancient Spartans would put compulsion upon their helots at the festivals to drink much unmixed wine, and would then bring them into the public messes, in order to show their young men what it was to be drunk. And though I do not think that the perverting of some to secure the setting right of others is very humane, or a good civil policy, still, when men have led reckless lives, and have become conspicuous, in the exercise of power or in great undertakings, for badness, perhaps it will not be much amiss for me to introduce a pair or two of them into my biographies, though not that I may merely divert and amuse my readers by giving variety to my writing. Ismenias the Theban used to exhibit both good and bad players to his pupils on the flute and say, “ you must play like this one,” or again, “you must not play like this one” ;.and Antigenidas used to think that young men would listen with more pleasure to good flute-players if they were given an experience of bad ones also. So, I think, we also shall be more eager to observe and imitate the better lives if we are not left without narratives of the blameworthy and the had. | This book will therefore contain the Lives of Demetrius the City-besieger and Antony the Im- perator, men who bore most ample testimony to the truth of Plato’s saying! that great natures exhibit 1 It is uncertain what passage in Plato is meant. PLUTARCH’S LIVES aperds, ai peyara pvaoes éxpépovar. EVO [EVOL 5 opoiws épwrexol, rotixol, oTpaTioTtKol, peya- hodwpor, TonuTenets, Apical, | kal Tas Kare TUXxNY Opovorntas axorovbous Ea Xov. ov yap povov év TO NoiT@ Bie peyara pev catopboivres, peyara dé opadropevo1, Treiotwv O€ émixpa- ToUvTES, WAELaTA dé amoBddrovtes, am poo SoKjTes dé mraiovtes, avedTiaTws dé made avaépovTes dueTéhec ay, adda Kal katéatpeway, O pev adovs vTo TOV TONE LLO, o O€ éyyiota Tov Taleciv TOUTO ‘yevopeEvos. II. "Avtuyove Toivuy dveiy vidy ex =tparovi- Kkns TAS Kopparyou ryevopeveov, TOV pep éml Ta- Scho Anpntptov, TOV 5° ént TP Tatpb Pircrrov avopacey. ovTOs éoTLV O TOV TrAELTTOY ROYOS. Evioe O€ TOV Anuntptov ovy viov, dAXr’ adeddrdobv ryevéc Bat Tov ‘Apteyovou Aéyouow" ert vytrio yap avTe Tavratract ToD TAT pos TEAEUTHTAYTOS, cite THIS PNT POS evOvs TO ‘Avriyove yapnbetons, viov exeivou vouso Ofvat. Tov Lev OvV Dirsrov OV TOANOLS ETETL TOD Anpntptov VEWTEPOV évTa cuveBn TENUTHTAL Anpatptos € peyeder pee nv TOU TAT pos eXdt TOV, KaiTrep av peyas, iSéq 6é Kal KaddXEL Tpooa)Tov Oavpacros Kat TEpLTTOS, @OTE TOY TraTTOVTOY Kal ypapovrwy pnbeva THis OMOLOTHTOS epicea Oar, TO yap avrd xapev Kal Bapos kal poBov Kal Bpay elxe, Kal TUVEKE- Kpato T® veap@ Kal Tape Suc pwiuntos jpoiry TUS émipdvera Kat Bactrsxn cEMvoTnS. ott oé TOS Kal 70 nOos emepuxel T pos cx bev ap- Opwrev dua Kal yapw. Hua 705 yap OV ouy- yeverOat, axordlov Te wept wotous Kal Tpudas 6 DEMETRIUS great vices also, as well as great virtues. Both alike were amorous, bibulous, warlike, munificent, extrava- gant, and domineering, and they had corresponding resemblances in their fortunes. For not only were they all through their lives winning great successes, but meeting with great reverses ; making innumerable ‘conquests, but suffering innumerable losses ; unex- pectedly falling low, but unexpectedly recovering themselves again; but they also came to their end, the one in captivity to his enemies, and the other on the verge of this calamity. II. To begin, then, Antigonus had two sons by Stratonicé the daughter of Corrhagus, one of whom he named Demetrius, after his brother, and the other Philip, after his father. This is what the majority of writers say. But some have it that Demetrius was not the son, but the nephew of Antigonus; for his own father died when the boy was quite young, and then his mother immediately married Antigonus, so that Demetrius was considered to be his son. Well then, Philip, who was a few years younger than Demetrius, died. Demetrius, the surviving son, had not the height of his father, though he was a tall man, but he had features of rare and astonishing beauty, so that no painter or sculptor ever achieved a likeness of him. They had at once grace and strength, dignity and beauty, and there was blended with their youthful eagerness a certain heroic look and a kingly majesty that were hard to imitate. And in like manner his disposition also was fitted to inspire in men both fear and favour. For while he was a most agreeable companion, and most dainty of princes in the leisure devoted to drinking and PLUTARCH'S LIVES cat dtaitas dBpoBiwtatos Bactréwy, évepyoratov q , 7 5 , \ \ ao 4 av wadw Kal cpodpotaroy To wept Tas mpakers évderexes elye xal Spactiypiov' 4 Kal padiora w Ce) 9G / N , e , tav Oeav é€yrov tov Atovycov, ws ToNEL@ TE aA , xphoGar Sewvoratov, eipyvnv te adOus éx TONEWOU 4 \ > 4 \ 4 ? 4 Tpéar pos evppocuvny Kal Kapev eupedeotarov. IIT. "Hv pév ody cai girorrdatwp d:adepovtws: TH 5é qwepl thy pntépa orovd7n Kal Tov Tratépa Tiav éepaiveto de’ ebvoray adnOwnv padrov 7 Gepatreiav THs Suvdyews. Kai tote mpeoBeia \ a? ’ , > \ gS e Tit tod ‘Avtuyovou ayordlovtos aro Onpas o Anpntptos éréotyn Kal mpoceNav TO TaTpl Kar dirnoas, womep elye TAS Boridas, éxdbice trap’ > 4 e \ ? / 9 4 v \ , avtov. o d€ 'Aytiyovos amovtas 45n Tovs mpé- v \ J , , a oBes exovTas Tas aTroKxpices peyadn hor7a i; ce } - aerns f cM XY } mpooayopevoas, “ Kal tovro,” elzrev, “ @ avdpes, amayyéenreTE TEept Hudv, STL Tpds GAANAOVS Ov- Tas Eyopev, ws ioxuy Tia Tpaypdtwv Bacidt- Kav kai Suvdpews éridecE otvcav THY mMpos vidv ouovolay Kal TiatTsv. odTws Apa TavTn SvoKoWwa- VNTOV 7 apxKXy, Kal peoTtov atLatias Kal dvavotas, @oTe ayaddrcobar Tov péytotov tav 'AreEdvdpou Siadoxyov cat mpecRvtatov Ste 1) hoReitat Tov viov, GANA Mpocierat THY AOYYNY ExovTA TOD , , ? \ > \ , e TWOUATOS TANGLOV. OV wHnY AAA Kal pLoVOS, ws eimely, 0 oiKos ovTOs éml mréiotas Siabdoxas TOY ToLOvTwY Kax@v éxabdpevce, padrov Sé els / aA > 99 / / 9 a er povos Tov am Avtiyovouv PirstrTos avetrev viov, 8 §90 DEMETRIUS luxurious ways of living, on the other hand he had a most energetic and eager persistency and efficiency in action. Wherefore he used to make Dionysus his pattern, more than any other deity, s®Mce this god was most terrible in waging war, and on the other hand most skilful, when war was over, in making peace minister to joy and pleasure. III. Moreover, Demetrius was also exceedingly fond of his father; and from his devotion to his mother it was ‘apparent that he honoured his father also from genuine affection rather than -out of de- ference to his power. On one occasion, when Antigonus was busy with an embassy, Demetrius came home from hunting; he went up to his father and kissed him, and then sat down by his side just as he was, javelins in hand. Then Antigonus, as the ambassadors were now going away with their answers, called out to them in a loud voice and said: “O men, carry back this report also about us, that this is the way we feel towards one another,’ implying that no slight vigour in the royal estate and proof of its power were to be seen in his harmonious and trustful relations with his son. So utterly unsociable a thing, it seems, is empire, and so full of ill-will and distrust, that the oldest and greatest of the suc- cessors of Alexander could make it a thing to glory in that he was not afraid of his son, but allowed him near his person lance in hand. However, this house was almost the only one which kept itself pure from crimes of this nature for very many generations, or, to speak more definitely, Philip was the only one of the descendants of Antigonus who put a son to death.! 1 Philip V., King of Macedonia. Cf. the Aemilius Paulus, vill. 6, 9 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 aui dé dArat oxedov dmacas Siadoyai TOAA@Y per éyovet Taidor, TONKGY 5é pnrépav povous Kat yuvarn ay TO pev yap abedpovs avatpety, GoTep ot yewper par Ta aitipara hapBdvovowy, oUTH cuvexw@peito Kowoy TL voptCopevov aitnpa Kat Bacirtxdv & vmép doganeias. IV. Tod PEVTOL Kat prravOpwmov pice. Kat prreraipov yeyovevar TOV Anpnt prov év apyn Tapa ELypLa TOLOUTOV éotwy elTreiy. - McOpidarns 0 ‘AptoBaptdvou mais éraipos Hv avtTod Kai Kad? nrtxiav 1 cuvnOns, eOepatreve Sé *Avriyovoy, ote @v ovte Sox@v trovnpos, éx &é épuTrviou TLVvOS 2 Drowpiay "Avteyove Tapéa ev. édoKel yap péya kal Kadov medtov é em voy 0 Avtiryovos viypd TL” puctov KaTao Tel pew" €& avrob be Tparov pev vTropver Gar Dépos xpucoby, oAiy@ S Dartepov érr- aveNOwy ideiv ovdév Ar 7 TET UN LEVNY Karhduny. AvToUpEvos be kat TepiT ab ev aKodaat TLVOY Aeyoutay @S dpa. M.Opisarns eis Ilovrov Ev- Eewoy oixerat, TO Ypucouv Dépos eFaunaapevos. 3 éx TOUTOV Svatapay Geis cat TOV viov opxwaas TLOT TEL, éppace tHv ov avT@, Kal STL Idv- TWS TOV avO pwrroy ex TroO@Y mroveia Oat Kat da- pOciper é ENVOKED. dxovoas 5é o Anunrptos 7x0€- acOn apospa, Kal Tod veaviaKou, cabdmep etoGer, ryevosLevou Tap avT@ Kat cuvovtos ét TX ONS, pbey Ear bar peev ovK eTOAunao ev oude TH povi) Karevmety dua TOV GpKov, Dmaryayov bé Kata putx pov aro TOV pidov, OS eyeryover av povoe Kad avTovs, TH TTUpAKL THS AOYXNS KaTéypadey Ets 1 kal na@ HAclay Ziegler: nae’ nAuclay Kai. 2 Wiiyuda re Ziegler: Whypari. Io DEMETRIUS But almost all the other lines afford many examples of men who killed their sons, and of many who killed their mothers and wives; and as for men killing their brothers, just as geometricians assume their postulates, so this crime came to be a common and recognized postulate in the plans of princes to secure their own safety. IV. In proof that in the beginning Demetrius was naturally humane and fond of his companions, the following illustration may be given. Mithridates the son of Ariobarzanes was a companion of his, and an intimate of the same age. He was one of the courtiers of Antigonus, and though he neither was nor was held to be a base fellow, still, in consequence of a dream, Antigonus conceived a suspicion of him. Antigonus dreamed, namely, that he was traversing a large and fair field and sowing gold-dust. From this, to begin with, there sprang up a golden crop, but when he came back after a little whilg, he could see nothing but stubble. In his vexation and dis- tress, he heard in his dream sundry voices saying that Mithridates had reaped the golden crop for himself and gone off to the Euxine Sea. Antigonus was much disturbed by this vision, and after he had put his son under oath of silence, told it to him, adding that he had fully determined to destroy Mithridates and put him out of the way. On hearing this, Demetrius was exceedingly distressed, and when the young man, as was his wont, came to share his diversions with him, though he did not venture to open his lips on the matter or to warn him orally, because of his oath, he gradually drew him away from his friends, and when they were by themselves, with the sharp butt of his lance he wrote on the I! PLUTARCH’S LIVES Thv yv opavtos avrod, “ Dedye, MiOpiddta.” N \ 3 a 9 4 \ > a, cuvels 5é éxelvos amédpa vurtos eis Kamrrradoxiav. A A) b ) , 4 4 ad kal taxyuv thy “Avtiyove yevoperny ori trap auT@ auveTédes TO YpEwV. TOAATS yap Kal arya- Ons exparnoe xopas, cal To Tov Ilovtixay Baot- éwy yévos aydon Tou diadoxy Tava dpevoy ure ‘Pwpaiov éxeivos TrapeaXe. TavTa pe ouv €v- dulas Seiypata tod Anuytpiov mpos érruetcetav Kal duxacocvvny. V. ’Evel 5é, @omep ev trois ‘Eptredoxdéous , SA \ “ \ \. / ” atotyelos Sua TO velKos Kat THY didiav evertt Siahopa mpos aAAnAA Kal modEpos, wardov 6é a ? A e f \ 4 LA Tois GAANA@Y aTTopevolts Kat TEAaCOVGLY, OVTw “ A b Tov mwaot tois “AXeEdvdpou d:adoxoats pos aAX7- Aous OvTa cuVEYh TWOdELOV ai TOY TpayydTav kal TOV TOTwY ouVaderat mpos eviovs érrotouy bd / \ A Igo 7° @ > emipavéeatepov Kat pardov é€éxgov, womep Avtt- , a / yov@ tote pos IItodepaiov, adros pév “Avtiryovos 3 , / “A > ] 9 4 b év Dpvyia SuérpsuBe, Ttodeuaiov & axovwv éx U4 4 A , , Kurpov d:aBdvra tropbeiv Supiav Kat Tas woAELs b>) 4 \ 4 l4 A eN amayew kat BialecOar, xarétreprye tov viov An- pntptov, dv0 Kal eixoow étav dvTa Kal otpateias TOTE TPWTOV AUTOTEADS ET’ Wpadyyact peyaXots admropevov. ola dé véos Kal detpos avdpt cup- n 9 qwecwv ex THs ‘AdeEdvdpou Tadaiotpas nOAnKOTE \ \ 4 > e_N b A 9 , ToANOUS Kal peyddovs Kal’ avTov ayovas, éodd- ‘4 An twept wokw Tdlav nrrndets, oxtaxicytAtov / aXovTwv Kal TevtaxicxXtAiwy aToOavovtwv. arreé- 12 891 DEMETRIUS ground so that he could see it, “Fly, Mithridates.” Mithridates understood, and ran away by night to Cappadocia. And soon the vision of Antigonus was accomplished for him by fate. For Mithridates made himself master of a large and fair territory, and founded the line of Pontic kings, which, in the eighth generation, was brought to an end by the Romans. This, then, is an illustration of the strong natural bent of Demetrius towards kindness and justice. V. But just as among the elements of the universe, according to Empedocles, love and .hate produce mutual dissension and war, particularly among those elements which touch or lie near one another, so the continuous wars which the successors of Alexander waged against one another were aggravated and more inflamed in some cases by the close proximity of interests and territories, as at this time in the case of Antigonus and Ptolemy. Antigonus himself was tarrying in Phrygia, and hearing there that Ptolemy had crossed over from Cyprus and was ravaging Syria and reducing or turning from their allegiance its cities, he sent against him his son Demetrius, who was only twenty-two years of age, and was then for the first time engaging with sole command in an expedition where great interests were at stake. But since he was young and inexperienced, and had for his adversary a man trained in the training-school of Alexander who had independently waged many great contests, he met with utter defeat near the city of Gaza,? where eight thousand of his men were taken prisoners and five thousand were slain. He 1 In 63 B.c., when Pompey conquered Mithridates VI. and dismembered his RIDEAOMM 3 In the spring of 312 B.c. 13 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Bare S€é cal oxnyny cat ypnpata Kal ddws ovp- Tacav THy Tept TO c@pa Oepareiay. ara TATA fev avT@ IItoANeuatos améreu we peta TOV dirov, evyvapova kai dirdvOpwrov averrav Noyov, ws ov qept mavTwyv apa, tept dSo—ns b€ Kai apyis / 9 \ > “ , \ “ Toveuntéoy éativ avtois. Anpunrptos bé de€a- wv a) a ) \ Ld > , pevos edEato Tots Oeois un ToNdY Ypovoy oetré- , 4 4 > \ l4 thv yevéoOar IItodewaim yapitosradrAa TAaXEwWsS apeipacbar Sia Tov opoiwy. Kal mdbos ov petpaxiov Tradev év apyn wpdkews avatpatrévTos, arr’ éuBprOods otpatnyoo Keypnuévov mpayya- Tov petaBorais, avdpav TE TUAAOYHS Kal KaTA- oxeuns OmAwy émepedcito Kal Tas trodes bua Netpos elye Kal Tovs AOpotCopévous éeyupvatev. VI. ’Avriryovos 8 tHv waxnv uO opevos ItoXe- patov pev aryevetous verixnxota épn viv avlis Siaywvieiabar pds avdpas, Tod bé€ viod To dpo- vnua Kabenety Kal KoXovcat py Bouvdopevos ovK évéstn wad aitovpevm payecOar Kal” avrov, GX’ adie. al, pet ov oA Xpovov adixto KidAns, Lrodvepaiou otparnyos, meta Napmmpas Suvapews, ws ekeddoov Yvpias Anuyntpioyv ama- ons, T mponttncOa, Katadpovovpevov. o 8 ? / ? \ > / / éEaibuns émimecav ov mpoatcbopevy cal poBnoas éiaBev avt® otpatnyp To oTpatoTedov: Kat oTpatioTas pev émtaxioxidiovs Cavtas etre, Npnudtov Sé tapmoANwy éxupievoev. Exaipe dé vixnoas ovy ols ev, adr ols arrodwcer 14 DEMETRIUS lost also his tent, his money, and in a word, all his personal effects. But Ptolemy sent these back to him, together with his friends, accompanying them with the considerate and humane message that their warfare must not be waged for all things alike, but only for glory and dominion. Deme- trius accepted the kindness, and prayed the gods that he might not long be indebted to Ptolemy for it, but might speedily make him a like return. And he took his disaster, not like a stripling thwarted at the outset of an undertaking, but like a sensible general acquainted with reverses of fortune, and busied himself with the levying of men and the preparation of arms, while he kept the cities well in hand and practised his new recruits. VI. When Antigonus learned of the battle, he said that Ptolemy had conquered beardless youths, but must now fight with men;! however, not wishing to humble or curtail the spirit of his son, he did not . oppose his request that he might fight again on his own account, but suffered him to do it. And not long after, up came Cilles, a general of Ptolemy, with a splendid army, intending to drive Demetrius out of all Syria, and looking down upon him because of his previous defeat. But Demetrius fell upon him suddenly and took him by surprise, put him to rout, and captured his camp, general and all; he also took seven thousand of his soldiers prisoners, and made himself master of vast treasures. How- ever, he rejoiced to have won the day, not by reason of what he was going to have, but of what he could 1 The competitors at the great games were divided into three classes : boys, beardless youths, and men (Plato, Laws, 833 c). 15 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ewerre, Kal THs viens OV TOY WAOVTOV OUTwS OVSE tHv Sofav, as THY SiddAvow Tod didavO pwrrev- 3 patos éxeivou Kal Thy Yapw Hyadtnoev. ov pHV avtoyvapoves taita émpakev, adr éypawe TO matpi. Sovtos & éxeivou xa Kedevoavtos dv BovrAetat tact xpicacbas TpOTrov, AUTOV TE TOV Kidrnv cat pidrous avtov Swpnodpevos adOdvas amémeppe. todTo To mdOos Zupias é&nXace IIrovepnaiov, Avtiyovoy 5é xatnyayev ex Kerar- YOVv Yaipovta TH vitn nal twoOodvta Dedcacba TOV vioV. VII. "Ex tovrov 5 trav “ApdBav tovs cadov- pévous NaBartaiovs tmayayécOar meudbels o Anpnrptos éxwvduvevoce pev eis TOTOUs avudpous éutecov, TO Sé py SvatapaxOnvar pnd éexara- yivat katatrAnEdpevos Tors BapBdpous, réiav Te AaBeov worAAnY Kal KapynArovs éEwtaKoclas Tap, AUTOYV aveywpnoen. 2 Emel S€ LéXrevxos, éxtrecwv pev vo ’Avtuyovou THs BaBvXwvias mpdtepov, daTepov 5 dvaraBov Thv apyny bv avTod Kat Kpatav, avéBn peta Suvdpews, Ta’ auvopovvta ois “Ivdois eOvn «al. tas wept Kavxacov émapyias mpocakopevos, ehnigey Anya ptos épn ov evpyaew tHv Meao- Tora play Kal wepdoas apve TOV Evdparny els THY BaBvrwviav Tapera med wy epOn, Kat THs érépas akpas (S00 yap haoav) éxxpovoas THY TOD Ledevxou dpoupayv Kal Kpatnoas idious éyxat- 3 éoTnoev éemtaxicxytriovs avdpas. éx S€ THs 16 DEMETRIUS ' restore, and was delighted, not so much with the wealth and glory which his victory brought, as with the power it gave him to recompense the kindness and return the favour of Ptolemy. And yet he did not do this on his own responsibility, but first wrote to his father about it. And when his father gave him permission and bade him dispose of everything as he liked, he sent back to Ptolemy both Cilles himself and his friends, after loading them with gifts. This reverse drove Ptolemy out of Syria, and brought Antigonus down from Celaenae ; he rejoiced at the victory and yearned to get sight of the son who had won it. VII. After this, Demetrius was sent to bring into subjection the Arabs known as Nabataean, and incurred great peril by getting into regions which had no water; but he was neither terrified nor greatly disturbed, and his demeanour overawed the ° Barbarians, so that he took much booty and seven hundred camels from them and returned. And now Seleucus, who had once been expelled from Babylonia by Antigonus, but had afterwards succeeded in recovering the realm and was now wielding the power there, went up with an army, designing to annex the tribes on the confines of -India and the provinces about Mount Caucasus. Demetrius, accordingly, expecting that he would find Mesopotamia unprotected, suddenly crossed the Euphrates and invaded Babylonia before Seleucus could stop him. He expelled from one of its citadels (there were two of them) the garrison left there by Seleucus, got it into his power and estab- lished in it seven thousand of his own men. But 17 VOL. IX. c PLUTARCH’S LIVES xapas Soa dépev 7 aryew NOVVAVTO TOUS OTpA- TLOTAS apeneio bar kal AapBavew Kedevoas, emaviGev émt Oddacouy ReBasorépav Lerevucw THY dpxny GTOALTF OV efiaracbas "yap éd0xet TO xa.cody os pnxéts mpoonkovaoay avtois. IItone- paiouv pévrot TohtopKowvTos ‘Adtcapvacoy oféws BonOnoas éEnprace thv Tod. VIII. ’Evdd£ou S€ tis durotipias TavTns yevo- pévns, opun wapéotn Oavydatos avtots éXevOepody 89 \ ¢ , a _ \ , \ Thv ‘EXXaba tacayv vTo Kacadvépou cai IItone- paiov KaTtadedovAM@péevnv. TovTOU TOAELOY OvOELS ? w a t , \ , émoNeunoe TOV Bactréwy KadXiw Kal dixatoTepov: ‘as yap aya tovs BapBapous tarewvodvtes evrro- ld 4 > A A e XN > , pias ouvyyayov, ets Tovs “EXAnvas brép evdokias kal Tihs avnAtcKov. ws O€ TpwToV eddoKeL TAELY 9 \ \ > , “A , 3 ld \ \ ért tas “AOnvas, Tov hidwv eimovtTos TUvds TpOS > \ b s (4 “A a, \ , Tov Avtiyovoy ote det Tavtny THY TOALY, dv EXwot, katéye 6: avtav, émiBdbpay tis “EAXAdbos5 @ > / e 9 , > b > ovoav, ov mpoceayvev o Avtiryovos, aXN €7t- / \ ” \ \ > 4 \ Bab pav peéev bn xarnv cal doddevtov elvat Thy _evvotay, Tas 6é’AOnvas, OoTEep axoTHY THS oiKOU- pévns, Taxv tH S0—n Starrupcevey eis AravtTas 9 , \ 4 4 \ / avOpwrous tas mpakes. érrer 5€ Anuytpios éywv dpyuptov wevtaxioxiba TddavTa Kal otd- Nov vewv wevtynxovta Kal Staxociwy én tas > 4 \ \ ” , “a / A@nvas, To pév aotv Anpntpiov tod Parnpéws Kacavép@ dtotxoivtos, ev b€ TH Movvuxia ppov- pas xabectwons. evtuyia 5€ dwa Kal tpovoia vpnoapmevos érepaivero T@ Iletpaved wéuarry 18 DEMETRIUS after ordering his soldiers to take and make booty of everything which they-could carry or drive from the country, he returned to the sea-coast, leaving Seleucus more confirmed than before in his posses- sion of the realm; for by ravaging the country Demetrius was thought to admit that it no longer belonged to his father. However, while Ptolemy was besieging Halicarnassus, Demetrius came swiftly to the aid of the city and rescued it. VIII. The glory won by this noble deed inspired father and son with a wonderful eagerness to give freedom to all Greece, which had been reduced to subjection by Cassander and Ptolemy. No nobler or juster war than this was waged by any one of the kings ; for the vast wealth which they together had amassed by subduing the Barbarians, was now lavishly spent upon the Greeks, to win glory and honour. As soon as father and son"had determined to sail against Athens, one of his friends said to Antigonus that they must keep that city, if they took it, in their own hands, since it was a gangway to Greece. But Antigonus would not hear of it; he said that the goodwill of a people was a noble gangway which no waves could shake, and that Athens, the beacon-tower of the whole world, would speedily flash the glory of their deeds to all man- kind. ~ So Demetrius sailed, with five thousand talents of money and a fleet of two hundred and fifty ships, against Athens, where Demetrius the Phalerean was administering the affairs of the city for Cassander and a garrison was set in Munychia. By virtue of forethought combined with good fortune, he appeared off Piraeus on the twenty-sixth of the 19 c 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 dbivovtos Mapyndavos, mpoatcOopevov pév ov- , 3 \ \ ” f- e , e-. ff Sevos, érrel 5€ BhON WANTioy 0 aTOAOS, amTdvT@V e -~ \ \ a e , ws I[rodepaixas tas vais vrodéyec8at trapa- / 2 \ , bd , e oxevalopévwy, oe supdpovncavres éBonGovv ot otpatnyol, cal BdpuvBos jv, olov eixos év ampoc- Soxnt@ Twodeulovs amroBaivovras avayxalopévay autvecOa. Tois yap oTopact TOY ALLEVMY b / b \ e / \ , akreLoTos erituy@v o Anuntptos Kat dveEeXaoas évtos Hv non Katadavys tact, Kai dteonunvev amTdo THS vews aitnow ovyias Kal owris 5 yevouévov O€ TOVTOV KNpUKA TapacTnaodpEVOS avettev Ott wéurpetey avTOY Oo TaTHp ayaOn TYXN \. 3 / 1 , \ \ \ tous A@nvaious! éXevOepwoovta Kai Thy ppovpav éxBarovvta Kat Tovs vosous avtois Kal THv TaTplov aTobwcovTa TOALTELAY. IX. "AvappnOévrwy 5€ tovTwv of pév moddXot Tapaxyphya tas domidas Oémevor po THY TOOw@Y dvexpotnoav Kat Bowvtes éxéXevoy atroBaivey — Tov Anunrplov, evepyérny kal owthpa wpocayo- pevovtes’ of 5é mepi tov Dadnpéa twavTws pév — @ovto deiv déxec0at Tov KpatodvtTa, Kav pndéev Ov émrayyérAeTat médrdn BeBasody, Sus 5€ mpécBets Seopuévous® dméatetAay, ols o Anuntptos évtuyov diriavOpwrws cuvéteuye tap éavtod tev Ta- , . A 2 tpwwv dirwy tov Midrnorov ’Aptotodnpov. tod 5é Darnpéws b1a THY petaBorAnv THs TortTelas aA \ la A A , } , HGXXov TOUS TOALTAS 7) TOUS TOAEmLLOUS SedaLKOTOS, > > / e 4 > \ \ \ ‘ ove nuedryoev o Anuntptos, ava Kat tThv do€av 1 robs ’A@nvaiovs Sintenis and Ziegler : ’A@nvafous. 2 Seouévous Bekker has denaouévous, after Coraés. 20 DEMETRIUS month Thargelion.1 Nobody knew beforehand of his approach, but as soon as his fleet was seen in the vicinity, everybody thought that the ships belonged to Ptolemy and prepared to receive them. At last, however, the generals discovered their mistake and came to the rescue, and there was confusion, as is natural when men are compelled to defend them- selves against enemies who are making an unex- pected landing. For Demetrius, finding the en- trances to the harbours open and sailing through them, was presently inside and in view of all, and signalled from his ship a demand for quiet and silence. When this was secured, he proclaimed by voice of herald at his side that he had been sent by his father on what he prayed might be a happy errand, to set Athens free, and to expel her garrison, and to restore to the people their laws and their ancient form of government. IX. On hearing this proclamation, most of the people at once threw their shields down in front of them, and with clapping of hands and loud cries urged Demetrius to land, hailing him as_ their saviour and benefactor. The party of Demetrius the Phalerean also thought they must by all means receive the conqueror, even though he should con- firm none of his promises, but nevertheless sent ambassadors to supplicate his mercy. These Deme- trius met in a friendly spirit, and sent back with them one of his father’s friends, Aristodemus of Miletus. Now the Phalerean, owing to the change of government, was more afraid of his fellow-citizens than of the enemy. Demetrius, however, was not unmindful of him, but out of regard for the man’s 1 May-June, 307 B.c. 21 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aidea Bets Kal THD apeTny Tob avd pos eis @nBas avrov, dorep éBounero, pera aopanrelas ouvel- émepnper. autos S€ thy pev TONY, OK ay Eby, Kaimrep em Oupan, iSeiy mpotepov 4 TavTatracw erevdepocat THIS poupas damaddd£as: ™ O¢ Mowvuxia Xapareopa Kat Tad pov mreprBadiov bua pécou, Meyapors émémNevoev bd Kaodvdpov ppoupovpevots. Tv@opevos dé Thy ‘AreEdvdpov Tov IloAumép- YoOvTos yevomevnyv yuvaina Kpatnoitonu év Ila- Tpats d:atpiBoucay OvK ay anders yevéo Bat per’ avrov, meptBonrov ovcav éml KAAXNEL, KaTANLTO@V THY. Svvapw € év TH Meyapinh Tm pon ev evlwvous TWAS EXov avy avT@. Kal TOUTM@Y TaN amro- oT peyras ATETKNVOTE Xwpis brép Tov Aabety Thy yuvaixa cuverOovcav avt@. TovTO TLVEs aicBo- Hevot TOV ToAEuiwy éEaidvns KaTédpapov én avTov. o 6¢ PoBnbels Kal rAaBov xrapvdrov eVTENES Spoup pevyor eLepuyer, OXiryou dejoas aia xiarny ddwow é& axpacias aN@VvalL. THY be oKNVIV PETA TOY YPNUaTwY @myovTO AaBovTEs of TONEMLOL. Tov dé Meyapwr ahovTa@v Kal TOV OT PATLWOT OV éf” aptayny Tpamropeveov ‘AOnvaior TapyTyo Avro TOAAT Senoes ToVs Mervyapeis: cat THY ppoupav 0 Anpnr ptos éxBahov nrevdepwae THY TOMY. €TL 5é TovTO 7 paTTov TOU pirocogov 2TiAm@vos enya On, SoEav Eyovtos avdpos nonpévov TOS év novxia KataBiavac. peTaTeprpdapevos ouv av. TOV NPWTA LH TLS eine TL Tap éxeivou. Kal o Lrikmev, “ Ovdeis,” elmrev: “ovdéva yap eidov émiatauav aopépovta. tav &é OepatovTwy 22 893 DEMETRIUS good reputation and excellence, sent him and his friends under safe conduct to Thebes, as he desired. As for himself, he declared that, although he desired to see the city, he would not do so before he had completed its liberation by ridding it of its garrison ; meanwhile, after running a trench and a palisade - round Munychia, he sailed against Megara, where a garrison had been stationed by Cassander. But on learning that Cratesipolis, who had been the wife of Polyperchon’s son Alexander, was tarry- ing at Patrae, and would be very glad to make him a visit (and she was a famous beauty), he left his forces in the territory of Megara and set forth, taking a few light-arrhed attendants with him. And turning aside from these also, he pitched his tent apart, that the woman might pay her visit to him unobserved. Some of his enemies learned of this, and made a sudden descent upon him. Then, in a fright, he donned a shabby cloak and ran for his life and got away, narrowly escaping a most shameful capture in consequence of his rash ardour. His tent, together with his belongings, was carried off by his enemies. Megara, however, was captured, and the soldiers would have plundered it had not the Athen- ians made strong intercession for its citizens; De- metrius also expelled its garrison and gave the city its freedom. While he was still engaged in this, he bethought himself of Stilpo the philosopher, who was famous for his election of a life of tranquillity. Accordingly, Demetrius summoned him and asked him whether any one had robbed him of anything. “No one,” said Stilpo, “for I saw nobody carrying away knowledge.” But nearly all the servants in 23 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ e 4 / b] \ 4 bp) \ oyebov dtavtwv StakXNaTévtwr, eet Tadty avTov o Anunrptos éptrodpovetro cal téXos arraddaT- Topevos elmer: “’EXevOépay buav, ® YriArror, aoXeiT wo THY modu, ‘’Opdas,” én, * Néyeus* ovdéva yap auav Sovrov dmonrehovmras.” X. *Esrel 6€ wddw érraverOav mpos tHv Mov-_ vuylav Kal orpatotredevaas éFéxoe THY Ppoupav , XN / C4 ¥ a“ 9 Kal Katéoxare TO hpovptoy, ovTws 7dn TAY’ AOn- vaiwy Seyopévar kat Kadovvtwyv TapeNOwv ets TO dotv Kat ouvayayov tov Sjpov amédwxe THv TaTplLov TONTELAY: Kal TpocUTécXETO TAPA TOU matpos avtois abikecOat citov TevTexaidexa pupiddas pedimvov nal Edw vavIrnynoipev aA b] z \ lA b A \ > mAnOos ets ExaTov TpLApELs. A@nvaioe 5é atro- haBavres THY Onwoxpatiay eres mevTeKxardecaTy, TOV 6€ pécov Xpovov amo TOV Aapaxdy Kal THs mwept Kpavvava payns dNOy@o pév orALyapyeKts, Epym O€ povapyiKns KaTacTacews yevopévns Sid \ a t Y ? \ ’ thv tov Dadnpéws Sivayy, ovTw AapTpov ev Tais evepyeciaus Kal péyav havévta tov Anpn- Tpiov émayxO7n Kal Bapdy éroincayv trav Tinev a 4 A Tais apetpliats as Endicavto. mpator péev yap av0porev amavrwv tov Anpyntpiov Kat ’Avri- a b , v b 4 yovov Bactreis avnyopevoay, ad\riws adhootovpe- vous Tovvoya, Kat TovTO! 8) povoy TaVv BaciN- “a ” a KOv étt Tols amo Didimmov nal ’AreEdvSpou meptetvas Soxody dOiKTov étépots Kal axoww@vntov: 1 «al rovro Coraés and Ziegler delete the xa; Bekker corrects to ws, after Schaefer. 24 DEMETRIUS the city were stolen away, and when Demetrius once more tried to deal kindly with the philosopher, and finally, on going away, said: “ Your city, Stilpo, I leave in freedom,’ “Thou sayest truly,’ replied Stilpo, “for thou hast not left a single one of our slaves.” X. Coming back again to Munychia and encamp- ing before it, he drove out the garrison and demol- ished the fortress, and this accomplished, at last, on the urgent invitation of the Athenians, he made his entry into the upper city, where he assembled the people and gave them back their ancient form of government. He also promised that they should receive from his father a hundred and fifty thousand bushels of grain, and enough ship timber to build a hundred triremes. It was fourteen years since the Athenians had lost their democratic form of govern- ment, and during the period which followed the Lamian war and the battle at Crannon! their government had been administered, nominally as an oligarchy, but really as a monarchy, owing to the great influence of the Phalerean. And now that Demetrius had shown himself great and splendid in his benefactions, the Athenians rendered him odious and obnoxious by the extravagance of the honours which they voted him. For instance, they were the first people in the world to give Demetrius and Antigonus the title of King, although both had up to that time shrunk from using the word, and although this was the only royal prerogative still left to the descendants of Philip and Alexander which it was thought that others could not assume or share ; 1 323-322 B.c. See the Phocion, xxiii.; xxvi. 1. . 2 5 é PLUTARCH’S LIVES , \ a > fs , \ _\. 9 povot 6€ cwrnpas avéyparyav Oeovs, Kal Tov érrw- yupLov Kal TaTpLOV apXoVTA KaTaTavoaVTES lEepea awTnpwv éyepotovovy Kal’ Exactov évavrov: \ “A 9 \ “A , . \ “ Kal TOUTOY eT TOV WhdiopatwY Kat Tov cvuUBo- , “A 4, ANaiwy mpoéypaghov. évupaivecOar Se TO TéTA® ve) cal \ , peta TOV Oe@v avTors endicayto: Kai TOY TO- Tov Omov wpa@Ttov amréBn Tov appatos, Kabtepa- \ \ 3 4 4 cavTes Kal Bopov émiOévtes Anuntpiov Karar- Barou mpoonyopevoay: tais b€ dudais dv0 mpoceé- \ Oecav, Anuntpidda Kat ‘Avtiyovida, cai thy BovAnyv tTav TevTaxociwy mpoTepoy éFaKxociwv éroinaav, ate 6) hudAns éxaotns TevTnKovTa Bovreutas Trapeyouevns. \ A XI. To 8 wwepdhvéctatov éevOvpnpua tod Ltparokréous (ovTos yap Rv o THY Godav Tov- TWY Kal TEPLTT@Y KaLvoupyos apeoKkevpaTw”), ¥ fad e U \ 4 eypawrey omws ol Teutopevot Kata Whhlopa / N b 4 aA J, b \ Snuocia mpos ‘Avtiryovoy 4 Anuntpiov avti mpe- “ 4 4 e w aBevrav Oewpol réyouto0, xaOdtrep ot IIvO0t wai 3 4 \ , , e \ “ , Odvuptriate tas tratpiovs Oucias birép TaY To0- 2 7 3 ne ae a e Aewy avayovtes ev Tais EAAnviKais Eoptats. Hv dé kal TaAAa TapdToApos Oo LtpatoKAys, Kat BeBiwxws acerxyas cal thy Tod madalod Kre- @vos atroptpeicbat Soxav Bwporoxiay ral Bde- / a \ N A > / ” \ \ Auplay TH Wpos Tov Shwov evyepeia. Eaxe 5€é THY e , , 9 , , > A eTaipav PvuraKioy aveiknpws’ Kal OTE aUT@ — 1 Every fifth year, at the Panathenaic festival, a sacred robe was carried in solemn procession and deposited with , 76 DEMETRIUS moreover, the Athenians were the only people to give them the appellation of Saviour-gods, and they put a stop to the ancient custom of designating the year with the name of the annual archon, and elected every year a priest of the Saviour-gods, whose name they prefixed to their public edicts and private contracts. They also.decreed that the figures of Demetrius and Antigonus should be woven into the sacred robe,! along with those of the gods; and the spot where Demetrius first alighted from his chariot they consecrated and covered with an altar, which they styled the altar of Demetrius Alighter ; they also created two new tribes, Demetrias and Antigonis; and they increased the number of the senators, which had been five hundred, to six hun- dred, since each of the tribes must furnish fifty senators. XI. But the most monstrous thing that came into the head of Stratocles (he it was who invented these elegant and clever bits of obsequiousness) was his motion that envoys sent by public decree and at public expense to Antigonus or Demetrius should be called sacred deputies, instead of ambassadors, like those who conducted to Delphi and Olympia the ancient sacrifices in behalf of the cities at the great Hellenic festivals. In all other ways also Stratocles was an audacious fellow ; he lived an abandoned life, and was thought to imitate the scurrility and buffoonery of the ancient Cleon in his familiarities with the people. He had taken up with a mistress named Phylacion ; and one day when she had bought the goddess Athena on the Acropolis. On it were repre- sented the exploits of the goddess, particularly in the Battle of the Giants. 27 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ a 9 bd ” , b eed mpos dettvov é€ ayopas wptapevns éyxepadous \ / “ a) PP as Kat tpaxynrous, “Ilarai,” elie, “ Towatta ye b] , 4 e ‘ 99 weavnkas ols odatpifowev of rodsTevopevot. THs 5é€ mept Apopyov itTns Tov veav guuBdaons an 3 , , ee l tots “A@nvaias, Pbdcas tovs amrayyéXXovTas elonracey éeatepavwpévos Sia Tov Kepaperxoi, Kal mpooayyeiAas STL vevixnxacw, evayyédta Ovew éypawe kal xpewdaiciay Twa Kata hurry étoinoev. orjg&y@ 8 totepov TaY Ta vavayla Ko- plovTwv amo THS maXnNsS Tapayevopévwv Kal Tov Syou pos opynv KadodvTos avTor, itauas bro0- otras Tov OopuBov, “Kita,” édy, ‘tt wemrovOate Sewov, ef Sv0 nyépas ndéws yeyovate;” ToravTy fev 4 TOU YTpaToKAé€ous OpacuTns. XII. "Hv 6€ dpa Kai crupds érepar Gepporepa Kata tov ‘Apiotopavn. ypaper yap Tis adXos bmepBadropevos dvedeuBepig Tov Yrparokréa, SéxecOar Anuntptov, oodKis av adixnrat, Tois Anuntpos xat Atovicov Eeviopois, TO 8 brrep- — Baddopévp Raptpornte Kal ToArvTEACia THY e \ b] 4 9 3 UA , 4 Urodoxnyv apytptov eis avdOnua Snpocia - 8ido- , N lal “A \ ~ aOat. tédos b€ TOV TE pynvav Tov Movevyiwva Anpntptava cat Tov Huepav THY Evnv Kal véay Anpntpidda tpoonyopevcar, kal TeV éopTav Ta Avovvcva petwvopacav Anpuntpia. érecnpnve dé Trois mAeloTos TO Ociov. o pev yap TérXos, @tep endicavto peta Tod Atos nal rhs “AOnvas mpocevudyvat Anunrpiov Kat ’Avtiyovov, trep- 28 : 894 DEMETRI US” in the market-place for his supper some brains and neck-bones, “Aha!” he cried, “thou hast bought just such delicacies for me as we statesmen used to play ball with.” Again, when the Athenians suffered their naval defeat near Amorgus,! before the tidings of the disaster could reach the city he put a garland on his head and drove through the Cerameicus, and after announcing that the Athenians were victorious, moved a sacrifice of glad tidings and made a generous distribution of meat to the people by tribes. Then, a little later, when the wrecks were brought home from the battle and the people in their wrath called him out, he faced the tumult recklessly and said: “What harm have I done you, pray, if for two days ye have been happy?” Such was the effrontery of Stratocles. XII. But there are things hotter even than fire, as Aristophanes puts it.2 For some one else, out- doing Stratocles in servility, proposed that whenever Demetrius visited the city he should be received with the hospitable honours paid to Demeter and Dionysus, and that to the citizen who surpassed all others in the splendour and costliness of his reception, a sum of money should be granted from the public treasury for a dedicatory offering. And finally, they changed the name of the month Mounychion to Demetrion,. and that of the last day of a month, the “ Old and New,” to Demetrias, and to the festival called Dionysia they gave the new name of Demetria. Most of these innovations were marked with the divine displeasure. The sacred robe, for instance, in which they had decreed that the figures of Demetrius and Antigonus should be ‘woven along with those of Zeus and 1 In 322 B.c. A Macedonian fleet was victorious. ‘ : Knights, 382. 29 PLUTARCH’S LIVES. , \ wae a / 2 4 4 TOHEVOS bia roi Kepapercod pécos Eppayn Oven Ans eutrecovans Tept 5é Tos Bwmovs Tous Exel- vow e&vOnoev ) Yi KUKA@ TOAD K@VELOV, ANAWS \ a a a . pnde THS Ywopas ToAdaxod dudpmevovy TH 6é A / \ nuepa 4 Ta TOV Atovyciwy éyiveto, THY TOmTHY a C4 KaTéAvoay iayupav wdywv yevouévay Tap wpav. / , kal raxvns Badeias érttecovans ov povov apire- a 4 a Nous Kal auKads atacas atréxavoé TO odxos, 9 \ \ a“ / N a 4 Gra Kal Tov citov Tov mWAEclotov KaTépOetpev éy xdon. Sto wal Didsrridns éxOpos wv Tod 4 b] / N 2 A ? a LtpatoxrAéovs ey Kwpwdia mpos avTov eroince TAUTA’ 2 a > 4 e , A bf 4 5: by amréxavoev 7) WAXY TAS’apTEXOUS, “A e 5. bv aceBodvl’ o trétXos Eppayn pécos, Tas TOV Oeav Tias TroLodVT’ avOpwrivas. TavTa Katadvet Sjpov, ov Koppdoia. "Hv & 6 Pirsrmidyns Avoimayou diros, Kat modAa os avtov o Sihuos eb Erabey vo Tov / 907 \ \ \ A > a \ Bacitréws. éddxer 5€ Kai mpos mpakiv avT@ Kai mpos atpateiay evavpuBoros amavrncas elvat kai opOeis. adrAws 5€ Kal dia TO HOS evdoxiper, \ b A ? 9 aA , b pnOev évoxr@v pnd avrLKHs Tepiepylas ava- 4 A Tiumrapevos. dirodpovovpévou Sé€ rote TOU Avotwpmdyou mrpos avtov Kal eitrovtos, “OQ. PidsT- io l4 A 9 fe) a 99 ce , 99 mwion, Tivos aot TOY éuav petad@; ‘‘ Movop, 4 73 aA \ a 3 / ” an \ én, “ Bacired, un TMV aTroppHTwY. ToUTOY MEV 30 DEMETRIUS Athena, as it was being carried in procession through the midst of the Cerameicus, was rent by a hurricane which smote it;! again, all around the altars of those Saviour-gods the soil teemed with hemlock, a plant which did not grow in many other parts of the country at all; and on the day for the celebration of the Dionysia, the sacred procession had to be omitted on account of severe cold weather that came out of season. And a heavy frost followed, which not only blasted all the vines and fig-trees with its cold, but also destroyed most of the grain in the blade. Therefore Philippides, who was an enemy of Stratocles, assailed him in a comedy with these verses * ;:— “ Through him it was that hoar-frost blasted all the vines, Through his impiety the robe was rent in twain, Because he gave the gods’ own honours unto men. Such work undoes a people, not its comedy.” Philippides was a friend of Lysimachus, and for his sake the king bestowed many favours on the Athenian people. Moreover, when he was about to undertake anything or make an expedition, he thought it a good omen to meet or catch sight of Philippides. And in general the character of Philippides gave him a good repute, since he was no busybody, and had none of the officious ways of a courtier. On one occasion Lysimachus wished to do him a kindness, and said: “ Philippides, what have I that I can share with thee?” “O King,” said Philippides, “ anything but one of thy state secrets.” 1 The ‘‘peplos” was spread like a sail on the mast of the sacred Panathenaic ship. 2 Cf. Kock, Com. Att. ‘Frag. iii. p. 308. 31 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ® 9 7 5 , / “A ] ‘ a ovv émitndes éxeiv@ trapeOnkapev, TO aTrO TOD Bnparos Tov amo ths Oupéerns. XIII. “O 8 padtora tev Tiwav brreppves Fv Kat adXoxoToy, éypare Apopoxreidns 6 LPytreos eo A a ? / 3 / 3 \ imép THS TOV aoTridwyv avabécews eis Aeddovds \ , A , >» A \ wapa Anpntpiov AaBeiv yonopov. avtnv Sé / \ A 3 A / 4 Tapaypayw Thy rNEEw ex TOV WndiopaTos oUTWS éyovoay: “'Ayadn tixn. SedoxOar TO Shum A \ A ov ws 1 ? ee Netpotovnca Tov Ojpov Eva avdpa e€ “AOnvator, — OoTLs ALKGmEvos Tpds TOV DwTHpa Kal KadALEpn- Tapevos eTEepwTHoEt TOY YwTHpa Tas av evoeBé- oTaTa Kat KadNoTAa Kal THY TayioTHV oO SHpos THY aWOKaTadCTAGW TolncatTo TaVv avadnudtav: 6 1. 8 av xXphon, tadta wpdrrew tov Shpyov.” OUT KATapwKewpeEvot TOD avOpwTrov TpocbsepOer- > f 2Q\ e I \ 4 pav avtov, o00é GAXAWS Dytaivovta THy Sudvotav. XIV. "AAN’ ev ye tais "AOnvass tore oXOAALw ? 4 A 3 , 4 A nyayeto xnpevovoav Evpudixny, ) Merriddou peév @ 9 4 A : “ / de 9 UA 1 Hv aTrOyovos TOU TadaLod, cvvoixnoaca 5é Odéra T@ Kupnyns apEavts peta THv exeivou TeXeUTHV b) Vi 4 9 \ >] / e \ = adixeto wadw eis tas “AOnvas. ot péev ovv "AOnvaioe Tov yapov TodTov eis ydpty EOevTo Kat \ A / ” \ ¢ 4 b V4 Tin THS TOAEWS’ GAAwS dé 0 AnuntpLos Eevyepns Tls Hv rept yauous, Kal moAXNais aa ovvav yuvakiv, wy akiwpa péyiotov elye nal - tiny Dira d¢ “Avtimatpov tov twatépa Kat dua TO mpocuvvexnkévat Kpatep@, T@ mAeioTHY evvoLaD 1 'OpéAag Ziegler, after Wilamowitz: *OpéAza. 32 895 DEMETRIUS Such a man, then, I purposely compare with Stra- tocles, the man of the stage with the man of the bema. XIII. But there was one honour proposed for Demetrius which was more strange and monstrous than any other. Dromocleides the Sphettian moved, when the dedication of certain shields at Delphi was in question, that the Athenians should get an oracle from Demetrius. And I will transcribe his very words from the decree ; they run thus: “ May it be for the best. Decreed by the people that the people ‘elect one man from the Athenians, who shall go to the Saviour-god, and, after a sacrifice with good omens, shall enquire of the Saviour-god in what most speedy, decorous, and reverent manner the people may accomplish the restoration to their places of the dedicatory offerings ; and that whatever . answer he shall give, the people shall act according thereunto.” With such mockery of adulation they finally perverted the man’s mind, which even before was not wholly sound. XIV. Furthermore, while’ he lingered in Athens at this time, Demetrius took to’ wife Eurydicé, a widow. She was a descendant of the ancient Miltiades, had married Ophelas the ruler of Cyrené, and after his death had come back to Athens. The Athenians, accordingly, took this marriage as a graceful com- pliment to their city; but in general Demetrius made a rather light matter of marriages, and had many wives at the same time, of whom Phila enjoyed the greatest esteem and honour, both because of her father, Antipater, and because she had been the wife of Craterus, the one of all the successors of Alexander 1 A pious formula prefixed to important documents. 33 VOL. 1X. D PLUTARCH’S LIVES avTov mapa Maxedoor TOV "AreEavdpou Siadoyov GTONTOVTL. TAUTNY, WS EouKe, Kopeon véov évTa Tov Anpuntpioy éretOev 0 TATHP, OVK OVTAY AUT@ Kae’ par, ara ape Butépay, AaPeiv amrpo- Ovpas & éxovte A€yeTaL Wpos TO ovs TO Evperi- Secov evmrety" 67rov TO Képb0s, Tapa puowy yapnréop,+ opotomTwrTov Te TH SovrAeuTéoy evluppnuovycas. TOLAUTH pev ouv Tus Hy TOU Anpntpiov Tem Wpos TE Pirav Kal Tas addras yapetas woTe ToAAats pev avédnv éraipas, moAXats Oe: édev- Gépats cuveivar yuvarkt, cat parsota b17 tept THY HOOVNY TAUTNY KaKwS akovca, THY ToTEe Bact- Newry. XV. *Ezei 5é 0 TaTNp avTov éxanet Irorewaip mepl Kurpov TONEMMTOVTA, mreiBea Bau pev qv avaryKaiov, ax Pouevos 5é OTL TOV brrép Ths “EXXa- dos TONEHOD, évTa KaAXNI® Kal Nam porepov, amroneitret, tpocéteupe KXewvidyn TO LtoAepaiov cTpaTny@ ppovpobyTe Siucvava Kah Kopi ov Xpnwara Tporeivoy, OOTE édevdépas adeivac Tas Torels. ov tpocdeEapévou 5é éxetvou, dia TaXéwy avaxGeis Kal TpoohaBov Stvapiw émémdevae Kurpy. kal MevédXaov pen, aderpov IItorepaiou, pany cuvarbas ev0us € évinnoev™ avTov 6é IIroAe- patov peTa Suvdpews melixis dpa Kat VaUTLCAS peyadrns emipavevTos, éyevovTo pev aTELNaL TLVES kal Ssedroyou Kopmr@ders, TOD wey atrocity An- 1 BAA eis 7d Képdos mapa puaw SovdAeuvtéov, Phoenissae, 396 (Kirchhoff). 34 DEMETRIUS who left behind him the most goodwill among the Macedonians. This woman, as it would appear, his father had persuaded Demetrius to marry when he was quite young, although she was not of his age, but older; and when his son was disinclined to the match, it is said that Antigonus whispered | in his ear the verse of Euripides: “ Where there is gain, ‘gainst nature’s dictates must one wed,” substituting off-hand “ must one wed ” for the similar inflection ‘‘ must one serve.”” However, so slight was the respect which Demetrius paid to Phila and to the rest of his wives, that he consorted freely with many courtesans, as well as with many women of free birth, and as regards this indulgence he had the worst re- putation of all the kings of his time. XV. And now his father summoned him to wage war against Ptolemy for the possession of Cyprus. He must needs obey the summons, but was loth to abandon the war for the liberation of Greece, which was a nobler and more glorious war, and therefore sent to Cleonides, the general of Ptolemy who was occupying Sicyon and Corinth with a garrison, and offered him money to set the cities free. Cleonides, however, would not accept the bribe, and Demetrius therefore put to sea in haste, and taking additional forces, sailed against Cyprus.1 There he joined battle with Menelaiis, a brother of Ptolemy, and promptly defeated him ; but Ptolemy himself appeared on the scene with a large land and naval force combined, and there were sundry interchanges of threats and boasts, Ptolemy ordering Demetrius to 1 In 306 z.c. 35 pd 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pT ptov KéAEVOYTOS Mply Ure THS duvapews maons AbpoicGeians KaTaTaTnO nvat, Anpntptov bé éxetvov apeivat dacKkovtos, av Oporoynon LuKvava Kal K opwOov aTranrracev THs ppoupas. 6 56 a dryanv ou jLovov avrots exeivors, AAXNG Kal Tots arrows atract duvdo ras TOANHY eixe mpog Soxiay THS eT LK pea weVTS adnrornTOs, WS ov Kurpov oude Lupiav, GNA TO péryearov evOvs elvat Tav- TOY TO KpAaTODVTL THS vixns TpoaTiWeEians. XVI. AUTOs pev aUV Oo Hi todepaios EM EMTNEL TEV- THKOVTO Kai éxatov vats éyov, ex be Larapivos exéhevoe Mevédaov efjxovta vavoiv, OTav pa- Mora cvoTacw ) dryeov ex, T poo pepopevov Tas Anpuntpiov Kxomreyv éEoricbev cat Stataparrew THY taki. Anpntptos S€ tais pev éEjKovra. TAUTALS average béxa vais (rocabras yap i 7) pkouv oTEvov évTa TOU ALMEVOS enppatar Tov éxtrAov), autos dé To welov éxtakas Kal Tois avaTeivovaew eis THY OdXacoay dxpwtnpiots TEeptXedpevos, ov- TOS aunyxn vavalv € éxaTov dySonKovTa: Tpoopikas be poun kai Bia TOM Kara KPaTOS eTpéyraTo TOV Ttodepaiov, aro per, as évixnOn, dua TAX ECV puyovra, vavoly OKT@ povas (rocabras yap ék TAagaV mepterwOnaar, Tav 6€ aAXAwY at pev év TH vavpayia SuepIapnoay, éBSopunxovra dé jAwoay airavdpor), Tou 6€ év okKdot Tapop- pobytos 8xdov Oepam ovray Kab pidov Kat yuvas- KV, eTL Oe OTM Kal Xpnpatrov Kal pnyavnudtov amas ovdev ebepuye TOV Anpntptov, GaN’ éraBe mavra Kal KaTnyayev els TO aTparomeco. éy b¢ TOUTOLS 1) meptBonros nv Aapia, TH pev apxny omovoacbeioa Sia thy Téyvny (edoKet yap avActy 36 DEMETRIUS sail away before the entire force should assemble and crush him, and Demetrius offering to let Ptolemy go if he would agree to withdraw his garrisons from Sicyon and Corinth. And not only Demetrius and Ptolemy themselves, but also all the other potentates, awaited with great expectancy the uncertain issue of the impending struggle ; they felt that not Cyprus, nor yet Syria, but the absolute supremacy would at once be the prize of the victor. XVI. Well, then, Ptolemy himself sailed to the attack with a hundred and fifty ships, and ordered Menelaiis to put.out from Salamis with sixty ships, and when the struggle was fiercest, to assail the ships of Demetrius in the rear, and throw them into confusion. But to these sixty ships Demetrius opposed only ten ships (for that small number sufficed to block the narrow exit from the harbour), while he himself, after first drawing out his land forces and encompassing the headlarids that extended into the sea, put out to battle with a hundred and eighty ships. He made his onset with great impetus and force, and utterly routed Ptolemy. Ptolemy himself, after his defeat, fled swiftly with eight ships only (for that small number were left from his whole fleet; of the rest, some had been destroyed in the sea-fight, and seventy had been captured, crews and all), but of the throng of attendants, friends, and women which lay.in ships of burden close at hand, and further, of all Ptolemy’s arms, money, and engines of war, absolutely nothing escaped Demetrius, but he took everything and brought it safely into his camp. Among this booty was the celebrated Lamia, originally held in esteem for her artistic skill (she was thought to play the flute quite admirably), 37 PLUTARCH’S LIVES OuK evxaTappovytas), datepov 5€ Kal Tois épwrt- 4 ols AauT pa ryevomenn. TOTE yoov non hipyouea, Ths Opas Kai TON VEWTE POV eau is AaBodca TOV Anpit prov expaTnoe T™) xapere Kat KATETXED, Hore éxeiyns elvat wovns épactnv, Trav & adrAov épepevov yuvaiKay. Mera dé THY vavpaxiav ouvdé Oo Mevédaos avTeaXer, ara THY TE Zarapiva mapedwxe T@ Anuntpio | Kal Tas vavs Kal 70 meCov, ¢ lameis Te 896 xedious Kal dtaxocious Kal pupious Kai dioxXiALous Om ALTAS. XVII. Obra dé apm pay Kal Kady THY viKNY yevomevny ETL pad ov eT KOT MOV 0 Anpntpios evyVopoo vy Kab prravd pwrrig TOUS vexpous TOV Tore pio EOarbe peyaho TpEeTaS Kab TOUS aly a AwTous abjcey: "AOnvaious 6€ xurAtias Kal da- koalas amo T@V Aapipov edwpijcato mavorrhias. 2 Avrayyedov &é TAS viKns TO Tatpb TOV Miry- o Lov "Apiarodnpov emreprpe, mpwTevovTa Kohaxela, TOV AUNLKOV ATAVYTWY, Kal TOTE mapeoxevacpéevor, OS Eouxe, TOV KOhaKeUpaTOV TO péyLatou emrevery- Kelty TOUS mpdywaccy. as yap emépacey ato THS Kurpov, T poo éxety [ev OUK elace TH Yn TO moior, aryKupas 6 a eivat Kedevoas kal KaTa vady exeuv 3 at pépa. mavras, avTos éuBas els TO épodxvov ef Oe povos Kal m1pos Tov "Avtiryovoy avéBarve, [eT éwpov évta Th mpoa Soxia THS pays «al Sraxeipevov ss eixos éote Staxciobau TOUS wept ™parywarov THALKOUTOY GYOVLOVTAS. - TOTE ye pny aKovaas EXELVOV Hucew ETL “adXov 7 TpoTEpov ErVE Tapa- woas, Kal pores bev avrov oixou KaTELXED, aAXous 8 em adds Ereutev UTNpéTas Kal 38 DEMETRIUS but afterwards becoming illustrious in the annals of love also. At this time, at any rate, although she was past her prime and found Demetrius much younger than herself, she so mastered and swayed him by her charms that he was a lover for her alone, but a beloved for all other women. After the sea-fight, Menelaiis also made no further resistance, but handed over Salamis to Demetrius, together with his fleet, and his land forces, which comprised twelve hundred horsemen and_ twelve thousand men-at-arms. XVII. This victory, which was so fair and brilliant, Demetrius adorned still more by his humanity and kindness of heart. He gave the enemy’s dead a magnificent burial, and set his captives free; more- over, upon the Athenians he bestowed twelve hundred suits of armour from the spoils. As his special messenger to carry word of the victory to his father, Demetrius sent Aristodemus of Miletus, the arch-flatterer among all his courtiers, and ready now, as it would seem, to crown the achievement with the grossest of his flatteries. For when he had crossed over from Cyprus, he would not suffer his vessel to come to land, but ordered the crew to cast anchor and remain quietly on board, all of them, while he himself got into the ship’s small boat, landed alone, and proceeded towards Antigonus, who was anxiously awaiting news of the battle, and was disposed as men are apt to be disposed who are struggling forso highastake. And now, indeed, when he heard that Aristodemus was coming, he was more disturbed than before, and, with difficulty keeping himself indoors, sent servants and friends, 39 4 an PLUTARCH’S LIVES pirovs mevaopévous Tov ‘Apiotodnmou Tepi TeV YEYOVOTMY. ATOKpLVOLEVOU SE pndey AUTOD uNdevt, Badnv &€ xal cuveotate TH TpocwT@ peETAa MOAAHS TlLWTHS TMpodLovTos, éxmAaryels Kody Kab pnkéts Kaptepav o ‘Avtiyovos émi tas Ou- pas aTrnvTnoe, TOAOU TapaTréTOVTOS On TOV ‘Aptotodnuov SyAov Kat auvtpéyovtos emi TO Bacireov. ws ovyv éeyyils HAOev, extewvas THV defray aveBonoe peydrAn TH pov7 ‘ Xaipe, Bact- rev ‘Avtiyove, uxa@pmev Itodewatov vavpayia nat Kuzpov éxouev kal otpatioras aly wahwrous puptous é€axtoyxtAtous oxtakociovs. o b€ ’Avti- yovos, “Kai ov, vy Alia, yaipe, elmev “ odTw dé nuas Bacavioas dixnv vdéees: Boddsiov yap atohy yn TO evayyeALtov.” ; XVIII. "Ex rovrov mpwtov dvedwvnoe TO wrAnGos ~Avtiyovov xat Anpyntpiov Bactréas. "Avtiyovoy pev ody evOus avédnoay ot didrot, Anpntpio dé 0 matnp ereuwe Suddnpa rat ypabov émuctoAnv Baciréa mpoceirev. of & ev Alyinrt@ TovtTwy dtayyedX\opévov cal avrot Baoiréa tov Titodepaiov davnyopevoav, as pn Soxeivy Tov dpovipatos bdiecIar dia THy Hrrav. emreveiuato 6€ o0Tws TO TPayua TO bnrAw TOUS Siaboyous. Kai yap Avaoipayos iipEato dopetv Siddnua, xal Yérevxos éevtuyydvev tois “EXXn- alv, eel Tots ye BapBdpots mpotepov ovTOS ws Baotnrevs éypnuatile. Kacavdpos dé, Trav dAXwY a’tov Bacihéa kai ypadovtwy xal Kadovvtov, autos, waTEp mpoTepov elwOeL, Tas éeMLTTOAAS éypade. | 40 DEMETRIUS one after the other, to learn from Aristodemus what had happened. Aristodemus, however, would make no answer to anybody, but step by step and with a solemn face drew near in perfect silence. Antigonus, therefore, thoroughly frightened, and no longer able to restrain himself, came to the door to meet Aristodemus, who was now escorted by a large throng which was hurrying to the palace. Accordingly, when he had come near, he stretched out his hand and cried with a loud voice: “ Hail, King Antigonus, we have conquered Ptolemy in a sea-fight, and now hold Cyprus, with twelve thousand eight hundred soldiers as prisoners of war.” To this Antigonus replied : “ Hail to thee also, by Heaven! but for torturing us in this way, thou shalt undergo punishment; the reward for thy good tidings thou shalt be some time in getting.” XVIII. Upon this, the multitude for the first time saluted Antigonus and Demetrius as _ kings. Antigonus, accordingly, was immediately crowned by his friends, and Demetrius received a diadem from his father, with a letter in which he was addressed as King. The followers of Ptolemy in Egypt on their part also, when these things were reported to them, gave him the title of King, that they might not appear to lose spirit on account of their defeat. And thus their emulation carried the practice among the other successors of Alexander. For Lysimachus began to wear a diadem, and Seleucus also in his interviews. with the Greeks ; with the Barbarians he had before this dealt as king. Cassander, however, although the others gave him the royal title in their letters and addresses, wrote his letters in his own untitled name, as he had been wont to do. 41 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tobto dé ov TmpoaOyKny ¢ évéparos xa TX MATOS éEadrayny ele plovov, adda Kab Ta ppovnpara TOV avd pe exinae Kal TAS yopmas émnpe Kat rots Biors Kal Tals opirtats aUTOV GyKov éveToinae cal Baputnta, xabarep tpayitxav bToxpiTOVv dua TH oKevn cuppetaBarrAovTwv Kal Badiopa Kal gwvyv kal kataxdow Kal mpocayopevotv. éK 5é rourwy éyevovto Kat qTrept Tas Sixaracets Bacorepor, THY els TOANA mapéXxovoav avTous edad porépous Kab padarwTépous Tois vmnNKooLs 7 pote pov elpavelay THS éfoucias adehortes. TO- oovTov loxuoe KONAKOS dovy pia Kal tocauTns éveTTANTE THY oloupevny petaBoris. XIX. "AYTiYOVOS dé Trois TET pary WEVvOLS v6 Anpntpiou qept Kuzpov émrapbels ev0us éoTpa- Tevoev emi Irorepatov, avuTOS pev dry ween THY Sivapuy, Anyntpiov be peydre OTOAM oUpL- Tapam NEovTOs. Ov O€ TpoTrov Ewedde xpivecOar Ta TpayLara, Myjox0s, "Avtuyovou piros, Oyruv elde Kata Tous Brrvovs. done yap auTov “Avti- ryovov ayoviterOat pera THS oT paras amdans dtavdov EUPWOTWS Kal TAYXU TO T pao, cita Kata puck pov BbiSbvat THY Suvapuy adre: Kal TéEXOS, WS exaprper, acbevh "yevopevov Kal pear ov aaO pa- TOS ov padios avadepev. auTOs TE obv evTuX@v KaTa ynv troddais aropiass, xat Anpunrpiov Kerpwave peyar Kat Krydove KLVOUVEVTAYTOS els TOTTOUS GNLpEVOUS Kat Xarerovs explpnvar, TOANAS d€ tav vewov atrodécartos, émavnAbev QM PAKTOS. "Hy dé tore puxpov amoAcirroyta yeyovws eT pusKep yeyovas érn 42 89 DEMETRIUS Now, this practice did not mean the addition of a name or a change of fashion merely, but it stirred the spirits of the men, lifted their thoughts high, and introduced into their lives and dealings with others pomposity and ostentation, just as_ tragic actors adapt to their costumes their gait, voice, posture at table, and manner of addressing others. Consequently they became harsher in their judicial decisions also; they laid aside that dissemblance of power which formerly had often made them more lenient and gentle with their subjects. So great influence had a flatterer’s single word, and with so great a change did it fill the whole world. XIX. Antigonus, elated by the achievements of Demetrius at Cyprus, at once! made an expedition against Ptolemy; he himself led his forces by land, while Demetrius with a great fleet coéperated with him by sea. How the enterprise was to issue, Medius, a friend of Antigonus, was warned by a vision in his sleep. He dreamed, namely, that Antigonus himself, with his whole army, was com- péting in a race over the course and back ; he ran vigorously and swiftly at first, then, little by little, his strength failed him; and at last, after he had made the turn, he became weak, breathed heavily, and with difficulty made the finish. And conformably to the vision, Antigonus himself encountered many difficulties by land, and since Demetrius also en- countered a great storm and a heavy sea and was cast upon a rough coast which had no harbours, losing many of his ships, he returned without accomplishing anything. ; Antigonus was at this time almost eighty years 1 During the same year, namely, 306 B.C. 43 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 P) , l , be Y , , oyOonxovtTa,’ peyées 5é€ Kat BapuTnte cwpatos a“ . n \ MaAXov 7 Sta TO yijpas éml Tas oTpareias yeyovws wn A 2) Svotapaxopmtotos éxphto T@ Tradl Kal di év- tuxiay kai dv éwrepiay nbn Ta péytota Kaos n I Stoccoovtt, Tpupas O€ Kal ToAvTEXELas Kal TOTOUS a U / \ avtod pn Bapvvopevos. eipnvns yap ovons adv- “A n \ Bprtev eis taita Kat ayordlwv éxypito pos Tas noovas avetmévas avT@ Kal KaTaKkopws, €v \ a“ / e e / , v 5€ Tots TodEwors ws of Guoet swdpoves Evnhe. AévyeTas 6€ THs Aapias avadavdov nbn Kpatovons, ‘ ’ , e.\N a , ; , tov ’Avtiyovoyv wire tod Anpntpiov Kxatadinov- pevov Hkovtos aro &Eévns eiveiv Gua yedrovTa, ‘‘Aoxeis Aapmav, ® Tai, katadiAciv.” madi dé ( a Tote WAelLovas Nuépas ev TOTOLS yevopuévou, Kal mpopaci A€yovTos ws pedua StoxAnoELEeY aUTOY, / “’KarvOouny,” ddavac tov Avriyovor, “ddXa TroTe- / A wn > \ [ re) 99 , \ pov @dcrov 4} Xiov jv to pedua;” muPopevos 8é e P) wn ” b ] N 9 ; , 9 , atOis dcbevas Eyew avtov éBadiSev ovropevos, Kal TOV KAA@Y Tie TEpl OUpas amrnYTNGEV EioEr- \ \ \ lA 9 b ‘ (vd nw v Owv 5é Kal KaOtoas tap avtov Hato THs KeELpos’ / A éxeivou 5é eltovTos OTL viv oO TupETOS ATrOKEXa- pyncev, “’Apéret, tracdiov,” én, ‘Kal éuol viv mept Ovpas amiwv amnvTnke.” tata dé odtw ws édhepe tov A (ov Ola THY AAXr T Paws p nuntpiov dua thv aAAnv a e \ \ , / mpakw. ov pev yap YxvOae Tivovres cal peBv- : a ? oKouEevol TapawdrXovor Tas vevpas TaV Tokwr, olov éxAvopevoy vo THs HOovis avaxaNovpevor 1 6yd5ohxovra MSS. and most editors; trav dydohxoyra. 44 DEMETRIUS old, and his great size and weight, even more than his old age, made it difficult for him to conduct expeditions. He therefore made use of his son in- stead, whose good fortune and experience now enabled him to conduct the greatest affairs success- fully, and whose luxuries, extravagances, and revelries gave his father no concern. For although in time of peace Demetrius plunged deep into these excesses and devoted his leisure to his pleasures without restraint and intemperately, yet in time of war he was as sober as those who were abstemious by nature. And we are told that once, after Lamia was known of all men to be in complete control of Demetrius, he came home from abroad and greeted his father with a kiss, whereupon Antigonus said with a laugh, “One would think, my son, that thou wert kissing Lamia.’’ Again, on another occasion, when De- metrius had been at his revels for several days, and excused his absence by saying that he was troubled with a flux, “So I learned,” said Antigonus, ‘but was it Thasian or Chian wine that flowed?’’ And again, learning that his son was sick, Antigonus was going to see him, and met a certain beauty at his door ; he went in, however, sat down by his son, and felt his pulse. “The fever has left me now,’ said Demetrius. “No doubt, my boy,” said Antigonus, “I met it just now at the door as it was going away.” These failings of Demetrius were treated with such lenity by his father because the young man was so efficient otherwise. The Scythians, in the midst of their drinking and carousing, twang their bow-strings, as though summoning back their courage when it is dissolved in pleasure; but 45 PLUFARCH’S LIVES Tov Oupov, éxetvos 5é Ta pep O0V7 d:50us aT Mes éavTov, ta 6€ omrovdj, Kal Odrepa TOD érépwv axpara perayerprlopevos, ovr HTTOV Hv Sewvos ev Tals TOU TONEHLOV mapacxevais. XX. ’AAAG cal TapacKevacaa bat _Ovvapuy 7 xpncac ba. Bedtiov « edoxet TTPATHYOS elvat, mara pev ex meptovatas. Umdpxew Bovdopevos emi Tas vpeias, THS O€ Tepl Tas vavs Kal Ta pnXavnpara peyahoupyias kal Kal qdovny Teva Tov Gewpetv aTAHTTOS é Ov. evpuns yap Ov Kat Dewpntixos OUK Els Tau tas ovd els Siayoryas aX PHATOUS éTpewre TO prdorexvov, @oTEp addov Bacwnéis avdovvTes kal CoypadovvTes Kal TOpevovTeEs. "Adpotros yap o Maxedeor tpanévia pxpa Kai Auxvidva TEKTOLVOMEVOS, omroTe axXordfor, Suijryev. "Attanros 6€ 0 Prrountwp éxnmeve TAS pappa- KWOELS Bordvas, ou pLovov. vooKvapov Ka éXXE- Bopov, aXe Kal K@VvELOV Kal aKOVLTOY Kal Sopu- KvLoy, AUTOS ev Tots Bactretous omel pov Kab putevor, OTOUS TE Kal Ka prov AUT OV epyov Té- Toinpevos eidévat Kal KomilerIat Kal” @pay. ot dé ITdp0ev Baatnreis evenvuvovTo Tas axivas TOV Bedav VapaTTovTes avrol Kat mapabnyovres. anna, pny Anpntplov Kal To Bavavoov jj ay Baotre- KOv, Kab péyelos 7 1 pe0000s eixen, apa TO TEPLTT Kal purorexvep TOV epyov Dypos Tt Siavoias Kab ppovnwaros cuvexpepovTan, Gare pa povov ya ns Kab Teptovaias, adda Kal _Xetpos aka dat- vera Baoitucgs. peyeder pep yap eben ntTe Kal TOUS pirous, xadnet dé Kal Tous ToAepious Erepire. TouTO O€ ETL waNdOV eee 7 KoLOs 46 DEMETRIUS Demetrius, giving himself up completely, now to pleasure, and now to duty, and keeping the one completely separate from the other, was no less formidable in his preparations for war. XX. Nay, he was actually thought to be a better general in preparing than in employing a force, for he wished everything to be at hand in abundance for his needs, and could never be satisfied with the largeness of his undertakings in building ships and engines of war, or in gazing at them with great delight. For he had good natural parts and was given to speculation, and did not apply his ingenuity to things that would afford useless pleasure or diversion, like other kings who played on the flute, or painted, or chased metals. Aeropus the Macedonian, for in- stance, used to spend his leisure time in making little tables or lamp-stands. And Attalus Philometor used to grow poisonous plants, not only henbane and hellebore, but also hemlock, aconite, and dorycnium, sowing and planting them himself in the royal gardens, and making it his business to know their juices and fruits, and to collect these at the proper season. And the kings of the Parthians used to take pride in notching and sharpening with their own hands the points of their missiles. But with Demetrius, even the work of his hands was kingly, and his method had grandeur about it, since what he produced displayed ‘loftiness of purpose and _ spirit combined with elegance and ingenuity, so that men thought it worthy, not only to be designed and paid for by a king, but actually to be wrought by his hand. For its magnitude terrified even his friends, and its beauty delighted even his enemies. And this has still more truth in it than elegance of 47 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 elpntar. nal tas pev éxxadexnpers avTod Kal Tas TEVTEKALOEK TELS eOavpalov ETTOTES OL B98 TONE MLO Tapa THV viv avT@Vv Eos, ai oe éherrohers as Géapa Tots ToAopKoupEevoLs OAV, as avra, Ta mpaypara apTupel. Avoipaxos pev yap, éxOtaT0s av Anyntple TOV Bacthéwr Kal TONOpKOYTL Lorous Tors KiAcxiovs avrete- TaryHLEVOS, em eure Tmapakarev émrdeiEat Tas &N- ; xavas avT@ Kal tas vads TAEOVCAaS: emdeiEavTos 5 o€ Oavpdoas am7jrde. ‘“Podsor dé tmodvv xpovow vm’ avTov TromopxnGevtes, érret KATENUTAYTO TOV TOELOD, NTS avTO TOV pNXavev évias, OT ws vropynywa THS éxeivou Suvayews aya kal THS av- TOV avdpayabias é EXWOLY. XXI. "Emondeunoe dé ‘Podious Irodepatov oUp- payors ovat, Kal THY meyloTHnV éXETrONLY Tots TEL- xeoe 7 poonyaryen, Hs edpa bev WY TETPaywvos, ExaoT gy éyouca Tov KaTW TTAatciou meupav OKT® Kal Teg oapaKovTa TNX OY, ef dé Kal e&n- KovTa (TIX OV infos elyen, els Kopupny ouvvevovca 2 tais ave Trev pais OTEVWTEPAY THS Bdcews. év- Sofev pév oby areas Sverréppakto Kal xwpars Todas, TO Oe WTpos TOUS Tohepious QUTNS peToO- Tov ave@KTo Kal” éxdotny otéynv Oupiow, Kat bua TOUTWY eferume Bern TavTooaT a’ perry yap 4 avopov payouevwy mac av idéav podyns. Kat TO BN Kpada.vopevov auras pnoe KALVOMEVOY év Tats KWITETL, arr’ opbov é €V espa Kal aoadAeuTon, icopporrws apa poily Kal TOV@ TOAND 7 pox@- pouy, Ga uBos aya Th Wun Kal Yapw Tiva TH Owes TOV Few peveov Tapetye. 3 IIpos d€ todToy Tov ToAEMov avT@ Kai Owpaxes 48 DEMETRIUS diction. His enemies would stand on shore and admire his galleys of fifteen or sixteen banks of oars as they sailed along past, and his “ city-takers ” were a spectacle to those whom he was besieging, as the actual facts testify. For Lysimachus, although he was the bitterest enemy Demetrius had among the kings, and had arrayed himself against him when he was besieging Soli in Cilicia, sent and asked Demetrius to show him his engines of war, and his ships in full career ; and when Demetrius had shown them, Lysimachus expressed his admiration and went away. The Rhodians also, after they had been for a long time besieged by Demetrius and had come to terms with him, asked him for some of his engines of war, that they might keep them as a reminder of his power as well as of their own bravery. XXI. Now, he made war upon the Rhodians?} because they were allies of Ptolemy, and brought up against their walls his greatest ‘‘city-taker.”’ Its base was square, and each of its sides measured at the bottom forty-eight cubits. It rose to a height of sixty-six cubits, and tapered from base to summit. Within, it was divided off into many storeys and chambers, and the side of it which faced the enemy had windows opening out of every storey, and out through these issued missiles of every sort; for it was full of men who fought in every style of fighting. Moreover, it did not totter or lean when it moved, but remained firm and erect on its base, advancing evenly with much noise and great impetus, and this astounded the minds and at the same time greatly charmed the eyes of those who beheld it. For his use in this war there were brought to 1 In 305-304 B.c. The siege lasted about a year. 49 VOL. 1X. E PLUTARCH’S LIVES éxopiaOnoav éx Kumpov dv0 otdnpoi, py@v odKTS éxadtepos teaoapdxovta. Svardbeav dé Kal po- pny avrav éridecxvupevos o Texvitns Zwiros éxé- A \ ANevoev €F elxooe Bnudtwv adeivar catamreNTiKov / BéXos, o8 trpocmecovtTos appayns Siéuevev o Gi- Snpos, duuvxny dé pworss éoyvev awPreiay, obov azro fe) \ ypaetov. TtovTov autos épope tov 5’ Erepov oY J 9 , b \ , ; “A AAkipuos 0 Hiretpwrns, avnp Todepixwtaros TOV oUV avT@® Kal pwparewtatos, bs povos éeypHTo Sitaddvt@ TavoTAla, TOV ad\AWY XpwLEéVwOV TA- 4 ‘ \ 4 b e 4 \ \ 4 Aavtiaia’ Kai payopmevos év “Pod trepi 76 Oéatpov 4 errecev. XXII. Etdpworws 5é xal trav ‘Podiwy apvvo- 4 QA wv , . 4 e / pévwov, ovdév akiov AOyou mpdatrwv o AnpuntpLos 4 ? / \ ? 4 4 , ”~ Guws eOvpopaye: mpos avtous, dtt, Piras Tis YUVALKOS AUTO ypdupata Kal oTpw@pata Kal ima- Tia Teprpdons, ANaBovtes TO THOLOY, WoTTEp ELXe, apos Irovenaiov améoterav, cal thy ’AOnvaiwv ’ ? / , A , oux éutunoavTo diravOpwriay, of Piritrov Tro- NEMOVYTOS aUTOLS ypappaTtohopous EArOVTES TAS \ ” > « b / ‘ \ \ pév AdXrNaS avéyvwoay émictoAds, povny b€ THY "Odupriddos ovK EAXvaaY, aA’, OoTEp BV KaTa- cEeonpacmévn, Wpos éxelvoy aTécTElAay. Ov pH 4 / aNd, Kaltrep él TovT@ apddpa SnxOels o Anun- IAN Tptos, evOus Trapacyovtas AaBnv oby Urépecver avTiAuijoat tous ‘Podious. éruxe yap avtois o 4 Kavvtos Upwtoyévns ypddwv thy rept rov ‘laXv- cov Oudbeotv, Kai TOY Tivaka piKpov aTrodEiTOVTA 5° DEMETRIUS Demetrius from Cyprus two iron coats of mail, each of which weighed only forty pounds. Wishing to show their strength and power of resistance, Zoilus their maker gave orders that a catapult’s missile should be shot at one of them from a distance of twenty paces, and in the place where it struck the iron remained intact, although it did get a faint scratch, such as might be made by a graver. This coat of mail Demetrius wore himself; the other was worn by Alcimus the Epeirot, the sturdiest and most warlike of all the men under him, and the only one whose suit of armour weighed a hundred pounds (the rest used suits of fifty pounds weight) ; he fell in battle at Rhodes near the theatre. | XXII. But the Rhodians on their part made a vigorous resistance, and Demetrius, although he was accomplishing nothing worthy of mention, neverthe- less kept up the fight against them in a rage, because, when Phila his wife sent him letters, bedding, and clothing, the Rhodians had captured the vessel containing them, and had sent it, just as it was, to Ptolemy. In this they did not imitate the con- siderate kindness of the’ Athenians, who, having . captured Philip's letter-carriers when he was making war upon them, read all the other letters, indeed, but one of them, which was from Olympias, they would not open; instead, they sent it back to the king with its seal unbroken. However, although Demetrius was exceedingly exasperated by this, when the Rhodians soon after gave him a chance ‘to retaliate, he would not allow himself to do so. It happened, namely, that Protogenes the Caunian had been making a painting for them which illustrated the story of Ialysus, and this picture, nearly finished, 51 E 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov Tédos Every Ev Tie TOV T™ poaaTelwy édaBev o Anuntptos. TeuavTov dé Knpuka TOV “Podioy Kal Seopeveoy getcacbat cai pn dtapOetpar TO epyov, dmexpivato Tas Tod TaTpos elxovas ay 3 eum pio au pardov 7 n TEXYNS Tovov TOGOUTOV. énTa yap ETECL héyeTat TUVTERET AL THV ypagny 0 IIpw- Toyevns. Kai gnaw 0 ‘Arrehrfis obras exTT Aa ynvat Geacdpevos TO epryov Gore kai povnv ere Aemeiy auTov, Oe be elrrety ore “‘ Meéyas O TOvos Kat Javpacrov TO épyon, ov pay exe ye Xa pe- tas ov as ovpavov pavew Ta UT avTou ypado- 4 peva. TAUTNY ev OV THY ypadny ELS TavTo Tats adrats cuvwa Beicay év ‘Pamun TO Top eTEvEL LATO. tav dé ‘Podiwy cateFaviaTapevov TOU TrOAELOV, 899 deo uevov | Tpopacews TOV Anpaytptov "AOnvaior Taparyevopuevot Oup\raEav € emt TO oumpaxely “Po- dtous "Avtiyova cat Anuntpio wry eri IroXe- peatov. XXIII. ’Exddrouv b€ rov Anpyrpiov ot *AQOn- vaior Kacdvépov TO doTU TONLOpKOdVTOS. ) bé vavolw érimdevoas TpLaKog Lats TpidKovTa Kal Toots OTALTALS, OU povov ef))Aace THS "ATTLKAS tov Kdaavédpor, andra kal pevyovta pEX pL @cp- MOTTUA@V diwEas Kat _TpeYrapevos, ‘Hpdketav éXaBev, éxouvciws auT@ poo Genevny, Kab TOV Maxedovey éEaxcoxidous peraBarouevous pos 2 avrov. emaviwy d€ TOUS evTds Tlvva@p * ‘EdAqvas nrevBépov, cal Botwrovds éroinocato cuppdyous, 1 When Strabo wrote, during the reign of Augustus, the painting was still at Rhodes, where it had been seen and admired by Cicero (Orat. 2, 5); when the elder Pliny wrote, 52 DEMETRIUS had been captured by Demetrius in one of the suburbs of the city. The Rhodians sent a herald and begged Demetrius to spare and not destroy the work, whereupon he replied that he would rather burn the likenesses of his father than so great a labour of art. For we are told that it took Protogenes seven years to complete the painting. And Apelles says he was so smitten with amazement on beholding the work that his voice actually failed him, and that when at last he had recovered it, he cried, “ Great is the toil and astonishing the work,” remarking, however, that it had not the graces which made the fame of his own paintings touch the heavens. This painting, then, crowded into the same place with the rest at Rome the fire destroyed.1 As for the Rhodians, they continued their strenuous resistance in the war until Demetrius, who wanted a pretext for abandoning it, was induced to make terms with them by a deputation of Athenians, on condition that the Rhodians should be allies of Antigonus and Demetrius, except in a war against Ptolemy. XXIII. And now the Athenians called upon Demetrius because Cassander was besieging their city. So Demetrius sailed to their help with three hundred and thirty ships and a great number of men-at-arms, and not only drove Cassander out of Attica, but actually pursued him in his headlong flight as far as Thermopylae, and then took Heracleia, which joined him of its own accord, and six thousand Macedonians, who also came over to him. On his return, he gave their freedom to the Greeks on this side of Thermopylae, made the Boeotians his allies, a generation or two later, it had been carried to Rome and placed in the temple of Peace (cf. Strabo, xiv. p. 652; Pliny, N.H, xxxv. 10, 36). és PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal Keyxpéas elXe* Kab Dury Kal Ilavaxrovp, em iTeLXio waa, Ths CArtixijis t7r6 Kaodvdpov poupotpeva,, KaTaaTpeyrdpevos amedwxe Tots “AOnvaiors. ot O€ KaiTrep eX KEXUPEVOL 7 POTE POV Eis arov Kal KaTaKEey pnpuevol Tacay prot ipusay, eEebpov 6 Suws Kal TOTE mpoaparot Kal Katvot Tals KoNakelas havivat. Tov yap omc odopov Tov HapGevaivos dmréderEav avuT@ Katddvoww KaKet diartav eixe, Tis FAOnvas hevyouerns vmodexer Oat Kab Eevitew avrov, vu Tavu KOo [Lov Eévov ovee WS mapbevep Tpaws érictad uevovra. KatTou TOV adehpov avTou DtrAurrov aia opevds TOTE 0 Tra- THp ev oiKig KaTadvovTa Tpets exovon véas yuvai- Kas, Tpos éxeivoy pev ovdev épbéyEato, mapovTos 5é éxeivou, TOV arab pwodorny peTatrepyapevos, “ Odtos,” elev, ‘ ‘oun éEdFers mou Tov viov éx Tis OTEVOYWpPLAS ;" XXIV. Anat ptos dé, THY “AOnvay avUT@ 7 poa- hKov, eb St aAAO pNdév, OS Ye Tm peo Butépay aderdny aia xuves Oat (robTo yap éBovreTo dé- yeoOat), TOTAUTHY UBpw eis traidas éhevd épous Kal yuvaixas aotas Kxatecxébace THS akpo- TOAEWS dare Soxeiy tote padtota KaBapeueev Tov TOTrOV, STE X puaib. kal Aapia cat Anpot Kab "Avtexupa, Tais mopvats éxeivais, cuvaKo- Aacraivot. Ta pev ody addAa cadas atrayyéAXEw ov TpeTrEt dua THY TOAD, THY dé Anpoxéous apetny Kat Twp poo vny afvov €oTe pn mapenbeiv. EKELVOS yap Hy ért trais dvnBos, ovK habe Oé TOV Anpn- Tpiov Exwv THs evpopdias THy éTMVUmLLAY KAaTH- 54 DEMETRIUS and captured Cenchreae ; he also reduced Phyle and Panactum, fortresses of Attica in which Cassander had garrisons, and gave them back to the Athenians. And they, although before this they had used up and exhausted all the honours that could be bestowed upon him, nevertheless devised a way to show them- selves then also the authors of new and _ fresh flatteries. For instance, they assigned him the rear chamber of the Parthenon for his quarters; and there he lived, and there it was said that Athena received and entertained him, although he was no very orderly guest.and did not occupy his quarters with the decorum due to a virgin.’ And yet on one occasion when his father understood that his brother Philip was quartered in a house occupied by three young women, he said not a word to Philip himself, but in his presence said to the quartermaster whom he had summoned, “See here, wilt thou not remove my son from his narrow quarters? ”’ XXIV. But Demetrius, who ought to have revered Athena, if for no other reason, at least because she was his elder sister (for this was what he liked to have her called), filled the acropolis with such wanton treatment of free-born youth and native Athenian women that the place was then thought to be particularly pure when he shared his disso- lute life there with Chrysis and Lamia and Demo and Anticyra, the well-known prostitutes. Now, to give all the particulars plainly would disgrace the fair fame of the city, but I may not pass over the modesty and virtue of Democles. He was still a young boy, and it did not escape the notice of Demetrius that he had a surname which indicated 1 Since the Athenians had made him a ‘‘ Saviour-god.” 55 qn PLUTARCH’S LIVES yopov: éxanreito yap Anpwoxdjs o Karos. ws bé TOAAG TetpwovtTav Kai Svovtwv Kal dhoRovvtwv Um’ ovdEevds HALoKETO, TéAOS 5é hEevywy Tas Tra- Aalotpas Kal Td yupvdotoy eis te RBadaveiov isuwtixov éhoita Nova opmeEvos, emLTNPHTAS TOY Kas- pov o Anpunrptos émecondOev. adit@ pove. Kal o mais, @ cuvetde THY Tepl avTov épnuiav Kat THY dvayKnv, aperX@v TO TALA TOD YAaAKwpaTOS Els téov bdwp évnrato cal SvépOerpev avrov, dvakia pev tradev, aka 5é THs Tatpidos Kal Tov KddXOUS ppovncas, ovy ws Kreaivetos o KXeopuédorros, ds @dAnKoTe TE Tarpl dinny TevTnKOVTAa TaXdvTwOV adeOnvat Siamrpakdpevos Kal ypappata Tapa Anpntpiov Kopicas mpos tov Shyov ov povov éavTov KaTnoxuvev, GAAA Kal THY TOY GuUDE- tdpake. Tov pev yap Kreouddovta tis Siens apjxay, eypadyn Séwydiopa undéva tov ToALTOV émictoAny trapa Anpuntpiov Kxopitew. érrel dé axovaas éKetvos ovK jveyice peTpios, GX nya- VAKTNOE, Seicavres abbus ov povov TO Pipe pa xabeirov, GNA Kal TOV elo mynoapeveov Kal ouvel- TOVTWY TOUS fev ATEKTELVAD, TOUS 5é Epuyadevaa); ére O€ tmpocendicavto dSedoxOat TO SHuw TaV "AOnvaiwy wav, 6 te dv o Bactrevs Anuntptos KeXevon, TOUTO Kal mpos Oeovs Sotov Kal pds avOpwtous elvat Stxatov. eitrovtos 8€ Tivos TOY Karov kayadav dvipav paiverOar tov Xtpato- Kréa TOLAVTA ypadovta, Anwoydpns 0 Aeveovoeds “Maivotto pévtav,” eltrev, “el pn paivotto.” 56 900 DEMETRIUS his comeliness; for he was called Democles the Beautiful. But he yielded to none of the many who sought to win him by prayers or gifts or threats, and finally, shunning the palaestras and the gymnasium, used to go for his bath to a private bathing-room. Here Demetrius, who had watched his opportunity, came upon him when he was alone. And the boy, when he saw that he was quite alone and in dire straits, took off the lid of the cauldron and jumped into the boiling water, thus destroying himself, and suffering a fate that was unworthy of him, but show- ing a spirit that was worthy of his country and of his beauty. Notso Cleaenetus the son of Cleomedon, who, in order to obtain a letter from Demetrius to . the people and therewith to secure the remission of a fine of fifty talents which hgd been imposed upon his father, not only disgraced himself, but also got the city into trouble. For the people released Cleomedon from his sentence, but they passed an edict that no citizen should bring a letter from Demetrius before the assembly. However, when Demetrius heard of it and was beyond measure incensed thereat, they took fright again, and not only rescinded the decree, but actually put to death some of those who had introduced and spoken in favour of it, and drove others into exile; furthermore, they voted besides that it was the pleasure of the Athenian people that whatsoever King Demetrius should ordain in future, this should be held righteous towards the gods and just towards men. And when one of the better class of citizens declared that Stratocles was mad to introduce such a motion, Demochares of Leuconoé said: ‘“ He would indeed be mad nat to be 57 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e “A “A TOAAA yap O UTPATOKAHS MPerelro Sia THY KOAa- , e \ , 2 \ , \ xeiav. o d€ Anuoxydpns émlt tovtm d:aBrnbels ? UA a 4 9 “A ehuyadevOn. Toradta érpattov ‘A@nvaio: dpov- a ’ a, \ \ > , ” pas amnr\rAdyGae cat thv édrevOepiav Exew So0- KOUVTES. XXV. Anpntpios Sé taperOwv eis TWedorov- ? ‘\ e 4 A b / bd \ vnaov, ovdevos Uptatayévov TOY évayTiov, AAA hevyovTwy Kal Wpoiewévwv Tas WodEs, TpoTn- / , , ’ \ >? n yayeto Tv Te KaXoupevnv “Axtnv cal ’Apxadiay, A id Vow \ > A : \ mAnv Mavtiveas, cat “Apyos nal 2tkumva Kat \ “a KopiwOov édvoato tddavta Sovs éExatov ois a A “ 4 ppovpovov. éy “Apyes pev ody THs TOY Hpaiwy EOPTHS xabnxovons,, aryavober av Kal ouptrayn- ‘yupiSov TOUS "Edrnow, é éynue THY Ataxidou Ouya- Tépa, tod Modrottrav Baciréws, aderAdnv dé oe A : Ilvppov, Anidaperav. Xuxvwviovs 5é dycas Tapa THV TWOALV OLKELY THY TOALY, ETELTEV OV VOV OLKODCL petotxicacOar: To Sé€ TOT Kal TovvoNa THY , nw >] \ A Tok cuppetaBarovoav avtTl Xuxvavos Anpun- Tpiada tTpoonyopevoev. - ev 5é “IoPu@ Kowod cuvedpiou yevoyévou Kat ToAA@Y avOpwray auV- ; fo} € j erXOovtav, nryewwv avnyopevOn tis “EXXdOos, ws mportepov ot wept Pirermov cat "AréEavdpov: wv éxetvos ov Tapa puixpov évopiley éavrov elvas / A A “ Bertiova, TH TUX TH Tapovon Kal TH dSuvaper TOV Tpaypdtwv eTratpopevos. ‘“AréEavdpos yoov > / ~ ” 4 b] / “ ovdéva TaV aAAwY Baciéwv atrectépnoe THS e 4 +Q\ e_eN ? a VA / Omwvupias, ovde avTOV aveime Bacthéwy Bactréa, 58 DEMETRIUS mad.” For Stratocles reaped much advantage from his flatteries. Demochares, however, was brought under accusation for this and sent into exile. So fared it with the Athenians, who imagined that because they were rid of their garrison they therefore had their freedom. XXV. And now Demetrius proceeded into Pelo- ponnesus,! where not one of his enemies opposed him, but all abandoned their cities and fled. He received into allegiance Acte, as it is called, and Arcadia (except Mantineia), and freed Argos, Sicyon, and Corinth by paying their garrisons a hundred talents. At Argos, then, where there was a cele- bration of the festival of Hera, he presided at the games and attended the solemn assemblies with the Greeks, and married Deidameia,? the daughter of Aeacides king of the Molossians, and the sister of Pyrrhus. As for the Sicyonians, he told them their city was in the wrong place, and persuaded them to change its site to that which it now has; moreover, with the site he also changed the name of the city, calling it Demetrias instead of Sicyon. And at the Isthmus of Corinth, where a general assembly was held and throngs of people came together, he was proclaimed Commander-in-chief of the Greeks, as Philip and Alexander had been proclaimed before him; and to these he considered himself in no slight measure superior, lifted up as he was by the good fortune and power which he then enjoyed. And certainly King Alexander never refused to bestow the royal title upon other kings, nor did he proclaim himself King of ee although many 1 Karly in 303 B.c ? Although both Eurydice and Phila were still living. 59 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kaito ToAXOls TO KaXEicOat Kai evar Bactréas > AN , b] la) \ , \ fe) autos Sedwxas: éxeivos S€ yrevafwv Kal yedov Tous GAXNov Tiva TANVY TOU TaTpOS Kal avTOD Baotréa tpocayopevovtas, HOéws HKOVE THY Tap moTov émuyvces NapBavovtwoy Anuntpiov Bact- Aéws, Derevxou Oe erehavtapyou, [rorepatou Sé vavapyov, Avotpdyouv dé yatopvXaxos, "Ayabo- Kr€ous O€ TOU YKEALwTOU VnoLapxYoU. TovTwV Se \ A a b / e \ ” mpos Tovs Raatnrels exhepopevwy ot péev GAXOL Bactreis xateyéXov, Avaoipayos 8 nyavaxtes povos et aomddovta vopites Anpnrptos avtov: émieck@s yap eiwmbercav evvovyous eye yato- gdvraxas. Hv 56 kal mavtwv arexyOéotatos o Avoipaxos avT@, kal rAodopav eis Tov épwra tHs Aaptas éXeye viv mp@Tov ewpaKxévat Topyny wa lol e Tpoepyouevnv ex TpayiKhs axnyys: o dé Anuntptos A , a éhn THY éavTOv TOpynV cwhpovertépay eEivat TIS éxeivou IInveXorns. XXVI. Tote & obv avafevyviwr els tas *AOn- 4 e 4 / ’ \ vas éypawev Ste BovrAeTar Trapayevopevos evOvs punOjvar Kal THY TerETHY AtTacay ato TeV pixp@v aypt ToV éToTTLKaY TapadaBeEly. TOTO \ ’ \ 9 2O\ \ / ’ \ 5é ov Oepitov jv ovdé yeyovos TpoTepov, addrAda Ta puxpa Tov ’AvOeotnpi@vos éteXodvTO, TA Sé peydra tov Bondpopiavos: ére@mrevov 5é Tov- AaYXLoTOV aTo TAY peyadXwv éviavTov dade TovTes. avayvwobévtwy 5é TOV ypappdtwev povos éTOr- ‘ a e A noe avretrety Lv@0dwpos 0 Sadovyos, émépave \ > , 9 \ Ul , >] a dé ovdév: GANA Ltpatokr€ovs yvopnv eitrovTos -60 DEMETRIUS kings received their position and title from him; whereas Demetrius used to rail and mock at those who gave the title of King to any one except his father and himself, and was well pleased to hear revellers pledge Demetrius as King, but Seleucus as _ Master of the Elephants, Ptolemy as Admiral, Lysimachus as Treasurer, and Agathocles as Island Governor of Sicily. When this was reported to these kings, they all laughed at Demetrius, except Lysimachus; he was incensed that Demetrius con- sidered him a eunuch (it was the general practice to have eunuchs for treasurers). And of all the kings Lysimachus had most hatred for Demetrius. He was once reviling the man’s passion for Lamia, and said that this was the first time he had ever seen a harlot coming forward to play a great tragic part; Demetrius, however, declared that his own harlot was more chaste than the Penelope of Lysimachus. XXVI. But to resume the story, when Demetrius was getting ready to return to Athens, he wrote letters to the people saying that he wished to be initiated into the mysteries as soon as he arrived, and to pass through all the grades in the ceremony, from the lowest to the highest (the “epoptica’’). Now, this was not lawful, and had not been done before, but the lesser rites were performed in the month Anthesterion, the great rites in Boédromion ; and the ‘supreme rites (the “epoptica’’) were celebrated after an interval of at least a year from the great rites. And yet when the letter of Demetrius was read, no one ventured to oppose the proposition except Pythodorus the Torch-bearer, and he accom- plished nothing; instead, on motion of Stratocles, it was voted to call the current month, which was ° 61 PLUTARCH’S LIVES "AvOcotnpiava tov Movvvytava Wnydiocapévous a \ , > 2 “A ; , A Kanely Kal voller, eréeXovy TO Anuntrpiw Ta \ ” \ \ a , fe » mpos Aypav: kal peta tavta madw e& , isd partota AéyeTat AUTHGaL Tovs ‘AOnvatous, STL Siaxooia Kal TevTHKOVTA TaXavTa Topica TaYd Kal dSovvat tpoctayGév avtois Kal THs elompa- Eews cuvtovov Kal dmrapaitntou yevopévns, Lowy b] , \ 9 4 > + , \ a nOpoicuévov TO apyvptov éxéXevoe Aapia Kal Tais Tept avTny ETaipats eis opHypa SoOhva. 1 yap aicyuvn THS Enuias Kal TO phya TOD Tpayparos A b ] , ‘ b] , »” \ Le) PadXov nvaxrANGE TOUS avVOpwTrOUs. Evior 5é TOTO Betrarois, ovn "AOnvaios, vr avdtod cupBivat / Néyouot. yYwpis bé TovTwY av’Tn Kal’ éavTHY 1) Adama t@ Bactrhet trapacxevatovoa Setmvov >] ld 4 \ ‘ “A 4 npyupoXoynoe moNAovs. Kat to detrvov ovTwS 62 ° 901 DEMETRIUS Munychion, Anthesterion, and so to regard it, and the lesser rites at Agra were performed for Demetrijus ; after which Munychion was again changed and became Boédromion instead of Anthesterion, De- metrius received the remaining rites of initiation, and at the same time was also admitted to the highest grade of “ epoptos.” Hence Philippides, in his abuse of Stratocles, wrote ! :— “ Who abridged the whole year into a single month,” and with reference to the quartering of Demetrius in the Parthenon :— ‘‘ Who took the acropolis for a caravansery, And introduced to its virgin goddess his court- esans.” - XXVII. But among the many lawless and shocking things done by Demetrius in the city at this time, this is said to have given the Athenians most displeasure, namely, that after he had ordered them to procure speedily two hundred and fifty talents for his use, and after they had levied the money rigorously and inexorably, when he saw the sum that had been collected, he commanded that it should be given to Lamia and her fellow courtesans to buy soap with. For the shame they felt was more intolerable to the people than their loss, and the words which accompanied it than the deed itself. But some say that those who received this treatment were Thessalians, not Athenians. Apart from this incident, however, Lamia, when she was preparing a supper for the king, exacted money on her own account from many citizens. And the costliness 1 Part of the fragment cited at xii. 4. 63 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mvOnoe TH So€n Sia THY TodUTEéAELAY WoTE LTO Avyxéws Tod Yapiov avyyeypadOar. 810 nal Trav KwOpLKoY TIS ov davrtos THY Aduav ‘EXérrodev arnOas wpoceime. Anuoxydpns & o YorLos tov / 9 A > + a > \ 2 A Anuntpiov avtov éxddet MiOov: eivar yap avto cai Adusav. Ov povov dé tats yapetais, GAXA Kal Tois diros tov Anpuntpiov Chrov xalt POovov evy- fepovoa Kal otepyouévn tapetyer. adixovTo yovv tives tap avtov Kata mpecBeiav ampos Avoipayor, ols éxeivos aywv ayornv émédeckev ev Te TOLS Npois Kal Tois Bpaxioow wreras Babeias ovuywv Reovteiwy: Kal Sunyeito THv yevowévnv b] “~ , A \ / e A ? 4 auT@ paynv mpos TO Onpiov, bo ‘“AndeEdvdpou ovyxaberpyOévts ToD Bacidéws. ot S€ yerwvTes bY 4 \ « AN e fa) lA A , épacav cal Tov avTav Baciréa Sevod Anpiov Snypata hépay év TO Tpaxnro, Aamtas. jy 5é Oavyactov Ste tTHS Diras év apyyn TO pn Kal” ye jj PX TO pry e lé , is4 la \ nruxiav dSvaxepaivor, ATTnTo THs Aaptas, Kal TOTOUTOY i}pa Kpovoyv, Hn TapnKpakvias. Anpw yoov, 7» émuKadousévn Mavia, wapa Seimvov av- Aovons THs Aapias Kai Tod Anuntptov rvGopévov, “Ti cot Soxel;” “pais,” elev, “o Bactred.” madi dé TpaynuatTwoyv TapatebévTwy KaKeivou \ > \ > 7 eee A ” , Tpos autnv eimovtos, “ Opds oca por Aama wéutret; “IIdeiova,” epn, “ weupOnoetat coe Tapa THs éuns untpds, éav Oédns Kal per avTis cadevoev.” atropyvnuovevetar 5é THs Aaptas Kal 64 DEMETRIUS of this supper gave it so wide a renown that it was described in full by Lynceus the Samian. Hence also a comic poet not inaptly called Lamia “a veritable City-taker.””1 And Demochares of Soli called Demetrius himself ‘“ Fable,” because he too, like Fable, had a Lamia.? And not only among the wives of Demetrius, but also among his friends, did the favour and affection which he bestowed on Lamia awaken envy and jealousy. At all events, some ambassadors from him once came to Lysimachus, and Lysimachus, in an hour of leisure, showed them on his thighs and shoulders deep scars of wounds made by a lion’s claws; he also told them about the battle he had fought against the beast, with which he had been caged by Alexander the king. Then they laughingly told him that their own king also carried, on his neck, the bites of a dreadful wild beast,—a Lamia. And it was astonishing that while in the beginning he was displeased at Phila’s disparity in years, he was vanquished by Lamia, and loved her so long, although she was already pasther prime. At all events, when Lamia was playing on the flute at a supper, and Demetrius asked Demo, surnamed Mania, what she thought of her, “O King,” said Mania, “I think her an old woman.” And at another time, when some sweetmeats were served up, and Demetrius said to Mania, “Dost thou see how many presents I get‘from Lamia?’’ “My mother,” said Mania, “will send thee more, if thou wilt make her also thy mistress.’’ And there is on record also Lamia’s 1 See chapter xx. 4. * The name of a fabulous monster reputed to eat men’s flesh. 65 VOL. IX. F PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘\ \ , , , b) , mpos THv NEyopévnv Boxywpews xpiow avTippn- aw. érel yap tis épav év AiyiTrrTe@ ris évaipas ? a : Owvidos nreito suyvoyv ypuciov, celta Kata TOUS imvous Sofas avtH auyyevéoOar THs émiupias 9 4 , ” @ \ b) A la) s éravaato, dicny EXaxyey 7 Qwvis avT@ Tov wL00- > , \ \ 4 e , > / 6 watos. axovoas 6€ Tov AOyov o Boxywprs éxé- N Nd @ 9 / / > Nevoe TOV aVOpwroyv dcov nTHOn Kpvaotov HpLOun- pévoyv ev TH ayyei@ Siadhépev Sedpo Kaxeioe TH xerpi, THY Sé éTaipay execOat THs oKLaS, ws THY Sofav tis adnOeias oxiavy ovoay. ovK @eTo TavTny elvas THY Kpiow 7 Adwa Stxaiav: ov yap amTréNuoev h oKLa THS éeTiOupias TOD apyupiou THY éTaipay, TO 6é dvap érraucev EpOYTa TOV vEeavioxKoD. TavTa pev ovv Trept Aapias. XXVIII. Try &é Senynow, dorep ex xwpixys TKNVIS, Taw eis TpayiKnY peTayovoty ai TUYaL kal at mpakews tov avdpos bv Sinyoupeda. Tav \ ¥ , e / A yap add\wv Baciiéwv atrdvtwy cuyioTapevov éml tov ’Avtiyovov kal cupdepovtwy eis TavTo 4 9 A e / ? A € , Tas Suvdpes, amhpev o Anuntpios é« tis “EXXa- \ a \ / 4 ? dos, Kai T@ Tatpi cuppiEas diroTipovpévw Trap e / \ \ / ” : A > \ NALKLAY POS TOV TrONEMOV, ETL ANNOY AUTOS 2 émeppwoOn. Kaitoe Soxet ye “Avtiyovos, ei pt- Kpov tivev udeito Kal THS ayav dirapytas éyd- Nae, péeype TravTos av avT@ SiadvAdkat Kaxetve A N “A ° 4 \ \ KaTadiTrely TO TpwTov evar. guace dé Bapvs dv Kal UTEpoTTns, Kal TOls NOYoLs OVY HTTOV Hh Tots TpayLact TpaXUsS, ToAAOUS Kal véouvs Kal duva- v tous avopas éEnypiawe xal mapwkuve Kal thy 902 66 DEMETRIUS comment on the famous judgment of Bocchoris. There was, namely, a certain Egyptian who was in love with Thonis the courtesan, and offered a great sum of money for her favours; then he dreamed that he enjoyed those favours, and ceased from his desires. Thereupon Thonis brought an _ action against him for payment due, and Bocchoris, on hearing the case, ordered the man to bring into court in its coffer the sum total demanded of him, and to move it hither and thither with his hand, and the courtesan was to grasp its shadow, since the thing imagined is a shadow of the reality. This judgment Lamia thought to be unjust; for though the dream put an end to the young man’s passion, the shadow of the money did not set the courtesan free from her desire for it. So much, then, for Lamia. XXVIII. But the fortunes and achievements of the man whose Life I am narrating, brings my narrative back, as it were, from the comic to the tragic stage. For all the other kings leagued themselves together against Antigonus and united their forces, and so Demetrius set forth from Greece,} and finding his father eager beyond his years for | the war, he was himself still more encouraged. And yet it would seem that if Antigonus had made some trifling concessions and had slackened his excessive passion for dominion, he might have always retained — the supremacy for himself and have left it to his son. But he was naturally stern and haughty, and was harsh in what he said no less than in what he did, and therefore exasperated and incited against him- self many young and powerful men; and their 1 Late in 302 B.c. 67 F 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ye ToTe avoTaciy Kal Kowwviay avrav éNeyev @oTep opvidwy omepporoyav cvvdpouny évl rLO@ Kal rodeo cuvdiara pager. "Hye dé melous pev ET TAaKLOpUpiwY TAéious, immets bé pupious, erépavras dé éBdounnovta, TEVTE, TOV evavti@y eXOVT OV meCous pev éEaxio- pupious Kal TeTpaxiaxtrLous, immets 6é trev- TA&KOCLOUS TOV éKxeivou mhelovas, éerepavras dé TETPAaKOTLOUS, Gppata dé éxaTov elkoat. yevo- pevep & éyyvs avtav TpoTny eaxev n Otavola TIS édmidos paddov h TIS Wwouns. tpn ros yap elvat Kal yaupos ew0as év Tois ary Got ral y~po- pevos pwvn Te peyary Kal Aoryous coBapots, TOANGKLS 88 kal T@ TapacKkayat TL Kal yeXoLov elTrely TOV TONE MOY év xepoty ovT@V emiderEa- PEvOS | evoT aBevav Kat Kata povnoty, TOTE ouv- vous éwpato Kal cum mnros Ta ‘TONG, Kal Tov VioV anederfe T@ wAHO EL Kal TUvETTITE diddoyxor. 6 6€ pardtoTa TavTES eGavpacar, ev TH oKNVT povos bie€ xn T pos aurov, ovK eiDiopevos & exetv ovoé mpos éxetvov drroppyrous KotvoXoyias, ana i6vos @v yvoun, elra TporTaTT ay pavepas Kat Npwpevos ols Bovrevoarto Kad EauUTOY. héyerae ryouv perpaxvov ért Ovta tov Anunrtptov avrow mubécOar TOTE peédAovawy avalevryvue TO dé eLTrEty pos opyny: ““Aywuds py movos ov THS CAaNTTLYYOS OUK aKxovons;” XXIX. Tore pévrou Kal onpeta ox Onpa KATE- SovdobTo TH yrepny avTay. Anyntptos poev yap édofe Kata TOUS Umvous "AdeEavdpov OT LG - pévov NauTpas épwradv orroioy Te ovvOnpua 81d0- 68 DEMETRIUS combination and partnership at this time he said he would scatter asunder with a single stone and a single shout, as if they were a flock of granivorous birds. He took the field with more than seventy thousand infantry, ten thousand horse, and seventy-five elephants ; while his adversaries had _ sixty-four thousand infantry, five hundred more horse than he, four hundred elephants, and a hundred and twenty chariots. After he had drawn near them, the cast of his expectations rather than of his purposes underwent a change. For he was wont to be lofty and boastful as he engaged in his conflicts, making pompous speeches in a loud voice, and many times also by the utterance of a casual jest or joke when the enemy was close at hand he would show the firmness of his own spirit and his contempt for them; but now he was observed to be thoughtful and silent for the most part, and he presented his son to the army and pronounced him his successor. But what more than anything else astonished everybody was his conversing alone in his tent with his son, although it was not his custom to have secret conferences even with him; instead, he made his own plans, followed his own counsels, and then gave his orders openly. At all events, we are told that Demetrius, when he was still a stripling, asked his father when they were going to break camp ; and that Antigonus replied in anger: “ Art thou in distress lest thou alone shouldst not hear the trumpet ?”’ XXIX. At this time, moreover, bad omens also subdued their spirits. For Demetrius dreamed that Alexander, in brilliant array of armour, asked him what watchword they were going to give for the 69 PLUTARCH’S LIVES vat mTpos THY pwaynv péd\XAOvoLW: avTod Sé g7- cavtos, “‘Aia kal Nixnv” “Arrest totvuy,” ddvat,’ mpos tors évavtigus' éxeivor yap “pe , ”» » ’ x TaparapBavovow. ‘Avtiyovos S€ twapatatto- pévns 46n THS hadrayyos eEtov mpocérracer, @ore meoeww GrAws él otoua cat diateOjvar yareTTas avactas Sé Kal Tas yelpas avateivas Mpos TOV Ovpavoy YTHGATO viKnY Tapa TaV Oeav } Oavatov avaicOnrov po Ths ATTNS. Tevopévns 5€ ths payns év yepot Anpurjtptos Exar Tos TAELoTOUS Kal KpaTioTOUS TY imréwv ’AvTioy@ TO YerevKov ouvétece, nal péypt TPOTHS TOV TOAELIWY AAMT PAS aywvicdpevos ev a , a 4 \ \ TH Siwker coBapa Kal gdidoTiv~@ apa Katpov N yevouévn THY vicny SiépOecpev. avTos pev yap ovx éoxye Tddw avactpéas cuppit-ar ois a a / A melois tay éAehavTwy ev péow yevouévwy, THY 5é darayya yupvny imméwy Kxatidovtes ot trept ZéXevcKov ov“ évéBarov pév, ws 56 éuBarodbvtes époSovy Kal mepinravvov, petaBadrcoPar du- Sovres avtoiss 5 Kal auvéBn. Tord yap pépos atroppayey éExovoiws peTey@pnoe pos EKxeivous, To &€ Noutrov €rTpdmrn. epopéevav 5é trorAXrA@Y ET tov Avtiryovov nat Tivos TOV Tept avTOY ELTrOVTOS, bs a > | “Kart o& ovtor, Bactred, “ Tiva yap,’ elte, “arnv éuov ocxotroy éyovow; adda Anpuntptos > 4 “~ 99 \ “ / AN agi€erat Bonfav.” Kai tTovTo pexYpt TrayTos , \ ” \ eN 4 wn éxmitwy Kal wepicxoTa@yv Tov viov dua ToAN@V 7° DEMETRIUS battle ; and when he replied, “Zeus and Victory,” Alexander said: “Then I will go away and join your adversaries; they surely will receive me.” } _ Moreover, Antigonus, when his phalanx was already forming and he was leaving his tent, stumbled and fell prone upon his face, injuring himself severely ; but he rose to his feet, and stretching out his hands towards heaven prayed that the gods would grant him victory, or a painless death before his defeat. After the armies had engaged,? Demetrius, with the largest and best part of the cavalry, clashed ' with Antiochus, the son of Seleucus; he fought brilliantly and routed his enemy, but by pursuing him too fiercely and eagerly he threw away the victory. For he himself was not able to turn back and rejoin his infantry, since the enemy’s elephants were thrown in his way; and Seleucus, observing that his opponents’ phalanx was unprotected by cavalry, took measures accordingly. He did not actually charge upon them, but kept them in fear of a charge by continually riding around them, thus giving them an opportunity to come over to his side. And this was what actually came to pass. For a large body of them, detached from the rest, came over to him of their own accord, and the rest were routed. Then, as throngs of his enemies bore down upon him and one of his followers said, “They are making at thee, O King,” “ Who else, pray, said Antigonus, “should be their mark ? But Demetrius will come to my aid.’’ This was his hope to the last, and to the last he kept watching eagerly for his son; then a whole cloud of javelins 1The watchword should have been ‘‘ Alexander and Victory.” 2 Near the village of Ipsus, in Phrygia, 301 B.c. 71 tb - PLUTARCH’S LIVES axovTicpatwv eis aurov adeOévtwry emece Kai TaVv adA\AwY aTroNLTOVYTwY oTradov Kal dirov povos Trapépewve TO vexp® Owpak o Aapiccaios. XXX. Odrw Sé xpiOcions THs pdyns, ot pev verrxnkotes Baotreis thy wT’ “Aytiyovm Kal Anpntpim wacav apynv @oTrep péya oopa KataxontovtTes éhapPavov pepidas, Kal mpocdie- veipavto Tas éxeivwv érapxias als elyov avrot apotepoy. Anpnrpsos 5é peta trevtaxioxtrcwv metov Kal TeTpaKLa yx LAL@Y inméwy ghevywv Kat cuvTovas éddaas eis “Edecov, oiouévav atravtwv atropobvTa xXpnpatav avrov ovK adéEecOar rod iepov, poBnOels tors oTparew@tas py TOOTO ToLN- awa, avéotn Sia tayéwy, Kal Tov mrodv én THs ‘EXAados érroteiro, TOV NouTaV EeATribwY eV "A@nvaios éxwv tas peylotas. Kal yap Kal vais) éxel Kal ypnpata nal yuvaixa Aniddpecav éTuyxave KaTtanedourreas, Kal BeBatorépay ov« évopile Katapuynv elvar trois mpdypact Tihs "AOnvaiwy evvoias. SOev érret yevouévw rept tas KuxArddas atta mpéoBets ‘AOnvaiwy amnv- Tnoav amréxecOar THS WoAEwS TapaKaNdodytes, as evyndiopénov tov Syyou pndéva béyer Oar Th woke. Tav Bactréwv, tTHhv 5é€ Anidapear eis Méyapa eféreurpay peta tins Kal troymrys wpe- movons, ToU KRaDeatnKOTOS éFéorn St opyny av- Tov, KaiTrep Evnvoyws paoTa THY aAXnV atvyiay Kal yeyovas év ToravTn petaBorn mpayudTwv ov TamTretvos ovd ayevyns. adda TO Tap édrrida Sievreta0ar trav 'AOnvaiwy Kal tv Soxodoav ebvotay éEednreyxGat Tois mpadypace Kevnv Kal TeTAATMEVHY OVTAY GdUYNpOY HY AUTO. 1 «al vavs Ziegler, with all the MSS. but one: vais. 72 903 DEMETRIUS were let fly at him and he fell. The rest of his friends and attendants abandoned him, and one only remained by his dead body, Thorax of Larissa. XXX. The battle having been decided in this manner, the victorious kings carved up the entire domain which had been subject to Antigonus and Demetrius, as if it had been a great carcass, and took each his portion, adding thus to the provinces which the victors already had, those of the van- quished kings. But Demetrius, with five thousand foot and four thousand horse, came in unbroken flight to Ephesus. Here everybody thought that his lack of resources would lead him to lay hands upon the temple!; but he, fearing lest his soldiers might do this, departed speedily, and sailed for Greece, putting his chief remaining hopes in Athens. For he had left ships there, and moneys, and his wife Deidameia, and he thought that in his evil plight no refuge could be more secure than the goodwill of Athens. Therefore when, as he drew near the Cyclades islands, an embassy from Athens met him with a request to keep away from the city, on the ground that the people had passed a vote to admit none of the kings, and informing him that Deidameia had been sent to Megara with fitting escort and honour, his wrath drove him beyond all proper bounds, although he had borne his other misfortunes very easily, and in so great a reversal of his situation had shown himself neither mean-spirited nor ignoble. But that the Athenians should disappoint -his hopes and play him false, and that their apparent good- will should prove on trial to be false and empty, was painful to him. 1 The rich temple of Artemis (Diana). 73 PLUTARCH’S LIVES To yap havrctatov, ws eoixev, evvoias byw Baotnedot nal Svvdotats texpnptov éotiw vireEp- Bor timev, Hs év TH Mpoatpéce TV atrodLOOp- Tov éyovons TO Kadov ahaiper THY TioTW Oo hoBos ra yap avta cal Sedir0tes Andifovras Kal dtrovvres. Stomrep of voov exovTes ovUK Eis av- Spidvtas ovdé ypadas ovde amolewaes, adda PaAXov eis Ta Epya Kal Tas mpdkets tas éavTav aroBNérovtes 7) Miorevoval, WS TLiMLais, 7) aTE- TTOVLY, WS aVayKaLS: > of ye Shot TrOAAdKES éy avtais waddtora Tails Timais picovot Tovs apeé- Tpws Kal wirepoyxws Kal trap’ axdvtayv AapBa- vovTas. | XXXI. ‘O yodv Anpnrpios rote Serva pév nryovpevos maayetv, advvatos Sé dv apvvacban, mpocéreuve tots "AOnvaios éyxarav perpios, akiav S€ ras vads atodaBeiv, év als Hv Kat. 1 Tpioxatdexnpns. Kxopicdpuevos Sé Tmapémreuvcev ets ‘IoOpov, cal tov TpaypdtwY avT@ KaKOS éxovtwy (éFémimrov yap éxactaydbev at ppovpat kat peBiotato mwavtTa mpos TOUS TroAEpoUS) atohiTmay émlt tis “EXXabdos Lvppov atvtos adpas éml tHv Xeppovnoov émrevoe Kal Kaxas aya moav Avoipayov wpérer Kal ovvelye Thy Trept aurov Svvawmy, adpyopévnv avadapBavew Kal yi- veoOar madly ovK evKatadpovynrov. o de Avat- paxos U0 TOY GAAwY Baciréwv nuereiTO, wndev 74 DEMETRIUS And verily the least cogent proof, as it would seem, of a people’s goodwill towards a king or potentate is an extravagant bestowal of honours ; for the beauty of such honours lies in the purpose of those who bestow them, and fear robs them of their worth (for the same decrees may be passed out of fear and out of affection). Therefore men of sense look first of all at their own acts and achievements, and then estimate the value of the statues, paintings, or deifications offered to them, putting faith in these as genuine honours, or refusing to do so on the ground that they are compulsory; since it is certainly true that a people will often, in the very act of conferring its honours, have most hatred for those who accept such honours immoderately, ostentatiously, and from unwilling givers. XXXI._ Be that as it may, in this case Demetrius thought himself grievously wronged ; but since he was unable to avenge himself, he sent a message to the Athenians in which he mildly expostulated with them, and asked that his ships be given back to him, among which was also the one having thirteen banks of oars. These he obtained, and then coasted along to the Isthmus, where he found his affairs in a sorry state. For his garrisons were everywhere being expelled, and there was a general defection to his enemies. He therefore left Pyrrhus in charge of Greece, while he himself put to sea and sailed to the Chersonesus.1 Here he ravaged the territory of Lysimachus, thereby enriching and holding together his own forces, which were beginning to recover their spirit and to ‘show themselves formidable again. Nor did the other kings try to help Lysimachus ; 1 The Thracian Chersonesus, the modern Gallipoli. 75 .PLUTARCH’S LIVES bJ 4 J 4 a“ 9? A \ A émrvetxéaTepos éxeivov Soxay elvat, T@ S€ pwadXov lboxyvew kai doBepwrepos. Ov ToAA@ S€é Botepov YérevKos euvato trép- \ / : t 4 y mov thy Anpntpiov kal Piras Ouyatépa Utpa- / ” \ 5 > , : a , eX Tovixny, éxwv pev €E “Amrdapas tis Uepoidos viov "Avtioyov, olduevos 5€ Ta tpdypata Kal dado- vos aprely wreloot, Kal SetoOar THs pos éxeivov oixetoTntos, émel nal Avoipayov éwpa trav IIto- Nepatou Ovyatépwv thy pév éauT@, tHv bé "Aya- Goxret TH vid AapBdvovta. Anpnrpio 8 Fv avénniatos evtuyia Kndedoar Yerevew. Kal Thy Kopnv dvaraBev érde tats vavol mdoats eis Lupiav, TH Te AAAH YR Tpocéywv avayxaiws Kal ”~ , e , , 9 THs Kedextas amropevos, jv Wnetotapyos eiyve peta THY mpos Avtiyovoy payny éEaipetoy avT@ So0cicay vrd tav Bacthéwy Hy 5€ Kacdvdpou IInkeiorapyos adergds. adineicOar Sé tiv yopav avrod vopifwv bro Anuntpiov Kata tas atroBda- ces, Kal péurracbat Bovropevos tov YérevKov 6tt TH Kow@ StadddtreTat Trorepio Siya TeV ar\Xrxwv Bactréwv, avéBn pos avrov. XXXII. AtcOopevos S€ tovro Anuntptos awp- > N 4 ? \ a“ Hnoev amo Baraoons éml Kuivdorvy xal tov Xpnudtwv evpov ért AoiTa Yidtia Kal Staxdola Taddavta, TavTa ovoKevacdpuevos Kal dOdoas bf 4 BS / > 4 \ , éuBanréecbar Sia taxéwv avnyOn. Kal mapovons wv 4 A \ 2 eo) ve \ > 4 non Diras THs yuvateos avT@ wept ‘Pwooor anny- tnoe dédNevKos. Kat THv evrevEiv evOvs adorov Kal avutrortoy Kat Baoidixny étrotovvto, tTpo- 76 904 DEMETRIUS they thought that he was no less objectionable than Demetrius, and that because he had more power he was even more to be feared. Not long afterwards, however, Seleucus sent and asked the hand of Stratonicé, the daughter of Demetrius and Phila, in marriage. He had already, by Apama the Persian, a son Antiochus; but he thought that his realms would suftice for more successors than one, and that he needed this alliance with Demetrius, since he saw that Lysimachus also was taking one of Ptolemy’s daughters for himself, and the other for Agathocles his son. Now, to Demetrius, a marriage alliance with Seleucus was an unexpected piece of good fortune. So he took his daughter and sailed with his whole fleet to Syria. He was obliged to touch at several places along the coast, and made landings in Cilicia, which country had been allotted by the kings to Pleistarchus, after their battle with Antigonus, and was now held by him. Pleistarchus was a brother of Cassander. He thought his territories outraged by these descents of Demetrius upon them, and besides, he wished to upbraid Seleucus for making an alliance with the common enemy independently of the other kings. So he went up to see him. XXXII. On learning of this, Demetrius set out from the sea-coast for the city of Quinda; and finding twelve hundred talents of its treasure still left, he packed them up, got them safely on board ship, and put to sea with all speed. His wife Phila was already with him, and at Rhosus he was met by Seleucus. Their intercourse was at once put on a royal footing, and knew neither guile nor 77 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tepoy pev YérevKos éotidaas él cxnvijs ev TO otpatoTrébm Anuntpiov, avOes 8€ Anpntptos éxeivov év TH TptaKxadexnpet SeEdpevos. joav 5é kat cyonal cal Kotvoroyiat Kal cuvdinpepevoes 9 4 \ 9 , wv @ 4 ‘ addpovpwv Kal dvotAwy, axypt ov LédevKos THY Lrtpatovicny avaraBov Aaumpas eis ’AvTtoyerav avéBn. Anunrptos 5€ Kidsxiav xarécye, nat Dirav tiv yuvaixa pos Kaoavdpov éreue tov 9 , 9 , \ / adergor, atroAvaopevnv tas Ikecotdpyou xatn- yopias. év dé rouTm Aniddpera trevoaca Tpos > A 9 \ A e / A 4 ld avtov amo THs ‘EAAdSos Kal ovyyevoméevn Ypovov ov ToAuy é€& appwoTias Tuvds éTEeNEUTNTE. ‘yEvo- / A N a A , , pévns 5& mpos Irovepatov d1a Lerevaou dtrias avT@, @poroynOn Iitorepaida thy Irodeuaiov Ouyatépa NaBeiv adtov yuvaixa. Kal tadta péev aorteia tod Serevxov. Kers- / \ J A“ 4 / ce) kiay b€ aktov xpnuata NaBovta trapadodvat Anpntpiov, @s oun érreOe, Yoava xat Tupov aTALT@Y Wpos opyny édoKer Piatos elvat nal Seva move, et THY aw ‘Ivydav aypt THS KaTa Yupiav Pardoons aracayv vd avT@ tretroinpévos obTwS évoens dori éTt TpayLaTav Kal TTwWYOS WS UITrép Svety movAcwv avdpa Kyndeotny Kai petaSorr TUYNS KEXpNMEvoy éAXaUVELY, NayTpav To ITAa- Twve paptupiay Sidouvs Staxedevopéevm pon THY > / , A A 9 , aA 4 ovciav TWrEiw, THY 5é ATrANnOTIaY TroLeivy éAdoocw 4 a, e 9 la) 4 ig Tov ye BovAopevov ws adnOas elvat mrovctoy, ws 6 ye py Tavoy diroTrAovTiay, ovTOS OUTE TEViaS oUTE aTropias amnANAKTAL. 78 DEMETRIUS suspicion. First, Seleucus entertained Demetrius at his tent in the camp, then Demetrius in his turn received Seleucus on board the ship with thirteen banks of oars. There were also amusements, long conferences with one another and whole days spent together, all without guards or arms; until at length Seleucus took Stratonicé and went up in great state to Antioch. But Demetrius took possession of Cilicia, and sent Phila his wife to Cassander, who was her brother, that she might bring to naught the de- nunciations of Pleistarchus. In the meantime, Deidameia came by sea from Greece to join Demetrius, and after being with him a short time, succumbed to some disease. Then, by the intervention of Seleucus, friendship was made between Demetrius and Ptolemy, and it was agreed that Demetrius should take to wife Ptolemais the daughter of Ptolemy. So far all was courtesy on the part of Seleucus. But presently he asked Demetrius to cede Cilicia to him for a sum of money, and when Demetrius would not consent, angrily demanded Tyre and Sidon from him. It seemed a violent and outrageous proceeding that one who had possessed himself of the whole domain from India to the Syrian sea should be so needy still and so beggarly in spirit as for the sake of two cities to harass a man who was his relative by marriage and had suffered a reverse of fortune. Moreover, he bore splendid testimony to the wisdom of Plato! in urging the man who would be truly rich, not to make his possessions greater, but his inordinate desires fewer ; since he who puts no end to his greed, this man is never rid of poverty and want. 1 The passage cannot be determined. 79 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXIII. OF pny vrérrn&e Anuntptos, ad\ra lA 9399 4 e A ’ oY 2 9 gdnoas ovd’ av pupiacis HTrTNOH waxas adras ev Ww \ > , 9 A A lA Two yau8pov ayanrncocew éri picO@ Léreveov, Tas pev Todes expativato dpoupais, avtos Sé , / / b , 9 mv0opuevos Aayapn otacidlovaow A@Onvaiots ére- Oéwevoy tupavveiv, HrmibEe paciws émidavels d2- pe p » Hrmile padiws éemrihavels A \ , \ \ \ / > le) WeoOat THY TOMY. Kal TO pev TréAAYOS aaharas StetreparwOn peydd@ otorw, Tapa dé rny Ar- TUKNY TWapaTrAéwy exermacOn Kal Tas TrEioTAS > / A a \ / (e) > améBanre TOY veov, Kat cuvdrepOapn wrHO0S av- Opemey ovK OXLyov. abros 56 cwlels invato pév TLVOS TOAELOU TPOS TOUS ‘AOnvaious, as & ovdey émrépaive, méuas vautixov avOis aépot- gcovtas avtos eis TleAorovyncov wapnrGe Kat Meconvny érondopKet. Kal mpoopayopevos Tots Telyeow exivduvevoe, KaTaTrEATLKOD BéXoUS Eis TO TpOTwWMOY AVT@ Kal TO oTopa Sua THs aLaryovos 3 , > N \ \ 4 \ éumecovtos. avarnpbels bé€ xai mores Ttivas ahectacas Tpocayayopnevos rdadw eis THY ’AT- \ > 7 \ fic. 8 - tTiuxny évéBare, Kat Kpatnoas EnXevoivos Kat ‘Papvodvtos épOerpe Thy yopav, Kai vadv tiva AaBav éyoveay cirov Kal ciaayovoay tois ’AOn- vatows éexpéuace Tov éutropov Kal rov KuBepynrny, Vv a ” bd / PS \ / , @aoTe TOY aAXwV arroTperopevwy Sa PoBov auv- Tovov ALtmov év date: yevéoOat, rpos 5é TH ALO kal tav aAAwY atropiay. adadv youv pédtyvov avodvto TeTTApaKovTa Spaxpeov, o O€ THY TUPaV podtos w@vtos HV Tplakociwy. uKpav Sé Tois "AOnvaios avarvony tapéoxoy éxatov TevTy- 80 DEMETRIUS XXXIII. Demetrius, however, was not cowed, but declared that not even if he should lose ten thousand battles like that at Ipsus would he consent to pay for the privilege of having Seleucus: as a son-in-law. Then he strengthened his cities with garrisons, while he himself, learning that Lachares had usurped sovereign power over the Athenians in consequence of their dissensions, thought to appear upon the scene and make an easy capture of the city. So he crossed the sea in safety with a great fleet,! but as he was sailing along the coast of Attica he encountered a storm in which most of his ships were lost and a great number of men perished with them. He himself, however, escaped alive, and began a petty war against the Athenians. But since he could accomplish nothing, he sent men to collect another fleet for him, while he himself passed on into Peloponnesus and laid siege to Messene. Here, in an attack upon the walls, he came near losing his life; for a missile from a catapult struck him in the face and passed through his jaw into his mouth. But he recovered, and after restoring to their allegiance certain cities which had revolted from him, he invaded Attica again, got Eleusis and Rhamnus into his power, and ravaged the country. He also seized a ship laden with grain for Athens, and hung its supercargo and its master. All other ships were thus frightened into turning back, and famine became acute in the city, where, besides lack of food, there was dearth also of other things. At any rate, a bushel of salt sold there for forty drachmas, and a peck of wheat was worth three hundred. A slight respite was afforded the Athenians 1 In 297 B.c. S81 VOL. IX. G PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kovta vies haveioa mept Alywav, ds ereprpev émixoupous auvtois IlroAeuaios. elta Anyntpip TmoA\Na@v pev éx IleXorovyncov, woAXN@Y 5é amo Kumpov veav tapayevopévav, @oTe cuuTacas aOpotcOnvat tpiaxocias, Epuyov apayres ot Iro- Aeuaiov, cal Aaydpns 6 Tvpavvos amédpa mpoé- pevos THY TOALY. XXXIV. Oi 5é€ “AOnvaio, Kxaimep >Whdiod- pevoe Odvatoy et pynoOein Tis eipnyns Kal dtar- Aayns mpos Anunrptov, evOds ave~yvucay tas éyyus mudAas Kal mpéoBers Emeptrov, ovdey pev an’ éxeivouv ypnaotov wpocboxavtes, éxBralouevns 5é THs atopias, év 7 Svayepav TOAXwY cUpETE- covT@Y NéyeTai TL Kal ToLOvTOY yevéoOaL TaTépa Kat viov év oiknuat. KabélecOar ta Kad’ éavTovs atreyvaxortas, ek S€ THS OpodHs piv vexpov éxTeE- aeiv, tous dé, ws eldov, dvarndjncavtas apudorté- povs StapdyecOat epi avdtov. ToTe Kai Tov dirocopov "Erixoupoy icropoict Siabpéwat Tovs auvnfers xuduous mpos apiOwoy pet avTav Stavepwopevov. Oitws otv THs Werdews exovons eicedOwy oO Anpnrptos, Kat Kedevoas eis TO Oéatpoy aOpot- oOjvat wavtas, OTAOLS pev cuvéedpake THY aKNYHY xat Sopupopors TO Noyetov trepiéraBev, avdTos 5é xataBas, ooTrep ot Tpay@ool, Sia TeV dvw Trapo- Swy, rt pwarrov éxrreTANypéevov Tav ’AOnvaiwv THhv apYnY TOD Aoyou Téepas errotnoato Tov déous avTov. Kal yap Ttovov gdavis Kal pnudtev 82 905 DEMETRIUS by the appearance off Aegina of a hundred and fifty ships which Ptolemy sent to assist them. Then . numerous ships came to Demetrius from Peloponnesus, and many from Cyprus, so that his entire assemblage numbered three hundred, in consequence of which the ships of Ptolemy put off to sea in flight, and Lachares the tyrant abandoned the city and ran away. 3 XXXIV. Then the Athenians, although they had decreed death to anyone who should so much as mention peace and reconciliation with Demetrius, straightway threw open the nearest gates and sent ambassadors to him. They did not expect any kindly treatment from him, but were driven to the step by their destitution, in which, among many other grievous things, the following also is said to have occurred. A father and a son were sitting in a room and had abandoned all hope. Then a dead mouse fell from the ceiling, and the two, when they saw it, sprang up and fought with one another for it. At this time also, we are told, the philosopher Epicurus sustained the lives of his associates with beans, which he counted out and distributed among them. . Such, then, was the plight of the city when Demetrius made his entry and ordered all the people to assemble in the theatre. He fenced the stage- buildings round with armed men, and encompassed the stage itself with his body-guards, while he himself, like the tragic actors, came down into view through one of the. upper side-entrances. The Athenians were more than ever frightened now; but with the first words that he uttered Demetrius put an end to their fears. For avoiding all harshness of tone and 83 a 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mex pias pero apevos, édkagpas o€ Kal PtrALKs pe pay apevos autovs dnAXdacero, cal Séxa pu- peddas giTou pedipvor érédwxe, Kal KaTET TNE” apxas at padota ™@ On poo dineis Toav. ouvidev 5é Apopoxretdns 0 0 PHTwWP L716 xapas TOV Ojpov é év te pwvais évTa mavrodamais Kal TOUS amo tov Bnpatos étraivous Toy Snpayaryav eae Aapevov dmepBaréaGar, yvaunv eva © nen - tpl T@ Baotret Tov Tletpavé qwapacoO fjvau Kat THY Movvuyiav. émupndia evra dé TovTwY oO Anpnrptos autos éd’ éavTov mpocevéBanre dpov- pay ets TO Movaeiov, ws pa Wad dvaxauriaavra, TOV Sfjpov doxYodlas avT@ mpaypatwv étrépwv mapac yep. XXXV. "EXopévav b€ TOY "AOnvav evOus érre- Bovreve tH Aaxedaipont. Kal mepl Marriveray "ApyiSdpov Tov Baotréws dmavTnaavTos aur® vuKnoas pax Kal Tpepdpevos els THY Aaxwvicny éveBare. Kal Tos avTn TH Lmdorn Wad €K mapaTatews ed@v TEVTAKOGLOUS kal d:apOeipas Staxoaious, daov ovum THY TONY exery edoxet pexpe TOV Xpoverv éxelvwy avddwTov ovgay. GND’ v) TUX Wepi ovdéva TOV Bacthéwv ouxey ovr TpoTras AaBeiv peydras kal Taxeias, avd év érépots Tparypac TocauTaxis pupa Kal madey peyarn eat TATE pev éx Aap pas, loxupa, 6é avdis € eK pavrns yevéoOar. 810 Kat pacwy avTov év tais Xetpoor peraBorais mpos thy TUXNVY avapbéyyerBar To Atoxunevov" « av TOL vaoas, ov pe KaTaiOey pou! Soxeis. & 1 uot doxets Ziegler, with some MSS.: Boxers. 84 DEMETRIUS bitterness of speech, he merely chided them lightly — and in a friendly manner, and then declared himself reconciled, gave them besides a hyndred thousand bushels of grain, and estdblished the magistrates who were most acceptable to the people. So Dromocleides the orator, seeing that the people, in their joy, were shouting all sorts of proposals, and were eager to outdo the customary eulogies of the -public speakers on the bema, brought in a motion that Piraeus and Munychia should be handed over to Demetrius the king. This was voted, and Demetrius on his own account put a garrison into the Museium! also, that the people might not again shake off the yoke and give him further trouble. XXXV. And now that he was in possession of Athens, he at once laid plans against Sparta. Near Mantineia, where Archidamus the king confronted him, he conquered and routed his foe, and then invaded Laconia. And after he had fought a second pitched battle hard by Sparta itself, where he captured five hundred men and slew two hundred, it was thought that he as good as had the city in his power, although up to this time it had never been taken. But with none of the kings does Fortune appear to have taken so great and sudden turns? and in the career of no other did she so many times show herself now small and now great, now resplendent and now abased, now insignificant and now all powerful. For this reason, too, we are told that in his worst reverses Demetrius would apostrophise POTNDE? in the words of Aeschylus :— “ My flame thou fannest, indeed, and thou seemest to quench me, too.” 2 1 A hill S.W. of the Acropolis. ? Nauck, Trag, Graec, Frag.* p. 107 (w’ épveas). 85 3 PLUTARCRH’S. LIVES Kal yap ToTE Tay TpaypaTayv ovUTwS eUTOpoL avT@ pos apxny Kal Suvapey Emr tOLOOVT@V aryyen- eras Avoipaxos bev wp@tos adnpnuévos AuTov Tas ev "Acia wondets, Kumpov Sé IIltoXepaios npN- K@S avEev pmlas TONEWS Larapivos, év dé arapive TONLOPK@VY TOUS maidas avTov Kai THY pyTépa KATELANMBEVOUS. ou pay avra Kal 7 TU UP cab amep n Tap “ApXeroxp yur) TH pev iy wp epoper dodo ppovéovea xecpt, Th © érépn tip, setvois abtov obtw Kai oBepois dryyéhpacwy atootncaca Ths Aaxedaipovos, evOus étépas TPAYLATWV KALVOY Kal peyarov emnveyxev éXTri- das €x ToLaUTNS aiTias. XXXVI. Eset Kaocdvdpou terevtycavtos o mpecButTatas auto Tay taidwv Pidsrios ov moAuv xpovoy Bacirevoas Maxedovwv arébaver, oi Aovtrol Svo mpos addjrous éoraciatoy, Garé- pou 5é avutav “Avtumdtpou THY pyntépa Gecoa- hovinv povevoartos, aTEpOS exaret BonBous éx pev "Hireipou I1uppov, éx bé Tledorrovynou An- HapTpLov. EpOace Sé Iluppos ENO, Kab ToD pépos Maxedovias ATOTEMOMEVOS THS BonGeias picBov hoBepos ev Hy non TApouK@v *Are- Edvipy Anpntpiou 5€, ws edéEaro Ta ypappara, pera THS Suvapews T POaLovTos, éTt paddov o veavias ToUTOv poBnbels ba TO akiwopa Kal rH boFav amnvrnoey avT@ tept Aiov, domalopevos pev Kal Pirogpovaiuenn, ovdev 5é dackwv er Tis éxeivou eioOat Ta Tpaypara Tapoucias. Ho av oop éx TOUTWY vrowpias T™ pos adANOUS au- tots, Kal Badilovte Anynr pip pos Seimvor t umd Tov veavioxov TapaxexAnpEev@m pnvUer TIS éT4- 86 906 DEMETRIUS And so at this time, when events so generously favoured the increase of his dominion and power, word was brought to him, first, that Lysimachus had deprived him of his cities in Asia, and next, that Ptolemy had taken Cyprus, with the exception of the single city of Salamis, and had shut up in Salamis under siege his children and his mother. However, even Fortune, who, like the woman in Archilochus, “in one deceitful hand bore water, and in the other fire,” ! while by tidings so dreadful and terrifying she drew him away from Sparta, at once inspired him with other hopes of new and great achievements, and on this wise. XXXVI. After Cassander’s death, the eldest of his sons, Philip, reigned for a short time over the Mace- donians and then died, and the two remaining brothers quarrelled with one another over the succession. One of them, Antipater, murdered his mother, Thessalo- nicé, and the other, Alexander, summoned to his help Pyrrhus from Epeirus, and Demetrius from Peloponnesus. Pyrrhus was first to answer the sum- mons, and after cutting off a large part of Macedonia as a reward for his assistance, was already a neighbour whom Alexander feared. But Demetrius, who, when he received Alexander's letters, had set out with his forces to join him, inspired the young man with still more fear because of his high position and reputation, and he therefore met Demetrius at Dium, and gave him a friendly welcome, but declared that the situation no longer demanded his presence. Owing to these circumstances, then, the men were suspicious of one another, and besides, as Demetrius was on his way to supper at the young man’s invi- 1 Fragment 93 (Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graect, ii.4 p. 410). 87 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , e b] > Led A 4 f > \ Bournyv, ws ev aUT@ THO TOTP peANOVT@Y aUTOV avereiv. 6 5é pndev StatapayOeis, GArAG pLxpov bets THS Topeias, exédNevoe TOUS pev HYyEWovas Ev a 4 ‘ \ ” > 0 be Tols SiAots THY oTpaTiay Exe, axodroVOous dé \ to ef N > \ ® ® de \ Kat traidas, doo. Trepi avTov jaoav (noav 5é modv mrelous tav ‘AdeEdvdpov), cuvercedOeiv eis TOV advipava Kai trapapéverv aypt dv éEavacth. Tov- To detcavres ot mrept tov “AréEavdpov ovK éTorA-- pnoav émixyepyoat. Kai o pev Anunrpios ovK éyery avT@® TO owpa TroTLKaS oKyn WdpeEvos dia Taxéwv amnrOe 1H Se votepaia wept avaluyny elye, TpdyuaTa vewTepa mTpoomenTwKevar pa- Hevos aUT@, Kal TrapynTEtTo ouyyvepuny ExeLv TOV > Ul > 4 b) / , \ AréEavdpop, et tdyvov atraiper cvvécerOar yap AUT@ padrov arroTE TKXOAdLwY. Eyarpev odv oO "AréEavdpos, ws ov mpos EyOpav, addr’ Exouaiws Ex THS YOpas aTaipovtTos avTov, Kal wpoéteEptTev ” ® 4 > \ de 9 4 e aypt @errarias. ere dé es Aadpiscav Kop, avOis GAANAOLS eTNyyeAXNOV éoTIdceElsS avTeETt- Bovrevovtes: 6 89 pddsota Tov, ’AréEavdpov e , b] , a 4 if viroxelploy érroince TS Anpntpio. gudrdrrecbas \ A ww “yap OKYOY, @> pH KaKElvoy avTibuvdNaTTecBaL 5:8dEn, Tadwv &pOace (Spav pérXovtos avtovd py diaguyeiy éxeivov) 5 éunyavato. KAnOels yap > a émt Seltrvov AOE mpos Tov Anunrtpiov. ws dé > a) > fe) éxeivos éEavéotn petakd Seurvav, doBnOels o > / A“ Aré€avdpos ouveEavéotn nal nata rédas abT@ o $8 DEMETRIUS tation, some one told him of a plot to kill him in the very midst of the drinking. Demetrius was not at all disturbed, but delayed his coming a little, and ordered his offrcers to have their troops under arms, and all the attendants and servants in his train (and they were far more numerous than the retinue of Alex- ander) to go with him into the banqueting-hall and to remain there until he rose from the table. This frightened “Alexander, and he did not venture to attempt anything. Demetrius also made the excuse that he was not in condition to take wine, and went away very soon. On the following day he busied himself with preparations for departure, telling Alexander that unexpected troubles had arisen, which demanded his attention, asking his pardon for leaving so quickly, and assuring him that he would pay him a longer visit at another time when his affairs permitted it. Alexander was therefore well pleased, convinced that Demetrius was leaving his territories, not in hostility, but of his own free will, and escorted him on his way as far as Thessaly. But when they came to Larissa, once more invitations to entertain- ments passed between them, and each plotted against the life of the other. This, more than anything else, put Alexander into the power of Demetrius. For he hesitated to take measures of precaution, that he might not thereby teach Demetrius also to take counter-measures, and he was forestalled by meeting the doom he was himself devising (since he delayed measures to prevent the other from escaping out of his hands).1 And so, when Demetrius rose up from table before supper was over, Alexander, filled with fear, rose up also and followed close upon his heels 1 The Greek of the parenthesis is hopelessly corrupt. 89 6 mpos Tas Oipas cuvnKorovOe. ‘yevopevos odv oO “ PLUTARCR’S LIVES e Anpyrptos mpos tais Ovpais nara tous éavTod Sopudopous Kat TovTo povov eitray;, “ Komre Tov émOmevov, autos pev UTeEnAG ED, o O€ ’AdXéEavdpos Um’ éxeivwv KaTexoTn Kal TaV dirwv ot ‘1pocBon- Oobvtes, av Eva Aéyovot ohattopevoy eiTrEety WS npepa pa POdceev avtovs o Anunrptos. XXXVII. “H pév odv vvF olov eixos OopuBov éxyev. dua dé huépa tapatropmévois tois Make- Sect xai hoBoupévois tHu ToD Anuntpiov Suva, @s émner pev ovdels hoBepos, o dé Anpunrpios éqeurre Bovropevos evtvyety Kxal Tept TaV TeE- mTpaypévwv arodoyjcacOa, Oappeity mapéotn kal déyecOat diravOpwoTras avtov. ws dé HrAOev, ov paxpov éénoev avT@ NOywr, GAAA TO puceiv pev tov ’Avtitatpov, dovéa pntpos dvra, Ber- tiovos 5é€ amopeiv, éxetvov avnyopevoay Bacthéa Maxeddvwrv, cai maparaBovtes evOds Kathyov ets Maxedoviav. nv dé Kat tots olkot. Maxedoow OUK dKovaLos 1) peTaBoArAr, pEeuvnpévots adel Kal pecovow & Kacavépos eis ’AdéEavdpov teOynxora Tapnvounoev. et Oé Tis Ett pvnpn -THS Avtita- Tpov Tov TWadalovd peTpLoTHTOS viEXEiTETO, Kal tavTnv Anpytpios éxaprrovtTo Pika cuvotxav cal tov €& éxetyns viov Exwv Ssadoxov THs apy, non TOTE pelpaxioy byTa Kal T@ TaTpl ovoTpa- TEVOMEVOD. go DEMETRIUS towards the door. Demetrius, then, on reaching the door where his own body-guards stood, said merely, ‘«Smite any one who follows me,” and quietly went out himself; but Alexander was cut down by the guards, together with those of his friends who cathe to his aid. One of these, we are told, as he was smitten, said that Demetrius had got one day’s start of them. XXXVII. That night, then, naturally, was full of tumult. But with the day the Macedonians, who were in confusion and afraid of the forces of Deme- trius, found that no enemy came against them, but that Demetrius sent to them a request for an interview and for an opportunity to explain what had been done. They therefore took heart and promised to receive him in a friendly spirit. When he came to them, there was no need of his making long speeches, but owing to their hatred of Anti- pater, who was a matricide, and to their lack of a better man, they proclaimed Demetrius king of the Macedonians, and at once went down with him into Macedonia.!_ Furthermore, to the Macedonians at home the change was not unwelcome, for they ever remembered with hatred the crimes which Cassander had committed against the posterity of Alexander the Great. And if there still remained any kindly memories of the elder Antipater’s moderation and justice, of these also Demetrius reaped the benefit, since he was the husband of Phila, Antipater’s daughter, and had a son by her to be his successor in the realm, a son who was already quite a youth, and was serving in the army under his father. 1 In 294 B.c. QI ‘"PLUTARCH’S LIVES ¢ \ a , ’ XXXVITII. Odtw 6é Aapurpa Keypnuévos ev- , 4 \ A a Tuyia tuvOaverat mev Tepl TY Téxvwvy Kal TIS pntpos ws peOetvrat, d@pa Kai Tyas ItoNepaiou mpocGévros avrois, muvOdverat Sé€ rept Tihs , , \ ee.» 2 a Yerevew yaunPetons Ouvyarpos: ws ‘Avtioy@ TO Ledevaov cuvoixel kal Baciticoa tav dvw Bap- U Bdpwv avnyopevtat. acuvéByn yap, ws Eotxe, Tov "Avtioyoy épacévra Tis Utpatovixns véas ovons, 70n 6€ tratdiov exovons éx Tod Lerevxou, Siaxei- Oat Kaxa@s Kal TOA TroLely TO Trader Stapayo- pevov, TéXOs 8 éauvTOU KaTayvovta Sewav pev ériOupetv, avnxesta Sé vooeiv, xexpatnobar 5é A nw / b A A nw TO AOYLT LO, TpoTov aTradAayHs tov Biou Cnteiv \ , ) f \ / 9 > kat Trapavew arpewa Kal Oepatreias apeherg Kat Tpopys aroxXyn TO THp"a, vooEelv TLvVAa VvooOY oxnmTomevov. *“Epaciotpatoy S€ tov tatpov ai- cBécbat pev ov yareTTas épa@vTos auvTov, TO dé 2 , ee. , ae ? a“ , ouTivos épa duototactov dv éEaveupeiv Bovdo- pevoy det pev ev TO Swpatio Sunpepeverv, et é > 2 A 9 o , A a tts eloioe TOv ev dpa pelpaxiov 7 yuvaikav, . aA ol , “ 4 \ N éyxabopay Te T@ TpocwT@ Tov AvTioyou Kat Ta a A / cuuTacye padota TH WuxH TpeTOMEvy TrEdu- KOTQ Lepn Kal KLVHpaTa TOV TMpaATOS erLoKOTELD. n e , A @S OU TOV pev GANDY ElTLOVTWY Opmoiws ELYE, THS > \ a Sé Xtpatovixcns nal cal” éavrny Kal peta rod Ul , / > / \ ”~ Lerevxou orrwons Words eyiveto Ta THS le) a a / Lamgovs éxeiva twept avtoy tavta, pwvas émi- , A / oxeots, epvlnua Tupades, dyrewy vTodeiets, g2 90 DEMETRIUS XXXVIII. While Demetrius was enjoying a good fortune so illustrious as this, he had tidings con- cerning his children and his mother, namely, that they had been set free, and that Ptolemy had given them gifts and honours besides; he had tidings also concerning his daughter who was wedded to Seleucus, namely, that she was now the wife of Antiochus the son of Seleucus, and had the title of Queen of Upper Asia. For it came to pass, as it would seem, that Antiochus fell in love with Stratonicé, who was young, and was already mother of a little boy by Seleucus. Antiochus was distressed, and resorted to many means of fighting down his passion, but at last, condemning himself for his inordinate desires, for his incurable malady, and for the subjugation of his reason, he determined to seek a way of escape from life, and to destroy himself gradually by neglecting his person and abstaining from food, under pretence of having some disease. But Erasistratus, his physician, perceived quite easily that he was in love, and wish- ing to discover who was the object of his passion (a matter not so easy to decide), he would spend day after day in the young man’s chamber, and if any of the beauties of the court came in, male or female, he would study the countenance of Antiochus, and watch those parts and movements of his person which nature has made to sympathize most with the inclinations of the soul. Accordingly, when any one else came in, Antiochus showed no change; but whenever Stratonicé came to see him, as she often did, either alone, or with Seleucus, lo, those tell-tale signs of which Sappho sings ! were all there in him,— stammering speech, fiery flushes, darkened vision, 1 Fragment 2 (Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Gracet, iii.+ pp. 88 ff.). 93 PLUTARCH’S LIVES iSparres ofeis, atakia Kab Bopufos év tois o vy- pois, Téhos 6e THS Wuxis Kara KpaTos HTTHpEVNS? amopia Kal AapBos Kal wypiacts, én TOUTOLS Tpoghoy.lopevoy TOV "Epaciatparov Kara TO €- KOs @s ovK av érépas pay Bactrtéws vids évexap- Téper TO cron ay expe Pavarou, Xanerov pev Hyeta Oat TO ppac as Taira Kal Katevreiy, ov pay GAA Tietevovta TH T pos Tov viov evvoig TOU ZedevKov mapaxwSuvebcat TOTE, kab evrrely @S Epws ev ein Tou veavioxow TO MdOos, & Epws dé advvatos Kal aviatos. ExT ayevTos dé éxeivou Kal Tmudopévov TOS aviatos, oo ‘Ore vy Aia,” pavae TOV "Epaciatparop, “ épa Tis éuns yuvas- Kos. ‘Elta ov« ay, elmrety TOV LérevKon, éndoins, "Epactotpare, TO Eup mavol piros Ov TOV yapov, Kal TavTa opay pas éml TOUT@ pove cahevovtas; i “ vse yap dv av, " pdvau, “ TOUTO TaTnp @v eroingas, éL Lrparoviens “Avtioxos emeBuunoe.” eal Tov éAevxov “Kidde yap, eTaipe,’ elmreiy, “Tayv peTaatpeyrat Tes énl TavTa Kat petaBanor Geav 7 avOpar wy TO Ta- Qos: ws éuol Kat THY Bactreiav adeivat xadov “Avteoxou TEplEeXOMEVD.. TavTa éuTradas oho- Spa tov Yedevkov pera TONY Sax pov ré- YyOVTOS, éuBarovra THY beFtav avT@ Tov "Epaat- oTpaTov ecmrety as ovdev "Epacvatpdrou d€orTo° Kat yap TATHP Ke Kal avnp Op Ke Kal Bacihevs auros dua xal latpos ein THs. oixias dptotos. éK TOVTOU TOV LéhevKov exxAnolay abpoicavra mdvOnpov elTrety ort Bovrerat Kal Stéyvoxe TOY Gvw Tay- Tov toTwv ‘Avtioyov arrodeiEar Baoitéa kal 1 yrrnpévns Ziegler, with two MSS.: #rrwpévns. 94 DEMETRIUS sudden sweats, irregular palpitations of the heart, and finally, as his soul was taken by storm, help- . lessness, stupor, and pallor. And _ besides all this, Erasistratus reasoned further that in all probability the king’s son, had he loved any other woman, would not have persisted to the death in refusing to speak about it. He thought it a difficult matter to explain the case fully to Seleucus, but nevertheless, relying on the father’s kindly feelings towards his son, he took the risk one day, and told him that love was the young man’s trouble, a love that could neither be satisfied nor cured. The king was amazed, and asked why his son’s love could not be satisfied. ‘* Because, indeed,” said Erasistratus, “he is in love with my wife.” ‘Then canst thou not, O Erasi- stratus,” said Seleucus, “since thou art my son’s friend, give him thy wife in addition to thy friend- ship, especially when thou seest that he is the only anchor of our storm-tossed house?’’ ‘“ Thou art his father,” said Erasistratus, “and yet thou wouldst not have done so if Antiochus had set his affections on Stratonicé.” “ My friend,” said Seleucus, “ would that someone in heaven or on earth might speedily convert and turn his passion in this direction ; since I would gladly let my kingdom also go, if I might keep Antiochus.” So spake Seleucus with deep emotion and many tears, whereupon Erasistratus clasped him by the hand and told him he had no need of Erasistratus; for as father, husband, and king, he was himself at the same time the best phy- sician also for his household. Consequently Seleucus called an assembly of the entire people and declared it to be his wish and purpose to make Antiochus king of all Upper Asia, and Stratonicé his queen, 95 PLUTARCH’S LIVES > Xtparovicny Bactrida, addAHrOLs GUVOLKODYTAS ” \ ‘ \ eN b / ¢ , olecOas Sé tov pev viov etOtopévoy atraytTa Tet- JecOat wal xatnkooy dvta pnbév avrepety avT@ Wpos TOV ydapov: ei & 1 yur TO py vevoutrpéevm SucKxoAaivot, Tapaxarely tous hirous Omrws bu- Sdoxwow avtny Kal retOwot xara Kat Sixata Ta Soxovvta Bacirel pera TOU cuppépovTos Hyeia Oat. Tov wey ody ’Avtioxou Kat Ytpatovixns reer éx TotauTns yevéerOat Tpopacews heyoust. XXXIX. Anuar ptos dé pera Maxedoviay xat Octradiav Hv wapearAnpos. éEywv 5é cai Iledo- Tovyvnoov Ta wWAeloTa Kal Tav éxtos “IoOpod Méyapa xai ’AOnvas éri Botwrovs éorpdteuce. Kal Wp@Tov pev éyévovtTo cupBaces péTpLat Tepl Vd \ bd) 4 4 4 A dirias mpos avrov: érerta KXewvipou tod Yrap- , a“ TiadTov TapaBanrovTos eis @nBas peta orpatias, > / e , \ 4 @ fe) érrapbevtes ot Botwrtot, xat Tltovdos aya rod @coméws, bs émpwrteve SoEn cai dSuvaper Tore, TULTApPOPLaVTOS auUTOUsS, améaTncav. ws 4é tais O@nBats érrayayav tas pnyavas o Anpunrptos eTrodopKes Kal poByGels vrreERAOEV o KrAewvupos, KkatatAayevtes ot Botwrol mapédwxav éavtovs. 0 5é tais modeow éuBarwv dpovpay Kal mpakd- Hevos TOAAG YXpHMaTa, Kal KaTaNITT@V avToOis emiperntny Kal appootny lepwvupov tov iotopt- , ” b , a \ 4 \ xov, ed0kev nrriws Kexpno8a, nai pariora dia \ Iliow. éX@v yap avtov ovdéy KaKxdv érroinoey, G\Aad Kal wpocayopevoas nail dirodpovnbeis 96 908 DEMETRIUS the two being husband and wife; he also declared it to be his opinion that his son, accustomed as he was to be submissive and obedient in all things, would not oppose his father in this marriage; and that if his wife were reluctant to take this extraordinary step, he called upon his friends to teach and persuade her to regard as just and honourable whatever seemed good to the king and conducive to the general welfare. On this wise, then, we are told, Antiochus and Stratonicé became husband and wife. XX XIX. As for Demetrius, after Macedonia he became master of Thessaly also. And now that he had most of Peloponnesus, and, on this side the Isthmus, Megara and Athens, he turned his arms against the Boeotians. These at first made friendly agreements with him on reasonable terms; after- wards, however, when Cleonymus the Spartan made his way into Thebes with an army, the Boeotians were lifted up in spirit, and since at the same time Pisis of Thespiae, who was their leading man at this time in reputation and influence, added his in- stigations to the step, they revolted. But when Demetrius brought up his engines-of-war against Thebes and laid siege to the city, Cleonymus took fright and stole away, and the Boeotians, in terror, surrendered.! Demetrius put garrisons in their cities, exacted large sums of money from them, and left as their overseer and governor Hieronymus the historian, thereby getting a reputation for clemency, and particularly by his treatment of Pisis. For after capturing him Demetrius did him no harm, but actually greeted him, showed him kindness, and 1 In 293 B.c. 97 VOL. IX. H 3 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tohewapyov év @comtais am eserkev. ov. TOAG dé 0 vo Tepov ahioKerat Avotpayos vo Apopeyai- Tov: Kal Tpos TovTO Anpntpiou | Kara, TAYXOS éfopynaavros émrt Opgeny, OoTep épnua } KaTa- Anyopevou, jTwadw atéotncay oi Botwroi, Ka Avoipayos & apa Sverpevos amrnyyerrero. TAXES oop Kal T pos opyny dvactpewas o Anpntptos epev HTTNMEVOUS wrod TOU ma.dos *Avtiyovou paxn tovs Bowwtovs, cal tas @nBas adOes émroAopKet. XL. Tldppov 5¢ @cocadiav KATATPEXOVTOS Kal EXPL Oeppotudhov mapapavertos, "Avtiryovov emt TIS mohsopKias ATrONLTIOV aT Os Gpyncev € én’ éxeivon. oFews dé puyovtos, év @cocania xata- oTnoas: puptous omAitas Kal Xertous immeis, avOis évéxetto Tais O7Bars Kal Tpooiye THY Aeyopevny EhErrohuy, TOAUTOVWS Kal KATA pL pov vo BpwOous Kal peyeous MoxXNevoperny, ws WOALS év duct pat bv0 oradious mpoerdeiv. tov oé Bowwtav eppwmevens dpuvopeveov Kat Tov Anun- Tplov TONAGKLS prroverxias évexa faddov n “peas payer bas Kat cuvduvevetv TOUS oTpATLOT as dvaryxalovTos, op@v oO ‘AvTiyovos | TiMTOVTAS OUK odious Kat mepiTrab an, “Ti, @ qWatep, (edn, “‘ mapavadio Komevous ovK avayKaiws TovTOUS T EpLop@pen ; "0 bé mapotuvbeis, “Sv 6,” épn, “ri duo xepaivers; a Ord pet pov dpetrers Tots anobvnckovaw;’ " ov py adra Kal Bovdcpevos ye pn Soxeiy érépwy adedeiy povov, adda Kal 1 %onua Bekker adopts Reiske’s correction to edpnua (trea- sure-trove). 98 DEMETRIUS appointed him polemarch in Thespiae. Not long afterwards, however, Lysimachus was taken prisoner by Dromichaetes, and in view of this Demetrius set out with all speed for Thrace, thinking to occupy a region destitute of defenders. Thereupon the Boeotians revolted again, and at the same time word was brought that Lysimachus had been set free. Quickly, therefore, and in wrath, Demetrius turned back, and finding that the Boeotians had been de- feated in battle by his son Antigonus, once more laid siege to Thebes. XL. But Pyrrhus now overran Thessaly and was seen as far south as Thermopylae ; Demetrius there- fore left Antigonus to conduct the siege of Thebes, and himself set out against this new foe. Pyrrhus, however, made a swift retreat, whereupon Demetrius stationed ten thousand men-at-arms and a thousand horsemen in Thessaly and once more devoted him- self to Thebes. Here he brought up against the city his famous City-taker,! but this was so laboriously and slowly propelled, owing to its weight and great size, that in the space of two months it hardly advanced two furlongs. Besides, the Boeotians made a stout resistance, and Demetrius many times, out of contumacy rather than from need, forced his soldiers to risk their lives in battle. Antigonus saw that they were falling in great numbers, and in great concern said: “Why, my father, should we suffer these lives to be squandered without any necessity for it?’ But Demetrius was incensed, and said: “ Why, pray, art thou disturbed at this? Are rations due from thee to the dead?”’ However, wishing not to be thought reckless of other lives 1 Cf. chapter xxi. 1. 99 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , A / 4 \ auyKivouvevery Tois payopévors, SteNauveTaL TOV , 9 a le \ v ) tpadynrov ofuPerct. xal devas pev Eoxev, ov pny avicev, GANA elrNe Tas OnBas wardey. Kal , mapedOwy avataciw pev Kal poBov ws ta detvo- , TATA Teicopévoars Tapécyer, avedwy 5é TpLioKal- Sexa Kal petactynaas Tivas adhe Tods adXovS. a \ @ , Ww / 9 4 tais pev ov OnBars obrw Séxatov oixovpévars éros adNa@vas Sis év TO Ypov@ TOUT TUDETECE. Tov dé TvOtwv xa€dnxovtwy mpaypya Kawvo- TaTov émréTpeev avT@ Trorety o Anunrpios. émrel yap AirwAol ta rept AeAdhovs oreva Katetyov, év AOnvats avtos Hye TOV ayOva Kal THY Tavy- yup, ws 67 mpochnKoy avToht pddtoTa Tiacbar Tov Oeov, ds Kal mwatp@ds éaTt Kal AéyeTas TOD yévous apynyos. | XLI. ’EvretOev éraverOav eis Maxedoviav xat unre avros ayev novyiay mepux@s Tovs Te dAXouvs opav ey tais otpateiais paddov avT@ mpocéyovTas, oxo 5€ Tapaxywders Kal ToNUTpa- ypovas OvTas, éatpatevoey er AitwXous: Kal TY yopav Kaxwooas cai Ildvravyov év adti pépos éxovta THs Suvdpews ovK Griyov amoXLTT@V > 4 oN b] , \ A > > 3 a évt Tlvppov autos éywpet nat Ilvppos én’ éxetvor: GvArAnrov S€ Svapaprovtes, o pev éropber tH e "Harecpov, 0 Sé¢ Ilavravy@ mepirecav Kal paynv 4 9 AX. \ w” A A a cuvawas avroyv pev axpt Tov dSodvar Kal NaBeiv 1 In 290 B.c. The siege lasted nearly a year. 100 DEMETRIUS only, but also to share the perils of battle, he was pierced through the neck by 4: cetapult-bolt. And yet, sore wounded as he was, he ‘did’ not give up, but took Thebes again.! His entry ints the city filled the citizens with acute fear; théy:. thought they were to suffer the most dreadful punishments ; but he put to death only thirteen of them, ’banished a few, and pardoned the rest. And so it was-the fate of Thebes, which had been occupied less’than. ten years,” to be captured twice during this time. .°°. ’ Furthermore, the time for the Pythian games ‘being now at hand, Demetrius ventured upon a most un... heard of proceeding. Since, namely, the Aetolians — occupied the passes about Delphi, he conducted the’ — games and the festival in person at Athens, declaring it to be especially fitting that Apollo should be honoured there, since he was a patron deity of the Athenians and was said to have been the founder of their race. _ XLI. From Athens Demetrius returned to Mace- donia, and since he was himself not prone by nature to keep quiet, and since he saw that his followers were more devoted to him when they were on a campaign, but at home were turbulent and meddle- some, he made an expedition against the Aetolians. After ravaging the country, he left Pantauchus there with a large part of his forces, while he himself moved against Pyrrhus. Pyrrhus also moved against him, but they missed one another on the march. Demetrius therefore plundered Epeirus, but Pyrrhus fell upon Pantauchus, and after a battle in which the two commanders came to close quarters and * Cassander began the restoration of the city (after its utter annihilation by Alexander in 335 B,c.) in 315 B.c. jor PLUTARCH'S LIVES TAny HY év xEpor, ‘ys wevov érpéyrato, tav dé GANwv ToANoOUs. . pay ATEKTELVED, éCaypnoe é TEVTAKLEXtALAUS.” “wal TOUTO pddiora Anpijrptov exdnwoev’ Qu yap ota ponbeis 0 Iluppos ap’ Ov én pakev ‘tbs Jaupacbels 51a TO WrEloTa 7H xeupl karepydcacbat, heya Te Kat ape pov EaYev “ATO Tis payns éxeiyns évopa mapa Tots Mawedéav Kai trodnois emrnet Aéyerv Tov Maxe- Sdvcau, ds ev povep TOUT@ TOV Baothéav elo ov éyopGr0 THS “Aref avdpov TOAMNS, ob 6 aNXot, -. Kar padicta Anpirptos, @s ert TKNVIS TO Bapos "4. broxpivowro kal Tov GyKov Tob avdpos. ny Oe oe bs GANOGs tpaypdia peyddn mept rov Anunrprov, cf . ov pLovov aurexyopevov Kal S:adovpevov TEPLTTAS Kavotats Stpir pous Kal Xpucorrapupors adoupyi- ow, GAA Kal wept tois tocly é« mopdupas ‘axparov . cumTentAn Levys xpucoBadeis We€TrOLN- pévov éuBdoas. nV: 6é TUS Uparvopern Xraris avrT@ modu xpovov, epyov Srrepypavor, elxacpa Tov KOTMOU Kai TOV KaT ovpavov gaivopévwv 6 KarencipOn pe mpTenes év TH petaBonrg Tay Mpaywarer, ovdels bé éTohpnoev avr; Xprjoa- cat, Kxaitep OuK OAdry@V Dorepov év Maxedovia coPBapav YEvOMEVOY Bacirewr. XLII. Ov povov Sé TOUTOLS Tols Jeapacw éXvu- ‘Wel TOUS avO parrous anbes dvtas, GNA Kal Tpu- a aie Kat Siavray €Bapvovto: Kal padiora 57 TO voopthov avrou Kal Svampocodov. 7 yap ov mapeixe KaLpov evruxeiy, 7 Xareros my oa TPAXVS evTvy dvovow. ‘AOnvatwv poev yap, wept ods é€omrovodKet pddtota tav ‘EAAnver, é éT7 duo 7 pe- oBeiav xatécxer ex Aanedaipovos 5¢ évos mpe- 102 909 DEMETRIUS wounded each other, routed him, took five thousand of his men prisoners, and slew many of the rest. This wrought the greatest harm to the cause of Demetrius. For Pyrrhus, who was not so much hated for what he had done as he was admired for making most of his conquests in person, acquired from this battle a great and splendid name among the Macedonians, and many of them were moved to say that in him alone of all the kings could they see an image of the great Alexander's daring; whereas the others, and particularly Demetrius, did but asseme Alexander’s majesty and pomp, like actors on a stage. And there was in truth much of the theatrical about Demetrius, who not only had an extravagant array of cloakings and head-gear—double-mitred broad-brimmed hats and purple robes shot with gold, but also equipped his feet with gold-embroidered shoes of the richest purple felt. And there was one cloak which was long in the weaving for him, a magnificent work, on which was represented the world and the heavenly bodies ; this was left behind half-finished when the reversal of his fortunes came, and no succeeding king of Macedonia ventured to use it, although not a few of them were given to pomp and luxury. XLIT. And not only by such displays did he vex his subjects, who were unused to them, but his luxurious ways of living were also offensive, and above all else the difficulty of getting access to him or conversing with him. For either he would give no audience at all, or he was stern and harsh with his auditors. For instance, he kept an embassy from the Athenians, for whose favour he was more solicitous than for that of any other Greeks, two years in waiting ; and when a single envoy came to him from 103 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aBevrod rapayevopévov Kxatadpoveiobar Soxav nyavaxTnoev,. aateiws pevtot kal Aaxwuinds 2. a > 7 > neg’ Aye ” éxeivos, eirovtos avtou “Ti ov Aéyes ; va Aaxe- § , Low > 6 yy 9 atpoviot mpeaBeutTny Erepryap ; Nai,” eltrey, Ce 9 le) \ (4 99 60 &e b) a“ w Bacirev, Tpos eva, ofavtos 6€ avTov Tote Snuotixnw@tepov eFeXavvey, eal mpos évrevEev exer ovUK andas, avvédpamov tives éyypadous afwwoets bd , , \ , A lol 4 avabibovtes. Se€apévou 5é rdcas cai TH YNapu- , @ em \ 84 aurraBovtos HoOncav oi avOpwrot Kai Twapn- KkodovGouv: ws b€ HAGEv eri thy Tov ’A€tod yé- gdupav, avartitas thy xNapvbda wdacas eis TOV \ 9ge7 N a N “ > / motapov éFéppie. nai todto 6 devas jnviace tous Maxedovas vBpitecOar Soxodvras, od Bact- NeverOat, nat Diriwrov pvnuovevovtas, ) TaV pvnpovevovT@Y GKOVOVTAS, WS METPLOS TY TeEpl TavTa Kal KoLvos. KaietroTe mpecBuTépov yuvatou KOTTOVTOS aUTOV év Trapod@ Tivi Kal Seopévou , 9 A Va \ lA 9 TovANaKkis axovaOjnvar, Pycas pn syVoNalew, éy- , » 7 “ \ a ‘4 9 Sapo éott Kal trovs Bactrets’ Ounpos dnow oux 104 DEMETRIUS Sparta, he thought himself despised, and was incensed. However, when he cried, “ What meanest thou? Have the Spartans sent but one envoy?” he got the neat and laconic reply, “ Yea, O king, to one man.” On one occasion, when he was thought to be riding abroad in a more affable mood than usual, and seemed to encounter his subjects without displeasure, there was a large concourse of people who presented him with written petitions. He received them all and folded them away in his cloak, whereupon the people were delighted and escorted him on his way; but when he came to the bridge over the Axius, he shook out the folds of his cloak and cast all the peti- tions into the river. This was a great vexation to the Macedonians, who thought themselves insulted, not ruled, and they called to mind, or listened to those who called to mind, how reasonable Philip used to be in such matters, and how accessible. An old woman once assailed Demetrius as he was passing by, and demanded many times that he give her a hearing. “I have no time,’ said Demetrius. “Then don’t be king,’ screamed the old woman. Demetrius was stung to the quick, and after thinking upon the matter, went back to his house, and post- poning every thing else, for several days devoted himself entirely to those who wished audience of him, beginning with the old woman who had rebuked him. And surely nothing so befits a king as the work of justice. For “Ares is tyrant,’ in the words of Timotheus,! but “ Law is king of all things,’ accord- ing to Pindar;? and Homer speaks of kings as 1 Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graect, til. +p. 622. Cf. the Agesilaiis, xiv. 2, Bergk, op. cit. i.* p. 439. 105 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éXeTTONELS OVde vas Narn pets, ava Géwirras Tapa TOU Atos NapBavovras prec Bar Kal purdc- OELV, KAL TOD Atos ov TOV TONE MLKOTATOV ovudé TOV adixworarov Kal povinwratoy Tov Bactréwr, andra Tov StKaLoTaTOV O daptaTny Kal hadnt ny mpoonyo- peurev. adna Anyntptos EX ape tT@ Bactnret TOV Jed dvopovoTarny érey pao pevos T™ poo - yupiav' o pev yap Tlodevs Kal TloAsobyos, © 0 bé Tlodsopenrns: emixdnow eaxev. ovTws él Thy Tov KaXou x@pav TO aioy pov vTr0 Suvdpews a apa- Gods érenOov quvexcioae tH S0&n THY ad.Kxiay. XLII. ‘O & ov Anuntptos emiagahegrara voonoas ev IléXXn prxpod tote Maxedoviay a amé- Bane, KaTadpapovTos oF€ws Tldppou Kal ex pes ’Edéoons m poe Boros. dpa oe 7 Kouporepos yevérOar wavy padios eFeddcas auTov erounoaro Tivas oporoyias, ov Bovdopevos éumroday ovrt ouvex.ds wpoomrTaiwv Kat TOTOMAX OV HT Tov elvat ™ pos ols Stevoeiro. Srevoetto Sé ovdev orion, GNAG maoay dvahapBaverv THY UTrO ™@ TwaTpl yevopevny apxny. Kal Tis earidos TauTns Kal THS emBoris OUK aTreNElTrETO Ta THS TapacKevis, aNANA oTpaTLas pwev HON ouveTréTaKto TECHS pwupLa- bas déxa | Ouaxiriov avdpav amobeovcas, Kar Nwpis imméas orLyo SioxAtcov Kat puptov éXat- Tous. oToAov 6é veav apa TEVTAKOG Lov KaTa- Rardopevos Tas pev éy Ilecpavet Tpotrets &BerTo, tas b€ épv Kopiv0e, Tas be éy Xarxibs, Tas dé Tept Ilenray, auras eT L@v exacTaxoce kal dcdd- oKOY a xPn Kal TVVTEXVW[EVOS, ex ANTTOPEVOY amavTov ov Ta TANON Movov, GANA Kal TA peyeOn Tov epywv. ovdeis yap eldey avOpwrwy ovTeE 106 910 DEMETRIUS receiving from Zeus for protection and safe-keeping, not city-takers nor bronze-beaked ships, but “ ordin- ances of justice’’;! and he calls a disciple and *‘ confidant” of Zeus, not the most warlike or unjust or murderous of kings, but the most just.2, Demetrius, on the contrary, was delighted to receive a surname most unlike those given to the king of the gods; for Zeus is surnamed City-guardian, or. City-protector ; but Demetrius, City-besieger. Thus a power devoid of wisdom advances evil to the place of good, and makes injustice co-dweller with fame. XLITI. But while Demetrius lay most dangerously sick at Pella, he almost lost Macedonia; for Pyrrhus swiftly overran it and advanced as far as Edessa. As soon, however, as Demetrius had somewhat recovered his strength he easily drove Pyrrhus out of the country, and then came to a kind of agreement with him, being unwilling that continual collisions and local conflicts with this opponent should defeat his set purpose. And his purpose was nothing less than the recovery of all the realm that had been subject to his father. Moreover, his preparations were fully com- ° mensurate with his hopes and undertakings. He had already gathered an army which numbered ninety- eight thousand foot, and besides, nearly twelve thousand horsemen. Atthe same time, moreover, he had laid the keels for a fleet of five hundred ships, some of which were in Piraeus, some at Corinth, some at Chalcis, and some at Pella. And he would visit all these places in person, showing what was to be done and aiding in the plans, while all men wondered, not only at the multitude, but also at the magnitude of the works. Up to this time no man had seen a ship of 1 Iliad, i. 238 f, 2 Minos, Odyssey, xix. 179. 107 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TevTEKaLoEKHpN vavY TpoTEpov ovUTE Exxatdexnon, ? > @ 4 a e aXX vorepoy teacapaxovTnpn IIroXepatos o Pi- AoTaTwp évauTNynaaTo, pHKos Staxociwy oydon- Kovta mnxa@v, Dros 5é &ws axpootodiov mevTH- xovra Sveiv Seovtwv, vavtats dé ywpls éperav éEnprupevnv tetpaxociows, épérars bé€ Tetpaxic- / \ \ 4 e / / > / xidLots, Kwpis dé ToUTwY omAitas Seyopéevny éri Te TOY Tapddwy Kal Tod KaTaoTpwMpPATOS OALY@ / > , > \ , 4 9° 3 TptaxXtNiwy amrodéovTas. aAAA Oéay povny éxeivn Tapéoxe Kat pxpov Scov Stadépovea Tay povi- pov oixodounuatwv, pavivat mpos éeriderEy, ov ypeiav, emioparas cat Sucépyws exivyOn. TaVv dé Anunrtpiou vedv ovK RY TO KaXOV avaywuvicTop, ovde TH WEPLTTO THS KaTacKevns atreatEepovvTo A 4 9 \ \ f \ mw 9 THY XpELayv, ANNA TO TAaXOS Kal TO Epyov afiobea- TOTEpoV Tov peyeDous TapEtxor. XLIV. Aipopuévns ody trocavrns duvduews eri tnv ’Aciav bonv per "AréEavdpov ovdels Exe MpoTepov, oi TpEls cuveaTHaav él Tov Anurtprov, déreveos, roveuaios, Avoipayos éreta Kow?7 N , 9 4 > + > , apos Iluppov amroaretNavtes éxéXevov éEarrecOat Maxedovias nat py vouite orovdas als Anpun- TpLos ovK exeiv@ TO 7 TOAEMELTOaL SédwKeEV, GAN’ etAnghev Eavt@ 76 ToNepetv ols BovdrAEeTat TporeEpor. SeEapévou S5¢ [lvppov modds mepiéotn modus ” } / ud \ \ \ ¢€ eT LENAOVTA Anpuntplov. aya yap thv pev ED- Nada WArEevoas oTOAM peyadrAw IIToNEpaios adi- atn, Maxedoviav bé¢ Avoipayos éx @pdens, ex 5¢ 108 DEMETRIUS fifteen or sixteen banks of oars. At a later time, it is true, Ptolemy Philopator built one of forty banks of oars, which had a length of two hundred and eighty cubits, and a height, to the top of her stern, of forty-eight; she was manned by four hundred sailors, who did no rowing, and by four thousand rowers, and besides these she had room, on her gang- ways and decks, for nearly three thousand men-at- arms. But this ship was merely for show; and since she differed little from a stationary edifice on land, being meant for exhibition and not for use, she was — moved only with difficulty and danger. However, in the ships of Demetrius their beauty did not mar their fighting qualities, nor did the magnificence of their equipment rob them of their usefulness, but they had a speed and effectiveness which was more remarkable than their great size. XLIV. Accordingly, while this great force, the like of which no man had possessed since Alexander, was getting under way against Asia, the three kings, Seleucus, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus, formed a league against Demetrius. Next, they sent a Joint embassy to Pyrrhus, urging him to attack Macedonia, and not to regard a truce by which Demetrius had not given him the privilege of having no war made upon him, but had taken for himself the privilege of making war first on the enemy of his choice. Pyrrhus granted their requests, and a great war encompassed Demetrius before his preparations were completed. For at one and the same time! Ptolemy sailed to Greece with a great fleet and tried to bring it to revolt, while Lysimachus invaded Macedonia from ‘Thrace, and Pyrrhus from the neighbouring - } In the spring of 287 B.c. 109 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THS Opopou Ivppos _euBarortes éhenhdrour. 0 dé Tov pév viov émt Tis ‘EdAd605 KATEALTEV, AUTOS 56 Bondar Maxedovia Tp@rtov epyunoev emt Avoi- paxov. deyyéderas 5é auT@ IIvppos TPNKDS TONY Bépocav. Kal TOU ovyou TAXEWS els TOUS Maxedovas éumerovt.0s ovdev € ért TO Anyntpio Kara Oo OV elyen, ¢ ANA Kab éSuppav cal oak- puwv Kal mpos éxeivoy opyns Kal Pracdnusay peoTov Hy TO oTpaTomesoy, Kal TUMMEVELY ovK 70¢dov, arn’ aTrLevat, T@ peev oye pos Ta oixot, TH dé adnBeia mpos Tov Avoipa ov. édofev ou TO Anpntpio et eae pev amoaTivar qrop- porate, 7 pos 5é lvppov tpérecOar’ tov pév yap opopunov elvas Kal ToNNOIS ouvidn és “Are£ar- Spov, énnduv dé cai Eévov avdpa Tov IIvppov ovuK dv avrov TpoTiwhaae Maxedovas. TOUTED pevTor TOAD Suepeva On TOV NOYLTUOV. Ss yap eyyus éfov T@ Tluppe TapeaT paTomresevaey, del pev auTov THY év Tots dm daLs hapmpornta Oaupa- Covtes, &« TE Tov TaXatotdTov Kai Baotiixa- TaTov elOta pévor vopiCerv TOV év Tois Smrots patio Tov, Tote 6€ Kal Tmpdws Kexpio Gar Tots ado Kopevors muvOavopevor, mavrws 5€ Kal mpos Erepov Kai Tpos TOUTOV amradXayhvat tov Anpn- Tplou Cntobvres, amex @pouv ra Opa Kat Kar oni- yous TO Ye mpatov, eita pavepars Gmav elxe Kivy- ow Kat Tapayny TO \oTparomeson, tédos 5€ TO Anpnt pio ToAmHTavTEs TUVES mpoaedOetv éxéAevov amvévat kal owtew avtov’ amepnxévar yap Hn 4 «al BaoiAindmraroy Coraés and Sintenis, with the best MSS.; Bekker omits the raf. IIo ” DEMETRIUS Epeirus, and both plundered the land. But Deme- trius left his son in charge of Greece, while he himself, hastening to the rescue of Macedonia, set out first against Lysimachus. But tidings came to him that Pyrrhus had taken Beroea. The report quickly came to the ears.of the Macedonians, and then Demetrius could no longer maintain discipline, but his camp was full of lamentations and tears, coupled with wrathful execrations against himself, and the soldiers would not hold together, but in- sisted on going away, ostensibly to their homes, but in reality to Lysimachus. Demetrius therefore de- termined to put as much distance as _ possible between himself and Lysimachus, and to turn his arms against Pyrrhus; for Lysimachus, as he thought, was a fellow-countryman and congenial to many of the Macedonians because of Alexander; while Pyrrhus was a new-comer and a foreigner, and would not be preferred by them before himself. In these calculations, however, he was greatly deceived. For he drew nigh and pitched his camp by that of Pyrrhus; but his soldiers had always admired that leader's brilliant exploits in arms, and from of old they had been wont to consider the man who was mightiest in arms as also the most kingly ; besides this, they now learned that Pyrrhus treated his prisoners of war with mildness, and since they were seeking to be rid of Demetrius whether it took them to Pyrrhus or to another, they kept deserting him, at first secretly and in small companies. Then the whole camp was in open agitation and disorder, and at last some of the soldiers ventured to go to Demetrius, bidding him to go away and save him- self; for the Macedonians, they said, were tired of III PLUTARCH’S LIVES Maxedovas t vmrép THS éxelvou Tpupys TOhEMODVTAS. 911 ovrot PETPLOTATOL TOV NOYwV éepaivovro TO. Anpun- tpi ™ pos THY TOV adiwv TpAaXUTnT a: wal Tmap- eNOov er oKNU TD, @omrep ov Bactneus, GD UTrO- KpLTNS, peTapprevvutar xrapuda parav avrl THS Tpayichs éxeivns, cat dtarabov UmEexopnoey. opynadvTov 5é TaY TAELTTAV EOS ep’ apmayny Kat wpos aAANAOUS Siapaxopevery Kal THY oKnUaY StacTrovTw, emupavels O I1¥ppos expaTnaey av- ToBoet Kal KaTéaXe TO otpatoresor. Kal yiverat 7 pos Avaipaxov auT@ cULTATNS Maxedovias veunots, értaetiav UTo Anpunrpiov BeBaiws apy- Geions. XLV. Otto be Tou Anynrtpiou : TOY TPaYWaTwV exTreTOvTOS Kat KaTapuyovtos els Kacdvdpeay, n yun Pira mepuTrabns yevouevn mpoa wWeiv pev oux Urréwervev av0is idtorny nat gduydda Tov TANMOvEeD TATOV Bactréwy Anunrpror, drrevmawevn b€ wacapv édrida Kal puonoaca THY TUXNY auTou BeBavorépar € €v Tots KaKOls OVaaY 7 TOLS aryabois, Tlovca papparov awéGave. Anpnrptos dé ert TaD ovum ay vavayiov exer Oa Seavonbels amrnpev ets THY “EXXdda Kai Tovs éxet aotTpatnyous Kal idous ouviryer. “Hy obv ) Loporheous MevéAaos etxova tais auTov TYYaLs TapaTiOnaty, aX’ ovpos ael TOT HOS éy tuxv@ Oeod TPOXD KuKAEtTAL Kal peradrrdacer puay, OaTrEp cEAnYNS © ois evgpovas * dvo otivar Suvatr’ dv ovtror ev popdh m4, 1 ebppdvas Sintenis with Nauck, after Brunck ; Coraés and Bekker retain the ebppdvais of the MSS, 112 DEMETRIUS waging war in support of his luxurious way of living. Demetrius thought this very moderate language compared with the harshness of the rest ; so he went to his tent, and, as if he had been an actor and not a real king, put on a dark cloak in place of his stage-robes of royalty, and stole away unnoticed. Most of the soldiers at once fell to pillaging and tearing down his tent, and fought with one another for the spoils; but Pyrrhus came up, mastered the ‘camp without a blow, and took possession of it. And all Macedonia was divided between Pyrrhus and Lysimachus, after Demetrius had reigned over it securely for seven years.! XLV. When Demetrius thus lost his power and fled for refuge to Cassandreia, his wife Phila was- full of grief and could not endure to see her husband, that most afflicted of kings, once more in private station and in exile; she gave up all hope, and in hatred of his fortune, which was more secure in adversity than in prosperity, she drank poison and died. But Demetrius, determined to cling still to what was left of his wrecked fortunes, went off to Greece, and tried to assemble his friends and generals who were there. The Menelaiis of Sophocles? applies this simile to his own fortunes :— “ But my fate on the swiftly turning wheel of God Goes whirling round forever and ever changes shape, Just as the moon’s appearance for two kindly nights Could never be identical and show no change, 1 From 394 to 287 B.c. 2 Nauck, T'rag. Graec. Frag.” p. 315. - 113 VOL. IX. | I PLUTARCH’S LIVES Gdn’ €£ adjrou mpatov Epyetat véa TpocTwTAa KAAXUVOVGA Kal TWANPOVLEVN, VNOTAVTEP AUTHS evyeveotaTn havy, maddy Siappel Kets TO pndey Epyxerat, 3 Tavtn paAXov av Tis atretxdcat Ta Anpntpiou a ee \ e ‘ , ou p / Ul \ 9 > Tpaywata Kat Tas Tept avTov avEnoes Kai pOi- oes KaL avaTTANPw@OELS KAaL TaTrELWOTNTAS, Ov YE Kal TOTe TavTdtractw aroXeiTey Kal KatacBe- “A b] th Ld e ? , vucbar Soxobvtos avédaputTrey adOis 7 apy, Kal \ Suvdpets tives emippéovoat KaTa puKpov aveTAn- pouv tHv éAmrida. Kat TO ye! mpa@Ttov idiorns ‘Kal tov BaoiwwKav Kxoopiwv epnuos éredhoita Tais modeol, Kai Tis avTov év @nBais TotodTov Ocacdpevos expyiaato Tois Evpimidou ariyots ovK andas: popdny apetras ex Geo Bpornciay 4 ? Ul > a) A > @ mapeate Aipens vapar’ lopnvod 0 ddwp. XLVI. ’Enel 5€é dtraé dotrep eis obov Bacidcxny Thy éATiba KaTéoTH Kal ouvicTaTO TdALW copa Kal oxhwa wept autov apy7ns, O@nBaiors péev aré- Swxe THY ToNtTelav, AOnvaio: S€ aréotnoav av- Tov. Kati Tov te Aiduror, d¢ Rv lepevs TOV Yory- pov avayeypappévos, éx TOV éTwVUpwV ayveEtro)?, apxYovTas aipeiaOar mardw, woTEp BY TaTpLoy, Wndiodpevor, Tov te Iluppov €x« Maxedovias pere- as ae ye Sintenis : Coraés and Bekker retain the rére of the 114 DEMETRIUS But out of darkness first she comes forth young and new, With face that ever grows more beautiful and full, And when she reaches largest and most generous phase, Again she vanisheth away and comes to naught.” This simile might be better used of the fortunes of Demetrius, now waxing and now waning, now full- orbed and now diminished, since even at this time, when his power seemed to fail altogether and suffer extinction, it shot forth new rays of light, and sundry accessions of strength little by little filled out the measure of his hopes. At first he went about visiting the cities in the garb of a private man and without the insignia of a king, and one who saw him thus at Thebes applied to him, not inaptly, the verses of Euripides! :— “Exchanging now the form of god for that of man, He visits Dirce’s rivulets and Ismenus’ flood.”’ XLVI. But as soon as he had entered upon the path of hope, as upon a royal highway, and had gathered about himself a body and form of sove- reignty, he restored to the Thebans their ancient ‘form of government; the Athenians, however, re- volted from him. ‘They voted to elect archons, as had been their custom of old, and took away from Diphilus, who had been appointed priest of the Saviour-gods, the privilege of giving his name to the current year;? and when they saw that Demetrius had more strength than they expected, they sum- 1 Bacchae, 4 f., with adaptation from the first person. 2 See chapter x. 3. 115 PLUTARCH’S LIVES A A , > 4 \ TépTrovtTo, WaANOV } Tpodedoxnoay laxyvovTa TOV ce aw ( a A Anpntptov opavtes. 0 5€ opyn péev emnrAOev av- Tois Kal TodopKiay Tepl TO doTU GuUvETTHTATO xaptepav, Kpdtntros dé tod didocopou rep- , e \ A , N > a > \ 9 , hOEvtos UO TOD Sypou Tpos aUTov, avdpos évdoEou kat dvvatod, Ta pev ols vrép tav *AOnvaiwv éSeito mewoOeis, Ta 5é €& wy édidacKe wept TaV éxelv@ ocupdepovtTwy vonoas éXVGE THY ToAOP- Kiav, Kal cuvayayev boat vies Hoav avT@, Kal oTpaTt@tas pupiovs Kal yxtdLovs oUY imredow éuBiBacas, émt tv ‘Aciav érra, Avotudyou Kapiay xait Avédiav atmootycey. Aéyera, 5& adtov Evpudien wept Midrntor, aderXon Piras, ayovca tev avutTAs Kai IIToXe- paiov Ouyatépwy Urordeuaida xabwporoynnervnv éxeivm mwpotepov Sua LedevKov. TavTynv yapet , b) , DJ 7 \ \ ‘\ Anpytptos Edpudixns éxdudovons. xat peta Tov ydapov evOus éml tas modes TpéreTat, TrOAA@Y \ e / @ s \ be ‘ pev Exovaotws TpooTiOeuévav, ToANAaS Oé Kai PBL- atopevos. édaBe S€ nal Yapdeus- Kai tives Tav Avotudyou otpatnyav arexepnoay mpos avTov. Npnpata Kal orpatiay Kopilovtes. étrEepyomévou dé "AyaboxXéovs tov Avoipadyou peta Suvduews avéBa.vev eis Dovyiay, éyvwxws, avirep "Appevias éminaBnrat, Mydiav xivety Kal Tov avw Tpaypid- \ twv éyecOat, ToAAds éEwOoupévm Trepipuyas Kal > / 5 / € / \ 9 / avaxwpnoes éyovtwyv. émopévou 5€é ’Ayabonne- ous év Tals cupmdoKais trepinv, émsoiticpod Oe 116 912 DEMETRIUS moned Pyrrhus to their aid from Macedonia. Deme- trius came up against them in a rage, and began a strenuous siege of the city. But the people sent to him Crates the philosopher, a man of great repute and influence, and Demetrius, partly because he was induced to grant the ambassador's appeals in behalf of the Athenians, and partly because he was convinced when the philosopher showed him what would be an advantageous course, raised the siege, and after assembling all the ships he had,! and putting on board eleven thousand soldiers, together with his cavalry, he sailed for Asia, to wrest Caria and Lydia from Lysimachus. He was met at Miletus by Eurydicé, a sister of Phila, who-brought with her one of her daughters by Ptolemy, Ptolemais, who had been betrothed to Demetrius before this? through the agency of Seleucus. Demetrius married her now, and Eury- dicé gave the bride away. After the marriage Demetrius at once turned his arms against the cities, many of which, attached themselves to him of their own accord, and many also he forced into submission. He took Sardis also; and some of the generals of Lysimachus came over to him bringing money and troops. But when Agathocles, the son of Lysimachus, came against him with an army, Demetrius retired into Phrygia; he had determined, if once he could reach Armenia, to bring Media to revolt and attempt the upper provinces, which afforded an ejected commander many refuges and retreats. Agathocles followed him, and though Demetrius had the advantage in their engagements, ' See chapter xliii. 3. 2 As early as 301 B.c. Cf. chapter xxxii. 3. 117 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal T povopdry eipyopevos HyTropetro, Kal Tois oT paTL@rars be" vrowpias Hv ws én’ Appeviay kal Mn diav extomitev. dpa oe paddov O cmos éré- tetve, kal Stapaptia Tis yevouévn Tept THY TOU Avxou diaBaow TrA00s av0poHTrwv aptracbev wd Tob pedparas aTorerev. duos be Tob oxa@mrety OvK ameixovTo" mpoypaer b¢ tts auto Tpo THS aKnyyns THY Tod Oiditrodos} apynv puuxpov Tapan- Ad€as: TEKVOV Tuprov yépovtos “Avtuydvou: tivas yapous apiypeda ; XLVII. Tédos &€ cai. vocou TO ALLO SUVETTLTL- Oepeuns, domep eleoBev, ent Bpwcess avaryKaias TPETFOMEDWY, TOUS TavTAS ovK eAdaaovas 6 OKTAKLO- XeMteov amr oBadov aviryev oTrlo TOUS RNottrovs: Kal caTaBas eis Tapooy éBovuXeTo pep améxer Oat THS X@pas, ovaons UT LedrevKw TOTE, Kal 7 po- pacw éxeive pn deuia Tapacxeir, as 6€ 7) HV apn- Navov, €v Tals eoxaraus OVTM@V ar opiass TOV oTpaTiwTay, Kat TOU Tavpou Tas wvuepBoXras “Ayabo«his aTrETELX LTE, paper T pos DéXevKov emia TONNY paKpov Twa THis avToo TUXNS oduppop, eita TmONdyy ikegtay Kal dénouw éxovoav avdpos oixetov NaBeiv oixtov, aEta Kai ToAepmlots cUVAar- ynjoat TremovOoros. "Enrixdaa Bevros 5€ Tas Ledevxou, Kat ypa- aravtos Tois éxel otparnyois Oras aUT® TE TO Anyntpip yopnyiav Baowkueny Kal TH Suvdpet tpopiy apBovoyv twapéywatr, ere Owyv Tatpoxrjs, 1 Sophocles, Oedipus Coloneus, 1 f. (’Avriyovn). 118 DEMETRIUS he was shut off from getting provisions and forage, and was in great straits; besides, his soldiers were suspicious that he was trying to make his way towards Armenia and Media. And not only did famine press them harder, but also some mistake was made in crossing the river Lycus, and a large number of men were carried away by the current and lost. But nevertheless they would have their pleasantries ; and one of them wrote up in front of the tent of Demetrius the opening words of the “ Oedipus,” slightly changed :— “O child of blind and aged Antigonus, what are These regions whither we are come?” XLVII. But at last sickness assailed them as well as famine, which is wont to happen when men have recourse to foods which they must eat to save their lives, and after losing no less than eight thousand men in all, Demetrius retraced his steps with the rest and came down to Tarsus. Here he would gladly have spared the country, which was then under Seleucus, and so have given its ruler no ground of complaint ; but this was impossible, for his soldiers were suffering extreme privations, and Agathocles had fortified the passes of the Taurus against him. He therefore wrote a very long letter to Seleucus, bewailing his own misfortunes, and then begging and beseeching him to take pity on a man who was allied to him by marriage, and had suffered enough to win sympathy even from his enemies. Seleucus was somewhat softened by this appeal, and wrote to his generals in that province that they should furnish Demetrius himself with royal main- tenance, and his troops with abundant supplies. But 119g PLUTARCH’S LIVES avip auvetos elvat Soxa@v cal Yerevew iros / 9 N A lA ” al 9 muaTos, ov TOTHS Satrdavns py TreloToy elvat tov Anpntpiov otpatiwTayv tpepopévwyv, adr éviiatpiBovta tH yopa Anpntptov ov Karas meplopay avTov, ds det BiaroraTos @y Kal peyado- mpayyovéertatos BactNéwy viv évy tUyats yéyovev at xal tous hivce: petpious éEdyovot ToApmay Kal adixeiv. éx tovTou trapokuvOels o DéXeuKos éEwp- ? / \ an 4 e pnoev eis Kersxiav peta moddAns Suvadpews. 0 dé Anuntptos éxrrayels TH Ov GAlyou peraBorn A 4 \ / e / A 9 Tov Lerevxou Kal poAnGeis, Uméa Terre Tois GyUpW- TatTois Tov Tavpou, cad Statreprropevos nEiouv pa- ALoTa pév avTOY Treptidely TOY avTOVOLwWY TLVa BapBdpev xrnodpevoy apxny, év } xataBi@ceras TAaYNS ‘Kal huyhs wavodpevos, et 5é py, TOY yeywava Orabpéar thy Sivamy adToOL, Kal pn 4 ? la) \ ‘ b 4 N 4 mavtTwy évdea Kat yuuvov éEeXauvew ral mpoBar- NEY TOLS TroNEmLOLS. XLVIII. *Ezrei dé Yérevxos tadta wavta- bro- 4 > Sf > 4 > 4 4 lol TTEevov exéXevoey avTov, ci BovrA*ETaL, dUo pHvas év 77 Kataovia yemacat, Sovta tovs mpwTous A 4 e 4 @ \ > , > , TaV diiwv ounpous, dua Sé Tas eis Lupiay arretet- vivev uTepBodds, éyxAelopevos, Wamep Onpiov, o Anpntptos KuKd@ Kat meptBaddopevos, UT’ av- GYKNS TpéTETAL TPOS GAKHVY, Kal THY TE Ywpay KQTETPEXE KAL TO Lerevnw TpoaRadrdovts cup- ) WAEKopEvOS ae mrAéoY Elye. Ka’ ToTe TOV Spe- Tavnpopwr ets avtov apelévtwy vroatas TpoTrny 120 913 DEMETRIUS Patrocles, a man in repute for wisdom, and a trusted — friend of Seleucus, came to him and told him that the expense of maintaining the soldiers of De- metrius was a very small matter, but that it was unwise for him to allow Demetrius to remain in the country, since he had always been the most violent of the kings, and the most given to grand designs, and was now in a state of fortune where even natur- ally moderate men are led to commit deeds of daring and injustice. Incited by this advice, Seleucus marched into Cilicia with a large force. Then De- metrius, filled with amazement and alarm at the sudden change of attitude in Seleucus, withdrew to the strongest fastnesses of the Taurus, and sending messengers to Seleucus, asked that above all things he might be permitted to acquire a petty empire among the independent Barbarians, in which he might end his days without further wanderings and flights; but if this might not be, he begged him to give his troops food for the winter there, and not | to drive him forth, stripped and destitute of all things, and cast him into the hands of his enemies. XLVIII. But Seleucus was suspicious of all this, and. told Demetrius that he might, if he wished, spend two months in winter quarters in Cataonia, provided he gave the chief among his friends as hostages; and at the same time he fortified the passes into Syria against him. Then Demetrius, like a wild beast, hemmed in and attacked on all sides, was driven to defend himself; he overran the country, and when Seleucus attacked him, engaged with him and always had the advantage. Once in particular, _ when the scythe-bearing chariots were dashing down upon him, he avoided the charge, routed his 121 PLUTARCH’S LIVES émoijoato, Kal TOY eis. Lupiay vmrepBor@v TOUS arroretyifovras efeddoas ex paznce. Kat ddws erhipto TH youn, Kal TovS OTpaTLMOTAS avateOap- pykoras opa@v Tapea KevateTo Siayovicacbar 7 pos Tov Sérevrov et TOUS peyia Tous aPrors, nropn- Hévov non Kal avutov. amréaTpewe pep yap TY Tapa Avoipdxov Bondevay a aT LOT OV kal poBovpe- vos, autos bé€ Kal” éavTov @KvEL T@ Anynt pico cuvarpat, dedtas THY arrovouay avtToo Kal THY adel petaBorny é éx TOV €aXATWY ATOPLAY TAS peyioTas evTuylas em ipépovoay. Oo0S pévTOL Bapeia TOV Ant puov ép TOUT@ xataraBoica TO Te TOA OELWas exdnwae wal Ta mpaypara TavTanact SepOerper. oi pev yap amex w@pno ay ™pos TOUS Toneptous, ot bé Steppv- noay avrob TOV TTPATLOT ED. Modus dé év nyuepacs Tecoapaxovra patoas | Kal Tous UrrohoiTous ava- AaBary, Kal oppycas, Sa ov ideip Kab SoFdoas TOUS Toneptous, eq Kiduxias, eita YUKTOS avev odn- Tuyyos apas éml Gdrepa Kal TOV “Apavov UTrEp- Barov erropbet THY KaTwW Yopay aypt THS Kup- pnoteKns. XLIX. "Emepavertos dé Tob Ledevcou ral TroLousLevou Tas KaTaruaels eyyus, dvactHa as 0 Anuntptos TO oT paTevpa VUKTOS éBadeSev én avTov ayvoobyta, ey pt Toddod Kal KOLO [EOD aUTOMONOY 5€ TiwWep Taparyevopevov Kat dpa- CavT@Y TOV Kivduvov,. ceTrayels Kal avarnonoas éxéXeuce€ oNMaLvery, apa Tas _kpnribas Umrodov- HEvOS Kal Boay Mpos Tovs éTaipous OS Onpio derv@ TUMTETAEKTAL, Anuar pros be T® OopvBo TOV TOAELioV aicOopmevos OTL pmepnVUTaL, KATA 122 DEMETRIUS assailants, drove away those who were fortifying the passes into Syria, and made himself master of them. And now he was completely lifted up in spirit, and seeing that his soldiers had recovered their courage, he made ready to fight to the finish with Seleucus for the supreme prizes. Seleucus himself was already in perplexity. For he had refused the assistance offered by Lysimachus, whom he distrusted and feared ; and by himself he hesitated to join battle with Demetrius, fearing the man’s desperation and the perpetual change which brought him from the extremest destitution to the greatest affluence. _ However, a grievous sickness seized Demetrius at this juncture ; it wrought terrible harm to his body, and utterly ruined his cause. For some of his soldiers went over to the enemy, and others dispersed. But at last, after forty days, he recovered strength, and taking the soldiers that remained, set out, so far as his enemies could see or conjecture, for Cilicia; then, in the night and without signal by trumpet, he set out in the opposite direction, crossed the range of Amanus, and plundered the lower country as far as Cyrrhestica. XLIX. When Seleucus made his .appearance there and encamped near by, Demetrius set his army in motion by night and advanced against him. Seleucus was ignorant of his approach for a long time, and lay sleeping. But when some deserters came and told him of his peril, he was astounded, and leaping up ordered*the trumpets to be sounded, at the same time pulling on his boots and shouting to his companions that a terrible wild beast was upon them. But Demetrius, perceiving from the noise which his enemies made that they had been informed 123 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 taxos amnyev. aya 8 neepa mpoowerpevor Tov Leheveou, meppas TLVa TOV rept avrov émt Od- TeEpov Képas érroinaé Tiva Tpomiy TOV évayTiov. elta pévToe DéAEuKOS AUTOS adels Tov taTov Kal TO Kpdvos dtroPépevos Kat AaBov wéATHVY aTrnVTA Tots praOopopots, émridecxvvpevos avToyv Kal peTa- Baréc0at rapaxarov, dn woTé cuudpovncaytas bre devddpuevos exeivov, ov Anuntpiqu, xpovoy 3 woAvuy OtaTeTéNEKEV. €k TOUTOU TaYTEs aoTrato- pevot Kal Bactréa mpocayopevovtes peOioTavto. Anunrptos 6€ Todo peTaBorov aicPopevos éaxatny éxeivny HKeovoay én’ avtov, éxxrLvas ém} Tas ’Apavidas Epvye muAas, cai KataBarov es - DAnv tia cuvnpedh peta girtwv Tiwev Kal aKoNovOwy oN ywv TavTaTractw GyTwY TpocéuEeveE THv vuKxta, Bouropevos, et Svvatto, THS émi Kad- vov od0v0 AaBecOar kal Stextrecety érl tHv Odrac- 4 cav, o8 TOV vavoTabpoy evpnoew ATLCEY. ws dé éyva pndé éxeivns THs nuépas epodvov Eyovras avtous, ér ddAXwv éyéveTo NoyiopaVv. clita pév- Tot Ywouyéyyns éemHdrAOev, ETaipos avTod, ypuvaous TeTpaxocious urretwapmévos’ Kal aro TOUT@Y éNTi- Covtes axpr Oardoons StayevnoeoOat, mpos Tas uTepBords éyxw@pouy oKoTaio. mupav 5é Katope- YOV pos avTais WoAreuliwy amoyvovTes exelyny THY Oddy avOis avex@pnoay eis TOV avTOV TOTFOD, ovte waves (éviot yap atrédpacav) ode opoiws “6 ol TWapapévovtes mpoOvuot ToALHaavToS O€ TLVOS ElTrely TL, WS YeXEVKM YXpy TO TOpa Trapadadvas 124 ° | DEMETRIUS of his approach, drew off his troops with all speed. When day came, however, Seleucus was pressing him hard, so he sent one of his officers to the other wing, and partially routed the enemy. But at this point Seleucus himself, quitting his horse, doffing his helmet, and taking a light shield, went to meet the merce- naries of Demetrius, showing them who he was, and exhorting them to come over to him, since they must for some time have been aware that his long forbearance had them in view, and not Demetrius. Consequently they all welcomed him, hailed him as king, and went over to him. Then Demetrius, perceiving that the last of many reversals of fortune was now come upon him, left the field and fled to the passes of Amanus, where he plunged into a dense forest along with sundry friends and followers, few all told, and waited for the night. -He wished, if possible, to take the road to Caunus and make his way through to the sea, where he ex- pected to find his fleet. But when he learned that the party had not provisions enough even for the coming day, he tried to think of other plans. At this point, however, Sosigenes came up, a companion of his, with four hundred pieces of gold in his belt ; so hoping that with this money they could make their way through to the sea, the party set out to- wards the passes, in the darkness of night. In the passes, however, the enemy were burning fires, so the fugitives despaired of this road and once more returned to their place in the forest—not all of them, for some had run away; nor was the remnant as willing as before. And when one of them ventured to speak out boldly and say that Demetrius ought to 125 PLUTARCH’S LIVES — . Anpnrpiov, @punoe pev to Ethos otracapevos ) aA e , e \ , 4 N avereiv éavtov, of Sé girdoe wepiotavres Kat rmrapapuvOovpevor ouvéTeicay oUTw Trotnoat. Kal \ 9 Téumet pos YéAevKov emitpétav exeitve Ta Kad éauTov. L. "Axovcas 5é Yérevcos ovK Epyn 7H Anuntptov 4 , 4 > \ lo e le) a Tuxyn cwlecGar Anunrpiov, aAAXa TH avVTOV, eT TOV GAAwWY KAaN@Y aUT@ dirtavOpwtias Kai Xpn- aoToTntos émiderew Std0ovcn. Kadrécas Sé TOUS 3 \ 4 4 ‘ > 7 ETLMEANTAS CKNVHV Te THYyVUVaL BaciNLKNY exe- Nevee, KAL TAAAA TavTa ToLeiy Kai TapacKevd- Cewv eis UTrodoynyv Kal Oepareiay peyadompEeTTras. nv 5é tus "Arroddwridns Tapa TO Lerevaw, Tov Anpntpiov yeyovas suvnbns: todtov evOvs é&é- Teprpe TPOS AUTOV, BTrws HdlwY yévntat Kal Oap- p@yv ws pos oixeiov avdpa Kal KndeotHy atravTav, Davepas Se tijs. yvouns avtod yevouevns dAtyou TO Tp@Tov, elta ol mAcioTOL TaV dirtwv éEeTHSOV * \ \ , e , N 4 qapa tov Anuntptov, dusrr@pevoe Kat POdvovTes aAAHAOUS: HATivETO yap EVODs Tapa TO Dedevew péytotos évecOar. Tovdro 6é éxeiv pev eis POovovy peréBare Tov EXeor, Tos 6€ xaxonOeot Kal BacKdvos rapéoxev ? / “ \ / fo) amvotpé wat kal dsapOeipar thy piravOpwriay tod / > / b] , e > > ? Baciréws, éxpoByncaciv avtov, ws ovK cis ava- Bonds, GAN dpa TO Trp@tov ohOHvar tov avédpa, peyarov ecopevwv ev TH otTpatoTréd@ vewTEptc- pov. apte d7 Tod AzroAXwvidou pos Tov Anun- Tpiov adiypévou Teptyapods, Kal TOV aAXAwWD 126 914 DEMETRIUS surrender himself to Seleucus, Demetrius drew his sword and would have killed himself; but his friends encompassed him, and with encouraging words per- ‘suaded him to do as the man had said. So he sent to Seleucus and put himself at his disposal. L. When Seleucus heard of it, he declared that it was not the good fortune of Demetrius that brought him safety, but his own, which, in addition to her other blessings, gave him an opportunity to show generosity and kindness. Then he called his over- seers and bade them pitch a royal tent, and to make all other arrangements and preparations for a mag- nificent reception and entertainment. There was also with Seleucus a certain Apollonides, who had been an intimate friend of Demetrius; this man was at once sent to him by Seleucus, to give him cheer- fulness and confidence by reminders that he was coming into the presence of a man who was a friend and relative. When this purpose of Seleucus be-— came evident, first a few of his friends, then the greater part of them, went off hot foot to Demetrius, vying with one another in their efforts to reach him first; for 4t was expected that he would at once be a very great personage at the court of Seleucus. “ But this behaviour of his friends turned the king’s pity into jealousy, and gave malicious and mischievous persons an opportunity to thwart and put an end to his generosity. They frightened him by their insin- uations that without any delay, but at the first sight of Demetrius, there would be a great revolution in the camp. And so it came to pass that at the very time when Apollonides had come to Demetrius with a joyful countenance, and while the other courtiers 127 PLUTARCH’S LIVES eT EPX OMEVOV Kat oyous Gavpac tous dmaryyed- ovr wept Tov YedevKov, kal rob Anyntpiov pera THMKAUTNY dvaruxiav Kat KaKoT payiay, él ar TpOoTepov ed0xee THY ‘mapadoow Tou CDLATOS aliax pay meTrorhaOae, TOTE peteyvmnxotos b1a TO Jappeiv Kal mo TeveLy tals édmiow, MrOe | Ilav- cavias EX@Y TTPATLATAS omov melous Kat imaeis Tept xedtous. Kab ToUTOLS TEpLaX@v tov Anpr- Tptov adve, | Tous 6€ adddous aTrorTHaas, Lehevicw pev aurov els Oyruy ov KaTeTTH TED, ets 6€ Xeppo- ynaov THY Lupraxny am nyaryer, Strov TO Aovrrov toxupas PUVAAKHS émarabetans Oeparreta pep Kev ixavn Tapa Lehevcou kal Xpnwata Kal diaita mapeocevateTo Kal’ nuépav ov peuTrTn, Spopoe dé Kal TWéepiTaroe Bactrexol Kat mapadetcot Onpas EYovTES anedeixOnoay: 7 qv dé xal tov didrov TOV cuppuyovT@DY T@® Bovdopevp ovvelvar, Kal Tap avtov + tives Guws em port aves aro Tob DeXevKov HKov Kopitovres emveuxets Aoyous Kab Gappetv Twapaxarobvres, ws, OTav mpatov Avtioxos adi- KNTAL OUV Lrpatovixn, dteO no opevov. LI. ‘O 6éé Anprtptos év TH TOLAUTH TUX yeyoves emécTELAE TOIS mept TOV viov Kal Tois mept "A@nvas Kal KopwOov Hryemort Kat pirors ® pare ypappac wy avrod prjre opparyide TiS TEVELY, an domep TeOyNKOTOS "Avtiyov@ Tas modes Kal Ta Moura Tpayyara Stapudarrewy. "AvTtyovos Sé Hv ToD TaTpos GVAAN WY TuOdpEvos Kal Bape- 1 wap aurdy Coraés and Bekker, with the MSS.; Sintenis corrects to wap’ abrov and deletes awd tov ZeAevcov. 2 rois. .. piAos Sintenis, with the best MSS. and Ste- phanus ; Corats and Bekker retain apos... plaous. 128 DEMETRIUS were coming: up and telling him wonderful tales about Seleucus and his generosity, and when De- metrius, after all his disasters and misfortunes, even if he had once thought his surrender a disgraceful act, had now changed his mind as a result of his courage and hopefulness, up came Pausanias at the head of a thousand soldiers, foot and horse together. With these he surrounded Demetrius on a sudden, and after sending off everybody else, conducted him, not into the presence of Seleucus, but away to the Syrian Chersonese. Here, for the rest of his life, a strong guard was set over him, a sufficient number of attendants came to him from Seleucus, while money and maintenance was provided for him day by day which was not to be despised, nay, royal courses for riding and walking, and parks with wild game in them, were set apart for his use; any friend also who shared his exile and wished to visit him could do so, and notwithstanding his captivity sundry people kept coming to him from Seleucus bringing kindly mes- sages and exhorting him to be of good cheer, since as soon as Antiochus came with Stratonicé, he was to be set at liberty. LI. Demetrius, however, finding himself in this plight, sent word to his son and the friends and commanders who were at Athens and Corinth, bid- ding them put no trust in letters or seal purporting to be his, but to treat him as dead, and to preserve for Antigonus his cities and the rest of his power. When Antigonus learned of his father’s capture, he 129 VOL. IX. K PLUTARCH’S LIVES , : ws éveykov kal mevOiunv avaraBov écbjta wpos A“ \ \ > N Te Tous dAAous Bacireis Eypawe Kal mpos avTov A N aA Léreuxoy, Seopevos, cal wav 6 te Nottrov Hy avtois e 4 A Tapadioous, Kal TPO TrayTOS OpNpEvErv ETOLLOS VY auTos Uumép tod Tatpos. Kal cuvedéovto Tabta \. UA modes Te TOAAaL Kal Suvacras TwANnY Avotpayou. \ / Avoipayos 5é kal xpynpata Toda TépTrOY UTLC- Cal , e A a yvetro Sedevew xteivavT. Anuyrpiov. o O€ éxei- ‘ ” A vov pev Kal adArAwS mpoRaddAopevos ETL paddoOV \ A \ b ] , érl ToUT@ papov nyetTo Kat BapBapov, ‘AvtTioy» dé 7@ mwatdt cat XYrpatovicn pvdrdtrrav Anpn)- € 3 lj p 4 a me" e fol TpLoV, WS EKELYWY 1) YapLS yevoLTO, TapHye Tov ll V povov. e e A ‘ / LIT. ‘O 6é€ Anpnrpios, ws év apyn Thy TUXNY aA ~ s TpooTrecovaay UTépelve, Kal Padov Hon Péperv eLOi- a A Ul CeTo TA TAPOVTA, TPWTOV MEV ALAS YE TWS Exivel To capa, Onpas, éf’ doov Hy, Kal dpopwy atro- N Hevos, €TetTa KATA puLKpoV Gkvou TpOS auTa Kal / vwbeias éripmrrato, Kal dépwv éavtov ets TroToUs \ 4 4 \ fe) / \ a xat xuBovs KaTéBare Kat Tov ypovou Tov TAE«i- aotov év tovras Sunyev, elite Tous ev TH vydhew avadoytopovs TOV TapovTwy aTrobiipacKeY Kal a , TapaxaduTTomevos TH weOn THYv Stdvotay, elTe \ A “A \ ovyyvous éavT®@ TovToy eivat Tov Biov, dv ExTranat Ae mY } 4 ” € > 9 , ‘ A TOU@Y KAL OlWKwWY AANWS UT aVoLaS Kal KEVIS , b , \ \ a \ SoEns émAdlero nal moddNa péev éavT@, TOAAA \ e / a dé étépors mpdypata tapelxev, év Smrols Kal / le) oTOkOLS Kat otpatomédots TO ayabov lnTav, a le) b ? , \ a > 0 vUY €v atpaypLoovrn Kal oyoX\n Kal ayva- 130 915 DEMETRIUS was deeply distressed, put on mourning apparel, and wrote to the other kings and especially to Seleucus himself, supplicating him, and offering to surrender to him whatever was left of his own and his father’s possessions, and above everything else volunteering to be a hostage himself for his father. Many cities ~ also and many rulers joined in these supplications. But Lysimachus did not; he sent to Seleucus the promise of a large sum of money if he killed De- metrius. But Seleucus, who had always had a feeling of aversion for Lysimachus, all the more for this proposal thought him abominable and barbarous, and continued to keep Demetrius under watch and ward for Antiochus his son and Stratonicé,, that the favour of his release might come from them. LIT. But Demetrius, who in the beginning bore up under the misfortune that had come upon him, and presently grew accustomed to it and endured his situation with a better grace, at first, in one way or another, exercised his body, resorting to hunting, so far as he could, or riding; then, little by little, he came to have the greatest indifference and aversion to these sports, took eagerly to drinking and dice, and spent most of his time at these. This was either because he sought escape from the thoughts on his present condition which tormented him when he was sober, and tried to smother his reflections in drunk- enness; or because he had convinced himself that this was the real life, which he had long desired and striven to attain, but had foolishly missed it through folly and empty ambition, thereby bringing many troubles upon himself, and many upon others; he had sought in arms and fleets and armies to find the highest good, but now, to his surprise, had discovered 131 K 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 mavoe py TpocdoKknaas avevpnKe. Ti yap adXO TOV TOAGLOY Kal TOV KwvOvvov Tépas éoTl TOS pavrous Bactrevor, KaKOS Kal avonras Staxes- pévors, ovx 6te povov Tpudiyy Kal ndovav avtt THS apeTns Kal tod Kadov Siwxovary, GX’ OTe «pnde Hdec0ar pndé tpudav as adrAnOads ead, ‘0 5° ovv Anpntptos éT0s Tpitov éy tH Xep- povnaw KabetpyLevos on dpyias Kal TANT HOVAS Kal olvou voonoas am eBaver, ern Téaoapa meal 4 TEVTNKOVT A BeBroxds. Kal Lehevicos Heouce Te KAKOS Kal peTevonaey ov peTpios éy uTrowia Tov Anuntptov Oépevos TOTE, Kal pnde Apopuyairny, avépa Ba pBapov Opaxa, pina dpwevos ovTw pur- avOpwrrws Kal Bacihixds arovTe Avotpayw NPN apevov. LITT. “Eoye peevroe Kal Ta mepl THD Tapny auTov Tparytecny Tiva Kal Jeatpreny ddequy. 0 yap vios ‘Avtiryovos, as qadeto Ta helyrava Kopilopeva, Tacats dvaxGels Tals vavoly emt ynowv ar nvTn ce kal deEdpevos ets THY peryi- oTny TOY vava.pxidov EOeto TH véplav Xpvan- 2 Aarov ovoav. at dé Tore als mpoceixov, TovTO pep atepdvous émépepov TH vdpia, TovTo be dvipas év oynpate mrevOi pep owOdrpovras Kat cupmapaTeurpovTas daméaTedhov. eis 5é Kopw- Gov Tov oTOAOU KATATEOVTOS y) Te KANTS éx mpuyyns wepipavns éwpato Toppupa Bacthucy Kal Siadnpare KeKOo UNMEVN, Kal TAPELOTHKELTAY év SrrAoLs veavioxot Sopupopodbvres. o 5é TY TOTE AaUANTOV EhNOYLLWTATOS EevohavTos eyyvds Kafe 132 DEMETRIUS it in idleness and leisure and repose. For what other end than this can worthless kings seek to attain by their wars and perils? Wicked and foolish indeed are they, not only because they seek after luxury and pleasure instead of virtue and honour, but also because they do not even know how to enjoy real pleasure or true luxury. So, then, Demetrius, after an imprisonment of three years! in the Syrian Chersonese, through in- activity and surfeit of food and wine, fell sick and died, in the fifty-fifth year of his life. Seleucus was in ill repute for this, and repented him bitterly for having cherished such suspicions against Demetrius, and for allowing himself to be outdone even by Dromichaetes, a barbarous Thracian, who had given Lysimachus,” his captive, a treatment so humane and royal. LIII. Moreover, there was something dramatic and theatrical even in the funeral ceremonies of Demetrius. For his son Antigonus, when he learned that his remains had been sent home, put to sea with his entire fleet and met them off the islands. They were given to him in a golden urn, and he placed them in the largest of his admiral’s ships. Of the cities where the fleet touched in its passage, some brought garlands to adorn the urn, others sent men in funeral attire to assist in escorting it home and burying it. When the fleet put in at Corinth, the cinerary vase was conspicuous on the vessel’s poop, adorned with royal purple anda king’s diadem, and young men stood about it in arms as a body- guard. Moreover, the most celebrated flute-player then living, Xenophantus, sat near, and with the 1 From 386 to 383 B.c. 2 Cf. chapter xxxix. 3. 133 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 Copmevos mpoanunet TOV pedo TO lep@Tarov® Kab T pos tovTo Ths elpeaias dvahepoperns pera, pud- pod TLvos, annvra ay Sk Gaorep éy KOTETO, tabs TOV avrnpatov Te pLo ous" Tov 5é awAeiotov oix- tov’ Kal odopuppov avtos 6 "Avtiyovos Tots nO pous pévors éml Thy Gddacoay opbels Tameuvos Kat SeSaxpupevos Tapéa xev. érrevex Dera Gv dé TLLeoV Kal oTepavav meph KopivOov els Anuntpia- ba kopioas éOnxe Ta Aetpava, TONY em @vupov éxeivou, auvoixtcOeioay éx pikpa@v TaY Tepl THY "TwAKov TOMXvior. 4 "AmeéALTE dé yeveav O Anurfrpios "Avriyovoy ev én Piras Kal Ztparovicny, dvo dé Anynrpi- ous, Tov ev Aerop, é§ "TrXupioos yuvatkos, TOV dé apfavra Kupnvns éx IItorepaidos, € éx bé Ani- Sapeias ‘Ar€Eavepop, OS ev Alyorrp cateRioce. Aéyeras 6é Kal Koppayov viov €& Evpvdicns auT@ yeverGar. xatéBn O€ Tais diadoyais TO yév0s avtov BactXevor eis Tlepoéa TeNeuTaiov, ed’ ov “Pwpatoe Maxedoviavr & UmnyayovTo. Anyovicpevou dé tod Maxedovixod Spdapartos @pa To ‘Pwpaixov émeccayayeiv. 134 DEMETRIUS most solemn melody upon his flute accompanied the rowers ; to this melody the oars kept perfect time, and their splashing, like funereal beatings of the breast, answered to the cadences of the flute-tones. But the most pity and lamentation among those who had come in throngs to the sea-shore was awakened by the sight of Antigonus himself, who was bowed down and in tears. After garlands and other honours had been bestowed upon the remains at Corinth, they were brought by Antigonus t6 Demetrias for burial, a city named after his father, who had settled it from the small villages about Iolcus.! The children left by Demetrius were these: Antigonus and Stratonicé, by Phila; two named Demetrius, one who was surnamed the Thin, by a woman of Illyria, and one who ruled Cyrené, by Ptolemais ; and, by Deidameia, Alexander, who lived and died in Egypt. It is said also that he had a son named Corrhagus, by Eurydicé. His line came down in a succession of kings to Perseus, the last, in whose reign the Romans subdued Macedonia. And now that the Macedonian play has been performed, let us introduce the Roman. 1 Cf. chapter xxv. 2. 135 Digitized by Google ANTONY ANTQONIOZ I. “Avteviou TATTOS pev nV oO pntop "AvTo- vL0S, Ov THS 2UANa ‘yevopevov aotacews Mdpios ATEKTELVE, TaTHp 5€ 0 Kpnrtixos - emucdn bets "Avtevios, Ov oUTM® Zev evOoKt Hos ép Tois TONTLKOLS avnp ovee hapm pos, evryve pov 66 Kat Xpnaros, addws Te Kal Tpos Tas petadoces ehevd Epos, OS ag’ év0s ay TUs Epyov caTapdbor. KEKTHMEVOS yap ov ToAAA Kai dia TOUTO Th puravOpwria xpioGac K@AUO[LEVOS vTo Tis yu- VaLKos, EME TLS adixeto TOY cuvndov mpos avTov apyupiou Sedpevos, dpyuptov pe OUK eixe, Tat- Sapiw dé mpocéraker eis dpyupoby oKupov vdwp euBanrovte Kopio at Kal kopicavos, as EvpecOat pENwY KxatéBpexe Ta yévera. Tov dé mavOapiov Kad éré pay mpopacw Ex TTOOWD YEvOpevov, Tov pev oxvdoyv edwxe @ pire xphoGas Kehevoas, Entn sews dé TOANs €v Tois oixéracs ovens oper xarerraivovoay THD yuvaixa Kal Bovdopevny . Kal” éxactov ée&etdlery Mpmoroynoe, TUyyvapuny eExeu denBeis. II. "Hv 6é avr@ yor ‘TovAta Tov Katcdpwv olKoU, Tats apiarats TOTE Kal cmppovertatats évapthros. vo TAUTNS o vids ‘Avrwvios érpady peTa THY TOU TraTpOS TEeAEUTHY Kopynrio AévTrA@ 138 916 ANTONY I. Antony's grandfather was the orator Antonius, who joined the party of Sulla and was put to death . by Marius;! his father was Antonius surnamed Creticus, a man of no great repute in public life, nor illustrious, but kindly and honest, and particularly a liberal giver, as one may see from a single instance. He had not much property himself, and therefore was prevented by his wife from indulging his kindly feelings. When, accordingly, one of his intimates came to him with a request for money, money he had not, but he ordered a young slave to put water into a silver bowl and bring it to him, and when it was brought, he moistened his chin, as though about to shave. The slave was then sent away on another errand improvised for the occasion, whereupon Antonius gave the bowl to his friend and bade him dispose of it. Later, when a careful search was made for it among the slaves, seeing that his wife was angry and proposed to put them to the torture one by one, Antonius confessed what he had done, and by his entreaties gained her pardon. Il. His wife was Julia, of the house of the Caesars, and she could vie with the noblest and most discreet women of her time. By this mother her son Antony was reared, after the death of whose father she married Cornelius Lentulus, whom Cicero 1 Cf. the Marius, xliv. 1-4. 139 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yapunOetons, bv Kixépov amex Tewve tav Katiriva TVVOMLOTODV yevopevov. aitn Soxet ris shodpas ex Opas "AvTwvi@ Tpos Kixépova mpopacis Kal apy?) eyevéa Bau. dnaol yoov "AvT@VLOS ovee TOV vex pov avTois amrobob vat Tov Aévrhou T pOTepov THS yuvateos tod Kixépwvos tHy pytépa SenOhvat. TobTo fev ovv opodoyoupevars webbdos éoriy: ovdels yap elpxn Tapas TOV TOTE xoracbévrwy bm6 Tou Kirépavos: "Avtwvio &é Aapmp@p Kad’ @pav yevomevep TH Koupiavos pudiav Kal cuvndear oi domep Twa Kipa TpoaTe- oct Aéyouarn, avtod Te TWEpl TAS ndovas aTraidev- TOU yevopevou, Kat TOV ‘AvTo@vtop, @S paddov ein yverponOns, ets woTous Kal yuvata Kal dSaravas qoAuTeENEls Kal axohda Tous euBadrovtos. é& ov dpAnua Bapv Kal Tap mB MeKtav avT@ ovvyxOn TEVTKOVTA Kal Stakootoy TANAYTOD. TOUTO Tay éyryunoapéevov TOU Koupiwvos o O TATNHp aicdopevos éEnXace TOV “AVT@VLOY éx TIS otKias. o Se Bpaxvy pev Tiva Xpovov TH Knwdiov tot Opacv- TaTOU Kal Adehupwrdrou TOV TOTE Onmaryory av pop mavra Ta mpaypara TapaTrovan T poo €- pagev éavTov’ TAXY dé TIS éxelvou pavias peaTos YEVvOLEVOS, Kai poBnbels TOUS TUVLTTALEVOUS emi TOV Krwdvov, amhpev €K TAS. ‘Itarias els THY ‘EdAd6a, Kal dueTpeBe TO TE copa, yupvatov 7 pOs TOUS TTPATLOTLKOUS ayavas Kat Néryerv peer ov. EXphTo bé TO Kahoupevep ev “Acta opp TOV hoya, avOovvrt padiora Kat exetvov Tov Xpovoy, EXOvTL dé ToANay omotornta 7 pos TOV Biov auto, Kopmwdy Kat ppvaypariav évTa Kal Kevod yav- pidpatos Kal drroTipias dvwpdarov peorop, 140 ANTONY put to death for joining the conspiracy of Catiline.' This would seem to have been the origin and ground of the violent hatred which Antony felt towards Cicero, At any rate, Antony says that not even the dead body of Lentulus was given up to them until his mother had begged it from the wife of Cicero. This, however, is admittedly false; for no one of those who were punished at that time by Cicero was deprived of burial. Antony gave brilliant promise in his youth, they say, until his intimate friendship with Curio fell upon him like a pest. For Curio himself was unrestrained in his pleasures, and in order to make Antony more manageable, engaged him in drinking bouts, and with women, and in immoderate and extravagant expenditures. This involved Antony in a heavy debt and one that was excessive for his years—a debt of two hundred and fifty talents.2, For this whole sum Curio went surety, but his father heard of it and banished Antony from his house. Then Antony allied himself for a short time with Clodius, the most audacious and low-lived demagogue of his time, in the violent courses which were convulsing the state ; but he soon became sated with that miscreant’s madness, and fearing the party which was forming against him, left Italy for Greece, where he spent some time in military exercises and the study of oratory. He adopted what was called the Asiatic style of oratory, which was at the height — of its popularity: in those days and bore a strong resemblance to his own life, which was swashbuckling and boastful, full of empty exultation and distorted ambition. 1 Cf. the Cicero, xxii. 2 An equivalent, roughly, of £60,000, or $300,000, with four or five times the purchasing power of modern money. 14! PLUTARCH’S LIVES III. ’Evet S€ TaBivios dvnp wtmatixos eis Supiav wréwv avéreOev avtov opunoar mpos THY / b) a A b) A ” an oTpatelay, iOiwTns pev ovK av Epyn ovveEedOeiv, aTrobeyOeis 5€ THY irméwy ApYwY cUvETTpaTEvE. \ A \ > 9 9 St b ] 4 kal mpatov pev én ‘AptatoBovrov ‘lovdaious b , ‘\ > AN \ > 2 a , agiotavra tweupbeis avtos pev eéBn TOU peyt- OTOU THY Epu“dTwY TpPATOS, éxeivoy 6€ TaVYTwY DJ 4 3 4 , \ , eEnNacey’ eita paynv ovvaas Kal Tpeirapevos ~, 7 a“ ‘ e Ha ‘\ ? , / oALyOLS TOLS TUV AUT®@ TOUS EexelvoU TONNATAAaCL- b4 9 / \ > , ef > N ous OVTaS ATEKTELVE TANY OALywV ATravTas’ AUTOS 5é peta Tod Tratdos "AptoToBovdos Aw. \ “~ / > N , , Mera tavta TaPivioyv emi puptos tadXavtos IItovepaiouv meiOovtos eis Alyutrtoy apa ovvep- Bareiv atte xai thv Bacireiav avadaBeiv, ot fev TAEioTOL TV HyE“OVOY NHvaVTLODYTO, Kat TaBivov 5é dxvos tis elye Tod modéyou, Kaitrep éEnvdpatrodic wévov Kopud7 Tois puptots TAAAVTOLS, b 4 \ \ / 4 ] , \ Avte@vios ¢ kai wpatewy peyddov édséevos Kat T® IItoAcuaim yapilouevos Seopévp cvvérretce pev xal ovveEwpunoey emi thy otpateiav Tov TaBinor, évet 5é tod qroXéwou padrrov epoBovvTo \ thv ert TO Indovctoy odor, ate 57 Sid Wdappov , \ > 4 \ \ em” \ BaGetas nai dvvdpouv tapa To “Expnypa cal ra “A / ; a A THS LepBuwvidos Ey yevouevns avtois Tis wopelas, a “ \ b \ > 7+ a a as Tudavos pev éexmrvoas Atyvmriot kadodat, Tis 2) > “ A & épvOpas Oardoons brovocrnats eivat Soxei N 4 . e ’ / kat dunOnors, 4 Bpaxutatry Siopiferar mpos THv > \ @dadxr ? 0 A @ \ \ a e €VTOS acaav toOuo, Teudleis peta TOV LT- 142 91 ( ANTONY III. When Gabinius, a man ot consular dignity, was sailing for Syria, he tried to persuade Antony to join the expedition. Antony refused to go out with him in a private capacity, but on being appointed commander of the horse, accompanied him on the campaign.1. And first, having been sent against Aristobulus, who was bringing the Jews to a revolt,? he was himself the first man to mount the highest of the fortifications, and drove Aristobulus from all of them; then he joined battle with him, routed. his many times more numerous forces with his own small band, and slew all but a few of them. Aristobulus . himself was captured, together with his son. After this, Ptolemy tried to persuade Gabinius by a bribe of ten thousand talents to join him in an invasion of Egypt and recover the kingdom for him.’ But the greater part of the officers were opposed to the plan, and Gabinius himself felt a certain dread of the war, although he was completely captivated by the ten thousand talents. Antony, however, who was ambitious of great exploits and eager to gratify the request of Ptolemy, joined the king in persuading’ and inciting Gabinius to the expedition. But more than the war the march to Pelusium was feared, since their route lay through deep sand, where there was no water, as far as the Ecregma and the Serbonian marshes. These the Egyptians call the blasts of Typhon,‘ although they appear to be a residual arm of the Red Sea, helped by infiltration, where the isthmus between them and the Medi- terranean is at its narrowest. Antony was therefore 1 In 58 B.c. 2 Cf. the Pompey, xxxix. 2. * Cf. the Cato Minor, xxxv.; the Pompey, xlix. 5 ff. 4 The evil deity of the Egyptians, buried under the Ner- bonian marshes (Herodotus, iii. 5). 143 PLUTARCH’S LIVES wéeav o Avt@vios ov povoy Ta oTEVa KaTETYED, arrAa Kai [Indovotoy éXwv, TOALY peyarnV, Kal Tov év avTn Ppovpeav Kpatnoas, dua Kal THY ean ’ lol A 4 \ \ 3 4 odov acdady T@ oTpatrevpatt Kal tH édrrida THs viens eroince TO oTpaTHny@ BéRaiov. arré- Aavaav S€ THS hiroTipias avtod kal ot worémor. IIroNeuaiov yap dua To wapedOeiv eis To IInrov- giov wm opyns Kal picous wpyunuévov doveverv \ > , > / \ , > \ tous Aiyumtious évéotn cal Stexwdrvoev. ev O€ Tais padyas Kal Tots dy@ou peyddous Kal cvyvois ryevopuévars TWOAAG Kal TOALNS épya Kal qTpovoias Hyeuovexns atroderEdpevos, éudhavéctata bé T@ 4 \ a“ 4 ‘ cuxd\@oacbat Kai weptBanrelv KaTOTLY TOUS TONE- pious THY viKnv Tois KaTa oTOMAa Tapacywn, dptotela Kal tepas EraBe mpetrovoas. ov d:é- Aabe Sé Tovs ToAAOUs ovdEe 4 mpds “Apyédaov avtov teOvnxota diravOpwria yeyovas yap avt@ auvnOns Kai Eévos érrodéwet pev avayKaiws Cavrt, TO dé c@pa Tweoovtos ékevpwy Kal Koopy- cas Bacttixas éexndevoev. emi tovtots ’AdeFav- Spevot Te mrEloTov avTovU AOyoy KaTédITTE, Kal € , aA , b] N wv Pwyaiwy tois otpatevopévors avnp edoke Aap- MpOTAaTOS élvat. IV. Ilpoohy 5é cai popdijs érevOépiov akiwpa, Kal TwyoV TLs OK ayevyns Kal WAAaTOS pET@TrOU Kal ypuTrotns puKthpos edoxe: Tois ypadopévors Kai mraTTOMEvats ‘HpaxAréous rpocwrros éuepes 4 \ > 4 2 \ \ “ \ éyeww TO appevwrrov. mv Sé Kal Noyos maXdatos 144 ANTONY sent with the cavalry, and he not only occupied the narrow pass, but actually took Pelusium, a large city, and got its garrison into his power, thus rendering its march safer for the main army and giving its general assured hope of victory. And even the enemy reaped advantage from Antony’s love of distinction. For Ptolemy, as soon as he entered Pelusium, was led by wrath and hatred to institute a massacre of the Egyptians; but Antony intervened and prevented him. Moreover, in the ensuing battles and contests, which were many and great, he displayed many deeds of daring and sagacious leadership, the most conspicuous of which was his rendering the van ot the army victorious by outflanking the enemy and enveloping them from the rear. For all thjs he received rewards of valour and fitting honours. Nor did the multitude fail to observe his humane treat- ment of the dead Archelaiis,! for after waging war upon him of necessity while he was living, although he had been a comrade and friend, when he had fallen, Antony found his body and gave it royal adornment and burial. Thus he left among the people of Alexandria a very high reputation, and was thought by the Romans on the expedition to be a most illustrious man. _ IV. He had also a noble dignity of form; and a shapely beard, a broad forehead, and an aquiline ose were thought to show the virile qualities pe to the portraits and statues of Heracles. Moreover, there was an ancient tradition that the 1 The pretended son of Mithridates, who had married Berenicé, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and queen of Egypt after the expulsion of her father. His death occurred in DO B.C. 14S VOL. IX. L PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘Hpaxreidas elvar tovs "Avtwvious, av “Avrwvos, 2 tmatdos Hpaxdéous, yeyovotas. Kat trodtov weto TOY AOyov TH TE MopdH TOU TwpmaTos, Wowep elpntalt, Kal TH oToAnH BeBatoiv. adel yap, ote pédAoL WAEloow opacbal, yuTaVa «is pnpov elwaro, Kal paxatpa pmeyahy TmapnpTyTo, Kal oaryos TEpLEKELTO TOV OTEPEDY. OV NV anna, Kal Ta TOs aAXOLS poptixa Soxovvra, peyadauyia kal oxoppa Kal KwoOwv éeudarns xai xabioar mapa tov éabiovta Kat dayeivy emiotdvta Tpa- métn otpatiwtixn, Oavpactov bcov edvoias Kal qo0ouv mpos avTov éveTroiet TOs OTPAaTLWOTALS. HV Sé fou xal Td épwrixdv ov dvadpoditov, adAa Kal TOUT@ TOANOUS EONMaAywWYEL, TUULTTPATTWY TE Tos €p@oL KaL-oxwMTopEvos OvK aNdas Els TOUS idtovs Epwtas. ‘H & énevOepsorns nat ro pnddv drLyn yeupi. pndé gerdopévn yapilecOar otpatiwrais Kat dirows apyijy re AapTpay él TO toyvery avT@ mapéaxe, Kal peyadou yevouévou thy Svvapuv émt waAelov émfpev, ex pupiwy adArAwY dpapTn- pdtwov avatpeTrouevny., év dé Te Tov peyaXodwpou jmapaserypa Sinynoouat. tav dirwv tivi pupid- Sas éxéXevoe mévte Kat elxoot So0nvat' tovTo ‘Pwpaios Sexins Kadovat. tov & émitpomov Oav- pacavtos Kai iva Sei—En TO TAROOS avT@ KaTa- Barovtos ev péom TO apyvpiov, npwarnce Taptov 6 te bn TovTo ein. tov & émirpoTou dycavtos ws 146 ANTONY Antonii were Heracleidae, being descendants of Anton, a son of Heracles. And this tradition Antony thought that he confirmed, both by the shape of his body, as has been said, and by his attire. For whenever he was going to be seen by ma people, he always wore his tunic girt up to his thigh, a large sword hung at his side, and a heavy cloak enveloped him. However, even what others thought offensive, namely, his jesting and boastfulness, his drinking-horn in evidence,.his sitting by a comrade who was eating, or his standing to eat at a soldier's table,—it is astonishing how much goodwill and affection for him all this produced in his soldiers. And somehow even his conduct in the field of love was not without its charm, nay, it actually won for him the favour of many; for he assisted them in their love affairs, and submitted pleasantly to their jests upon his own amours. ‘Further, his liberality, and his bestowal of favours upon friends and soldiers with no scant or sparing *hand, laid a splendid foundation for his growing strength, and when he had become great, lifted his power to yet greater heights, although it was hindered by countless faults besides. One illustra- tion of his lavish giving I will relate. To one of his friends he ordered that two hundred and _ fifty thousand drachmas should be given (a sum which the Romans call “decies”). His steward was — amazed, and in order to show Antony the magnitude of the sum, deposited the money in full view. Antony, passing by, asked what that was; and when 1 That is ten times 100,000 sesterces, or 250,000 denarii. For the Roman denarius Plutarch regularly uses the nearly equivalent Greek drachma (which had about the value of the French franc). PLUTARCH’S LIVES : 5 xeXevoete SoOjvar, cvpBarwv adtov Thy KaKon- ¢ A v v Gecav o “Avravios, “’Eyo mAgciov @pny,” épn, “ 4 Lf “ro Sexins elvat’ tovTo bé pixpov éeotiy’ wate Vv: , >) a A 99 ado mpoabes avT@ TocovTOv. -V. Tatra péev obv torepov: éret é ta “Po- patoyv mpaypara SiéoTn, TOY péev ApioTOKpAaTLK@Y Tlopant@ mapovte rpocbepévwv, tev 5é Synpore- kav Kaicapa xcadrovwtwv é« Taratias év tots ef v , «? / lé bd S7rAas Gvra, Kouptwyv o Avtwviou diros éx peta- Bors Oeparevwv ta Kaicapos 'Avrdviov rpocn- ydyeTo, Kal peydAnv pev aro TOD Aéyelv ev Tois qwoNNots exov ioxur, Xp@pevos dé Kal Samdvacs aperdars ad’ av Kaicap exopmryet, Snpapxov a aTreé- SecEe tov "Avtrwvioy, elra trav én otwvois epéwy, obs Auryoupas Kadodow. 0 dé evOus eis THY apyny mapedOw@y ov pixpov nv dpedros Tois ToXLTEVO- pévors brrép Kaicapos. adda mpa@tov pev Map- Ui nA ¢ 4 oh 4 KéAXov Tov vTratov Iloumnio rovs te cuvetrey- pévous On OTpAaTLWTAaS TrapeyyUa@VTOS Kal KaTa- Aéyery Erépous SiddvT0s eurrodav éorn, Siataypya yparas Orws 7 pev HOpotcpévn Svvapis eis Luptav wAén cal BUBAw BonOH woreuodvre Mdp- Bots, obs Sé Tloprrnios xaradéyet, un mpocéxwow avt@ Sevtepov 5é tas Kaicapos émictonds ov Tpocteévwv ovdé ewvTwv dvaywooKecOar TaV TUYKANTLKOY, AUTOS LaXvwV Sia TO ApYey avéeyva, Kal ToAAous petéeoTycE TH yvwun, Etxata Kal , / ’ aA 3939 @ » , pétpta Katioapos aftoby ad’ av éyparve Sofavtos. TéXos b€ Suey Eepwrncewy ev TH BovAy yevouevon, 148 91€ ANTONY - his steward told him it was the gift which he had ordered, he divined the man’s malice and said: “I thought the decies was more; this is a trifle ; there- fore add as much more to it.”’ | V. This, however, was at a later time. But when matters at Rome came to a crisis, the aristocratic party attaching itself to Pompey, who was in the city, and the popular party summoning Caesar from Gaul, where he was in arms, then Curio, the friend of Antony, who had changed sides and was now favouring the cause of Caesar, brought Antony over to it. Curio had great influence with the multitude from his eloquence, and made lavish use of money. supplied by Caesar, and so got Antony elected tribune of the people,! and afterwards one of the priests, called augurs, who observe the flight of birds. As soon as Antony entered upon his office he was of great assistance to those who were managing affairs in the interests of Caesar. In the first place, when Marcellus the consul proposed to put under Pompey’s control the soldiers already collected, and to give him power to levy others, Antony opposed him by introducing a decree that the forces already assembled should sail for Syria and give aid to Bibulus, who was carrying on war with the Parthians, and that the troops which Pompey was then levying should not belong to him. In the second place, when the senate would not receive Caesar’s letters nor allow them to be read, Antony, whose office gave him power, read them himself, and thereby changed the opinion of many, who judged from Caesar’s letters that he was making only reasonable and just demands, And finally, when two questions were 1 Tn 50 Bc. 149 PILUTARCH’S LIVES nw \ >] “A Foe 9 a \ 4 THs pev et doxet Ilopmrniov adeivar ta otpatev- pata, THs S€ ef Kaioapa, cai Tloprniov pév 9 / \@o@ , 4 \ , OAriywv Ta Stra nataGécBa, Katcapa S€ mavtwv b »,/ , bd 7 \ > , Tap oAlyous KedeVOYTWY, avactas -AVTWVLOS nparnoev e¢ Soxet cal Llopmniov ood cai Kai- \ a 4 N \ 4 capa ta ora Katabécba Kai tas Suvdpets 9 a 4 2Q 7 a \ , adeivat. tavTny édéEavto AauTpas THY yvouny @ \ \ “A 3 “a N > , ANTTAVTES, KAL {ETA Bons ETTALVOUVTES TOV AvT@viop - , / ‘ “ névouv émipndifecOar. pn Bovropévwy dé tav e 4 q e , e , , ow vratov, avOis érépas ot Kaicapos diror mpoi- “rewav émecxeis elvat Soxovaas afiwoets, als 6 Te Kdtev avréminte cai AévtXos trratevwr &FéBare a a f \ \ THs Bours tov "Avr@mov. o d€ TroAXNa ev av- a 3 \ > , \ \ 4 tois é€iwv émnpacato, AaBov sé OEepdtrovtos ? a \ 4 \ / of. éc Ona Kat pwicOwodpevos peta Kaociov Koivtov ra) 9 N , \ , Cedryos, eEwpunoe mpos Katcapa: xal xateBowv > \ ’ , e ) , , w” A DJ evOus odOévtes ws ovdeva Koopov Ett Tov év ‘Poun mpaypatov éxovTav, dte pwndé Snudpyous qappynaias pérectiv, GAX éedAavveTat Kal KiWdv- vever TAS oO PUeyEduEvos UTrép TOY Sikaiwv. b ] \ “n VI. Ex trovtov AaBav tnv otpatiay o Kaicap > “a eis “Itadiav évéBare. 81d kal Kexépwv ev rots Didimmixois Eypawre tod pév Tpwixod rroréuov ¢ A 4 \ tiv ‘EXévnv, tod & éudvariov tov Avtwviov apynv 4 a 4 > N a 2 yevéoOar, Trepipavas vrevdouevos. ov yap ovTws \ 9 a . A a evxyepns jv ovdé padios Um Opyns éextecely TaV Noytopav Ddios Kaicap wate, ei wn TadTa wdaAae Eyvworo TpdTTEW, oUTWS av éml KaLpov TOV KaTa 150 ANTONY before the senate, one, whether Pompey should dismiss his forces, and the other, whether Caesar should do so, and only a few were for having Pompey lay down his arms, and all but a few were for having Caesar do so, then Antony rose and asked whether it was the opinion of the senate that Pompey and Caesar alike should lay down their arms and dismiss their forces. This proposal all accepted with alacrity, and with shouts of praise for Antony they demanded that the question be put to vote. But the consuls would not consent to this, and again the friends of Caesar put forward fresh demands which were thought to be reasonable. These Cato opposed, and Lentulus, in his capacity of consul, drove Antony from the senate. Antony went forth heaping many impreca- tions upon them, and putting on the dress of a slave, and hiring a car in company with Quintus Cassius, he set out to join Caesar. As soon as they came into Caesar’s presence they cried loudly that everything was now at loose ends in Rome, since even tribunes of the people had no freedom of speech, but everyone who raised his voice in behalf of justice was persecuted and ran risk.of his life.! VI. Upon this, Caesar took his army and invaded Italy. Therefore Cicero, in his “ Philippics,’’ wrote that as Helen was the cause of the Trojan war, so Antony was the cause of the civil war.? But this is manifestly false. For Caius Caesar was not a pliable man, nor easily led by anger to act on impulse. Therefore, had he not long ago determined upon his course, he would not thus, on the spur of the moment, 1 For the events narrated in this chapter, cf. also the Pompey, lviii. f.; the Caesar, xxx. f. 2 Phil. ii, 22, 55: ut Helena Trojanis, sic iste huic rei publicae belli causa, causa pestis atque exitii fuit. 151 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THS mar pisos éfeveynety Tohepnor, 5Tt pavhws nudtecpevoy eldev *Avtwvioy Kat Kado atop éml Cevryous pa Otou mepevyoras Tpos avon, adda tavta wdadaL Seamer Tpopacews ox hye Kal oryov eum peTri} Tov TroNépmou Tapéaxev. ipye de avtov ént mavras avOpeérovs a Kal 7 poTepov ’Ar€£avdpov Kab Tanase Kipop, € Epws arrapnyopn- TOS apxXns Kal TEplwavns émOupia Tou ™p@rov elvau Kal péyiotov: @y tuxeiv ovK hy un Iop- mnlov KcaTarvOevros. ‘Os & obv éredOav exparnae THS ‘Pouns Kat Topmniov éEnrxace THS ItaXtas Kal ™ pos Tas év TBnpig Toumntov duvdpecs emia Tpepewv éyva 7 poTEpor, elta ovTwS Tapackevac duevos oTONOV émt Tloparniov dtaBatve, Aetrid@ ev oT parn- yoovTt THY ‘Popny, “Avtovip dé Snwapxoivre Ta oTpaTevpaTa Kat thy “Iradtav emérperpev. o o€ Tos mev oTpaTLorats evOus poo purns Vv ouy- yupvatopevos Kai ouvdrart @pevos Ta TOAAA Kal Sw povpevos ex TOV TWAapoVvTor, Tots oe aot énaxOns. Kat yap aSixoupevav v0 _peOupias aduyaper, cal Tmpos opyny nKpoG.to TOV évruy- NavovTeov Kal KAKOS émt yuvartiv ardor piawy NKOVE. cal dAws THY Kaicapos apy, TavrTa paiddov Tupavvida 60’ avrov éxetvov paveicay, ot pido b1éBandov, av *AvTevios an eFovaias peylarns dpapravew péytota Sokas thy wrelo THY aitiav éhaBev. VII. Ov pay aNd” etraveOwv o Kaicap éx Tis "T8npias TQ ev eyeAjpara mapeidey avrod, pos dé TO TONELOY ws évepy@ Kat aydpeiw Kat ne "0- 919 152 ANTONY have made war upon his country, just because he saw that Antony, meanly clad, with Cassius, on a hired car, had come in flight to him; nay, this merely afforded a cloak and a specious reason for war to a man who had long wanted a pretext for it. And that which led him to war against all mankind, as it had led Alexander before him, and Cyrus of old, was an insatiable love of power and a mad desire to be first and greatest; this he could not achieve if Pompey were not put down. And so he came up against Rome and got it into his power, and drove Pompey out of Italy; and determining first to turn his efforts against the forces of Pompey which were in Spain, and afterwards, when he had got ready a fleet, to cross the sea against Pompey himself, he entrusted Rome to Lepidus, who was praetor, and Italy and the troops to Antony, who was tribune of the people. Antony at once gained the favour of the soldiers by sharing their exercises, living with them for the most part, and making them presents as generously as he could ; but to everybody else he was odious. For his easy disposition led him to neglect the wronged, he listened angrily to those who consulted him, and he was in ill repute for his relations with other men’s wives. In a word, Caesar’s power, which proved to be anything rather than a tyranny so far as his own course was concerned, was brought into odium by his friends; and of these Antony, who had the greatest power and was thought to be the greatest transgressor, incurred the most blame. VII. However, when Caesar came back from Spain, he ignored the charges against Antony, and since in the war he found him energetic, brave, and a 193 PLUTARCH’S LIVES vK@ Xpwpevos ovoa Ly Sunpaprev. AUTOS [ev ovv per odiyeov- amo Bpevteciov Stavepdcas TOV "Toviov em eurpev OTlo@ Ta Toia, Tafwip Kat “Avto@vig TAS Suvapets éuBiBalew nal meparovy Kara TAXOS els Maxedoviav emia Teihas. Pafi- viov 5é pos Toy wAodY xarer ov ovTa Xelpervos wpa KaTaceALdaavTos Kat mech paxpay oOov TEpLaryovTOos TOV oTparon, "AvtT@vios vmép Kat- oa.pos év Toros ATPELAN LMEVOV Tonepiors po8n- eis AtBova pev epoppouvra T@ oTopate TOU ALpLEVvOS _amexpovaato, TOANG TOY NeTTOY aka- TiMV TALS TPLNPETLY AVTOV TreptaTHaas, éuBLBacas 5é tals vavoly ines oxTaKoatous rat Sic wupious omAtTas avnx9n. Kal yevowevos Karapavns Tots moAepmions Kal SwwKopevos TOV pev Ex TOUT@D xivduvov dtéduye, Aap pod VOTOU Kopa péeya Kab KoiAnv OaratTav Tais Tpinpeo wv aura Te ptar- TAVTOS, expepopevos dé Tals vavat wpds kpnuvous Kal papayyas ayx-Babeis ovdepiay enmiba TwTN- pias eixen. ave 5é ‘Tod KONTrOV TONY éxTrvev- TavTOs AiBa, ral TOU KAVdwVvOS aTO THS ris els TO TrEdaryOS Sraxeopevon, petaBaropevos amo THS ys Kat TEOV coBapas opa vavaryiov Tept- TEWY TOV aiytanrov. évradda yap eféBare TO mvevpa Tas Stwxovaas avTov Tpunpers, Kat dvepOa- pnoav OUK Oriya Kal TwpaTov TOAA@Y Kal Xpnparov expaTnoev ‘AVvT@vLos, kal Atocov elne, Kat perya. Kaicape Tapéoxe Odpaos év Kalp@ peta TNALKAUTNS APLKOMEVOS Suvapews. VITTI. Hoda be yivouevov Kat ouvex av ayo- Vwv ev TACL meV Hy Stamper ys, dis dé evryovTas mpotpoTdony tovs Katicapos amavtnaas avé- 154 ANTONY capable leader, he made no mistake. Caesar himself, then, after crossing the Ionian sea trom Brundisium with a few soldiers,! sent back his transports with orders to Gabinius and Antony to embark their forces and come with all speed into Macedonia. But Gabinius was afraid to make the voyage, which was difficult in the winter time, and started to lead his army a long way round by land. Antony, there- fore, fearing for Caesar, who was hemmed in among numerous enemies, beat off Libo, who was blockading the harbour of Brundisium, by surrounding his galleys with a great number of small skiffs, and then, embarking eight hundred horsemen and twenty thousand legionaries, put to sea. Being discovered by the enemy and pursued, he escaped the danger from them, since a violent south wind brought a heavy swell and put their galleys in the trough of the sea; but he was carried with his own ships towards a precipitous and craggy shore, and had no hope of escape. Suddenly, however, there blew from the bay a strong south-west wind, and the swell began to run from the land out to sea, so that he was able to reverse his course, and, as he sailed gallantly along, he saw the shore covered with wrecks. For there the wind had cast up the galleys which were in pursuit of him, and many of them had been destroyed. Antony took many prisoners and much booty, captured Lissus, and inspired Caesar with great confidence by arriving in the nick of time with so large a force. VIII. The struggles which followed were many and continuous, and in all of them Antony dis- tinguished himself. Twice, when Caesar’s men were 1 Early in 48 B.c. Cf. the Cuesar, xxxvii. 2. 155 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTpee Kal oTHvat Kat oupBareiv avis Tots Stw- Koval avayKkdaas é évixnoey. ‘WY ovv avrou pera Kaicapa Teta Tos év TO oTpatoTedep aryos: éb7- age dé Kaicap 7 iy xoe rept avrob dofav. érret yap Ewedre THY TehevTaiay Kal Ta dha kpivacay ev Papadryp paxnv paxec Ga, TO pev befcov auTos elye Képas, TOU e EUMVUJLOV THY myewoviay “Avtavig mapeowKer, QS TONEMLLKWTAT@ TOV U eave. pera 5é THY viKnY Sictdtwp avaryopev Bets autos pev édtwxe Toprniop, “Avr@vioy dé in- Tmapxov ENO MEVOS eis “Popny erreprpev. Erte 5€ 7 apy devtépa Tob Sixt aTopos TApovTos: dv Sé py Taph, T POTN kat m“ovn oxedov" v) yap Snpapxia tapévet, Tas 5€ AXXNaS KaTadAvoveLr Tdaas SiKTa- TOpOS aipeévros. IX. Ov pny anna TOTE Snpapxav Aodoferras, veos avnp Kat véwy mparyparov Gperyopevos, elon- yeiTo Xpeay arroxoTds, Kal Tov ‘Avraveov avT@ TE pidov dvTa Kal Bovdopevov det TOLS Tro ois apéaKey érreOe cupmparreL Kal KoLveveiy Tob TOMTEDLATOS. ‘Aowiov bé Kal TpeBeddiov Ta- vavTia TapaKarovvT ov Umrovoum Sev) KaTA TUXNY T@ “Avravicp ™pooéTerev @S abucouperp Tepl TOV yapov v6 Tov AodoBérra. Kat TO ™ pary ja Bapéws eveyKav THY Te yuvaika Tijs oixias ef Nacev aveyroav ovaayv auTov (Ouyarnp yap Hv Taiov “Avtoviou Tov Kixépwuve TUVUTATEVTAYTOS), kat tous tept ’Acivov beEdpevos emohe pet TO AoroBerrg. xaTédaBe yap THV aryopav exeivos as Bia xvpwowv Tov vO"ov. Avr@vios OE, Kat ths Bours Wndicapevns Sar hov Seiy émt ray 156 ANTONY in headlong flight, he met them, turned them back, forced them to stand and engage again their pur- suers, and won the victory. Accordingly, next to Caesar, he was the man most talked about in the camp. And Caesar showed plainly what opinion he had of him. For when he was about to fight the last and all-decisive battle at Pharsalus, he himself took the right wing, but he gave the command of the left to Antony, as the most capable officer -under him. And after the victory, when he had been proclaimed dictator, he himself pursued Pompey, but he chose Antony as his Master of Horse and sent him to Rome. This office is second in rank — when the dictator is in the city; but when he is absent, it is the first and almost the only one. For only the tribuneship continues when a dictator has been chosen ; all the other offices are abolished. IX. However, Dolabella, who was tribune at this time—a newcomer in politics who aimed at a new — order of things, introduced a law for the abolition of debts, and tried to persuade Antony, who was his friend and always sought to please the multitude, to take common action with him in the measure. But . Asinius and Trebellius advised Antony to the con- trary, and, as chance would have it, a dire suspicion fell upon him that he was wronged as a husband by Dolabella. Antony took the matter much to heart, drove his wife from his house (she was his cousin, being a daughter of the Caius Antonius who was Cicero’s colleague in the consulship), made common cause with Asinius and Trebellius, and waged war upon Dolabella. For Dolabella had occupied the forum in order to force the passage of his law ; so Antony, after the senate had voted that arms 157 ~ PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ul , AoroBérxXay, erredOwv Kal padxnv cuvarpas arre- KTELVE TE TLVAS TOV exeivou Kal TaV idiwy arré- A N @ aA ¢ 9 , Bare. Tots pev ody TroAXois éx ToUTwWY amnxOd- a A vad \ , \ \ ” veto, Tots d€ YpnaTois Kal cwhpoct dia TOV AXXOV , ’ e ) , e ’ , ’ ’ Biov ovn jv apeotos, ws Kixépwv dnaoiv, adr ? “ , Le) / 774 éutcetto, BdeAuTrouévay abrov wéBas awpous Kal A , Samdvas émayGeis nai xvrwdnoes év yuvaioss, 9 kat wel repay pév Uarvous Kal Tepitatous adv- OVTOS Kal KpatTaN@vTos, vuKTwp 5€ Kwpmous Kal \ Oéatpa xai dtatpiBas év ydpots pipwv rai yedro- ToTOL@V. A€yeTat your, ws év ‘Imariouv troTé Tov , , Sf pio yapuos éotiadels Kal wimy dia vuKtos, elta A. “~ a Tpwt ToD Onpov KaNovVTOS Eis ayopay tTpocdOav 54 “ a Ere TpodTs peaTos éuécete, TOV hirtwv TLVOS UITO0- , ed a aXOVTOS TO iudtiov. Av b€ Kal Yépytos o pipos a , > le! TOV péeyLoTOY Trap avT@ dSuvvapevov, Kal KvOnpis \ A aA a0 THS AVTHS TAaXaLOTpPAS YUVALOY ayaTTw@pEVOD, 0 6 Kal Tas TroAES emiwy ev dope } ue $ Toes ETLwY EV HopEeilw TrepiLNnyeETo, a 6 , A \ A \ Kal TO hopetov ov EXATTOUS 7 TO THS MNTpPOS av- Tov eplétovTes yKoXOVOoUY. éAUTTOVY dé Kal Npvc@y exTrWUaTwY @oTeEp ev ToumTais Tais aTro- ‘ Snpiars Stadepopévwn Srres, Kal otdoets evodzot oxnvev, Kal mpos aAgeot Kal TWoTapois apiotwv a“ / \ / ¢ e ToAuTEeA@Y Stabécets, Kal Néovtes Appacw we- / A A Cevyuévor, cat cadpovwv avdpav Kat yuvaikav > OlKiar yapatTUTrats Kal cauPuKotpiats émicTad- / \ “ \ pevopevat. Sevoy yap érovovvto Kaicapa pev o AN 4 A 9 / a \ 4 avtov é&w ris “Iradias Oupavrety, Ta TreptovTa 158 9 0 ANTONY must be employed against Dolabella, came up against him, joined battle, slew some of his men, and lost some of hisown. This course naturally made him odious to the multitude, and to men of worth and uprightness he was not acceptable because of his life in general, as Cicero says,' nay, he was hated by them,-. They loathed his ill-timed drunkenness, his (heavy expenditures, his debauches with women, his / spending the days in sleep or in wandering about with crazed and aching head, the nights in revelry or at shows, or in attendance at the nuptial feasts of mimes and jesters. We are told, at any rate, that he once feasted at the nuptials of Hippias the mime, drank all night, and then, early in the morning, when the people summoned him to the forum, came before them still surfeited with food and vomited into his toga, which one of his friends held at his* BIB service. Sergius the mime also was one of those who had the greatest influence with him, and Cytheris, a woman from the same school of acting, a great favourite, whom he took about with him in a litter on his visits to the cities, and her litter*was followed by as many attendants as that of his mother. Moreover, people were vexed at the sight of golden beakers borne about on his excursions from the city as in sacred processions, at the pitching of tents when he travelled, at the laying out of costly repasts near groves and rivers, at chariots drawn by lions, and at the use of honest men and women’s houses as quarters for harlots and psaltery-players. For it was thought a monstrous thing that, while Caesar himself was lodging under the skies outside of Italy 1 The second Philippic pictures Antony’s excesses. 159 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Le 4 4 4 ? TOU TrOAgmoU peyddous qovots Kal xivdvvols ava- xabarpopevor, € érépous 5€ dz’ éxeivov Tpupav TOUS qmoXtTats évuBpivovras. X. Tadta cal thv ordow avfijcat Soxel xal TO otpatiwtixoy eis DBpes Seevas xal wrAcovekias > a \ A ? \ , aveivat. 610 Kal Kaicap éravedOwv AodroBédXr.a TE ouyyvopuny Edwxe, Kai TO TpiTov aipeDels drra- tos ovx Avt@viov, adda Aémidov eiretTo cuvap- A \ f. 4, > ?» 2 yovta. thy Sé€ Tloumniov mwdovpévny oixiav avncato pev ‘Avtwvos, atartoupevos 8& tHV Tiny nyavaKrers Kal mynow autos da TodTO py petacyeiy Kaicape tijs ets AtBinv otpareias, éml Tois mpotépars KaTtopOwpacww ov TUX@Y apol- Bis. Eouxe pévtoe To trod THs GBEeATEptas avTod \ 3 / 9 a“ e a ? b , Kal dowtias adereivy o Kaicap, ovx dvaicOnras N / , 2 \ \ 3 Ta TAnppeAnuaTta SeEduevos. atradraryels yap éxeivou Tow Biov yao TpoceaXe, PovdrBiav dryaryopevos thy KrAwdio ™@ Snuayors ovvoLKn- saga, ob radaciay obdé oixoupiav ppovoov yu- yatov, ovdé avdpos idi@tov Kpateiy aktobv, ard’ apxovTos apyew Kal orpatnyoovtos otpatnyety ? BovAopevoy, date KXeotrdtpav didacxddia Povd- Bia tis "Avtwviou yuvatcoxpatias odeirey, wavy yverponOn kat wenadaywynpevov am apyns axpoa- oOat yuvatcav TapadaBodaav avtov. 4 O08 pny GddG Kaxeivny éeretpato Tpocraivwry / Aa e Kal metpaxrevomevos thapwrTépay toteity o “AvTa- vos’ olov 6te, Kaicaps 1odX@y adraytwvTey peta A 3 > ] ? , \ > \ Ifen 9 Thv év “1Bnpta vinny, Kal autos é&ndOev. elra 160 ANTONY and clearing away the remnants of the war at great toil and peril, his adherents, by virtue of his efforts, should revel in luxury and mock at their fellow citizens. X. These things are also thought to have aug- mented the discord, and to have incited the soldiery to deeds of violence and rapacity.. For this reason, too, when Caesar came back, he pardoned Dolabella, and, on being chosen consul for the third time, selected: Lepidus as his colleague, and not Antony. The house of Pompey, when put up for sale, was bought by Antony; but when he was asked to pay the price for it, he was indignant. And he says himself that this was the reason why he did not go with Caesar on his African campaign, since he got no recompense for his previous successes. However, it would seem that Caesar cured him of most of his prodigality and folly by not allowing his errors to pass unnoticed. For Antony put away his re- prehensible way of living, and turned his thoughts to marriage, taking to wife Fulvia, the widow of Clodius the demagogue. She was a woman who took nothought for spinning or housekeeping, nor would she deign to bear sway over a man of private station, but she wished to rule a ruler and command a commander. Therefore Cleopatra was indebted to Fulvia for teaching Antony to endure a woman's sway, since she took him over quite tamed, and schooled at the outset to obey women. However, Antony tried, by sportive ways and youthful sallies, to make even Fulvia more light- hearted. For instance, when many were going out to meet Caesar after his victory in Spain, Antony himself went forth. Then, on a sudden, a report 161 VOL. IX. M PLUTARCH’S LIVES ave Pnyns ets THY ‘Itadiap é émtrerovons as err iacw ot TONE [LOL Kaicapos TeOvnKoTos, avérTpeE- ‘pev els ‘Popny. Aa Pov dé Geparrovtos éa0jra VUKT@OP emt THY oixiay AOE, Kal pynoas emia TONY PovrPia map *Avtwviov _ kopitery elanxOn 7 pos avTny eyxexaruppévos. elta 7 pev éxTradns ovea, mpl 7 Ta ypappata AaBeiv pana Ev et oF O "Avtavios: 0 66 THY emLaToAny cLwmh jwpotelvas apfapevny Ave Kal dvayiwecKkev TreptBadrov KaTepihnae. . Tatra peév ovv odiya ToANwY dvTwV Evera Seiy- PATOS efevnvoyaper. XI. "Ex dé ‘[8npias emaviovTe Kaicape TavTes pev ot TpATOL TOG 7 MEp@V o60v aT VTOY, éripnOn b€ ‘Apraveos € ERT PETOS UT auTod. KOpe- Copevos yap emt Cevryous dua THS "Tradias Avto- viov elye pe” éEavtod TUVOXOU[EVOY, om. Bev Oe Bpotroy “AABivoy Kal tov tis aberpidjs viov ‘Oxraoviavor, 6 Os peta TaiTa Kaicap avouda On Kal ‘Popaioy npke wheiarov _Xpovov. émret S€ TO T EMT TOV atredetyOn Kaicap traros, TpooetAeTo pev evd vs cuvapxovTa tov ’Avt@ov, éBovreTo dé THY apxny aT ELT A BEVOS AodoBerr@ mapery- yujcas Kal TovUTO pos TV ovyKAnTOV é&7- VeyKED. ‘Avtoviou 5é Tpayéws avTuTEecoVTOS Kal ToNAa ev elTrovTOs Kana AodoBérrap, ouK éAaT Tova bé d aKovcayTos, TOTE Lev aloxuvdeis THY aKxoopiay oO Kajoap amnrrayn. peta S€ TavTAa 7 poehOa@v dvaryopevaat tov AodroPéAdapy, *Av- TWViOU TOUS oiwvovs évavtiovabat Bowyvtos, ele kat mponxato AodoBéAXAay axOopuevov. eddxer 162 921 ANTONY burst upon Italy that Caesar was dead and his enemies advancing upon the country, and Antony turned back to Rome. He took the dress of a slave and came by night to his house, and on saying that he was the bearer of a letter to Fulvia from Antony, | was admitted to her presence, his face all muffled. Then Fulvia, in great distress, before taking the -letter, asked ‘whether Antony was still alive; and he, after handing her the letter without a word, as she began to open and read it, threw his arms about her and kissed her. . These few details, then, out of many, I have adduced by way of illustration. XI. When Caesar returned from Spain,’ all the principal men went many days’ journey to meet him, but it was Antony who was conspicuously honoured - by him. For as he journeyed through Italy he had Antony in the same car with himself, but behind him Brutus Albinus, and Octavius, his niece’s son, who was afterwards named Caesar and ruled Rome for a very long time. Moreover, when Caesar had for the fifth time been appointed consul, he immediately chose Antony as his colleague. It was his purpose also to resign his own office and make it over to Dolabella ; and he proposed this to the senate. But since Antony vehemently opposed the plan, heaped much abuse upon Dolabella, and received as much in return, for the time being Caesar desisted, being ashamed of their unseemly conduct. And after- wards, when Caesar came before the people to pro- claim Dolabella, Antony shouted that the omens were opposed. Caesar therefore yielded, and gave up Dolabella, who was much annoyed. And it 1 In 45 B.c. 163 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé xdxeivey ovdev HT TOv tov ’Avtwviov B8ervr- recOat. NéyeTat yap OS, apporépous TLVOS opod d:aBdddovtos 1 pos aurov, €LTrol, un dedtévar TOUS maxets TOUVTOUS Kal Kountas, ANAG TOUS OX pous Kat demos éxeivous, Bpobtov kat Kdaootov aTrodetxvvpevos,' vd’ wv euerrev émeBovarcvbeis avatpetoOat. XII. Kaxeivors dé THY eum perred TAT HY Tpo- pacw aKOv Taper xev " AVT@VLOS. vy pev yap 7 tav Aveaiwv éoptn ‘Popains, F hy Aovmepkadia kahovat, Kaicap 6é KEKOG HN MEVOS eoOFre Gptap- Bucy Kai KaOnpevos vrép Bnyatos év ayopa TOUS Siabéovras eearo- d:abéovar dé Tov ebryevdv véot mronnol kat TOY apyYoVTOD, GAnAtUPEVOL Aima, oKUTESL Aac iors Kadixvovpevot peta T at- dias TOY evTuyXavovTwv. ° ev TovTOLS o ’Avrovi0§ diabéwy Ta pev TaTpla. Natpewv clace, Siddqua 5é dddvns oTepavey mepredi€as Tpocédpape TO Byatt, xai auvekapOeis bo Tov ourbedv Tov éméOnne TH kepary Tod Kaicapos, as 67) Bactreverv avT@ TpoonKov. éxelvov dé OpuTrto- pévou Kal Siaxdivovtos naGeis o OAmos dveKpo- Thoe Kal TddLY Oo “AvT@vios em Tye, Kal mahuv éxetvos amet piBero. Kal Tokvy xpovoy ovTw dtapayopéevov Avtovio pep OrLyoL TOV pirov Bialopeve, Kaicapr be apvoupevep TAS o Ofjpos émexpotet peta Bons: 6 Kal Oavuaotoy jv, tt Tois Epyous Ta TOV Bacirevopéevwv iropévorTes Toivoua tov Baciiéws ws KaTadAvoL THS édEv- 1 anodexvduevos Coraés and Sintenis, after the Aldine edition ; Bekker omits, with the MSS. In the Morals, p. 206 F, Plutarch has deltas. 164. ANTONY would seem that Caesar abominated Dolabella also no less than he did Antony. For we are told that when a certain man was accusing both of them to him, he said he had no fear of those fat and long- haired fellows, but rather of those pale and thin ones, indicating Brutus and Cassius, by whom he was to be conspired against and slain.? XII. And it was Antony who also unwittingly supplied the conspirators with’ their most specious pretext. For at: the festival of the Lycaea, which the Romans call’ Lupercalia, Caesar, arrayed in a triumphal robe and seated in the forum upon the rostra, was viewing the runners to and fro. Now, the runners to and fro are many noble youths and many of the magistrates, anointed with oil, and with leathern thongs they strike in sport those whom they meet. Antony was one of these runners, but he gave the ancient usages the go-by, and twining a wreath of laurel round a diadem, he ran with it to the rostra, where he was lifted on high by his fellow runners and put it on the head of Caesar, thus intimating that he ought to be king. When Caesar with affected modesty declined the diadem, the people were delighted and clapped their hands. Again Antony tried to put the diadem on Caesar’s head, and again Caesar pushed it away. This con- test went on for some time, a few of Antony’s friends applauding his efforts to force the diadem upon Caesar, but all the people applauding with loud cries when Caesar refused it. And this was strange, too, that while the people were willing to conduct themselves like the subjects of a king, they shunned the name of king as though it meant the abolition of 1 Cf. the Caesar, lxii. 5; the Brutus, viii. 1. 165 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 Oepias édevyov. avéotn péev ody o Kaicap > 6 ;, re ee a , \ ‘ ¢ + ayGecbeis amo tov Bnyatos, cal To ipatiov 9 4 9 \ A / ”~ , andadyov amo Tov tpaxndov te Bovropéve , A \ 5 4 ‘ A A ey Tapéxew thy ahaynv éBoa. tov 5é ctépavov évi Tov aviptdvtwy avtod TepiTeOévta Sypapyol Ties e aA A Katéorracay, ods o SHwos eddnuay peTa KpoTou mapeiteto, Kaicap é tis apyis améotyoev. XIII. Taira tovs rept Bpotrov cat Kdoovoy A 4 : ; éméppwoe’ Kal Tov dirwv Tos TicTOUs KaTa- Néyovres ert thy mpakw éoxémrovto mTmepl 7A / a de ¥ , \ ¥ 6 VTWVLOU. TMV O€ ANAWY TPOTLELEVwWV TOV aVvOpA TpeBavios dvteimev’ ébn yap vd’ ov Ypovoy > / 9 ? , > , , A annvrwv é€& IBnpias éravovte Kaicapt, tov "Avtwviov avaKxnvotytos avtT@ Kai cuvodevorTos, a 3 dipacOa: tis yveuns atpéua mos Kai pet a . \ evraBeias, rov d€ vojoar pév, ov déEacBar dé thy n 4 : a Téipayv, ov pnv ovdé mpos Kaicapa xarereiv, ’ \ ” a ‘\ 4 ? 2 ad\r\d TWisTwas KaTacLwHfjcat TOV Royo. €K UA 4 9 4 a 4 ‘TovToU mdaAtv éBovArevovto Kaicapa xteivaytes > 4 ? 4 > , \ “~ éemiogpatteyv “Avtwvov: éxwrvce Sé Bpodtos, 3 “ A w“ , akiav thv bmép tov voywy Kat tav SiKaiwv , A > a \ \ J ToApopéevny mpakiw eiixpiy Kat xaOapay ad- xias elvat. ghoBovpevoe. 5é THY TE pwpnv ToD "Avtwviou Kat To THS apyns akiwpa, TaTTOVELY én’ avtov éviouvs TaV éx THiS TUYwWpOCIas, STAs, rd ? a \ \ dtav eain Kaicap eis thy BovAnv Kat pédAdn é a @ \ ” ” 5 , , pacba. to épyov, é&w Siareyopevot te nal omovdalovtes KaTéYWo LV AUTOV. 166 ANTONY their freedom. At last Caesar rose from the rostra in displeasure, and pulling back the toga from his throat cried out that any one who pleased might smite him there. The wreath, which had been hung upon one of his statues, certain tribunes of the people tore down. These men the people greeted with favouring cries and clapping of hands; but Caesar deprived them of their office.! XIII. This incident strengthened the party of Brutus and Cassius; and when they were taking count of the friends whom they could trust for their enterprise, they raised a question about Antony. The rest were for making him one of them, but Trebonius ‘opposed it. For, he said, while people were going out to meet Caesar on his return from Spain, Antony had travelled with him and shared his tent, and he had sounded him quietly and cautiously ; Antony had understood him, he said, but had not responded to his advances ; Antony had not, however, reported the conversation to Caesar, but had faith- fully kept silence about it. Upon this, the con- spirators again took counsel to kill Antony after they had slain Caesar; but Brutus prevented this, urging that the deed adventured in behalf of law and justice must be pure and free from injustice. But the con- spirators were afraid of Antony’s strength, and of the consideration which his office gave him, and there- fore appointed some of their number to look out for him, in order that, when Caesar entered the senate- chamber and their deed was about to be done, they might engage Antony outside in conversation about some urgent matter and detain him there. 1 Cf. the Caesar, cha; ter Ixi. 167 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XIV. Toure dé T par Tomeveoy @s auverédn, Kal TET OVTOS év tH BovrAn rod Kaicapos, evOvs per O "AVT@VLOS éoOiira Depdzrovros petahaBoy expurpev avrov. as 5° éyvw Ttovs avdpas emuxet- potvtas ev ovdent, cvvnd potapévous dé eis TO Kamitwruop, é em euae wataBivac AaBovras Gunpov Tap’ avTov tov viovr Kai Kadootov peév auTos édeiTrvice, Bootrov bé Aéni6os. cuvayayov oé Bournv auros pev UT Ep apynotias elre Kal Sravopijs € emapXav Tous Tept Kdootov Kal _Bpov- Tov, 7 O€ ovyKAnTos éxvpooe TAUTA Kal TOV LTO Kaicapos yeyovoTay eyndicarto pendev adXNAT- TEL. eEnet dé Tihs Bovrjjs Aamir poraros dvOpoérev ) "AvT@vos, avnpnxévat Soxdv éuch VALOV Toh eHOV Kal Tpdypace SucKxoAias Exovot kal tapayas ov Tas TUXoVTAS éuppoveotata KexpncOar xat TOMTLKMTATA. Toure pEVTOL TAaXD TOV OyLC wav éFécecev avTOY 7 Tapa TOV oxo 50£a, a 7 p@Tov emicavra BeBaiws éceo Oat Bpovtou KaTarvievtos. ETUXE pep oy éxxopeCopevou Kaicapos, _@orep éGos jv, ev ayopa SeEov eye@piov- ope dé tov Ofjpov vireppuas ayouevov Kal an ovpevov eve mite Tots ematvous OLKTOV Gea Kal Seiya emt TO madet, Kal TO NOYO TENEUTOVTE * TOUS TE YLTO- vio Kous TOU re ynKoros nparyLevous Kab Sraxexop- pévous ToIs Eipeowy avaceiwy, Kal Tovs eipyac- pevous TavTa Kad@v Tadapvaiovs Kab | dvdpodovous, TOG OUTOV opyns eveBare Tols avOpwrrots WOTE TO - lag Adyp redevravr: Sintenis, after Bryan; redevray Bekker, with the MSS., bracketing r¢@ Adyq ; Kal Trav Adywr tedevrov Coraés ; nal rg rbyy. TeAevtay Te Tobs xiTwvloKovs «rd. Stephanus, 168 bo Lo ANTONY _ XIV. This was done as planned, and Caesar fell in the senate-chamber. At once, then, Antony put on the dress of a slave and hid himself. But when he learned that the conspirators were laying hands upon nobody, but were merely assembled together on the Capitol, he persuaded them to come down by giving them his son as hostage; moreover, he himself entertained Cassius, and Lepidus entertained Brutus. Besides, he called the senate together and spoke in favour of amnesty and a distribution of provinces among Brutus and Cassius and their partisans, and the senate ratified this proposal, and voted that no change should be made in what Caesar had done.! So Antony went out of the senate the most illustrious of men; for he was thought to have put an end to civil war, and to have handled matters involving great difficulty and extraordinary confusion in a most prudent and statesmanlike manner. From such considerations as these, however, he was soon shaken by the repute in which he stood with the multitude, and he had hopes that he would surely be first in the state if Brutus were overthrown. Now, it happened that when Caesar’s body was carried forth for burial, Antony pronounced the customary eulogy over it in the forum. And when he saw that the people were mightily swayed and charmed by his words, he mingled with his praises sorrow and indignation over the dreadful deed, and at the close of his speech shook on high the garments of the dead, all bloody and tattered by the swords as they were, called those who had wrought such work villains and murderers, and inspired his hearers with } Of. the Caesar, Ixvii, 4; the Brutus, xix. 3. 169 PLUTARCH’S LIVES fev copa Tob Katcapos éy aryopa kabayioat, TuveveyKapevous Ta _ Babpa Kal Tas Tpamelas, aprrdlovtas dé TOUS aT THS mupas dadous eri Tas ovxias Oeiy TOV aTEKTOVOTwY Kal TporpuaxeaGar, XV. Ata taita TOD mrepl Bpodrov EK THS TOAEWS amrenGovtav ot TE pirou TOD Kaicapos cuvioTavTo qWpos TOV ‘AvT@viov, 4 Te yuvn Kadzroupvia TUT TEVO A.0 O. TOV XpnudTov Ta TrEeloTa KatéOero mpos avtov éx TAS oixias, es Ayo Ta cupmayta, TETPAKLTXtML@Y Tahdvrv. éraBe d€ Kal Ta BiBrLa Tou Kaicapos, év ols Uropynwata Tay KEK PL LEVOV Kat Sedoypever 7 Hy avaryeypappeva Kal TOUTOLS mapeyypddeav obs éBovrero, ToAXous ev apxovras arredeixvue, ToAXovs O€ Bovreutds, évious d€ xal Kariyye Tepuyadeupevous Kal Kcaderpypevous Edvev, WS on TavTa TO Kaicape bofavta. 816 rTovrous aTavTas €MtoK@TTOVTES Ob ‘Pawpaior Xapwviras éx dour: eheyxXopuevor yap els TOUS Tov vexpov Katepevyov UTOMYNLATLC WOUS. Kal TaN 6é EMPATTEV AUVTOKPATOPLKAS O "AvT@MV08, aT OS pev UTatevan, Tous 6é \adedpovs EXwov cuvdpxovtas, Taiov pev otpatnyov, Aevxcov Oe Snpapxov. XVI. ’Evravéa S€ trav mpayyatav syTov O véos aixvetras Kaicap «is ‘Pony, aderpudijs pev OY TOU TeOYNKOTOS vi0S, @S elpnTat, KAN Povo Los dé THS ovcias ATONE ELL BEVOS, ev “ATroAovig dé Svat piper bp’ dv xpovov avnpnto Kaicap. ovtos evdus “Avtwrior, ws 7 TaTp@ov dirov, do Tac devos TOY TapaxaTabnkay éué- pYyTO. Kal yap apetre Penaeus éxdoT@ Spaypas 170 ANTONY such rage that they heaped together benches and tables and burned Caesar’s body in the forum, and then, snatching the blazing faggots from the pyre, ran to the houses of the assassins and assaulted them. XV. On account of these things Brutus and his as- sociates left the city, the friends of Caesar united in support of Antony, and Caesar’s wife, Calpurnia, put- ting confidence in Antony, took most of the treasure from Caesar's house and put it in his charge; it amounted in all to four thousand talents. Antony received also the papers of Caesar, in which there were written memoranda of his decisions and de- crees ; and making insertions in these, he appointed many magistrates and many senators according to his own wishes. He also brought some men back from exile, and released others from prison, as though Caesar had decided upon all this. Wherefore the Romans in mockery called all such men Charonitae ;? for when put to the test they appealed to the memo- randa of the dead. And Antony managed every- thing else in autocratic fashion, being consul himself, and having his brothers .in office at the same time, Caius as praetor, and Lucius as tribune of the people. XVI. At this state of affairs the young Caesar came to Rome, a son of the dead Caesar’s niece, as has been said,’ who had been left heir to his property. He had been staying at Apollonia when Caesar was assassinated. The young man greeted Antony as his father’s friend, and reminded him of the moneys de- posited with him. For he was under obligation to 1 Cf. the Cicero, xlii. 2 ff.; the Brutus, xx. 3. 2 In Latin, Orcini, from Orcus, the god of the lower world, to whom the Greek Charon is made to correspond. | 3- Chapter xi. 1. 171. PLUTARCH’S LIVES .. e , , , a , : b a éBdounxovta mévte dodvat, Katoapos év tats , , ’ , \ \ \ Siabnxars ypaypavtos. ‘Avtwyios 5é TO pep “” a a“ : TPOTOV WS petpaxiov Katadpovav Edeyev ovyx e 4 > ‘ > A \ fa! 9 Ga ‘ Uytaivery avtTov, addAa Kal dpevav ayabav Kai diroy épnpuov dvta poptiov adBactaxtov aipec bat A , / \ , \ tyv Kaicapos Sitadoyyv: pr meopevov dé , bd b] > a \ 4 \ TOUTOLS, GAN aTraLtTOVYTOS TA KpnpaTa, TOAAGa \ , N C4 b “A \ 4 , Kal Néywv pos DBpiv avrovd cai mpadtrwy dvetéret. yt, , = Snpapxiav te yap évéotn petiovtTe, Kai didpov le) A ef Ypucody TOD TaTpos, WaTTEp erndiaTo, TLOEVTOS b ] li‘ > A “9 , > \ , nreiAnoev eis hudrakny amdaFev, et 7 TWavoatto A ‘ e Snuaywyav. éret péevtoe Kixépwve Sovs éavtov o 4 \ an 4 (4 \ b ] a - veavias Kat Tois adAAots boot Tov “AvTw@vor éuicouv, bu éxet ey wKELoD nv BovAy i , Os éxeivav péev @xevodto thy BovAny, > A \ N a > , ae \ avros 5é€ tov Sjpov avedduBave Kai Tovs otpa- TIWTAS aTO TOY KaTOLKLaOY GuVAye, Seicas oO "Avr@vios eis NOyous avT@ auvndOev dv Kamt- TOMO, Kal SienrArAdynaoav. be a b] la nw N wv 3 Elita xowpwpevos exeivns THs vueTos Ow elder ” e 3 , 29 7 A e a A : \ atotov o Avrwvios, doce: yap avTod thv Seklav a a a \ > e 4 yeipa BeBAncOar Kepavv@. Kat pel npuépas oAiyas évétreve NOYos ws émtBovrAevar Kaicap 3 n a) \. 3 la) / 3 w” ll avT@. Kaioap dé aredoyeito pév, ov Erebe Sé Kal madwv hy éevepyos 4» exOpa, cat twepiOéovtes | > , A 9 ‘4 \ \ e , bd nm apdotepoe thy “Itadiav To péev idpupévoy ev Tats Katotkiats dn TOU aoTpaTiwTiKoD peydadots , ; a \ avictacay pucbois, To & év StrAaLS ETL TETAY EVO e 4 > 4 , vropOdvovtes GAAHAOUS TpoTHyoVrTo. 172 923 ANTONY give every Roman seventy-five drachmas, according to the terms of Caesar’s will. But Antony, at first despising him as a mere stripling, told him he was out of his senses, and that in his utter lack of good judgment and of friends he was taking up a crushing burden in the succession of Caesar. Aud when the ‘ young man refused to listen to this, and demanded the moneys, Antony kept saying and doing many things to insult him. For instance, he opposed him in his canvass for a tribuneship, and when he at- tempted to dedicate a golden chair in honour of his father by adoption, according to a decree of the senate, Antony threatened to hale him off to prison unless he stopped trying to win popular favour. When, however, the young man made common cause with Cicero and all the other haters of Antony, and with their aid won the support of the senate, while he himself got the goodwill of the people and assembled the soldiers of Caesar from their colonies, then Antony was struck with fear and came to a conference with him on the Capitol, and they were reconciled. Afterwards, as he lay asleep that night, Antony had a strange vision. He thought, namely, that his right hand was smitten by a thunder-bolt. And after a few days a report fell upon his ears that the young Caesar was plotting against him. Caesar tried to make explanations, but did not succeed in convinc- ing Antony. So once more their hatred was in full career, and both were hurrying about Italy trying to bring into the field by large pay that part of the soldiery which was already settled in their colonies, and to get the start of one another in winning the support of that part which was still arrayed in arms. 173 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XVII. Tov & év tH more Kinépov péytorov Suvdpevos, Kal mapokvvar emt tov ’Avtwviov dmavras avOparous, TéXos eémetce THY BovrAnv Exeivov ev TONE MLOV YnpicacBan, Kaicape dé paBSovyiav Tey av Kat oTpaTAyiKa Kooua, IIdvoap bé Kab "Tpteov mooted ew efedavras ‘Avrevioy é éx THs "Itadtas. obtoe dé Hoav vratot ToTe’ Kal cvpBarovres ‘Avtavie Tept moMty Mutivyy, Katcapos TapovTos Kal TUMPAXopLEvor, TOUS pev Trohepious EVLKWV, AUTOL be at éQavov. pevyovTe de "Avtovio TONAG OUVETLTTE TOV amopwv, 6 Oe Atpos aTropwTarov. annra pice Tapa Tas KaxoT paryias eyivero Bérr1oTOs € éavob Kal va TuXar OMOLOTATOS 7 ny arabe, Kowov pev | GvTOS TOU aiaGavecbar THIS aperiis ToIs be amopiay Tia aparropevors, ov pay andavrwyv & onrotor prpeta Oa Kal devyetv a L dua'xepaivovery eppopévery év Tats petaBorais, anna Kat adov éviwy Tots éOecw evdtOovT@Yv v7rd daGevelas Kab Opavopever Tov _ Noryea Mov. o 8 obp “AVT@VLOS TOTE Oavpactov Hy mapaderypa Tois oTpATLOT acs, amo Tpupys TooavTns Kal ToduTEAELas vdwp Te mivev StepOappévor evKoAws, Kal KapTrous ayplous Kab pitas Tpoo Pepopevos. éBpwbn dé Kat protos, @S héyeTat, kat Cdwv ayevoTwv mpoTEpov ppavto Tas “Adrets tepBadrovtes. XVIII. "Hv be open Tots eméxetva oTparev- pact evtuxely, ov Aémidos _WPXE diros elvas Soxay ‘Avtwviou Kal TOMNe THs Katoapos grrias amoNeNauKcévae dt’ avtov. eM wy dé Kal Tapa- aoTpatotredevoas mwAnciov, ws ovlev amnrvta 174 ANTONY XVII. But Cicero, who was the most influential man in the city, and was trying to incite everybody against Antony, persuaded the senate to vote him a public enemy, to send to Caesar the fasces and other insignia of a praetor, and to dispatch Pansa and Hirtius to drive Antony out of Italy. These men were consuls at that time, and in an engagement with Antony near the city of Mutina, at which Octavius Caesar was present and fought on their side, they conquered the enemy, but fell themselves.!_ Many difficulties befell Antony in his flight, the greatest of which was famine. But it was his nature to rise to his highest level when in an evil plight, and he was most like a good and true man when he was unfortunate. For it is a common trait in those whom some difficulty has laid low, that they perceive plainly what virtue is, but all have not the strength amid reverses to imitate what they admire and shun what they hate, nay, some are then even more prone to yield to their habits through weakness, and to let their judgment be shattered. Antony, however, was at this time an amazing example to his soldiers, after such a life of luxury and extravagance as he had led drinking foul water contentedly and eating wild fruits and roots. Bark also was eaten, we are told, and animals never tasted before were food for them as they crossed the Alps. XVIII. They were eager to fall in with the troops in those parts which Lepidus commanded, for he was thonght to be a friend of Antony, and through him had reaped much advantage from Caesar’s friendship. But when Antony came and encamped near by, he met with no tokens of friendliness, and therefore de- 1 In 43 B.c. Cf. the Crcero, xlv. 3. 175 PLUTARCH’S LIVES diravOpwrov, éyvw tapaBarécbar. Kal Koun pev arnuedns Kab Babds Trayov peta THY HTTav evs Hv avT@ Kabeipévos, AaBwv Sé gatov iudrvov eyyes mpoonye TH Yapaxt tod Aeridou Kat rAéyew npEato. ToAN@Y dé Kal mpos THY Oypuv emikAwpevov Kal Tols Aoyols ayopévwy, Seioas Oo Aémidos tas oddtuyyas éxéXevce ouvnyovoas aperéoOat To KataxovecOar Tov "Avtw@mov. ot 5é otpaTi@tat padXov @OxTEetpay Kai SvedeyorTo xpvpa, Aaidtov Kal Kndwdvoy amootetNavtes mpos avtov, éoOnras AaBovtas éTatpevopéevov yuvaixav, of Tov ‘AvTw@vioy éxédevov emuyerperv Oappotvta T@ yapake: TroAXOUs yap elvar Se£o- pevous! Kal tov Aémidov, ef BovrotTO, KTEvoovTas. "Avra@vios 5é Aemidou pév ovx elacev dyracbat, pe” jmépav O€ TOV oTpaToY éxwV aTrEeTTELPATO TOD ToTapod. Kal Tp@TOS AUTOS. éuBas émropevero mpos THY avtitépas byOnv, opav dn TOAXOVS tov Aetridov otpatiwtav Tds Te YElpas opéyorTas av’T@ xal Tov ydpaxa Siaora@vtas. eicvedOav be Kal Kpatnoas atravtTav npepwtata AeTid mpoo- nvexOn. jwatépa yap Tpoanyopevaey avTov aoTacapevos’ Kal T@ pev Epy@ TavTwv avTos qv KvpLos, éxeiv@ 8 dvoua Kal Tiny avToKpaTopos SuetéXes huvAdTT@v. TodTo Kal IAdyxov avtTe@ Mouvdtiov émoinoe trpocbécBar, KaOnpevov ov mpocw peta suxris Suvdpews. ottw dé péyas apbels adOis trepéBare tas “Adres, eis THY "IraXiay dyov érraxaideca Tédn TeCOV OY AUTO Kal pupious immeiss ywpis 5¢ ppovpay Tadarias 1 sobs Sefouévous Coraés and Bekker, after Reiske: defo- pévous with the MSS. 176 ANTONY termined upon a bold stroke. His hair was unkempt, and his beard had been allowed to grow long ever Since his defeat, and putting on a dark garment he came up to the camp of Lepidus and began to speak. Many of the soldiers were melted at his appearance and moved by his words, so that Lepidus was alarmed and ordered the trumpets to sound all at once in order to prevent Antony from being heard. But the soldiers felt all the more pity for Antony, and held a secret parley with him, sending Laelius and Clodius to him in the garb of women of the camp. These urged Antony to attack their camp boldly ; for there were many, they said, who would welcome him and kill Lepidus, if he wished. But An- tony would not permit them to lay hands on Lepidus, and next day began to cross the river with his army. He himself was first to plunge in, and made his way towards the opposite bank, seeing already that many of the soldiers of Lepidus were stretching out their hands to him and tearing down their ramparts. After entering the camp and making himself master of everything, he treated Lepidus with the greatest kindness. Indeed, he embraced him and called him father; and though in fact he was in full control him- self, still he did not cease to preserve for Lepidus the name and the honour of imperator. This induced Munacius Plancus also to join him, who was encamped at no great distance with a considerable force. Thus raised again to great. power, he crossed the Alps and led into Italy with him seventeen legions of infantry and ten thousand horse. And besides these, he left to 177 VOL. 1X. No PLUTARCH’S LIVES é& tdyuwata DeXoimret peta Ovdapiov twos Tor auvnBwv Kal ouptrotav, by KotuAwva tpoc- nyopevov. : XIX. Kaioap dé Kexépwur pév obxéte mrpocetye, THS édevOepias opa@v mepteyouevov, Avtwvov dé mpovxanreito dia TaV pirwy eis Siarvocis. Kal avvenOovtes ot Tpeis Els vnotda ToTAaLe@ TrEpLppEo- pévnv érrl Tpels uépas auryndpevaayv. Kat Tada pev eTrLetK@S @podoyelTo, Kal StevelpavTo THY cUpTacay apxnv @oTrep ovciay TaTpway adX7- hors, 9 S€ Tepl TeV aTroAOUpEenwv avdpav audiaBnrnows avtois wrelota Tpdyuata Tape- axe, TOUS pev eyOpovrs avedeiv ExdoToV, THcaL 5é tovs mpoonkovtas aktodvtos. TédAos S€ TH Tpos TOvS pLaoupévous Gpyh Kal cuyyevav Tiny kal dirtwv evvotavy mpoéwevor, Kixépwvos ev "Avtwovio Kaicap ébéorn, tovtT@ 5é ‘Avrwvios Aevxiov Katoapos, os Hv Oetos adt@ impos pntpos é500n dé xait Aemido Tlatdov avery tov aderdov: ot S€ hacw éxkorhvat tov TlavxXov Tov Aémidov éxeivots atroBaveiy avtov aitnoapévots. ovdey WpOTEpOV OVSE aypLwTepoy THs Stapeirrews TavTns Sox® yevéoOat. dhovwv yap avTiKaTtan- Aacaopuevor Hovovs opoiws pev ols éXNauBavov avnpovy ovs édidocav, adixwtepos Sé TEpt TOUS dirous jaoav, ods atrextivvucay unde piocodvtes. XX. "Est & ody tais SuaddXayais tavtats of OTpaTwwTat TepiotavTes nkiovy Kai yao Tove 178 924 ANTONY guard Gaul six legions with Varius, one of his in- timates and boon companions, who was surnamed Cotylon. XIX. Now, Octavius Caesar no longer held with Cicero, because he saw that Cicero was devoted to liberty, and he sent his friends to Antony with an invitation to come to terms. So the three men came together on a small island in the midst of a river,! and there held conference for three days. All other matters were easily agreed upon, and they divided up the whole empire among themselves as though it were an ancestral in- heritance; but the dispute about the men who were to be put to death gave them the greatest trouble. Each demanded the privilege of slaying his enemies and saving his kinsmen. But at last their wrath against’ those whom they hated led them to abandon both the honour due to their kinsmen and the goodwill due to their friends, and Caesar gave up Cicero to Antony, while Antony gave up to him Lucius Caesar, who was Antony’s uncle on the mother’s side. Lepidus also was permitted to put to death Paulus his brother; although some say that Lepidus gave up Paulus to Antony and Caesar, who demanded his death. Nothing, in my opinion, could be more savage or cruel than this exchange. For by this barter of murder for murder they put to death those whom they surrendered just as truly as those whom they seized; but their injustice was greater towards their friends, whom they slew without so much as hating them. XX. To complete this reconciliation, then, the soldiers surrounded them and demanded that Caesar 1 Cf. the Cicero, xlvi. 3. 179 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Thv didtiavy ouvaryar Kaicapa, AaBovta tH PovrAPias tis “Avtwviov yuvaikos Ouyatépa Krwotav. oporoynbévtos &€ xal tovtov Tpia- Kootot pay ex tTpoypadyns eOavat@Oncayv ba avutav’ Kixépwvos 5¢ opayévtos éxédevoev *Av- TWVLOS THY TE KEpAAHY aToKOTVaL Kal THY XeEipa «nv deEvav, 4 Tovs Kat avToD Aoyous éypae. Kal Koptobévtwyv eOcato yeynOws Kal avaxay- vdtwv oo yYapds moAdNaKis: Elta éutAnobels éxéXevoev vrép Tov Aypatos év ayopa TeOjva, xaOarrep eis Tov vexpov UBpivwv, ovy avTov évuBpifovra Th TUxn Kalb KaTaLtoyivovTa THY éfovatav émiderxvipevos. 0 5é Oeios avtod Kaicap Cntovpevos Kal SiwKxopevos Katépuye mpos THY aderpnv. 7 S€, Tov oshayéwv éetictavTwv Kal talopevwr ets TO Swpdtiov avTis, év Tats Ovpats otdoa Kal dtacxyovca Tas Yelpas é8oa TOAANGaKIS* “Ove aoxtevetre Kaicapa Aevxiov, éav pn MpOTEpov ewe aToKTElvNnTE THY TOV a’TOKPaTOpa Texovaav. éxelyn pev ovv TolavTn yevomervn duéxrewe xal Stéswoe Tov aderdov. XXI. "Hy 8€ cai ta TOAAG ‘Pwpaiows~e7raxOns n TOV TPLOV.apKXn Kal TO reiaTov o "AvT@Vvios THS aitias elye, mpeaBuTepos pev wv Kaicapos, Aemridou 66 ea ets 6€ Tov Biov éxeivoy av0is tov nduTa0hH Kal akoNacTOV, @> TpeTOV AVEXALTLTE TOV TpaypaTov, éxKEeXupEvoS. Tpoc- qv 8€ TH Kown xaxodokia to Sia TH oixiay od puKpov picos, jv @xet, Tlopaniov rod Meyddou ryevouevny, avdpos ovx Hrtov eri cwdhpoctvyn Kat T@ TeTaypéevws cal Snuotixas Ssartacba. Gav- ~ 180 ANTONY ’ should also cement the friendship by a marriage, and should take to wife Clodia, a daighter of Antony’s wife Fulvia. After this also had been agreed upon, three hundred men were proscribed and put to death by them; moreover, after Cicero had been butchered, Antony ordered his head to be cut off, and that right hand with which Cicero had written the speeches against him.! When they were brought to him, he gazed upon them exultantly, laughing aloud for joy many times; then, when he was sated, he ordered them to be placed on the rostra in the forum, just as though he were putting insult upon the dead, and not rather making a display of his own insolence in good fortune and abuse of power. His uncle, Lucius Caesar, being sought for and pursued, took refuge with his sister. She, when the execu- tioners were at hand and trying to force their way into her chamber, stood in the doorway, spread out her arms, and cried repeatedly: “Ye shall not slay Lucius Caesar unless ye first slay me, the mother of your imperator.”” By such behaviour, then, she got her brother out of the way and saved his life. XXI. Now, for the most part, the government of the triumvirate was odious to the Romans; and Antony bore most of the blame, since he was older than Caesar, more powerful than Lepidus, and threw himself once more into his old life of pleasure and dissipation as soon as he had shaken off some of his troubles. And to his general ill-repute there was added the great hatred caused by the house in which he dwelt. It had been that of Pompey the Great, a man no less admired for sobriety and for the orderly and democratic disposition of his life than because of 1 Cf. the Cicero, xlviii. 4. 181 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pac bevros a] bia TOUS. T pets O pid Bous. AX Oovro yap opa@yres auTHY Ta Toh KexNeto méevny ev Wryewooe wal oTpatnyois Kal tpéo Seow, adov- pévols T pos bBpiv atro TOV Jupav, peathy Oe pipov Kal Javpatorot@v Kal KoAdKwv Kpattra- AovTor, els ods Ta Thetora KaTaynnis KeTo TOY Xpnwarav TO Bravorare Kal adeTOTAT ED TpoT@ TopuSopeveny. ov yap povov ET@AOUY ovaias To povevopevr, emit uKopavroovtes oixelous Kat yuvaixas aura, ovodé TEA@Y TAY Exivnoav yévos, a\Aa Kal mapa ais ‘Eottace mud opevor map- Oévots TapaxataOyxas Tivas Keio Oar Kal Eéveov Kal TOMT@Y éhaBov érreNOovtes. ws dé ovdey 7 iv ixavov "AvTovig, Kaicap ngiwoe veipac Gar Ta Xpnwara pos auToOv. évelwavTo Kal Tov TTparov, él Bpodrov kat Kdootoy es Maxe- Soviay Alicia aphotepot, Aerido dé THv “Pounv émeTpeyap XXIT. ‘Os pévror Sta Bavres ippavro Tohépou Kal Tapeatpatonédevaay Tois TrodXepiors, AvtTovi- ov pep ayTut eT aypéevov Kacciy, Bpovr@ dé Kai- Tapos, ovbeév epryov épavn peya TOU Kaioapos, GNX "AVT@VLOS my O viKay TaVvTa Kal xaTop0an. TH pév ¥¢ mpoTépa payy Kaicap v7r0 Bpotrou Kara, KpaToS arrndels atéBare TO oTparorredop, Kal juke pov epOn TOUS SudKovTas vmexpuyav" @S dé auros év Tots Uropyypace Y éypage, TOV pidov tuvos dvap idovtos aveywpnoe 7 po THS paxns. ‘AVT@VLOS 5é Kdoouoy évienoe Kaitou yeypadacw EvLoe p21) maparyevéaOac TH payn Tov "AVTWVLOD, aNAa Tpoayevér Oat peta THD paxnv dn dt0- 182 ANTONY his three triumphs. Men were distressed, therefore, to see the house closed for the most part against commanders, magistrates, and ambassadors, who were thrust with insolence from its doors, and filled instead with mimes, jugglers,.and drunken flatterers, on whom were squandered the greater part of the moneys got in the most violent and cruel manner. For the triumvirate not only sold the properties of those whom they slew, bringing false charges against their wives and kindred, while they set on foot every kind of taxation, but learning that there were deposits with the Vestal Virgins made by both strangers and citizens, they went and took them. And since nothing was sufficient for Antony, Caesar demanded to share the moneys with him. They shared the army also, and both led their forces into Macedonia against Brutus and Cassius, entrusting Rome to Lepidus. XXII. However, after they had crossed the sea, taken up war, and encamped near the enemy, Antony being opposed to Cassius, and Caesar to Brutus, ‘no great achievements were performed by Caesar, but it was Antony who was everywhere victorious and successful. In the first battle, at least, Caesar was overwhelmingly defeated by Brutus, lost his camp, and narrowly escaped his pursuers by secret flight; although he himself says in his Memoirs that he withdrew before the battle in consequence of a friend’s dream. But Antony conquered Cassius ; although some write that Antony was not present in the battle, but came up after the battle when his 183 tu PLUTARCH’S LIVES KOUCL. Kdootov dé TlivSapos TOD TLoTOV TUS GTreE- AevOEpwov avtob Seopévou Kal KedevovTos éopa- fev" ov yap éyvw VEVLKNKOTO, Bpodrov. OMryeoY 5é Hyepav Stayevopéveov maw eMaxetavto Kat Bpodtos pev nrrGels éauTov aveinev, “AvT@vtos dé THS viKns nveyKarto tn S0& TO TreEtoTOV, ATE 5 Kal vooovvtos Tov Kaicapos. ema Tas dé T@ Bpovrov vexp@ purxpa pev aveidicev virép Tis Daiov TOU adeh pod TENEUTHS (avnpynet yap éKxel vov 0 Bpovtos év Maxedovia Kuxépove TLULWPOY), pycas 5é wadXov ‘Oprijcvov 7 n Bpobrov aitiacbat THS TOD adehpod ohayijs ‘Optactov pev exédevoev -ervopakar T@ PY LATL, Bpovre dé 7H avTou owiKioa ToNNGY XPnparov afiav ovoav ém ép- pipe, Kal TOV amedevd epwv TUL TOV EavTOU 7 poo- étake THs tapas emipednO hvac. TOUTOV vote- pov yous ov ouyKaTaKavaayTa, THY howtxioa T@ vEexpO Kal TOAAa THS eis THY Tadny Samdvns Upnpnuevov GTEKTELVED. XXIII. ’Ex TOUTOU Kaioap pev eis ‘Popny exopifero, Sona ou meptécer Bar TONY Xpovov ex Tis dppwatias, "Avtwuos bé Tas ™ pos &w wacas érTrapxXias apyuporoyiowv | b1éBawvev eis THY ‘EX- Adba, TONANY oTpatiay ayov: Umer ynpevot yap éxdot@ otpatiatyn Spaypyas TEVTAKLTX ALAS édé- ovTo cuvroverépov Xpnwatia pov Kal dag poXo- ylas. Tots pev ovy “EAAgow OUK ATOTTOS ovee popTeKos guvnvex On TO ye Tp@TOV, GNAA Kal TO mailov avrod mpos axpodoets Prrohoyeov Kal Beas dyavev wal MUnoeEts étpere, Kal mept Tas Kpioess Hv emrvetkns, Kal PirerArAnv axkovwv Eyaspev, Ete dé 184 ANTONY men were already in pursuit. Cassius, at his own request and command, was killed by Pindar, one ot his trusty freedmen; for Cassius was not aware that Brutus was victorious. After a few days had inter- vened, a second battle was fought, and Brutus, being defeated, slew himself; but Antony won the greater credit for the victory, since, indeed, Caesar was sick. And as he stood beside the dead body of Brutus, Antony chided him a little for the death of his brother Caius, whom Brutus had executed in Mace- donia to avenge Cicero, and declaring that Hortensius was more to blame than Brutus for his brother's " murder, he ordered Hortensius to be slaughtered on his brother’s tomb; but over Brutus he cast his own purple cloak, which was of great value, and ordered one of his own freedmen to see to the burial of the body. And learning afterwards that this fellow had not burned the purple cloak with the body of Brutus, and had purloined much of what had been devoted to the burial, he put him to death. XXIII. After this, Caesar repaired to Rome, since it was thought that he would not live long in consequence of his illness; but Antony, that he might levy money in all the eastern provinces, made his way into Greece with a large army ; for since the - triumvirate had promised every one of their soldiers five hundred drachmas, they required a more vigorous policy in raising money and collecting tributes. Toward the Greeks, then, Antony conducted himself without rudeness or offence, at least in the beginning, nay, he indulged his fondness for amusement by listening to literary discussions and by witnessing games and religious rites. In his judicial decisions also he was reasonable, and delighted to be called a 185 PLUTARCH’S LIVES BaAXov dirabrvaros mpocayopevopevos, Kal TH 3 TOAet TAELaTAS Swpeds Ebwxe. Bovdropéver SE Tt cat Meyapéwv xadov avtetidei~EacOar tais ’AOn- vats Kal to BovAevTyptoy ideiy avtov aktwodvTov avaBas xalt Qeacdpevos, ws émuvOavovto ti bo- coin, “ Mixpov pév,” &pn, “campo é.” Kal Tov tod IIvO@iov vewv xatepétpnocev ws ovvTedéowv TOUTO yap UTéTYETO TPOS THY TUYKANTOD. XXIV. ’Emel 6€ Aetxiov Knvowpivov émi tis “EAXados Katadura@v eis "Aciav &éB8n Kal tov éxei tAOUT@Y FAbato, Kal Bactreis emi Bvpas édoitwy Kai Baciiéwv yuvaixes apiAropevat dbo- peais ampos aAAnAas Kal KaddrAXcoLY éedO¢ipovToO mpos autov, ev ‘Papn b€ Kaicapos ordcect Kal TONELOLS ATTOTPUYOLEVOU TOAATY AUTOS AywV oXO- Any Kal elonvnv avexvkAEiTo Tos abecww Eis TOV 2 cuvnOn Biov, ’Avaknvopes S¢ xeBOap@bot cai Bod- Got yopatrar Kai Mntpddwpos tis opynotns Kal TolovTos addos ‘Aciavav dxpoauatav Oiacos, uTepBadrAopévwv Napuupia kal Bwporoyig Tas amo THs Itadias Kjpas, eiceppin Kal Si@xer THY ad- Anv, ovdév Hv avextov, eis TadTa popoupévon 3 amdvreav. yap Acia maca, cabdrep 7) Xopo- 926 KAELOsS Exeivn TroALs, OMov pev OvpiapaTorv Eyeper, omov O€ TaLdvaV TE Kal OTEVAYLATODV. > a WIN > , b “ a \ > eis youv "Edecoy eiatovtos avTod yuvaixes pev eis f Ld a Baxyas, avdpes 5€ nat twaides eis Zatipous Kat 186 ANTONY Philhellene, and still more to be addressed as Phil- athenian, and he gave the city very many gifts. But when the Megarians wished to show him something fine to rival Athens, and thought that he ought to see their senate-house, he went up and took a view of it; and when they asked him what he thought of it, “It is small,” he said, “but rotten.” He also had measurements taken of the temple of Pythian Apollo, with the purpose of completing it; indeed, he promised as much to the senate. XXIV. But presently he left Lucius Censorinus in charge of Greece, and crossing over into Asia! laid hands on the wealth that was there. Kings would come often to his doors, and wives of kings, vying with one another in their gifts and their beauty, would yield up their honour for his pleasure; and while at Rome Caesar was wearing himself out in civil strifes and wars, Antony himself was enjoying abundant peace and leisure, and was swept back by his passions into his wonted mode of life. Lute- players like Anaxenor, flute-players like Xanthus, one Metrodorus, a dancer, and such other rabble of Asiatic performers, who surpassed in impudence and effrontery the pests from Italy, poured like a flood into his quarters and held sway there. It was past all endurance that everything was devoted to these extravagances. For all Asia, like the famous city of Sophocles,? “ was filled alike with incense- offerings, Alike with paeans, too, and voice of heavy groans.” At any rate, when Antony made his entry into Ephesus, women arrayed like Bacchus, and men and 1 In 41 B.c. * Thebes, in the Oedipus Rez, 4. 187 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ilavas jyobvto Ssuecxevacpévor, Kitrov bé Kal Oup- pee , \ , 9 A e cov Kat adNtnpiwy Kal cupiyyov Kal adrov 7 , 4 , / 9_N 9 , Tors nv mea, Atovvcov avTov avakaXoupevov xapidoTny kal petrixytov. tv yap auéret ToLovTOS éviows, Tots S€é moAXols wpnoTHS Kal ayptwvios. adnpetro yap evyeveis avOpwTrous Ta dvTa pacTi- yiats kal xoraks yapilouevos. trodAda@v 5é xal s Covrwv ws TeOvnKOTaV aitnoapmevoi TiVvEes ovoias ExaBov. dvédpos 5€ Madyvntos oixov édwpncato payetpm tept é&v, ws AéyeTat, Seirvov evdonipn- cavtt. Tédos bé, Tais Toreot SevTEepov émuBar- AovTos Popov, éToApNoev ‘TBpéas brrép THs Acias Aéywv eltrety ayopaiws pév éxeiva Kal Tpos Tov ’"Avtwviov Chrov ote andas, “Ei Stvacar Sls AaBeiv évos éviavtod dopov, Svvacat cal dis Hyiv moijnoacbas Bépos Kai Sis o1wpay,” mpaxTiKas Sé Kai TapaBorws cuvayaywy ote pupsabas elxoct taravrav 7 Acia bébwxe, “tadta,” elmev, “et \ > J , N Led , ? pep ovK elAnhas, atraires Tapa tov AaRovTwv: ei 5é AaBwv ovn eyes, aToAw@Aapev. éTpéraTo , a \. 9 , ? / - A \ \ TouT@ dewwas Tov Avtwviov’ nYyvoEl yap TA TOAAG TOV yiyvounevav, ovy ovTw padbupos wy, ws OL f a GNNOTHTA Tle TEVWY TOLS TEpl AUTOV. 3 A @ , lal wv \ ” A Eviv yap amdorns Te Oe Kai Bpadeia pev aic@notws, aicbavopévm S€ THY dpapTavopéver ioxupa petavoia Kal mpos avtovs éEoporoynots \ 9 , Tous ayvapovnbévtas, péyeOos S€ Kal qepl ras 188 ANTONY boys like Satyrs and Pans, led the way before him, and the city was full of ivy and thyrsus-wands and harps and pipes and flutes, the people hailing him as Dionysus Giver of Joy and Beneficent. For he was such, undoubtedly, to some; but to the greater part he was Dionysus Carnivorous and Savage. For he took their property from well-born men and bestowed it on flatterers and scoundrels. From many, too, who were actually alive, mén got their property by asking him for it on the plea that the owners were dead. The house of a man of Magnesia he gave to a cook, who, as we are told, had won reputation by a single supper. But finally, when he was imposing a second contribution on the cities, Hybreas, speaking in behalf of Asia, plucked up courage to say this: “Tf thou canst take a contribution twice in one year, thou hast power also to make summer for us twice, and harvest-time twice.” These words were rhe- - torical, it is true, and not unpleasant for the high spirit of Antony ; but the speaker added in plain and bold words that Asia had given him two hundred thousand talents; “If,” said he, “thou hast not received this money, demand it from those who took it; but if thou didst receive it, and hast it not, we are undone.” This speech made a powerful im- pression upon Antony ; for he was ignorant of most that was going on, not so much because he was of an easy disposition, as because he was simple enough to trust those about him. For there was simplicity in his nature, and slow- ness of perception, though when he did perceive his errors he showed keen repentance, and made full acknowledgement to the very men who had been unfairly dealt with, and there was largeness both in 189 PLUTARCH’S LIVES bd \ \ N \ , a , \ aporBas Kai Trept Tas Tiwpias. padroV ye HY éSoxer yaptlopuevos rorabwv trepBarreuw TO pé- Tplov. 7 O€ TEpt Tas Tablas Kal Tas émLoKMWets LA > ec A ‘ , 3 A dBpis év aitH To ddppaxov elyev. dvticxa yar yap é&fv Kal avOvBpicat, ral yeropevos ovx 7T- Tov yerov éxatpe. Kal todTo SveXupnvato Ta TOANG TOY TpayuaTwVv. Tous yap év To traileww mappnatatouevous ovx dv oinbels omovdatovtas , 9 \ e , 4 / e \ fa) > , KONAKEVELY AUTOV NALTKETO Padiws LITO THY é7rai- VOV, Ayvowy OTL THY TappNnoiay Ties WS UTTOTTU- is4 “ f 4 9 / gov Aovopa TH Kodaxeia TrapamyvivTes apypouv N , A 4 J, XN TO TANT MLOY, TH Tapa THY KVALKA OpacUTHTL Kal Nada Svaunyavopevor THY ert TOY TpaypaTov \ e igeow Kal ovyxatrdleow pn mwpos Yap opu- NovvT@V, GAAA TH hpovely Hrrwpévwv paiver Oar. XXV. Totovte 8 ody dvti tay hicw ’Avtovie a Ul TeXeutaiov Kkaxov 0 Kdeomdtpas épws érriyevo- pevos, Kal TOAAGa Tov ért KpUTTTOMéevMY ev AUTO Kat atpepovvtayv Taba éyeipas al avaBaxyev- gas, el TL XpnoTov i) cwTnptoy Suws ayTetyer, 29 7 \ 141Q ey 7 be a npavice Kai tpocdiepOeipev. arjioxetat 5é Tov- Tov TOY TpOTTOV. aTmTo“Evos Tod IlapOLKod Troné- pov émepryre pos auTny, KeNevov eis Kedrcxiav aTravTnaat Noyov bdéEovcay wv éevexareito Tots mept Kdacowov Sobtvat woAda Kal cupBaréobae \ ; mpbos Tov moXeuov. o S€ Tweudbels AéAXLos, OS \ " a ede THY Ow Kal Katéuabe thy év Tois AOyoLS ‘ Sewornta Kai travovpyiav, evOds aicOopuevos Ste 190 ANTONY his restitution to the wronged and in his punishment of the wrong-doers. Yet he was thought to exceed due bounds more in conferring favours than in in- flicting punishments. And his wantonness in mirth and jest carried its own remedy with ih For a man might pay back his jests and insolénce, and he delighted in being laughed at no less than in laughing at others, And this vitiated most of his undertakings. For he could not believe that those who used _ bold speech in jest could flatter him in earnest, and so was easily captivated by their praises, not knowing that some men would mingle bold speech, like a piquant sauce, with flattery, and thus would take away from flattery its cloying character. Such men would use their bold babbling over the cups to make their submissive yielding in matters of business seem to be the way, not of those who associate with a man merely to please him, but of those who are vanquished by superior wisdom. XXV. Such, then, was the nature of Antony, where now as a crowning evil his love for Cleo- patra supervened, roused and drove to frenzy many - of the passions that were still hidden and quiescent in him, and dissipated and destroyed whatever good and saving qualities still offered resistance. And he was taken captive in this manner. As he was getting ready for the Parthian war, he sent to Cleopatra, ordering her to meet him in Cilicia in order to make answer to the charges made against her of raising and giving to Cassius much money for the war. But Dellius, Antony's messenger, when he saw how Cleopatra looked, and noticed her subtlety and cleverness in conversation, at once 1QI PLUTARCH’S LIVES a KO pev ovde peddrjoet Tt Trovei yuvaina Tovau- THY "AvTavios, é Extat Oé peyiorn Tap auT@, Tpé- METAL TPOS TO Geparrevewv Kat TpoTpeTrEr a THY Aiyurtiav, TOUTO 57) To Opnpixor, érXOeiv eis Kidcxiav ed éevtivacay & aitny Kal wn poBetcOa tov "Avrw@vor, 76va Tov nYyEHOvOV dvTa Kal pur- avOpwnoratov. n O€ Kal Acrrio mevabeioa, Kal TOUS T pos Kaicapa Kal Tvaiov Tov Tloprniov jwaida wpoTepov aura ryevopevors ag’ apas oup- Bodators TeKUaLpoMeVn, pdov 7 HpAmbev vmafea bat TOV “AvT@voy. éxeivou pev yap aur ay ere Kopny Kal Tpary WaT ov diretpov éyvocay, T pos: 5é Tovrov EwedAe poitncey év o padiora Karpov yuvaiKes Gpav TE Naympordrny éxoucr kat TO dpoveiv axudtovat. 610 TOAAG peey cwvEerKevacaro da@pa Kal Xpnwara Kal Koopov olov eixos HV a0 mpary- (pata peyddov Kal Bacireias evdaipovos Kopi- Ceuv, Tas 6€ TAeloTAS ev éavtH Kal Tots Tept auTny paryyavevpact Kal hirrpots érribas Oenevn TAperyeveTo. XXVI. Tova &é Kal Tap avrov Kat Tapa TOV pidov Sexopevn ypdppara KahovvTo, obTw KaTeppovnce kal KaTeyéhace Tov avdpos DOTE whet ava TOV Kudvov ToT aWov év mopO pet \ pu- TOTTpPULYe, TOV ev totioy adoupyav exTETTETAC- pévev, TAS dé eipecias a dpyupais KOTEALS avapepo- — peévns T pos avrov dpa ovpuyes Kat «rBdpats ouv- Tppoc pevor. autn oé KATEKELTO pev v0 oxide pvootacT@ KeKOo UNMevy ypapiras Gaomep Agpodirn, maides dé tois ypadixois “Epwouy el- Kacpeévot map éxatepov Ext ates EppimiCov. opoiws a 192 9 7 ANTONY perceived that Antony would not so much as think of doing such a woman any harm, but that she would have the greatest influence with him. He therefore resorted to flattery and tried to induce the Egyptian to go to Cilicia “ decked out in fine array ’’} (as Homer would say), and not to be afraid | of Antony, who was the most agreeable and humane of commanders. She was persuaded by Dellius, and judging by the proofs which she had had before this of the effect of her beauty upon Caius Caesar and Gnaeus the son of Pompey, she had hopes that she would more easily bring Antony to her feet. - For Caesar and Pompey had known her when she was still a girl and inexperienced in affairs, but she was going to visit Antony at the very time when women have most brilliant beauty and are at the acme of intellectual power. Therefore she provided herself with many gifts, much money, and such ornaments as her high position and prosperous kingdom made it natural for her to take; but she went putting her greatest confidence in herself, and in the charms and sorceries of her own person. | XXVI. Though she received many letters of summons both from Antony himself and from his friends, she so despised and laughed the man to scorn as to sail up the river Cydnus in a barge with gilded poop, its sails spread purple, its rowers urging it on with silver oars to the sound of the flute blended with pipes and lutes. She herself reclined beneath a canopy spangled with gold, adorned like Venus in a painting, while boys like Loves in paintings stood on either side and fanned her. Likewise also the 1 Iliad, xiv. 162, of Hera, decking herself for a meeting with Zeus. 193 VOL. 1X. oO PLUTARCH’S LIVES 5é cal Oepatravides ai Kaddotevovca Nypnidwv éyovca kal Xapitwv crodras, ai pev pos oiakiw, at 5€ mpos Kado Foav. odpal bé Oavyactal Tas 6yOas amo Ovplauadtwy moAXA@V KaTeEiyov. 3 tov dé dvOperwy ot pév evOds ard Tov TroTapLod Tapwydaptouy éExatépwlev, ot 5é ard THS TodEWS xatéBawov émt thv Oéav. éxyeopevov Sé tov Kata THY uyopay dyAoy TédOS aUTOS Oo AvT@VLOS él Bnyatos KabeComevos amredeihOn povos. Kat Tis Aoyos éywpe: dua wavtav was 7» ‘Adpodity kwpato. wapa tov Avucov én’ aya0@ Tis *"Acias. "ErrepwWe pev ody KaXa@v adtiy él 7o Setmrvov: n S€ padrrXov éxeivoy HnEiov ampos éauTny Hee. 4 evOus ovv tivda BovArAopmevos evKoNlayv émideixvu- cat xal diroppoovvny virjxouce kal HAGEV. évtv- xov 5é mapacKeun Aoyou KpeitTOVL WaMaTA TOY gotav To TAOS éEeTAGyH. Tocaita yap Aé- yetat xabiecOat Kai dvagaiverBar Tavtaydbev dpa, Kat toravtats mpos GAAnNa KAlcect Kal Gécect Staxexoopnpéva Kal cuvtetaypeva TraL- ciwy Kal he as nd TPOT@, BETE TOV ev OdLyOLS akiobedtav nal Kkarav éxeivny yevéer Oar THY Ove. XXVII. TH & botepaia radu avOeotiav av- Thy éptroTinOn yey vTEepBarécOat THY NawT po- TnTa Kal Thy eupérerav, ado Sé AetTropevos, Kat Kparovpevos év avTois exeivots, TP@TOS ETKW- mTTEv els AVXpov Kal aypoiKiay Ta Trap avTe. qwoduv 6€ 4 Kreorrdtpa cat tois ox@ppact ToD "Avtwviov Tov otpatiaTny évopdaa xal Bavavaop, EYpHTO Kal TOUT@ TpPOS aUTOV avEmevWs HON Kal 2 xatateBappynKotws. Kal yap jv, wos Aé€youawy, 194 ANTONY fairest of her serving-maidens, attired like Nereids and Graces, were stationed, some at the rudder-sweeps, and . others at the reefing-ropes. Wondrous odours from countless incense-offerings diffused themselves along the river-banks.. Of the inhabitants, some accom- panied her on either bank of the river from its very mouth, while others went down from the city to be- hold the sight. The throng in the market-place gradually streamed away, until at last Antony him- self, seated on his tribunal, was left alone. And a rumour spread on every hand that Venus was come to revel with Bacchus for the good of Asia. Antony sent, therefore, and invited her to supper ; but she thought it meet that he should rather come to her. At once, then, wishing to display his com- placency and friendly feelings, Antony obeyed and went. He found there a preparation that beggared description, but was most amazed at the multitude of lights. For, as we are told, so many of these were let down and displayed on all sides at once, and they were arranged and ordered with so many inclinations and adjustments to each other in the form of rect- angles and circles, that few sights were so beautiful or so worthy to be seen as this. XXVII. On the following day Antony feasted her in his turn, and was ambitious to surpass her splendour and elegance, but in both regards he was left behind, and vanquished in these very points, and was first to rail at the meagreness and rusticity of his own arrange- ments, Cleopatra observed in the jests of Antony much of the soldier and the common man, and adopted this manner also towards him, without re- straint now, and boldly. For her beauty, as we are 195 PLUTARCH’S LIVES > \ \ 0d e_ AN \ / > A > 4 \ avTo pev Kal’ avTo TO KadXOS auTns ov Tavu SvoTrapaBrntov, ovee oloy exTrrHEae TOUS idovras, apny & elev y ovvd.aitnats aPvKTOY, Fj TE Hopi peTa THS ev T@ diareyea Gas midavorntos Kat Tob mepiOeovTos & dua jaws mepl THY outriav WOous ave- pepe TL KEVT POV. noovn O€ Kal POeyyoperns € emhy TO 7X@" kal Thy yrOrray, Oaomep Spyavov TT ToAUXopoor, EVTTETOS Tpémovaa Kal? jv Bovdorro dudex ov Ohiyots Tavrdmact be EpUNvEDS | éve- TUYyXaveE BapBapas, Tots bé TwrELsTOLS auTH ou auras amedioov Tas amoxpicets, olov Aion, Tpwyrodurass, ‘EBpaiots, "Apaypt, Lvpors, M»n- Sats, TapOvaioss. ToAN@V Oé Aeyerau kal GAXNov éxpabeiy yAwrras, TOY po auTis Baciréwv ovdeé THY Aiyumtiav avac YoMéeveov mapanraBeiv Sudrextov, éviwy 5&€ Kal To paxedovilery éxd- TOVTODY. XXVIII. Otro & ovv tov ‘AvT@vioy hptracev OTE, TorEpovans pep év ‘Poeun Kaicape Povr- Bias THS yuvatkos vmrép T@V éxeivou Tpayuara, aiwpoupevns dé TapOcxhs aTpartas mepl Tv Meao- ToTapiay, Hs AaBtnvov oi Bacthéws oTparyyor TapOucov dvaryopevcavTes avuToKpatopa uplas 9 émtBatevoew éweAAor, oixer as pepopmevov un avrijs els ‘AnreEdvdpesay, € exe’ O€ perpakiov oXohny aryovTos SiatpiBais Kal maouais Xpwmevov ava- MaKe cal wadnouTrabeiv TO TOAUTENETTATOD, as ‘Avripav eltrev, dvddwpa, TOY Kpovoy. Hy yap TLS avrois guvodos apiunto Blov Neyouevn Kat Kal nwépav elo TiOV GNA AOUS, drtarov Tlva ToLoupevol TMV avadicKopevwY apeTpiav. din- 196 9 ) od 8 ANTONY told, was in itself not altogether incomparable, nor such as to strike those who saw her; but converse with her had an irresistible charm, and her presence, combined with the persuasiveness of her discourse and the character which was somehow diffused about her behaviour towards others, had something stimu- lating about it. There was sweetness also in the tones of her voice ; and her tongue, like an instrument of many strings, she could readily turn to what- ever language she pleased, so that in her interviews with Barbarians she very seldom had need of an interpreter, but made her replies to most of them: herself and unassisted, whether they were Ethiopians, Troglodytes, Hebrews, Arabians, Syrians, Medes or Parthians. Nay, it is said that she knew the speech of many other peoples also, although the kings of Egypt before her had not even made an effort to learn the native language, and some actually gave up their Macedonian dialect. XXVIII. Accordingly, she made such booty of Antony that, while Fulvia his wife was carrying on war at Rome with Caesar in defence of her husband’s interests, and while a Parthian army was hovering about Mesopotamia (over this country the generals of the king had appointed Labienus Parthian com- mander-in-chief, and were about to invade Syria), he suffered her to hurry him off to Alexandria. There, indulging in the sports and diversions of a young man of leisure, he squandered and spent upon plea- sures that which Antiphon calls the most costly out- lay, namely, time. For they had an association called The Inimitable Livers, and every day they feasted one another, making their expenditures of incredible profusion. At any rate, Philotas, the 197 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yetto you nuav T@ wanT® Aapmpia Pirwtas o > \ > \ 9 2 b | 4 Apiocers ear poy eluate pev io Anrefavdpeig Tore, pavOdver thy TéexYnY, yevomevos SE TUE TOV Bacittxay ootro@y cuvnOns avatretcOjvat véos dy um avtod tHv moAdvTédeay Kal THY TTrapa- axeuny Tov Seitvou Oedcacbat. trapecayels odv els TOUTTAVELOY, WS Ta TE AXA TapTOAXA éEWpa Kal ads aypious om@Twpévous oKT@, Oavpacat TO TAHVos Tav SetrvotvTwV. Tov 5é dYroTroLoy yEAG- ‘gat Kal eitreiv Ste TroANOL pev OvK eioly ot Set- mvoovtes, ANXA Tepl Sadexa: Sei & anny Eyer TOY TapaTiOepnévwy ExacTov, iy axapés Wpas pa- paive. xal yap avtixa yévot av >Avtwvov Seimrvou SenOjvar nai peta puxpov, av O€ ovTw TUX], Tapayayeiv aitncavta ToTnpLoy 7} Noyou Twos éumecovtos. SOev ovy Ev, adrAA TOAAAM, davai, Seimva cuvrétaxtar Succtoyaatos yap o Katpos. TavtTa ovv o Pirwras édeye, cal ypovov mpoiovros év tois Oepamrevovat yevécOat Tov Tpe- aoBvratov tav Avrwviou trraidwv, dv éx PovrABias elye, kal cuvdeirveiy Tap avT@ pEeTa TOV GA\XNWY éraipwy émetnas, omdte yy SevTvoin peta Tov TaTpOS. tatpoyv ovv tote Opacuvopevoy Kat Tmpa- yeata TOAAa Trapéyovta Setrvodew auTois ére- aTopica, TolovT® codicpate “T@ Tws TupeT- tovtt Sotéov vuxpov: mas dé 0 TupéTTMY TAS TUpPETTEL’ TrAVYTL Apa TupeTTovrTe Sotéov vuypov.” mAnyévtos 5é Tov avOpwrov Kal otwrnoavTos, 198 ANTONY physician of Amphissa, used to tell my grandfather, Lamprias, that he was in Alexandria at this time, studying his profession, and that having got well acquainted with one of the royal cooks, he was easily persuaded by him (young man that he was) to take a view of the extravagant preparations for a royal supper. Accordingly, he was introduced into the kitchen, and when he saw all the other provisions in great abundance, and eight wild boars a-roasting, he expressed his amazement at what must be the number of the guests. But the cook burst out laugh- ing and said: “ The guests are not many, only about twelve ; but everything that is set before them must be at perfection, and this an instant of time reduces. For it might happen that Antony would ask for supper immediately, and after a little while, perhaps, would postpone it and call for a cup of wine, or en- gage in conversation with some one. Wherefore,’ he said, “not one, but many suppers are arranged ; for the precise time is hard to hit.” This tale, then, Philotas used to tell; and he said also that as time went on he became one of the medical attendants of Antony’s oldest son, whom he had of Fulvia, and that he usually supped with him at his house in com- pany with the rest of his comrades, when the young man did not sup with his father. Accordingly, on one occasion, as a physician was making too bold and giving much annoyance to them as they supped, Philotas stopped his mouth with some such sophism as this: “To the patient who is somewhat feverish cold water must be given; but everyone who has a fever is somewhat feverish; therefore to everyone who has a fever cold water should be given.” The fellow was confounded and put to silence, whereat 199 PLUTARCH’S LIVES noOevTa tov Ttatda yeAdoat Kal etrretv, “ Tatra, , ® Diora, yapifopat mavta aot,” detEavra Trod- NOV TLVaY Kal peyddov ExTOLATwY pEcTHY TPA- 9 fe) \ AS \ , > metav. avtTov € thy pev wpoOumiay atrodcE~a- + ce) 9 pévou, Troppw & ovtTos Tov vopuivey éEovaiay elvat UA “A le TaLol THALKOUT® SwpEeic Oat TOTadTA, META [LKPOV ayrdpevov tiva Tov Traidwy év ayyeio Ta éexTo- pata mpocdpépev Kal onunvacbar KerXeverv. ado- vou 6€ avTov Kal SedotxoTos AaBeww, ‘Ti gtoupévouv O€ auTov Kai dSedotxotos AaBPei, 5 ° , ” , \ ” «2? a. 9° ® wovnpe, pavat tov avOpwrrov, “ oxveis ; ovK 9 e e \ > 4 a > et “ oldas ws 0 btd0vs ‘Avtwviov trais éaotiv, @ Toaad- Ta Tdpeott yYpvoa yYapicacGar; éyol pévTor \ “ mevOopnevos mravtTa Sudpenpar mpos apyupicy Hpiv: e wn laws yap ay cal moOnceev o Tatnp gia TOV Tadaav dvta Kal orroviatopevwy Kata THY TEX- 99 A wn e pny Epywv. TavTA pEev OdY Huty EXeyev oO TATTOS ¢ 2 a \ , : éxaotote OunyetoOar tov Pirwrav. XXIX. “H 6¢ KAeorratpa thy Kxodaxeiay ovy; e / A fel . @otrep o IlAdtwy pyoi, teTpayy, moddayyn be SueAodaa, Kal orovdns amtopéev@ cat mabias aei A Twa Kawny noovnv émupépovoa Kal ydpwv, Sdte- \ qmaaywye. Tov "AvT@vLoy OUTE VUKTOS OUTE T)ME- pas aveioca. Kal yap avvexvBeve cai ouvérive 4 \ , 9 i b] a Kal ouveOrpeve Kal yupvalopevov év Srrros Oea- To, Kal vuKTwp TpoctcTapév@ Ouvpats Kal Oupicr a \ as OnmoTtav Kal oxwmtovtt Tovs évdov auveTrAAVaTO , \ ‘ kal cuvndrve Oeparratvidiov otoAny ANauRavovaa. Kal yap éxetvos oUTws éretpato oKxevadley EauTor. 4 > N a lA ‘ \ n S0ev adel ckoppatwv, trodddKis b€ Kal TAnyOV 200 ANTONY Antony’s son was delighted and said with a laugh: « All this 1 bestow upon thee, Philotas,” pointing to a table covered with a great many large beakers. Philotas acknowleded his good intentions, but was far from supposing that a boy so young had the power to give away so much. After a little while, however, one of the slaves brought the beakers to him in a sack, and bade him put his seal upon it. And when Philotas protested and was afraid to take them, “You miserable man,” said the fellow, “ why hesi- tate? Don’t you know that the giver is the son of Antony, and that he has the right to bestow so many golden vessels? However, take my advice and ex- change them all with us for money ; since perchance the boy’s father might miss some of the vessels, which are of ancient workmanship and highly valued for their art.”” Such details, then, my grandfather used to tell me, Philotas would recount at every opportunity. XXIX. But Cleopatra, distributing her flattery, not into the four forms of which Plato speaks,! but into many, and ever contributing some fresh delight and charm to Antony’s hours of seriousness or mirth, kept him in constant tutelage, and released him neither night nor day. She played at dice with him, drank with him, hunted with him, and watched him as he exercised himself in arms; and when by night he would station himself at the doors or windows of the common folk and scoff at those within, she would go with him on his round of mad follies, wearing the garb of a serving maiden, For Antony also would try to array himself like a servant. Therefore he always reaped a harvest of abuse, and often of blows, before coming back 1 Gorgias, p. 464. 20I PLUTARCH’S LIVES amohavaas éeravnpyeto: Tois 5é mAEtaToLs HY Se UTovolas. ov pny dAXA Tpocéyalpoy avTOD TH Bwporoyxia cal ouvéralov ovx appvOpws ovde dpovows Ot AreEavdpeis, ayatravres Kal NéyorTes as TO TpayiK@ ™pos TOUS ‘Papaious NphtTas Tt poc~ OTTO, 7 5é dope ™pos abrous. Ta pév ovv TOAAA ToaY Un’ avTod Tratlopévar SinyetaOat trodrvs av en prvapos: erel Sé ddcevwv Tote Kal ducaypav nxXGeTo mapovens TAS Kreomrd- > + AY e a e , Ul Tpas, éxéXevoe TOUS aALELS brrovnEapévous pupa T@ ayKiaTpy mepicadam rey ixGis TOV Tm poeadwo- KoTwv, kat dis 7 tpls dvacmacas ovx édAade THY Aiyurtiayv. mpoomotouvpevn S€ Oavpafey tots dirous Sunyeiro, Kai Tapenade, TH VaoTEpaia yeve- cOai Geatas. éuBavrwv dé ToAXNOY eis Tas adLG- das xal.tovd ’Avtwviov thy opusav xalévtos, éxéXevoe Tiva TOY aUTHAS bTopOdacavta Kal Tpoc- ynfapevoyv TO ayxiotpe@ wepitretpar Llovtiwoy ta- pixos. ws 5é éxeww Teabels o Avt@vos avetdxe, / z > , : 4 rT} 10 ec oA ” yéAWTOS, Olov eLKos, yevouevou, “ Ilapados nuiv, wv ‘ \ / 9 , A 4 ébn, “ Tov Kddapov, avToKpatop, Tois Papitais kal KavwBirais adedouv") 4 5é on Onpa worets etal Kat Baciretar Kat HTeLpoL. XXX. Toradra Anpodvta Kal petpaxtevopevov tov "Avtw@viov ayyeriat Sv0 cataXapBavovour, 7 ‘ 5) xv ¢ , 4 \ 9 \ > A A ‘pev atro ‘Popns, Aevxcov tov aderdov avtod ral PovrABiav thv yuvaixa mpO@tov aAXAnNOLS TTacta- / a 9 cavtas, elra Kaicaps troveunoartas, aTroBeBXn- 1 arcetow Bekker, after Hiillman : BacsAciow, 202 ANTONY home; though most people suspected who he was. However, the Alexandrians took delight in his coarse wit, and joined in his amusements in their graceful and cultivated way; they liked him, and said that he used the tragic mask with the Romans, but the comic mask with them. Now, to recount the greater part of his boyish pranks would be great nonsense. One instance will suffice. He was fishing once, and had bad luck, and was vexed at it because Cleopatra was there to see. He therefore ordered his fishermen to dive down and secretly fasten to his hook some fish that had been previously caught, and pulled up two or three of them. But the Egyptian saw through the trick, and pretending to admire her lover’s skill, told her friends about it, and invited them to be spectators of it on the following day. So great numbers of them got into the fishing boats, and when Antony had let down his line, she ordered one of her own attendants to get the start of him by swimming to his hook and fastening on it a salted Pontic herring. Antony thought he had caught something, and pulled it up, whereupon there was great laughter, as was natural, and Cleopatra said: “Imperator, hand over thy fishing-rod to the fishermen of Pharos and Cano- pus; thy sport is the hunting of cities, realms, and continents.” XXX. While Antony was indulging in such triles and youthful follies, he was surprised by reports from two quarters: one from Rome, that Lucius his brother and Fulvia his wife had _ first quarrelled with one another, and then had waged war with Octavius Caesar, but had lost their cause 203 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘Kevau Ta Tpaywara Kal pevyetv é& ‘IraXas, érépa dé tavrns ouder emerkerTépa, AaBinvoy emdyovTa Tldp8ous Tv an Ev¢pdrov kal Lupias aype Avdias wal "Iwvias ‘Aciay xata- orpeperbar. pods ody @ormep éEurvicbels Kab amokpaimadnaas adpynce pev TlapOos évi- oracOat Kal péxpe Powixns mponnroe, PovaBias dé ypaupara _Fpniver peora TEWTOVINS e7ré- oTpepev els THY ‘IraAay, & ayov vais Staxoctas. avaraBav dé Kata trovy Tov pirav TOUS Tepevyoras émuvO avero TOD TOE HOU thv Dovr- Biav aitiay yeyovevat, duce pev ovoayv ToAv- mpaypova Kal Opaceiav, éhmrifovcay be THS KyXeotrdtpas arakew tov “Avt@moy et te yévotto Kivnua mept tHv ‘Iradiav. cup Pacver be amo Tuyns Kal | PovrBiav Wéovcay Tos avrov év LuKvave vor TENEUTHO AL’ 610 Kal padrov at T pos Kaicapa Siadrayal _kaupov Eaxov. WS yap Tpooe ute 77 ‘Itadia Kai Kaicap mv avepos exeivp pev ovGev éyearaon, avTos 8 ov evexaretTo Tas aitias TH PovdBia mpoa TptBopevos, OUK ELwY efedeyxeuv oi dirou THY mpopacw, adda buéAvov appor epous a tnpouv THY nyepoviar, Spov TOLOUMEVOL TOV "Lovtoy, Kal Ta pev E@a véporTes Avtavig, Ta & om épua Kaicapt, “Aémidov 8é AtBiny every e@vTes, Dmarevery bé ra€avtes, bre pn Sokevey avtois, dirdovs exatépwy Tapa pépos. XXXI. Taira exeuv Karas Soxobvra TLTTEWS edeiTo cpodpotépas, 7, iy nh TvyN Tapes Xev. "Ox- Taovia yap mv aderdn Cera vire pév, OVX opo- 204 ANTONY and were in flight from Italy; and another, not a whit more agreeable than this, that Labienus at the head of the Parthians was subduing Asia from the Euphrates and Syria as far as Lydia and Ionia. At last, then, like a man roused from sleep after a deep debauch, he set out to oppose the Par- thians, and advanced as far as Phoenicia;! but on receiving from Fulvia a letter full of lamentations, he turned his course towards Italy, at the head of two hundred ships. On the voyage, however, he picked up his friends who were in flight from Italy, and learned from them that Fulvia had been to blame for the war, being naturally a meddlesome and headstrong woman, and hoping to draw Antony away from Cleopatra in case there should be a dis- turbance in Italy. It happened, too, that Fulvia, who was sailing to meet him, fell sick and died at Sicyon. Therefore there was even more opportunity for a reconciliation with Caesar. For when Antony reached Italy, and Caesar manifestly intended to make no charges against him, and Antony himself was ready to put upon Fulvia the blame for whatever: was charged against himself, the friends of the two men would not permit any examination of the proffered excuse, but reconciled them, and divided up the em- pire, making the Ionian sea a boundary, and assigning the East to Antony, and the West to Caesar; they also permitted Lepidus to have Africa, and arranged that, when they did not wish for the office themselves, the friends of each should have the consulship by turns. XXXI. These arrangements were thought to be fair, but they needed a stronger security, and this security Fortune offered. Octavia was a sister of Caesar, older than he, though not by the same 1 Towards the end of the year. 40 B.c. 205 fr PLUTARCH’S LIVES pntpia dé Kaicapu: eryeyover yap e& "Ayxaptas, 6 6é tatepov €§ "Arias. éorepye 5° breppuas THY aderdyp, Xpy pa. Javpacrtov, ws AéyeTat, yuvarros yevoperny. arn, Taiov Mapxédnovu TOU YI MAaVTOS - avTny ov mada teOvnKoTOS, eX pever. edoxet b€ Kal Povdfias aTrotxouerns Xnpeverv ‘AvT@vLOS, exetv pev OUK dpvovpevos Kneordrpay, yape dé oux opohoya, GAn’ étt TO oye Tepi ye TOUTOU 7 ps Tov épwra HS Aiyurtias PaXouevos. TOUTOV aTavres eLanyoovTo Tov yapor, éxmrifovtes THY ‘Oxraoviay emi KaNAEL TOTOUT® ceuvornta Kal voov Exoveay, eis TaUTOY TO “Avtovi Taparyevouerny Kat orepxGeicar, Qs eLKOS TOLaU- THY Yyuvaixa, TaVvTOY T paryuarov avTois TwTnpiav écecOat Kai cu Kpac Ly. @S ouV édofev appore- pots, dvaBavtes Ets ‘Pony emer éNouy Tov Oxraovias ydmov, OUK é@vTOS péeyv vopou 7 po Séca pnvev avdpos TENET IO AVTOS yapeio Oar, Tis Se cuyKArjrouv Soypate Tov xpovov éxelvols avei- ons. XXXII. LéFrou Sé Tloparniov Xuxediav pev EXOvTOS, ‘Irahiav 6é sropOoivros, Anetpict dé vaval TodNais, Ov Mnvas 0 TeipaTys Kat Meve- Kparns TPXOV, admXouv tTHv OdNacoay TWETOLNKOTOS, "Avravio 6é Kexpio Oat Soxobvros prravbpomas (wredéEato yap avTov THY pntépa Th Povr Bia ouverTrecovoav), edoke Kal Tm pos ToUTOY Siadv- Ojvat. Kat ouvt Pov els TavTov KaTa THY év Meonvois axpav Kal To Xo pear, Tlopant fev Tov oTONOV TapoppLOUYToOS, “Avrovig be Kat Kaicape TOV melov Tapakexpipevor. éret 6¢ cuvéberto Tlopmrniov é exovTa Lapoova Kal Yrerlav cabapay 206 o 930 ANTONY mother; for shé was the child of Ancharia, but he, by a later marriage, of Atia. Caesar was exceed- ingly fond of his sister,“-who was, as the saying is, a wonder of a woman. Her husband, Caius Mar- cellus, had died a short time before, and she was a widow. Antony, too, now that Fulvia was gone, was held to be a widower, although he did not deny his relations with Cleopatra; he would not admit, however, that she was his wife, and in this ~matter his reason was still battling with his love for the Egyptian. Everybody tried to bring about this marriage. For they hoped that Octavia, who, besides her great beauty, had intelligence and dignity, when united to Antony and beloved by him, as such a woman naturally must be, would restore harmony and be their complete salvation. Accordingly, when both men were agreed, they went up to Rome and cele- brated Octavia’s marriage, although the law did not permit a woman to marry before her husband had been dead ten months. In this case, however, the senate passed a decree remitting the restriction in time. XXXII. Now, Sextus Pompeius was holding Sicily, was ravaging Italy, and, with his numerous piratical ships under the command of Menas the corsair and Menecrates, had made the sea unsafe for sailors. But he was thought to be kindly disposed towards Antony, since he had given refuge to Antony’s mother when she fled from Rome with Fulvia, and so it was decided to make terms with him. The men met at the promontory and mole of Misenum, near which Pompey’s fleet lay at anchor and the forces of Antony and Caesar were drawn up. After it had been agreed that Pompey should have 207 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Te AnoTHpiov TapexeLy THY Oddarray kal citov TL TETAYMEVOV amootéAXrew els “Pounv, éedrouv ent deimrvov addnrous. kAnpoupevov dé TP@TOS éoreay avtovs éhaye Toprrios. épopévou bé auTov "Avtwviou, Tow deumynaovaty, - “Evratéa,” a beiEas TH otparnyiba vabv ovoav efnpy ‘ TaTp@os yap olxos abtn Hopmnip AeevrraL.” tavTa 5é ets TOV ‘AvT@viov overdiSoov éneyen, € émel THY Tloprniov rob TAT POS ryevomeévny oixiay exel- vos elyev. oppioas &é THV vavy err’ _ ayKupav Kal didBaciv Twa yepupwaas ard THIS axpas avendp- Bavev avTous mpoOupos. axpalovons dé Ths guvovatas Kal Tov els Kycoratpay ral “Avraviov avOovyTwv TKOULATOY, Mnvas O TeLparns TO Hoparnio mpocehO wv as pa KaTaKovel Exelvous, . Bovneu,” dat, ‘Tras ayxvpas THIS VEWS UTOTE LO Kal Troinow oe By ZuKedias Kat 2a pdovos, anna Tis Popator KUpLov Hyepovias ; ” 0 6€ Tloumrnios axovoas Kal T pos avuT@ yevopievos Bpaxdy 0- vov, "Eder oe, pyatr, « e Mnva, TOUTO €4L0b pr, mpoevréyra Tounoa port 6é Ta TapovTa orép- youe" em vopKety yap ouK euov.” ovToS HEV ouv wad avOectiabeis Um audotépwv eis THY LKE- Nay arémevcev. XX XIII. “AvTe@vtos dé pera Tas Starvoes Ovevtidvoy pev ets “Aciapv mpouTremtre Tapas éumrodany eo opevov TOU Tpoow wpeiy, autos 6é€ Kaicape xapilopevos lepevs are el On Tov Wpo- Tépov Kaicapos: nal Tara OWES Kat PrruKas év Tots TONTLKOIS Kal peylaTous émpartov. ai oe mept Tas Tatdsds GtArXat Tov “AvTw@vioy éXvroUV 208 ANTONY Sardinia and Sicily, should keep the sea clear of robbers, and should send up to Rome a stipulated amount of grain, they invited one another to supper. Lots were cast, and it was the lot of Pompey to entertain the others first. And when Antony asked him where the supper would be held, “ There,’ said he, pointing to his admiral’s ship with its six banks of oars, “for this is the ancestral house that is left to Pompey.”’ This he said by way of reproach to An- tony, who was now occupying the house which had belonged to the elder Pompey. So he brought his ship to anchor, made a sort of bridge on which to cross to it from the-headland, and gave his guests a hearty welcome on board. When their good fellow- ship was at its height and the jokes about Antony and Cleopatra were in full career, Menas the pirate came up to Pompey and said, so that the others could not hear, “Shall I cut the ship’s cables and make thee master, not of Sicily and Sardinia, but of the whole Roman empire?’’ Pompey, on hearing this, communed with himself a little while, and then said: ‘ Menas, you ought to have done this without speaking to me about it beforehand ; but now let us be satisfied with things as they are ; for perjury is not my way.” Pompey, then, after being feasted in his turn by Antony and Caesar, sailed back to Sicily. XXXIII. After this settlement, Antony sent Ven- tidius on ahead into Asia to oppose the further progress of the Parthians, while he himself, as a favour to Caesar, was appointed to the priesthood of the elder Caesar ;1 everything else also of the most important political nature they transacted together and in a friendly spirit. But their competitive diversions gave 1 That is, he was made Pontifex Maximus. 209 VOL. IX. P PLUTARCH’S. LIVES 2 ae Tob Kaicapos ENaTTOv pepopevor. qv yap TOs avnp ovv auTe PavTLKos an Alyorrou TOV Tas yevérers eTLTKOTIOVYT OY, Os elTe KAcorarpg xapulouevos elTE Xpwpevos arn Geta Tos Tov Avt@viov emappnotatero, Aeyov THY TUXND aurov AapTrpoTAaTHY ovaav Kal peyloTny vTo THs Kai. capos apavpoba Gat, kal cuveBovreve TOppwoTarw Tov veavioxou Trotely éautov. “‘O yap aos," épn, “Saipov TOV TOUTOU poBetrar Kal yaupos av Kal iypndos éTay i cal? €éauTov, um’ éxelvov yiveTat TATELVOTEPOS eyyicavtos Kal ayevvéote- 3 pos.” Kal pévroi Ta yevopeva TO Aiyurrtip paptupelv edoxet. Aéyerau yap bre _KANpoUpevary peta tabias ép’ Tw TUX OLED éxda rote Kal xuBevovrov éXatrov éywv o ’AvTwvos amr net. TONAGKIS b¢ cupBarovtav GdexT pvovas, TONAG- Kus 6é Paxipous optuyas, évixwv ot Kaicapos. Eg’ ols av lerpevos adios 0 “AVTOVLOS cal paddov Tl TP AiyuTrig Tpoaexwr, arrijpev ex tis “ItaXas, eyxerploas Kaicape Ta oiKxeta THY dé ‘Oxraoviay axe Tis "EAXabos éernyero Ou- 4 yatpiov yeyovoros aurois. Staxeruafovre 6é aut@ tept’ A@nvas arraryyédheTar Ta mpara TOV Ovevtdiov Katopapdarov, 6 OTe pax tous Ilap- Gous KpaThaas AaBenvov airexTovot Kal Papva- TwaTny TYE MOVLK@TATOV TeV ‘Tpadou Bactréws oTparnyay. érl Tovrois eioTtia TOUS "EAAnvas, 931 eyupvacidpyxer dé "AOnvaioss, xal Ta THS nyepovias Tapacnpa, KATA TOD oiKou pera TOV yupvaciap- Xena paBdwv év iparrte kal hatxaciow mponer cat SarapBdvev rovs veavioxous érpaynrbev. ANTONY Antony annoyance, because he always came off with less than Caesar. Now, there was with him a seer from Egypt, one of those who cast nativities. This man, either as a favour to Cleopatra, or dealing truly with Antony, used frank language with him, saying that his fortune, though most great and splendid, was obscured by that of Caesar; and he advised Antony to put as much distance as possible between himself and that young man. “For thy guardian genius,” said he, “is afraid of his; and though it has a spirited and lofty mien when it is by itself, when his comes near, thine is cowed and humbled by it.” And indeed events seemed to testify in favour of the Egyptian. For we are told that whenever, by way of diversion, lots were cast or dice thrown to decide matters in which they were engaged, Antony came off worsted. They would often match cocks, and often fighting quails, and Caesar's would always be victorious. At all this Antony was annoyed, though he did not show it, and giving rather more heed now to the Egyptian, he departed from Italy, after putting his private affairs in the hands of Caesar; and he took Octavia with him as far as Greece (she had borne him a daughter). It was while he was spending the winter at Athens that word was brought to him of the first successes of Ventidius, who had conquered the Parthians in battle and slain Labienus, as well as Pharnapates, the most capable general of King Hyrodes. To celebrate this victory Antony feasted the Greeks, and acted as gymnasiarch for the Athen- ians. He left at home the insignia of his command, and went forth carrying the wands of a gymnasiarch, in a Greek robe and white shoes, and he would take the young combatants by the neck and part them. 2u1 p 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXIV. ’E&sévas 5é wérArXwv él tov rodepov A A / aro THS Lepas éXatas orépavov édaPe, Kal kata TL AOyLoy amo THS KAeYvdpas Udaros éumAnod- prevos ayyetov éxopstev. év tovrm Sé Idx«opov tov Bactdéws traida, peydrw otpat@ Idpbav avOis eat Supiav édXav’vovta, cupmrecwmv OQuvev- , DJ “a A , N , tidtos év TH Kuppnotixy tpétetat, cai dvadOerper , , jTapuTodXous, év mpwtors LIlaxdpou ecovtos. TOUTO TO Epyov év ToiS doLdtuwTAaTOLS yEevomevor ¢€ “A : Pwpaios te tav cata Kpdooov atuynpdtov 54 \ / \ , 9 ¥ ExtrAcw Trowny Tapecye, Kal IldpOous avOes ciow Mndias xat Meoorotapias ovvéoretre, tpl 4 > “A \ 4 e , %- / payass edeEns Kata xpadtos Hrtnuévous. Ovévti- 5:05 b¢ TlapOovs wév mpocwtépw Si@xey aréyvo, 4. b] , / \ \ 9 ” dOovov ‘Avrwviov deicas, tTovs b€ adectatas 3 N , \ ‘ N\ b | é eriav Kateotpepeto Kal tov Kopupaynvov ‘Avtt- oxov év TodEL Dapoodrors érroALopKet. SEeopévov \ li 4 le) ‘ a b ] 4 N dé ytALa Tadavta Sodvar Kai Troveiy ‘AvTwVi@ TO Ul TpocTaTTo-eEvoy, exéXeve TrEwTrELY TrPOS AVTWVLOV. ” Ne Nd ee Ge . _\ ’ , > non yap éyyus Hy éwi@v, kal Tov Ovevtidvov ove ela otrévdeoOa. TO ’Avtioy@, Bovropevos Ev ye TOUTO TaV Epyav émMvupOY avTOD yevéoOaL Kal pH / \ 3 , le) A \ mwavra Sa Ovdevtidiov xatropOoicbar. rhs 5é moALopKias pcos NapBavovons Kal TOV Evdov, WS , / aTréyvwoav tas Siadvoets, Tpos aAKTY TpaTrope- , VOV, TpaTTwY ovdEér, év aicyvyn bé Kal peTayvo- f A / / GEL YEVOMEVOS, AyaTNTaS emt TpiaKociots o7réevde- ANTONY XXXIV. When he was about to go forth to the war, he took a wreath from the sacred olive-tree,! and, in: obedience to a certain oracle, filled a vessel with water from the Clepsydra? and carried it with him. In the meantime Pacorus, the king’s son, advanced again with a large army of Parthians against Syria; but Ventidius engaged and routed him in Cyrrhestica, and slew great numbers of his men.’ Pacorus fell among the first. This exploit, which became one of the most celebrated, gave the Romans full satisfaction for the disaster under Crassus, and shut the Parthians up again within the bounds of Media and Mesopotamia, after they had been utterly defeated in three successive battles. Ven- tidius, however, decided not to pursue the Parth- ians further, because he feared the jealousy of Antony; but he attacked and subdued the peoples which had revolted from Rome, and besieged Antio- chus of Commagené in the city of Samosata. When Antiochus proposed to pay a thousand talents and obey the behests of Antony, Ventidius ordered him to send his proposal to Antony, who had now advanced into the neighbourhood, and would not permit Ven- tidius to make peace with Antiochus. He insisted that this one exploit at least should bear his own name, and that not all the successes should be due to Ventidius. But the siege was protracted, and the — besieged, since they despaired of coming to terms, betook themselves to a vigorous defence. Antony could therefore accomplish nothing, and feeling ashamed arid repentant, was glad to make peace with 1 In the Erechtheium, on the Acropolis. 2 A sacred spring just below the ancient portal of the Acropolis (Pausanias, i. 28, 4). 8 In 38 B.c. See the Crassus, xxxiii. 5, with the note. 213 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tal TANGYTOLS Trpos TOV “Avtioyor" Kat PLiKpa TOV éy Yupia xatactnodpevos ets AOnvas éravnnrbe, kat tov Ovevridiov ols Emperre Tiunoas ereprpev él tov OpiauBov. 5 Odtos dro IldpOwv ayps Sedpo reOpcayBevKe HOvos, avnp yévet pev adpavys, atroravaas Sé TIS "Avtowviou didias 7O AaBelv adopyas mpakewv peydrwv, als xadAdoTa ypnodpevos éBeBaiwce tov mepi Avtwviou Neyouevov cat Kaicapos o- yov, @ evTuyéoTepor St Erépwv Hoav 7 Sv abrav 6 otparnyev. Kal yap Yoootos "Avtwviov otpa- TnYyos €v Yupia TWoAAa Sverrpatreto, cat Kavidsos atrorehbels vr’ avrovd Tepi Appeviav Tovtous TE vixav Kal tous IBypwv cai ’AXBavav Baciréas aypt tov Kavedcov mpondOev. ad’ dv ev rois BapRapos dvopa nat xr€os nbEeto tis "Avrwviou Suvdpes. | XXXV. Adtos S€ wadiy & tivwv S:aBor.ov mapotuvlels mpos Kaicapa vavol tpiaxocias érdet mpos THY “Itadiav: od SeEauévwv 88 trav Bpevrecivav rov orodop eis Tdpavta weptmppicev. évtadda tv ‘Oxtaoviay (cuvérrer yap amo THs “EAXdSb0s avt@) SenPeicay amoméumet mpos Tov aberpor, &yxvov péev ovoav, dn 5é cat dSevTepov 2 €£ avrov Ouyatpioy Exovoav. 17 Sé amavrncaca xa’ odov Kaicapt, cai wmaparaBovoa trav éxeivou gditov “Aypimmayv cat Mauxnvav, éveriyxave TOANG TOTVLMpEVH Kal TOAAA Seomévyn pi TeEpti- Sety avtnv éx paxapiwtarns yuvatkos aOM\wra- THY yevonevnv. vov pev yap atravras avOpwrrous cis avtny admoBvérey av’toxpatopwy Svely, tov 3 pev yuvaixa, ToD b€ adeAdny ovcav: “ei Sé ta 214 ANTONY Antiochus on his payment of three hundred talents. After settling some trivial matters in Syria, he returned to Athens, and sent Ventidius home, with becoming honours, to enjoy his triumph. Ventidius is the only man up to the present time who ever celebrated a triumph over the Parthians. He was a man of lowly birth, but his friendship with Antony bore fruit for him in opportunities to perform great deeds. Of these opportunities he made the best use, and so confirmed what was generally said of Antony and Caesar, namely, that they were more successful in campaigns conducted by others than by themselves. For Sossius, Antony's general, effected much in Syria, and Canidius, who was left by Antony in Armenia, conquered that people, as well as the kings of the Iberians and Albanians, and advanced as far as the Caucasus. Consequently the name and fame of Antony’s power waxed great among the Barbarians. XXXV. But Antony himself, once more irritated against Caesar by certain calumnies, sailed with three hundred ships for Italy; and when the people of Brundisium would not receive his armament, he coasted along to Tarentum. Here he sent Octavia, who had sailed with him from Greece, at her own request, to her brother. She was with child, and had already borne Antony two daughters. Octavia met Caesar on the way, and after winning over his friends Agrippa and Maecenas, urged him with many prayers and many entreaties not to permit her, after being a most happy, to become a most wretched woman. For now, she said, the eyes of all men were drawn to her as the wife of one imperator and the sister of another: “ But if,’’ she said, “the worse 215 @ PLUTARCH'S LIVES xelpeo KpaTnoecer, Epn, “ nal yévorTo TONEHOS, Umav pev adnrov 6 OT@ Kparety 7 kpateiabat Té- TpwrTat, Ta ema 5 duporépas Orta.” TovTots émuxhacdels o 0 Kaioap HEV elpnuiKas eis Tdpav- Ta, Kal Géapa KadMor ov ot Tapovres eJewvro, TONUY pev ex yHs oT parov nouxatovra, Todas 5é vads arpéya ™ pos Tols airyeanois éxoveas, av- TOY b¢ Kab pidov aTrAVvT TELS Kal piroppocvvas. etatia 6€ “AvT@vios T pOTEpos, Kal ToUTO TH aded- on Kaioapos Sovros. érrei bé @poroynTo Kai- capa pev "Avtavig Sobvas dv0 Tdyuata mpos TOV TlapOcxov TONELOD, "Avroviov 5é Kaicapt XaNK- enBorous ExaTOv, 'Oxraovia TOV Gpororynmeveny Xwpis iTHTaTo TH per adeAg@ Tapa rob _avdpos elkoot pvomrdpwvas, TO S dvdph Tapa TOU aoed- gov oTPATLATAS xXurious. ovtTw 6é adhrAnrov Stax pibevres o pev evdds elyeTo Tov T pos Tlop- mHiov TONE HOU, Lixehias eprepevos, ‘AvTovios be "Oxtaoviay pera TOV é& éxeivns xal TOUS ex Dovafias maidas avT@ Tapaxatabéuevos eis THY "Aciav atrerépacev. XXXVI. Eédoveoa & n dev cuppopa Xpovov TONUY, o KnXeordtpas épas, Soxa@v Kxatevvdobat Kat KaTaxexnrijo Gat tois BeAtioct Aoyio pots, ates avédaprre Kal ave dppev Lupia WwANGLG- Covros avTov. Kal TENOS, @oTTEp nat 6 TWAdtov 70 SvoTreOés Kal axoXacTov THs puxiis vmotv- ytov, amoNaKtioas TA Kaka Kal cwTHpLla TavrTa Karitwva Dovrniov emeprpev afovra KAcomdtpav els Zupiav. ErXOovan 5é xapiver at Kal mT poo Ti- Onot puxpov oddev od8 ominnaM arrAa PDowirny, 216 93 ANTONY should prevail and there should be war between you, one of you, it is uncertain which, is destined to con- quer, and one to be conquered, but my lot in either case will be one of misery.”” Caesar was overcome by these words, and came in a peaceful manner to Tarentum. Then the inhabitants beheld a most noble spectacle—a large army on land inactive, and many ships lying quietly off shore, while the commanders and their friends met one another with friendly greetings. Antony entertained Caesar first, who con- sented to it for his sister’s sake. And after it had been agreed that Caesar should give to Antony two legions for his Parthian war, and Antony to Caesar one hundred bronze-beaked galleys, Octavia, inde- pendently of this agreement, obtained twenty light sailing craft from her husband for her brother, and one thousand soldiers from her brother for her husband. Thus they separated, and Caesar at once engaged in the war against Pompey, being ambitious to get Sicily, while Antony, after putting Octavia in Caesar's charge, together with his children by her and Fulvia, crossed over into Asia. XXXVI. But the dire evil which had been slumber- ing for along time, namely, his passion for Cleopatra, which men thought had been charmed away and lulled to rest by better considerations, blazed up again with renewed power as he drew near to Syria. And finally, like the stubborn and unmanageable beast of the soul, of which Plato speaks,! he spurned away all saving and noble counsels and sent Fontéius Capito to bring Cledpatra to Syria. And when she was come, he made her a present of no slight or insignificant addition to her dominions, namely, 1 Cf. Phaedrus, 254 a, 217 PLUTARCH’S LIVES KoiAnv Xupiav, Kumpov, Kirsxias woddyjv: ete dé tHs te "lovdaiwy tiv rd Badrocapov dépovcay Q A , 9 a 4 \ \ 3 \ kat ths NaBatatwy ApaBias don pds tTHv éxTOS 9 , , e / e , atrokAtvet Odracoav. adtar paddtota ‘Pwpaious | nviacav at Swpeai. Kaitot TroAdols éexapifero , \ 4 A 6 ? , TeTpapxias Kat Bactreias eOvav peyarov, id10- Tats ovot, ToAdovs 8 adnpeitro Bacirelias, os "Avtiyovov tov ‘lovdatov, by xal mpoayayov bf / > \ s e. / f €TENEKLTEV, OUOEVOS TWpoTEpoy éTépov Racirews e , 5) \ \ ’ \ = a ovTw KoNacOévToS. AANA TO alaxpov HY Tov KyXeorrdatpas tuay aviapotatov. nienoe Sé tH StaBornv tatdas é& adtis Sidvpuous avedopevos, 4 \ ‘ > / \ \ kal mpocayopevcas tov pev AréEavdpov, thv Sé KyXeordtpay, érixrnoww Sé tov pev” HrLov, rHv 5é Lernvynv. ov pny GAN ayabos av éyxadrAwmTI- cacOat tois aicypois édXeye THS pev “Popaiwv Hryepovias ov dk av AapBavovow, Grr ev ols yapitovra: paiverOar 7d péyeOos- Siadoyais dé ‘ ¢ A , / Kal Texv@oECL TOAN@Y Bactiéwy TwraTUVEDOaL \ > / 4 A e,r¢ , Tas evyeveias. oTw yoov vd ‘Hpaxdéous texva- a \ e a , 9 2 A : \ Ofvar Tov attod mpdoyovov, ode év mug yaotpl Gepévov tHv Staboyny ovdé vopous YoAwvetous Kai kunaews evOuvas SedotxoTos, adda TH Hvoe \ A b] \ \ \ 3 “A ToAAaS yEevrav apyas Kal xataBoXras azroNTretv epyéevros. | XXXVII. ’Emel 5¢ Ppadrov xreivavtos ‘Tpo- Snv tov watépa Kai tHhv Bacideiavy KatacyYovTos arro te lldpOwv aredidpackov ovK orjiyot, cai Movaions, avnp émipavns cat Suvatos, Axe pev- 218 ANTONY Phoenicia, Coele Syria, Cyprus, and a large part of Cilicia ; and still further, the balsam-producing part of Judaea, and all that part of Arabia Nabataea which slopes toward the outer sea. These gifts par- ticularly annoyed the Romans. And yet he made presents to many private persons of tetrarchies and realms of great peoples, and he deprived many monarchs of their kingdoms, as, for instance, Anti- _gonus the Jew, whom he brought forth and be- headed, though no other king before him had been so punished. But the shamefulness of the honours conferred upon Cleopatra gave most offence. And he heightened the scandal by acknowledging his two children by her, and calling one Alexander and the other Cleopatra, with the surname for the first of Sun, and for the other of Moon. However, since he was an adept at putting a good face upon shameful deeds, he used to say that the greatness of the Roman empire was made manifest, not by what the Romans received, but by what they be- stowed ; and that noble families were extended by the successive begettings of many kings. In_ this way, at any rate, he said, his own progenitor was ' begotten by Heracles, who did not confine his succession to a single womb, nor stand in awe of laws like Solon’s for the regulation of conception, but gave free course to nature, and left behind him the beginnings and foundations of many families. XXXVII. And now Phraates put Hyrodes his father to death and took possession of his kingdom,} other Parthians ran away in great numbers, and par- ticularly Monaeses, a man of distinction and power, 1In 36 B.c. Cf. the Crasaus, xxxiii. 5. 219 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yov mpos ’Avtwvor, Tas pev éxeivou TUYas Tais Wepuictoxréous eixadcas, Tepiovoiav bé THY éav- Tov Kal peyarodppocvvny tots Ilepcav Bacirevor TapaBarav, ébwpyjoato Tpeis wodes avT@, Ad- piccav Kxat ‘ApéGovcay Kai ‘Tepav oduv, ty BapBvnnv mpotepov éxarouvv. tod bé Wdpbwv Baotréws t@ Movaion SeEiav xataréppartos, da pevos avrov amréatetrev o AvtTwvios, éEarratav pev éyvaxas tov Ppadrny, ws eipnvyns éaopévns, akvav 5é tas addovoas eri Kpdooouv onpaias Kat Tov avopov aovaBely Tovs TwepiovTas. autos dé Krcomdtpav es Aiyurrov datoméupas éxope 8: "Apafias cai ’Appevias, d7rov avveNOovons avT@ THs Suvapews Kal TOV cuppaywv Baoiréwy (Tap- qodAo. O€ Hoav ovTaL, wéyioTos 5é TWaVTwY oO TIS "Appevias “Apraovacsins, éEaxioytrtous. imreis cal metovs EmTaKrax tedious Tapéywv) éEjtace Tov otpatov. joav dé ‘Pwpaiwoy pev adtav éEaxic- “puptot melol xal tro ‘“Pwpaiors oUVTETaY LeEvOY inmixov, “1Bypwv xat Kertrav pupio, tov Se Gd\rwv COvav éyévovto tpeis pupiddes ovv itred- olv omov Kal Werois.: Tocavtny pévtot tapacKevny Kal dSvvapty, 4) kal tous wépav Bdxtpwv ‘lvdovs époBnce xat Tacav éxpddave tTHv “Aciav, avovntov avT@ da Kvreorrdarpayv yevéoOar Aéyovot. omevdovta yap éxeivn ovvdiayepdoat, Tov wodepov é£eveyxeiv Mpo Kalpod Kal Taot ypnoacbat reTapaypévos, ovK dvTa TOV éEaUTOD AOYLTUOY, GAN ws UIT! hapuaxov tiwav i yonteias Tamrtaivovta mpos 05 . 1 ws bxd Naber : ind. 220 933 ANTONY who came in flight to Antony. Antony likened the fortunes of the fugitive to those of Themistocles,! compared his own abundant resources and magnan- imity to those of the Persian kings, and gave him three cities, Larissa, Arethusa, and Hierapolis, which -used to be called Bambycé. But when the Parthian king made an offer of friendship to Monaeses, Antony gladly sent Monaeses back to him, determined to deceive Phraates with a prospect of peace, and de- manding back the standards captured in the campaign of Crassus, together with such of his men as still survived. Antony himself, however, after sending Cleopatra back to Egypt, proceeded through Arabia and Armenia to the place where his forces were assembled, together with those of the allied kings. These kings were very many in number, but the greatest of them all was Artavasdes, king of Armenia, who furnished six thousand horse and seven thousand foot. Here Antony reviewed his army. There were, of the Romans themselves, sixty thousand foot- soldiers, together with the cavalry classed as Roman, namely, ten thousand Iberians and Celts; of the other nations there were thirty thousand, counting alike horsemen and light-armed troops. And yet we are told that all this preparation and power, which terrified even the Indians beyond Bactria and made all Asia quiver, was made of no avail to Antony by reason of Cleopatra. For so eager was he to spend the winter with her that he began the war before the proper time, and managed every- thing confusedly. He was not master of his own faculties, but, as if he were under the influence of certain drugs or of magic rites, was ever looking 1 See the T’hemistocles, xxix. 7. | 221 PLUTARCH’S LIVES cxelvny dei, Kai m™ pos TO TaXLOV éTraveNOety wadrov i Tpos TO KpaTioat TOV Tone pico rYevopevov. XXXVIII. [Ipétov péev ody adrod Séov eév "Appevig Staxerpacar kal Stavatratoat Tov oTparoy, oKTaKtoxiNay oTadiov droreT pupevov mopeia, Kal mplvy 7) Kiely ex TaY YeLpadiov IldpOovs éapos apyhn Mydiay xatarafelv, ovK nvéxXeTO TOV Xpovov, GAN’ EvOds Hryev ev aproTepa rAaBov “Appeviav, cal tis “Atpotratnvis dypd- pevos émropOer THY yopav. éerrevta pnKXavnuatov avT@ mMpos TrohopKiay dvayKaiwy TplaKociass apakais Tapa emmopeverr, év ols xat KpLos Hv oySonKkovTa TrooM@Y pijKos, &v ovdév évexwper StadOapev eri xatpod mari yevéoOar Sia ro THY dvw ywpay wav Evrov ayevves eis pos Kar panrOaxov éexdhéperv, errevyouevos ws éurrddsa ToD - Tayvvew améditre, PuvdAaKnY Tiva Kal YTaTLavo nYyewova Tov apakov émictnoas, autos 66: @Ppadtra peyadnv tod, év 7 Kal téxva Kal yuvaixes Hoav Tov tis Myédias Bactréws, €ro- ALopKet. THS 5é ypElas evOLs Boov HwapTe Tas enyavas atodTav éFeheyyovons, opoce Yopav Exou Tpos THY TOMY YO"UA TYOAH Kal ToAVTOVWS dvictapevov. év tovtp 5é xataBaivwv otpatia peyarn DPpadrns, ws HKovee THY drrohenpu TOV pnxavopopwv apnatan, erreur e TOV lIrmTéwy TOA- Novus em auras, bp oy mepurnpbeis o Lrarvavos amroOvnoxe: pev avtos, atoOvnaxovot Sé€ puptot Tav pet avtov. tas S€ pnyavas édovTes ot 222 ANTONY eagerly towards her, and thinking more of his speedy return than of conquering the enemy. XXXVIII. In the first place, then, though he . ought to have spent the winter in Armenia and to have given his army rest, worn out as it was by a march of eight thousand furlongs, and to have occu- pied Media at the opening of spring, before the Parthians had left their winter quarters, he could not hold out that length of time, but led his army on, taking Armenia on his left, and skirting Atro- patené, which country he ravaged. Secondly, his engines necessary for siege operations were carried along on three hundred waggons, and among them was a battering ram eighty feet long. Not one of these, if destroyed, could be replaced in time to be of use, because the upper country produced only wood of insufficient length and hardness. Neverthe- less, in his haste, he left these behind him, on the ’ ground that they retarded his speed, setting a con- siderable guard under the command of Statianus over the waggons, while he himself laid siege to Phraata, a large city, in which were the wives and children of the:king of Media. But the exigencies of the case at once proved what a mistake he had made in leaving behind him his engines, and coming to close quarters he began to build a mound against the city, which rose slowly and with much labour. In the meantime, however, Phraates came down with a great army, and when he heard that the waggons carrying the engines had been left behind, he sent a large number of his horsemen against them. By these Statianus was surrounded and slain himself, and ten thousand of his men were slain with him. Moreover, the Barbarians captured the engines and 223 PLUTARCH’S LIVES BapBapor SiépOetpav. elrov 5é wapmoddAovs, év ols xat TloXguwv Hv o Bactrevs. | XXXIX. Toito wdvras pév, @S EiKos, Hviace Tous mepl “Avta@vioy avedtriotws év apxXh m7- yévtas: o 8€ "Appévios "Apraovaadns amroyvous Ta ‘Pwpaiwy @xeTO THY avTOD oTpaTLay avada- Bev, kaitep aitiétatos Tod Trodéwov yevopevos. érupavévtwy Sé AapTpPas Tots TodOpKOvaL TAY TladpOwv cal ypwpévwv arerais mpos bBpuv, ov Bovdopevos ’Avtovi0s javydlovTe TO TTPAT@ TO SucOupoiv Kal KatatremAnypévoy éupéevery Kal avfeoOat, Séxa taywata dAaBov Kai pels otTpatnyloas aomreipas omdTa@V, Tous 8 cvmraels admavras, é€&nyaye mpos ottoAoyiay, olopevos ovtas av émicrracbévtwy padioTa TOV TOAEMIOV éx tapatdfews pdynv yevérOa. mpoedOwv é plas oddov nuépas, ws éwpa tovs IldpBous KuKrw Tepuyeomevous Kal mpooteceiy Kal’ odcyv avT@ Cntovvtas, &EéOnxe pev TO THs mayns cvpBodrov éy TO oTpatoTédo, Kaderov Sé Tas aKNVAS ws OV paynoopmevos, GAN amrdEwv, tapnuciBeto ToV BapBdpwv thy takw otoav pnvoedy, Kedevoas, 6Tav of MpO@ToL Tois oWALTaLs év épixT@ Sox@ory clvat, Tovs immeis éevaytious eicedavvely. TOS 5é [dp8ors mapaxexpipévors AOyou Kpeittoy 1 Takis édaivetro tov ‘Pwpatwrv, cal xatebedyto mapeflovtas év Stactnpacw loos abopvBws Kat aiwmTn Tovs vacovls Kpadaivovtas. ws 5é TO onuetov 1p0n Kat mpocepepovto peta Kpavyis 224 ANTONY destroyed them. They also took a great number of prisoners, among whom was Polemon the king. XXXIX. This calamity naturally distressed all the followers of Antony, for they had received an unex- pected blow at the outset; besides, Artavasdes, the king of Armenia, despairing of the Roman cause, took his own forces and went off, although he had been the chief cause of the war. And now the Parthians presented themselves to the besiegers in brilliant array, and threatened them _insultingly. Antony, therefore, not wishing that the inactivity of his army should confirm and increase among them consternation and dejection, took ten legions and three praetorian cohorts of men-at-arms, together with all his cavalry, and led them out to forage, thinking that in this way the enemy would best be drawn into a pitched battle. After advancing a single day’s march, he saw that the Parthians were enveloping him and seeking to attack him on the march. He therefore displayed the signal for battle in his camp, and after taking down his tents, as though his purpose was not to fight but to withdraw, he marched along past the line of the Barbarians, which was crescent-shaped. But he had given orders that when the first ranks of the enemy should appear to be within reach of his legionaries, the cavalry should charge upon them. To the Parthians in their parallel array, the discipline of the Romans seemed to beggar description, and they watched them marching past at equal distances from one another, without confusion, and in silence, brandish- ing their javelins. But when the signal was given, and the Roman horsemen wheeled about and rode down 2 2 5 VOL. 1X, ° \y ; fy | PLUTARCH’S LIVES eMLaT peWavTes ot tmrrets, TOUTOUS bev NuvVOVTO deEduevor, Kaimep evOus évtos TofevpaTos ryevo- pévous, TOY b€ oTNLTOV TUVATTOVTOY Gua Bo7 Kat Taraye TOY OTAWV, Ot Té inarot TOUS Ta pOots éfiaTavto TapRovvtes Kal avtol mpi ets Xetipas eNOeiy Epevyov. ‘O &é ‘AvT@VLOS eveKELTO rf Simkar, Kal peydras ely ev édmidas @S TOU TOAEMOU TO oUpTray ) 70 TELA TOV ExElVN TH paxn diame pay- [EVOS.. emel 66 Tis SiaEews YEvouerns Tots Bev mebois em TEVTHKOVTG, ordoua, tows O€ immedou él Tpls TOTAUTA, TOUS TETTWKOTAS TOV TONELLWD Kal TovS HAwWKOTAS émLoKOTODYTES EvpoY alx- pardrous pev TpudKovTa, vexpous 6é dySonKovta povous, amopia Kal dvcOuuia Tact mapéoTn, devvoy elvat oyeFopevors el VUK@VTES yey ovTWS odiryous KTELVOVOLY, NTT LEVvoL oe oTEpHTOVTAL Too OUTP dcous dméBanrov mept Tals apakats. Th S vorEpaig cur Kevac dpevot Ty emi Dpadror Kal Tob atpatonédou mporyyov. EVTUXOVTES dé Kara THY OdOV Tp@Tov jeev OriyoLs TOV TOhELLov, erecta, TAEiocl, TéAOS O€é TAGLY Gomwep ANTTHTOLS Kal veareot 7 poxadoupevots Kat m™poaAdddovet Tav7ax bev, poxOnpas Kat TOAUTFOVUS amre- cwOncav els TO oTpatomesoy. Tay de Mydov éxSpomnv TWA TOUnaapevov éml To youa Kal TOUS Tpopaxopévous poBnaavrer, opyicbecis o VT@VLOS éXpyoato TH NEeyouevy dexateia pos TOUS amroberhtdcavtas. biehov yap eis Sexddas TO TAGS ag’ exdaTns éva TOV Aaxovta KANPD SrepOerpe, Tots d€ AddOLs ayTl wupav éKxédeveE xptOas petpeta bat. 226 934 ANTONY upon them with loud shouts, they did indeed receive their onset and repel them, although their foes were at once too close for them to use their arrows ; when, however, the legionaries joined in the charge, with shouts and clashing of weapons, the horses of the Parthians took fright and gave way, and the Parthians fled without coming to close quarters. Antony pressed hard upon them in pursuit, and had great hopes that he had finished the whole war, or the greater part of it, in that one battle. His infantry kept up the pursuit for fifty furlongs, and his cavalry for thrice that distance; and yet when he took count of those of the enemy who had fallen or had been captured, he found only thirty prisoners and eighty dead bodies. Despondency and despair therefore fell upon all; they thought it a terrible thing that when victorious they had killed so few, and when vanquished they were to be robbed of so many men as they had lost at the waggons. On the following day they packed up and started on the road to Phraata and their camp. As they marched they met, first a few of the enemy, then more: of them, and finally the whole body, which, as though unconquered and fresh, chal- lenged and attacked them from every side; but at last, with difficulty and much labour, they got safely to their camp. Then the Medes made a sally against their mound and put its defenders to flight. At this Antony was enraged, and visited those who had played the coward with what is called decima- tion. That is, he divided the whole number of them into tens, and put to death that one from each ten | upon whom the lot fell.1 For the rest he ordered rations of barley instead.of wheat. 1 See the Crassus, x. 2. 227 Q 2 PEUTARCHS LIVES XL. Xaneros bé ie ere nV Oo TohELOS, Kal TO péeAAOY avTOU poBepwrepor, “Avrovic pep mpoa Soxavre Atuwove oUKETL Yap HY avev Tpav- patov Kal vexpov TOAA@Y emiaitiaacbat: Ppad- A dé ‘Tous TdpOous CEMLOTAMEVOS -TAVTA LaNKOV 7) Xetposvos &Ew TpooTadrarT wpe Kar upavnreiv Suvapévovs, egpoBeiro pa) TOV Popaiwr eyxapte- povvTwy Kat TApapevovT ov ATOMTWGLY aUTOD, 75n Tob aépos UVLO TALEVOU peta POtvoTrwpevny tonpepiav. odor ouv cvyTiOnar TOLOVOE. [lapAov ot yWepiwdTaror Tept Tas auTohoyias Kal Tas advXas arravT noes pahaKorepov Tots ‘Popaiots mpoaep€epovTo, _ dap Bavery TE TapLerTes avTots évia Kal THY apeTHV éTralvodVTEsS WS TrOAELLKO- tatwov avdpov Kal Oavpalouéevwy wo Tov adeTépov Bacthews Sucaiws. éx 6€. ToVTOU mMpocerAavvovtes eyyuTépw Kal TOUS immous aT péwa tapaSdaddovtes éNotSopouv Tov “AvT@vLOD, Ste Bovropeve Dpadrn Siadrayhvat Kat pei- cac0at TOLOUT@Y avdpav Kal ToooUTwY adoppny ov dldwow, adra TOUS Narerous Kat _Heydhous KaOnrar Tohe pious dvapeveor, ALpov Kal Xetpova, du” ov épyov éott Kal T POTTELTOMEVOUS uae TldpGov arropevyety. ToAA@v b€ Ta’Ta 7 pos TOV "AvTw@viov dvapepovTor, paracaopevos v7 THS édmidos 6 Guws oU TpoTEpoy eTreKNpUKEVTATO Tpos TOV Ilap0ov 7 mu érOau TOV prroppovovpevay éxeivoy BapBapev él Tov Baoidéws tabta dpo- vouvTos SiaréyouTo. pacKovTov dé xal mapa- Kadovvtwy pn Sedtévar pndé amtoteiv, Errepé Tivas Tov éTAaipwy Tadiv Tas onpaias akiov 228 ANTONY XL. The war was full of hardship for both sides, and its future course was still more to be dreaded. Antony expected a famine; for it was no longer possible to get provisions without having many men wounded and killed. Phraates, too, knew that his Parthians were able to do anything rather than to undergo hardships and encamp in the open during winter, and -he was afraid that if the Romans per- sisted and remained, his men would desert him, since already the air was getting sharp after the summer equinox. He therefore contrived the fol- lowing stratagem. Those of the Parthians who were most acquainted with the Romans attacked them less vigorously in their forays for provisions and other en- counters, allowing them to take some things, prais- ing their valour, and declaring that they were capital fighting men and justly admired by their own king. After this, they would ride up nearer, and quietly putting their horses alongside the Romans, would revile Antony because, when Phraates wished to ‘come to terms and spare so many and such excellent men, Antony would not give him an opportunity, but sat there awaiting those grievous and powerful en- emies, famine and winter, which would make it difficult for them to escape even though the Par- thians should escort them on their way. Many per- sons reported this to Antony, but though his hope inclined him to yield, he did not send heralds to the Parthians until he had inquired of the Barbarians who were showing such kindness whether what they said represented the mind of their king. They assured him that it did, and urged him to have no fear or dis- trust, whereupon he sent some of his companions with a renewed demand for the return of the standards 229. PLUTARCH’S LIVES amro\aBeiv Kal tovs aixparwrous, ws 67 p71 jqavraracw ayarav To cwOnva Kal Svadvyety , A \ , fe \ 3A voutcbein. tod dé Ilapfov tattra pev éav a 3 , \ 3 \ > / > , KeNevovTos, amrrovTe bé EevOUS Etpnynv Kal aodd- ‘ t Nevay elvat dyoavtos, oArAlyals jmepats TvaKEva- \ odpevos avelevyvuer. dv 6é€ Kal Shum miOavos “a > évruxeiy Kal orparov ayev dia Aoyou map ovtivoby tay ToTEe TepuKws, éFéAUTEY avTOS A“ \ aicxuvyn Kat Katndeia TO tapadappivar To wrAHOo0s, Aopitiov 5¢’AnvoBapBov éxédXeve TodTO TOMjoal. Kai TiVES ev HYAVaKTYHOAY OS UTrEpopa- \ \ a“ b] 4 \ , pevot, TO b€ TAEia TOV eTrEKAATON Kal cUvEedpovndeE \ > 7 \ \ a“ w A b) a THhYv aitiay’ 610 Kal waAXov @ovto Seiv avtadet- Oat xai TreiPec8at TO oTpaTHnye. XLI. MéAdovtos S€ avtod tHv avTny odor ¥ bd , N bd 9 7 A aye oTriow trediuvny Kal adevdpov ovoayv, avip T@ yéver Madpoos, moAda tots IlapOwv HOeorv 9 , Ww ve / N > “a 4 evo@pirAnnas, 75n dé ‘Pwpatois miotos év TH ayy Th Tept Tas pnyavas yeyoves, “Avtwviw mpoc- eXOwv éxédreve gevyev ev SeEia TaY opav 5 , \ A \ e , \ émiuhaBomevov, Kal pn oTpaTov omditTnv Kal Bapvv év Spopots yupvots Kal avatreTtapévois € A v4 4 \ , A \ uToBanely imam tocavtTn Kal tokevpacw, 0 87 Teyvopevoy TOV Ppadtny advaothaa. THS ToALop- / > \ € _ , ¥ \ Kias avTOY Oporoyials hiravOpwroas ~cecOar Sé > AN e \ ¢ a , \ “a autos Hyeu@v od00 BpayvtTépas Kai padrov evTropiay Tay émitndetwv exovons. 230 935 ° ANTONY and the captives,! that he might not be thought altogether satisfied with an escape in safety. But the Parthian told him not to urge this matter, and assured him of peace and safety as soon as he started to go away; whereupon, within a few days Antony packed up his baggage and broke camp. But though he was persuasive in addressing a popular audience and was better endowed by nature than any man of his time for leading an army by force of eloquence, he could not prevail upon himself, for shame and de- jection of spirits, to make the usual speech of en- couragement to the army, but ordered Domitius Ahenobarbus to do it. Some of the soldiers were incensed at this, and felt that he had held them in contempt; but the majority of them were moved to the heart as they comprehended the reason. There- fore they thought they ought to show all the more respect and obedience to their commander. XLI. As he was about to lead his army back by the road over which it had come, which ran through a level country without trees, a man of the Mardian race, who had great familiarity with the Parthian habits, and had already shown himself faithful to the Romans in the battle over the engines of war,? came to Antony and urged him in his flight to keep close to the hills upon his right, and not to expose an encumbered army of legionaries to so large a force of mounted archers, in bare and extended tracts ; this was the very thing, he said, which Phraates had designed when he induced him by friendly conferences to raise the siege; he himself, he said, would conduct the army by a way that was shorter and furnished a greater abundance of provisions. 1 See chapter xxxvii. 2, 2 See chapter xxxviii. 3. 231 PLUTARCH’S LIVES - ce) e 9 . Tatra axovoas o Avta@ios éBoudeveto, Kat / A a“ TlapOors pev ov éBovreto Soxeiv amioteivy peta / ~ e n 5) omovdds, THY dé TvYTOULAY THS Odod Kal TO Tapa Kopas olxoupevas écecOat THY Tropeiay érratvav , v \ M A 5 . ¢ be oF a miotw ret Tov Mdpdov.' o dé Shoat trapetyev . avTov adxpt ov KaTacTHon Tov oTpaTov eis ’Ap- 7 \ \ e “A , @ A > @ peviay, kat SeBels nryetto dv0 juépas Kal’ jovyt- av. 1H 8€ Tpitn mwavtaract tovs IldpOous ate- 4 ? / \ / b) \ yvoxotos Avtewviou cat Babifovros avetpévas. dia “a ‘ e 4 “A To Oappeiv, idwy o Madpdos aroywow éuBoris A 4 a ToTaLov vewoTl SveoTrTacpmEéevny Kal TO pedpa. TOAD A , n Tpos THY OOOY, 7} TOpEUTEOY HY, EXYEOMEVOY, TUVT- e A , ” ¥ A ld kev Ott Tov IlapAwy Epyov ein tovto SuvcKonias . éveca kal SvarpiBis éumrodmy avtois Tov ToTapov bd | ae) TWemevwv, Kat tov ‘AvT@vov opav éxédeve Kat A , TPOTEXELV, WS TOV Torepiwv eyyus GvTwv. ape \ 3 A / > , \ ef \ 9 dé avTot Kaliotaytos eis Tae Ta OTAAa Kal Su avT@Y Tos akovTtaTais Kal odevdovytats éxdpo- pny emt Tous TodEptovs TrapacKevaloyTos, érepa- ynoav ot [ldpOo nat repinravvov as KUKAwWOO- ‘ pevot Kal cuvtapdtovtes wavtayolev Tov oTpaTov. a a \ exdpapovtwy 5€ TaVv Yirav ém avTovs, Todas \ 4 > \ , > 4, A aA pev SLd0vtes ato ToEwv, ovK éXaTTOVas bé Tats poruBbios kal Tots axovtiots WAN YAS NapwBavovTes avey@pouv: celta émiyov avis, axypt ob avaTpé- raves oi KeXtot tous tamovs évéBanrov Kal dte- Ll me ; axédacav avtovs ovKéeTe THS Nuépas exeivyns Ur0- Seywa yevopevous. 232 ANTONY On hearing this, Antony took counsel with himself. _ Hedid not wish to have the appearance of distrusting the Parthians, now that a truce had been made, but since he approved of the shorter road and of having their march take them past inhabited villages, he asked the Mardian for a pledge of his good faith. The Mardian offered to let himself be put in fetters until he should bring the army safely into Armenia, and he was put in fetters, and led them for two days without their encountering trouble. But on the third day, when Antony had put the Parthians en- tirely out of his thoughts, and was marching along in loose order because of his confidence, the Mardian noticed that a dike of the river had been recently torn away, and that the stream was flowing out in great volume towards the road over which their | march must be made. He comprehended that this. was the work of the Parthians, throwing the river in their way to obstruct and delay the Roman march, and urged Antony to look out and be on his guard, as the enemy were near. And just as Antony was setting his legionaries in array and arranging to have his javelineers and slingers make a sally through them against the enemy, the Parthians came into view and began to ride around the army in order to envelope and throw it into confusion on all sides. Whenever the Roman light-armed troops sallied out against them, the Parthians would inflict many wounds with their arrows, but sustain yet more from the leaden bullets and javelins of the Romans, and therefore withdraw. Then they would come up again, until the Celts, massing their horses together, made a charge upon them and scattered them, so that they showed themselves no more that day. 233 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XLII. ’Ex« rovrov padov 0 ‘AvTavLos 0 moveiv édet, moAnois dKxovTir ais Kal opevdoviracs ou pLovov THV ovparyiar, arra Kal TAS ™ eupas éxarTe- pas CTOMOTAS év WAaLci@ TOY oTpaTOY aye, kal TOUS immoTals elpnto m poo BddAovTas Tpemea Ban, Tpevrayévous S€ pn Toppw SiwKewv, WoTE TOvS IlapOous tas eheEns tréacapas npépas ovbev mré- ov Spdcavtas a mabovras auPSduTEpous ryeyovevat Kal Tov Yeiuova ToLoupevous mpopaci amevat SiavociaBat, Th 6€ méumtn Praovios T'addXos, avip trode- pikes Kat dpactnpios é€ Hryewovias Teraypévos, atnoev “Avrwviov mpoceOav mretovas rtNovs am oupas, Kal T@Y aro TOU oTOpmaToOS imTéwV TIVaS WS Méeya Kat opha pa TOLTwY. Sovros bé poo Bdddovtas dvéxonre TOUS Tonejiious, Ovx, as Tporepoy, t brary apa 7 pos TOUS omAiTas Kal avaxwpor, avnra ipurTapevos Kal oupT hexopevos mapaBohwrepov. opavTes S€ avTov ot THS oupa.- ylas tiyewoves aTroppnyvipevov éxdouy 1€LTrOV- tes: 0 6€ ovw emreiOeTo. Titsov 5€ dace Tov Top av Kal TOV onpatay émthaBopevov or pépew omri- ow Kal owopelv tov 'd\Xov ws atroANUVYTA TOA- ous Kat aryaous avdpas. avtihoSopobytos be éxelvou wal Staxedevopevou Tots Tept QUTOV pé- VEL, 0 per Tittos d amex ape’ tov 6¢ TdAAov wOov- jLevoV els TOUS KaTa& otona NavOdvovat TroddOL TEpLa-XOVTES éx TOV omiaev, Barropevos 5é mTavTax olev exddet mépmroy dporyiy. ot dé TOUS omTAiTas &yovTEs, WV Kal Kavidsios 7 WV, avinp Tapa "Avrwviw dSuvapuevos péyiorov, ov pixpa SoKxovct Siapapteiv. Séov yap aOpoay émiotpéyar thy 936 234 ANTONY XLII. Having thus learned what he ought to do, Antony covered not only his rear, but also both his flanks, with numerous javelineers and slingers, led his army in the form of a hollow square, and gave orders to his horsemen to rout the enemy when they at- tacked, but after routing them not to pursue them further. Consequently the Parthians, during four successive days, suffered greater loss than they in- flicted, became less eager, and made the winter an excuse for thoughts of going away. On the fifth day, however, Flavius Gallus, an effi- cient and able soldier in high command, came to Antony and asked him for more light-armed troops from the rear, and for some of the horsemen from the van, confident that he would achieve a great success. Antony gave him the troops, and when the enemy attacked, Gallus beat them back, not withdrawing and leading them on towards the legionaries, as before, but resisting and engaging them more hazard- ously. The leaders of the rear guard, seeing that he was being cut off from them, sent and called him back ; but he would not listen to them. Then, they say, Titius the quaestor laid hold of his standards and tried to turn them back, abusing Gallus for throwing away the lives of so many brave men. But Gallus . gave back the abuse and exhorted his men to stand firm, whereupon Titius withdrew. Then Gallus forced his way among the enemy in front of him, without noticing that great numbers of them were enveloping him in the rear. But when missiles began to fall upon him from all sides, he sent and asked for help. Then the leaders of the legionaries, among whom was Canidius, a man of the greatest influence with Antony, are thought to have made no slight mistake. For when 235 PLUTARCH’S LIVES darayya, réurrovtes KaT’ GrjLyous ertBonOovvras, kal Tad nTTw@Léevwvy TovVTwY ETépovs aTrOTTEN- AovTes, EXaOoy oriryou Seely HrTns Kal dvyjs Srov dvaTAnoavTEes TO OTpAaTOTEdOY, Ei TAaXY pev autos "Avrwvios peta TOV OTAWY ATO TOV OTO- patos hKev UTavtTialwov, Tay bé TO TpiTOY Taypha 51a trav hevyovtwpy él tos ToAepious w@adpevov éxye TOD Tpdow Siw@Keuv. XLII. ’AwéOavoy 5é tpioyxiAiwy ov édatTOvs, éxopicOnoay Sé éri oxnvas tpavyatiat Tevra- Kioxiroe Kat T'adXos Hv év tovtos, TéTTApoww évavtiow SiaTreTrappevos Tokevpacw. adr ovTOS bev éx TOV Tpavudtwv ovK avnveyKe, Tors 8 adXous treptiov o Avtwmos érecxore: Kal Tape- Odppuve Sedaxpupévos Kat tepitabarv. of Sé gaidpot ths SeEtas avtov AauBavopevot Trapexd- Aouv amiovra Oeparrevewy avTov Kal mi) KaKoTra- Ociv, av’toxpadtopa Kadodbvtes, nal cwlecOar ré- yovtes av éxetvos bytaivn. Kxadorgov pev yap oT ankals ote UTomovais olTE NALKia NAT POTEpOV aAXos avTOKpaTwp oTpaToy éxeivou SoKel cUvaya- yelv év Tots TOTE Xpovots: 1) dé TPdS avTOV aidas Tov nyewova Kal TweOapyia pet edvoias, Kal To mavTas oparas, évdoEous, adokous, dapyovras, ididtas, THY Tapa “Avtwviou Tiny Te Kal ydpur padXov aipeioOar THs cwtnpias Kal THs drda- NeLas, OSE Tots Taras ‘Pwpaiors dmédTrEV UVirEp- Bornv. rovrov Sé€ aitiat mdeloves oav, ws MpocipnKapev' evyévera, Aoyou Suvayuts, aTAOTNS; 236 ANTONY - @ they ought to have wheeled their entire line against the enemy, they sent only a few men at a time to help Gallus, and again, when one detachment had been overcome, sent out others, and so, before they were aware of it, they came near plunging the whole army into defeat and flight. But Antony himself speedily came with his legionaries from the van to confront the fugitives, and the third legion speedily pushed its way through them against the enemy and checked his further pursuit. XLIII. There fell no fewer than three thousand, and there were carried to their tents five thousand wounded men, among whom was Gallus, who was pierced in front by four arrows. Gallus, indeed, did not recover from his wounds, but Antony went to see all the others and tried to encourage them, with tears of sympathy in his eyes. The wounded men, however, with cheerful faces, seized his hand and exhorted him to go away and take care of himself, and not to be distressed. They called him Imperator, and said that they were safe if only he were un- harmed. For, to put it briefly, no other imperator of that day appears to have assembled an army more conspicuous for prowess, endurance, or youthful vigour. Nay, the respect which his soldiers felt for him as their leader, their obedience and goodwill, and the degree to which all of them alike—men of . good repute or men of no repute, commanders ‘or private soldiers—preferred honour and favour from Antony to life and safety, left even the ancient Romans nothing to surpass. And the reasons for this were many, as I have said before: his high birth, his eloquence, his simplicity of manners, his love of eo — oe 237 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e . \ TO PLAGOwpov Kal peyarodwpov, 7) Tept Tas Tat- \ A A e , > / , be A dias Kal Tas oOpiAtas EevTpamreAia. TOTE OE Kab cuLTovaY Kal auvanyav Tois KaxoTrabovct, Kal petadsoous ov tis Senbein, mwpoOupotépovs Tav a , éppwuévoy Tovs voorovvTas Kal TEeTPwWpLEVOUS érroinae. XLIV. Tovs pévros trodepiovs atrayopevovtas A / 76n Kal xapvovtas ottTws émjpev 1) vinn Kal A A / TocovTov TaVv Pwuaiwy KaTeppovnoay adore Kal vukTos éravNicacIa, tO otpatoTrédw, mpocdo- a , : K@VTAS AUTLKA pada oKNVAS épnuous Kal ypPN- pata Siaptdacey arodidpackovrwy. dua & hepa \ / > / \ 4 moAu TrAeioves émnOpotlovto, Kal éyovTar TeE- , Tpaktapupiov ovK éAdtToves immoTar yevécOaL, Bactréws Kal rovs wept avTov del TeTaypévous e > \ a \ , / la ws emt cael cat BeBaim xatopPwpati Tréurav- A \ a 4 / TOS’ avTos pév yap ovdemla payn tmapétuyen, > 4 \ A \ Avtovios S5é BovAdmEevos Wpocayopevaat Tos , \ TTPATLOTAS NTNTE Palov ipaTLov, WS OiKTPOTEPOS ? , aA \ / >, , ’ a op0ein. tav dé dirtov evavtiabdvtay ev TH A , oTpaTnyiKy powixids mpoedOwy ednunyopnce, TOUS , n bev vevixnkotas éTraivarv, overdifwy bé tors duy- / fa) “ ovtas. Tov S€ ot pwéev TapexedXevovTo Oappeir, oi 5é drrodoyovpevor abas avtovs mapetyov, elite BovroTto Sexatevev, elite ANAM TPOTH KoAdLELY: “A povoy travoacbar dvogopodvta Kal AvTrOvpmEVvoY , \ A \ A édéovTo. mpos TatTa Tas Yelpas avateivas érev- Eato tots Oeois, et tis Apa véweots tas TpocOer , “~ A A EVTUXLAS AUTOV péTELOLY, Els avTOV éNOciv, TO SO A / ANNM TTPATO@ cwTnpiav Sdovat Kat vinnv. 238 | ANTONY giving and the largeness of his giving, his complaisance in affairs of pleasure or social intercourse. And so at this time, by sharing in the toils and distresses of the unfortunate and bestowing upon them whatever they wanted, he made the sick and wounded more eager in his service than the well and strong. XLIV. The enemy, however, who had been already worn out and inclined to abandon their task, were so elated by their victory, and so despised the Romans, | that they even bivouacked for the night near their camp, expecting very soon to be plundering the empty tents and the baggage of runaways. At day- break, too, they gathered for attack in far greater numbers, and there are said to have been no fewer than forty thousand horsemen, since their king had sent even those who were always arrayed about his person, assured that it was to manifest and assured success; for the king himself was never present at a battle. Then Antony, wishing to harangue his soldiers, called for a dark robe, that he might be more pitiful in their eyes. But his friends opposed him in this, and he therefore came forward in -the purple robe of a general and made his harangue, praising those who had been victorious, and reproach- ing those who had fled. The former exhorted him to be of good courage, and the latter, by way of apology for their conduct, offered themselves to him for decimation, if he wished, or for any other kind of punishment ; only they begged him to cease being © distressed and vexed. In reply, Antony lifted up his hands and prayed the gods that if, then, any re- tribution were to follow his former successes, it might fall upon him alone, and that the rest of the army . might be granted victory and safety. 1 See chapter xxxix. 7. 239 PLOTARCH’S LIVES ; A A / 4 XLV. TH S€ vortepaia ppakdpevor BértLOV a“ \ a / > a * \ mponyov: Kal trois Idp8os émeyerpotat toAvs , > ) amnvTa Wapaddoyos. olopevor yap ep aptrayny Kal Nenraciay, ov payny, édhavverv, elta TOANOIS Béreow évtuyyavovtes, éppwpuévous b€ Kai veareis “a e A tais mpoOvyiats opavtes, avis eEéxapvov. érret : a /, a“ dé kataBaivovow avtois aro Nopwv Tie émt- Krwov érébevto at Bpadéws bteEdyovtas EBan- , Nov, ériotpéeiravtes ot Oupeodpopor cuvéxrercav v “a Lad \ uA BJ \ A / claw TaV GTAwWY TOUS Yidovs, avTol dé KalévTeEsS ? / b] , \ A e \ mM eis yovu mpovBdarovTo Tovs Oupeots: ot 5é daricOev UTEepécVov avTay Ta SirAa KaKElvwV OpoLws ETEpOL. \ \ aA , > 7 , 4 To 8€ oxjpa TapatAnotov épéetres yevopevov OrYruv te Oeatpixny Tapéyet, Kal Tov TpoBAnLAaTwV TTEYAVWTATOV ETTL TPOS TOUS diaToUS aTroALGOai- . \ , a vovtas. ot péevtot Ildp0oe tv eis youu KALowW a € £ , , tav ‘Pwpaiwyv amrayopevol Hyovmevo, Kal Ka- 4 patov eivat, Ta pev ToEa KatéOevTo, Tovs 5é Kov- 2 , 4 ¢€ tous dtaraBovtes éyyds mpocéuEav. ot dé Pw- a , b > fF \ paiou cuvaradatavres éEaldvns avéPopov, Kat Tois Vaools malovTes €x yELpos ExTELVaY TE TOUS WPWTOUS Kai TpoTIY CEevTO THY GANwY aTrdvTOY, / a A éyivero 5€ tadTa Kal tais Adrals Huépats ert puLKpOV avuoVT@Y THS Odod. \ \ a A a Kai \upos Hateto Tod otpatod airov Te Bpayov \ \ : a kat va payns troptfouévou nai tev pos aAEToV TKEVOVY OVK EVTOPOUVTOS. TA Yap TrOAAa KaTE- ‘4 a NelTrETO, TOV pev aToOvncKovTay wrotuyioD, 937 “A \ \ “a tav o€ TO’S vorovyTas Kal TpavpaTias hepovTaV.. 240 ANTONY XLV. On the following day they went forward under better protection ; and the Parthians met with a great surprise when they attacked thém. For they - thought they were riding up for plunder and booty, ‘not battle, and when they encountered many missiles and saw that the Romans were fresh and vigorous and eager for the fray, they were once more tired of the struggle. However, as the Romans were descend- ing some steep hills, the Parthians attacked them and shot at them as they slowly moved along. Then the shield-bearers wheeled about, enclosing the lighter armed troops within their. ranks, while they themselves dropped on one knee and held their shields out before them. The second rank held their shields out over the heads of the first, and the next rank likewise. The resulting appear- ance is very like that of a roof,! affords a striking spectacle, and is the most effective of protections against arrows, which glide off from it. The Par- thians, however, thinking that the Romans dropping on one knee was a sign of fatigue and exhaustion, laid aside their bows, grasped their spears by the middle and came to close quarters. But the Romans, with a full battle cry, suddenly sprang up, and thrusting with. their javelins slew the foremost of the Parthians and put all the rest to rout. This hap- pened also on the following days as the Romans, little by little, proceeded on their way. Famine also attacked the army, which could pro- vide itself with little grain even by fighting, and was not well furnished with implements for grinding. These had been abandoned, for the most part, since some of the beasts of burden died, and the others 1 [t was the testudo, described in Dio Cassius, xlix. 3. 241 VOL. IX. R PLUTARCH’S LIVES NEeyeT aL bé yoimE “Artix Tupav TEVTHKOVT, dpax may GvL0s ryeveaOau: tous 5€ KxpiBivous dp- TOUS 7 pOs dpryiptov iordvres amredLoovTo. Tparro- pevor 5é T™ pos AdyYava Kal pitas orLyoLs per évervyXavov TOV ournov, dvaryxalouevor 5é wee- pacbar Kal TOV AYEVTTWOY TpOoTEpov ipavro TLVOS moas émi Odvarov dua pavias ayovans. 0 yap payor ovodev é eméuvnto TOV ANNWV OVE é eyivecken, ev 5 épyov eixe, Kiev Kal or pepe mwavra rior, Os TL peyarns amovdns a£vov Sua patTopuevos. Wy 5é pectov TO Tedtov Kexugotoy yauate Kal Tous AiOous TEpLopuTTOVT@DY ral peOiatavrov: TEAOS dé xoray enobvTes €OvnoKkov, émel Kal TO povoy avrimraes, oivos, efedurre. pO etpopevav dé TOAA@Y Kal TOV TapOwv OUK adiata ever TON- NAKLS avapbeyEacbar TOV “AvT@viov Eig TOpGR ar, «°C, puptot,” Oavpalovta Tous peta Hevodpartos, éTt Kal wAclova KataBaivovtes odov x THS BaBvu- Awvias Kal ToAAaTAaCIONs wayopevot TrOAELLOLS atrecwOnaav. XLVI. Ot &é€ TlapOor StamréEat pév od duva- fevoL TOV oTparov ovee Stactacas THY Tak, H6n 6 TOMNEKLS HTT HMEVOL kal Tepevyores, avis ELPNVLKOS avepiryvuvto Tots emt Kirov he otTov T poEpXopevors, kal Tov Tok@y Tas veupas émiet- KVUYTES dverwevas, EXeyov @S avrot pev aniacty oTiaw Kal TOUTO TrOLODVTAL Tépas apuvns, oALyot dé Mydav axorovbncovow ett pias 7 deutépas o6ov npépas ovdev mapevoxobves, arAa Tas aT wTépw Kopas purarrovres. TOUTOLS TOLS Ao- yous domacpot Te Kal diroppocvvat Tpocjaayr, 242 ANTONY had to carry the sick and wounded. It is said that one attic choenix! of wheat brought fifty drachmas ; and loayes of barley bread were sold for their weight in silver. Resorting, therefore, to vegetables and roots, they could find few to which they were accus- tomed, and were compelled to make trial of some never tasted before. Thus it was that they partook of an herb which produced madness, and then death. He who ate of it had no memory, and no thought for anything else than the one task of moving or turning every stone, as if he were accomplishing something of great importance. The plain was. full of men stooping to the ground and digging around the stones or removing them; and finally they would vomit bile and die, since the only remedy, wine, was not to be had. Many perished thus, and the Parthians would not desist, and Antony, as we are told, would often cry: “O the Ten Thousand!” thereby expressing his admiration of Xenophon’s army, which made an even longer march to the sea from Babylon, and fought with many times as many enemies, and yet came off safe. XLVI. And now the Parthians, unable to throw the army into confusion or break up its array, but many times already defeated and put to flight, began once more to mingle peaceably with the men who went out in search of fodder or grain, and pointing to their unstrung bows would say that they them- selves were going back, and that this was the end of their retaliation, although a few Medes would still follow the Romans one or two days’ march, not molest- ing them at all, but merely protecting the more outlying villages. To these words they added greetings and acts of friendliness, so that once more 1 About a quart. 243 PLUTARCH’S LIVES CA a wate Tadwy Tous ‘Pwapaious evOapcets yevécbat \ \ * , 9 4 “ , ? ld kal tov “Avt@viovy axovoavta Tov Tediwv édie- Oat warXov, dvudpou Aeyouevns eivat THs Sid TOV s A @ de a) / 2 > \ > \ OpwVv. OUTW movely £eXNOVTOS NKEV aVNP ETL \ a TO OTpaTOTEOOY Ex THY ToAELioy dvoua Mibpi- 5 / ? \ M , A > "A ld atns, avetrtos Movaicov tov tap VTWOVL® yevopeévou Kal Tas Tpeis Toes Swpeav AaBEvTos. néiov 6€ a’t@ mpocedMeciv tia tov Tapbsori diarexOjvar Svvapéevwv 7 Yupiocti. Kat mpoced- Oovtos ’AreEdvdpov tod ’Avtioyéws, ds Fv Av- ld , e \ aA ” N , \ Twovi@ suvnOns, vrevT@v Os ein, Kal Movaton tiv , bd , > , ‘ ? LU } bd , Vapi avartov, npwrnae Tov AreEavdpov et Xo- a \ ¢ A fc a , t gous cuvexeis cal IYrynrovs opd mpdcwbev. h7- LC A gg 2 > 2 > » Pr cavtos 5é opav, “ “Tr éxeivous, é&pn “ TavoTtpa- A , A e “A \ \ 4 tia IIdp@or rAoy@ow tas. Ta yap peydra , nw , 4 b , \ media TOV Nopwy TouTay éEnpTHTAaL, Kal Tpodbo- a a“ / > A A Kaow vuas éEnratnmévous UT avTav évTadba / \ \ a 2 A > , ? / tpéirec Oar, THY Sia THY Gp@v aTroNLTrOVTas. éxeivn \ 9 ” ju \ / e a 0 a, fev ov éxet Oinvos Kal Tovov Upiv cuvnOn, TavTy dé yopav ’Avtovos iota tas Kpdooou tiyas avrov éxdeyopévas.” XLVII. ‘O pév odtw dpacas arnrOev: ’Avto- yios 6€ akovaas Kal SiatapayOeis ouvexdret TOUS “A € A dirous xal Tov nyenova THS 0600 Mdpbov ovdé 2 \ ” a \ \ A / auTOV aXAWS PpovovvTa. Kal yap avev TrodEuLwv a2 \ \ A , ’ , ’ éyivwore Tas bia TOY Tediwv avodtas Kal TAdvas yareTras kal Svotexpdptous ovcas, THY Sé Tpa- a J / yOe wv } \ aA “A xeiav amrépaivey ovdéy adro duvay Epes fH pas 244 938 ANTONY the Romans became full of courage, and Antony, when he heard about it, was more inclined to seek the plains, since the way through the mountains was said to be waterless. But as he was about to do this, there came a man to the camp from the enemy, Mithridates by name, a cousin of the Monaeses who had been with Antony and had received the three cities as a gift! Mithridates asked that someone should come to him who could speak the Parthian or Syrian language. So Alexander of Antioch came to him, being a close friend of Antony, whereupon Mithridates, after explaining who he was, and attri- buting to -Monaeses the favour now to be shown, asked Alexander if he saw a range of lofty hills on beyond. Alexander said he did see them. ‘“ Under those hills,” said Mithridates, “the Parthians with all their forces are lying in ambush for you. For the great plains adjoin these hills, and they expect that you will be beguiled by them into turning in that direction and leaving the road through the mountains. That road, it is true, involves thirst and hard labour, to which you are now accustomed; but if Antony proceeds by way of the plains, let him know that the fate of Crassus awaits him.” XLVII. After giving this information the man went away, and Antony, who was much troubled by what he now heard, called together his friends and his Mardian guide, who was himself of the same opinion as their visitor. For he knew that even were there no enemy the lack of roads through the plains would involve them in blind and grievous wanderings, and he showed them that the rough road through the mountains had no other annoyance 1 Cf. chapter xxxvii. 1, 245 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e 7 ? , ov e \: : , 2 uépas avudpiay éyovocav. odtw 61) TpaTropevos 4 , Cd b) eee 4 TauTyy Hye vuxtos, Vdwp éemipépecOar Kedrevoas. ’ a \ © b) 4 al A \ N \ ayyeiwv Sé Av atropia Tots woNXots: 610 Kal Ta Kpavn miyumravtes UdaTos exopurlov, ot 5é dupG- € , pats vroNapBavortes. "Hdn S€ mpoxwpav ayyérreTat Tots TdpGoes \ \ ‘ J N ” A 3Q7 ey / N Kal Tapa TO ELWOOs ETL VUKTOS Ediwxov. HAtou 5é aT XYOVTOS HwrtTovto TOY €axYaTwY aypuTVia Kal TOV® KAKOS StaxelpévwOV? TEToAaPaKOVTA yap Kat Staxocious év TH vuKti oradiovs KaTnVUKELcaY’ Kal TO pn TpocdoK@aty odTwW TaxXéws emedOew 3 Tous TroAeulous aOupiav Twapelye. Kal to Sivos eTETELVEY 0 GY@V" AuUvopEVaL yap Awa Tporyov. “ 4 A oi 8€ mpa@toe Badilovtes évTuyydvovet TOoTAaL@ N \ 4 \ 4 e \ \ wuypoyv yey ExovTs Kai Stavyés, adpupdv é Kal pappaxaddes Bdwp, 6 wodev edvOds odvvas éEdko- “A “A , péevns THS Kolrias Kal Tod Sipous dvaddeyopévouv map xe. Kal tadta tov Mdpdou mporéyovTos xO\ 2 3 4 \ b) , M” ovdev Arrov éxBialopevor tovs dveipyovtas Eruvov. b ) , \ ow \ b a \ ? : ”~ 4 "Avtovios 5é treptioy édeito Bpaydy éyxaprephaas ‘ ypovov’ EtEpoy yap ov Toppw TroTamov elvat To0- 2 ra Tuov, Elta THY NOLTHY adiTTOY Kal TpaxXetar, [4 4 >. 4 A , @oTe TavTaTac atTrootpéewacGat Touvs Trohepi- ous. dua 6€ Kal trols payopuévous avexadeito \ 4 ? / e a a 4 Kal catatevéw éonpaivev, ws oKlLas your “eTaAa- Botev ot orpatiorat. 246 ANTONY than lack of water for a single.day. Accordingly, Antony took this route and led his army along by night, after ordering his men to carry water with them. The greater part of them, however, had no vessels, and therefore some actually filled their helmets with water and carried them, while others took it in skins. But word was at once brought to the Parthians that Antony was advancing, and contrary to their custom they set out in pursuit while it was yet night. Just as the sun was rising they came up with the rear-guard of the Romans, which was foredone with sleeplessness and toil; for they had accomplished two hundred and forty furlongs in the night. More- over, they did not expect that the enemy would come upon them so quickly, and were therefore disheart- ened. Besides, their contest intensified their thirst ; for they had to ward off the enemy and make their way forward at the same time. Those who marched in the van came to a river, the water of which was clear and cold, but had a salty taste and was poison- ous. This water, as soon as one drank it, caused pains, accompanied by cramping of the bowels and an inflammation of one’s thirst. Of this too the Mardian had warned them, but none the less the soldiers forced aside those who tried to turn them back, and drank. Antony went round and begged the men to hold out a little while; for not far ahead, he said, there was another river which was potable, and then the rest of the way was too rough for cavalry, so that the enemy must certainly turn back. At the same time, too, he called his men back from fighting and gave the signal fer pitching the tents, that the soldiers might at least enjoy the shade a little. 247 PLUTARCH’S LIVES o XLVIII. Un yvupévor oby trav oxnvarv, Kai TOV TlapOwv evOus, dorep eiwbercay, dtraddraTToOpé- e a vov, nKev avis o MiOpidarns, Kal trod "ArdeEdv- / , Spov mpocerPovTos trapyver pixpov navyacavTa N TOY oTpaToy daviotavar Kal orrevdery emt Tov , e > / , ¥ \ TwotTapov, ws ov SsaBnoopévoy WdpOwv, dype 5é a“ \ éxeivou StwkovTwv. TavTa amayyeiias pos 9 4 9 / > Ul b > aA “~ “Avreoviov AréEavdpos éxpépes tap’ avtov ypvca 4 4 \ 4 2 > a 4 ToTnpla TapuToNAa Kat hiaras, wy ExElvos, Oca a“ 3 A , \ N b) , tH éoOnte Kataxpuvat duvatos hv, NaB@v amrn- ” \ e¢ 4 wv >? 4 > Aauvev. Ete 5 Huépas ovans avalevEavtes érro- A 4 PEVOVTO, TMV TroAELioV Ov TapEevoXAOVVYTMD, avTol ~ a 4 d€ éavTois vuKTAa YahEeTwWTAaTHY TAaca@Y EKELynv \ kat ghoRepwratny adepyacdpevot. tovs yap ¥ 4 EYovTas apyvploy 7) ypvoiov atoxtivvurTes, eov- \ A wv Kal Ta YpnuaTa TaY UToluyiwy adnprraloy’ Tédos 6€ Tois “Avtwviov oxevoddposs émeyerpr- cavtes éxTr@pata Kal tpaTélas woAvTeAcis KaTE- KOTTTOV Kal Steve wovTo. @opuBov Sé wood Kal wAAVOU TO OTPaTEVLA “A / A way éméyovtos (@ovTo yap eTiTETTWKOTOV TOV , : TOAELioY TpoT)Y yeyovevat Kal Siacracpov) ’Av- , a T@viOs Eva Kadécas TaV SopupopovyTwY avToV € amerevbépwv, dvopa “Pdpuvov, @pKxwcev, . dtav \ aA a Kerevan, TO Eidos avTov Sreivar Kal Thy Keharny J a , “A “ aTTOTEMEL, WS UNnTE ALON Cov UTd TOV TrOAELLOY , a pente yvooOein teOvnkas. éxdaxpvodvtwy dé TaV 4 e dirwy o Mdpdos éOdppuve tov “Avta@vor, ws > ‘\ v lel le) éyyus OvTos Tov moTamov: Kal yap apa tis 248 ANTONY XLVIII. Accordingly, the Romans went to pitching their tents, and the Parthians, as_ their custom was, at once began to withdraw. At this point Mithridates came again, and. after Alexander had joined him he advised Antony to let the army rest only a little while, and then to get it under way and hasten to the river, assuring him that the Parthians would not cross it, but would continue the pursuit until they reached it. This message was carried to Antony by Alexander, who then brought out from Antony golden drinking-cups in great numbers, as well as bowls. Mithridates took as many of these as he could hide in his garments and rode off. Then, while it was still day, they broke camp and proceeded on their march. The enemy did not molest them, but they themselves made that night of all other nights the most grievous and fearful for themselves, For those who had gold or silver were slain and robbed of it, and the goods were plundered from the beasts of burden; and finally the baggage-carriers of Antony were attacked, and beakers and costly tables were cut to pieces or distributed about. And now, since ‘there was great confusion and straggling throughout the whole army (for they thought that the enemy had fallen upon them and routed and dispersed them), Antony called one of the freedmen in his body-guard, Rhamnus by name, and made him take oath that, at the word of command, he would thrust his sword through him and cut off his head, that he might neither be taken alive by the enemy nor recognized when he was dead. Antony’s friends burst into tears, but the Mardian tried to encourage him, declaring that the river was near; 249 PLUTARCH’S LIVES > / wn aTroppéovea voTepa Kal uypoTEpos anp aTravTav aches nolo THY avamvonv éroie, Kal Tov ypovov épn a , THS TopEelas oUTW TUUTEpaivery TO MéTPOV" OVKETL \ * A A , “A , bud 3 yap Hv ToXU TO NELTTOMEVOY THS VUKTOS. Apa 8 b) , ¢ A / ? a \ e annyyerXov Erepot Tov OopuBov ex THs pos av- Tovs dduxias Kal mreovetias elvat. 810 Kal Kata- a \ A bd 4 b a 4 N otTnoat TO TAROOS eis TaEw ex THS WraVNS Kal tov dtaotracpov BovAopmevos éxéXevce onpatvery xcataltevEw. . ” le) XLIX. "Hén & dbrédaptrev jyépa, cal tod oTpatTov Koomov apyYouévouv tTiva AauBave Kal novxiay mpocéminte Tos TeXeUTAiols TA TOV , 4 \ , A wae lldp0wv rofedpata, cal payns onpetov €d00n aA wn e \ e nn , e , Tous wWirots. ot S€ omAiTat TadLVY Opoiws KaTe- , J V4 “a “ e 4 \ péyravtes adXdHAOUS Tois Oupeocis véuevov Tovs BarXovtas éyyls ov TorApavras auvedOety. UTayovtTwy 5€ KaTa pLKpPOV OUTaS TOV TPATwY 0 TroTamos épavn Kal tods tmmets er abT@ A , mapatatas ‘Avtwvios évavtiovs Tots TroNEuiots dieBiBale tovs daGeveis wpptovs. dn && Kal Tots paAXOpMEevols Adela Kal pacT@vn TOU Tey HV, @s yap eloov of IldpOo. toy aorapov, tds Te veupas avnxav Kal Oappobvtas éxédXevov Siatrepav tous ‘Pwpatous, ToAXa THY apEeTHVY avTaV éyKo- pudlovres. StaBavtes ody xa? jovyiayv avrovs dverapBavov, eira @devorv, ov Tavu Te Tois 4 Uf ¢ 3 e 4 \ \ IlapGous meorevovtes. extn & Hepa peta tHv 7 4 > A ‘ ’ 4 \ K TedeuTAlay payny emi Tov ApakEny trotamov Kop, opiCovra Mydiav nai ’Appeviav. épdavn Sé Kat 250 939 ANTONY ‘for a breeze blowing from it was moist, and a cooler air in their faces made their breathing pleasanter. He said also that the time during which they had been marching made his estimate of the distance conclusive ; for little of the night was now left. At the same time, too, others brought word that the tumult was a result of their own iniquitous and rapacious treatment of one another. Therefore, wishing to bring the throng into order after their wandering and distraction, Antony ordered the signal to be given for encampment. XL1X. Day was already dawning, and the army was beginning to assume a certain order and tran- quillity, when the arrows of the Parthians fell upon the rear ranks, and the light-armed troops were ordered by signal to engage. The men-at-arms, too, again covered each other over with their shields, as they had done before, and so withstood their assailants, who did not venture to come to close quarters. The front ranks advanced little by little in this manner, and the river came in sight. On its bank Antony drew up his horsemen to confront the enemy, and set his sick and disabled soldiers across first. And presently even those who were fighting had a chance to drink at their ease ; for when the Parthians saw the river, they unstrung their bows and bade the Romans cross over with gocd courage, bestowing much praise also upon their valour. So they crossed without being disturbed and recruited themselves, and then resumed their march, putting no confidence at all in the Parthians. And on the sixth day after their last battle with them they came to the river Araxes, which forms the boundary be- tween Media and Armenia. Its depth and violence 251 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Baber cat TpayXUTnTe Xareros: Kat Novos &ndAOev évedpevovtas avTobt TOUS ‘Torepious err OncecOat SiaBaivovow avrois. émet dé arpanres Statrepa- cavTes éemeBnoay THS A ppevias, Gomep apt. yhv exelvny isovres éx meddyous, 7 poo eKUvouv Ka ™ pos Sdxpva Kai teptBoras ahha ov UT xapas eTpémrovro. mpoiovTes dé 61a yopas evdatpovos Kal Xpwmevor Taotw avédnv ex TONANS aropias, wSepixois Kat KotdaKois TepléeMiMTOY appwotn- pact. L. "Evtata TOLno 4pLeVvOsS eferacwy avUTOV | “AvTavios evpe dtc wupious melous Kat TeTpaKic- Xertous iT Tels amokwdoTas, ov TAVTAS m6 TOV TONE LLOYD, ann Umép jploes VOT HT AVTAS. ddevoay pev ouv amr} Ppadrev npepas ENTA KAL elKoot, paxass dé oxTa Kal béKa IIap@ovs évixnoav, ai 5é vixat Kparos ovK elxov ovde BeBarornta piKpas ToLoupMéevwv Kat areneis Tas dt@Eets. ® Kal pddiota KaTadnros np “Apta- ovdadns 6 0 "A puévios “Avra@veov éxeivou TOU ToNe- fou TO TENS apehopevos. él yap ovs annyarye éx Mndias LT ITELS éFaxvaxtdtous Kat pupious Taphray, Eo KEVAC LEVOL Tapamrna ws Tldp0ous Kal cunders payerBat 7 pos avTous, ‘Po pateov pev TOUS payopévous TpeTromeveny, éxetvav 5é Tous pevyovTas aipovTov, ovK av vmnpeev avrois HTTOMEVOLS dvadépety Kat avatonpav TooauTakes. amavres ovv opyn mapwEvvov emi THY TLuLwpiav Tov “Appeviou TOV "AvTw@veov. o 6€ oyro wp XpPNT apevos ovTe éuéuato THY mpodociay ovTe ageire THs auvynfovs dirodppocvvns Kat Tits 252 ANTONY made it seem difficult of passage; and a report was rife that the enemy were lying in ambush there and would attack them as they tried to cross. But after they were safely on the other side and had set foot in Armenia, as if they had just caught sight of that land from the sea, they saluted it and fell to weeping and embracing one another for joy. But as they advanced through the country, which was pros- perous, and enjoyed all things in abundance after great scarcity, they fell sick with dropsies and dysenteries. L. There Antony held a review of his troops and found that twenty thousand of the infantry and four thousand of the cavalry had perished, not all at the hands of the enemy, but more than half by disease. They had, indeed, marched twenty-seven days from Phraata, and had defeated the Parthians in eighteen battles, but their victories were not complete or lasting because the pursuits which they made were short and ineffectual. And this more than all else made it plain that it was Artavasdes the Armenian who had robbed Antony of the power to bring that war to an end. For if the sixteen thousand horsemen who were led back from Media -by him had been on hand, equipped as they were like the Parthians and accustomed to fighting with them, and if they, when the Romans routed the fighting enemy, had taken off the fugitives, it would not have been in the enemy’s power to recover themselves from defeat and to venture again so often. Accordingly, all the army, in their anger, tried to incite Antony to take vengeance on the Armenian. But Antony, as a measure of prudence, neither reproached him with his treachery nor abated the friendliness and respect usually shown to him, 253 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpos autov, acbevns TO oTpaT@ Kali aTropos yeyoues. Da tepov plev Toe madwy éuBarwv eis A ppeviar, Kal Todas Umocxerert Kal ampo- KANT ETL meloas avTov ebeiv EUS Xetpas, cuvéraBe, kai déoptov Karayayav Ets “AreEav- Spevav, eO pidBevoev. d padiota “Pwpatious éXuTN GED, @S TA KANA Kal cEeuVa TIS mat pidos Aiyumrioss dia KXeordtpav xaptlopevos. tavta peév ovv bo Tepop émpayOn. LI. Tore bé dua TOAD XELpervos non Kat vigeTov atavoTov eTTELyOMEVOS oKTaKLaXtALOUS améBane Kad? o6ov. avTos d€ kataBas 6ALYOOTOS emt Oaraccav éy Yopio tivi perakv Byputot KELMEV ED Kat Lavos, Avan KON Kadelrat, Kr \ 9 A > a > A > e lA Tov avodpos, GXAG KaKeElvoY auToY, Et yy du’ ETEPAS aitias éyvwmKe Todeuety AvTwvio, Tapexanrer TA > e \ IA e > \ > a , >] nw : xa cathy €av, ws ode axovoat KaXop, éL Toy peyioTov auToKpaTopwy o pev Os épwra yuvaiKos, o 6é da Sndorumiay els €udvrArov trodepnov ‘Pw- paious -xatéotnce. Tavta b€ Néyouca padXov 9 , 5 > } \ Ld \ > 7 éBeBaiov &: épywv. Kal yap @xet THY oixiap, wn s > “ omep avtTov mapovTos éxeivov, kal Tav téxvwv “A n 9 \ \ A ov povov Tav €& cauTAS, adda Kal ToY é« Dovdr- , n~ nw Bias yeyovoTwv, KaXa@s Kal peyaXorpeTas érre- a \ A perelTo* Kal TOUS TeuTOMEvOUS Eri apYas TiVaS a > 4 h wpaypata tov Avtwviov dirwv vrodeyouevn \ “ ouvérpatrev ay Tapa Kaicapos dSenOciev. dxovca ed PS) \ 4 "A , > A \ Sé Batre d1a TovTwy ’Avtwyov: éutceiro yap “A ”~ 4 adtK@v: yuvaixa TorauTny. éutonOn dé cal dia , , a tnv Stavéunow tv éromoato toils téxvois év "AX PS 4 \ \ e , t eEavopela, Tpayixny Kat viepndavoy Ka pucoppwyatov daveicav. eumdnoas yap dxAou TO yupvdotov Kat Oéwevos ert Bnywatos apyupod “ N “A Sv0 Opovovs xpvaots, Tov pev éavT@, Tov bé KyXeorratpa, Kat tois matow étépouvs tatre- a \ > A 4 voTépous, mpatov pev atépnve Knreorartpav Bacittocav Aiyittov cal Kvrpou nat AtBuns \ , / 7 3 “a Kal KoiAns Yupias, cvupBaoirevovtos avtny Kar- , b , 207 a , TAaplLwyos, os éx Katcapos édoxer tov TpOTEpou - yeyovévat Kyeotratpay éyxvovy Katanstrovtos: 260 941 ANTONY LIV. As for Octavia, she was thought to have been treated with scorn, and when she came back from Athens Caesar ordered her to dwell in her own house. But she refused to leave the house of her husband, nay, she even entreated Caesar himself, un- less on other grounds he had determined to make war upon Antony, to ignore Antony's treatment of her, since it was an infamous thing even to have it said that the two greatest imperators in the world plunged the Romans into civil war, the one out of passion for, and the other out of resentment in behalf of, a woman. These were her words, and she confirmed them by her deeds. For she dwelt in her husband’s house, just as if he were at home, and she cared for his children, not only those whom she her- self, but also those whom Fulvia had borne him, in a noble and magnificent manner; she also received such friends of Antony as were sent to Rome in quest of office or on business, and helped them to obtain from Caesar what they wanted. Without mean- ing it, however, she was damaging Antony by this conduct of hers; for he was hated for wronging such a woman. He was hated, too, for the distribution which he made to his children in Alexandria ; it was seen to be theatrical and arrogant, and to evince hatred of Rome. For after filling the gymnasium with a throng and placing on a tribunal of silver two thrones of gold, one for himself and the other for Cleopatra, and other lower thrones for his sons, in the first place he declared Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, Cyprus, Libya, and Coele Syria, and she was to share her throne with Caesarion. Caesarion was believed to be a son of the former Caesar, by whom Cleopatra was left 261 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sevtrepov 8 tous é& abtod wal KXeorarpas viovs a“ , b) , XA , \ Bacirets Bacthewy avaryopevaas Andefavopy peep Appeviav atrévetrpe nat Mndiay nai ra Tlapdwv, e e , , \ , \ étav vrayaynrat, Utovepai@o 8€ Dowixny kal Ss V4 \ 4 oe be i V4 “A Lupiav cai Kirsxiav. dua b€ cal mponyaye Tov maidwv “AréEavdpov pév éoOqte Mndexy tedpav kat Kitapw opOnv éxovon, IroAveuaioy 5é KpnTice \ / , , Kal xravids Kal Kavoia Stadnpatodop@ KeKoo p17- , ee \ @ AY a 3 + i) , pévov. altn yap Hy oxevn Tov am ‘AdXeEdvdpou , ? / be 10 \ > / Baciréwv, éxeivn 0€ Mndwv xat Appeviowr. a \ ‘ “a aoTtacapévay S€ TOV Traidwy TOUS yoveEts, TOV [ev "Appevioy puraxn treptictato, Tov dé Maxedover. Kreor arpa ev yap Kal Tote Kal tov dAXov xpovor eis TAGs éEtotca oToAny iepay “Tovdos éxaduBave cal véa "lous éypnparite. LV. Tatra 8€ es cvyKdnTov éxpépwv Kaicap “A / a Kal TOAAdKLS ev TO ONU@ KaTHYOpaV TapwtUVE ' ‘ a > > dA. , ” \ \ 9 To TAHOoS er’ “Avt@uov. émeutre dé eat ’Av- TWOVLOS aVTEyKAA@Y Exeivo. péylota & Fv Ov. ? f a f cf af oh > / évexdrel, Tpatrov pév, Ott Uoprrniov YxKeriav aderopevos ovK evetme pépos AVT@ THs vyoou: Sevtepov, OTL Xpnodpevos vais tap’ avtod pds TOV TON pOV aTeaTépnoe? TpiTOY, 6TL TOY TUVdp- yovta Aémidov éxBarov tis apyns Kal tmoimjoas ATimov avTos Exel OTPATOV Kal XKMpaV Kal TPOGO- Sous Tas éxeiv mpocveunbeioas: eri maou, Ste Tois avToU aotpatiwTats Aatacav orjiyou Seiv 9 , , \ \ a Iradtav KataxexXnpovy ke, pndévy NuTr@V Tots éxetvov. pos tadta Kaiaap azrenXoyeira Aémudov 262 ANTONY pregnant. In the second place, he proclaimed his own sons by Cleopatra Kings of Kings, and to Alex- ander he allotted Armenia, Media and Parthia (when he should have subdued it), to Ptolemy Phoenicia, Syria, and Cilicia. At the same time he also produced his sons, Alexander arrayed in Median garb, which included a tiara and upright head-dress, Ptolemy in boots, short cloak, and broad-brimmed hat surmounted by a diadem. For the latter was the dress of the kings who followed Alexander, the former that of Medes and Armenians. And when the boys had embraced their parents, one was given a bodyguard of Armenians, the other of Macedonians. Cleopatra, indeed, both then and at other times when she ap- peared in public, assumed a robe sacred to Isis, and was addressed as the New Isis. LV. By reporting these things to the senate and by frequent denunciations before the people Caesar tried to inflame the multitude against Antony. Antony, too, kept sending counter-accusations against Caesar. The chief accusations which he made were, in the first place, that after taking Sicily away from Pompey, Caesar had not assigned a part of the island to him; in the second place, that after borrowing ships from him for the war he had kept them for himself; thirdly, that after ejecting his colleague Lepidus from office and degrading him, he was keeping for himself the army, the territory, and the revenues which had been assigned to Lepidus: finally that he had distributed almost all Italy in allotments, to his own soldiers, and had left nothing for the soldiers of Antony. To these charges Caesar replied by saying that he had deposed Lepidus from office 263 PLUTARCH’S LIVES bev UBpifovta Kataraioa THs apxns, & Sé EoXNKE Trodkeunoas, veunoeoOat pos Avtwviov 6tav Kdxeivos “Appeviav mpos avtov' tots bé otpatiotais “Iradias pwn petelvary Mndiay yap éyew xal IlapOiav avrovs, as mpocextncavto ‘Pwpaios Karas aywviodpevot peTa Tov. avTO- KpaTopos. LVI. Tadra év ’Appevia dtatpiBov *Avtovos neovoe Kal Kavidsoy ev0us éxérevcev exxaidexa Tern AaBovTa xataBaivey émt POaratrav. avTos dé KXcomdtpav avaraBov eis "Edecov hee. Kai TO vauTiKOV éxet ouVnEer TravTaydOeVv, OxTAKOCLAL ou oAKaot vies, @v Kdeotrdtpa mapetye Sia- kooias Kal tddavta diopvpia Kal tpodiyy TO oTpaT@ tavti mpos Tov moéAcuov. "Avtewvios Sé mevabels vo Appitiov Kai Tiwwv addXwv éxédevE KAcordrtpav wrelv em’ Aiyvrrou xaxei dtaxapa- Soxeivy tov moAcuov. % 5é hoBoupévn ras de "Oxraovias mad avtod Stadvoes Eretce TON- Nois Kavidscov xonpacw ’Avtwvig diarexOjvas Tept avTys, ws ovTe Sixatoy ameravverOat Tod ToNEuou yuvaixa cuuBoras THALKAUTAS Stdo0dCa)D, ovte aupdépov abuporépous Troteity Tovs Atyutr- TiOUS péya pépos THs vauTLKHAS Suvapews OvTas: Grrws bé unde opav obtivos TAY TUaGTpAaTEVOYTOV Bactéwv atonreitrotto to hpovetv KXeoratpa, jwonvy pev xpovoy & abtas xuBepvdca PBact- ANelav TocavTnv, ToAvY 5é éxeiym auvotca Kal pavOavovoa ypncOat rpdypact peyaros. TadTa (de yap eis Kaicapa mavta tepiedOeiv) évixa’ kal avyiovoay tov duvapewyv revaavTes es 264 94 ANTONY because he was abusing it, and as for what be had acquired in war, he would share it with Antony whenever Antony, on his part, should share Armenia with him ; and Antony’s soldiers had no claim upon Italy, since they had Media and Parthia, which countries they had added to the Roman dominion by their noble struggles under their imperator. LVI. Antony heard of this while he was tarrying in Armenia; and at once he ordered Canidius to take sixteen legions and go down to the sea. But he himself took Cleopatra with him and came to Ephesus. It was there that his naval force was coming to- gether from all quarters, eight hundred ships of war with merchant vessels, of which Cleopatra furnished two hundred, besides twenty thousand talents, and supplies for the whole army during the war. But Antony, listening to the advice of Domitius and sundry others, ordered Cleopatra to sail to Egypt and there await the result of the war. Cleopatra, however, fearing that Octavia would again succeed in putting a stop to the war, persuaded Canidius by large bribes to plead her cause with Antony, and to say that it was neither just to drive away from the war a woman whose contributions to it were so large, nor was it for the interest of Antony to dispirit the Egyptians, who formed a large part of his naval force; and besides, it was not easy to see how Cleo- patra was inferior in intelligence to anyone of the princes who took part in the expedition, she who for a long time had governed so large a kingdom by herself, and by long association with Antony had learned to manage large affairs. These arguments (since it was destined that everything should come into Caesar’s hands) prevailed ; and with united forces 265 f PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 Lapov év evrabeiass Foav. dotep yap Bact- Nevot Kal Suvdorais Kal retpdpyais EOveci re Kal qwodect doa Tais peraklY Xvupias Kal Mawwrtidos cat’ Appevias xai "TAAupi@v mrpoeipnro méutrev Kal xoustley Tas els TOV TOAEMOY Tapa- oKeuads, oUTW Waa Tois Tepi tov Atovucov Te- xvirars emadvaryKes HY eis Yapov atavray’ Kai THS ey KUKAM oxedoY aTracNs oiKoUpEévNs TreEpt- Opnvovpévns Kal tepiotevalomevns, pia vioos ep nuépas ToAAas KaTnVAEiTO Kal KaTeYrddXETO mAnpoupevwy Oeatpwv Kal yopav aywulopéevov. 5 ouveOve 5é€ Kal mods Taca Boty Téurovea, Kat Baotnreis SunsAX@vt0 Talis UTroboxais Kat Swpeais mpos G@AAnAOUS. wate Kal Aoyos SineEt, TiveEs écovtat KpaTnoavres év Tots émwwikiots ot TOU TONELOU TAS TAPATKEVAS OUTW TOAUTEADS EoPTA- Sovtes. LVII. Tevopuevos 5¢ aro tovTwy tots wey rept tov Arovucoy texyvitats Ipinvny edwxev otxn- tnptov, autos dé mAevoas eis "AOnvas mad év matdtais Hv Kal Oedtpow. nroTvTovca Sé Knreotatpa tas ’Oxraovias év TH Tove Tipds (nyanrnOn yap oo tav ’"AOnvaiwy 4 ’Oxraovia padiota) woAdais avedauBave didrotipiats TOV 2 Sipov. ot dé Tyas avTA ndiodpevor Tm péa Bets érreurpav er THy oixiay TO Wwodtopa KopiCovtas, ov els qv ’Avtwvios, ws 89 wodirns "AOnvaiwr: kal 6) Kataotas éw avtTns AOyov Umep THS morews dicEnHrAOev. eis Sé “Pwopny Erreur we tovs 3 "Oxtaoviay éx THs oixias éexBadovytas. amredOetv dé dacw avtiv ta pev téxva mdvta ‘AvtTwviov pe? Eautiis Eyovoay avev tov mpeoButratov TAY 266 ANTONY they sailed to Samos and there made merry. For just as all the kings, dynasts, tetrarchs, nations, and cities between Syria, the Maeotic Lake, Armenia, and Illyria had been ordered to send or bring their equipment for the war, so all the dramatic artists were compelled to put in an appearance at Samos; and while almost all the world around was filled with groans and lamentations, a single island for many _days resounded with flutes and stringed instruments ; theatres there were filled, and choral bands were competing with one another. Every city also sent an ox for the general sacrifice, and kings vied with one another in their mutual entertainments and gifts. And so men everywhere began to ask : “ How will the conquerors celebrate their victories if their prepara- tions for the war are marked by festivals so costly?” LVII. When these festivities were over, Antony gave the dramatic artists Priene as a place for them to dwell, and sailed himself to Athens, where sports and theatres again engaged him. Cleopatra, too, jealous of Octavia’s honours in the city (for Octavia was especially beloved by the Athenians), tried by many splendid gifts to win the favour of the people. So the people voted honours to her, and sent a depu- tation to her house carrying the vote, of whom An- tony was one, for was he not a citizen of Athens? And standing in her presence he delivered a speech in behalf of the city. To Rome, however, he sent men who had orders to eject Octavia from his house. And we are told that she left it taking all his chil- dren with her except his eldest son by Fulvia, who 267 e a ; PLUTARCH’S LIVES ex DovrBias (exelvos yap wv mapa TO warp), Kdatovoay 5é kal dvadopodcay et So€et pia TOV ait iay Tou TORE Lov Kat avrn ryeryovevan. “Pwpaios dé @KTELpOV OUK éxelvny, ar ‘AvT@voy, Kae PadXov ot Krcomatpav E@PAKOTES ovTe KdANeEL + THs Oxraovias ove dpa Siadépovoay. LVIII. Kaicap e 70 TAXOS KQL TO péyeDos THS Tapacxeviis axovaoas é€OopuvBnOn, pn ToD Oépous éxeivou SvaTrohepeiy avayxacOn. Kat yap évedet TONG, xal tous avOpw@mous éXUTrouY ai TOY NaTwV elom pagers” dvaryxalopevor yap ot pev AAXoL TA TéTapTa TOV KapTr Oy, oi bé eFedev- Depuxol TOV KTNATOV avTa@Y TAS oySoas amro- Pépery cateBowv avroo, kal Tapaxal KaTelyov eK TOUTOY dmacav thy “IraXiav. o0ev éy Tots peylarors a papT Hpac ty "AvTw@viov Thv avaBornv TOU qoNémou TiPevTar. Kat yap wapackevdcacbat Xpovov éwxe Kaiocaps xai tas Tapaxas TOV avOpwrwyv é€éduce. T par Topevol yap nyptac- vOVTO, m pax Déevres dé Kal dovtes novxacor. Ti- TLos 6€ Kal IIddyxos, “Avtwviou piroe TOV UTA- TLKOYD, vo KyXeoratpas mpoTrnraKtlouevor (arNeEt- oTa yap jvavtieaOnaay avrTn Tept TOU cvoTpa- TEVELV) _amoopayres @YOVTO 7 pos Kaicapa, Kal Tepl TOV ‘Avtoviov diaOnav éyévovTo pnvur a, Ta yeypappéva ouveootes. amréxewto 8 avrat qapa tais ‘Eoridot trapbévois, nat Katoapos aitovvtos ovx édwxav: et 6 BovrotTo AapBavew, éenbety auTov exédevon. ExaBev ovv erOoy: Kal TP@TOV Lev ares idia Ta yeypappmeva duprGe, Kal Tapeonunvato TOToUs TLVas EvKaTHYOpHTOUS’ 943 268 ANTONY was with his father; she was in tears of distress that she herself also would be regarded as one of the causes of the war. But the Romans felt pity for Antony, not for her, and especially those .who had seen Cleopatra and knew that neither in youthful- ness nor beauty was she superior to Octavia. LVIII. When Caesar heard of the rapidity and extent of Antony’s preparations, he was much dis- turbed, fearing lest he should be forced to settle the issue of the war during that summer.! For he was lacking in many things, and people were vexed by the exactions of taxes. The citizens generally were compelled to pay one fourth of their income, and the freedmen one eighth of their property, and both classes cried out against Caesar, and disturbances arising from these causes prevailed throughout all Italy. Wherefore, among the greatest mistakes of Antony men reckon his postponement of the war. For it gave Caesar time to make preparations and put an end to the disturbances among the people. For while money was being exacted from them, they were angry, but when it had been exacted and they had paid it, they were calm. Moreover, Titius and Plancus, friends of Antony and men of consular rank, being abused by Cleopatra (for they had been most opposed to her accompanying the expedition) ran away to Caesar, and they gave him information about Antony’s will, the contents of which they knew. This will was on deposit with the Vestal Virgins, and when Caesar asked for it, they would not give it to him; but if he wanted to take it, they told him to come and do so. So he went and took it; and to begin with, he read its contents through by himself, and marked certain reprehensible passages; then 1 The summer of 32 B.c. 269 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Gretta THY Bovdny aOpoicas dveyivwoke, TOV 4 ThELa TOV anoas éxovTwv. ad AoKoTov yap édofev elvat cal dewvov, evOuvas Twa didova Cavra mept av éBovryOn yever Oar pera THY TedevTHV. eTe- veto 6é TAY Yeypappevev uddaTa TE Trept Tis tadis. éxédeve yap avrob TO copa, Kav év ‘Popun TENEUTION, du ayopas mopmevdev els ’AreEdvSpevav WS Kyeomatpav arocrahiva. 5 Kandoviatos 5é Kaicapos éraipos ért kal tavTa tav eis Kyeordtpay eyehnpatov "AvTovip mpoupepe: Xapicacbar pev aura ras é« lep- YyajLov BiBrroOnKas, év als elxoot pupiddes BuBrALov amrhav Hoav: év 5é ouvdeirve TOAN@Y TapovTw@y dvactavra TpiBecv auTns TOUS m00as éx TLVOS optapod Kab cuvdnkns ryevowevns” "Ege- aious dé avacyérbat TapovTos avtou Kupiay Thy 6 Kyeordrpav domagapévous" Sicadfovta b€é ToA- AaKUS TeTpapxals Kab Bacihedow émt Anpatos deATapia TOV EpwT LK ovvxiva ral KpvoTad\Auwva dexer Iau map" avTAS | Kal avaryivad Key’ Poup- viov Oé€ AéyovTos, Os Hv aErapatos peyddou Kat dewvoTatos elarety ‘Popaiwr, THY pev Kyeomatpav év opeip Sia ris ayopas Kopiler Oat, Tov bé "AvT@VLOV, @S elev, avannojcavTa THY pep dixnv aronumeiy, éxxpewavyupevoy S€ TOU popetov WapatréwTrew éxelyny. LIX. ’AAAa TovTwY pév edoxet Ta WrEloTa katanpevoea Gar Karoviovos- ot b¢ trot Tob ‘Avteviov TmepriovTes éy ‘Pwyn tov Shpmov ixé- Tevov, eva dé é& avTay érreupay Tepiviov deopuevor tov "Avrwviou pn meptidety abtov arrorndia Bévra 270 ANTONY he assembled the senate and read it aloud to them, although most of them were displeased to hear him do so. For they thought it a strange and grievous matter that a man should be called to account while alive for what he wished to have done after his death. Caesar laid most stress on the clause in the will re- lating to Antony’s burial. For it directed that An- tony’s body, even if he should die in Rome, should be borne in state through the forum and then sent away to Cleopatra in Egypt. Again, Calvisius, who was a companion of Caesar, brought forward against Antony the following charges also regarding his behaviour towards Cleopatra: he had bestowed upon her the ‘libraries from Pergamum in which there were two hundred thousand volumes; at a banquet where there were many guests he had stood up and rubbed her feet, in compliance with some agreement and compact which they had made; he had consented to have the Ephesians in his presence salute Cleopatra . as mistress; many times, while he was seated on his tribunal and dispensing justice to tetrarchs and kings, he would receive love-billets from her in tablets of onyx or crystal, and read them; and once when Furnius was speaking, a man of great worth and the ablest orator in Rome, Cleopatra was carried through the forum on a litter, and Antony, when he saw her, sprang up from his tribunal and forsook the trial, and hanging on to Cleopatra’s litter escorted her on her way. LIX. However, most of the charges thus brought by Calvisius were thought to be falsehoods; but the friends of Antony went about in Rome beseeching the people in his behalf, and they sent one of their number, Geminius, with entreaties that Antony 271 44 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THS apxns Kal ToréwLov Pwpatwy avayopevOévra, Tepivios 6€ rrevoas els tTHhv “EXAdba KXeomdtpa bev Hv Oromtos, ws UTép Oxtaovias wpdtTov, oxwmrTopevos 5€ Tapa Setmvov ae Kali KrArciats ATiMOLS TpOTTNAAKLEOMEVOS NVELYETO KALPOV évTEv- > / \ N / 74? (s4 Eews avapévov: xerevobels dé rAéyewv ed’ ols hres \ N “A \ \ v ” / Tapa To OEixvoyv, THY pev adANV Edn vIdovTos 3 ¢ a \ ‘ , bd 4 \ elvas Oidreky, Ev 5€ Kat vidwv ériotacba Kai 4 (ed A 4 , 4 >] peOvav, Ste Karas E€et mavta Kreomdtpas eis Alyurtov amadXayeions. mpos rovTo Tov ’Av- Twviov yarernvavtos 7 KAeordtpa ‘ Kanda,” y PP , ° , \ », 7 ” ébn, “erroinxas, © Vepine, tnv adnOerav avev Bacdvev éEoporoynadpevos.” Tepivios pev ovv peT OAdLyaS nuépas atrodpas els “Pwunv wyero. moAAous 6€ Kal TOY GAXwv dirwy ot KreoTrdtpas xoraxes €&éBadov Tas trapovias cal Boporoxias ovx UTropévovtas, ov Kal Mapxos hy Xwravos Kai v] e ¢@ , r @ \ \ a , AédrALos 0 tatopiKos. “ovTos 5é Kal detoai dnow émuBovrnv éx Kreordtpas, [AavKov tod iatpov ppdcavtos avT@. mpocéxpovae de Knreordtpa mapa Seimvov eimav avtois pev o€ivnv éyyeio@at, , \ 2 9 ¢ , na € Q Lappuevtov oé€ miverv ev “Pwopyn Parepivov. o dé Ldppuevtos Hv tov Kaicapos maryviwv waiddpuoy, ry , e a a & dndixta ‘Pwpaio: carovorv. LX. ’Ezet 5€ wapecxevacto Kaicap ixavas, Wngiferar Kreordtpa trodepueiv, adperécOar bé Ths «apyns “Avr@mov hs éFéorn yuvatki. Kal mpocereime Kaicap ws Avtwvios péev rd pap- 4 A nw nA pakwy ovdé avTOU KpaToin, TroNEpLovGL 8 avTois 272 ANTONY would not suffer himself to be voted out of his office and proclaimed an enemy of Rome. But Geminius, after his voyage to Greece, was an object of suspicion to Cleopatra, who thought that he was acting in the interests of Octavia; he was always put upon with jokes at supper and insulted with places of no honour | at table, but he endured all this and waited for an opportunity to confer with Antony. Once, however, at a supper, being bidden to tell the reasons for hi’ coming, he replied that the rest of his communica- tion required a sober head, but one thing he knew, whether he was drunk or sober, and that was that all would be well if Cleopatra was sent off to Egypt. At this, Antony was wroth, and Cleopatra said: ‘“‘ Thou hast done well, Geminius, to confess the truth with- out being put to the torture.” Geminius, accordingly, after a few days, ran away to Rome. And Cleopatra’s_ flatterers drove away many of the other friends of Antony also who could not endure their drunken tricks and scurrilities. Among these were Marcus Silanus and Dellius the historian. And Dellius says that he was also afraid of a plot against him by Cleopatra, of which Glaucus the physician had told him. For he had offended Cleopatra at supper by saying that while sour wine was served to them, Sarmentus, at Rome, was drinking Falernian. Now, Sarmentus was one of the youthful favourites of Caesar, such as the Romans call “ deliciae.”’ LX. When Caesar had made sufficient preparations, a vote was passed to wage war against Cleopatra, and to take away from Antony the authority which he had surrendered to a woman. And Caesar said in addition that Antony had been drugged and was not even master of himself, and that the Romans 273 VOL. IX. T PLUTARCH’S LIVES Mapdiwv o evvoiyos cat [lofeves cal Hipas e 4 4 \ , @ > 2 n. KXeomrdtpas xoupevtpia. cat Xaputov, vp ov Ta peyltota Storxei Tar THS Hryepovias. > ww be N A / 10. , @ neta S€ po Tov ToAépov Tade yevéoOar 4 Aéyerar. Letcavpa pév, "Avtwviov mods KdN- povxia, wxicpévn Tapa tov 'Adpiav, yaopdtov e / / a \ \ wv UroppayévTwy KxateTtoOn. trav bé epi “AASav ” / / ? / e.N ¢ \ ? / Avtoviov AUOivev avdptavtwv évds idpws averti- Svev Huépas odds, aTopaTTOvT@Y TeV ov / a mavopevos. év 5é€ Ildtpais dsatpiBovros avtov Kepavvois éverpnaOn TO “Hpdxreovy nal ris "AOnynos yeyavtopaxyias UTd mvevpaTtwv o ALo- yuoos éxcetabels eis TO Oéatpov KxatnvéxOn: : / \ ¢ . 9 , ¢ ~ \ mpooweiou d€ éautov "Avtwvios “Hpaxret cata / \ , \ \ A , A yéevos xat Atovvom xara tov tov PBiov CHrov, U @otrep elpntat, Atovucos véos Tmpocayopevopevos. » 6€ aut OveAAa Kal Tovs. Evpevots Kal > 4 \ > 4 bf AttdXov Kodoocous emiyeypaypevovs Avto- vetous AOnunow éumecovaoa povovs éx ToAAOY avétpewre. 1 5€ KrXeomrdrpas vavapyis éxaretto ? a pev “Avtwvids, onpetov 5é amept avtny Sewvov épavn: xXedboves yap uo THY ™ pupvay éveoT- Tevoay’ érepat 6é émehOodcat kal tavtas é£1j- Nacay Kal TA veoTTLA drep Getpav. LXI. Luviovrey dé Tpos Tov ToAenov Avravi@ poev joav ai pax wor Vijes OvK ehaT Tous TevTa- xociwy, év als OKT APES moAnral Kal Sexnpers KeKoo unpévar coBapos Kal TaVvNnyUpPLK@S, OT PATO 274 944 ANTONY were carrying on war with Mardion the eunuch, and Potheinus, and Iras, and the tire-woman of Cleo- patra, and Charmion, by whom the principal affairs of the government were managed. The following signs are said to have been given before the war. Pisaurum, a city colonized by An- tony situated near the Adriatic, was swallowed up by chasms in the earth. From one of the marble statues of Antony near Alba sweat oozed for many days, and though it was wiped away it did not cease. In Patrae, while Antony was staying there, the He- racleium was destroyed by lightning; and at Athens the Dionysus in the Battle of the Giants! was dis- lodged by the winds and carried down into the theatre. Now, Antony associated himself with Hera- cles in lineage, and with Dionysus in the mode of life which he adopted, as I have said,” and he was called the New Dionysus. The same tempest fell upon the colossal figures of Eumenes and Attalus at Athens, on which the name of Antony had been inscribed, and prostrated them, and them alone out of many. Moreover the admiral’s ship of Cleopatra was called Antonius, and a dire sign was given with regard to it. Some swallows, namely, made their nest under its stern ; but other swallows attacked these, drove them out and destroyed their nestlings. LXI. When the forces came together for the war, Antony had no fewer than five hundred fight- ing ships, among which were many vessels of eight and ten banks of oars, arrayed in, pompous and 1 One of the groups of figures at the south wall of the Acropolis dedicated by Attalus I. of Pergamum. See Pau- sanias, i. 25, 2, with Frazer’s notes. 2 Chapters iv. 1 f. and xxiv. 3. 3 As Cleopatra was called the New Isis (liv. 6). 275 T 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dé wupiddes dea, Sir Xidwoe 5 immeis emi pupiors. Bacireis 6é UTNKOOL ouveudXouv Boxyos 0 AtBiwv kal Tapeovdnpos o THs avo Ker«xias, cat Kamzasdoxias pev "Apyédraos, Haddayovias dé DirAdderdos, Koppaynviis dé Mc8piddrns, Ladaras dé Opaxns. obroe pev avrot Taphnoay, éx 6é€ Tovrov ITodépeov oTpatov emeutre, Kat Manxos é& ’ApaBias Kal ‘Hpwdns 0 ’Tovdaios, ére Oe “Apuvtas 0 Aveaovwvy xal Tadatov Baotnevs: ay dé cal trapa tov Mydov Bactréas dmreaTahpevy Bondeua. Kaicap dé viajes oav T pos anny TEVTHKOVTA kal dtaxoc.at, otparod 5€ OKT@ pupidées, immeis 6€ WapamrAnoLoe TO THOS Tots TONEMLOLS. npxov oe AvToveos pev THs ar Evdparou kat Appevias Hex pe ™pos TOV "Toviov «al TAuptous, Kaicap 8€ aa’ Ddupi@y Tis emt TOV éoméptov a@Keavov Kadnkovans Kal THS at w@Keavod TdadLv él TO Tuppnvexov Kal DLKEALKOV TELaYOS. AtBuns dé tay “Itadta Kat Tararig Kab TBnpia péy pe orn hav ‘Hpaxhelov avTimapnico voav ele Kaicap: Ta, 66 amo Kupnyns péxpis AOcorias ‘AVT@VLOS. LXII. Odrw 6é dpa mT poo Onkn THS yuvarros mV DOTE T@ mel@ TOD Stag épwv éBovreTo TOU vau- TLKOU TO Kpatos elvat 61a KXcoratpar, Kal Tatra TANpPw aT ov arropia cvvaprratopévous op@v vTrO TOV TpinpapXav ex Tis TONKA On TAAGTNHS 7 ‘EAAd805 odoumopous, ovnddras, Jeptatas, ep7j- Rous, Kal 0vdé odTw TAnpoupevas Tas vads, GAda Tas TreloTas arrodecis Kat poxOnpas TAEoVeas. Kaicap &é ob mpos trros ov8é Syxov erBerxtixas 276 ANTONY festal fashion; he also had one hundred thousand infantry soldiers and twelve thousand horsemen. Of subject kings who fought with him, there were Bocchus the king of Libya, Tarcondemus the king of Upper Cilicia, Archelaiis of Cappadocia, Philadel- phus of Paphlagonia, Mithridates of Commagene, and Sadalas of Thrace. These were with him, while from Pontus Polemon sent an army, and Mal- chus from Arabia, and Herod the Jew, besides Amyntas the king of Lycaonia and Galatia; the king of the Medes also sent an auxiliary force. Caesar had two hundred and fifty ships of war, eighty thousand infantry, and about as many horse- men as his enemies. Antony’s authority extended ,over the country from the Euphrates and Armenia to the Ionian sea and Illyria; Caesar’s over the country reaching from Illyria to the Western Ocean and from the ocean back to the Tuscan’ and Sicilian seas. Of Libya, the part extending opposite to Italy, Gaul, and Iberia as far as the pillars of Hercules, be- longed to Caesar; the part extending from Cyrene as far as Armenia, to Antony. LXII. But to such an extent, now, was Antony an appendage of the woman that although he was far superior on land, he wished the decision to rest with his navy, to please Cleopatra, and that too when he saw that for lack of crews his trierarchs were haling together out of long-suffering Greece wayfarers, mule-drivers, harvesters, and ephebi,! and that even then their ships were not fully manned, but most of them were deficient and sailed wretchedly. Caesar’s fleet, on the other hand, was perfectly equipped, and 1 Young men approaching full military age, enrolled for preliminary training and service. 277 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TeTrnyvLaLs vavoiv, edorpddors dé xal Taxelacs Kat TeTANpwpévats axptBas éEnptupévov éy Tépavre Kal Bpevtecip TEX OV TO VaUTLKOD, ET EMTEE Tpos "Avr@vioy akiav p17 Stat piBeu TOV Xpovor, GAN Epxer Oar PETA TOV Suvdpewy: AUTOS be TO pev aoTOAw TrapéEey 6 dppous aKwnv- TOUS Kal dupévas, bmoxwpyoew bé 7@ elo Ths maparias” iarmou Spopov ams Oaddttns, expt dv acdandas atroBy Kal oTpaTomedevonTat. TOv- TOLS avtixopmagov "AvTa@vtos aurov pev els povopaxiay Tm povkaneiro, xaitep av Tm peo Bu- TEpOS" eb 5€ pevyor TOTO, mept Papoanov n&tou Tots TTPATEVLATLY, as mddat Kaicap nai Top- mnios, Siaywvicac bat. pOdver 5é Kaicap, "Avto- viov mept To “Axtiov OpmovvTos, év @ TOT@ viv 7 NixomroXts iSputas, SiaBaraov rov “Iévov at THS "Hareipov xwplov 0 Topuvy KarelTar KaTa- oXev" JopuBoupevey dé Trav Tept Tov "Avr@viov (va reper yap o trelos avrois) v) pev Krcomdtpa oxontovaa, “Ti dewvov,” Erevyer, “eb Kaicap émi Topuvn KdOnra: ” LXIIL. "Avtwvios 8é, a apa mMepa TOV Tohepiov eruTeovTa, poBnbets Bn TOV emtBatav € ép7pous EXwot Tas vais, TOUS meV épéTas omhioas emi TOV KATAOTPOLATOV mapéragev drpews évena, TOUS be Tapoous TOY vEdy éyetpas Kal TTEPWTAS éxare- pober é év TO oT opaTe Tept To “AKTLov a avTiTp@pous cuvEetyev, WS évnpEts Kal Taper Kevac weévas av- verOat. Kal Kaicap bev 00TH Kataatparnyndels amexwpnoev. &doke 5é Kal Td Bdwp edunyavas 1 wapadlas Xylander’s correction of the MSS. ’IraAlas, adopted by both Sintenis and Bekker. 278 945° ANTONY consisted of ships which had not been built for a display “of height or mass, but were easily steered, swift, and fully manned. This fleet Caesar kept assembled at Tarentum and Brundisium, and he sent to Antony a demand to waste no time, but to come with his forces; Caesar himself would furnish his armament with unobstructed roadsteads and harbours, and would withdraw with his land forces a day’s journey for a horseman from the sea-shore, until Antony should have safely landed and fixed his camp. This boastful language Antony matched by challeng- ing Caesar to single combat, although he was an older man than Caesar; and if Caesar declined this, Antony demanded that they should fight out the issue at Pharsalus, as Caesar and Pompey had once done. But while Antony was lying at anchor off Actium, where now Nicopolis stands, Caesar got the start of him by crossing the Ionian sea and occupying a place in Epeirus called Toruné (that is, ladle); and when Antony and his friends were disturbed by this, since their infantry forces were belated, Cleopatra, jesting, said: “ What is there dreadful in Caesar’s sitting at a ladle?” LXIII. But Antony, when the enemy sailed against him at daybreak, was afraid lest they should capture his ships while they had no fighting crews, and there- fore armed the rowers and drew them up on the decks so as to make a show; then he grouped his ships at the mouth of the gulf near Actium, their ranks of oars on either side lifted and poised for the stroke, and their prows towards the enemy, as if they were fully manned and prepared to fight. Caesar, thus outwitted and deceived, withdrew. Antony was also thought to have shown great skill in enclosing 279 PLUTARCH’S LIVES épvpact TLoOW eumepthaBav aerer bar TOUS TOAEULOUS, TOY ev KUKL@ X@piov ddryov Kal Tovnpov €YovTwv. evryva pores dé xat Aopurion mpoanvexOn Tapa TV ‘Krcomatpas woepny. érel yap éxeivos n0n TUPET TOV Els peux pov éuBas axdtvov pos Kaicapa peTeoTn, Bapéws € éveyKov 0 “AVT@VLOS bos Taoay auT@ THY aTrooKeuvny pera TOV piiov cal TOV Ocpamovrav am eTenyye. «al Aopirios HED, domep ért TO py AaOeW THY am.iatiav avtod Kal tpodociav weTaBarropevos, evOus éreXevTYCEV. ’"Eyévovto 5€ cal BactNewv atroctacets, “Apuy- tov xat Aniotdpov, mpos Kaicapa. to 6é vauTixoyv év travtt dvampayouv Kal mpos a&tracav barepivov BonGeav avdis invdynate T@ TWEC@ TpoaexeLy tov "Avrwviov. éaxe Sé Kal Kavidiov Tov apyovTa tov melov peTaPorr yrouns mapa 7a, Sewvd kal cuveBovreve Kvcomatpav pev ATOTELT ELD, dvaxwpnoavta dé els Opaenv 1 Maxedoviay melouaxia Kpiva. Kal yap Arxouns o Terav Bacthets UTLOXVELTO TONG oTpatig BonOjoew: OvK elvat bé aicKpov et Kaicapt yeyuuvacuév@ .trepi Tov DLxeeNLKOv TONE MOV exoTHo OvTaL THIS Gardcons, adda, Sewvov eb TOY mela aryoveov epTELpoTaros av “AvT@vLOS ov XpHoeTat pomp Kal TapacKevyy TOC OUTWY omhe- TOV, eis vads Stavéuov Kal KaTavadickwv THY Suvapty. Ov pny drda eEevinnae Kyeordrpa dua TOY veo xpiOjvas Tov TOAEHOV, 75n ™ pos puyny opaca, Kai tiOcwevn ta Kal? éavtny, ody Omou mpds 280 ANTONY the potable water within certain barriers and thus de- priving the enemy of it, since the places round about afforded little, and that of bad quality. He also be- haved with magnanimity towards Domitius, contrary to the judgment of Cleopatra. For when Domitius, who was already in a fever, got into a small boat and went over to Caesar, Antony, though deeply chagrined, nevertheless, sent off to him all his bag- gage, together with his friends and servants. And Domitius, as if repenting when his faithlessness and treachery became known, straightway died. There were also defections among the kings, and Amyntas and Deiotarus went over to Caesar. Besides, since his navy was unlucky in everything and always too late to be of any. assistance, Antony was again compelled to turn his attention to his land forces. Canidius also, the commander of the land forces, changed his mind in presence of the danger, and advised Antony to send Cleopatra away, to withdraw into Thrace or Macedonia, and there to decide the issue by a land battle. For Dicomes the king of the Getae promised to come to their aid with a large force ; and it would be no disgrace, Canidius urged, for them to give up the sea to Caesar, who had practised himself there in the Sicilian war; but it would be a strange thing for Antony, who was most experienced in land conflicts, not to avail himself of the strength and equipment of his numerous legionary soldiers, but to distribute his forces among ships and so fritter them away. However, Cleopatra prevailed with her opinion that the war should be decided by the ships, although she was already contemplating flight, and was dis- posing her own forces, not where they would be 281 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TO viKaV éora XPHTLWL0s, arr’ bOev arrest pgora TOV TpayLatTwv aTrohhupEever. nv oe papa oKEAN KaTarelvovTa 1 pos Tov vavotaOmov THs aTparoTredeias, 52’ av o “AYTOVLOS etw@det Taptevar 6 pndev Upopaipevos. oixérou o€ Kaicapr dpd- TAVTOS WS Suvarov ein KaTlovTa dua TOV oKEX@V ovrAapely avrov, emepure TOUS évedpevoortas. ot O€ Tapa TocobTov nrAOov date cuvapT dca TOV T ponyoupevov auTov Roce evarmaunes: autos 6é Spopm porss vreFepuyev. LXIV. 1Os dé vavpaxeiy &é8oxro, Tas pep addas évétr pnoe vais TwANV éEjcovra TOV Al- yuTrTiov, Tas 5é€ dpictas xal peyiotas aro Tpinpous HEX pe Sexnpouvs éarAnpov, Stopuptious éuBiBalwv omrj(tas Kal duoytrious toforas. év0a melouayov avdpa TOV Taftapy ev héyouat, TALTOAXOUS ny@vig pevov ayavas “AvTo@vie Kal KQTOTET PLL LEvOY TO capa, Tob "AvT@viou Tapt- 2 oVvTos dvaxhavoad Gat Kab elTreiy “"Q, av’to- KpaTop, Tl TOV Tpavpatov TOUTO@Y uv tou Eihous KaTayvous ev Evrous Tmovnpois Evers Tas EATIOAS ; Airybmrvot Kal Doivixes € év Oardoon paxées Owoar, npiy oé& yh bos, ep nS elaBapev EgT@TES aTro- Ouija Kew 7 vexdy TOUS TrohEpious. pos TavTa pndev a ATFOK PLVALEVOS, GANG TH XEepe Lxal T@ mpoo- OT @ povov olov éyweevodpevos Tov av pa Gap- pety, mapirbev, ov Xpneras EXov éxridas, ds ¥e Kal TOUS cuBepynras Ta lotia BovAopévous aronurrety nvayKacev éuBarecdar Kal Kopitern, Aéywor Ste Set pndéva hevyovta TeV TodEepiov diaduyeiy. 282 ANTONY helpful in winning the victory, but where they could most easily get away if the cause was lost. Moreover, there were two long walls extending down to the naval station from the camp, and between these Antony was wont to pass without suspecting any danger. But a slave told Caesar that it was possible to seize Antony as he went down between the walls, and Caesar sent men to lie in ambush for him. These men came near accomplishing their purpose, but seized only the man who was advancing in front of Antony, since they sprang up too soon; Antony himself escaped with difficulty by running. LXIV. When it had been decided to deliver a sea battle, Antony burned all the Egyptian ships except sixty ; but the largest and best, from those having three to those having ten banks of oars, he manned, putting on board twenty thousand heavy-armed soldiers and two thousand archers. It was on this occasion, we are told, that an infantry centurion, a man who had fought many a battle for Antony and was covered with scars, burst into laments as Antony was passing by, and said: ‘ Imperator, why dost thou distrust these wounds and this sword and put thy hopes in miserable logs of wood? Let Egyptians and Phoenicians do their fighting at sea, but give us land, on which we are accustomed to stand and either conquer our enemies or die.” To this Antony made no reply, but merely encouraged the man by a gesture and a look to be of good heart, and passed on. And he.had no good hopes himself, since, when the masters of his ships wished to leave their sails behind, he compelled them to put them on board and carry them, saying that not one fugitive of the enemy should be allowed to make his escape. 283 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , A LXV. ’Exeivny pév obv thy jpépay Kal Tpets \ *~ Tas épeEns peydro mvevpate Kupavlév to Té- \ , 9? , , \ , Naryos THY MaXNY éweaXe, TMEuTTD be vqvenias Kal yaAdnvns axdvoTOU yevopévns cuvnecar, ’Av- t \ N } N la bY 4 \ 4 Twvios pev TO SeEvoy Képas éxwv kat [lomdexoXas;, 4 e A N > A 9 , \ 4 Kointos 8€ ro evwvupor, év péow Sé Mapxos 9 és a % OxrdBios nat Mapxos ‘Ivornios. Kaicap 8 éri tov evwvupov tafas ‘“Aypimmav avTo Td deEiov xatédiTre. tov dé mwelav tov pev *Apv- la , \ A , A > y twviov Kavidios, tov- 6¢ Katoapos Taipos én ths Oardtrns wapard~avtes novyalov. attav a 4 dé Trav nyepovwy “Avrw@vios pev éredoita Tavra- NOTE KOTTHPEL, TOVS TTPaTLwWTAS TapaKadwY Tro A nw ef aA Bpidovs tev veav watrep ex ys Edpaiovs paye- a0at, tots 5é KuBepyntats StaxedXevopevos WaTeEp oppovaats atpéua tais vavol SéyerOar Tas 9 N “a 4 \ \ 4 éwBoras TOV TOAGLwY, THY Tepl TO oTOMa buC- ld 4 4 be é Q xYopiay durdtrovras. Katcape dé NEyeTaLt pev 4 A a o €TL GKOTOUS ATO THS TKNVAS KUKA@ ‘TrEepLioVTL mpos Tas vads avO pwrros éNavvwv 6vov aTavThaat, mulopéve Sé Tovvopa yvwpicas avToy eiTreiv. a \ , “’Ryot pev Kitvyos dvoua, TO 5é dvm Nixov.” 610 Kal tots éuBoros Tov TOTOY KoTpaV UVaTEpoV »” A v \ ” 3 N . értnae YarKovv dvov cat avOpwrov. ériday &é A ” / 9 4 N \ } N THY aXANnY TapaTakiy, év wWNOLW pos TO dEeELov Kopicbels COavpacev atpesovvras év Tots aTEVOIS TOUS ToNemous: » yap ous HY TOV veav ér b 4 e A a / nn ayKupats opphovoa@y. Kal TovTo pméxpt TodXOU / na a TETELTHEVOS AvElYe TAS éaUTOU TrEpl OKT@ TTAbLA 284 946 ANTONY LXV. During that day, then, and the three follow- ing days the sea was tossed up by a strong wind and prevented the battle ; but on the fifth,! the weather becoming fine and the sea calm, they came to an engagement. Antony had the right wing, with Publicola, Coelius the left, and in the centre were Marcus Octavius and Marcus Insteius. Caesar posted Agrippa on the left, and reserved the right wing for himself. Of the land forces, that of Antony was com- manded by Canidius, that of Caesar by Taurus, who drew them up along the sea and remained quiet. As for the leaders themselves, Antony visited all his ships in a row-boat, exhorting the soldiers, owing to the weight of their ships, to fight without changing their position, as if they were on land; he also ordered the masters of the ships to receive the attacks of the enemy as if their ships were lying quietly at anchor, and to maintain their position at the mouth of the gulf, which was narrow and difficult. Caesar, we are told, who had left his tent while it was yet dark and was going round to visit his ships, was met by a man driving an ass. Caesar asked the man his name, and he, recognizing Caesar, replied: “ My name is Prosper, and my ass’s name is Victor.”” Therefore, when Caesar afterwards decorated the place with the beaks of ships, he set up bronze figures of an ass and a man. After surveying the rest of his line of battle, he was carried in a small boat to his right wing, and there was astonished to see the enemy lying motionless in the narrows ; indeed, their ships had the appearance of riding at anchor. For a long time he was con- vinced that this was really the case, and kept his own ships at a distance of about eight furlongs from the 1 Sept. 2, 31 B.c. 285 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TaV évaytTiov adecta@aas. Extn Sé Hv dpa, cal TVEVLATOS alpopévov Teraylov SucavacyeToovTeEs ot Avtwviou mpos thy SiarpiBnv, Kal Tois Br Weot Kat peyéecs TOV oixeiwy vedy TeTroiOoTes ws ampoopaxols, TO evwvupoy exivncay: idav é Kaicap fjc8n nai rpvpvav éxpovoato To deka, Bovropevos ert pGAXov éx Tov KoATOUV Kal Tov atevav é€w Tovs TroAEmious éTioTracacbat, Kut TEepiTAEWY EUnpEeat GKAadEcL TOIs éavTOD oUL- mTréKETOaL TrpdS Vads UT’ OyKoU Kal TANpwpaToV OrLYOTNTOS apyas Kal Bpadeias. LXVI. ’Apyopévou dé tov ayavos ev yepoly elvat, éuPoral ev ovx joav ovdé avappntes veav, Tov pev “Avtwviov d:a Bdpos piynv ovK éyouga@v, 4) padtoTa Tole Tas TeV éuBorov TAnyas évepyous, Tov 6€ Kaicapos ov povoy avtt- Tpepwv cuuhépecbar mpos YadkwopaTta oTEeped Kal tpaxéa pvraccopévwv, arAdAa pnde KaTa mAeupav éuBoras Sidovar Oappovaodrv. ameOpav- ovto yap Ta EuPora padiws 4 mpoomécore oKd- geo TeTpaywvorv Evrov peyddrov oldnpw ocuvnp- pocpévov mpos GAAnAa Sebepévors. Hv ovv meCouaxig Tpoapepns 0 ayer TO dé arnBéarepov evmely, Terxouayia. TpEls yap apa Kal Técoapes Tept pilav tav ‘AvTwviov auvetyorTo, yEppots kat dopact Kal KovTois ypwpmevwy Kal mupoBoXous" ot &€ ’"Avtwviov cal xataréXtass ato EvXivov mupywv éBarxrov. "Aypi 5€ Oartepov Ké is KUKAwWOoLD ypimmou dé Epov Képas els KU éxteivovtos, avtavdyew TlomdKorXas avayxato- Hevos atreppyyvuTO TaV pécwv. OopuBoupévwn dé 286 ANTONY enemy. But it was now the sixth hour, and since a wind was rising from the sea, the soldiers of Antony became impatient at the delay, and, relying on the height and size of their own ships as making them unassailable, they put their left wing in motion. When Caesar saw this he was delighted, and ordered his right wing to row backwards, wishing to draw the enemy still farther out from the gulf and the narrows, and then to surround them with his own agile vessels and come to close quarters with ships which, owing to their great size and the smallness of their crews, were slow and ineffective. LXVI. Though the struggle was beginning to be at close range, the ships did not ram or crush one another at all, since Antony’s, owing to their weight, had no impetus, which chiefly gives effect to the blows of the beaks, while Caesar’s not only avoided dashing front to front against rough and hard bronze armour, but did not even venture to ram the enemy’s ships in the side. For their beaks would easily have been broken off by impact against vessels constructed of huge square timbers fastened together with iron. The struggle was therefore like a land battle; or, to speak more truly, like the storming of a walled town. For three or four of Caesar's vessels were engaged at the same time about one of Antony’s, and the crews fought with wicker shields and spears and punting-poles and fiery missiles; the soldiers of Antony also shot with catapults from wooden towers. And now, as Agrippa was extending the left wing with a view to encircling the enemy, Publicola was forced to advance against him, and so was separated from the centre. The centre falling into confusion 287 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOUT@Y Kal TUpTAEKOMEVOY Tots Trept Tov Appovy- TLov, axpttou 6€ Kab Kowijs Ere THS vaUpaxias cuve- oe aipvidsov at Kreomatpas efnxovra vijes op) noav aipopevat T pos amon Novy Ta iotia Kal bua pécou pevyovoat TOV paxopeveoy™ qoav yap oTiTw TETAYHEVAL TOV peyarwv, Kat Srextrinr- Tovoal Tapayny émrotouv. ot O€ évayTiou Oavpa- Covres eGeavro, T@ TVEVLATL Xpopevas Op@vres Kat emexovoas TOs THY TleXorovvngor. éva 67) pavepov avrov "AvT@Vos eTrointey OUTE ApYovTOS OuUTE avépos ore brAws Lolo. Aoyea pois dcocov- pevor, GAN’ Omrep TU Taisen elie, THY puxiy TOU Ep@VTOS év ardor pip cwpate Cry, ENKOMEVOS UTO THS yuvatKos aorep TUMLTEPYKDS kal oUp- peTadepopevos. ov yap EPOn Thy eKxeiVvns idev vaov amom ova ay, Kal TavTOV exabopevos Kal mpodous Kab arroépas TOUS brrép avrTov Haxopevous Kat Ounoxovras, els TEevTNPN HeTeu Bas, "Areka Tov Xvpov. Kal LKehdALov povev avT@ UvEp- Bavrov, edimxe THY amokwrexviay 4Sn cal TpogamoXovg ay avrov. LXVII. ‘Exeivn dé Wopicaca onpetov amo THS vEews avéc e Kal TpoaevexOels ott Kal avarnpdets exelvny Mev ouTe eldev ouTe when, mapeav dé Lovos els mpppav éf’ éav Tou Kalijato oLWTH, TALS XEpalv appotépars exOpLev0s TNS Keparns. ev TOUT dé AuBupvides dp Onoav SumKovaat mapa Kaicapos: ) be avtim pppov ema pepetv Tv vavv Kehevoas Tas bev anras aveaTELrey, Evpuenijs oo AdKov eveKeLTO go- Bapas, AOyyNY TiVa xpadaivey amo Tov KaTa- 288 947 ANTONY and engaging with Arruntius,! although the sea-fight was still undecided and equally favourable to both sides, suddenly the sixty ships of Cleopatra were seen hoisting their. sails for flight and making off through the midst of the combatants; for they had been posted in the rear of the large vessels, and threw them into confusion as they plunged through. The enemy looked on with amazement, seeing that they took advantage of the wind and made for Pelo- ponnesus. Here, indeed, Antony made it clear to all the world that he was swayed by the sentiments neither of a commander nor of a brave man, nor even by his own, but, as someone in pleasantry said that the soul of the lover dwells in another’s body, he was dragged along by the woman as if he had become incorporate with her and must go where she did. For no sooner did he see her ship sailing off than he forgot everything else, betrayed and ran away from those who were fighting and dying in his cause, got into a five-oared galley, where Alexas the Syrian and Scellius were his only companions, and hastened — after the woman who had already ruined him and would make his ruin still more complete. LXVII. Cleopatra recognized him and raised a signal on her ship; so Antony came up and was taken on board, but he neither saw her nor was seen by her. Instead, he went forward alone to the prow and sat down by himself in silence, holding his head in both hands. At this point, Liburnian ships were seen pursuing them from Caesar's fleet; but Antony ordered the ship’s prow turned to face them, and so kept them all off, except the ship of Eurycles the Laconian, who attacked vigorously, and brandished a 1 The commander of Caesar’s centre, as Plutarch should have stated at Ixv. 1. 289 VOL. IX. U PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTpHpAaTOS WS adnowy eT avUTOV. eItTTAVTOS dé 7H mpe@pa tov ‘Avtwviov nai “Tis obtos,” elmrovtos, “o Stwoxwov "Avtwvov;” “'Eyo,” ceimrev, “ Kvpuxrns o Aaydpovs, TH Katoapos TUYN Tov TOU TaTpos éxdic@v Odvarov.” Oo Oé Aaydpns im’ *Avtwviov Anoteias aitia Tept- meow érercKiaOn. amrnv ov« évéBarev o- Evpu- KAns eis THY “Avtwviov vaiv, adda THY éETépav Tov vavapyidwv (dv0 yap joav) TO Yarkopuate matakas wepteppouPnoe, Kal Tavtny Te TAaYiaY Tepimecovcay elke cal ToY GAAwY piav, ev 7 qToAXuTeEnNEls oKEVAL T@V Tepl Siaitav Hoayv. aTrar- Nayévtos 5é trovTov wad oO "Avt@vios els TO avTO oxipa -xabels éavtov aaouxiay frye Kal tpeis fuepas Kal’ éavtov év apwpa Svartneis, ei? im opyns, elt aidovpevos eéxetvnv, Tatvap@ mTpocéayev. evravéa 8 avrovs ai auvnbes yu- yaikes Tp@Tov pev els Adyous aAANXNOLS TUY- yayov, eita ouvderTrvely Kal cuyxabevoey Errercav. "Hd b€é cal trav otpoyyvAwy TWrOiwY ovK ddirya Kal tov dirwy. tives ex TIS TpoTHAS HOpoifovTo pos avTous, ayyéAAovtTes ATOAWAEVAaL TO VaUTI- Kov, ovecOat 6€ TO Telov auvectdvat. *“AvT@VLOS 5é mpos péev Kavidsov dyyéXous éreprev, ava- yopety 51a Maxedovias eis "Aciay To otpaT@ KaTa Tdyos KeXEvwY, adTos dé pédArAwWY aro Ta:vdpov mpos thv AtBinv si:aipew, odrdgKdda piav, TOAY pev Voutopa, ToAdAod Sé akias év apyup@ Kal ypvo@ KatacKevas tov BaciuKav xopivovaav, é&eAopevos Tois giros érédwxe Koh, velwacOar nat owlew éavtous xedevoas. apvovpévouvs S€ Kal KAaiovTas evpevas Tavu 290 ANTONY spear on the deck as though he would cast it at An- tony. And when Antony, standing at the prow, asked, “Who is this that pursues Antony?” the answer was, “Iam Eurycles the son of Lachares, whom the fortune of Caesar enables to avenge the death of ,his father.”” Now, Lachares had been be- headed by Antony because he was involved in a charge of robbery. However, Eurycles did not hit Antony’s ship, but smote the other admiral’s ship (for there were two of them) with his bronze beak and whirled her round, and as she swung round sideways he captured her, and one of the other ships also, which contained costly: equipment for household use. When Eurycles was gone, Antony threw himself down again in the same posture and did not stir. He spent three days by himself at the prow, either be- cause he was angry with Cleopatra, or ashamed to see her, and then put in at Taenarum. Here the women in Cleopatra's company at first brought them into a parley, and then persuaded them to eat and sleep together. Presently not a few of their heavy transport ships and some of their friends began tu gather about them after the defeat, bringing word that the fleet was destroyed, but that, in their opinion, the land forces still held together. So Antony sent messengers to Canidius, ordering him to retire with his army as fast as he could through Macedonia into Asia ; he himself, however, since he purposed to cross from Taenarum to Libya, selected one of the transport ships which carried much coined money and very valuable royal utensils in silver and gold, and madea present of it to his friends, bidding them divide up the treasure and look out for their own safety. They refused his gift 291 u 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat prroppoves TapapvOnadpevos Kat _5en- 7 Geis amréotenre, ypaypas T pos @eodurov Tov év Kopivép Stovent hy d1as ac ddevav exTropion Kal atroxpiwn Tous dvdpas ay pt dv indcacOau Kaicapa SuvnP dow. OUTOS TY Oedprros ‘I7r- mdpxov maTnp Tob Tela TOV mapa ‘Avravicp Suvnfévtos, mpwtov 5& awpos Katcapa TOY aTre- hevdépeov petaBaropévou Kal KatoiknoayvTos vaotepov év KopivOo. LXVIII. Tatra pev ovv Ta KATA TOV ‘AyT@- yiov. ev “Axtio bé TONY 0 oTOXOS avTLaX@y Kaioape xpavov, cat peyearov Bra Bels UTO TOU KAVOWVOS vypnrov . KaTa Tmpapav ioTapevon, pores pas Sexatns areime. Kat vexpol fev ov WAeious éyévovTo MEVTAKLTXIALODY, Edrwoav 6é TplLaKoo Lat 2 wipes, @S AUTOS aveyparpe Kaioap. naOovro dé ov TONAL mepeuryoros ‘Avtevion, Kat Tots mvu0o- pévors TO 7 parTOV amtaros my O oyos, et déxa Kal évvea TAY paTa, melav anTTATOV Kal Sia yuALous emt pupiors im mets aromtmav olyerat, Kabdmep ov TONAEKLS én dpporepa T) TUX KEY PNMLEVOS oude pupiov - GYaveOV Kat TONE LOY peta Boras 3 eyyeryunvas pevos. ot 6¢ oTpanarar Kal moO ov Tia Kal poo doxiap elyov as avtixa oev emipavnaouevou: Kal TogauTny émredeiEavto miotiw Kal dperny Gare Kal THs puyiis avTou pavepas yevouerns npépas entra TuppElvat, TrEpLto- pavres émiTrpeo Bevopevov avrors Kaicapa. réXos 948 bé, Tov oTpaTHyoU Kavdtov YUKTWP drrodpavtos Kat KATANIT OVTOS TO atparomesov, yevopevor Tav- Tov épnuot kal mpodobévtes rd TaV apxYoVTwr, T@ KpaTouvTL TpoTEywpnoay. 292 ANTONY and were in tears, but he comforted them and be- sought them with great kindness and affection, and finally sent them away, after writing to Theophilus, his steward in Corinth, that he should keep the men in safe hiding until they could make their peace with Caesar. This Theophilus was the father of Hippar- chus, who had the greatest influence with Antony, was the first of Antony’s freedmen to go over to Caesar, and afterwards lived in Corinth. LXVIII. This, then, was the situation of Antony. But at Actium his fleet held out for a long time against Caesar, and only after it had been most severely damaged by the high sea which rose against it did it reluctantly, and at the tenth hour, give up the struggle. There were not more than five thousand dead, but three hundred ships were captured, as Caesar himself has written. Only a few were aware that Antony had fled, and to those who heard of it the story was at first an incredible one, that he had gone off and left nineteen legions of undefeated men-at-arms and twelve thousand horsemen, as if he had not many times experienced both kinds of for- tune and were not exercised by the reverses of countless wars and fightings. His soldiers, too, had a great longing for him, and expected that he would presently make his appearance from some quarter or other; and they displayed so much fidelity and bravery that even after his flight had become evident they held together for seven days, paying no heed to the messages which Caesar sent them. But at last, - after Canidius their general had. run away by night and forsaken the camp, being now destitute of all things and betrayed by their commanders, they went over to the conqueror. 293 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES "Ex tovtov Kaicap pev én’ “AOnvas émrdeuce, cai Siadrrayels Tots “EXAnot Tov TweptovTa oirov éx TOU TONE WOV Suéverpe Tats TOAETL TpAaTTOvG ALS aOriws Kal TEpLKEKoppevars XPnpearav, avdpamo- Swv, brrofuyiwy. o yoov mporan Tos nya Ni- Kkapyos Sunyetro Tovs ToAttas amavtas avayKd- CecOat trois mmo KaTtapépery péTpnua mrupav TeTaypevoy émi tHv mpos “Avtixupay Oddraccap, UNTO pacTiywy émitaXuvomevous: Kal piav pev otTw hopay éveyxeiv, thy 5é Sevrépav 4dn pepe- Tpnpévots Kab pédAovow alpecOar vevixnpévov "Ayt@viov ayyeAnval, Kal TovTo dStacwoat TT? T ayyeAnvat, rue Tow: evOus yap Tav ‘Avtwviov Suatkntav xal ° “~ , “a TTpAT LOT ay guyovtwy Staveiacbat Tov aitov avTous. LXIX. “AVT@MOS dé AiBins “dvpdsevos ral Kyeordtpav ets Aiyumrov éx Ilapattoviou mpo- 4 > AN b) 4 9 / > , \ mwéppas avtos améAavev épnuias adOovov, .cw dual dirors ddvwv cal trAava@pevos,”"EAAnve pev a ¢ "Apiotoxpates pntoptx@, Pwpuato dé Aoveirrio¢, ‘ e > e¢ 7 / ¢ > , mepi ov du érépwv yeypadpapev ws ev Pirjirrois, umép Tov Staduyeity Bpodrov, avtos avtov, ws 87 Bpodtos ov, eveyeipioe Tois Suwxovat, Kai d:acw- Gels tr’ ’Avtwviov d:a TodTO, TLaTOS avT@ Kal BéRBavos axpt Tav éoydTwv Kaipwv Trapépetver. 3 \ \ \ \ > / 4 e éret 6¢ xal thv év AtBin Svvau o Temiotev- pévos aréatnoev, oppnoas éautoyv avedey xal StaxorvGels Uo Tav dirwv Kai Kxoptcbels eis "AreEduSpecav ecbpe Kvreotratpayv émitodkpacay 294 ANTONY In consequence of this, Caesar sailed to Athens, and after making a settlement with the Greeks, he distributed the grain which remained over after the war among their cities; these were in a wretched plight, and had been stripped of money, slaves, and beasts of burden. At any rate, my great-grandfather Nicarchus used to tell how all his fellow-citizens were compelled to carry on their shoulders a stipu- lated measure of wheat down to the sea at Anticyra, and how their pace was quickened by the whip; they had carried one load in this way, he said, the second was already measured out, and they were just about to set forth, when word was brought that Antony had been defeated, and this was the salvation of the city; for immediately the Stewards and soldiers of Antony took to flight, and the citizens divided the grain among themselves. LXIX. After Antony had reached the coast of Libya and sent Cleopatra forward into Egypt from Paraetonium, he, had the benefit of solitude without end, roaming and wandering about with two friends, one a Greek, Aristocrates a rhetorician, and the other a Roman, Lucilius, about whom I have told a story elsewhere.! He was at Philippi, and in order that Brutus might make his escape, pretended to be Bru- tus and surrendered himself to his pursuers. His life was spared by Antony on this account, and he remained faithful. to him and steadfast up to the last crucial times. When the general to whom his forces in Libya had been entrusted brought about their defection, Antony tried to kill himself, but was pre- vented by his friends and brought to Alexandria. Here he found Cleopatra venturing upon a hazardous 1 See the Brutus, chapter 1. 295 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ” , \ j , a \ v Epy@ tapaRorX Kal peyado. Tov yap eipyovTos icO nov tHhv épvOpay aro Ths nat’ AiyuTrrov Oa- Adoons Kal Soxobvtos Aciav nat AiBunv opifery, 4 opiyyerat pddtota Tols meAadyeot Kal Bpayv- TaTOs Epos €oTL, TplaKOTiwy aTadiwy dvTwP, éveyeipnoev Apaca Tov oTOXOY UTEpvewWAKT CAL, Kal kaleica tas vais eis Tov ’ApaBixoy KoXTOV peTa Ypnuatwv tod\Aav Kal duvduews Ew KaTtoxely, atropuyovoa Sovrciay Kal mroAeuov. émret 5d Tas TpWTAS avEeXKopéevas TOV vewv ot Tept THv ITé- ” D v 9 ay \ tpav “Apafes xatéxavaay, étt 5é ‘“Avtw@vios Tov éy ’Axti@m orTpatov geto ouppéverv, emavoato, \ \ 3 \ bd UA b ] 4 \ kal tas éuBoras édvrattev. “Avtavios dé tTHV TOALY éxALT@V Kal Tas peTa TOV didrwv Sia- , el TpuBas, olxnow evarXov Katecxevaley avT@ rept \ > a tThv Ddpor, eis tHv Odraccay Kapa TpoBarov: \ a > 7 \ ’ , 1.9 kal Stiyev avtob. gduvyas avOp@rev, Kal tov Tipwvos ayarav kal Cnrovv Biov épacker, ws \ \ @ \ \ > A 9 N e \ 69 wetrovOas Gola’ Kal yap avTos abixnGeis Ure girwv Kal ayaptotnOeis, dia TovTO Kal TaoL avopwrroas atiote Kal duayepaiverv. , e A LXX. ‘O 6€ Tipov Rv 'AOnvaios, cal yéyovev € , 4 \ \ , n\tkia padoTa kata Tov IleXorovvnotaxov 1o- Aepov, ws ex TaV ‘Aptotodavous Kal IIXdtwvos Spapdteav rAaBeiv ott. xopmdettar yap év éxei- vows ws duopevns Kal procavOpwros: éxkrjL(vov dé \ kal StwOovpevos adrracay évrevEw, "AdXxiBuddnpy, , véov dvta nal Opacuv, nomdleto Kal xatediret 4 mpoOvpws. ‘Amnudytou 5€ Gavpdoavtos Kal mv- 296 ANTONY and great undertaking. The isthmus, namely, which separates the Red Sea! from the Mediterranean Sea off Egypt and is considered to be the boundary be- tween Asia and Libya, in the part where it is most constricted by the two seas and has the least’ width, measures three hundred furlongs. Here Cleopatra undertook to raise her fleet out of water and drag the ships across, and after launching them in the Arabian Gulf} with much money and a large force, to settle in parts outside of Egypt, thus escaping war and servitude. But since the Arabians about Petra burned the first ships that were drawn up, and An- tony still thought that his land forces at Actium were holding together, she desisted, and guarded the ap- proaches to the country. And now Antony forsook the city and the society of his friends, and built for himself a dwelling in the sea at Pharos, by throwing a mole out into the water. Here he lived an exile from men, and declared that he was contentedly imitating the life of Timon, since, indeed, his exper- iences had been like Timon’s; for he himself also had been wronged and treated with ingratitude by his friends, and therefore hated and distrusted all mankind. LXX. Now, Timon was an Athenian, and lived about the time of the Peloponnesian War, as may be gathered from the plays of Aristophanes and Plato. For he is represented in their comedies as peevish and misanthropical ; but though he avoided and re- pelled all intercourse with men, he was glad to see Alcibiades, who was then young and headstrong, and showered kisses upon him. And when Apemantus 1 By Red Sea Plutarch here means the upper part of the Arabian Gulf. 297 ~ ] PLUTARCH’S LIVES / N 9 #7 “A ” \ , Oouévov THY aitiav, directv Epn Tov. veavioxoy 29 \ 0 a? , a v ” eldws Ste ToAA@Y AOnvalots Kax@v aitios évotTo. ‘ \ 93 4 ¥ , e nd b] “~ \ tov d¢€ ’AmnpavTov jovov ws Gmotoy avT@ Kal le) \ ined Ww id , / tnroovTa THY Oiattav Eat Ste TMpocieTo: Kai mote THS TV Xo@y ovans éoptHs eiaotiavTo Kal’ e 4 NY re ad. , , “ce auTous ol dvo, TOV 0 ~Amnuavtou dncavtos, “ Os , @ lA A Ul e “A b> (e9 ¥ Kadov, w» Tipwrv, To cuptrociov nuov, “* Kirye , \ A ? , av, ébn, “un wapis.” Réyerar 5é "AOnvaiwv b / 9 \ ? \ a ol éxxAnotatovtwav avaBas éml ro Bua tomoar \ \ clwmny Kat wpoadoKiay peydAnv 1a TO Tapa- 9 9 a co” N 9 , dofov: eita eitreiv: “““Kore poe utKpov otKxomredor, bs 2 5A bd a \ A b 9 ” , @ avopes "A@nvaio, Kal avn tis év avT@ Te- b] ? ” \ “ “ 9 4 guxerv, €& As HON cuXvol TOV TOALTOY amrnyEaVTO. , @ >] w AN “4 , péAXY oOvY oOtKOdomEty TOY ToTrov éBovrANnOnv , a / f Snpocia mpoetetv, tva, av dpa tives €OéX\wow A a A A b) 99 ULV, ply exKkoTHVAaL THY TUKHY, aTrayEwvTat. , \ 9 A \ 4 € A TeXeuTnoavtos S€ avTov Kal tadévtos “Adfjot \ \ a jTapa tiv Odraccav wordtcb_e Ta TpovyovTa Tov > a) \ N a \ ” \ aiysadXov, Kal To Kidpa mrepleNOov aBatov Kai / ampooTéxaotov gvOpwr@ memoinxe tov Ttdadov. nv © érruryeypappévov: b] 7&9 / , a ev0ad’ atroppntas yuxynv Bapudaipova xeipat. wv A Tovvoua & ov mevoecbe, Kaxol 5é KaK@s aTo- roa Oe. \ A \ > N ” a , Kat TovTO Mev AuUTOV €ETt Sovra TETTOLNKEVAL 298 949 ANTONY was amazed at this and asked the reason for it, Timon said he loved the youth because he knew that he would be a cause of many ills to Athens. This Apemantus alone of all men Timon would sometimes admit into . his company, since Apemantus was like him and tried sometimes to imitate his mode of life; and once, at the festival of The Pitchers,! the two were feasting by themselves, and Apemantus said: “Timon, what a fine symposium ours is!” “It would be,’ said Timon, “if thou wert not here.” We are told also that once when the Athenians were holding an as- sembly, he ascended the bema, and the strangeness of the thing caused deep silence and great expectancy ; then he said: “I have a small building lot, men of Athens, and a fig-tree is growing in it, from which many of my fellow citizens have already hanged themselves. Accordingly, as I intend to build a house there, I wanted to give public notice to that effect, in order that all of you who desire to do so may hang yourselves before the fig-tree is cut down.” After he had died and been buried at Halae near the sea, the shore in front of the tomb slipped away, and the water surrounded it and made it com- pletely inaccessible to man. The inscription on the tomb was : “ Here, after snapping the thread of a wretched life, I lie. ; Ye shall not learn my name, but my curses shall follow you.” This inscription he is said to have composed 1 Choes-day, the second day of the great festival in honour of Dionysus called Anthesteria. It was a day of libations to the dead, 299 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aéyouct, To Sé tepipepopevov Karrdipayerov éoTe" | Tipewv proavOpwios évoixéw. GAA Twapedbe, 9 , ” \ 4 ( oipeter elas ToAXa TapedOe povov. LXXI. Taira pév wept Tipwvos amo toddov 9 4 fel \ 9 4 / , “A > Oriya. To 5逰 Avtwvim Kavidids te THs ato- Bors tov év’Axtip duvdpewy avtayyeros HrG¢, kat Tov lovdaiov Hpwénv éxovtd tiva taypata Kal 4 omeipas jKovoe Katoaps wpooxeywpynkéva, nal A LA e / , 9 / \ Tous adAXous opoiws duvdotas adiotacbat Kat pndev Ere cuppévery Tov extos. ov pv Srerapaké 4 > , b) \ a ww \ > , TL TOUTMV AUTOV, AANA WoTTED AT MEVOS TO EATL- Ce aroteOermévos, iva Kal to dpovtigeyv, tHv \ ” b , , , b) , bev évarov éxeivny Siartav, ivy Tywvercov wvo- 4 \ A pater, éFérurrev, avarndels 5é€ bro THs Kyeo- \ a mwatpas eis Ta Bacirea mpos Setrva Kal métous \ \ Mv \ 4 b £ \ b kal Stavopas Etpee THY TrOdLY, Eyypapaw pev eis épnBSovs tov KXeordtpas maida nal Kaicapos, \ \ > / > Y 4 e 4 » ] UA TO 6€ atroppupov Kat TédXeLov twatioy ‘AvTVAA@ na 9 , , 93? / \ T@ €x DovrAPRtas TwepiTiOets, ep ols Huépas ToNAaS 4 A “A A , \ b] 4 cuptoota Kal Kk@pot kat Oarias trhv ‘“AreEdr- dpevay Katetyov. avtol dé THY pev TOV aptbun- 4 b] , 4 A e - \ ToBiwy éxeivnv auvodoyv Katédvaay, Erépav Sé 4 cuvetafay ovdév Te Nectropéevny exetvns aBpornte N A kat tpudais kal TrodvTedeias, vy suvvatrobavou- , 9 4 9 4 \ e + péevwv exaNovv. ateypadovtTo yap oi diroe ouv- atroBavoupévous éavTovs, Kal dSefyov evradobvtes ? 5 4 U , \ év Oeitvav mepiodois. Kreoratpa 5é dap- 300 ANTONY himself, but that in general circulation.is by Calli- machus : ‘‘ Timon, hater of men, dwells here ; so pass along ; Heap many curses on me, if thou wilt, only pass along.’ LXXI. These are a few things out of many con- cerning Timon. As for Antony, Canidius in person brought him word of the loss of his forces at Actium, and he heard that Herod the Jew, with sundry legions and cohorts, had gone over to Caesar, and that the other dynasts in like manner were deserting him and nothing longer remained of his power out- side of Egypt. However, none of these things greatly disturbed him, but, as if he gladly laid aside his hopes, that so he might lay aside his anxieties also, he forsook that dwelling of his in the sea, which he called Timoneum, and after he had been received into the palace by Cleopatra, turned the city to the enjoyment of suppers and drinking-bouts and distri- butions of gifts, inscribing in the list of ephebi! the son of Cleopatra and Caesar, and bestowing upon Antyllus the son of Fulvia the toga virilis without purple hem, in celebration of which, for many days, banquets and revels and feastings occupied Alex- andria. Cleopatra and Antony now dissolved their famous society of Inimitable Livers,? and founded another, not at all inferior to that in daintiness and luxury and extravagant outlay, which they called the society of Partners in Death. For their friends en- rolled themselves as those who would die together, and passed the time delightfully in a round of suppers. Moreover, Cleopatra was getting together collections 1 See the note on lxii. 1. Caesarion was to be educated as a Greek, Antyllus as a Roman. 2 Cf. chapter xxviii. 2. Z 301 a CS) PLUTARCH’S LIVES pdiccov Gavacipar ovVHye eleveeSimeis duvapess, Ov exdorns TO. avw@duvov édNeyxoura mpouBarnre Tots emi Oavato@ Ppoupoupevors. érret 5€ EWpA TAS ev @KULOpoUS THY ofvTnTa Tob Savdrou 6’ aduv7s emipepovoas, Tas dé 7 PQOTEpas TAXOS | OUK exouaas, TOV Onpiwv a AMET ELPATO, Few pevns abriis érepov évTép@ Tpoa PepovTwv. émrovet dé _TovTO Kad Tmépay" Kal a xedov év Tract povov eUptoKe TO Ofrypa THS aomidos dvev ora nod Kal orteva- you Kapov vTvadn Kal Katapopay epeduopevor, LOp@Te parax@ Tov mpoowmou, Kal TOV aia On- TNpiov dpavpocer Tapadvopevev padios kal dua xepatvovT wv ™ pos tas é€eyépoets Kal avaknrt- oELS, domep oi Babéws cabevdorres. LX XII. “Apa dé Kal ™ pos Kaicapa mpéa Bees Emre jTroV. ELS ‘Agiay, v per aitoupévn tHv év Aiyorre@ TOS mato apyny, 0 6é a&iav AOnvnouw, él pn Soxotn meph Alyumrop, idearns cataSravar. pirav 6€ a arropia, Kal amiotia bia Tas avtopondias 0 TOY TraidwD ‘Bi8dowaos eméuhOn mpea Bevav Ev¢povios. kal yap Arekas o Aaobdixets, yvo- praGels pep év ‘Pon bia Teparyévous Kal wAELo TOV Eddijvev durmbeis, ryevopLevos dé TOV Krcordtpas én "Avr@viov opyavav To Bratorarov Kal TOV vmép ‘Oxraovias tora peverv év avT@ Aoyec perv dvatpomevs, € emeupOn pev “Hp@dny TOV Bacthéa THs peTaBonijs epefor, avtoo oé kaTapeivas Kal Tm podous "Avt@vov éroApnoev els Oyu eGeiv Kaicapos, ‘Hpwdy meTroOws. aynce 5é avtov ovdév ‘Hpwdns, adr’ evs eipyOels cal xopiabets 302 2" 950 ANTONY of all sorts of deadly poisons, and she tested the painless working of each of them by giving them to prisoners under sentence of death. But when she saw that the speedy poisons enhanced the sharpness of death by the pain they caused, while the milder poisons were not quick, she made trial of venomous animals, watching with her own eyes as they were set one upon another. She did this daily, and tried them almost all; and she found that the bite of the asp alone induced a sleepy torpor and sinking, where there was no spasm or groan, but a gentle perspira- tion on the face, while the perceptive faculties were easily relaxed and dimmed, and resisted all attempts to rouse and restore them, as is the case with those who are soundly asleep. LXXII. At the same time they also sent an em- bassy to Caesar in Asia, Cleopatra asking the realm of Egypt for her children, and Antony . requesting that he might live as a private person at Athens, if he could not do so in Egypt. But owing to their lack of friends and the distrust which they felt on account of desertions, Euphronius, the teacher of the children, was sent on the embassy. For Alexas the Laodicean, who had been made known to Antony in Rome through Timagenes and had more influence with him than any other Greek, who had also been Cleopatra’s most effective instrument against Antony and had overthrown the considerations arising in his mind in favour of Octavia, had been sent to keep Herod the king from apostasy ; but after remaining there and betraying Antony he had the audacity to come into Caesar's presence, relying on Herod. Herod, however, could not help him, but the traitor was at once confined and carried in fetters to his own 393 PLUTARCH’S LIVES b] \ e le) 4 , 9 A , els THY éavTov TwaTpida Séoptos éxet Katoapos a, b A 4 \ b “ 4 KeXevoavTos avypéOn. TtoravTnv pev Areas ett la) , fo Cavre Stxny Avrwovie Ths amiotias é€étice. LXXIIT. Kaicap &€ rovs pév trép ’Avrwviov’ NOyous ovK Hvéc KETO, KACoTaTpay O€ aTreKpivaTo pndevos aduaprncecOar Tov éTietK@Y avedovcaD "Avraviov éxBarotdoav. auvérweue 5€é xKal Tap avtov Twa TaV atedevOépwv Ovpaor, ovK 9 ‘ ” b) \ b] 4 A ] b e avontov avOpwrov ovbé amiOdvas av ad nye- \ wn povos véou SiarexPévta mpos yuvaixa coBapav \ N id >] N A nw kat Oavuacrov doov émi KadrAe dpovovcav. e ‘ Z ovTOS evTUyYaV@V avTH MaKpoTepa TOV arAwWD 4 a ? , Kal Tim@pevos Stahepovtws UTovotav TO AvTwvio mapéoxe, Kal cvAAaBwv avTov éuactiywcer, cita > A \ , / e 2 a N agjxe pos Kaicapa ypawas ws évtpudav Kat n S Tepippovav tapokvverey avrov, evapoEvytov vTro a ” “2y de > \ / \ a 99 KAK@V OVTA. v 0€ eb UN Phepers TO TPaypa, en, . peTpios, EVELS ELOV amehevOepov’ ‘Immapxov. 4 ToUTOY Kpewacas pacrirywcor, iva ioov EXcopen. - éx Tovtou KXeorratpa pev atrodvopevn Tas aitias kat wutrovoias éGepatevey avtov mepitTas: Kal Thy éauTns yeveOdLov TaTrevas dSiayayovoa Kat “a 4 ” Tals TUYALS TIPETOVTWS, THY ExelvOU TAGAD UTTEpP- Badronevn NaprpoTnta Kal TodvTédEtay Ewp- A , TATEV, WOTE TOAAOUS TOV KEKANpEVwY éTL TO wn , , 9 nA tA Setrvov méevntas éAOovtas amedOeivy twrovotous. U \ 3 , > ” 4 > N Kaicapa 6¢ ’Aypimmas avexaneito ToNAaKLS aro ‘Pouns ypadwv as TOV éxEel TpayyaTeY THY A 4 jTapovoiay autov toGouvTwy. 304 ANTONY country, where he was put to death by Caesar's orders. Such was the penalty for his treachery which Alexas paid to Antony while Antony was yet alive. LXXIII. Caesar would not listen to the proposals for Antony, but he sent back word to Cleopatra that she would receive all reasonable treatment if she either put Antony to death or cast him out. - He also sent with the messengers one of his own freedmen, Thyrsus, a man of nomean parts, and one who would persuasively convey messages from a young general to a woman who was haughty and astonishingly proud in the matter of beauty. This man had longer inter- views with Cleopatra than the rest, and was con- spicuously honoured by her, so that he roused suspicion in Antony, who seized him and gave him a flogging, and then sent him back to Caesar with a written message stating that Thyrsus, by his insolent and haughty airs, had irritated him, at a time when misfortunes made him easily irritated. “ But if thou dost not like the thing,” he said, “thou hast my freedman Hipparchus!; hang him up and give him a flogging, and we shall be quits.” After this, Cleo- patra tried to dissipate his causes of complaint and his suspicions by paying extravagant court to him ; her own birthday she kept modestly and in a manner becoming to her circumstances, but she celebrated his with an excess of all kinds of splendour and costliness, so that many of those who were bidden to the supper came poor and went away rich. Meanwhile Caesar was being called home by Agrippa, who frequently wrote him from Rome that matters there greatly needed his presence. 1 See chapter Ixvii. 7. ; 305 VOL, IX, X PLUTARCH’S LIVES LXXIV. “Eayev ovv avaBornv o TOE HOS TOTE tol dé XELELaVvOS Taped OovTos avs em net dua Suptas, ot dé oTpatnyol 61a AuBuns. adrovtos Se IInAovatou NOyos 7 evdobvar LéNevKov ovK axovans tijs Kyrcordtpas. m O€ éxelvou pév yuvaixa Kal maidas “AvTovig KTelvas Tapelxer, avutn 5€ OnKas éxouca Kal punpara Kate- oKEevac méeva TEPLTT OS els Te KdAXOS Kal Dypos, & T POT @KOOOMLNTE TH vag THs “lowdos, évtadda Tav Baoihucav ouvepopet Ta WAELOTNS aka omovons, Xpuaor, dpyupov, opaparySov, papyapiTny, éBevon, éreparta, KLvd peo wor’ émt mact 6€ bgba _TONHY Kat OTUTTTELOV, adore deicavra Tepl taY XpN- parov Kaicapa, p17 Tpamopevy 7 pos aTOYVOCtY yun) diapdeion Kat Karapreen Tov TwOUTOD, dei Twas eXmidas avri piravOparous ™ pod - Te LTrELY dua Tw oTpaTe _Topevopevov éml Thy TON. iS pv évtos dé avrou mepl TOV immodpopov, "AvT@VLOS eneFehOov Hyeviaaro Aapmpas Kau Tpomny TOV Katcapos imméwy émoince, Kal Karedi@ber axpt Tov oT paToTEedou. peyaduvo- pevos d€ TH viKn maphrev els Ta Bacinea, Kal THY Kreomdrpav Karepirnaev ev Tous SirAols, Kab TOV nyovia wévov mpobupotara Tay OT PATLOTAY cuverThoED. 7 5€ aptotetoy auT@ Jwpaxa x pu- covv Kxal Kxpavos édaxev. éxelvos pev ouv oO av0 pwrros AaBav tadta Sia vuKros nvTomoAnce wpos Kaicapa. LXXV. Hadw 8 “Avtwros emeuTre Kaicapa povouaxfoat Tpokahovpevos. drroKpLva,peévou dé €KELVOU TTOAAAS Obovs "AvTwvig wapeivat Oavatwv, 306 : ANTONY LXXIV. Accordingly, the war was suspended for the time being; but when the winter was over, Caesar again marched against his enemy through Syria, and his generals through Libya. When Pelu- sium was taken there was a rumour that Seleucus ~ had given it up, and not without the consent of — Cleopatra; but Cleopatra allowed Antony to put to death the wife and children of Seleucus, and she herself, now that she had a tomb and monument built surpassingly lofty and beautiful, which she had erected near the temple of Isis, collected there the most valuable of the royal treasures, gold, silver, emeralds, pearls, ebony, ivory, and cinnamon; and besides all this she put there great quantities of torch-wood and tow, so that Caesar was anxious about the treasure, and fearing lest the woman might become desperate and burn up and destroy this wealth, kept sending on to her vague hopes of kindly treatment from him, at the same time that he ad- vanced with his army against the city. But when Caesar had taken up position near the hippodrome, Antony sallied forth against hith and fought brilliantly and routed his cavalry, and pursued them as far as their camp. Then, exalted by his victory, he went into the palace, kissed Cleopatra, all armed as he was, and presented to her the one of his soldiers who had fought most spiritedly. Cleopatra gave the man as a reward of valour a golden breastplate and a helmet. The man took them, of course,—and in the night deserted to Caesar. LXXV. And now Antony once more sent Caesar a challenge to single combat.!_ But Caesar answered that Antony had many ways of dying. Then Antony, 1 Cf. chapter lxii. 3. 397 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 id “ 4 > ” b] fo! cuudpovncas Ott ToD dia pays ovK EoTLY avT@ BeAtiov Oavatos, éyvw Kal Kata ynv apa Kal Odratrav émiyepeiy. Kal wapa Seimvov, as NeyeTal, TOUS oiKéTas EéKxéXevoev HTroxEly Kal ‘4 “A , mpoOupotepoy evwxety avTov: addnrov yap, e TOUTO Toinopvow avpiov 7) Seatrorais éErépols UmnpeTncovatv, avTos 5é KeloeTat oKEAETOS Kal N \ ( ‘\ \ , > N , TO pndev ryevopevos. Tous 5é Pirous eri TovToLs ec on \ ane daxpvovras opav épy pon mpoakew em) tHv paynr, > e ean , 9 a a a , cE 5 aUT@ Gavatov EevKAEA PaddAOV 7} TwTNpiaVv tnreiy Kal vienv. b ] , a \ UA 4 60 Ev ravtn TH vucti rEeyeTaL, wecovans axedor, a / \ / éy novxia Kal xatndeia tis Todews dtd PoBov \ , a VA Ww > 4 kal mpocdoxiay Tod pérXOVTOS ovaNS, alidvidiov le) a \ opydvev Te TavTodaTa@v éuperets tivas dwvas axovaOnvar kat Bony dyNov peta evacpav Kal “A ¢ . THONTEWY TATUPLKa@Y, wWotrep Otacov Tivos OvK 9 U4 >] 7 J \ \ e A e “ aBHopvBws éEeXavvovtos: eivas dé THY Opunv opod \ A ’ ?; > \ ‘ y) ” \ Te Ota THS Todews Eons El THY TUAHY EEW THY 4 TETPAUpLevNVY TMPOS TOUS TrOAELLOUS, Kal TAUTH TOV OopuBov éxmeceiv mreiaTov yevopevov. édoKxet O€ Tois avanroyilouévoits TO onmEetov aTroAEiTTELY O Qeos “Avtwviov, @ paddtota aovveEopotmv Kat TUVOLKEL@Y EaUTOV StEeTEAETED. io \ ¢@ / N \ x A > \ LXXVI."Apa 6€ nuépa tov wefov avros émt A \ a / / € 4 b a \ TOV TPO THS TOAEWS AOhwY Ldpvaas eGEadTO Tas A A fa) 4 vaus aynyuévas Kal Tals TOV ToAELiWY Trpog peEpo- , > a Hévas: Kal treptuévwv Epyov te Tap’ éxetywy Loety navyatev. ot dé ws éyyvs éyévovto, Tais KwTraLs 308 951 ANTONY conscious that there was no better death for him than that by battle, determined to attack by land and sea at once. And at supper, we are told, he bade the slaves pour out for him and feast him more - generously; for it was uncertain, he said, whether they would be doing this on the morrow, or whether they would be serving other masters, while he him- self would be lying dead, a munimy and a nothing. Then, seeing that his friends were weeping at these words, he declared that he would not lead them out to battle, since from it he sought an honourable death for himself rather than safety and victory. During this night, it is said, about the middle of it, while the city was quiet and depressed through fear and expectation of what was coming, suddenly certain harmonious sounds from all sorts of instruments were heard, and the shouting of a throng, accompanied by cries of Bacchic revelry and_satyric leapings, as if a troop of revellers, making a great tumult, were going forth from the city; and their course seemed to lie about through the middle of the city toward the outer gate which faced the enemy, at which point the tumult became loudest and then dashed out. Those who sought the meaning of the sign were of the opinion that the god to whom Antony always most likened and attached himself was now deserting him. LXXVI. At daybreak,! Antony in person posted his infantry on the hills in front of the city, and | watched his ships as they put out and attacked those of the enemy; and as he expected to see something great accomplished by them, he remained quiet. But the crews of his ships, as soon as they were near, 1 Aug. 1, 30 B,C. 3°99 PLUTARCH’S LIVES nomacavTo TOUS Kaicapos, é éxetvav TE avTacTa- capeéveov peteBadovto, Kal Tacals ipa Tals vavoly 0 a TONS els YEVvopevos €TréTNEL TPOS Thy TOALY GYTITP@POS. ToUTO "AVTO@VLOS iO@v arre- AEeihOn ev EVOVS Ud TOV bart éwy peTaBaropevor, nr7neis dé Tots mrelois aveywpnoen eis THY Ton, uTr0 Kyeordtpas mT podedéaba Boay ols du’ éxeivny emoneunoen. nH O€ TH opyny avTov poPnGeica Kal TH arrovovay els TOV Ta pov Katépuye Kal TOUS KaTappaKTas adie KretO pots Kal Hoxots KapTEpous évTas" ampos 6¢ AvT@viov alas Gk TOUS anayyehobvras Ste TeOvnke. TuaTevaas 6€ eKEl- vos Kal elroy pos avrov, “Te ére pmérXeus, "AvTovie; THY poVnY n TVYN Kal NoLTTAY adi pnke TOU prrowpuxeiv mpopacty,” elonrGev ets 70 Swparvov, eat Tov Owpara Taparvev kal dStactéArwy, “*°O ‘Krcomdrpa,” elrrey, “ov dx Popat gov oTEPOUPLEVOS” auTixa yap eis TavTov apifopat GNX’ OTe yuvarnos 0 THMLKODTOS auTo- Kpatwp evpuxia mepapapat Nett opevos.” y &é Tis oiKérns adTod ToTds "Epws dvopa. TOUTOV ex TOAAOD TAPAKEKANKOS, El denoeser, averely avTov, amyret THY UTogXEow. 0 be onma- odpevos TO Eidos aveaxe pev os Taio wv exeivon, aoa péeyras 6é TO 7 poo wmov EQAUTOV GATEKTELVE. ‘TET OVTOS dé avrod pos TOUS Todas o O “AvTavios “« Kove,” elrrey, ‘ ‘@” Epos, Ste pon Suvnbels adros ewe troteiv 5 Set StddoKxes’” Kal mraicas Sta TIS KotALas éavTov adjKey eis TO Kdividzov. Hv Oe ovK evOv@dvatos 4 wANYyH. 810 Kal THs popas ToD aipatos, émel KatexriOn, mavoaperns, 310 ANTONY saluted Caesar's crews with their oars, and on their returning the salute changed sides, and so all the ships, now united into one fleet, sailed up towards the city prows on. No sooner had Antony seen this than he was deserted by his cavalry, which went over to the enemy, and after being defeated with his infantry he retired into the city, crying out that he had been betrayed by Cleopatra to those with whom he waged war for her sake. But she, fearing his anger and his madness, fled for refuge into her tomb and let fall the drop-doors, which were made strong with bolts and bars; then she sent messengers to tell Antony that she was dead. Antony believed the message, and saying to himself, “Why dost thou. longer delay, Antony? Fortune has taken away thy sole remaining excuse for clinging to life,’ he went into his chamber. Here, as he unfastened his breast- plate and laid it aside, he said ; ‘‘O Cleopatra, I am not grieved to be bereft of thee, for I shall straight- way join thee; but I am grieved that such an imper- ator as I am has been found to be inferior to a woman in courage.” Now, Antony had a trusty slave named Eros. Him Antony had long before engaged, in case of need, to kill him, and now demanded the fulfilment of his promise. So Eros drew his sword and held it up as though he would smite his master, but then turned his face away and slew himself. And as he fell at his master’s feet Antony said : “Well done, Eros! though thou wast not able to do it thyself, thou teachest me what I must do”; and running himself through the belly he dropped upon the couch. But the wound did not bring a speedy death. Therefore, as the blood ceased flowing after he had lain down, he 311 - “ PLUTARCH’S LIVES dvahaBov éeito Tov mapovtay emioparrey adr ov. ot Oé Epevyov ex TOU Seopatiov Boavrtos Kat cpadatovtos, a ay pt ov Tapa Kreorrdtpas Ke Aroundns o O ypampateds, Koutley avTOV ws exelyny eis Tov Tahov Kerevaeis. LXXVII. Tvous ouv ort Cn, mpodupas éxé- Nevoev Apacbat Tots DIN pET ALS TO copa, Kal bua Xerpev mpoceropian tais Ovpats Tov OLK NAT OS. " O€ Krcoratpa Tas pev Ovpas. oux avéméev, éx 33 Oupidwy tiav daveica ceipas Kat Kanodua aie. Kat rovtos évardvtwy tov ’Avtw@viov avetAKev avtn Kal dvo yuvaixes, as pwovas ébéEaTo pe” aurhs els TOV Tapov. oveev éxeivou Aéyouow ole poTepov yeveOar ot Taparyevopevot Oéapa. TEPUPLEVOS yap aipare Kat dva8avarév ethxeTo, TAS xelpas opeyav els éxetyny Kal Trapace pou- HEvOS. ov yap hv yuvacki padsov TO Epyov, adda, ports 4 Kycordtpa Taw Xeporv euTrepucvia Kat KATATELVOMEVY T® TporaT® Tov Secpov averap- Bavev, ET LKENEVOMEVOY TOV catwbev auTh Kal TUVAYOVLOVTOD. deEapévn Oe avrov ovTwWS Kal KaTaxdvaca mepreppyéato Te TOUS TETAOUS er’ auT@, KaL Ta oréepva TUTTTOMEDN | Kal orapattovaa Tais xepat, Kal T@ Tporane Tob aipatos dvapar- TOMEVN), Seomorny éxdnrer Kal dvbpa kal avTo- Kpatopa: Kal px pow dety émth€Ana To TOV QuTAS KaKQv oiKT@ TOV éxelvou. KaTaTavoas b¢ Tov Op7- vov QUTHS “AvT@vios 7} NTNGE TLE OLVOD, ElTE Supa, el Te TUVTOMMTE POV edmri Sov aronv joer Oat. Tay dé Trapyverev auth Ta pev éautis, av 7 “May per aiaxuvns, catnpia TiWecOat, padwora, Tov Katcapos étaipwv Upoxdnio miatevovcar, avtov 312 _ANTONY came to himself and besought the bystanders to give him the finishing stroke. But they fled from the chamber, and he lay writhing and crying out, until Diomedes the secretary came from Cleopatra with orders to bring him to her in the tomb. LXXVII. Having learned, then, that Cleopatra was alive, Antony eagerly ordered his servants to raise him up, and he was carried in their arms to the doors of her tomb. Cleopatra, however, would not open the doors, but showed herself at a window, from which she let down ropes and cords. To these Antony was fastened, and she drew him up herself, with the aid of the two women whom alone she had admitted with her into the tomb. Never, as those who were present tell us, was there a more piteous sight. Smeared with blood and struggling with death he was drawn up, stretching out his hands to her even as he dangled in the air. For the task was not an easy one for women, and scarcely could Cleo- patra, with clinging hands and strained face, pull up the rope, while those below called out encourage- ment to her and shared her agony. And when she had thus got him in and laid him down, she rent her garments over him, beat and tore her breasts with her hands, wiped off some of his blood upon her face, and called him master, husband, and imperator ; indeed, she almost forgot her own-ills in her pity for his. But Antony stopped her lamentations and asked for a drink of wine,either because he was thirsty, or in the hope of a speedier release. When he had drunk, he advised her to consult her own safety, if she could do it without disgrace, and among all the companions of Caesar to put most confidence in 313 a PLUTARCH’S LIVES be \ a 9 AN a e , a é pn Opnveiv eri tais votdtas petaPorais, GAA paxapilew wv éruxe KadOv, emipavértatos avOpotav yevouevos Kal mreioTov icxvcas Kal vov ovk ayevvas “Pwpaios td ‘Pwpaiou xpa- TnOeis. LXXVIII. “Ocoy &€ dtrodurévtos avtod Tpo- fw \ / > N \ e A KAnios Axe tapa Kaicapos. émel yap éavrTov , e 69 4 W \ VA mwataéas o ‘Avtwvios @yeTo mpos KXeordtpav koptComevos, Aepxetaios tis Tov Sopudopwr AaBov \ b / b) aA. \ b 4 e A TO éyyerpidiov avdtod Kal amoxpipas veFRNOe, kat Spaye@v mpos Kaicapa mparos Hyyetke tH "A , 4 \ \ , £5 € vrwviov TerevTHV, Kal TO Eidos Eakev nuay- pévov. o b€ ws HKovaev, évdoTépw THS oKNVTS atroagTas amedaxpucev avdpa KndeaTHy yEevowevov Kal cuvapyovTa Kal TOAA@Y ayovev Kal mpay- , 4 td \ b \ \ \ HaTwY KOLVMVOY. ElTa Tas eTLaTOAAS AaBwv Kal Tous didous Karéocas dveyivwcKey OS EvyVapmova ypapovtos avtod Kai dixata goptixos Hv Kat umepndavos ae tepl Tas atroKpicets éxeivos. éK \ , N Bos ” 4 A 5é rovrov tov Ipoxdniov Ereuryre xerevoas, Hv dvvnta, pddota tHS KrXeotrdtpas Seons Kpati- ca Kai yap éfoPeito mept Tov ypnudtar, Kal péeya mpos Sofav nyetto Tov OptduBov Kataya- yety. éxeivnv. els pev ody yapas TO IIpoxAnio a ? ns 2° \ , a auvenGeiy ovx nOéAncev’ éyitvovto b€ AOYOL TO > , , wv” > A \ , olKnuatt.mpoceOovtos EEwOev avtod Kata Oupas €mimTedous, aToKeKAELmévas pev oXUPaS, Pavy dé / b] v4 / e \ 5] dvéEodov éyovoas. Kal dvehéxOnoay 7 pév aitov- 314 ANTONY Proculeius, and not to lament him for his last reverses, but to count him happy for the good things that had been his, since he had become most illus- trious of men, had won greatest power, and now had been not ignobly conquered, a Roman by a Roman. LXXVIII. Scarcely was he dead, when Proculeius came from Caesar. For after Antony had smitten himself and while he was being carried to Cleopatra, Dercetaeus, one of his body-guard, seized Antony’s sword, concealed it, and stole away with it; and running to Caesar, he was the first to tell him of » Antony’s death, and showed him the sword all smeared with blood. When Caesar heard these tidings, he retired within his tent and wept for aman ‘who had been his relation by marriage, his colleague in office and command, and his partner in many undertakings and struggles. Then he took the letters which had passed between them, called in his friends, and read the letters aloud, showing how reasonably and justly he had written, and how rude and over- bearing Antony had always been in his replies. After this, he sent Proculeius, bidding him, if possible, above all things to get Cleopatra into his power alive ; for he was fearful about the treasures in her funeral pyre, and he thought it would add greatly to the glory of his triumph if she were led in the procession. Into the hands of Proculeius, however, Cleopatra would not put herself; but she conferred with him after he had come close to the tomb and stationed himself outside at a door which was on a level with the ground. The door was strongly fastened with bolts and bars, but allowed a passage for the voice. So they conversed, Cleopatra 315 ° PLUTARCH’S LIVES pévn Tois Tatot THY Bactrelav, o 5é Oappety Kai wavTa miotevery Kaicapt Kerevov. LXXIX. ‘Os 6¢ KaTiO@v TOV TOTOY dariyryethe Kaicapt, T'adros per €réuhOn mdr, évrev£o- HEVvos auTh Kai T pos: TAS Oupas éNav émitndes éunxuve TOV AOyov. év TOUT@ dé IIpoKAnios «d- paKxos mpoctebeions bia THs Oupidos eianrAOev 7 tov "Avtwviov ai yuvaixes edé€avto. Kat pos Tas Oupas avtas! evOus, als 4) KXeomatpa rape- oTHKEL T poo éXoua a. T@ PddX, catéBacvev vanpe- Tas exon dvo peO” avtov. tap bé cuycabecpry- pévov Th KyXcordtpa yuvaicav THs érépas ava- Kpayouons, “Tddawa Kyeordtpa, Corypei,” peTa- otpaeica kal Geacapévn Tov IIpoxdniov & Gpunoe peev auTny mataéal’ 1 apelwa evn yap eruyxave Tt Tey AnoTpixepy Evpidiwv- poo Spapyev é Taxy Kab TEPLTXOV avTny Tais Xepoty _tuporepass O II poxdnios, a “Aduxeis,” elev, ““@ Krcordrpa, Kai weauTHy Kal Kaicapa, peyadyy agharpoupéevy XpnaToTHTOS émiderEw avrod, Kal S:ahdddovea TOV TpgoraTov TYE HOveDY OS amiarov Kai adian- Aaktov.” dua dé Kal TO Eihos avtis TapeireTo, Kat thv écOATa, wn KpuTrTOL T pdppaxor, é€e- cetcev. éméudhOn 5é Kal Tapa Kaicapos TOV amrehevd épov "Erragpooitos, ¢ o T Poo eTETAKTO oa cay avrny purdrrewy t Laxupas eT yeh operon, Tan- Aa dé" apds TO paotov évdidovat Kal Hour rov. LXXX. Avros dé Kaicap eLonNauvev eis THY moruy, ‘Apeiw TO prrocope T POT Oia eyouevos Kal THhv oes évdedwxas, iva evOvs év tois Tonri- avras bracketed by Bekker. 2 raAAa Se Bekker, after Solanus: 7dAAa. 316 ANTONY asking that her children might have her kingdom, and Proculeius bidding her be of good cheer and trust Caesar in everything. LXXIX. After Proculeius had surveyed the place, -he brought back word to Caesar, and Gallus was sent to have another interview with the queen; and com- ing up to the door he purposely prolonged the con- versation. Meanwhile Proculeius applied a ladder and went in through the window by which the women had taken Antony inside. Then he went down at once to the very door at which Cleopatra was standing and listening to Gallus, and he had two servants with him. One of the woinen imprisoned with Cleopatra cried out, “‘ Wretched Cleopatra, thou art taken alive,’ whereupon the queen turned about, saw Proculeius, and tried to stab herself ; for she had at her girdle a dagger such as robbers wear. But Proculeius ran swiftly to her, threw both his arms about her, and said: “O Cleopatra, thou art wrong- ing both thyself and Caesar, by trying to rob him of an opportunity to show great kindness, and by fix- ing upon the gentlest of commanders the stigma of faithlessness and implacability.””’ At the same time he took away her weapon, and shook out her clothing, to see whether she was concealing any poison. And there was also sent from Caesar one of his freedmen, Epaphroditus, with injunctions to keep the queen alive by the strictest vigilance, but otherwise to make any concession that would promote her ease and pleasure. LXXX. And now Caesar himself drove into the city, and he was conversing with Areius the philosopher, to whom he had given his right hand, in order that Areius might at once be conspicuous among the citizens, and 317 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tats meptBremros ein Kat Javpalouto TLL@{LEVOS Um avTou Sram peT as. eis 6€ TO yusvdotor Eio- eXOav Kat avaBas ert Biya TL TrETOLNMLEVOD, EK. TETANY KEVOV ume Séous TOV avO parr wv Kal T™poo- Ti TOVTOY, avac That KENEVTAS eon Taos ai-— Tlas Tov SHwov adtévat, mpa@Ttov pev dua TOV KTLOTHY “AnreFavdpov devTEpov dé THs TONEWS Gavpatov TO Kaos Kal TO péyeBos: Tpitov oé A pet | TO éraipo xapilopevos. TAUTNS 61 TAS TULAS ETuXe Tapa Kaicapos _ Apetos, Kal TOV adNwv efnTna ato _ouxpous: ov mv Kal Prdo- OTpaToOs, avnp eimrety pev €F emidpouns TOV TH- TOTE copia Tey iKav@TaTOS, elotrotav O€ 11) Tpoc- NKOVTMS EQUTOV TH "Anabnpeta. 610 Kal Kaioap avtTov Bdedurropevos TOV Tpomrov ov mpoaieTo TAs denoers. o 6€ Toyova, moAov Kabels Kat paov ipateov TeptBaropevos efor Gev "Apeim trapn- Kodovbet, ToVTOV del TOV aTixoy dvadleyyopevos: cool copors calovowv, dv mow codot. mvO6pevos dé Kaicap, cai tov d0ovov padrov “Apeov 4} Toi déovs Didootpatov amadrd£at Bovdopevos, dujKe. LXXXI. Tév &€ ’Avtwviov raidwy o pév éx PovdBias "AvtvAXos ve Geodapov TOU maiba- yeoryou Tmapabobeis am éOave- Kat THY Kepaday av- TOU TOY oTpATLOTaD amorepovTay, O mardayaryos aderwv Sv epwper TEpl TO TpAXnep TONUTLILO- Tatov ALBov els Thy Covnv Katéppayer dapynad- pevos 6€ Kal popadeis averTaupabn. Ta 6é Krcoratpas Tatoia , Ppoupovpeva, PETAR TOV TPE- ghovtwv édevOépiov eiyve Siartav. Katcapiwva dé 318 953 ANTONY be admired because of the marked honour shown him by Caesar. After he had entered the gymnasium and ascended a tribunal there made for him, the people were beside themselves with fear and _ prostrated themselves before him, but he bade them rise up, and said that he acquitted the people of all blame, first, because of Alexander, their founder ; second, because he admired the great size and beauty of the city ; and third, to gratify his companion, Areius. This honour Caesar bestowed upon Areius, and pardoned many other persons also at his request. Among these was Philostratus, a man more competent to speak extempore than any sophist that ever lived, but he improperly represented himself as belonging to the school of the Academy. Therefore Caesar, abominating his ways, would not listen to his entrea- ties. So Philostratus, having a long white beard and wearing a dark robe, would follow behind Areius, ever declaiming this verse :— ‘¢ A wise man will a wise man save, if wise he be.” ! When Caesar learned of this, he pardoned him, wishing rather to free Areius from odium than Philo- stratus from fear. LXXXI. As for the eiiidben of Antony, Antyllus, his son by Fulvia, was betrayed by Theodorus his tutor and put to death; and after the soldiers had cut off his head, his tutor took away the exceeding precious stone which the boy wore about his neck and sewed it into his own girdle; and though he denied the deed, he was convicted of it and crucified. Cleopatra's children, together with their attendants, were kept under guard and had generous treatment. 1 An iambic trimeter from an unknown poet (Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag.” p. 921). 319 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOV ék Kaicapos yeyovevar Aeyouevov n pep pyTnp éFérrepre pera xen MATWV TOAKOD Ets THY Tyvdcxnv dc Ai@tomrias, Erepos 5€ rradaywyds Gpotos Bco- Sapo ‘Podwv avérercev érraveOeiv, as Kaicapos > AN J / Le) , autov él Bactreiav Kandovvtos. PBovAEevopevov 5é Kaicapos “Apetov ettreivy Aéyouow: 3 > \ 4 1 ovux ayabov TroAvKatcapin. LXXXII. TPodrov pév ody dotepov aéxrtewve peta tHV KXeomrdtpas teXeut nv. Avrwviov O€ Trod- NOY aitouséver Parra Kal Bactréwv Kai otpatn- yov, ovx adetreTo KXeordtpas to capa Kaicap, ara éOarreto Tals éxelyns YEpal TwoduTEeAws Kal Bacidces, maow QS éBouneTo xpiic Pac AaBovons. éx 6€ AvTIS apa ToTaUTNS Kat oduvns (avepreyp- nve yap auTis Ta orepya TUTTOMEDNS Kat HpAKw@TO) TUpET OV émudaBovrov nyannae THY Tpopacty, OS adeEouern Tpopijs dua TOUTO Kal Tapahvoovaa tov Cnv axwrvTWS EQUIV. nv oe tat pos aura auvnOns “Oduprros, @ ppacaca Tarnes eXpijto cupPovre Kat ocuvepyp Ths cabatpécews, @S av- TOS ) “Oduprros elpnrev laToptay Tuva TOV Tpay- pare TOUT@Y exdedwKas. vrrovonaas dé Kaicap arrethas pév Tivas auth Kal hoBous rept TOY TEKVODV mpoaeBarnev, ols éxeivn cabdmep eNnXavn- pace Umnpeimero Kal tapedidov To capa Oepa- mevelv Kal Tpédery ToLs xpnvovew. LXXXIII. ‘Hee 6é Kal auros Lepas odiyas SiadiTrav evr evEopLevos avTn Kat TApHyopnawv. n 68 étvye ev ev attBade KaTaKeLwevn TATELVOS, 1 An adaptation of oix ayabby woAukotpayin (the rule of many), Iliad, ii. 204. 320 " ANTONY But Caesarion, who was said to be Cléopatra’s son by Julius Caesar, was sent by his mother, with much treasure, into India, by way of Ethiopia. There Rhodon, another tutor like Theodorus, persuaded him to go back, on the ground that Caesar invited him to take the kingdom. But while Caesar was deliberating on the matter, we are told that Areius said :— “ Not a good thing were a Caesar too many.” LXXXII. As for Caesarion, then; he was after- wards put to death by Caesar,—after the death of Cleopatra; but as for Antony, though many generals and kings asked for his body that they might give it burial, Caesar would not take it away from Cleopatra, and it was buried by her hands in sumptuous and royal fashion, such things being granted her for the purpose as she desired. But in consequence of so much grief as well as pain (for her breasts were wounded and inflamed by the blows she gave them) a fever assailed her, and she welcomed it as an ex- cuse for abstaining from food and so releasing herself from life without hindrance. Moreover, there was a physician in her company of intimates, Olympus, to whom she told the truth, and she had his counsel and assistance in compassing her death, as Olympus himself testifies in a history of these events which he published. But Caesar was suspicious, and plied her with threats and fears regarding her ¢éhildren, by which she was laid low, as by engines of war, and surrendered her body for such care and nourishment as was desired. . -LXXXIIL. After a few days Caesar himself came to talk with her and give her comfort. She was lying on a mean pallet-bed, clad only in her tunic, 321 VOL. IX. Y PLUTARCH'S LIVES elo Love 8 aite povoxitor dvanndng ac a, Tpoo- minret, Sewvdss pev eEnypropevy Kcepariy Kal TpoewTor, Dror popos é Th povy Kal oUVTE- Thxvia Tals byrerwv. jv 8€ ToAAa Kal THs Tepi TO oTEpvov aixias _Katapaviy kal bdrAws ovbev 2 edoxet TO capa Ths uxiis exetv Bedteov. y pévtoe Yapts éxelvy Kai TO THs. Gpas irapov ov KatecBeoto tTavrataciv, adda KaiTep OUTS Svaxerpevns évdo0ev qm o0ev éfehaurre Kat cuven- epaiveTo Tois Kivnpact TOU mMpoowToV. KEnEv- cavtos 6é Tob Kaicapos auTny KaTaxriO ivan Kat wANoiov auTod xabiaavos, Jinparo pev TLVOS Sixatoroyias Els avaryKny Kal poBov “Avt@viou Ta TET pary weve. TpeTrOvaTNS, évistapeévou Oé ™pos exag Tov auTH Tov Kaicoapos éfedey one Tayv 7 pos olKTOV peOnppocaro Kal denow, « @s 67 TLS av 3 padiota TOU chy TEpleXoperT). TéhoS dé TOU wAnOous TOV XPnpareov avaypagny é éxoura ™ poce- dwxev aro ZeevKov 5é Tivos Tov emit poTr@V EASY KOVTOS @s évia xpuTTovaay Kal OraKdeTTov- cay, avanndijcaca Kal rev TpLXav avTod haBo- 4 pévn trodAas evepopet TO poo wma mryyas. TOU 95} dé Kaicapos perdevTos ea KaTaTavovTos aurHy, “"AXX ov Sewovr,” eirev, “@ Kaioap, eb av pev nkiwaas adixécBat mpos ua Kal mpocetrety 00TH TpaTTovaay, oi dé SovAGL pou KaTHYyopovery et TL TOV yuvatkelwy amcOéuny, ovK euauTH SyrovOev, n Tdadawa, koa por, arn S7res ‘Oxraovia Kai AtBia rH of puxpa Sovoa bu éxeivav thew oou 5 TUX OLE Kal mpgorépou;” ” ToUTOLS 0 Kaicap Hoero, mavTaT acu aQuT hy prropuxeiv olopevos. elr@y oy 6tt Kal Tadta émitpéeTer Kal TANNA Taos 322 ANTONY but sprang up as he entered and threw herself at his feet ; her hair and face were in terrible disarray, her voice trembled, and her eyes weresunken. There were also visible many marks of the cruel blows upon her bosom; in a word, her body seemed to be no better off than her spirit. Nevertheless, the charm for which she was famous and the boldness of her beauty were not altogether extinguished, but, although she was in such a sorry plight, they shone forth from within and made themselves manifest in the play of her features. After Caesar had bidden her to lie down and had seated himself near her, she began a sort of justification of her course, ascribing it to necessity and fear of Antony; but as Caesar opposed and refuted her on every point, she quickly changed her tone and sought to move his pity by prayers, as one who above all things clung to life. And finally she gave him a list which she had of all her treasures ; and when Seleucus, one of her stew- ards, showed conclusively that she was stealing away and hiding some of them, she sprang up, seized him by the hair, and showered blows upon his face. And when Caesar, with a smile, stopped her, she said : ‘But is it not a monstrous thing, O Caesar, that when thou hast deigned to come to me and speak to me though I am in this wretched plight, my slaves . denounce me for reserving some women’s adornments, —not for myself, indeed, unhappy woman that I am, —but that I may make trifling gifts to Octavia and thy Livia, and through their intercession find thee merciful and more gentle?’ Caesar was pleased with this speech, being altogether of the opinion that she desired to live. He told her, therefore, that he left these matters for her to manage, and that in all 323 y 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , 2 A / ia Ww éxridos aven xpnoetas NapmpoTepoy, @yeTO aniov, éEnrrarnkévar pev ovopevos, €Enratnpévos —~6€ waAXov. LXXXIV. "Hv 6€ Kopyynrtos .AodoBéAXas eripavis veavicxos év tots Kaioapos étaiposs. ovTos elye mpos THY KXcordtpay ovK dndas: Kal rote yapilouevos auth denbeion Kpuda mépipas éEnyyerrev ws autos pev 0 Kaicap avalevyvvat meth Sia upias, exetvqy b€ pera T@V TéXVOY GTOGTEXNELY ELS TpiTny muépay éyvaxev. 1 O€ aKxovoaca TavTa ™ p@rov pev eden On Kaicapos. Srws avTny é€don Yoas érreveyxeity "Avtwviw Kat auyxepyaavtos émri Tov Ttapoyv Komucbecioa cal TepiTEecTovTa TH TOPH peTAa TOV aGuVnOwY yuval- Kor, “"O, dire "Avr@ve,” eitrev, “ amtov pév oe mpeony étt xepaiv erXevOépats, amrévdw O€ viv aiy- pdrwTos ovaa, Kal Ppovpovpévn pute KoTrETOtS pnte Opnvos aixicacOat To SovAOV ToOvUTO Cama Kat Tnpovpevov él tovs Kata cov OptauBovs. Gdrras b€ py mpoadéxou timas Yodss GAN _avtai aou teédrevtaiat Krcomdtpas ayopmévns. “A \ \ e ~ AN 3 / / CavrTas pev yap nuas ovlév adrANAWY StéoTHCE, , \ A / , A xivduvevopev 58 TO Oavdt@ Stapeiipacbat tovs TOToUs' ov pev 0 ‘Pwpaios évtavba xeipevos, eyo &§ 4 dvatnvos év “Itadia, TocovTo THs os : “A , , 9 bf > , a petaraBovoa ywpas povov. adr et On TiS TOV b] A “ 3 sy N 4 e \ :9 Le) éxel Oe@v arxn Kal Svvapis (ot yap évTavda mpovdowKav nuas), un wpon Saoav Thy ceavTov yuvaixa, pnd év épot treptidns OpiapBevopevoy 324 ANTONY other ways he would give her more splendid treat- ment than she could possibly expect. Then he went off, supposing that he had deceived her, but the rather deceived by her. LXXXIV, Now, there.was a young man of rank among Caesar’s companions, named Cornelius Dola- * bella. This man was not without a certain tenderness for Cleopatra; and so now, in response to her request, he secretly sent word to her that Caesar himself was preparing to march with his land forces through Syria, and had resolved to send off her and her. children within three days. After Cleopatra had heard this, in the first place, she begged Caesar that she might be permitted to pour libations for Antony ; and when the request was granted, she had herself carried to the tomb, and embracing the urn which held his ashes, in company with the women usually about her, she said: “Dear Antony, I buried thee but lately with hands still free; now, however, I pour libations for thee as a captive, and so carefully guarded that I cannot either with blows or tears dis- figure this body of mine, which is a slave's body, and closely watched that it may grace the triumph over thee. Do not expect other honours or libations ; these are the last that Cleopatra can bring thee. For though in life nothing could part us from each other, in death we are likely to change places; thou, the Roman, lying buried here, while I, the hapless woman, lie in Italy, and get only so much of thy country as my portion. But if indeed there is any might or power in the gods of that country (for the gods of this country have betrayed us), do not aban- don thine own wife while she lives, nor permit a | 325 PLUTARCH’S LIVES GEavTov, GA évtavOd pe Kpuov peta ceavTod kal cvvOawov, ws éuol pupioy Kaxav dvtwv ovdéev odTw péya nal Sewov eoti ws 0 Bpayvs ovdros Xpovos by cod ywpls EnKa.” LXXXV. Totadta orodupapévn Kai oréyraca Kal Katacracapévn tTHv copoy éxéXevoev AUTH Noutpov yevéoOar. Rovoapevn Sé€ Kal Kata- KX\Ocioa Naptpov apiotoy npiata. Kai TIS KEV at’ aypov Kiotny tiva Kopilov: tav S€ pudAdKwv C4 , 4 > , \ > \ \ 6 tt hépoe truvOavopévwv avoi~as Kai adedrov ra Opia cixwv étimrewy TO ayyeiov GbetEe. Oavpa- 4 N N a ‘ \ 4 cavrwy bé TO KaXXOS Kal TO péyeBos petdsiadoas 4 n e \ 4 9 , Tmapexare. NaBetv of S€ mictevoavtes exédXevoV eloeveyxetv. eta d5€ TO aptatov 7 Kreomdrpa SéXrov Eyovoa yeypaypévny Kai Katacernpac- , > 4 \ / \ A péevny atréatetAe pos Kaicapa, cal rovs addous EXTOO@Y Tolncauéevn mAnVY Tav Suely exeivav yuvatkav tas Oupas Exdrewce. Kaicap 5é Avoas THhv SéXTOV, ws evérvxXe ALTAIS \ 9 A V4 >’ \ \ 9 l4 kal droduppois Seopévns adtny adv >Avtwvie Oaypar, Tay cuviKe TO TeTpaywevoY. Kal TPGTOV pev avtos wppnoe BonOetv, éretta tovs aKeo-" / , ” 9 , > DgN\ \ pévous Kata Taxos Erreprev. éeyeyover 8 o£v. 70 mabos. Spoum yap éMovtes Kal tovs pev pudrat- IQN bd 4 , \ \ tovtas ovdév yoOnpuévous KatadaBovtes, Tas 5é Oupas avoikavtes, etpov avtny TeOvnkviav év ypvoH KaTakeméevny KAivn, KEexoopnuévnv BacidtKas. tay dé yuvatcav 7 pev Eipas Neyouévn mpos rots Tool améOvnoxev, 7 5€ Xappiov Hdn ohadrrgopevn 326 | ANTONY triumph to be celebrated over thyself in my person, but hide and bury me here with thyself, since out of all my innumerable ills not one is so great and dreadful as this short time that I have lived apart from thee.”’ LXXXV. After such lamentations, she wreathed . and kissed the urn, and then ordered a bath to be prepared for herself. After her bath, she reclined at table and was making a sumptuous meal. And there came a man from the country carrying a basket ; and when the guards asked him what he was bringing there, he opened the basket, took away the leaves, and showed them that the dish inside was full of figs. The guards were amazed at the great size and beauty of the figs, whereupon the man smiled and asked them to take some ; so they felt no mistrust and bade him take themin. After her meal, however, Cleopatra took a tablet which was already written upon and sealed, and sent it to Caesar, and then, sending away all the rest of the company except her two faithful women, she closed the doors. But Caesar opened the tablet, and when he found there lamentations and supplications of one who begged that he would bury her with Antony, he quickly knew what had happened. At first he was minded to go himself and give aid; then he ordered messengers to go with all speed and investigate. But the mischief had been swift. For though his mes- sengers came on the run and found the guards as yet aware of nothing, when they opened the doors they found Cleopatra lying dead upon a golden couch, arrayed in royal state. And of her two women, the one called Iras was dying at her feet, while Char- mion, already tottering and heavy-headed, was 327 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat xapnBapoica KQTEKOG pel To Siddnua to epi THY Kepadiy auThs. etmovtos 5é TLVOS opyn «Kaka tadra, Xdppwov: m,n Kadota pep ob,” épn, “Kat TpeTovTa TH TOT OUT@Y atroryove Bacirewv.” 1 N€OV S88 obday elrrev, GAN avrov Tapa tiv KAivyny érrece. LXXXVI. Aéyerau dé THY domida KoutaOnvat GUY TOS TUKOLS éxeivous Kat Tois Opiows avwbev émixarudpbeioay, ovT@ yap THY KXcomdtpay Kenevoal, nse avTns émeaTaperns TO TOpaTe 7 poo Trea ety TO Onpiov: @s 6é adaipodoa TOV cuKwv eldev, eitrety: ‘“’Evtav0a Fv dpa TovTo" Kat Tov Bpaxtova Tapacxeiy TH Onyware yunvocacav. ot oé Thpela Bar pev év vépia THY aoTida Kaberpywevny pdoKovalp, prakary b¢ TUE Ypuch THs Krcomdtpas éXKANOUHEVNS avrhy Kat Svaypratvovans oppncacav eupivar 7 Bpaxiovt. TO dé arGes ovdels oldev: érret Kat pappaxov adrny ehex On popelv év Kunoribu Kotha, thy dé xvnorioa KpuTTEW TH (oun TAHY OUTE xynrls €EnvOnce Tot c@patos ovTEe AXXO happaKou onpeiov. ov pny oveé TO Onpiov évtos @ On, cuppous O€ TLVvas avrob Tapa Odraccav, 7 TO Swpartov apewpa kat Oupides 7 joav, iSeiv Epacon. éviot bé Kal TOV Bpaxiova Tis Kreoratpas opOhvar dv0 poy was éxovTa NeTTTAS Kal apudpds: ols éorxe Tiotevoa Kal oO Kaicap. év yap TO GprauPey Tijs Krcordtpas aurijs eldwAov éxo- pitero Kat TAS domidos éumeduxuias. TadTa pev ouV OUTw éyEeTat ryevéa Oar. Kaicap 6é, KaiTrep axJeaeis emi TH TedeuTh Ths. yuvatxos, Cavpace tHv evyéveray auTiis: 328 95 ind o ANTONY trying to arrange the diadem which encircled the queen’s brow. Then somebody said in anger: “A fine deed, this, Charmion!”’ “It is indeed most fine,’ she said, “and befitting the descendant of so many kings.” Not a word more did she speak, but fell there by the side of the couch. LXXXVI. It is said that the asp was brought with those figs and leaves and lay hidden beneath them, for thus Cleopatra had given orders, that the reptile might fasten itself upon her body without her being aware of it. But when she took away some of the figs and saw it, she said: “There it is, you see,’ and baring her arm she held it out for the bite. But others say that the asp was kept carefully shut upin a water jar, and that while Cleopatra was stirring it up and irritating it with a golden distaff it sprang and fastened itself upon her arm. But the truth of the matter no one knows; for it was also said that she carried about poison in a hollow comb and kept the comb hidden in her hair; and yet neither spot nor other sign of poisofi broke out upon her body. More- over, not even was the reptile seen within the chamber, though people said they saw some traces of it near the sea, where the chamber looked out upon it with its windows. And some also say that Cleo- patra’s arm was seen to have two slight and indis- tinct punctures; and this Caesar also seems to have believed. For in his triumph an image of Cleopatra herself with the asp clinging to her was carried in the procession. These, then, are the various accounts of what happened. But Caesar, although vexed at the death of the — woman, admired her lofty spirit ; and he gave orders 329 cu PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kat tadjvar tO cOua ovv ‘Avtaviw AauTpas kat Baoitixas éxédevoev. evtipov Sé Kal ta yuvata xKnoeias etvyev avTod mpoortatayTos. érexeutnoe O€ Knreordtpa pev évos Séovta Tecoapaxovra érn Biwcaca, cai tovTwv dvo Kal elxoat Bacikevoaca, cuvdptaca &é “Avtovio Trciw Tov Sexatecodpwrv. *Avtwvioy Sé ot pév &&, ot b€ tptot Ta TevtnKovta bTepBarelv hacw. ai pév ovv Avtwviov xabnpéOncav eixoves, ai &é KyXeotatpas xata xwpav Eyewav, ’ApytBiov TLVOS TOV pirwv avTis Sioxidva TdXavTa Kaicape Sovtos, va wn TO avTo rais ’Avtwviou wabwowy. LXXXVII. ’Avtwviov &€ yevedy atrodTrovTos €x TPLOV yuvalKay érta Traidas, 0 TpecBUTaTOS “AvtuAXros vmod Kaicapos avnpéOn poves: tous Nostrovs dé ‘Oxtaovia traparaBoica peta trav é& éautis EOpewe. xal Kreotrdtpav pev thy éx KxXeorrdtpas “lo8a Oo Yapiectdt@ PBacthéwv TUVPKLTEY, "Avro@viov 88 TOV ék PovaBias obt@ péyav erroincey Mote THY TpwTHY Tapa Kaicapt tuny ’Aypirmou, tiv dé devtépavy trav ArBias Taidwv éxovtTwy, tpitov elvat Kat doxety "Avrovov. é« 5 Mapxérdou Sveiv adtA Ouya- Tépwv ovaoay, evos 5é€ viod Mapxéddov, rodTov pev apa traida nal yapBpov éroncato Kaicap, Tov dé Ovyatépwv ’Aypimma thy érépav dwxev. émel 5€ Madpxerros éererevTnoe Kopidh veoyapos kai Katoape yauBpov éyovta miotw ovK edrropov nv €x TOV addoV dhirtwov éErA€cAaL, AOYOV 1 "Oxraovia mpoojveyxeyv ws xp THY Kaicapos Ouyatépa NaBeiv Aypinmay, apévta thy éavTijs. lA na meva0evros b€ Kaicapos rp@rtov, elta ’Aypintou, 33° ANTONY that her body should be buried with that of Antony in splendid and regal fashion. Her women also received honourable interment by his orders. When Cleopatra died she was forty years of age save one, had been queen for two and twenty of these, and had shared her power with Antony more than fourteen. Antony was fifty-six years of age, according to some, according to others, fifty-three. Now, the statues of Antony were torn down, but those of Cleopatra were left standing, because Archibius, one of her friends, gave Caesar two thousand talents, in order that they might not suffer the same fate as Antony’s. LXXXVII. Antony left seven children by his three wives, of whom Antyllus, the eldest, was the only one who was put to death by Caesar ; the rest were taken up by Octavia and reared with her own chil-. dren. Cleopatra, the daughter of Cleopatra, Octavia gave in marriage to Juba, the most accomplished of kings, and Antony, the son of Fulvia, she raised so high that, while Agrippa held the first place in Caesar's estimation, and the sons of Livia the second, Antony was thought to be and really was third. By Marcellus Octavia had two daughters, and one son, Marcellus, whom Caesar made both his son and his son-in-law, and he gave one of the daughters to Agrippa. But since Marcellus died very soon after his marriage and it was not easy for Caesar to select from among his other friends a son-in-law whom he could trust, Octavia proposed that Agrippa should take Caesar’s daughter to wife, and put away her own. First Caesar was persuaded by her, then Agrippa, where- 331 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THY bev auTiis arroraBodca TUV@KLTED “Avrovig, THY dé Kaicapos “Aypimtas eynpev. aTONELTFO- pévav é TOY ‘Avtwviov kat "Oxtaovias Sdveiv Ouyarépov THV pev Aopittos "AnvoBapBos éraBe, THY dé coppoovvy Kal Kadnet meptBonrov "Avtwviav Apoiicos, O AtBias vies, mWpoyovos dé Kaicapos. é« tovtwv éyévero Teppavixos Kat Knravétos: wv Kravédzios HEV Darepov Hpte, Tav bé Deppavixod Taidov [dios pév apfas ETLPAVAS ou ToNUY “povov avnpé 7 META TEKVOU Kal UVALKOS, “Aypiniva de viov é& *"AnvoBdapBou Kedeson Aopirtov éxouea Kravdie Kaicape TUVHKNTE. Kal Gépevos TOV viov avTAS Knravdzios Né épwva Teppavixoy Tpogovopuacen. OUTOS dpfas ep’ nudv améxrewe THY. pyTépa Kal pupov édénoev vTrd eu An ELas Kat Tapadpoawns “ dvatpeyrat THY “Pwpaiwv Hryewovian, T ELT TOS amd "Avtwviov cat apiOpov Sradoyhs yevopevos. AHMHTPIOY KAI ANTONIOY 2YTKPISIS I. ’Esret rotvuy peryarar rept apupotépous yeryo- yact petaBonrai, 7 paTov Ta Ths Suvdpews ral Tis émipaveias TKOTG LEV, dT TO pev Hy TAT ppa Kab TPOKATELPYAT LeVa., peyeaTov laxvoavtos “Avte- yovov TOV Siadoxov Kal mwpo TOU Anyntptov év nrLKia yever ar Ta Wrelota. THS "Acias émren- Aovros Kal KPATNOAVTOS" ‘AvTwvtos dé Xaptevros per dAXos, dTrohe wou dé Kaul peya pndev els b0fav avT@ KATANLTOVTOS yevomEVvoS TraTpOs, éeml THY 332 956 COMPARISON OF DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY upon she took back her own daughter and married — -her to young Antony, while Agrippa married Caesar's daughter. Antony left two daughters by Octavia, of whom one was taken to wife by Domitius Aheno- barbus, and the other, Antonia, famous for her beauty and discretion, was married to Drusus, who was the son of Livia and the step-son of Caesar. From this marriage sprang Germanicus and Claudius ; of these, Claudius afterwards came to the throne, and of the children of Germanicus, Caius reigned with distinction, ‘but for a short time only, and was then put to death with his wife and child, and Agrippina, who had a son by Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius, became the wife of Claudius Caesar. And Claudius, having adopted Agrippina’s son, gave him the name of Nero Ger- manicus. This Nero came to the throne'in my time. He killed his mother, and by his folly and madness came near subverting the Roman empire. He was the fifth in descent from Antony. a COMPARISON OF DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY I. Since, then, both these men experienced great reversals of fortune, let us first observe, with regard to their power and fame, that in the one case these were acquired for him by his father and inherited, since Antigonus became the strongest of Alexander’s successors, and before Demetrius came of age had attacked and mastered the greater part of Asia; ‘Antony, on the contrary, was the son of a man who, though otherwise gifted, was yet no warrior, and -could leave him no great legacy of reputation ; and 333 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kaicapos eTOAMNTEY apXTY, ovdey auT® Kata ryévos TpogjKovaay, nein, Kal ToIS éxeiv@ TTpo- TeTTOVNLEVOLS avTos éauTov eloevroinae Srddoxov. kal TocovTov iaxucer, Kx Hovey TOV mept auTov UTapYovTwv OPLa[UEvos, Gore dv0 poipas 7a CUMTAVTA TOLNTALEVOS THY ‘érépav éréoOar Kal AaPeiv THY émupavertépay, a atra@v S€ AUTOS vrn- péerars Te Kal UmootparHyots IldpOous te vixjoa ToAAdKs Kal Ta Tept Kavxacov é6vn BadpSapa héxpe THs Kaorias dcacar Oar ons. map- TUpta 5é Tod peyeBous aUT@ kal be a, KAKOS aKovel. Anpuntpio pev yap 0 TaTnp nyamnoe THD ‘Avtumdtpou Dirav ws KpelTTova TUvOLK Ta aL Tap nruKiay, ‘Avtovip dé o KnXeoratpas ya pos dvedos Hv, yuvarkos bmepBadoperns Suvdper Kal Aapmpornte TavTas mY /Apodxov TOUS Kad? abrny Bactreis. GX ovTAS eroinre peryay éauvtov wate Tois aAXots petlovey 7 éBovreETO Soxety aftos. II. ‘H pévTor ™poaiperts, ad’ 4s EXTHTAVTO THY apxXny, apeptrros él! rob Anunrpiov, xpatety kal Baotrevew av pwrev elOto pevonv KpateiaOac Kal BactheverOar Entovvtos, 7 & ‘AvTo@viou Xare- Tn Kal Tupavyenn, caTadoudoupevov Tov “Pwpatov Sjpuov a dpre Suaguyovta THY v0 Kaicape povap- Xiav. O68 ovv péyloTov avT@ Kal Nam porarov coTL TOY EipyacpEvar, Oo Tpos Kdootov kal Bpodrov TOAELOS, ert 7? Thv TaTpiba Kal TovsS WoNLTAS adpereoOar THY édevOepiav émronennOn. Anuntptos dé, al? piv eis tUXas éOEty avay- 1 éw) Bekker reads 4, with a single MS. 2 xal deleted by Bekker, after Schaefer. 334 COMPARISON OF DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY yet Antony had the courage to seek the power of Caesar, to which his birth gave him no claim, and to all that Caesar had wrought out before him he made himself the rightful successor. And so great strength did he attain, in reliance upon his own resources alone, that, after forcing a division of the empire into two parts, he chose one, and took the more splendid one of the two; and though absent himself, through his assistants and lieutenant-generals he defeated the Parthians many times, and drove the barbarous tribes about the Caucasus as far as the Caspian Sea. Moreover, even the things that brought him ill-repute bear witness to his greatness. For Antigonus was well pleased to have his son Demetrius marry Phila, the daughter of Antipater, in spite of her disparity in years, because he thought her a greater personage ; whereas Antony’s marriage to Cleopatra was a dis- grace to him, although she was a woman who surpassed in power and splendour all the royalties of her time except Arsaces. But he made himself so great that men thought him worthy of greater things than he desired. , II. As regards their resolution to win empire, this was blameless in the case of Demetrius, who sought to subdue and reign as king over men who were accustomed to subjection and kings; but in the case of Antony it was harsh and tyrannical, since he tried to enslave the Roman people when it had just escaped from the sole rule of Caesar. Moreover, as regards the greatest and most brilliant of his achievements, namely, the war against Cassius and Brutus, it was to deprive his country and his fellow citizens of their liberty that the war was waged. But Demetrius, even. before he felt the constraints of adversity, kept on 335 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kaias, ehevdeparv Thy “EAXaba Kal tov TONEWY éfehauver TAS ppoupas dreTtéXEcev, oux, @oTreEp "AVT@ONOS, OTL TOUS éeevdepaoartas thv ‘“Papny améxtevev év Maxedovia, ceuvuvopevos.. év Tot- yuv é€otl TOV ET ALVOUPLEVOY | ’Avtoviou, 76 prro- Swpov Kal peyarodwpoy, év @ TocovTov Umepaiper Anpytpvos dare xapicacbar Tots Toheious éaa TOUS pirous ovx Edwxev “AvT@vios. KatTot Taphvat ye Kal mepiotadjvat Kerevoas Bpovrov éxeivos evdokipnaev ovTOS b€ Kal Tos amTroPavorTas TAY ToAeiwy mavras éxndevoe Kal Tovs aAoVTAS IItoveuaim peta ypnudtwv Kail Swpedv arré- Trew YeD. III. ‘TBpioral pev edtuxodvres dpporepot, Kab ™ pos Tpudas averpevor Kal ¢rohatcess. OvK av el7rot bé TIS WS Anpntptov év evTrabetas Kat ouvovatals évta mpakewv Katpos eFepuyer, GNA Hh meptovota THIS TXOATS emreLa tye TAS bovas, kal thy Adprav domep THY puOeenv aTEXVOS mat Sev kal yuoTavov éToLetTo Svayaryiy. év O€ Tais ToD TONE MOV mapas Kevais ouK elyev avTou To Sopu KiTTOv, ovde _bopev abodes 70 Kpdvos, ovde yeyavapevos Kal avOnpos éml Tas paxas éx THS yuvarcoviteoos T ponel, Koupilov dé TOUS Otacous Kal Ta BaxxXeta KaTATTAUMDY auditrodos “Apeos avtepou, KATA TOV Evpuriéyy, € éryiveTo, Kat du ndovny 4 padupiay oudev ATAWS em Tatoev. "Avroviov 86, Gomep éy tais ypadats op@pev TOU “Hpaxdéous Thy "Opdarny upatpovoav — TO pomranov Kat THY NEovTHY dmodvovaay, ovTwH modAaKs KXeowatpa tapowAicaca Kal Kxata- 336 COMPARISON OF DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY liberating Greece and expelling their garrisons from her cities, unlike Antony, whose boast was that he had slain in Macedonia the men who had given liberty to Rome. And besides, as regards their love of giving and the largeness of their gifts, one of the things for which Antony is lauded, Demetrius far surpassed in this, and bestowed more, upon his enemies than Antony ever gave to his friends. It is true that for ordering the body of Brutus to be robed and buried Antony won a good name ; but Deme- trius gave obsequies to all hisenemy’s dead, and sent his prisoners back to Ptolemy with money and gifts.} III. Both were insolent in prosperity, and aban- doned themselves to luxury and enjoyment. But it cannot be said that Demetrius, for all his pleasures and amours, ever let slip the time for action, nay, it was only when his leisure was abundant that he introduced his pleasures; and his Lamia, like the creature of fable, he made his pastime only when he was sportive or drowsy. But when he got ready for war, his spear was not tipped with ivy, nor did his helmet smell of myrrh, nor did he go forth to his battles from the women’s chamber, sleek and bloom- ing, but quieting down and stopping the revels and orgies of Bacchus, he became, in the words of Euri- pides,? a “minister of unhallowed Ares,” and got not a single slip or fall because of his indolence or pleasures. Antony, on the contrary, like Heracles in paintings where Omphalé is seen taking away his club and stripping off his lion’s skin, was often disarmed by Cleopatra, subdued by her spells, and persuaded to 1 See the Demetrius, xvii. 1. 2 Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag.* p. 679. 337 VOL. IX. Z PLUTARCH’S LIVES Oérfaca oUvETrELaeD apévra peydhas mpaters én TOV YELPa@v Kal oTPATELAS avayKaias € €y Tais Tepl Kav Bov kal Tagooupw axrais advew Kal Tat- Gew HET QUTAS. TEXOS 8é, as o Ildpus, éx TAS paxyns atrodpas els TOUS éxelyns KaTedueTo KOn- mous’ maddov 5é 0 pev Ilapes nrrnOeis epuyev els TOV Oddapov, "AVT@VLOS be Knreorratpav dvaKxwv epuye kat 7 ponKkato THY ving. IV. "Ere Anpntpvos pév, ov KEK@AUHEVOD, ann’ avo Purimmov cai "AdreEdvdpov yeyovos év Ce Tois Maxedover Bacvretory, ery a wet ydpous qhet- ovas, @onTrep Avaipaxos cat IItonepaios, € éaxe dé bia TUBS écas ey npev® "AVT@VLOS my: Tp@Tov pev onod dv0 yuvainas nyayero, mparyya pndevi ‘Pwpaiw teTroApnpevov, erecta Hv aorny Kal Sicatas yapndeicar éfnrace Th févg Kal pn Kata vOHOUS cuvoven Xapulopevos: dOev éx ydpou T@ pev ovdév, Te O€ TA péytoTa TOV KaK@Y aTHy- TNOEV. "AoéBnua MéeVvTOL TogovTor bu ao ehyevay ovév Tals ‘Avt@viou mpateow 6oov tals Anpntptov ™ poorer Tw. ot pev yap ioTo tKol dace Kal TiS axpoTrovews GANS elpyer Oat Tas Kuvas, dia 70 THY pike eupavi amore, tovTo TroteiaOat TO Seov- o 6€ év auT@ TO Tapbevart Tals Te Tmopvats ouviy eal. TOY aoTav KaTETPOpVEvTE Todas Kal ov TLS ay Herre Tas ToLavTas Tpudas al amtro- Aavoets oloLTo peTexeLv KaKov, THS WLOTNTOS, TOUTO éveote Th Anyntpiov prndovia, meptidovros, padrov dé avayxaoavTos, oiKT PAS amoOavety Tov Kado Tov kal cwdpovéotatov ‘AOnvaiov, pev- yovta To KabuBpicOivar. cuverovre dé evtrety, 338 -_—sz COMPARISON OF DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY - drop from his hands great undertakings and necessary campaigns, only to roam about and play with her on the sea-shores by Canopus and Taphosiris. And at last, like Paris, he ran away from the battle and sank upon her bosom; although, more truly stated, Paris ran away to Helen’s chamber after he had been de- feated; but Antony ran away in chase of Cleopatra, and thereby threw away the victory. IV. Further, Demetrius, in making several mar- riages, did not do what was prohibited, but what had been made customary for the kings of Macedonia by Philip and Alexander ; he did just what Lysimachus and Ptolemy did, and held all his wives in honour. Antony, on the contrary, in marrying two wives at once, in the first place did what no Roman had ever dared to do; and in the second place, he drove away his Roman and lawfufly wedded wife, in order to gratify the foreigner, with whom he was living con- trary to law. Hence marriage brought no harm to Demetrius, but to Antony the greatest of his evils. . On the other hand, the lascivious practices of An- tony are marked by no such sacrilege as are those of Demetrius. For historians tell us that dogs are excluded from the entire acropolis, because these animals couple without the least concealment; but the very Parthenon itself saw Demetrius cohabit- ing with harlots and debauching many Athenian women. And that vice which one would think least associated with such wanton enjoyments, namely, the vice of cruelty, this enters into Demetrius’ pursuit of pleasure, since he suffered, or rather compelled, the lamentable death of the most beautiful and the most _ chaste of Athenians, who thus sought to escape his shameful treatment. In a word, Antony wronged 339 Zz 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES "Avr@vios pev éavtov 1a THY axpaciav, Anpy- Tpuos dé ddXous noixnoe. V. IIpos pevroe yoveis dpepmrov éauTov eis avavra Tapeaxev 0 Anpntptos: "AvTa@vtos 5é tov adehgov THS JT pos efedcoxev emt 7 Kixépova arroxreivas, mparypa Kab Kad éavTo ptapov Kab @UOV, QS HOS av "Avtoviov én avT@ ovyyvouns TUyYElV, Eb cwTNpias Tod Oeiou pia0os 7 Hy 0 Kexé- pavos avatos. “A toivup _emL@pxngay auporepor Kat 7 ape- orovonoay, O pep “AprdBalov cudraBwv, 0 | be “AréEavdpov atroxteivas, "AvTwvig pmey exer THY wl dota Oporoyouuerny™ arrenei hy yap .év Mydos bro “ApraBalov Kal mpoesa0n Anpn- Tptov 5é€ ToAXol A€youat pevbets aitias, éd’ ols édpace, TWAacdpevov Katnyopeiy abixnOévra, ovK adixnoavTa auvvacbat. IIddev 5€ trav pev KatopOwydtav avToupyos o Anpntptos yéyove: Kat tovvavriov o “AvtTwvios, év ols ob tapi, Kadroras Kal peyioras ba TOV oTparnyav avn petro vixas. VI. "EEémecov b¢ TOV T pay WaT CoV ap orepot fev Se avtouvs, ov pny Gpoiws, GAN’ Oo pev éyxaTa- AetpOeis, améaTnoay yap avTou Maxedaves, O bé éyxatradirer, epuye yap TOUS rep avrob xivduvevovTas: dore TOU pev éyxAnwa elvat TO duc peveis obTw ™ pos auTov amepyacacGas TOUS paxouevous, tov dé 16 TapecKxevacpéevny cdvotav ToLavTny Kal TiaTLW éycatahureiy. Tov de Odvarov ovderépov pev éotev émaivéoat, wextos 5é 0 Anuntpiov paGANov. UANWTOS TE yap iméueve yevérOat, Kat par he nydmrnaev 340 COMPARISON OF DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY himself by his excesses, while Demetrius wronged others. V. Again, towards his parents Demetrius was in al] respects blameless; whereas Antony surrendered his mother’s brother for the privilege of killing Cicero, a deed in itself so abominable and cruel that Antony ' would hardly have been forgiven had Cicero’s death been the price of his uncle’s safety. Further, as regards violations of oaths and treaties by both, in the seizure of Artabazus by the one, and the killing of Alexander by the other, for Antony there is the excuse which men admit to be valid, namely, that he had been deserted in Media by Artabazus and betrayed; but Demetrius, as many say, invented false accusations, upon which he acted, and denounced one who had been wronged by him ; the murder was not retaliation for wrongs done to him. And again, Demetrius was himself the author of his suceesses; Antony, on the contrary, won his greatest and fairest victories through his generals, on fields where he was not present. VI. But the downfall of both was due to them- selves, though the manner of it differed. Demetrius was deserted by others, for the Macedonians went away from him; whereas Antony deserted others, ‘for he ran away from those who were risking their lives for him. Demetrius may therefore be blamed for making his soldiers so hostile to him, and Antony for abandoning a goodwill and confidence which was so much in evidence. As for their deaths, neither is to be commended, but that of Demetrius is the more to be censured. For he suffered himself to be taken prisoner, and 341 PLUTARCH’S LIVES émixepOavat Tptetiav, olyp Kai yaotpt xa0atrep A , U ? 4 ‘ a Ta faa xetponOns yevouevos. "Avtwuos 5€é Setras > “ \ > , > A 3 “A 4 pey kal oixtp@s Kal atipws, ov py GAA TPO ye Tov KUptoyv yevéoOar TOY ToAEmLOY TOU TwpaTOS éautov éEnyaryev. 342 COMPARISON OF DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY was well content to add to his life three years of imprisonment. He was tamed, like a wild beast, by way of his belly and by wine. Whereas Antony took himself off,—in a cowardly, pitiful, and ignoble way, it is true, but at least before his enemy became master of his person. 343 Digitized by Google PYRRHUS ITYPPO2 E Georpwrav kal Moroocwy peta Tov Kata- KAvo pov iaropodar Daébovra Baotredoas 7 pa- TOD, éva TOV pera TleXaoyod Taparyevoueveov els THY “Hrretpov éviot O€ Acvxariova xat Ilvppav elo apevous TO Tept Awderny i tepov avtToOt xaTot- xetv €v Modoacois. Xpove dé Uarepov Neorro- Aepos 0 AX eArEws Aaov ayaywv avtros Te THY X@pav KaTerXe Kal Sradoyny Bacthéov ad’ au- Tou Kaede, ITuppisas emixadovpevous: Kal yap avt@ Ilvppos jy maruxov eTr@vupmcon, Kal TOV yvnotov Taidev ex Aavdcons Tips Kreodaiou Tob “TAXov ‘YevopEveoy éva Ivppov avopacer. éx TOUTOU dé cal “Ayirrevs év "Hreipo Timas toobe- ous éaxen, “Aametos emixmple povi mpoca- yopevopevos. peta b€ TOUS ™pP@TOUS, TOY bia pécou Baciréwv éxBapBapwiévtwv Kal yevope- vov TH TE Suvaper «al trois Bious apaupoTépwy, SappuTray ™p@Tov ta ropovoty “ErAnuKots ect Kal ypdppact Kal vowots piravOparrots dtaxoo- pyoavra TAS TONELS ovopac Tov yevéo Bat. @appu- mov o¢ "AdKétas vies Hv, "AXxéta 8 “ApuBas, “A pvBou dé xal Tp@doos Aiaxiéns. ovtos éynpe thv Mévawvos tov Beccarov Ouyarépa Doiap, avdpos ebdoxipov qept Tov Aapranoy TONE WOv yevouévou kal péytotov akiopya TOY cuppaxyor 346 383 PYRRHUS I. Historians tell us that the first king of the Thesprotians and Molossians after the flood was Phaethon, one of those who came into Epeirus with Pelasgus ; but some say that Deucalion and Pyrrha . _ established the sanctuary at Dodona and dwelt there among the Molossians. In after time, however, Neoptolemus the son of Achilles, bringing a people with him, got possession of the country for himself, and left a line of kings descending from him. These were called after him Pyrrhidae ; for he had the surname of Pyrrhus in his boyhood, and of his legiti- mate children by Lanassa, the daughter .of Cleo- daeus the son of Hyllus, one was named by him Pyrrhus. Consequently Achilles also obtained divine honours in Epeirus, under the native name of Aspetus. But the kings who followed in this line soon lapsed into barbarism and became quite ob- scure, both in their power and in their lives, and it was Tharrhypas, historians say, who first introduced Greek customs and letters and regulated his cities by humane laws, thereby acquiring for himself a name. Alcetas was a son of Tharrhypas, Arybas of Alcetas, and of Arybas and Troas, Aeacides. He married Phthia, the daughter of Menon the Thes- salian, a man who won high repute at the time of the Lamian war! and acquired: the highest authority 1 323-322 B.c. See the Demosthenes, xxvii. 1. 347 PLUTARCH’S LIVES peta Aewabévnv AaBovtos.. ex 5€ Tis PDOias T@ Alaxidy yivovTas Ouyatépes Aniddpyea cai Tpeas, vios Oé I] uppos. . II. ‘Evel 6é oTacdoavres ot Mohdocaol Kal tov Alaxidny éxBarovtes érrnyayovto tovs Neo- MTOAG“ou Taloas, of pev iro TOU Alaxidou dsepOapnaav cararnpbertes, TOV dé Ivppov ére vaTuoV évTa Kal CnTovpevov vmod TOY Trohepiov exxdepravTes ol Tept "Avpornetdnv. Kat “ AyyeXov epevyor, oixéras dALyous Kal yovata TLOnvovpeva TO Ta.dtov dvaryKaiws epehcopevot. Kat Sua ToUTO THS puyhs avtois yevomevns ducépyou Kal Bpadetas KaTahapBavouevor TO pev mavdtov éyxerpilovary "Avdpoxhetove cal Iarmia cat Nedv- Spe, veavic Kors ovat motos Kal poparéors, ava Kpdtos pevyew Kai Meydpov éxerOat xwpiov Maxedovixod mpootatavres, auTot 5€ Ta pep deopevot, Ta bé aTopa omevor ToIs Siaxovow éprrod@v Hoav axpe detAns oypias. aTroT pam o- pévey 5€ worss éxeivov peréOeov TOUS TOV Il vppov Kopivovtas. non O€ TOU ALOU KaTadebuKoros eyyus yevopevot THS énridos eaidvns aTreKko- THoaY, evTUXOVTES TD Tapa THY Tok Tapap- péovTe TOTALO, XaAETS pep op Ojvar Kal aypip, TEcpeopevous dé Sia Baivey travtdtacw aTropwTa- T@. TOU TE yap efemumrre pedpa al Oodepov 6uBpav éruyevopevor, Kal To TKOTOS emotes wavra poBepwrepa. xa’ avtous ev ovv ibaa émexetpely qa.oiov Pepopevor Kat yuvara Ta T povra TO mrasdtov, aiaBopevor dé TOY emtx@plov Tivds év TO Tépav Ext@tas edéovTo cuddraBécOar 384 348 PYRRHUS among the confederates after Leosthenes. Phthia bore to Aeacides two daughters, Deidameia and Troas, and a son, Pyrrhus. II. But factions arose among the Molossians, and expelling Aeacides they brought into power the sons of Neoptolemus.! The friends of Aeacides were then seized and put to death, but Pyrrhus, who was still a babe and was sought for by the enemy, was stolen away by Androcleides and Angelus, who took to flight. However, they were obliged to take along with them a few servants, and women for the nursing of the child, and on this account their flight — was laborious and slow and they were overtaken. They therefore entrusted the child to Androcleion, Hippias, and Neander, sturdy and trusty young men, with orders to fty with all their might and make for Megara, a Macedonian town ; while they themselves, partly by entreaties and’ partly by fighting, stayed the course of the pursuers until late in the evening. After these had at last been driven back, they hastened to join the men who were carrying Pyrrhus. The sun had already set anf they were near their hoped-for refuge, when suddenly they found them- selves cut off from it by the river which flowed past the city. This had a forbidding and savage look, and when they tried to cross it, proved altogether im- passable. For its current was greatly swollen and violent from rains that had fallen, and the darkness made everything more formidable. Accordingly, they gave up trying to cross unaided, since they were carryihg the child and the women who cared for the child ; and perceiving some of the people of the country standing on the further bank, they _A brother of Arybas, and therefore uncle of Aeacides. 349 PLUTARCH’S LIVES mpos tTHy SiaBacw, Kal Tov Iluppov avedeinvucav Bo@vtes nat ixetevovtes. ot 5€ ov KaTHKOVOY dia TpaxuTntTa Kal wdtayov Tov pevpaTtos, AAA’ HV d:atpiBn TaY pév Bowvtwv, tav Sé wn cuviévTar, wv ] , ‘ ‘ \ \ axypt tis évvonoas Kal tepieAwv Spvos pAocov évéypawe twoptn ypappata ppdlovta tHy TE 4, A 7 Npelay Kal THY TUXNY TOD TaLdOs, Eira ALOM TOV \ 4 gprovov arepredhiEas xal ypnodpevos olov éppate fo A 9 nn > N V4 54 , ths Bodrhs adijxev eis TO tépav Evtor 5é hace la cauvi wepirntavtas axovticat Tov droLov. ws & ovv avéyvwcav of wépay Ta ypdupata Kal a) \ bd UA A A i 4 auveldov thy GEvTHTA TOD Katpod, KOTTOVTES EVAG \ \ ” A 2: a Kat Mpos aAANAA ouvdéovTes ErrEepatodyTO. Kal KaTa TUXNY O TPwTOs avTaY Trepatwbels "Ayir- A Nevs TOUVoO“a Tov IIlvppov édéEaTo: Tovs 5é GAXOVS a as Etuxov aAXot SrexopuCov. \ Ill. Otto b€ owévtes cai POdcavres thv Siwkw eis "INAvpovs trapeyévovto mpos Taveiav bY J \ 4 _@ 4 WwW tov Bacihéa: xal KxadeCouevov eipovres olxos META THS yuvarKos ev péow TO TraLdioy emi THs A 47] e de ® b) A , , & yns Kateecav. o 0€ HV ei yvapns, Kaoavdpov N > N ” A 9 s cy Y dedotxws €xOpov dyvta tov Aiaxidou, cai ciomny Z \ 4 , b] 4 \ elye ToAvy xpovoy Bovrcvopevos. éy TovT@ dé @e 7 A 9 c o Ilvppos am’ avtopatov mpoceptricas Kati NaBo- HEVOS TOU iuaTiou Tals yepol Kal mpoce~avactas \ \ 4 A “a mpos Ta yovata tov TAavxiou yéAwTa mpaorTor, 2 ed eitTa OlKTOVY Tapéoyev, WoTrEp TIS iKéTNS eXO- 35° PYRRHUS besought their help in crossing, and showed them Pyrrhus, with loud cries and supplications. But the _ people on the otber side could not hear them for the turbulence and splashing of the stream, and so there was delay, one party shouting what the other could not understand, until some one bethought himself of a better way. He stripped off a piece of bark from a tree and wrote thereon with a buckle-pin a message telling their need and the fortune of the child; then he wrapped the bark about a stone, which he used to give force to his cast, and threw it to the other side. Some say, however, that it was a javelin about which he wrapped the bark, and that he shot it across. Accordingly, when those on the other side had read the message and saw that no time was to be lost, they cut down trees, lashed them together, and made their way across. As chance would have it, the first of them to make his way across was named Achilles ; he took Pyrrhus in his arms, and the rest of the fugitives were conveyed across by others in one way or another. IfI. Having thus outstripped their pursuers and reached a place of safety, the fugitives betook them- selves to Glaucias the king of the Illyrians; and finding him sitting at home with his wife, they put the little child down on the floor before them. Then the king began to reflect. He was in fear of Cassander, who was an enemy of Aeacides, and held his peace along time as he took counsel with himself. Meanwhile Pyrrhus, of his own accord, crept along the floor, clutched the king’s robe, and pulled himself on to his feet at the knees of Glaucias, who was moved at first to laughter, then to pity, as he saw the child clinging to his knees and weeping like a formal 351 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Hevos xal Saxptwv. ior Sé gacw ov Te 4 a) an A [Aaveia mpootecciy avtov, ddAa Bopov Dear : 4 Mpocarrapevov éotavar pos avTov weptBadovTa na. xX \ “A A tA n Tas xYeipas, kal TO mpaypa TO Draveig Geiov A \ 7 >] gavnvat. 610 nai twapavtixa tov Ilvppov éve- , fe) A VElplLae TH yuvaiki, KedAevVoas Apa Tois TéKVOLS V4 \ \ A tpépecOat, kal puxpov Daotepoy eEattoupéevwrv TOV EME Kacavéd 66 kat dsaKo 4 TONEMLWY, Kacavopou 0€ Kal dlaxoclta TaXavTa , d:d0vtas, ov« e&éSmxev, AAXA Kal yevoyevov Svo- la A Kaideca éT@Y KaTayayov eis THY "Haretpov pera duvapyews Baciiéa xatéctyoev. 3 be e 4, “~ N A? “A an Hv dé o [Ivppos rH pev id€a Tod Tpocwrrov hoBepwrepoy Exwv 7 ceuvotepov To BactidtKov, qodXovs S€ ddovtas ovK elyev, GAN’ Ev. doTéoV auvexyes Hv avwOev, olov NetTais apvyais Tas \ 4 “A b A dtadvas UToyeypappévoy Tav odovtwy. ois dé a Tw m= ’ ’ , omAnuacw édoxer Bonbeiv, arextpvova Ovwv 4 A n AevKOY, UIrtiwy Te KaTaxepevov TO SeEL@ Todi , > / sy , ¥ \ \ @ meéCwy atTpéua TO aomdayyvov. ovdels 5é Fv mévns ov6€ adofos ottws Bote pi) TUXEV TIS ’ 4 iatpetas Senbeis. éradpBave dé Kal tov anre- 4 4 \ vn xtpvova Ovoas, Kai TO yépas TovTO HdtaToV HY avuT@. Néyetas 5é Tov trodes exeivou Tov petfova \ Sdxturoy éxew Svvayw Oeiav, @oTe peTa THY TeAEuTHY TOD AOLTOD TWMATOS KATAKAEVTOS anata kai GOtktov bo tod mupos ebpeOfvat. TAUTAa MeV OvV VaTEpoV. IV. Tevopévm 5 wept értaxaibexa i gat fe) \ , Soxobvts thy apyny éxew BeBaiws arrodnpia Tis 352 PYRRHUS suppliant. Some say, however, that the child did not supplicate Glaucias, but caught hold of an altar of the gods and stood there with his arms thrown round it, and that Glaucias thought this a sign from Heaven. Therefore he at once put Pyrrhus in the arms of his wife,’ bidding her rear him along with their children; and a little while after, when the child’s enemies demanded his surrender, and Cas- sander offered two hundred talents for him, Glaucias would not give him up, but after he had reached the age of twelve years, actually conducted him back into Epeirus with an armed force and set him upon the throne there. In the aspect of his countenance Pyrrhus had more of the terror than of the majesty of kingly power. He had not many teeth, but his upper jaw was one continuous bone, on which the usual intervals between the teeth were indicated by slight de- pressions. People of a splenetic habit believed that he cured their ailment; he would sacrifice a white cock, and, while the patient lay flat upon his back, would press gently with his right foot against the spleen. Nor was any one so obscure or poor as not to get this healing service from him if he asked it. The king would also accept the cock after he had ' sacrificed it, and this honorarium was most pleasing to him. It is said, further, that the great toe of his right foot had a divine virtue, so that after the rest of his body had been consumed, this was found to be untouched and unharmed by the fire. These things, however, belong to a later period. IV. When he had reached the age of seventeen years! and was thought to be firmly seated on his 1 In 302 B.c. 353 VOL. IX. A A PLUTARCH’S LIVES ouvéruye, TOV TAXavxiov Traidwy évos, ols cvverté- Oparrto, yuvaika AapBdvovtos. mdadw ovv oi Modortol ovaotdytes €&éBarov tovs didrous avtov Kal Ta Xpnuata Sinptacav Kat Neomroréup TmapédwKkav éavtovs. o 6 Ilvppos ovtw -THv \ \ , apxnv amoBarov Kat yevouevos tmavtwv épnpos / a 9 4 Anpntpio t@ ‘Avtiyovou mpocémkev éavTor, 4 le) « EyovT, thy aberdny avtod Aniddpeav, iy ert A @ 4 9 4 b lA A Hey ovoay Kxopnv a@voyatov *AreEdvdpou tov € a el PwEdvns yuvaina, trav 5é Kat’ éxeivous dvatuxn- Oévrwy dpav Exoveay adtny éynuev 6 Anurrtptos. lo) \ UA , b 9 lo , e Ths Sé peyadns payns ty év “IW@ waves ot Baowreis nywvicavto, tapwv o Ilvppos tots sepl Anprjtpiov cuppetelye petpaxtoy dv ért, Kal Tovs > e \ b] 4 \ , \ 9 Kal’ éavtov etpérato, Kal Srepdvn Naptrpos ev Tois payopévats. mraicavra 5 Anuntptov ovK éyxatéduTrev, GAX@ Kal Tas év tH ‘EXAdSL TOAES muatevlels diepvdAake, xal acuuBdoewv avT@ , \ “a ” 3 ¥ yevouevwy mpos IlroNepatoyv errevoev eis Aiyu- m@Tov opnpevowv. Kal IItodepaim pev ev Te Onpats kal yupvacios ériderEw aris Kal xap- Tepias Tapetye, THY 5é Bepevixny opav péytorov Suvayévny Kal mpwtevovaay apetn kal hpovnce A , Le) 3 4 7 tav IIrovepatev yuvarxav, eBepamreve pddorta: \ ‘\ A e a 39 9 , ‘ / kat Sewvos @y varedOeiv er whedreia tovs Kpeit- Tovas, @oTrEp UTEpoTTNS TOY TaTELVOTEpw)Y, , \ \ , \ , b] A Koopuos 6€ Kat cwdpwv trepi Siattav, ex TOANOV 354 385 PYRRHUS throne, it came to pass that he went on a journey, when one of the sons of Glaucias, with whom he had been reared, was married. Once more, then, the Molossians banded together, drove. out his friends, | plundered his property, and put themselves under Neoptolemus.! Pyrrhus, thus stripped of his realm and rendered destitute of all things, joined himself to Demetrius the son of Antigonus, who had his sister Deidameia to wife. She, while she was still a girl, had been nominally given in marriage to Alexander, Roxana’s son ; but their affairs miscarried, and when she was of age Demetrius married her.? In the great battle which all the kings fought at Ipsus® Pyrrhus was present, and took part with Demetrius, though still a stripling. He routed the enemy opposed to him, and made a brilliant display of valour among the combatants. Moreover, though Demetrius lost the day, Pyrrhus did not abandon him, but kept guard over his cities in Greece which were entrusted to him,‘ and when Demetrius made peace with Ptolemy, sailed to Egypt as hostage for him. Here, both in hunting and in bodily exercises, he gave Ptolemy proof of his prowess and endurance, and seeing that among the wives of Ptolemy it was Berenicé who had the greatest influence and was foremost in virtue and ‘understanding, he paid especial court to her. He was adept at turning to his own advantage the favour of his superiors, just as he was inclined to look down upon his inferiors, and since he was orderly and restrained in his ways of living, he was selected from among many young 1 A grandson of the Neoptolemus mentioned in chapter ii. 1. 2 See the Demetrius, xxv. 2. 3 In 301 B.c.* Cf. the Demetrius, chapters xxviii. f. 4 Cf. the Demetrius, xxxi. 2. 355 AA 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES vey TY EMOVLK@Y mpoexpiOn haPeiv | “Avtuyouny yuvaixka Tov _Bepeviens Ouyatépwv, 7} iy Eoyev éx Dirimrov m piv q Ironkepate ouvoiKely, V. Meta 5é-TOv ydayov todTov éTt parddov evdoKi wav, Kal yuvatkos ayabas Tips "Avtuyovns mept auTov ovons, Stepafaro XpHwara ra Rov Kat dvvapw eis “H tretpov emt THY Baotretav amooTtaAdhvat. Kal Taphy OUK aKkOoVat TOS TOA- dois! dua THY amex Gevav tov NeomroAépuou Narerras Kal Biaiows apXovTos. TAY adArd deiaas LN Tpos Twa TaV ad\d\wv Baciréov 0 NeomroAepos Tpdmnrau, diarucers éOero Kal pudtay 7 pos auTov ert Kowevia THS apxijs. 2 Xpovov bé Tpoiavtos Hoav ot -mapoktvovres aUTOUS xpupa Kal Kat’ GNA OV éurrocobvTes Drowias. pmeévTot padiota Kujcaca tov Ilvppov aitia Déyerau TOLAUTHY apynv AaBeiv. E:@bevcav ot Bactreis év Haccapan, Xeopio TAS Mohortibos, “Apeio Ait Oucavres 6 opKwporeiy Tots ‘Harewporacs Kal opxicer, avrol peev apfew KATA TOUS vopous, éxeivous dé THY. Bactrelay 3 dsadvrd£ev Kata Tos vomous. TavT ovdv édpato auporépov TOY Bactréwv jTapovTwy, Kal ouvioay GANAS peta Tov didrwv, Sapa TOANa TA peEV didovres, 7a dé AapBavorres. évtadda bn Tédovr, avnp TLoTOS NeomToA€uq, defiwadpevos pido- dpovws Tov Tuppov edwpraato Bow apoTnpav dual Gevryerc. tavta Muprtidros o emt Tov olvou Tmapav nret Tov ILvppov' éxelvou dé pe) 6:60vT0s, arn’ eTEpy, YaNneTras éveryeov o Muprtiros ovK 4 @abe tov TVédwva. xadrécas ov avtov émi 1 rots moAAots With Coraés and Blass: woAAois. 356 PYRRHUS princes as a husband for Antigone, one of the daughters of Berenicé, whom she had by Phikp? before her marriage with Ptolemy. V. After this marriage he was held in still greater esteem, and since Antigone was an excellent wife to him, he brought it to pass that he was sent into Epeirus with money and an army to regain his king- dom. Most people there were glad to see him come, owing to their hatred of Neoptolemus, who was a stern and arbitrary ruler. However, fearing lest Neoptolemus should have recourse to one of the other kings, he came to terms and made friendship with him on the basis of a joint exercise of the royal power. But as time went on there were people who secretly exasperated them against one another and filled them with mutual suspicions. The chief ground, however, for action on the part of Pyrrhus is said to have had its origin as follows. It was customary for the kings, after sacrificing to Zeus Areius at Passaro, a place in the Molossian land, to exchange solemn oaths with the Epeirots, the kings swearing to rule according to the laws, and the people to maintain the kingdom according to the laws. Accordingly, this was now done; both the kings were present, and associated with one another, together with their friends, and many gifts were interchanged. Here Gelon, a man devoted to Neoptolemus, greeted Pyrrhus in a friendly manner and made him a present of two yoke of oxen for ploughing. Pyrrhus was asked for these by Myrtilus, his cup-bearer; and when Pyrrhus would not give them to him, but gave them to another, Myrtilus was deeply resentful. This did not escape the notice of 1 An obscure Macedonian. 357 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Seirrvov, @S bé gacw evo, cat XPNTapEvos Tap olvov Bpay EyovTt, hoyous Tpoa7veyKe ‘Tapa- Kadav érécOar ra Tou Neomrohépou Kab pap- paKols SrapFeipas TOV Tuppov. o 6é Muprinros édéEaro wey THY TELpaY WS eTAaLWaV Kal oUpTe- TELT LEVOS, éunvuce bé T@ Ilv pe” Kai Kedev- gavtTos éxeivou TOV adpxvotvox oor “AreEtcparny T@ Térouvr cuvérTncED, @S én peeEovra THS mpagews avrois éBovreTo yap év Wreiouty o Tuppos TOV EXeyXov yeveo Oat Tov adixnparos. oUTw be tov TéXwvos eLarratwpévou ovvetaTraTo- fevos oO Neorronepos, Kal THDv emBournv 05@ Badifeuv olopevos ov Kateixer, aD’ uTro Yapas ebepepe pos TOUS pirous. Kad OTe Kopao as mapa Thy adergnv Kadueiav EXpHTO Aaa mepl TOUTWY, ovdéva cuvaxovely olopevos* oddels yap Hy mAna tov addos y Paivapéry yun Ldpwvos Tov Ta Totuvia Kal Ta, Bovxoda TP Neomrorép@ Stotxobvros, arn b¢ dmreaT paypevn 1 pos TOV TOL- xov} em Krivns TLVOS edoxer cadevderv. vv KOS 6é mavTwy ryevopern Kat Naovca pel npepav KE T pos” "Avtuyovny THY Tuppou yuvaixa, Kal TavTa KaTeimev dca tod Neowto\euou mpos THY adehpny nKxovae AeyovTos. mudopevos 5é€ oO I1uppos Exel pev nouxiay nryev, ev Oé€ Ouaia Kadéoas etl detmvov Tov NeomroAepov aT EK TELVED, aia Aopevos tov ’Hrretpwrav tovs Kpatiorous mpocéxovTas auT@, Kal Tapacehevopévous amrarhayhvas Tov "Neomrovépou, Kal pI) pepioa pexpav éyovTa Baotnetas ayaTayv, adda TH guce vpnoacbat 1 roy rocxov with Coraés, Blass, and C: rotxov. 358 386 PYRRHUS Gelon, who therefore invited Myrtilus to supper, and even, as some say, enjoyed his youthful beauty as they drank ; then he reasoned with him and urged him to become an adherent of Neoptolemus and to destroy Pyrrhus by poison. Myrtilus accepted the proposal, pretending to approve of it and to be persuaded, but informed Pyrrhus. He also, by the king’s orders, presented Alexicrates, the king’s chief cup-bearer, to Gelon, assuring him that he would take part in their enterprise; for Pyrrhus wished to have several persons who could testify to the intended crime. Thus Gelon was thoroughly deceived, and Neoptolemus as well, and as thoroughly, who, supposing that the plot was duly progressing, could not keep it to himself, but in his joy would talk about it to his friends. Once, in particular, after a revel at the house of his sister Cadmeia, he fell to prattling about the matter, supposing that no one would hear the conversation but themselves ; for no one else was near except Phaenarete, the wife of Samon, a man who managed the flocks and herds of Neoptolemus, and Phaenarete was lying on a couch with her face to the wall and seemed to be asleep. But she heard everything, and next day went unobserved to Antigone the wife of Pyrrhus, and told her all that she had heard Neoptolemus say to his sister. When Pyrrhus learned of it, he kept quiet for a time, but on a day of sacrifice invited Neoptolemus to supper and killed him. For he was aware that the chief men among the Epeirots were devoted to himself and were eager to see him rid himself of Neoptolemus; also that they wished him not to content himself with having a small share of the kingdom, but to follow his natural bent and 359 Va a PLUTARCH’S LIVES petCovoy Tpaypatov avriiauBavopevor, Kal TLVOS UToWias Gua mpoacyevouévns tov Neomrodrepov hOdaas! avereiv. VI. Mepynpévos 5é€ Bepevinns cal UWrodepatou mas6iov pev avT@ ‘yevomevov ef “Avreyouns I rone- paiov @vopacev, oikiaas 5é Tod év Th XEppovna ep TAS "Hrreipou Bepovixibda T poanyopevoey. éx O€ TOUTOU TOAAG ev Tepivomy Kat peydra TH yvoun, tais 5é éAmiot padiota Kal 7 P@T OV avriiauBavopevos THY WANatov, evpev eudhovar tois Maxedcvwv mpdypacw éx toidodé Tivos Tpopacews. . Tov Kacdvdpov TatSer o o m pea Butepos "Avti- TATPOS THY TE pntépa @eroarovinny avethe Kab TOV abeddov "AréEav6 pov HAaUYEV. 0 b¢ T pos TE Anpnt prov émepie Seouevos Bondeiv cat Ivppor ex anet. Anpunrtpiov d€ wird aa XOnay Bpadv- VOVTOS éme Ooo o Tuppos HTNTE paOov THS TULpAXias THY TE Lruppaiav Kal TV Tapavatay THs Makedovias, cal Trav eT LK THT OV éOvav “Ap Bpaxiav, ‘Akapvaviay, “Apdiroyiar. 1 pOepLevou dé Tov veavioKov TadTa mév avros elye ppoupais cataraBov, ta 6€ Roa KT@LEVOS éxelvep mepléxomrre Tov ‘Avtimartpov. Avoipaxos dé o / Baotreds avtos pév Hv év aayorlats mpoOvmov- pevos ’Avtitrdtp@ Bonbeiv, etdms 5é Tov I vppov ovoev axaprorety oveée dpveicbar Irorepaip Bovropevov émreprpre TrAaoTaA ypaupata Tpos AUTOV, WS Itodepatov KehEvOVTOS amanda rec Gar THS oTpateias TpLAKooLa Tahara Tapa TOU "Avtimatpov AaBovta. dAvGas Oé THY éiTTOAHY 1 p@doas Coraés and Blass, with most MSS.: ¢@dca:. 360 | PYRRHUS attempt greater things, and, now that some suspicion had added its weight to other motives for the deed, to anticipate Neoptolemus by taking him off first. VI. And now, in honour of Berenicé and Ptolemy, he gave the name of Ptolemy to his infant son by Anti- gone, and called the city which he had built on the peninsula of Epeirus, Berenicis. After this, he be- gan to revolve many large projects in his mind; but his hopes were fixed first and more especially on undertakings close at hand, and he found a way to take direct part in Macedonian affairs, on grounds something like the following. Of Cassander’s sons, the elder, Antipater, killed his mother Thessalonicé and drove away his brother Alexander.! Alexander sent to Demetrius begging for help, and also called upon Pyrrhus. Demetrius was delayed by matters that he had in hand; but Pyrrhus came, and deinanded as a reward for his alliance Stymphaea and Parauaea in Macedonia, and, of the countries won by the allies, Ambracia, Acar- nania, and Amphilochia. The youthful Alexander gave way to his demands, and Pyrrhus took possession of these countries and held them for himself with garrisons ; he also proceeded to strip from Antipater the remaining parts of his kingdom and turn them over to Alexander. Now Lysimachus the king, who was eager to give aid to Antipater, was fully occupied himself and could not come in person; but knowing that Pyrrhus was desirous to do Ptolemy every favour and refuse him nothing, he sent a forged letter to him which stated that Ptolemy urged him to give up his expedition on payment of three hundred talents from Antipater. As soon as Pyrrhus opened the 1 Cf, the Demetrius, xxxvi. 1 f. 361 \ PLUTARCH’S LIVES 6 IIvppos etOuvs To padiovpynua tod Avoiwpdyov ouveloev? ovde yap Av 7H auvnOns yeypaypévn mpocayopevots, “‘O wratnp To vie xalipev:” avrd, ‘ Baotreds I tovepatos Baciret Ivppo yaipev. Rosdopjoas Se tov Avatpaxov dus érroveito THY eipnvnv, Kal ouvyecay @s KaTa odhayiwy opkwmpotncovTes. émet S€ Tavpouv Kai Kam@pov Kal xptod mpocayOévtos 0 KpLos avTo- patos améBave, Tols ev GAXots yeAav ernHet, TOV 5é Ilvppov o pdvtis Beodotos opocat duexoruvee, dnoas TO Sarpovioy évi wpoonpaivey Tov TpLOVv Baciréwv Odvatov. o pev ov Iluppos obras ANETTN THS ELpnVNS. VIL. Te 5é “ArcEdvSpm tav mpaypdtov 76n KaTactaclv éxovtTwy Sums o Anuntpios adixerto: kal SnrAos péev Hv evVOds Hxewv py Seopévw, Kal foBov tapeixer, orjyas & Huépas ovyyevopevor &:’ amiatias émeBovrevcav adrAXHAOLS appoTeEpor. Katp@ 6 ypnoapevos Kai POdoas atroxtivyveL o Anpntptos TO pwetpadxcov, kat BactrEvs avnyopevOn Makedovias. Rv pév ody Kal mpotepov avT@ mpos Tov Iluppov éyxAnpata, Kal catadpopat THs @cocarias éyeyovecay wn’ eéxeivov, Kal Td ovpdutov voonua tais duvacteiats, 1) mAcovetia, Thy yerTviaow avTois eémridoBov Kal amirtoy Tapetye, Kal waAXov Ere peta THY THS Anidapeias TedevTHV. rel S€ Kal KaTaayovTes auporepot Makedovias cuvémimtov eis TO avTO Kat petlovas édapBave mpopacas 7 Stadopa, Anuntptos pév 362 PYRRHUS letter he perceived the fraud of Lysimachus; for the letter did not have the customary address, “ The father, to the son, health and happiness,”’ but instead, “King Ptolemy, to King Pyrrhus, health and happi- ness.” Pyrrhus reviled Lysimachus for the fraud, but nevertheless made the desired peace, and they all met to ratify it with sacrificial oaths. However, after a bull, a boar, and a ram had been brought up for sacrifice, of its own accord the ram fell down dead. The rest of, the spectators were moved to laughter, but Theodotus the seer prevented Pyrrhus from taking the oath by declaring that Heaven thus be- tokened in advance the death of one of the three kings. In this way, then, Pyrrhus was led to renounce the peace. VII. Thus Alexander’s affairs were already settled with the help of Pyrrhus, but nevertheless Demetrius came to him; and as soon as he arrived it was plain that he was not wanted, and he inspired only fear ; and after they had been together a few days their mutual distrust led them to plot against each other. But Demetrius, taking advantage of his opportunity, got beforehand with the young prince and slew him, and was proclaimed king of Macedonia.! Now, even before this there had been differences between him and Pyrrhus, and Pyrrhus had overrun Thessaly ; ? and greed for power, the natural disease of dynasties, made them formidable and suspicious neighbours, and all the more after the death of Deidameia. And now that both of them had occupied part of Mace- donia, they came into collision, and their quarrel was furnished with stronger grounds. Demetrius there- 1 Cf. the Demetrius, xxxvi. 2-6, xxxvii. 2 Cf. the Demetrius, xl. i 363 i i PLUTARCH’S LIVES ém’ AitwAous oT pateva dpevos Kal Kparnoas, Tavravyov avToOt peta ToAATS Suvdpuews KaTA- MeTrov avTOS éBadulev él Hvppov, kal Iluppos ém’ éxelvov, ws taGero. yevonevns Sé Stapaptias Kal? oOov adAnous mapnddafav- Kab Anuntpios pev éuBarov eis “Harevpov éXenrarel, Huppos, bé Hlavravyy repitec@y eis wayyy Katéorn. Kal TOY OT PATLOT OY TUpTrET ovT@V Setvos nv kal péyas ayov, uaddLoTAa KaTa TOUS myewovas. 6 TE yap Hdvravyos avépeia Kal xeupt Kal pawn TW"UATOS aptoTosS MV Omohoryoupeveas Tey mepl Anpnt prov oT pATHYyaD, Kal Papaos éxov Kat ppovnya, TpovKanreito TOV Tuppov els xeipas, 6 TE Lvppos ovdevi TOV Bactréov Up réwevos adKijs Kal TONS, Kal THY “AXtAAEwS bofav auT@ bv apeTnv paddov n kata yevos UvoLKeLouv Bovné- pevos, €vayTios exwper dia TOV T pomaxeov émt TOV Hadvravyor. iy dé Soparic pos TO _™paroy, celta év Xepoty YEvopevor peta TEXYNS dpa Kab Bias expavto Tois Eidect. aBov be o Ilv¥ppos év Tpatpa, Sous dé dv0, TO pev Els TOV pnpov, TO bé Tapa TOV Tpaynrov, éTpewato Kai KatéBare Tov Ildvravxov ov pny aveidev, avnprrayn yap v v6 TOY pirov. ot 6€ “Hrrep@tar tH vikn Tod Baatrews érrapOévres Kal Javpdcartes Th apeTnv éBideavTo kal duéxowav THhv parayya TOV Maxedovwr, Kal dhevyovtas SiwKovtes amréxtewvay TE TOAXNOUS Kal mevrakiaxhious Covras elAov. VIII. ‘O &€ a aryov GUTOS ov Tog obTov opyiis QV Eradov ovdé picouvs évérAnoe tovs Maxedovas mpos tov Iluppov, donv S0€av avtod cai Oadpa 364 387 PYRRHUS fore made an expedition against the Aetolians and conquered them, and then, leaving Pantauchus there with a large force, he himself moved against Pyrrhus, and Pyrrhus, when he heard of it, against him. Owing to a mistake in the way, however, they passed by one another, and Demetrius, throwing his forces into Epeirus, plundered the country, while Pyrrhus, encountering Pantauchus, joined battle with him.! There was a sharp and terrible conflict between the soldiers who engaged, and especially also between the leaders. For Pantattchus, who was confessedly the best of the generals of Demetrius for bravery, dexterity, and vigour of body, and had both courage and a lofty spirit, challenged Pyrrhus to a hand-to- hand combat; and Pyrrhus, who yielded to none of the kingsin daring and prowess, and wished that the glory of Achilles should belong to him by right of valour rather than of blood alone, advanced through the foremost fighters to confront Pantauchus. At first they hurled their spears, then, coming to close quar- ters, they plied their swords with might and skill. Pyrrhus got one wound, but gave Pantauchus two, one in the thigh, and one along the neck, and put him to flight and overthrew him; he did not kill him, however, for his friends haled lini away. Then the Epeirots, exalted by the victory of their king and admiring his valour, overwhelmed and cut to pieces the phalanx of the Macedonians, pursued them as they fled, slew many of them, and took five thou- sand of them alive.” VIII. This conflict did not fill the Macedonians with wrath and hate towards Pyrrhus for their losses, rather it led those who beheld his exploits 1 Cf. the Demetrius, xli. 1 f. 2 Cf. the Demetrius, xli. 2 365 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THS apeThs Kal Noyov évetpydoato Tos iOovat Ta Epya Kal cvvevexGeiot kata THY maxny. Kai yap ¥ bd \ 4 ? / \ , a Gpiv @ovto Kal Tdyos écotxévat Kal Kivnua Tois b 4 fe) A , AreEdvdpov, cal tis popds éxeivov cal Bias Tapa TOUS ayavas év TOUTH oKLdS TLVAS OpacBaL \ / fo \ Ld / bd Kal plunpata, TOV wey AAXKwWY Baciréwy Ev Trop- Ul dupais kai Sopygopors Kal Kroes TpaxYnAov Kai a he } rE @ 4 oe Iv a T@ petvov dtaréyeoOar, povov dé Ilvppov ois id } A oF) b 5 / \ OmAots Kal Tais Yep Em LOEeLKVU{LEVOU TOV "AréEavdpov. . This 5€ rept takes nal otpatnyias émiotHnmns avtov kal Sewvorntos éveots Seiypata NaBelv ex TOV Yypappatwy & wept TovTwY aTroOAéAOLTTE. / \ 9 , / Néyeras b€ Kal ’Avtiyovos épwrnels Tis dpirtos A A bd) TOV -oTpaTnyav, pavat, “‘Ilvppos, av ynpaon,’ \ a : Tept Tov Kad’ avTov odTws aTopNVapeEvos povov. ? , \ A A AvviBas 6 cuptavtay anépnve THY oTpaTNyaV al \ > / \ , / Tp@Tov ev eutretpia Kat Sewotnte Tvppov, / A 4 e \ \ / b] Lentiwva Sé Sevtepov, éavtov S& tpitov, ws év Tots wept Yxnmiwvos yéypamtat. Kal brws TovTO pereT@v Eotxe Kal dirocopa@v del dvaterev o / e , , \ \ Iluppos, @s paOnpatwv Bactdtxwtatov, tas 6é / e adras yAaduptas év ovdevl Noy TiWecOar. é- \ U yeTal yap ws epwrnbeis Ev tive TOT@, TrOTEPOV a 4 4 avT@ daiverat Ilv@wv avrAnTns apetvov 7} Ka- guotas, ettreitvy Gtt Wodtvorépywv otpatnyos, as Tavita T® Bacirei Enrety uova xal ywooKev T poonKov. 366 PYRRHUS and engaged him in the battle to esteem him highly and admire his bravery and talk much about him. For they likened his aspect and his swiftness and all his motions to those of the great Alexander, and thought they saw in him shadows, as it were, and imitations of that leader’s impetuosity and might in conflicts.1_ The other kings, they said, represented Alexander with their purple robes, their body-guards, the inclination of their necks,? and their louder tones insconversation; but Pyrrhus, and Pyrrhus alone, in.arms and action. Of his knowledge and ability in the field of mili- tary tactics and leadership one may get proofs from the writings on these subjects which he left. It is said also that Antigonus, when asked who was the best general, replied, “ Pyrrhus, if he lives to be old.” This verdict of Antigonus applied only to his con- temporaries. Hannibal, however, declared that the foremost of all generals in experience and ability was Pyrrhus, that Scipio was second, and he himself third, as I have written in my Life of Scipio.® And in a word, Pyrrhus would seem to have been always and continually studying and meditating upon this one subject, regarding it as the most kingly branch of learning; the rest he regarded as mere accom- plishments and held them in no esteem. For instance, we are told that when he was asked at a drinking- party whether he thought Python or Caphisias the better flute-player, he replied that Polysperchon was a good general, implying that it became a king to investigate and understand such matters only. 1 Cf. the Demetrius, xli. 3. 2 See the Alexander, iv. 1. 3 The ‘‘ book” containing the Lives of Epaminondas and Scipio Africanus the Elder has been lost, 367 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 de \ ‘ \ / : \ \ Hy 6€ «ai mpos tovs cvvyiOes émiexns Kat ampaos opynv, apodpos 5é Kai mpoOuvpos év tais yaptow. *Aepotrov yobv amobavovtos ovK jnveyKe , ra) petpiws, éxeivov pev avOpwmiva terrovOévat 4 e€ \ \ ‘ \ A 4 dacKkev, éavtov 5€ peuhopevos Kal xaxilwv OTe , > \ \ , / > 3 lA HéAXwY det Kal Bpadvvwy yapiv ovK amédwoxev avT@. Ta pev yap xXpéa Kal KANpovopols éeoTiv arodoivar Tav Savecavtwr, ai dé TAY Xapitwv ‘ 9 nw aporBai pn yevopevat pos ataPavomevous avioct TOV otov Kxat Sixarov. év b€ "ApuBpaxia xpn , pBpaxie 4 bY N 4 wv -9 KakoNoyov tiva Kai Bracdnpov avOpwrov oto- pévov Seiy petaotica, tov Ilvppov ‘ Avtod Y 9° ce “ € A b) 9 , Aa wow pévov, edn, “ “adrov Nuas ev OALYOLS 7 TrEpLioV mpos atavtas avOpwrovs Kaxas NeyéTW.” Kai Tous map olvoy avtov AoidopHnaavtas, elta édEey- 3 le) Yomévous HpwTycev et Tavta elmov' arroxKptva- / A An , e 7 6 aA @ nA pévou b€ TOY veavioxwy évos, “Tadta, @ Bactred: ? > A wv 4 ? 4, > , mreiova 8 adv étt TOVTwY ElpnKElpEV, EL TrAELOV A n bd A jTapHy oivos nuiv, yedaoas adie. IX. Tuvaicas 5€ wpayudtwv évexa cai duva- pews TAEiovas éynue peta THyv “Avtiyovns Te- , Aa NeuTHV. Kal yap Avtoréovtos tot Llasover 4 Bactrtéws édaBe Ouyatépa, cai Bipxévvay thv 4 fe) A BapdvaAros tod “TAAupidv, nai Aavacoay tH ? le) A AyafoxrXéous tod Yvpaxovaiov, mpotxa mpoc- 4 > A \ a pepomevny avt@ THY Kepxupatwy rod nrwxviav e \ 6 / uo ‘“Aya@oxdéous. ex pev ov “Avtuyorns 368 PYRRHUS He was also kind towards his familiar friends, and mild in temper, but eager and impetuous in returning favours. At any rate, when Aeropus died, he was distressed beyond measure, declaring that Aeropus had indeed only suffered what was common to human- ity, but that he blamed and reviled himself because he had always delayed and moved slowly in the matter and so had not returned his friend’s favour. For the debts due to one’s creditors can be paid back to their heirs ; but if the favours received from friends are not returned while those friends can be sensible of the act, it is an affliction to a just and good man. Again, in Ambracia there was a fellow who denounced and reviled him, and people thought that. Pyrrhus ought to banish him. “ Let him remain here,” said Pyrrhus, “and speak ill of us among a few, rather than carry his slanders round to all mankind.” And again, some young fellows indulged in abuse of him over their cups, and were brought to task for it. Pyrrhus asked them if they had said such things, and when one of them replied, “ We did, O King ; and we should have said still more than this if we had had more wine.’’ Pyrrhus laughed and dismissed them.} IX. In order to enlarge his interests and power he married several wives after the death of Antigone. He took to wife, namely, a daughter of Autoleon, king of the Paeonians; Bircenna, the daughter of Bar- dyllis the Illyrian; and Lanassa, the daughter of Agathocles of Syracuse, who brought him as her — dowry the city of Corcyra, which had been captured by Agathocles. By Antigone he had a son Ptolemy, 1 The story is found also in Plutarch’s Morals, p. 184d, and in Val. Max. 5, 1, ext. 3. 369 VOL, IX. B B PLUTARCH’S LIVES I rohepatov uLov erxev, éx Oé Aavdoons ”AXe- Eavdpor, ' ‘Erevov dé TOV VEWTATOV EX Bipxévyns. 2 Kal TavTas dryaBous éV TOUS OmrAots EOpépato Kal 388 Siamrupous, evOus éx yeveT As él TOUTO Onyouevous | ie avroD. heyerau yap ws épwtnbels vd’ év0s QUT@Y éTL TaLoos OvTOS, | Tit Katanetrper THY Baciréiar, elmreiy, ate ‘Qs av tov thy paxatpav akutdrny* exn. TOUTO dé ovdév arodet tis TPAyYLKTS apas éxetyns: Onxre aioynpw Sapa Siadayeiv’ . TOUS aderpous. OUTWS APLKTOS EoTL Kal.Anpiwdns 7 THS. mreovetias bro0eats. X. Mera 6€ tH paxny TAUT HD 0 Tvppos emravenOow olxade apm pos | v6 dokns Kai dpovn- HaTos eXaupe: kal ’Aeros v0 Tov "Hiretpwr av TT po ary OpEevofLevos, “AY vas,” édeyev, ‘ ‘ deTos Ely? TAS yap ou pedro, Tous DueTEpous 6m ous Gamep @KUTTEpols eTaLpouevos;” oriyw Oe botepov muOopevos vooeiy Tov Anurrptov e7rt- oparsas évéBare pev eaiduns eis Maxedoviav @S em Opouny TLva Kab Aenhaciav TOLNTOMEVOS, 2 Tap OdyoU 6 7re TAVTOV onod KPATHoaL Kat ra Bev apayel THY Bactretar, éXacas axpe "Edéacons pndevos apuvvopévov, tmodA@v 6e Kal T port eweveov Kal ovo QaTevovT@y. avTov Te 87 Tov Anpyt prov 0 xivduv0s efaveotyce mapa Svvaper, ot Te giro. Kai Tyyepoves Ory YpOVve TOAAOUS a6 poicavtes Epp@mevans Kal m pod vpas éml Tov TIvppov Bpynoav. o &é AnoTpiKwTepov a uy mevos ovK émervev, ara hevywy pépos Te THS oTpaTias amTéBare nal’ odov éeriOepévwr TaVv Maxedover. 1 dturdrny with Blass: dgurépay. 37° PYRRHUS Alexander-by Lanassa, and Helenus, his youngest son, by Bircenna. He brought them all up to be brave in arms and fiery, and he whetted them for this from their very birth. It is said, for instance, that when he was asked by one of them, who was still a boy, to whom he would leave his kingdom, he replied: “To that one of you who keeps his sword the sharpest.” This, however, meant nothing less than the famous curse of Oedipus in the tragedy ;! that “ with whet- ted sword,” and not by lot, the brothers should « divide the house.” So savage and ferocious is the nature of rapacity. ee X. After this battle Pyrrhus returned to his home rejoicing in the splendour which his fame and lofty spirit had brought him; and when he was given the surname of “ Eagle”’ by the Epeirots, “Through you,” he said, ‘‘am I an eagle; why, pray, should I not be? It is by your arms that I am borne aloft as by swift pinions.” But a little while after, learning that De- metrius was dangerously sick, he suddenly threw an army into Macedonia, intending merely to overrun and plunder some parts of it. Yet he came within a little of mastering the whole country and getting the kingdom without a battle; for he marched on as far as Edessa without opposition from anyone, and many actually joined his forces and shared his expe- dition. And now Demetrius himself was roused by the peril to act beyond his strength, while his friends and commanders in a short time collected many soldiers and set out with zea] and vigour against Pyrrhus. Pyrrhus, however, had come more for plun- der than anything else, and would not stand his ground, but fled, losing a part of his army on the march, under the attacks of the Macedonians. eae Euripides, Phoenzssae, 68. 371 BB 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ov pry ote padiws Kal tayvd tov Tvppov ébéBare THs ywpas o Anpnrptos nwérnoer, éyvaxws b€ peyddwv tmpayudtev avtTiNapBa- veoOat Kal Thy TaTpwav apynv avaxtacbat Séxa pupidot otpatod Kal vavol mevtaxociais ovK éBovreto +@ Ilupp@ mpoomtaicar, ovdé arro- Nerrety Maxedoot mapoixov épywdn Kal yaderov, GAN’, érrel pn eaxorale rroAepely mpds avrov, Starvbels xal Oéwevos eipnvyv ottws emi Tovs GAXrovs Bacireis tparrécOar. yevouévwy bé dea TAUTA TOV OmoAoYLaV, Kal THS yvouns apa TO peyeOer THS TapacKeuhs éexpavetons tov Anun- tpiov, poyOévtes ot Bacircis Sreméutrovto pos Tov Ilvppov ayyéXovs Kal ypappata, Oavpdleev pdcKovtes et TOV avTOU TpoemEVOS KaLpoV, ev TO Anuntpiov toteunoa, treptpéver, nal Suvdpevos Maxedovias éxBareiy avtov moda mTpdtTovTa Kal TapaTTopevoy, exdéxetas Kal ayordlovte Kal peyar@ yevouevm trept Tov év Mondogaois tepav Kai tapwv dtaywvicacbar, cai tadtra Képxupav évayxos adnpnpévos vm’ avTov peta THS yuvat- Kos. 1 yap Aavacoa pepyapuevn tov Iluppov @s “adrov mpocéexovta tais BapBapous yuvarkiv eis Képxupav dmeywpnoe, nai Seopévn yadpov Bacitixav éxdrer Anpunrpiov, érictapévn pa- MoTa TOV Bactréwn EvKOAWS EYOVTA T POS Ya{LOUS yuvarxov. éxeivos dé Wrevoas TH Te Aavaoon cuvnrOe kal ppoupav év TH Troe KATEALTTE. 372 PYRRHUS However, because Demetrius had easilyand speedily driven Pyrrhus out of the country, he did not leave him to his own devices, but now that he had deter- mined to undertake a great enterprise and to recover his father’s realm with a hundred thousand soldiers and: five hundred ships, he-did not wish to have col- lisions with Pyrrhus, nor yet to leave behind in him an enterprising and troublesome neighbour for the “Macedonians. He wished, rather, since he had no time to wage war against Pyrrhus, to come to terms and make peace with him, and then turn his arms against the other kings. But after an agreement had been made between them for these reasons, the pur- pose of Demetrius became apparent, as well as the magnitude of his preparations, and the kings, in alarm, kept sending to Pyrrhus messengers and let- ters,! expressing their amazement that he should let slip his own opportunity for making war and wait for Demetrius to seize his; and that when he was able to drive Demetrius out of Macedonia, since he was now much occupied and disturbed, he should await the time when his adversary, at his leisure and after he had become great, could wage a decisive struggle with him for the sanctuaries and tombs of the Molos- sian land, an adversary who-had just robbed him of Corcyra, and his wife besides. For Lanassa, who found fault with Pyrrhus for being more devoted to his barbarian wives than to her, had retired to Cor- cyra, whither, since she desired a royal marriage, she invited Demetrius, understanding that he, of all the kings, was most readily disposed to marry wives. So Demetrius sailed thither, married Lanassa, and left a garrison in the city. os . 1 Cf, the Demetrius, xliv. 1. — 373 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XI. Taira wpos tov Tlvppov ot Bacireis ypa- 9 wn govres agua nal ds éavt@y éte pédAXOvTA Kal Tmapackevatopevov Tov Anuntpsov éxivovy. IIro- ANeuatos ey yap emimdevoas pmeydr@ TOAD TAS 4 4 ‘EAAnvidas adiorn mores, Avoipayos 5& Hv dvw Makedoviay é« @paxyns éuBarov éropbe. 7 \ 4 (4 N 9 \ 4 IIvppos € rovrows dpa ovveEavactas émi Béporav nrAavve, tpocdsoxav, Strep auvéBn, Anpunrtpiov ttravtiabovta Avowudyw thy KdTw Ywpay atro- , bY) 9 , \ A QA ” Neirpery Epnuov. éxeivns 5é€ THs vuKros eboke \ \ 4 e \ 9 , a A Kata tous Umrvous vo AdeEavdpov xaretabat Tod peydXou, kal Tapayevouevos KALWNpN pev avToV 9 a , \ wn“ A“ \ ‘4 ideiv, Noywv S€ YpnoTa@v Tuyeiv Kal Prrodpoav- yns émayyeAXopévov tpobvpws BonOnoew. avtov , lal A A d€ ToAuNnoarTos eltrety, ‘‘ Kal ras dv, @ Bactred, A \ oY) b] \ nA 99 3 A V4 A voowv duvaros eins éuot BonOetv;” avdte davat TO ovopatt, Kal weptBavta Nicaiov immov nyeto bat. Tavrny idov tiv dw éreppwacOn: taxes 5é Xpnoapevos Kal Stadpapwv ta petrakd Kata- , \ A \ \ A 9 v AapBaver Thy Bépotay: Kat TO wrEtoTOV avTobe THS oTpaTias LOpvaas Ta AOLTA TpoanyeTo Sia Tov aotpatnyav. o 5€ Anuntpios érel tadta nKovoe Kal Tovnpov év TH otTpatroTédm OopuBov naOetTo Tav Maxedover, ederce troppwrépw mpo- A \ 7 ‘ , , ayayeiv, un TwAnaLoV yevopuevot Bactréws Maxedo- \ 2 vos xal doFav éxovtos petaBdrwvtae pos avTov. 50 9 VA > A N 4 9 e lA OGev emiatperas emi tov Iluppov nyev ws Eévov \ “ Kat picovpevov wtTro Tav Maxedovwyv. érret dé Tapectpatomedevoey aVTOOL, TOAXAOL TOV eK TIS 374 389 PYRRHUS XI. Such letters the kings kept sending to Pyr- rhus, and at the same time on their own part they assailed Demetrius while he was still waiting to com- plete his preparations. Ptolemy sailed up with a great fleet and tried to bring the Greek cities to revolt, while Lysimachus invaded upper Macedonia from Thrace and ravaged the country. So Pyrrhus, taking the field at the same time with these, marched against Beroea, expecting, as proved to be the case, that Demetrius would go to confront Lysimachus, and thus leave the lower country unprotected. That night Pyrrhus dreamed that he was called by Alex- ander the Great, and that when he answered the call he found the king lying on a couch, but met with kindly speech and friendly treatment from him, and received a promise of his ready aid and help. “ And how, O King,” Pyrrhus ventured to ask, “ when thou art sick, canst thou give me aid and help?” “ My name itself will give it,” said the king, and mounting a Nisaean horse he led the way. This vision gave Pyrrhus great assurance, and leading his army with all speed through the inter- - vening districts he took possession of Beroea; then, stationing the greater part of his forces there, he proceeded to subdue the rest of the country through his generals. When Demetrius heard of this, and became aware of a pernicious uproar in his camp on the part of the Macedonians, he was afraid to lead them farther on, lest on coming into the neigh- bourhood of a Macedonian king of great renown they should go over to him. Therefore he turned back and led them against Pyrrhus, with the idea that he was a foreigner and hated by the Macedonians. But after he had pitched his camp over against Pyrrhus, many 375 we PLUTARCH’S LIVES Bepoias adixvoupevor TOV Ilvppov éveroomiator, OS dua ov pev év tots 6trAaLs Kal apn pov dvipa, mTpaws O€ Kai diravOpwrrws Tots HrwKoct Xpo- pevov. hoav oé€ TUVES ods avTos oO Tluppos éyxabier T POT TOLOV{LEVOUS elvar Maxedovas, Kal AeyovTas Ore viv Katpos éote THs Anpntpiou Bapirntos aTadrayivat, pos avdpa OnportKov Kal prdoot patiorny petaBadopevous TOV Iuppov. ex TOUTOU TO THELaTOV avnpeLaTO THS oTpATLAS, cal tov Ivppov elyroup TEpia KoTOUVTES. éruxe yap apypnpevos TO kpavos, axpt ov cupppovncas Kat qari TeptBépevos eyvaaOn 7 TE ogo Stamrpérovte Kal Tois TpaytKois Képacwy, dare tous Maxedovas ouvOnpwa TpooTpeXovTas aireiv, addous dé Kr.dbous Spvos dvaarépecOar dia TO Kal TOUS Tmepl éxeivov eo TepavaHevous Opa" 707 6é Kal mpos avrov TLVES ETON MOV eyew TOV Anpntptoy ws UTexaTas Kal Tpoémevos Ta mpary- para, Kaos dofer BeBovretoGau. TOUTOLS TOIS Aoyors Spooy op@y TO Kivynua TOD oTpatoTédou kal hoBnOels xpvda dueEerrece, Kavoig Tul Kab TO Xra puydie mepiarethas éauTov. érrenOooy be 0 Tl¥ppos dpaxel TmapéhaBe TO OTpaToTredov Kal Bactreus avnyopevOn Maxedover. XII. "Emigavévros 5é Avowpaxov Kat Kowvov Epryov auoiv TOLOUMEVOU THY Anpntpiov KaTa- Avow Kal véwer Oat THY Bactnreiav afvodvtos, OUT@ Tavu BeBatws TOLS Maxedoor TLOTEUWY O Iuppos, add apupiBoros @p ev avrois ébéEato tov Avotmayou thy TOK NIGP, Kai dveveipavTo - 1 Before mepideuevos, with Blass: mdéAw ovugporheas. 376 PYRRHUS Beroeans came thither with loud praises of Pyrrhus ; they said he was invincible in arms and a brilliant hero, and treated his captives with mildness and humanity. There were some also whom Pyrrhus himself sent into the camp; they pretended to be Macedonians, and said that now was the favourable time to rid themselves of Demetrius and his severity, by going over to Pyrrhus, a man who was gracious to the common folk and fond of his soldiers. In con- sequence of this, the greater part of the army was all excitement, and went about looking for Pyrrhus ; for it chanced that he had taken off his helmet, and he was not recognised until he bethought himself and put it on again, when its towering crest and its goat's horns made him known to all. Some of the Macedonians therefore ran to him and asked him for his watchword, and others put garlands of oaken boughs about their heads because they saw the soldiers about him garlanded. And presently even to Demetrius himself certain persons ventured to say that if he quietly withdrew and renounced his under- takings men would think that he had taken wise counse]. He saw that this advice tallied with the agitation in the camp, and was frightened, and secretly stole away, after putting on a broad-brimmed hat and a simple soldier’s cloak. So Pyrrhus came up, took the camp without a blow,-and was proclaimed king of Macedonia. XII. But now Lysimachus made his appearance, claimed that the overthrow of Demetrius had been the joint work of both, and demanded a division of the kingdom. So Pyrrhus, who did not yét feel en- tire confidence in the Macedonians, but was still ~ doubtful about them, accepted. the proposition of 377 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tas odes Kal THY Ywpay mpos GAAHAOUS. ToUTO 5€ wvNoeE ev Ev TO TrApOVTL Kal KaTéTmrAUGE TOV TOANEMOY AUTOS, GrAIy@ 5é VaTEpoy éyvwoap oux amadraynvy &xOpas, GAN éeyerAnpaTwv Kal Stahopas apynv teroinuévor thv véunorv. ols yap ov TéXNayos, OUK Gpos, OvK aoixynTos épnuia 4 > \ , -3Q9 e le) +) , mépas éotl mreovetias, od’ ot Statpodvtes Evpo- anv Kat Actay téppoves opifovar tas émiOupias, Le A e / \ U4 > lA > TOS av amrTouevot Kal \ravovTes GAAHAWY ATpeE- potey év Tois Tapovot pn adsKobvTes, OvK EoTLW bd a 9 \ fe) \ > / \ 9 4 evTrelv, AANA TroNEMOvGL meV aéi, TO ETT1BouvrEvELY kat POoveiy Eudutov exovtes, dveiv 5é dvoydror, @OOTEP VOpLoU“aTwY, TOAg“ov Kal eipnYyys, TO , A TWAPATUXOVTL YPWVTAL TPOS TO TUUpéepov, OV pds \ , > \ , : a e rol TO Sixasov, Emel BeXTioUS rye TrodELEtY OpoNOYOUV- i. ? A n ’ , \ 9 a \ , Tés elolv 7} THS abtkias TO apyodv Kal ayoddlov duxarocvvny Kai dirdiav ovopalovtes. edynrdwoe Se € aA b \ \ > , a 4 o IIvppos: éurrod@v yap avfoudve To Anpuntpio TAMMY lLOTAMEVOS, KAL KMAVOY THY SUVapLY OaTeEp ES » / / > , ? s e& appworias peyddyns avarapBSdvovaar, éBonbe tots “EdAnoe cal tapnrOev eis tas *AOjvas. > \ \ 3 \ > / \ , a a avaBas 6€ es THY axpoTrodkly Kai Ovaas TH Oe@ Kat kataBas avOnpepov ayarav pev Epnoe rod Synuou THY Wpos avToVv edvotav Kai Tioti, av pévtoL cawppovact pndéva tav Baciréwv Ett , >A ’ \ ! \ a y, TAPNTELY AVTOUS ELS THY TOALY pNdée TAS TUAAS avoitews éx TovTov Kai mpos Anuntpiov eipnyny éroujoaTo, Kal per ortyov xpovoyv, ets "Aciay 390 378 PYRRHUS Lysimachus, and they -divided the cities and the territory with one another. This availed for the present, and prevented war between them, but shortly afterward they perceived that the distribution which they had made did not put an end to their ‘enmity, but gave occasion for complaints and quarrels. “For how men to whose rapacity neither sea nor ‘ mountain nor uninhabitable desert sets a limit, men to whose inordinate desires the boundaries which separate Europe and Asia put no stop, can remain content with what they have and do one another no wrong when they are in close touch, it is impossible to say.’ Nay, they are perpetually. at war, because plots and jealousies are parts of their natures, and | they treat the two words, war and peace, like cur- rent coins, using whichever happens to be for their advantage, regardless of justice; for surely they are better men when they wage war openly than when they give the names of justice and friendship to the | times of inactivity and leisure which interrupt their work of injustice. And Pyrrhus made this plain; for, setting himself to hinder the growing power of Demetrius, and trying to prevent its recovery, so to speak, from a serious illness, he went to the help of the Greeks and entered Athens. Here he went up to the acropolis and sacrificed to the goddess, then came down again on the same day, and told the people he was well pleased with the confidence and goodwill which they had shown him, but that in future, if they were wise, they would not admit any one of the kings into their city nor open their gates to him. After this, he actually made peace with De- metrius, but in a little while, when Demetrius had 379 bo | PLUTARCH’S LIVES b] Ul b aA 4 ‘ € \ , am dpavtos avrov, Tadw Teabeis bd Avotpayou @ertariav adiorn Kal tais “EAAnuxais ppovpais mpooeTrorepet, BeATiocs Ypwpevos Tots Maxeddar oTpatevopevols 7) oxXOAaLOVaL, Kal GrAwWS aUTOS ouUK ev pos Novylay. TEpuKUs. Va Téros 5é Anpunrpiov -KatatroXeunOévtos év / , ’ , . Lupia Avoipayos én’ adeias yevopevos Kal axo- \ > AN \ 4 e Adlwy evOvs emi tov Ilvppov @punoe. Kal cadnpévov rept THY “Edecoav avtov tais ayopais Kopelopévars éerimecov xal Kpatnoas amopiav TPOTOV aVT@ TepltéoTnoev, eiTa yodupact Kal U VA \ , A , Aovyors StépOetpe tovs mpwrovs tov Maxedovor, 9 ld 9 J ” \ / > A overditwy et Eévov avopa Kai mpoyovwv ael dedov- 4 “ , € , \ Aevxotwv Maxedoor. Seotorny édopevor ToUs "AreEdvdpov didrovs Kat ouvnbets amwbodor , a e Maxedovias. avarreOopévor 5é TordAOY Seicas Oo Iluppos amrnddayn peta tHS "Hreipwtixys cal A 4 ’ N , ct cuppayikns Suvayews, atoBarwv Maxedoviay @ , 4 fd »>Q)> > a \ Tpomw tapédaBev. d0ev ovd aitiadcOat Tous: \ v e a 4 jodXous éXovow ot Bactreis petaTiPepevous mpos TO cuudépov’ éxeivous yap avTous TavTa pimovvTaL ToLtovuvTEs, amLoTIas Kai mmpodoctas d:6acKarous évtas, Kal wrEeicTa vouilovtas wde- NeloOat Tov eAdyLoTA TO Sikaiw ypw@pevov. XIII. Tore & ovv eis “Hrrecpov éexrecovrt te / \ : , 4 e \ , IIlvppw kai mpoeuevm Maxedoviay 7 pev tuyn Tapetye XpHoOat Tois Tapovow aTpayyovws Kat 380 PYRRHUS set out for Asia, he once more took the advice of Lysimachus and tried to bring Thessaly to revolt, besides waging war upon the garrisons of Demetrius in the Greek cities. For he found that the Mace- donians were better disposed when they were on a campaign than when they were unoccupied, and he himself was by nature entirely averse to keeping uiet. ‘ But at last, after Demetrius had been wholly over- thrown in Syria,! Lysimachus, who now felt himself secure, and had nothing on his hands, at once set out against Pyrrhus. Pyrrhus was in camp at Edessa, where Lysimachus fell upon his provision trains and mastered them, thus bringing him to straits; then, by letters and conferences he corrupted the leading Macedonians, upbraiding them because they had chosen as lord and master a man who wasa foreigner, whose ancestors had always been subject to Macedonia, and were thrusting the friends and familiars of Alexander out of the country. After many had thus been won over, Pyrrhus took alarm and departed with his Epeirots and allied forces, thus losing Macedonia precisely as he got it.2~ Whence we see that kings have no reason to find fault with popular bodies for changing sides as suits their inter- ests; for in doing this they are but imitating the kings themselves, who are their teachers in unfaith- fulness and treachery, and think him most advantaged who least observes justice. XIII. At this time, then, when Pyrrhus had been driven back into Epeirus and had given up Mace- donia, Fortune put it into his power to enjoy what he had without molestation, to live in peace, and to 1 At the battle of Ipsus, 301 B.c. Cf. the Demetrius, chapter xliv. 2 Cf. chapter xi. 381 - PLUTARCH’S LIVES ony ev elonyy Bactrevovta Tow oixeiov" O be TO pH mapéxew € érépois Kaka pnde evel vp éTépwv duv TLVA vauTew@on vopitwv, womep o AxedrrEvs OUK Edepe THY oxo, GNA POivvberKe pidov Kip avO. pévwv, ToOéecKe & avTHY TE TTOAELOV TE. Seduevos 8 ody EXaBe mpayuaTov Kaivov Tolav- THY vm obeow. ‘Peopaior Tapaytivots éTrohewouy: of O€ pnre pé perv TOV Ode HOV Suvapevoe pnre Oéc8ar Opacvtyntt Kal Hox Onpia dnpaywyav, éBourevorTo Tmoveto Oat Tuppov nryeHova. Kat Kanreiv émt Tov TONE MOV as axon aryovTa TrELTTHY TOV Bactréov Kal oT parnyov évTa deworarov. TOV be mpeo Butepav Kal vovv ex ov Toy TONTOY ot ev avr ixpus evioT dpevot 7 pos THY yVoOunv efemumrov v0 Kpavyns Kat Bias TOV TOMELOT OLA, of O€ TavTa opavres dm éXeuTov Tas exxdyatas. els 6€ Tis avnyp émecxns, Métwv dvopa, tis uépas éexeivns ev ) TO Soyua Kupody Ewedrov evotdons Kal Tov dypou Kaelouévov, AaRov orédavoy TaV éEOXMV Kal Aapmasiov, OoTep ob peOvovtes, avrnTpidos Upyyouperys AUT@ Tpos THY exchyoiay exopater. ola, bé € év oxy onpoxpatias Oo Lov OUK €xovons Ol ev éxporouv idavres, ot dé eyehoor, exodve dé ovoels, aAXNa Kal 70 ryuvatoy aunetv KaKeivov adew éxéXevon Ets peoov * mpoedOovra® Kal TOUTO Tomnowy émidoeos jv. yevopéevns 5€ olwmTris 1 ¢is uéoov with Blass and most MSS : péoov. xpoeAOdyra Blass, after Reiske: wpocedO@dyta. 382 PYRRHUS reign over his own people. But he thought it tedious to the point of nausea if he were not inflicting mis- chief on others or suffering it at others’ hands, and like Achilles could not endure idleness, “but ate his heart away Remaining there, and pined for war-cry and battle.” } Filled with such desires, then, he found ground for fresh undertakings in the following circumstances. The Romans were at war with the people of Taren- tum, who, being able neither to carry on the war, nor yet, owing to the rashness and villainy of their pop- ular leaders, to put an end to it, wished to make Pyrrhus their leader and summon him to the war, believing him to be most at leisure of all the kings, and a most formidable general. Of the elderly and sensible citizens, some who were directly opposed to this plan were overborne by the clamour and vio- lence of the war party, and others, seeing this, ab- sented themselves from the assembly. But there was a certain worthy man, Meton by name, who, when the day on which the decree was to be ratified was at hand and the people were taking their seats in the assembly, took a withered garland and a torch, after the way of revellers, and came dancing in behind a flute-girl! who led the way for him. Then, as will happen in a throng of free people not given to decorum, some clapped their hands at sight of him, and others laughed, but none tried to stop him; nay, they bade the woman play on her flute and called upon Meton to come forward and give them a song; and it was expected that he would do so. But when silence had been made, 1 Tlad, i. 491 f. 383 PLUTARCH’S LIVES «"Avdpes, én, “ Tapavivor, Kadws 7roletTe matte Kal Kwpalery, Ews éFeotl, TOS Bovdo- pévors pn POovovvres. éav b€ cwdpovite, nai jTavTes amoNavoete Ett THS edevOEpias, ws ETEpA Tpaypata Kat Biov cai dtartav Ekovtes Stay Iluppos eis thy tTodW Trapayévyntat.” TavTa pnQévta tovs todXouvs Eretce Tov Tapartiver, kat Opovs Sédpape tis exxAnoias ws ev Aeyo- pévov. ot 5é Tovs ‘Pwpaiouvs SedsoTes, 7H yevo- pévns elpyvns éx500@o1, Tov TE Sjpov édo.Sopour et pépet T paws err ex wpa.lopevos oUTWS aoenyas Kal Trapowvovupevos, Tov Te Métrwva ovotpadévtes é&éBanov. Odtw Sé tod Soyparos Kupiov revo peévov T pé- o Bers émep yay els “Haretpov, ovy avtTa@v povov, andra Kal TOV ‘Tradorar, ddpa to Ivppe@ Kopilovras Kal Aéyovras @s Hyenovos Euhpovos Séovtar Kal Sofav EXOVTOS, Suvapes Sé avrobev UmapEovot. peydratr Trapa TE Aeveavay Kat écoaTriov al avverav Kal ‘Tapavtivey ets Sia pupious imrrets, melo dé opod TEVTE Kal TpldKovTa upiadas. tadra ov povov avTov émnjpe tov Ilvppov, ddAdrAa Kal tois "Hrrecpw@ras mpoOupiayv évéBare Kat opuny THs oTpaTeias. XIV. "Hp 6€ tes Kweéas, Geccands dviip, TO pev ppovetv Soxday iKxavos elvat, Anpoabevous 58 Tou pyTopos aKNKODS edoxer povos ev paMora : T@v ToTe AEyovTwY oloy év eEixove THS EéxEivoU Suvayews Kal Sewornros avapimvyoKev Tous 1 udvos ed uddiora Sintenis, with S&; Bekker corrects e@ . to 4 (alone or most), after Bryan and Reiske, and is followed by Blass ; AC have padtora eb udvos. 384 391 PYRRHUS he said: “Men of Tarentum, ye do well not to frown upon those who wish to sport and revel, while they can. And if ye are wise, ye will all also get some enjoyment still out of your freedom, assured that ye will have other business and a different life and diet when Pyrrhus has come into the city.” These words brought conviction to most of the Tarentines, and a murmur of applause ran through the assembly. But those who were afraid that if peace were made they would be given up to the Romans, reviled the people for tamely submitting to such shameless treatment from a drunken reveller, and banding together they cast Meton out:} And so the decree was ratified, and the people sent ambassadors to Pyrrhus,? not only from their own number, but also from the Italian Greeks. These brought gifts to Pyrrhus, and told him they wanted a leader of reputation and prudence, and that he would find there large forces gathered from Lucania, Mes- sapia, Samnium, and Tarentum, amounting to twenty thousand horse and three hundred and fifty thousand foot all told. This not only exalted Pyrrhus himself, but also inspired the Epeirots with eagerness to un- dertake the expedition. XIV. Now, there was a certain Cineas, a man of Thessaly, with a reputation for great wisdom, who had been a pupil of Demosthenes the orator, and . was quite the only public speaker of his day who was thought to remind his hearers, as a statue might, of that great orator’s power and ability. Associating 1 Cf. Dionysius Hal., Excerpta ex lib. xiz., 8. 2 In the summer of 281 B.c. 385 VOL. IX. cc a PLUTARCH'S LIVES axovovTas. ouvay dé TO Tlvppe Kal qwewTo- pevos él tas woras éBeBaiov to Evpirisecov,} dtu “‘mav éEatpei NoYos A \ , , 4 v 99 0 Kal aiOnpos TroAEpiov Spdceey av. 0 yobv II vppos éNeye qXELovas Tones vo Kuvéou Tois Novos 7) Tots Sm dots vp’ éavTou mpoonyGar: Kar dteTédNer TO dvdpa TLMGD év Tos padiora Kal XPwmevos. ovTos ovv TOV I1vppov @PHNMEVOY TOTE opav éri tyv “Itadiay eis Royous emnyayeTo TOLOUTOUS, tO@v oxoddlovra. fs TloAeweorat ev, @ Tluppe, | “Pw patos AéyovTas Kat ToAAa@v ebvav Haxi pov dpxovres: et dé Soin Geos Tmepuyever Gar TOV avopav, TL pnoopeba Th vicn; Kato Ilup- pos, ‘ ‘'Epords, eltrep, ‘ ‘o Kuéa, mpayya pavo- pevov" ouTE BapBapos jpiv €xet ods ovUTE “EAAnvis afvopaxos “Peopatov Kcparndevto, XX’ eo mev evd bs "Itariav amacay, nS péyebos Kat dperny Kat dvvapep ane Tou Tut padrov aryvoeiv ool TpoonKer. "3 px pov ov eTLaX@V Oo Kuvéas, ’ ‘Iradav dé,” elmren, “a Bacthei, AaBortes, Tt monoouev;' kat o Ilvppos otrw THY dudvoray avTou cabopav, «"Eyyus,” elrrev, ‘ ‘9 DKerLa xelpas opeyet, VHRooS evdai mov Kal L wokvavOpwrros, arava é paora ordaus yap, ® Kivéa, wavta vov éxelva Kat dvapxia Todewyv Kal dSnuaywyav d£vrns ‘Ayadoxr€ous exdeouT TOS.” “ Eixora,” én, réyers,” o Kivéas: “add 4 TobTO Tépas nity THS oTpateias, NaBelvy SeKediav;” “ @eds,” - wav yap éfaipe: Adyos 8 kal olSnpos roAeulwy dpdoesev Kv. (Phoenissae, 517 f., Kirchhoff. ) 386 PYRRHUS himself with Pyrrhus, and sent by him as ambassador to the cities, he confirmed the saying of Euripides, to wit, “all can be won by eloquence That even the sword of warring enemies might gain.” At any rate, Pyrrhus used to say that more cities had been won for him by the eloquence of Cineas than by his own arms; and he continued to hold Cineas in especial] honour and to demand his services. It was this Cineas, then, who, seeing that Pyrrhus was eagerly preparing an expedition at this time to Italy, and finding him at leisure for the moment, drew him into the following discourse. “ The Romans, O Pyrrhus, are said to be good fighters, and to be rulers of many warlike nations; if, then, Heaven should permit us to conquer these men, how should we use our victory?” And Pyrrhus said: “Thy question, O Cineas, really needs no answer; the Romans once conquered, there is neither bar- barian nor Greek city there which is a match for us, but we shall at once possess all Italy, the great size and richness and importance of which no man should know better than thyself.” After a little pause, then, Cineas said: “And after taking Italy, O King, what are we to do?”’ And Pyrrhus, not yet perceiving his intention, replied: ‘Sicily is near, and holds out her hands to us, an island abounding in wealth and men, and very easy to capture, for all is faction there, her cities have no government, and demagogues are rampant now that Agathocles is gone.” ‘“ What thou sayest,” replied Cineas, “ is probably true ; but will our expedition stop with the taking of Sicily ?”’ “ Heaven grant us,’ said Pyrrhus, 387 cc 2 cI : PLUTARCH’S LIVES épn o IIvppos, “windy S:d0n Kal xatopOobv Tovtoss 5&€ mpodywour ypnooueba mpaypaTtov , s A b 4 4 N peydrdwov. Tis yap av amooxoto AtBins Kat Kapyndovos ev épuxt@ yevopuevns, iy ’AyaborAjs atrodpas éx Yupaxoveayv xpida Kal mepdoas \ ~~, 7 a > IQA a ud \ vavoly Orjyats AaBeiv trap ovdev 7HAOEv; Ste dé TOUTWY KpAaTHoAacL Hiv ovdEels GYTLATHOETAL TOV A e 4 4 V4 , > viv wBpilovtwy morepiwy, Ti av réyou TIS; “ Ovdév,” o Kuvéas cie: “ dAXov yap Ste Kal Maxedoviay avadaBeiv xai tis “EXAdbos apyetv e€ 4 / > \ 4 Ul urap—e BeBaiws amo tyrtKavTns Suvdpews. yevouevmv 5€ travtwv vd’ Huiv, TL ToLncopev;” cat o Iluppos ériyerdoas, “Xyornv,” én, “ aEouevy TrorAAnY, Kal KoOwY, @ paxaple, xa0n- \ ” \ \ 4 U 9 UA pepwwos Eotat, Kai da NOywv cuvovTEs GAANAOUS evdpavoipev.” évtadda 81 Tav AOywv KaTATTHOAS tov IIvppov o Kuvéas, “Eiza,” ébn, “ti viv 5] , 9 eC A A , A éutrodwy eat nuiv Bovropévors KoOOwYL ypHaBat y > >» , ? a ] kal oxyorale per adAANAWY, EL TAVTA EXOMEV Ww 4 3 4 >. > 4 76 Kal Tapeotiy ampaypoves ed’ a ds aipatos \ , 4 \ 4 , ? , kal Tovey peyadov kat xivdvvev pérXopEv adi- Eec@at, toda xal Spacavtes éEtépovs Kaxa Kal mabovres;” Tovrows Tots Adyots Hviacwe waddOv 7H peTéeOnKe tov IIvppov o Kuvéas, vojncavra pev bony aré- re 06 av, my be wpé us €XTTiO iTev evdarmoviav, my dé wpéyeto Tas éATridas ageivar un Suvdpmevov. XV. Iperov pév obv déotetne tov Kivéav tois Tapavtivos otpatio@tas ayovta Tpicyidious: 388 PYRRHUS “ victory and success so far; and we will make these contests but the preliminaries of great enterprises. For who could keep his hands off Libya, or Carthage, when that city got within his reach, a city which Agathocles, slipping stealthily out of Syracuse and crossing the sea with a few ships, narrowly missed taking? And when we have become masters here, no one of the enemies who now treat us with scorn will offer further resistance; there is no need of saying that.” “None whatever,’ said Cineas, “ for it is plain that with so great a power we shall be able to recover Macedonia and rule Greece securely. But when we have got everything subject to us, what are we going to do?”’ Then Pyrrhus smiled upon him and said: ‘We shall be much at ease, and we'll drink bumpers, my good man, every day, and we'll gladden one another’s hearts with confi- dential talks.” And now that Cineas had brought Pyrrhus to this point in the argument, he said: “Then what stands in our way now if we want to drink bumpers and while away the time with one another P Surely this privilege is ours already, and we have at hand, without taking any trouble, those things to which we hope to attain by bloodshed and great toils and perils, after doing much harm to others and suffering much ourselves.” By this reasoning of Cineas Pyrrhus was more troubled than he was converted; he saw plainly what great happiness he was leaving behind him, but was unablé to renounce his hopes of what he eagerly desired. | XV. First, then, he sent Cineas to Tarentum with three thousand soldiers; next, after numerous — 389 * 4 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éretta ToAXov inanyoav Kal Katappaxtev ral TmopOpeiwy travtodatrav éx Tdpavtos Koutcbévtwv DJ 4 > 4 v l4 éveBiBalev éd€havras elxkoot Kal Tptoyxidious irmets, qmevovs Sé Sicpupiovs Kal dsrytdLous tofotas xal odevdovnras mevtaxocious. yevo- pévov S€ mavtwv éroipwv avayOels Emre nal pécov Exwv tov ‘Idvioy dpmaveta: Bopéa avéuo Tap w@pav éxpayévtt. Kat BracGels avtos peév apety Kat mpobupia vavte@y Kal xvBepyntav éEavédepe Kal Mpocavynye TH YH ToAUTTOVMS Kat ‘ 4 A \ ms , lA jmapaBorws, Tov dé adXoV oTOAOV ovyxvOévTOS kal Tov vewav oxedacbeicay ai pév atroodaréiaat fo! b] , 9 , >] \ \ A THs ‘Itadias é€ewoOnoay eis to AtBuKov Kat > \ I \ be e x ~ \ txedtKOv WéNayos, Tas dé v7epBarely pH b SuvnBeicas axpav ‘lamvyiay vuF te KatedauBave, kal jwodAn Kal yareTT) Oddacca Talovca Tpds xwpia Sicoppa nal Tupra racas bépOerpe AHV THs Bactdtxns. atrn 6é mrayiou! pe Ere dvTos Tov KUpatos nuvveto Kal diépevye peyéber Kal es \ > \ fel 4 > \ poun tas émiBoras THs Badrdoons: erel dé mepierOov amo ys amrnvtTa TO mvedpa Kal n o xivduvoy etyev 4) vads avTimp@pos ioTtapévn pds KAvowva ToALY Stappaynvat, To bé edévTas aves nyptwpéev@ merddyet Kal mvevpaTt TpoTras Aap- Bavovtt travtodaras déper Oar hoBepwrepov éedpai- A A e 4 VeTO TOY TapoVTwY KaKaY, dpas o IIvppos avTov apdjnxey eis OddAaccay, Kai TOV dilwv Kal Tov 4 > \ 9 a A 4 Sopupopwv ev0vs Fv auidrta kal mpodvpia LU fe) mepl avtov. 7 S€ vvE Kal TO Kdpa pera 4 “ aropou peydXov Kal Tpaxelas dvaxoThs Yaderny la érroies Thv BonOerav, @aoTE pods Hmepas HON 1 xAaylov with Sintenis', Blass, and the MSS.: weAaylou. 39° 392 PYRRHOS cavalry-transports, decked vessels, and passage-boats of every sort had been brought over from Tarentum, he put on board of them twenty elephants and three thousand horse, twenty thousand foot, two thousand archers, and five hundred slingers. When all was ready, he put out and set sail ; but when he was half way across the Ionian sea he was swept away by a north wind that burst forth out of all season. In spite of its violence he himself, through the bravery and ardour of his seamen and captains, held out and made the land, though with great toil and danger ; but the rest of the fleet was thrown into confusion and the ships were scattered. Some of them missed Italy and were driven off into the Libyan and Sicilian sea; others, unable to round the Iapygian promontory, were overtaken by night, and a heavy and violent sea, which drove them upon harbourless and uncertain shores, and destroyed them all except the royal galley. She, as long as the waves drove upon her side, held her own, and was saved by her great size and strength from the blows of the water ; but soon the wind veered round and met her from the shore, and the ship was in danger of being crushed by the heavy surges if she stood prow on against them. However, to allow her again to be tossed about by an angry open sea and by blasts of wind that came from all directions, was thought to be more fearful than their present straits. Pyrrhus therefore sprang up and threw himself into the sea, and his friends and bodyguards were at once emulously eager to help him. But night and the billows with their heavy crashing and violent receil made assistance difficult, so that it was not until day 39! PLUTARCH’S LIVES papatvomevouv Tov mvevpatos exteceivy avToy ert THY YhV, TO ev CMOpaTL TaytTaTaciw advvaTtas éyovTa, TOAMY O€ Kal pwun THS Wuyys avTaipovTa Tpos THY atropiay. apa dé ot te Meoodmion, cal” obs é&e8padc8n, cvvébcov BonOodvtes ex trav mapovTwy mwpodvpws, Kal mpocepépovto Tav cwlopéevoy Eviat vewv, év als joav immeis pev OAiyo. TravTamact, Tefol 5é Stoxtdiwv éAdtToUs, érehavtes 5é dvo. XVI. Tovtovs avarkaBav o Ilvppos éBaditev eis Tdpayta. Kal tod Kuwvéov rpoayayortos eis andaviTnow, was no0eTo, TOVS TTpATLwWTAS, TApEA- Oav ovdév dxovtwy ovdé mpos Biav érparte Tav Tapavtivoy, Ews averwOnoav ai vies éx THs Oaratrns Kal curnrOev 4 TrEloTH THS SUVdpews. tnuixadta 8€ op@v To ARGOS avev peydrns avaykns pnte colecbar Suvapevov pnte cote, adn’ olov éxeivou mpoTroAemouvTos oiKxor KabnaOat mept AovTpa Kal auvOVEtas yevomevor, aTrEKXELT E pev Ta yupvdowa Kal tovs mepitrdtous, év ols advovTEs UTrép TOY TpaypaTav AOy@ SiecTpaTN- youv, Totous 5é Kal K@pmovs Kat Oadias axaipous avetnev, exadre. Sé pds Ta Ora, Kal Tepl Tovs KaTaXoyous TOY aTpaTevouéevwy atrapaiTnTos jv xal AvITNpOS, Wate ToAXOUS ex THs TOAEwWS ateNeciv anbeia tov apxecOar Sovrciav Td pH mpos nOovny Chv KaXovvTas. "Evel 5€ AatBivos o Tav ‘Pwpaiwy iratos NYYVEAAETO TOAATH oOTpAaTLA Ywpelv én alTov dua 392 PYRRHUS had already come and the wind was dying away that he succeeded in gaining the shore, in body altogether powerless, but with boldness and strength of spirit still making head against his distress. The Messapians, among whom he had been cast forth, ran together with eager offers to assist as well as they could, and at the same time some of his ships that had escaped the storm came up; in these there were but a few horsemen all told, less than two thousand footmen, and two elephants. ’ XVI. With these Pyrrhus set out for Tarentum, where Cineas, on learning of his approach, led out his soldiers to meet him. Entering the city, he did nothing that was against the wishes of the Tarentines, nor did he put any compulsion upon them, until his ships came back in safety from the sea and the greater part of his forces were assembled. Then, however, seeing that the multitude were incapable, unless under strong constraint, of either saving themselves or saving others, but were inclined to let him do their fighting for them while they remained at home in the enjoyment of their baths and social festivities, he closed up the gymnasia and the public walks, where, as they strolled about, they fought out their country’s battles in talk; he also put a stop to drinking-bouts, revels, and festivals, as un- seasonable, called the men to arms, and was stern and inexorable in his enrolment of them for military: service. Many therefore left the city, since they were not accustomed to being under orders, and called it servitude not to live as they pleased. And now word was brought to pymhas that Laevinus the Roman consul was coming against him 393 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ , . A 2Q/ \ e , tiv Aevxaviav’ dtarropOav, ovdéra pey ot cup- a a \ ayo. Tapnoav aut@, Sevoy dé rocovpevos os a“ o avacxyécOat Kai weptidety Tovs TodEpLoUS eyyu- Tépw mpoiovtas é&nAOe peta THs Suvapews, Tpo- , ? ‘ A e , > f Téprpas Knpuka mpos Tovs ‘Pwpaious, et pidov éotiy avtois 1po ToAémou Sixas AaRely Tapa TaV b “A b] A A \ A Iradwwtar, avT@ SixactH Kal drarr\anTH Xpnoa- pévous. aroxptvapévouv S€ tov AaBivou pte A , e A e / 4 dtadrAanTHv ITvppov aipeta0ar “Pwpaious pnre dedouxévat odéutov, mpoeNwv Katectpato- , b A \ , l4 , médevoev ev TH peTakv rrediw Ilavdocias movews e e kat ‘Hpaxrelas. aruOopuevos 5€ Tots ‘Pwpaious éyyus elvat kal wépav Tod Liptos toTapyov Kata- oTpaToTedevely, Mpocimmevoe TH ToTau@ Oéas Evexa® kal xatidav tafiw te Kat dudraKxas Kal Koopov avTay Kal TO oXHuUA THS oTpaTOTEdElasS 4 “~ . €Oavpace, Kal tav dirtwy mpocayopevoas TOV b / 66 4 39 2 oc 2? 4 eyyutato, “Takis pev, elmev, “wo Meyaxrrers, of a , > / \ \ aitn tav RBapBapwy ov BdpBapos, To dé épyov elcoucOa. xat dia dpovtidos éywv dn TO HéAXOV Eyvw ToOvS TUppaYoUS avapévetv, ToIs bé ‘Pwpaiots, av mpotepov éemiyepaot StaBaivewy, éméstnce dvAaKny wvimép Tov moTayod THY elpEovaav. ot 5€, dep exeivos éyvm Tepiméevery, POjvat atrevoovtes, evexeipovy TH SiaRdoet, cata mopov pev of melot, moddayobey 5é of imnets dieEeXavvovtes TOV ToTapmov, WaTE SetaavTas THY KUKAwWoLW avaxywpey Tors “EXAnvas, aicOopuevov 5é tov Tvppov xai StatapayOévta ois pev 4 A fe) A nryepwoot Tov metov trapeyyvav evOds eis Take 4 A KkaSictacbar nat trepipévery év Tots OTAOLS, AVTOV 394 393 PYRRHUS with a large army and plundering Lucania as he came. Pyrrhus had not yet been joined by his allies, but thinking it an intolerable thing to hold back and suffer his enemies to advance any nearer, he took the field with his forces, having first sent a herald to the Romans with the enquiry whether it was their pleasure, before waging war, to receive satisfaction ~ from the Italian Greeks, employing him as arbiter and mediator. But Laevinus made answer that the Romans neither chose Pyrrhus as a mediator nor feared him as a foe. Pyrrhus therefore went for- ward and pitched his camp in the plain between the cities of Pandosia and Heracleia. When he learned that the Romans were near and lay encamped on the further side of the river Siris, he rode up to the river to get a view of them; and when he had observed their discipline, the appointment of their watches, their order, and the general arrangement of their camp, he was amazed, and said to the friend who was nearest him: “The discipline of these Barbarians is not barbarous; but the result will show us what it amounts to.”’ He was now less. confident of the issue, and determined to wait for his allies; but he stationed a guard on the bank of the river to check the Romans if, in the meantime, they should attempt to cross it. The Romans, however, anxious to anticipate the coming of the forces which Pyrrhus had decided to await, attempted the passage, their infantry crossing the river by a ford, and their cavalry ' dashing through the water at many points, so that the Greeks on guard, fearing that they would be surrounded, withdrew. When Pyrrhus saw this, he was greatly disturbed, and charging his infantry officers to form in line of battle at once and stand 399 PLUTARCH’S LIVES “a aA , 5é€ tois immetot twapeFeAadoat TpioxLALots ovow, , S éxritovta diaBaivovtas éte kal Sveotracpuévous , 2 atdxtous AyecOat tors ‘“Pwpaiovs. ered 5 er 4 A e , “A éwpa Oupeovs TE ToANOUS VIrEeppatvopmevous TOU ToTapmov Kab TOUS immmets eTEeNavvoVTas év TakeL, aovotpéwas évéBare mpatos, avTobev Te TEpioT TOS “A bid 4 \ , , Q@v oTK@Y Kade KAL NALTIPOTNTL KEKOTPNLEVOYV TEPLTTOS, Kal THY SoEav ériderxvdpeEvos Epyols OvK amodéoveay avTov Ths apeTHs? padsota O€ GT TAS Netpas Kal TO copa TapexwY TH ayavt Kai TOUS xa? avTov duvvopevos Eppwpévas ov acuveyetto TOV AOyLapov OVSe Tov dpoveivy eEEmuTTEV, aAN @ ? “ 4 N U aotep EEwSev ehopav dsexvBépva Tov trodEmop, autos petabéwy éxactayooe nal trapaBonOav tois éxBiatecOas Soxodarv. "EvOa 5% Aeovydros o Maxedwv avépa xatidov 5) \ ne A a , \ < er Itadov émréyovta t@ Iluppm Kat tov mov avtitrapeEdyovra Kal cuppeOrotapevov ae Kal 4 co ¢ a 99 ° co (e) \ auyxivoupevov, ‘ Opds, elmev, a Bactred, Tov A e BapBapov éxeivor, dv 6 péXas irmos 0 NEVKOTTOUS 4 , / \ \ 4 4 pepe; péya te Bovrevopéevm Kai Setvoyv Gporos €oTt, ool yap évopa Kat mpos oé TétaTae / ‘\ A a \ \ Tvevpatos mectos av Kal Avpod, Tovs dé AAXOUS é@ yaipev. arrAa od hvdAdtrov tov avdpa.” N e , > , ce A \ e 4 2 kat o Iluppos arexpivato, “To peév elpappévov, @ Aeovvate, Staduyety advvatov: yaipwy 5 ovte La vw ” 9 A 9 a e¢ a ovTos our adXdos Tis Itadk@v eis yeElpas Hiv 4 a cuveiow. Tt Tavita mpocdtareyouevwv oO 9 N Itaros StaraBeav ro dopv Kal cvotpéas Tov 396 PYRRHUS under arms, he himself rode out with his three thousand horsemen, hoping to come upon the Romans while they were still crossing, and to find them scattered and in disorder. But when he saw a multitude of shields gleaming on the bank of the river and the cavalry advancing upon him in good order, he formed his men in close array and led them to the attack. He was conspicuous at once for the beauty and splendour of his richly ornamented armour, and showed by his deeds that his valour did not belie his fame; and this most of all because, while actively participating in the fight and vigorously repelling his assailants, he did not become confused in his calculations nor lose his presence of mind, but directed the battle as if he were surveying it from a distance, darting hither and thither himself and bringing aid to those whom he thought to be overwhelmed. Here Leonnatus the Macedonian, observing that an Italian was intent upon Pyrrhus, and was riding out against him and following him in every movement from place to place, said: ‘Seest thou, O King, that Barbarian yonder, riding the black horse with white feet? He looks like a man who has some great and terrible design in mind. For he keeps his eyes fixed upon thee, and is intent to reach thee with all his might and main, and pays no heed to anybody else. So be on thy guard against the man.” To him Pyrrhus made reply: ‘ What is fated,O Leonnatus, it is impossible to escape ; but. with impunity neither he nor any other Italian shall come to close quarters with me.” While they were still conversing thus, the Italian levelled his spear, wheeled his horse, and 397 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 10 larmov Hpynaev émrt TOV T1uppov. celta pa Tales pev avros 7? Sopare TOU Bacthéws Tov imrrov, maiet S€ TOY éxEivouv TapaBadov O Aeovvdros. aupotépwv Se Tov immreov mea ovTov TOV ev Iuppov ot piror TEpiaYovTEs dvnpracay, TOV dé "IraXov pay opevov dtepOerpav. Hv dé TO yévet Ppevravos, ins Hnyepov, "Omhaxos 6 Gvopa. XVII. Todto dé edidafe TOV TIvppov paddov purarredBar: Kal Tous immeis opay évdidovras peter éwmeTo Thy ddrayya Kal TapeTarrer, av- TOS 6 THY Vrapmvea Kal Ta Stra Tapacous évt TeV éTaipwv Meyaxnei, trois 5é éxeivou Tpomrov TWa KaTraxpiyas éavTov emnye Tots ‘Pepaiors. defapevey 6é exervov Kat cup PBarovray Xpovov TE ToADy elo TH KEL Ta THS PaXns dx pita, Kal TPOTAS émTA REvETAaL pevyovtav avatradw Kal 2 Su@xovTeov yever Oa, Kab yap 7] Orders TO) SirrAwy év Kalp@ 0¢ GwTNpiay avTOv yeyouvia Tou Bactréws ONLY OV edénaev avatpéeyat Ta Tedywata Kat drab Jeipar THY viKny. TOAN@Y yap épiepéevav tov Meyaxnéovs, o 0 Tp@Tos TaTa- fas Kal cataBadwv avrov, évopa Aec£oos, apap- maoas TO Kpavos Kal THY xrapvea T AatBive ™pooimmeva ev avadecvowy a apa «al Body avnpn- 3 xévas Tov ILvppov. Hy ou Tapa Tas takers TOV Aad vpwv Tapadepopevoy Kal avaderxvupevov Tots TE “Pewpators Xapa per’ drararypod Kal Tots if "EAAgow aOupia Kal catamhngts, a aype ov b paar 0 Iluppos 70 ry-voevov , Tapydauve YURY@ “T@ 394 TpoowmTe thy Te deEvay opéryov TOUS paxopevors Kat tT) dovy onpaivwy éavtov. tédos S€ TAY 398 PYRRHUS charged upon Pyrrhus. Then at the same instant the Barbarian’s spear smote the king’s horse, and his own horse was smitten by the spear of Leonnatus. Both horses fell, but while Pyrrhus was seized and rescued by his friends, the Italian, fighting to the last, was killed. He was a Frentanian by race, captain of a troop of horse, Oplax by name.! XVII. This taught Pyrrhus to be more on his guard ; and seeing that his cavalry were giving way, he called up his phalanx and put it in array, while he himself, after giving his cloak and armour to one of his companions, Megacles, and hiding himself after a fashion behind his men, charged with them upon the Romans. But they received and engaged him, and for a long time the issue of the battle remained undecided ; it is said that there were seven turns of fortune, as each side either fled back or pursued. And indeed the exchange of armour which the king ‘had made, although it was opportune for the safety of his person, came near overthrowing his cause and losing him the victory. For many of the enemy assailed Megacles, and the foremost of them, Dexoiis by name, smote him and laid him low, and then, snatching away his helmet and cloak, rode up to Laevinus, displaying them, and shouting as he did so that he had killed Pyrrhus. Accordingly, as the spoils were carried along the ranks and displayed, there was joy and shoufing among the Romans, and among the Greeks consternation and dejection, until Pyrrhus, learning what was the matter, rode along his line with his face bare, stretching out his hand to the combatants and giving them to know him by his voice. At last, when the Romans were more than 1 Cf. Dionysius Hal., Hxcerpta ex lib. xix., 12. 399 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Onpiwv éxBralopévoy pddora tous ‘Pwpaious, Kat TOY imtwv, TpW eyyus yevecBa, ducavacyxe- TOUVTM@Y Kal TapapepovTov TOUS éemiBaras, € eT a- yayov THY Gerrarsany i immov avTols Tapacoo- pévous eTpeparo TOG Ova. Atoviatos Mev OvV OrjiY@ TOV TEVTAKLTXIALOY Kab puptov éAdooovas mec eiv taropel ‘Popaiov, ‘lepdvupos be povous ETTAKLO LAious, Tav 6é mepl T1vppov o o pev Acovictos Mupious Kab TpLoxe- rious, o de ‘Tepdvupos éXarrovas TOV TeTpaKi-- XrLeov KpaTloToL 6€ Hoay ovTo" Kal TOV pirwy 0 IIvppos nai trav oTpATHyOv ols padiota Xpo- pevos Oceréhee kal mictevwov améBadev. ov pny ara Kal TO oTparomedoy éXaBe TeV ‘Popaiwy exArmovTav, Kal TONELS cuppayioas avuTav ™ poo - NyayeTo, Kal xwpav TOANIY SteropOyc¢, Kal 7 pon Oev Soov pn) TWAéov aTadiwy TplaKxoola@v amoaxeiv Tis ‘Pouns. adixovTo 6 auT@ Aev- Kavay TE TOANOL Kab Zavvirév pera, THY payny, obs euepaparo pev voTepyoavTas, ny oé. dios 7)80pL€V05 Kal péya povey ort povors Tots per’ avtod xat Tapavtivows éxpatnoe Tis PEND ‘Popaiwv Suvd pews. XVIII. ‘Po patos bé AaiBivov pév ovK amnr- Aafav THS apxiis. KaiTOL AéyeTat Taiov Pafpi- Ktov evTrety as OUK ‘Hresporat ‘Popaious, anna Tuppos vevixnKot AaBwov, olopevov ov THS duva- pews, aNNG TIS oTpaThyias yeyovevar THY qTTayv avar hnpobvtes dé Tas rages Kal TWWTATTOVTES érépas Tpodvpes, kat Noyous abeeis Kal coRapovs mept TOU ToNé“oU héyovres, Exar Ew TO [upp@ Tapetyov. conte OvY aAUT@ TéeuavTe TpoTEpoY 400 ‘PYRRHUS ever crowded back by the elephants, and their horses, before they got near the animals, were terrified and ran away with their riders, Pyrrhus brought his Thessalian cavalry upon them while they were in confusion and routed them with great slaughter. Dionysius states that nearly fifteen thousand of the Romans fell, but Hieronymus says only seven thousand ; on the side of Pyrrhus, thirteen thousand fell, according to Dionysius, but according to Hiero- nymus less than four thousand. These, however, were his best troops; and besides, Pyrrhus lost the friends and generals whom he always used and trusted most. However, he took the camp of the Romans after they had abandoned it, and won over to his side some of their allied cities; he also wasted much territory, and advanced until he was within three hundred furlongs’ distance from Rome. And now, after the battle, there came to him many of the Lucanians and Samnites. These he censured for being late, but it was clear that he was pleased and proud because with his own troops and the Tarantines alone he had conquered the great force of the Romans. XVIII. The Romans did not depose Laevinus from his consular office; and yet we are told that Caius Fabricius declared that it was not the Epeirots who had conquered the Romans, but Pyrrhus who had conquered Laevinus, Fabricius being of the opinion that the Roman defeat was not due to their army, but to its general; but they lost no time in filling up their depleted legions and raising others, used fearless and vehement language about the war, and thus filled Pyrrhus with consternation. He decided, therefore, to send to them first and find out whether they were 4or VOL. IX. DD PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sidmrevpay AaBeiv TOY avdpav, el cupBatiKds exover, Tryouper TO per Enel THY Tov Kal KpaTijoas Tavramact ov pipov epyov ovee TAS Tapovens Suvd pews elvat, THY dé piriay Kal Tas dradruvoers KadALoTa é EXE 7 pos bokav avuT@ pera, vixny. treuhOels ovv o Kuvéas eveToyXave TOIS vvarois, Kal ddpa Tato avt@yv Kal yuvackiv emeurpe mapa Tou Bactréws. éraBe dé ovdeis, GNX dmrexpivayTo TUVTES Kal maoae étt Synpocia oTovoay yevouéveay Kal Ta Tap avrav bmdpker ™po0upa, T@ Baciret Kal KeXaplopéva. 7 pos be THY TUYKANTOY éraywya TOU Kuvéov TOA Kal prravOpwra stareyOévros, dopevor pev ovdev ovee éToLwcs édéyorTo, Kattrep dvdpas TE TOUS AwKoTas év TH “ayn dina AUTpwY adiévTos av- tots tov Iluppov Kai ovyxatepydcacBar (Tay "Iradday emayyeAAouevov, girjiav dé avr TOUT@Y EaUT@ Kai Tots Tapavrivots aberar, Erepov 8é pndev aiToupevov. dfrob rye bay hoav évdtdovTes Ot qwornot pos THY Elpnvny, TT NWEVOL Te peyarn paxn Kal poo doxayres érépay amo petSovos duvapews, TOY "IradtKav TO Tuppe mT poaryeryove- TOV. évba 67 Knravduos "Anmtos, avnp emipavns, vo dé Y7PHS dpa Kal TIpwTEws Oppatoy amet- PNKWS TpOS THY ToNtTeLav Kal TET AUUEVOS, amrary- yedoueveov TOTE TOV mapa tov Bactréws Kal NOyou KaTaTXOvTOS WS perret Wwngpiserbar TAS Siarvoers ) OUYKANTOS, OUK exapTEepnaer, adra TOUS Geparrovras dpacBat Kehevoas auTov exopi- cero pos TO Bovreutnpiov ev popeip be ayopas. ‘yevouevov dé pos Tais Oupats OL pev matdes a Gua Tois yapBpois wmovtaBovtes Kai teptoxovTes 402 PYRRHUS disposed to come to terms, for he regarded the cap- ture of their city and their complete conquest as a large task and one that. was beyond his present force, whereas a friendly settlement with them after a victory would greatly enhance his reputation. Accor- dingly, Cineas was sent to Rome, where he had con- ferences with the men in authority, and sent their wives and children gifts in the name of his king. No one, however, would accept the gifts, but all re- plied, men and women alike, that if a peace were publicly concluded they also, on their part, would show goodwill and kindness to the king. Moreover, though Cineas made many kind and alluring proposals to the senate, not one of them was received there with alacrity or pleasure, although Pyrrhus offered to - restore without a ransom their men who had been captured in the battle, and promised to assist them in the subjugation of Italy, and in return for these favours asked only friendship for himself, immunity for the Tarentines, and nothing else. Nevertheless, most of the senators were plainly inclined towards peace, since they had been defeated in one great battle, and expected another with a larger army, now that the Italian Greeks had joined Pyrrhus. At this point Appius Claudius, a man of distinction, but one whom old age and blindness had forced to give up all public activities, now that the message from the king had come and a report was rife that the senate was going to vote for the proposed cessation of hostilities, could not restrain himself, but ordered his attendants to take him up and had _ himself carried on a litter through the forum to the senate- house. When he had reached the door, his sons and sons-in-law took him up in their arms and brought 403 Dp 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES eLotyov, 4 5é BovAy oLwomny aidoupévn tov avdpa PETA TLLAS EoxeD. XIX. ‘O 6& avdtodev xataotas, “ Iporepov , 99 66 ‘ \ a bd a ? a) pév,” épn, “Tyv tepl Ta Gupata TYYNY aNapas Epepov, @ ‘Pwpaior, viv b€ axyOouat mpos TP Tupr0os eivas pn Kal Kwpos wy, aA’ axovwv 9 \ a N a e A 9 / aiaxypa Bovrevpata Kai Soypata buoy avatpé- qovta THS ‘Pans TO KNEOS. Tov yap bpav o N td > 4 4 > 4 mpos &travras avOpwrrous OpuNovpevos del NOxos, e ’ a > a ? b] 4 e , > Va @S, €t Traphy éxetvos ets Itadtay o péyas “AXe- EavSpos nal cuvnvéxOn véows piv Kai Tots Tatpa- ow nav axpuatovow, ovK av vpveito viv avi- KNTOS, GAN huyov av 7} Tov Twecwv éevtav0a a \ e 4 b] 4 b) 4 fa) / thv ‘Pwpunv évdokotépay atréditre; Tavita pévTot \ >? 4 \ Ul b] J , kevyv adraloveiav Kal Kxoptrov amodcixvute, Xd- ovas Kal Modoaaots, tHv adel Maxedovwr deiar, Sedsotes, nal tpéuovtes ILvppov, bs tav *Ade- Eavdpov Sopudopwv eva your aei Treptérrwy Kal Gepatrevwy Swaterédrexe, Kai viv ov BonOav ois évtav0a parrov “EdAnow 7) devywv tovs éxet joNepious TAavaTat Trept THY ITadiav, émayyer- AOmEVOS uly THY HYyEeKOoViay ato TavTNS TIS Ls A / \ be) , b Suvapews 7) pépos pixpov avt@ Makedovias ov« Ww 4 \ la) npkece StadvAdéar. pn TovTov otv atradda£ev vouilere Tromnodpevot pirov, aAAG exeivous érd- Eeadat xatadppovncavtas vuav ws Taow ev- Katepyaotwy, et Iluppos atretot un Sovs Sinny av 404 395 PYRRHUS him inside, and the senators, out of regard for the man, kept respectful silence. _ XIX. Then Appius raised himself up where he was and said: “Up to this time, O Romans, I have regarded the misfortune to my eyes as an atiiction, but it now distresses me that I am not deaf as well as blind, that I might not hear the shameful resolutions and decrees of yours which bring low the glory of Rome. For what becomes of the words that ye are ever reiterating to all the world, namely, that if the great Alexander of renown had come to Italy and had come into conflict with us, when we were young men, and with our fathers, when they were in their prime, he would not now be celebrated as invincible, but would either have fled, or, perhaps, have fallen there, and so have left Rome more glorious still? Surely ye are proving that this was boasting and empty bluster, since ye are afraid of Chaonians and Molossians, who were ever the prey of the Macedonians, and ye tremble before Pyrrhus, who has ever been a minister and servitor to one at least of Alexander’s bodyguards,! and. now comes wandering over Italy, not so much to help the Greeks who dwell here, as to escape his enemies at home, promising to win for us the supre- macy here with that army which could not avail to preserve for him a small portion of Macedonia. Do not suppose that ye will rid yourselves of this fellow by making him your friend ; nay, ye will bring against you others, and they will despise you as men whom anybody can easily subdue, if Pyrrhus goes away without having been punished for his insults, but 1 Referring paroneuiealy to his relations with Ptolemy and Demetrius. 405 PLUTARCH’S LIVES UBpicev, dAdrAa Kal TpocrkaBov pucbov 1To} érey- , ¢€ , T , \ >, , 9 yeraoas ‘Pwpyators Tapavtivouvs cat Lavviras. A A : / Totadta Tod ‘Ammiov dvarexOévtos opun tapé- OTN Mpos Tov TOAELOY avTois, Kal Tov Kivéay amoméutovaw atroxpivapevot Ilvppov é&eOovra A > / ef > , \ , \ THs ‘Itadas, odTws, et dSéorT0, Tept dirdias Kal ‘ouppaytas SraréyerOar, péypt 66 ob tdpectiy év StrAols, Tore“noELY avT@ Pwpaiovs Kata KpaTos, av pupiovs ett AatBivous tpéyntrat payopevos. Aéyerat 5é Kivéav, €v © tavta émpattev, apa Tolnoapevov Epyov Kal omovddacavtTa TaV Te Biwv yeveoOat Oeatnv Kal TiS TodtTElas THY apEeTHV Katavonoat, Kal da AOyov €AOovTa Tots apioTots , AXNa A Il 4 , N 9 a e e Ta TE a T@ Iluppw Ppacat, Kai evtretvy ws 7 4 x A J a / avykAnTos avT@ Bacidtéwv Trod\dOv auvédptov , \ \ A 4 4 A / gavein, tept dé Tod TANnOovs Sedsévat, un TWPds twa pavoct Aepvaiay vdpav payopevoe Sirda- , \ a A cious yap On TO UdT@ TOV TapaTeTaypéevor mpotepov nOpoicOat, Kai mrodAaKis elvat Tocov- ” a ¢ / ¢ / / Tous éTt TOY Pwyaiwy dTrAa hépew Suvapevous. xx "E , 4 > / \ a . Ee tovtov mpécBers adixovto tept tov aixyparwtwv ot rept 'aiov PaBpixtov, ob mrei- ‘¥ € / , ” € / ¢ atov én Pwpaiovs dNoyov éyew o Kivéas ws avdpos ayaGod Kal troveuiKod, mévntos bé iayu- A A ® e v4 9Q7/ 4 pas. tovtov ovv o Ivppos iota dirodpovovpevos ” a , » 9 b \ a ? A évretDe NaBeiv ypvaiov, én’ oddevi SHOev aicype, , A pirias O€ Te Kal Eevias érrovopalov todto cup- ? / \ a , , \ Borov. amwoapévov 6é tod PaBpixiov rote péev 1 +d with Blass: roi, 406 PYRRHUS actually rewarded for them in having enabled Tarantines and Samnites to mock at Romans.” After Appius. had thus spoken, his hearers were seized with eagerness to prosecute the war, and Cineas was sent back with the reply that Pyrrhus must first depart out of Italy, and then, if he wished, the Romans would talk about friendship and alliance ; but as long as he was there in arms, they would fight him with all their might, even though he should rout in battle ten thousand men like Laevinus. It is said, too, that Cineas, while he was on this mission, made it his earnest business at the same time to observe the life and manners of the Romans,- and to understand the excellences of their form of government ; he also conversed with their best men, and had many things to tell Pyrrhus, among which was the declaration that the senate impressed him as a council of many kings, and that, as for the people, he was afraid it might prove to be a Lernaean hydra for them to fight against, since the consul already had twice as many soldiers collected as those who faced their enemies before, and there were many times as many Romans still who were capable of bearing arms. XX. After this, an embassy came from the Romans to treat about the prisoners that had been taken. The embassy was headed by Caius Fabricius, who, as Cineas reported, was held in highest esteem at Rome as an honourable man and good soldier, but was inordinately poor. To this man, then, Pyrrhus privately showed kindness and tried to induce him to accept gold, not for any base purpose, indeed, but calling it a mark of friendship and hospitality. But Fabricius rejected the gold, and for that day Pyrrhus 407 PLUTARCH’S LIVES NOUVKACE, TH 5 votepaia BovXopevos auTov eK- THEA pyTe Jeatny erégavros ryeyevnpévor, éxéhevoe TOV Onpiceov TO peyiorop eLoria dev avTots Twapactno at KOWONYOUMEVOLS, avratav TapareivavTas. éyéveo $9 TavTa: Kat onpeLov d00évros 7 jpev avrata mapnxon, TO b¢ Onptov adve tHv TE Tpovopaiay dpdpevov UTEpeT XE Ths Keparns Tov PaBprciov Kal hovny adnre poRepav kal Tpayeiav. o e npewa peraatpadels Kab dra perdudo-as 7 pos TOV Tluppov elev: : Oure xOés pe TO xpuatov exivnoev oUTe onpepov TO Onpiov.” év 6€ TO Seine Aoryov mavrodaT ov rYevopevo, Trelorav b¢ TWEpl THS ‘EdAdbos Kal TOV ptroao- povvTwy, eTUXe Tos oO Kwvéas émipynabels Tob "Enrexovpou, Kal Ouirev a a Aéyouat wept Oewv Kat jontTeLas Kal TéXoUS, 70 pev ev ndov7} Te Epevor, ToATElav be pevyovres WS BraBnv ral ouyyvow Tob paxapion, To 6€ QOetov arwTara Xapetos Kal opyiis Kat TOU pérewy Tpeov els amrpaypova Biov eal pea Tov evmaberdv arrouxitovres. ett dé avrov AEyovTOS avaxpayav ) PaBpixcos, ee?) ‘Hpdknes,” eltre, “ Iluppp Ta doypata pErOL TavTa kal Yavvirats, €ws TWodewovat pos Hpas.” Oita én Javpdcas TO ppovnpa TOU avdpos Kat To 4005 oO Ilvppos eTL paddov apeyero pirtav aytt _TWOREWOV T pos THY TOALY aiT@ ryeveo Bau: Kaxelvov idia mapekdanet Touno dpevov tas d0a- Avoels EreaBau Kal aula per’ avtod, mpaTov dvTa TAVTOV TOV éTaipov Kal TOV OTPATHYOV. O dé navy AéyeTat wWpos auTov eitreiv, “’AAN ovdée 408 396 PYRRHUS let him alone; on the following day, however, wishing to frighten a man who had not yet seen an elephant, he ordered the largest of these animals to be stationed behind a hanging in front of which they stood conversing together. This was done; and at a given signal the hanging was drawn aside, and the animal suddenly raised his trunk, held it over the head of Fabricius, and emitted a harsh and frightful cry. But Fabricius calmly turned and said with a smile to Pyrrhus: ‘ Your gold made no impression on me yesterday, neither does your beast to-day.” Again, at supper, where all sorts of topics were discussed, and particularly that of Greece and her philosophers, Cineas happened somehow to mention Epicurus, and set forth the doctrines of that school concerning the gods, civil government, and the highest good, explaining that they made pleasure the highest good, but would have nothing to do with civil government on the ground that it was injurious and the ruin of felicity, and that they removed the Deity as far as possible from feelings of kindness or anger or concern for us, into a life that knew no care and was filled with ease and comfort. But before Cineas was done, Fabricius cried out and said: “O Hercules, may Pyrrhus and the Samnites cherish these doc- trines, as long as they are at war with us.” Thus Pyrrhus was led to admire the high spirit and character of the man, and was all the more eager to have friendship with his city instead of waging war against it; he even privately invited him, in case he brought about the settlement, to follow his fortunes and share his life as the first and foremost of all his ‘companions and generals. But Fabricius, as we are told, said quietly to him: “Nay, O King, this 409 ~ PLUTARCH’S LIVES aot tovTo, Bacired, AvotTEAES EoTLY? AVTOL yap ot viv ce Tima@vtes Kal Oavudlovtes, av épov meipay AdBwow, bw éuov padrXrov eGerncovery 7 cov BactrevecOau” Ttovodtos pev 0 DaBpixtos. o 5€ IIuppos ob mpos dpynv ovdé tupavutKas edéEato Tov Noyov, GANA Kal Tois Hirots amny- yetke ToD DaBpixiov tv peyarodpocvrny, nal TOUS aliyparwrous éxeivm pore Setiorevoeyr, étrws, et wn ndicatto THv eipnvnv 1%) cvyKANTOS, aomTacdmevol TOS mpoonkovTas Kal ta Kpovia ducoptdcavtes atroTreupUeiev maddy pos avTov. Kat atreTréupOnoay peTa THY EopTHY, TO UrodEL- Pbévtt THs Bours Cnpiay Odvatroyv Wyndicapévys. XXI. Mera tadra tod PaSpixiov tHv apyny TaparaBovTos HKev anp eis TO OTPATOTESOY TPOS avrov émictoAny Kopivwv, iv éyparev oO Tov Bactréws iatpos éeTrayyeAAopevos happaxots avat- pyoew tov Iluppov, et ydapis av’T@ wap éxeivoy oporoynOein AVoavTL TOV TOAELOY aKiWdUVwS. © dé DaBpixios Sucxepdvas mpos THY adiKiav Tod avOpwrov, kal Tov auvapyovta Siadeis opoiws, émepe ypaupata mpos tov IIlvppov xata tayos gurdtrecOar thv émuBourny Kerevwv. elxye dé ovTws TA yeypaypeva: “I'dios DaBpixios Kal .Koivtos Alpidtos tmaroe ‘Pwpaiwy Ilvpp@ Bacthet yatpew. obte pidwv evtuy7s Eolxas élvat xpttns oUTE TroAEuioY. yvwon Sé THY TEpL- Pbcicav Hpiv émictorAny avayvous, drt ypnoTtois 410 PYRRHUS would not be to thy advantage ; for the very men who now admire and honour thee, if they should become acquainted with me, would prefer to have me as their king rather than thee.” Such a man was Fabricius. And Pyrrhus did not receive the speech with anger or like a tyrant, but actually reported to his friends the magnanimity of Fabricius, and entrusted his prisoners of war to him alone, on condition that, in case the senate should not vote for the peace, they should be sent back again to him, though they might first greet their relatives and celebrate the festival of Saturn. And they were so sent back after the festival, the senate having voted a penalty of death for any that stayed behind. XXI. After this, and when Fabricius had assumed the consulship,! a man came into his camp with a letter for him. The letter had been written by the physician of Pyrrhus, who promised that he would take the king off by poison, provided that the Romans would agree to reward him for putting an end to the war without further hazard on their part. But Fabricius, who was indignant at the iniquity of. the man, and had disposed his colleague to feel likewise, sent a letter to Pyrrhus with all speed urging him to be on his guard against the plot. The letter ran as follows: “Caius Fabricius and Quintus . Aemilius, consuls of Rome, to King Pyrrhus, health -and happiness. It would appear that thou art a good judge neither of friends nor of enemies. Thou wilt see, when thou hast read the letter which we send, that the men with whom thou art at war are 1 The chronology of the story is at fault here. Fabricius and Aemilius were consuls in 278, the year after the battle at Asculum described in §§ 5 ff. | /4tt PLUTARCH’S LIVES kat Stxaios avdpdot tmorepeis, adixas Sé Kat KaKots miotevers. ovdeé yap tadTa of VapeTe , > ] oe A A Q\ 4 e A nvuopev, GAN GTas wn TO cov dO mip StaBornv évéyrn Kai dorm doEwpev, as apeTn pH Suvapevot, Katepydcacbar Tov modepov.” év- TUX@Y TOUTAS TOS ypdupactw Oo Ilvppos Kal THY éemtBovrAny é&eréyEas rov pév latpov éxoXace, DaBpirim dé Kai “Pwpaiors aporBnv édwpetro a “ > , 4 Mv .Y TPOlKa TOUS aiyparwTous, Kal dru erepre Tov Kuvéay S:arpakopevov ait trhv eipnvyv. of 8é ‘Pwpator, unte eb yapts éotl mapa TrodEemiov, unTe et ptoOos Tod py adixnOjvat, NaReiv Tpotka Tovs w 9 4 v b 4 > ray avdpas akwwaoavres toous arédvoay avt@ Tapar- , fa) \ \ , b 4 rivev Kal Yavvitav, Twept 5é ptrdcas Kal eipyvns ovdev elwy dtaréyeoOar mplv apdpevos Ta Sra kal tov aotpatrov é& ‘Itadias als 7dAOe vavoly anothevon tad. ets “Harespov. 9 4 la Mv fe) , 9 la) Ex tovrov payns adAxS TOY TPAypLAaTwY avT@ Seomévwv avaraBov tiv otpatiay éywpe, Kat wept” AokXov Tod Tois ‘Pwpatos cuvaryas xal Bialopevos mpos xwpia dvourTa Kal totapoy trwdn Kal tpayvv, Epodov tev Onpiwy ob NaBov- Tov woTe Tpocpi-at TH Parayyt, TpauvpaTev TOAAQY yevopevay Kal vEXpa@V TETOVTWY, TOTE pev SrexptOn péypt vuxros aywuoapevos. tH 8 voTepaia otpatnyav Ou’ ouarod THY udynv DécOau N A , 9 A ed ‘4 A Kal tous édepavtas év Tois StrNoLs yevéoOar Tav 4i2 \ PYRRHUS honourable and just, but that those whom thou trustest are unjust and base. And indeed we do not give thee this information out of regard for thee, but in order that thy ruin may not bring infamy upon us, and that men may not say of us that we brought the war to an end by treachery because we were unable to do so by valour.” When Pyrrhus had read this letter and got proof of the plot against his life, he punished the physician, and as a requital to Fabricius and the Romans made them a present of his prisoners of war, and once more sent Cineas to negotiate a peace for him. But the Romans would not consent to receive the men for nothing, either as a favour from an enemy, or as a reward for not committing iniquity against him, and therefore released for Pyrrhus an equal number of Tarentines and Samnites whom they had taken; on the subject of friendship and peace, however, they declared they would allow nothing to be said until Pyrrhus had taken his arms and his army out of Italy and sailed back to Epeirus on the ships that brought him. Consequently, Pyrrhus found himself obliged to fight another battle, and after recuperating his army he marched to the city of Asculum, where he engaged the Romans. Here, however, he was forced into regions where his cavalry could not operate, and upon a river with swift current and wooded banks, so that his elephants could not charge and engage the enemy’s phalanx. Therefore, after many had been wounded and slain, for the time being the struggle was ended by the coming of night. But on the next day, designing to fight the battle on level ground, and to bring his elephants to bear upon the ranks of the enemy, Pyrrhus occupied betimes the 413 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TONE LLOYD, Tm poéhaPBe TAS duvaxwpias pudach, Kat TONAG catapitas dxovtiapara Kal rofevpata tois Onpiots emhrye pEeTa pouns Kal Bias TUKYHY «al OUVTETAYMEVNY THY Suvapu. ot de ‘Pwpatos TAS Seaxhioers Kal Tas avTiuTaparyoryas TAS 7 po- TEPOV OUK EXovTes, €& émrimédou suvepéepov7o Kata oTOpa Kal omevoovres aoac at TOUS om Aitas mpl emeBivar Ta Onpia, Secvous trept Tas capicas TaY Expav ayavas elyov, aedoivres é éauTov Kat TO Tpwcat Kal cataBanreiv op@vres, TO 5é maGetv els ovder Te Emevo. Xpove dé TOAAP NeveTae pep apxn Tponijs Kar’ avuTov yeverBar Tov I vppov émepeioavra Tots aVvTITET ary MEVOLS, To 6é hela Tov aXKn Kat Big TOV éhed avTowv wateipydaato, xphoacbas TH apeTh m pos THY paxny TOV ‘Po- palwy pay Suvapéver, aD olov épod@ xvpaTtos 7 cera nob KATEPELTOVTOS oiopevev detv eEiatrac8at, pndé vropéve aT paKxTous amoOvnaKkey, év T@ pndey wadereiv wavta Tadoxovtas Ta yadeTTo- TaTa. This dé guyis ov pax pas els TO otpatonedov yevopuerns éLaxurxthious drroBavetv gnat Tov ‘Pwpaiwy ‘Lepavupos, tov 5é epi Iluppoy év rois Baowdtxois brropynpacw avevexOjvar Tpirxedtous TEVTAKOTLOUS Kal mwevte teOvnKotas. oO pévTot Atovuctos ote duo mepl “AcKkdov paxas ote omohoyouperny TTav laTOpet yever Bar ‘Popaiwy, drat dé péexpe dua pay ALOU paxerapevous pois amadraynvat, TOU Tuppou Tpabevtos voo@ Tov Bpaxiova nal thy damooxevny dua Aavviwv? 1 Aavviwy with Blass, in agreement with Dionys. Hal. xx. 3: Zapmrar, 414 397 PYRRHUS unfavourable parts of the field with a detachment of his troops; then he put great numbers of slingers and archers in the spaces between the elephants and led his forces to the attack in dense array and witha mighty impetus. So the Romans, having no oppor- tunity for sidelong shifts and counter-movements, as on the previous day, were obliged to engage on level - ground and front to front ; and being anxious to re- pulse the enemy’s men-at-arms before their elephants came up, they fought fiercely with their swords against the Macedonian spears, reckless of their lives and thinking only of wounding and slaying, while caring naught for what they suffered. After a long time, however, as we are told, they began to be driven back at the point where Pyrrhus himself was pressing hard upon his opponents ; but the greatest havoc was wrought by the furious strength of the elephants, since the valour of the Romans was of no avail in fighting them, but they felt that they must yield before them as before an onrushing billow or a crashing earthquake, and not stand their ground only to die in vain, or suffer all that is most ‘grievous without doing any good at all. After a short flight the Romans reached their camp, with a loss of six thousand men, according to Hierony- mus, who also says that on the side of Pyrrhus, according to the king’s own commentaries, thirty- five hundred and five were killed. Dionysius, however, makes no mention of two battles at Asculum, nor of an admitted defeat of the Romans, but says that the two armies fought once for all until sunset and then at last separated ; Pyrrhus, he says, was wounded in the arm by a javelin, and also had his baggage 415 ‘PLUTARCH’S LIVES Stapracdvrwv, amoOaveiy 5é xal Ilvppov xat ‘Pwpaiwy avdpas vrép pupiovs tmevtaxtoxeAtous exatépwv. ArervOnoay 5é dudoteporr wat réyeTat Tov Ilvppov etzretv pos twa tov cuvndopévwy avTe, ““Av éte plav paxynv ‘Pwpaiovs wxenowpev, atro- 10 AovpeOa TravTEeAws.” Tord pey yap aTrwrONXeEL pépos Hs ayewv hxe Suvduews, piror 6€ Kal otpa- THYyOl TANY OAiywy Atravtes, peTaTréuTrecOas Sé ovx joav Etepolt, Kal Tovs avToOs ouppctyous auBrutépous éwpa, Tots 5é ‘Pwpaiots wotep éx anyns olxobev émtppeovaons avamAnpovpevov EvTro- pws Kal taxv TO otpatomedov, Kal Tails ATTALs ovx atroBdAXovtas TO Oappeiv, GAAA Kai pwunv Kal dirovetkiay U7’ opyns él Toy TroNEMOY Tpoc- NapBavovtas. XXII. ‘Ev rovavrars 58 dy atropias ets éXrridas av Tadw Kawwas évétrece Kal Tpaypata SvyooTa- ciay €YovTa THS yvouns. Gua yap Hrov x peév Lucerias avdpes "Axpdyavra xat Yvpaxovoas Kat Aeovtivous éyyetptfovres adte@, ral Seopevor Kap- yndovious te auvexBareiv Kal TaY TUpdvvwY atradrra£~at THY vncov, éx dé THS ‘EAXdOos ayyér- rovres ws IItovcuatos o Kepavyos arorwr€ cuutecov Taddrats peta THs Suvapews, Kal viv av év xaip@ partaota Seopévors Baoiréws Maxe- 2 S00 mapayévorto. trodXa On THY TUYNY wEeprrd- pevos OTL Tpdkewv peyadwv vroléces els eva 416 9 * PYRRHUS plundered by the Daunians;! and there fell, on the side of Pyrrhus and on that of the Romans, over fifteen thousand men. _ The two armies separated ; and we are told that Pyrrhus said to one who was congratulating him on his victory, “If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined.” For he had lost a great part of the forces with which he came, and all his friends and generals except a few ; moreover, he had no others whom he could summon from home, and he saw that his allies in Italy were becoming indifferent, while the army of the Romans, as if from a fountain gushing forth indoors, was easily and speedily filled up again, and they did not lose courage in defeat, nay, their wrath gave them all the more vigour and determination for the war. XXII. But while he was involved in such per- plexities, new hopes once more inspired him, and projects which divided his purposes. For at one and the same time there came to him from Sicily men who offered to put into his hands the cities of Agrigentum, Syracuse, and Leontini, and begged him to help them to drive out the Carthaginians and rid the island of its tyrants; and from Greece, men with tidings that Ptolemy Ceraunus? with his army had perished at the hands of the Gauls, and that now was the time of all times for him to be in Macedonia, where they wanted a king. Pyrrhus rated Fortune soundly because occasions for two great undertakings had come to him at one time, 1 Auxiliaries of the Romans from Arpinum in Apulia. . 2 The son of Ptolemy I. of Egypt. In 280 B.c. he had basely assassinated Seleucus, and made himself king of Macedonia. 417 VOL. IX. EE PLUTARCH’S LIVES KaLpov auT@ ouniveyKe, Kat woultavie @S auporépev DrapyxovT ov amodAuvat Oarepov, SinvexOn TOUS Aoyispois ToAVY Xpovor. elTa Tois YuKedcKois perCovav UmroxeiaGat Tpaywatov Soxovvrwp, At- 3 Buns eyyus elvat Soxovons, emt taita tpévas Kivéav prev evO0s eFerrepape mpodiare£opevor, daTrep elw0er, Tais ToAEaLW, avTOS Oé ToS Tap- avTivols dvcavacyxerobow éuBarev ppoupay, ral afiovow 7H n Ta pexey éd’ ols Hike, cupTrodepobyTa ‘Papatous, n Thy Xwpay 7 poe wevov auTOV amr o- Aetrety TH TOoAW Olav TapéAaBe, pnoev é eTLelKes droxpwapevos, GNA mpooratas nouxiav ayetv Kat Tepipevelv TOV éavTod KaLpov, eFérrAevoev. 4 ‘Awapévy 8¢ adr Zexehias & peév ipdmioev ev0ds amrnvTa RéBaa, Kab Tapetyov Qi qToXeEs éautTas mpodupes, TOV dé ary @VOS kat Bias ben- Oévrwv ovder d avretye TO TPATOV, GAA , Tpta wuptoes metots Kal Seoxedions mevTaKoa tots immevat Kal Siaxogiats vavoly émi@y Tous TE Poivixas ej per Kal KaTEaTpepeTo THY eT LK PGTELAD avTav. tovd “Epucos éexupwtarov TOV Xwpicov dvTos Kal TOn- ous dmuvopevous EXOVTOS éyvey Bidber Oar 7 pos 5 Ta TELYN. Kal Tis otpatias yevouerns éToiuns évedvoato THY TavoTr diay, Kat mpoeOary * ebEaro T@ ‘Hpaxhei TroLno ew ayava Kal Ouciav a dpiateiov, 398 dp Tob yévous Kal Tov UTapXOVT@Y a€vov ayou- aTnv autov atrodeiEn Tots 2ucedav oikovaw “EAAnae: TH SeoddTiyyt onunvas Kal Tots Bédect TOUS BapBapous avacKedacas Kat Tas KAipaKas 6 mpodayaywyv wpwtos ém@éBn TOU TElLyous. avTt- 1 xpoeAOcy with Blass: xpooeAOuy. 418 PYRRHUS and thinking that the presence of both meant the loss of one, he wavered in his calculations for a long time. Then Sicily appeared to offer opportunities for greater achievements, since Libya was felt to be near, and he turned in this direction, and forth- with sent out Cineas to hold preliminary conferences with the cities, as was his wont, while he himself threw a garrison into Tarentum. The Tarentines were much displeased at this, and demanded that he either apply himself to the task for which he had come, namely to help them in their war with Rome, or else abandon their territory and leave them their city as he had found it. To this demand he made no very gracious reply, but ordering them to keep quiet and await his convenience, he sailed off. On reaching Sicily,! his hopes were at once realized securely; the cities readily gave themselves up to him, and wherever force and conflict were necessary nothing held out against him at first, but advancing with thirty thousand foot, twenty-five hundred horse, and two hundred ships, he put the Phoenicians to rout and subdued the territory under their control. Then he determined to storm the walls of Eryx, which was the strongest of their fortresses and had numerous defenders. So when ' his army was ready, he put on his armour, went out to battle, and made a vow to Heracles that he would institute games and a sacrifice in his honour, if the god would render him in the sight of the Sicilian Greeks an antagonist worthy of his lineage and resources ; then he ordered the trumpets to sound, scattered ‘the Barbarians with his missiles, br ought up his scaling-ladders, and was the first to mount ' Early in the year 278 B.c. 419 EE 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 \ nA >] U \ A bd A otavtwy O€ TOAA@Y auuvopmevos TOUS pev eFéwoe A , > > 9 , \ . 4 4 TOU TELYOUS ETT appotrepa Kal KaTeBanre, WrEl- atous 5é Trept avTov TO Ether Ypwpevos éowpevoe a, wv \ > \ 9 a >] N \ vexpous. émade 5é avtos ovdév, GANA Kal Tpoc- A \ 9 ’ A 4, \ \ wWety Seuvos ehavn Tots modrepiows, Kal Tov “O $y bd Aa \ \ b] , ] pnpov ederEev opOas Kal peta éeurretpias azro- daivovta Tov apEeT@y povnv THY avdpeiay hopas modAradkis évOovorwders Kal pavixas pEepopévny. drovons Sé THs WOAEwS EOUGE TE TH De@ peyaro- mpeTr@s Kat Oéas dyevev TavTodbaTa@v tTapéc xe. XXIII. Tov dé wept Meconvny BapBdpwv, Maupeptivwrv &¢ xadoupévwv, trodda Tois “EAAD- aw évoxrovvTwr, évious 5é Kai hopou TreTompevwn UToTENEIS, TOAA@Y 5é Kal payipov dvTwv, 516 Kal > oo A mpoonyopevOnaav ‘Aprios yAwoon Th Aativor, N \ , \ b] 4 b] Tous pev hoporoyous auvAdAaBov aéxtewev, av- \ \ 4 , \ “A la tovs b€ wKnoas pdyn Toda TeV PpoupiWwY éFéxoye. Kapynédoviows 5¢ cvpBatixas éxovot, Kat xpnpata BovAopévots TerEiv, Eb yévorTo pidia, N A 3 lA > , 4 9 , Kal vads atroaTéAXELy, aTrexpivaTo TAELOVwWD epte- , 9 lA \ l4 \ > 4 pevos piay elvar dudAvaow Kal dircav pos avTous, 3 A ? , 4 @ A A él Tacav éexdiTrovTEs BexeALav Opw yp@vTo TH At- A , \ \ Cf > / \ Bunn Pardoon mpos tovs”"EXAnvas. evTUXia de i a4 A ’ , \ 4, Kal p@un TOV TapovTwY éTratpopevos, Kal diwxwv la A Tas érTridbas ép als am dpxyns érdevce, TPWTNS 4 nm 5é AtBuns épi€uevos cai vads éywv TWoddas TAD- 420 PYRRHUS the wall. Many were the foes against whom he strove ; some of them he pushed from the wall on either side and hurled them to the ground, but most he laid dead in heaps about him with the strokes of his sword.’ He himself suffered no harm, but was a terrible sight for his enemies to look upon, and proved that Hom as right and fully justified in saying that valour, alone of the virtues, often displays transports due to divine possession and frenzy. After the capture of the city, he sacrificed to the god in magnificent fashion and furnished spectacles of all sorts of contests. XXIII. The Barbarians about Messana, called Mamertines, were giving much annoyance to the Greeks, and had even laid some of them under con- tribution. They were numerous and warlike, and therefore had been given a name which, in the Latin tongue, signifies martial. Pyrrhus seized their collectors of tribute and put them to death, then conquered the people themselves in battle and de- stroyed many of their strongholds. Moreover, when the Carthaginians were inclined to come to terms and were willing to pay him money and send him ships in case friendly relations were established, he replied to them (his heart being set upon greater things) that there could be no settlement or friendship between himself and them unless they abandoned all Sicily and made the Libyan Sea a boundary between themselves and the Greeks. But now, lifted up by his good fortune and by the strength of his resources, and pursuing the hopes with which he had sailed from home in the beginning, he set his heart upon Libya first ; and since many of the ships 1 As in Iliad, v. 185; vi. 101; ix. 238. 421° PLUTARCH’S LIVES , >] de la) # 9 , : b 9 la’ pwpatwv émidecis Tryerpev épéras, ovK émrlEeLKas 9 ‘ a evtuyydvwy ovdé mpdws tais modeow, aA A“ \ ? 4 e SeoTroTiK@s Kal mpos Opynv Bialopevos Kat Kora- ? Or A yy F) 9 a a oe) \ Cov, ove evOus wv ovde ev apy ToLovTOS, ANAA \ lal e , . A N 4 e aA \ Kal MadXOY ETEPWY TH TPOS YKaptv omtrEiy Kal TavTa TioTevew Kal pnodev upOoVAELy UTaryoevos, 9 ‘ nm 7 elta ytvopevos ex Snuaywyod TUpavvos axaptotias A ‘ A b } , 4 ™T XareTroTHnTL Kal amloTias tTpocwhALoKave d0Fav. ‘ Ov pny adda TATA MEV. WS avayKaia auUVEYo- , n 9 \ \ 4 \ pouy, xaitrep Suadhopovytes: eézret dé Qoivwva Kal Lwoatatpatov, avdpas nyen“ovixous év Supaxovoais, ra) “~ \ b N 9 “A ¥ b , ot Tpa@Toe péev avTov édAOety érretcay eis YuKedlay, N / \ , EXGovre 5é tTHv TorAw evOds evexeipicav Kal TAELTTA TVYKATELPYATAVTO TOV UKEALKOY, “NTE ” ‘ e a 4 > , a 9 ayelv avy avT@ pnte atroneitrety BovAopevos év , uTrowiais elye, Kal Ywototpatos pév aréaty \ \ a pokes, Boivwva S€ Ta avTa dPpoveiv aitiaca- N HEVOS GTréKTELVEV, OV KATA pLKpOV Ovde Ka” ep auT@ peSiotato ToY TpayudTav, adXrAa Sevod A A TLVOS pLoous eyyevouevou Tais TroAETL TPOS AUTOV e N 4, J e N > 4 at mev TpoceTiOevto Kapynoovioss, ai dé érnryovto @€ A : Mauweptivovs. daiootdces 5é opav adrayta Kal vewTEepiapovs Kal avaTacL tayupayv éd’ avror, édéEato ypdupata Lavrov cai Tapavtiver lA wn 4 A \ AN pods avTeXovTwY Tals TodEoLY AUTAis Tpos TOV 422 PYRRHUS that he had were insufficiently manned, he began to collect oarsmen, not dealing with the cities in an acceptable or gentle manner, but in a lordly way, angrily putting compulsion and penalties upon them. He had not behaved in this way at the very beginning, but had even gone beyond others in trying to win _men’s hearts by gracious intercourse with them, by trusting everybody, and by doing nobody any harm. But now he ceased to be a popular leader and be- came a tyrant, and added to his name for severity a name for ingratitude and faithlessness. Nevertheless the Sicilians put up with these things as necessary, although they were exasper- ated; but then came his dealings with Thoenon and Sosistratus. These were leading men in Syra- cuse, and had been first to persuade Pyrrhus to come into Sicily. Moreover, after he had come, they immediately put their city into his hands and assisted him in most of what he had accomplished in Sicily. And yet he was willing neither to take them with him nor to leave them behind, and held them in suspicion. Sosistratus took the alarm and withdrew ; but Thoenon was accused by Pyrrhus of complicity with Sosistratus and put to death.! With this, the situation of Pyrrhus was suddenly and entirely changed. A terrible hatred arose against him in the cities, some of which joined the Car- thaginians, while others called in the Mamertines. And now, as he saw everywhere secessions and revolutionary designs and a strong faction opposed to him, he received letters from the Samnites and Tarentines, who had been excluded from all their territories, could with difficulty maintain the war 1 Cf. Dionysius Hal., Hxcerpta ex lib. xx., 8. 423 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , a ToXEpoV, eipyouéevwv S€ THS Y@pas amrdaans Kat Seouevov Bonbeiv. todto Sé hv evmpérmeta py ghuyny elvat nde aroyywow Tov atroTAovy TOV > , , \ \ > \ b] 4, avToO. wpaypdtwv: to dé adnOés od Suvapevos a 4 @ N , > > Kpatety YwuKedias @oTEp vEews TapaxGeions, arr éxBaow Cnrov, avis epprypev € éautov els “Itadiav. Aéyerar & dara Topevos Hon Tpos THY Vhoov amid@v elmeiv tois qept avtov: “ Olav atrodei- = , , v,e¢ , Topev, @ phiror, Kapynooviots cat “Pwpaiors tran- aistpav.” Kal todTo pév, Womep eixacOn, pet ov ToXUY Ypovoy eyéveTo. XXIV. Tav d¢ BapBapwv cvoravtwy én av- tov atromrAéovta, Kapynooviots pév €v TO TopO ww vavpaynoas améBare TaV vedy TOAXGS, Tais & +] a adArXats Katépuye mpos tHv Itadtav, Mapeptivos , dé pupiwv ov éXaTTOvs WpodiaBavres avtitata- \ 9 / 9 \ a ld cBar pev éepoBnOncay, év dé tais dvaxwpiats émutiOéuevot Kal wpoomimtovres Atav TO oTpa- Teva ouvetdpakay, émece Sé dvo Onpia xal auxvol Tav omtcbopvrAaKovvtwy dréOvnoKov. QUTOS OY ATO TOD GTOMATOS TrapEeAadaas NuUvVETO Kal dvexcvduveve mrpos avdpas noxnpévous payec- Oar nal Ovpoedets. adryyels bé THY Keharny Eider Kal puxpov €k TOV payopévav atroaTas ETL UaNAOV €mnpe TOUS TroAcuious. els 6€ Kal TOAD TPO TOY GArXwv eridpapov, avnp TO TE TOMATL péeyas Kal “A 54 ‘ b] nA _ Rn A iA Tots OwAoLs AauTrpOS, EXpTO TH Pwvy Opacutépa \ a 39 7 >" 9 wa \ Kal mpoeNOety exéXevev autor, ev Cn. wapotuvOeis 5é o Iluppos éméctpepe Bia tav bTacTICTOAY, Kal 424 399 PYRRHUS even in their cities, and begged for his assist- ance. This gave him a fair pretext for his sailing away, without its being called a flight or despair of his cause in the island; but in truth -it was because he could not master Sicily, which was like a storm-tossed ship, but desired to get out of her, that he once more threw himself into Italy. And it is said that at the time of his departure he looked back at the island and said to those about him: “ My friends, what a wrestling ground for Carthaginians and Romans we are leaving behind us!” And this conjecture of his was soon afterwards confirmed. XXIV. But the Barbarians combined against him as he was setting sail. With the Carthaginians he fought a sea-fight in the strait and lost many of his ships, but escaped with the rest to Italy; and here the Mamertines, more than ten thousand of whom had crossed in advance of him, though they were afraid to match forces with him, yet threw his whole army into confusion by setting upon him and assailing him in difficult regions. Two of his elephants fell, and great numbers of his rearguard were slain. Accordingly, riding up in person from the van, he sought to ward off the enemy, and ran great risks in contending with men who were trained to fight and were inspired with high courage. And when he was wounded on the head with a sword and withdrew a little from the com- batants, the enemy were all the more elated. One of them ran forth far in advance of the rest, a man who was huge in body and resplendent in armour, and in a bold voice challenged Pyrrhus- to come out, if he were still alive. This angered Pyrrhus, and wheeling round in spite of his guards, he pushed 425 ‘_ PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘ 3 9 n ¢ , A \ > A HET Opyns aipatt weduppévos Kat devvos 6POjvar TO TpogwTov w@odpevos St avtav Kai dOdacas Tov BapBapov émdnke cata tis Kxeparis to Eider ; a \ a a TANYHY pon TE THS KELtpos Gua cat Badijs aperH Tov atdnpov péeXpt TOV KATH Stadpapoicar, waTE e s a e / / a évl ypovm mepiTecciy éxatTépwoe TA pépyn TOD cwopatos StyotounPevros. todTo Tous BapBapous ETETVE TOD TPOTW YwpPELV, OS TWA TAY KPELTTO- - vov Bavpdcaytas Kal xatatrayévtas Tov Tup- pov. o d€ THY GAAnV oddoy adeds SieFeAD@v rev ets Tapavta, ducpupious melovs Kai tpiaytAtous e a 4 > N \ A 4 immets Kxopilwov. avaraBov oé tav Tapartivev TovVS Kpatiatous, evOds érri “Pwpaious Hyev ev TH —Savuvitids otpatotedevovtas. XXV. Tov 5 Savutayv rd Te wpdypata S.E- pOapto, Kal tod dpovnpatos vdeivro, Kexpatn- , , a“ e \ “ e , 7 A pevot paxats TodXais vio TAY Popatwy. éviv a \ dé te Kat mpos tov Ilvppov opyns bia tov els LuxeXtay mwrovv GOev ov ToAAOL TOUTWY a’TO A Ul \ 4 , \ \ > auvndOov. tavtas 5€ veisas diya Tovs pév eis \ , ” ) , “A ees thnv Aevxaviav Ereprpev avtirnwopevous Tod éré- pov Tay viratwv, as py BonOoin, tovs bé iyev > \ > \ 4 / \ ? \ avros emt Maviov Kovpuov trepi trod Beveovevrov idpupévoy év dodandel Kal trepipévovta TH ex THS Aeveavias Bonfecav: éott & Ore Kal pwavTewy av- a . a , TOV Olwvots Kal lepois amoTperrovTwy naovyate. , e e / ’ / , \ omevowy ovv o IIuppos émsBécOas rovtots, mpiv €xeivous érredOeiv, dvdpas te ToUs KpaTtiatous Kal 426 ) PYRRHUS his way through them—full of wrath, smeared with blood, and with a countenance terrible to look upon, and before the Barbarian could strike dealt him such a blow on the head with his sword that, what with the might of his arm and the excellent temper of his steel, it cleaved its way down through, so that at one instant the parts of the sundered body fell to either side. This checked the Barbarians from any further advance, for they were amazed and confounded at Pyrrhus, and thought him some superior being. So he accomplished the rest of his march unmolested and came to Tarentum,! bringing twenty thousand foot and three thousand horse. Then, adding to his force the best troops of the Tarentines, he forthwith led them against the Romans, who were encamped in the country of the Samnites. XXV. But the power of the Samnites had been shattered, and their spirits were broken, in con- sequence of many defeats at the hands of the Romans. They also cherished considerable resent- ment against Pyrrhus because of his expedition to Sicily ; hence not many of them came to join him. Pyrrhus, however, divided his army into two parts, sent one of them into Lucania to attack the other consul, that he might not come to the help of his colleague, and led the other part himself against Manius Curius, who was safely encamped near the city of Beneventum and was awaiting assistance from Lucania ; in part also it was because his sooth- sayers had dissuaded him with unfavourable omens and sacrifices that he kept quiet. Pyrrhus, accord- ingly, hastening to attack this consul before the other one came up, took his best men and his most 1 Jn the autumn of 276 B.c. 427 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOV Onpiwv Ta waXiwwTara Aa Bev VUKTOS @ppn- oev emt TO otpatorresov. mrepriove bé auT® paK- pay cal Saceiav bras odov OuK dvreaxe Ta para, Kal TAdvaL Tous OT PATLWOTALS _guveTU yoy" Kat trept TavTa ryevowerns Sra peBis 7 iy TE vue éméhutre ral KaTapavys 7 ny Gp’ pEPD TOLS TrONEMLOLS em epxo- fevos amo TOV akpov, aote OopuBov morvv rai Kino w mapacxetv. Ou pany GAA TOV iepoav TO Maviw yevopevwr, Kal Tov Katpov Bonbeiv avayxdtovtos, éFeA Dav évéBane Tots TPWTOLS Kat TpeYrapevos epoRyce TaVvTAS, WOTE kal METELVY OUK OAL'yoUS Kal TOY édepavTov TLvas arava katarepbévras. avTn Tov Manov y viKN KaThyarye paxoupevov els TO medtov’ Kat cupBarwv é €x mT podj ov TO fev eT peé- rato Tov ‘TonEpion, & eore 8 ni BvacBels bro TOV Onpiwy cal avaotanrels T pos TO arpatoredoy TOUS puranas éxdet cuxvous eperTaras T@ Yapakt pera TOV Omhov Kat _axpiras. ot O€ émepavertes éx TOMMY ox Upav Kal Ta Onpia Baddovres nvay- Kacav amoatpépes Oat Kat puyn YwpovvtTa bua Tay TUMMAXOV OTT Tapayny arrepyacacbas Kal ouyXualy, v) 70 vin wa. Tapédwxe Tots ‘Pw- patots, Gia, 6é Kal TO KpaTos Ths myepovias. Kal yap ppovnpua Kab Suvapmuy Kat dofav @s dpaxoe mpoohaBovres éx THiS apeThs exelvns Kal TOV ary @vev "Tradiav pev evOus, ordiyw Sé dotepov Dicedtav KaTETXOV. XXVI. Odtw pev é&étrece TOV ‘Tradicav Kat DLKEALK@V O o IIvppos eAridwn, efaerh V povov ava- NWTAS Trepl TOUS Exel TOAE“OUS, Kal TOis! IMpdy- 1 rots Coraés and Bekker have rots nev, after Muretus. 428 400 PYRRHUS warlike elephants and set out by night against his camp. But since he took a long circuit through a densely wooded country, his lights did not hold out, and his soldiers lost their way and straggled. This caused delay, so that the night passed, and at day- break he was in full view of the enemy as he advanced upon them from the heights, and caused much tumult and agitation among them. Manius, however, since the sacrifices were pro- pitious and the crisis forced action upon him, led his forces out and attacked the foremost of the enemy, and after routing these, put their whole army to flight, so that many of them fell and some of their elephants were left behind and captured. This victory brought Manius down into the plain to give battle ; here, after an engagement in the open, he routed the enemy at some points, but at one was, overwhelmed by the elephants and driven back upon his camp, where he was obliged to call upon the guards, who were standing on the parapets in great numbers, all in arms, and full of fresh vigour. Down they came from their strong places, and hurling their javelins at the elephants compelled them to wheel about and run back through the ranks of their own men, thus causing disorder and confusion there. This gave the victory to the Romans, and at the same time the advantage also ‘in the struggle for supremacy. For having acquired high courage and power and a reputation for invinci- ' bility from their valour in these struggles, they at once got control of Italy, and soon afterwards of Sicily. XXVI. Thus Pyrrhus was excluded from his hopes of Italy and Sicily, after squandering six years’ time in his wars there, and after being worsted in his 429 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , \ be 9 o > o 3 pacw édXaTTwOHeis, TO 5é€ avdpetov avixnrov év tais ATTats StadvAdéEas: Kat voyuicbels éuTrerpia ais Hrras Siaguddtas: «al vomabels éurerpig HEV TOAEMLLKY KAL YELPL KaL TOALN TOAY TIPWTOS 9 a ? ¢€ \ A A \ A 4 eivat Tav Kal’ avrov Bacidéwv, & Oé tais mpdake- ov éxTaTo Tais EXtrigLY ATroANUVAL, bu EpwTa TOV atrovtwy ovdev eis 6 Set OécOat Tov bTapYovToV fOdcas. dO0ev ameixaleyv avtov o ‘Avtiyovos xuBevtn moda Bdaddovtt wal Kadrd, ypjoBar é OvUK émioTapéve@ TOS TrEeTovCL. Kopioas 5€ eis "Hrretpov oxtaxiaxtdLous treCovs Kal jwevtakootous imeis, ypnuata 69 ovK exov >] VA ‘ e J N 4 4 etntes TroAewov @ Opéwet TO oTpdTevpa. Kat tiwov Varatov avTe rpooyevopévav évéBarev eis Maxedoviav Avtiyovov tov Anuntpiov Bactrev- OVTOS WS apTayn Kal Aenracia Ypnoopmevos. érrel 5é kal trodes éAdpBave cvyvas Kal otpati@TaL 4 Siryirsoe petéoTnTay WS avTOD, éXTricas TL WAéov- : \ apunoev ert rov’Avtiyovoy Kat nept Ta oteva Tpootec@myv auvetdpake THY oTpaTiay atracav. ot O€ eri ths ovpayias Tov Avtiyovou TeTaypmévot Tardta, svyvol to wARGos dvres, UTéotncav EUPWOTWS* Kal KAPTEPAS MAYS yevopévns TOVTWY Mev Of TAGioTOL KaTEKOTTNO AY, Of 5é TaV éXEepar- Tov nryemoves éyxatadapBavouevo. tapédwxay — e A A v4 , A \ e EauvTovs Kat Ta Onpia mavta. mpocraBwv 6é o Ilvppos tydtxadta, Kal TH TUYN paddrov H Tots Noytopois ypwpmevos, emriye TH adrayye TOY Makedovwv avarremAno névn Tapayns Kal poBov PS) a A 50 PD] xn N wv ‘ ta thy HTTav. dev éuBorys pév Exyovto Kat 430 PYRRHUS undertakings, but he kept his brave spirit uncon- quered in the midst of his defeats; and men believed that in military experience, personal prowess, and daring, he was by far the first of the kings of his time, but that what he won by his exploits he lost by indulging in vain hopes, since through passionate desire for what he had not he always failed to establish securely what he had. For this reason Antigonus used to liken him to a player with dice who makes many fine throws but does not under- stand how to use them when they are made. He returned to Epeirus! with eight thousand foot and five hundred horse, and since he had no money he sought for a war by which he could maintain his army. Some Gauls joined him, and he thereupon made an incursion into Macedonia, where Antigonus the son of Demetrius was reigning, designing to strip and plunder the country. But after he had taken a great number of cities and two thousand Macedonian soldiers had come over to him, he began to hope for greater things, and set out to attack Antigonus, and falling upon him in a narrow pass, threw his whole army into confusion. The Gauls who formed the rearguard of Antigonus, a numerous body, made a sturdy resistance ; but after a fierce battle most of these were cut to pieces, while those who had charge of the elephants were hemmed in and surrendered themselves and all their animals. Then Pyrrhus, thus greatly strengthened, and consulting his good fortune rather than his judgment, advanced upon the phalanx of the Macedonians, which was filled with confusion and fear because of their previous defeat. For this 1 Late in the year 274 B.c. 431 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pans mpos aurop, Thy é deEeay ™ poTelvov Kal oTpPATHYOUS Kal TaELdpxous dvaKahoupevos, amav- Tas Mares ame TNO TOUS mECous TOU , Avtuyovov. KAKELVOS pev bmopevyov Gpwagepy. im éav dAdtyors * TOY mapadiov TLVas TONEWY KatéoXev, 6 0 dé IIvp- pos év evTUX NHAC TOT OVTOLS peyrtov auT@ 7 pos d0fav olopevos Siavren pax Oar To mept tous Ta- AadTAS, TA Kaddora, Kal Aan porara, TOV Napv- pov aveOnrev els TO lepov TH Itwvidos ’AOnvas, TOE TO EAEyElov éemLyparpas: Tovs Oupeods o 0 Modoaoes oI Ta@vioe Sapov A bdva Tluppos a amo Opacéwy € éxpéuacev Tararav, mavta tov Avtuyovouv KabeXwy aTparov: ov péya Oadpa: ?. \ \ A N 4 bd / @xXentat cai viv cai wapos Ataxida. pera, THY paynv dé evdus dvedapBave TAS TONELS. TOV 66 Atyatev KpaTnaas Td Te adda Naren es expngaro TOUS avO parrots, Kal ppoupav Tanratixcny év TH TONE KaTtéXLTre TOY per avTOU oTpaTevo- ever. of dé Tanatat yévos aTANTTOTATOV xpn- faTwVY OVTES eméBevto TOV Bactrhéwv avToOe Kexndevpevav TOUS Tapous opuTTew, Kal Ta meV XP LATA Sinptacay, Ta 0€ ooTa T pos bBpuw btép- perpar. TOUTO Koupas coke Kal oALywpws everyxety o I1¥ppos, nH ov daxonas TLWas UmepFépevos 7 n mapels Sdws Sta hoBov Td KoAdoar Tous BapBap- ous: OOev Heovce Kaxas wre Tov Maxedovor. ove Sé TaY TpayunaTwv avT@ BeBaoTnTa Kal TVUTTACL EYXOVTMV OVLMOV, NwPELTO TH Yyvapuy 1 ray inwéwy oAlyos supplied by Blass, in conformity with the translation of Amyot: dua ray waparlwy. 432 PYRRHUS reason they refrained from engagement or battle with him, whereupon Pyrrhus, stretching out his right hand and calling upon the generals and captains, brought over to him all the infantry of Antigonus in a body. So Antigonus took to flight with a few of his horsemen, and occupied some of the seaboard cities; while Pyrrhus, thinking that amid so many successes his achievement against the Gauls con- duced most to his glory, dedicated the most beautiful and splendid of the spoils in the temple of Athena Itonis, with the following elegiac inscription : “These shields, now suspended here as a gift to Athena Itonis, Pyrrhus the Molossian took from valiant Gauls, after defeating the entire army of Antigonus; which is no great wonder ; for now, as well as in olden time, the Aeacidae are brave spearmen.”’ After the battle, however, he at once proceeded to occupy the cities. And after getting Aegae into his power, besides other severities exercised upon its in- habitants he left as a garrison in the city some of the Gauls who were making the campaign with him. But the Gauls, a race insatiable of wealth, set themselves to digging up the tombs of the kings who had been buried there ; the treasure they plundered, the bones they insolently cast to the four winds. This outrage Pyrrhus treated with lightness and indifference, as it was thought; he either postponed punishment because he had some business on hand, or remitted it altogether because he was afraid to chastise the Barbarians ; and on this account he was censured by the Macedonians. Moreover, before his affairs were securely and firmly established, his thoughts swung 433 VOL, 1X. F F 10 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘ e , , \ \ ‘ 3 , may pos érépas éAtridas. nal Tov pev “Avtiyo- vov épuBpilwv avaiayurtoy éxdret 1) NaBavovtTa e / bd > \ 4 a Goiwariov, adr Ett THY Twopdvpayv dopovvta. Knrewvipou 5é rod {raptidtov Tapayevopévou Kat KaXovvTos avtov eri tHv Aaxedaipova mpobvpws UIFNKOVGED. ‘O 5€ KrAew@vupos Fv pév yévous Baciduxod, Soxay 5é Biatos eivar cal povapytKos obT’ evvorav oUTe Tiatw elyev, GAN “Apevs éBacinreve. Kal ToUTO pep Ev HY KoLWoY EyxAnpa Kal mpeoBuTEpov avT@ Tpos TOUS ToAtTas’ yuvaixa 5é KaNyV Kal yévous Bacirixod Xirwvida tyv Aewtvyidov / a ” e A € \ mpecButepos av éynuev 0 Krewvupos. 7 5é "Axpotat@ TO “Apews émipaveioa, pepaxio Kad” ” > , \ x A A 4 @pav axuatovtTt, AvINnpov epavTe TO Krewvvuyow € a a kal adoEov opod trapeiye TOV yauov- ovdéva yap éxdvOave XTaptiatav Katadpovovpevos vO THs yuvatcos. ottTw Sé tTav KaT olKov duiapav Tois TOALTLKOLS Tpoayevoumevwvy UT opyns Kal Bapv- Oupias éaiye tH YBraptn tov Iluppov, éyovta Sic puptous Kal TmevTaKioXthious melous, Sta xtdious & imeis, er€pavras 5é elxootTécoapas, QOTE TO peyedes THs TapacKeuns evs elvar KaTtadnrov ov KrXewvipo tiv Lardptny, adda Thv Wedorov- vncov éavT@ KTwpeEvor, éTrel TO ye NOY Kal pos b) \ ” ® \ 4 V4 autous éEapvos Hv tous Aaxedatpoviovs mpeaBev- >] , , ¥ \ ? 4 cavtas eis MeyaAnv modu. ébn yap érevbepacwv tas bt ’Avtiyovm mores adixGa, nal vy Aia 434 401 » PYRRHUS again towards new hopes. He railed at Antigonus and called him a shameless man for not laying aside the purple and wearing a common robe ; and when Cleonymus the Spartan came and invited him to come to Lacedaemon, he readily listened to him. Now, Cleonymus was of royal lineage, but because he was thought to be of a violent and arbitrary temper, he enjoyed neither goodwill nor confidence at home, but Areus was king there. This was one general ground of complaint which he had against his fellow citizens, and it was of long standing. Besides, Cleonymus in his later years had married Chilonis the daughter of Leotychides, a beautiful woman of royal lineage; but she had fallen desper- ately in love with Acrotatus the son of Areus, a young man in the flower of his age, and thus rendered his marriage distressing to Cleonymus, since he loved her, and at the same time disgraceful ; for every Spartan was well aware that the husband was despised by his wife. Thus his domestic vexations added themselves to his political disappointment, and in indignation and wrath he brought Pyrrhus against Sparta.! Pyrrhus had twenty-five thousand foot and two thousand hogse, besides twenty-four elephants, so that the magnitude of his preparations made it clear at once that he was not aiming to acquire Sparta for Cleonymus, but the Peloponnesus for himself. And yet his professions were all to the ' contrary, and particularly those which he made to the Lacedaemonian ambassadors themselves when they met him at Megalopolis. He told them he had come to set free the cities which were sub- ject to Antigonus, yes, and that he was going to “1 In 272 poo. 435 F F 2 1 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ / a TOUS vewTépous Tatidas eis Lwdptyny, et pn TEL 7 A b / a a KwNvEL, TED evTpadya opévous Tols AakwvtKols 4 ° a EJeawv, ws ToUT@ Tréov Exotey HSN TOY TaVTOY 4 a Bacitewv, tadta mraTTUpEVOS Kal TApaywY TOUS >] A A évTuyxavovtas avT@ Kal’ oddv, ws mpaTov IrpaTo le! nm Ld \ “A THs Aakovixns aptrayny éoeito Kal Nendaciay: > / A éyxadourtwy 5é€ Tov mpécBewv, StL pwn KaTAay- / 4 / yelXNas trodepov éEevnvoye mpos avtous, “’AXX’ 2Q9 ©¢ A 97> oud’ was, edn, “ To’s Saaptidtas topev 6 tT av / a) ° A PéAANTE Trovety ETépots Mpor€eyovTas.” els dé TaV qmapovtwy, dvowa Mavédpoxreidas, eire TH hova Naxovitwv: “Ai pev éoot TU ye Geos, ovdev py 4 9 9 A ’ > Ww ” mabwpev’ ov yap abdixeduev’ ai & avOpwrros, éo- aeTat Kal TeD Kappwv AAXos.” >? / / XXVII. ’Ex rovtouv xatéBawev éri thy Aaxe- Py , \ A , 7 ? aimovas Kat tov Krewviyou xerevovtos && al e épodou mpocBareciv poBnbeis o Ilvppos, ws reé- yeTal, un StapTdowotl Of oTpaTI@Tat THY TOALY éy vuxtl mpoomecovTes, ETeTXEV, ELTT@Y STL TAUTO \ Toincovat ped nucpay. avToL TE yap Hoay oALyot \ 3 / N 9 / @ ” > Kal dtrapdoKevot Sta TO aidvidsov, 6 Te Apeus ovK 9 , , ? >] b / / éruyyave trapwv, adyX ev Kpntn Topruviors , “a ‘ fe) \ 4 ‘ ToXenoupevots Bonfav: kat todto 87 padiota \ 4 ww > 9 , \ 3 4 THY Tod éowoe Su Epnuiav Kai daoBEeveray KaTa- A e A N II 4 0 / “ @ hpovneicav. o pev yap Iluppos ovdeva payxeic Bar , / A \ 4 \ vopitwy KaTnudicato, Tod dé KrAewvupou tHy > JS A 4 N fi > 4 oixiav of Te Piro Kai elAwTes oUTWS ExoTpUNoAY 436 PYRRHUS send his younger sons to Sparta, if nothing pre- vented, to be brought up in the Lacedaemonian customs, that so they might presently have the ad- vantage over all other princes. With these fictions he beguiled those who came to meet him on his march, but as soon as he reached Laconian territory he began to ravage and plunder it. And when the Spartan ambassadors upbraided him for making war upon them without previous declaration, he said : “Yet we know that you Spartans also do not tell others beforehand what you are going to do.”” Where- upon one of those who were present, Mandrocleidas by name, said to him in the broad Spartan dialect : ‘If thou art a god, we shall suffer no harm at thy hands; for we have done thee no wrong; but if a man, another will be found who is even stronger. than thou.” XXVII. After this, he marched down against the city of Sparta. Cleonymus urged him to make the assault as soon as he arrived, but Pyrrhus was afraid, as we are told, that his soldiers would plunder the city if they fell upon it at night, and therefore re- strained them, saying that they would accomplish just as much by day. For there were but few men in the city, and they were unprepared, owing to the suddenness of the peril; and Areus was not at home, but in Crete, whither he was bringing military aid for the Gortynians. And this, indeed, more than anything else, proved the salvation of the city, which its weakness and lack of defenders caused to be despised. For Pyrrhus, thinking that no one would give him battle, bivouacked for the night, and the friends and Helot slaves of Cleonymus adorned and furnished his house in the expectation 437 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal Tapecxevacay ws Setrvncovtos tov Iuppou Tap avT@. Tevopévns 5é vuxtos ot Aaxedatpoviote mpw@rov pev €BovrAevoavto Tas yuvaixas eis Kpntny aro- oréAAey, at S€ avtéctncav. ‘Apytdapia Sé nal Eipos Exouca mpos THY yepouaiay 7AGEV eynadoidca Tois avopaaw vumép TOY yuvaiKkarv, eb Env avtas akiover THs Ywraptns amovopévns. Ererta TO OTPATOTED@ TOV TOAEMLWY TAPAaAANAOY éyvwoaVv éuBarovtes tadpov évOev cai évev adtas srjaat Tas apatas, wéypte Tov pécov TaY TpOYaV KaTaA- yooavtes, Straws Edpav éyoucar dvoexBiactov éumod@y @at ToIs Onpiots. apxopmévots b€ TadTa MpPaTTELW HKOV AUTOS TOV TrapHEevwY Kal yuVaLKaY ai pev ev ipatio, catalwoapevar Tovs YiTwvi- GKOUS, al dé povoyiTwres, TUvVEpyacopmEvaL TOS mpecBurépois. Tous dé wayecOas pédXrovTas exé- Nevoy Hovydle, eal NaBodoat pétpov aital Kal’ autas éFerpydoavro THs Tappouv TO TpiToV pépos. hv S& TO pev WAdTOS avTHS mHxYewv EE, TO Se BaOos tettapwv, To dé pHKos oKTdTreOpor, ws iaotopes DvrAapxos, ws 5 “Iepw@vupos, EXatTov. dua 8° huépa Kivoupévwv Tav Todepiov TA Ota ‘Tois véols Opéyoucar Kai wapadidotca, THY Ttadpov apvver kal pudrdttrey éxédevov, ws dV pev vay év dp0arpois ris martpidos, evKrEés 5é Ounoxew ev yepot pntépwr Kal yuvatxav akiws THs Sadptns tmecovtas. n 5é Xtdwvis, éxtrodov ovca Kal’ éavtny, Bpoyov eixev evn pévoV, OTTWS emt TO Krcovipm pn yevoito Tis TONEWS anovons. 438 402 PYRRHUS that Pyrrhus would take supper there with its owner. When night had come, the Lacedaemonians at first took counsel to send their women off to Crete, but the women were opposed to this; and Archidamia came with a sword in her hand to the senators and up- braided them in behalf of the women for thinking it meet that they should live after Sparta had perished. Next, it was decided to run a trench parallel with the camp of the enemy, and at either end of it to set their waggons, sinking them to the wheel-hubs in the ground, in order that, thus firmly planted, they might impede the advance of the elephants. When they began to carry out this project, there came to them the women and maidens, some of them in their robes, with tunics girt close, and others in their tunics only, to help the elderly men in the = ~ work. The men who were going to do the fighting the women ordered to keep quiet, and assuming their share of the task they completed with their own hands a third of the trench. The width of the trench was six cubits, its depth four, and its length eight hundred feet, according to Phylarchus ; according to Hieronymus, less than this. When day came and the enemy were putting themselves in motion, these women handed the young men their armour, put the trench in their charge, and told them to guard and defend it, assured that it was sweet to conquer before the eyes of their fatherland, and glorious to die in the arms of their mothers and wives, after a fall that was worthy of Sparta. As for Chilonis, she withdrew from the rest, and kept a halter about her neck, that she might not come into the power of Cleonymus if the city were taken. | 439 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXVIII. Autos pev ovv 0 IT dppos éBudtero KaTAa oTOMNa Tous omAitats 1 pos aarribas TOdAaS TOV 271g priatav avTiTrapaTeTaypLEevas, Kal Tap pov ov TepaTny ovde Baow aapary Tois paxopevots Tapéxovaay vo Xavvornros. o 6é mais TI roAe- patos, Exwv Sioxedious Tadartas Kat Xaovev Aoydabas, eer Eas TV fa te €TELPATO Kara Tas apatas vrepBaivev. a o€ bm Babous Kal TTuK- VOTNTOS OU [LOVOV TOUTOLS THY epodor, arra Kal Tots Aaxedarpoviots Stcepyov émoiovvy tHv BonOeav. avaotevtwy 56 tav Tadatav tovs Tpoxous Kat UTocupovrwy Tas auakas eis TOV TOTapMOY, KaTi- Swv tov Kivduvov o veavias "AKpoTaTos Kat THY Todt Swabpapov pera _Tplaxoaicv mepinr de TOV Ilrodepaior, ov TUVOPwLEVOS on’ avrod dud TWAS cuykhuvias, éws mpooéBare ToIs eaxdrous Kat peraBanrovtas qwarynace paxec Bau 7 pOs EauTov, aoupevous vr adn ov els TE THY Tadpov Kat TEpt Tats apakaus wimTovTas, AYpt ov pove TON- Ao pores avexonnaay. éOedvro 5é of Te Tm pea Burepor Kal TOV yUuvaLK@V TO TAO 0s apiaTevov- ta tov Axpotatov. érrel dé ane madi dia THs TONEWS ETL THY AUTOD TakW, AaipwaTos KATATAEWS Kal yadpos, Urd THs viens emnppévos, Kai peitov éboke yeyovévar nat KadXiwv tais Aaxaivats, cal THv Xidovida Tov épwros eCnrovv. trav dé mpec- Butépav TLves émnxonovbouy Bowvres: “ Olve, | "Axporate, kal oide Tay Xirwvidas povov Bs ayabous Ta LrapTa Tole. Kara S& top Ilvppov avrov taxXupas payns cuverTwONS AdrOL TE AaTIPAS HywVvilovTo, Kal 440 PYRRHUS XXVIII. Pyrrhus himself, then, with his men-at- arms, tried to force his way directly against the many shields of the Spartans which confronted him, and over a trench which was impassable and afforded his soldiers no firm footing owing to the freshly turned earth. But his son Ptolemy, with two thousand Gauls and picked Chaonians, went round the trench and tried to force a passage where the waggons were. These, however, being so deeply planted in the earth and so close together, made not only his onset, but also the counter-efforts of the Lacedaemonians, a difficult matter. The Gauls pulled the wheels up and were dragging the waggons down into the river ; but the young Acrotatus saw the danger, and run- ning through the city with three hundred men got round behind Ptolemy without being seen by him, owing to some depressions in the ground, and at last fell upon his rear ranks and forced them to turn about and fight with him. And now the Barbarians crowded one another into the trench and fell among the waggons, and finally, after great slaughter, were successfully driven back. The elderly men and the host of women watched the brilliant exploit of Acrotatus. And when he went back again through the city to his allotted post, covered with blood and triumphant, elated with his victory, the Spartan women thought that he had become taller and more beautiful than ever, and envied Chilonis her lover. Moreover, some of the elderly men accompanied him on his way, crying: “Go, Acrotatus, and take to thyself Chilonis; only, see that thou begettest brave sons for Sparta.”’ A fierce battle was also waged where Pyrrhus himself led, and many Spartans made a splendid 441 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES PurANos emi mrEioTOv avTicyov Kal TeEicroUS aTroxteivas TaVv Bialopévov, ws oOeTo Tpav- patov TwANnOE TWapadvopevoy EavToOV, EXoTAS TLVE TOY eTiTeTAaypeVvaY THS yopas Erecev EvTOS TOY StAwY, Bote wn yeverOar Tov ti UmoO TOL TONE MLOLS. XXIX. Nuxtos 6€ 7 uayn Sveepibry Kat Kot- Ld pepevos 6 Ilvppos dw elde toravTnv. éddxee 4 a e 69 ? a \ / BadXrcq8at Kepavvois br’ abtod thy Aaxedaipova \ 4 “ > A \ 4 e \ \ Kal préyecOar tracav, avrov 6é yaipev. wo b€ THS Yapas éEeypopevos Tovs TE HryEewovas Exédevev év TapacKevy Tov otpatov Eye, Kal Tols Pirots a A / Sunyeito Tov Gvetpov ws AnYropevos KATA KpaTOS \ 4 e \ 9 w: , b] 4 THY TOALY. OL Lev OV AAXOL Oaupaciws erreiOovTo, Avotpay@ 8€é ov« jpecnev 7 OYrts, ANN pn Sedz€- vat pn, xabatep Ta Baddopeva Tois KEepauvois avéuBata péver ywpia, cal To Lvpp@ mpoonpaivy 70 Ociov aveicodov écecOar tH ody. o 5é ILvp- pos elrrwy Ste Tav’Ta pév éott TuAaiKhS oYAAa- , \ 9 , 4 4 J “ \ “ yorylas Kal acodiav éxyovta Todd, éxetvo Sé Set Ta OTe Sia Yetpav Exovtas UroBdAXew éavtois, Els olwvos adpiotos apvvecOar wepi uvppou, A > \ / éEavéotn Kal mpoonyev du nuépa TOV oTparov. "Hpdvovto 6€ mpodupia cat dpetn Tapa diva pivovro dé mpobupig nal dperh mapa divap e \ fol e Ca) ’ , ot Aaxedatpovior’ Kal Tapnoay ai yuvaixes opéy- 442 PYRRHUS fight, but particularly Phyllius, who surpassed all in the tenacity of his resistance and the numbers of the on-rushing enemy whom he slew ; and when he perceived that his powers were failing from the multitude of the wounds he had received, he made way for one of his comrades in the line, and fell inside the ranks, that his dead body might not come into the hands of the enemy. XXIX. Night put an end to the battle; and Pyrrhus, as he slept, had the following vision. He dreamed that Sparta was smitten with thunderbolts from his hand and was all ablaze, and that he was filled with joy. His joy waked him from sleep, and he commanded his officers to get the army ready for action, and narrated his dream to his friends, convinced that he was going to take the city by storm. Most of them, then, were fully persuaded that he was right, but Lysimachus was not pleased with the vision; he said he was afraid lest, as places smitten by thunderbolts are kept free from the tread of men, the Deity might be indicating in advance to Pyrrhus also that the city was not to be entered by him. But Pyrrhus declared that this was nonsense intended for the crowd, and great folly, and calling upon his hearers to take their arms in their hands and act upon the belief that “One is the best of all omens, to fight in defence of Pyrrhus,’’} rose up, and at day-break led forth his army. But the Lacedaemonians defended themselves with an alacrity and bravery beyond their strength; the 1 An adaptation of Iliad, xii. 243, by substituting ‘‘ Pyr- rhus” for ‘‘ one’s country ” (Mvppov for wdrpys). 443 PLUTARCH’S LIVES + Y , 4 \ a / ovcat BédXn, Kal ortia Kal totov Tois Seopévots mpoopepoveat, cal avarayBdvovoat Tovs TITPw- aKopévous. Thy Te Ttadpov ot Maxedoves yoov b] ce) \ lel (4 € 9? ETELP@VTO, TOAATNY GUpudopodvTes DANY, Up Hs 6TAa Kal TMpATAa VvEXpaV ETLYEoLeVNS ATrEKPU- N “ a , TTETO. Kal pos TovTO TaY AaKedatpoviwy Bon- Oovvtwv OPOn Twapa tHv Tadpov kal Tas apakas o Ilvppos tmmr@ Bralopevos eis THY TOMY. KpavyHS 5é€ TaY KaTa TOUTO TETAYyHéVWV yEevomerns Kat dpo t oOAON D TO DV, Hon pouwov Kal dAoAUVYypLOD TeV yuvatKav, On dtEk- eravvovte TO Ilvppw Kal mpooKerpév@ tois Kata mpoowtov é&nAato Kpnrix@ Béder mAnyels o immos vio THY yaoTépa, Kal KatéBare ducbava- tav tov IIuppov ets tomous ortcOnpovs Kal xkatavrets. OopvBovpévwy S€ rept TovTovy Tav e a éTaipov érédpapov ot Xraptiatar, al ypw@pevor tots Bédcow éFéwoay dravtas. é« d€ TovTOU Kai Thv adAnY paxny Eravev, oidpevos evdwcetv & tous Aaxedatpoviouvs axedov amdavrwy Katate- TpwuévwV avTois, TeTTMKOTAY 5é TOoAAOY. 78 ayabn TUXN THS TONES, ETE TELpaY apETHS Aap- Bavovoa tav avipov, ei0’ éauths, Banu év atropoats v 4 b) , “~ \ Ww éyer Suvamy, amroderEwy Sid0vca, poxOnpas 45n ” , 9 , \ 4 9 tav Aaxedatpovioy éyovtwv Tas édTridas "Apecy- iav te Dwxéa, tav *Avtuyovou atpatnyav, éx , Koptv6ov BonOnoovra rapeonyaye peta Edvov, Kat Tovtov apte Sedeypévwv o Baorirevs avtois Apeuvs Heev ex Kpnrns dioxytdiouvs otpatiotas / wn Kopitwv. ai te O12 yuvaixes evOUs emi Tas otxias 444 403 PYRRHUS women, too, were at hand, proffering missiles, dis- tributing food and drink to those who needed them, and taking up the wounded. The Macedonians tried to fill up the trench, collecting and throwing into it great quantities of materials, beneath which the arms and dead bodies were hidden away. And when the Lacedaemonians tried to put a ‘stop to this, Pyrrhus was seen forcing his way on horseback past the trench and the waggons into the city. But the men stationed at this point raised a shout, and there was a concourse and shrieking of the women, and just as Pyrrhus was riding through the waggons and attacking the men in front of him, his horse was wounded in the belly by a Cretan javelin and leaped to one side, and in his death agony threw Pyrrhus upon steep and slippery ground. His companions were thrown into confusion around him, and the Spartans, running upon them and making good use ot their missiles, drove them all off. After this, Pyrrhus brought the fighting to a stop at other points also, thinking that the Spartans would make some con- cessions, now that almost all of them were wounded and many had fallen. But now the good fortune of the city, either because she was satisfied with the bravery of its men, or because she would show forth the great power which she herself has in desperate crises, brought to their aid from Corinth, when the hopes of the Spartans were already sorry, Ameinias the Phocian, one of the generals of Antigonus, with mercenary troops; and no sooner had he been re- ceived into the city than Areus the Spartan king came from Crete, bringing with him two thousand soldiers. So the women at once dispersed to their 445 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éoxedaaOna ar, ovdév Ett ToAUTIPAy LOVELY UEtovaaL T@V TONMLKOY, Kal TOUS Tap ALKiay év Tots Sardots UT’ avayKns yevopevous adhévtes abtovs em? Thy paxyny étafav. XXX. Tov &€ Tvppov éoye pév tis aden Kal dirotiwia padrov Ska Tovs mpooyeyovetas Kpa- THoaL THS TOAEws: ws Sé ovdey érrépaive, TWANYAaS AaBov anéotn Kat Thy Ywpav érropOe S:avoov- pevos avToOt xYeipdoat. TO Sé ypewv Fw apuKtov. év yap "Apyet otdots hv Aptotéouv mpos Apiotitr- tov. éeme dé 0 Apiotimmos edoxe ypjncOar hiro T® “Avtiyove, POdacas o ‘Aptotéas éxdder Tov IIvppov eis to” Apyos. o 8é éArridas é& eAtridwy del xudrivdwr, nal tais peéev evtuyiass én’ adXasS Npwpevos apoppais, & bé Emracev Erépors Bovro- pevos avatAnpody mpdypacw, obte Hrrav ove vixny pov émoveito Tov TtapatrTecOat Kal Tapar- Tetv. evOvs ovv aveCevyvver emi to “Apyos. o &é "Apeus évédpas te trodXdas vdels xal eataraBov Ta YadeTwTaTa THS od00 TepltexoTTTe Tos Ta- Aadtas Kai Tovs Modrogaods omic PodvAaxodvtas. To Sé Ilvppe wpoeipnto per ex THY iep@v adoBwv yevouéeva Ud TOD pavTews amoBoAn Tivos TOV dvayxaiwv, wapa 6€ tov Katpov Tote TH OopvBo Kal T@ Kivnpatt Tov Aoytopov exKpovabels éxé- Nevo Tov viov IItoNEpaiov AaBovta Tovs éEraipous mapaBonOeiv, avtos b€ Oattov éx TeV aTEevoV épeXKopuevos THY oTpatiay UmHyev. ofetas 6é Tept 446 PYRRHUS homes, since they no longer thought it meet to busy themselves with the work of war, and the men, after dismissing from their ranks those of unmilitary age whom necessity had brought there, arrayed themselves for battle. XXX. Pyrrhus, too, was more than ever possessed by a fierce ambition to become master of the city, now that reinforcements had come to it; but since he could accomplish nothing, and met with fresh losses, he went away, and fell to ravaging the country, purposing to spend the winter there. But Fate was not to be escaped. For at Argos there was a feud between Aristeas and Aristippus; and since Aris- tippus was thought to enjoy the friendship of Anti- gonus, Aristeas hastened to invite Pyrrhus into Argos. Pyrrhus was always entertaining one hope after another, and since he made one success but the starting point for a new one, while he was deter- mined to make good each disaster by a fresh undertaking, he suffered neither defeat nor victory to put.a limit to his troubling himself and troubling others. At once, therefore, he broke camp and set out for Argos. But Areus, by setting frequent ambushes and occupying the most diffi- cult points on the march, kept cutting off the Gauls and Mobossians who brought up the rear for Pyrrhus. Now, it had been foretold to Pyrrhus by his seer, in consequence of sacrifices where no liver could be found, that he was to lose one of his kindred; but here, unhappily, owing to the agitation and tumult among his rear-guard, he forgot himself, and ordered his son Ptolemy with his comrades to go to the rescue, while he himself drew his army more quickly out of the narrow pass and led them forward. A . 447 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tov IIlroveuatov paxns yevouevns, Kal T@V éTe- Aéxtwov Aaxedatpoviov, av KiadKxos yetto, Tots payouévors mpo avtodD cuuTrEKopévwv, avip TANKTHS Kai Spapeiv o€vs, “Opvacos dvopa, Kpns "Amtepaios, €x mAayiov tTapadpayov aywrvito- pevov éxOvpws TOV veavioxov ématake kal Katé- Bare. wecovtos Sé éxeivov Kal Tpomwns yevomévns T@V Tept avTov, of Aaxedaipovuo SimKovtes Kat Kpatoovres €dabov eis To Tediov cuveuBarovTes Kat aroAnp0évtes UO TAY oTFALT@V, ef ods O IIlvppos apts tov Oavarov tod tados axnKxows Kal mepirabav éméotpefre tovs immeis Tov Modoccav. Kal mpwtos eiceddoas éverripTAATO te tav Aaxedatpoviwy, del pév TIS dwaxos Kat elvos év TOs OTAOLs Hatvopevos, TOTE 5é UTEp- BadXwv rorAun Kat Bia Tovs mpotépous ayavas. érrel 6¢ érréBare tra EvddKxw tov ior, o pev éx wrayiov Tapactas pexpov édénoe TO Eiher THv éml THs vias yeipa Staxdyat tod IIvppou, rhv 8é nviav matakas améxowev. 0 8€ Ilvppos apa TH TANYH TOU Sopatos Suedacas Exeivoy atreppuNn TOD larmov, kat wetos on mavtas él To Evdadno paxopévous améxteive TOUS Noydbas. Kal péya TOUTO TH LwapTn Tapavarwpa Tov Todéuou Wé- pas Exovtos émoince 1) prdotiia Tay apxovTwv. XXXI. ‘O &€ Ilvppos dorep évaytopov tiva T® Tradl TEeAéoas Kal AapuTpOY emiTadtoy aywut- TAMEVOS, KAL TOAD THS AUTNS Ev TH Mpos TOVS Todepnious adels Oup@, mponyev emt ro “Apryos. kat tov *Avtiyovoy 45n muvOavopevos én Tav axpwv rep Tov mrediou KaOjcbat, wept tTHv Nav- 448 404 PYRRHUS fierce battle raged where Ptolemy was, and while a band of picked Spartans under the command of Evalcus engaged the soldiers who were fighting in front of him, a man of stout arm and swift foot, Oryssus by name, of Aptera in Crete, ran up on one side of the young prince as he was fighting spiritedly, smote him, and laid him low. Upon Ptolemy’s fall and the rout of his company, the Spartans pursued, carrying all .before them, and before they were aware of it had dashed out into the plain and were cut off by the infantry of Pyrrhus. Against this band of Spartans Pyrrhus, who had just heard of the death of his son and was in 4nguish, turned his Molossian horsemen. He himself charged at their head, and sated himself with Spartan blood. He had always shown himself invincible and terrible in arms, but now his daring and might surpassed all previous displays. When he set his horse upon Evalcus, the Spartan stepped aside and had almost cut off with his sword the bridle-hand of Pyrrhus ; as it was he hit the rein and severed it. Pyrrhus transfixed the Spartan with a thrust of his spear, and at the same instant fell off his horse, and fighting on foot, at once proceeded to slay all the picked band which was fighting over the body of Evalcus. This great additional loss to Sparta when the war was already at an end was due to the ambition of the commanders. XXXI. So Pyrrhus, after accomplishing as it were an expiation for his son and celebrating his obsequies with a brilliant contest, having also vented much of his grief in his fury against the enemy, led his army on towards Argos. And when he learned that Antigonus was already posted on the heights com- | 449 VOL. 1X. GG PLUTARCH’S LIVES mALav éaTpatomedeuce. ™ 8 batepaig KnpuKa 7 pos TOV "Avtiryovov érrepmrpe, AUME@VAa TE KAX@Y Kat TPOKANOVLEVOS els TO Tredvov kataBdvra dia- yovicac bat Tepl THS Bacrrelas. o 6 a amexpivaro THY pev avTov oTparnyiay ovxX OmAwr Haddov v7] Katpov elvat, T@ O€ Tluppe TOANas od0us avew- yévat T pos Oavaroy, et Sv pa oxonaber. pos dé Guporépous Tpéa Bets Hcov e& “Apyous, amadXar- tea0at deoevor Kal TH Tod éav pnder épov ryevoperny, evvouv b€ ovoav dpxporépots. O pev oop "AvTiryovos éemeiBero Kal tov viov édidou Tots "A pyetous & Gpunpov, .0 9 be Tlvppos @pohoryet ev amran- Naynoes Oar, un Tapéywv S€ Tioctiv UTromWTOTEpOS nV. Piverac dé onpeiov avT@ Te 7H Tvppe péya, TOV yap Body TeOupevoy ai kepada) Keiwevat Vo- pis 7On Tas TE yorTas apOnaav ™poBdddoveat Kal TEPiAtX Ww MEVvat TO EQUTOV pévor, éy TE TH mode tav ‘Apyeiwy 1 Tov Auxeiov Tpophres "ATOANWVOS eFedpape Boca vEKp@V opay Kai povov KATATTNEW THY TONY, TOV & Getov emt Tov ayova xwpodvta, eita povoop elvat. XXXII. ZKorous bé WoAAOD TpoamiEas o o Il vp- pos Tots TelXect, Kal mUdnY eUpov Hy Acapmrepés Kadoboty avemy wevny vmO TOU "Apioréou avrois, ax pu pev Tov mapera mec eiv tovs Taddtas tovs Tap’ avtov Kal THY dryopay cataraBeiv ehavOave- THs be mUANS TOUS éerépavras ov dexopmerns Kal dia ToUTO TOUS TUpyous avTav aatpovvrwr, elra mad éy oxotet Kal JopuBp mepitevteov Kal ‘yevoperns dat prBis, ov “Apyeior cuvaraGopevor mpos tHv ’Aotida Kal Tovs oXUpovs ToTOUS 450 PYRRHUS manding the plain, he pitched his camp near Nauplia. On the following day he sent a herald to Anti- gonus, calling him a robber, and challenging him to come down into the plain and fight with him for the kingdom. But Antigonus replied that in conducting a campaign he relied more upon opportunities than upon arms, and that many roads to death lay open to Pyrrhus if he was tired of life. And now to both kings came ambassadors from Argos, entreating them to go away and allow the city to be neutral, but well-disposed towards both. Antigonus, accord- ingly, consented, and gave his son to the Argives as a hostage ; Pyrrhus also agreed to go away, but since he gave no pledge, he remained under suspicion. Moreover, Pyrrhus himself had a significant portent; for the heads of his sacrificed cattle, though they already lay apart from the bodies, were seen to put out their tongues and lick up their own gore. And besides this, in the city of Argos the priestess of Apollo Lyceius ran forth from the temple crying that she saw the city full of corpses and slaughter, and that the eagle which visited the scene of combat presently vanished away. XXXII. At dead of night Pyrrhus came up to the walls of the city, and finding that the gate called Diamperes had been thrown open for them by Aristeas, was undiscovered long enough for his Gauls to enter the city and take possession of the market- place. But the gate would not admit his elephants, and therefore the towers had to be taken off their backs and put on again when the animals were inside, in darkness and confusion. This caused delay, and the Argives, taking the alarm, ran up to the Aspis and other strong places of the city, and sending 45! Ga2 ” PLUTARCH’S LIVES > 7 N N 9 , ,) , Ul avéOeov, kai toy Avtiyovoy éxdXouv wéutrovtes. e \ > AN \ 9 \ , .] v4 AY o O€ aUTOS péev eyyUS TpoceAdaas éprydpeve, TOUS 5é atpatnyous Kal Tov viov eioérempe ouxXvnY , SA Ad \ Voy ” Bonbeay ayovras. mre 5é cai “Apeus éxor yxI- , A \ , LY 3 14 rious Kpiras nat Yaraptidtas tous éXadppotdrous. Kal mavres Gua tots Tadatats mpooBadortes ets \ g S > y id \ Y qwoXrvuv GopuBov Katéotncay avtous. o 6é Iluppos eioi@y pet adadaypnov Kal Bons Tapa Thy KvAdpaBuv, as ot Tadrdrac tots mrepi avtov avTn- , 5) 9 Y IAN “y Y) AdAak~ay ovK ttapoy ovdé Bapparéov, cixace TapaTTopéevwy eivar THY dwvyv Kat TrovovyTwY. ériyev otv OatTov, @®Oav Tovs TmpOo avTOD TaV inwéwv dvcododvtas ev Tos OYETOIS, WY 7 TOALS €oTt peoTH, Kal KtvduvEvoYTas. HY O€ Kal acddea TOAAN TaV SpwLéevav Kat TapayyeNNOmevon ev vVUK- a Topayia, Kal TAAVaL kat Sitaoracpuot rept Tous \ OTEVWTTOUS, KaL OTpaTHYLas OvdeV Epyor UTO TKO- A A > ay \ , 9 \ S Tous Kat Bons axpitov Kal otevotntos, aAAa dté- ww , 9 , \ Cd 4 TptBov adrws TreptmévovTes auportepoe THY Nuépav. "Hdn 6€ Staraurovtos 4H te ’Aotis STAY mepitAews Tovepiwv odVeica tov Ivppov de- tapake, nai THs ayopas évy TodXois avabnpact A aA A KaTLow@y AVKOY YaXKOUY Kai Tavpov olop Eis "aYNY +) t , 9 , g N adrnrLs cuviovtas eEeTNAYN, KYPNO Lov TLVva TT POS \ a“ A éauTOV aveveyK@V Tandalov, ws atodaveiy avT@ a S wempwpuevoy Stay AvKov ibn TaYPW payopeEvoD. travta be Apyeiot mdfous viropynpata tada.od 452 PYRRHUS to Antigonus called upon him for help. Antigonus marched up close to the city, and lying in wait there himself, sent his generals and his son inside with a considerable relief-force. Areus also came, with a thousand Cretans and Spartans (the most lightly armed). All these troops united in an assault upon the Gauls and threw them into great confusion. And Pyrrhus, who now entered the city with shouts and cries by way of Cylarabis,! noticed that the Gauls did not answer his men with any vigour or courage, and therefore conjectured that their response was that of men confounded and in distress. Accordingly, he led on faster, pushing along the horsemen in front of him, who were making their way with difficulty among the water-conduits, of which the city is full, and were in peril of their lives from them. And now, in this night-battle, there was great uncertainty as to what commands were given and how the commands were carried out; men straggled and lost their way among the narrow streets, and generalship was of no avail owing to the darkness, confused shouting, and confined spaces; both parties therefore were unable to accomplish anything and waited for the day. But when at last it began to grow light, the sight of the Aspis filled with armed enemies greatly dis- turbed Pyrrhus; moreover, among the numerous votive-offerings in the market- place he caught sight -of a wolf and bull in bronze, represented as closing with one another in battle, and he was dumbfounded, for he called to mind an ancient oracle regarding himself which declared that it was fated for him to die when he saw a wolf fighting with a bull. Now, the Argives say that these figures were set up in 1 A gymnasium just outside the city towards the East. 453 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a ? 9 a Va af ev yevevqoOa tap avtois Néyovot. Aava@ yap, ote mpatov éTméBn THS Ywpas Kata Ta Ilupapwia tijs ” a @vpedtidos, ets” Apyos tropevopeve AVKov havijvar , \ \ Tavpw payopuevov: Oéuevov S€ tov Aavacoy ws o NUKOS ein POS AUTO (Eévov yap dvTa Tols éyKo- / ? cf / > 7 ] a \ plots émitiOecOar xabdtep avtov), épopav tH paxynv, cal Tod AVKOV KpaTnoayvTos "ATOAN@VI AvKeig mpocevEdpevov éemiyepjoat Kat Tept- yevér Oat, orace: Veddvopos, ds Tote Tov "Apyetwy éBacirevev, éxtrecovTos. TO peév ovv avdOnua TovTov elye TOY AOYov. XXXIII. pos 5€ thy dyev o [lvppos dua Kat A be Aa wv ] -~ aé aA > , T@ pnoev wv nrATibe’ mpoywpeiv aGupav avacT pé- dev Svevoeito: tas dé wvdNas oTevds ovcas po- , ” \ \ CN of \ “A Bovpevos Eee mpos tov viov" EXevov peta TIS TOAAHS Ouvapews Ew KaTaredetupméevov, KeNEV@V Tov Tetyous SiacKkdmrey Kat SéyerOar Tous éxTris- TovTAas, GV EVOYABMGLY Ol TOAEULOL. TTrOVSH Sé Kai GopuBo Tov weupOévros ovdév capes atrayyédXov- \ , a , ToS, AAA Kal dvapaptias yevouevns, Ta Onpiwy Ta NLT KaLoTpaTLOTas dvadaBov TOS KpaTioToOUS 0 veavioKos clow Sia TOV TUAGDY Exwpet TO TraTpl 4 ” \, e¢ 4 > , 4 \ BonOnowv. érvye dé 0 Ilvppos avactpépwv Hon. Kat MEX pl ev 7) Ayopa Trapetyev UreEdyovTL Ywpav Kal paxoueveo, ex petaBor(ANs nuvvero Tovs éemipepo- pévous: ere -6€ THS ayopas els TOV oTEVwTTOV éEwobeis Tov emi THY WUANY avnKOVTAa CUVEeTITTTE tois émtBonOovow &€& évavtias mpocdpepopéevors, ot 1 #ami(e Coraés, Bekker, and Blass, with the MSS.: #amee. 454 405 PYRRHUS their market-place as memorials of an ancient event. Namely, when Danaiis first landed in the country, near Pyramia in the district of Thyreatis, and was on his way to Argos, he saw a wolf fighting with a-bull ; and conceiving that he himself was represented by the wolf (since both were strangers and were attack- ing the natives), he watched the battle to its end, and when the wolf had prevailed, paid his vows to Apollo Lyceius (the wolf-god), attacked the city, and was victorious, after Gelanor, who was at that time king of Argos, had been driven out by a faction. This, then, was the significance of the dedication.! XXXIII. Dejected at this sight, as well as because none of his hopes were being realized, Pyrrhus purposed to retreat; but fearing the narrowness of the gates he sent to his son Helenus, who had been left outside the city with the greater part of the forces, ordering him to tear down part of the wall and succour those who rushed out through the breach, in case the enemy molested them. Owing to the haste and tumult, however, the messenger brought no clear orders, but actually made a mistake, and the young prince, taking the rest of the elephants and the best of his soldiers, marched through the gate into the city to help his father. But Pyrrhus was already on the retreat. And as long as the market- place afforded him room for withdrawing and fighting, he would turn and repel his assailants; but after he had been driven out of the market-place into the narrow street which led up to the gate, and en- countered those who were rushing to his aid from the opposite direction, some of these could not hear 1 Cf. Pausanias, ii. 19, 3. 495 f sab PLUTARCR’S LIVES a” \ 9 e , e ra) A 9 a Q fev ovY vIrnkovoy UTroywpety BowyTos avTod, TOUS dé xal mavu mpoPupous dvtas eipyov ot KaToTLV \ ” e ATO THS TUANS EMLYEouEevolt. Kal yap oO péytoTOS ‘ > a“ 4 , ‘ \ edehas €v TH WUAN WAayLOS Tapatrecwy Kat Bov- Yapevos éuTodwv ExetTo Tis aTOTpETTOMEVOLS, Kal “A , 4 4 4 @ TOV mpoeisehnrvOorav ETEpOS; ¢ ® Nixwyv dvopa jv, aTroppvevTa Tov émrtaTaTny VITO Tpavpdrav Cntav avaraBeiv Kal Pepopevos ™mpos TovvavTiov Tots umeEayovowy, avéurte hirouvs o“ov Kal qoAEuLous @Ooupévous br avTod: Kal TeptémuTToV dAAHAOLS, Ews eupmy vexpov avetreTo TH TpoBooKic:, Kat A 9 ce) b 4 e \ > - Tots ddovc apdorépos vrokaBav avéotpede / Tad OoTep é“pavnys, avatpéTron Kal drapOelpwv Tous évtuyydvovtas. ovTw 5é OrArBouévwv xal / \ J f > \ 3 OA e@ A TULTLAOUPLEVOY POS AAAAOVS OVdELS OvdSEeY EAUTO . 9 a \ ¢ 1 \? A Kad éva yxpnobar duvatos Rv, aAN woTrep Ev “a / A N a aA cHua ouyyeyoudwpmevoy éavt@® To wav tAHGs éNapBave roAXNas arokNaes Kal petaBords én’ 3 4 dupotepa. Kal payat pev Hoav orAuyaL TPOS TOUS la) , évaTro\apBavopmévous ael TMV TOAELLWY 7) TpOT- Ketmévous omicbev, mrciota b€ EéauTovs cipya- Covto kakd. omacapevoyv yap To Ethos 7) KAivavTa NOYXNY ove Hv avaraBeiv ovdé catabécOar Tarxy, 9 % 9 a 9 ? 4 \ “~ , \ GAN’ éywper Ou’ wy Eruye TH TOLavTAa TTavTa, Kal , > 4, ” TepiTimTovTes GAANnAOLS EOvyTKoD. “A \ XXXIV. ‘O dé Ilvppos éfopay tov weptéxovra Yetuava cal Krvdwva, THY wev aoTepavny, 7) Sud- @ X. , 9 \ 64 / fe) e s onpov hv TO Kpavos, aherov EdwKé Tive TOV ETAi- pov, avros 5€ To imm@ tetoOas els ToOvs 456 PYRRHUS him when he called out to them to withdraw, and those who did, even though they were very ready to obey him, were kept from doing so by those who were pouring in behind them from the gate. For the largest of the elephants had fallen athwart the gate- way ! and lay there roaring, in the way of those who would have turned back; and another elephant, one of those which had gone on into the city, Nicon by name, seeking to recover his rider, who had fallen from his back in consequence of wounds, and dashing in the face of those who were trying to get out, crowded friends and foes alike together in a pro- miscuous throng, until, having found the body of his master, he took it up with his proboscis, laid it across his two tusks, and turned back as if crazed, over- throwing and killing those who came in his way. Thus crushed and matted together not a man of them could act at all for himself, but the whole multitude, bolted together, as it were, into one body, kept rolling and swaying this way: and that. Little fighting could be done against those of the enemy who were continually being caught up into their ranks or attacking them from the rear, and they wrought most harm to themselves. For when a man had drawn his sword or poised his spear, he could not recover or sheathe his weapon again, but it would pass through those who stood in its way, and so they died from one another’s blows. XXXIV. But Pyrrhus, seeing the stormy sea that surged about him, took off the coronal, with which his helmet was distinguished, and gave it to one of his companions ; then, relying on his horse, he plunged in among the enemy who were pursuing 1 «De travers tout au beau milieu de la porte ” (Amyot). 457 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ET OMEVOUS TOV. TONEMLOY évéBare, Kat Sopare mnyels 51a Tov Owpaxos ov Katpiay wnynY ovde peyadny emeaT pewe KaTa TOU mardtavros, 6 OS Hy "A pryeios, ov Tay eTrLepaver, adda Teviypas Kal mpeaButépas vids yuvairos. airy TOTE Jew- evn THY payny domep at Routrat yuvaires a6 Tou TEYOUS, WS em eyven cuver TATA 7@ Lvpp@ tov viov, exTradns ‘yevopevn pos Tov Kivduvor, apaca Kepapioa Tais Yepotv auporEepais apnev emt TOV Ilvppov. eumecovans dé T7 Kepanij KATA TOU xpavous, Kal TOV cpovdurwv 7 pos Tv Baow Tov TpaX7rov curt pBevTor, ai Te dypets cuvexvOnoav autov Kal 7 ponkavTo Tas jvias at Xetpes. aurTos b¢ KATEVE Geis Tapa TOV Tov _Acxupviou oNKOV Emeoev VITO TMV TOO dryvooupevos. Zur upos 5é TEs TOV Tapa "Avtuyov@ oT paTevopEevo” Kal Sv0 7) Tpeis ETE pot pod Spa.movTes kat KaTavon- TayTeEs els tiva* Oupa@va TapelAKvoay auTov ap- Xopevov EK THS TANYHS avapeper Oar. TTATApLEVvov 686 «TOD Lom vpov” paxarpav "TAdupenny OS THY Keharny atroTEewovvtos évéBrewe devvor, dare Tov Zamupov mepipoBov ryevouevor, Kal Ta pev Tpe- fovra Tais xepst, Ta bé € emixerpoovTa, PopvBou dé Kal Tapaxiis plea TOV ovta, pay xat op0ov, drdXr.a mapa TO cron kal TO syeverov aTrOoTeuvovTa Bpa- déws Kai pores amoon da at THY Keparnv. dn dé a uvdndov Hv TO ‘yeyoves WhEloct, Kal mpoc Spay o’AXxvoveds nTNoE THY ceparny as ay KaTavor- cwy. AaBov be apinmevoe MT pos TOV TaTépa, Kal KcabeConévep pera TOV pirwv 7 poo éBare. Jeaca- pevos 6€ Kal yvovs o ’Avtiyovos tov pév viov “ 458 406 PYRRHUS him. Here he was wounded by a spear which pierced his breastplate—not a mortal, nor even a severe wound—and turned upon the man who had struck ° him, who was an Argive, not of illustrious birth, but the son of a poor old woman. His mother, like the rest of the women, was at this moment watching the battle from the house-top, and when she saw that her son was engaged in conflict with Pyrrhus, she was filled with distress in view of the danger to him, and lifting up a tile with both her hands threw it at Pyrrhus. It fell upon his head below his helmet and crushed the vertebrae at the base of his neck, so that his sight was blurred and his hands dropped the reins. Then he sank down from his horse and fell near the tomb of Licymnius,! unrecognised by most who saw him. But a certain Zopyrus, who was serving under Antigonus, and two or three others, ran up to him, saw who he was, and dragged him into a door-way just as he was beginning to recover from the blow. And when Zopyrus drew an Illyrian short-sword with which to cut off his head, Pyrrhus gave him a terrible look, so that Zopyrus was frightened ; his hands trembled, and yet he essayed the deed; but being full of alarm and confusion his blow did not fall true, but along the mouth and chin, so that it was only slowly and with difficulty that he severed the head. Presently what had happened was known to many, and Alcyoneus, running to the spot, asked for the head as if he would See whose it was. But when he had got it he rode away to his father, and cast it down before him as he sat among his friends. Antigonus, however, when he saw and recognised the head, drove his son 1 Cf. Pausanias, ii. 22, 8. 459 ce PLUTARCH’S LIVES ? , a 4 4 ‘ “ ; ol amnrace TH Baxtynpia Traiwy Kat Kadov évayn \ 4 > AN A \ U 4 xai BapBapoy, avtos bY THY XAapmvda TpODEpLEVOS : “ b ) “ Tois Oupaci édaxpvoev, Avtiyovou Tov TamTrov pvnobels Kal Anuntpiov tov matpos, oixeiwy wapaderypatwy eis TUXYNS peTABOANY. Q fo) “~ 5 Thy pév ody xeharnv nal to capa Tod Ivppou 9 a xoopnoas éxavoevy émei S€ 6 ‘Adxvoveds TO ‘EXr€v@ Tepituy@y TaTrewv@ Kal YAapmvdsoy ALTO dpmreyopéevp diravOpwrws évetvye kat TO TaTpi , e mpoanyuyev, av o Avtiyovos “ BeXtiova pep,” cimev, “@ Tat, TAUTAa THY TpoTépwY,' aX’ OvdE pov op0as TO hn TWeptereiv THv ec OHTA TavTHY, 7} padXov nas KaTaloyuUveEL TOUS KpaTety SoxodvTas.” 6 éx TovTov diroppovnadpevos Kal KoopHnoas TOV ” > >” ek A , ExXevov ameéorerrev evs “Harecpov, nai tots didors tov Ilvppov mpaws eveT UY XY avE Tov oTpatomédou Kal THs Suvdpews aos KUpLOS yevopeEvos. 1 xporépwy Bekker adopts the wxpdérepov of Muretus. 460 PYRRHUS away, smiting him with his staff and calling him impious and barbarous ; then, covering his face with his cloak he burst into tears, calling to mind Antigonus his grandfather and Demetrius his father, who were examples in his own family of a reversal of fortune. The head’and body of Pyrrhus, then, Antigonus caused to be adorned for burial and burned; and when Alcyoneus found Helenus in an abject state and wearing a paltry cloak, and spoke to him kindly ‘and brought him into the presence of his father, Antigonus was pleased with his conduct, and said: “‘ This is better, my son, than what thou didst before ; but not even now hast thou done well in allowing this clothing to remain, which is a disgrace the rather to us who are held to be the victors.’ Then, after showing kindness to Helemus and adorning his person, he sent him back to Epeirus, and he dealt mildly with the friends of Pyrrhus when he became - master of their camp and of their whole force. .S 461 Digitized by Google CAIUS MARIUS rAIOZ MAPIOZ I. Tatov Mapiov tpirov ovx EXomeY EvTTELY ovopa, xabamep ovdé Koivrou Leptwpiov TOU KATATXOVTOS "T8npiar, ovde Aevxiov Moppiou -od Kopuvdov éhovTos" ) yap "Ayaixos TouT@ ye THS Tpakews _emr@vupov yeyovev, ws 0 “Adpicavos Lenriwve cai o Maxedovixds MerérAw. e£ ob Kal padiora Tlocerdm@vios EdEyYeLV oleras TOUS TO TpiToy | ovopua ‘Popaiors KUpLoV elvat vopitovTas, olov tov Kapthrov Kal TOV Mdpxedaov Kal Tov Karwva: yiverOar yap ay avovupous 1 tous amo Hovey TOV Sueiv 7 poo aryopevopevous. Aavdaver b€ é éautov ott TOUT® TO NOYO TAAL avros ave- yujmous Totel” Tas yuvaixas: oddemed yap yuvackd Tier au TOV ovopar ov TO mporon, éirep olerat Kuplos dvopa. ‘Popaiors Umapxew ) Tocedavios. Tov dé adAwy To pev KOLVOV GTO ouryyeveias, TOUS Topmnious kai tous Maddious Kal TOUS Kopyna- tous (Borep a av ‘Hpakreidas Tes elmo Kal Tedo- midas), TovTO b¢ T poo nyopLeov ef émBérov pos Tas duces iH) TAS mpates i Ta TOU TH UATOS edn Kal ™aOn Tie Ga, TOV Maxpivov eal TOV Toup- KovaTov Kal tov YvAXayv (olov éotiv o Myynpov 7 o I‘purros o KadnXivxos). eis pev ody Tatra 1 dy a dvwydpous Ziegler, after Schaefer : d&vwvupous. * wovet Bekker and Ziegler, after Coraés: mocetra:. 464 CAIUS MARIUS I. Or a third name for Caius Marius we are ignorant, as we are in the case of Quintus Sertorius the subduer of Spain, and of Lucius Mummius the captor of Corinth ; for Mummius received the surname of Achaicus from his great exploit, as Scipio received that of Africanus, and Metellus that of Macedonicus. From this circumstance particularly Poseidonius thinks to confute those who hold that the third name is the Roman proper name, as, for instance; Camillus, Marcellus, or Cato; for if that were so, he says, then those with only two names would have had no proper name at all. But it escapes his notice that his own line of reasoning, if extended to women, robs them of their proper names; for no woman is given the first name, which Poseidonius thinks was the proper name among the Romans. Moreover, of the other two names, one was common to the whole family, as in the case of the Pompeii, the Manlii, or the Cornelii (just as a Greek might speak of the Heracleidae or the Pelopidae), and the other was a cognomen or epithet, given with reference to their natures or their actions, or to their bodily appearances or defects, Macrinus, for example, or Torquatus, or Sulla (like the Greek Mnemon, Grypus, or Callinicus).!_ However, 1 The full name of a Roman citizen consisted of a praeno- men (the ‘‘ given,” or ‘‘ proper” name), a nomen designating his family or gens, and a cognomen, which was also heredi- ditary. Women rarely had a praenomen, or ‘‘ proper” name, but bore the family name only. 465 VOL, IX. H H PLUTARCH’S LIVES jmoAnras dSidwawy éemiyetpnoes 1) THS TuVNOetas avopata. II. Tis 8€ dyrews tHs Maptouv ALOiwny etxova 4 3 ¢€ / A V4 ’ , ketpevnv év “PaBévvn tis Tadarias eeopcda s = Y wdvu Th Aeyouevyn Trepi TO 00s atpudvornts Kat Tixpia mpeTovcayv. avdpwdns yap gdvcer Kai TONEMLKOS YEVOMEVOS, KAL OTPATLWTLKAS [LaAXOV 7) TOALTLKHS Traldelas petadaBov, axpatov év tais 3 , \ \ Mv , \ 4 7 é£ouciais Tov Oupov oye. A€éyeTat SE wnTE ypadp- nie mand ® / , \ \ para pabeiy ‘EXAnvica pte yA@TTyH TpOS pNndev e 4 a a A > V4 e FAAnvids ypjcOar tov atrovdis eXouevwnv, ws “A , 4 e e / yeAolov ypaupata pavOavey wv ov diddcKxarot SovrAcvorev Evépors: peta 5é tov Sevtepov Opiap- >. \ “A , , € \ Bov émi vaot twos Kabtepwmoe Oéas “EXAnviKas 4 b] \ , > \ \ , , TapexXwy, els TO Oéatpoy EAOwv Kai povoy KaSicas evOUs aTadXaynvat. WoTrep ovv Fevoxpate: TO , 4 A \ 9 s dirocopa cxvOpwtotépp Soxodvte TO HO0s eivat modraKs elober Neyer o TIdatwv, “°O. paxdpre Elevoxpates, Ove rais Xapiow, obtws el tis Errecce Mdpiov Ovew tais “EXAnuixais Movoats kal Xdpiow, ov‘ av éexmpeTrectatars oTpaTnyrass Kal ToATelals apoppotatnyv éméOnne xopwvida, vd Ovpov Kai dirapxias awpou Kal reoveEL@v arra- PNYOPHTwWY Els @poTaTOY Kal aypLwTaTOV yapas éEoxeiNas. TadTa peév ovdv eri TaY Tpakewy avTaY eVOvs Oewpeicbw. III. Tevopevos 5€ yovéwy mavtatraci Bbokwr, avToupyav 5€ Kal TeviTwY, TATPOS MeV OMwVUpOU, 407 pntpos 6¢ Povrxuvias, owe tote. Twodw elde Kal 466 CAIUS MARIUS in these matters the irregularity of custom furnishes many topics for discussion. II. As for the personal appearance of Marius, we have seen a marble statue of him at Ravenna in Gaul, and it very well portrays the harshness and bitter- ness of character which are ascribed to him. For since he was naturally virile and fond of war, and since he received a training in military rather than in civil life, his temper was fierce when he came to exercise authority. Moreover, we are told that he never studied Greek literature, and never used the Greek language for any matter of real importance, thinking it ridiculous to study a literature the teachers of which were the subjects of another people ; and when, after his second triumph and at the consecration of some temple, he furnished the public with Greek spectacles, though he came into the theatre, he merely sat down, and at once went away. Accordingly, just as Plato was wont to say often to Xenocrates the philosopher, who had the reputation of being rather morose in his disposition, ‘‘ My good Xenocrates, sacrifice to the Graces,” so if Marius could have been persuaded to sacrifice to the Greek Muses and Graces, he would not have put the ugliest possible crown upon a most illustrious career in field and forum, nor have been driven by the blasts of passion, ill-timed ambition, and insatiable greed upon the shore of a most cruel and savage old age. However, his actual career shall at once bring this into clear view. III. Born of parents who were altogether obscure —poor people who lived by the labour of their own hands (Marius was his father’s name, Fulcinia that of his mother), it was not till late that he saw the city 467 HH 2 fr PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tay év mode dtatptBav éyevoato, Tov dé adXov , ra) , Ypovoy ev x@un Kippardtwou this Aprivns dtarrav a) , elye, 1rpos tv doretov Kal yAadupov Biov aypor- , , \ \ A 14 € , KoTépav, c@dpova dé Kai tais mandat ‘Popaiov Tpopais éorxviavy. mpwrny é oTpateiay oTpa- \ , > Tevodpevos emt Kerti8npas, Ste Sxnriwv ’Adpt- , xavos Nopavtiay érodopKet, TOY oTpAaTHYOV OvK éXavOavev avdpeia THY adr véewy Stadépwr Kai N \ A 4 e N A \ Thy petaBornv THs Svaitys, tv vio Tpydhs Kat TmoduTeAcias SuepOappévois ETirye Tois oTparev- pacw Oo LKnTiwv, evKor\wTaTAa mpoa bey ouevos. Néyeras S€ Kal Tod€ptov avdpa avaoTas Kata- “ 9 CY “ na \ n wv Bane ev der tov atpatnyov. d10 Tals Te AAAAaLS TponyeTo Tiwais UT’ avTOU, Kai ToTEe Aoyou peTa A , “ A Seirrvov éumecovTos umép atpatnyav, Kal Tay jTapovtwy évos elite GAnO@sS SiaTropynaavTos eEtTe Tpos noovny épomevov Tov Lentiwva iva 67 A b] n~ TotovTov EFer pet Exeivov nyewova Kal Tpoatdtny n a“ a 0 ‘Pwpaiwy Shpuos, virepxataxetpévov tov Mapiou “A ‘ e , TH Yelp TOY @mov npéua tratd~as o XKntiwv, ome Se aA » 8 ef >p rN @ © A Taya 6€ TrovTov, eimrev. ovTws evpuns Tv o pep. J, “~ e A >) “A éx perpaxiov davynvar péyas, o 5€ amo THs apyns TO TEAOS VOCAL. IV. Tov & otv Mapiov iro tavrns Aéyerae 4, A A (4 e ‘ , : 4 padtota THS hwvis, @owep UTO Oeias KANSOVOS, A “A N érrapOévra Tais éXtricly OpenoaLt TpPOS THY TrOAL- i" lA Telav, Kal Tuxety Snwapyias Kextrliov MetédXov 468 CAIUS MARIUS or got a taste of city ways. Inthe meantime he lived at Cirrhaeaton,} a village in the territory of Arpinum, in a manner that was quite rude when compared with the polished life of a city, but temperate, and in harmony with the rearing which the ancient Romans gave their. children. His first service as a soldier was in a campaign against the Celtiberians, when Scipio Africanus was besieging Numantia,? and he attracted the notice of his general’ by excelling the other young men in bravery, and by his very. cheerful acceptance of the changed regimen which | Scipio introduced into his army when it was spoiled by luxury and extravagance. It is said, too, that he -encountered‘and laid low an enemy in the sight of his general. Therefore he was advanced by his commander to’ many honours; and once, when the talk after supper had to do with generals, and one of the company (either because he really wished to know or merely sought to please) asked Scipio where the Roman people would find any such chieftain and leader to follow him, Scipio, gently tapping Marius on the shoulder as he reclined next him, said : “Here, perhaps.” So gifted by nature were both men ; the one in showing himself great while still a young man, and the other in discerning the end from the beginning. IV. So, then, Marius, filled with high hopes, we are told, by this speech of Scipio in particular, as if . it were a divine utterance in prophecy, set out upon a political career, and’ was made tribune of the people? with the assistance of Caecilius Metellus, of 1 Probably a corruption for Cereatae. 2 134-133 B.C. 7 In 119 B.c., at the age of thirty-eight. 469 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTrovoaTaVTOS, OV TOV oixov €& a apxijs Kat TAT po- Dev eOeparrevev. év 0€ TH Snuapxia vomoV Tia Tept Yndodpopias ypadovros avTov Soxodvra TOV wat ay aparpetaOau THY qept Tas Kpioes ioxuy, EVLT TAMEVOS Korras 6 0 UTraToS TUVETTELTE tTnv Bov- ANY TO Lev vom paxesBau, Tov dé Mdpvoy Kanetv Noryov udéEovta. Kal Tob Soypiaros ToUTOU ypa- PevTos eioeAOwy exeivos ov ETrabe veov Taos a amo pndevos AaptTrpovd mpoeAnrAVOOTOS ApTL Mpos THY “qontTelav, adr’ éaut@ SLd0vs Hon hpoveivy HrALKov ai meTéTrerta mpagets édwxar, yreirnoe tov Kor- Tav amr ake els TO Seo wor nptov, éb 7) Stayparpere TO Soypa. tov 5é€ mpos MéteAdov | TpaTropevov Kat qepnv EpwTavTos, MéreAXos pev dvaoras oup- nyopel T@ UTrdTo, Mapuos dé TOV vmNpeTNY peta. meuwdpevos ewbev exédevev amdyev avtov Tov MérteAXov eis TO Seo wT npLov. éxeivou O€ Tovs adXovs €7LKANOUMEVOU Onpapxous éBonBet pev ovdeis, 7 n 6€ obyKANTOS eiEaca Tponkaro TO ) Soya. kal Nautpos éEeXdaas o Mapuos eis to TAHROOS éxupwoe tov vopov, Sofas akapumros péev elvat ™ pos poBor, atpemros 6€ um aidsods, decvos Sé KATA THS Bovhijs aviotacbat xa pere TOD Toho Onpaywyov. ou iy adda TAUTHY jpev TAYEDS petéa tha ev éTEp@ TOMTEU WATE thy do€av. vopov yap eadepopévov Tept ciTov Svavopiis Tots TOM TaLs evavtiabels éppwueveotata Kat Kparyaas, els TO loov éavTov Kxatéotynoe TH TU Tos app orépous @S pnoeTépors Tapa To ovpdépov Xapelopevos. V. Mera 6é€ thy Snpuapxiav aryopavopiay THY peitova trapnyyetre. Svo ydp eiot takes aryo- 470 408 CAIUS MARIUS whose house he had always been an hereditary adherent. While serving as tribune he introduced a --~ law concerning the mode of voting, which, as it was’ thought, would lessen the power of the nobles in judicial cases; whereupon Cotta the consul opposed him and persuaded the senate to contest the law, and to summon Marius before it to explain his pro- _ cedure. The senate voted to do this, and Marius appeared before it. He did not, however, behave like a young man who had just entered political life without any brilliant services behind him, but assumed at once the assurance which his subsequent achievements gave him, and threatened to hale Cotta off to prison unless he had the vote rescinded. Cotta then turned to Metellus and asked him to express his opinion, and Metellus, rising in his ‘place, con- curred with the consul; but Marius called in the officer and ordered him to conduct Metellus himself to prison. Metellus appealed to the other tribunes, but none of them came to his support, so the senate gave way and rescinded its vote. Marius therefore came forth in triumph to the people and got them to ratify his law. Men now thought him superior to fear, unmoved by respect of persons, and a formidable champion of the people in opposition to the senate. However, this opinion was quickly modified by another political procedure of his. For when a law was introduced providing for the distribution of grain to the citizens, he opposed it most strenuously and carried the day, thereby winning for himself an equal place in the esteem of both parties as a man who favoured neither at the expense of the general good. V. After his tribuneship, he became a candidate for the higher aedileship, For there are two classes 471 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pavouiav, 7 péev ato Tav didpwy tav ayKu- , NoTrodwy, ef @yv KabeCouevoe ypnpartilovor, A a b] éyovoa Tovvopa TIS apyns, THY 8 Umodeectépav Snpwotixny Kkarovow. Grav dé Tovs évTipoTépous A , \ A EXwvTal Tept TMV ETENwWY TAY THY Hdov Aap- ° \ 4 Bavovowv. was otv o Mapios havepos hv Nectropevos év éxeivyn, TaXU peTacTas avdis Aree THY éTépav. ’ \ 2: \ 2 > 4 \ Sofas b€ Opacus eivat kai avOddns amétuye Kat \ > e , a AY 9 J A Suow év nuépa pad wepimecwv arrotevéectv, 6 ” wv > \ \ e / “ pndels Erradev Ardross, oV5E pixpov UdHKato TOD ppovnpatos, totepov 5é ov TOAA@ oTpaTnyiay ‘ > / 7 2 a ” \ peTeAOwy Oriyov édénoev éxtrecciv, Exyatos bé Tavrwv avayopevbels Sinn Exye Sexac pov. é , Mandiora dé broiav mapéoxye Kacotov Xa- , > 7 > A\ > A A , Baxwvos otKérns ofOels évtos tav Spuddxtay a / \ , e DS avapepsywéevos Tots pépovar Tas wndous’ oO yap A a“ / LaBaxwv jv éraipos év trois padtota Mapiov. \ S a e \ a A ” A \ KrANOels odv OUTOS UO ToY SixacTaY Epyn Sta TO n , e \ > A N N Kkabpa Sipnoas bdwp uypov aitjoat Kat Tov / a oixérny éxovTa ToTnplov eizedAOeivy pos avTor, 9 9 3 \ v , t N 9 e \ eit evOUS olyecOat TLovTos. ovTOS peVv OdVY UTFO “A \ A a a a“ TOV peTa TAVTA Tinta e&érEecve THS BovA‘s, ? , 3 aA na 4 A A AY émuTnoetos elvar traQety tovTo Sofas 7 Sta THY 4, A N \ > , 9 AY \ \ Wevdouaptupiav 7 Sta THY dxpaciav: émi 5é Tov Mapuov cai Mdios “Epéviios paptus eiaaxPeis ovn épn TdaTploy civat KaTapapTupely TEAAT@V, d\AA TOV vosov adiévat tavTns THS avayKns TOUS Tat pwvas (oUTwWS yap ot ‘Pwuaios Tovs TpooTaTas 472 CAIUS MARIUS of aediles, one taking its name of “ curule”’ from the chairs with curving feet on which the magistrates sit in the exercise of their functions, the other, and the inferior, being called “ plebeian.’’ When the superior aediles have been elected, the people cast a second vote for the others. Accordingly, when it was clear that Marius was losing his election to the higher office, he immediately changed his tactics and applied for the other. But men thought him bold and obstinate, and he was defeated ; nevertheless, al- though he had met with two failures in one day,a thing which had never happened to any candidate before, he did not lower his assurance in the least, but not long afterwards becante a candidate for the praetorship + and narrowly missed defeat; he was returned last of all, and was prosecuted for bribery. Suspicion was chiefly aroused by the sight of a ser- vant of Cassius Sabaco inside the palings among the voters ; for Sabaco was an especial friend of Marius. Sabaco was therefore summoned before the court, and testified that the heat had made him so thirsty that he had called for cold water, and that his servant had come in to him with a cup, and had then at once gone away after his master had drunk. Sabaco, how- ever, was expelled from the senate by the censors of the next year, and it was thought that he deserved this punishment, either because he had given false testimony, or because of his intemperance. But Caius Herennius also was brought in as a witness against Marius, and pleaded that it was contrary to estab- lished usage for patrons (the Roman term for our representatives at law) to bear witness against clients, and that the law relieved them of this necessity ; and 1 In 115 B.c. 473 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kanovct), Tov © ‘Epevviov oikou TOUS Mapiou yoveis kat Madpuov avrov é& axis yeyovevar mehadTas. amrodeEapevwv 5é THY aTroppna tv THS papTtupias TOV Sicacrey avTos a avreimev O Mdpuos Wpos Tov ‘Epévviov @s, OTE TpPWTOY adpxov avn- yopevn, Tov mwedxatnv éxBeRnxws: Srep Hv ov TavTanacw anrnbes. dpxn yap ov Taoca TOV ve wel mpooTarny aTaANGO TEL TOUS TuxXovTas avTOUS kal yévos, GND’ a TOV dyxuroroba Oippov 0 vO [10S didwatv. ov pny addra Tals Tporass 7 pe pats €v TH dixn KAKOS TOdTTWV Oo Mapvos wal Xarerrois XPwpevos TOUS dixactais, TH TeAEUTALa Taparoyws amépuyey iowy tav >Andwy yevo- pévov. VI. "Ep pev ow TH orpatnyia HET pis err au- voupevov éauTov Taper xe. peta, é Tv oT patn- ylay KANP@ AaBov THY exTOS TAnplav eyerau xabapar AnaTnpiov THY érrapyiav av7}wepov ovoav ére Tois Otc pois Kal Onpisdn, Kal TO Ano reverv ovme TOTE trav “lBnpwv ouxt nadia Tov myou- weve. év &¢ Th ToALTELa YEvopevos ovK elyev ouTe TOUTOV ovTe Aovyov, ols 7 MYOV | ol TOTE padiora Tepe wevoL TOV Ofpov. auTHy dé THY avdtaow Tov Ppovnwaros Kal TO Tepl ToUs movous évdehexes auTov Kai TO ) SnworiKov THs Staitns év tet omToven TiBenéevwv TOY TrOAT@Y NUEdVETO TH TLL Tpos duvapiv, Bote Kal ydpov yhyas AapTpov oixias émipavods THs Katodpov ‘lovAlav, Hs mv aden- gidods Kaicap o Xpavous DaTepov ‘Po paior pérye- TOS YEVOMEVOS Kal TL Kar’ olKelornTa fnrt\ooas Mdpuop, ws év Tots epi éxeivou yéypamrat. 474 CAIUS MARIUS not only the parents of Marius but Marius himself had originally ‘been clients of the house of the He- rennii. The jurors accepted this plea in avoidance of testimony, but Marius himself contradicted He- rennius, declaring that as soon as he had been elected to his magistracy he had ceased to be a client; which was not altogether true. For it is not every magistracy that frees its occupants {as well as their posterity) from their relations to a patron, but only that to which the law assigns the curule chair. However, although during the first days of the trial Marius fared badly and found the jurors severe to- wards him, on the last day, contrary to all expectation, there was a tie vote and he was acquitted. VI. Well, then, for his praetorship Marius got only moderate commendation, After his praetorship, however, the province of Farther Spain was allotted to him, and here he is said to have cleared away the robbers, although the province was still uncivilized in its customs and in a savage state, and robbery was at that time still considered a most honourable occu- pation by the Spaniards. But when he returned to political life, he had neither wealth nor eloquence, with which the magnates of the time used to influence the people. Still, the very intensity of his assurance, his indefatigable labours, and his plain and simple way of living, won him a certain popularity among his fellow citizens, and his honours brought him increasing\influence, so that he married into the illustrious family of the Caesars and became the hus- band of Julia, who was the aunt of that Caesar who in after times became greatest among the Romans, and in some degree, because of his relationship, made Marius his example, as I have stated in his Life.! 1 See the Caesar, v. 1 f. 475 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 Te dé Mapio cal cwdpocivny paptupoicr Kai 4 a \ \ \ , Kaptepiav, Hs Seiya Kal TO TeEpl THY YEeLpoupyiav éotiv. i€tav yap, ws Eorxe, peyddXwy avarrews \ dudw Ta GKéAn yeyovws Kal THY dpop- Ta N ~ gdiav ducyepaivwy éyvw tapacyel éavtov TO iatp@’ Kal twapéoyey adetos Oatepov oKéXos, + O\ \ + QA 4 > \ “ “ ovdev xivnbeis ovdé otevdEas, Adda KabecTaTL TO TpocwnT@ Kal peta aiwmrns vrepBorus Tivas ” A A 2 dryndovwy év Tais Touats avacyopuevros. tov § A 4 taTpov peTiovTos emit Oarepov ovKéte Tapécye, dycas ‘opayv to émavopOwpa Ths adryndovos ovK a€vov. VII. ’Enet 5€ Kextdsos Méreddros arrodery eis 409 \ 9 emt tov kata louyoupOa todepov itratos otpa- N > tA > 4 \ 4 tnyos ets AuBunv émnyayeto tpecBeuvtnvy Mapuov, évrav0a mpdkewv peydrwy kai AauTpaV ayovwy \ , . émidaBopevos TO wev avéery Tov MéteAXOv, WotrEp .Y 4 n~ ot AoLTrol, Kal TroNtTEvVedOaL Trpos éxeivoV claceE yaipev: uaktav dé ovy ro MerédXov KexaArjo bas 4 N a mpeaBevtns, uTo o€ THS TUXNS Els EdpUéaTAaTOY ‘ ¢ A : Kalpov opov Kal péytoTov eiadyecOat mpakewy 4 A 2 Oéatpov, éemedetxvuTo Tacay avdpayabiav. Kai \ a / A a TOAAG TOU TrOAéuou SucyepH HépovTos ovTE TAV \ , e a A eyadwv TiVa TOVwWY VIroTpécas OUTE TAY LLiKPaDV ’ , > \ N N ¢ , > , atraEiwaas, GNA TOUS MeV OmoTipmous evBouMa \ i a : , e , kal mpovog Tod cuppépovtos vmepBadrAopevos, N \ , e \ , mpos S€ TOUS oTpaTLwTas UTép eEvTEAELAS Kal , 6 , v7 v7 \ KapTEplas OlaptdrAwmEevos EUVOLaAY eae TrOAAHY > “A oe A 3 Tap a@uTois. OAWS Ev yap EoLKE TOU KapveLY 476 CAIUS MARIUS There is testimony both to the temperance of Marius, and also to his fortitude, of which his be- haviour under a surgical operation is a proof. He was afflicted in both legs, as it would appear, with varicose veins, and as he disliked the deformity, he resolved to put himself into the physician’s hands. Refusing to be bound, he presented to him one leg, and then, without a motion or a groan, but with a steadfast countenance and in silence, endured incred- ible pain under the knife. When, however, the physician was proceeding to treat the other leg, Marius would suffer him no further, declaring that he saw the cure to be not worth the pain. . VIE. When Caecilius Metellus the. consul was ap- pointed commander-in-chief for the war against Jugurtha,! he took Marius with him to Africa in the capacity of legate. Here, in essaying great exploits and brilliant struggles, Marius was not careful, like the rest, to enhance the glory of Metellus and conduct himself in his interests; and deeming that he had not so much been called by Metellus to the office of legate as he was being introduced by Fortune into a most favourable opportunity as well as a most spacious theatre for exploits, he made a display of every sort of bravery. And though the war brought many hardships, he neither shunned any great labour, nor disdained any that were small, but surpassed the officers of his own rank in giving good counsel and foreseeing what was advantageous, and vied with the common soldiers in frugality and endurance, thereby winning much goodwill among them. For as a general thing it would seem that every man finds 1 In 109 B.c. 477 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e , EXAaCTO TapapvOia TO-cUyKapVOY Exovaiws elvat: Soxei yap adarpeivy thy avayknv: ‘Adtotov be e , Pwpaio Béaya otpatiatn otpatnyos éobiwy év N ” l4 Owes KoLvoY apTtov 7 KaTaKeipevos él attBdados a \ EVTEAOUS 7 TeEpL Tadpeiav TiVa Kal yapdKwoLv / \ n Epyou cuveparTouevos. ov yap oUTws TOUS TLLAS 4 Kal ypnudtov peradidovras as Tous Tovouv kal KLVOUVOU peTahapBavovras 1 nryepwovas Oavpdlovow, ava Haddov ayaT act TaY pabupety ET lT peTrov- Twv TOUS supTovel EOéXoOVTAS, T A , aA € M 4 \ } a , 4 QUTQA TAVTA TOLWY O Maplos KaL OLA TOUTwWY Tovs aTpaTiwotas Snpaywyav Tay mev évérrrANTE \ y \ \ \ ¢h’ > 7 \ Thv AtBonv, tayo dé THv ‘Pwpny, ovopatos Kal d0€ns, THY amo aTpatotrédou Tois oiKot ypadov- TOV WS OUK éEaTL TEpas OVSE aTradXaAyN TOU TpdS tov BapBapov troréuou wn diov Maprov éXopévors vTatov. VIII. ’Ed@’ ofs 4X0 Hv o MéteAXos ayOopevos. 4 \ b \ > 7f XN \ b | / padiata € avtov nviace TO Tepi ToupmiAduoy. oUTOS yap 0 avnp AY pev ex Tratépwy Eévos TO MeréAA@ Kal ToTe THY eri TOY TeExTOVwWY ExwV apxynv cuvertpatreve: gpovpav 6é Bayav, modu peyadArnv, kal TO pndev adixety TOs évoiKovrTas, G\rAa paws Kal diravOparws avtois mpoc- pépecOar mia tevor, Erabev btroyxeiptos Tots TrONE- b] 4 pots yevouevos. trapedéEavto yap Tov louvyoupbay, A a tov 6€ Toupmidrtov ovdey noixnoav, ad\rAa oT@ov 2 éEartnodpevon Sinjxav. éEoxev ovv aitiay mpo- , \ \ e 4 n , 4 Socias: xai trapwv o Madpios TH xpioes cUpBouros 478 CAIUS MARIUS solace for his labours in seeing another voluntarily share those labours; this seems to take away the element of compulsion; and it is a most agreeable spectacle for a Roman soldier when he sees a general eating common bread in public, or sleeping on a simple pallet, or taking a hand in the construc- tion of some trench or palisade. For they have not so much admiration for those leaders who share honour and riches with them as for those who take part in their toils and dangers, but have more affection for those who are willing to join in their toils than for those who permit them to ead an easy life. By doing all these things and thereby winning the hearts of the soldiers, Marius soon filled Africa, and soon filled Rome, with his name and fame, and men in the camp wrote to those at home that there would be no end or cessation of the war against the Barbarian unless they chose Caius Marius consul. VIII. At all this Metellus was evidently displeased. But it was the affair of Turpillius that most vexed him. This Turpillius was an hereditary guest-friend of Metellus, and at this time was serving in his army as chief of engineers. But he was put in charge of Vaga, a large city, and because he relied for safety on his doing the inhabitants no wrong, but rather treating them with kindness and humanity, he un- awares came into the power of the enemy; for they admitted Jugurtha into their city. Still, they did Turpillius no harm, but obtained his release and sent him away safe and sound. Accordingly, a charge of treachery was brought against him; and Marius, who was a member of the council which tried the case, 479 PLUTARCH’S LIVES > » , e \ a \ A ” , auTOS TE Ol TrLKpOS RY Kal TOY GAXwV TrapwEUVE ‘ , C4 A \ 4 TOUS wWwAELoTOUS, WaTEe aKkovTa Tov Meérerdov b] A / , a exBiracOnvar kal xataWndicacbat Oavatov tod bd , > %wH 7 \ A > #0 a avO porrrov. per’ Odtyov dé THs altias peudois paveions, ol ev GAXoL guvnxGovto T@ Merédrw Bapéws pépovre, Mdptos be Xaipov Kal TOLOUMEVOS idtov TO Epryov ovK NIXVVETO Déryerv meptioy @S auros ein TpoaTeTpLupevos GXaoTopa T@ MerérAXr@ FevoxTovov. "Ex TovTov pavepas arnxGavorto Kab Aéyerat MOTE TOU Mapiov mapovtos olov epuBpilov ) MéreAAos elTreiy, < ay 5) KaTahiTray LAS, @ yevvaie, meiv em oixou davon Kal maparyyen- dew UTaTElav; ov yap aya ng ets, dv TOMB Ta. TOUT@ TUVUTATEVTNS ; ap be O mais TOTE Tou MeréAXov mavtdract petpaxtov. ov pny adda tod Mapiov oTrovdalovtos adeOfvat, Todas avaBoras Tong dpevos, ert Swdexa ReutTropéevwy npepav eTl THY TaV UIraTtwy avabe—iv, adynKev > , e \ \ b \ / \ > A avTov. oO bé TOMMY G76 oTpatomédov Thy él Odraccav eis "“Itvaeny o60n 7) ‘Hépas duct Kal (ua vuKth TUVENOY é0ve T™ po Tov mob. Kal heyeTa Tov "wave ELITELY OS dmriaTous Tivas TO peyeOos Kat KpelTTovas édridos amrdons evrpakias ™ po- gaivot ™@ Mapio to Sarpoviov. o &€ TOUTOLS érrapbels avnxOn. kal TO TENaYOS TETAPTALOS oUpi@ TrvEvpPAaTL mepda'as avrtiKa, TE TO. Sn T0- Pewvos Oh9n, Kal mpoayGels U UTrO TLVOS TOV Snudp- NOV Els TO TAHGOS emt Todas kara Too Meréa- hou 6a Borats NTELTO THY apxny, Umea xvoupevos n xtevetv CaovTa AnecOat Tov ‘Jouvyoupbav. 480 410 CAIUS MARIUS was himself bitter, and exasperated most of the others against the accused, so that Metellus was reluctantly forced to pass sentence of death upon him. After a short time, however, the charge was found to be false, and almost everybody sympathized with Metellus in his grief; but Marius, full of joy and claiming the condemnation as his own work, was not ashamed to go about saying that he had fastened upon the path of Metellus a daemon who ‘would avenge the murder of a guest-friend. In consequence of this there was open enmity be- tween the two men; and we are told that on one occasion when Marius was present Metellus said to him as if in mockery: ‘“ Dost thou purpose to leave us, my good Sir, and sail for home, and stand for the consulship? Pray will it not satisfy thee to be fellow- consul with this my son?’’ Now the son of Metellus was at this time a mere stripling. However, Marius was eager to be dismissed, and so, after making many postponements, and when only twelve days re- mained before the election of consuls, Metellus dis- missed him. Marius accomplished the long journey from the camp to Utica and the sea in two days and one night, and offered sacrifice before he sailed. And the seer is said to have told him that the Deity revealed for Marius successes that were of incredible magnitude and beyond his every expectation. Elated by this prophecy he put to sea. In three days he crossed the sea with a favouring wind, and was at once welcomed gladly by the populace,and after being introduced to the assembly by one of the tribunes, he first made many slanderous charges against Metellus, and then asked for the consulship, promising that he would either kill Jugurtha or take him alive. 481 VOL. IX. II PLUTARCH’S LIVES IX. "AvayopevOeis S€ Aapmrpas evOvs éotpa- TOAOYEL, TAP TOV VOLOY Kal THY cUYnOELaY TrONDY Tov arropov kal pavrov'! Kataypaday, TaV Tpo- alev nyepovey ov tpocbexopévwy Tovs ToLovTOUS, ann, domep AXXO TL TOV Kariv, Ta OTAa here TUmhis Tots akios vEewovTar, evexupov THY ovciay: éxadotou TiOévat Soxobyros. ov pnv tavTd ye udrdota StéBare tov Madpiov, adr’ of Rovyos “A v e , \ oo ‘\ , Opaceis OvTES bmepowig Kal bBpet TOUS mpw@rous A “A “A e éXvtrovy, axvAGY Te Bo@VTOS aUTOU THY UTTaTELaV n aA n , , héper Oar Tis TOV EvyEevOY Kal TAOVOLWY padakias, Kal Tpavpacwy oiKelots Tpds TOV SHwov, ov pynpacL vexp@v ovdé addXoTpials eixoot veavieverOat. ToAAaKis 6€ Kal ToUs atuynoavtas év ALtBun A A \ , A \ 9 oTpatnyous, TovTo wéev Bnotiav, tovTo && ’AA- Bivov, avOp@Trous oixwr pev érripaver, avtors Sé 4 , b / A > b] 4 TUYn odparévtas, atrodéuous Kal 8: aetpiav TraicavtTas ovopatwv, érurOaveto TOV TapoVYTwY el fy) KaL TOUS exEi\vwY OlovTaL TpOoyOVOUS avT@ “ WW , > , b] faAXop av cvEacOat TapamAncious exyovous aTro- ALTrety, Gre dn unde avTous be’ evyéverav, AAN OT apeTns Kal Karov Epywv éevdokous yevopévous. Tavita 5é ov Kevas ovde aralovixads ErXeyev ovde patny amexyOdavecOar tois dSuvatois Bovdopevos, 9 2 e a > 7 eg , A a GAN’ 0 OHpos avTov, nOopEevos Te TH BoVAH Tpo- , / / A moraxitopevn kai Noyou KopTr~@ BeTpaw ael ppo- vnpatos péyeOos, eEexovdite, cal cvveEdppa Hn 1 gatdoy van Herwerden: So0vAop. 482 CAIUS MARIUS IX. He was triumphantly elected,! and at once began to levy troops. Contrary to law and custom ° he enlisted many a poor and insignificant man, al- though former commanders had not accepted such persons, but bestowed arms, just as they would any other honour, only on those whose property assessment made them worthy to receive these, each-soldier being supposed to put his substance in pledge to the state. It was not this, however, that brought most odium upon Marius, but the boldly insolent and arrogant speeches with which he vexed the nobles, crying out that he had carried off the consulship as spoil from the effeminacy of the rich and well-born, and that he . had wounds upon his own person with which to vaunt himself before the people, not monuments of the dead nor likenesses of other men. Often, too, he would mention by name the generals in Africa who had been unsuccessful, now Bestia, and now Albinus, men of illustrious houses indeed, but unfortunate themselves, and unwarlike, who had met with disaster through lack of experience; and he would ask his audience if they did not think that the ancestors of these men would have much preferred to leave de- scendants like himself, since they themselves had been made illustrious, not by their noble birth, but by their valour and noble deeds. Such talk was not mere empty boasting, nor was his desire to make himself hated by the nobility without purpose ; indeed the people, who were delighted to have the senate insulted and always measured the greatness of a man’s spirit by the boastfulness of his speech, encouraged him, and incited him not to spare 1 For the year 107 B.c., at the age of fifty. 483 112 PLUTARCH’S LIVES peideoOar trav akioroywv, yapilopevov ois “ToANots. X. ‘Os b€ SeémrAevcev els AtBunv, MéreAXos pev HTT@OY TOU pOovov Yevopevos, Kal meprTabay OTL, KATELPYAGHEVOD ° TOV TONE MOV avrov Kai pndev Umrohovtrov i) TO cpa Tob "louyoupOa AaBeiy EXOVTOS, cee Mapuos em Tov orepavov kal Tov OpiauBor, é éx Tips pos. éxetvov axapratias nugn- HEvos, ovy Uméuetvey eis TO AUTO ouvenbeiv, GNX’ aUuTos pev umelexapnce, “PouvtiAsos bé Td or pa- Tevpa T@ Mapio Tapedwxe, peo Bevtis yeyovas tov MeréAAov. «al TEpLyrnGE TLS VEMETUS ev Te TENEL TOY mpakewy Mapvov: agnpcOn yap TO Zura THY Tou Kat opOdparos Sofav, @s UT’ éxetvou Méteddos: Sv TpoTrov dé, adnynaopar Bpaxéos, emel Ta Kal’ éxactov padrXov ey Tots Tmept Lwrra yéypanrat. OKYOS 0 TOY aVw BapBépov Bacirevs 7 ty Tev- Pepds ‘lovyovp0a, nat ToNELOYTL pév ov Tavu Te ovAhap avery edoxet, mpoBarropevos avrov THY amariay, Kat TI abinaw Sedouxas: émrel 5é hev- yov kal wAavopeEvos exelvov un’ avaryKns eVero TOV énmridcov TedevTatov Kal KaTipe 7 pos auron, aicyivn pmadXov as iMéTny Hn Ov edvotav vrro- deEduevos dua XeLpos elye, pavepas per Uméep avrod TAPALTOULEVOS Mapuov Kal ypadwv @S OUK av éxdon Kai mappyoralopevos, xkpuda bé€ Bov- Aevov mt podociay eq auT@, wal ET OLTFEMTEOLEVOS Aevxcov LwAXav, Tapiav ev ovta Mapiou, xpr- aipov Oé TO Bony yevEVTLEVOV emt oTpareias. as 5& mictevcas avéBn mpos avTov 6 SvAXas, 484 CAIUS MARIUS men of high repute if he wished to please the multitude. X. When he had crossed to Africa, Metellus, now become a victim of jealousy, and vexed because, after he had brought the war to an end and had nothing further to do except to-seize the person of Jugurtha, Marius was coming to enjoy the crown and the triumph,—a man whose ingratitude towards his benefactor had raised him to power,—would not con- sent to meet him, but privately left the country while Rutilius, who had become his legate, handed over the army to Marius. And in the end a retri- bution fell upon Marius; for Sulla robbed him of the glory of his success, as Marius had robbed Metellus. How this came to pass, I will narrate briefly, since the details are given more at length in my Life of Sulla.! Bocchus, the king of the Barbarians in the interior, was a son-in-law of Jugurtha, and apparently gave him little or no assistance in his war, alleging his faithlessness as an excuse, and fearing the growth of his power. But when Jugurtha in his flight and ‘wandering felt compelled to make him his last hope and sought haven with him, Bocchus received him, more out of regard for his position as a suppliant than from goodwill, and kept him in his hands. So far as his open acts were concerned, Bocchus entreated Marius in behalf of his father-in- law, writing that he would not give him up and assuming a bold tone; but secretly he planned to betray him, and sent for Lucius Sulla, who was quaestor for Marius and had been of some service to Bocchus during the campaign. But when Sulla had come to him in all confidence, 1 Chapter iii. 485 PLUTARCH’S LIVES e éoxe pep TLS Tpom yveouns Kar peTavora TOV BapBapoyr, npepas TE TUXVAS SunvéxOn T@ hoya uP, Bovrevopevos 7) mapa odvat TOV ‘lovyoupGay i) pn dé Tov {vAAaY apeivar: TéXos 5€ THY TrpoTépay Kupecas mpodociay, évexeipice TH LUAAG CovTA ‘Tov ‘louyoupOav. | Kai TOUTO ™pw@Tov Umipgev autos oréppwa THS _aynnéotou Kal xahenijs exeivns TTATEWS, 7) ptK- pov édénaev avatpeyat TY “Pony. WOAXOL yap éBovXovto Tob Lwrra TO Epyov elvat TO Mapip — POovobvtes, autos TE 2wAdas oppayioa Tong d- HEVOS epoper yrugnpy é exovcay éyxerpelopevor U vo Tob Boxyou TOV ‘lovyoupOav EavT@. Ka TAUTH XPwmevos adel SueTéder Prdorepov avdpa cal mpos Kowwoviay S0Ens aryvaova Kat dvcepty épebifor TOV Mapuor, é evaryovT@v padiata TOY éxOpav TOV éxelvon, Kal Ta pep mpoTa Tov Tohé wou eat peytora ™@ MerédA@, Ta 8 éoyata Kal TO Tépas avTov {vANa mpootiBevtwn, QS TavaaiTo Gav- pavwv xal mpocéywv exeivp padiota TavT@V oO d7uos. XI. Taxd pévtoe tov POovov tovTov Kat Ta pion Kal TAS d:aBodas aed Kebace TOU Mapiou Kal peTéaTnoev 0 KATATXOY THD Iradlav GTO THS éomrépas Kivduvos, & dpa T@ Tparov év y pela peyddou oTparnyod D yevéo Oar Kai TeptaxéacOa THY TONY @ Xpwmevn xuBepyntn drapev§éras KAvSwva TOAE- pov TocoUToP, ovdevos dvacxopevov TOY a0 ryévous peydAwpy 7 mhovaiwy OlKw@D emt TAS vTa- TLKAS KATLOVTOV apxarpecias, ard QTOVTa TOV Mdpuop a avaryopeva dvTwv. aptt yap gibi he avtots THs ‘lovyoup8a curd ews ai epi . 486 41) CAIUS MARIUS the Barbarian experienced a change of heart and felt repentant, and for many days wavered in his plans, deliberating whether to surrender Jugurtha or to hold Sulla also a prisoner. Finally however, he decided upon his first plan of treachery, and put Jugurtha alive into the hands of Sulla. This was the first seed of that bitter and incurable ‘hatred between Marius and Sulla, which nearly brought Rome to ruin. For many wished Sulla to have the glory of the affair because they hated Mar- ius, and Sulla himself had aseal-ring made, which he used to wear, on which was engraved the surrender — of Jugurtha to him by Bocchus. By constantly using this ring Sulla provoked Marius, who was an ambitious man, loath to share his glory with another, and quarrelsome. And the enemies of Marius gave Sulla most encouragement, by attributing the first and greatest successes of the war to Metellus, but the last, and the termination of it, to Sulla, that so the people might cease admiring Marius and givipg him their chief allegiance. XI. Soon, however, all this envy and hatred and slander of Marius was removed and dissipated by the peril which threatened Italy from the west, as soon as the state felt the need of a great general and looked about for a helmsman whom she might employ to save her from so great a deluge of war. Then the people would have nothing to do with any- one of high birth or of a wealthy house who offered himself at the consular elections, but proclaimed Marius consul! in spite of his-absence from the city. -For no sooner had word been brought to the people of the capture of J ugurtha than the 1 For the year 104 B.c. 487 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOVOV Kal KipBpov Pijpat TPOTEMLTTOV, ATLOTLAY pev €v apxX7 mapac Xovo at TraBous TE Kal pouns TOY eTEepYo“evwy oTpaTwv, VaTEpoy Oé THs adn- Oeias Urodcéotepar paveicar. pupiddes peéev yap ai waXLwor TPLdKovTAa GUY STAOLs EexwpoUY, SyAOL 5é traidwy Kai yuvatcay €dyYovTO TOAA@ TAEioUS ouprreprayer Oa, yns xpnovres ) Opérres toaod- Tov TAHGos, Kai TroAewy ev als idpvOévTes Bi@cov- Tat, Kabdtep mpo avtav éruvOavovto KeXrrtovs Ths “Itadias THY apiorny Katacxeiy Tuppyvav 9 / b \ \ \ > J A a° apehopevovs. avToL pev yap apekig Th mpos ETEpoUS, pNKEL TE YWPAS HY EeTHNOOD, HYyVvooUVTO, tives dvtes avOpwrwy 7 ToOEv opunOévtes HoTEp végos éwrécotev Varatia cai’ Iradia. cal udduora pev eixalovto Veppavixa yévn Trav KaOnKovtov émt Tov Popetov w@keavov eivar Tois- weyéBect TaV TWMATWOV KALTH KapoTOTHTL TOV OppaTov, cal Ore KiwBpous érovoudafover Teppavol tovs AnoTas. Eiot Sé of trav KeAtixny da Babos yepas Kal péyeOos aro THs €Ew Oardoons Kal Tov bTapKTiov KAuLaTwOY Tpos HALoY dvicyovTa KaTa THY Maariv émiatpéhovoav antecbat ths Tlovrixys ZaxvOias A€youvct, KaxeiOev ta yévn peputyOa. tovtous éEavacravtas ovK éx plas opps ovde TUVEXOS, ANAG ETOUs WOpa Kal’ Exactov éviavTov eis ToUptpocOev del YwpodvTas Trodé“M Kpovots ToAXois eredOciv tiv Hetpov. 510 Kali moddds KATA wépos éeTiKANHoELS eyovTwv Kon Kertooxd- Gas Tov otpatov wvopuator. 488 : CAIUS MARIUS reports about the Teutones and Cimbri fell upon their ears. What these reports said about the num- bers and strength of the invading hosts was dis- believed at first, but afterwards it was found to be short of the truth. For three hundred thousand armed fighting men were advancing, and much larger hordes of women and children were said to accompany them, in quest of land to support so vast a multitude, and of cities in which to settle and live, just as the Gauls before them, as they learned, had wrested the best part of Italy from the Tyrrhenians and now occupied it. They themselves, indeed, had not had intercourse with other peoples, and had traversed a great stretch of country, so that it could not be ascertained what people it was nor whence they had set out, thus to descend upon Gaul and Italy like a cloud. The most prevalent. conjecture was that they were some of the German peoples which extended as far as the northern ocean, a conjecture based on their great stature, their light-blue eyes, and the fact that the Germans call robbers Cimbri. But there are some who say that Gaul was wide and large enough to reach from the outer sea and the subarctic regions to the Maeotic Lake on the east, where it bordered on Pontic Scythia, and that from that point on Gauls and Scythians were mingled. These mixed Gauls and Scythians had left their homes and moved westward, not in a single march, nor even continuously, but with each recurring spring they had gone forward, fighting their way, and in the course of time had crossed the continent. Therefore, while they had many names for different detachments, they called their whole army by the general name of Galloscythians. 489 PLUTARCH’S LIVES "Addo 5é pact Kipupeptov rd peD mpw@Tov vd ‘EAAqv@y | TOV mada yuoadev ov peya syeveo Bar Tov TavTos poptov, GAAd puyny q ordat TLva Biacbeicay tro XKv0av eis ‘Agiay an6 Tis Mauwridos SiaTepicat Avyddpuos iryoupevon, TO bé aheéto Tov aut ay Kat pax WOTaToV em éaydrots olxoby ‘mapa Thy €&o Oddaccay viv pev vewer Oar avoKwov Kal UVAwWON Kal Suan ALov TavTn d1a Babos Kab TUKVOTHTA Spupay, obs HEX pL Tov ‘Epxuviwv cio dunxecy, ovpavod dé eiAnyévar Kae? 0 doxel peya AauBavev o O TONOS éFappa dua THV eyo TOV Tapardnrwv OAdryou dmronei Tew TOU Kara Kopup ny ioTapévou onpetov 7 pos THY olknow, at TE Lépat Bpaxurnre Kal nket Tpos Tas vUKTAS ioat KAT avewer at Tov xpovor 510 Kal THY evTopiay Tov pvdetpatos ‘Ounp@ yeveo bau I pos THY vexviay. évev obp Thy épodov elvas TOV Bap- Bdpav TOUT@Y él tH | ‘Iradav, Kippeptov pev && apyiis, Tore dé KinBpov OuK amo ‘TpoTou Tpoca- ‘Yo pevopeveoy. anra TavTa fev ELKATU@ PbaAXOV n Kata BéBacov t ioroptay NéyeTat. To 8 TAOS ouK éXarTop, adda, mNéov elvat TOU NE Jévros t vo TONN@Y toropyTac. Oupov be Kal TOhpay dvuToorarot Kat eLpav Epya mapa Tas payas ofvrnTe cal Bia Tupos eoukores ém né- cap, ovdevos AVTEXOVTOS QuTo@V T pos THY édodon, GdrA TaVTwV Lev, OaouS éTAADOY, ev NOY@ Elias ayopevov Kal pepopevar, Toho 6€ kal peydhov ‘Pwpaixav oTpaTom ew Kal TTpATH Yay, boot mpoexdOnyto THS exTOS "Adem Taxarias, : avnp- TacLevav akrews? of Kal pardtoTa THY hopav 490 412 CAIUS MARIUS Others, however, say that the Cimmerians who - were first known to the ancient Greeks were not a large part of the entire people, but merely a body of exiles or a faction which was driven away by the Scythians and passed from the Maeotic Lake into Asia under the lead of Lygdamis; whereas the largest and most warlike part of the people dwelt at the confines of the earth along the outer sea, oc- cupying a land that is shaded, wooded, and wholly sunless by reason of the height and thickness of the trees, which reach inland as far as the Hercynii; and as regards the heavens, they are under that portion of them where the pole gets a great elevation by ‘reason of the declination of the parallels, and appears to have a position not far removed from the spectator’s zenith, and a day and a night divide the year into two equal parts; which was of advantage to Homer in his story of Odysseus consulting the shades of the dead.1 From these regions, then, these Barbarians sallied forth against Italy, being called at first Cimmerians, and then, not inappropriately, Cimbri. But all this is based on conjecture rather than on sure historical evidence. Their numbers, however, are given by many writers as not less, but more, than the figure mentioned above. Moreover, their courage and daring made them irresistible, and when they en- ‘gaged in battle they came on with the swiftness and force of fire, so that no one could withstand their onset, but all who came in their way became their prey and booty, and even many large Roman armies, with their commanders, who had been stationed to protect. Transalpine Gaul, were destroyed ingloriously; indeed, 1 Odyssey, Book XI. See vv. 14 ff., describing the Cim- merians, 49! PLUTARCH’S LIVES auTaY KaK@s aywvicdpevoe Kata THS “Pwouns émeaTacavTo. vixnoavrTes yap ols évéruyov, cai XPNMATWVY TONY KpaTHCAYTES, Eyvoray wndapod ys Eavtovs iSpvev, rpiv dvatpéyrwo thy ‘Pony \ 4 \ b] , cat ScatropOjowat tTHv Lradiav. XII. Taira ‘Pwpaios ruvOavopevor torArNaXo- Bev, éxdrovv Mapiov eri rHhv otpatnyiav. Kai To Sevtepoy diratos dedetyOn, tod pév voyou KwAVOYTOS aTrovTa Kat wn SvadtTovTa ‘Xpovoy e lA @ e al “A \ , \ a@ptopévoy avlus aipetcBar, tov dé Sypov rovs > , > ‘ e “ \ wv avtTiéyovtas éxBaXdovtos. nyotvto yap ovTeE vov mpartov elEew TH TUuhepovTe Toy vomov, OVTE adroywtépav elvat thy Tapovoay aitiav éxeivns 5c’ iv tov Yenriwva Tapa tovs vopovs Umatov amrédetEav, ov hoBovpevor THY éavTav atroRaneip, arya thy Kapynooviwy émriBvpobvtes avendeiv. tavta édofe: Kal Maptos éx ArBins peta rod 4 b) A 4 atpatevpatos Staxopicbels adtais Kanravédats "Tavovapiais, fy érovs apynyv ayovat “Pwpaio., 4 e 4 > / \ N 4 b 4 THY Te UTaTeiav avéraBe Kai Tov OpiauBov eion- Aacev, amictov émidetEdpevos Béaya “Pwpaiors 9 4 > 4 k 9 a“ 10 a lovyovpSav atypuddwtov, ov Cavros ovd ay els AMLTE TOAELL@Y KpAaTHaat' oUTW TLS Hv TroLKinrOS a , a avyp TUXat oOpmAnoaL Kal tavoupyla ToAAT 4 ” \ , 9 > ye7 peptypevov Exwv TO Oupoedés. arr eEeotn ye —d. - 1 See chapter xi. 1. Marius was still in Africa. 492 ’ CAIUS MARIUS by their feeble resistance they were mainly in- strumental in drawing the on-rushing Barbarians down upon Rome. For when the invaders had conquered those who opposed them, and had got abundance of booty, they determined not to settle themselves anywhere until they had destroyed Rome and ravaged Italy. XII. Learning of these things from many quarters, the Romans summoned Marius to the command. And he was appointed consul for the second time,! although the law forbade that a man in his absence and before the lapse of a specified time should be elected again; still, the people would not listen to those who opposed the election. For they considered that this would not be the first time that the law had given way before the demands -of the general good, and that the present occasion demanded it no less imperatively than when they had made Scipio consul contrary to the laws,? although at that time they were not fearful of losing their own city, but desirous of destroying that of the Carthaginians. This course was adopted, Marius came across the sea from Africa with his army, and on the very Calends of January, which with the Romans is the first day of the year, assumed the consulship and celebrated his triumph, exhibiting to the Romans Jugurtha in chains. This was a sight which they had despaired of beholding, nor could any one have expected, while Jugurtha was alive, to conquer the enemy ; so versatile was he in adapting himself to the turns of fortune, and so great craft did he combine with his courage. But we are told that when he had — 2 In 147 B.c., when Sqipio had not reached the age required by law. 493 fs PLUTARCH’'S LIVES mopumevOeis, Os Aéyouat, ToTe TOU gpovety* Kal meTa Tov OpiapBov eis TO Seo pao} piov éumecor, @S ol pev avTod Bia meptéppnEav Tov XeT@vicKor, oi S¢ amevdovTes dgereaOar Bia to xpuaoby éX- AoBrov Gua TO roRov ouvatréppntar, acdels 8e yupvos eis TO Bapabpov xcateBrNOn, pearos @v Tapays kal Sdtaceonpas, “ ‘Hpdxvers,” elrrev, ‘os Puxpor t UL@V TO Baraveiov.” anna roUTov HED eg npé pars Cuyouaxnoavta TO Mep— Kat MEX pt TNS eoxarns adpas éxxpepacOevta THs TOU Hy emOupias elyev aia dixn ToY aceBnpatov. "Ep dé 7? 3 Bondy Be copia Ofvac héyouat Xpuaod pev émta Kal Tpio tras Aitpas, apyupov oé aonpou TEVTAKLTXLALAS émraxootas éBSouncovta TEVTE, vopia Lat os 5é Spaxpas em naNHEXINAGs én pupidow oxTe Kat elxoat. Mera be THY WORTHY oO Madpuos obyKAnTov nO porcev ép Karerwrin Kal mapirbe bev ete habav auTop elite TH TUYN Xpapevos drypouxaTepov éy TH OptapRicn KatacKevy, TAXD bé tHv Boudnv ay GeaGeiaar ais Odpevos eEavéotn Kal peradaBov Th TepiTroppupov avis rev. XIII. ’Ev 6€ 1H orpateia thy Sivamuw Sverrover kal’ 68ov eEacKav Spopors TE Tavrodamois Kal paxpais odorrropiats, é EaUTO be axJogopeiv a avay- Kalov ral avToupyety Ta mpos THD Siarrav, @aTe Kal peta Tatra TOUS ptrorrovous Kal olor péeT evKoALas Ta Tpoo Taco opeva TmovobvTas iuudvous Mapravous Kaneio Gat. Kaito. TLVves atTiav érépav TOU NOYoOU TOUTOU Vouitovel. Lxnriwvos yap, OTE Nopavtiay érontopxet, BovrnOévtos érridety pi) 494 CAIUS MARIUS been led in triumph he lost his reason; and that. when, after the triumph, he was cast into prison, where some tore his tunic from his body, and others were so eager to snatch away his golden ear-ring that they tore off with it the lobe of his ear, and ’ when he had been thrust down naked into the dungeon pit, in utter bewilderment and with a grin on his lips he said: “Hercules! How cold this Roman bath is!” But the wretch, after struggling with hunger for six days and up to the last moment clinging to the desire of life, paid the penalty which his crimes deserved. In the triumphal procession there were carried, we are told, three thousand and seven pounds of gold, of uncoined silver five thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, and in coined money two hundred and eighty-seven thousand drachmas. After the procession was over, Marius called the senate into session on the Capitol, and made his entry, either through inadvertence or with a vulgar display of his good fortune, in his triumphal robes ; but perceiving quickly that the senators were offended at this, he rose and went out, changed to the usual robe with purple border, and then came back. XIII. Setting out on the expedition, he laboured to perfect his army as it went along, practising the men in all kinds of running and in long marches, and compelling them to carry their own baggage and to prepare their own food. Hence, in after times, men who were fond of toil and did whatever was en- joined upon them contentedly and without a murmur, were called Marian mules. Some, however, think that this name had a different origin. Namely, when Scipio was besieging Numantia,! he wished to inspect 1 Cf. chapter iii. 2. 495 - PLUTARCH’S LIVES povov Ta oma pndeé TOUS immrous, ada Kal TOUS opeis Kal TAs dapatas, 6 ST WS exdarous eEnoxhpéva Kal Tapeakevacpeva TUyXavot, mpoayayety Tov Mdpuov im-mov TE KaAMoTa Tel papevov vr auTou Kal 7)LLovov evelia Kab WpaoTntt Kat poun Stapepovta Todv TaY adrdrAwy HabEvTos ovv Tov oTparnyou ‘Tots TOU Mapiov Opéupace Kal TONNAKES aura puna devros, ovTwS apa TOUS TKOT TOVTAS éy émaive Tov evdedexi) Kat TA nova, Kat gtroTovoy Mapiavor nuiovov mpoca- ryopeverv. XIV. Evruynpa de doxet 7 Mapio peya ryever Oa. Tay yap BapBapev Garep TLva Tanip- potay Tijs opus AaBovtoy Kal pvévT@y TpoTEepov ert THY "IBnpiav, Xpovor éaxe Kal Ta copara yupvdoat Tov avOpav Kat Ta ppovipara T™pos TO Oappety avappaaat, To dé peyeoror, AUTOS olos 7 my catavonOjvac. TO yap é év apyn oxvOpwrov avrovd Kat ‘tepl Tas Tipwpias Suc peide ov eO.abeice pndev apaptdavew pndé aeeiv Gua 1a. dixaio wT HpLov épaivero, THY TE TOU Oupod apodpotnta Kal To Tpaxy Ths Pwvas Kal aypeamov ToD ‘po- OWTOU ocuvTpepopevoy KATA piKpov OvX avTois évouitov elva poBepor, andra Tots TONE "LOLS. pasar bé 7 mepl Tas Kpicess ép8arns avrov Tots OTPATLWTALS NpEeTKeV’ Hs Kal ToLOVdE TL Setypa Neyeras. D'dios Aovatos ade gidois avTou TETAYHEVOS ep’ myepovias éaTparevero, Tarra pev avnp ov Soxa elvat Tovnpos, iTre@v be petpaxiay KaN@D. OUTOS pa vEeavioKou THY UP AUTO oTpatTevomevey, 496 413 CAIUS MARIUS not only the arms and the horses, but also the mules and the waggons, that every man might have them in readiness and good order. Marius, accordingly, brought out for inspection both a horse that had been most excellently taken care of by him, and a mule that for health, docility, and strength far surpassed all the rest. The commanding officer was naturally well pleased with the beasts of Marius and often spoke about them, so that in time those who wanted to bestow facetious praise on a persevering, patient, laborious man would call him a Marian mule. XIV. And now, as it would seem, a great piece of good fortune befell Marius. For the Barbarians had a reflux, as it were, in their course, and streamed first into Spain. This gave Marius time to exercise the bodies of his men, to raise their spirits to a sturdier courage, and, what was most important of all, to let them find out what sort of a man he was. For his sternness in the exercise of authority and his inflexibility in the infliction of punishment appeared to them, when they became accustomed to obedience and good behaviour, salutary as well as just, and they regarded the fierceness of his temper, the harshness of his voice, and that ferocity of his countenance which gradually became familiar, as fearful to their enemies rather than to themselves. But it was above all things the uprightness of his judicial decisions that pleased the soldiers; and of this the following illustration is given. Caius Lusius, a nephew of his, had a command under him in the army. In other respects he was a man of good reputation, but he had a weakness for beautiful youths. This officer was enamoured of one of the young men who served under him, by name 497 VOL. IX. K K , PLUTARCH’S LIVES dvona TpeBwviov, Kai trodAdKIs TEeLp@Y OvK , 4 éruyyave: tédos O€¢ vUKTWp banpeTnY aTrocTEi Nas peterréumreto tov TpeBwmov- o dé vegvias Ke , ra A Hév, avtettrety yap ove éERv KadXovpevor, eicay- ‘ a A els S€ b1ro THY TKNVYHY POS adTov émiyepopyTa BiafeoOar orracapuevos 76 Eihos atéextewe. TadTA > , a , \ LU b \ émpayxOn trod Mapiov uy tapovros: éravedOov 5 dé mpovOnKxe TO TpcBwvi xpiciv. eet Sé TOANOY KaTnyopovvTwy, ovdevos b€ surnyopodyTos, avTos evlapoas Kataotas Sunynoato TO Tpaypa Kal paprupas Exyev Ott Tetp@vTL TOANGKLS aVTELTTE “A ; \ 4 4 > % > ‘ T@ Aovaoiwm Kai peydrAwv Sibopévay én’ ovdeve mponkato TO capa, Oavpacas o Mdpios Kal noOels éxéNevoe TOV TaTpLOV eri Tais apioTetats Ul “A \ \ > A > / atépavoy xomcOjvat, Kal NaBwv avdtos éeotepa- \ , e 4 ” 9 A vooe Tov TpeBwvioyv ws KaNLoTOV Epyor ev KaLp@ Tapaderyuatwv Seopéevw Karov atrodedery péevov. nv J ‘ e 4 9 \ > 4 6 Tovdto eis thy ‘Paunv arayyerOey ovy RKiota 7T@ Mapio avvérpake thy rpitny iratelay. apa \ a“ lA ” C4 ; 5é xai tav BapBdpwv érovs dpa tmpogdokipwr é 5 A \ 5 \ v “A yrwv EBovNovTo peta pndevos aAXNOU oTpPATHYOU KLVOUVEDTAL IPOS AUTOUS. OV [NV KOV WS Tpoc- edoxavro Taxews, ara rari SiArOe TH Mapi e “A “n 7 oTHs brateias Ypovos. évictapévwr b€ THY ap- Yatpectav Kal TOD auvdpyovTos avTov TedeuvTN- cavTos, aToduT@v émt tav dsuvayewr Maviov "AkvAALOY adTos Heev els ‘Pounv. peTiovtay é To\N@Y Kal aya0av tiv wtatetav, AovKios 498 e CAIUS MARIUS Trebonius, and had often made unsuccessful attempts to seduce him. But finally, at night, he sent a servant with a summons for Trebonius. The young man came, since he could not refuse to obey a summons, but when he had been introduced into the tent and Caius attempted violence upon him, he drew his sword and slew him. Marius was not with the . army when this happened; but on his return he brought Trebonius to trial. Here there were many accusers, but not a single advocate, wherefore Tre- bonius himself courageously took the stand and told all about the matter, bringing witnesses to show that he had often refused the solicitations of Lusius and that in spite of large offers he had never prostituted himself to anyone. Then Marius, filled with delight and admiration, ordered the customary crown for brave exploits to be brought, and with his own hands placed it on the head of Trebonius, declaring that at a time which called for noble examples he had displayed most noble conduct. Tidings of this were brought to Rome and helped in nosmall degree to secure for Marius his third consul- ship ;! at the same time, too, the Barbarians were expected in the spring, and the Romans were un- willing to risk battle with them under any other general. However, the Barbarians did not come as soon as they were expected, and once more the period of Marius’s consulship expired. As the consular elections were at hand, and as his colleague in the office had died, Marius left Manius Aquillius in charge of the forces and came himself to Rome. Here many men of great merit were candidates for the consulship, but Lucius Saturninus, who had more 1 For the year 103 B.c. 499 K K 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Laropvivos o padora tav Snuapyov aywy 70 Trios, urd TOD Mapiov TeDepamrevpevos é6n- pnyoper, xeXevwv éxeivor Dmarov aipetoOas. 6 pumropévov 5é€ Tov Mapiou Kal mapatteioBat THY ap mv pacKortos ws 57 pn Seopevov, 7 po- Sotny avrov o Laropvivos aren ane THS matpisos év Kevduvep ToToUT® pevyovta 76 atpatnyeiv. Kal pavepos prev my andvas CUYUTFOK PLYOMEVOS TO TpooTroinpa T@ Mapi Tov € Kaupov opa@vTes ot mono Tis éxeivou beadrnros dpa Kal TUXNS Seopevov eynpicavro THY TeTapTHy vmaretay, Kal cuvapxovra Karhov auT@ Aoutattoy KaTégThoay, dvdpa Kal TL@LEVOY UTO TOY apioTt@v Kal Tots WoNNols OUK énax 07. XV. Tluvavépevos dé TOUS TONE MLOUS o Mdpuos. éryryus elvac bua TAX EDD uTepeBare tas “AXtrets: Kal Tetxlaas oT paToredov mapa T® ‘Podave TOTaL@ TUViyev els auTo xopnytay apOovov, ws pndeTrote Tapa TOV TOU TUE PoVTOS Aoyio pov éx Brac Bein 5: évdeiay TOV dvaryxatov els ayn KaTaoThvar. ig 6¢ KouLony av édeu! T® oTpa- Tevparte paxpayv Kal TohuTeAy ‘TpoTepov odcay T pos THY Oddaccap, autos elpyaoaro padiav. wal Taxetay. Ta yap oropata tov ‘Podavod, T pos Tas avakoTas THS Oardrrns, ivy TE TOAANV hap- Bavovta Kai Giva 1nrd\@ Babet oupmTeT An Mevyy umo TOU KrUdavos, Xaherov Kal émimovov Kat Bpadvropov TOUS orTaywryors emrotet TOV élomrNouD. o 5é Tpepas évrav@a Tov oTpaTov oxordlovra Tad pov peyadnv éveBanre, Kal TAUTD TOAU pépos TOU TOTAaLOV pEeTATTHOAS TEpLNyayeY cis ETrUTH- 1 %e: Coraés, Bekker, and Ziegler, after Reiske; é8¢iro. 500 414 CAIUS MARIUS influence with the people than any other tribune, was won over by the flattering attentions of Marius, and in his harangues urged the people to elect Marius consul, Marius affected to decline the office and declared that he did not want it, but Saturninus called him a traitor to his country for refusing to command her armies at a time of so great peril. Now, it was clear that Saturninus was playing his part at the instigation of Marius, and playing it badly, too, but the multitude, seeing that the occasion required the ability as well as the good fortune of Marius, voted for his fourth consulship,! and made Catulus Lutatius his colleague, a man who was esteemed by the nobility and not disliked by the common people.: XV. Learning that the enemy were near, Marius rapidly crossed the Alps, and built a fortified camp along the river Rhone. Into this he brought to- gether an abundance of stores, that he might never be forced by lack of provisions to give battle contrary to his better judgment. ~The conveyance of what was needful tor his army, which had previously been a long and costly process where it was by sea, he rendered easy and speedy. That is, the mouths of the Rhone, encountering the sea, took up great quantities of mud and sand packed close with clay by the action of the billows, and made the entrance of the river difficult, laborious, and slow for vessels carrying supplies. So Marius brought his army to the place, since the men had nothing else to do, and ran a great canal. Into this he diverted a great part of the river and brought it round to a suitable place 1 102 B.c. §o1 PLUTARCH’S LIVES decoy airyvadrov, Badu pév cab vavol peydrats érro- yov, Netov 5é€ kal axAvoTOV cTOLa AaRovaay ITpos Thy OdrXacoayv. avtn pev ovv étt am’ éxeivou Thy émovupiay murdtTE. Tap dé BapBdpov dueAovTwy adhas avTous bixa KiuSpot pev értayov 8a Nopixov dvwbev éri KatXov ywpeiv cal tHv mapodov éxetyny Bidte- oat, Tevtoves 5€ cat “ApBpeves da Acyvwv eri Madptov rapa Odratrav. cal KipBpots pév eyivero wrciwov 7 StatpiByn Kat pérAXnats, TevToves 5é Kal "ApBpoves apavtes evOds cai StedOovres tHv év U 4 bd , / ” N becom Yopav édaivovto mwrAnOet Te aTreipor Kat Svompocorro: ta eldn, POoyyov te Kat OopvBov ovyx éTEpois Gwotor. treptBanropevor Sé Tod mrediov péya pépos! Kal otpatomedevoavtes mpovKa- _ hodvTO TOV Mdpuov els waxny. XVI. ‘O &€ rovTwr pev OUK eppovriter, € év d€ T® YXapaxe Tovs _OTpaTworas auvetxe, eal Kabn- TTETO TIKPOS TOV Opacuvoméevwy, Kal TOUS po- mimrovtas 87d Oupod Kal pdyerOat Bovdopevous MpoooTas aTrEKarEL THIS tra pibos. ov yap dmép OprapBov TV prroripiay elvat Kal TpoTraiay, GAN Srrws vehos ToToUTOY TroAEpou Kal aoKNnTTOV @odpevot Stacwcover Thy ‘ITadiav. tadta pev idia mpos Tovs Hyenovas Kal TOUS OpoTipous EXeye, tous 5€ otpatiotas brép Tov yYapaKxos toTas ava pepos Kal OedcBar Kerevwv clOle tiv popdyy avéxerOat THY TOkELLoV Kal THY Pwovny Uromévery 1 uéya wépos Coraés and Bekker, after Reiske: yéya. 502 CAIUS MARIUS on the coast,a deep bay where large ships could float, and where the water could flow out smoothly and with- out waves to the sea. This canal, indeed, still bears the name of Marius.! The Barbarians divided themselves into two bands, and it fell to the lot of the Cimbri to proceed through Noricum in the interior of the country against Catulus, and force a passage there, while the Teu- tones and Ambrones were to march through Liguria along the sea-coast against Marius. On the part of the Cimbri there was considerable delay and loss of time, but the Teutones and Ambrones set out at once, passed through the intervening country, and made their appearance before Marius. Their numbers were limitless, they were hideous in their aspect, and their speech and cries were unlike those of other peoples. They covered a large part of the plain, and after pitching their camp challenged Marius to battle. XVI. Marius, however, paid no heed to them, but kept his soldiers inside their fortifications, bitterly rebuking those who would have made a display of their courage, and calling those whose high spirit made them wish to rush forth and give battle traitors to their country. For it was not, he said, triumphs or trophies that should now be the object of their ambition, but how they might ward off so great a cloud and thunder-bolt of war and secure the safety of Italy. This was his language in private to his officers and equals ; but he would station his soldiers on the fortifications by detachments, bidding them to observe the enemy, and in this way accustomed them not to fear their shape or dread their cries, 1 Cf. Strabo, iv. 8 (p. 183). 593 PLUTARCH’S LIVES dXws ovcav adXcKoTOv Kat Onpiwdn, oxeuny re Kai xivnow avTav KkatapavOdvey, dua TH Ypovp Ta pawvopeva Seva trovoupévous TH Stavoia yerponOn “A w a) , Sid Tis Oyews: Hryeito yap ToANa pev emirpev- SecOar THY ov TpocdvT@Y THY KaLVdTNTA Tots dhoBepois, év dé TH ouvnbeia Kal TA TH hice Seva “~ 4 thy éxmrAnkiy aroBdadd\ev. tav dé ov povoy 7 cal’ nuépav ous adnper te TOD OauBous, adAd \ \ \ > \ “” 4 ; \ kat mpos tas areiras tTav BapBapwv Kai Tov KOuTrOV OvK avexTov dvTa Ovpos avTOis TraptoTa- pevos é&cOépuaive Kal dvépreye tas wuyds, ov povoy ayovtwy kal depovrwv ta mépe amavtTa TOV TOAEMLWV, GAAA Kal TO Yapakt Trovoupévwv \ \ “A 9 / \ 4 mpoaBoras peta TorANS ageryelas Kal Opacu- TnT0S, @aTe dwvas Kal Stayavaxtynoces TOY A \ \ / b] lA ce 4 oTpatiwta@v mpos tov Mdpiov éxdépecOat. “ Tiva 59 Katayvous avavdpiay nuav Mdpuos eipyer HaXNS BoTEp yuvaixas b1r6 KAEtol Kal Ouvpwpois; Ul 4 9 ~ , , > , dhépe, wadovres avdpav maos édevOépwv épwpueda TWoTepov GAXNovs avapevet paxovpevous brép THs > , ¢ on a , Iradtas, nyiv dé Nevroupyois ypynoetar Sia qrap- tos, Stav Séntrat tadpous dpvccew Kal mnrov éxxabaipey xal Totapmovs Tivas Tapatperety; emt TavTa yap, ws EoLKeV, HaoKEL Tots TONNOLS TrOVOES nas, Kal Tabta Tov UTaTEeLav atrodeaEdmevos 4 A Epya rots mwodtTals émdvacw. Ta KdpBwvos b] \ a \ / > J e avtov poBet nat Kaurriwvos, obs évixnaay ot 4 “ TOAEMLOL, TOAV fev aUTOUS THS Mapiou Sons Kal 504 CAIUS MARIUS which were altogether strange and ferocious; and to make themselves acquainted with their equipment and movements,. thus in course of time rendering what was only apparently formidable familiar to their minds from observation. For he considered that their novelty falsely imparts to terrifying objects many qualities which they do not possess, but that with familiarity even those things which are really dreadful lose their power to affright. And so in the case of his soldiers, not only did the daily sight of the enemy lessen somewhat their amazement at them, but also, when they heard the threats and the intolerable boasting of the Barbarians, their anger rose and warmed and set on fire their spirits ; for the enemy were ravaging and plundering all the country round, and besides, often attacked the Roman forti- fications with great temerity and shamelessness, so that indignant speeches of his soldiers reached the ears of Marius. ‘ What cowardice, pray, has Marius discovered in us that he keeps us out of battle like women under lock and key? Come, let us act like freemen and ask him if heis waiting for other soldiers to fight in defence of Italy, and will use us as workmen all the time, whenever there is need of digging ditches and clearing out mud. and diverting a river or two. For it was to this end, as it would seem, that he exercised us in those many toils,! and these are the achievements of his consulships which he will exhibit to his fellow-citizens on his return to Rome. Or does he fear the fate of Carbo and Caepio, whom the enemy defeated ?? But they were far behind Marius in reputation and excellence, and 1 Cf. chapter xiii. 1. 2 Carbo in 113 B.c., Caepio in 105 B.c. See the Dictionary of Proper Names. — 595 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 9 A 9 ‘ ‘ \ S N apeTns atrodeovtas, TovAv 5é xYelpova oTpaTov w 9 \ \ a a e bd “A ayovras; ada cal Tabet te Spavras, ws éxeivot, Ul a fo , A Ul Kaddov 7 Kabjcba TopPovpEevay TAY TULMLaYeV Oeatas.” XVII. Tait’ axovwv o Madptos Ser, cai care- fw 9 \ e ? J 4 td " Le) b) > MT PAUVEV AUTOUS WS OUK EXELVOLS GTLATOYV, GANA’ Ex TLVwY NOYiwY TOY THs viKns Gua KaLpov Kal TOTFOV 9 / \ 4 UA A Ul éxdexouevos. Kal yap twa Lvpav yuvaica, Map- ” 4 U 9 ld Oav dvopa, pavreverOat A\eyouevnv év opeio / A 4 , KATAKELMEVNY TELVaS TrEepinyeTo, Kat Ovaias EOvev > , , 4 \ J 4 éxelvns KEeNEVOVENS. 1Y TpOTEpOV wey aTHnAATED ) avyKAnTos évruyely wep TovT@v BovrAoLévny \ \ / / > \ \ \ Kai Ta pédAXOVTA TpolcaTifovaay, ere 5é mTpos \ a 9 “a , 307 4 Tas yuvaixas elotovoa Sidtretpay édidou Kal pars- a , , \ / ora TH Mapiou tapaxadifovea Tapa Tous Todas TOV povoudyov eTLTUYaS Tponyopeve TOV pMéA- NovTa viKav, avaTewdbeicoa mpos Mapiov tr éxeiuns COauyalero. Kal Ta ToANG ey ev hopeiw mapexopitero, mpos dé Tas Oucias Karner os- / A 9 ; / > vixida Surry éutmetropirnuevyn Kal AOyyny avase- Sepevny Tawiats Kal oTrepavwpaci pépovaa. TODTO bev ovv TO papa TroAXois adic BnrnoL Tapetyer, elre Tremevapevos ws GANnOas elite TWAATTOMEVOS Kal ” ; cuvuTroKpLvomevos emedeixvuTat THY AVO pwTroV. To 6€ wept tous yitras Bavpatos aéiov ’AXé- € 4 ef 4 \ b , Favdpos o Muvédios iatdpnxe. Ovo yap épatvovto Tpo TOV KaTopOwudTwy ael Tepl Tas oTpaTEias 506 419 CAIUS MARIUS led an army that was far inferior to his. Surely it is better to do something, even if we perish as_ they did, rather than to sit here and enjoy the spectacle of our allies being plundered.” XVII. Marius was delighted to hear of such expressions, and tried to calm the soldiers down by telling them that he did not distrust them, but in _ consequence of certain oracles was awaiting a fit time and place for his victory. And indeed he used to carry about ceremoniously in a litter a certain Syrian woman, named Martha, who was said to have the gift of prophecy, and he would make sacrifices at her bidding. She had previously been rejected by the ’ senate when she wished to appear before them with reference to these matters and predicted fature events. Then she got audience of the women and gave them proofs of her skill, and particularly the wife of Marius, at whose feet she sat when some gladiators were fighting and successfully foretold which one was going to be victorious. In consequence of this she was sent to Marius by his wife, and was admired by him. As a general thing she was carried along with the army in a litter, but she attended the sacrifices clothed in a double purple robe that was fastened with a clasp, and carrying a spear that was wreathed with fillets and chaplets. Such a performance as this caused many to doubt whether Marius, in exhibiting the woman, really believed in her, or was pretending to do so and merely acted a part with her. The affair of the vultures, however, which Alex- ander of Myndus relates, is certainly wonderful. Two vultures were always seen hovering about the armies of Marius before their victories, and accompanied 5°7 ~PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal mapncorovdovy yw prlouevor Yadois Tmepide- paiows: tavta 5é ot OTPATLOTAL cvdhdaBovres avTovs Tepin wav, elta ad iar éx 8€ tovTou yraopifovres nomagovro avTous ob oTpaTi@rat ) Kat pavertov émi tats éEodots éxarpov ws ayabov Tl mpagovTes. TloArA@v Se onpeloy Tpopaivopever Ta pev ara NapaxThpa xowvoy eiyev, éx dé Apepias wal Tovdéptov, Tohewy "Tradixov, amnyyenOn YUKTOS apOas KaTa TOV ovpavov aixpds Te hroyoebets Kal Oupeous Stapepouevous TO Tp@Tov, elta oup- mimrovTas, ANANAOLS Kat oxXnmaTa Kal Kwnpata AapBdvovtas ola, rytveTaL paxouevov avdpar, TEAOS dé Tay pev évd.SovTov, TOV 6 eT LpEepopuevov, TavTas él duopas p pufvar. meph TouTov O€ Tas Tov Xpovov adbinero Kal Bardxns € ex Heacwoivros 0 THs peyanns pT pos tepeus, amraryyehov @S y Geos € éx TOV dvaxTopav epdeyEato avuT@ vinny Kat Kpdros Trokéuou “Papatous _Umdpxew. THS be TUYKAHTOU TpogEepEvns Kal TH Oe@ vaov emrevixtov isptoacbat Vapucapevns, TOV Batdeny els TOV Onpov mpoerOovta kal tadTa Bovdopevov elmrety éxwAuce Snpapx.aov Addos Hopanios, aryupTny ‘aTroKahav Kal ‘7 pos vBpw ameavvey tod Bn- patos. 0 On Kal padiota TO ae Tow avOpamou wioTw Taper Xev. ou yap | EPO THS éexxArHolas dvOeions o AvAos els olKov éemavenbeip, Kar mupetos e&nvOncer avT@ TOO OUTOS dare Tact Karapavi) ryevoplevov Kal teptBonrov évros éR80- Bens Huépas atrodaveiv. 1 gbrovs of orpari@ra: with Reiske: robs orpariéras, which Bekker and Ziegler bracket. 508 CAIUS MARIUS them on their journeys, being recognized by bronze rings on their necks; for the soldiers had caught them, put these rings on, and let them go again; and after this, on recognizing the birds, the soldiers greeted them, and they were glad to see them when they set out upon a march, feeling sure in such eases that they would be successful. Many signs also appeared, most of which were or the ordinary kind ; but from Ameria and Tuder, cities of Italy, it was reported that at night there had been seen in the heavens flaming spears, and shields which at first moved in different directions, and then clashed together, assuming the formations and movements of men in battle, and finally some of them would give way, while others pressed on in pursuit, and all streamed away to the westward. Moreover, about this time Bataces, the priest of the Great Mother,! came from Pessinus announcing that the goddess had declared to him from her shrine that the Romans were to be victorious and triumphant in war. The senate gave credence to the story and voted that a temple should be built for the goddess in commemoration of the victory ; but when Bataces came before the assembly and desired to tell the story, Aulus Pompeius, a tribune of the people, prevented him, calling him an impostor, and driving -him with insults from the rostra. And lo, this did more than anything else to gain credence for the man’s story. For hardly had Aulus gone back to his house after the assembly was dissolved, when he broke out with so violent a fever that he died within a week, and everybody anew and talked about it. 1 Cybelé, Mother of the Gods. 5°9 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XVIII. Of 8 Tedroves éreyeipnoay pev navxatovtos Tod Mapiov moXdtopKeivy TO oTpaTo- mecov, Bédeoe 5 ToAXois evTUXOVTES aro TOU xaparos pepopevors Kat twas ¢€€ avTav atro- Barovtes &yvwoav eis TovptpocOev yYwpety ws vmepBadovvres adea@s Tas “AXreis: Kal cuvcKeEv- acdmevor TapnuerBov ro otparoTredov tav ‘Pa- paiwy, Tore 87) pddtcTa TrapTAnGeis pneer Kal xporm THS wapodov davevtes’ uepais yap &F NEyorTas Tov Yadpaxa Tov Mapiov tapapeiya- cat cuvexas odevovtes. érropevovto dé éyyus, muvOavopmevo, TOV Pwpaiwy peta yédAwTos el TL mpos Tas yuvaixas émiotéAXolev? auvTol yap , 9 > a ,] N \ / ‘ EcecOas taxéws Tap avtais. eet 5é mapnrAda-ay ot BapBapot Kai mponecav, apas cal avros én- 4 A b] \ A J 9 bf \ KorovOer ayédnv, éyyus pev del Kal trap’ avTovs Exeivous tOpuopevos, Oyupais O€ Yp@pmevos oTparo- medelals Kal Ywpia KapTepa TpoRadrAopEVos, OoTE “A «of éy acdanrel vuxtepevey. odtw 57 mpoiovres éyevovTo mpos Tols KaXoupevors Bdace YeETiors, ef ” , > \ COX 2 a 60ev eee tropevOevtas ov qoAAnY odov ev Tais “Adreow elvat. 616 bn .cal Mdpwos évraiéa 4 4 \ , a mapeoxevateto pdayecOar, nal xatéhaBe TO / , > \ UA e \ ” oTpatoréde ToTov taxupov pév, Ddwp 5¢ apOovov oux éxovra, Bovdropevos, Os act, Kal TovT@ mapokivat TovUs aTpatiwtas. WoAA@VY Ye TOL dua xepatvovTar Kat dSipnoerv Neyovtov, SeiEas TH XElpl ToTapoy Tia péovTa TAnciov Tod Bap- Bapixotd xdpaxos, éxeiPev avtois Edpnoev elvar 510 416 CAIUS MARIUS XVIII. But the Teutones, since Marius kept quiet, attempted to take his camp by storm ; many missiles, however, were hurled against them from the forti- fications, and they lost some of their men. They therefore decided to march forward, expecting to cross the Alps without molestation. ‘So they packed up their baggage and began to march past the camp of the Romans. Then, indeed, the im- mensity of their numbers was made specially evident by the length of their line and the time required for their passage; for it is said they were six days in passing the fortifications of Marius, although they moved continuously. And they marched close to the camp, inquiring with laughter whether the Romans had any messages for their wives ; “for,” said they, ‘‘we shall soon be with them.” But when the Barbarians had passed by and were going on their way, Marius also broke camp and followed close upon them, always halting near by and at their very side, but strongly fortifying his camps and keeping strong positions in his front, so that he could pass the night in safety. Thus the two armies went on until they eame to the place called Aquae Sextiae, from which they had to march only a short distance and they would be in the Alps. For this reason, indeed, Marius made preparations to give battle here, and he occupied for his camp a position that was strong, but poorly supplied with water, wishing, as they say, by this circumstance also to incite his soldiers to fight. At any rate, when many of them were dissatisfied and said they would be thirsty there, he pointed to a river that ran near the barbarian fortifications, and told them they could get water there, but the 5 i PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOTOV wvtovy aipatos. ‘Ti ody,” épacay, “‘ ovK "Or @e A Mv > bd 3 4 a e N \ evOus- nas ayes err auTtous, ws Uypoy TO alua > n A fol Exouev; ' KaKelvos npéua-TH hovn, “ Iporepov,” elrev, “ OyUpwTéov Huivy TO oTpaToTeEsoV.” XIX. Ot peév oty orpati@rat Knaitep aoyar- Novtes ereiOovto: THs. Sé Gepareias TO WAROOS w 9 > \ N 50” € ¥, / ” b) / oUT avtol toTov ov0” btrotuyios Exovtes aO poor t ? \ / e \ > gos 2 \ kaTéBawov eri Tov ToTapmoy, oi pev akivas, ot dé 4 ” \ \ l4 \ ; buf ”~ Teréxels, Evia Se Kat Eipn nal Noyxas aya Tots e / 9 4 e \ \ 4 e 4 Udpiots avadaBovTes, ws Kal dia payns vdpevoo- Mevol. TOUTOLS TO TPHTOV OrjLYOL TpOTELAaYoOVTO TOV TOAELiOY: ETUXOY yap apLloTw@VTES Oi TONAL A / e 4 ¢ / b / peTa NouTpor, ot 5é ENoVOYTO. PHyvUcL yap avToOt vapatov Oeppav mnyas 0 Y@pos' Kal pépos Tt jwept taita tovs BapBapouvs evtabotvtas Kat mavnyupivovtas noovn xal Oavuatt tod toTou , ee a \ \ \ \ ckatérxaBov ot “Pwpaiot. mpos dé THY Kpavynv TAELOvaY oUYTpEYoYTwY T@ TE Mapip yarerov Hy éTL TOUS OTpaTLWTAS éTioxXelyY TEPl THY OLKET@Y dedcoras, cal Ta@VY TokEeulwoy TO paytuwTaToD , e 7? ® , ¢ A \ pépos, uh ov mponttnvtTo Pwpator pera Mad- Aiov kab Kausriwvos mpotepov ("“AuBpwves wvo- pavtovto Kal wAnOos virép Tptapupious avTol Kad” éavtovs joav), aval€avtes eri tas mavoTXias éy@pouv. Ta ev ov cwpata TANG MOVH BeBapn- A ce) / pévot, Tots 6€ Ppovnpact yavpor cal draxexupévot Mpos Tov AKpaTov, OVK ATdKTOLS OvSE paviwbeat U , > \ v > \ er depopevor Spopors ovde avapOpov adadaypov tev- TES, GAA KpovovTes puOu@ Ta Girra Kal ouvad- 512 CAIUS MARIUS _ price of it was blood. “ Why, then,” they said, “dost thou not lead us at once against the enemy, ° while our blood is still moist?” To which Marius calmly replied: “We must first make our camp strong.” XIX. His soldiers, accordingly, though reluctant, obeyed ; but the throng of camp-servants, who had no water either for themselves or their beasts, went down in a body to the river, some taking hatchets, some axes, and some also swords and lances along with their water-jars, determined to get water even if they had to fight for it. With these only a few of the enemy at first engaged, since the main body were taking their meal after bathing, and some were still bathing. For streams of warm water burst from the ground in this place, and at these the Romans surprised a number of the Barbarians, who were enjoying themselves and making merry in this wonderfully pleasant place. Their cries brought more of the Barbarians to the spot, and Marius had difficulty in longer restraining his soldiers, since they had fears now for their servants. Besides, the most warlike division of the enemy, by whom at an earlier time the Romans under Manlius and Caepio had been defeated ! (they were called Ambrones and _ of themselves numbered more than thirty thousand), had sprung up from their meal and were running to get their arms. However, though their bodies were surfeited and weighed down with food and their spirits excited and disordered with strong wine, they did not rush on in a disorderly or frantic course, nor raise an inarticulate battle-cry, but rhythmically clashing their arms and leaping to the sound they 1 Cf. chapter xvi. 5. 513 VOL. IX. LL PLUTARCH’S LIVES _ Aopevor TWAVTES dua THY avTav epeyyovro ” IOANUEKLS ™poonyopiav "ApBpoves, elre ava- Kanrovpevot opas avrous, elTeE TOUS TONE Lous TH mpodnracet m poexpoBobvres. TOY dé "Traducdy TpOTOL cataBaivovtes ér autovs Atyues, as ieove ap Bowvtay Kai cuvixay, dvtepavouy Kal avrot MA maT ptov emixAnow avrTav eivary opas yap aurous odTws KATA YEVOS évopdtovar Adyves. WUKYOKL ovY Kal TapadAnrov avrnxer mpl ets Xelpas ouvedbeiy TO dvadwvnua: Kal TOY TTPATOV ExaTépos avd pépos cuvava ery youeveav Kat prdoTipmoupEvery Tp@Tovy addAndOUS TP poeryedes TAS Bons vmrepBaréea Oar, mapwetuve cat Sinpebrbe TOV Oupov 9 n Kpavy7. Tovs Hep ovv "ApBpavas diéoTrace 70 petO pov: ov yap épPacay ets TaEW KaTacTHVaL diaBarres, ahha Tots mparors evOvs pera Spopou rav Ac- yvov T pooTed ovTwy éy Xepaly Wy 7 paXn Tots dé Atyver TOV ‘Pepatov emiBonOovvtwv Kat pepopevery avolev é éml TOUS BapBapous Brac bév- Tes €TpdTrovTo. Kal Theta rot pe avrov Tept 70 petOpov @Oovpevor Kat’ aA AwY emaiovTo Kal KareTTi“T\acay povov Kal vex pav TOV TOTapov, tous O€ Sia Raves ot ‘Peopator By TOAMavTaS ava- orpéedev Extewov axXpt Tov oTpatoTrébou Kal TAY apatev pevyovtas. évraida, 5€ al yuvaixes atr- avTacaL pera Echav Kal TreAEKEWY Sewvov TET pt- yuiae Kat mepiOupov 7 LVVOVTO TOUS pevryovtas opolos Kal TOUS StwKOVTAS, TOUS LEV WS mpodoras, TOUS dé ws ToAepious, avarreduppévat paxomevors Kat Xepal yupvais tovs te Oupeovs TaV “Poopator 514 CAIUS MARIUS would frequently shout out all together their tribal name Ambrones, either to encourage one another, or to terrify their enemies in advance by the declaration. The first of the Italians to go down against them were the Ligurians, and when they heard and understood what the Barbarians were shouting, they themselves shouted back the word, claiming it as their own an- cestral appellation ; for ‘the Ligurians call themselves Ambrones by descent. Often, then, did the shout echo and reecho from either side before they came to close quarters; and since the hosts back of each party took up the cry by turns and strove each to outdo the other first in the magnitude of their shout, their cries roused and fired the spirit of the com- — batants. Well, then, the Ambrones became separated by the stream; for they did not all succeed in getting across and forming an array, but upon the foremost of them the Ligurians at once fell with a rush, and the fighting was hand-to-hand. Then the Romans came to the aid of the Ligurians, and charging down from the heights upon the Barbarians overwhelmed and turned them back. Most of the Ambrones were cut down there in the stream where they were all crowded together, and the river was filled with their blood and their dead bodies; the rest, after the Romans had crossed, did not dare to face about, and the Romans kept slaying them until they came in their flight to their camp and waggons. Here the women met them, swords and axes in their hands, and with hideous shrieks of rage tried to drive back fugitives and pursuers alike, the fugitives as traitors, and the pursuers as foes; they mixed them- selves up with the combatants, with bare hands tore 515 LL 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aTrooTaca Kai trav Evbav émiiapBavopevat, cal Tpavpata Kat Staxomas TopaTov UTropévoucat, péxpe TEAEUT IIS anTTNTOL Tots Oupois. THY pev ou TapaTroT dpov payny odTw Kata TUYNY Uar- Nov youn Tob oTpaTayou yevéoOat deyovary. XX. "Evel 6é ToAAoUS Ta "ApBpavev. ot ‘Peopaior StapOeipartes dvexepnaay orice Kat TKOTOS éméaxen, ovx, domep én evTUXn HATE TOTOUTH Tov oTpatoy édéFayTo TraLaves émwvixtot car TOTOL Kara oKnvas Kal pedroppocvvar epi detrrva Kal TO TavTOV ndvarov dvdpdow EUTUX OS pepaxnpevoss, dirvos Hrvos, GAN éxeiyny pamorTa THY vuRTO poRepay at Tapaxwon Senryayov. wy per yap avtots aYapacwtov TO otparoredop Kas ateixiaTov, amehelTrovTo 1 $é Tov BapBapov é ere modal pupiddes anrTntot, Kal CUpLpeLiry Levey TovTots Soot SiaTrepevyerav tov ‘ApBpeover, aduppos Hv da VUKTOS, ov KAavO ois ovde orevary- pois avOpwrrav é coLKws, GANA Onpopeyns TUS opyyn Kal Bpvynua pre pesry wévov amethais Kal Opryvors avarre [iT OWevov x mnBous TOTOUTOU Td TE mépug épn eal Ta KotNa TOU TOT ALOU Teprepovet. Kal Kateixe dpixwdns Yos TO Tediov, Tovs 5é ‘Po- patous dé0s, avrov te tov Mapuov éxtrdnees a- KO Ov Twa Kal _Tapaxadn VUKTOMAX LAY ™poo- Sexouevov. ou pny émnrOov obre VUKTOS ovTe THS émLovens npépas, GANA cuYTaTroVTEs EavTOUS Kas Tapac evalopevot SteréXoup. "Ep TOUT® dé Mdptos, joav yap éx Kepahis tav BapBdpwv vdtrar Twepixrivels Kal KaTaoKsos 1 gwredclwovro, Bekker adopts Coraés’ correction to dweAel- ToyvTo, 516 41% CAIUS MARIUS away the shields of the Romans or grasped their swords, and endured wounds and mutilations, their fierce spirits unvanquished to the end. So, then, as we are told, the battle at the river was brought on by accident rather than by the intention of the commander. | XX. After destroying many of the Ambrones the Romans withdrew and night came on; but in spite of so great a success the army did: not indulge in paeans of victory, or drinking in the tents, or friendly converse over suppers, or that sweetest of all delights for men who have fought and won a battle, gentle sléep, but that night more than any other was spent in fears and commotions. For their camp was still without palisade or wall, and there were still left many myriads of the Barbarians who had met with no defeat. These had been joined by all the Am- brones who survived the battle, and there was lamentation among them all night long, not like the wailings and groans of men, but howlings and bellow- ' ings with a strain of the wild beast in them, mingled with threats and cries of grief, went up from this vast multitude and echceed among the surrounding hills and over the river valley. The whole plain was filled with an awful din, the Romans - with fear, and even Marius himself with consternation as he awaited some disorderly and confused night- battle. However, the Barbarians made. no attack either during that night or the following day, but spent the time in marshalling their forces and making preparations. Meanwhile, since the position of the Barbarians was commanded by sloping glens and ravines that were 517 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘Spupois avraves, evtradda Kravdsov Mapxedrrov €xTéumel peta TploxtALwv omrALTaY, évedpedoat Kerevoas Kpvpa Kal payopuévors, éEoTricbev éme- pavivat. tovs 5€ ddXrous Sertvncavtas év dpa \ t o> es , \ a eal Kouunéevras au’ quepa cuvératte mpo Tod Napaxos ayayov, cal mpocEémepte TOUS lirTeas 9 \ id 4 \ , omtaev. 0 yap Katpos ovn EXaGe Tov Mapxerrdon, GANA THS Kpavyhs Urép Tovs Nopous avw depo- > wn pévns avaoctncas Tovs pet avTod Spoym Kal 518 CAIUS MARIUS shaded by trees, Marius sent Claudius Marcellus thither with three thousand men-at-arms, under orders. to lie concealed in ambush until the battle was on, and then to show themselves in the enemy’s rear. The rest of his soldiers, who had taken supper in good season and then got a night’s sleep, he led out at day-break and drew up in front of the camp, and sent out his cavalry into the plain. The Teutones, seeing this, could not wait for the Romans to come down and fight with them on equal terms, but quickly and wrathfully armed themselves and charged up the hill. But Marius, sending his officers to all parts of the line, exhorted the soldiers to stand firmly in their lines, and when the enemy had got within reach to hurl their javelins, then take to their swords and crowd the Barbarians back with their shields; for since the enemy were. on precarious ground their blows would have no force and the locking of their shields no strength, but the uneven- ness of the ground would keep them turning and tossing about. This was the advice he gave his men, ‘and they saw that he was first to act accordingly; — for he was in better training than any of them, and in daring far surpassed them all. _ XXI. Accordingly, the Romans awaited the enemy's onset, then closed with them and checked their upward rush, and at last, crowding them back little by little, forced them into the plain. Here, while the Barbarians in front were at last forming in line on level ground, there was shouting and commotion in their rear. For Marcellus had watched his opportunity, and when the cries of battle were borne | up over the hills he put his men upon the run and 519 PLUTARCH’S LIVES J “a , , 4 \ GNANAYU@ TPOTETIMTE KATA VWTOU, KTELVOY TOUS éxyatous. of 5é Tovs Wpo avTaY état w@pevot TAXU TaY TO OTpaTevpa Tapayns évérANoav, ov ToNUY TE Ypovoy nvécyovTo Tratopevor Sty oOen, 9 \ \ 4 4, w e Ve al adry.a Thy Tak AVoavTeEs Efevyov. of 5é ‘Pwpaior St@xovtes avtav pev UTrép Séxa pupiadas 7 Covras a / a“ \ \ ¢ a \ etkov 7 KatéBarov, oxnvev 5€ xai apakov Kai Yenuatwv kpatnoavres, doa wy dtexramn, Maptov rAaBeiv epndicavto. Kat Swpeads TavTns NaptTpo- D2 TaTns Tuy@v ovdev akiov exew @v éotpa- tTHynoev evoyicOn Sia TO Tov KLVdUVOU péyeOos. 7 \ “A aA a 4 b Erepot dé rept tis Swpeas Tov ANadvpwv ovy OMoroyovaLV, OVdSE Tept TOU TANOOUS TeV TETOD- tov. Maocarinras pmévtot rA€youvet Tois GoTéoLs TweplOptyx@oat Tovs autredA@vas, THY 6 YyhV, TOV A \ A vexpov Katavarwlevtwv ev avtTh Kat Sia Yetmavos ouBpov émrimecovtwy, obtws éxdTravOnvar Kat / \ 4 / fol ‘ yevéerOar da Bd0ous wepitrAew TIS anmeddvos évovons @aTeE KapT ay brepBadrov cis @pas mr os eEeveyKety Kat Haptupioat TO “ApXiroyp eyourt Tiaiveo Oat Trpos Tov ToLOvTOU Tas apoUpas. érucixas 5€ Tails peyddais pdyats éEatcious veTovs émixatappnyvucOat Aéyovow, elte Sat- poviov Tivos THY yhv KaBapois Kal Stimeréow ayvitovtos béact Kal KataxruUlovtos, elite Tov a ee gdovov xal THs aontedovos éEavieions bypay Kal Bapeiav avadupiaci, * Tov aépa ovviornow eUTpemTov OdvTa Kal paditov peraBdArew aro P / > N A Pe 3 a TMLKPOTATNS ETL WAELTTOV apyYyNs. 520 418 CAIUS MARIUS fell with loud shouts upon the enemy’s rear, where he cut down the hindmost of them. Those in the rear forced along those who were in front of them, and quickly plunged the whole army into confusion, and under this double attack they could not hold out long, but broke ranks and fled. The Romans pursued them and either slew or took alive over a hundred thousand of them, besides making them- selves masters of their tents, waggons, and property, all of which, with the exception of what was pilfered, was given to Marius by vote of the soldiers. And though the gift that he received was so splendid, it was thought to be wholly unworthy of his services in the campaign, where the danger that threatened had been so great. There are some writers, however, who give a different account of the division of the spoils, and also of the number of the slain. Nevertheless, it is*said that the people of Massalia fenced their vineyards round with the bones of the fallen, and that the soil, after the bodies had wasted away in it and the rains had fallen all winter upon it, grew so rich and be- came so full to its depths of the putrefied matter that sank into it, that it produced an exceeding great harvest in after years, and confirmed the saying of Archilochus! that “fields are fattened”’ by such a process. And it is said that extraordinary rains generally dash down after great battles, whether it is that some divine power drenches and hallows the ground with purifying waters from Heaven, or that the blood and putrefying matter send up a moist and heavy vapour which condenses the air, this being easily moved and readily changed to the highest degree by the slightest cause. 1 Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graecs, ii.4 pp. 428 f. 6 ; 521 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXII. Mera &é THY pany O _Maptos TOV BapBapicav Om ov Kat Aad upwv Ta pev EXT PETA kal odkoKANpa Kal Tow LK AY Oyu T@ OprduBe Suvdpeva Tapacyxetv éréne£e, TOD dé adXNwv esl mupas meyarns KaTacwpevcas TO TrIIOS éOuce Ouaiav peyaron perry. Kai Tov oTpaTov Tape- TTATOS ey Srrdos ea repavepevov TreptSwadpevos autos, domep GOos éativ, avahaBav THY TepuTrop- g@upov Kat AaBov dada KaLomevny Kal be apudorepav TeV Xe~pav dvacxeov Tos TOV ovpavov ewer Aev vpnoev 7H Tupa: «al TpogedavvovTes iarmous EwpOVTO pirou OUD Taxet Tos autor, dare Tomy yevér Gat oeomny Kal mpocdoxiay amdvtwy. eet dé éeyyls hoav, atorndncaytes edeEtodvro TOV Mapuor, evaryyeMtCopevor TO WéuTr- Tov aurov dmratov nphoba., Kat ypappata Trept TOUT@Y arrédoaap. _beyadns ov Xapas trois ET LVLKLOLS T poaryevoperns 6 Te oTpaTos ud’ ndoviis evo ip Twi KPOT@ Kat TaTay@ ovvndrddakay, Kal TOV HyEHOvey TOV Mépvov avis avadovyt oy Sadyns arepadvots évnwe tiv Twupav Kal thy vata éreTeNeiwcer. XXII. ‘H dé ponder éaoa TOV peyddov €U- TUXNLATODV AKPAaTov Ets noovny Kal caapor, arra pifer KaKaV xal ayabav Toixihhovca, TOV av0 par- TLvov Biov 7 uy tTUyn Te 7 veweots n T parywaT ov dvayKata puous ov TrohAais UoTEepov nuépaus emnyarye @ Mapiy THy mept KdtaAov Tob oup- dpxovtos aryyedav, GoTep év evdia Kat yarn vemos, avtis & Erepov gpoBov rat yetwava Th Popun TEeploTnaaca. o yap 5 Kadtdos dvrixadnpevos tots KiuBpos tas pev brepBords tov “AXrewy 522 CAIUS MARIUS XXII. After the battle, Marius collected such of the arms and spoils of the Barbarians as were hand- some, entire, and fitted to make a show in his triumphal procession ; all the rest he heaped up on a huge pyre and set on foot a magnificent sacrifice. The soldiers had taken their stand about the pyre in arms, with chaplets on their heads, and Marius himself, having put on his purple-bordered robe and girt it about him, as the custom was, had taken a lighted torch, held it up towards heaven with both hands, and was just about to set fire to the pyre, when some friends were seen riding swiftly towards him, and there was deep silence and expectancy on the part of all. But when the horsemen were near, they leaped to the ground and greeted Marius, bringing him the glad news that he had been elected consul for the fifth time,! and giving him letters to that effect. This great cause for rejoicing having been added to the celebration of their victory, the soldiers, transported with delight, sent forth a universal shout, accompanied by the clash and clatter of their arms, and after his officers had crowned Marius afresh with wreaths of bay, he set fire to the pyre and completed the sacrifice. XXIII. However, that power which permits no great successes to bring a pure and unmixed enjoy- ment, but diversifies human life with a blending of evil and of good—be it Fortune, or Nemesis, or Inevit- able Necessity, within a few days brought to Marius tidings of his colleague Catulus, which, like a cloud in a calm and serene sky, involved Rome in another tempest of fear. For Catulus, who was facing the Cimbri, gave up trying to guard the passes of the 1 For the year 101 B.o. §23 PLUTARCH’S LIVES arréyuw puraoce, 17) KATA TONKA THY SUVA pépn Seaipeiv avayxalopevos aabevns yévotto, xataBas & evdus eis tHv "Itadiav Kal rov ’Att- cava TOT apov NaBov po avTov Kai ppafdpevos ™ pos tas diaBadcers éxatépwber i tayupots Xapa- KO LAT LY, éleufe TOV Topoy, as émrtBonbety ein Tots mépav, el _ pos Ta ppovpra Budlowro Sia ray OTEVOY Ob BdpRapor. Tots dé TocovTov Tmepthy vrepowpias Kai Opacous Kata TOY Trohepdery dove popny Kat TOhmay em erxvupevor paddov 7 mpar- TovTés TL TOY avaryKatov yupvol pep nvelXovTo vicpopevot cai 51a maywv Kal yvovos Badeias Tots aK pots mpoaéBawwor, avo bev dé Tous Oupeovs : wrateis Drorievres Tois cdpacty, elra aduévtes aurous Umepepovro Kata Kpnpvav orducOnpata kal ALoaddas dyaveis eX OvTe@v. ws de Tapa- oTparomesevaavres eyyus cai kaTaoKeyapevor TOV Topov ipEavro Xovv, Kal Tous qépue Aogous avappnyvuvres, @orep ot yiyartes, apa bevdpa mpoppita Kal Kpnpvav amapdyparta Kal ys KOM@VOUS épopouy els TOY TOTAMOP, éxOri Bovres TO pevpa Kal Tois épetSovar Ta Cevypata BaOpors erévres Bapyn peydra cupopeva, Kata poov xal TlWaTTovTa tails mrnyais THY yepupay, amrobes- Mdoartes Ol TAELOTOL TOD TTPATLOT OY é&éNstrov TO péya oTpaToTredov Kal dvex@povv. "Ev0a 57 Kdrios éderEev éauvTov, waomTrep TO | arya ov Kal TéXelov apyovrTa, THY avTov dokav éy Daren TOV TOT OY a. Déuevov. érrel yap ove éretOe TovS oTpatim@tas péverv, AXX’ éwpa Tept- Ses avatevyvivtas, dpacOat Kedevoas Tov aeTov 41! 524 CAIUS MARIUS Alps, lest he shopld be weakened by the necessity of dividing his forces into many parts, and at once descended into the plains of Italy. Here he put the river Atiso between himself and the enemy, built strong fortifications on both banks of it to prevent their crossing, and threw a bridge across the stream, that he might be able to go to the help of the people on the other side in case the Barbarians made their way through the passes and attacked the fortresses. But these Barbarians were so contemptuous and bold in following their enemies that, more by way of displaying their strength and daring than because it was necessary at all, they endured the snow-storms without any clothing, made their way through ice and deep snow to the summits, and from there, putting their broad shields under them and then let- ting themselves go, slid down the smooth and deeply fissured cliffs. After they had encamped near the , stream and examined the passage, they began to dam it up, tearing away the neigbouring hills, like the giants of old, carrying into the river whole trees with their roots, fragments of cliffs, and mounds of earth, and crowding the current out of its course; they also sent whirling down the stream against the piles of the bridge heavy masses which made the bridge quiver with their blows, until at last the greater part of the Roman soldiers played the coward, abandoned their main camp, and began to retreat. And now Catulus, like a consummately good com- mander, showed that he had less regard for his own reputation than for that of his countrymen. For finding that he could not persuade his soldiers to re- main, and seeing that they were making off in terror, he ordered his standard to be taken up, ran to the 535 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ss TOUS TPWTOUS TAY ATEpYoLEeVWY Opunoe Spdpw Kal patos nyeito, BovAopevos avTov TO atoxpoy, b) ‘N ‘ fo] 4 / \ a A adra py THS TaTpidos yevéoOar, kai Soxety pr dhevyovtas, dvr érropévous TH OTPAaTHY@ Trovet- \ bd , e de 4 \ \ aOat thy atroxwpnot. ot dé BapBapor ro pév mépav Tov Aricavos ppouvplov éredOovtes EXaBop, Kal tovs autToGr ‘Pwyaious avipav Kxpatiotous yevouevous Kat mpoxiwoduvevoavtas akiws Tis matpioos OGavydacavtes vToomTovdous adjxay, OpocavTes TOY YaXKodY Tadpor, dv DaTEpoy dXovTA \ \ , bf A 4. > 2 peta thy paynv ets tHy KdtArov dacly oixiay @omep axpoinov Tihs vixens KoptcOjvat. thy Sé yaepay Eonuov Bonletas émiyvbévtes émopOouv. XXIV. ’Esi tovros éeareito Mdptos eis thy ‘Poynv: cal mapayevopevos, wavtTw@v avTov oio- , , ” a a pévav OptapBevoew nal tis BovrAts mpoOvpws Wndicapévns, oun nEiwoey, cite TOUS oTpaTLWTAS kal auvayovicTas amootepjoat THS PiAroTLLLias pu) BovAdpevos, eltre mpos Ta Tapovta Bappvvwy TO TAHOOS, @S TH TUYN THS TWoAEWS TAapaKaTaTt- Oéwevos THY TOV TpeTwY KaTOpOwpdToy So-ay év tois Sevtépots Aaprpotrépay arrodoOncopevny. SiarexOeis 5€ Ta wpéTovTa TH Katp@ Kal mpos tov KdtXov éEopunoas, tovTov te tapeOdppuve kal Tovs avuTod peTeméuTeTo oTpatiwtas éx Tanatias. ws 8€ adixovto, SiaBas tov Hpsdavov elpyery éretpato THs évTds ‘Itadias tovs Bap- , e \ / b 4 Bapovs. ot d€ tovs Tevtovas éxdéyerOat . Kal 526 CAIUS MARIUS foremost of the retiring troops, and put himself at their head, wishing that the disgrace should attach to himself and not to his country, and that his soldiers, in making their retreat, should not appear to be running away, but following their general. The Barbarians attacked and captured the fortress on the further side of the Atiso, and they so much admired the Romans there, who showed themselves bravest of men and fought worthily of their country, that they let them go on parole, making them take oath upon the bronze bull. This was subsequently captured, after the battle, and was carried, we are told, to the house of Catulus as the chief prize of the victory. But the country was now destitute of defenders, and the Barbarians inundated and ravaged it. XXIV. In view of these things Marius was sum- moned to Rome. When he had arrived there, it was the general expectation that he would celebrate the triumph which, the senate had readily voted him. But he refused to do so, either because he did not wish to deprive his soldiers and comrades-in-arms of their due honours, or because he would encourage the multitude in view of the present crisis by en- trusting the glory of his first success to the fortune . of the state, in the hope that it would be returned to him enhanced by a second: Having said what was suitable to the occasion, he set out to join Catulus, whom he tried to encourage, while at the same time he summoned his own soldiers from Gaul. When these had come, he crossed the Po and tried to keep the Barbarians out of the part of Italy lying this side of the river. But the Barbarians declined battle, alleging that they were waiting for 527 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Oavydlew ws Bpadvvovtwv pacKovtes aveBar- NovTo Thy payny, elite ayvoobvTes SvTwWS THY 9 , , w , “A 9 ” exetvwv POopav, elte Bovromevor Soxety arioreiv. 9 , > A , A wal yap Tous ayyéAXovTas nKiSovTo Seas, Kal Tov Mdpiov nrovy méuWaytes éavrois Kal Tois aber- pois ywpay nal modes ixavas évotxetv. épopévov “~ la \ , \ “~ 9 nw 5é rod Mapiou rovs mpécBers mept Tav adeXdor, KaKelvVOY ovopacdvtTwy tous TevTovas, of pmeév ado dvtes éyéAacay, o 5€ Maptos éoxwwev > 2 cE , \ 9 / ¥ A eirr@v: “Kate tolvuy tous adergous: Exovor yap yn éxeivot kat Ota tmavtos E€ovot wap jmav AaBovtes.” ot b¢ rpéc Bees THY Elpwveiav cuvevTeEs éXoLdopouy avrov ws dicny upéfovtra, KipSpoes \ > , 4 \ @ S, 66 bev avtixa, Tevroos dé Stay rrapayévwvtar. “ Kal \ / ”» e / “ ) ’ o pny mdapeow, ébn o Maptos, “Kali ovy ees A e a 9 na 4 a ‘ 9 KAANOS Luly aTadAayhvat TpoTEpov 7) TOUS adEA- govs adomdcacba.” Kal Tavita citrwv éxédevce TOUS Bacireis tov Tevtovev mpoaxOjvat dede- pévous: édiwoav yap év tais “AXtrect pevyovres vmTo YnKovavov. XXV. ‘Os S€ aanyyérXOn tadta Tois KipSpors, * 3 9 fa) b] , > \ \ 4 e€ 4 avlis €E apyis éxwpouy éti tov Mapioy novya- \ 4 \ Ud 4 Covra xal dsahvAdttovtra To otpatotresov. NEyeT at dé eis éxetyny thy payny mpatov bo Mapiou a \ \ KatvorounOnvas TO Tept TOS VaaoUs. TO yap Ets \ U v A 4 a \ Tov aidnpov éuBAYpa Tod EvrAou mpoTepov peév Hv a \ Svol mepovars KaTetAnppévov aidypais, Tote Sé oO 4 Mdpuos rnv per, dorrep elyev, elace, THY 8 évépav éFexov EvAwov roy evOpavotoy avt avtis 528 CAIUS: MARIUS their brethren the Teutones and wondered why they were so long in coming; this was either because they were really ignorant of their destruction, or because they wished to have the appearance of disbelieving it. For they terribly mishandled those who brought tidings of it, and sent to Marius de- manding territory for themselves and their brethren and enough cities for them to dwell in. When Marius asked their ambassadors whom they meant by their brethren, they said they meant the Teutones. At this, all the other Romans who heard them burst out laughing, and Marius scoffingly said : « Then don’t trouble yourselves about your brethren, for they have land, and they will have it forever— land which we have given them.” The ambassadors understood his sarcasm and fell to abusing him, declaring that he should be punished for. it, by the Cimbri at once, and by the Teutonés when they came. “ Verily,” said Marius, “they are here, and it will not be right for you to go away before you have. . embraced your brethren.” Saying this, he ordered the kings of the Teutones to be produced in fetters ; for they had been captured among the Alps, where they were fugitives, by the Sequani. XXV. When these things had been reported to the Cimbri, they once more advanced against Marius, who kept quiet and carefully guarded his camp. And it is said that it was in preparation for this battle that Marius introduced an innovation in the structure of the javelin. Up to this time, it seems, that part of the shaft which was let into the iron head was fastened there by two iron nails; but now, leaving one of these as, it was, Marius removed the other, and put in its place a wooden pin that could easily ; 529 VOL. IX. M M PLUTARCH’S LIVES ° 66 , ’ \ e \ A 2 evéBare, Teyvalwy tpoomecovtTa Tov vacoyv TO Oupe@ Tod ToAEuiou pun pévetv opOov, adda TOU o / (4 \ / \ EuXtvov xracbévtos Nov Kaprny yiverOa. Tept ‘ , \ / \ , A A Tov aidnpov Kai mapédXKecOat To Sopu, &a THv oTpeBAOTHTA THS aiypns eveyopevov. | BosapeF 5é 0 tav KipBpwv Bacrrevs orLyooros Tpocimmevaas TH oTpaToTédw@ MpovKanreito Tov ¢ td ”~ Madpuoy, nuépav opicavta Kat Torrov, mpoeAOeiv xat StaywricacBa epi THs xwpas. Tod bé Mapiov dycavtos ovdérote “Pwpaious supBov- rots KexpHoOat Trepi paxns Tois TroAEuioLs, Ov LHV > \ “A A , e , \ adda Kal yaptetcOat rodTO Kip Spots, nuépav pev EOevto Thy am éxeivns tpitnv, yopav é TO 7re- , \ } e ld \ b 4 Stov 76 wept BepxédXXas, Pwpaiors pev émitydecov évinnacacbar, trav 5€ avadyvow TO TAHOE Tapacyely. Typycavtes ovy Tov wpiopevoy Xpovoy avTt- mapetdaaovto, KdtXos pev Exywv dtcpupious Kal Tptaxoctous atpatiatas, ot dé Mapiou dsoxidsoe pev ent tpropupions éyévovTo, teptéaxov 5é Tov Kdrdov év péow veunbévtes eis éexatepov Képas, e , ? ; > 7 \ / @> LwaAdAas, Hywvicpévos exeivnv Thy payny, Ul , ‘ M 4 x , a yéypabe. Kai dnot tov Mdptoy éAtricavta ois dxpows padtota Kal KaTa Képas cuptreceiy Tas ddrayyas, Srrws iSios 4 inn Tov éxeivou otpa- TLWTOY YyevolTo Kal pn METAaTYXOL TOU aywVOS Oo a 4 KatnXos nde mpocpi€ese Tots TroAeuiols, KOATOMA TOV pécov, WaTrep clwOev ev peydrols pEeTwTrOLS, NapBavovtwv, odtw Svacthoa: Tas duvdpers. 53° 4 0 CAIUS MARIUS be broken. His design was that the javelin, after striking the enemy’s shield, should not stand straight out, but that the wooden peg should break, thus allowing the shaft to bend in the iron head and trail along the ground, being held fast by the twist at the point of the weapon. And now Boeorix the king of the Cimbri, with a small retinue, rode up towards the camp and challenged Marius to set a day and a place and come out and fight for the ownership of the country. Marius replied that the Romans never allowed their enemies to give them advice about fighting, but that he would nevertheless gratify the Cimbri in this matter. Accordingly, they decided that the day should be the third following, and the place the plain of Vercellae, which was suitable for the operations of the Roman cavalry, and would give the Cimbri room to deploy their numbers. When, therefore, the appointed time had come, the Romans drew up their forces for battle. Catulus had twenty thousand three hundred soldiers, while those of Marius amounted to thirty-two thousand, which were divided between both wings and had Catulus between them in the centre, as Sulla, who fought in this battle, has stated.1_ He says also that Marius hoped that the two lines would engage at their extremities chiefly and on the wings, in order that his soldiers might have the whole credit for the victory and that Catulus might not participate in the struggle nor even engage the enemy (since the centre, as is usual in battle-fronts of great extent, would be folded back) ; and therefore arranged the 1 In his Memoirs; cf. the Sulla, iv. 3. PLUTARCH’S LIVES dpora 5€é eal Toy KdtAov avtov atrovoyelcOac trepi TovTwY iotopovat, ToAANY KaTNYyopourTa Tov Mapiou xaxonOecav mpos autov. Tots 5¢ KiwSpors ro yey relov ex TaV épupata@v xa’ novyiay mpone, Babos icov TO peToT@ ToLovpevoyv. Exaorn yap éréaye TWAEUPA oTAdioUS TpiaxovtTa THs tapatakews: ot dé imeis puvptot nal tevraxioyidto. To TAHOoS dvtes e€)jNacav Naptrpol, xpavn pev eixacpéva Onpiwy PoBepaov xdopact Kal mpotopais tScopoppois éxovtes, as eTraLpopevot ANOHoLs TrEpwTois Eis Orvos EhatvovTo peivous, Owpaks Sé xexoounpévor ctdnpois, Oupeois d€ NevKois oTiABovtTes. dKovticpa Se Wy éexdoT@ S:Borjia: cuptrecovtes b€ peyddas eypavtTo Kat Bapeiass paxatpats. | XXVI. Tore d€ ovxl cata otopa Tpocepépovro tots ‘Pwpaiots, AX’ éxxAvovtes él Seva brHyov avTovS KaTa pixpov, éuBdrXovtes eis TO pécoV auT@y Te Kal Tav melav éF apiotepas TapaTteTay- Hévov. Kal cuvetooy pev of Trav ‘Popaiwy orparn- yot tov Sorov, émicyety 5€ tods orpatiwras oun EpOnaav, adr’ évds exBonaoavtos Sti hevyou- ow ot Todéutot, TavTes Opunoay Sioxew. Kal To welov ev ToUT@ TaV BapRapwv émne Kaddtrep TéAaryos ayaves Kivovpevov. eévTad0a vinpdpevos o Mdpios tas yelpas Kal mpos Tov ovpavoy ava- oxyev evEato Tos Geois kata éExatouBns. evEaTo Sé xal Katnos opoiws dvacyav tas yelpas xate- pace THY TUX NY THS Nwépas exeivns. Tov dé Mapiov cal Ovcavra éyerat TOY Lep@v avT@ dry Pevtav péya POeyEduevoy cirety “Kun 7 9 ViKN. 532 CAIUS MARIUS forces in thismanner. And we are told that Catulus himself also made a similar statement in defence of his conduct in the battle, and accused Marius of great malice in his treatment of him. As for the Cimbri, their foot-soldiers advanced slowly from their defences, with a depth equal to their front, for each side of their formation had an extent of thirty furlongs; and their horsemen, fifteen thousand strong, rode out in splendid style, with helmets made to resemble the maws of frightful wild beasts or the heads of strange animals, which, with their towering crests of feathers, made their wearers appear taller than they really were; they were also equipped with breastplates of iron, and carried gleaming white shields. For hurling, each man had two lances; and at close quarters they used large, heavy swords. XXVI. At this time, however, they did not charge directly upon the Romans, but swerved to the right and tried to draw them along gradually until they got them between themselves and their infantry, which was drawn up on their left. The Roman commanders perceived the crafty design, but did not succeed in holding their soldiers back; for one ot them shouted that the enemy was taking to flight, and then all set out to pursue them. Meanwhile the infantry of the Barbarians came on to the attack like a vast sea in motion. Then Marius, after washing his hands, lifted them to heaven and vowed a hecatomb to the gods; Catulus also in like manner lifted his hands and vowed that he would consecrate the fortune of that day. It is said, too, that Marius offered sacrifice, and that when the victims had been shown to him, he cried with a loud voice: “ Mine is the victory.” | 533 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tevouévns 6€ rhs épodov mpaypua veyeonrov maeiy tov Mdpiov of wep YvAXrav loTtopodcs. xovtoptod yap apbévtos, olov eixos, dmA€éTOU Kal TOV OTPATOTéOWY ATrOKEKPULpLEVOY, EKElVOV ED, @$ TO TP@TOY WpyNnoe pos THY Siwkw, émioTa- odmevov Thy SivauLy aoTOXnoaL TOV ToAELIOV kal tapeveyOevta THs pPdrayyos év TO Tediv SiahépecPar trodvv xpovov, T@ 5&€ Katr@ Tovs BapBdpovs amo tuyns cuppayhva, Kai yevérbar TOV ay@va KaT éxeivov Kal TOUS exéivou padLoTA otpatiotas, év ols avdtos o YwAAas TeTdyPar gnci: cuvaywvicacba: 5é tots ‘Pwpuaios Td Kadpa Kal TOV HALO avTtAdpTrovTa Tois KipBpais. dewol yap Gvres wmopetvas xpvn, Kal Toros évteOpappévor oxrepois, ws NéAEKTAL, Kal Wruypois, avetpérovro mpos To OdAros, idp@ta Te peTa adoOuatos Twodvy éx TOV CMpaTwY adlévTes Kal Tovs Oupeovs mpoBarXropmevot pO TOV TpoTwTaY, ate 5) kai peta tpotras Oépous THs payns yevo- pévns, as dyovot ‘Pwpaiot mpd tpiav uepav THS vouunvias Tod vov pév Avyovotou, Tote dé LeETvALov pnvos. a@vynoe 5é Kal wpdos TO Oappelv 0 KOVLOpTOS aTroKpUvas TOUS TroAEpioUsS. Ov yap KaTeloov €k TOAKOD TO TAOS, GAAa Spouw Tots Kat avtovs Exacto. Tpocpitartes ev YEpaiv joay, bd THS Brews py TpoexpoRnOévtes. otto & Hoav SiaTrovet Ta a@pata Kal KkatnOAnKoTes as pntTe \OpodvTa tiva pte doOpaivovta ‘Powpaiwv opOjnvat S:a Tviyous Tocovrov Kat peta Spopov 534 CAIUS MARIUS After the attack had begun, however, an ex- perience befell Marius which signified the divine displeasure, according to Sulla. For an immense cloud of dust was raised, as was to be expected, and the two armies were hidden from one another by it, so that Marius, when he first led his forces to’ the attack, missed the enemy, passed by their lines of battle, and moved aimlessly up and down the plain for some time. Meanwhile, as chance would have it, the Barbarians engaged fiercely with Catulus, and he and his soldiers, among whom Sulla says he himself was posted, bore the brunt of the struggle. The Romans were favoured in the struggle, Sulla says, by the heat, and by the sun, which shone in the faces of the Cimbri. For the Barbarians were well able to endure cold, and had been brought up in shady and chilly regions, as I have said.1 They were’ therefore un- done by the heat; they sweated profusely, breathed with difficulty, and were forced to hold their shields before their faces. For the battle was fought after the summer solstice, which falls, by Roman reckoning, three days before the new moon of the month now called ‘August,? but then Sextilis. Moreover, the dust, by hiding the enemy, helped to encourage the Romans. For they could not see from afar the great numbers of the foe, but each one of them fell at a run upon the man just over against him, and fought him hand to hand, without having been terrified by the sight of the rest of the host. And their bodies were so inured to toil and so thoroughly trained that not a Roman was observed to sweat or pant, in spite of the great heat and the run with which they 1 Chapter xi. 5 f. 2 a.d. III. Kalendas Augusti. 535 PLUTARCH’S LIVES THS cuppatews YEVOMEDNS, @S TOV KadrXov aurov 421 toTopety Aéyouor peyaduvovta TOUS oTpaTiOTas. XXVIII. To pev ovv m)helarov pépos Kal paxe- parrarov TOV ToAE Mio avTov KaTeKOTN” Kab oe Hoav urép Tov BT Stacraaba THY réku ot Tpopaxor paxpais advoeot pos AGAANAOUS ouveE- NOpevor Sua TeV Swati pov avadedeuevais: Tous S€ pevyovtas OoavTes ™pos TO Naparcopa Tpaytka- TaToLS éveTuyxavov mafecw. at yap yuvaires ETL TOV apatov peravelpoves epec Taras TOUS TE pevyovtas & ExTELvon, at Hey avdpas, al : O€ aderpous, ai S€ Tarépas, eal Ta vinta, TOV TEKVOY andy- Xoveat Tais Xepoly éppimrouy x) TOUS TpoXoUS Kat TOUS m0oas TOV vrro luton, auras dé anéo pat- _ TOV. piav 5é pact é& axpov pupov kpepapevny Ta TaLdia TOV AUTHS opupav adnupéeva Spoxors éxatépw bev Hpria Gat: Tous 6€ avdpas arropig devdpav Tois Képact TOV Body, tous 8é Tots oKéhert ™ poo deiv TOUS avUTOV Tpaxnrous, celta Kévtpa Tpoo pepovTas eFaddopevov TOV Bow epehxopevous Kal TATOULEVOUS atroAAva Oat. my Kaimep OUTS avr ay Stapapevror, éddwoay virép && pupiddas: ai 5€ TaY TecovTwY éXéyoVvTO Sis TogavTat ryever Oar. Ta pev ou Xpipara Sinprracay ot Mapiov oTpaTiaran, Ta be hapupa Kat Tas onpatas Kai Tas cadTuyyas Els TO Kdrhov’ otpatoTedoy a ave- veyOnvat Aeyoug wy" @ Kat padiora Tex unpip xpra Gar TOV Kdrhov ¢ @S Kat auTov My vin yevorTo. Kal pévtoe Kal Tois oTpaTLWTaLs, WS EoLKEV, EuTreE- aovons éptdos, npéOncay olov diartntai mpéo Bets 536 CAIUS MARIUS came to theencounter. This is what Catulus himself is said to have written! in extolling his soldiers. XXVII. The greatest number and the best fighters of the enemy were cut to pieces on the spot; for to prevent their ranks from being broken, those who fought in front were bound fast to one another with long chains which were passed through their belts. The fugitives, however, were driven back to their entrenchments, where the Romans beheld a most tragic spectacle. The women, in black gar- ments, stood at the waggons and slew the fugitives —their husbands or brothers or fathers, then strangled their little children and cast them be- neath the wheels of the waggons or the feet of the cattle, and then cut their own throats. It is said that one woman hung dangling from the tip of a waggon-pole, with her children tied to either ankle; while the men, for lack of trees, fastened. them- selves by the neck to the horns of the cattle, or to their legs, then plied the goad, and were dragged or trampled to death as the cattle dashed away. Nevertheless, in spite of such self-destruction, more than sixty thousand were taken prisoners ; and those who fell were said to have been twice that number. Now, the enemy’s property became the booty of the soldiers of Marius, but the spoils of battle, the standards, and the trumpets, were brought, we are told, to the camp of. Catulus; and Catulus relied chiefly upon this as a proof that the victory was won by hismen. Furthermore,.a dispute for the honour of the victory arose among the soldiers, as was natural, and the members of an embassy from Parma were 1 Catulus wrote a history of his consulship, of which Cicero speaks in terms of high praise (Brutus, 35, 132 ff.). 537 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Uappttav mapovres, obs of KatdXov Sa Tov TOAEMLWY VEKpwV ayovTEs éredcixvUYTO ToOiS Eéav- TaYV Vooots StatreTTappévous: yv@ptpot 8 Haoav Uo ypaypatwv, Tovvoua Tov KatrXov grapa to EvXov 5 auT@y éyyapdEavtos. ov pay adddr\a To Mapio mpooeTiOeTo aUuTaV TO Epyov H TE TpoTépa VviKN kal TO Tpocynua Tihs apyYns. parttota Hé ot TOAXOL KTiotTHY Te Pwpns TpiTOV éxelvoy aYNyo- pevoy, ws ovx ATTOva Tov KeAtixod TovTOV a7reo)- opévov Tov Kivduvov, evOupovpevoi TE “ETA TALdwV Kai yuvaikov Exacto. Kat olkov dua Tots Oeois cat Mapio Seimvov nat AuBAs amaynpxYovTo, Kat OprapBevev povov nEiovy audorépous Tovs Opiadp- 6 Bous. ov pny eOpiduBevoey obtws, GAA pera tov Kadtvov, pérpiov éml tThrAtKavTas evTUYtats Bovdomevos trapéxye éavtov: Eats S€ 6 Te Kai Tovs otpatiatas hoBnOels mapateraypevous, et Kdtvos dreipyorto THs TLhs, undé exeivov éav OprapBeverv. XXVIII. Wéuarrny pev ody tratetav Sdcetrre- rhs 6 Exrns ws ovdé els mpwrtns wpéyero, Oepa- melas Tov Sipov avadapBdvev Kal mpos Xapty évdid0vs Tois ToAXois, OV movov Tapa TOV SyKoV kal TO Kowvov akiwpa Tihs apXTs, AAA Kal Tapa THY avToD dvaw bypos tis elvat BovdAopevos Kal 2 Snuorixos, Yxtrta ToLovTos TepuKws. GAN Hp, @$ A€yovet, Mpos ToALTElay Kal Tovs év OXAOLS 1 Marius was consul still, while Catulus had not been re- elected, and was only pro-consul. 538 CAIUS MARIUS chosen to act as arbitrators. These men the soldiers of Catulus conducted among the dead bodies of the enemy, which were clearly seen to have been pierced by their javelins ; for these could be known by the name of Catulus which had been cut into the shaft. However, the entire success was attributed to Marius, both on account of his former victory and of his superior rank.1 Above all, the people hailed him as the third founder of Rome,’ on the ground that the peril which he had averted from the city was not less than that of the Gallic invasion ; and all of them, as they made merry at home with their wives and children, would bring ceremonial offerings of food and libations of wine to Marius as well as to the gods, and they were insistent that he alone should celebrate both triumphs. Marius, however, would not do this, but celebrated his triumph with Catulus, wishing to show himself a man of moderation after a course of so great good fortune. Perhaps, too, he was afraid of the soldiers, who were drawn up and ready, in case Catulus were deprived of his honour, to prevent Marius also from celebrating a triumph. . XXVIII. Thus, then, his fifth consulship was coming to an end; but he was as eager for a sixth as another would have been for his first. He tried to win over the people by obsequious attentions, and yielded to the multitude in order to gain its favour, thus doing violence, not only to the dignity and majesty of his high office, but also to his own nature, since he wished to be a compliant man of the people when he was naturally at farthest remove from this. In confronting a political crisis or the tumultuous 2 With Romulus and Camillus. See the Camillus, xxxi. 2. 539 PLUTARCH’S LIVES PopvBous id girodokias atodporatos, Kai TO mapa Tas pdyas avéxm@AnKtovy Kal oTactpov > a b 4 9 lA 9 N € N le) €vy Tals ExXkAnOLaLS aTrédXELTTEY AUTOV UTTO TOV TUXOVT@VY éTaivwy Kal wWoywv éfoTdpevov. / 4 , v e “ J xaitot réyerat Kapepivwv davdpas opovd ytALovs a le! 4 StampeTras aywvicapévovs év T@ TrOAEL SwpT- odpevos TrodTela, SoxodvTOS Elva TOVTOU Trapa- vosou Kal Tiwv éyxaXovvTwv, eimety Ste TOU , \ N ” cd , > 4 vouou O1a Tov TOY STAY roo ov KaTaKovVoELEY. : \ A ov pny ANAG padAov eouxey ExTrAHTCEDOaL Kal Sedtévar THv év Talis exKANclats Kpavynv. év pév A ad > a \ , A \ ye Tots GrrAos akiwua cai Sivamy elye Sia THv ypetav, év S€ TH TWodtTELa TEpiKOTTTOMEVOS TA aA ' \ le) nw Tpwteia KaTépevyey ert THY TOV TOAAOY edvOLAY LY 4 e \ fe) , , \ VE Kal yapl, VIréep TOU péeyLaTOS yeverBat TO Béd- oJ fal Tia TOS Elvat TrPOiEMEVOS. Traot Lev OUV TpOTEeKpOvE Tois apioToKpatiKols, padtota Sé dppwdav Tov MéredAov nrYaptatynpévoy UT’ avtod Kal dioe Sv apeTny arnOh TodenovvTa Tois ov Kata TO Béd- e 5 , \ » Wi) ) \ ‘5 \ TLoTOY UTrodvopevors TA TANON Kal mpds Hdoviy “ 9 , nn ‘ 9 A Snpaywryovo, emeBovreve THS Trodews exBareiv \ v \ \ “ la LY Tov avopa. Kai mpos rovto T'Aavxiay xal Yarop- wn , nw vivov, avOpatrous OpacuTatous Kal WAGs atopov : N > a_ cat OopuBotrocov br avrois ExovTAs, OLKELWaGLEVOS , A eloépepe vouous S82 avta@v’ Kal TO oTpaTLWTLKOY émapas KaTepiryvue Tais exxdAnoLals Kal KaTEoTA- \ € A ciate tov Mérerrov. ws dé Poutirsos taropel, 540 "bo to CAIUS MARIUS throng, we are told, his ambition made him most timorous, and that undaunted firmness which he showed in battle forsook him when he faced the popular assemblies, so that he was disconcerted by the most ordinary praise or blame. And yet we are told that when he had bestowed citizenship upon as many as a thousand men of Camerinum for conspicuous - bravery in the war, the act was held to be illegal and was impeached by some ; to whom he replied that the clash of arms had. prevented his hearing the voice of the law. However, he appeared to be in greater fear and terror of the shouting in the popular assemblies. At any rate, while in war he had authority and power because his services were needed, yet in civil life his leadership was more abridged, and he therefore had recourse to the goodwill and favour of the multitude, not caring to be the best man if only he could be the greatest. The consequence was that he came into collision with all the aristocrats. It was Metellus, however, whom he especially feared, a man who had experienced his ingratitude, and one whose genuine excellence made him the natural enemy of those who tried to insinuate themselves by devious methods into popular favour and sought to control the masses by pleasing them. Accordingly, he schemed to banish Metellus from the city. For this purpose he allied himself with Saturninus and Glaucia, men of the greatest effrontery, who had a rabble of needy and noisy fellows at their beck and call, and with their assistance would introduce laws. He also stirred up the soldiery, got them to mingle with the citizens in the assemblies, and thus con- ‘trolled a faction which could overpower Metellus. Then, according to Rutilius, who is generally a lover 541. PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ta pev adda htradrnOns avnp cal xXpnotos, idia 5¢ 7@ Mapiw mpocKexpovews, kal tis éxTNS éruyey UTateias apyUplov els Tas duAaS KaTAaBa- N@Y TOU Kal mptapevos TO MéreAXOV éxxpodoatr Ths apxyns, Ovardrgprov b€ PrAdKKxov banpétnv padXOY 7 GuVadpxyovTa THS bmateias AaBeiv. 3 4 “ \ > ~ ‘ 4 lj ovdevi pévTor TOY TPO AUTO TAY wovm KopBive — Ovadr€pi@ tocavtas irartetas Eaxev o Sijpos, > ? > ld \ ? N wn , 3 ‘ aXX €xeww@ Mev ATO THS TPwWTNS ELS TY TEAEU- Talay érn mévte Kal teacapaxovta yevéeoOat Aéyouot, Maptos 5é peta THy TpwTHY Tas TévTE puun ped tuys dvédpape. XXIX. Kal padtota wept tHv Tedevtaiav 5] A \ 4 “ N \ EpOovetto, ToANA cuveEapapTavwy Tois TEpi Tov Ss n Co 9 1, © , , a b) Latopvivoyv. av nv kat 6 Nwviou dovos, dv dvti- / 4 > 4 e mapayyédNovTa Snuapyiay atéopakey 0 Latop- vivos. eta Onmapyav émiye Tov TEpl THs yYwopas VOMOV, @ Tpoteyéypamrto THY GUYKANTOY OfocaL mpoaeMovaar, 7) unv éupevety ols av o Shpos Wnpicatto Kai mpos pndey tbrevavtiocecOa. TOUTO TOU VOMOV TO Epos TpoaTroLOvmEVvOS ev TH Bovarn Sv@axev o Maptos ovn épn SéFeoOar! tov 4 7Q\ YW v A \ \ SpKov, o0dé AdXXov olecOat Gwhpovodyta’ Kai yap ei 1) “OXOnpos Tv Oo vopuos, DBpuw elvar Ta ToLavTa thv BovrAnv d:dovac Bralopévnv, dAAAa py TeLOoi pnodé Exodaav. Tradra dé ovy obrws dpoven Edeyev, aNrNa-TH MeréerArAM amrdtny TepitiOeis AhveToy. 1 Séfec8a: Coraés, Bekker, and Ziegler, after Reiske 5éfac Gat. , 542 CAIUS MARIUS of truth and an honest man, but had a private quarrel with Marius, he actually got his sixth consulship by paying down large sums of money among the tribes, and by buying votes made Metellus lose his election to the office, and obtained as his colleague in the consulship Valerius Flaccus, who was more a servant than a colleague. -And yet the people had never bestowed so many consulships upon any other man except Corvinus Valerius. In the case of Corvinus, however, forty-five years are said to have elapsed between his first and his last consulship; whereas Marius, after his first consulship, ran through the other five without a break. XXIX. In this last consulship! particularly did Marius make himself hated, because he took part with Saturninus in many of his misdeeds. One of these was the murder of Nonius, whom Saturninus slew because he was a rival candidate for the tribuneship. Then, as tribune, Saturninus introduced his agrarian law, to which was added a clause providing that the senators should come forward and take oath that they would abide by whatsoever the people might vote and make no opposition to it. In the senate Marius made pretence of opposing this part of the law, and declared that he would not take the oath, and that he thought no other sensible man would ; for even if the law were not a bad one, it was an insult to the senate that it should be compelled to make such concessions, instead of making them under persuasion and of its own free will. He said this, however, not because it was his real mind, but that he might catch Metellus in the toils of - fatal 1 100 B.c. 543 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 3 avros pev yap eis apeTis Kal Sewvotntos pepida 70 , , ’ 207 a \ \ Wevoacbat TUépevos Noyou ovdéva TAY TPOS THY 4 € A (4 "4 ‘ A avyKAnTOVY w@pmoroynpeévoy Ebew Euedre, Tov dé MérteAXov eidas BéBasov avdpa cal tHv “ arnOerav apyny meyarys apetas ” cara Livdapov ryovpevov éBovreTo TH Tpos THY GUYKANTOY apyncer TpoAN- fbévra nal yy SeEdpevov Tov dpKov eis avnxertov 9 a \ ‘\ on v A \ a éuBanreiv pos tov Sjpov EyGpav. 0 Kat cvvEeBn. 4 Tov yap MeréAXou dyoavtos pn opocey, ToTE pev 4» Bovan dvedv@n, peta 5é yuépas oAiyas Tov Latopvivov mpos TO Bhpa tovs auyKANTLKOUS avaxanXoupévou Kat tov Gpkov ouview davaryKa- Covtos o Mapuos trapeay, yevouévns ciwirys Kat TavTwv els Exelvoy avnpTnmévwv, waxpa Yaipery dpacas tots év TH Bout veavievOetowy aro pov, 3 ad \ v “ \ 4 e ovY oUTw TAaTLY Edn hopeiv Tov TpdyNrOV ws mpoatopaiverOar xabdrrak eis wpayua tHALKOd- Tov, GAN opeicOar Kal TH voww meOapxnceay, elmep éote vopos’ Kal yap TtovTo mpocéOnKe 7d 5 codoy woTEp TapaKddAvppa THs aioxyuvys. oO Mev ' otv SHyos jabeis opocavtos dvexpotnae Kal KaTeudnpnoe, Tors b€ apiatous Katyndea Sewv7 Kat picos éxye Tov Mapiov rhs petaBorj7s. v > a4 > A U \ fol @uvucav ovv amavtes édeEns Sedstotes Tov SHwov dypt Merérrou: Méteddos 5é, eaimep avttBodour- tov Kai deopévwv TOV hirwv opocat Kal pn TreEpt- Barely éavrov émitipiows avnkéatots, & KaTa TOV pn Gpvuovtayv 6 Yaropvivos eiaédepev, ovy vp7- 544 CAIUS MARIUS trick. For he himself regarded lying as part of a man’s excellence and ability, made no account of his agreements with the senators, and did not intend to keep them; whereas he knew that Metellus was a steadfast man, who thought with Pindar that “ truth is the foundation of great excellence,’! and he therefore wished to bind him beforehand by a state- ment to the senate that he would not take the oath, and then have his refusal to do so plunge him into a hatred on the part of the people that could never be removed. And this was what came to pass. _ For Metellus declared that he would not take the oath, and the senate broke up for a while; but after a few days Saturninus summoned the senators to the rostra and tried to force them to take the oath. When Marius came forward there was silence, and the eyes of all were fastened upon him. Then, bidding a long farewell to all his boastful and insincere ex- pressions in the senate, he said his throat was not broad enough to pronounce an opinion once for all upon so important a matter, but that he would take the oath, and obey the law, if it was a law; adding this bit of sophistry as a cloak for his shame. The people, then, delighted at his taking the oath, - clapped their hands in applause, but the nobles were terribly dejected and hated Marius for his change of front. Accordingly, all the senators took the oath in order, through fear of the people, until the turn of Metellus came; but Metellus, although his friends earnestly entreated him to take the oath and not subject himself to the irreparable punishments which Saturninus proposed for those who should _) Fragment 221 (Boeckh). 545 VOL. 1X. N N PLUTARCH’S LIVES fe) / aS ” ? > 9 4 6 Kato Tov dpovnpatos ovdé wpmocev, AAX éupevav Oe kat wav tradew Secvov emt TO pnOev aloxpiy épyacac@at- Tapeakevac peévos amipbev ex THS ayopas, Stareyouevos Tois _Treph avrtov as TO Kaxov TL paar pavrov cin, TO dé Kahov pen, dxwvduvers dé, KoLvon, Lovov bé avdpos ayabod TO pera KwdUvav Ta KaAA TpacoELV. eK TOUTOV papiverat Zaropvivos emexnpvtar Tous Vrdrous U d7rws Tupos kal ddatos Kal areyns elpyntar MéreAXos' Kal TO pavdorarov avrois TOU 7 a)- Gous Taphy ETOLMOY ATOKTLVYUVaL Tov avdpa. Tav 493 5é Berria tw mepiTaouvTey Kat TUVTPEXOVTODY T pos TOV Mérehdov ovK ¢éla oTactd few du autor, anrra amnrlev € Ex THS TOAEWS Eup pove oyte LO Xpno apevos. TA yap apewovay, ébn, “ av TparyuaTov yevouevayv kal Tov Srjpou HET avory- TAVTOS adifopat Tapakaoupevos, v7) HEVOVT OV opotay amnrrax Gas KpaTia Tov. anAra yap bans pev améhavoev evvoias mapa THY puyny Kal TEAS MéreAnos, Sv dé Tpomov év ‘Pod prrocopar Sent 9n, BéXriov év rots Tept éxeivov ypagopévors elpnoeTa. XXX. Maptos dé Tov Lar opvivov avtt Ths vroupyias TAUTNS éml may wpoiovTa ToApNS Kal Suva pwews Teptopav dvaryKalopevos, éradev OUK GVEXTOY amrepyacdpevos KaKoV, GAN avTiKpUS drrA0s Kal odhayais emt tupavvida Kal TodTEias dvarpotny mopevouevov. aidovuevos dé Tovs Kpa- TLaTOUS, Geparrevov b¢ Tous TOAXOUS, épyov ave- AevOe pov eax dros UTE MELVE kal TaripBorov. €XMovtwv yap ws avToyv UO vUKTa TOV TPOTwY 546 CAIUS MARIUS refuse, would not swerve from his purpose or take the oath, but, adhering to his principles and prepared to suffer any evil rather than do a shameful deed, he left the forum, saying to those about him that to do a wrong thing was mean, and to do the right thing when there was no danger was any man’s way, but that to act honourably when it involved dangers was peculiarly the part of a good and true man. Upon this, Saturninus got a vote passed that the consuls should proclaim Metellus interdicted from fire, water, and shelter; and the meanest part of the populace supported them and was ready to put the man to death. The best citizens, however, sympathised with Metellus and crowded hastily about him, but he would not allow a faction to be raised on his account, and departed from the city, following the dictates of prudence. “ For,’ said he, “either matters will mend and the people will change their minds and I shall return at their invitation, or, if matters remain as they are, it is best that I should be away.’’ But what great goodwill and esteem Metellus enjoyed during his exile, and how he spent his time in philosophical studies at Rhodes, will be better told in his Life.} XXX. And now Marius, who was forced, in return for this assistance, to look on quietly while Saturninus ran to extremes of daring and power, brought about unawares a mischief that was not to be cured, but made its way by arms and slaughter directly towards tyranny and subversion of the government. And since he stood in awe of the nobles, while he courted the favour of the multitude, he was led to commit an act of the utmost meanness and duplicity. For when the leading men had come to him by night 1 No such Life is extant. 547 r NN 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES J ” ‘ , > A N a) avopav Kal tapaxadovyter éxi tov Yatopvivor, érépats Ovpats éexeivoy wiredéEato TovTwY ayvo- , % , , \ ’ LA ovvTw@y. eElTa Tpopaciy rNEeywY Tpos appoTépous xothias Sudppotay, vov pév @S ToUTOUS, viV dé ws éxeivov éml THs olKias ava pépos Statpéyov . 4 \ ‘ > \ 9 a guvéxpove Kal Tapweuvev. ov pv adda Kal TIS BovAns Kat TOY iTTéwy ovvictapéevov Kal aya- vaxtovyvtwy é&nveyxev eis ayopay Ta Stda, Kal 4 > \ 3 N , kataduwxGévtas avrovs eis TO Karrer@dtov elre jt \ \ ? \ J J e + 9 ines Tovs yap oxeTous atréxoer, ot 8 atret- qovres é€xeivoy éxddovy Kal tapédwxayv odds : A fol U avtous Sa THS AEyouévns Snpocias TicTews. érrel 5€ TavTotos yevouevos UIrép TOD GHaat TOUS v 2Q\ bod J \ , 2 > \ dvdpas ovdev wynoev, GAXa KaTLOVTES Els ayopay avnpeOnaay, éx tovtov tois te Suvatois dua Kal a , 4 TO SNUO TWPOTKEKPOUVKAS, TLULNTELAS TApaTredoU- ? / A > a“ b] b] ” e / ons émidoEos ay ov peTHAOev, addr elacev ETEpouS e / e A ‘ > a : vrobeea Tépous aipeOjnvat, Sediws arrotuxeiy. AAAWS 5é avros éxadrAwriketo TodXois wn Oédevy atrex- 4 \ , > al \ oY 4 nm OaverOar rors Biovs adta@v Kal ta On TiKpas 3 Ul éferalwv. XXXII. Adypatos 5é€ eiodepopévou MétedAXOv a a a \ \ amo THS huyhs avaxareioPar, wodda Kat da / \ > ¥ , b] \ } Aoyor nat d.’ Epywv parnv éevavttwOeis TéXOS a \ 4 le} 4 ameite: Kat SeEapévov tHv yvounv rod dypou : Ja rad mpodupws,. ovxy wTropévwy KaTepyopevoy érmidety Jf tov Méreddov é&émrevoev eis Katrrasoxiav cai Taratiav, \oy@ pev atrodwcwv as evEato TH 548 CAIUS MARIUS and were trying to incite him against Saturninus, without their knowledge he introduced Saturninus into the house by another door ; then, pretending to both parties that he had a diarrhoea, he would run backwards and forwards in the house, now to the nobles and now to Saturninus, trying to irritate and bring them into collision. However, when the senate and the knights began to combine and give utterance to their indignation, he led his soldiers into the forum, forced the insurgents to take refuge on the Capitol, and compelled them to surrender for lack of water. For he cut off the water-conduits; whereupon they gave up_ the struggle, called Marius, and surrendered themselves on what was called the public faith. Marius did all he could to save the men, but it was of no avail, and when -they came down into the forum they were put to death. This affair made Marius obnoxious alike to the nobles and to the people, and when the time for electing censors came he did not present himself as a candidate, although everyone expected that he would, but allowed other and inferior men to be elected, for fear that he would be defeated. How- ever, he tried to put a good face upon his conduct by saying that he was unwilling to incur the hatred of many citizens by a severe examination into their lives and manners. XXXI. When a decree was introduced recalling Metellus from exile, Marius opposed it strongly both by word and deed, but finding his efforts vain, at last desisted; and after the people had adopted the measure with alacrity, unable to endure the sight of Metellus returning, he set sail for Cappadocia and Galatia,! ostensibly to make the sacrifices which he 1 549 71 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ry n A la [ ed \ “A ? la pntpl tov Oeav Ovaias, érépay 5é THS atrodnpias 2 éywr Uroecv NavOavovaay Tos TOAAOUS. abunsS yap @v pos eipnvnv Kal dtroNTevTos, nvEnWEévos 5¢ toils woNéuots, Elta Kata pixpov avis wird apyias cal jovytas atropapaivecOar thy Suvapmey avTrov Kal tnv Sokav otopevos, é&ntres Kxatvav , b) 4 ” \ “a mMpayudtwv apxyas. nrAmice yap tovs Bactrels cuvrapdtas Kai MiOpiddarnv érido€oy dvra trode- pnoew avactnoas Kal tupokuvas, evOvs er’ avtov nyEH@v aipcOncecOar Kai véewy pev THY TOAD Op.auBov, oxvrAQov bé€ Ilovtexav Kai mdovTov 3 Bactdtxod Tov olxov éuTrAnoev. 560 kat M26- pidarou tacn Xpnoapévov Oeparreia al Tey mpos avrov ov Kaudbels odbé UTreiEas, adr’ eitrwv, “*H na 2 le) A 4 € 7 a petlov, @ Bactred, teip® Svvacbat Pwopaior, 7 Tole alwrh TO Tpootaccopevoy, ée&émAnkev av- TOV, BS hwvis pev ToANAaKLS, Tappnatas Sé ToOTE WTp@Tov axovoavta Pwpaixys. XXXII. ’EmavenrOav 8é eis ‘Pwyny oixiay édei- Hato THS ayopas TANaIOV, ElTe, WS aUTOS rere, tous OeparrevovTas avTov évoxrciobat wn Bovro- 424 pevos paxpav Badilovtas, cite TodTo aittov oto- 3 a \ ‘4 v >» \ , pevos elvat ToD pn TAELoVaS AAAwY ETL Dupas b) a a \ b ? ® 4 A 9 > autod gdortav. 10 5 ovK hv apa TolovTov: adr Opidias ydpite Kal ToAtTiKais yxpelats étépwv NevTropevos WaTrep Spyavoy ToAEptKoy em’ ecipT- 2 vns Wapnpedeiro. Kal Tois pev aAXOLS HTTOV ¥ 4 4 \ > AN > / HxXGeTo Trapevdonipovpevos, shodpa Sé avTov nvia / b A \ b A 9 , / LwAXras ex TOU pos exetvov avkavouevos POovov 55° CAIUS MARIUS had vowed to the Mother of the Gods, but really having another reason for his journey which the people did not suspect. He had, that is, no natural aptitude for peace or civil life, but had reached his eminence by arms. And now, thinking that his influence and reputation were gradually fading away - because of his inactivity and quietude, he sought occasions for new enterprises. For he hoped that if he stirred up the kings of Asia and incited Mithri- dates to action, who was expected to make war upon Rome, he would at once be chosen to lead the Roman armies against him, and would fill the city with new triumphs, and his own house with Pontic spoils and royal wealth. For this reason, though Mithridates treated him with all deference and respect, he would not bend or yield, but said: “O King, either strive to be stronger than Rome, or do her bidding without a word.” This speech startled the king, who had often heard the Roman speech, but then for the first time in all its boldness. . XXXIT. On returning to Rome, he built a house for himself near the forum, either, as he himself said, because he was unwilling that those who paid their respects to him should have the trouble of coming a long distance, or because he thought that distance was the reason why he did not have larger crowds at his door than others. The reason, however, was not of this nature ; it was rather his inferiority to others in the graces of intercourse and in political helpful- ness, which caused him to be neglected, like an in- strument of war in time of peace. Of all those who eclipsed him in popular esteem he was most vexed and annoyed by Sulla, whose rise to power was due to the jealousy which the nobles felt towards Marius, 55! Lf I] PLUTA RCH’S LIVES TOV duvaT@v Kal TAS T pos éxeivov diapopas apynv TONTELAS TOLOUMEVOS. émrel dé Kat Boxxos 0 Nopas TULMLAKOS ‘Popaiov aVAYEY PAU MeEvOs éoTnoer év Karretworip Nixas TpoTraropopous Kal Tap avrais ev elkooe Vpucais "Touyoup0av éry- a UmTo avTov YAAa, TovTO éFéotnoev opyh Kal Prrovereia Mépuor, as DvANa Tepe- om @YTOS eis EauTov Ta Epya, Kal maper kevalero Bia Ta avabnpata cataBannrery. dvredtdoveixer b¢ LAAas, Kal TH ordow dcop obTw Pepomevnv Els peor éméo Xev 0 TUMMAYLKOS : TONE [OS éfat- guns eri THY TON dvappayels. Ta yap payee TaTa, Ttav Iraduxov eOvav Kal movavi pwmoTata KaTa THs ‘Pons cuver TNT ay Kal “MK pov edénoay ouyxeae THD nryepoviav, ov movov O7rAoLs eppapeva Kal c@uaciy, adhe Kal TOAMmaLS TT PATH YOY Kat Sewotno. ypnodpweva Oavpactais Kat ayvti- TANOLS. XXXIII. Odros ) TONELOS Tois mdOect TOLKi-. Aos yevouevos Kal Tais TUXaLS TOAUTPOTWTATOS Scov ZVAAa mpocéOynxe SoEns Kai duvdpews, TOC OUTOY dpeire Mapiov. Bpados yap epavy Tals éniPorais, é Gxvov TE mept TaVTa Kal peAAN- Tews UromAEws, ele Tob ynpws TO Spactyptov exeivo Kal Pepmov év aur@ catac Bevvivros (€&n- Koo TOV yap 760 Kal TE um TOV €TOS bmepéBadrev), elite, Qs autos éderye, Tept veupa yeyovas voowdns Kal Tomar! Svcepyos Ov Um epeve Tapa Sdvapey alaxuvn TAS oTpateias. ov piv AAA Kal TOTE paxn TE peyary VLKNOAaS éFaxvaxidMous aveine TOV TOAEuioV, Kal AABnY ovdauA Trapéoyev av- 552 CAIUS MARIUS and who was making his quarrels with Marius the basis of his political activity. And when Bocchus the Numidian, who had been designated an ally of the Romans, set up trophy-bearing Victories on the Capitol, and by their side gilded figures representing Jugurtha surrendered by him to Sulla, Marius was transported with rage and fury to see Sulla thus appropriating to himself the glory of his achieve- ments, and was making preparations to tear down the votive offerings. But Sulla too was furious, and civil dissension was just on the point of breaking out, when it was stopped by the Social War, which suddenly burst upon the city.1 That is, the most warlike and most numerous of the Italian peoples combined against Rome, and came within a little of destroying her supremacy, since they were not only strong in arms and men, but also had generals whose daring and ability were amazing and made them a match for the Romans. XXXIII. This war, which was varied in its events and most changeful in its fortunes, added much to Sulla’s reputation and power, but took away as much from Marius. For he was slow in making his attacks, and always given to hesitation and delay, whether it was that old age had quenched his wonted energy and fire (for he was now past his sixty-sixth year), or that, as he himself said, a feeling of shame led him to go beyond his powers in trying to endure the hardships of the campaign when his nerves were diseased and his body unfit for work. However, even then he won a great victory in which he slew six thousand of the enemy; and he never allowed them to get a grip upon him, but even when he was 1 90-89 B.c. See the Sulla, vi. 1 f. 553 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ad > \ \ 4 > / N Tos, GANA KaL TepiTadpevopevos NvecyeTO Kal yvAevalopevos wal xarovpevos ov tapwkivbn. Aéyerat dé Tlowdlov Sirwvos, bs péytotov elxe TOV Tonepiov akiwmpa Kal Sivapwy, elrovTos 7 pos 9 é 66 Ez lA z ‘ ® M c Py c avtov, “Ki péyas ef aotpatnyos, @ Mapre, diayo- 7.9 3 / 66 > \ \ 9 > vicat xataBas, atoxpivacbat, U pév OUY, EL péyas el oTpaTnyos, avayKxacoy pe Siaywovicacbar \ a 9 / UU “~ \ pn BovAopmevoy. mad 5€ Tote TOY peVv TOdE- piwy KaLtpov emuyerpnoews TrapacovTwy, Tav Sé ‘Pwopaiwy atobeuacavtwv, os aveywopnoay ap- PoTepol, cvvayayaov els exKANTLAY TOUS TTPATLO- tas, “’Amopa,” dyat, “ woTepov elm TOUS TrOAE- 4 a) a povs avavdpotépous 7 Upas: obTE yap Exetvoe TOV VYOTOV UUdV OUTE UpeEts exelywY TO iviov Ldely édv- / ” I \ b] fol \ , e vnOnre.” Ttéros bé adjxe THY oTpaTnyiay ws 9 A A , A 9 4 éEaduvatav TO copuarte Sia THy acbevaar. XXXIV. ’Evei 66 76n tev "ItadKa@v éyKexX- ’ 9 , \ \ rN \ KOT@Y évnoTevoYTO ToL TOY MiOpidaTtexov ‘ 9 € , \ A A modenov ev “Pwoun da trav Snuaywyov, Trapa Aa b , , / > A Twacayv érrida YovArrrixuos Snuapyos, avnp Opa- guTatos, Tapayaywv Mdpioy amedeixvvey avOv- e ~ Tatov otpatnyov éwt MiOpidatnv. Kai o dipos duéoTn, TOV pév aipovpévwv ta Mapiov, trav dé \ SvAAav KaXdovvTwy Kat Tov Madpuov emi Oeppa \ “A KeXevovtwv eis Baias Badifew Kal To capa Oepatrevety UO TE YHPwWS Kal PevLaTwY aTreLpN- / ¢ > \ 4 \ \ * ? a \ KQS, WS AUTOS EXeye. Kal yap Hv exet wept Mion- vovs T@® Mapi@ trodvTEANS oixia, TepUpas Eyovca 554 CAIUS MARIUS hemmed about with trenches bided his time, and was not unduly irritated by their insults and challenges. We are told that Publius Silo,! who had the greatest authority and power among the enemy, once said to him, “If thou art a great general, Marius, come down and fight it out with us”; to which Marius answered, ‘‘ Nay, but do thou, if thou art a great general, force me to fight it out with you against my will.’ And at another time, when the enemy had given him an opportunity to attack them, but the Romans had played the coward, and both sides had withdrawn, he called an assembly of his soldiers and said to them: ‘I do not know whether to call the enemy or ‘you the greater cowards; for they were not able to see your backs, nor you their napes.’’ At last, however, he gave up his command, on the ground that his infirmities made him quite incapable of exercising it. XXXIV. But when the Italians had at last made their submission, and many persons at Rome were suing for the command in the Mithridatic war, with the aid of the popular leaders, contrary to all expectation the tribune Sulpicius, a most audacious man, brought Marius forward and proposed to make him pro-consul in command against Mithridates. The people were divided in opinion, some preferring Marius, and others calling for Sulla and bidding Marius go to the warm baths at Baiae and look out for his health, since he was worn out with old age and vheums, as he himself said. For at Baiae, near Cape Misenum, Marius owned an expensive house, which had appointments more luxurious and effeminate 1 Pompaedius Silo, leader of the Marsi. Cf. the Cato Minor, ii. 1-4. 555 Or PLUTARCH’S LIVES cal diairas Ondurépas Kat’ dvdpa Todemov TocouTav Kal oTpaTer@y avroupyov. TauTny ré- yeTaL pupddov émra, jpiaous Kopvnvdia mpt- acbat: Xpovev 5 ou mdvu Toddov yevouéevov Aevxtos AevKodnos avetra pupiddov TEVTNKOVTA Kat diaxoctwv: ovTws TAX EWS avédpapev TONU- TéNELA Kat TOTaUTHY émidoaty Ta Tpdrypata pos Tpupny éraBev. ov pny addr\a Mapios prroripas mau wal perparodés amor ptBopevos TO Yijpas eal THv ao Géverav oonwepar KkatéBatvev eis TO wediov, Kal peta TOV veavicKav yupvalopuevos €medelLKVUE TO THUG Kodpov pep S7Xots, émoxXov dé Tats immaciacs, Kaimep ovK evoTarns yeyovas év ¥Npe Tov GyKov, aAXr Eis odpka mepiTrAnO7 Kat Bapeiav evdedwnas. "Evtoes pev ovv pea Ke TavTa TPaTTOV, Kal KaTuovTes COe@vTO THY prrdorimiay avrod wal Tas dpidras, tois Oe Bertioros op@aty oixTetpety émnet THY wreovebiav Kat THY prrodofiar, ort TAOVTLOTATOS ex TEVNTOS Kat péytatos éx puxpod yeyovas 6 pov OUK oldev evTUXLaS, ouoe Gavpalope- vos ayarg Kal aTTONAVOD év ovxXia Tov Tap- OvTMD, GND domep EvdENS am dvray els Kar7ra- Soxiay Kai Tov Kvgewvor [lovtov a apas éx OpiduBov kal do&ns éxpéper toaovTov yijpas, "Apxerdeo Kab Neorrroréup Trois MiOpiddrov TaTpaTaLs d1apa- Novpevos. ai dé 7 pos TavTa TOU Maptov Suxae- oNoytat TavTaT acw épaivovro Anpaders: épn Yap éOédery Tov vidv doxjoa. Tapwy avtos emt oTpaTeias. XXXV. Taira THD TohLy ék TOAAQY Ypovev imovhoy yeyevnuévnv Kat vocodaav avéppnéev, 556 qe CAIUS MARIUS than became a man who had taken active part in so many wars and campaigns. This house, we are told, Cornelia bought for seventy-five thousand drachmas ; and not long afterwards Lucius Lucullus purchased it for two million five hundred thousand. So quickly did lavish expenditure spring up, and so great an increase in luxury did life in the city take on. Marius, however, showing a spirit of keen emulation that might have characterized a youth, shook off old age and infirmity and went down daily into the Campus Martius, where he exercised himself with the young men and showed that he was still agile in arms and capable of featsof horsemanship, although his bulk was not well set up in his old age, but ran to corpulence and weight. | . Some, then, were pleased to have him thus en- gaged, and would go down into the Campus and witness his emulation in competitive contests; but the better part were moved to pity at the sight of his greed and ambition, because, though he had risen from poverty to the greatest wealth and from obscurity to the highest place, he knew not how to set bounds to his good fortune, and was not content to be admired and enjoy quietly what he had, but as if in need of all things, and after winning triumphs and fame, was setting out, with all his. years upon him, for Cappa- docia and the Euxine sea, to fight it out with Archelaiisand Neoptolemus, the satrapsof Mithridates. And the justification for this which Marius: offered was thought to be altogether silly ; he said, namely, that he wished to take part personally in the cam- paign in order to give his son a military training. XXXV. These things brought to a head the secret disease from which the state had long been suffering, 557 fr 3; d PLUTARCH’S LIVES + , e , w , \ ‘\ eugdveotatoy evpovros opyavov Maptov mpos Tov xowvov OdeOpov TO YovAmixiov Opacos, bs Sea Tada Tavra Oavpdlwv cal Snrav tov Yatopvi- vov aToAplay émrexddeL TOS TOALTEvLACTLW AaUTOD Kal pédAXdgnow. avtos dé un péd\Xrov éEEaxocious pep elye Tepl avTov Tay immiKav olov Sopydopous, \ a b] Uf b) , b \ \ Kal TOUTOUS aVTLcUYKANTOV w@vopater, éTEeAOav Sé > @ > J a e , nm QA pel StrrX@v exxrAnotalevalt Tos UTaTOLS TOD péev eof , 3 ? A \ eX b N eTepou duyovTos €& ayopas Tov viov éyxaTadaBov améoghake, YwAdras 6€ Tapa THY oiKiay TOD , Mapiouv diwxopevos, ovdevos dv mpocdoxncavtos, elaémece’ Kal rods pev Sioxovtas dade Spopw / ee. 63 > ce) \ , / TmapevexOevtas, bw autod dé Mapiou réyeras Kata Oupas étépas dodardas arrorepdhbels Suextre- ce els TO oTpaToredov. autos dé LvAXaS ev Tois UTopynuacw od dnot KaTaduyeiy Tmpos TOV Mdpioy, adr’ amadrdAaxOjvat Bovrevodpevos e e a ? , 9 \ y¥ trép av Lovrmixuos nvaycatev avtov adxovra , \ b 4 , n Wndicacbat, repicyav év KvKr@ Evheot yupvots , \ ‘ / ” z Kal ovveNdoas mpos tov Madpiov, aypt od mpoed- Gav éxeidev eis ayopav, ws néiouv éxcivor, Tas > , / ; \ 4 0 anpafias éAvoe. yevopévwv 5é TovTwv 6 Te Yovatixios On KpaTav emeyeporovyse TO Mapi@ thy otpatnyiav, 6 te Madptos ev rapa- a fol 9g/ / \ 4 vA axevy THs éEodou KaberoTnKer, Kai Svo yLALap- yous eLerreurype-traparnopevous TO SUAAA oTpa- 558 - CAIUS MARIUS and Marius found a most suitable instrument for the destruction of the commonwealth in the audacity of Sulpicius, who was in all things an admirer and an imitator of Saturninus, except that he charged him with timidity and hesitation in his political measures. Sulpicius himself was not a man of hesitatién, but kept six hundred of the Knights about him as a body-guard, which he called his anti-senate; he also made an attack with armed men upon the consuls as they were holding an as- sembly, and when one of them fled from the forum, Sulpicius seized his son and butchered him; Sulla, however, the other consul, as he was being pursued past the house of Marius, did what no one would have expected and burst into the house. His pur- suers ran past the house and therefore missed him, and it is said that Marius himself sent him off safely by another door so that he came in haste to his camp. But Sulla himself, in his Memoirs, says he did not. fly for refuge to the house of Marius, but withdrew thither in order to consult with Marius about the step which Sulpicius was trying to force him to take (by surrounding him with drawn swords and driving him to the house of Marius), and that finally he went from there to the forum and rescinded the consular decree for the suspension of public business, as Sulpicius and his party demanded.! When this had been done, Sulpicius, who was now master of the situation, got the command conferred upon Marius by vote of the people ; and Marius, who was making his preparations for departure, sent out two military tribunes to take over the command of Sulla’s army. 1 These proceedings are much more clearly narrated in the Sulla, chapter viii. Cf. also Appian, Bell. Civ, i. 55. 559 PLUTARCH’S LIVES i \ \ , , Tevpa. SvAAas b€ Tovs TTPATLOTAS mapofuvas (hoav dé Tpiapuploy Kat _TEVTAKLOXLALOY ov petous omhirat) ™ porjryaryev érl thy ‘Papnv. rovs bé XLALdpxous, obs érremepape Mdputos, mpoa7re- GOVTES Ob OT PATLOTAL b1épOerpay. Toddous de Kat Madpuos éy ‘Pon TOY Ua pirov dupe, cai SovrAos éhevOepiay € exnpurT rev emt TUppaxia” Aéyovrat 5é Tpeis povoe 7 poaryeve- o8at. puxpa & avtictas eiceddoavtt TO LUANG Kat Taxéws exBiacbels epuye. Tov dé wepl avTor, @S |TpOTOV eFerece THS TONEWS, SiacTapévtav, aKoTous bvTOS els TL TOV erraurov avtov YoXwviov KaTepuye. KaLTov pev vio erreprper e ek TOV Movxiov Tod TrevOepod Xeopiov ov paKpav ovT@V Ta emery dea Anypopevov, autos 6é kataBas ELS ‘Qeriav, irov TLVOS Novpepiov Toiov avT@ TapacKevd- TAVTOS, OUK avaweivas Tov VLOV, Ord I'paviov EX@V pe? avrod tov 7 poryovov eférhevoey. o 66 veavias, @S 7AGev eis TA Xepia Tob Mouxiov, AapBavev TL Kal oxevalopevos nuépas KaTada- Bovons ov travtatmact Tous TrodEmious édaler, 9 > * e “A ? 4 > , > AN arr 70 ov imaets EAaUVOVTES Kal vrrovotay ért TOV TOTTOV’ OS 0 TOV ary pay emripehntys m poido- HEvos expuvpe TOV Mdptov ev apaky kudpous aryovrn, Kat Boos vrovevEas d annvra TOUS immeda ww eis TOALY EXaUYOY THY GuaEav. ovTw bé Tpos THY Oixiay THS yuvatcos o Madptos Staxopicbels Kat AaBov dcwv ébeito vuKtos émi Odracoay HKE Kal ves ériBas eis AtBinv mreovons aren épacev. XXXVI. ‘O 8 mpea Burns Mdpuos os avixOn, mvevpaTe Pop@ xoutlopuevos mapa tHv ‘itadiav 560 426 CAIUS MARIUS Sulla, however, called upon his soldiers (who were no fewer than thirty-five thousand legionaries) to resent this, and Jed them forth against Rome. His soldiers also fell upon the tribunes whom Marius had sent and slew them. Marius, too, put to death many of Sulla’s friends in Rome, and proclaimed freedom to the slaves if they would fight on his side. It is said, however, that only three of them joined his ranks, and after a feeble resistance to Sulla’s entry into the city he was speedily driven: out and took to flight.1_ As soon as he had made his escape from the city his companions were scattered, and since it was dark, he took refuge at one of his farmsteads, called Solonium. He also sent his son to get provisions from the estate of his father-in-law, Mucius, which was not far off, while he himself went down to the coast at Ostia, where a friend of his, Numerius, had provided a vessel for him. Then, without waiting for his son, but taking his step-son Granius with him, he set sail. The younger Marius reached the estate of Mucius, but as he was getting supplies and packing them up, day overtook him and he did not altogether escape the vigilance of his enemies ; for some horsemen came riding towards the place, moved by suspicion. When the overseer of the farm saw them coming, he hid Marius in a waggon loaded with beans, yoked up his oxen, and met the horsemen as he was driving the waggon to the city. In this way young Marius was conveyed to the house of his wife, where he got what he wanted, and then by night came to the sea, boarded a ship that was bound for Africa, and crossed over. XXXVI. The elder Marius, after putting to sea, was borne by a favouring wind along the coast of 1 Cf. the Sulla, chapter ix. 561 VOL. IX. 0 0 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 7 / ~ €po81j0n Vepinoy tiva tay év Tappaxivy duvatav éyOpov avrod, xal tails vavTats mpoeitev eipye- a e bd , \ > n a0at Tappaxivyns. ot dé éBovrovTo pev avT@ A A lA yapilerOat, Tov O€ TvEvpaTOS Els TreddyLov pEOt- oTapévou Kal KAvOwWVAa KATAYOVTOS TrOADY OTE TO al , , “A mopOpeiov édoxe: meptxrAuomevoy avOékev, Tov TE Mapiov dvcdopoivtos Kai Kax@s ExyovTos vie , od n ‘ vautTias mOALS avTLAauBdvovTat TOV Tept TO A a) A / Kipxatov aiyradov. tov 5é yeuadvos avEavopevov A 4 Kal TOY oLTioy émiNELTTOVTMWDY exBayres érAAlovTO \ 3 / / ? b / ~ mpos ovdéva aoxoTrov, GAX ola oupBaivet tais peydAas atropiats del hevyev éx Tod TapovTos @> Yanerwratov Kal tas édAmidas Exel ev Tots 3 / b 4 \ b / e a , adnrols. Eel TONEMLA MEV EXELVOLS 17) YH, TOAEMLLA dé 7 Oddaoaca, hoBepov 5é Hv avOpwrrots Tept- a \ \ nA > “A Twecev, hoBepov Sé x tepitreceiv Ou Evderav TaV ? 4 > N > b J A iol dvaykaiwv. ov pyv arr ove tov Botnpow driryous evTuyydvovawy, ot Sodvar pév ovdév EoxXoV A , avtois Seopévors, yuwpicavtes Sé€ tov Maptoy 2 + > , \ , b] 4 éxé€Nevov avradraTTecIar THY TaXiaTHVY’ OdLYyOD , \ nw yap éumpocBev avTobs kata Cntnow avtod avx- A e / 3 na 4 > \ vous imméas obOjnvat SieEeXavvovtas. év tayri \ A b] , , \ / ~ 57) yeyovws dropias, padvoa b¢ moreia tev TEP AVTOV ATAYOPEVOYTOY, TOTE MEV EXTPATOMEVOS A e A A \ e \ 3 a a THS 000 Kal KataBadwv éavTov eis BAnV Babeiav b , , A »,¢ , emreTrovas OvevuKtépevoe. TH O vaTEepaia ouvny- U e > 9» , \ A , \ bd tA fevos uT evdelas Kal T@ ow@paTe Tpiv exrAEAVTOAaL , Twavramrac. ypnoacbar BovrAopevos eywper Tapa \ 9 / TOV altylanov, ériPapovverv Tors éETropévous Kal 562 CAIUS MARIUS Italy ; but since he was afraid of one Geminius, who was a powerful man in Terracina and an enemy of his, he told his sailors to keep clear of Terracina. The sailors were willing enough to do as he wished, but the wind veered round and blew towards the shore, bringing in a heavy surge, and it was thought that the vessel would not hold out against the beating of the waves ; besides, Marius was in a wretched plight from sea-sickness, and therefore they made their way, though with difficulty, to the coast near Circeii. Then, as the storm was increasing and their provisions were failing, they landed from the vessel and wan- dered about. They had no definite object in view, but, as is usual in cases of great perplexity, sought always to escape the present evil as the most grievous, and fixed their hopes on the unknown future. For the land was their enemy, and the sea an enemy as well; they were afraid they might fall in with men, and they were afraid they might not fallin with men because they had no provisions. However, late in the day they came upon a few herdsmen ; these had nothing to give them in their need, but they recognized Marius and bade him go away as fast as he could; for a little while before numerous horse- men had been seen riding about there in search of him. Thus at his wits’ end, and, what was worst of all, his companions fainting with hunger, he turned aside for the while from the road, plunged into a deep forest, and there spent the night in great distress. But the next day, compelled by want, and wishing to make use of his strength before it failed him altogether, he wandered along the shore, trying to encourage his companions, and begging them not to 563 oo 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Seomevos 4 TpoaTroKamvEeLMTHS TeAXEUTALaS EArri- dos, ed Av éauTov pudarret pavrevpact madatois TLaTEvoY. veos yap ay étt TAVTEADS kal dzarpi- Bov Kar drypov brobeEacBat TO imation xatade- poperny aerou VEOTTLAV ema veoTTous EYoucay’ (Sovtas dé Tous yoveis Kat alr by Seta OavecOar tav pavTev: TOUS 6 elrrety Oo eT t- pavérTaros avOparrav é EgouTo Kal THY peytotrny myewoviay Kal apxyny éwrdxis avtov AaBeiv avay- ” xaiov ein. Tatra ot pev arn) as To Mapi cuyTuxelp ovTw Aéyovow: ot Oé TOUS TOTE Kal Tapa THY anv puyny axovoavTas avTod Kal micTevoap- Tas dvaypayras mparyya Koulon pd ddes. GETOS yap OU TUKTEL TELOY TOV dveiy, aNAG Kai Mov- caiov éyreda Oat Néyoucwy eitrovTa wept TOU aETOU, OS Tpia pev rites, S00 8 éxrérret, dv 8 areytfer.} TO pévroe TONAGKLS EV TH puyn Kal Tais eoxdtars arropiats Mdptop eiveiv ws axes éBSouns wra- TEeLas T poELaw, OpoNoyoupevov éeoTiv. XXXVII. "H6y dé Mwrtouprns, TOAEWS Ira- MrKijs, 6oov elxoot otadiov dm éxovres opaauw ima éwv ihqy mpoawev éXavvovrTas én avrous Kal Kara, TUYnY orKddas bv0 pepopevas. @s ouv ExacTos TOO@Y ElXeE Kal pans katadpapovres ert THY Qaraccav Kai cataBanoves éavTous ™ pocevnj}yovTo Tals vavot. "kal AaBopevor THS érépas ot mrept tov [pdmov aemépacay eis tHv 1*Os rpia ev xrdA., as cited in Aristotle, Hist. An. vi. 6 (p. 5638, 17). 564 CAIUS MARIUS give up the struggle before his last hope could be realized, for which he was still reserving himself in reliance on ancient prophecies. When, that is, he was quite young and living in the country, he had caught in his cloak a falling eagle’s nest, which had seven young ones in it; at sight of this, his parents were amazed, and made enquiries of the seers, who told them that their son would be most illustrious of men, and was destined to receive the highest command and power seven times. Some say that this really happened to Marius; but others say that those who heard the story from him at this time and during the rest of his flight, believed it, and recorded it, though it was wholly fabulous. For, they say, an eagle does not lay more than two eggs at one time, and Musaeus also was wrong when, speaking of the eagle, he says: “Three indeed she layeth, and two hatcheth, but one only doth shé feed.’’! However, that Marius, during his flight and in his ex- tremest difficulties, often said that he should attain to a seventh consulship, is generally admitted. XXXVII. But presently, when they were about twenty furlongs distant from Minturnae, an Italian city, they saw from afar a troop of horsemen riding towards them, and also, as it chanced, two merchant vessels sailing along. Accordingly, with all the speed and strength they had, they ran down to the sea, threw themselves into the water, and began to swim to the ships. Granius and his party reached one of the ships and crossed over to the opposite mexgiient 21 (Kinkel, Hp. Graec. Frag., p. 229). 505 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES 2 avtixpus vncov: , 3 \ > a ” @ o bev erretiunoen el vevixnkw@s autos Ta ETADKA TOU moréuou Dirirrov é& hépecOa, cai tprBopevos epi pa more KaOnras Se dpynv, GOvn Sé ove ddirya nal Bactreias Maxeddves aipodow. étrevta TOV TrOALOpKOULEevwY, @S Eldov avTOY, amo TOU Telyous avakanovvTwy Kal xElpas OpeyovTwY Kai Seopévwv, TOTE pev ovdev EiTr@v, AAA oTpadels cat Saxpvcas amndOev, datepov 5é SiarexPeis TO Maviw nai xatarravoas Tov Ovpov adbtod dverpa- A A a , Eato tois AitwAois dvoxas SoOjvat, Kal ypovov év @ mpeaBevoartes eis “Payny petpiov Tivos Tuxely aFi@covat. | XVI. Wdeiorov 5é dyava Kxal rovov avT@ maperyov ai epi Xadxidéwy Sejoets mpos Tov / > A s > Manop, év opyn yeyovotwy Sia Tov yapoy by Trap a) 4 ? a) autay éeynuev Aytioyos On Tov Trodkémou ouve- ” 9 ’ e SOA , > > oTWTOS, ov Kab wpay ovdé KaTa KaLpov, AX > N >) \ 4 Ul 4 Q épacbeis uvnp mpeaButepos xopns, 1) Ouyatnp pev nv KdeotrroA€puou, cardrioty b€é AéyeTat trapbevwy yevéoOar. tTovto Tovs Xadxtbets éerroince Bactnri- cat wpoOupotata Kal THY ToALY aUT@ Tpos TOY TONELOV OpLYNTIpLov Tapadyxelv. exEivos pev ovV WS TAXLOTA ETA TiVY pay hevywv mpocéuske ™ Xadkidt, tTHv Te Kopnv avadraBav Kat ra Xpnmata Kat tovs dirous eis "Aciav arém\evce: ‘\ be M / "Ov > \ a \ ? A Tov 6€ Mdwov evOvds emi tovs Xadkideis. ody opyty 8 TITUS FLAMININUS the consul. At first he chided Manius because, although the victory was his own, he was permitting Philip to carry off the prizes of the war, and to gratify his anger was wasting time in the siege of a single city, while the Macedonians were subduing many nations and kingdoms. Then, when the be- sieged citizens caught sight of him from their walls and called aloud upon him and stretched out their hands to him imploringly, he turned away, burst into tears, and left the place, without saying anything more at the time; afterwards, however, he had an interview with Manius, put an end to his wrath, and induced him to grant the Aetolians a truce, and time in which to send an embassy to Rome with a plea for moderate terms. XVI. But the hardest toils and struggles fell to Titus when he interceded with Manius in behalf of the Chalcidians. They had incurred the consul’s wrath because of the marriage which Antiochus had made in their city after the war had already begun, a marriage which was not only unseasonable, but unsuitable for the king’s years, since he was an elderly man and had fallen in love with a girl (the girl was a daughter of Cleoptolemus, and is said to have been most beautiful among maidens).! This marriage in- duced the Chalcidians to take the king’s side most zealously and allow their city to be his base of opera- tions for the war. Antiochus, therefore, fleeing with all speed after the battle at Thermopylae, came to Chalcis, and taking with him his girl-wife, his treasure, and his friends, sailed back to Asia; but Manius immediately marched against Chalcis in a rage. He was accompanied, however, by Titus, who t Cf. the Philopoemen, xvii. 1}. 367 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Topevopevov o Tiros mTapaxodovd wy euaharre Kau TapnTéito Kal Téhos émerce Kal Kxatetpauver, avtov Te kai Tav év TédAEL ‘Pwpaiwy Sedpevos. 3 Odtw dtacwbévtes ot Xadrxideis Ta KdddCTA Kal péeytota Tov map auTOts avadnpatav TO Tire xabrépwaar, Ov emrvypapas gore TOLAUTAS ax pe viv opay- “O Shuos Tite cat ‘“Hpaxdrei 70 yupvdstov,” érépwOt dé madLy, ‘0 Ojos Tit 4 Kat "AtroAAwve TO Acrpiviov.” ére b€ Kal Kal? 7mas lepeus Xetporovytos amedeixvuto Titov, xai vaoavTes avTo TOV orrovdey yevomevay adovot Tatava TET OLNLEVOD, ov Tada 61a pijKos Tyyets Taperres dveypaayev & ravopevoe Ths @Oijs Aéyouat: miotw dé ‘Po pater oéBopev, Ta MeyadevKTOTA TAY Opkots guraacev péMere Kovupat, ZLinva peyav Popayp Te Tirov 0 dpa ‘Pwpaiwv TE TLOTLY" inie Ilarav, @ Tite o@tep. XVII. “Heap dé Kal Tapa TOV adov ‘EAMivov! Topal T peTrovg at, Kat TO Tas THbas arnOivas TmoLobv, evvola Gavpacrn bu emueiKeray jOous. Kat yap el Tow &€x mpaypaTov } pirotipias évera, xadarep PDrdrorroipert Kai maduy Avopaver oTpaTn- yourTe TOV "Axaon, 7 pog éxpovcey, OUK nv Bapus ove’ els Epya Siateiveov 0 Oupos, arn’ ev Aoy@ mappnotap Tuva TONLTLANY éXovTe TrAvO"EVOS. 2 miKkpos pev ody ovdevi, TOAAO!s O€é OFS eOoKEL Kad 1 gav BAAwy ‘EAAfvwyv Coraés and Blass, after Bryan: ta» . "RAAAva. 368 TITUS FLAMININUS Lried to mollify and intercede with him and at last won him over and calmed him down by entreaties addressed both to him and the other Romans in _ authority. Having been thus saved by Titus, the Chalcidians dedicated to him the largest and most beautiful of the votive offerings in their city, and on them such inscriptions as these are still to be seen: “ This gymnasium is dedicated by the people to Titus and Heracles,” and again in another place, “This Del- phinium is dedicated by the people to Titus and Apollo.”” Moreover, even down to our own day a priest of Titus is duly elected and appointed, and after sacrifice and libations in his honour, a set hymn of praise to him is sung: it is too long to be quoted entire, and so I will give only the closing words of the song: “And the Roman faith we revere, which we have solemnly vowed to cherish; sing, then, ye maidens,‘to great Zeus, to Rome, to Titus, and to the Roman faith: hail, Paean Apollo! hail, Titus our saviour !”’ XVII. He also received from the rest of the. Greeks fitting honours,and these were made sincere by the astonishing good will which his equitable nature called forth. For even if the conduct of affairs or the spirit of rivalry brought him into collision with any of them, as, for instance, with Philopoemen, and again with Diophanes the general of the Achaeans, his resentment was not heavy, nor did it carry him into violent acts, but when it had vented itself in the outspoken language of free public debate, there was an end of it. However, he was never bitter, 369 VOL. X. B B. PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kovgos elva. THv duaw, arArAwWs Se auvyyever Bat mdavTwv HnotoTos Kal eimrety émiyapis peta Setvo- tntos. ‘Axatovs pev yap aodetepifopévous thy ZaxvvOiwv vicov atotpérav ébn xuvdvvevoey, av @OTED al YEAM@vat ToppwTépw THY Kearny TIS [leXorrovynaov mpoteivwot' Diritrov 4é, omnvixa a Aa 4 Tépt oTropowyv Kal elpnvns TO TpwToV Els OYOUS TUYHETAY, ELTOVTOS META TrOAA@Y HKELY ExELVO, a e \ , > avtov 5€ povov, UToAaBwv o Titos, “ AvTov yap, y elt > ’ , \ , eon, ‘‘povoy étoinoas amoKxtelvas Tous pidous “a e , Kal ovyyeveis.” érel dé Aetvoxpdtns o Mecanuos ’ e , \ , \ bY V4 \ €v Pawn rapa troroy peOvabels apynoato NaBov ipuatiov yuvaixetov, TH 8 baTepaia Tov Titov nEtou “A A 4 \ BonOeiv ait@ Stavoovpevm thy Meoonvny adr- , a 9 a a \ ” 4 otavat tov Ayalov, Tavta pev edn oxérecOar, Oavpdlew dé éxeivor, et tHrALKaAVTALs émLKEYeL- enxas mpakeow opyeto0at Sivatat Tapa ToTov kai ade. mpos d€ tovs ‘'Ayatovs TeV Trapa "Avtioxouv mpéaBewy AROS te! THs BactdKAs oTpaTlas KatadeyovTwv Kai KxatapiOpoupévor \ la e , # aA moAANas poonyopias, o Titos épyn Seemvodvtos ’ an \ a , \ / \ “~ avTod mapa Te Eévm Kai peudopuévou To TAHOos Tay Kpe@v Kai Oavydlovtos tobev otTw ToiKirns ayopas evtropyaey, eitrety tov Edvov, ws Dera tTravta DJ \ “A , / a.’ A e , cori TH oxevacia dtapépovra wai rois Sto pas. ” e A / “My town, edn, “ unde dpets, @ dvdpes ‘Ayaroi, 1 gAHjOos ts Coraés and Bekker have wAj@os re, after Bryan. 37° TITUS FLAMININUS although many imputed hastiness and levity to his nature, and in general he was a most agreeable companion and able to say a graceful thing with force. For instance, when he was trying to dissuade the Achaeans from appropriating the island of Zacyn- thos, he said it would be dangerous for them, like a tortoise, to stick their head out of its Peloponnesian shell! Again, when he held his first conference with Philip concerning a truce and peace, and Philip remarked that Titus had come with many attendants while he himself had come alone, Titus answered, “ Yes, thou hast made thyself alone by slaying thy friends and kindred.” 2 Again, when Deinocrates the Messenian, who had taken too much wine at a drinking-party in Rome, and after putting on a woman’s robe had executed a dance, on the following day asked Titus to assist him in his plan to separate Messene from the Achaean league, Titus said he would consider the matter ; “ But I am amazed,”’ said he, “that when thou hast matters of so great moment in hand, thou canst dance and sing at a drinking- party.”’% And once more, when an embassy from Antiochus was recounting to the Achaeans the vast multitude of the king’s forces and enumerating them all by their various appellations, Titus said that once, when he was dining with a friend, he criticised the multitude of: meats that were served, wondering where he had obtained so varied a supply; where- upon his host told him they were all swine’s flesh, and differed only in the way they were cooked and dressed. ‘And soin your case,” said he, ‘men of 1 Cf. Livy, xxxvi. 32; Plutarch, Morals, p. 197 b. * Cf. Morals, p. 197 a (Polybius, xviii. 7). 3 Cf. the Philopoemen, xviii. tf. (Polybius, xxiii. 5). 37! BB 2 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES Javpatete tHv. Avtioxou Stvapuv AoyXopapous Kat Evatopopous cai weferaipovs axovovtes: TavTes \ @ 4 > \ e 4 } , 99 yap ovtTot Lupo. evotv oTAaplols dvadeporTes. XVIII. Mera &€ tas “EXAnuixas mpakews Kat \ ’ ‘ / ? , 4 es tov AvtioxeKov TOAEMOY aTredeLyOn TiLNTHS, ATES €otiy apxn peyioTn Kal TpdTov Tiva TIS TWoN- Teas emiTEAEiwals. Kal cuvnpye ev ad’T@ Map- , a , e* , er 2g / KéAXOU TOU TEVTaKLS UTAaTEVaaVTOS ViOs, EFEBaXov d€ Ths BovArs TaY ovK ayay éripavav Téccapas, mpoaedéEavto dé ToAITAS AToypahopévous TavTas, door yovéwy érevOépwy Haoav, dvayxacbévtes vrr0 A , , , & b] ¢ tov Snudpyou Tepevtiov KovAéwvos, ds emnpeatwv Tois apioToKpatixois Emerce TOv SHyov tadTa Wwndicacbac. Ta de 4 > > A ? } a Q av S€ yywpipwratwv KaT avTov avdpav Kat peylatwy évy TH Tore StadhEepopéevwy mpos adrA7- Dous, Adpixavod Sxynmiwvos cai Mdpxov Katwvos, Tov pev Tpoeypawe THs Bours, ws aptotoy avdpa \ a , » ~#»9 Y] 2 a Kai mpwtor, Katwu 6 eis ExOpav nrAOe cupghopa 4 . 4 J \ = rvs , ToLavTN Ypnodpevos. adeAddos jv Titw Aevetos Praptvivos, ote Ta ANA TpoceoiKas éKxEivH ‘ 4 ” a e a > / fe) Tv gdvow év TE Tais HOovais avedevOepos Servas Kai OALyYwWpoTATOS TOU TpEeTTOVTOS. TOUTM TUVHV petpakioxos épw@pevos, by Kal oTpaTias apywv émnyeto Kat duétwv éetapyias eiyev dei epi aurov. év ovv TOT TLVi OpuTTToOpEevos pos TOV 1 Cf. Morals, p. 197 ¢ (Livy, xxxv. 49). 372 379 TITUS FLAMININUS Achaia, do not be astonished when you hear of the Spear-bearers and Lance-bearers and Foot-compan- ions in the army of Antiochus; for they are all Syrians and differ only in the way they are armed.” ! XVIII. After his achievements in Greece and the war with Antiochus, Titus was appointed censor.” This is the highest office at Rome, and in a manner the culmination of a political career. ‘Titus had as colleague in this office a son of the Marcellus? who had been five times consul, and the two censors ejected from the senate four men of lesser note, and received into citizenship all who offered themselves for enrolment, provided they were born of free parents. To this step they were forced by the tribune Terentius Culeo, who wanted to spite the nobility and so persuaded the people to vote the measure. The two men of his time who were most notable and had the greatest influence in the city, Scipio Africanus and Marcus Cato, were at variance with one another. Of these, ‘Titus appointed Scipio to be Dean of the Senate,‘ believing him to be its best and fore- most nian; but with Cato he came into hostile relations, owing to the following unfortunate circum- stances. Titus had a _ brother, Lucius, who was unlike him in all other ways, and especially in his shameful addiction to pleasure and his utter contempt of decency. This brother had as companion a young boy whom he loved, and took him about and kept him always in his train, whether he was commanding an army or administering a province. At some drinking party, then, this boy was playing the coquet * Tn 189 B.c. 3 Cf. chapter i. 3. 4 Cf. the Wtherius Gracchus, iv: 1; Cato the Elder, xvii. 1. 373 So ] PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aevxiov ottws pn chodpa pireiv avtov, ware Oéay povopayor atroXTrety ovTH yeyovws avOpw- mou povevouevov Oeatis, To pos exeivov ndv TOD \ Cd ‘ ’ 4, ‘ , id N , Tpos avTov ey mAElovt Noy Oéuevos. o Se A€eveios e A 66 > 7. 99 69 66 6 , +7 \ 9 , nabeis “ Ovdev,” Epn, “ detvov idcopar yap eyo cou Thy emiupmiav.” Kat Kedevoas eva THY KaTA- Sixov €x Tod Secpwtnpiov tpoayOjvat, Kat Tov UITNPETNY PETATEUWA[LEVOS, EV TO TVUTIOGL@ TpoG- érakev atroxowat Tod dvOpwrouv tov tpayndrov. ’ , \ 9 , b) b] VA , 9 9 OvarrE€ptos 5é ‘Avtias ovK epwpéva pyaiv, adr épwuévn ToUTO yapicacOar tov Aevxiov. o dé AiBtos év Aoym Katavos adrod yeypad0at dyaiy, e , > , , \ 4 N as Tadatnv avtoporov éMovta peta traidwy Kai yuvaros emt tas Oupas deEdpevos els TO TUpTOGLOV o Aevxios améxtewver idta YeLtpt TH Epwpevy Yapt- Copevos. TOUTO Ev ovv ELKOS Els Seivwown elphabat THS KaTHYyoptas Uiro tov Katwvos: ote b€ ov« 9 4 ” ? \ , e ’ \ ‘ avTomoros nV, adda SeapwTns 0 avaipeOeis Kai éx ToY KaTadixwy, adrOL TE TOAXOL Kai Kexépav 6 pytwp év THe wept yipws avt@ Kdtow ry Sunrynow avabets etpnxev. XIX. “Emi rovtrm Kadtov tipntyns yevouevos Kai Kabaipwrv thy cuyKAnTOV arnArace THS BourTs tov Aevxtov, UtTratixod pev aki@patos bvtTa, cuva- ripovabar bé tod adedpod Soxodytos avT@. S10 , > N on ? ‘, Q Kal mpoeNOovtes ets TOV Ojpoy audoTEepot TaTrewot 1 Cf. Livy, xxxix. 43. 374 TITUS FLAMININUS with Lucius, and said he loved him so ardently that he had come away from a show of gladiators in order to be with him, although he had never in all his life seen a man killed; and he had done so, he said, because he cared more for his lover's pleasure than for his own. Lucius was delighted at this, and said : “ Don’t worry about that! I will give thee thy heart's desire.” Then ordering a man who had been con- demned to death to be brought forth from his prison, and sending for a lictor, he commanded him to strike off the man’s head there in the banquet-hall. Valerius Antias, however, says it was not a lover, but a mistress whom Lucius thus sought to gratify.1. And Livy says that in a speech of Cato himself it is written that a Gaulish deserter had come to the door . with his wife and children, and that Lucius admitted him into the banquet-hall and slew him with his own hand to gratify his lover. This feature, however, was probably introduced by Cato to strengthen the force of his denunciation; for that it was not a deserter, but a prisoner, who was put to death, and one who had been condemned to die, is the testimony of many others, and especially of Cicero the orator in his treatise “On Old Age,” where he puts the story in the mouth of Cato himself.? XIX. In view of this, when Cato became censor 3 and was purging the senate of its unworthy members, he expelled from it Lucius Flamininus, although he was a man of consular dignity, and although his brother Titus was thought to be involved in his disgrace. Therefore the two brothers came before the people in lowly garb and bathed in tears, and 2 Cf. Cato the Elder, xvii. 1-4; Livy, xxxix. 42. 3 In 184 B.c. 375 - iw PLUTARCH'S LIVES nat Sedaxpupévor pétpia Setobar Tov TodTOV eSoxour, aEtovvtes aitiay eitrety Tov Katwva Kai Noyov, @ ypnadpevos olxoy Evdokov atipia TocavT}) meptBeBrAnkev. ovd€ev ody UTroaTEtAapevos 0 Katay mponrOe, Kal KaTATTAS PETA TOU TUVaPYOVTOS ypwTnae tov Titov eb yivwoKet TO oUpmTrOcLOD. ’ , \ bd , , > € Q 7 apvoupevou O€ éxeivou, Sinynoamevos evs opto pov ad \ U ¥ 4 nA 9 4 mpoexaneiro Tov Aevxioy ét Tidnol TaV EipnLevav \ b \ 9 fe) \ , 4 un adnOes eivar. tod dé Aevxiov aiwrnoavtos, o pev Sjpos yum Sixaiay yeyovévat THY atipiav \ Y , , “A 3 \ nA Kat tov Kdtwva mpoermeuwe Aap pas aro TOU » a a a a Biypatos, o b€ Titos tH acvpdopa tod ddedrpod mepiTa0a@y ouvéotn PETA TOY TWaraL pLcovVTOV tov Kdtwva nai maocas peév as éxetvos érrotnoato tav Snuociwy éxdoces Kal pwicOw@ces Kal wvas nevpwoe xal avéduvoev év tH BovAn KpaTnoas, \ \ ¢ , J b] fo) movNas 5€ Kal peyddas Sixas Kat’ avdtTov Trape- oKEevacev, ovK O15 Sirws ev Kal TOALTLK@S pds apYovTa vousmov Kal moritnv aptotou wmép \ avépos otxeiov pév, avakiou 5€ Kai Ta TpoanKkovTa : , metrovOotos avnxectov ExOpay apapevos. ov nv ’ \ ae , \ , , 4 b] ara TOD Pwpaiwv tote Snwou Oéav Exovtos év A 6 , \ A A @ yv ‘ 7@ Geatpy cai tis Bovdns, waormep clwOe, KoopLM 4 > \ e , > 9 9 , mpokabnpévns, opOeis o Acvxtos én’ éoyatots trou KaOnpevos atiuws Kal TaTretvas oixTov éoye Kal \ fol ‘ TO WAHOos ovK nvéaxeTo Thy Oe, adr éBowv 2 A 4 4 4 , peraBivat xerevovtes, Ews petéSn, SeEapéevev avrov eis EauTovs TOY UTATLKOD. 376 380 TITUS FLAMININUS made what seemed a reasonable request of their fellow citizens, namely, that Cato should state the reasons which had led him to visit a noble house with a disgrace so great. Without any hesitation, then, Cato came forward, and standing with his colleague before Titus, asked him if he knew about the banquet. . Titus said he did not, whereupon Cato related the incident and formally challenged Lucius to say whether any part of the story told was not true. But Lucius was dumb, and the people there- fore saw that he had been justly disgraced, and gave Cato a splendid escort away from the rostra. Titus, however, was so affected by the misfortune of his brother that he leagued himself with those who had long hated*Cato, and after getting the upper hand in the senate, revoked and annulled all the public rentals and leases and contracts which Cato had made, besides bringing many heavy indictments against him.! That he acted the part. of a good man vr a good citizen | cannot affirm, in thus cherishing an incurable hatred against a lawful magistrate and a most excellent citizen on account of a man who, though a kinsman, was nevertheless unworthy and had suffered only what he deserved. However, as the Roman people was once enjoying a spectacle in the theatre, and the senate, according to custom, had seats of honour in the foremost rows, Lucius was seen sitting somewhere in the rear among the poor and lowly, and excited men’s pity. The multitude could not bear the sight, but kept shouting to him to change his place, until he did change his place, and was received among their own number by the men of consular rank. 1 Cf. Cuto the Elder, xix. 2; Livy, xxxix. 44.. 377 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XX. To & obv dvces Titov dirotipov, aype pev iKavny eiyev UANV TEpL TOUS ELpnuévous TrOAELOUS SiatpiBovtos, evdoxipers Kai yap éxidudpynoev av0is pera thy Umateiav, ovdevos érreiyovTos: 9 ‘ \ a“ Sd \ , A amadAayeis 5€ TOU apyelv Kal mpezBUTEpos av 9 , wn“ 3 ’ ”¥ 4 ww a nAEYXETO UANXOV, EV OVK ExyovTL mpakes ETL TO AaT@ Biw srapyavra mpos do€av Kal veavifovta To Ta0e Katéyvev éavTov ov Suvdpevos. ToravTy , A N \ 93 ‘ ~ 9 ‘ , yap Tivt Kat To wept AvuBav dopa édoxer mpakas 9 \ / a a e N > ] , emraxOns yevéoOar Tots mWodAois. 0 yap AvviBas ry) \ 9 ‘ e \ 9 , oixoGey pev éx Kapyndovos virexdpas ’Avtioxo cuvi, éexeivov dbé peta tHv ev Dpvyia payny Elpnuns ayamnTas TuxovTos, avOis devywv Kal \ n mravnbeis TorAra Tédos ev TH BeOvvia Kxaréorn e Ilpovciavy Oepamrevov, ovdevos ‘Pwpyaiwy aryvo- ovVTOS, AAA TapopevTay atravTwy Su’ acbéverav Kal yijpas @oTmeEp eppippévoy bro THS TUYXNS. Tiros d€ mpecBevtns de étépas by tTivas mpakes e ‘ n le 4 \ 4 ’ 4 vo ths BovAns mpos tov Ipovciay adixopevos \ \ b , ON > Ul , > , kai tov AvviBav id@v avtToOe Start@pevov, nyava- 2 A \ \ fe) , , KtTyoev eb Cy, Kai rorda Tov IIpovatov Seopévou Kal NTaApOUVYTOS UTEP avdpos ixéToU Kab auynOous ov TaphKe. xpnopod O€ TiVOS, ws EoLKE, TAaNXAaLOU wept THs AvviBou TereuTis ots ExovTos, AtBvoca xpues BOXos ’AvviBou Sépas, 1 The battle at Magnesia, in Lydia, 191 B.c. Under the terms of peace, Antiochus was to deliver Hannibal to the Romans. Cf. Livy, xxxvii. 45. 378 s TITUS FLAMININUS XX. Now, the native ambition of Titus, as long as it had sufficient material to gratify it in the wars which I have mentioned, met with praise, as, for instance, when he served a second time as military tribune after having been consul, though there was no necessity for it; but after he had ceased to _hold office and was well on in years, he met the rather with censure, because, although the portion of life which still remained to him did not admit of great activity, he was unable to restrain his passion for glory and his youthful ardour. For by some such fierce impulse, as it would seem, he was led to his treat- ment of Hannibal, which made him odious to most people. Hannibal had secretly fled from his native Carthage and spent some time at the court of Anti- ochus; but when Antiochus, after the battle in Phrygia,' had gladly accepted terms of peace, Hanni- bal took to flight once more, and after many wander- ings, finally settled down at the court of Prusias in Bithynia. Noone at Rome was ignorant of this, but all ignored him on account of his weakness and old age, regarding him as a castaway of Fortune. Titus, how- ever, who had been sent by the senate as ambassador to the court of Prusias on some other business,? and saw that Hannibal was staying there, was incensed that he should be alive, and although Prusias made many fervent intercessions in behalf of a man who was a suppliant and familiar friend, would not relent. There was an ancient oracle, as it would appear, concerning Hannibal’s death, and it ran as follows :— “‘ Libyssan earth shall cover the form of Hannibal.”’ 2 According to Ny (Xxxix. 51), Hannibal’s presence in Bithynia was part of Rome’s complaint against Prusias. 379 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ° 4 6d / e , \ N f o pev dpa AtBunv vrevoee Kai Tas ev Kapyndov ’ ° “4 a) , 3 \ 4 tagus, ws exe KataBiwoomevos’ év bé Biduvia , 9 ‘ , > \NQ , \ \ a! Tomes éati Oivwdns eri Oaradoans Kai Tpos avTO Kon tis weyddAn AiBvooa Kanetrat. epi tav- ¥ , b] , > A \ ? ” tnv etuxe SsatpiBwv AvviBas. det b€ admicrov tH tod IIpovciov paraxia Kai doBovpevos tous ‘Pwpaious thy otxtay étt mpotepov ée€odos éwta KaTayelols auVTETpHLEevnV ex THS EavTOD StaiTns a , elyev, @AXov Kat GAO TOV VTrovopwy, TOppw dé TaVvrTmv AdnAWS EXPEPOVTWY. Ws ODY HKOUGE TOTE TO Tpoataypa Tov Titov, pevyew pev @punoe dia la) e , 9 \ \ - : “A TOV UTovopmwr, evtuyav de dudaxais Bacidtxais éyuw 6 avuTov TeAXeuTay. Evioe pév odv A€éyovGLD ws (MaTLOY TO TPAXNA® TEpLBarwy Kal KeXevoAS oixétny Omicbevy epeicavta Kata Tov iaxiov TO youu Kat opodpas avaxdA\doavta avyteivat Kal , ‘ A b] / N nw Teptotpéewar, pexor av éxOrjtar TO Tvedua, StapOetpeey avtov’ Evior 5é ptpnodpevov Bem- aotoxvéa Kai Miéday ala tavpeov mueiv: AiBtos 5é dnot happaxoy Eyovta Kepacas kai THY KUALKA deFupevoy etvrety: “’ Avatravowpev 4dn woTé TV \ 4 ¢ / A ‘\ e 4 ToAANY hpovTiba “Pwyaiwy, of paxpov HrynoavTo cat Bapv ptcoupevou yépovros avapeivar Oavatov. ’ ‘ xO ‘ b) , b] , ld ov pnv ovdé Tiros dktofnXwrtov aroicetas vinnv 9Q\ a 4 2 gs “a , “A ovde Tav mpoyover akiav, ot vpp@ mroAenobvre Kai xpatovvTs THY méAAOVEaY UTroTé“Wartes KaTE- byvucayv pappaxeiav.” 380 TITUS FLAMININUS Hannibal thought this referred to Libya and a burial at Carthage, and believed that he would end his days there ; but there is a sandy tract in Bithynia on the sea-Shore, and on its border a large village called Libyssa. Near this village Hannibal was living. But he had always distrusted the weakness of Prusias and feared the Romans, and therefore even before this time his house had been provided with seven underground exits leading from his own chamber. These ran in different directions beneath the surface of the ground, but all had secret issues far away. Accordingly, when he now heard of the behest of Titus, he set out to make his escape by way of the underground passages, but encountered guards of the king, and therefore determined to take his own life. Some say that he wound his cloak about his neck and then ordered a servant to plant his knee in the small of his back, pull the rope towards him with all his might until it was twisted tight, and so to choke and kill him; some, too, say that he drank bull’s blood in imitation of Themis- tocles! and Midas; but Livy says? that he had poison which he ordered to be mixed, and took the cup with these words: “ Let us now at last put an end to the great anxiety of the Romans, who have thought it too long and hard a task to wait for the death of a hated old man. Nevertheless, Titus will not bear away an enviable victory, nor one worthy of his forefathers, who sent secret information to Pyrrhus, when he was at war with them and a victor over them, of the poisoning that was going to be attempted.” 3 1 Cf. the Vhemistocles, xxxi. 5. 2 Livy, xxxix. 51, 3 Cf. the Pyrrhus, xxi. 1-3. 381 a to 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXT. Otte pev tov ‘AvviBarv aroPaveiv de- yovowv. «amayyedOévrwy dé tovTwy mpos Thy , > %y, 7 b \ ” e , avyKANTOV, ovK OALyos eTaYOns Edokev 0 Titos Kal jTepitTos ayay Kal wmos, @oTep Spry vO Ynpws anTHva Kai Kodoupoy adetpévov Chv yer- ponOn tov ’AvviBav amoxtetvas, ovdevos érret- b] \ \ 4 e J , a Ul yovtos, dAAG bra Sokay, ws err@vupos TOD Oavartou yévoito. Kai thy "Adpixavod Xntiwvos éxtt- Gévtes mpaotyta Kat peyadouyxtay Tt pardov 9 4 e > / Ld \ ‘\ > Cavualov, ws antrntov ovta Kai poBepoy ev AtBvn Kxatatonepnoas ’AvviBav obte é&nracev oute €EntnoatTo Tapa THY TOMTO@Y, GANA Kai Tpo “ 4 9 , \ bd] 4 . \ THS paxns els NOyous EAOay edeEtHocaTto Kal peta Thy payny omevdopevos ovdéy ereToAunoev ovd’ ’ / A 4 A b 4 , 2 émevéBn TH TUXN TOU avdpos. Aéyerar Sé ads ev Edéow cupBareiv avtovs: Kai mpa@tov pev év A “ a? TO cupTEepiTatei TOU AvviBou THY TpoonKovcay b] > ‘ 4 > , 1 , 9 , év d&wwpatt tak éxetvw! mporaBovtos avéxe- aOat xal mepitateiy adedras tov 'Adpixavor, éretTa NOYyoU Trepi OTPATHYaY EuTrETOVTOS Kal TOU "AvviBou Kpatiatov atrodnvapévou yeyovévar TaV “ 9 4 9 ? , \ atpatnyav AdéE~avdpov, eita Iluppov, tpitoy dé autor, novxn metdidoavta Tov Adptxavoy eitrety, «cps or 9 2 > \ , ” es ee , Ti &', et un) oe €yw veuxnnev; Kat rov AvviBayr, 6c QO 9 ” e > , b>] 4 6s , 9 , uk av, @ ZKnTiwv, gdavat, ‘ TpiTov EwavToy, A “ nn > GANA TpOTov emocovpny TOV oTpATHYODV. Tadta 57 Tod Yantiwvos ot ToAAOL Oavpalortes 1 éceivm Coraés and Bekker, after Reiske: elva:r. Blass corrects to mpohwovaay év a. Tabi. 382 38| TITUS FLAMININUS AAI. Such are the accounts of the death of Hannibal. When the story of it was brought to the senate, many of them thought the conduct of Titus odious, officious, and cruel; for he had killed Hanni- bal when he was like a bird permitted to live a tame and harmless life because too old to fly and without a tail, and there had been no necessity for his doing this, but he did it to win fame, that his name might be associated with the death of Hannibal. Men also pointed to the clemency and magnanimity of Scipio Africanus and admired it all the more, since after defeating a Hannibal who had not been conquered before and was filling Africa with fear, he neither drove him from the country nor demanded his surrender by his fellow citizens, nay, he actually gave him a kindly greeting when he held conference with him before the battle, and after the battle, in making terms of peace, he did not insult or trample upon the fortunes of his foe.! Moreover, we are told that the two men met again at Ephesus, and in the first place, that when, as they were walking about together, Hannibal took the side which more properly belonged to Scipio as the superior, Scipio suffered it and walked about without paying any heed to it; and again, that when they fell to discussing generals and Hannibal declared Alexander to have been the mightiest of generals, and next to him Pyrrhus, and third himself, Scipio asked with a quiet smile, “ And what wouldst thou have said if 1 had not conquered thee?”’ To which Hannibal replied, “In that case, Scipio, I should not have counted myself third, but first of generals. ”’ ? Such conduct on the part of Scipio most people 1 Cf. Livy, xxx. 29 @. 2 Cf. Livy, xxxv. 14. 383 os baal | PLUTARCH’S LIVES exaxitov tov Titov ws adXoTpl@ vEexp@ Tpoce- ’ Q a v 1 @ : e - veyxovTa Tas xeipas. Eveoe SE Hoay of TO WemTpa- 4 > ~ . NX > 4 av td yuévov etaivourtes xat Tov ‘AvviBav, éws éCn, Tip iyyouuevor Seopevov Tod piTriCovtos: pndé yap axuavovtes avtov TO capa “Pwpaios Kai thv yetpa hoBepay, adra Thy Sevorynta Kat THY éuTec- piay yeyovévat peta THs éupvtTov mixpias Kal s e >) A > “ N n > > Suocpevetas, @Y ovdéy adatpety TO yHpas, GAXr e Ul N , b] aM \ \ Ld b UTopévery THY hvaow ev TO WHat, THY b€ TUXNY Ov Sitapévery opoiav, dd\dXa petarintrovoay éxKxanei- aOat tais éXrict Wpos Tas emiécets TOUS del TO ptcety Todepouvtas. Kat ta voTEepa Tas ETL “~ bd , “ ‘4 ” ‘ > , HadrXov euaptupyce TO Tite, Tov'ro pev Apioto- e A A \ \ b) a , vixos 0 Tov KiOap@mdov Sia thy Evdpevois Sofa éumAncas ATacay aTocTdcewy Kai TO LwWY THY "Aciav, tovto 5é MiOpiddrns peta YvArav Kat @ipBpiav Kai tocovtov drAcOpov otparevpatwv N a @ 9 AN 4 9 A e ~ Kal otpatnya@v avOis emi AevKoAXoy Ex ys Op“ov ‘ 4 > \ “A xai OaXaTTns avactas THALKOUTOS. Ov pny ovdé Paiov Mapiouv tareotepos ’Avvt- w a \ A ‘ 4 e ” Bas éxerto. tT@ pev yap Bactrevs piros uTApye \ , @ , ‘ \ \ aA \ Kai Bios iv auvnOns cai StatpsBai wept vas Kat oF N A > s XN \ , immous Kai oTpaTi@Tor éripedecav’ tas 6é Mapiou TUXas ‘Pwpatos yeA@vTes AXwpévou Kal TTWYEU- > ? A N > € a’ o ovtos ev AtBun peta puxpov €v Pwpn odpatto- Hevot Kal pactiyoupevol MpoceKvvouy. ovTwS 1 Tn 131-130 B.c. ? In §8-84 B.c. 384 TITUS FLAMININUS admired, and they blamed Titus for having laid violent hands on one whom another had slain. But some there were who praised what he had done and thought that Hannibal, as long as he was alive, was a consuming fire which needed only to be fanned ; for when he was in his prime, they said, it was not his body nor his arm that had been formidable to the Romans, but his ability and experience coupled with his ingrained bitterness and hostility, and from these naught is subtracted by old age, but the natural characteristics remain unchanged : whereas fortune does not remain the same, but changes sides, and summons with hope to fresh undertakings those whom hatred makes perpetual foes. And _ sub- sequent events were perhaps still more a justification - of Titus; for Aristonicus, the son of a harpist’s daughter, used his reputed connexion with Eumenes to fill all Asia with wars and rebellions,! and Mithri- dates, notwithstanding his defeats by Sulla and Fimbria and his great losses in armies and generals,? rose once more to be a formidable antagonist of Lucullus by land and sea.’ However, not even Hannibal was reduced to a lower level than Caius Marius. For Hannibal had a king as his friend, and his days as usual were occu- pied with ships and horses and the care of soldiers ; whereas Marius in his misfortunes was a laughing- stock to the Romans as he wandered about and begged his way in Africa, though after a little while he was in Rome with his axes at their necks and his rods at their backs, and they were humbly begging his mercy. So true is it that nothing in the present 3 In 74-67 B.c. The argument is that if so great dangers to Rome were latent in Asia, the presence of Hannibal there was a menace. 385 VOL. X. cc PLUTARCH’S LIVES A i ovdcy oUTE piKpov OUTE MéyAa TOY TrAPOYTwWY Tpds TO péAXOv é€aTiv, GAAA pia TOU peTraBadrew A \ aA @ \ , ” , TEAEUTN Kal TOU Elvar. 16 Kai hac Evo Titov ou“ ap éavTou Tavta Tpakar, TeuPOAvar Sé wpec- A \ , 4 2 @\ ” A Beuvrny pera Acvxiou XKniwvos, ovdév AdXO THs , b 4 bd A N b ] , ? mpeo Betas éyovons éEpyov 7) Tov AvviBov Odavarov. ? \ ’ , w , , ” Evet 6@ ovdeuiav Ett tovUTwy KaToTLW ovTE TOhuTURHY tov Titov mpakiv ovte Troe weeny ig To- pheapen, GAG Kal TehevTHs Etvyev eipnuiKiys, Opa THv cvyxpiow emtoKorely. @IAOIIOIMENOS KAI TITOY SYTKPISIS I. MeyéOee ev oty tav els tous “EXAnvas evepyectav ovTe Piroroipeva Titm tapaBdrrew oUTE mavu ToAXOUS TOY PiroTrOipevos apmetvovav 9 a ¥ s ? a \ \. « ‘ avopov aktov éott. Tois péev yap” EXXAnat pos “EAAnvas ot Trodepot, TO O€ ovYEAANM Kal vrrép e , \ i. , bd A a“ EAAnvav? Kat ore DiroToiwnv aynyavey tois EauTOU TOALT ALS GpmUvELY TOAELOUpEVOLS Ets Kpnrny 9 A , , Ti b] / a ¢ , amnpe, ToTe vixnoas Tiros év péon TH ‘EAXNASe @Didirmov nrevSépov xait ta eOvn Kal ores e ? ? J > , \ id e amdoas. e O€ Tis é€eralor Tas pdyas éxa- Tépov, wAeious “EAAnvas Pirovoipnv "Ayaav otpatnyav 7) Maxedovas Titos “EdXdAnot Bonbarv avetne. Ta troivuy dyaprnpata tod pév gtdroTUWIas, 386 PHILOPOEMEN AND TITUS COMPARED is either smal] or great in view of what may happen in the future, but change, like life, can only end with death. Eor this reason some say that Titus did not take this step on his own account, but that he was sent as ambassador with Lucius Scipio, and their embassy had no other object than the death of Hannibal. We do not find that Titus was active after this, either as statesman or soldier, and his end was a peaceful one. It is therefore time to think of our comparison. COMPARISON OF PHILOPOEMEN AND TITUS I. Accorpinaty, in the magnitude of their bene- factions to the Greeks, neither Philopoemen nor any one of the Greeks who were better men than Philopoemen is worthy of comparison with Titus. For they were Greeks and waged their wars against Greeks; whereas Titus was not a Greek and waged war in behalf of Greeks ; and at a time when Philo- poemen was unable to defend his own countrymen from the attacks of their enemies, and had gone off into Crete, at that very time Titus won a victory over Philip in the heart of Greece and set her peoples and all her cities free. And if we examine into the battles which each fought, we shall find that the Greeks slain by Philopoemen as general of the Achaeans were more in number than the Macedonians slain by Titus as helper of the Greeks. And then as to their errors, in the one they were 387 cc 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES tov Sé diroverxias yéyove, Kal Tpds opyiy oO mev evxivntos, 6 S¢ nal Svomapaitntos. Tiros pev yap xat Piriarp to dkiwpa Tis Bactretas épvrake xal wpds Aitwrovs evryvmpovnae, Prdo- moiuny 5&é THS TWaTpidos bu dpynv adeideto THY meptoikiba auvtTédecav. Ete 56 O pev Tois ev maQodaw det BéBatos, o b€ Ouu@ ATDoat yapry éroipos. Aaxedatpoviwy yap evepyéTns mpotepov ay vatepov Kal Ta Tetyn KaTéoxawe Kal TiVv Nwpav Teptéxowe xai TéXoS auTHY peTéBare Kal SiépOerpe THY wodtTeiav. éSoxer bé Kal tov Biov Opyh mpoéc0ar Kal diroverxia, pn KaTa KaLpov, GXN ofvTepoy tov Séovtos eis Meaanvny emery Geis, ovy wotrep Titos mravta NoyLone@ Kal pos acda- NELav OTPATHYNTAS. II. "AAG ANGE ye ToAgLwY Kal TpoTTAiwY 7 @idoToipevos eumeipia BeBatotépa. TH ev yap Ta mpos Pidirmov éxpibn Svoiv aywvo, o 6é pupias payas xatopOecas ovdemav augia yt now TH TUXN Tpds THY ETLaTHUNVY arrONEAOLTTEV. ETL dé 0 pey TH “Papaiwy daxpunv éexovon durdpec xpnodpevos, 0 Sé THs Eddddos dn POiwovans érmaxpacas, dofay Exyev, Wate TOU pev Ldvov, TOD dé xo.vov épyov elvat Td KatopOovpevov: o pev yap jpxev ayabav, o S¢ dpywv ayadous érroier. kal pny To ye mpos” EXAnvas TovT@ yevéaOas ToOvs GY@vasS OUK EVTUXH MEV, Laxupay Sé THs aperis 388 382 PHILOPOEMEN AND TITUS COMPARED due to ambition, in the other to a spirit of conten- tion. For Titus preserved Philip's royal dignity and . showed favour to the Aetolians; whereas the anger of Philopoemen led him to rob his native city of its supremacy over the surrounding villages. And further, the one was always constant towards his beneficiaries, while the other, to indulge his wrath, _ was ever ready to cancel a kindness, For instance, though he had once been a benefactor of Sparta, he afterwards tore down her walls, reduced her terri- tory, and finally altered and destroyed her very constitution. And it would appear that he threw away his life in a fit of anger and contentiousness, by hastening to attack Messene before occasion offered and more quickly than was feasible; for he did not, like Titus, conduct all his military opera- tions with deliberation and a due regard for safety. II. But surely the multitude of his wars and trophies put the military experience of Philopoemen on a firmer basis. For the campaign of Titus against Philip was decided by two conflicts, whereas Philopoemen was successful in countless battles and left no room for the claim that his victories were due to fortune rather than to skill. And besides, Titus, in his quest of fame, availed himself of the culminating power of Rome; whereas Philopoemen flourished when Greece was already in declension. Therefore the success of Philopoemen was his own work, while that of Titus was the result of a com- munity of effort; for the latter was commander of good soldiers, while the former, as commander, had to make his soldiers good. And surely the fact that Philopoemen’s conflicts were with Greeks furnished a proof of his valour which was convincing even 389 PLUTARCH’S LIVES amodeEw mapeivyerv: ols yap Guota TadAA, TO mpovxyey apeTn Kpatovor. Kal yap 57 TroXe- puxwtarots “EAAnvwov Kpnoi cai Aaxedapoviots Toke“noas, THY “ev TWavovpyotatav Sor, TaV & ddKipwratrav torn TEepleyevero. IIpos 5é rovros Tiros peéev é& vroxespéevov évixa, Kpwpevos owAtopols Kal tafeow als rapeé- raBe, Piroroiuny 5€ avros éreceveyxav Kat petaBarwyv Tov twepl TavTa Kocpov, waTE TO vientixwtatov ud od pev ovK by evpjabat, Ta Sé imdpyov Bonbeiv. Kxata xelpa toivyy PiroTot- plevos prev Epya mwodda nal peydda, Oatépou dé ovdéy, ddA Kal tov AitwdOv Tis avrov ’Apye- Snuos éréaxwntev ws, Ste avTOS éoTTAaTpmévos THY pdxatpay er Spoum mpos Tovs payxopévous Kai Tous cuvectatas Tov Maxedovwr, tod Titov tas yetpas eis TOV OUpavoY UTTLAS avaTeivaVTOS ETTO- TOS Kal TpodEevyopevou. III. Kai phy Titm pév dpyovt: auvéByn xa mpeoBevovts Tavta wpakar Ta Kara, PiroTroiuny 5¢ od yelpova Tapécyev ovde at paxToTEpoy EavToY iSs@rny oTpatnyov Tots "Ayatois. wdsaTns pev yap av NdBw éFéBarev éx Meconvns cai Meoon- vlous nrevOepwoev, idswtns 5é Atopayny tov otpatnyov Kai Titov éwepyopévous atréxderce THs Zmdprns xai Aaxedatpovious Stécwoev. obtws 39° PHILOPOEMEN AND TITUS COMPARED though unfortunate: for where other things are equal, they prevail who surpass in valour. And so it was that although he carried on war with the most warlike of the Greeks, namely, the Cretans and Lacedaemonians, he surpassed the first in wiles, though they were most crafty, and the second in daring, though they were most brave. In addition to this it may be said that Titus won his victories by using what lay ready to his hand, since he availed himself of styles of armour and formation which had come down to him, whereas Philopoemen won his successes by making contribu- tions and changes of his own in these matters, so that in the one case what was most essential for victory did not exist and had to be discovered, while in the other it lay ready for service. “In the way of personal prowess, moreover, Philopoe- men performed much that was great, but Titus nothing at all; nay, an Aetolian named Archedemus mocked at him because, when he himself had drawn his sword and was running at full speed against the Macedonians who were holding together and fight- ing, Titus was standing with his hands stretched up towards heaven and praying for help. IlI. And further, Titus was either a commander or an ambassador when he did all his noble deeds, whereas Philopoemen showed himself no less active and effective for the Achaeans when he was a private citizen than when he was their general. For it was as a private citizen that he expelled Nabis from Messene and set the Messenians free, and as a private citizen that he shut the gates of Sparta against the coming of Diophanes the general and Titus, and so saved the Lacedaemonians. 391 PLUTARCH’S LIVES NYEHoViKNY Hvaty EXWV OV KATA TOUS VOMLOUS, AANA Kal TOV VOUwY ApYELY HTLiTTATO TpPOS TO TUpdéepor, ov Seopevos Tapa Tv apyopuévwy AaBeiv TO apxetv, ] N , % a 4 N wv \ e ‘\ GNA KPHLEVOS AUTOLS, OTTOU KAaLPOS ELN, TOV UTED “~ ~ a A e avtav dpovovvta padXov Tov UT avTaV npNLE- : ‘ you nNyOUupLEvos OTPAaTNYOv. Tevvaia pév odv Titov ta pos tous” EXAnvas émiexy Kat diravOpwrra, yevvatotepa 5é Pidrorroi- \ \ 1, , ’ \ \ ’ pevos Ta TPS TOs Pwpyaious oxupa Kai pirerev- Ocpa: pdov yap xapifecPat tois Seopévors 7 Aurreiy avTiteivovta Tovs Suvatwrépous. érrel dé ovtrws eFetalopevarv Svcbewpntos 1 dsadopa, a ‘ fe) ‘ a N 9 , oKoTrel, un TO pev EAAnVE TOY Ep7retpLas TroXeE- “A A \ ¢ puns Kal otpatnyias aotepavor, Te Sé ‘Popato , U Tov Sikaroovvns Kal YpnoToTNTOS aTrodLdovTEs ov A I davrws Siartav Sofopev. 392 PHILOPOEMEN AND TITUS COMPARED Having this natural gift of leadership, he not only knew how to use it in accordance with the laws, but also how to dominate the laws for the common good ; he did not think it necessary to be appointed commander by the people, but took them under his command when occasion required it, considering that he who took wise counsel in their behalf, rather than he who had been elected by them, was their real general. Nobly generous, then, was the clemency and humanity which Titus showed to the Greeks, but more nobly generous was the firmness and love of freedom with which Philopoemen opposed the Romans; for it is easier to confer favours on suppliants than it is to vex with opposition those who are more powerful. But since, after this examination, the difference between the two men is hard to define, I leave it to my reader to say whether, if we award to the Greek the crown for military experience and generalship, and to the Roman that for justice and goodness of heart, we shall not make a fair decision. 393 Digitized by Google A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES A Acrotatus, 11, elder son of Cleo- menes King of the Lacedae- monians, died before coming to Pe tontae tt dson of abo crotatus, 11, grandson of above, became King of the Lacedae- monians ea. 265 B.0.; defeated and slain at Megalopolis, 11. Agathocleia, Mistress of Ptolemy IV Philopator, her influence, 125. Agesilatis, uncle of King Agis, supported him in his reforms, 15; his motives corrupt, 17; ap- pointed ephor, 29; his deception of Agis, 31; tampered with the calendar, 35; driven into exile, 37. Agesilatis, king of the Lacedae- monians, his descendants in the Agesipolis, Mor ing? of th Lace pous, ® g O © ba daemonians in 395 B.0O. Agesipolis, 9, king of the Lace- daemonians after Cleombrotus. Agesistrata, 11, mother of King Agis; supported him in his re- forms, 17; her death, 47. Agiatis, wife of King Agis, married Cleomenes, son of g Leoni- das, 51; his great love for her, her death, 99. Agis, 9, third in descent from Agesilatis, slain by Antipater at Megalopolis in 330 B.o. 9, king of the Lacedae- monians, sixth in descent from Agesilaiis. Agis, 9, king of the Lacedaemonians from 244 B.O.; his qualities and achievements, passim in his Life. Amphares, betrayal of Agis, 41. PLUT. X. Antigonos Doson, king of Macedon, intervened in Peloponnesian affairs by invitation of Aratus, 83; captured Argos, 97; victory over Cleomenes at Sellasia, 113, 267 ; captured Sparta, 119. Antiochus Il, king of Syria, made war with the Romans in Greece - in 191 B.0., 303, 349; defeated by Titus Flamininus, 365. Antipater, second son of Cassander, regent of Alexander, attempt to corrupt Phocion, 5; slew Agis at Megalopolis in 330 B.o., 9. Aratus, general of the Achaean League, was assisted by Agis in opposing the Aetolian invasion of the Peloponnesus, 33 ; attempt to bring Sparta into the League, 55; captured Mantineja, 61; refused the generalship of the League after the defeat at Dymae 81; invited the intervention of Antigonus, 83; dependence of the League upon Macedonian help during his life, 275. Arcesilatis, betrayed Agis, 41. Archidamia, 11, grandmother of King Agis ; supported him in his reforms, 17; her death, 47. Archidamus, son of Agesilatis king of the Lacedaemonians, slain by the Messapians at Mandurium in Italy in 338 B.0., 9. Archidamus, brother of King Agis, placed on the throne of Sparta by Aratus, but are to death by the murderers of Agis, 61. Areus, 11, son of Acrotatus, kin of the Lacedaemonians, 11; fe in battle at Corinth about 265 B.O. Argos, occupied by Cleomenes, 89 ; 397 DICTIONARY OF successfully revolted from Cleo- arr and joined Antigonus, Aristomenes, king of the Messen- jians, wounded and slew the Spartan king Theopompus in battle, 49. Attalus Philometor, king of Per- amum, made the Roman people is heir, 177. B Belbina, precinct of Athena on the borders of Arcadia and Lace- daemon, 57. Cc Cassandra, daughter of Priam, supposed to give oracles as Pasi- phaé at Thalamae in Laconia, 21. Centaurs, begotten by Ixion, who embraced a cloud, not Hera, 3. Serre saved by Titus Flamininus, Chilodis, daughter of Leonidas and wife of King Cleombrotus, her loyalty to both father and hus- band, 37. Claudius, Appius, marries his Geugbeee te Tiberius Claudius, Cleombrotus, 9, king of the Lace- daemonians "after his brother Agesipolis. Cleombrotus, only Spartan king to be slain in battle, 49. Cleombrotus, son-in-law of Leoni- das, became king of the Lace- daemonians in his stead ca. 242 B.0., 29; was deposed, 37; his life ‘spared by the supplications of his wife Chilonis, 40. Cleomenes, 9, king of the Lace- daemonians after his brother Agesipolis Cleomenes, son of Leonidas, married the wife of Agis, 51; came to the throne of Sparta in 235 B.O., 53; his character and achievements, passim in his Life. Cleonymus, 11, son of Cleomenes king of the Lacedaemonians, did not succeed to the throne. 398 PROPER NAMES oo occupied by Cleomenes, Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, her demeanour after the death of her sons, 241. Cratesicleia. mother of Cleomenes, 61; went to Egypt as hostage, 99 : executed by Ptolemy, 139. Cynoscephalae, defeat of Philip V by Titus Flamininus, 341 ff. D Daphne, daughter of Amyclas, eeing from Apollo, was meta- morphosed into a tree, becoming the oracular Pasiphaé, 21. Demochares, betrayer of Agis, 41. Diophanes, general of the Achaean Poeeue, opposed to Philopoemen, Livius, popular tribune with Caius Gracchus, took the side of the Senate in the conflict with Caius, 215. Dymae, battle at, between Cleo- menes and the Arcadians, 81. Drusus, E Ectrephes, a cares at Sparta, cut out two of the oe eee an the harp of Phrynis, 2 Epitadeus, ephor at Sparta, changed ane law regulating inheritance, Eudamidas, 9, king of the Lace- daemonians after the death of Agis in 330 B.o. Eudamidas, 9, king of the Lace- daemonians after Archidamus. F Flamininus, Titus, defeated Philip V of Macedon at Cynoscephalae, 293; became jealous of Philo- poemen, 297; his character and achievements, passim in his Life. DICTIONARY OF Fulvius Flaccus, friend and sup- porter of Caius Gracchus, 219; murdered by the agents of Opi- mius, 235 ff.; his high char- acter, 239. G Gracchus, Caius, character and achievements, passim in his Life. Gracchus, Tiberius, character and achievements, passim in his Life. H Hannibal, Carthaginian general, stirred Antiochus against the Romans, 347 ; his death through the persecution of Titus Flamin- inus, 381. Hera, loved by Ixion, 3. Hippomedon, supported the re- orms of King Agis, 17. I Ixion, embraced a cloud instead of Hera and begat the Centaurs, 3. L Laelius, Caius, attempted without success to remedy the social and economic condition of the Romans, 161. Leonidas, = of the Lacedae- monians, eighth in descent from the Pausanias who defeated eo at Plataea in 488 B.oc., _Leonidas, 11, became king of the Lacedaemonians ca. 256 B.C., luxury-loving and weak ; assisted the rich in opposing the reforms of Agis, 19, 24; was indicted for having children by a foreign woman, 27; deposed as king about 242 B.c., 29; was brought back to Sparta by his partisans, 37; expelled the ephors from office, 41. PROPER NAMES Leuctra, rout of the Arcadians by Cleomenes there, 61. Lycupgus, founder of the Spartan institutions, 13; his memory detested by Spartans in later times, 15. Lysander, supported the reforms of King Agis, 15; became ephor, and introduced a bill for the abolition of debts, 19; indicted Leonidas, 25; was indicted in turn, 29. M Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta, defeated and killed by Philo- poemen at Mantineia, 281 ff. Mancinus, Caius, campaign against Numantia, 153. Mandrocleidas, supported the re- forms cf King Agis, 15; indicted for this, 29. Megalopolis, menes, 103. Megistonoiis, step-father of King Cleomenes of Sparta, assisted the latter in overthrowing’ the ephors, 65. captured by Cleo- N Nabis, tyrant of Sparta, yielded to Philopoemen at Messene, 289; defeated Philopoemen at sea, 293 ; was defeated at Sparta by al aa 295; assassinated, Nasica, P. Cornelius Scipio, leader of the Senate in the murder of Tiberius Gracchus, 193; in- curred thereby the popular hatred, 195. Nicanor, Messenian, enemy of King Cleomenes of Sparta, plotted against him in Egypt, 129. O Octavius, Marcus, popular tribune, opposed the measures of Tiberius Gracchus, 167 ; was ejected from his office by Tiberius, 173. 399 DICTIONARY OF the opposition to Caius Gracchus, 223, 227, 229, 233; restored the Temple of Concord, 239; guilty of corruption, 239. l Se Lucius, as consul led in P Pasiphaé, her temple and oracle at halamae in Laconia; she was daughter of Atlas and mother by Zeus of Hermes, or else was another name for Cassandra, daughter of Priam, or else identical with Daphne, 21. Pausanias, 9, king of the Lace- daemonians, defeated Mardonius at Plataea in 488 B.0.; his suc- cessors on the throne down to Agis, 9. Pausanias, 9, son of Pleistoanax, i of the Lacedaemonians, went in exile to Tegea. Pherecydes, though a foreigner, was honoured in Sparta, 25. Philip V, king of Macedon, opposed Philopoemen, 287 ; the campaign of Titus Flamininus against him, 329 ff., 339 ff.; his defeat at Cynoscephalae, 341 ff. hilopoemen, successor of Aratus as leader of the Achaean League, his character and _ achievements, passim in his Life; aroused the jealousy of Titus Flamininus, 361 ; kept Megalopolis faithful to the League, 105, 265. Phrynis, harpist, was obliged in Sparta to modify his harp of nine strings, 25. Pleistoanax, king of the Lace- daemonians after his father Pausanias, 9. Ptolemy II, Euergetes, aided King Cleomenes of Sparta, 99; gave PROPER NAMES him asylum after his defeat at Sellasia, 123. Ptolemy IV, Philopator, his char- acter and his attitude toward King Cleomenes of Sparta, 125. Ss Sellasia, decisive defeat of King Cleomenes there by Antigonus, 113, 267. Sosibius, minister of Ptolemy IV, Philopator, hostile to King Cleomenes of Sparta, 125. Sparta, the two lines of oh: in descent from Agesilaiis and Pau- as, 9 ff.; after its overthrow of Athens became wealthy and corrupt, 11; decline in Spartan families and concentration of the wealth in the hands of a few, 15 ; its wealth in the hands of the women, 17; economic and social condition when Cleomenes came to the throne in 235 B.0., 54; defeated by Philopoemen and ay into the Achaean League, T Terpander, though an alien, was ~ honoured at Sparta, 25. Thalamae, in Laconia, seat of the oracle of Pasiphaé, 21. Thales,. though a foreigner, was honoured at Sparta, 25. Theopompus, king of the’ Lace- daemonians, wounded (or slain) by Aristomenes in battle, 49. x Xenares, friend of King Cleomenes of Sparta, 55. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY THE CORNWALL PRESS, LTD., PARIS GARDEN, STAMFORD STREET, LONDON, 8.8. I. PLUTARCH’S LIVES WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY BERNADOTTE PERRIN IN ELEVEN VOLUMES “Xi ARATUS, ARTAXERXES, GALBA AND OTHO INDEX TO ALL THE LIVES BY J. W. COHOON CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MOMLXIT First printed 1926 Reprinted 1943, 1954, 1962 Printed in Great Britain CONTENTS ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION . TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES. . ARATUS a e e * e e e e e e e e oT ARTAXERXES e e e . e e e * e e e e GALBA e e e e c] e e e e . e e e o OTHO e ) e . e . e e ° . a ° e e INDEX . e e cy e e e e e ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK LIVES. VoLuME I. (1) Theseus and Romulus. Comparison. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. Comparison. (3) Solon and Publicola. Comparison. VoLuME II. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. Comparison. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. - Comparison. VouuME III. (5) Pericles and Fabius Max- Imus, Comparison. (14) Nicias and Crassus. Comparison. VoutumE IV. (6) Alcibiades and Coriola- nus. Comparison. (12) Lysander and Sulla. Comparison. VOLUME V. (16) Agesilaiis and Pompey. Comparison. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. Comparison. vi Voitume VI, (22) Dion and Brutus. Comparison. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. Comparison. VoutuME VII. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. Comparison. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. VoutumE VIII. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. Comparison. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. VoLuME IX. (21) Demetrius and Antony. Comparison. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. VOLUME X. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. Comparison, (10) Philopoemen and Flam- InINNUS. Comparison. VoLuME XI. ) Aratus. ) Artaxerxes THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES. (1) Theseus and Romulus. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. (3) Solon and Publicola. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus. (6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. (10) Philopoemen and Flamininus. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. (12) Lysander and Sulla. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. (14) Nicias and Crassus. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. (16) Agesilaiis and Pompey. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. (21) Demetrius and Antony. (22) Dion and Brutus. (23) Aratus. (24) Artaxerxes. (25) Galba. (26) Otho. APATO2 I. Llapotuwiavy twa taratav, » LlorvKcpartes, _ Paris nda ee : p Ss Edition. a fal e / delcas poe Ooxet TO SUadnpuov auThs, 0 pirocogos 4.1624 , ? rN v , 5) > e >). N Pes XpvolTros, ovY Ov EXEL TPOTOV, AAX @S AUTOS 1027 bya / s f @ero BérXtwov eivat, dratiGerat, , / 4.3 2 an A > ‘ b] , e Tis TATED aivHoel, EL pon EVSALMOVES VLOb ; Atovucodwpos dé- 0 Tpotgnvios éXéyyov avtov avtexTiOnat THY adnOwiy oTws Exovaar: / 4 3 > / 3 \ , e 7 TIS TATED ALVIGEL, EL [LN KAKOOALMOVES VIOL ; / \ ’ 5 e a bf \ bd , of Kal gyno tous ad autav ovdevos aktous évtas, , a an uUTodvomevous S€ Tpoyovwy TiWaVv apetais! Kal i a ?- a TAEovalovTas év TOS exElvwY eTatVvoLS UTFO TIS 4 >? , > > a , \ Tapotmas emiatopivecbar. aAArN @ ye hUaeEL TO a , yevvatoy érumpéeres €x tratépwv, Kata Iivdapov,? , \ a aA WOTEP TOL TPOS TO KAAALOTOY adopotodyTL TOV v @ 5 ? \ id MO XN ” olxobev Tapaberypmatwy Tov Biov, evoatpoy ay ein n “ , TO meuvno Gat TMV amo yévous apioTwY, aKovorTas Tept aUT@V ae TL Kal A€yovTas. ov yap idiwy 1 Qperais Sint. and Ziegler with 8&; Bekker has dperds, with inferior MSS. 2 Pyth, vill. 44f. (gud . . . éx warépwy maiol Anja). ARATUS I, There is an ancient proverb, Polycrates,! which the philosopher Chrysippus puts not as it really is, but as he thought better :— ‘Who will praise a father, except happy sons?” But Dionysodorus of Troezen corrects him, and restores the true form thus :— “Who will praise a father, except unhappy sons? ”’ And he says that the proverb stops the mouths of those who, being worthless in themselves, take refuge in the virtues of certain ancestors and are forever praising them. But surely for a man in whom, to use Pindar’s words, “the noble spirit naturally displayes itself as inherited from sires,” and who, like thee, patterns his life after the fairest examples in his family line,—for such men it will be good fortune to be reminded of their noblest progenitors, ever and anon hearing the story of them, or telling it themselves. For it is not that they lack 1 A friend of Plutarch, not otherwise known, to whom he thus dedicates this Life. See the note on the Vheseus, i. 1. 3 PLUTARCH'S LIVES amopia Kar@v éEapT@aty adXoOTPloV eTaivav THY d0Eav, dAXA Tots éxEivwY TA OlKELaA GUVAaTTTOVTES, ws Kai TOD yevous Kai Tod Biov KaOnyepovas evdnuovar. dso Kay Tov’ Apatou Tov cov ToAN- Tov Kal mpomdtopos Biov, by ovte TH SoEn TH Tepl GeavTov ovTE TH Svvapet KATALTXUVELS, (Tr é- oTANKA Cot ouyyparrapevos, ovx, ws ovxl TAVTOV dxptBeotara oot peer KOS ef apxs ériatacbat Tas éxetvou mpdkes, adAN OTws ot Twaidés gov TlodvKpatns cat WvoxrAs otxetors mapade’ypa- av évtpépwrtat, Ta pméev axovovTes, TA S€ ava- yiuwaoKkovTes, amep avtouvs pipetoOar mpoonKet. diravtov yap avdpos, ov dtNokaXov, TavTos del Peau nryeto Gan, 1h Bena 5 aes Lixveovioy TOMS, €TEL TO TP@Tov éx THS aK patov Kal Awpixiis dpid TOK paTias OoTrEp apjLo- vias auyxuveions ets TTUTELS evémece Kal pero- TLpias Snparyoryov, OUK eTavaaTO vooovca Kal TapaTToMErn Kal TUPALVOY eK TUPaYYOU petaBanr- Novea, MeXpL OD Krewvos avatpebévtos ef NovtTo Tipoxretday apxovra kat KYeviay, dvdpas év- doEous TA padictTa Kal év duvd per TOV TOXTOV 6yTas. non b€ Tiva THs TWorNLTELAS KaTUGTAGLY Eye Soxovans Tiwoxretdas pev avréPavev, ABav- tidas 6€ 0 llacéou tupavvida mpdttev éavT@ Tov KXerviay ameéxterve kai Tov dirwv Kal oiKelwv Tous pev é&éBare, tous b€ avetrev. efntea Se Kal Tov viov auTov, "Apatoyv, avedetv, éEmtaeTi KaTanererupevoyv. é€v S€ TH Tept THY OlKiaY Ta- 1 In 264 B.c, 1028 ARATUS 1. 3-11. 3 noble qualities of their own and make their reputa- tion dependent on their praises of others, nay rather, they associate their own careers with the careers of their great ancestors, whom they hail both as founders of their line and as directors of their lives. And therefore, now that I have written the life of Aratus, who was thy countryman and forefather, and to whom thou thyself art no discredit in either reputa- tion or influence, I send it to thee, not as though thou hadst not been at pains from the beginning to have the most precise knowledge of thy great an- cestor's career, but in order that thy sons Polycrates and Pythocles may be reared, now by hearing and now by reading, after examples found in their own family line—examples which it well becomes them to imitate. For it is the lover of himself, and not the lover of goodness, who thinks himself always superior to others. If. The city of Sicyon, as soon as it had fallen away from its pure Doric form of aristocracy (which was now like a harmony dissolved) and had become a prey to factions and the ambitious schemes of demagogues, was without cease distempered and agitated, and kept changing one tyrant for another, until, after the murder of Cleon, Timocleides and Cleinias were chosen chief magistrates, men of the highest repute and influence among the citizens. But no sooner did the government appear to be somewhat settled than Timocleides died, and Aban- tidas the son of Paseas, attempting to make himself tyrant, slew Cleinias,! and, of the friends and kinsmen of Cleinias, banished some and killed others. He tried to kill also the son of Cleinias, Aratus, left fatherless at the age of seven. But in the confusion 5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES payn TUVERTET OY Tols evyovaw o mrais, Kal TAVWMEVOS ev Th TONEL mepipoBos Kat aBon8n- TOS, Karta TUN NV eradev els olxiav mrapedOov yuvacKos, aderdas pev ‘ABavtidov, Tpopavre dé TO Krexviou a0EXPO yeyapnpernys, dvopa Lwaods. auTn 6€ Kal TO 710 05 ovca yevvaia Kal avy Gee TW TO Taldtov olopevn KaTATEPEVY EVAL 7 pos auTny améxpuiev évdov, eita vuKtos els "“Apyos umeEemeurpev. III. Obte & éxxraTrévt TO ‘Apate Kat oua- puyovte Tov Kivduvov evdus ev évep veTo Kal cunveeTo TO ahodpov Kal dsamupov pioos én TOUS TUpdvvous. T PEPO/LEVOS d€ mapa Tots ev “Apyet Eevors Kat iro TAT pepors edevdepins, Kal TO copa Bracravov op@y els evefiav Kal péeyebos, emedwnen € EAUTOV AoKHOEL TH TeEpl mahat- oTpav, @oTe Kal TévTaOXov aywvicacGa Kal 2 oTrepavwyv tuyeiv. eémridaiverar 8 apérer Kai Tais eikoow a@dAnTLK TIs idéa, Kal TO TUvETOV Tob Tpocwmov Kal Bacthixov ov TavTaTacw apvetTat THY aon garyiav KaL TO oKxaetor. 60ev evdeéaTepor i LTWS 1) TOALTLK@ ™ poo hiKov Hy avdpi mept tov Adyov eorovsace KaltoL ryeyovévat Kopryore pov evmreiv i) Soxet Teo ex Tov UTOMYNLa- T@Y Kpivovaty, a TapEepyos KQL UTrO YEipa Ora TOV emUTUXOVT@Y ovoparov Aphno dpevos KATEMITE, Xpove 6 tatepov “ABavtiday pév ot mepi Ae- viav kal “AptaototédXn Tov SiarextiKOV, etwOoTa Tots NOYOLS AUT@V KaT Wyopav cyoralovTwr Exd- 1 A contest involving the five arts of running, leaping, hurling the spear, boxing, and wrestling. 6 ARATUS u. 3-111. 3 which prevailed about the house the boy made. his escape with the fugitives, and wandering about in the city, full of fear and helpless, by chance got un- noticed into the house of a woman who was a sister of Abantidas, but had married Prophantus the brother of Cleinias. Her name was Soso. This woman, who was of a noble nature, and thought it a divine dis- pensation that the boy had taken refuge with her, hid him in the house, and at night sent him secretly off to Argos. III. Thus was Aratus stolen away from the peril that threatened him, and at once that vehement and glowing hatred of tyrants for which he was noted became a part of his nature and grew with his growth. He was reared in liberal fashion among the guests and friends of his father’s house at Argos, and since he saw that his bodily growth promised high health and stature, he devoted himself to the exercises of the palaestra, going so far as to win wreaths of victory in contesting the pentathlum.! And indeed even his statues have plainly an athletic look, and the sagacity and majesty of his countenance do not altogether disown the athlete’s full diet and wielding of the mattock. Wherefore his cultivation of oratory was perhaps less intense than became a man in public life; and yet he is said to have been a more ornate speaker than some think who judge from the Com- mentaries which he left; these were a bye-work, and were composed in haste, off-hand, and in the words that first occurred to him in the heat. of contest. - Some time after the escape of Aratus, Abantidas was slain by Deinias and Aristotle the logician. The tyrant was wont to attend all their public disputations 7 PLUTARCH’S LIVES OTOTE Tapeivat Kal TuudtAroverxelv, éuPadovtes ets TotauTnv statpiBnvy Kal KaTacKevacaytes éeriBovrny avetrov, Ulacéay 6€ tov ’ABavtidov TaTepa THV apxinyv UToraBovta Nixoxrs Soro- povncas éauToV avecerte TUpavvoY. TovUTOV ep- pepertarov Neyouse THY oyptv Tlepravopy TO Kuyeérou yevea Gat, cabamep ‘AAKpai@ve bev T@ "Apudidpew Tov Iéponv ‘Opavtny," ‘Exropt d€ TOV Aaxedatpoviov veariaKon, Ov LaTopel Muptinros varo TtANnOovs TaV Gewpévwrv, WS TOTO éyvwaar, KaTataTnOnvat. IV. Too be Nukoxreous Téa capas pnvas: Tupav- voovTos, €v ots TONG KAKA TV TOALW épyacd- pevos extvduvevcev UT AlTwrA@Y et Bovrevomevny avTiy amoBareiv, 75n petpdxcov o “Apatos av aftwopa Naprrpov elxe bu evyéveray Kal doovnma, O duepawey ov puck pov ovee apyov, éuBprbés b¢ Kal Tap nrcKeaY daharertepg von KEKpapLevov. d0ev of Te puyades pariara, TOV VOOY ExEeiv@ TpoG- elXov, 6 te Nexoxd.5 ovK nwErEL TOV 7 PAaTTO- pEévov, Grn eros am eBewper Kal TapehvAaTTeEV QUTOU THD oppyny, TOAPLNLA pev ovdev THALKODTOV dedims oVSE Epyov ovdév oUTW TapaKexKivduveEv- MevOY, UTOTTEVMY be Tots Bactredow auTov dta- AéyeOar dirous ovot Kal E€vois TAT POLS. Kal yap arnbas o “Apatos eTEXVELNNTE THY odon € éxet- ynv Babditewv. os dé “AvTiryovos pev Umax vov- fevos nuédXet Kal Taphye tov ypovor, ai dé at 1 wapiye Coraés and Ziegler, with S&8: wapiice (let the time pass). 1 95] B.c. ARATUS m1. 3-1v. 3 in the market-place and to take part in them; they encouraged him in this practice, laid a plot, and took his life. Paseas also, the father of Abantidas, after assuming the supreme power, was treacherously slain by Nicocles, who then proclaimed himself tyrant. This man is said to have borne a very close resemblance to Periander the son of Cypselus, just as Orontes the Persian did to Alemaeon the son of Amphiaraiis, and as the Spartan youth mentioned by Myrtilus did to Hector. Myrtilus tells us that when the throng of spectators became aware of this resemblance, the youth was trampled underfoot. IV. Nicocles was tyrant of the city for four months, during which he wrought the city much harm, and narrowly escaped losing it to the Aetolians when they plotted to seize it. By this time! Aratus, now a young man, was held in marked esteem on account of his high birth, and of his spirit. This was showing itself to be not insignificant nor yet unenterprising, but earnest, and tempered with a judgement safe beyond his years. Wherefore the exiles from Sicyon had their minds fixed most of all upon him, and Nicocles was not neglectful of what was going on, but kept secret watch and ward over his undertakings, not because he feared any deed of so great daring and hazard as that in which Aratus finally engaged, but because he suspected that Aratus was in com- munication with the kings who had been on terms of friendship and hospitality with his father. And in truth Aratus had attempted to travel along that path. But since Antigonus? neglected his promises and prolonged the time, and since the hopes derived * Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia 283-239 B.c. 2 co PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aiyurtov kal wapa IrtoNewaiov paxpav ijaoav ENTILOES, eyve dv avrTov KaTANvELY TOV TUpavvon. V. II parors dé KowodTat THY yrapny ‘A picto- HaX® Kal ‘Eedy A. TOUTWY O pev éx SuKV@vos a puyas, ° dé "ExSydos ‘Apkas éx Meyarns TOXEWS, avn p hirocogos Kat TPAKTLKOS, "A pKe- atidov Tov “Axadnptaxod yeyovws év doter ouv- nOns. SeEapévov b€ ToUTwY TpoOvmas StEdXéyETO Tols aNrXOLS Huydatv, Ov oriryou pev ataoyuvevtTes éyxaTanriTety TY éATiOa pEeTEeLyov TOY TpaT- Tomevwv, of S€ ToAAOL Kal Tov” Apatow érretp@VvToO - e > , ld , KATAKMAVEL WS aTELpLa Tpayudtwv Ppacuvo- pevov. BovAevopévou & avtov Xwptov TL TNS Lixvevias KataraPeiv, o0ev CppnwEevos SvaTrohepo et ™pos TOV TUpavvor, KEV ELS "A pyos dvnp LiKva@vios éx THIS ELOKTHS ATOOEO PAKS" iy dé Tov dvydsov EVOS Eevoxhéous aoEX pos" Kal TO ‘Apat@ 7 poo- axOeis uo tod Fevoxdéous Erxeye Tod TELVYOUS cab’ Ov uTepBas avTos éow@On TOTOV, évTOS meV Oréryou Oetv émizrecon Elval, TpogTEPYKETA YW piots TET pwobert Kab byynrots, TO 6€ &Ewlev tros vm KNLLAK OY ov Tavu aVvEPLKTOD. @s 6€ TAUTA HKOU- oev 6 “Apatos, éxméutret pera ToD =Evoxréous oixéTas Lotous ovo, SevOav te Kat Téxveova, KaTa- a Kerrop.evous TO TELXOS, eyVOKOS, et Suvatto, Kpuda Kal pos &va xivOuvov o&€as TO Tay avap- pirat fadXrov 7) paKp@ TONEL® Kal pavepois ary a@oww LOLoTNS dvrixabiatac Bat 1 Pos TUpavvor. ws © émavidOov of wept Tov Hevoxréa Tod peév TeLyous etAnhoTes METPA Kal TOU TOTOU THY pvaw } Fe) 1029 ARATUS Av, 3=v. 5 from Egypt and Ptolemy! were a long way off, he resolved to overthrow the tyrant by his own efforts. V. The first to whom he imparted his design were Aristomachus and Ecdelus. Of these, the one was an exile from Sicyon, and Ecdelus was an Arcadian of Megalopolis, a student of philosophy and a man of action, who had been an intimate friend of Arcesilaiis the Academic at Athens. These men eagerly adopted his proposals, and he then began conversations with the other exiles. A few of these took part in the enterprise because they were ashamed to disappoint the hope placed in them, but the majority actually tried to stop Aratus, on the ground that his in- experience made him over-bold. While he was planning to seize some post in the territory of Sicyon from which he might sally forth and make war upon the tyrant, there came to Argos a man of Sicyon who had run away from prison. He was a brother of Xenocles, one of the exiles; and when he had been brought to Aratus by Xenocles, he told him that the part of the city’s wall over which he had climbed to safety was almost level with the ground on the inside, where it had been attached to steep and rocky places, and that on the outside it was not at all too high for scaling-ladders. When Aratus had heard this, he sent with Xenocles two servants of his own, Seuthas and Technon, to make an examination of the wall ; for he was resolved, if he could, to hazard the whole enterprise on one secret and swift attempt, rather than in a long war and in open contests to match his private resources against those of a tyrant. So when Xenocles and his party came back with measurements of the wall 1 Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt 283-247 B.c. Il PLUTARCH’S LIVES ATAYYENNOVTES OUK ATTOPOV OVE YarETNHV, TO SE Aadety mpoceNOovtas epyades civat PadcKovrTes UTTO KNTOUPOD TLVOS KUVAPLWV, LEX POV MEV, EXTOTOS be payipov Kat arapnyopitwv, evOvs évictato THY m pacwy. Vi ev ovv TOV Om hov TapacKeun ouvnOns WY, TAVTOD, @s éros ELT eiy, TOTE KN@TELALS Xpo- [LEV@OV KAL KaTacpopats én aNXdajNOUS" Tas b€ KDE [aKkas Kug¢pivep o O HNXaVOT OLOS avagavéov € em )- Earo, Tis TEXYNS AVT@ TO avUTOT TOV Odovans, € TEL Kal avr os WV TOV guryidav. av6pas b€ aUT@ TOV pev év "A pyet pirov é EXATTOS €& Od YoV déxa Tap- éayev, autos 6€ TaY lotwr oiKeT@r TpidKovTa KADwWTALTED. epic baoato dé xal dea Tpwrou = evopidov TO) dpXtxhom wv ov TrodXous oT parow- Tas, ois 61e609 NOyos ws el TAS tnmous TAS BaotdtKas eis THY Luxcvoviav &€oo0s ev 0lTO. Kal m poet éupO noay ol ToAAOL orropdbes ert Tov IIo- AUYVWTOU TrUpYor, exet Kereva Devtes Teptpweiva. mpoereupon b€ Kal Kaduicias vm’ av’tod peta Teacdpwv arAdXkgwv evfwvos, ods Ede pos Tov KN TOUpOV adixeabat axotatous, ddaKovras obot- Topovs eElvat, Kal KATAUALTAMEVOUS GUTOV TE TuyKrEloar Kal TOUS KUVas* OU yap yy adn Tap- ei ety. Tas d€ KAAS dtaXuTas ovcas éuBa- NovTES Els Aydvas Kal KaTaKkaduYayTes Eh apat@v tpoaTréatetiav. ’Ep rovtm 6€ KatacKoTrwy Tiveav év Apyet Tod Nixoxréous havévtwy Kai Trepti€vas eyouévwv adyrws Kal twapahvAattev tov “Apatov, ap 12 ARATUS v, 5=vI. 4 which they had taken, and with a report that the place was by nature not impassable nor even difficult (although they declared that it was hard to get to it undetected owing to a certain gardener's dogs, which were little beasts, but extraordinarily fierce and savage), Aratus at once undertook the business. VI. Now the laying in of arms was nothing un- usual, since almost everybody at that time indulged in robberies and predatory forays; and as for scaling- ladders, Euphranor the engineer made them openly, since his trade screened him from suspicion; and he too was one of the exiles. As for men, each of the friends of Aratus in Argos furnished him with ten out of the few they had, and he himself equipped thirty of his own servants with arms. Through Xenophilus, the foremost of the robber captains, he also hired a few soldiers, to whom it was given out that a foray was to be made into the territory of Sicyon to seize the horses of Antigonus. And most of them were sent on ahead in small bands to the tower of Polygnotus, with orders to wait there. Aratus also sent on in advance Caphisias, lightly armed, with four companions; their orders were to come to the gardener’s when it was dark, pretending to be travellers, and after taking up quarters there for the night, to shut up him and his dogs; for there was no other way to get past them. The scaling- ladders, which could be taken apart, were packed in boxes, and thus concealed were sent on ahead in waggons. In the meantime some spies of Nicocles appeared in Argos and were reported to be secretly going about and watching the movements of Aratus. As soon as it was day, therefore, Aratus left his house ne PLUTARCH’S LIVES TE Pe ™poeh Benv Kal pavepos & @V €V ayopg dueT pie pera TOV pirov: elt ddewpapevos € év TO yupvacio Kal Taparasav Teas éK THS madaisTpas TOV elwOoTwV ive Kal pabupetv per avrou veavi- TKMV amie oixade Kab pera pox pov ewpato TOV oikeT@V avTov ot’ ayopas o pév aTEhavous hépoy, o 6€ Aapmadas @vovpevos, oO bé TOis EiOiopévots Tapa ToTOv Wadrew Kal avrA<€iv yuvaiots Staneyo- pevos. Tavuta S€ ol KaTaCKOTOL TAVTA OP@VTES €ENTaTNVTO KAL TOOS AAANHAOUS AVAVEN@VTES EAE- ) q p ) Of you: “ Ouvdev Hv apa tupavvov SetdoTepor, et Kal NixoxAs tyrALcKavUTHY Tod EYwWY Kal TOoTaUTHY SvvapLy Oppwoel etpaKLov eis NOovas Kal TrOTOUS peO nmepivovs Ta THs huyns épodta xataypo- b pevov. VII. Ot pev ody obtw maparoyicOévtes amn)d- Aaynoay’ o 6€ "A patos evOvs peT aptotov éFen- Owv Kai cuvarpas 7 pos TOV [loAvyverou TUpYyov Tots atpatiotais eis Neuéav ™ poner, 61rov Thy m™ pagev eLeprve TOUS TONS TOTE TPOTOV, UT0- oXETELS TE KAL TAPAKrAN TELS €TO!NTATO' KAL cuD- Onpa mapasovs ‘AT OAN@va bmepoetvov 7 potpyev emt THD TOLD, TUMMET POS TH mepupopa THS oe- Aqvns eT LTAX VOD Kab TadLV aviels THY TopeElay, @OTE TO pev pari xphobar Kal? odor, 700 be Suopévns mepl Tov Kirov etvae TANnGiov Tov TEél- Nous. evtadba Kaguoias am VT NT eV aUT@, TOV jev Kuvapiov ou Kpatnaas (EpOn yap dmomns1}- cava), Tov O€ KNTOUpOY eyKecherkns. ad vpous dé TOUS mWAEiaTOUS YEVOMEVOUS Kab KENEVOVTAS amaddaTtecVar tapeOappuvev 0” Apatos, os at- aEwy, av ol Kuves ayay évoyA@aw adtois. apa 14 1030 ARATUS vi. 4-vil. 4 and showed himself openly in the market-place, conversing with his friends; then he anointed himself in the gymnasium, took with him from the palaestra some of the young men who were wont to drink and make holiday with him, and went back home; and after a little one of his servants was seen carrying garlands through the market-place, another buying lights, and another talking with the women that regu- larly furnished music of harp and flute at banquets. When the spies saw all this, they were completely deceived, and with loud laughter said to one another: ‘Nothing, you see, is more timorous than a tyrant, since even Nicocles, though master of so great a city and so large a force, is in fear of a stripling who squanders on pleasures and mid-day banquets his means of subsistence in exile.” VII. The spies, then, thus misled, left the city; but Aratus, immediately after the morning meal, sallied forth, joined his soldiers at the tower of Poly- gnotus, and led them on to Nemea. Here he dis- closed his design, to most of them then for the first time, and made them exhortations and promises. Then, after giving out as watchword “Apollo Vic- torious,” he led them forward against Sicyon, quickening or retarding his progress according to the revolution of the moon, so as to enjoy her light while on the march, and as soon as she was setting to be at the garden near the wall. There Caphisias came to meet him; he had not secured the dogs (for they had bounded off before he could do this), but had locked up the gardener. Most of his men were disheartened at this and urged Aratus to retire; but he tried to encourage them, promising to lead them back if the dogs should prove too troublesome for 15 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 6€ TOUS Tas KripaKas pépovras T poTreuyras, @v "Exdnros nyeito Kab Mvaaideos, autos emnKko- Novdet TxXohalws, ON TOV Kuvaptov evTOvOS vra- KTOVVTOV Kat TULTAPAT pEeXOVT MY TOUS mepl TOV “Exdmhov. ov mn ana T poo éuiav TE TO TEelKXet Kal Tpoonpetaay Tas KhipaKas dopards. ava- Ba.vovtwy 5é€ TOY TPWTwY, oO THY EwOLViPY puraxny mapaci0ous epwdeve kwdwu, Kal Sata TOANG Kal OopuBos ay TOV ET LT OPEVOMEVOY. at oé, Oomep eLXyov, avTou atneavrTes emt TOV KNLLAKWY TOU- TOUS pev ov Xahemas éradon, arrays be puraxis évavtias TavTn Tpocepyomevns Els TOV ~ayaToV kivouvov HrAOov. ws b€ KaKeivny dStéehuyov Trap- erXGodaar, evOus avéBatvov oi tpw@tot Mvaaideos kat “Exdnros, Kal tas éxatépwOev odovs Tod TELXOUS dtaraBovtes améoterrXov Téyvwva mpos "A patov erretryed Oat KENEVOVTES. VII. "Hy 6€ ov TOND OuiaTn wa amo Tob Kr) TOU Tpos TO TELyos Kat TOV mupyov, ev w KU@Y péyas ep pou per Onparixos. avTOS pev OvV OvK 0 Gero THY éposor, cite puaet voOns wv, EiTe ped Typepay KATUKOTOS yeyovws. Tav oe Tob KnToupod Kuva- piwv Kat wdev ex Ka OVLEVOY avr ov umed Deyyero Tupror Kat donpoy TO Tpatov, Elta pandrov ér- ETELVE TAapEepXopever. Kat Kateixev 0 ToAUS DAayLOS TO YWPLOV, WOTE TOV Trépav puhaka Kpavy} peyady TU Gaverbat Tov KuVNnyod, 7 pos TLVA TPAYEWS OUTWS O KUWY VAAKTEL, KaL pn TL 1 The sentries who had formed the night-watch came up at the sound of the bell, to be inspected, and then relieved by the morning-watch. 16 ARATUS vit. q-vil. 2 them. At the same time he sent forward the men who carried the scaling-ladders, under the comimand of Ecdelus and Mnasitheus, while he himself followed after them slowly, the dogs already barking vigorously and running along by the side of Ecdelus and his party. However, they reached the wall and planted their ladders against it without mishap. But as the first men were mounting the ladders, the officer who was to set the morning-watch began making his rounds with a bell, and there were many lights and the noise of the sentries coming up.!_ The invaders, however, crouched down just where they were on the ladders, and so escaped the notice of this party without any trouble; but since another watch was coming up to meet the first, they incurred the greatest danger. However, they escaped the notice of this guard also as it passed by, and then the leaders, Mnasitheus and Ecdelus, at once mounted to the top, and after occupying the approaches to the wall on either side, sent Technon to Aratus, urging him to hasten up. Vill. Now it was no great distance from the garden to the wall, and to the tower, in which a huge dog was on the watch, a hunter. The dog himself did not notice their approach, either because he was naturally sluggish, or because during the day he had become tired out. But when the gardener’s whelps challenged him from below, he began to growl in re- sponse, faintly and indistinctly at first, then bayed out more loudly as they passed by. Presently the whole place resounded with barking, so that the watch- man opposite called with a loud cry to the hunts- man asking why his dog was baying so savagely and whether some mischief was not afoot. The hunts- 17 PLUTARCR’S LIVES , yieTat KALVOTEPOD. 0 & amo TOD m Upyou avT@ ? dvtepovnee ponder eivat Sewvov, AAA Tov Kvva Tpos TO POS THY TELYopUAdKwY KaL TOV Wwodor TOU KWOWVOS TapwEvvOa. TOUTO pudtora TOUS “Apatou (oTpaTLMT As eT Eppwaer, oLomevous “Tov Kunyov enix puT TEV KOW@VvovrTa TH mpage, elvat dS€ woANAXous Kat dX ous éy 7H TONEL TOUS oUD- EpyouvTas. ov pny GAAXA TO TELX EL m™ poo Banrov- TOV Karem os Av Oo Kivduvos Kal fiKOs chap ave, TOV KML AKOV Kpadawwopmevav El 1) Kad éva Kat oVoAains avaBaivorev’ 1) 66 WPA KaTHTrELYEV, HON POeryyopevev aexTpvorwn, Kat door ovr TOV e& aypov TL pepe elw0 oT wv 7 pos ayopav emepXo- pévov. Oto Kab omevdwoy o “Apatos aveBawe, TeToapaKovTa TOV TaVTWY avaBeBnnotev 7 po avTOv' Kal Tpoadesapevos ere TOV catobev 6Ai- yous él THY olKiay TOD Tupavvov kal TO oTpa- TIYLOV avi Gev- évtavda yap ot pra Gopopor TApeVvUKTEPEVOV. advo oe eT LT ETO autois Kal ovA\afav amayvtas, ovdeva 5€ atroxtetvas, evOus dueTéuTeTO mpos Tovs gdirovs avakadotpevos éxaoTov am’ oiKias. Kab ouvdpapovTov Tav- taxobev, 7 "Epa pev UTELA MT EV On Kal TO Géat pov ip dxAov peo TOV, ETL TpOS TV adndov a.icpov- [EVO pnenv Kal capes ovdev elOor op uTép TOY TPATTOMEVOY, T piv 7¢ 57 mpoedOav o np elqrev ws "Apatos 0 KyXeuviov mapaxadel tovs Toditas érl tTHv édevOepiav. IX. Tore 6€ mictevcavtes ee a Tarat TpocEedoKay, Wpuncav aOpoot Tpos Tas Ovpas Tod 18 ARATUS vir. 2-1x. 1 man answered him from the tower that there was nothing to fear, but that his dog had been excited by the lights of the sentries and the din of the bell. This more than anything else gave heart to the soldiers of Aratus. They thought that the huntsman was privy to their design and was trying to conceal it, and that there were many others also in the city who would assist them. However, when the rest of the company essayed the wall, their peril was grievous and protracted, since the ladders shook unless they mounted one by one and slowly ; moreover, time was pressing, since cocks were already crowing, and directly the people who brought produce from the country to the market-place would be coming up. Therefore Aratus also mounted the wall in haste, after forty in all had mounted before him; and when he had been joined by a few more of those below, he went up against the tyrant’s house and the praetorium, where the mercenary soldiers passed the night. And after falling upon these suddenly and capturing them all, but killing none, he straightway sent messages to his friends summoning them all from their homes, and they ran together from all quarters. Day was now breaking, and the theatre was thronged with people who still were in suspense because of the un- certain rumour that prevailed and in utter ignorance of what was afoot, until the herald came forward and made proclamation that Aratus the son of Cleinias invited the citizens to secure their freedom. IX. Then, convinced that what they had long ex- pected was come, they rushed in a body to the 1 ard... ate bracketed by Sint.?; Ziegler reads mpds aurév, with Stephanus. 19 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tupavvou Tp emipepoy Tes. npOn be prok peyarn KaU KaTrapavns péexpt Kopiv@ov THS otKias ava- POevons, wore Javpacavras Tous ép Kopivé@ mapa [LK POV Opuaat pos THY Bonevav. O pev oy Nixoxds erabe Sta TWOY UTovopwv UTEKOUS Kat am obpas ex THs. TONEWS, ot oe€ oTpPATLATAL KATATAVTGLTES beta Tov Lixveoviwy TO Tuvp Siunptalov Thy otKiav. Kal oUTE TAaUTA ex@AVEEV o "Apatos, Ta TE NOLTTA YPHMAaTAa TMV TUPaVYwD els pécov €OnKe Tois ToNtTats. améGave dé ovdels ovde éTpwOn TO TapaTray TaY émreAOoYTOY OLOE TOV TOAEMLOV, GAAG KaBapay Kal aOLKTOV alwaTos éuduriou thy mpakw 7 Tvyy Stepvrake. Katnyaye 5€ guyadas tovs pev vo Nixo- KNEOUS EXTETTWKOTAS GYSoONKOVTA, TOUS 6€ éml TAY eum poo Gev Tupavyey OUK EXATTOUS TEVTAKOTLWY, ols paKpa pev WAGV) Kal O“oD TL TEVTNKOV- TAETIS eryeryovee. ated Bovres 6€ of mrEtoTOL TEVNTES, DY KUPLOL TPOTEPOV Hoav éTEeNauPavovTo, rat Badilovtes emi Ta xopta, KaL TAS OiKLas SeLv7)Y am optay TO "Apateo Tapetxov, émtBovrevopevny pev dwbev Kal PGovoupevny UT ‘ApTuyovou THY Tod op@vTe Ova THY édXEVOEpiav, TapaTTOMEeVHY de Up’ avTis Kal ctactafoveap. "Oev éx TOV TapovTwy apioTa Kpivas Tpocé- puEev avTny dépwv tots *Ayatoiss cat Awprets OvTes umédvocav ExovaiWws Ovo“a Kal TOALTELAD TH Axara ourTE adFiopa NauTpov ovTE peyadny 1a XUV eXOV TOV TOTE. HiKxpoTrortTa yap Hoav ot TOANOL, KAL yy ovTEe YpnoTHVY ovTE adOovor 20 1031 ARATUS Ix. 1-4 residence of the tyrant, carrying firebrands. A great flame arose as the house caught fire, and it was visible as far as Corinth, so that the people of Corinth were astonished and were on the point of sallying forth to help. Nicocles, then, slipped out unnoticed by way of certain underground passages, and ran away from the city, and the soldiers, after extinguishing the fire with the aid of the Sicyonians, plundered his house. Nor did Aratus prevent this, but put the rest of the wealth of the tyrants at the disposition of the citizens. And not a man was killed or even wounded at all, either among the assailants or their enemies, but fortune preserved the enterprise free from the taint of civil bloodshed. Aratus restored eighty exiles who had been banished by Nicocles, and those also who had fled the city during the reign of former tyrants, to the number of five hundred. These had long been wanderers, yes, for close to fifty years. And now that they had come back, most of them in poverty, they laid claim to the property which they had formerly held, and by going to their farms and houses threw Aratus into great perplexity. For he saw that the city was plotted against by outsiders and eyed with jealousy by Antigonus because it had regained its freedom, while it was full of internal disturbances and faction. Wherefore, as things stood, he thought it best to attach the city promptly to the Achaean League; and so, though the people of Sicyon were Dorians, they voluntarily assumed the name and civil polity of the Achaeans, who at that time had neither brilliant repute nor great strength. For most of them lived in small cities, owned land that was 2! PLUTARCH’S LIVES €EKEKTIVTO, Kal Gararry 7 poo @KOUY aNLWEVEY, Ta TOAAA KATA paxylas ex Pepowevy 7 pos THY irevpov. anra partota 6n dédecEav ovToe THY “EXAnViKHY GXKNVY ATpoOTpLayov ovaar, OGdKLS TUYOL KOG MOU Kat ouvtakews opoppovovans Kai vovv éyovtos YELOVOS, OL THS pev Tara TOV “EARN ivOV aKuAs ovdév, ws eltreiy, wépos dvTes, év O€ TH TOTE pas a€tohoyou TOAEWS TUT AVTES omod Obvapuy ouK EXovTEs, evBourig Kab omovoia, Kal OTL T@ TPOTY Kar GpeTHV eduvayTo By pOoveiv, GNA meiber Oat Kal akoXovdely, ov povov avTous év peo@ TONWY Kab Ouvapewy THALKOUTMY Kal TUpavvidwy Sedu- Nakav édevOépous, adArAG Kal TOV GrXwv “EXA?- vov ws TAEoTOUS EAXEUVEpOvVTES Kal owCoVTES dteTéAOUY. X. "Hv 6€”Apatos TO TpOT TONTLKOS, peya- Aodpor, axptBéaTepos els Ta Kova parXov TOV Lolwy, TKpaS pucotbpavvos, Ex9pas opm Kai prrias del TO KOLVO ouppepovTe VY PWLEVOS. d0ev ovy obT ws Soxei yeyovevar piros axpyans, @S éxO pos evyVoLov Kal TPGos, vO THS TONTELAS em appotepa TO KaLp@ pera Badropevos, 6 omovoias éOvav Kal Kowwvias TOAEwWY Kal ouvedpiov Kal Geatpou piav povny apevTos as ovdevos addou TOV KAA@Y épacTns, TONE LD Kal ay@ve xXpnoa- Fat pavepas adapons Kal duvoeXTLs, KrEYra dé mpaypara Kat ouoKxevacacGa. Kk pupa TOXELS Kal tupavvovs éemnBorwTaTos. ae Kal TONKA TOV avedtiatwy KaTtopbwaas év ols éTOAmNcE?, ovK é\aTTova SOoxet Tov SuvaTav éyKaTaNwTELDV 22 ARATUS ix. 4-x. 3 neither fertile nor extensive, and were neighbours to a sea that had no harbours and for the most part washed a precipitous and rocky shore. But this people more than any other showed the world that Greek prowess was invincible, whenever it enjoyed good order, harmonious discipline, and a sensible leader. For though they had taken almost no part in the ancient glories of Greece, and at this time, though counted all together, had not the power of a single considerable city, still, owing to their good counsels and their concord, and because they were able, in place of envying, to obey and follow the one who was pre-eminent among them for virtue, they not only preserved their own freedom in the midst of so great cities and powers and tyrannies, but also were con- tinually saving and setting free very many of the other Greeks. X. Aratus was by natural bent a statesman, high- minded, more exact in his public than in his private relations, a bitter hater of tyrants, and ever making « regard for the public weal determine his enmity or his friendship. Wherefore he seems to have proved not so much a strict friend, as a considerate and mild enemy, changing his ground in either direction according to the exigencies of the state, loving concord between nations, community of cities, and unanimity of council and assembly, beyond all other blessings. It was manifest that he resorted to open warfare and strife without courage and with little confidence, but that in stealing advantages and secretly managing cities and tyrants he was most proficient. Therefore, though he won many unex- pected successes where he showed courage, he seems to have lost no fewer favourable opportunities through 23 PLUTARCH’S LIVES bu evAaBevay. ov yap pov'ov, Os EOLKE, Onpicov Tivav ders évepyol dia GKOTOUS ovCat pe 7H pe- pay anoTuphovvTat Enpotnte Kal NeTTOTNTL THS mepl TOV op Oa pov UYPOTNTOS [7 gepovens THY 7 pos TO das TUyKpacL, dna Kat deLvoTns TUS éotiv avOowrou Kat TUvETLS év Tols uTalOpors Kal SraxexnpuyLevors evTapaKtos mhuaet, pos b€ TAS erixpupous kal AaB patous avalapoovca mpagers. vp € TowauTny avopaniav évdea oyou prroao- pou epi Tas evgvias damepyaterar, THY caper iD, OTTEP KapT ov avropui Kab dyew@pyntor, exd €pou- cas_OiXa THS éTiatTHUNS. TavTa pev ovv é€eTa- CécOw Tots Tapaceiypacty. XI. “O é6€”"Apatos, ével xatéuske Tots “A xatois EAUTOV Kal THY TOAD, év TOLS immEvaL GTPATEV- OMEeVvOS HYATATO Ot EvTEOELaY LTO TOY apYovTwD, 6TL, KaiTrep TULBOXAS TO KOLVO peydras bedwKas THY éavtod bofay Kat THY THS maT pi6os uvapey, ws ev TOV €TLTUXOVTOY Xpijo Par Tmapelyev AUTO TOV Gel aoTpaTnyouvTa TOV ‘Ayatov, cite Av- paios, ELTE Tpetavevs, etre Hix poTepas TLVOS WY TUX aL TOAEWS. nKe O€ avT@ Kal Xpypar ov Swpea Tra. pds TOU Bactrews TEVTE Kal ElKocL Tahavra. Tavta édaBe pev 0” Apatos, X\aBa@y b€ Tots EavToOd ToNrtiTals eTédwKev atropoupévols els TE TAaAXNA Kab AUTpwWOLY aX padwTov. XII. ’Esret 6€ of puyaces Hoav arra.py'y opr Tou Tols EXovGL Tas KT ELS evoxrodvtes, 1} TE TONS exivduvevev avaaTtatos yevéecOat, piav opav €ATriba Thv lItodepaiou diravOpwriav apyunoev éxTred- 1 roy del orpatrnyovrra Ziegler, with Sint.! and the MSS. : TS ael oTparnyovrti. 24 10° ARATUS x. 3-xul. 1 over-caution. For not only in the case of certain wild beasts, as it would seem, is the vision strong by night but wholly blinded in the day-time (since the humour in their eyes is too dry and delicate to bear contact with the light), but there is also in some men a cleverness and sagacity which is prone to be confounded in transactions that are carried out under the open sky and proclaimed abroad by public criers, but when confronting hidden and secret enterprises recovers its courage. Such unevenness a lack of philosophy may cause in men of good natural parts ; they produce virtue without scientific knowledge, and it is like spontaneous and uncultivated fruit. This can be proved by examples. XI. Aratus, now, after uniting himself and his city with the Achaeans, served in the cavalry, and was beloved by his commanders on account of his ready obedience. For although he had made great contributions to the commonwealth in his own repu- tation and the power of his native city, he gave his services like those of any ordinary person to the onc who from time to time was general of the Achacans, whether he was a man of Dyme or of Tritaea, or of a meaner city. And there came to him alsoa gift of money from the king of Egypt, five-and-twenty talents. These Aratus accepted, but gave them at once to his fellow-citizens, who were in want of money, especially for the ransoming of such as had been taken prisoners. XI. But the exiles were not to be dissuaded from molesting those who were in possession of their property, and the city was in danger of an upheaval. Aratus saw that his only hope was in the generosity of Ptolemy, and therefore determined to sail to VOL. XL Bp 79 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ a A / 7 b ~ cat Kat den@nvat tod Bactriéws Orws avT@ 4 Ypnuata cupPdadyntat pos Tas Stadvaels. ay- , \ a ’ ‘ M @ id € \ M / e fal WVOn pev ody ato Mofwrvns vrép Manréas, ws TO , ie 61a Topov Spopw xXpynoopevos. mpos b€ péya (a) 4 b] ? TVEDLA Kal TOAANY Oadagoay EK TENAYOUS KaTt- aA fal , odaav évdovtos Tov KuBepyntou, Tapaepopevos , fod a > S _/ / ” b LoALs Mato THS Adpias TroNEeulas oVaNS. €exkpa- “ A e ‘3 , x a 9S A tetTo yap uo Avtiyovov Kai dvrakny eiyev: tv pOdcas améBn, Kai THY vady KaTadiTwY aT- \ \ A EXwopyoe paxpav ato Oadacons éywov Eva tov dirtwv ovv avtTe TiudvOnv. Kai xataBadovtes e ’ , a EAUTOUS El$ TLVA TOTTOY VANS Ye“ovTAa YareTas b , xy 7 \ ef e , évuxtépevov. oriywm b€ Baotepoy o povpapxos 9 \ \ A . bla e \ A éemendav xat nrav tov’ Apatov vo tav Oepa- 3 , a movtwy é€EnmratijO) tov éxeivov, dedtdaypmevwv ANéyetv ws EvOUS a7rodpas eis EvBotav éFéwXevce. \ f fa) TA MEVTOL KopLComeva Kal THY vabv Kal ToUs Oepa- TOvTas aTegpnve Torkeua Kal KaTéoyXe. Mera 6€ 1)€pas ov TroAdas ev Atropols bvTL TA ’ , 4 £ ¢ Lf - ~ ApatT@ yivetar Tis evTvxia, “Pwpaixns vews , \ e TapaBaXrovens Kata Tov ToTOV év WTA bev eT \ ‘ \ \ i A TKOTHY AVLOY, TA SE KOUTTOMEVOS SiAyev. Eardet ‘ 5 e@ a“ > Ss / 3 f be , \ fev OVY N VaAUS Els Yuplav, éTEBN O€ TELGAaS TOV 4 ¥ a , “ XN vavkrnpov aypt Kapias d:axopicO rar: Kal Stexo- td i piaOn xivduvots avOis ovk éXaTTOGL YpNoameEVos ‘: f > \ rie iA id n kava Ouarattav. 逫 6€ Kapias ypovm Torro @ \ bd At bg a a a mepalwleis es Atyurrroy avtobev te T@ Ractrel 4 OLAKELLEV@ TPOS AUTOV OiKElLws eveTUYXE, Kal TEOEPA- 26 ARATUS x11. 1-5 Egypt and beg the king to furnish him with money for the settlement of these disputes. So he put to sea from Mothone above Malea, intending to make the shortest passage. But the steersman could not make head against a strong wind and high waves that came in from the open sea, and being carried out of his course got with difficulty to Adria,? which was a hostile place. For it was in the power of Antigonus, and held a garrison of his. Aratus an- ticipated arrest by landing, and forsaking the ship withdrew a long way from the sea, having with him one of his friends, Timanthes. They threw them- selves into a place that was thickly covered with woods, and had a grievous night of it. A little later the commander of the garrison came to the ship in search of Aratus, and was deceived by his servants, who had been instructed to say that he had run aw ay at once and had sailed off to Euboea. The ship, however, with its cargo and the servants of Aratus, was declared a prize of war and detained. After a few days, while still in this helpless plight, Aratus met with a rare piece of good fortune, for a Roman ship put in at the place where he was staying, sometimes on a lookout-place, and sometimes hiding himself. The ship was bound for Syria, but after going on board Aratus persuaded the master of the vessel to convey him as far as Caria. Thither he was conveyed, encountering fresh perils by sea and perils as great as before. From Caria, after a long time, he made his way across to Egypt, and found the king both naturally well disposed towards him, and much grati- 1 The text is probably corrupt. Bergk suggested Hydrea, an island off the N.E. coast of Peloponnesus. Others think of Andros, an island 8.E. of Euboea. ou PLUTARCH’S LIVES Teupevep ypapais Kat wivakiw amo THs ‘EXXabos, év ols xptow eXov OvK dpovcov o “Apatos aet TL TOV TEXVLKOY Kal TEPLTTOY, pada re or ap- pidrov Kat MeXavOov, cuvaywv Kal KT@MEVOS améotennev. XIII. “HvOer yap ert bo€a THs Lexvwvias pov- ons Kat xpnotoypadias, os peovns ab.apPopov eyovons TO Kadov, WaTE Kal “Ameddiy ex eLVvOL! 76n avpatoperor abies Bat Kal auryyeverbat TOUS avdpacwv érit Taravtw, THs SoFns HaXQov y THS TEXINS d€opevor per rara Bei. 610 Tas [ev addas elKovas T@Y TUpdvywy «avelrev evdus 0 “Apatos, 6 OTe THV TONY prevdepase, wept b€ THS Apiotpatou Karta Dirurmov UK LAT AVTOS | €Bou- NeVT ATO Toy Xpovov. eypagpn pev yap UTO TdV- TOV TOV mept TOV MédavOor dippate viknpopw TAPETTMS O “Apia Tpatos, Arerov cuvefawa- peevou THS ypadns, QS Tlonepov ) TEPLNYNTHS (OTOPNKED. yy bé 70 epyov ak :oBeator, OTE yvapTtTecOae Tov” Apatov ume THS TEXVYNS, ALES Te plcel TH TpOs TOUS TUpavvous é£aryouevoY Kerevety KaGatpetv. Tov ody Cwypadhov Neddxn dhirov dvta tov Apdatou tmapaitetcbat gaci Kai Saxpvev, ws O ovK EvrecOev, etveiv OTL TOLs TUPAv- VOLS TONELYTEVY, OV TOls TAY TUpavvwDV. “ Kaow- pev ovv TO apa Kat THY Neixnv, avtov Oé aot mapéEw tov Aplotpatov éyw Tapaywpovvta Tov Twivakos. émitpéwavtos ody tov ’Apatou 6:- —_— 1 Philip IL, 382-336 n.c. 28 103: ARATUS xm. 5-x1. 3 fied because Aratus had sent him drawings and paintings from Greece. In these matters Aratus had a refined judgement, and was continually col- lecting and acquiring works of artistic skill and ex- ecllence, especially those of Pamphilus and Melanthus. These he would send to Ptolemy. XIII. For the fame of Sicyon’s refined and beautiful paintings was still in full bloom, and they alone were thought to have a beauty that was indestruct- ible. Therefore even the great Apelles, when he was already admired, came to Sicyon and gave a talent that he might be admitted into the society of its artists, desiring to share their fame rather than their art. Hence it was that Aratus, although he at once destroyed the other portraits of the tyrants when he had given the city its freedom, de- liberated a long time about that of Aristratus (who flourished in the time of Philip of Macedon). For it was the work of Melanthus and all his pupils, and Aristratus was painted standing bya chariot in which was a Victory; Apelles also had a hand in the painting, as we are told by Polemon the Topographer. And the work was a marvellous one, so that Aratus was moved by the artistic skill therein; but after- wards, such was his hatred of the tyrants, that he ordered it to be removed and destroyed. Accord- ingly, the painter Nealces, who was a friend of Aratus, interceded with him for the picture, as we are told, and with tears, and when he could not persuade him, said that war should be waged against the tyrants, but not against the treasures of the tyrants. “Let us therefore leave the chariot and the Victory, but Aristratus himself I will undertake to remove from the picture.” Aratus 29 PLUTARCH’S LIVES nrerev o Neadxns tov “Aptatpatoy, eis b& THY yopav gotvika povov évéyparev, ado bé ovddév éroApnoe wapaBaretv. tors b€ modas éEare- dhouévov tod Apiotpatou diadalety bird To appa A€éyoua ty. "Ke te 6 ToUTwY oO” Apatos nyaTraTo, Kal dLO0vs Teipay éTl warrov Hyaro tov Baciréws, Kal Swpeav EXaBe TH TWOAEL TEVTIKOVTA Kal ExaTOV TaXavTa. Kal TovTwY TeccapdKoyvTa pev EevOus pe?” éEavtod Koutfwy els IleXomovyvncov KaTipe, Ta O€ NoLTrA CrEedwY Els SogEts 0 Baatreds VaTEpo KATA [Epos UTETTELNED. XIV. °Hy peév otv péya nat to Xpypata To- gavTa Topicat Tois ToNtTaLs, OowY puLKpOY pépos dAXot atpatnyot Kat Snparywyol NapBdvovtes Tapa Bacitéwy ndixovy Kai KatedovrodvTo Kai Tpoémwov avtois Tas maTtpioas, peiCwv Oe 1) dca TOV YPHUATwY TOUTwWY KaTacKEvadbetca TOLS jEV aTOpols Mpos TOUS TAOvaLoUs didAvatS Kal Opo- volta, T@ 66 Onuw TavtTl owTnpia Kat dodarea, Javuactn b€ 1) Tod avdpos év duvaper tocauTy perploTyns. amroceryGels yap avtoxpdtwp dan- AaKTIS KAaL KUPLOS GrAwS eT TAS huyadiKasS CiKOVO- pias povos ovyY Uméwenvev, GAA TevTEKaideca TOV TOMTOY TpogKaTéArckEV EavT@, MEO wv Trove TOAN@ KAL weyarats Tpaypatetats KaTELpyadoaTo Kal cuvyppoce hiriav Kal elpiyny tots mwodtTaLs. ef’ ols ov povoy KoWwh ovpTavTEes OL TodiTaL Tyas aTébocav a’T@ TpEeTTaVaas, GAAA Kal KaT 3° ARATUS xu. 3-XxIv. 2 therefore yielded, and Nealces erased the figure of Aristratus, and in its place painted a palm-tree merely, not daring to introduce anything else. We are told, however, that the feet of the erased figure of Aristratus were left by an oversight beneath the chariot. In consequence of this love of art Aratus was already beloved by the king, and in personal inter- course grew yet more upon him, and received for his city a gift of a hundred and fifty talents. Forty of these Aratus took with him at once and sailed to Peloponnesus; the rest the king divided into instal- ments, and sent them to him afterwards one by one. XIV. Now it was a great achievement to procure so large a sum of money for his fellow-citizens ; other generals and leaders of the people had taken but a fraction of this sum from kings in payment for wronging, enslaving, and betraying to them their native cities. But it was a far greater achievement by means of this money to have effected a harmonious adjustment of the disputes between rich and poor, and safety and security for the entire people. Moreover, we must admire the moderation of the man in the exercise of so great power. For when he was ap- pointed independent arbiter, with absolute powers for settling the money affairs of the exiles, he would not accept the office alone, but associated with himself fifteen of his fellow-citizens, by whose aid, after much toil and great trouble, he established peace and friendship among his fellow-citizens.1_ For these services not only did the entire body of citizens bestow fitting public honours upon him, but the exiles also on their own account erected a bronze 1 Cf. Cicero, De Of. ii. 23, 81ff. 31 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES IN? ¢ f 3 / A ) t2 idiay ot duyades etKova yadknv avactycartes / “ érréypawrav TOE TO éXeryeELor: Bovrai pev Kal dcOXa Kat a epi “EXAd6os aXKa Tovd avopos oTarats TAGOeTAaL Hpakdréous- dyes O eixoy’, “Apate, TEAv VOoTOLO TUXOVTES oTdcapev avt apeTas nde Sxarocvvas gwTHpos cwTHnpot Geots, Ste TaTpior Ta CA daimovioyv! Oetay 7 dmracas evvopiav. 6 a“ f ¢ Sf a \ XV. Tatra dtarpakdpevos 0 “Apatos Tov pep a , / bd f \ AS i TontTiKod POovou peiCwy éyeryover bia TAS KaptTas, ay: , » ¢ \ ’ , >» 2 A \ Aptiyovos 5 0 Baciiets avimpevos eT avT@ Kal BovrOopevos 7) peTayety OAS TH HiALa TPOs aUTOV Bovnoyevos i) werdvyew Bos 78 idle pis 7) OcaBarrew pos tov IIToNepaiov, adXas TE 4 piravOpwrias évedeixvuTo pun Tavu mpocepéevo, \ 4 n“ > / i > la) kat Ovav Oeois ev KopivOw pepidas eis Yexvava TO Apdtw dueTepe. Kal Tapa TO Seimvov, éote- / a WLLEVOV TOAAWY, ELS WETOV POEeyEdmEVos, “”"OQupuny,” > \ Sy , A Eby, “ Tov LKU@VLOV TODTOY Veavioxoy EhEevOépLov s a 7 f \ / e \ \ elvat TH pvoe povov Kal dedoToNITHY: oO Oé Kat f , la \ Biwv éorxe Kai mpaypatayv Baciiikav (Kavos clval KPLTYS. TWPOTEPOY yap Nuas VIrEepewpa Tals f \ ertricow é&w Br(éTTwv Kat Tov Atyurtoy €Oavpa€e a“ xy 7 \ t \ by \ mAovUTOV, éNehavTas Kat aTONOUS Kat auras akouUwY, vuvi dé Uiro oKNYNV EWPAKOS TavTa Ta éxel Tpayyata Tpaywoiay évta Kal oxnvoypadiay OAOS HuLY TPOTKEYMPNKEVY. AUTOS TE Ov AaTO- Séyouat TO pelpaKtoy eyvwKws els ATavTa Yph- 1 Sa:udviov Sint.? and Ziegler, after Zeitz: d5aluovr’ toov. 32 ARATUS xiv. 2-xv. 3 statue of him, and inscribed thereon the following elegiac verses :— “The counsels, valorous deeds, and prowess in behalf of Hellas, which this man has dis- played, are known as far as the Pillars of Heracles; but we who achieved our return through thee, Aratus, for thy virtue and justice, have erected to the Saviour Gods this statue of our saviour, because to thy native city thou hast brought a sacred and heavenly reign of law.” XV. These successful achievements placed Aratus beyond the jealousy of his fellow-citizens, owing to the gratitude which he inspired; but Antigonus, the king, was annoyed by the policy of Aratus, and wished either to bring him over into complete friend- ship with himself or to alienate him from Ptolemy. He therefore showed him many kindnesses which were not at all welcome, and especially this, that as he was sacrificing to the gods at Corinth, he sent portions of the victims to Aratus at Sicyon. And at the banquet which followed, where many guests were present, he said, so that all could hear: “ I thought this Sicyonian youth was merely free-spirited and a lover of his fellow-citizens ; but he would seem to be a capable judge also of the lives and actions of kings. For formerly he was inclined to overlook us, fixing his hopes elsewhere, and he admired the wealth of Egypt, hearing tales of its elephants, and fleets, and palaces ; but now that he has been behind the scenes and seen that everything in Egypt is play-acting and painted scenery, he has come over entirely to us. Therefore I both welcome the young man myself, having determined to make every possible use of 33 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Xx ce. an b A f. , 33 , \ oat, cat vas aki Pirov voutCerv.. TovTOVS TOUS Aoyous UTOGeow AaBovTes ot hOovepot KQAL KAKO- nOers SinuthA@vTO Tais émiaToAais AAX)XOLS, TONAG Kat duayeph kata Tou Aputov T@ [I ToXe- palm ypudhovrTes, MOTE KAKEWOY éyKadodDYTAa Tépu- Wat. Tals pev ovv TepipayryTos Kal dtaTrUpols 4 by 4 ga , \ a tofevopevats Epwat didrdtats Sacidéwy Kal Tupay- vwov TocovToV Tpoaiy PUovou Kal KaxonOetas. XVI. ‘O 途Apatos aipeets otpatnyos TO Tpa- Tov vTo TaV AxXatov THY per avtitrépas Aoxpisa kat Kadvdwviav érop@noe, Botwrois 6é peta pv- plwv otpatiwtayv Bonbav totépnoe THS pwaxns, iv vmo Attw\@y rept Xaipwveray ntTnOncav, 1034 v, ¢ a , ¢ \ ABotwxpitou te ToD Botwrapxov Kal xiAiwy avy 2 avT@ TEcOvTMY. EviavT@ 5€é UaTepoyv avOts oTpa- THYOV éevicTaTo THY TEpt TOY AKpoKxoptvOov Tpa- E.v, ov Luxvwviwy ovd "Ayar@v xnddopuevos, AXA Ko.vijy tiva THS “EXAdSos SANS TUpavrida, THY 4 wn Maxedovwy dpovpav, éxeiev éFeAdaat Stavoov- ene 2 \ \ C79 a v tA 3 wevos. Napyns pev yap o ‘A@nvaios év tive wayn N A / mTpos tovs Bacthé€ws otparnyous EUTUXNTAS éypawe TO Onuw tov AOnvaiwy ws vevixnkol Ths >] a na ev Mapadau payns aderpyy: tautny oe THY mTpakiv ovx av agaptoe Tis adeAhHY TpoTELT@V THs IleXomidov tod OnBaiov cai OpacvBovrov a 9? v4 , \ ef A A tov AO@nratov Tupavvoxtovias, TANV OTL TO py . Ch x 5] \ 9 oY , N , mpos KiXXyvas, ada eraKTOY upxnV yEeyovevat 4 Kal ddrOpvrsy avTyn Sinveyxev. 0 pev yap Io8- 34 ARATUS xv. 3-xvI. 4 him, and 1 ask you to consider him a friend.”” These words were seized upon by the envious and male- volent, who vied with one another in writing to Ptolemy many grievous charges agaist Aratus, so that the king sent an envoy and upbraided him. So great malice and envy attend upon the friend- ships of kings and tyrants, for which men strive and at which they aim with ardent passion. XVI. Aratus now, having been chosen general of the Achaean League for the first time, ravaged the opposite territories of Locris and Calydonia, and went to the assistance of the Boeotians with an army of ten thousand men. He came too late, however, tor the battle at Chaeroneia, in which the Boeotians were defeated by the Aetolians, with the loss of Aboeocritus, their Boeotarch, and a thousand men. A year later, being general again, he set on foot the enterprise for the recovery of Acrocorinthus,? not in the interests of Sicyonians or Achaeans merely, but purposing to drive from that stronghold what held all Hellas in a common subjection,—the Macedonian garrison. Chares the Athenian, having been suc- cessful in a battle with the king’s generals, wrote to the people of Athens that he had won a battle which was “sister to that at Marathon’’; and this enter- prise of Aratus may be rightly called a sister of those of Pelopidas the Theban and Thrasybulus the Athenian, in which they slew tyrants, except that it surpassed them in being undertaken, not against Greeks, but against a foreign and alien power. For 1 In 243 B.c., two years later. The office of general in the League could not be held by the same person in successive years. Cf. chap. xxiv. 4. 2 The citadel of Corinth, 35 PLUTARCH’S LIVES HOS euhpucowy TAS. Jaraccas, ELS TAUTO ouvaryet T@® toTw) Kal cuvaTrrel THY i) Tet pov near, o 6€ ‘AxpoxoptvOos, Uwnrov dpos, éx péons dva- TEPUKWS TAS ‘Edd dbos, 6 éTav AaB ppovpav, évi- CTATAL KAL GT OKOT TEL THD evTos ‘Ia Opob maoay em iprEl@v TE Kal Tapoowy Kal oTparecay épyacias TE Kata vay Kal KaTa Odharrav, Kal éva xUpLov Tovel Tov dp xovra Kal KatTéyovta ppoupa TO Xwpior, MOTE pn) matCovra, doxely Tov VEWTEPOV Pirurroy, Grn’ Bie, EXACT TOTE medas Ths‘ EA- Ad6os THY Kopu dev TOMY Tpocaryopevery. AVH. Ilaot peév oby TEplwaynTos my 0 TOTFOS ael Kal Bacthevor cal dvvactais, 7 bé “AvTLyOvOU o7movd!) TEP AVTOV OvdeV UTéALTIE TADEL TaV épu- paver taT@y epworor, GX’ OAOS avipTITO Tats ppovriow é OT WS adaipnoetar Ookw TOUS éxovras, érrel pavepas AVENTLTOS 7 MV 7) emexelpnars. "AXeE- avdpov yap, vd ov To Xwptov Ys amodavovtos (@s NEyeTat) happaxots vr avTov, Nixaias 6é TS éxetvou yuvatkos érrl TOY T pay LaTov yevouévns Kal pudatrovens Tov “Ax poxopwOov, evOvs Uronéumov Anpayt prov TOV vloV aUuTh, Kal yAuUKELAS éeAmidas evd.60v5 Yapov Bacidexow Kal cupBimcews 7 pos OvK andes _evTuxeiy yuvaiki mpea Butépa petpaxtor, avuTny pev NPKEL, T@ TALL NPNTAapLEVOS OO TEP add Tie TOV Scheac pdtv ér’ avTH, Tov O€ TOTOY OU TpoiemEerns, aXN eyKpa- TOS purdatrovens, a jLeetv T poo ToLoupEvos é0 ve yauous avtav év Kopivée, nai Oéas éreréder Kar 1 re ténw Capps: TE rb7@, 36 ARATUS xvi. 4-xvil. 3 the Isthmus of Corinth, forming a barrier between the seas, brings together the two regions, and thus unites our continent; and when Acrocorinthus, which is a lofty hill springing up at this centre of Greece, is held by a garrison, it hinders and cuts off all the country south of the Isthmus from inter- course, transits, and the carrying on of military expeditions by land and sea, and makes him who controls the place with a garrison sole lord of Greece. Therefore it is thought that the younger Philip of Macedon? uttered no jest, but the truth, whenever he called the city of Corinth “ the fetters of Greece.” XVII. Accordingly, the place was always an object of great contention among kings and dynasts, but the eagerness of Antigonus to secure it fell nothing short of the most frenzied passion, and he was wholly absorbed in schemes to take it by stratagem from its possessors, since an open attempt upon it was hopeless. For when Alexander,? in whose hands the place was, had died of poison given him (it is said) in obedience to Antigonus, and his wife Nicaea had succeeded to his power and was guarding the citadel, Antigonus at once sent his son Demetrius to her in furtherance of his schemes, and by inspiring her with pleasant hopes of a royal marriage and of wedded life with a young man who would be no disagreeable company for an elderly woman, he captured her, using his son for all the world like a bait for her. The citadel, however, she did not give up, but kept it under strong guard. Pretending, therefore, indifference to this, Antigonus celebrated the nuptials of the pair in Corinth, exhibiting t Philip V., 237-179 B.c. 2 The tyrant of Corinth. 37 or PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOTOUS ouvirye Kad neEpar, OS av TIS partota mage Kab axon ler THY dudvotay ud’ noovins Kat puroppoavyns APELK WS. evel de Katpos mY, ASOVTOS ‘AporBews € ev TO Gear py, TapeTreE pe7r € THY Nixavay abtos én) tHv Bay év popeip KEKOG [uN- bev Bacthixas, ayarropevny TE TH Tey) Kal TOPPOTATO Tou HERAOVTOS | ovoay. ryevopevos db€ TiS. od0v KaTa 7 EXT POT NY THY avo Pepovear, exelyny pev exehevoe mpoayew eis TO Oéar TpOv, avTOS be Xaipew bev “AporBEa, Natperv 5€ TOUS /apous edoas GVNEL TPOS TOV ‘A kpoxopwOov cyutr- AWHEVOS map mpruKian’ Kal Kexheta pevny Ty TU- day EUPWV, EXOTTE TH Baxrnpia KEhEvOY avouyew. ot 6 évdov avews “av KATATAAYEVTES. oUTw ¢ TOU TOoToVU KPATHTAS, ov KaTETXEV QuTOV, GAN emuve matter uno ‘“apas ey Tols OTEVWTOIS, Kal bu ayopas aurnTploas eXov Kab aTepavous TEPLKEL- fLEVOS, VIP YEpwVv Kal TYHNLKAUVTALS T™ pay aT ov peTaBorais KEXPNHLEVOS, exwpate beFvoupevos Kal Tpog ayopEevov TOUS GTAVT@VTAS. OUTWS apa Kab AuT NS Kat oSov HadAov | eLiornat Kal oaXov Tapexes TH Wuy TO xXalpev avev Roytopod Tapary.vopevov. NVIUI. “AdAG yap "Artiyovos pe, @o TEP elpn- Tat, KTnoadpEvos Tov AxpoxopivOov épvrAaTTE, peta TOV ad deov obs emloTeve padtora cat Lep- catov emeaTnoas dpyovta TOV pirdoogor. ( b¢ “Apatos ETL pev Kal ‘AeEavopov Cav TOS emexel- ules Th mpaket, YEVOMEVNS dé ouppaxias Tots 2 ’Ayatois mpos tov ’AX€Eavdpov emavoato. Tote 38 1035 ARATUS xvi. 3-xvitl. 2 spectacles and giving banquets every day, as one whom pleasure and kindliness led to think chiefly of mirth and ease. But when the crucial moment came, and as Amoebeus was about to sing in the theatre, he escorted Nicaea in person to the spectacle. She was borne in a litter which had royal trappings, plumed herself on her new honour, and had not the remotest suspicion of what was to happen. Then, arrived at the diverging street that led up to the citadel, Antigonus gave orders that Nicaea should be borne on into the thea atre, while he himself, bidding adieu to Amoebeus, and adieu to the nuptials, went up to Acrocorinthus with a speed that belied his years; and, finding the gate locked, he beat upon it with his staff and ordered it to be opened. And the guards within, stupefied, opened it. Thus master of the place, he could not contain himself for joy, but drank and disported himself in the streets, and with music-girls in his train and garlands on his head, old man that he was and acquainted with so great vicissitudes of fortune, revelled through the market-place, greeting and clasping hands with all who met him. Thus we see that neither grief nor fear transports and agitates the soul as much as joy that comes unexpectedly. ; XVIII. Antigonus, then, having got Acrocorinthus into his power, as I have said, kept it under guard, putting men there whom he most trusted, and making Persaeus the philosopher their cnaanden Now Aratus, even while Alexander was still living, had set his hand to the enterprise, but an alliance was made between the Achaeans and Alexander, and he therefore desisted. At the time of which I speak, 39 PLUTARCH'S LIVES dé avdlis e& UTapxijs étépav édraBe THs mpakews umobecty TOLAUTNY. *Hoav év KopivOw téccapes aderdot Svpot te ryévos, wv els dvopa AtoxXhs év TO Hpovptiw piabo- pope bier pt Bev. Ol 6é Tpets KrEeWanTes Bact- ArKov Xpuatov HrOov Els Luxvava 7 pos Alytav Tia TpaTeliTny, o dua TiV épyactav oO VA patos eXpiiro. Kal HLEpOS peep evOus d1éGevto Tov Xpuoiov, TO O€ AOLTOY Els avr ay ‘Epyivos emreportav HOUXT KATHANATTED. éx 6€ TOUTOV evopevos TP Atyig avv7ns, Kal Tpoax Geis els AOYov UT avTOU Tept TS ppovpas, Edn 7 pOs TOV abeXpov avaSaivev ™ pos TO Kpnuvaces évtouny Kadewpaxevat TAa- yiav, dyovcav 7 XOapadwtatov éTw@Kodountat TO hpovpiw To Tetyos. mpootatEavtos b€ avT@ Tov Atyiov Kal etmovtos: “ Kita, @ BédXTLOTE, dia puxpov o0T® yp puctov aacmate tas Bacthixas mpagters, Surd pevor play Opav TOAA@Y aTobos bat XPNLATOD ; h yap ovyt kat TOLXWPUXOLS Kal Tpodorats drotow anak avobareiv UTAPXEL $ yeracas oi pytvos Tote ev MpoAOYyNGEN ATOTEL- paabar Tov Atord €ous (Tots yap addXots dder pois [L1) WAVY TL TLTTEVELY), ONryaLs dé 0 bo TEpov nuEpas éevmave Gov our Tera TOV “A patov afer mpos TO TELYOS, O7rou To Uros ov petfov Hy TEVTEKALOEKA TOOWV, Kal TANNA CULT am pabew peTa TOU AvoxXéous. NIX. ‘O 6€ "Apatos éxetvors péev é&€nKovTa Taravta doce Katopbwaas wporoyncev, tv be aToTUYN, TwOn Sé eT EexElvwr, OiKiav ExaTép@ Kal Tadavtov. émet b€ Eee Tapa TO Alyia Ta éEnxovta Tadarta KetoOat Tots TEpt TOV 'Epyctvor, 40 ARATUS xvuu. 2-xrx. 1 however, a new and fresh basis for the enterprise was found by him in the following circumstances. There were in Corinth four brothers, Syrians by race, one of whom, Diocles by name, was serving as a mercenary soldier in the citadel. The other three, after stealing some gold plate of the king’s, came to Aegias, a banker in Sicyon with whom Aratus did business. A portion of the gold they disposed of to him at once, but the remainder was being quietly exchanged by one of them, Erginus, in frequent visits. Erginus thus became well acquainted with Aegias, and having been led by him into conversa- tion about the garrison in the citadel, said that as he was going up to see his brother he had noticed in the face of the cliff a slanting fissure leading to where the wall of the citadel was at its lowest. Thereupon Aegias fell to jesting with him, and said: “ Do you, then, best of men, thus for the sake of a little gold plate rifle the king’s treasures, when it is in your power to sell a single hour's work for large sums of money? Don’t you know that burglars as well as traitors, ifthey are caught, have only one death to die?”’ Erginus burst out “laughing, and as a first step agreed to make trial of Diocles (saying that he had no confidence at all in his other brothers), and a few days afterwards came back and bargained to conduct Aratus to the wall at a spot where it was not more than fifteen feet in height, and to aid in the rest of the enterprise together with Diocles. XIX. Aratus on his part agreed to give the men sixty talents if he was successful, and in case he failed, and he as well as they got off safely, to give each of them a house and a talent. Then, since the sixty talents had to be deposited with Aegias for 4I ty PLUTARCH'S: LIMES o 6€ “Aparos ovte av’tos elyev ovTE eBovrAETO dave Sopevos aic@notv éTépw THs tpakews Tapa- oxXelv, ha Bov TOV EXT OD LAT OV Ta TONKA Kal Ta xpucia THS puvarKes UT éOnKe To Aiyta 7 pos TO dpyupiov. oUTw yap éenpTO TH yoxs Kal TOG OU- Tov épwTa TOY Karov m7 pakewy ELXeV, @oTe TOV Dwxiwva Kal Tov “Evrapervovoay eTLTTAMEVOS "EAAnvOY OLKALOTUTOUS Kal KpaTiaTous yeyorevat Soxodytas e771 TO btwcacbat Swpeas peydras Kal jin Wpoealat XpuBaT oy 70 KaXov, avTos eis TADTA SaTravaa bat Kpupa Kal Tpoetahepev, ev ols €Xty- duveve jeovos UT Ep TavTav ovee eidoroy Ta 7 par- TOMEVA, 7)petTo. Tis yap OUK av Oavpacee Kal Tvvayw@vig alto ETL VUV 7H peyahowunia TOU «ap- dpos, @VOUHLENOU Xpnpear TOY TOTOUTMY KLYOUVOY TN ALKODTO?, Kal Ta TIPLLOTATA SoxouVTa TOY KTN- ato uToTiOévtos, OTF asS Tapercax Peis VUKTOS els TOUS TONE {LLOUS Crayovirntat TEPL THS uxt, evexXUpOV AaBav Thv édTriba TOD KAAOD Tap avTOr, GAAO S€ OVOED $ NN. Ovdaav ce kad’ avtny emia pans) THD Wpa- En eT. apareorépar évolnoer eee TUS ev0us ev apXn oupSaca or pvolay. 0 yap OlKETNS Tou “Npdtov Teyver eT enbOn peev WS pera tov Ato-~ KAEOUS KAT AT KEY O [LENS TO TIX 0S, ovr oO 7 yy TO Aroxhet 7 p07 €epov EVTETU YI K(OS KAT ovney, dra THY poppy auToU Kat zo i605 Soxdv KaTEXEW ef OV O ‘Bpyivos ET ET HLNVED ovAOKOLNY Kal perdy- ypovy Kal ayevetov. €\Owv odv} Grov ouperé- 1 gyéveroy. €dXOav ovv Coraés and Ziegler, with the MSS: ary ivesov, €AOay. 42 ARATUS xix. 1-xx. 2 Erginus, and Aratus neither had them himself nor was willing by borrowing them to give anyone else a suspicion of his undertaking, he took most of his plate and his wife’s golden ornaments and deposited them with Aegias as security for the money. For he was so exalted in spirit and had so great a passion for noble deeds that, knowing as he did that Phocion and Epaminondas were reputed to have been the justest and best of Greeks because they spurned great gifts and would not betray their honour for money, he elected to expend his own substance secretly, as an advance, on an enterprise in which he alone was risking his life for the whole body of citizens, who did not even know what was goingon. For who will not admire the magnanimity of the man, and yearn even now to lend a helping hand, who purchased at so high a price so great a danger, and pledged what he thought the most precious of his possessions in order that he might be introduced by night among his enemies and contend for his life, receiving as his security from his countrymen the hope of a noble action, and nothing else? XX. Now the enterprise was dangerous in itself, but was made more dangerous still by a mistake which occurred at the very beginning through ignorance. For Technon, the servant of Aratus. had been sent to inspect the wall with Diocles, and had not yet met Diocles face to face, but thought he would know how he looked because Erginus had described him as curly-haired, of a swarthy complexion, and without a beard. Having come, therefore, to the place appointed, he was +35 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ QypN a e > ’ \ ~ taxto, Tov Epyivov ws adtEeuevov peta Tov A , \ “A LOKNEOUG AVEMEVE TPO TIS TOAEWS TPO TOU KaXOU- A NE i f vw bd s ¢ “ 24 \ pévov "Opvidos. é€v 6€ TovTw TP@TOS adEeAXHos Im 4 \ f v f b Epytvou cat AtoxdXeous Gvopa Atovvatos ov aup- ELO@S THD mpakw ovee KOW@VOY, Guotos oe T@ Atoxnei, T poo yet KATO TUXNDY. 7) be Téyvev mpos Ta onpeia tis pophys TH OMOLOTNTL Kv Geis NPOTNTE TOV av pwr ov ef Te cuuPoratov auT@ mpos 'Epyivov ein. prcavtos b€ adedpor eivat, TAVTATATL 0 Teyver emetic On TO Atoxnet d:anre- yerOar Kal pujte ToUvouna TuO6pEVos unt adAXo pincer Tpogpetvas Texunploy euBurrer Te THY beElay AUTO KAL TEPl TOY GUyKELLEeVwY TPOS TOV +40 a 3 , 9 a ’ , e \ 4 Kpyivoy éharer Kaxetvov avéxpivevr. o b€ be&d- flevos QUTOU THY GuapTiav Travovpyws WpLoNOyEL ‘ , , fod TE TAVTA KAL TPOS THY TWOALY dvadTpe as UTIyEv , / 3 dvuTomT@s Stareyouevos. 1)6n 6€ TANGO 3vTOS n f e avtov Kal pwédXoOvTOS GaoVv OovTw TOY Teéxveva dtarapBarev, amo Tvyns av TadW oO ‘Epyivos lal % , avutois am@yvrncev. aicbopevos 6€ THY aTUTHV Kal .Y , X , y lal , TOV KLvOUVOV OLA VEULATOS ednhaoe TO Texveove pevryerv’ KaL aTromndrnaavTes dpddrepor S pop 7 pos TOV “A patov aneswOnaav. ov pn AT EK ALLE vais édatow EKELVOS, aNr emreupev, evdus Tov Epyivov Xpuatov TE TO AMovvate Komiovta Kal €1] OfLeVOV avTou ovarian. o O€ Kal TOUTO eTroinae Kat Tov Atovictoy aywv pe? éavtod mpos Tov uv 3 by , OA h fine oY > a Apatov nA\OGev. édXOovta 6é avTov ovKeTe SunKaD, 3 \ , 3 ia Db] 9 / arra Syoavtes éfvXatTov év oiktaK@m KaTAKeE- KrELaMEVOV: AUTOL Oe TaperKevalovTo mpos THY émiGectv. XNT. ‘Eve: b¢ jy €troupa tavta, thy pev ANAnV 44 1036, POUR Cl XK OoNRT: 7 waitiny tor Erginus to come there with Diocles, just outside the city, mear what was called the Ornis. As he was waiting, however, the oldest brother of Erginus and Diocles, named Dionysius, who was not privy to the enterprise and took no part in it, but resembled Diocles, chanced to come up. So Technon, moved by the similarity in the marks of his outward appearance, asked him if he was connected at all with Erginus; and on his saying that he was a brother, Technon was altogether convinced that he was talking with Diocles, and without inquiring his name, or waiting for any other proof whatever, gave him his hand and began chatting with him and asking him questions about what had been agreed upon with Erginus. Dionysius took cunning advantage of his mistake, assented to all that he said, and turning his back towards the city led him along in unsuspicious conversation. But just as he was near the city, and was at the very point of seizing Technon, by a second chance Erginus met them. Erginus comprehended the trick and the danger, motioned Technon to fly, and both of them ran off and got safely to Aratus. Aratus, however, would not give up hope, but at once sent Erginus to bribe Diony- | sius and beg him to hold his tongue. Erginus not only did this, but actually brought Dionysius with him to Aratus. And now that Dionysius was there they would not let him go, but bound him and kept him indoors under lock and_ key, while they themselves prepared for their attack. XXI. When all things were ready, Aratus ordered 45 i) PLUTARCH Saely s duvauw éxédXevoeyv ETL TOV OTA@Y VUKTEpEvELY, avaraBov 5€ Noyddas TeTpAaKoctous ovd avTOUS elooTas TA TpaTTOmEVva, TANY OALYwY, AYE TTpOS Tas wUNas Tapa TO ‘Hpaiov. ay b€ Tov étous 1) mept Oépos axpuafov wpa, Tov O€ pNVvos Tavce- Anvos, 9 O€ VUE avéperos Kal KaTadavns, wWaTeE Kal poBor Ta oma, _TApeX ely dvTindwTovTa pos THY wed, Tay Tous puraKas ov Aadbwotv. On dé TOV T POT ov eyyus ovToy aro Jaracons av- edpape veo Kal KATE XE TY TE TOALY AUTH Ka TOV éFo TOTOV ETLOKLOY ryevopmevov. evraida d€ ot pev GAOL GuyKxabicavtTes UTEAVOYTO TAS KPN- midas: ote yap wodov motovot modvy oT’ OALc Or uaTa AawBavoval yuUsvots TOLs TOOL aVTI- Aap Bavopuevo, TOV KALLaKwY' Oo bé Epytvos érta AaBov veavia KOUS éo TAApPEVvOUS OdoLTrOpLKaS EdaOeE TH TUAD TpoopuiEas, Kal TOV TUAWPOV GTrOKTLV- yUOUGL Kal TOUS MET AUTOU puraKas. apa o€ ai Te KNipakes TpoceTiCevTO Kal KATA GTrOVdNY O "Apatos umepiiBacas éxatov dvdpas, tovs & adXous Ereo Gar Kehevoas ws av dvywrTat TaYLoTA, TAS KAiwaKaS avapTdcas eXwpeEL Le THS TOAEWS META TMV EXATOV ETL THY aKpay, On TEepryapns d1a TO Aav@avery ws KaTtopov. Kai res étt mpdcwbev abtois amyyta ov dwt @uvrakn Tecodpwv avdpwyv ov KkaGopwpévois: Ere yap hoav ev T@ cxtalopévn THs TEANYNS* ExELVvOUS dé mpoctovras €& évavtias xaQop@ot. urxpov od UTOTTELAAS TELYLOLS TLOL Kal OLKOTrEdOLS, EVEespaY éml tous avdpas Kadifer. Kal Tpeis pev avtav éumecovtes aToOraKxovaty, 0 b& TéTAapTOs TAN- yels Eider tHv Keharny Epuye, Bowv Evdov eivas 46 ARATUS xx. 1-4 the rest of his forces to pass the night under arms, and taking with him four hundred picked men, few of whom knew what was on foot themselves, led them towards the gate of Corinth near by the temple of Hera. It was midsummer, the moon was at its full, and the night was cloudless and clear, so that they feared lest the gleam of their arms in the moonlight should disclose them to the sentinels. But just as the foremost of them were near the wall, clouds ran up from the sea and enveloped the city itself and the region outside, which thus became dark, Then the rest of them sat down and took off their shoes, since men make little noise and do not slip if they are barefooted when they climb ladders; but Erginus, taking with him seven young men equipped as travellers, got unnoticed to the gate. Here they slew the gate-keeper and the sentries who were with him. At the same time the ladders were clapped to the wall, and after getting a hundred men over in all haste, Aratus ordered the rest to follow as fast as they could; then he pulled his ladders up after him and marched through the eity with his hundred men against the citadel, being already full of joy at his escape from detection and confident of success. A little farther on they encountered a watch of four men with a light; they were not seen by them, being still in the shade of the moon, but saw them coming up in the opposite direction. So they drew back a little for shelter beneath some walls and buildings, and set an ambush for the men. Three of them they killed in their attack, but the fourth, with a sword-wound in his head, took to flight, crying 47 5 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOUS TONE pLOUS. Kal mera pexpov ai Te TATU YES eT ET NUALVOD, H TE TONS eEaviorato Tpos Ta yevopeva, mAnpEls TE no av ot oTEVWTOL dab eov- Tov, Kal dota Tord, TA pev KAaTwWUEY On, TA d€ avobev aTo THS aKpas TEplEeAapTe, Kal Kpavy) TUVEPPHYVUTO mavraxyobev a aon Los. XXII. ‘Ey TOUTH é€ 0 ev “Apatos éudus TH mopetg Tapa TO kpnpvddes HPUNdG-TO, Bpabdéas Kal TaharTr@pos TO _Tp@Tov, ou KATAKPATOD, ann’ amroTAXavwpevos TOU TpiBov TavtaTacw évdedv- KOTOS Kal TeovoKialomévov Tails TpayvTNnol Kal bua TONABY EXiyHOv Kal TapaBor\@y TeEpaivoyTos 7 pos TO Telyos. Elta Oavpacvov olov 1) aweAnVN AEeryeTat OvagTE\NoVTA Ta VvEhH Kal vrodaumovaa,) Tis 0600 TO Xaherorarov cadnviger, & EWS ipyaro TOU TeLXous xaQ ov eer Tomov: éxet O€ Tad cuverkiagce Kal aTéeKpUWE vehov cuvedOovTwv. Oi d€ epi tas wUAas EEw mepl to ‘Hpaioy aTronerPOevres TOU ‘A pdtov TTpATMT aL, Tpla-~ «0a Lot TO TWANOOS GVTES, WS TOTE TaperseT er ov els THY TOMY GopUBou Te TavTObaTrOD Kal PwrTwy yé“oucar, ov Ou Bevtes efaveupety TOV aut ov tpiBov ovo eis iXvos euBivar THs exeivov Topelas, extn gay ab poor 1 pos Tw mariwonty Aayovt TOU KPyLVOU TVaTELAAVTES eavtous, Kal “‘Suexaptépouy evTav0a mepim ab ov Tes Kal duo avacxeTouyTes. Baddopevov yap a7ro TIS axpas HON TOV mepl TOV "A patov ral [a YO Mevor, ddahary [0s EVaYOVLOS eX wpel KAT@, Kal Kpavy) TEPLIXEL, Ola Thy amo TOV Op@y avdkracw cuyKeyvpevn Kal adndos + §rodaurovea Coraés and Bekker, adopting an anonymous conjecture : broAaBoitca. 48 1037 ARATUS xxi. 4-xxul. 3 out that the enemy were in the city. And pres- ently the trumpets were sounding, the city was in an uproar over what was happening, the streets were full of people running up and down, many lights were flashing, some in the city below and some in the citadel above, and a confused shouting broke forth on all hands. XXII. Meanwhile Aratus was struggling up the steep with all his might, slowly and laboriously at first, unable to keep to the path and wandering from it, since it was everywhere sunk in the shadows of the jutting cliffs and had many twists and turns before it came out at the wall of the citadel. Then, marvellous to relate, the moon is said to have parted the clouds and shone out, making the most difficult part of the road plain, until he got to the wall at the spot desired ; there the clouds came together again and everything was hidden in darkness. But the soldiers of Aratus whom he had left at the gate outside near the temple of Hera, three hundred in number, when once they had burst into the city and found it full of lights and manifold tumult, were unable to discover the path which their comrades had taken or follow in their steps. So they crouched down and huddled themselves together in a shaded flank of the cliff, and there remained in great distress and impatience. For Aratus and his party were now assailed with missiles from the citadel and were fighting, the shouts of the combatants came down the slopes, and cries echoed round about which the reverberations from 49 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ed ” \ > f in) ‘4 \ > Lo d0ev eine THY apx7v. CLtaTropovyTwY O€ avTaV > > o \ , f > , ¢ A ép Oo Te XpN TpaTécOat pépos, ApyédXaos oO TOV Baoiktk@v ayenov otpatiwtas EXwY TOAXOUS an \ / / peTa Kpavyns avéBatve kal cadXTiyywr, émipepope- vos Tols Tept Tov *Apatov, Kal TrapiANATTE TOUS TptaKkoalous. ot d€ MaTeEp €& evédpas avagTaVTES éuBdrrovaty avtTw Kal dtapbeipouvaw ols éréPevto , 4 \ 4 \ XN bd , MpwTous, Tous O€ aAXous Kal Tov “Apyédaov do- , , a Bioavtes étpéavto Kat KatediwEayv ayps tod a \ \ , / ld oKxecacOnvat wept tTHy Tod diarvOévtas. aptt / A \ a S€ tTovTwy verixnxotoy ‘Epyivos ato Tav ave / s > ff , a paxomévov rOev, ayyéAXwy auuTETTAEYOaL ToLs \ Y Toneutors Tov Apatov auvvopévols EevpwoTOS, Kal fa) N a HEYAY GYOVA TEPL AUTO TO TELVOS Elva, KAL TAX OUS a wn / e \ > \ b / ¢ “ deity THs BonOetas. ot d€ evOds éxéXevov yeia Oat: / A Kat mpoo BatvovTes dua dwvn duet nuatvov éautous, ? / ¢ emtBappvvovres tous dirous? 7) Te TavoéAnvos > id \ of f f A uTéepatve TA OTAA TAELOVA Hhalrvopeva TOS TrOXeE- ec \ \ a a , \ a pLLols OLA TO LNKOS THS Topelas, Kal TO THS vUKTOS 9 n \ ? \ > \ , a ny@OES TOY aahaypov amd TOANATTAAGLOVwY 4) , ~ TocouTwp emotes Soxety hépecOat. TédOS O€ TUP- epetcavtes eEwfotar tovs mrodeuiovs Kal Ka- / a ¥ 9 UTEPTEPOL THS Akpas Hoav Kal TO Ppovpiov Elyor, e / 0 6 - ee ef ? ‘ > / nuepas 116 Stavyovons, O TE HALOS EVOUS éréXapTreE a 7 ‘ a "he a TO Epy@, Kal Taphy é€x Xtxv@vos 7 Noe? Svvapes na? / / \ , a a / TO Apato, dexouévoy kata TUAas TOV Kopiwbiwr a, \ 2 mpoOvuws Kat Tovs BacidtKkous cvAXAapParovTwv. NNIII. Evel é€ dogadas eboxes ravta exe, , > \ s > \ n ” ; xatéBarvev es TO P€atpov aro THs akpas, TAHGOUS 5° ARATUS xxl. 3-xXxtil. 1 the hills rendered confused and of uncertain origin. Then, as they were at a loss which way to turn, Archelatis, the commander of the king’s forces, having many soldiers with him, made up the ascent amid shouts and the blare of trumpets to attack Aratus and his party, and thus passed by the three hundred. These, rising up from ambush as it were, fell upon him, slew the first whom they attacked, put the rest, together with Archelaiis, to panic flight, and pursued them until they were scattered and dispersed about the city. And just as this victory had been won, Erginus came from the party fighting on the heights, with tidings that Aratus was engaged with the enemy, that these were defending themselves vigor- ously, that a great struggle was going on at the very wall, and there was need of speedy help. The three hundred at once ordered him to lead the way; and as they took to the ascent their cries signalled their coming and encouraged their friends; the light of the full moon also made their arms appear more numerous to the enemy than they really were, owing to the length of their line of march, and the echoes of the night gave the impression that the shouts proceeded from many times the number of men there really were. At last, with a united onset, they repulsed the enemy, mastered the citadel, and held its garrison in their power. Day was now breaking, the sun at once shone out upon their success, and the rest of the forces of Aratus came up from Sicyon, the Corinthians readily re- ceiving them by the gates and helping them to seize the king’s soldiers. XXIII. When everything appeared to be safe Aratus came down from the citadel into the theatre 51 tw PLUTARCH’S LIVES ameipov TUppEoVTOS émOupia THs TE dYrews avTov Kal TOV Aoyov ols é“eAXrE xpiedar am pos Tous Ko- pious. eT LOT TAS dé Tats Tapodous exatépob ev Tous ’Axatovs, avTos amo THS oKNVis els pegov Tm poirbe, TEOwmpacia peEvOs Kal TO Tporwn@ dua TOV KOTOV Kal THD arypuTviay AoLeopévos, dare THS exis TO yaupoupevov Kal Yalpov viTo Tis Tept TO copa Baputntos Kataxpateia Gat. TOV dé avOporrav & aya TO mpocenbety avTov exxvdev- TWY Tais pidop poo tvacs, peTaraBov els THY defray TO dopy, Kal 78 yoru Kal TO capa Th porn px pov eyKALVaS Kal ATEPELTAMELOS, ELOTIKEL TrO- ALY Ypovov aiwmTH SexouEvos AVTOV TOvS KPOTOUS Kal TAS éemtBonoess, eT aLvOUVTO@Y fev THY apeTHDy, CnhovvTov dé TH TUXND. ws OE émavaavTo Kal KaTeaTnaay, cuvayayov EQUTOV OveEN Oe Aayov brrép TOV “AXavov 7 Tm pagel TpeTovTa., Kal oup- éMELTE TOUS Kopwdious "Axasovs yevéoOan, Kal T@V TUAMY TUS KAETS aT eOw@Ke TOTE TP @TOV ano Tov Diriamikov Katp@v um’ éxelvots yevopévas. tov 6€ “Avtiyovou aotpatnyav “Apxédaov pév ad ixey vToxeiptov yevopevov, Meoppactoy 6é av- etXev ov BovrAcpevov aTraddrattecGau THepcaios dé Tis aKpas Gada KOwEVNS ELS Keyxpeas due Eémrecev. baTepov ce AeyeTat oxohalav ™ pos TOV elTrovTa povov avT@ doxety oTparnyov elvat Tov copon, ‘ AXXa v7) Geovs,” havat, “ TODTO wadALtoTA Kajol scrote TOV Liyvwvos npecKe Soypatwy viv dé weTa- BadXopat vovbetn Geis b7r0 TOD Xexvewviov veaviov.” Tavta pev ep Ilepoaiou mActoves taTopovau. 52 ARATUS xxi. 1-5 whither an immense multitude streamed with an eager desire to see him and hear what he would say to the Corinthians. After stationing his Achaeans at both the side-entrances, he himself advanced from the back-scene into the orchestra, with his breastplate still on and his countenance altered by toil and loss of sleep, so that the exultation and joy of his spirit were overpowered by the weariness of his body. Since the multitude, when he came forward to address them, were profuse in their friendly ex- pressions, taking his spear in his right hand and slightly inclining his knee and his body, he sup- ported himself upon it and stood thus for a long time silently receiving their applause and ac- clamations, their praises of his valour and_ their congratulations on his success. But when they had ceased and quiet had ensued, he summoned his strength and in behalf of the Achaeans made a speech which befitted their exploit, and persuaded the Corinthians to join the Achaean League. He also gave them back the keys to their gates, of which they then became possessed for the first time since the time of Philip of Macedon. Of the officers of Antigonus, he dismissed Archelaiis, who had been taken prisoner, but Theophrastus, who would not quit his post, he slew; as for Persaeus, on the capture of the citadel he made his escape to Cenchreae. And at a later time, as we are told, when he was leading a life of leisure, and someone remarked that in his opinion the wise man only could be a good general, “ Indeed,”’ he replied, “ there was a time when I too particularly liked this doctrine of Zeno’s ; but now, since the lesson I got from the young man of Sicyon, I am of another mind.” This story of Persaeus is told by many writers. 50 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXIV. ‘0 dé "A paros evus TO TE ‘Hpatov up EauT@ Ka to Aéyatov eTOL1TUT0" Kab vewv wev 1038 €: KOTLTEDTE Race exuplevoer, immous 6é mevtaKootious Kal Lvpous TET paKoatous aTEOOTO™ TOV TE ’AxpoxopuGov epudattov ol “AXavol TeTpaKootoLs omhitais Kat TEVTKOVTD KUL Kab Kuynyols io ols év TO ppoupi Tpepopevots. Oi pév odv ‘Papatoe tov Bidoroipeva Oav- palovtes “EAAHVOV Eo NATOV ™ poonyopEvon, @S ju devas peyddou pet éxeivoy év tois “EXXAnot yEVvOMEVOU' eY@ Oe TOV “EXAqv ERY mpatewv TAUTNV eoXaTyy Kal vEwTATHY painv ay eT pa- xIat, TOUTO peV TON, TOUTO O€ TUXD Tais apt- TTAL évapthror, Os edn Awa ev evOus Ta yiwoueva, Meryapeis te yap avootavtes Avtiyovou T@ Apd- TO Tpoaeevto, Kal Tpoekyveot peta “Lredaupiov auvetaxOnoav ELS Tous ‘Axatous, é£odov Te T po thy Oewevos els THY "ATTiKNY eveBanre, Kat THY Yarapiva biaBas éehenrhatnoev, wotrep €& elpKTis LeAUMEVY) a Suvapes tov “Ayatwv éd 6 te Bov- NoLTO XPOMEVOS. “AOnvatoes dé TOUS edevdépous apfixey avev AVTPWY, apxyas: aTOOT doews EvOLdous avrets. IT tohepatov bé CULL aXOV eroinge TOV “A yatar, nyepoviay eXovTa TONE MOU Kal KaTa te Kab Oaratray. ovr be ioxvoer ev Tois ‘Axatois, WOT, Eb pl) KAT eviauTov ebny, map EVLAUTOV aipeta bas oTpPATH YOY avron, EPpy? be Kal yvopnn Oia TavTos apxery. EWPWY yap avrov ov mTrouTov, ov d0€av, ov dirtav Baciiixjv, od TO THS aUTOV TaTpioos GuudEepov, oVK AdXAO TL TIS avéijcews tov “Ayatoy érimpocbev tovovmevov. 54 ARATUS xxiv. 1-4 XXIV. As for Aratus, he at once made himselt master of the temple of Hera and the harbour of Lechaeum; he also seized five-and-twenty of the king’s ships, and sold five hundred horses and four hundred Syrians; Acrocorinthus, too, was garrisoned by the Achaeans with four hundred men-at- arms, and fifty dogs with as many keepers were maintained in the citadel. Now the Romans, in their admiration of Philopoe- men, call him “the last of the Greeks,” implying that no great man arose among the Greeks after him; but I should say that this capture of Acro- corinthus was the very last and latest achievement of the Greeks, and that it rivalled their best, not only in daring, but also in happy results, as events atonce showed. Tor Megara seceded from Antigonus and attached herself to Aratus; Troezen and Epi- daurus were enrolled in the Achaean League; and Aratus, making a distant expedition for the first time, invaded Attica, and crossing the strait plundered Salamis, his Achaean forces, as though released from prison, obeying his every wish. But the freemen among his prisoners he sent back to the Athenians without ransom, thus laying a foundation for their revolt from Antigonus. He also made Ptolemy an ally of the Achaeans, with the leadership in war on land and sea. And he was so influential among the Achaeans that, since it was not permissible every year, they chose him general every other year, though, in fact, his wisdom made him their leader all the time. For they saw that he put first and foremost, not wealth, not fame, not friendship with kings, not his own native city’s advantage, but only the srowth in power of the Achaean League. For he considered Se) 5 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES nyetto yap acbeveis tora TAS TOXELS UTapYovaas cwler bas dt GN ipeov @omTeEp evdedepwevas T@ KOLV@ oupdepovtt, Kat Kadamep Ta péepn TOV cwopuatos CovtTa rat cuumveovTa Oia THY 7 pos addnra cuuviar, oray atoomtacOy Kat yevnta Xwpts, aTpopet Kat onTETAL, TapanAnoios TAS TONELS amorrva bat fev vTr0 TOV tao @vrT@y To Kowov, av&ecOar S€ UT adXAnA@Y, OTAV OAoU TIVOS peydrou [LépN Yyevopuevat KoLVAS Tpovotas : TVYNaVO Ct. XXV. ‘Opa@v b€ tovs apiatous Tov mpocot- KV AUTOVOLOUMEVOUS, “Apyetos dé Sovhevovoww ax Gopevos, ere BovA ever averely TOV TUpaVVOY QUT OV ‘Apia Topaxov, pa TH TE WONEL Sperrnpta THY édevGepiav amrovobvat PrroTLpoupevos Kat Tots ‘Axatois 7 T poo Kopug ae THY TONY. Ob pev ow TONMOV TES éUp peOnoay, Ov Aig xuros T POEL THKEL Kal Nauicine o pavteis' Eidy de ovK elyov, GAN ameipnto KexT ha Oat Kal Cnpiat weyadat Tots KEKTN- pévols ernoav vio TOU TUparVoU. KaTacKevacas ou o ly aurtots év Kopiv0e pix pas mapagepi- das évépparpev ets CaYMATA’ KaL TAavTA mepiOets umotuyiors oKEUN TIA TAPNMEANMEVA Kkopuitovow ets "Apyos amréotetre. Naptpévous O€ TOU wadvTEews mpothaBovros emt THY mpakw avOpwroy, ot TEpt TOV Aloxvdov nyavaKxTnoav Ket &:’ €auT@v €7par- TOV, TOU Naptuévous KATAYVOVTES. ata Oopevos 5é éxelvos opyn KaTeunvuce tovs avdpas %)6n Badifovtas émi Tov TUpavvov' @V ol TrELTTOL bOdcavtes €E& ayopas amépuyov Kat dieFErecov eis Kopivfor. 1 Cf. chap. iii. le 56 ARATUS xxiv. 5-xxv. 3 that the Greek states which were weak would be preserved by mutual support when once they had been bound as it were by the common interest, and that just as the members of the body have a common life and breath because they cleave together in a common growth, but when they are drawn apart and become separate they wither away and decay, in like manner the several states are ruined by those who dissever their common bonds, but are augmented by mutual support, when they become parts of a great whole and enjoy a common foresight. XXV. And so, since he saw that the best of the neighbouring peoples were autonomous, and was distressed at the servitude of the Argives, he plotted to kill Aristomachus the tyrant of Argos, being ambitious to restore its freedom to the city as a re- ward for the rearing it had given him,! as well as to attach it to the Achaean League. Accordingly, men were found to dare the deed, of whom Aeschylus and Charimenes the seer were the chief. They had no swords, however, the tyrant having prohibited the possession of them under heavy penalties. Aratus, therefore, ordered small daggers to be made for them in Corinth and sewed them up in pack-saddles; these he put upon beasts of burden carrying ordinary wares and sent thei into Argos. But Charimenes the seer took on a partner in the enterprise, at which Aeschy- Jus and his friends were incensed and proceeded to act on their own account, ignoring Charimenes. When Charimenes was aware of this, he was angry and informed against the men just as they were setting out to attack the tyrant; most of them, however, succeeded in escaping from the market- place and fled to Corinth. VOL, XI, Coo 4 or PLUTARCH’S LIVES Od piv add\Xra ypovov Bpayéos SteNGovtos azro- Ovioxee pev vo bovr@v *Aptotrouayxos, vUmo- NapBavee S€ thy apynv POacas ’ApiotiTTos, éEwréotepos éxetvou TUpavvos. oaoe $7) TaY "Ayatov év AtKia TapovtTes ETVYXOV, TOUTOUS avahaBov o “Apatos éBonber mpos THY ToALW o&€éws, alouevos evpyoeayv ta Tav Apyetwv Tpo- Ouya. tov dé TodArAwY dn ba cUVHOeLav eGero- dovAws éyovTwy Kai pndevos adtatapévou pos avTov, dveywpnoey EyKANMA KATETKEVAKWS TOTS "Ayatots ws é€v eipyvn Toreuov éEevnvoxoat. Kai dixny Exyov é€mi TovTw tapa Mavtiwebdow, iv "Apdtov yl) wapovtos “Apiotimmos cide SiwKxwv Kal pvov eéTounOn tTpraxovta. Tov 5é “Apatov avUTOV dua Kai pic@v Kal dedoiK@s é7TEBovNEVEY averety cuvepyovvtos ‘Avtiyovov tod Baciiéws’ Kal TAYTAXOD GYEdOV Hoav ot TOUTO TpAaTTOVTES avTOls KAL KaLpov éTLTNPODPTES. "AAN ovsev oiov adrnOivyn Kat BéBatos edvora @vAakTypLov avdpos apxovTos. Otay yap ébicba- ow ot Te TOOL Kal of SvvaTOL pn TOV HyoUpEVOY, GX’ Urép Tov yyoupévou Sedtévat, ToANOTs pév Oppaciw opd, dia Todkdov 66 wWTwy aKovet, Kal mpoatabavetat Ta yivomeva. 610 Kal Bovropat Tov Aoyov éemiaTtHcas évTadOa mov d.eFENOeiv wept THs ’Aptotintou s&taitys, vy 1) CnNoTUTOV- péevn TUpavvis avT@ Kal 6 THIS paxaptas kal meptBontov povapyias oyKos TepteOnxer. NAVI. ’Exeivos yap "Avtiyovov pév éxov 58 1039 ARATUS xxv. 4-xxvl. 1 Nevertheless, after a little while Aristomachus was killed by slaves, and Aristippus, a more pernicious tyrant than he, soon succeeded in seizing the power. Aratus at once took all the Achaeans of military age who were at hand and went swiftly to the aid of the city, supposing that he would be welcomed by the Argives. But since most of them were by this time habituated to slavery and willing to endure it, so that not a man came over to his side, he retired, after involving the Achaeans in the charge of having gone to war in time of peace. They were prosecuted on this charge before the Mantineans, and in the absence of Aratus, Aristippus as plaintiff won his case and was awarded damages to the amount of thirty minas.t_ Aratus himself the tyrant both hated and feared, and so laid plots to kill him with the assistance of Antigonus the king; and almost every- where there were men who undertook this deed for them and watched for an opportunity. But there is no safeguard for a ruler like a sincere and steadfast goodwill on the part of the ruled. For when both the common people and the leading men are afraid, not of their leader, but for their leader, he sees with many eyes, hears with many ears, and so perceives betimes what is going on. ‘Therefore | wish to stop my story at this point, in order to describe the life that Aristippus led. This was laid upon him by his office of tyrant, so envied of men, and by the pride and pomp of monarchy, which men celebrate and call blessed. XXVI. For though he had Antigonus as ally, and 1 Half a talent. equivalent to about £118, or $600, a merely nominal fine. Mantineia acted as arbitrator, perhaps by special agreement. 59 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES oUupayov, Tpépwy Ce TorNOVs EvEKA THS TOU cwpatos aghadeias, ovdéva oe ev TH TOrAE CavTa Tay €yOpav vmoveXoLTTOS, TOUS pev bo- pudopouvs kat diAanas €Ew TrapeuBarrev éxeé- Nevey EV TH WEPLTTVAM, Tovs Ce oOlKéTAS, OTFOTE cevmvyjaat, TaXLOTA mavTas efehavvev Kal Tay péTavrov ATOKAELWY [ETA THS ep@wevns AUTOS Els olKnia KATEOUETO psx pov UTEP@OY, Oupa KATAPPAKT? KELO [EVO ns UTrEepavw THY KALYNY emeTeOeis exadevoev, ws e105 xabevdey TOV OUTWS éXovra, Tapaxwoas Kal meptpoBos. TO O€ KA ako ) HS épwperns HNTNP upatpovoa Kare- KAELEV ELS ETE pov olknpa, Kat Tad ap pep mpooeTiBer Kal KATEKGAEL Tov Oavyactov TUpay- vov, Qo TEP EPTETOV | ex podeod KATEPXOpEVov. o 6¢é oux Om Aous Kara Biav, vow be vn’ dperis dxataT avo ov apxny TEPLTET OLN {LEVOS, év (marie Kal Krapudde T@ TUYOVTL, TOY TOTOTE TUpavver KOLVOS drrobeberrypévos ex pos, axpe TS 77) He pov nmEepas yEVvOS ev0oKLMa@TATOV am ohehouT ev Ev TOUS “EAAnoev. exeivov be TOY TAS axpas Kata- AapBavovtov wal TOUS Sopupopous TpepovTay kal TAaOT Na Kal Tas mUAas Kal TOUS KaTappaKtas 7 poBarropéevav UTEep THS TOU TW LATOS acha- deltas ONiryou TOV é€K PANY is Oavatov, Bamep Ol Aaywot, Ouepuyov: oixos O€ 7; y) yévos 7) Tahos Exwr TLLMLEVHY YH NY ovdevos NENELTTITAL- XXVIT. pos & ody tov Apiotemmov 6 “Apa- Tos Kal Kpvda TodXdakis Kal havep@s mpoc- émTaLoev ETLVELPHNaAS KaTAaAapBave TO “Apyos. amaké 5€ kXiwaxas wpodbels pet OALywv etl TO Tetvyos avéBn TapaBdrAws, Kal Tovs BonOodvras 60 ARATUS xxvi. 1-xxvll. I kept many guards to protect his person, and had left no single enemy alive in the city, yet he would order his spearmen and guards to bivouac outside in the colonnade ; and as for his servants, as soon as supper was over he would drive them all out. Then he would lock the doors of the inner house, and betake himself with his mistress to a little upper room, which was closed by a trap-door; on this door he would place his couch and sleep, as one in his state of mind would naturally sleep, by fits and starts and in great fear. The ladder the mother of his mistress would take away and lock up in another room, and in the morning would put it in place again and call the wonderful tyrant, who would come down like a creeping thing out of its hole. Aratus, on the other hand, not by force of arms, but legally and in con- sequence of his virtues, had invested himself with an enduring power, and yet went about in ordinary tunic and cloak; he declared himself a public foe of any and every tyrant; and he left behind him a posterity of the highest repute among the Greeks down to this day. But of the men who seize citadels, main- tain spearmen, and depend upon arms and gates and trap-doors for the safety of their persons, only a few, like timorous hares, have escaped a violent death ; while not one of them has left a house, or a family, or a tomb to keep his memory in honour. XXVII. Against Aristippus, then, and in trying to seize Argos, Aratus made many open and secret attempts in vain. Once he set up scaling-ladders, at great hazard got upon the wall with a few followers, and killed the sentries that defended the 1 Cf. chap. liv. ad jin. €1 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 2 éevtad0a Tav duraxwy aTéxtewev. eiTa Hepas éripavelans Kat TOU TUpavvoU TaVTaYobEY ALTO mpoaBddXovtos, ol ev “Apyetot, Kalarrep oux uTep THS éxetvor €hevdepias THS MANNS ovens, aXr’ ws TOV ayava Tov Nepetwv BpaSevortes, i icol Kal dixatot Geatat Kadivro Tay yevopever, TOMY nouxXtay GryovTEs, o 6€ “A paros EUp@aTos apy o- HLEVOS NOYXN pev ex Xeupos Ovehavvera TOV Npor, eXpaTNoe o€ TOV TOTO €v ols WV, Kal ovK efewo On EXPL VUKTOS Evox Novpevos UTo TOV TOMLOV. 3 et dé Kal THY VUKTA TO TOV | MpoceTararmopnaen, ovx av Oujpaptev’ 0 yap TUpavvos ién Tept Spa- Tmov etye Kal TONAA TOV idtwv etl Padacaav mpoeEereprre’ vov O€ ToUTO pev ovdevos é€ay- yethavros T pos tov “Apatop, datos dé emtne- TOVTOS, EAVT@ oe xpncac bat dia TO Tpavpa py SUVALLEVOS, dmiyarye TOUS TT PATLOTAS. XXVIII. ’Evet 6¢ tavtny aréyvw thy oop, éuBarov PavepOs TO 7 TpATOT EO THY ‘Apyonrioa Xopav érropO en" Kad Tept TOV Xdpnra OTA LOY loxXupas paxns YEVOLEVNS Tpos: “Aptotimmop aitiay éaxev Os eycaTarim@v Tov ayova Kat T POE {LEVOS TO viKn [a THS yap arANS duvapews 104 omohoyouperas émixpatovans Kal T@ roy pp Todv mpoeNGovans eis Tovpmpodbev, aUTOS OvY otTws éxBiacbels Urd ToV Kab aUTOV, WS aTl- oTav T® KaTtopOwpat. Kai PoBnOeis, aveywpnoe 2 TeTapaypévos eis TO OTpaTOTredoV. érret OE ATO THs Suwkews erravedGovtes of RAotTOL YaXreTTas Epepoy OTe Tpewdapevot Tovs TorEulovs Kal ToAU TWAELoVas EeKelvwy KaTaBadrcvTes 1) ThOY aVT@VY GTOAeTAaVTES TWapareXolTage Tos NTTN- < O2 ARAEUS xxvit. 1=xxviu. 2 place. Then day came and the tyrant attacked him from all sides, while the Argives, as though it were not a battle to secure their liberties, but a contest in the Nemean games of which they were the judges, sat as just and impartial spectators of what was going on, without lifting a finger. Aratus, fighting sturdily, had his thigh transfixed by a spear-thrust, yet held his ground, and could not be dislodged at close quarters until night, though harassed by his enemies. And if through the night also he had maintained the struggle, he would not have failed in his attempt; for the tyrant was already bent on flight and had sent on many of his goods to the sea. As it was, however, no one told Aratus of this, and since water was failing him and he could not use his strength by reason of his wound, he led his soldiers away. XXVIII. Then, since he despaired of success in this way, he openly invaded the territory of Argos with his army and ravaged it; and in a fierce battle with Aristippus at the river Chares, he was accused of abandoning the struggle and throwing away the victory. For although the rest of his forces ad- mittedly had the upper hand and had gone far on ahead in pursuit, he himself, not so much because he was ousted from his position by his opponents, as out of mistrust of success and in utter fear, withdrew in disorder to his camp. But when the rest of his army came back from the pursuit and were indignant because, though they had routed the enemy and slain far more of them than they had lost of their own number, they had suffered the vanquished to 03 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES pévois oTioat Kat avTaVY TpoTaLoY, alayuVvOeis , A Tdadw éyvw diapayecOat Tepi Tov TpoTraiov, Kal piav npépav Siaritrov avOis é€étacce THY oTpa- tTiav. ws b€ yaOeTO Wrelovas yeyovotas Kal \ 7 Gapparewtepov avOtatapévovs Tovs wept TOY TU- ’ >] , 5 > 9 n \ Q pavvov, ovk éTOALNTEV, EAN amHdAGEe Tovs vEeKpous t td 3 , b ] \ b] \ w~ \ UToaTovoous LLU SG EGLIS. ov pnv adda TH ee THY Oulrtav Kal TroALTELaV ep metpig Kat xa pers THY Sra wapriay TAUTHD dvapar opevos ™ poo nya- yeto tas Krewvas Tots "Ayatois, Kal Tov ayava tov Nepeiwy jyayev ev Krewvais, os mdatpiov aA 4 dvTa Kal padXOVv TpoarKovTa TovTOLS. Hryaryov dé kat ’Apyetor, Kal auvexvOn ToTe TpwToV 7 a 3 al 4 \ dedouevn Tols uywuiaTais adovrAla Kat aodarea, ? nw a ¢ /- mavtas Tov Ayxatav, daous EXaBov Hywrid wévous \ nA ; év "Apyet, dia THs KW@pas Topevopmevous ws ToXeE- pious atrodouévav. otw adhodpos tv Kal amrap- aiTNTOS EV T@ ploEely TOS TUPaVVOUs. XXIX. "Odiyo 6€ tatepov axovaas Tov ’Api- oTimmov émeBourevery prev Tats Krewvais, poBet- \ 9 A bf , / # oat dé éxetvov év KopivOw xabefopevov, nO pore , 4 éx TrapayyéApatos otpateiav. Kal auitia Ke- fa al , AEevaas TAELOVWY HuEepaVv Komitey eis Keyypeas A ’ , be) , >] , Kkathrbev, exxarovpevos O¢ atatns Tov Apioter- ¢ w~ \ / , na jWov wS avTov pn mapovtos énriPécbat Tois a nw Krewvaios’ 6 Kai ovvé8y. taphyv yap evOus é& ov ” A PY, e be v7 9 Apyous éxov tyhv dvvauv. o 6€ “Apatos eis KopivOov 6n cxotaios ex Keyypeav troatpéwas, tras Mian els heals Ee RRS gee O30 rane Teer SS 1 After the events narrated in xxxiv, ff, 64 ARATUS xxvii. 2—xxtx. 2 erect a trophy over the victors, Aratus was ashamed and determined again to fight out the question of the trophy, and on the next day but one put his army once more in battle array. However, on per- ceiving that the forces of the tyrant were more numerous than before and more courageous in their resistance, he would not venture a decisive battle, but withdrew after being allowed to take up his dead under a truce. Nevertheless, by his skill in dealing with men and public affairs, and by the favour in which he stood, he retrieved this failure, brought Cleonae into the Achaean League, and celebrated the Nemean games in that city, on the ground that it had an ancient and more fitting claim upon them. But the games were also celebrated at Argos, and then for the first time the privilege of asylum and safe-conduct which had been granted to contestants in the games was violated, since the Achaeans treated as enemies and sold into slavery all contestants in the games at Argos whom they caught travelling through their territory. So fierce and implacable was Aratus in his hatred of tyrants. ANik. A little while after this,! Aratus heard that Aristippus was plotting against Cleonae, but feared to attack it while his enemy was posted at Corinth; he therefore assembled an army by public proclamation. And after ordering his troops to carry provisions for several days, he marched down to Cenchreae, by this stratagem inviting Aristippus to attack Cleonae in the belief that his enemy was not at hand; and this was actually what happened. For the tyrant set out at once from Argos with his forces. But Aratus, returning from Cenchreae to Corinth as soon as it was dark, and posting guards 65 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal Tas odous puraxais dcaraBon, YE TOUS ‘A xatous ETOMEVOUS ott jeev EUTEKTOS, oUTa o€ TAXEDS Kal Tpolvuws WaTeE by {LOVOV odevovTas, adna Kal TmapedBovras eis TAS Krewvas ere VUK- TOS ovons Kal cuvrakapevous émwl aynv aryvoet- a Oat kal AavOaveww Tov "Apiotimmov. Gia oe nMEpa TOV TUAOY avorx Pera @v Kal THs cadmey- yos ey xehevTapevns, Spomep Kal dharayp@ ™ poc- Tec@v Tots Todeulows evOus érpevrato, Kal KaTEtXe OL@xeov 7 padiora pevyyerv UTevoet TOV ‘Apiatimmoy, € EXT POTTAS TONNAS TOV YoOpiwv eyov- TOV. yevopevns Oe THS btw Fews aX pe Muxnvar, 0 [Lev _TUpavvos umd Kpnros Tivos, ws Acwias ioTopel, TOUVOpA Tpayioxou, catarnolels amTro- oparretat, Tov o€ dA\wV ETEecov UT Ep YUALous mevtakxocious. 0 6é€ “Apatos oT AapyTpPaS eUTUYNTAaS Kal pydéva TOV avTOD oTpaTiWTaV aToBarov, ouws ovx eaBe to “Apyos oude Nrevdepace, TOV TeEpl ‘Ayiav Kal TOL VEw@TEPOV “A pia Tomax ov pera Oupapews Raorrexiys TaAp- ELT ET OVTOY Kal KATAGXOVTOV Ta TPLy Lara. To pev odv ToAv THs dtaBorNs Kal Aoyous Kal cKxwoppata Kal Bwportoxias TapeiNeTO TOV KONa- KEVOVTWV TOUS TUpdvvoUs Kab OveEvovtan, EXELVOLS xapeloneveor, Os TOU oTparnyou Tov “AXaLav EXTAPUTTOLTO pev 7 KotNLa Tapa TAS payas, Kapos b€ TpogTintoL Kal tduyyos dua TO Tapa- oThvas TOV TANTLYKTHY, extd€as dé Thy OvvapLy Kat TO cuvOnpa TAPEYYVITAS, Kat mv 6pevos TOV UTOTTPATiyyov Kal AoXayav, pay TLS aUTOD V peta TapovTos (BeBrRcPat yap Tovs aor pa- yanous), aTépxorTo Kapadcoxijawy Troppwlev To 66 ARATUS xxix. 2-5 along all the roads, led his Achaeans towards Cleonae, and they followed him in such good order and with such swiftness and alacrity that not only while they were on the march, but also when they had got into Cieonae, before the night was over, and had arrayed themselves for battle, Aristippus knew nothing at all of it. Then, at daybreak, the gates were thrown open, the trumpet gave its loud signal, and dashing at a run and with shouts upon the enemy Aratus routed them at once, and kept on pursuing where he most suspected that Aristippus was in flight, the country having many diverging routes. The pursuit continued as far as Mycenae, where the tyrant was overtaken and slain by a certain Cretan named Tragiscus, as Deinias relates ; and besides him there fell over fifteen hundred. But although Aratus had won so brilliant a success, and had lost not a single one of his own soldiers, he nevertheless did not take Argos nor set it free, since Agias and the younger Aristomachus burst into the city with troops of the king and took control of affairs, This success, then, refuted much of the calumny heaped upon Aratus, as well as the scoffing and abusive stories of the flatterers of the tyrants, who would recount, to please their masters, how the general of the Achaeans always had cramps in the bowels when a battle was imminent, and how torpor and dizziness would seize him as soon as the trumpeter stood by to give the signal, and how, after he had drawn up his forces and passed the watchword along, he would ask his leutenants and captains whether there was any further need of his presence (since the die was already cast), and then go off to await the issue anxiously at a distance. Tor 67 PLUTARCH’S LIVES 6 up Sno opevov. TavTa yap oUTWS iayUoEY WATE 68 Kat Tous prrogopous ev TALS oXonais on TouvTas el TO Tarr€Ec Oat THY Kapolay Kal TO Xpopa Tpé- mecOat Kal THY KotNLaY ebvypaiver@at Tapa Ta pacvopeva dewa devas €oTLY 1) vo Kpacias TWVOS TEpL TO copa Kal Yuxporntos, ovopmatew a adel Tov "A patov ws ayabov pev évta oTpaTHyor, aél Oe TAUTA TATXOVTA TAPA TOUS ayavas. XXX. ‘Os & ody tov “Aptotum mov avetrer, evOus em eBovdeuae Avosady TO Meyadoronhity TUpavvourTl THS €avTov maT pibos. o 6€ ovK OV ayevviys ovee Apihor pos THY guow, ovee Oo TeEp ot TOOL TOV MovapXxev aKpacta Kat Treovebig T pos TAUTNDY puels THY adiKiay, GX érra pOcis Eport d0Ens Ett véos Kat Xoyous speudels Kal KEVOUS AEYOMEVOUS mept Tupavvisos, OS peaxaptov kai @avpaatod Tpayparos, els perya, ppovnpa TapadeEdwevos avonTas, Kal KATATTHTAS EMUTOV TUpavyov Taxy MET TOS mV THS €K povapxias Bapv- TynTOS. apa 6é onhav eUnwepodvra Kat SEdOLKaS emtBoudevovta TOV "A patov oppnoe KANO THY oppeny peta Badopevos, 7 p@Tov pev EaUTOV edev- Gepacar picous | kat goou Kal ppovpas Kal Sopupapan, ELTA THS TaTpidos EVEPYETNS yever Oar Kal peTaTenyapevos TOV "A paroy aphke Tip apxny, Kal TV Tod eis TOUS “AXavous per- EKOMLTED. ep ols weyaduvovTes avTov oi “Ayatol oTPAaTHYOV ELAOVTO. Drroripovpevos 66 evOus umepBaneiv d0&n TOV "A patov ddXas Te ToAAaS m pagers OUK avayKaias etvat Soxovaas Kal oTpateiay emi Naxedatuovious Tapyyyedrev. eviataduevos b€ 0 "Apatos adto ARATUS xxix. 5-Xxx. 3 these stories were so prevalent that even in the schools of philosophy, when the query arises whether palpitation of the heart and change of colour and looseness of the bowels, in the presence of seeming peril, are the mark of cowardice, or of some faulty temperament and chilliness in the body, Aratus is always mentioned by name as one who was a good general, but always had these symptons when a contest was impending. XXX. Having thus made away with Aristippus, Aratus at once began to plot against Lydiades, who was tyrant in his native city of Megalopolis. This Lydiades was neither of mean birth nor naturally lacking in high ambition, nor, like most sole rulers, had he been driven by licence and rapacity into this iniquity, but he had been fired with a love of glory while still young, and had thoughtlessly associated with his high spirit the false and empty doctrines current concerning tyranny, to the effect that it was a wonderful and blessed thing. And now that he had made himself tyrant, he was quickly sated with the burdens which devolve upon the sole ruler. Therefore, at once envying the successes of Aratus and fearing his plots, he adopted a new and most admirable plan, first, to free himself from hatred and fear and guards and spearmen, and second, to become a benefactor of his native city. So he sent for Aratus, resigned his power, and made his city a member of the Achaean League. Wherefore the Achaeans exalted him and chose him general. Lydiades was at once ambitious to surpass Aratus in reputation, and not only did many other things which were thought unnecessary, but also proclaimed an expedition against the Lacedaemonians. Aratus 69 or bo PLUTARCH’S LIVES plovety edoxet: Kal TO Ye OevTepov o Avosddns oTparryos npeOn, aVTUT pat TOVvTOS AUTLK PUS ‘Apd- TOU Kal omovdd Sovtos eTEP@ mapadodjvar THY Boe AUTOS pev Vp, @s elpnTat, Tap’ evlauTor Ap HEX pL pev ovv TpLTNS oTpaTnyias 6 Av- bud re ev pepopevos dueTéeAeL Kal map évlavtov Apyev évardrak& 7O Apatow oTparnyav' pavepav d€ eLeverye devas éyO pav Kal ToAAdKis auTou KaTnyopncas ev tois 'Ayxatois ameppipn Kal Tapopen, TET AAG [EVE Ooxdp nOet mpos adn- Oiwny Kat aKEpALOY apeTny apirrjgacBat. Kat KabaTep TO KOKKUyt hynow Aicwros, epwTovTt Tous NeTTOUS OpYViOas 6 TL PEevyoLeVy aUTOD, ELTrEtY éxelvous ws éaTtat Tote iépak, oVTwWS EoLKE TO) Avitdbn mapaxonrovbety éx tis tupavyidos vtro- Wia Brartovea Tiyv hvaw avtovd Tis peTaBorNs. DOR I Oo Apatos EVOOKLULNTE Kal mept Tas AlitwALKas mpikers, OTE oupBarely pev avtot; 7 po THS Meyapixns @ppenpevov TOY ‘Axatan, KaL TOU Bacthéws TOV Aaxebatpovior "Aytoos dptcopevov peta Ourdpews Kal cuveLoppavros ert THY paxny TOUS “Axatous, évavtiwbeis Kal TONAa pev oveion, moArXa © Ets paraxtav Kat aToApiay Kal cxwoppata Kal yevacmoy UTropei- vas ov TponKaTO TOY TOV GUEdEPOYTOS AOYLG LOY da TO havopevoy aicypov, adrAa Tapexwpnae Tols ToAemloes UirepBarovar THv LVepdveray apa- vet maperGeiy ets HeXomrovvnaov. ws pévtot Tap- erOovtes cEaidyns Werxrnvnv xatéXaBov, obKéT Fy e td fT 0 altos, ovd Euerdre SraTpiBwv Kal Trepipérov 1 Chap. xxiv. 4. 4 About 241 nc. Cf. the Agis, xiv. f. 7° ARATUS xxx. 3-Xxx1. 2 opposed him, but was thought to do so out of jealousy ; and Lydiades was chosen general for the second time, though Aratus openly worked against him and was eager to have the office given to some- one else. For Aratus himself, as I have said,! held the office every other year. Accordingly, until he was general for the third time, Lydiades continued to be held in favour, and held the office every other year in alternation with Aratus; but after displaying an open enmity to him and frequently denouncing him before the Achaeans, he was cast aside and ignored, since it was apparent that he was contend- ing, with a fictitious character, against a genuine and unadulterated virtue. And just as the cuckoo, in the fable of Aesop, when he asks the little birds why they fly away from him, is told by them that he will one day be a hawk, so it would seem that since Lydiades had once been a tyrant he was never free from a suspicion, which did injustice to his real nature, that he would change again. XXXI. In the Aetolian war also Aratus won a good repute. For when the Achaeans were bent on an engagement with the Aetolians in front of Megara,” and Agis the king of the Lacedaemonians was come up with an army and joined in urging the Achaeans on to battle, Aratus opposed this counsel, and in spite of much vilification and much scoffing abuse for weakness and cowardice would not abandon, because of any seeming disgrace, which he judged to be for the general advantage, but allowed the enemy to cross the Geraneian range without a battle and pass on into Peloponnesus. When, however, after thus passing on, they suddenly seized Pellene, he was no longer the same man, nor would he wait at is PLUTARCH’S LIVES ’ lod AN ~ 3 3 x , abporcOnvat Kat cuverOety eis Tav’TO TavTay der \ , b) y ’ ‘ e \ a U THY Ovvapty, AN EvOUs BpyNnoe peTa TOV Tapov- Twy él TOUS ToAEuLouUs ey TO KpaTeiv acbeve- , > ’ , \ ef # ee b! 3aTatous 6 atakiay cai BBpw ovtas. dua yap T® TapedOew els THY TOY Of ey TTPATLMTAL ia) A “A dvactrapevTes éy tails oixiats jnaoav, éEwOobvTes \ / a GNANAOVS Kal Crapayopmevolr TEpt THY YpHnuaTwD, nryemoves S€ Kal AOYaYol Tas yuvatKas Kal Tas / A =f Ouyatépas tov erAAnvéwy trepriovtes Aptralov, \ “ a Kal Ta Kpavn Ta adTtav adgapodvtes éxeivats / “A a a mepteTiOecay Tov undéva AaBEtvy ArXov, GAA TO a > \ t xpavet OnXrov elvat Tov deaTroTHY ExaaTNS. ovTW bé Scaxerpévois avtois Kal tavtTa mpattovaw 3 4 ey b] \ / \ eEaipuns 0” Apatos émimet@v TpognyyérXOn. Kat yevouevns extrrAN ews, olay etxos év atakia Tot- / , “~ avrTn, Wpiv } Tavtas TUdéd Oat Tov KivduVOY Ol TPa- a A A ‘ TOL Epi TAS TrUAAS TOls AxYatots KAaLTA TpodaTEla ovuptrecovTes Ehevyov Hon verixnpevol, Kat Kate- 104 ‘ TwipTrAacay éAavvouevot TpoTpoTadny aTopias Tovs gurtatapévous Kal tpocBonbodvtas. XXXII. ’E Tw O€ TA i (a TG . Ev tottwm 6€ 7 tapdyw pia Tov 3 , arxparwtwv, Esriynbous avdpos évdo€ou Ouyarnp, s\ avutyn d€ KddAEL Kal peyéPer TMpaTos EevTpET NS, A e a A b eTuye ev év TO (ep@ Kabelopévn THs Aptémtcos, ov KATETTNOEV ALTHV O ETLAEKTAPYNS EXWY EAUT@ \ \ \ f ” \ 3 A Kal TrepeOets THY Tpirodiav, advw bé éxdpapovca 2 mpos tov OdpvBov, ws Estn po TOY Bupay Tod lepov Kal KaTéBrEWeY Els TOUS payouevous avwber Eyovga THY Tptropiav, avTois TE TOis ToALTALS 72 ARATUS xxx. 2—xxxul. 2 all in order that his forces might assemble and come together from all quarters, but at once set out with those he had against the enemy, whom the disorder and wantonness attendant upon their success had wholly weakened. For as soon as they had entered the city, the common soldiers had scattered them- selves among the houses, jostling and fighting with one another over the booty, while the leaders and captains were going about and seizing the wives and daughters of the Pellenians, on whose heads they put their own helmets, that no one else might seize them, but that the helmet might show to whom each woman belonged. But while they were in this situation and thus engaged, word was suddenly brought them that Aratus had attacked. Dismay fell upon them, as was natural amid such disorder, and before all had learned of the danger the fore- most of them, engaging with the Achaeans at the gates and in the suburbs, were already conquered and in full flight, and being driven in headlong rout, they filled with dismay those who were collecting together and coming to their aid. XXXII. In the midst of this confusion, one of the captive women, daughter of Epigethes, a man of distinction, and herself conspicuous for beauty and stateliness of person, chanced to be sitting in the sanctuary of Artemis, where she had been placed by the captain of a picked corps, who had seized her for his prize and set his three-crested helmet upon her head. But suddenly she ran forth to view the tumult, and as she stood in front of the gate of the sanctuary and looked down upon the combatants from on high, with the three-crested helmet on her head, she seemed to the citizens themselves a vision 73 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Géapa cepvotepov % Kat avOpwrov éepavy, Kal Tots ToAEutots Pagpa Oetov opav Soxovar Ppixny évéBare cat Cap Bos, Bote pydéva TpéwETV at TPOS GXKNY. Avtot 6€ TleAAnvets Xéyouot to Bpéras Tijs Geov Tov pev addOv aTroKeta Oar ypovov aravaTor, oTay O€ Kivnbeév v0 Tis iepetas exhépytat, unoéva mpooBrérev évavtiov, aAN amotpétmecOar Trav- Tas" ov yap av pwrous povov dpapa ppixtov elvat Kal Xaremon, ava Kal devopa motel apopa Kat KAPTFOUS drrauBrioKew, du @y ap Kopitntar. Touto on TOTE THY léperay efeveyxapevyy Kat T pé- Tovoav det KaTa TOvS Aitwdovs dv TT poo wm ov exppovas KaTacThoat Kal waperécbat Tov Aoyt- auov. o &€ “Apatos ovdev év Tois vropynpacey ELPNKE TOLOUTOV, GANG not TpEWapevos TOUS Aitwdous cal devyouat cuvercTEegay els THY TOALY cEeXacat KaTAa KpdTos, Emtaxocious 5é amoKTeEl- vat. TO rs Epryov év Tots peylaTous d1eB070n, Kai Tipavns o Corypados émoinaey eumavTiKas TH Si:abéoer THY paxny éxouoar. XXXII. O8 pay GNAa TOAA@Y eOvav Kal Rae TONS emt TOUS ‘AxXatovs Tuva TA LEVY evOus "A patos em parte pidiav 7 pos. tovs AitwAous, Kal Ilavtadéovre T@ WET TOV Atrodov Ouvaperen cuvepyo NPT pEvos ov povov elpnyny, andra Krai cum PAX iar tots “Ayaois mpos tovs AitwXrovs érroince. Tovs dé “AGnvatous omovdator érevJ epic aut Se BA7O% Kal KaKOS jKoveev U7Tr0 TOY “Axaav, 671 omoveas TET OLN MEVOY QUT@Y pos TOUS Make- dovas Kal dvoyas ayovtev érexeipnoe Tov Tlepara 74 ARATUS xxxit. 2-—xxxi. 2 of more than human majesty, while the enemy thought they saw an apparition from heaven and were struck with amazement and terror, so that not a man of them thought of defending himself. But the Pellenians themselves tell us that the image of the goddess usually stands untouched, and that when it is removed by the priestess and carried forth from the temple, no man looks upon it, but all turn their gaze away ; for not only to mankind is it a grievous and terrible sight, but trees also, past which it may be carried, become barren and cast their fruit. This image, then, they say, the priestess carried forth from the temple at this time, and by ever turning it in the faces of the Aetolians robbed them of their senses and took away their reason. Aratus, however, in his Commentaries, makes no mention of such a thing, but says that after routing the Aetolians and bursting into the city with them as they fled, he drove them out by main force, and slew seven hundred of them. The action was ex- tolled as among the greatest exploits, and Timanthes the painter made a picture of the battle which in its composition vividly pourtrayed the event. XXXIII. Notwithstanding, since inany peoples and dynasts were combining against the Achaeans, Aratus at once sought to make friends of the Aetolians, and with the assistance of Pantaleon, their most in- Huential man, not only made peace, but also an alliance between them and the Achaeans. But in his eagerness to set Athens free he incurred the bitter reproaches of the Achaeans, because, though they had made a truce and suspended hos- tilities with the Macedonians, he attempted to seize 75 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ~ 2 \ N b , bd a e KaTadaPeiv. autos d€ apvoupevos év Tots vTO0- pvnpacty ols atroAédotTev Epytvoy aitiatat, peO \ Pd , al ov Ta Tepi Tov “AxpoxoptivOov émpakev. éxetvor \ eM alt A ~ a , \ nw / yap tota T@ Uetpacet mpooBadovta Kai THs KAL- paxos cuvtpiBeions SsmKopevov dvoyaterv Kat Kanely cuveyws ”Apatoyv wWaTep TapoVTa, Kal dla- duyety ovtTws éFaTatioavta TOUS TroAEMioUS. Ov a lal wn \ al pny doxet TLOaves atrodoyeicbar. tov yap Epyi- s vor, avO pwrov (OLWTNY Kal 2vpov, am’ ovdevos Vv eLKOTOS éml vooy Barecbar Ty THMKAUTNY mpage, el BY TOV "A patov elev nye Hove: Kal Tap éxelvou THY SUVamLY Kal TOV Karpov ethane Tpos THY eTi- Beouv. edijAwoe dé Kal avtos o “Apatos ov dis ovoee T pls, QNAA TOAAAKLS, aoTeEp ol Sug Epwrtes, ETLX ELIT AS TO Tleepacet Kal jpos Tas Orapaptias OUK ATOKALWY, GAAA TO Tapa plKpov ael Kal id , 4 ~ > id XN Ni auveyyus aTooharrecat Tay édrridwY TpPOS TO Gappety avaxarovpevos. atrak& b€ Kal to oKéXos éomace Sta Tov Opiactov pevyov" Kal Topas eraBe TOAXAS Jeparrevopevos, Kal TONY \povov évy dopetw Kopelopevos ETOLELTO TAS oTpatelas. XXXIV. ‘Avtiyovouv bé atoGavovtos cai An- , \ , ‘ ” a LnTpLov THv Pact\elav Tapadrafovtos Ete paddov évéxerto tails “A@ynvais Kal OAws KaTeppover TOV ’ S N n Makedovwr. 640 Kal Kpatnbev tos AUTOD payn mTept Puraxiay t UT Bidvos TOU Anpntpiov oTpa- THOU, Kat Adyou yevop.evou TONAOV pév, WS EdXwKe, TOAKOD O€ ws TEOVYNKEV, O pev Tov Ile- n n 4 wv 9) \ ’ 2 para dpovpwv Atoyevns eeu ev EmiatoAny ets 1 Antigonus Gonatas died in 239 B.c , and was succeeded by his son Demetrius II., who reigned ten years, 76 1043 ARATUS xxxill. 2-XXXIV. 2 the Peiraeus. He himself, however, in the Com- mentaries which he left, lays the blame for this attempt upon Erginus, with whose aid he had effected the capture of Acrocorinthus. He says that Erginus attacked the Peiraeus on his own private account, and that when his scaling-ladder broke and the enemy were pursuing him, he kept calling upon Aratus by name, as if Aratus were there, and thus deceived and made his escape from them. But this defence does not seem to be convincing. For Erginus was a private man and a Syrian, and there is no likelihood that he would have conceived of so great an undertaking if he had not been under the guidance of Aratus and obtained from him the force and the fitting time for the attack. And Aratus himself also made this plain, since he assaulted the Peiraeus, not twice or thrice, but many times, like a desperate lover, and would not desist in spite of his failures, but was roused to fresh courage by the very narrow- ness of the slight margin by which he was dis- appointed of his hopes. And once he actually put his leg out of joint as he fled through the Thriasian plain; and while he was under treatment for this, the knife was often used upon him, and for a long time he was carried in a litter upon his campaigns. XXXIV. When Antigonus died and Demetrius succeeded to the throne,! Aratus was all the more bent upon getting Athens, and wholly despised the Macedonians. And so, after he had been overcome in a battle at Phylacia by Bithys the general of Demetrius, and reports were rife, one that he had been captured, and another that he was dead, Dio- genes, the guardian of the Peiraeus, sent a letter to 77 PLUTARCH’S LIVES A , KopivOov é&iatacbat THs TodEws KEAEVOY TOdS , / bl \ bf , Lg \ A Ayatous, émerd7 Apatos anébavevr éruxe b€ THY ypappdtov Kouicbevtwv Tapwy avTos ev KopivOe, \ \ e “ , ‘ , ‘ rat dtatpiSny ot ToD Atoyevovs Kai yéXwTa TOAUY , b) / b) \ Nae ‘ TapacyovtTes aTnrAAaynaav. avTos 5é 0 Bacirevs éx Maxedovias vabv Ereprpev, eh’ 5 KopiaO noeTat e A apos avutov o “Apatos dedenévos. macav 6é a i / “ ’"AOnvaiot xovpotnta KoXakelas THS Tos Maxedo- ¢ , b] , cd a vas vTepBarXortes eotehavnhopnaav OTe TPWTOV b] , f & \ \ \ ’ \ Wel \ ’ nyyErOn TeOynKws. 610 Kal Tpos Opyny evOds éx- 9 ~ oTpatevoas é4 avtovs aype THs “Axadnueias a ? \ QA +O? mponrber> eita tetabeis ovdév noixnoen. ¢ ~ Con \ Oi de AOnvatos cupppovncavtes avtou THY ape- THY, éTet Anuntpiov TeXevTHCAVTOS @punaav él \ > , 9: a bd , = 4 ? e , Thv erevepiar, exeivov exadouy. Oo O€é, KaiTreEp ETE- pov pev apyovtos tote Tav 'Axai@v, adTos dé , ~ , ° 7 appwoTla pakpa KALYNPNS UTdpywv, Cyws év 4 f e , ~ , A \ pope Kopi Copevos UMTIVTNTE TH mone Tpos THY VpEelav, Kat Toy ETL THS Ppoupas Atoyevn cuveTret- “~ f n LY gev avrooovvat Tov Te Iletpaca cai thy Movvuyiav N ‘ SS ~ \ \ y Z ~ > , Kal THY SarXapiva Kat TO Novvioy tois AOnvaiors €TL TEVTNKOVTA KAl EXATOV TANGYTOLS, WY AUTOS O “A patos eixoot TH TOA TUVEBAXETO. TpoTEXo- ~ ¢€ ~ ~ pnaav & evOvs Alyevijtat nat “Eppuovets tots ’ a ef , a 3 , 6] “ Ayatots, ) Te TAELTTN THS ApKadtas avTots cup- / \ ; t \ bd , ” 4 eTérXer. Kat Maxedovwy pev acyorwy ovtwy bia TLVAS TPOTOiKOUS Kal OM“opous TroAéuOUS, AiTH- Av € cUUpAayYoUVTOV, eTidoTW peydAnY H -OL b ”~ 3 {A as Ayatav éhauPSave dvvamts, 78 ARATUS xxxiv. 2-5 Corinth ordering the Achaeans to quit the city, since Aratus had been killed; but when the letter arrived at Corinth, Aratus chanced to be there in person, and so the messengers of Diogenes, after furnishing much diversion and laughter, went away. Moreover, the king himself sent a ship from Macedonia, on which Aratus was to be brought to him in chains. And the Athenians, carrying their flattery of the Macedonians to the highest pitch of levity, crowned themselves with garlands as soon as they heard that Aratus was dead. Therefore he was wroth, and at once made an expedition against them, and advanced as far as the Academy; then he listened to their entreaties and did them no harm. So the Athenians came to recognize the excellence of his character, and when, upon the death of Demetrius,! they set out to regain their freedom, they called upon him. Then Aratus, although another was at that time general of the Achaeans, and he himself was confined to his bed by a long sickness, nevertheless was carried in a litter to help the city in its time of need, and joined in persuading Diogenes, the commander of the garrison, to give up the Peiraeus, Munychia, Salamis, and Sunium to the Athenians for a hundred and fifty talents, twenty of which Aratus contributed himself. Moreover, Aegina and Hermione at once came over to the Achaeans, and the greater part of Arcadia joined their league. And since the Macedonians were busy with certain neighbouring and adjacent wars, and the Aetolians were in alliance with the Achaeans, the power of the Achaean League was greatly increased. 1 In 229 z.c. He was succecded by Antigonus Doson, who reigned nine years, 19 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXV. ‘O dé"Apatos éFepyalouwevos THY Ta- Aatav vToeow, Kai dSvcavacyeTav Thy év "“Apyet TUupavvida yerTUidoav avTois, émeOe TEUTOV TOV “Apia Tomaxov ets péo ov Geivar Kal mpocayayetv tois Ayatots THY TONY, Kal CnocavTa Avéiadny éOvous THALKOUTOV per evpypuas Kat TLLAS OTpa- THYOV elva parov ) plas TONEWS KivOuvEvoVTA Kal pcovmevoyv TUpavvov. vTaKovaavTos dé Tod “A plo TomaXov KAU KehevTavTos QUT@ TWEVTHKOVTA TahavTa Téeunvat Tov “Apatov, OT WS amrarraty Kal dradvontar TOUS Tap avT@ OT PATEVOMEVOUS, Kal TOV XPNUAaTov rropitopévwr, 6 o Avésadns Ett oTpATHYaV Kal HedoTipmovpeEvos idtov avTov TOXI- TEU TOUTO Tpos TOUS “Axatovs yeveo Gas, TOU pev ‘Apatov KATY OPEL 7 pos “A pto TO“axov as duc pevas Kal adtadrAGKTws a ael ™ pos TOUS Tupav- vous €xovtTos, auto dé Treicas THY wpakivy é7t- Tpéwar Tpoarjyarye TOUS ‘Ayacots TOV av pwr ov. évda 87 parvora pavepay eTroingav ot a uvedpor TOV “AX auov THY T POs Tov “Apatov eUvolay Kat TloTLD. Gv TELTOVTOS pev yap avtTod bv opyny QTHAATAV TOUS mepl TOV Aptatopaxov" émel O€ ouptrera els Tadev aUTOS pEaTo mepl avTo@Vv dta- Neyer au Tapwv, TwavTa TAX EOS Kal 7 pod ups evn piaarto, Kal T poo edeFavTo [ev Tous “Apyetous Kal Pracious ELS THY TontTelay, EvLaUT@ dé UoTepov Kal TOV ‘Apiaropaxov etAovTo TT paTnyov. ‘O dé v7; Epa Tapa tots Axatots Kal Bovno- HEVOS els THY Aaxovixny eu Barely exaret Tov “A parov ef \Anvav. O b¢ eypape fev AUTO THV oTpateiay aTayopevov Kai! 7a Kreouever Opdcos 1 «a. bracketed by Sint? 80 ARATUS xxxv. 1-4 XXXV. And now Aratus, seeking to effect his long-standing purpose, and impatient of the tyranny so near the Achaeans in Argos, sent messengers and tried to persuade Aristomachus to give his city free- dom and attach it to the Achaean League, urging him to imitate Lydiades and be general of so great a nation with praise and honour, rather than tyrant of a single city with peril and hatred. Aristomachus consented, and told Aratus to send him fifty talents, in order that he might disband and send away the soldiers under him, and the money was being pro- vided. Upon this, Lydiades, who was still general and had an ambition that the Achaeans should regard this transaction as his own work, denounced Aratus to Aristomachus as a man who had always been an implacable enemy of tyrants, and after persuading Aristomachus to entrust the matter to himself, brought him before the Achaean council. Then the members of the council put into clearest light their goodwill towards Aratus and their confidence in him. For when he angrily opposed the project, they drove Aristomachus away; but when he had been won over again, and came before them in person, and began to argue for the project, they speedily and readily adopted all his proposals, admitted Argos and Phlius into the league, and a year later! actually choose Aristomachus general. Aristomachus, then, being in high favour with the Achaeans, and wishing to invade Laconia, summoned Aratus from Athens. Aratus wrote him a letter in which he tried to dissuade him from the expedition, and expressed unwillingness to involve the Achaeans in hostilities with Cleomenes, who was daring and 1 In 227 B.c. $i PLUTARCH’S LIVES EXovTL Kat TapaBorws avEavoperep gupTréxea Par TOUS 7 Axavous en Bovropevos, @ppnwevov d€ Tav- TOS UmnKouce Kal TApOv TUVETTPATEVEY. ore 67 Kal KWAUTAS mepl TO IladXavteov TOU Kyeo- jevous eT UPAvEVTOS avtTois wayny cvvawat TOV ‘Apis Topaxov vao Avéiadou Karn yop, Kat Tepl THS oTpaTy yeas ets ayava Kal ayTiTmapay- yedtav avT@ KaTacTas expaTnoe Th XElpoTovia Ni TOOK ATOD mpeOn TTPATHYOS. XXXVI. ’Ev TAUTY Th oTpaTnyia TEpt TO Avxauov itTnOels Uo TOU KXeopevous Epuye’ Kal mravn ders VUKTOS eoge pev teOvavat kal maduy oUTOS 0 AOYOS KAT avTOU TrOAUS eEepoitnaey els TOUS “EXvas" avacwbeis 6€ Kal TOUS oTpPAaTLW- Tas ouvayayov OUK HyaTrno ev aoparas atrerletr, GX’ apicta TO Katp@ X png dpevos ovdevos 7 poo- SoxavTos ovdé cudroyiCopevov Td pedQov eEaip- vns eémérece Mavtivevot cvppayows over Tov KnrXeouévous: Kal THY woAL éEX@v hPpovpav evéBanre Kal TOUS METOLKOUS TOALTAS ETOINTEV AUTOY, Kat fLovos & VLK@YTES OVK AV Padlws EcyYoV éxTHTATO verieneévoss Tois “Ayatois. Addis 6&é TOD Aakedatpoviwy emt Meyadny TOALY TT pareve avTov BonOyoas wKver pev are paxouvTe TO Krcopever Aa Biv Tapaaxelv Kal TOUS Meyadoroniraus Puafonevors avretXen, OvTE ANOS Tpos TAS KaTa oTOpa paxXas ev TEPUKWS Kal TOTE evTropevos Te TANCE Kal TpOs avopa TOAUNTHY Kal véov 7O0n TapaxpagovTe TO Ovpo Kal KexoAXacuevn TH PlroTipla TUVETTNKWS, KAL 1 See the Cleomenes, iv. 3~4. 29o°6 B.c. Cf. the Cleomenes, v. * Cf. the Cleomencs, vi. Q O2 1044 ARATUS xxxv. 4-XXxVI. 3 growing marvellously in power; but, since Aristo- machus was altogether insistent, Aratus obeyed orders and accompanied the expedition in person. It was at this time that he prevented Aristomachus from joining battle when Cleomenes came upon them at Pallantium,! and was denounced therefore by Lydiades, with whom he came into contest and competition for the office of general, winning the vote and being chosen general for the twelfth time. XXXVI. In the campaign of this year? he was defeated by Cleomenes near Mount Lycaeum, and took to flight; and, since he lost his way in the night, he was thought to be dead, and once more a story to this effect had wide currency among the Greeks. But he escaped alive and rallied his soldiers, and then was not content to come off safely, but making the best use of his opportunity, when no one expected or had any idea ot what was to happen, he suddenly made an assault upon Mantineia, which was in alliance with Cleomenes; and having taken the city, he set a garrison there, and made its alien residents full citizens, thus acquiring single-handed for the conquered Achaeans what they could not easily have obtained as conquerors. And again, when the Lacedaemonians made an expedition against Megalopolis,? he went to the aid of the city, but was loth to give Cleomenes a chance for the hand-to-hand fighting which he desired, and resisted the importunities of the Megalopolitans. For he was never at any time well fitted by nature for set battles, and at this time in particular he was inferior in numbers, and was matched against a man who was young and daring, while his own courage was past its prime, and his ambition chastened. He 83 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ¢ A N ~ A 9 al 5] ’ e vouitwrv hv dua TOU ToApav exeivos éE ovY UTap- yout é€xtato ddFav avT@ KexTnpevwm puraxtéor \ A elvas Ota THS evAAaElas. XXXVII. Od pHy adrra TOV Wirov éxdpapov- Tov Kal woapévwmy Tovs Lraptiatas axypt TOD \ oTpatomédou Kal Trepi Tas oxNVaS diacTapévTMD, e \ bd PND Aa bd , 3 bd] b] / o pev "“Apatos ovd’ &s emnjyayev, adr’ ev péow AaBwv yapadpay éréatyce Kal KaTexwAvoe Sia- “A \ ¢. 4 e \ 4 ~ Bhvat tods omritas: o b6€ Avédsadns treperabar , \ Tpos Ta yuyvoneva nat tov “Apatov xaxilwv aA \ e Cal f lal “A AVEKANELTO TOUS LTTELS WS aUTOV, dELOV éTLhavi- a , N \ , vat Tois StwWKOVaL Kat wn TpoéaAat TO viknwa a VN \ A unde CyKaTadiTrely avTOV UTEP THS TaTpiOos ayw- ~ \ 4 vitopevov. ToAAw@Y 5€ cVaTpadévTwY Kal aya- “a / A A aA Odv émippwcbeis évéBare TO S5€Et@ TOY TONELioY \ 4 J 4 e ‘ a) \ nal Tpeyapevos édiwxev, vO Ovpod Kal dirott- 7 pias atamevtws ériotradbels eis ywpia oKxoALa Kal peocta Oévdpwv mepuTevpévmy Kal Tadpor A f a TAATELMV, EV ots EOE pwEevou TOD Kreomévaus érrece A x aA AaALTPAS dywVigapEvos TOV KAAXALTTOV TOV ayo- “a , vov émi Ovpats THS Tarpioos. ot & aAXro dev- \ , youTes els THY hadXayya Kat cuvtapdEavtes Tous € ¢: \ A omAtiTas ONOV TO OTPUTEvMA TIS HTTHS eveTrANCAD. ¢ aitiav 6€ peyadnv o *"Apatos éhaBe Sof€as mpoé- \ sS \ \ e N al 9 ~ aOat Tov Avdtadny: Kat Bracbeis tro Tay Ayatav f ’ A ATEPYOMEVWY TPOS Opyv nKOAOVONGEY aUTOLS Ets Alytov. éxet d€ cuverOovtes erndicarvto wn bu- , a dovat Xpyyata avT@ pndé praGohopous tpéderv, b >] e n 4 by , a GNX’ avT@ Tropivew, et S€oLTo TONEHETY. 84 ARATUS xxxvi. 3-xxxvil. 3 also thought that the glory which his adversary was trying to acquire by his daring and did not possess, had already been acquired by himself and must be preserved by his caution. XXAVII. Nevertheless, his light infantry once made a sally, drove the Spartans as far as to their camp, and were scattered about among the tents. Aratus, however, would not even then lead up his men, but putting a ravine between himself and the enemy, halted there, and would not suffer his men- at-arms to cross it. Then Lydiades, distressed at what was going on, and loading Aratus with re- proaches, called his horsemen to him and exhorted them to go to the help of the pursuers, and not to let the victory slip out of their hands nor leave in the lurch a commander who was fighting in behalf of his native city. Many brave men gathering at his call, he was emboldened to charge upon the right wing of the enemy, which he routed and pursued. But his ardour and ambition robbed him of discretion, and he was drawn on into places that were intricate and full of planted trees and broad trenches. Here Cleomenes attacked him and he fell, after a brilliant and most honourable combat at the gates of his native city. The rest of his men fled to their main line, threw the men-at-arms into confusion, and thus infected the whole army with their defeat. Aratus was severely blamed for this, being thought to have betrayed Lydiades; and when the Achaeans left the field in anger, they forced him to accompany them to Aegium. Here they held an assembly, and voted not to give him money and not to maintain mer- cenaries for him; if he wanted to wage war, he must provide the means himself. 85 PLUTARCH’S LIVES XXXVHI. Ovrw 6é TpoTndaxto Gels éBourev- gato pev evOus atroPéa bat THYv oppayica Kal THD oTpaTnytay apetrar, opr po 6€ xXpngdpevos TOTE [ev Umepetve, KL POS ‘Op xouevov eEayayov TOUS ‘Axatous payny éGeTo pos Meyiatovouv TOV Kreopevous TATPWOV, EV 1) KpaTrjoas Tplaxoctous wey améxtewe, Cavta 88 Tov Merytorovouy J Uv- éhu Bev. elwOas dé oTpaTnyety Tap évlauTon, @S 1) Takts avuT@ Tmepeyre, KANOUBEVOS éFwo- caTO, Kab Tepd£evos npeOn TT PATIHYOS. edaxe dé 7 pev T™pOs TOUS OX AoUS opy? Tpopaces elvat Aeyomevn THS eEwpocias amiBavos, aitia & any Ons Ta TEplerT aT TOUS ‘“Axaous, ovKEO ws TT pO- TEpOV aTpépa Kal oxedny Tov KnXeopévous em Bas- vOVTOS oud €pm LeKopevou TALS TohTeKals apxais, GAN’ érel Tovs éfopous aTroKTEivas Kal THY Kwpay dvadacdpevos Kal TONAOUS TOV HeToiKey €uBa- wv els THY TONTELAY éaxev to xov dvuTrevOuvov, evdus CTLKELMLEVOU TOLS “Axatots KaL TS nryeHovias EQUTOP akvovvtos. 20 Kal péppovras TOV "A pa- TOV €V TAAW peyarep Kal Netmarve TOY T Pay LaTav pepopeveor OoTEp xuBepyntny agevra Kal ™ poé- pevov ETEPO TOUS olaxas, ore KaN@s exe Kal aKov- TOY emia TavTa owvew TO KOLVOV" el O aTEYYMKEL TA TpPaypaTa Kal Ty Suva muy TOV “Axatan, elEat TO Krsouéver, cal wi) radi thy Werorovynoov éxBupBapooat dpovpals Maxedover, unoé ™ANPO- oat Tov ‘AxpoxopiGov “DAupixav OmAwY Kal LTaratixaor, undé ovs avtos év Tais mpakeot Kata- 1 Cf. the Cleomenes, xv. 1. * For the year 224 Bc. 8 Cf. the Cleomenes, vili., xi. oO on 1045 ARATUS xxxvi. 1-4 XXXVIII. Smarting under this insult, he resolved to give up his seal at once, and resign the office of general, but upon reflection he held on for the present, and after leading the Achaeans forth to Orchomenus, fought a battle there with Megistonoiis, the stepfather of Cleomenes, in which he got the upper hand, killing three hundred of the enemy and taking Megistonoiis prisoner. But when, accustomed as he was to be general every other year, his turn came round again and he was invited to take the office, he formally declined,t and Timoxenus was chosen general.22 Now the grounds usually given for this refusal of Aratus, namely, his anger at the people, were not thought to be convincing, and the real reason for it was the situation of the Achaeans. For the invasions of Cleomenes were no longer quiet and restrained, as formerly, nor was he fettered by the civil authorities, but after he had killed the ephors, divided up the land, advanced many resident aliens to the citizenship, and thus got an irresponsible power,? he immediately pressed the Achaeans hard, and demanded the supreme leader- ship for himself. And therefore men blame Aratus, because, when the ship of state was driving in a great surge and storm, he forsook the pilot’s helm and left it to another, although it had been well, even if the people were unwilling, to remain at their head and save them; and if he despaired of the government and power of the Achaeans, he ought to have yielded to Cleomenes, and not to have made Peloponnesus quite barbarous again under Mace- donian garrisons, nor to have filled Acrocorinthus with [Illyrian and Gallic arms, nor, in the case of 87 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oTcaTnyaV Kal KaTaTroNLTevopevos, év € TOIS irrouvnuace NoLdopav SueTéret, TOUTOLS emayesOaL Scomdtas Tals TONETL TULMAKXOUS UToKOpLCopLEVoV. 3 \ ve , 9 / \ e / et 6é Kreopévys av, NeyéoOw yap ovTws, Tapavo- \ , 9 » ee 3 “ , wos Kal TupavyKes, GAN “Hpaxdeidar matépes A =A £ ? \ avt® Kai Swaptn wartpis, js Tov apavéoratov dEtov avTi TOD TpwTOU Makedovwy nyepmova Trovet- \ ” / N € \ , oOat Tovs év Tit AOyo THY EAANVEKNY TtGenévous / ? ebyéverav. Katto. Kreopuévns grec THY apxny A lal \ mapa Tov Axatav WS TOAAA TroLnTwY ayaGa Tas / \ a A \ a , / TONELS AVTL THS TLULAS KALTHS TpocnyopLas exelyns, ’"Aptivovos S& Kal Kata yhv Kal Kata OadatTay abtoxpdtwp iyyenmv avayopevOels ov UmNKOVCE \ \ \ A A , ie A mpiv Tov picOov avT@ THs NYyELovLas oporoynOi- vat tov AxpoxdpivOov, atexva@s Tov Aicwrou pt- 4 / A unodpmevos KUYNyOV. ov yap TpoTEpoy ETEB TOLS > n , NP Le id e \ XN Axatois Seopévors Kat UToBadAovaew avTous dta TeV TperBeLa@y Kal TOY yndiapaTwy 7 TH ppoupa Kal tols Ounpols waoTEp Xadwoupévous avacxe- cba. xaitot wacay 6“Apatos adinat pwvny atro- , e 4 AoyeLouevos Thy avayxnv. o TodrvBeos b€ avroy éx TwoAdoD dyot xal Mpd Tis dvayxns vpopwpe- yov To Opdaos TO TOV Kreopévovs Kpuga TH ’Ayriydve SiaréyerOar, Kal Tos MeyaXoroXitas mpoxabsévat Seopévous "“Ayardv émixareta@ar Tov \ a ’Avtivyovov. oboe yap éméfovto TH TodEum uddiota, TUVEYaS AyovTos avTovs Kat PEpovTos ral / rod Kreopévous. opoiws 8& cat Pvrapyxos toto- 1 Histories, ii. 47, 4 ff 88 ARATUS xxxvir. 4-8 men whom he was always defeating in the fields of war and statesmanship and abusing in the pages of his Commentaries, to have made these men lords over the cities under the endearing name of allies. And if Cleomenes was, as must be granted, lawless and arbitrary, still, Heracleidae were his ancestors, and Sparta was his native land, the meanest citizen of which was more worthy than the foremost Mace- donian to be made their leader by those who had any regard for Greek nobility of birth. And yet Cleomenes asked the Achaeans for the office, with the promise that he would confer many benefits upon their cities in return for that honour and its title, whereas Antigonus, although he was proclaimed leader with full powers by land and sea, would not accept the office until Acrocorinthus had _ been promised him as the pay for his leadership. In this he acted just like Aesop’s hunter. For he would not mount the Achaeans, although they prayed him to do so and presented their backs to him by way of embassies and decrees, until they consented to wear the bit and bridle of the garrison they received and the hostages they gave. And yet Aratus says every- thing that he can say in explaining the necessity that was upon him. Polybius, however, says?! that for a long time, and before the necessity arose, Aratus mistrusted the daring temper of Cleomenes and made secret overtures to Antigonus, besides putting the Megalopolitans forward to beg the Achaeans to call in Antigonus. For the Megalo- politans were most oppressed by the war, since Cleomenes was continually plundering their territory. A similar account of these matters is given by Phylarchus also, in whom, but for the testimony of VOL. XI. p °9 PLUTARCH’S LIVES PNKE Tept TOUTWY, pay TOU IorAvBiov papTupour- TOS ov Tavu TL Tia TEVELY AELOV 7 Hp. evova ed, yap OTav aypnrat TOU KAeopevous, UT evvoias, Kal xabatep év dikn TH toTopia, TQ [MEV AVTLOLKOY dtaTedel, TH O€ cuvaryopever. XXXIX. ’AréBarov 8 oy o “Axatot TH Mavtiveiav, wadww éXovtTes avtny Tov KXeope- vous, Kal payn peyadn mept TO ExatopBarov nr7nGevtes ouTM KATET AA YNO GY OTE TELTPELY evdus éd Jiyepovia TOV Krcopevy KAN OUYTES els "Apyos. o 66” "A patos os no Gero Badifovta Kai mept A€épvav évTa pera TAS duvdpews, poPnbets ATED TENAE T pea Bets TOUS af.obvras @s Tapa pirous Kat TULPLAXOUS QUTOV ipKeLy META T pl axoctwy, et 6€ amlaTtet, AaBeElvy opypovs. TavTa UBpw ewat Kal yrAevacpov avTod dyaas o Kreouevns avelevéev, éemtatoAny ypdawas Tots ‘AYXatois eye djpara TOAAG Kata ToD Apatou Kal diaBoras & exovoav. eypade b€ KiKeivos ért- oToAaS Kara TOU Kreouevous: Kal epéeporro 7 Aowdoptat Kal Bracdnpiae pex pe yaLov Kat YUVALKOV CAAIAOUS KAKWS AeyovTer. "Ex tovTov xypuxa Tréurras o Knreopevns TOAELOV TpoEpovvTa Tos “Ayatois, pLXpOdD pe evade tHv Sexvwviov wordy aptracas 4a mpodo- atas, eyyudev } dé atrotpamreis WerX vn 7pocEeBa- Ne KaL TOU oTpaTnyov tTav “Axyatwv exTrEecoPrTOS EVE THY TOALY. OALyw de DaTepov Kat Deveor éraBe kai evrédXerov. eit’ evOds ’ Apryetor mrpoc- exwpnoav avT@ cat DPrLdotot dpovpav édéEavto: Kal GAwS ovdev ETL TOV érixTHToV BEBatov Hr 1 éyyuvéevy Bekker reads éxet@ev, with the Aldine. go ARATUS xxxvur. 8—xxx1x. 4 Polybius, one should not put entire credence. For goodwill makes his every mention of Cleomenes ecstatic, and as if he were pleading in a court of law, he is for ever accusing Aratus in his history, and defending Cleomenes. XXXIX. So, then, the Achaeans lost Mantineia, which was taken again by Cleomenes, and after being defeated in a great battle at Hecatombaeum they were so dismayed that they sent at once and invited Cleomenes to come to Argos and assume the leadership. But Aratus, when he learned that Cleomenes was on the way and at Lerna with his forces, feared the issue, and sent an embassy to demand that he should come with three hundred men only, as to friends and allies, and that if he was distrustful, he should accept hostages. Cleomenes declared that he was insulted and mocked by this demand, and retired with his army, after writing a letter to the Achaeans which was full of bitter accu- sations against Aratus. Aratus also wrote letters against Cleomenes; and their mutual abuse and defamation reached the point of maligning one another's marriages and wives. As a result of this, Cleomenes sent a herald to declare war against the Aclhiaeans, and almost succeeded in seizing the city of Sicyon with the help of traitors; he turned aside, however, when close at hand, and assaulted and took the city of Pellene, from which the Achaean commander fled. And not long afterwards he took Pheneus also and Penteleium. Then Argos went over to his side, and Phlius received a garrison which he sent. Ina word, not one of their acquisitions longer held firm to the QI lo 4 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOLS Axatois, ara JopuBos TOUS apvw Trept- ELOTIKEL TOV “A parov, opa@vra: THY Iledomovenoor Kpadaivopevny Kal Tas Toes éEaviotapevas UTrO TOV vewTepllovT@v Tav7ayober. XL. “Hrpéper Thee ovder ove€ € eaTEpyED ETL TOES Ta povcy, ANA Kat Sexvwviwrv adtav cat Kopev- Oiwy éyévovto TOOL caTapavers duetAeyévor T® Knreopévee kat drat ™ pos TO KoLvoVv (dtwv émOupla SUvaTTEL@V UTOVAWS EXovTEs. él TOU- TOUS é£ovciar avuTevOuvov oO “A patos AaBov TOUS pev ev Suxvove Sep appevous aTrEKTELVE, Tous 6€ €V Kopiv8@ TELPW[LEVOS avatnreiv Kat Korabety efny plate 70 T7805 76n vooovv Kai Sapuvopevov thy vTO Tots ‘A Xatots ToNTELaV. cuvepapovtes ouv Els TO TOU ‘AToAR@VOS (epov HETET EWTOVTO TOV “Aparov, avenely u) ouraBetv Tpo THS aToaTdcEews éyvwxotes. o 66 KE meV autos éperkouevos Tov immov ws ovK amiacTav OVE UTOTTEVWY, AVATNONTAaVTWY bE TOAABV Kal NoLdopovmevVv AUTH Kal KaTHYOpOWWTwY ED TwS xaQeoT@TL T® TpoTMTHW Kal T@ AOYO TpPdws exedeve Kabiaat cal pn Boav ataKxtws éataTtas, andra Kab TOUS Tept Qupas évtas eicw Taptevat Kat Tavd apa Aéyoou vmeg rel Badny ws Ta. pa.- dwowy Tivi Tov immov. ovTws dé vimexdvs Kai Tols UTavT@ot TaV Kopwbtwv adopvBas diare- youevos Kal KeXevwr pos TO’ AToAXNwVLOV Babt- fev, ws érade ANT Lov THS dkpas YEVOLEVOS, avannonaas él TOV immov Kab Krcorrdat pe TO apxYovTt THs hpovpts Staxedevoapevos eyKpaTas ' With this chapter cf. the Cleomenes, xvii.—xix. 1. SOLS Chia. Xilnele g2 1046 ARATUS xxxix. 4-xXL. 4 Achaeans, but a vast confusion suddenly encompassea Aratus. Hesaw Peloponnesus shaking, and its cities everywhere stirred to revolt by restless agitators.1 XL. For there was no quiet anywhere, and no contentment with present conditions, but even among the Sicyonians and Corinthians themselves there were many who were known to have been in conference with Cleomenes, men whom a desire for private domination had long ago led into secret hostility towards the common interests. For the punishment of these men Aratus was clothed with absolute power,” and seizing those in Sicyon who were thus corrupted he put them to death; but when he tried to seek out and chastise those in Corinth, he roused the resentment of the populace there, which was already disaffected and ill at ease under the Achaean administration. So they as- sembled hastily in the temple of Apollo and sent for Aratus, determined to kill him or seize him, and then to revolt. Ele came, accordingly, leading his horse after him, as though he had no distrust or suspicion, and when many sprang up and abused and denounced him, with a composed countenance and gentle words he bade them sit down and not stand there shouting in disorderly fashion, but to admit also those who were outside at the door; and as he spoke, he withdrew slowly, as if he would hand his horse over to somebody. Having thus slipped out of the crowd, he conversed calmly with the Corinthians who met him, bidding them go to the temple of Apollo, and so, before his enemies were aware of it, came nigh the citadel. Then he leaped upon his horse, and after giving orders to Cleopater the commander of the garrison in the citadel to guard 93 PLUTARCH’S LIVES - b 4 b an , purAdtTTev adimmevoey ets LKvVova, TpiaKxovTa Mev AUTO TTpPATLWTO@V ETOMEVMV, TOV bE AAOV éykaTantTovT@V Kal SiappvevTwv. b] , 3 € Yr ? b] 3 / \ Aic@opevoe 6 ot KoptvOtoe per edtyov THY nw 4 ¢ aToépaciv avtov Kal diwkaytes, ws ov KaTéXa- , \ ve f N , Bov, petevéuavto tov Kreopevn xat trapébo- N 3 gav 7)v TONAL ovder olopevep LapBaver Tap auTov TocoUTov 6aovu 61)) 1) ua prev apevtor’ ‘Apatov. \ oUTOS ey OUD, T POTyEVOpLEV OV avT@ TOV THY heyouevny “AKTHY KATOLKOU TOV Kal Tas monets eyXelpiadvTwr, ameatTaupov Kal TepteTeryile TOV Se, XLI. Td 6é’Apat@ cui Oov ets Lexvova TOV ‘uae ov Tonnot: 3 Kal yevoperns exknotas npedn TT pAaTHyOs AUTOKPATwp. Kat TEPLET THT ATO ppoupav ék TOV EAUTOD TONLTOY, THLAKOVTA [eV , a y an étn Kal Tpta me7rodTevpévos ev Tois ‘Axatots, i n e mempwtevews O€ Kat duvaper kat So&n tov “EX- ANVOV, TOTE O€ EPHLOS KAL ATTOPOS TUVYTETPLUBEVOS, nn 6 @omep eT, vavaylov THs TaTtpidos €y ToTOUTH , N garAw Kai Kivdvvm Stadepomevos. Kai yap Ai- twrot Seouévov BonGety atreitravto, Kal THV ? g U / a ? / ‘ A@nvatwy wokw yapitt tot “Apatov mpo8upov S e \ fies eee f \ ’ / / ovoay ot mept Kvpuxretdnv cai Mixiwva dvexo- Avgav. dvTwy d¢ TO "ApaT@ Kal XpnuaTov ev , € KopivOe@ xai otxias, 0 Kvyeopévns tpyato pér ? \ 2 Q\ ” v f \ ovoevos ovde adXAGY elacge, petaTEe“apevos 6¢é a ‘ Tous dirovs avtTov Kai tous Sioicntas éxédeve 1 ov woAAoi Ziegler, with S& and most good MSS.: oi mwoAAol. 94 ARATUS xu. 4-x11. 2 it with a strong hand, he rode off to Sicyon, followed by only thirty of his soldiers; the rest deserted him and dispersed. After a little while the Corinthians learned of his fight and pursued him, but did not overtake him. Then they sent for Cleomenes and delivered their city into his hands,! although he thought that he had gained by what they gave him far less than he had lost by their letting Aratus get away. Cleomenes, accordingly, after the accession to him of the inhabitants of Acte, as the district is called, who placed their cities in his hands, proceeded to run a wall and palisade about Acrocorinthus. XLI. But a few of the Achaeans came together with Aratus at Sicyon; and in an assembly there held he was chosen general with full powers. And now he surrounded himself with a guard from among his own citizens. For three-and-thirty years he had directed public affairs among the Achaeans, and had enjoyed more power and reputation than any other Greek ; but now, abandoned by his allies and helplessly crushed, he was like one drifting about in great surge and peril on the wreck of his native city. For the Aetolians refused him their aid when he asked for it, and the Athenians, whom gratitude made eager to help him, were prevented by Eury- cleides and Micion.?_ As for the house and property belonging to Aratus in Corinth, Cleomenes would not touch them at all, nor permit anyone else to do so, but sent for the friends and stewards of Aratus and ordered them to administer and watch over 1 Karly in 223 B.c. The story is told very differently in the Cleomenes. xix. 1 f. * Two leading orators of the time. 95 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ’ A ’ ld id muvta dtoxeiv' kat duradoceyv ws Apatw Aoyov e , > 4 X \ ] \ v 4 upéEovtas: tdta b€ mpos avTov Ereuwe Tpimvudov , N ‘ 4 xat mddkw Meytotovovy Tov Tatpwov vmlayvov- pevos aANA TE TWOAAA Kal SwoeKa TddraVTA , , , al / cuvtakiv éviavotov, uTepBadrdopevos TO Nutoer wn nn \ A a 3 IItoNepatov: exetvos yap €& Tadavta TO Apat@ ? b] N ? , ? , ‘ “ > ~ Kat évavtov améotedrev. n&touv dé Tav Axat@v A a >] a“ HYEM@V avayopevenvat Kat KOLYn MET AUTOV f \ ’ , a \ ? , durtacce tov “AxpoxopwOov. Tod oé ’Apatou \ A PHNTAVTOS WS OVK EYOL TA TpdypaTa, paAXrov bé Un auT@v éyotto, Kal Kateipwvevaacbar 80- b] N Or x Sv , 3 f Eavtos, €uBarwy evdus thy XkKvwviav éroplet \ \ “ “A f A Kat KaTépbetpe Kat mpocexaOnto Th monet Tpels A A nw 2 any, 7 unvas, éyxaptepovvtos Tov ‘Apdatov Kal é&a- nn f N ? , lal mopovvtos et Oé€erat Tov ‘Avtiyovoy él Te A \ ’ , v \ > Tapadovvar tov “AxpoxoptvOov' addws yap ovK €Bovreto Bonbetv. , e XLU. Of pev obv ’Ayatot cuvernrvOortes els ” b A \ ” ’ , 9 \ 4 Alytov éxet Tov "Apatov éxanrouv. ty 6€ xivdvvos, fa) , , tov KXeomévous pos TH TOAEL OTPATOTEsEVOVTOS, AveAOety. Kal KaTEtxXov of ToNtTAaL, Seomevor Kal \ A a / % wponctecbat TO THA TOY TWONELLWY eyyUS GYTWY rd 4 aA A ov dackovtes’ eEnptnvTo 5é€ avTOD Kal yuraiKes > “ ef ‘ A A On KAL TALES WAOTEP TATPOS KOLVOU Kal TWTHPOS \ , TEPLEYOMELOL Kal OaKpvorTEs. OU pNY ddAdA Oap- \ / ? puvas Kal mapapvOnodpevos avtous éFimmevaoer ? \ \ 4 v , , ‘ \ él thy Oaratrav, Eywov déxa didous Kat Tov ' dioixeiy suggested by Sintenis, with comparison of (leomenes, Xix. 3: morety, g6 1047 ARAILUS xem 2—XLil.-2 everything as though they are to render an account to Aratus. Moreover, he privately sent Tripylus to Aratus, and afterwards Megistonoiis, his stepfather, promising to give him, besides many other things, a yearly pension of twelve talents, thus doubling the amount which Aratus received annually from Ptolemy; for he sent six talents each year to Aratus.1 Cleomenes demanded, however, that he should be proclaimed leader of the Achaeans, and together with them should have the keeping of Acrocorinthus. Aratus made answer that he did not control affairs, but rather was controlled by them; whereupon Cleomenes, thinking himself mocked, at once invaded the territory of Sicyon, ravaged and laid it waste, and encamped before the city three months. All this while Aratus held out patiently, and debated with himself whether he should accept Antigonus as an ally on condition of handing over to him Acrocorinthus! for on any other terms Antigonus was unwilling to give him help.? XLII. Accordingly, the Achaeans came together at Aegium and invited Aratus thither. But there was danger in his trying to get there, since Cleomenes was encamped before Sicyon. Besides, the citizens tried to detain him, beseeching him not to go and refusing to let him expose himself while the enemy were near; and presently the women and children were clinging to him and tearfully embracing him as a common father and preserver. Nevertheless, after encouraging and comforting them, he rode out to the sea, accompanied by ten friends and by his 1 Ptolemy III., surnamed Euergetes, king of Egypt 247— wo eC: 2 Cf. the Cleomenes, xix. 3 f£. 97 3 bo 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES vidv 6n veaviay ovTa’ Kai TapopLovYTwY éxet , ? Uae ? ” / Troiwy, émeBavTes eis Alylov trapexopicOncar > A \ ? / ? @ “~ \ ? ? éeml THY ExkAnalay, €v 7 KaXrElY TOV AvTiyovoy ? \ / \ ’ , éewndicavto cal mapadidovat tov ’AxpoxoptvOov. 4 \ \ \ eX wv \ > ‘ \ Ereuwe 5 kal Tov viov “Apatos mpos avTov peta al ry ; ¢. ? , nm TOY AAAwWY O-NnpwWY. eh ots of KopivOroe yareTas deportes Ta TE Ypnpata cejptTacay avTovd Kal S > / a / \ yv Thy oixiav T@® Kreopéver dwpeav ESwxar. A , XLII. Tot & ’Avtiyovov mpoactovtos 67 peta Ths Suvdpews (Aye b€ meCous diopvpious Make- , e a , dovas, (mets 5€ ytNiouvs Kal TpLaKOGtoUS) aTnVTA rn a ¢ % a N HeTa TaV Onutovpyov o “Apatos avT@ Kata \ / Oarattav eis Unyds, KaOwv tors Todepious, ov A / mavu Te Oapp@v tov ’Avtiyovoy o¥6€ miaTEvwY aA , v \ ? / e N tots Maxedoouw. der yap nvEnpévoy éavtov cE wy éxelvous Kax@s éTroinoe Kal TPwTNY ELAN- lo {4 hota peylotny urodect THS TOALTELAaS THY TPOS ? , \ \ v ’ Nay ? Avtiyovoy Tov TraXaov €xOpav. adda opev arra- palTnToyv émixelpevny avayeny Kal Tov Kalpov, @ 7 a ” \ \ SovrEvovaty of SoKovYTES apYeELV, EXWPEL TPOS TO e ? ~ ? Seevov. o b€ Avtiyovos, ss Tis AUT@ TpogLovTa ‘ # Vv \ 4 La ? , tov Apatov eppace, Tovs pev AXXOVS NaTTaGaTO MeTPLWS Kal KolV@s, exeivoy b&€ Kal TEpL THY TpeTny avavtnow édéEato TH Tih TWEplTTHS, x Cy , b ] \ >] na A a Kal TaANG Tretpwpuevos avdpos ayabod Kal vovv » ‘4 n. , , Exovtos évooTepw THS YpElas TpoanyayeEro. > 4 Kai yap jv o "Apatos ov povov év mpaypact 98 ARATUS xii. 2-xLill. 3 son, who was now a young man. Vessels were lying at anchor off the shore, and upon these the party were conveyed to Aegium, where the assembly was sitting. Here it was voted to call in Antigonus and hand over to him Acrocorinthus.t Aratus even sent his son to Antigonus with the other hostages. At this the Corinthians were indignant; they plundered his property and made a present of his house to Cleomenes. XLII]. And now, as Antigonus was approaching with his forces (he was follow ed by twenty thousand Macedonian footmen and thirteen hundred horse), Aratus, in company with his High Councillors,? went by sea to meet him at Pegae, eluding the enemy. He had no very great confidence in Antigonus, and put no trust in the Macedonians. For he knew that his own rise to power had been a consequence of the harm he had done to them, and that he had found the first and the chief basis for his conduct of affairs in his hatred towards the former Antigonus.? But sceing how inexorable was the necessity laid upon him in the demands of the hour, to which those we call rulers are slaves, he went on towards the dread ordeal. But Antigonus, when he was told that Aratus was coming to him, gave the rest of the party an ordinary and moderate welcome; Aratus, however, he received at this first meeting with superlative honour, and afterwards, finding him to be a man of worth and wisdom, drew him in closer intimacy to himself. For Aratus was not only helpful in large under- 1 In the spring of 223 B.c. Cf. the Cleomenes, xix. 4. 2 A body of ten men, chosen as admirers of the general. 8 Antigonus Gonatas. See the note on xxxiv. 1. 99 PLUTARCR’S LIVES peyandous cipEtMOs, adra Kat o XO Sovre Bactde ouryyevérbar Tap ovTevody emixapts. 610, Kaltrep @V VvEOS O ’Avtiyovos, ws KaTEVONGE Thy puow tod avdpos pndey apyov eis pidiav Baoirixny ovcay, ov povov “Ayaan, andra Kat Maxedovon TOV GUY aUuT@ Tay Tw pddiata. * XP@pevos Exel Sueréder’ Kab TO onpetov améBatvev @S 0 Geos ert Tay iepav dee. Reéverat yap ov mpo TOANOD BvovtTe T@ ’Apdtw dvo Koras ey trate pavivac ea mipens _ Teplexopevas: Kal TOV pavrTiy Eeltrely Os TAXU Tpos Ta éxOtara Kal TONE MLOTATA ouvercL els axpay pidiay. TOTE bev ovv TrapynveyKe TO pnOév, ove AXAWS TrOAU vé“ov TLITEWS Lepois Kal Havrevpact, GANA TO Loyeo pep XPopevos. émel oe D Uatepov ev Xwpovr- Tl TO TORE MD cuvayayov o ‘Aptiryovos éotiagw év Kopi Kal TONAOUS vTrodexouevos TOV "Apa- Tov éemdva KaTEKALVED éavTod, Kal peETa pax pov aityaas mepiBoratoy npwtnaeyv et Soxel KaKelvo Woxos éivat, Tov d€ Kal mavu peyoov pyncavTos, éxéXeuge 7 poo xwpety ey yuTepa Kat OaTrLoos KopLt- aeons dpdotepous o“ov TreptéBarov ot aides, tote 67) Tov "Apatov avayvnobévta Tay iepav éxeivarv yéXws éXaSe, kal dunyeito TO Baciret TO onuétov Kal THY Tpoayopeval. arra TavTA pep émpaxen yoovocs VoTeEpov. XLIV. ’Ev dé taiés IInyais Sovres Kat NaBovtes Spxous evdus éBadslov emt Tovs Todeutovs. Kal Tepl Thy TOA ayaves oav, ev TeppaypLevou 1 ravrwy utdtora Corads and Ziegler, after Reiske: mdvra. 100 ARATUS xu. 3-xLiv. 1 takings, but also more acceptable than anyone else as a companion in the king’s leisure hours. There- fore, although Antigonus was young, as soon as he perceived that Aratus was naturally well fitted to be a king’s friend, he continually treated him with greater intimacy than anyone else, whether of the Achaeans, or of the Macedonians in his following ; and thus the omen proved true which the god had given to Aratus in his sacrificial victims. For it is related that as he was sacrificing a little while before this, a liver was found which had two gall-bladders enclosed in a single coil of fat; whereupon the seer had declared that Aratus would soon enter into close friendship with what he most hated and fought against. At the time, then, Aratus paid no heed to the utterance, since in general he put little faith in victims and divinations, and trusted rather to his reasoning powers. Later, however, when the war was going on well, Antigonus gave a feast in Corinth, at which he had many guests, and made Aratus recline just above himself. After a little while the king called for a coverlet, and asked Aratus if he too did_ not think it cold ; and when Aratus replied that he was very chilly, the king ordered him to come nearer ; so that the rug which the servants brought was thrown over both of them together. Then, indeed, Aratus called to mind his sacrificial victims and burst out laughing, and told the king about the omen and the seers prediction. But this took place at a later time. XLIV. At Pegae Antigonus and Aratus exchanged oaths of fidelity, and straightway marched against the enemy at Corinth. And there were conflicts about the city, Cleomenes being well fortified, and To] PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov Keo pevous Kal TOU Kopubiar @Lvvomeveov TpoOvpws. év TrovTw b€ “AptatoTédns o “Apyetos ptros OV "Apdtov Oram eumreTat xpupa ™ pos aT OV, os aTOTTHOWY THY TOD, el STPATLOTAS exelvos EXov érGot. 70d dé “Apatou ppdcavTos 7 “AvTUyov@ Kal pera YiXiwv Kal TevTAaKociwy els ‘Emidavpov G3 ‘To8 nob Totors KopeeComevov KaTa TAX OS, ob pe “Apyetoe T™poeavactayt es émeBevTo TOUS TOU Kreopevous KAL KATEKAELTAY Eis THY axpoTrodw, 0 oe Kreopuevns v8 pevos 1048 TavTa, Kal Selcas pn KATATXOVTES Ol ToNEMLOL TO "Apyos aTroKxoWoow avrov TIS otxade oWTN- plas, é exdcTr@v TOV: “AxpoxoptvOov € ETL VUKTOS éBon- der. Kal mapeOav pev els “Apyos epOn KL T pom ny TWA TOV TOE LLOV emoingey, odiyp dé bo Tepov * A patou T poo pe popevov Kal Tov Baot- News emupaivouevov peTa THis Suva pews an eX@pne ev Els Martivevay. eK TOUTOU TOLS pay AXarois Twarw at ToneLs aT acat Tporexwpn- gay, "Aptiryovos 6€ Tov A xpoxopirbov Tapéraenv, “Apatos 6€ oTpaTnyos aipeeis UT’ "A pyétav em eLoev avtous ’Avtiyova Ta TE TOV TUpAvVaD Kat TA TOV mpodot ay yenpata Swpeav Sodvat. Tov 0€ “A plat opayoy ev Keyxpeats otpeBhoaaves KATETOVTLCAY, eb O Kat padiata KAK@S Heovoev “Aparos, as dvOparov ou Tovnpov, arra Ka wexpnuéror éxelv@ Kal TET ELS LEVOY adeivar THD apy ny Kal T™ pogayaryety Tots “Axatots THV TONY, OMWS TmepriO@y Tapavonos aTONNUpEVOD. XLV. “Héy 6é «Kal: TOY addwv EKELVO TAS aitias émédepor, olov 6Tt THY pev Kopwbiev TOA 102 7 ARATUS xtiv. I-xLv. 1 the Corinthians defending themselves with ardour. Meanwhile, however, Aristotle the Argive, who was a friend of Aratus, sent secretly to him and promised to bring his city to revolt from Cleomenes if Aratus would come thither with soldiers. So Aratus, after informing Antigonus, took fifteen hundred men and sailed from the Isthmus to Epidaurus with all speed.? But the Argives, revolting prematurely, attacked the garrison of Cleomenes and shut them up in the citadel, and Cleomenes, learning of this, and fearing that if his enemies got possession of Argos they would cut him off from a safe return home, abandoned Acrocorinthus while it was still night and went to their aid. He succeeded in getting into Argos first, routing some of the enemy on the way; but shortly afterwards Aratus came up, and Antigonus showed himself with his forces, and Cleomenes therefore retreated to Mantineia. Upon this the cities all came over to the Achaeans again, Acrocorinthus was handed over to Antigonus, and Aratus, having bcen chosen general by the Argives, persuaded them to make a present to Antigonus of the property of the tyrants and of the traitors. As for Aristomachus, he was tortured at Cenchreae and then thrown into the sea; for which deed, more than any other, Aratus was reproached, on the ground that he had allowed a man to be lawlessly put to death who was not wicked, but had coéperated with him, and at his persuasion had renounced his power and attached his city to the Achaean League.? “XLV. Presently, too, men began to blame Aratus for whatever else was done, as, for instance, that the 1 Cf. the Cleomenes, xx. 3 f. 2 Cf. chap. xxxv. 103 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ’ A , 6 \ aN e A ‘ Avtiyovm Sdwpeav ébwxav, @oTED KWENY THV TU- A N y \ 7 (os yxovaav, Tov ‘Opxopevov b€ cuvexwpyncayv avT@ if \ bf] a 4 duaptacavte dpovpayvy éuBaretv Maxedovixny, éewnficavto d¢ dd\Xw pn ypadew Bactret pode , 8 ’ TpeaSevery pos aAdAov aKovtos ’Avteyovon, a \ 2 Tpehery Te nal ptacGodotety hnvayxafovto tovs f , ~ Makxesdovas, Oucias 6€ nal Tomas Kal ayovas "Avtiyovm cuvetéXoun, apEapévwv T@v’ Apatov Tro- A N , A , egy , e 9 To Kai SeEauéevwv TH TOAEL TOY AvTiyovoy UT > wn “ ‘Apatov Eemlouevov, ntt@vto mwavtTwy éxeivor, A of A s 4 G@YVOOUVTES OTL TAS NYLAS ExElv@ TrapaledwKas \ AaCees a aA 3 id b 4 Kat TH pupn THS Bactruxhs eherxopevos eEovaias ? \ = A , a ” 4 3 a ovdevos Hv 7) povns dwvis Ett KUptos, éemiadhary / A A 3 TY Tappynaiay eyovans. emrel havepws ye TOAAG A ‘ ‘ TOV TpaTTOMEvwY éLUTEL TOV” ApaToY, WaTED TO A 4 id \ i TEpL TOV EtKoVWY? Oo yap AvTiyovos Tas Mev TOV 3 wv te , bd , ev Apye: tupavywy xataBeBrnpevas avéotyae, \ \ a e 4 \ b] s e 4 Tas 6€ TOY ELovTwWY TOY AxKpoKopiwOov éEotwaas b) 7 A A a b] / \ \ \ avetpewe TAY LLasS THS EXELVOU’ Kal TOANA TEP , \ ev bf v sO / ‘ 4 touvtwy denbeis o”Apatos ove erretcev. edoKet bE \ N \ . ? b ¢ ~ aA Kai Ta Tept Mavtiveray ovx ‘EAAnviKas St@Kh- ofa trois 'Ayaois. Kpaticavtes yap avtov be , \ "Aptiyovou tous pev €vdoEotatovs Kal wpwrTous 3 / a b A ‘ \ 9 he amtéxTetvav, TOV 8 AAAWY TOUS pEeVv amédorTO, \ S 3 we 5 , b Ul 3 28 1 TOUS ets Maxedoviavy ameoteiXayv év medals a“ aA 4 Sedenuévous, taidas 6€ Kat yuvaixas nvdpatTosi- A 4 gavto, Tov de auvaxyOévtos apyvpiov TO TpLTOV \ a avtot StetAovTo, Tas b€ SVO poipas Evetpay Tots 1 éy wé5ats Sint.?, followed by Ziegler: méSais. 104 ARATUS xiv. 1-4 Achaeans made a present to Antigonus of the city of Corinth, as if it had been an ordinary village; that they allowed the king to plunder Orchomenus and put a Macedonian garrison in it; that they decreed not to write or send an embassy to any other king against the wishes of Antigonus; that they were forced to furnish supplies and pay for the Macedonian troops; and that they celebrated sacri- fices, processions, and games in honour of Antigonus, the fellow-citizens of Aratus leading the way and receiving Antigonus into their city, where he was the guest of Aratus. For all these things men blamed Aratus, not knowing that, since he had entrusted the reins to the king and was dragged along in the wake of the king's power, he was no longer master of anything except his tongue, which it was dangerous for lin to use with freedom. At any rate Aratus was plainly annoyed at many acts of the king, and especially at his treatment of the statues in Argos ; for those of the tyrants, which had been cast down, Antigonus set up again, while those of the captors of Acrocorinthus, which were standing, he threw down, that of Aratus only excepted; and though Aratus made many appeals to him in the matter, he could not persuade him. It was thought also that the treatment of Mantineia by the Achaeans was not in accord with the Greek spirit. For after mastering that city with the aid of Antigonus, they put to death the leading and most noted citizens, and of the rest, some they sold into slavery, while others they sent off into Macedonia in chains, and made slaves of their wives and children, dividing a third of the money thus raised among themselves, and giving the remaining two-thirds to the Macedonians. 105 5 Z PLUTARCH’S LIVES Maxedoou, Kal Tavra pev ExYe TOV THS apuvns vopLov' Kal yap et Sewvov avopas opopudous Kab ouryyevels OUTW peTaxetpioac bat bu Opry GXW év avayKats YAUKD yiveTaL Kal ody pov,} KaTa Lipovidny, OOTEP aryobvrt TO dupe Kal prery- paivorTt Oeparretay Kab dvaT Anpwsw mpoo pe- povTor. Ta be peTa, TavTa mpaxGevra, TEpl Thy TOLD our cig KaANY OUT ELS dvarykaiay €oTL décbas ™® ‘Apato@ Tpopacty. TOV yap “Ayacav Tip Tok Tap’ ‘Avruyovou dwpeav ha Bovtov Kal KATOLKLCELY EYVWKOTWY AUTOS oOlKLiaTHS ailpeOels Kal TTpATHYOS Ov eynpicato pnere Kanetv Mavtiverav, adn ‘Avtuyoveray, 0 0 kal HEX pl vov Kanreitar. Kal doxet du éxetvov 7 peév épatewn Mavtiveta ravtaracw éEarnridOat, diapéver Sé 1) TOALS EMWVULOS TOV ATOAETAVT@V Kal aVEdOV- TWY TOUS TOALTAS. NLVI. ’Ex tovtrov Kreopévns pev ntrnbeis pax peyarn mepl Lehraciav efeduTre THY LwapTyy Kal an em hevoev ets Alyumrov, ‘Avti- yovos oe mavTa Ta dixata Kal prravOpora TO “Apato TETOINKWS ave lev Eev els MaxeSoviav, KUKEL VOTWY ON TOV 6uddoxov Tis Bactretas Pirimmor, ovTe Tavu petpaxcov OvTa, MELT OV els TleNorovynoov “Apat@ padoTa 7 poaexey exehevoe kal dv éxelvou Tais mONEoLY evTuxely Kal yvopicOivar toils Ayatois. Kal pevto Kal 1 val oxAnpoy with Bergk (Poct. Lyr. Gr. iii.* p. 530): nat ov axAnpdr. + The repeated treacheries of the Mantineians towards the Achaeans are related at length in Polybius, ii. 57 f. * Homer, J/éad, ii. 607. 106 1049. ARATUS xiv. 4-XLvI. 2 It is true that this came under the law of reprisal ;} for though it is a terrible thing to treat men of the same race and blood in this way, out of anger, still ‘in dire stress even cruelty is sweet,” as Simonides says, when men, as it were, give satisfaction and heal- ing care to a mind that is in anguish and inflamed. But the subsequent treatment of the city by Aratus was neither necessary nor honourable, and cannot be excused. For after the Achaeans had received the city from Antigonus asa present and had decided to colonize it, Aratus himself was chosen to be the founder of the new settlement, and being then general, got a decree passed that the city should no longer be called Mantineia, but Antigoneia, and this is its name down to the present time. And so it was due to Aratus that the name of “lovely Mantineia ” ? was altogether extinguished, and the city continues to bear the name of him who destroyed and slew its former citizens.° XLVI. After this, Cleomenes, having been de- feated in a great battle at Sellasia,4 forsook Sparta and sailed off to Egypt, and Antigonus, after having accorded to Aratus fair and kindly treatment in every way, led his army back to Macedonia. There, being now a sick man, he sent Philip, his successor in the kingdom, who was still a stripling, into the Pelopon- nesus, and urged him to attach himself to Aratus above all others, and through him to deal with the cities and make the acquaintance of the Achaeans. 8 The old name of the city was restored by the Emperor Hadrian. Pausanias, viii. 8. 12. 4 In 221] n.c., ef. the Cleomenes, xxviii. ff. 107 PLUTARCH’S LIVES waparaBov avr OV o "A patos otTMs d€OnKev @ OaTE TONS ev EUVOLAS POS aUTOD, TOAANS de pos TAS ‘Edrnvexas mpakes tAoTipias Kal opuns uweotov eis Maxedoviay atrooTetAat. XLVI. Tedevtycavtos 6€ “Avtiyovov KarTa- ppovicavres Aitwrol TOV “A Xarov dua THY padv- pay (€0ca eves yap GROTPLALS cwler bat Xepot Kal Tous Makedovev omoes AUTOUS UTETTANKOTES eV apyig TOAAN Kat aragiq dunyov) émé0evTo Tols KaTa TleAomovenaov T paypac Kat THY peev llarpéwy Kat Avpaior AenAaalav ood Tape pryov émrotngavro, TY 6€ Meco yvny eu Barovres em op- 2 Oouv. ep ois o "A patos aryavar Tov Kal Tov oTpaTHnyourTa TOTE TOV “AX aLov Tepo£evov opav oxvodyTa Kal dratpiBovra TOV Xpovov, hon THs oTpatnyias aUT@ TENEUTOONS, AUTOS 1 pNpEvos apxew eT éxetvov TpoéAaBev 1)mépats TEVTE THY apynv évexa TOU BonOjoat Meconvias. Kal cuvaryayav TOUS “AXatovs TOU TE cwpacw aryu- pvdaTous OvTas Kal Tats dravotats EXAEAUHEVOUS 3 mpos Tov ToAEu“ov nTTaTAaL Tept Kagdvas’ Kat Ouyixwtepov éeatpatnynxéevat Sofas ottTws av Tdrw amrnuBrUvOn Kal TpariKaTO Ta TpayLata Kal Tas é€XrrlOas, WaoTE TONAAKIS AABNY TOUS Alttwrous Twapacyovtas avéyerOur Kat Teptopav woTrep Kwudlovtas év tH WNeXomrorvjow peta 4 TOMS do edyelas kat Opaourytos. avis ovv Tas Xelpas operyov Tes els Maxeédoviar € eTETTOVTO Kal KaTiyov emt Tas ‘EdAnvexas mp kets TOV Dirirrov, ox xtata dua THY TMpos TOV” ApaTtoy —_———— 1 In 22} B.c. See the Cleomenes, xxx. ») Y 3 . * In 220 B.c. See the Cleomenes, xxxiv. 1. 108 ARATUS x.vi. 2-xLvul. 4 And indeed Aratus did take the prince in hand, and managed matters so us to send him back to Mace- donia full of great goodwill towards his patron and of ardour and ambition for the conduct of Hellenic affairs. XLVII. But upon the death of Antigonus! the Aetolians, despising the Achaeans on account of their slothful ways (for now that they were accustomed to save themselves by other men’s prowess and had taken shelter behind the Macedonian arms, they were living in great inactivity and lack of discipline), proceeded to interfere in the affairs of Pelopon- nesus;* and after plundering the territories of Patrae and Dyme on their way, they invaded Messenia and ravaged it. At this Aratus was incensed, and seeing that Timoxenus, who at that time was general of the Achaeans, was hesitant and dilatory, since his term of office was just about to expire, he himself, having been chosen to succeed Timoxenus, anticipated his term of office by five days for the sake of giving aid to the Messenians, And having assembled the Achaeans, who were physically and mentally unfit for war, he met with defeat at Caphyae. Then, being thought to have conducted the campaign with too much ardour, his purposes were once more blunted and he gave up the cause and his hopes for lost, so that oftentimes, when the Aetolians gave him an advantage, he neglected it, and suffered them to revel, as it were, in Peloponnesus, with great boldness and wanton- ness. Once more, therefore, the Achaeans stretched out their hands imploringly to Macedonia, and brought Philip down to take part in Hellenic affairs, above all things because his goodwill towards Aratus 109 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ww by ‘a! \ , 9 , 5) s Q EVVOLAY AUTOUV KAL TLOTLY EATLCOVTES EVKOAW TEPL mavra ypncecOat nat yetpor et. f la a“ XLVIIL. Kai tore rpa@tov ’Aveddov cat Meya- a ? / Néov Kai Tlywy avriKo@v aArOV diaBadrOvTwv X wv ’ \ e ld \ tov “Apatov avaTeiclets o Baairevs, Kai cup- apyaipeciacas Tos amo THs évavtias ctdcews, ? N €atrovoace tors ‘Ayatous édécOat otpatnyov f ‘Emjpatov. ws 6 éxeivov pev catadpovovpevov 4 e N' a bd la) A , 9? 2: TEMEWS UTO TOY “AyYaLov, Tov d€ “Apatouv Tap- “a “ , / , apedovvTos eyiveTo TOY yYpHoipwy ovdév, eyvw aA \ € U \ Otapaptaywy Tov Tavtos o Pikimmos. Kal dva- 4 ° ? \ x ww 4 s 5) / Kpovo dpevos avdis emi Tov» Apatov OAOos rv éxelvov, A a > i Kal TOV TeayLaT@V avT@® pos Te Suvamiy Kal \ bw , b , 5] , n b] 4 mpos eveokiav éemididovtwy éEnptnto Tod avépos, ws 6. éxeiroy evdoxipav Kal av&douevos. éddxer ~ ¢ WwW b ) / , >) \ Te Tadiv 0 Apatos ov povoy dnuoxpatias, adda \ f > \ z / ¢ Ay kal BaotreElas ayaos eivat tatdaywyos: 1) yap “A \ \ ° ~ a Tpoatpeats avTov Kai To 700s ws yYp@pua Tais ? n bd / \ e mpateat Tod Bacthéws errepaiveto. Kal yap 1) ‘ 4 , / lal mpos Aakedathoviovs auaptovtas peTpLoTns TOU , \ ¢ N n ¢ / Te ef veavioxou Kat 7 mpos Kphtas operia, dv 5 bdXnv \ A / 2, 7 TpoonyayeTo THY VvooVv iwépats OArLyaLS, H TE f A mpos AttwXovs otpateta yevowevn Oavyactas y \ b) id \ a) ld / ’ evepyos evreiGeias pev TO PidimTe dd£av, evBov- lal f 1 \ n. dias 6€ TO ’"Apadtw mpoceti9a. Kai Sta tadTa a € aA / HadrXov ot Bacirtxol POovodrtes, ws obdév eTépat- vov Kkpvda d:aBddXovtes, avadhavdov érotdopodvro , a \ Kal TpocéKpovoy avT@ Tapa Tovs WoTous peTa aire acl pa megs eee ere Oi ee 1 Cf. Polybius, v. 30. 110 ARATUS xiv. 4-xivit. 4 and his confidence in him led them to hope that they would find him easy-tempered in all things and manageable. XLVIII. And now for the first time Apelles, Megaleas, and sundry other courtiers made false charges against Aratus to which the king listened, and joining in the canvass made by those of the opposite faction, he favoured the election of Epera- tus as general of the Achaeans. But Eperatus was altogether despised by the Achaeans,! and as long as Aratus gave little heed to public matters nothing went well. Philip therefore perceived that he had been entirely wrong. So he reversed his course, went back to Aratus, and was wholly his; and since the progress of events now brought him increased power and reputation, he depended altogether upon Aratus, convinced that his repute and strength were due to him. And all the world thought that Aratus was a good guardian and tutor for a kingdom no less than for a democracy; for his principles and character were manifest, like — colour in a fabric, in the actions of the king. For instance, the moderation of the young prince in dealing with the offending Lacedaemonians, his engaging behaviour towards the Cretans, by means of which he won the whole island to obedience in a few days, and the astonishingly vigorous conduct of his campaign against the Aetolians, all added to the reputation of Philip for taking good advice, and to that of Aratus tor giving it. For this reason, too, the royal courtiers were all the more ~ envious of him, and since they could accomplish nothing by their secret calumnies, they took to abusing and insulting him openly at their banquets, III Lv) PLUTARCH’S LIVES a \ / ¢ \ TOAAS ageryelas Kal Bwporoyias: ara bé ral f 6 ’ / % \ \ \ ALGors BadrXovtes atriovTa es THY OKNVHY pETA x lal , > <, 4 To Ceitvov Katedim~ayv. ef ols 0 Bidurmos 5] \ Tera ba \ b \ dhe 4 M4 opyiabers evdus pey avTous Efnuiwce eixoot , e¢ \ , \ 4 Taravtos, Vatepoy 6€ Avpaivec Oa TA TpdyuaTa nw , KAL TAPATTELY SOKOVVTAS ATEXTELVED. A , , XLIX. ’Evei b€ tis Tuyns evpoovans ératpo- a , \ \ ’ f \ fLevos TOLS Tpaypace orXras pev avedve Kat , 5) / e > f \ \ peyaras eriOumias, 1) 6 Euhvutos Kakia, Tov Tapa dvaw oynpatiopov exBialouévn kai avadvovea, \ \ al \ KATA pikpov ateyupvou Kal ovéhaivey avTov TO 4 nw \ >a? ‘ , wW 7003, mp@tov pev tdta tov vewtepoy “Apatop , \ rad ndiker TEpt THY YuVaixa Kal TOoAVY ypovoy éddv- ae nN \ we? . 9 dA Gavev éepéotios wv Kal Eevlopuevos im avTav: emeta moos tas EddAnwiKxas éFetpayuveto roNs- / \ ‘ 2 v \ w ) Telas Kal gavepos Av dn Tov “Apatov amro- f ? \ Ae , \ SS geLomevos. apyiy dé vrowias ta Meconuaxa ie \ A TAPETVE. TTATIATAaYTwWY yap avTw@Y o pev”ApaTos vatépe. Bonbav, o S€ Diremios nuépa mea Tp0- per Bon bay, THOS Hméepa med Tp ) \ ) \ , 1)\ 3 , Tepoy €hOwv eis THY TOALY EvOS OlaTpOY TLVA kat add.rov evéBare toils avOpwrrots, vola jLev b) “~ \ ~ EpWwT@Y TOUS TTPAaTHYyOUS TOY Mecanviwy El vOpoUS \ A n ? KATA TOY TOAAMY OvK EXoUaLW, tdia Oé TadL \ a “ fad A TOUS TOY TOAAMY TpoecTMTAas El YEelpas KaTA nw 4 ra T@Y TUpavvoUWTwWY ovK Eyovaw. éx S€ ToUTOU e \ n Gappiicavtes of wev apyovtes émeAapSavovto Ta “ “~ >] a \ N nm nw > Onpaywyav, exetvor O€ pera THY TOAN@Y Erren- ti2 1050 ARATUS xivin. 4-xLix. 3 with great wantonness and scurrility; and once they actually pursued and threw stones at him as he was going to his tent after supper. At this Philip was enraged, and for the nonce fined them twenty talents; afterwards, however, regarding them as a noxious and confusing element in his affairs, he put them to death.! XLIX. But soon, as the king’s fortune flowed smoothly on, he was lifted up by his success, and developed many inordinate desires; his inherent badness, too, forcing aside the unnatural restraints of his assumed deportment and making its way to the light, little by little laid bare and revealed his true character. In the first place he inflicted a private wrong upon the younger Aratus by corrupt- ing his wife, and was for a long time undetected, since he was a housemate and a guest of the family ; in the second place, he began to show hostility towards the civil polities of the Greeks, and it was presently clear that he was trying to shake off Aratus. First grounds of suspicion were afforded by his conduct at Messene. For there was factional strife in the city, and Aratus was tardy in coming to its aid, and Philip, who got to the city a day before Aratus, at once goaded on the two parties against one another. In private he asked the generals of the Messenians if they had not laws to enforce against the common people, and again in private he asked the leaders of the common people if they had not hands to lift against the tyrants. Upon this the officials plucked up courage and tried to lay hands upon the leaders of the people, and they, coming to the attack at the head of their followers, 1 Cf. Polybius, v. 15 f. 113 to 3 PLUTARCH'S LIVES OovTes Tovs TE apyovt ras aTréxTetvay Kal TOV GAX@Y GALYOV cmOhElTOVTAS dtaxociwy. L. Otto be deevov épyov eEeupryag pévov TOU Dirimrou, Kal OVYKPOVOYTOS ere paddov EavTois TOUS Meoonvious, émeh Gov O "A patos avTos TE bijros 7 WY pépov Bapéws Kal Tov vioV ETLTLLOVTA TIKPOS TO Dirinare Kat owopovpevoy ovK éK@- Aucev. eSdxer 88 6 0 veavic KOs epav TOU Pirimrov Kal TOTE Aeyor ele pos aUTOV ws OUde KAXOS ETL gaivorto THY oyu avT@ Toavra épdcas, Gna TAVT@V alaXtoTos. 6 88 Didurros exelvep pev ovdév avteire, Kaltrep emido€os ov, UT opyhs Kal TOAKGKIS eEvd\axtyoas NEyovTos avtov, TOV bé m pea Butepor, WS eEvNVOXOS Taos Ta Nex Gevta Kal TLS OV [ET Los Kal TONMTLKOS Thy pvaow, dy- éatnaev éx TOU Oeatpou thy SeEtav éuBarwv, Kai Tpociyev €lS TOV ‘TOmparav 7@ TE Au Ovowy Kal Dewprja wv TOV TOTTOD. éore yap ovy HTT OV evepans TOU "AxpoxopivOou, Kat AaBov poupav yiverat yareTos Kai duvcexBiaotos Tois mapotKovety. avaBas 5€ Kat Ovcas, @S TpognveyKeY a’T@ TA oTA\dyyva Tod Boos o pdvtis, audotépats Tats yepoty uTOAaBav edeiKvuE T@ TE “Apatp Kal To Dapiw Anpntpiv, Tapa HEpOS UTOKALV@Y evs éxa- Tepov Kal Tuy Oavopevos Te cabopoow €y ToL \epols, KPATOUYTA THS axpas avTov } Tois Meoon- viols amodioovTa. yeddoas OvV O Anpat ptos, ge Ee pev, ' épn, “ MaVvTEws EXELS Wun, anaes TOV TOT Ov" el &€ Baothéws, apport épav TOV KEpaTov tov Bodv Kxabéfes,” aivittopevos Thv eXorrov- 1 A precinct of Zeus, on the summit of Mt. Ithome. Cf. Pausanias, iv. 3. 9. thal ARATUS xix. 3-L. 4 slew the officials and nearly two hundred citizens besides. L. After this outrageous deed of Philip's, and while he was striving more than ever to set the Messenians by the ears, Aratus reached the city. He showed clearly that he was indignant himself, and would not check his son when he bitterly reproached and reviled Philip. Now, it would seem that the young man was a lover of Philip; and so at this time he told Philip, among other things, that he no longer thought him fair to look upon, after so foul a deed, but the most repulsive of men. Philip made no answer to him, although it was expected that he would, since in his anger he had many times cried out savagely while the young man was speaking, but as though he meekly submitted to what had been said and was a person of moderation and not above the ordinary citizen, he gave the elder Aratus his hand, led him forth from the theatre, and brought him to the Ithomatas,! in order to sacrifice to Zeus and take a view of the place. For it is quite as well walled in as Acrocorinthus, and with a garrison in it is difficult of access and a hard place for its neighi- hours to take by force. hither Philip went up, and offered sacrifice, and when the seer brought him the entrails of the ox, he took them in both hands and showed them to Aratus and Demetrius of Pharos, leaning towards each one in turn and asking them what indications they saw in the omens; was he to be master of the citadel, or to give it back to the Messenians? Demetrius, with a laugh, replied: “ If thou hast the spirit of a seer, thou wilt give up the place ; but if that of a king, thou wilt hold the ox by both its horns,” speaking darkly of Peloponnesus, 115 PLUTARCH’S LIVES vnooV, ws, el TpocrAaBot Tov lOwpdtav to *Axpo- xopiv0@, TavTaTacw é€oopévnvy UVTOYELpLoV Kal Tamewny. o 6€ “A patos emt TOAU pev novxate, Seopévou € Tob Dedtrmov TO Patvopevov every, “Toda pev,” eltrev, “wo Didsrre, Kpntov opn Kal peyada, modral b€ Borwrav akpat Kal Deoxécov exTrepuKaoe TIS YAS" clot dé Tov ToNAOL Kal THS ‘A xapvavov TOUTO pev XEpraior, TOUTO S €vadou toot Gavpacras oXupoTyTas eXovTes™ adr ovdéva TovTwY KaTEeiLAnphas, Kal TWavTeESs exovolas For ToLover TO T poo Tac aojevov. Anorai yap eupvovtat TETPALS wal KpnEvav TEPLEXOVTAL, Baciret &é TLITEWS Kal XapLtos bo XupoTepov ovoev ovodé OXUPWTEPOL. Tavta oot TO Kpntixov avoiyee TéXaYOS, TavTa Thv TleAoTrOvynaoV. ato TOUTWY OPLWLEVOS GU TOTOVTOS ALKIaY TV [ev NYEH@V, T@aV S€ KUpLos Hon KAaDéoTHKAS.” ETL NEYOVTOS aUTOU Ta pevY OTAAaYXYVa TO avec mapédwxev o Dirsmmos, éxeivov S€ THS VELpos éetmiotacapevos, ‘ Aevpo tou,” Eby, “ THY avTHY odov iwpuev’” womep exBeBiacpévos UT avdtod Kal THY TOALY adynpnpévos. LI. ‘O be "Apatos aToppéwY HON THIS aunrips Kal KaTa piKpoY éauToV avaKxopelouevos éK TIS Tpos Tov Piremrov ouvnbetas, 61a Batvovros els “Hrec- pov avtov Kal Seouévou ovotpatevev, ateirato Kal KaTéwetve, dediws avatrrnaOhvat b0Ens trovn- pas ag’ @v €Kelvos Emparrey. étrel O€ Tas Té€ vais UTO Popaiwy aTwoN€oas alovicta kal OXWS aTrO- TUX@Y Tals mpafeos éTavynrGev ets Nedomovvn- cov, Kal TOUS Meoonvious aves emeXerpnaas pevaxilew kai un AaAOwY Hoixer havepas Kal Try 116 1051 | ARATUS L. 4-1. 2 which, if Philip added the Ithomatas to Acrocorin- thus, would be altogether subject and submissive to him, / \ is f ~ wv Sé tov viv: eldévat yap vVBpiopevoy Tepinv, AXXO 4 5é ovdevy, apvvacbar pn duvapévo. peyiorny yap 0 Didimmos Soxet Kal TapadroywtaTyY peTa- , Barécbar petaBorjv, €& nuepov Bactrdéws Kat > \ petpaxiov sw@ppovos avyp aceryns Kat TUpaVvs Seas ’ X eS 9 5 ” N éEwAns yevouevos. TO O€ OVK Ty apa peTaBoAry , bd > > 4 > Le , , \ hucews, GAN émideéis ev aceta KaKtas Todvy 4 \ 4 > é ypovov dia hoBov ayvonleions. 7 \ f LIT. “Ore yap av pepeypevov aioyuvn cai PoBo \ 1 fae fo) rn. To wpos Tov “Apatov avtov mados am apyis a bd / a ¥ Q ’ , avvteOpappéevov, EdnLYwWoE O's ETpake Tept aUTOP. 9 n \ 3 n 4 WoO ‘ - 999 émiOupa@rv yap avedety Tov avdpa Kat vopitwv ovd dv érevepos Exetvou CovTos Eivat, jLi) TL ye TUPAV- K B , , Bi \ ae 3 , T vos Pactrevs, Bia pev ovdev éreyetpnoe, Tav- , N al “ N f piwva 6€ TOV aTpAaTNHYaV TiVa Kal hirtwv exéXevceEV , a ra aoyXo TpoT@ TovUTO Tpakat, wadaTa bid happa- n \ 4 ¢ KOV, AVTOU 141) TWAPOVTOS. Oo O€ TroLNaTawEVOS TOV “A )0 i ITM OLO ov patov ouv)0n happakov avT@ oldwoLtv, ovK ’ ‘ \ ca o€0 Kal shokpov, dda Tov Oépuas Te paraKas ze wo ~ “a TO TpOTOV €v TH GwOpat. Kai BHhya KivobvTor > rn > ee \ \ > \ apBrElav, Elta ovUTwWS KaTa puLxpov eis dOopav / ’ \ ” , N by 9 9 TEPALVOVTMY. OU puny EXaAGE ye TOV ApaTov' aAX bf \ 9) ’ f n @s ovdev Hv OdedXos EACYXOVTL, Tpaws Kal olLwTTH \ , , , TO 7dG0s, ws 6 TVA VoOTOV KOLWIY Kat auVyAOn n 5 / \ ¢€ / a Le 3 vooay, dunvTrAel. TWANY Evos ye TOV cuUVIiOwY ev 118 ARATUS Lt. 2-Ln. 3 them openly and ravaged their territory. Then Aratus was altogether estranged and filled with dis- trust of the king, being now aware also of the crime committed against his domestic life. At this he was sorely vexed himself, but kept it hidden from his son, who could only know that he had been shamefully abused, seeing that he was not able to avenge him- self. For Philip would seem to have undergone a very great and inexplicable change,’ in that from a gentle prince and chaste youth he became a lascivious man and a pernicious tyrant. In fact, however, this was not a change of nature, but a showing forth, in time of security, of a baseness which his fears had long led him to conceal. : LII. For that the feelings which he had cherished from the beginning towards Aratus had an admix- ture of shame and fear, was made plain by what he did to himatthe last. For he desired to kill Aratus, and thought he could not be a free man while Aratus lived, much less a tyrant or a king. In a violent way, however, he made no attempt upon him, but ordered Taurion, one of his officers and friends, to do this in a secret way, preferably by poison, when the king was absent. So Taurion made an intimate companion of Aratus, and gave him poison, not of a sharp and violent sort, but one of those which first induce gentle heats in the body, and a dull cough, and then little by little bring on consumption. The thing was not hidden from Aratus, but since it was no use for him to convict the criminal, he calmly and silently drank his cup of suffering to the dregs, as if his sickness had been of a common and _ familiar type. However, when one of his intimate com- 1 Cf, Polybius, vii. 13. 119 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aA , , 4 ? id 7@ Swpatio TapovTos avaTTvaas Olai“ov, LOovTOS red \ ra) , oT a geese J “cw” éxelvov Kat Oavuacartos, avta, etmev, “@ r fa) aA , 9 Kedaror, ériyvetpa tis Baciexns pedas. e a 4 hin wes LITI. Ovrtw 6€ avtod TeXeuTHGAavTOS ev Atyiw X , A NX ~ TO éMTAKALOEKATOV OTpPATNYOUVTOS, Kal THY ’ ca) 4 ? a“ , \ Ayatay didotipoupévav xed yevéoPar radas ~ 4 ~ / , Kal pyjpata Tpérovta TO Biw TOD avépos, LUuKve- x nA ‘ 3 al nw plot avuopay ETrovovvTo 4) Tap avtots TeOHvat “ ? \ ld / TO TOma. Kal TOUS pev Ayatovs ETetoay epiévat, wv / “ vouou O€ ovTOS apyatou pndeva Garter Oat TELYa@V , “ “ ‘ / EVTUS, La YUPaS TE TO VOR@ detgLdalpLovias Tpod- ? v ? \ e N ? > Lf ovons, eTeuwav ets Aeddhovs urép TovTwy épnao- \ , A ] n ‘ evo. THv IIvOtav. 1 6€ avtots avatpet Tov XN , Vpnapov Tovee - ys , / aN 9 - Bovreun, StKuwv, Cwayprov atev Apatou, b] » HG 2 / / 4 14 app ootn Garin TE KATOLYOMEVOLO AvaKTOS ; ¢ N ‘ a A ws To Bapvvopevov TOO avépt Kai TO Bapdvov / ” ? 9 4 \ ? ma S\N , yains €ot acéBnyua Kar ovpavo Hoe Oaracans. ’ be A , idd , \ ed Kourabevons € THs pavTevas ot Te “AYator cUE- v4 4 , mavTes oOncav, cai dvadepovtws ot Stxveovioe $ ? e \ N , ? AY 3 a WETABAAOVTES Els CopTHY TO TEVOOS EvOUS eK TOU ’ 4 \ ‘ Aiyiov Tov vexpov éotepavwpévor Kai Eevyetpo- “ e N ~ f VOUVTES UTO TaLdvwY Kal YXopav Els THY TOALY 3 a BS , f , avnyov, Kat ToTov e€eXopevot TEeploTTOv WaTTEP 5] \ A “ OLKIO THY KAL OWTHPA THS TOAEWS ExNnOEVTAV. KAL w / ~ ? , a KaneiTar pexpte viv Apatetov, Kai Ovovolv avT@ ee eee + fi 213_B.G, mq i>) oO ARATUS tn. 3-H. 4 panions who was with him in his chamber saw him spit blood, and expressed surprise, “Such, my dear Cephalo,” said Aratus, “are the wages of royal triendship.”’ LIII. And so he died,! at Aegium, while general for the seventeenth time, and the Achaeans were very desirous that he should have burial there and memorials befitting his life. But the Sicyonians re- garded it as a calamity that he should not be buried in their city, and persuaded the Achaeans to sur- render his body to them. They had, however, an ancient law that no one should be buried inside the city walls, and the law was supported by strong feel- ings of superstition. So they sent to Delphi to get advice in the matter from the Pythian priestess, and she gave them the following oracular answer :— “Would’st thou, O Sicyon, pay Aratus lasting honour for the lives he saved, And join in pious funeral rites for thy departed lord ? Know that the place which vexes or is vexed by him Is sacrilegious, be it in earth or sky or sea.” When the oracle was brought to them the Achaeans were all delighted, and the Sicyonians, in particular, changing their mourning into festival, at once put on garlands and white raiment and brought the body ot Aratus from Aegium into their city, amid hymns of praise and choral dances; and choosing out a com- manding place, they buried him there, calling him founder and saviour of the city. And the place is called to this day Arateium, and yearly sacrifices are made to Aratus there, one on the day when he VOL NI. E eon bo PLUTARCH’S LIVES Guciar, THY HEY, Y THY TOMY anyprrake THS TuU- pavvico; huépa TéuTtn Aatotov H2V0S, ov ‘AOn- vato xadovaly ‘AvOeatnpiava, Kab THY Ouciay éxeivny Lwripra T pogaryopevover, TH O€ TOU pIvos ev D yevér Oar TOV avdpa O1apvnpovevovet, THS pev ov T poTEpas o tov Atos Tod Lwripos KAT PXETO unt oXos, TIS O€ CevTépas Oo Tov “Apdtou, a7 poptov ovy OOAEUKOD, arra peo- T oppupov EXoV, pena) 6€ 70€TO T pos cGapay UmO TOV TrEpl TOV Atovucov TEXVIT OD, KAL OUVETIOM- TeEveV ) Yupvaciapxos YOUMEVOS TOV TE TALOWY KL TOV epryBov, eita epeitreTo 1 Bovny oTepa- vnpopovoa Kal TOV adhov ToheT ov c Bou opevos. ay eT Oeiypata pixpa Tais Twépas exelvars eEoovovpevot dvaguAattovow at € TrELTTAL TOV Tepay UTO \Ypovou Kai TpaypaTwy addrwv éxNEAOLTIAGLD. LIV. *AdAa yap 0 pev mpea BuTEpos “A patos ott Bi@car Kal TOLOUTOS yevéo Gar THY pvow la Topettac: Tov o€ wor avTou pLapos av puoe Kat “eT MLOTHTOS UBpLaTns o Diru7os ov Oava- gipos, adra pavixois efeotIc€ TOU Aoyeopod papparors Kal Taperpewer eis detvas Kal addo- KOTOUS émidopas, mpakewy aTOT wy Kal ovV ai- oyun tavav Ore piv Operyopevov, WOTE TOV Gavatov avTo, KalTep OVTL Véw Kal avOobvtt, pe) ouppopayr, GX’ amohvatv KAKOVY Kal gern piay yevéo Oat. dixas ye “nV oO Dirdemmos ov Meum Tas Aci Eeviw Kat Piriw THs dvoooupyias TavTyS Tivwy dreTéXeoe. KaTaTONEUNOEIs pév yap UIT ‘Pwpaiwy énétpewer éxeivois Ta Kal? autor, éx- I22 1052 ARATUS ui. 4-1iv. 2 freed the city from its tyranny—the fifth day of the month Daesius (which the Athenians call Anthes- terion), which sacrifice has the name Soteria, and one on the day of the month when, according to the records, he was born. The first of these sacrifices was performed by the priest of Zeus the Saviour; the second by the priest of Aratus, who wore a headband, not pure white but purple and white, and liymns with accompaniment of lyre were sung by the artists of Dionysus, and the gymnasiarch took part in the procession, at the head of the boys and young men of military age; then followed the councillors wearing garlands, and all other citizens who desired. Of these ceremonial rites the Sicyonians still preserve slight traces, celebrated on the same days of the year, but most of them, owing to the passage of time and the pressure. of other matters, have lapsed. LIV. Such was the life and such the nature of the elder Aratus, as history tells us; and as for his son, he was deprived of his reason by Philip, who had an abominable nature and added savage cruelty to his wanton exercise of power. He gave the young man poisons which did not kill, but crazed, and thus made him a prey to strange and dreadful impulses, under which he grasped at absurd activities, and experiences not only shameful but destructive, so that death came to him, although he was young and in the flower of his life, not as a calamity, but us release from evils, and salvation. For this unholy deed, however, Philip paid ample penalties to Zeus, the guardian of hospitality and friendship, as long as he lived. For after being subdued by the Romans and putting his fortunes in their hands, he was 123 PLUTARCH’S LIVES meawy O€ Tis aAANS apYRs Kai Tas vabs WAY TéVTE TAGAaS TPOéMEVOS Kal XidLA TPOTEKTICELY OmoAOYyHnCasS Tahara Kal TOV vLOV Omnpevoovra Tmapadous be oix Tov eTUXE Maxedovias kal TOV TUVTENOUITWY. aTOKTELVWY O€ EL TOUS dpiaTous Kal cuyyevestatous ppixns évémAnge Kal ploous OAnv Thv Bactreiav Tpos auTov. ev b€ povoy ép TogovTa:s KQKOLS eUTUXN LA KTNTALEVOS, vioV aperh Suapépovta, TOUTOY pbovw kat ndoTtuTia THS Tapa ‘Popators TLS aveine, Hepoet Sé Batépo THY dpxny mrapédoxer, Ov ov yynavov, ann’ broBAyTov evar pact, €x Cvabawiouv Tivos dxeot pias YeVOMEVOV. TODTOV Atpidsos eOptap- Bevoe> Kai katéotpewev evtadba THS Aptuyoviniys Baatretas y 61adox 9. To 6€ ’Apatov yévos év TH Suxvavi cai TH WeAAnvn Sréuerve Kad” yas. 124 ARATUS trv. 2-3 stripped of most of his dominions, surrendered all his ships but five, agreed to pay a thousand talents besides, gave up his son to serve as hostage, and ‘only out of pity obtained Macedonia and its tribu- taries. But he was for ever putting to death the noblest of his subjects and his nearest kin, and thus filled his whole kingdom with horror and hatred of him. One piece of good fortune only was his, amid so many ills, and that was a son of sur- passing excellence; but this son he killed, out of envy and jealousy of the honour paid him by the Romans, and left his kingdom to his other son, Perseus, who was not legitimate, as we are told, but supposititious, the child of a sempstress, Gnathaenion.? This king graced the triumph of Aemilius, and with him ended the royal line of the Antigonids ; whereas the descendants of Aratus were living at Sicyon and Pellene in my time. 1 See the demiliu. Paulus, viii. 6f. 5; xxxiv., XXxVi. 125 APTOZEP=H2 1. ‘O pev TPWTOS ‘A prokepins, TOV €V Teépoaes Bacirewr TPaoTHTL Kal peyarowuxea TpwoTEvoas, Maxpoxerp €TEKANELTO THY defray petSova THs Er Epas EXOD, Eépou O€ ty vids: o bé devTEpos, Tept ov Tade ypadgeTat, Moijpov émixrnbels x uyatpos iy exeivou. Aapeiov yap cat Llapuoa- TLOOS Tales € eyevovTo Teg oapes, mpeaBuTatos pev “A progepéns, pet exeivor 6é Kdpos, vewrepat bé TOUT@V ‘Ooravns Kat ‘OEdApys. 0 peev ov Kuvpos a0 Kvpov TOU TaNdatov ToUvOjLa EoXEV, éxeiv@ O€ a0 TOD NAtoU yeveoOat faci: Kipor yap Kanebp Hlépoas tov Hrtov. o 6€ “AptoképEns ’Apoixas mpoTepov éxanretto' Kaitor Acivwr yaiv» bre ‘Oupons. Gra tov Krnoiayv, & kat TaAXAa pudov amvTidavwv Kal mapadhopwr euBeBAnKEv eis TA BiBra mavrooamny TuAaLaV, OUK elxos ECT LI ayvoety ToUvopa TOU Bactréws Tap © Over piBe Jeparevwy avTov Kal yuvatka Kal pntépa Kat matoas. Il. ‘0 pev ou Kipos ¢ EV TOvOv Te Kab opodpor evOvs &k TPOTNS WAKias eiXer, aTEPOS b€ Tpqo- TEpos e€OOKEL mepl TaVTa Kal Tals opuais uae Hahak@Tepos elvat. yuvaika dé KaANnV Kal aya- Onv éXaBe pev Tov yovéwy Kerevovtwrv, épurake 1 Artaxerxes I. 465-425 n.c. The parallel form Artaxerxes hax become fixed in English. 128 1012 ARTAXERXES I. Tue first Artaxerxes,! preéminent among the kings of Persia for gentleness and magnanimity, was surnamed Longimanus, because his right hand was longer than his left, and was the son of Xerxes; the second Artaxerxes,? the subject of this Life, was surnamed Memor, or Mindful, and was the grandson of the first by his daughter Parysatis. For Dareius? and Parysatis had four sons—an eldest, Artaxerxes, and next to him Cyrus, and after these Ostanes and Oxathres. Cyrus took his name from Cyrus of old,‘ who, as they say, was named from the sun; for “Cyrus” is the Persian word for sun. Artaxerxes was at first called Arsicas; although Deinon gives the name as Oarses. But it is unlikely that Ctesias, even if he has put into his work a perfect farrago of extravagant and incredible tales, should be ignorant of the name of the king at whose court he lived as physician to the king’s wife and mother and children. II. Now Cyrus, from his very earliest years, was high-strung and impetuous, but Artaxerxes seemed gentler in everything and naturally milder in his impulses. His wife,a beautiful and excellent woman, he married in compliance with his parents’ bidding, 2 Artaxerxes IT. 404-362 p c. * Darius Li 424-408 pac * Cyrus the Elder, 559-529 k.c, 129 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘ \ ~ / 5€ KWAVOYTWY’ TOV yap GbEeXPov AUTHS ATOKTELVAS ¢ ~ e \ 20 Bacirevs éBovreveTo KaKelyny averetv, Oo 6€ . A ‘ N "Apaixas THS MNTPOS (KETNS YEr'opevos Kal TOAAA A , KATAKAAUGAS [LOALS ETTELTE fLITE ATOKTELVAL [LTE a “ id \ avtov S:acticar tHy avOpwrrov. n O€ pnTNpP umApye Tov Kipov wadrov hirovea kai BovrAopevy : a ~ \ ~ Bactreve exetvov. 610 Kal TOD TaTpos vooovy- Tos 70n peTameuTTOS amo GJardoons yevomevos TavtaTmacw aveBaivev evEeXTLS WY, WS KATELPYya- N aA a opevns exeivns Siddoyov avtov amodetyOnvat THs A “A 4 3 apyns. Kal yap elyev evrpeTh Aoyor 1) Ilapv- ? b S seaeees et e \ 3 £ cats, @ Kat BéepEns o wadatos éxpnocato, Anpa- a , td 9 - N 9 , A patou oiddEavtos, ws Apoixav pév idtwtn, Kipov be 7 , a 1 bf \ w é Bactrevovts Aapeiw texetv.s ov prj Emeccer, 7 5, arr’ o mpecBuTepos umedetyOy Bactreus, ’Apto- , , ~ \ , th es EepEns wetovopacb«is, Ktpos 6€ Avdtas catpatns Kal Tov éeTwt Oadkacans oTpAaTHYOS. b] - 4 A A IIT. “OdNtym & tarepov 4 teXeuTHOA Aapetov y / 9 v4 ¢ , ¢ e&nXacev ets Llacapyadas 0 Baatrevs, O7Tws TEXE- : , A : a ‘ iC: X aA 3 , oGein tTHy Bacidtxny TeXeTHY UTTO TaY év Tlépaats e , ” \ a Ane , A 9 a lepéwy. €att O€ Oeas ToremiKns lepov, hv AOnvav 2 av TLs elKacetevy. eis TOvTO Set TOY TENOUMLEVOY s \ \ >] , 3 4 / b Taped Oovta Thv pev totav arrobéc bat atoANy, ava- - A e a A AaBety dé Hv Kopos o wadatos époper piv 7) Ba- atrevs yeverOat, Kai cuKwy TaraOns éudayovTa TeputvOou KaTatpayeiv Kal ToT}pLov éxmLely o€vu- ydXaktos. et d€ Tpos TovTOLs Etep aTTa Spwav, v A ~ “~ ~~ : 3 addndov oti TOis GAAOLS. TavTa dpav’ AproképEou 1 +rexetvy Bekker has rexot, after Coraés. 130 ARTAXERXES um. 1-111. 3 : and kept her in defiance of them, for after the king had put her brother to death, he wished to kill her also. But Arsicas, throwing himself at his mother’s feet and supplicating her with many tears, at last obtained her promise that his wife should neither be killed nor separated from him. But the mother had more love for Cyrus, and wished that he should succeed to the throne. Therefore, when his father was now lying sick, Cyrus was summoned home from the sea-coast, and went up in full hope that by his mother’s efforts he had been designated as suc- cessor to the kingdom. For Parysatis had a specious argument (the same that Xerxes the Elder employed on the advice of Demaratus'), to the effect that she had borne Arsicas to Dareius when he was in private station, but Cyrus when he was a king. However, she could not prevail, but the elder son was declared king, under the new name of Artaxerxes, while Cyrus remained satrap of Lydia and commander of the forces in the maritime provinces.” III. A little while after the death of Dareius, the new king made an expedition to Pasargadae, that he might receive the royal initiation at the hands of the Persian priests. Here there is a sanctuary of a warlike goddess whom one might conjecture to be Athena. Into this sanctuary the candidate for initia- tion must pass, and after laying aside his own proper robe, must put on that which Cyrus the Elder used to wear before he became king; then he must eat of a cake of figs, chew some turpentine-wood, and drink a cup of sour milk. Whatever else is done besides this is unknown to outsiders. As Artaxerxes 1 See Herodotus, vii. 3. ? Cf. Xenophon, Anab. i. 1, 1 tf. 131 : PLUTARCH’S LIVES HEAAOVTOS apiKeTo Ticadepyns ™ pos aUTOV ayov éva TOV lepewy, Os év Taal Kupou THS vopuelo mers ayoryAs ema TaTNs yevopevos Kal dudaEas paryevety avTov ovdsevos HT TOV édoxet LlepsOv aviacbar wn amodety GevTos éxeltvou Bactrews: S10 Kat TioTLW EayVe KATH YOPOV Kupov. Karnyopet dé ws pér- AovTos évedpeveny € €v T@ lepo, Kal éretday exdun rat Thy éaOATa oO Baotrevs, émitiOecOar nai dua- bOetpery avrov. of pev ex TavTNS THS dtaBors THY ovhAn yw yeverOar pact, ot d€ Kal Traped- ety TOV Kopov els TO epov Kat mapasod hvac KpumTojevov UTO TOU Lepews. pédovTa. dé avrov non arrobvijaKew 9 LNTNP mepiaxovca Tats ayKa- als Kal Tous Boatpuxors mepiehifaca wal ovA- AaBovca Tov éxetvou TPaxnrov Tpos TOV auras, odupoev?) WoAAa Kal TOT VLE MEVT TAapyTnTaro Kal KATET EMM ED addes é€7t OadXatTayv, ovK aya- TOVTA THY adpxnv €xELVNV, OvdE pe pn wevov Tis OveTEws, aryrXa THS TUAAMPEOS, Kal de) opyny omapyovTa pLadXov 7 TpoTepov enh THY Baoid«tav, IV. “Evioz 6é dagev otk apxovmevov ois éXdp- Bavey eis to xa” rpépav Setrvov atoothnvas Bactréws, eb) NeyovTes. el yap aro pndév, arra ) TH UTHOXE, xpha Pat Kal AauBaverv dca Bovdotro TOV aurifs TapéXxouvga Kal OLdouca. paptupet d€ TH TAOUTH Kal TO pra Bo opexov TorARrAAX OH bua TOV dirav Kat Eévov avT@ Tapa- Tpepopevov, OS =evopav ELPNKED. ib poous pen yap ov cuvniyaryen', eT THY TupagKeUNY eTLKPUTTTO- 1 4dnad. i. 1, 6-11, ef & ARTAXERXES mr. 3-iv. 1 was about to perform these rites, Tissaphernes brought to him a certain priest who had conducted Cyrus through the customary discipline for boys, had taught him the wisdom of the Magi, and was thought to be more distressed than any one in Persia because his pupil had not been declared king. For this reason, too, his accusation against Cyrus won cre- dence. And he accused him of planning to lie in wait for the king in the sanctuary until he should put off his garment, and then to fall upon him and kill him. Some say that Cyrus was arrested in con- sequence of this false charge, others that he actually made his way into the sanctuary and hid himself there, and was delivered into custody by the priest. But now, as he was about to be put to death, his mother clasped him in her arms, twined her tresses about him, pressed his neck against her own, and by much lamentation and entreaty prevailed upon the king to spare him, and sent him back to the sea-coast. Here he was not satisfied with the office assigned to him, nor mindful of his release, but only of his arrest; and his anger made him more eager than before to secure the kingdom. IV. Some say that he revolted from the king because his allowance did not sufhce for his daily meals, which is absurd. For had no other resource been his, still, his mother was resource enough, who gave freely from her own wealth all that he wished to take and use. And that he had wealth is proved by the mercenary troops that were maintained for him in many places by his friends and connections, as Xenophon tells us.!_ For he did not bring these together into one body, since he was still trying to conceal his preparations, but in one place and another, 133 PLUTARCRH’S LIVES pevos, ddrAaYyoOs O€ GAXous ETT TOANALS Tpopaceat a / \ e i“ 2 Eevodoyodv7as cixe. Baothéws O€ TE pyTHP a A \ “A N Tapovaa Tas UTOWias apjpet, Kal Kopos autos aeéi nA - ’ Geparevtixa@s &ypabe, TA per alTovpEvos Tap “ ral \ autou, Ta be Trsadépvous avtixatnyopav, ws 57 A A ae “ Tpos éxeivoyv aUT@ $yjXov Kal ayavos OvTOS. "Hy S€ tis Kal péd\XrAHoLs ev TH hvoet TOD Bact- Néws, emleixera hatvomevy Tos ToAAOIS. ev apyYT a b a d€ Kal tmavu C$nrodv &dofe tHhv AptoképEou rod \ / OfwVULOU TPAOTHTA, NdiwW TE EAUTOY TapEeywv aA , evruyxaveoGat, cai meal TO Tiuav Kat yapilec Gan ‘ b] > , e / f \ 7 To Kat akiav uTepBadrAwy, KoAaTEwWS dé Taans ? a \ ? 8 Lt , \ 500 b Oe a augpatpwy to ebufpifoy Kat noouevov, €v ae # 4 ’ & ~ “a nw déyecOar yapitas OVX TTOY TOs StdobaLV 7 Tots ? bd] A / , yw AapRavovaty év TO Stddvat hatvopevos evyapes cal diravOpmmos. ovdev yap Hv oTwS ptKpOV TE a 4 ra \ 4 - b] \ Tov dLdopévwy 0 ry TpocedéEaTo TpoOvmws, GAXa a , i Kal poay piav ureppun peycOet tpoceveyKavTos a , \ b] fe Ge] TN \ ; (O 99 ? pigous THOS Gute), Na tov Me pav, even, ‘obros 0 avnp Kal modkw av éx mLKpas Taye Trouna ece peyadny miotevbeis. V. ‘Emel 6€ GXXwy dda TpIThepovTwVv Kad eQ\ ? \ ” +Q\ DAON a a odov autoupyos avOpwmros ovdev evi Katpov POacas “a A fal , - ~~ eupely TH ToTau@ Tpocédpame Kai Taiv yepowv uToNaBwv tod bdatos TpognveyKev, oOels o ,, A a "AproképEns hiarny éreprpev avt@ ypvony Kai / A xedtous Saperxous. Evxderda d€ 76 Adxwvt, tron- Na mappyo talopevyp Tpos avTov avdadss, éxé- Nevoev eltreiv TOV yedtapyov Ste “ Sol ev EEeotev 134 ARTAXERXES wv. 1r-v. 1 and on many pretexts, he kept recruiting-agents. And as for the king’s suspicions, his mother, who was at court, tried to remove them, and Cyrus him- self would always write in a submissive vein, some- times asking favours from him, and sometimes making countercharges against Tissaphernes, as if his eager contention were against him. . There was, too, a certain dilatoriness in the nature of the king, which most people took for clemency. Moreover, in the beginning he appeared to be altogether emulous of the gentleness of the Arta- xerxes whose name he bore, showing himself very agreeable in intercourse, and bestowing greater honours and favours than were really deserved, while from all his punishments he took away the element of insult or vindictive pleasure, and in his acceptance and bestowal of favours appeared no less gracious and kindly to the givers than to the recipients. For there was no gift so small that he did not accept it with alacrity; indeed, when a certain Omisus brought him a single pomegranate of sur- passing size, he said: “ By Mithra, this man would speedily make a city great instead of small were he entrusted with it.” V. Once when he was on a journey and various people were presenting him with various things, 4 labouring man, who could find nothing else at the moment, ran to the river, and, taking some of: the water in his hands, offered it to him; at which Artaxerxes was so pleased that he sent him a goblet of gold and a thousand darics. To Eucleidas the Lacedaemonian, who would often say bold and im- pudent. things to him, he sent this word by his oficer of the guard: “It is in thy power to say 135 bo PLUTARCH’S LIVES elTreiy & Bovnen, éuol d€ Kal A€yerv Kat Tovey.” év 6€ Opa Tevt Py ptSaSov detEavros aUT@ Tov Kavovv Eo XLT pevov, mporTna ev 6 te Sel mrosety. éexelvou 6€ elmovTos, ‘ ‘"AdXov avTos évouaat, TOU- TOV bé € €or bas,” ob TMs évrolnaen, elTrov, “ Alba bev, @ Tnpisate, col TOUTOP, hopeiy b€ amtayo- pevo.” Tov be Tnei8alou wy ppovticavtos (hy yap ov Tovnpos, UT oxoudpos dé Kal mapadopos), GANA TOV TE avouv evdvs éxetvov évouvTos Kai dépaia xpuad Kal yuvarneta TOY Bacthikav Tépt- Jepevou, TUVTES [ev NYavaKTOUY (ov yap €&nv), o MEVTOL Bacvrevs Kateyédace Kal elTe “ Atéwpt got Kal Ta ypvoia opety ws yuvarki Kai Thy OTOANY WS patvouerer. Tpametns d€ TIS aur is pndevos HETEX OVTOS arr # pnt pos Baciréws i ya persis yUvarKos, Kabelouever THS mev Ur auton, THS O€ LNT pos vTep avrov, ’AptroképEns cai tovs iSeAgods € emt THY AUTH exdret Tpametay, "Octa- vay cal ‘O&d@ pny, VEWTEPOUS 6vTas. é€py O€ Tots padoTa KeXapto Leyny div Trapetye Tois Ilép- oais 1 THS yuvarros LTareipas dppapata yumi) TOY TapaTeTAgTUUdTwY del Tpopepomévy Kal d1d00- ga Tais énpoticw aonmdcacba avtTny Kai Tpoc- erbety, bev nyaTato toils Tools 1) Bacireta. VI. Tov pévroe Kipov ot vewtepiatal Kai roXv- mMpayuoves ws Nautpoy avodpa TH Wuyn Kat ToAeuixoy Stadhepovtws Kal didétatpov wovTo Ta mpaypata mode, Kat TO peyeBos THS yepovias Bactréws beta Bar ppovnpa kal ptdoripiay €yov- TOS. _0vX HT TO ody Tots ave TLOTEVMY 0 Kipos 7 Tols Tepi auTov éwexetpel TO TOAEUM Kal 136 ARTAXERXES vv. 1—vI1. 2 what thou pleasest, but it is in mine both to say and to do.” Again, when he was hunting once and Teribazus pointed out that the king’s coat was rent, he asked him what was to be done. And when Teribazus replied, “ Put on another for thyself, but give this one to me,” the king did so, saying, “I give this to thee, Teribazus, but I forbid thee to wear it.” Teribazus gave no heed to this command (being not a bad man, but rather light-headed and witless), and at once put on the king’s coat, and decked himself with golden necklaces and women’s ornaments of royal splendour. Everybody was in- dignant at this (for it was a forbidden thing); but the king merely laughed, and said: “1 permit thee to wear the trinkets as a woman, and the — robe as a madman.” Again, no one shared the table of a Persian king except his mother or his wedded wife, the wife sitting below him, the mother above him; but Artaxerxes invited to the same table with him his brothers Ostanes and Oxathres, although they were his juniors. But what gratified the Persians most of all was the sight of his wife Stateira’s carriage, which always appeared with its curtains up,and thus permitted the women of the people to approach and greet the queen. This made her beloved of the common folk. VI. Nevertheless, restless and factious men thought that affairs demanded Cyrus, a man who had a brilliant spirit, surpassing skill in war, and great love for his friends ; and that the magnitude of the empire required a king of lofty purpose and ambition. Ac- cordingly, Cyrus relied quite as much upon the people of the interior as upon those of his own province and command, when he began the war. 137 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aaxedatpoviots eypade Tupaxareov Bonbetv Kat TUVERTE TEL avopas, ols ep dwaey, ay pep mefot Tapaoty, iTTOUS, av Ge t inmets, guvwploas® éav o crypous EY wot, Kw "as: éav be KWMAS, TOAELS* pa Bob d€ TOls TTPATEVOMEVOLS OVK dprO por, ava JET pov éveoOar. peyahnyopav 6€ mepit avtod TONG Kal Kapotav én Tov adeh pov popety Bapv- Tépav Kat prrocodev padrov Kat paryevery Bédr1ov, olvov d€ Tretova mivew Kal pépery- exetvov o€ vTo devdias Kal paraxias éy sev TOOLS Kuvnyertous pnoe ep immou, ev dé Tois Kwdvvois pnde ert TOD Opovov xabjoOa. Aaxedaimovior pev odv oKUTG- Anv mpos Kréapyov améoTethav vIrnpeTelv Kup qavtTa KedevovTes. 6 6€ Kipos dveBatvev eri Baotrea BapBapexny TE TOANY EVV Ovvapuy cat peaPodopous “KAXAnvas OALyo Tplaryedteov Kat pupiwy atrodéovtas, adXNas er AAXNALS TrOLOUMEVOS TpopaceEs THs oTparelas. ov pny édradé ye els TOAVY Ypovoyv, aN KE Barret Trradépyns avTdayyeros: Kal TOUS PopuBos eixe Ta Racine, Ths te apvodatidos thy wAciotny aitiay Tob TOAEMOU pepopernys, Kal TOV pirov avTAS ev UTowiats 6 dvtwy kat d1aBorais. padiora de nvia THY Tapvcatw 1 Lrdtetpa TO TONE pup TepiTra- Govoa Kat Bowca, “ Ilob yuV at TLOTELS exetvat ; Tov 6€ al denoets, als eFedopmevn TOV emt Bourev- cavTa TO GOENGD TONELOU Kab KAKOY euTeTANKAS nuas 3; éx 67 TOUTOY pucovoa THY Lrdrerpay my Ilapvoatis, cat dice BapvOvpos ovea Kal Bap- 1Cf. Xenophon, Anab. i. 1,9; 2, 21; 4, 3. 138 1014 ARTAXERKXES vr. 2-5 He also wrote to the Lacedaemonians, inviting them to aid him and send him men, and promising that he would give to those who came, if they were foot- men, horses; if they were horsemen, chariots and pairs; if they had farms, he would give them villages ; if they had villages, cities; and the pay of the soldiers should not be counted, but measured out. Moreover, along with much high-sounding talk about himself, he said he carried a sturdier heart than his brother, was more of a philosopher, better versed in the wisdom of the Magi, and could drink and carry more wine than he. His brother, he said, was too effeminate and cowardly either to sit his horse in a hunt, or his throne in a time of peril. The Lacedae- monians, accordingly, sent a dispatch-roll to Clearchus ordering him to give Cyrus every assistance.4 So Cyrus marched up against the king with a large force of Barbarians and nearly thirteen thousand Greek mercenaries,? alleging one pretext after another for his expedition. But the real object of it was not long concealed, for Tissaphernes went in person to the king and informed him of it. Then there was a great commotion at the court, Parysatis being most blamed for the war, and her friends undergoing suspicion and accusation, And above all was she vexed by Stateira, who was greatly dis- tressed at the war, and kept crying: “ Where now are those pledges of thine? And where are the entreaties by which thou didst rescue the man who had plotted against the life of his brother, only to involve us in war and calamity?” Therefore Pary- satis hated Stateira, and being naturally of a harsh 2 Cf. Xenophon, Anab. i. 7, 10, where the force of Bar- barians is said to have numbered one hundred thousand. 139 6 ts PLUPARCEP SSIES Bapos éy opyais Kat prnoiKaKiass, emreBovdevev auTny avenety. ere! dé Acitvwy pev EV T@ TOAEL@ cuvTereaOivar Thy émeBovrAny eipyKe, Krnaoias é€ baTEpov, Ov OUTE ayvoe TOV Xpovor elKos éort mapovTa Tais mpateoty, ovTe EKOOV aiTiay elven €x Tov Ypovou peTacTihoat TO Epyov, @S émpaxOn Sunryoupevos, ola Tao KEL TOAAUKLS O orvyos auTov ™ pos To puOm@des Kal 6papaticov _ EXT PET OLEVOS TH)S arnOeias, ToUTO pev iv éxElvos aTrédwxe yopav é&eu. VII. Kup 6é rpoctoyte hijpat Kat Noyou Tpoc- émim@tov, ws ov paxyetOar Bactréws evOds éyvw- KOTOS OVOE TUVOPALELD ELS YELPAS AVT@ TTEVOGYTOS, arn’ év Ilépcats vrropévery dype dv at duvdpets exel Travtayoley avvér\Owar. Kal yap tadpov evpos opyulav déxa Kai Babos icwv émt atadious dia TOU TWedtou TeTPAKoGious évéBare Kat TAUTNS Te Tepietoe TOV Kipov évtos TrapeAOovta Kai Ba- Buravos avThs ov pakpav yevopevon. TypiBalou 5€, ws act, TpwTov TON LIT AVTOS el Trely ws Ov det puyouaxeiy ovde Mynédias ékotavta cat Ba- Buddvos dpa? Kal Lovowy évover Oat TH Hepoto:, modaTagtav pev ExovTa Ovvapiy TOV TONE MLO, puplous O€ catparas Kat OT PATHYOUS Kupov xai ppovety Kal Haxeo Ga BeXtiovas, Opunae Etayw- vioad Gat THY TAXLOTHY. Kai to pee T paT ov eEaigyys Katahavets évern- KovTa pLupldat oTpatov diakeKoopnmévats ap- 1 Gua Bekker and Ziegler, after Corais: add. 140 ARTAXERKXES vi. 5-—vir. 3 temper and savage in her wrath and resentment, she plotted to kill her. Deinon says that her plot was carried out during the war. Ctesias, however, says that it was accomplished afterwards, and neither is it likely that he was ignorant of the time since he was at the scene of action, nor had he any occasion, in his narrative of the deed, to change the time of it on purpose, however often his story turns aside from the truth into fable and romance. I shall therefore give the event the place which he has assigned to it.} VII. As Cyrus proceeded on his march, rumours and reports kept coming to his ears that the king had decided not to give battle at once, and was not desirous of coming to close quarters with him, but rather of waiting in Persia until his forces should assemble there from all parts. For he had run a trench, ten fathoms in width and as many in depth, four hundred furlongs through the plain; and yet he allowed Cyrus to cross this and to come within a short distance of Babylon itself.2 And it was Teribazus, as we are told, who first plucked up courage to tell the king that he ought not to shun a battle, nor to retire from Media and Babylon, as well as Susa, and hide himself in Persia, when he had a force many times as numerous as that of the enemy, and countless satraps and generals who sur- passed Cyrus in wisdom and military skill. The king therefore determined to fight the issue out as soon as possible. So, to begin with, by his sudden appearance with an army of nine hundred thousand men in brilliant 1 See chap. xix. * Cf. Xenophon, Anub. i. 7, 14-17. 141 PLUTARCH’S LIVES T POS, TOUS Tohepious AOUVTAKTOVS Kal avoTrAOUS dua TO Oappeiv Kal KaTadpoveiv odourropobvras éEémAnEe Kal ocuvetapa€er, wate suv GopvBw Kal Bon TOMMY pores Ets Tag kadioracbat TOV Kipov Emelta olyn Kal oxedny ETAYOV Gaipa Tol "EAAnoe TAS. evragias TApELXe, Kpavyas aTa- KTOUS Kal OKIPTH HATA Kal TONUY Tapayov avuTav Kal Svacmacpov € éy TAO EL TOT OUT@ T poo dex ojLe- vous. €v O€ Kal Kara TOUS "EX Aqvas avretage TOV Sperarnpopov Ta poparewrara Tpo THS €avToD parayyos, ws mply ev Nepal yeveo Ba dvaxowovta Tas Takes Bia THS elo ehdcews. VIII. Ti Sé ayn éxeivny TONACV pev amny- YEAKOT OD, Fevopavtos bé povovovyt O€LKVUOYTOS Oye, Kal Tots Tpaypacw, ws OU Yyeyevnuevots, ara yivouevos, epiotavtos ael TOV aKpoaTiy éutrab nal cuyxivduvevovta dia THY évapyetar, OUK €oTL vodv EXOVTOS emeEnryeta Oar, TAny boa 7 Oy akiov hoyou TapnrOev eirreiv exetvov. 0 jev oy TOTOS, eV O mapeTabavto, Kovvaka KahetTae Kal BaBvdéivos amex EL oTadtous mevTaKoctous. Kipov 6€ mpd THs paxns Krt«edpxou Tapa a- NOUVTOS efomrua bev TOV _MaXOopEveov elvat Kal pr) KLVOUVEVELY avTOV ELTFELD pact, so reyers, @ KXEeapye ; ou KeXevers pe TOV Bacrreias operyo- fLEVOV avatiov eivat Bactdetas ;” dpapTovTos ¢ Kupou peya T@ Ovval T POTET OS Els péoa Ta dewa Kat pn) pudratacBau TOV KivdUVOY, OVX HTTOV Hmaptev, eb 1) Kal “addon, eee avTiTakas 1 Anab. i. 8. 142 1015 ARTAXERXES vu. 3-viII. 3 array, he so terrified and confounded the enemy, who were marching along in loose order and without arms because of their boldness and contempt for the king, that Cyrus could with difficulty bring them into battle array amid much tumult and shouting; and again, by leading his forces up slowly and in silence, he filled the Greeks with amazement at his good discipline, since they had expected in so vast a host random shouting, and leaping, with great confusion and dissipation of their lines. Besides this, he did well to craw up in front of his own line, and over against the Greeks, the mightiest of his scythe- | bearing chariots, in order that by the force of their charge they might cut to pieces the ranks of the Greeks before they had come to close quarters. VIII. Now, since many writers have reported to us this battle, and since Xenophon! brings it all but before our eyes, and by the vigour of his description makes his reader always a participant in the emotions and perils of the struggle, as though it belonged, not to the past, but to the present, it would be folly to describe it again, except so far as he has passed over things worthy of mention. The place, then, where the armies were drawn up, is called Cunaxa, and it is five hundred furlongs distant from Babylon. And we are told that Cyr us, before the battle; when Clearchus besought him to remain behind the com- batants and not risk his life, replied : “‘ What sayest thou, Clearchus? Dost thou bid me, who am reaching out for a kingdom, to be unworthy of a kingdom ?”’ It was a great mistake for Cyrus to plunge headlong into the midst of the fray, instead of trying to avoid its dangers; but it was no less a mistake, nay, even a greater one, for Clearchus to refuse to array his 143 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kata Tov Baciréa pn Gednoas TOUS "EXANvas, adNG Tpoopieas 7 TOTApe TO beEtov, aos LN Kcr ety. Tv yap da pidevay é& drartos b1a- KOVTA Kal ELT TOV hoyov exovra rob poev wadety olxou bévewv HY KpuTLa Tov. o O€ puptous orabdlous ato Oaddaons év OTAOLS avaBeBnKws undevos avayKalovros, GX ores Kipoy ets tov Opovov Kablon TOV Bactrevov, eita TEpla KOT OV Xopav Kal Tae, ovK ap HS TWOELE Tov nryepwova Kab puaBodorny, GX év TivE Gépevos EaUTOV acdaras payeitar cal novyiav, dOuotos Hv vITo S€ovs TOV TapovTwY éxBeBAnKOTL TOLS TEP THY OAwY NoyLapwous KAaL TpOiEMev@ THY THS TTpaTElas uToecwv. OTL yap ovdels ay UTrépEetvEe TOV TETAY- péveov mepi Baciréa tovs “EXAnvas éutecortTas, wadevtoy & éxelivwv Kal Bactréws puyovTos y TETOVTOS UT Ape Kup VUKOVTL cwber Gat Kab Bacrrevew, € EX TOV TET PAayLEVOV Sidon € éott. 610 Thv KXeapyou padrnXov evrAudBerav 7) To ToD Kupov Opuaos aitiatéov ws Ta Tpdypata Kai Kopov uToheracay. et Yep autos éaxKoTres Bactrevs omov tak~as Tovs "EdAnvas aBraBertarors XP?) TET AL TONE LLOLS, OUK av érépav efevpev 7 THY aT OT are Vv wpav éauTou Kal TOV mept éavtov, ap Ns ovTE venders avros yobero kat Kopos EbOn KATAKOTELS 7 XT apEVvos Te 7H Krteapxou viky. KaiTot Kipos to cupudépov ovx nyvoncen, GX excel Kr€apxov exédeve taTreo Gat KaTa pecov. 0 0 avT@ pede einwy Omws Ect KaAMOTA, TO 7 ap 5:é¢Oetpev, 144 ARTAXERXES vitr. 3-7 Greeks over against the king, and to keep his right wing close to the river, that he might not be sur- rounded. For if he sought safety above everything else and made it his chief object to avoid losses, it had been best for him to stay at home. But he had marched ten thousand furlongs up from the sea-coast under arms, with no compulsion upon him, but in order that he might place Cyrus upon the royal throne; and then, in looking about for a place and position which would enable him, not to save his leader and employer, but to fight safely and as he pleased, he was like one who, through fear of instant peril, had cast aside the plans made for general success and abandoned the object of the expedition. For had the Greeks charged upon the forces arrayed about the king, not a man of them would have stood his ground ; and had these been routed and the king either slain or put to flight, Cyrus would have won by his victory, not only safety, but a kingdom. This is clear from the course of the action. Therefore the caution of Clearchus rather than the temerity of Cyrus must be held responsible for the ruin of Cyrus and his cause. For if the king himself had sought out a place to array the Greeks in which their attack would be least injurious to him, he could have found no other than that which was most remote from himself and his immediate following, since he himself did not know that his forces had been defeated there, and Cyrus could take no advantage at all of the victory of Clearchus, because he was cut down too soon. And yet Cyrus well knew what was for the best, and ordered Clearchus to take his position accordingly in the centre. But Clearchus, after telling Cyrus he would see to it that the best was done, ruined everything. 145 PLUTARCH S7Livis IxX..0t pev yap "EdAnves oaov éBovnovto TOUS BapBapous evixwy Kal SuxovTes emt TAELO TOY mponrOov' Kupw &€ yevvatoy immov, adoro mov d€ Ka UB pio thy éNavvovTt, Tacaxav KANOUMEVOD, OS Kryoias dnoir, avreErjAacev 0 Kadovciwy dpywy “Aprayépons peya Boor, “—O 70 KANALOTOV €V Tlépaacs bvopa Kuvpov KATALTXUVOY, GdtKOTATE ayopav Kal appovér tare, KAKOUS pev “EXXNVAS Epxn KaKkny ooov aryov emt Ta Ilepoov ayada, dearroT ny 6€ GeauToU Kal adehgov érmTiCwpy diva pyaew, 0s gov upidKis jeupious SovAous exet Kpelogovas. auTixa O€ TElpdan’ TpoTEpov yap amrohets evtavla tTHv ceavTovd Kedarnv 1) Oed- cacbat 76 Bacihéws TpdcwTov.” Tadta elTav éEnxovticey ér’ avtov. o 6¢ Owpak atepeds AVTETXE, KAL OVK ETPWON Ev Oo Kupos, éxpabavOn dé TIS TANYHS loxupas TpoomETovens. 7 0- oT pEewav Tos dé TOV iT TOV TOD ‘A ptayépoov Barer O Kdpos ¢ eTUXE, Kal dindace Tapa THY KrElOa bua TOU Tpaxnrov THY ALKEHD. Tov peév ovv ‘Aptayépony amo@avetv v umo TOU Kupou aYEeoo arrartes oporoyotae: mepl dé Tis avtou Kupov TENET IPS evel = evopov ATMS Kal TUVTOMWS, aTE 67) a) TAP&V AUTOS, ELTeED, ovder igws Kwrver Ta Acivwvos idia Kal madw Ta Krnotov OcedOeiv. AC Dryoiv ovv o pev Acivwy ort Tov “Apta- yepoov TEC OVTOS etgeXacas Biaiws o K dpos els Tous TPOTETA/MEVOUS 700 Bacthéws KATETPWCEDV avtov Tov immov, 0 6€ ameppun TypiBatou dé 146 A DAO hes bo oIk. 1=x.. I IX. For the Greeks were victorious to their hearts’ content over the Barbarians, and went forward a very great distance in pursuit of them; but Cyrus, riding a horse that was high-bred, but fierce and hard to guide (his name was Pasacas, as Ctesias tells us), was met in full course by Artagerses, commander of the Cadusians, who cried with a loud voice: ‘“O thou who disgracest the name of Cyrus, that noblest name among the Persians, thou most unjust and senseless of men, thou art come with evil Greeks on an evil journey after the good things of the Persians, and thou hopest to slay thine own brother and thy master, who hath a million servants that are better men than thou. And thou shalt at once have proot of this; for thou shalt lose thine own head here before thou hast seen the face of the king.” With these words he hurled his spear at Cyrus. But the breastplate of Cyrus stoutly resisted, and its wearer was not wounded, though he reeled under the shock of the mighty blow. Then,as Artagerses turned his horse away, Cyrus hurled his spear and hit him, and drove its head through his neck past the collar-bone. Thus Artagerses died at the hands of Cyrus, as nearly all writers are agreed in saying; but as regards the death of Cyrus himself, since Xenophon makes simple and brief mention of it,) because he was not present himself when it happened, there is no objection perhaps to my recounting, first what Deinon says about it, and then what Ctesias says. X. Accordingly, Deinon says that after Artagerses had fallen, Cyrus charged furiously into those drawn up in front of the king, and wounded the king’s horse, and that the king fell to the ground; but 1 Anabd. I. viii. 26. 147 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avaBarovros avutTov én addov lirTrov (Taxu Kat eb OV7 OSs" 0, Bactred, pepyng 0 THS TEpas TavTns: ov yap akia AiOns €oTi,” Tm adev o Kupos epoetaas TO imme xaTéBare Tov ” Aptok&epEny. mpos 6€ THY Tpit ny éré\aow duoavacxeijaas 0 O Bacirels, Kai elm@y mpos TOUS Ta povTas OS BértLov éoTt yen ohy, dvtebjAauve 7 Kvpo T POT ET OS Kal ATEPLT KET TOS els evavtia Béry hepomevw. Kat Badnree pev avTos UKOVTLO, Ban- ovat Se ob Wepl avTov. inter dé O Kipos, as pep évios NEyouGL, TANYEls UTO TOV Baciréus, ws be eT E poi TLves, Kapos avO por ov TATAELVTOS, @ yépas EbwKe TAS. mpafews TAUTNS 0 Bactrevs ddextpudva xpuaovv emi Sopatos Gel TPO TIS TaFEews év Tais TTPATELALS Kopitery’ Kal yap avutous tous Kapas adextpvovas ot Ilépoat dia TOUS Aogous, ols KoTpLodDaL Ta Kpavyn, Tpoc- ny OPEVOD. NI. SH &€ Kryoiov denynois, ws émetepmovtt TOAAG TUVTOMWS ATAYyElAaL, TOLAVTH Tis eaTL. Kopos aroxtetvas Aptayépony tXavuvev eis avToV Bactiréa Tov inmov, Kal AUTOS Ets éxeivon, d upo- TEPOL ClWTTT- pOaver be Barov "Aptaios o Kupou piros Bactréa, Kal ovK eTpwce. Bacireds 6 ageis TO Sopu Kupov jeev ovK eTUXE, Latupepynv 6€, Ta TOV avopa Kupe wal yevvaior, éBare Kat amextewwe. Kopos & én’ adtov éEaxovticas bia Tov Owpakos ETpwoE TO GTHOOS, Oaov évédvat Svo daxTUXOUS TO aKOVTLOV, TecElW SE auTov v7T0 TIS TANYIS aro TOU imarou. puyiis cé Kal Tapaxis TOV TENL AUTOV YyEevomevNS, O MEV avacTas per 146 1016 ARTAXERNES x. 1-x1. 2 Teribazus quickly mounted him upon another horse, saying, ‘“‘O king, remember this day, for it deserves not to be forgotten ” ; whereupon Cyrus again plunged in and dismounted Artaxerxes. But at his third assault, the king, being enraged, and saying to those who were with him that death was better, rode out against Cyrus, who was rashly and impetuously rushing upon the missiles of his opponents. The king himself hit him with a spear, and he was hit by the attendants of the king. Thus Cyrus fell, as some say, by a wound at the hands of the king, but as sundry others have it, from the blow of a Carian, who was rewarded by the king for this exploit with the privilege of always carrying a golden cock upon his spear in front of the line during an expedition ; for the Persians call the Carians themselves cocks, because of the crests with which they adorn their helmets. XI. But the narrative of Ctesias, to give it in a much-abbreviated form, is something as follows After he had slain Artagerses, Cyrus rode against the king himself, and the king against him, both without a word. But Ariaeus, the friend of Cyrus, was beforehand in hurling his spear at the king, though he did not wound him. And the king, casting his spear at Cyrus, did not hit him, but struck and killed Satiphernes, a trusted friend of Cyrus and a man of noble birth. But Cyrus threw his spear at the king and wounded him in the breast through the cuirass, so that the weapon sank in two fingers deep, and the king fell from his horse with the blow. Amid the ensuing confusion and flight of his immediate followers, the king rose to his feet, and with a few companions 149 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , 3 s \ OrNiyw, ev ols Kat Krynoias nv, Nohoy tia AN- ’ ? ‘ cal \ nw giov KatadhaBwv novyate’ Kupov 6€ Tots Tone- f bd , Jaa b] , € * a plots evethovpevov o tmmos e&epepev vTrO Pupod UA ‘ n HaKpdy, ON TKOTOVS GYTOS ayvooUmEVOY LTO TOV aN; “nw 4 ToAEuiwy Kal Entovpevov UTO TMV diwv. émrac- ral , \ \ x ¢ n ‘ popevos S€ TH vikn Kat peotos MY OpEAS Kal 4 ca 2 f Opacous dieEnXavve Bowv, “'EktotacGe, mem- 439 “ Q\ \ / > a V poi- touto oe Lleparott modraKis avTov aA e J a Bo@vtos, ot pev éEtotavto TpooKuvovrTes, aTo- id \ fo) a ¢e , a f \ mimte. 0€ THS Keparis 7) Tedpa TOV Kupov. xa / ? , bd , Tapatpéywv veavias llépans dvopa MieOpidarns , X 4 n \ S axovttm Barrer Tov KpoTadov avTov Tapa Tov ? , > ca) ef ” \ »' Cy A“ opOarmov, ayvowv CaTs ein. od b€ aipa Tov , \ Tpavuatos éxBadovTos iduyytacas Kai Kapwlels ¢ rn ? e 7. o Koipos érece. Kalo pev imros trexhuyor érAa- \ > 9 / a > / 4 Geto, Tov & éehinmecoy idov droppvévta AapBaver “A \ “A , > L od if Tov Tov Kipov Badovtos axodXovdos aluatos Trepi- \ \ a > n “ ? f mrew. Tov 6€ Kipov ex ths TAnys avadbépovta al / ral / > / , YAAETOS KAL LOLS EVVOUYOL TIVES ONiyOL TApOVTES > , 9.9 oS v4 , / \ 4 émeyeipouv é adXov itmoy avabéc ba Kai cwkerv. ? A Y4 n / advvatas 8 éyovta xal 8: avtod mpoOupovpevor 7 € s a ~ ‘ 4 Basile bTokaPovtes YOr, TH meV TwmATL KApN- A ? \ ” Bapovvta Kai chadrromevoy, oltopevoy Sé viKav > nm rT A akovovTa ToV devyovyTwY avakadovpévwyv Kodpov f x, , / 3 \ 4 Baoiréa cal heideoOar seopevwyv. ev b€ To’To f , 4 t bY Kavveot teves avOpwroe KaKxoBvor Kal aTOpoL Kal ca e “ n / TATEW@Y VTOUpynuaTwY EveKa TH TOV Bactréws a) cal f , oTpaTia TapaKoNovbourtes ETUYOY cvVavaplyOer- e “4 a N ‘ ra ¢. N , TES ws Pirosg ToOls wept TOV Kvpov. ws dé porss 150 ARTAXERXES x1. 2-6 among whom also was Ctesias, took possession of a certain hill near by and remained there quietly ; but Cyrus, enveloped by his enemies, was borne on a long distance by his spirited horse, and since it was now dark, his enemies did not recognize him and his friends could not find him. But lifted up by his victory, and full of impetuosity and confi- dence, he rode on through his foes, crying out, “Clear the way, ye beggars!’ ‘Thus he cried out many times, in Persian, and they cleared the way, and made him their obeisance. But the turban of Cyrus fell from his head, and a young Persian, Mithridates by name, running to his side, smote him with his spear in the temple, near the eye, not knowing who he was. Much blood gushed from the wound, and Cyrus, stunned and giddy, fell to the ground. His horse escaped and wandered about the field, but the horse’s saddle-cloth, which had slipped: off, was captured by the attendant of the man who had struck Cyrus, and it was soaked with blood. Then, as Cyrus was slowly and with difficulty recovering from the blow, a few eunuchs who were at hand tried to put him upon another horse and bring him to a place of safety. But since he was unable to ride and desired to go on his own feet, they supported him and led him along. His head was heavy and he reeled to and fro, but he thought he was victorious because he heard the fugitives saluting Cyrus as king and begging him to spare them. Meanwhile some Caunians—low and poverty-stricken men who followed the king’s army to do menial service—chanced to join the party about Cyrus, supposing them to be friends. But when at last they perceived that the tunics 151 bo PLUTARCH’S LIVES A , n al auveloov Ta émiOwpaxtdta howwika, NevKots yYpw- pévwv TOV Bacihikav aTdvT@Y, &yywoav ToXe- , , “~ puous OvrTas. els OUV éxeivwY ETOAUNTEY UYVOMV t n ‘ rr ’ , an \ éforicbev Barety tov Kipov axovtio. tijs dé Téepl THY tyvvayv prAEeBos avappayEetons Weowv oO Kipos dpa tate: mpos Tie ALOwW TOV TETPwpLEVvOV ld al ¢ xpotagov Kai aToOyiaKxe. Totovtos pev o Krn- , , e 4 2 a te , gLov ovyos, @ Kabamep auPret Ecpidtm pworis > a bf dvatp@yv tov avOpwrov avypnKev. fa) , € XII. "Hén d6€ adtod teOvnxotos “Aptacipas o LA > \ / cf , Baciréws obadpos Etuyev intw wape~eXNavvwv. \ , yvwpicas ovv ToOVS EvvOVYOUS oAOPUpPLMEVOUS N a a np@Tnce TOY TiaToTaTov avTav, “ Tiva tod- c , , 4 > e \ tov, ® Ilaptoxa, kates Trapakabnpevos ;” o de elev “‘Ovy opas, ® ’Aptacipa, Kd e TEU PUN ODES; Aptacupa, Kipov teOvy- = tg , La) ‘ kota; G@avyacas otv o ’Aptacupas T@ pév ? , “ , \ , evvovyw Oappety trapexedevoato Kxai dudratTev . / > ‘ \ i TOV vexpov, autos b€ GuYTEivas Tpos TOY ’ApTo- , > / N > \ a) EépEnv, amTeyywxoTa pev 1/6) Ta TPdyp"aTa, KAKOS \ “a , 6€ Kal TO THA StakeEiwevoy UO TE Oivrns Kal a / ¢ TOU TpavuaTos, yatpwv dpaber ws avtos idor a , Ko e oe a \ Or ef teGvnxota Ktpov. o 6€ mp@tov pev evOvs adp- > \ as \ pnaev autos tévat, Kal tov ’“Aptacvpay ayeuv ’ / Ds eN \ / a b \ ‘ \ > , exé\evoev ETL TOV TOTTOY" ETrEl SE TOAUS HY AOrOS cal € ‘ tav EAAjverv kai PoBos ws SuwKovtwy Kal TavtTa a VLXWVTwY Kal KpaToUVTwY, &ofe mrelovas TE“Wat \ , Tous KaToopevous’ Kal TpldxovTa Napradas v > f Q > “ be \ > t eyovTes eméupOnoav. avtT@ dé pixpov atronei- Tovtt Tob TeOvavar bid TO duphv LatiBaplavns 152 1017 ARTAXERXES xr. 6-xn. 3 over their breastplates were of a purple colour, whereas all the king’s people wore white ones, they knew that they were enemies. Accordingly, one of them, not knowing who Cyrus was, ventured to smite him from behind with his spear. The vein in the ham of Cyrus was ruptured and he fell, and at the same time struck his wounded temple against a stone, and so died. Such is the story of Ctesias, in which, as with a blunt sword, he is long in killing Cyrus, but kills him at last. XII. When Cyrus was now dead, Artasyras, the king’s Eye,! chanced to pass by on horseback, and recognizing the eunuchs as they lamented, he asked the trustiest of them, “Who is this man, Pariscas. by whom thou sittest mourning?’’ And Pariscas answered: ‘O Artasyras, dost thou not see Cyrus dead?”’ Astonished at this, then, Artasyras bade the eunuch be of good courage and guard thie dead body, but he himself went in hot haste to Artaxerxes (who had already given up his cause for lost, and besides was physically in a wretched plight from thirst and from his wound), and joyfully told him that with his own eyes he had seen Cyrus dead. At first the king promptly set out to go in person to the place, and ordered Artasyras to conduct him thither; but since there was much talk about the Greeks, and it was feared that they were pursuing and conquering and making themselves masters everywhere, he decided to send a larger company to see where Cyrus lay. So thirty men were sent, with torches. Meanwhile, since the king was almost dead with thirst, Satibarzanes the eunuch 1 A confidential officer of high rank, a Superintendent of the Realm. TOLL XT bow 15s to PLUTARCH’S LIVES 0 evvodxyos mEepiPewy eCijree TOT OV" ov yap elxe 70 Xwptov Udwp, ovoe Hy éyyus TO oTparoTedor. OALS ovV eTiTVYYaver TOV Kavviwy éxetvwv TOV kaKoBiwv EVOS év doKio pathy _ SvepOappévov Sep Kal movnpov EXOVTOS, 6ooV OKT® KOTUAGS' Kab AaBov TOUTO Kab Koploas 7@ Raciret dtdwoLv. exTrLOVTS. dé aay pornaev EL pr) Tavu dua ye- patver TO TOTOV. 0 6€ @ Looe TOUS Jeous NTE olvoy HOEWS OUTWS THTTOTE TETWKEéVAaAL UATE Uowp TO KovpoTatov Kat Kabapararor, “Oore,” eb, ‘tov Sovta cot ToUTO avOpw mov, av eyo an Sv enTijoas dpeipracbat, Tovs Geovs evyopat Toljoat waxaployv Kal mOvCLOV.” NIU. ‘Ev 6€ TOVTH “Tpoo 7p auvov ot TpiaKovTa Napmpol Kal TEptXapels, avayyENdOVTES AUTO THY AVERT LG TOV eUTUXiay. 7707 oe Kal mafOet TOV TUVT PE YOVTOY They 7 Pos auTov KaL cuiaTape- vov eOuppel, xal KatéPBawvev aro Tob Aopov pert TOARG 7 EPLNAILT OMEVOS. ws 6€ é emeaTy TO VEKPO, Kal Kara 51} TiVva vo mov epaay 1) bekea velo aTEKOTN Kal ”) Kepams TOU TWOMATOS, exéAevoe THY Keparyy AUTO Kowa Ohvac' Kal THS KOMNS SpaEapevos ovens Babelas Kat Aacias émedeixvuE TOUS appioofodaty éTe Kab pevyovory. ot 6é eGavpalov Kal TpooeKvvovy, oaTe Taxv pupiddas emTa | Te pl avutov yevéc Oar kal Tuvertedacar TaN ELS TO oTpatomesor. eFeAnaKer O€, WS 0 Kryatas pryaty, ent THY waxy TETORPAKOVTA peupeaowy. ot 6€ Tepit Acivwva Kal Eevop@rra TOAV TAELOVAS yever Bar Aeyouce TAS PEMA NLEVAS. apiOuov é vexpav o Kryoias évaxtoytrlous dveveyO vai 154 ARTANERAES Ni. 3-XUl. 3 ran about in quest of a drink for him; for the place had no water, and the camp was far away. At last, then, he came upon one of those low Caunians, who had vile and polluted water in a wretched skin, about two quarts in all: this he took, brought it to the king, and gave it to him. After the king had drunk it all off, the eunuch asked him if he was not altogether disgusted with the drink. But the king swore by the gods that he had never drunk wine, or the lightest and purest water, with so much pleasure. “ Therefore,’ said the king, “if I should be unable to find and reward the man who gave thee this drink, I pray the gods to make him rich and happy.” XIII. And now the thirty messengers came riding up with joy and exultation in their faces, announcing to the king his unexpected good fortune. Presently, too, he was encouraged by the number of men who flocked back to him and formed in battle array, and so he came down from the hill under the light of many torches. And after he had halted at the dead body of Cyrus, and its right hand and head had been cut off (in accordance with a law of the Persians), he ordered the head to be brought to him; and grasping it by the hair, which was long and bushy, he showed it to those who were still wavering and disposed to fly. These were amazed, and made obeisance to the king, so that very soon seventy thousand men were about him and marched back with him to their camp. He had marched out to the battle, as Ctesias says, with four hundred thousand men. But Deinon and Xenophon say that the army which fought ander him was much larger. As to the number of his dead, Ctesias says that it t55 PLUTARCH’S LIVES oyae 7 POs cov ‘Apto€ EépEnv, auT@ o€ Oto pupiov ovK ENAT TOUS davyvat Tous KELMEVOUS. TAUTA [EV ovv éyer SiapspiaBntnow' éexeivo de Tov Krnatov NamTrpov On Wevopua, TO TepPhOHVat hava. Tpos Tous” EAAnvas auTov peTAa PaXrivov tod ZaxuvvOiov Kat TLYwY aAAWY. O Yap Revopav HMTTATO curo.ar piBovta Bacinret Kryotay peenvnTat yap avTovU Kat Tots: BiBAtors TOUTOLS EVTETUXIKOS d7A0s é€oti ox av ovv é€NovTa Kal ROywP TOTOUTWY EP[LNVEA YEVOMEVOY TAPTHKEV AV@VULOY, Panrivoy 6¢ tov ZaxvvOtov wmvopater. adda bat- wovies o Kryotias, ws EouKe, pudoripos | av Kab ouxX iT TOV prod Kev Kat rroxheapXos det Twas év Ti Suny i}o et Xopas EauT@ “Lowa, év als YEVOJLEVOS TOANG Kal Kara peuvnoetar KrAeapyou Kal THS Aaxecatpovos. NIV. Mera o€ TIP paxny o@pa KaAdoTa pen cere pe Kat MEYLOT Ta TO ‘Aptayépoou Tato TOD TET OVTOS uTO Kupou, Kaas o€ Kal Kryotay Kal tovds addXous étTlunoe. Tov 6€ Kavvtov éxetvor éFaveuvpwv, os éwédmxe TO aoxtoy, €& abdEou Kat TEVNTOS EVTL{LOV KAL TAOVGLOV éTTOincEVv. Hy O€ TLS eTUEELA Kal rept TAS Tov efapapTovTav StKat- WOELS. A pSdxny ev yap TVA Mijbov € év TH Max 7 pos Kopov duyovra Kal Tadw éKetvov TET OVTOS peTactavra, Oetdiay Kat padraklay KatTayvovs, ov 7 podog lav ouee KAKOVOLaY, éxéheus € yuLvnV ava- NaBovta mopyny mepBadny € éml Tov TPAXI) ov OL HLEPAS OAS ev Ayopa TEepipepeww. ETEpou GE TPOS Aah Lies: 159 1018 ARTAXERXES xi. 3-x1Vv. 2 was reported to Artaxerxes as nine thousand, but that he himself thought the slain no fewer than twenty thousand. This matter, then, is in dispute. But it is certainly a glaring falsehood on the part of Ctesias to say that he was sent to the Greeks along with Phalinus the Zacynthian and certain others. For Xenophon knew that Ctesias was in attendance upon the king, since he makes mention of him and had evidently read his works; if, then, Ctesias had come to the Greeks and served as an interpeter in so momentous a colloquy, Xenophon would not have left him nameless and named only Phalinus the Zacynthian.1 The truth is that Ctesias, being prodigiously ambitious, as it would seem, and none the less partial to Sparta and to Clearchus, always allows considerable space in his narrative for himself, and there he will say many fine things about Clearchus and Sparta. XIV. After the battle, the king sent the largest and most beautiful gifts to the son of that Artagerses who fell at the hands of Cyrus; he also gave gener- ous rewards to Ctesias and others, and when he had found out the Caunian who had given him the skin of water, he raised him from obscurity and poveriy to honour and wealth. There was much watchful care also in his punishment of those who had gone wrong. for example, in the case of Arbaces, a Mede, who had run away to Cyrus during the battle, and, when Cyrus fell, had changed back again, the king pronounced him guilty, not of treachery, nor even of malice, but of cowardice and weakness, and ordered him to take a naked harlot astride his neck and carry her about in the market-place for a whole day. And in the case of another man, who, besides 157 PLUTARCH’S LIVES A al / Cal / a T@ peTacThvar wevoapevov KataBarely dvo Tay a \ i Toepiwv, mpocétate StaTreipat Tptot Bedovats a \ / a Tv yAw@TTAaY. olopevos bé Kal Bovdopevos Soxeiv \ / Kal Aye TaYTAS AVE pwTTOUS WS AUTOS ATTEKTOVOL fa ; al / , a Kopov, MiOpidatn te T@ Barovte trpwtw Kipov a f ’ / \ , éférreue S@pa Kal Neyer Ex€XevaE TOUS SLOovTas e cm iA “ e \ e/ BJ 4 ws “Tovtos oe Tid o Baotreus Ott Tov édit- a \ 4 > a metov Kvpou midov evpwv aviveyxas’’ tod be cal f e bd a \ ’ 7 \ e@ ra bY A Kapos, 0d ob tHv tyvvav TAnyeEls 0 Kupos erece, Kal avTov Swpedv aitodvTos, éxéNevoev ElTrety TOUS 60 ef ce \ “~ LO \ b] sedovtas OTe “‘Xot ravta didwow Baoirevs evay- yediwy Sevtepeta’ mpatos yap Aptacupas, eT > ~ \ \ \ / \ ’ A 3) éxetvov d€ au THY Kupou terevtny amnyyetras. 2 \ = 1, / b] A aA 7 . 6 pev ovv MiOpsdatns aTHrAGE ctwTH AVTrOvpLEVOS tov d¢€ dOALov Kapa xowov te mabos €€ dBertepias \ \ \ a katéoxye. dtapGapels yap UTO TOY TApOVYTWY, ws , ad ‘ a coixev, aya0av, Kat avaTetcbels evOus avtitrotet- a e \ b , ? > es \ / oat Tay vTép avtov, ove nkiov ta d00évta \ 3 , bya ’ >) v4 4 to Gor evayyedtwv EVELV, ANN NyavaKTer papTupo- 4 a ef nw ¢ peevos Kat Bowv ott Kopov ovdels Erepos, GAN autos amextovol, Kal thy do€av adlkws atrocTe- a fal \ > 7 ¢ ‘ / poito, tavta b€ akovaas 0 Bacireds ohddpa / \ \ \ ’ / > a mapwEuven Kai THY Keharny éxéXevoev aTroTEpELY tov avOpwrov. tapovaa 8 1) wyntnp, “Mn av > s. ‘cc 4 \ ra A 2 a ye, elmev, ““ovTw Tov Kapa tovrov, & Bactnred, 7 a Tov OdeOpov amadXaéns, adda Trap éuovd Tov v » 4 X e a ? 99 agvoy amoNypetat peta Oov ov TOAMG Never. fal 4 éemitpewavtos b€ Tov Bacthéws éxéXevoeEe TOUS ’ \ a a e / / \ eTL TwOV Tiuwpiav 7 Llapvoatis NaBovtas Tov 158 ARTAXERXES xiv. 2-5 going over to the enemy, had lyingly boasted that he had slain two of them, the king ordered that his tongue should be pierced with three needles. Moreover, believing, and wishing all men to think, and say, that he had killed Cyrus with his own hand, he sent gifts to Mithridates, the one who first hit Cyrus, and ordered the bearers of the gifts to say: “This is thy reward from the king because thou didst find and bring to him the trappings of the horse of Cyrus.” Again, when the Carian, from whom Cyrus received the blow in the ham which brought him down, asked that he also should receive a gift, the king ordered its bearers to say: “The king gives thee these things as a second prize for good tidings; for Artasyras came first, and after him thou didst come, with tidings of the death of Cyrus.” Now, Mithridates went away without a _ word, although he was vexed; but the wretched Carian, in his folly, gave way to a common feeling. That is, he was corrupted, it would seem, by the good things which he had, and led by them to aspire at once to things beyond his reach, so that he would not deign to take the gifts as a reward for good tidings, but was indignant, calling men to witness and crying in loud tones that it was he himself, and no one else, who had killed Cyrus, and that he was unjustly robbed of his glory. When the king heard of this, he was vehemently angry and gave orders that the man should be beheaded. Whereupon the king’s mother, who was present, said to him: “O King, do not let this accursed Carian off so easily, but leave him to me, and he shall receive the fitting reward for his daring words.” So the king consigned the man to Parysatis, who ordered the executioners to 159 t PLUTARCH’S LIVES avOpwtov eb 1wépas bexa ot peBhoby, elTa TOUS opGarpous éfopugavtas els Ta OTA Oeppov évT)}- KELY YAAKOV Ews aTroBarn, XV. Kars dé dam@heTo kal Mi@pidatns wer odMYOV xpovov éx THS auras aBedTeptas. crOels yap emt dettrvoy év0a Kai Bactdéwe Kai TIS 21- TOS evvovxor maphoav, meV ec Ont Kat xpya@ Kexoo unpéevos ols EXaBe Tapa Bacthéws. etre SE els TO Tivelty UdiKovTo, N€yet POS AUTOV O pméryt- otov Ouvapevos Tov Lapucatedos ebvovywv: “Os Kadnv pev eoOtad cot TAaUTHY, @ MOpidara, ) Bac ireus Cédwxe, Kara é¢ oTpente Kal pera TOAXOV O€ 510s 0 GKUVaKNS. y pax dplov Ge KAL mepipdemroy é aTact TeTOoUNKer. Hon be peOuwy o Mi@pidatns, “Tt 6€ tadta éotiv,” eitev, “@ Lrapapicy ; : Meubovey yap eyo Kal Kaddoveor Bacirel THY nmepav éxeivyyny aEtov éuauTov Tap- Ea XOP. ” Kal 0 Smapapifns eripedidoas, “ Pdovos pev ovoels, @ @ MiOpidura,” elrev" ‘ rel dé paow "EAXnves oivov Kal adn Gear elvat, TL apm pov, @ Tay, 1) peya, mtNov eupey UM TOU TepippuEevTa Kat TOUTOV aveveyKely ; TavtTa O€ ovK ayvoov 70 id és Eheyev, ara Bovdopevos exxarvyat mpos TOUS TAPLVTas varexivel TI KoupoTnta TOU av- Opwmou Aaddov Kal axpatovs ‘1E/OVOTOS bua TOV oivov. elev ovv pn KaTao Xo ST wets pev, & Tt Bovreode, TlNOUS Aéyere Kat pdvapous’ eyo Oo uuiy dey Sra ppnonv vio TAUTNS aun pijo Cas Kopov THS HELPS. ov yap ws ‘Aprayépons 7 nKOY- Tiga KEvov Kat paTaLov, adda TOD pev 6POarpod 160 ARTAXERXES xiv. 5-xv. 4 take him and rack him on the wheel for ten days, then to gouge out his eyes, and finally to drop molten brass into his ears until he died. XV. Mithridates also came to a miserable end a little while after, owing to the same folly. For being invited to a banquet at which eunuchs of the king and of the queen-mother were present, he came decked out with raiment and gold which he had received from the king. And when the company were at their cups, the chief eunuch of Parysatis said to him: “Mithridates, how beautiful this raiment is which the king gave thee, and how beautiful the collars and bracelets! Costly, too, is thy scimitar. Verily the king has made thee happy in the admiring eyes of all men.” Then Mithridates, now flushed with wine, replied: ‘“‘Sparamizes, what do these things amount to? Surely my services to the king on that day were worthy of greater and more beautiful gifts.” Here Sparamizes smiled at him and said: “ There’s no grudging them to thee, Mithridates; but since, according to the Greek maxim, there is truth in wine, what great or brilliant exploit was it, my good fellow, to find a horse's trappings that had slipped off, and bring them to the king?”’ In saying this, Sparamizes was not ignor- ant of the truth, but he wished to unveil Mithridates to the company, and therefore slyly stirred up his vanity when wine had made him talkative and robbed him of self-control. Accordingly, Mithridates threw away constraint and said: “ Ye may talk as ye please about horse-trappings and such nonsense ; but 1 declare to you explicitly that Cyrus was slain by this hand of mine; for I did not, like Artagerses, make a futile and an idle cast of spear, but I 161 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘ 4 aA be ? \ \ } x , [LK pov HuapTov, TOU O€ KpoTAahou TUYwY Kal OLEAa- b \ / e > 3 i gas KatéBadov Tov avdpa* Kai TéEOvnKEY UT EKel- mm ? ” e \ 2 ” \ , you Tov TpavuaTos. ob pey OvY ANAOL TO TEXOS A \ , Lg aA 8n tod Mi@ptSatov Kal tH Kakodatpoviay opev- ] \ wn bYA ¢€ e e wn > a te @) TEs ELS THY hv Exuav Oo O ETTLWY AUTOVS, a 9 ‘ce ; 0 da , ? a , trav, én, “ Mi@ptdata, rivmpev ev T@ TapovTe Kai ¢obiwpev Tov Bactréws Oatspova mpooKuvotv- g \ , Aa > e@ fa) >? ” Tes, AOyous Fé pelfovs 7) KAO Nydas Eaowper. a ? - XVI. ’Ex tovtov 17 pev Lapvodtids ppater TOV AOYoV O EvVvodYos, éxeivn 5€ Bactret: Bactrevs ¢ , \ dé nyavaxtnoev waotep éFedeyYouevos Kat TO ? \ e > o wn - KaNALoTOV Kal NOLaTOY aTo\AVwWY THS viKNS. bd f \ ? e a é iY éBovreto yap BapBapovs amavtas wereiaPat Kat rad ‘ n "EXAnvas ws év tais éEeXacect kal cvpTdoKais \ \ \ \ > , \ 9 , 4 Sous Kal AaBwv TWANynVY ETpwON pév AUTOS, Ex- XV b] a“ b] A ba N id Teive O€ é€xeivov. éxédXevoev ovv Tov MiOpidatny amolavely oxaghevbevra. To d€ cxagpevOnvat totodrov €att' axddas dvo U 5) , mTeTomnpevas ehapmotery add nAaLs NaBovrTes, eis Thy éTépav KaTAakNivovat Tov KoNalomevor UrtLov' 3 \ / , eiTa T1v eTépay éTauyovTes Kal ovvappotortes, @aTe THY Keharny Kai Tas yelpas éEw Kal TOUS Todas aTrockauBadverbat, TO dé GAO CHpa Trav > , Q 60 > , wn 3 , wv atroxexpupGat, ddoact €ofiev TO avOpwre, Kav \ , , wn \ 9, pn Gédyn, TpocBialovtar KevtovvtTes Ta Supata: / a gayovts O€ meeiv pédXt Kal yada cuyKexpapévov ; , ’ \ , n éyYeovoly €l6 TO OTOMA KAL KATA TOU TpoTwToOU , ? Y \ ; KATAXEOVTLY. ELTA TPOS TOY HALOV del aTPéov- 3 , \ > A ou evavTia Ta Oupata, Kal pul@v teocKadnpe- 162 1019 ARTAXERXES xv. 4—-xv1. 3 narrowly missed his eye, struck him in the temple, pierced it, and brought the man down; and it was of that wound that he died.” The rest of the com- pany, then, who already saw the end of Mithridates and his hapless fate, bowed their faces towards the ground ; and their host said: “ My good Mithridates, let us eat and drink now, revering the good genius of the king, and let us waive discourse that is too weighty for us.”’ XVI. Afterwards the eunuch told the matter to Parysatis, and she to the king; and the king was incensed, as being openly convicted of false- hood, and likely to forfeit the fairest and most pleasing feature of his victory. For he wished that all Barbarians and all Greeks should be fully persuaded that when he and his brother had charged and grappled with each other, he had given and received a blow, being only wounded himself, but killing his brother. He therefore gave orders that Mithridates should be put to death by the torture of the boats. Now, this torture of the boats is as follows. Two boats are taken, which are so made as to fit over one another closely; in one of these the victim is laid, flat upon his back; then the other is laid over the first and carefully adjusted, so that the victim’s head, hands, and feet are left projecting, while the rest of his body is completely covered up. Then they give him food to eat, and if he refuse it, they force him to take it by pricking his eyes. After he has eaten, they give him a mixture of milk and honey. to drink, pouring it into his mouth, and also deluge his face with it. Then they keep his eyes always turned towards the sun, and a swarm of flies settles down 163 PLUTARCH’S LIVES vov wrAnbos wav aroKxpuTTETAaL TO TPOTwTOD. évtos 6€ ToLovyTOS Gaa ToLely avayKatoy ear ésOiovras avOpwrous Kat mivovtas, eval Kat aKk@rnKes vo dOopas Kal onmedovos éx Tod TepiTT@paTos avatéovaly, Up’ @Y avariaxetat TO oa Seadvopevoy els Ta évtTes. OTav yap On pavepos 7 TEOUNKOS ) avO pwmos, apatpeecans THS ETAVO oKadns opaat THY fev capKa KaTEON- cecpevny, mept 66 TA OTAdYXVA TOLOVT@Y Anpio éspovs éoOiovtwr Kat mpoatepuKotwv. olTwS 0 Mi@pidatns értaxaibexa ipépas POerpomevos ports amrébave. XVII. Aocros & av 1H Wapucdtiés cxoros o THY Kehadiy aTroTEe“av Kal THY xetpa Tod Kupou MacaBurns, Bactréws eUvoUXos. ws otv autos ovdeniav kal’ éavTou AaBny mapedsoou, ToLovuTOY émiBourns tpotov 7 Ilaptcatis cuveOnxev. Hv ta Te GAXa Gupocodos yuvyn kal deuvyn KuBeverv: 510 Kab Baciret ™ po TOU Todewou TONaGKIS TUY- exuSever pera dé TOV ToAenov dtaruleica pos GUTOV OUK epevye Tas pirogpocvvas, arxra Kal auveraive Kal Tov cpa ricav exowvervet cULT par- tovaa Kal tapodaa, Kal bras Hux pot ar ov auTov TH Lrareipa peredtdou xpiaGas Kal ouveivat, hiaodad TE UaNLOTA TUaVTwY éxelvynV Kal pérytarov av7?) Bovdopevn duvacbat. AaBoica én OTe TOV “AproképEny @punpLevov ave oyYorgNs ovaons TT pouKanretTo rept Xtdiwv Oa perk ay xuBevoar Kal xuBevovTa Tepretoe viKhoat Kal 70 xpuatov antr- édwKe. mpoorooumern b& avacbas Kal dtrove- 164 ARTAXERXES XVi. BoXVIL: 3 upon his face and hides it completely. And since inside the boats he does what must needs be done when men eat and drink, worms and maggots seethe up from the corruption and rottenness of the excre- ment, devouring his body, and eating their way into his vitals. For when at last the man is clearly dead and the upper boat has been removed, his flesh is seen to have been consumed away, while about his entrails swarms of such animals as I have mentioned are clinging fast and eating. In this way Mithridates was slowly consumed for seventeen days, and at last died. XVII. And now there was one mark left for the vengeance of Parysatis—the man who had cut off the head and right hand of Cyrus, Masabates, an eunuch of the king. Against this man, then, since he him- self gave her no chance to get at him, Parysatis concocted a plot of the following sort. She was in general an ingenious woman, and greatly addicted to playing at dice. For this reason she frequently played at dice with the king before the war, and after the war was over and she had been reconciled with him, she did not try to avoid his friendly over- tures, but actually joined in his diversions, and took part in his amours by her codperation and presence, and, in a word, left very little of the king for Stateira’s use and society. For she hated Stateira above all others, and wished to have the chief influence herself. So, one day, finding Artaxerxes trying to amuse himself in a vacant hour, she challenged him to play at dice for a thousand darics, allowed him to win the game, and paid the money down. Then, pretending to be chagrined at her loss and to seek revenje, she challenged the king to play 165 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kelty éxéXevoev avis ef (px iis EPL evvouxXov 4 SiaxvBevoar KAKEWVOS UMNKOUCE. Tolnadpevot be auvOnkas mévTe pev exadtepov Ume~eAéoOat TOUS TLOTOTUTOUS, EK O€ TOV AOLTOV OV AV O VIK@Y EdnTal, dovvat Tov HTT @pEvoy, emi TOUTOLS éxv- Bevov. apodpa 67 yevopern TpOS TO mpaypare Kat oTrovducaca Tept THY mardidv, ev O€ TwS auth Kal Tov KUBY TEcOrTOY, ULKnTAaTA AALBa- vet TOV MacaBarny: ov yap Hv év TOUS vmreEnpn- 5 pevors. Kat piv €v UTowig yever Oar Bactrea TOU TMpadypatos éyxetpicaca Tots éml TOV TeLo- pLav mpoaétatev éxdeipar CavrTa, Kab TO pev oOiLa mraryiov bia TplL@v TTAVPOV avan7ngar, TO € déppa. ywpis StaTaTTanevoal. Yevopevony 6€ TOVT@Y Kal Bacthéews Naren Bs pepovTos xa ma pofvvopevou Tpos aurny, e(povevopevn pera YEAWTOS, TKO dus,” EpacKey, “ él Kal pad pLos, él Xareraivers bua yéporta tovnpov evvodxov, eyo be xertous éK- 6 xuBevdeioa Oaperovs olwT® Kal otépyw. Baci- hevs pev oop ep ots ety peTaped opevos NouxXiav NYE, ‘) dé & LTdTetpa Kal mpos TadXa havepos jvavT.ovTo Kal TOUTOLS édvayéparvev, ws avépas evvouxXous KQl TLE TOUS Bactret d1a Kipov OLAS Kal TAPAvo p05 aTrodAvovans QUTHS. XVIII. ’Ewei dé KrXéapyov nal tovs Gros 1020 OTPATNYOUS Teaadepyns éEnmatnoe Kal Tap- ea TOveno ED OpKeaV yevouévwv Kal cvAAABwv av- émrenvev év rédats dedemevous, SenOivat pnow avrob TOV Kreapyxor 0 Krycias o7ws KTEVOS EUTOPNIGELE. TUXOVTA bé Kat TH MEAN TAVTA THY Keharny noOhivat te TH ypeia Kal Tov daxTUALOY 166 ARTAXERXES xvir. 3-xvin. 1 a second game, with an eunuch for the stake, and the king consented. They agreed that both might reserve five of their most trusty eunuchs, but that from the rest the loser must give whichever one the winner might select, and on these conditions played their game. Parysatis took the matter much to heart and was in great earnest with her playing, and since the dice also fell in her favour, she won the game, and selected Masabates ; for he was not among those who had been excepted. And before the king suspected her design, she put the eunuch in the hands of the executioners, who were ordered to Hay him alive, to set up his body slantwise on three stakes, and to nail up his skin to a fourth. This was done, and when the king was bitterly incensed at her, she said to him, with a mocking laugh: “ What a blessed simpleton thou art, to be incensed on account of a wretched old eunuch, when 1, who have diced away a thousand darics, accept my loss without a word.” So the king, although sorry that he had been deceived, kept quiet in the matter, but Stateira openly opposed Parysatis in other things, and above all was angry with her because, for the sake of Cyrus, she was cruelly and lawlessly putting to death eunuchs and others who were faithful to the king. XVIII. Now, when Clearchus and his fellow- generals had been completely deceived by Tissa- phernes,? and, contrary to solemn oaths, had been seized and sent up to the king in chains, Ctesias tells us that he was asked by Clearchus to provide him with a comb. Clearchus got the comb and dressed his hair, and being pleased at the service 1 Cf. Xenophon, Azad. ii. 5. 107 Ww PLUTARCH’S LIVES avT@ dovvat cup Borov prrias 7 pos TOUS €v Aaxedaipori _ouyyeveis Kat olKetous” elvat dé yrudiy év TH opparyioe Kapvartiéas o opxoupevas. 7a S€ meumoueva oltia, To KrXedpyo TOUS ouUp- dedeevous aTpaTLwTas adaipetabar Kab KaT- avantoxety, ordtya THO Kredpye@ dsd0vtas aT avTav. idcacOat 6é Kal tovto dyow o Krnolas, mretova TO Kr«eapx@ meres Oat Siar pakapevos, toa be éTepa Tois TTPATLOT ALS did0c0 at: Kal TavTa “pe Umoupynaat Kat Tapas xeiv VaptTe Kat Youn TAS Tapuaatioos. TE {LTO "EVV é€ Kad nuépav TO Kredpy@ KWAHVOS esl Tots oLTloLs, mraparaneiv avuToV Kal Oud Ket @S YP) [LK pov ELS TO Kpeas éuParovta paxatpiov amoxpuyavta mena Kat yen mepridety év TH Bactréos @LOTHTL 70 TéXOS avToU yevomevov’ autos bé poPovpevos un eGeri- oat. Baoirea 6€ TH bev pentpe TaparToupery un KTEtvAL TOV KAdapyor opmoroyijaat Kal omogat: mea evTa dé avOis vo THs Lrateipas amoxteivat rartas TAnY Mévwvos. éx d€ TovTOU THY Tapv- cat éemBoureda ar TH Lrateipa Kal ovoKeud- cacbat Ty dappaxetav KaT auras, OUK elKoTa Neyov. GAARA TOAATY droyiay éxovta THS aitias, et Oeivov Epyov oUTwS edpacge Kal TapEexiWOUvEevaEY n Ilapvaoatis da KXEéapyor, averetvy ToApnoaca THY ynotay Bactrtéws yuvaixa cal Téxvwv Kolvw- pov é7b Bactretg Tpepomevwov. AAA TATA pey ouK adndov ws ETLTPAyMoElTaL TH Kredpxou pyre. Kat yep avaipeGevtov pyat TOV o7Tpa- THYOr TOUS wey GrOUS UTS KUVaY OTAapdTrecOal 1638 ARTAXERXES xvitt. 1-5 rendered, gave Ctesias his ring as a token of friend- ship which he might show to his kindred and friends in Sparta; and the device in the seal was a group of dancing Caryatides. Moreover, as Ctesias says, the provisions sent to Clearchus were seized by the soldiers in captivity with him, who consumed them freely and gave only a small part of them to Cle- archus. This hardship also Ctesias says he rernedied, by getting more provisions sent to Clearchus, and a separate supply given to the soldiers; and these services he says he rendered and performed to please Parysatis, and at her suggestion. He says further that a flitch of bacon was sent to Clearchus every day to supplement his rations, and that Clearchus earnestly advised him that he ought to bury a small knife in the meat and send it to him thus hidden away, and not allow his fate to be determined by the cruelty of the king; but he was afraid, and would not consent to do this. The king, Ctesias says, at the solicitation of his mother, agreed and swore not to kill Clearehus; but he was won back again by Stateira, and put all the generals to death except Menon. It was because of this, Ctesias says, that Parysatis plotted against the life of Stateira and prepared the poison for her. But it is an unlikely story, and one that gives an absurd motive for her course, to say that Parysatis thus risked and wrought a dreadful deed because of Clearchus, and dared to kill the king’s lawful wife, who was the mother by him of ehildren reared for the throne. Nay, it is quite evident that he add< this sensational detail out of regard for the memory of Clearchus. For he says that after the generals had been put to death, the rest of them were torn by dogs and birds, but that 169 eo PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal opvewy, T@ O€ Kreapxov vexp@ Ovedrav a ave- pou Yhs Siva TONY pépovear emLY@oAL Kal emuxpuyat TO copa howikwry o€ Tivwy dStacTra- pévtav ordiyo Xpove Javpacrov aXoos avapivat Kal KaTaCKiagat TOV TOTOV, WaTE Kal Bactret cpodpa peTapedery, as avdpa Geois iro ay NpnKore TOV Kréapxov. XIX. ‘H & ody Hapvcarcs, jug ous TE TPOS THY LTaTetpay ef apxijs UToKetpmévou Kal noTUTIas, opaca THY pev auras Suvapuv aidoupevov Bacthews Kab TLL@VTOS ovoar, THY Oo EKELVNS EPWTE Kab TioTEl BeBacov Kal toxupay, éemeBovrevoev UTED TOY peyia Tor, os ETO, TmTapaBar \opevn. Jeparrawway ele TLOTIHY eal duvapevny Tap avr peyeaTov dvopa Tiyen, Hw o pev Aeivov Umoupynaat TH dappaxeta prot, ouyyvavar dé fovoy aKovaay oO Kryatas. tov d€ davta To dappaxov ovtos pev ovonater BeXttapav, o dé Acivwy Merdavtav. éx 5é THs wWpodbev UToWias Kal dtahopas apEduevar waXtv els TO avTo morta Kal OUVOELTVELD addy- ats, UWS TO Gedtéva Kab puratrecbar Tos avrots GLTLOLS Kat aTO TOV avToV eXPOvTO. yiveta de pik pov ev Heépaacs opviOtov, @ TrEpLT- TWMATOS OVOEV ETTLV, AAX OAXOV SLtaTTAEOV ipedns Ta €vTOS’ Kat vouifovaty avéuw Kal Spocw Tpéde- obat TO C@ov- ovopaFeTar 6€ puVvTaKys. TOUTO Ona oO Kraotas pK pa paxarpios K KEX PLO LEVY TH happakw kata Oatepa TI Ilapvoatuv Siatpodoay expaktat TO éETEp@ pwéper TO Pappakov’ Kal TO pev aypavtov Kai kaOapov eis To ordpa Barovaav 170 ARTAXERKXES xvi. 5—-XIx. 3 in the case of Clearchus, a blast of wind carried a great mass of earth and heaped it in a mound which covered his body; upon this some dates fell here and there, and in a short time a wonderful grove of trees sprang up and overshadowed the place, so that even the king was sorely repentant, believing that in Clearchus he had killed a man whom the gods loved. XIX. Parysatis, accordingly, who from the outset had a lurking hatred and jealousy of Stateira, saw that her own influence with the king was based on feelings of respect and honour, while that of Stateira was grounded fast and strong in love and confidence ; she therefore plotted against her life and played for what she thought the highest stake. She had a trusted maidservant named Gigis, who had most influence with her and assisted her in preparing the poison, according to Deinon, although Ctesias says she was merely privy to the deed, and that against her will. The poison was actually given by a man named Jelitaras, according to Ctesias; Deinon gives his name as Melantas. After a period of dis- sension and suspicion, the two women? had begun again to meet and eat with one another, although their mutual fear and caution led them to partake of the same dishes served by the same hands. Now, there is a little Persian bird which has no excrement, but is all full of fat inside; and the creature is thought to live upon air and dew; the name of it is “rhyntaces.” It was a bird of this species, according to Ctesias, that Parysatis cut in two with a little knife smeared with poison on one side, thus wiping the poison off upon one part only of the bird; the undefiled and wholesome part she then put into her 1 t.¢e, Parysatis and Stateira. 171 PLUTARCH’S LIVES avTny ea Ove, dovvat be 7H n RTarteipa TO mepappary- pevov: o b€ Acivey ov TY Napicarwy, ara Tov Medavtay TEMVOVTA TH paxaipicp Ta dappac- TOmeva TOV Kpe@y reBevat Kara TY Lrdtewpay. amoung Kovea S ouv a YUVI) LETH TOVOV heryahov xa oTapay ua avr) TE ovvna Odvero TOU KaKov cal Bacihet wapéoyey UTroiay Kata THS wNTPOS, eldoTe TO Onpemdes avTHs Kal buapetrAcKTov. Gbev evdus eri thy EjTyow opprnaas Tovs pev Uanpétas Kat tpamreloxopous THS pntpos auvédaSe Kai KatecTpeprwoe, THY 6€ Tiyer 4 Tlapvoatis toduv ypovev etyey oixot pel’ atths Kat Baciréws éEaitovyTos ovK éd@Kev, GAN UVaTEpov avTis SenGeians ets Tov olxov apeOnvat vuKtos, ataGo- pevos Kal AOxov Udels cTuYIpTase Kal KaTéeyvH Gavatov. anmoOvncxovat €é€ of pappaxeis év Hépoas KATA VOLOV OUTWS: iBos éorl TATUS, ep ov THY cepaniy karadevres auT OY ETEDW iden Talouat Kal melourw, ax pt ov ovrOrdowse TO 7 porwr ov Kal THY Keharny. 1 pev ovv Vines avtTws anébare, THY dé Hapicati ) “AproképEns arro yey ovdev ovUTE Ele KAKOY OTE emoinaer, ets 6€ BaBvaAdva Bovropevny ébéveurev citar, Ews éxeivn mepieavivy autos ove deabar BaBu- Ova. TA VEY KATA THY OlKiaV OUTwS ElyeED. NX. 'Evet 6€ tovs Kipw cvvava8avtas “E)- Ayvas oTovéacas AaPeiv o Bacirevs ovdev HrTov » Kupou mepiyevécOat xal tiv BactXeiav Kata- aye ovx éEXaBer, adkrAa Kipov tov ayewova xai TOUS avT@Y aTpaTnyous aTroBarcvTes éF avTav povorovyi Tav Baagwrelwv éeawmdnaar, éFeréyEavres 12 1021 ARTAXERXES xix. 3-xx. 1 own mouth and ate, but gave to Stateira the poisoned part. Deinon, however, says it was not Parysatis, but Melantas who cut the bird with the knife and placed the flesh that was poisoned before Stateira. Be that as it may, the woman died, in convulsions and great suffering, and she comprehended the evil that had befallen her, and brought the king to suspect his mother, whose fierce and implacable nature he knew. The king, therefore, at once set out upon the inquest, arrested the servants and table-attendants of his mother, and put them on the rack. Gigis, however, Parysatis kept for a long time at home with her, and would not give her up at the king’s demand. But after a while Gigis herself begged to be dismissed to her own home by night. The king learned of this, set an ambush for her, seized her, and condemned her to death. Now, the legal mode of death for poisoners in Persia is as follows. There is a broad stone, and on this the head of the culprit is placed ; and then with another stone they smite and pound until they crush the face and head to pulp. It was in this manner, then, that Gigis died; but Parysatis was not further rebuked or harmed by Artaxerxes, except that he sent her off to Babylon, in accordance with her wish, saying that as long as she lived he himself would not see Babylon. Such was the state of the king’s domestic affairs. XX. Now, the king was no less eager to capture the Greeks who had come up with Cyrus than he had been to conquer Cyrus and preserve his throne. Nevertheless, he could not capture them, but though they had lost Cyrus their leader and their own com- manders, they rescued themselves from his very palace, as one might say, thus proving clearly to the 173 PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kab amropyvavtes Ta llepowy xa Bacthéws mpary- para xXpvoor 6vTa TroNUY Kal Tpupny Kal yu- vaixas, Ta 0€ AAA TUdOY Kal aralovetay, Tasca pev 7) EAXaS efeDappyce Kal kateppovnce Tay BapBapov, Aaxebdatpovios 5é Kat Getvov epaiveto BN vov ae Souretas éEeXécOar tovs thv ’Aciav xatotxovvtTas “KAAnvas wndé Tavaoat TpoTynAakt- Couévous uT avT@v. mpotepov oe da BipBpwvos, elTa, dia AepxvaAdibdou TONELOUVTES, oudey Oé€ T paTTOVTES akioXoyon, ‘Ayyoihag TO Racine TOV T ONE MOV emeTpeyray. o 6é rreparobeis vavoly eis “Actay evOvs hy évepyos xal do€av elxe peya- Anu Kal Ticapépynv TapaTakduevos eviKNG Kai Tas TONES adiotn. TovtTwy dé yevouévwy cupL- hpovnacas o ‘AptoképEns by tpomov avtois éott moAreuntéov, repre Tipoxpatny tov “Podzov eis \ Ao / U \ ld f anv “EAAdéa xYpuctoy woAv Kopifovta, dedovat kal dtapOeipery tovs mAElaTov év Tats TodAEcL Suvapévous KedXeVcas, Kal ToAEwov “EAXnveKov ively emt THY NaKkedaipova. tov dé Tioxparous TavTa mpatrovtos Kal TOV peyloTwY ToEwD ovutctapevey Kal tis HeXorovyicou dtatapat- TOMES, wETETELTOVTO TOV ” Aynoidaov ex THs ‘Agias ol apXovres. OTE én Kai pac avTov aTLOVTAa TPOS TOUS pirous ELTFELY ws Tpeapupiors toEorars éFeXavvolto TIS "Actas ume Bacthéws: 70 yap Ilepatxov vopiopa rtokotny émrionpoy elven. AAI. "EEeSare 6€ cat tis Oadatrns Aaxe- darpoviovs Kevwrt t@ “AOnvaim peta Papva- Bafov atpatny® ypynoduevos. o yap Kovey 174 ARTANER MES XX I=XXI. 1 world that the empire of the Persians and their king abounded in gold and luxury and women, but in all else was an empty vaunt. Therefore all Greece took heart and despised the Barbarians, and the Lacedae- monians in particular thought it strange if now at least they could not rescue the Greeks that dwelt in Asia from servitude, and put a stop to their outrage- ous treatment at the hands of the Persians. The war they waged was at first conducted by Thimbron, and then by Dercyllidas, but since they accomplished nothing worthy of note, they at last put the conduct of the war in the hands of their king, Agesilaiis. He crossed over to Asia with a fleet, went to work at once, won great fame, defeated Tissaphernes in a pitched battle, and set the Greek cities in revolt. This being the case, Artaxerxes considered how he must carry on the war with Agesilaiis, and sent Timocreon the Rhodian into Greece with a great sum of money, bidding him use it for the corruption of the most influential men in the cities there, and for stirring up the Greeks to make war upon Sparta. Timocrates did as he was bidden, the most important cities conspired together against Sparta, Peloponnesus was in a turmoil, and the Spartan magistrates sum- moned Agesilaiis home from Asia. It was at this time, as we are told, and as he was going home, that Agesilaiis said to his friends; “The king has driven me out of Asia with thirty thousand archers’’; for the Persian coin has the figure of an archer stamped upon it.! XXI. The king also expelled the Lacedaemonians from the sea, employing Conon the Athenian as his commander along with Pharnabazus. For Conon 1 Cf. the Agesilaiis, xv. 6. 175 PLUTARCEVS Sis over pte pev ev Kumpe ETA THY ev Alyos ToTa- jeois vaupayiay, ou Thv aoddretav ayaTay, aNNG THY TOV T parywaToy petaBoryy, WOTTEP ev Te Mayet TpoTny, TEPLLEvOV, op@v 6é Kal TOUS éautov oyitopous duvayews Kal Thy BacirEws Suvapw avdpos Euppovos Ceopevny, EmTeu rev érrt- oToAnv Bacirel epi wy Stevoeito. Kat TavTny éxedevoe tov Kouilovta pidoTa pev aTrotovvat bua ZLnvevos TOU Kpnros 7 u] oAvxpitou TOU Mev- Salou: TovTwy o 7 O pev Zrvoov OPXNTT NS, 0 dé [orvxpitos iatpos div 6€ ovToL my TAP@dt, bed Krnotov tov ‘arpod. évyeTas O€ O Kryoias TV émistoAny AaSwv mapeyypayrar TOLS UTrO tov Kovwvos ered TAN MEVvOLS Straws Kal Kryctav aTOGTELAN TPOS AUTOV, WS @PEALLOV OVTA Tats émt Dardoon tpdkcoww. o 6€ Ktycias avrov ag’ éavtov Bacthéa dynot tpocbetvat tv AEcToUp- ee au TH) aes "AXN’ érret Kparijaas Th wept Kyidov vaupa \la bua Papvafagov eal Kovwrvos adetrero THY «a> ta Oadarrap apxiyv Aaxedatpoviors, éméstpewe Tacay omop thy ‘Kh ANaba Tpos autor, wate Kal Thy meptBontov etpnuny Bpasedaat Tots "EdAnae thy et’ ‘Avtadkidov mpocayopevopevnv. o 6 "Avtarxidas Xaaptidtys Hy, A€ovtos vids, Kal aTousadas Bactret Over pataro Tas eV ‘Acta wrodets ‘EdA das andcas Kat vyacous, bdcat mpoo Kupobaww ‘Acta, Tapeivat AaxeSatpovious auT@ Kextia0ar dopwv UTOTENELS, eipyiyns ryevo- wévns Tous "EdAnow, et deo thy THs “EAXdéos UBpiv Kai mpodociay elpynyny Karel, hs TOAELOS oudels dkAXEegTEpOY ivEeyKE TENOS TOls KpaTnOetat. 176 1022 ARTAXERXES xxi. 1-5 passed the time at Cyprus, after the sea-fight at Aegospotami,! not satisfied with mere safety, but awaiting a reversal in the course of affairs,as he would a change of wind at sea. And seeing that his own plans needed a military force, and the king’s force needed a sagacious leader, he wrote a letter to the king explaining his purposes. This letter he ordered the bearer, if possible, to give the king by the hand of Zeno the Cretan or Polycritus the Mendaean (Zeno was a teacher of dancing, and Polycritus was a physician); but if these were not at court, by the hand of Ctesias the physician. And it is said that Ctesias, on receiving the letter, added to the sug- gestions which Conon made to the king a request to send Ctesias also to him, as likely to be of service in matters on the sea-coast. Ctesias, however, says that the king of his own accord conferred upon him this new duty. But after Artaxerxes, by the sea-fight which Pharnabazus and Conon won for him off Cnidus, had stripped the Lacedaemonians of their power on the sea, he brought the whole of Greece into dependence upon him, so that he dictated to the Greeks the celebrated peace called the Peace of Antalcidas.” Now Antalcidas was a Spartan, son of Leon, and acting in the interests of the king he induced the Lacedaemonians to surrender to the king all the Greek cities of Asia, and all the islands adjacent to Asia, to possess them on payment of tribute; and peace was thus established among the Grecks, if the mockery and betrayal of Greece can be called peace, a peace than which no war ever brought a more in- glorious consummation to the defeated. 1405B.c. Cf. the Alcibiades xxxvii. 2. * In 387 B.o. Cf. the Ayesilais, xxiii. 1 ff. 177 PLUTARCH Sar ES XXII. Aro cai tods adXovs Saraptidtas ae / ee) 4 \ , ¢ BseruTTOMEvOs oO Aprogepins, Kat voutlwv, ws pnee Aciveon, avo pwmav aT avTov avatoedTaTous elvat, Tov At TarkiOay U vrepnyarnoey ets ILépoas avaBavrTa. Kat OTE AaBov éva Tav avOw.weov aTepavev Kab Barpas ELS pupov TO ToduTEN EO TA- TOV, and dettvov emepue 7® ’Avtarxida Kai mivres Oarvpacay thy diroppoatynv. iy 8, &s EOLKED, EMLTNOELOS OUTOS evTpupndivar Kal TOLOv- Tov ha Betv orepavor, efopXnodpevos ey Hepoass Tov Aewvidav Kat Tov Kaddxpatioar. O mev yap ‘Aynataos, as EouKe, TWPOS TOV el TOVTO,, “Dev THs ‘KAXdOos, Grou pwndtfovawy auiv of Aaxwves, a a > “Ov uaddov,” ettrev, “ot Majdot Aaxwvifover ;” Tov O€ pHuaTos 1 KouYoTNS THY TOD TpaywaTos aicyuvny ouK adeirev, GXXA THY bev HyEe“oViaLY aTmadecay éy A€UKTpOLS AYWVLTAMLEVOL KAKOS, 1) dé d0fa This Lmaptns TWpoaT@deTO TaAis Opmodo- ylats éxetvats. wv \ \ 9 > f e SS ig , Aype péev ovv empwrevey 1) Xaraptn, Eevov 9 fa \ z >) , @ lal N b) la ETOLELTO Kat PiNov wyopaleyv EavTOv Toy AvVTAAKL- dav: evel O€ HTTHONnoaY év AéevKTpoIs, TaTELWa Mpattovtes edéovTo ev Xpnuatov Kal Tov ’Ayn- 7 ’ a ges ¢ \ 9 , othaov eis AiyuTrov e€ereurwav,o b€ ‘Avtanki- das avéBn mpos tov ‘AptoképEny mapaxadrav 4 eTapKécat Tots Aaxedatpoviows. 0 & ovtws é&n- HéAnoe Kal Tapetoe Kal cre ppimpev auTov, wore KatapavTa Kal Xrevalouevov UTd Tay éxOpar, poBovmevoy oé Kat TOUS epopous, aToKaprepia ar. "Ave 6€ mpos tov Bacthéa cal “Iopnvias 6 178 ARTAXERXES xxu. 1-4 XXII. For this reason Artaxerxes, although he always held other Spartans in abomination, and con- sidered them, as Deinon tells us, the most shameless of all mankind, showed great affection for Antalcidas when he came up to Persia. On one occasion he actually took a wreath of flowers, dipped it in the most costly ointment, and sent it to Antalcidas after supper; and all men wondered at the kindness.? But Antalcidas was a fit person, as it would seem, to be exquisitely treated and to receive such a wreath, now that he had danced away among the Persians the fair fame of Leonidas and Callicratidas. For Agesilaiis, as it would appear, when someone said to him: “ Alas for Greece, now that the Spartans are medizing,” replied, “Are not the Medes the rather spartanizing?"” However, the wittiness of the speech could not remove the shame of the deed, and the Spartans lost their supremacy in the disastrous battle of Leuctra,? though the glory of Sparta had been lost before that by this treaty. So long, then, as Sparta kept the first place in Greece, Artaxerxes treated Antalcidas as his guest and called him his friend; but after the Spartans had been defeated at Leuctra, they fell so low as to beg for money, and sent Agesilaiis to Egypt, while Antalcidas went up to Artaxerxes to ask him to supply the wants of the Lacedaemonians. The king, however, so neglected and slighted and rejected him that, when he came back home, being railed at by his enemies, and being in fear of the ephors, he starved himself to death. Ismenias the Theban also, and Pelopidas, who had 1 Cf. the Pelopidas, xxx. 4. 2 In 371 B.c. Cf. the Agesilaiis, xxviii. 5. 179 PLUTARCH’S LIVES @)Baios Kal Lledomtdas non Thy év Aevuxtpols waxy VEVLKN KOS. AX OUTOS pev ovdev aio x pov emoinaey: Topnvias O€ TpoaKuyija ae KENEVOMEVOS eFeBare ™po auTOU Napace Tov OaxTUNLOY, €iTa KuWas avEtLheTO KAL Taped Xe d0fav mpoaKuvovr- TOS. Tiparyopa 6é 70 “AOnvaiw bia Brdovps6os TOU YPaLMaTéews eloméwpavte ypappatiozoy & aTrop- pyntov naGeis puptovs te Oapetkous Edwxe, Kal yaraKktos Boetou deopévwm bt aabéverav dy6o7- KOVTa Bois apenyer Oar mapnKorovdouv: ere d€ cdivyy Kal oTpOpata Kal TOUS TT pwVYUYTAaS ET EfL- wev, ws od peuabynxotwry “EXdAnvwY vTooTper- vuvat, Kal hopets tous KopiCovTas avTov péypt Paducons padaKkes Eyovta. Tapovte dé Seimvoy éméuteto AauTpOTAaTOY, wWaTE Kal TOV abeXpov tov Baciréws, Ootavny, "O, Tipayopa,” pavat, “ weuvnoo TauTns THS TpaTrétns: ov yap érl pt- Kpots oUTW ToL KEKOG PN LEVN) mapanertar.” TOUTO o yy OVELOLT [LOS ELS Tpodoa lay Haddov 2 yapiTos UTOpYHOLS. Tiparyopov yey ovv ota THY Swpodo- KlaV ‘AOnvator Gavatov KATE YVOT AY. XXIIT. ‘O dé ’AproképEns ev avtl ravtwr ov éXumer Tovs “EAAnvas evhpawve, Trcadépyny tov éyOtarov avrots Kal dua pevea Tatov aTOKTEiVaS. aT EKTELVE O€ TALS diaBonrais abrou THS ITapuoa- TLOOS cuveTt Demers. ov yep eve mete TN opyhi TONUY Xpovov 0 Bactreus, ana Supra TH MNTpl KAL pweTEeTTELWaTO, voUY Mev OpaY ExoUcaY ' Ci. the Pelopidas, xxx. 1-3. * Cf. the Pelopidas, xxx. 6 f. * Cf. the Agesilaiis, x. 3 f. 180 ARTAXERXES xxi. 4-xxi. 1 just been victorious in the battle of Leuctra, went up to the king.! Pelopidas did nothing to disgrace himself; but Ismnmenias, when ordered to make the obeisance to the king, threw his ring down on the ground in front of him, and then stooped and picked it up, thus giving men to think that he was making the obeisance. With Timagoras the Athenian, how- ever, who sent to him by his secretary, Beluris, a secret message in writing, the king was so pleased that he gave him ten thousand darics, and cighty inilch cows to follow in his train because he was sick and required cow’s milk; and besides, he sent him a couch, with bedding for it, and servants to make the bed (on the ground that the Greeks had not learned the art of making beds), and bearers to carry him down to the sea-coast, enfeebled as he was. More- over, during his presence at court, he used to send him a most splendid supper, so that Ostanes, the brother of the king, said: “Timagoras, remember this table; it is no slight return which thou must make for such an array.’’ Now this was a reproach for his treachery rather than a reminder of the king’s favour. At any rate, for his venality, Timagoras was condemned to death by the Athenians.? XXIII. But there was one thing by which Artaxerxes gladdened the hearts of the Greeks, in return for all the evils which he wrought them, and that was his putting Tissaphernes to death, their most hated and malicious enemy.? And he put him to death in consequence of accusations against him which were seconded by Parysatis. For the king did not long persist in his wrath against his mother, but was reconciled with her and summoned her to court, since he saw that she had intellect and a lofty ISI PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kai ppovnua Bactreas afvov, aitias b€ poe Las ovans euToowy ere St iy vrowovtat TUVOVTES adrmoes n AUTH OVELW. éx 6€ TOUTOU TAVTO T pos Xap uToupyovca Bacirel, Kat TO POS pn dev ov éxeivos Em parTe duo Kodaivew éxouoa To dvvacba map auT@® Kal TuyXavew AT AVTWY, no Gero THIS eTepas TOV Ouyatépoy, “Arocons, €p@VvTOS epwra Servov, eT LK PUTTOMEVOV dé bu’ éxet- yy oux Kota, Kal KOraLOVTOS TO Taos, OS hac évtol, KaiToL yeryevn ev ns 89 7 pos THY map évov operas auto Aadpaias. OS obv UT w- TTEVTED 7] Mapvcares, THY maida, pearrov i} 7 po- Tepov naomwakeTo, Kal Tpos Tov Apto&epEnv émrnve TO TE KAXAOS aAUTHS Kai TO O05, ws BacirtKHs Kat peyarompeTods. TéAOS ODY YHuaL THY KOpNY emerge Kal yvnotiay amroceiEal yuraixa, Yatpev edgavta bo€as “EXXnvev nat vopous, Tépcais de VOMOV AUTOV UTO TOU Geod Kal OiKaALwWTIY alcYX pov KaL KAX@Y aTrobederypévov. EvLOL EVTOL NEYOU- ai, ov eatt Kat Hpakretdns o Kupaios, ov piav {LOVOY THY Ouyatepwy, ara Kal Sevtépay, "Aun- TT pW, ya tov *AptoképEnv, mEpi As odtyov taTepov aTrayyeNouper. THY 6 “Atocgay ovTws NYATNTEV O maT np cuvorxobaay WOTE arpov KaTa- ve pn evtos auri}s TO o@fLa dug xepavar pev emt TOUT® pnd OTLOvY, EUXOMELOS dé mept auras TH ”Hpa 7 pooKuLIjG al povny Dewy é exeivny, Tats Nepal THS ys aYpapevos, d@pa te TH Oem TocavTa T EurNrat TOUS caTpaTas Kat pirous avTou KENEV- TAVTOS WaTE Ta peTAaEV TOU tepov Kal TOY Baor- NEel@v excaidera oTadla Ypvaod Kal apyvpov Kat mophupas Kal inwav éuminoOnvat. 182 ARTAXERXES xxun. 1-5 spirit worthy of a queen, and since there was no longer any ground for their suspecting and injuring one another if they were together. After this she consulted the king’s pleasure in ail things, and by approving of everything that he did, acquired influence with him and achieved all her ends. She perceived that the king was desperately in love with one of his two daughters, Atossa, and that, chiefly on his mother’s account, he was trying to conceal and restrain his passion, although some say that he had already had secret intercourse with the girl. When, accordingly, Parysatis became suspicious of the matter, she showed the girl more affection than before, and would speak to Artaxerxes in praise of her beauty and her disposition, saying that she was truly royal and magnificent. At last, then, she per- suaded the king to marry the girl and proclaim her his lawful wife, ignoring the opinions and laws of the Greeks, and regarding himself as appointed by Heaven to be a law unto the Persians and an arbitrator of good and evil. Some, however, say, and among them is Heracleides of Cymé, that Artaxerxes married, not one of his daughters only, but also a second, Amestris, of whom we shall speak a little later.! Atossa, however, was so beloved by her father as his consort, that when her body was covered with leprosy he was not offended at this in the least, but offered prayers to Hera in her behalf, making his obeisance and clutching the earth before this goddess as he did before no other; while his satraps and friends, at his command, sent the goddess so many gifts that the sixteen furlongs between her sanctuary and the royal palace were filled with gold and silver and purple and horses. A Chap, xx Vil. 4; rn 183 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES RECT Ys ITO ewov b€ mpos pev Aiyum tious dta PapvaBalov Kat ‘Ipixpatous EFEVEVKOV ul UTEETUXE, TTATaAcavT@y EXELYMV* ETL OE Katovaious auros eo TpaTevoe TplaKovTa pupiace metav Kal puptots imTEvoLD. euBarav dé eis Xeopav TpaXvTNTE Narenny Kat opixrAwon kal TOV amo oT opou KapT@v dyovor, amos 6€ Kal pnrOLS Kal ToLOU- Tols addots dx podovous Tpepovoay avOpwrous TONE [LK OUS Kat Ovycerdets, éhade peyanars aT o- plats Kal Kurdvvois TepiTec@v. ovdéev yap ébwbe- pov mv Aap Saver ovode ef abev eTercoayea Oat, Ta Ge urotuyta jLovov KATEKOT TOD, Morte Ovov xepa- AnV poms dpay Lev éEncovta @vltov eat. TO be€ Baowrtxov Seitrvov éeFereihOn: xal tev tarwv OdXLYOL Teplnaav ETL, Tous b€ arrous éaOiorTEs KATAVNAWKES AY. 'Evtavda Tnpi8afos, avnp rodXaKis pev ev aTpwtn bt avdpayabiay Tak&et yevopevos, TOAAAKIS d€ aroppipets 61a KoupoTnTa Kal TOTE TaTeLva T par TTY Kal TEPLOPWHEVOS, ETWOE Bacirea Kat Tov oTpaTov. ovT@ yap dvety ev tois Kaéovu- cLots Baorréwr, ExaTépov é€ Xepis oT patome- SevovTos, évtuyav ta 'AptoképEn Kat ppacas mepl ov dlevoetTO TpaTTELY, eBadeber AUTOS TT POs TOV éTepov Ta Kadovctwy, Kai TPOs Tov eT Epov Kpipa TOV vioV ETE {LTED. eEnmata 6é Ex aT EpoV EXATEPOS, NEYO ws ATEPOS emum peo BeveTar T pos Tov ‘AprokepEny tay Hove T pat Tov EauT@ Kat Tuppaxiay: ovKovr, 6b coppovel, Xpivar 7 poTEpov evTuy YavEly Exelv@, AUTO Fe oupmpacery a aT avrTa. rovro.s ere Onoav apdhotepot, cat hOavew adr1- 184 ARTAXERXES xxiv. 1-4 XXIV. In the war which Pharnabazus and Iphicrates conducted for him against Egypt he was unsuccessful, owing to the dissensions of these commanders; against the Cadusians, therefore, he made an expedition in person, with three hundred thousand footmen and ten thousand horse. But the country which he penetrated was rough and hard to traverse, abounded in mists, and produced no grains, although its pears and apples and other such tree- fruits supported a warlike and courageous population. Unawares, therefore, he became involved in great distress and peril. For no food was to be got in the country or imported from outside, and they could only butcher their beasts of burden, so that an ass’s head was scarcely to be bought for sixty drachmas. Moreover, the royal banquets were abandoned ; and of their horses only a few were left, the rest having been consumed for food. Here it was that Teribazus, a man whose bravery often set him in a leading place, but whose levity as often cast him down, so that at this time he was in disgrace and overlooked, saved the king and his army. For the Cadusians had two kings, and each of them encamped separately. So Teribazus, after an interview with Artaxerxes in which he told him what he purposed to do, went himself to one of the Cadusian kings, and sent his son secretly to the other. Each envoy, then, deceived his man, telling him that the other king was sending an embassy to Artaxerxes to secure friendship and alliance for him- self alone: he should, therefore, if he were wise, have an interview with Artaxerxes before the other did, and he himself wou!d help him all he could. Both kings were persuaded by this argument, and VOL. XI. € 185 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Nous vopifovtes 0 pev TO TyptSiaSo ovvéreue mpéa Bes, 0 6€ TH Madi TOU TypiBafov. Ssiatpt- Bis oe yevopevns vrowiat Kal d:aBoral KaTa TOD TnptBafov Te ‘A progépEn TpooemiT Tov" AUTOS dé Svodipas ele Kal joerev det TloTEevoas TO Typ Bato, Kal TOUS povovow eyeanely Ta peter. 5 ere dé KEV 0 Tnpi8abos, 9) ne 6é Kat 6 vios autod 1024 TOUS Kaédovaious dyovres, eyévovTo 6¢ oToveal mpos auhotépous Kal eiprvyn, péyas av o Tnpi- Balos 75) Kat Napmpos avelevyyve peta TOU Bactréws, éridecxvupévov Tacay Thy Seidiav Kal THY paraxiay ob Tpvdis Kal ToduTEAELAS, BOTEP oi ToNAol vouitovaw, exyovov ovcar, arra poxOn- pas ducews Kal aryevvous Kat d0Fats movnpats b ETOMEVTS. oUTEe yap Ypuaos oUTE KavduS OTE O TOV puplov Kal dra xthiov TANAVT WY TEPLKELWEVOS ael TO Bactréws THOMATL KOT 10s ex etvov aTreKw- Ave Tovety Kal Tahartwpeiy, oonep ol TUXOVTES, anna THY Té papétpav ev npufLevos Kal TH TENTIY pépwy avtos éBadile wpw@tos odovs opetvas Kal Tpoodvres, amwokuma@y Tov immov, waTe TOUS ddXous mrepovabat Kal _ouverixoupiver bar Tap EKELVOU mpoOupiay Kal pwounv opa@vTas: Kal yap Stakoctoy Kat TAELOVWY OTACLWY KATIVUEV HUEpAas EXaoTNIS Topelav. AXV. “Eve 6€ eis ctab pov xatéB8n BactrrKov mapacetaous éEXovTa Gavpactous Kal KeKOo [LN Le- vous diampeTT@s ev TH mepLE adévope Kal Pre Xopio, KPUOUS dyros, emérpepe TOUS TT PATLOT ALS ex Tov mapaceiaou EvAilec Gar Ta Sévdpa KoWToVTas, 2 MITE TeUKNS NTE KUTapiTToU helopévous. OK- 186 ARTAXERXES xxiv. 4-xxv. 2 each thinking that he was anticipating the other, one sent his envoys along with Teribazus, and the other with the son of Teribazus. But matters were delayed, and suspicions and calumnies against Teribazus came to the ears of Artaxerxes ; he himself also was ill at ease, and repented him of having put confidence in Teribazus, and gave occasion to his rivals to malign him. But at last Teribazus came, and his son came too, both bringing their Cadusian envoys, and a peace was ratified with both kings ; whereupon Teribazus, now a great and splendid personage, set out for home with the king. And the king now made it plain that cowardice and effeminacy are not always due to luxury and ex- travagance, as most people suppose, but to a base and ignoble nature under the sway of evil doctrines. For neither gold nor robe of state nor the twelve thousand talents’ worth of adornment which always enveloped the person of the king prevented him from undergoing toils and hardships like an ordinary soldier; nay, with his quiver girt upon him and his shield on his arm he marched in person at the head of his troops, over precipitous mountain roads, abandoning his horse, so that the rest of the army had wings given them and felt their burdens lightened when they saw his ardour and vigour; for he made daily marches of two hundred furlongs and more. XXV. At length he came down toa royal halting- place which had admirable parks in elaborate cultiva- _ tion, although the region round about was bare and treeless; and since it was cold, he gave permission to his soldiers to cut the trees of the park for wood, sparing neither pine nor cypress. And when they 187 2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ig \ \ ’ f N \ id \ \ VOUVVT@DV O€ Kal PEeLdopevwY OLA TA KAA Kal TA , \ ¢ = weyéOn, NaBav TéXEKUY AUTOS OTEP Hv péyLa TOV \ , na “ ” ? \ f Kal KaddLoTov THY huTa@V éxofrev, éx 5€ TOVTOU / \ \ “ a EvriCopevot Kai TOAAA TrUpa TroLObVTES EVLApPaS bf / 2. :) > \ \ \ 3 \ EVUKTEPEVTaY. ov NV adda TOAXOUS Kai ayaGous ’ \ wv sy \ ¢ “ 4 aToBarwv avopas, immous b€ Ou“od TL TavTas “a , A eavnrde. Kat do€as xatadpovetobar Sta tHv aTvylavy Kat THhv amotevéiy THs otpateias, év / > \ i UTowiats elye TOUS TpwTOUS’ Kal TOAXOUS MEV ? s >» ? a , N 4 ¢€ N avnpet Oe opynv, mrEeLcovas Se PoRovpevos. 7 yap , , , al , delta ovixwtator é€otiv &€v Tals TuUpavviaw. or \ \ a <= Bey 7 € , ihewy O€ KaL TPdoY Kai aviTroTToOV 1) Pappanreo- A , \ Ths. Oto Kal tov Onpiwy Ta atTiOdcevTa Kal a 4 wn \ “a duceEnuépwra odocen cai Serra, Ta b€ yervaia 4 a \ \ a > , \ TLGTEVOVTA MANXOV OLA TO Oappelv ov hevyer TAS dpiroppoavvas. € \ 4 bY ts BD XXXVI. “O d€ ’Apro&épEns 76n wrpeo ButEepos ay ’ \ “ “ noGaveTo TOUS VloUs ay@va Tepl TIS BaairElas 5) a 4 a “a ev Tots PiAos Kal ToOis OuvaTOls EXOVTAS. Of eV \ > , 3 , e v > / ef yap evyvwpoves nEtovy, as éXaBev av’ros, oUTMS ? a a / \ 2 Ve € st aTrouTrety tpeaBeta Aapeitw thy cpynv. o 8é , . b] \ vv \ 4 ? \ \ vewratos ‘Qyos o€us @v Kal Biaios elye pev Kal “a \ \ b > , / Tov TEpi TO BacideLtov ovK OrLyoUS oTOVdaCTUs, uv \ U 4 . , namile 6€ pwartota KatepydoeoGat Tov Tatépa \ a > , , \ dia THs “Atocons. éxeivnvy yap eOepdtrevev ws 4 N “A yapnoouévny kat cupBactevoovaayv avT@ peta \ “ X THY TOU TaTpos TEXeUTHY. Hv S€ AOYOS OTL Kal COvtos éXavOavev avthn wWAnaIdfwv. adda TOUTO 188 ARTAXERNES xxv. 2-XxvI. 2 hesitated and were inclined to spare the trees op account of their great size and beauty, he took an axe himself and cut down the largest and most beautiful tree. After this the men provided them- selves with wood, and making many fires, passed the night in comfort. Nevertheless, he lost many and brave men, and almost all his horses before he reached home. And now, thinking that his subjects despised him because of the disastrous failure of his expedition, he was suspicious of his chief men; many of these he put to death in anger, and more out of fear. For it is cowardly fear in a tyrant that leads to most bloodshed; but bold confidence makes him gracious and mild and unsuspicious. So also among wild beasts, those that are refractory and hardest to tame are timorous and fearful, whereas the nobler sorts are led by their courage to put more confidence in men, and do not reject friendly advances. XXVI. But Artaxerxes, being now advanced in years, perceived that his sons were forming rival parties among his friends and chief men with reference to the royal succession. For the con- servatives thought it right that, as he himself had received the royal power by virtue of seniority, in like manner he should leave it to Dareius. But his youngest son, Ochus, who was of an impetuous and violent disposition, not only had many adherents among the courtiers, but hoped for most success in winning over his father through the aid of Atossa. For he sought to gain Atossa’s favour by promising that she should be his wife and share the throne with him after the death of his father. And there was a report that even while his father was alive Ochus had secret relations with Atossa. But Artaxerxes 189 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pev nyvonoey ) ‘Aproképéns: tayu 6¢ Bovdopevos exxpovoa Ths éAmidos Tov ‘Oxov, OTwS pn Ta avuta Kupw todrApnoavTos avTou TONE {LOL Kat LY QVES avis KaTaraSwot THY Bactnretay, ave- devEe Tov Aapetov Bacthea TEVTIKOTT OV ETOS yeyovora, Kal TV Kkadoupevny kitapw opOinv pe perv edwxe. vojov 6€ ovTOS év Hepoacs dw peav aiteiy Tov dvadeixPérta al didovac TOV avadet- Favta wav TO aitnev, av Trep 7 OUVATOY, TNT EV ‘Agrractav o 0 Aapéios THY padvora, omrovoad Jet- cay UIro Kupou, Tote 6€ T@ Baotrer madaKev- omevny. WV be Pwxais TO yéVOS am "Tovias, éXevOepwr yovéewy kat TeOpappevy Koo Las. é7rel dé Kupou devtrvobvTos etanxOn pel” ETEpwV yuvac- KOV, al per arrat mapaxabelouevar 7 poo Trat- Covtos avtov Kai Cm TOWEVOV Kal TKOTTOVTOS OUK anoas Eevedeyovto Tas irodppoavvas, éxewn Se Tapa THY KNiYnVY EloTHKEL oLtwmn Kal Kupov KaNovYTOS OVX UmyKovEe’ BovAopLéevwY SE TpOC- QYyelY TAY KaTevvarT OD, Olpaferar pevTOL TOU- TOV,” elrrev, “* os av epol mpocayaryn Tas Xelpas.” édokev ovy ayapis Tos mapovotv elvat Kal aypot- KOS. o b€ Kopos Ho dets eyehace, kal eltre 7 pos TOV dryaryoura. Tas yuvatKas, "Apa non ouvopas OTe plo ovny TAVTNY édevbépav Kal dduipOopov KELS Kopeiseon 5 ” é« 8€ TovTou mpoo eX ev upga- HEvOS AUT, Kal partota TAaT@vV éorepe Kal copny ™ poanryopEevaer. EUAW O€ Kupov TETOVTOS ev TH LAX Kal Stapralopevov TOU OT PATOTEOOV. XXVIL. Tautnv o Aapetos aitioas iviace Tov Cf. Xenophon, Anab. i. 10.2; Plutarch, Pericles, xxiv. 7. 1990 1025 ARTAXERXES xxvi. 2-xxvul. 1 was ignorant of this; and wishing to shatter at once the hopes of Ochus, that he might not venture upon the same course as Cyrus and so involve the kingdom anew in wars and contests, he proclaimed Dareius, then fifty years of age, his successor to the throne, and gave him permission to wear the upright “ kitanis,” as the tiara was called. Now, there was a custom among the Persians that the one appointed to the royal succession should ask a boon, and that the one who appointed him should give whatever was asked, if it was within his power. Accordingly, Dareius asked for Aspasia, who had been the special favourite of Cyrus, and was then a concubine of the king. She was a native of Phocaea, in Ionia, born of free parents, and fittingly educated. Once when Cyrus was at supper she was led in to him along with other women. The rest of the women took the seats given them, and when Cyrus proceeded to sport and dally and jest with them, showed no displeasure at his friendly advances. But Aspasia stood by her couch in silence, and would not obey when Cyrus called her; and when his chamberlains would have led her to him, she said: ‘ Verily, whosoever lays his hands upon me shall rue the day.”’ The guests therefore thought her a graceless and rude creature. But Cyrus was delighted, and laughed, and said to the man who had brought the women: “ Dost thou not see at once that this is the only free and unperverted woman thou hast brought me?” From this time on he was devoted to her, and loved her above all women, and called her The Wise. She was taken prisoner when Cyrus fell in the battle at Cunaxa and his camp was plundered.! XXAVII. This was the woman for whom Dareius 191 PLUTARCH'S LIVES \ oo \ matépa’ dvatnra yap ta BapBapixa devas Trepi , \ f , TO GKOAATTOV, WaTE 7 fovoY TOV TpocEeNOovTA , an \ Kat Oryovta Tmaddranhs Bacthéws, GAGA Kal TOV u . év tropeta mpocEeNOovta Kai duckeXUcavTa Tas 3 4 § apakas ef als xoutlovtar, Oavato Kxoraler Har. KaiTtoe THY wev” ATooaay elyev Epwrte TolNaupmEVvos ~ 4 QA yuratka Tapa Tov vouor, éEnxovta 5é Kat Tpla- KOolat TrapeTpepovTo KadAdEL Stahépovaeat Tar- gS Aaxides. ov pny adda Kal aitnOeis exeivyry érevOepay ednoev elvar Kat AauBavew éxédeuvce , v \ \ , Bovropevnv, axovoav bé€ un BialecOar. perta- Ul \ aA meupberons oe Ths “Aomacias xat tap’ érmidas A f e / \ a ’ \ tou Bacthews éXopévns tov Aapetov, EdwKe pev ° 9 3 7 al , ‘ \ ’ f eo UT avadxKns TOU popmouv, dovs b€ OrALyOV UVaTEpoV 4 tal al agpetNeTo. THS yap “Aptéutdsos THs év ’ExBata- A 5] Sy A e; 3S vous, iw Avaitiv Kadovow, téperav avéderEev > f ied e \ , \ ? , , QUTHV, OTwWS ayvn dtayn Tov érrirovTrov Biov, 7 3 , 9 \ \ , \ x OLOMEVvOS OV YaeTIV, GAA Kal pEeTpiay TiVa Kai A f lj Tatolud pewiymevynyv TavTny ANnWerOat SiKny Tapa “~ / € Tov Tatdos. 0 & iveyxev ov peTtpiws, elt Epwre aA ? gf \ ¢ SY ¢ f THs Aotactas Tepitrabns yeyovws, elite uBpicbat \ A kat Kexrevacbar vopifwy Uo TOD TaTpos. > AtoOopevos & avtov ottws éyovta Tnpi8atos 4 a b / > a b , \ éTL uwadrov éEetpayuvev, év Tois éxetvou crvid@y A ° Uy nA aA ta Kal’ autov. av dé ToLtavTa. mAELovwY oom! a“ 4 e f iA \ Bacitret Ouvyatépwv wporoynoe PapraBato pev "Ama bw ixa, Podoyouvny d€ Opo Atadpav dwoev yuvaixa, Podoyourny d€ ‘Opovrn, 192 ARTAXERXES xxvii. 1-4 asked, and he gave offence thereby to his father; for the Barbarian folk are terribly jealous in all that pertains to the pleasures of love, so that it is death for a man, not only to come up and touch one of the royal concubines, but even in journeying to go along past the waggons on which they are conveyed. And yet there was Atossa, whom the king passionately loved and had made his wife contrary to the law, and he kept three hundred and sixty concubines ‘also, who were of surpassing beauty. However, since he had been asked for Aspasia, he said that she was a free woman, and bade his son take her if she was willing, but not to constrain her against her wishes. So Aspasia was summoned, and contrary to the hopes of the king, chose Dareius. And the king gave her to Dareius under constraint of the custom that prevailed, but a little while after he had given her, he took her away again. That is, he appointcd her a priestess of the Artemis of Ecbatana, who bears the name of Anaitis, in order that she might remain chaste for the rest of her life, thinking that in this way he would inflict a punishment upon his son which was not grievous, but actually quite within bounds and tinctured with pleasantry. The resent- ment of Dareius, however, knew no bounds, either because he was deeply stirred by his passion for Aspasia, or because he thought that he had been insulted and mocked by his father. And now Teribazus, who became aware of the prince’s feelings, sought to embitter him still more, finding in his grievance a counterpart of his own, which was as follows. The king had several daughters, and promised to give Apama in marriage to Pharnabazus, Rhodogune to Orontes, and Amestris (93 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TnpiBato oe "Apna pty. Kab Tous pev addro1s EOWKE, Tnpi8afov dé erevoato yipas QUTOS THY "Apne T pty, avT exelvs dé TO TnpeBateo THY vewtatny Atooaay éveyunaev. émet 6€ Kal Tav- TV épacGeis eynpen, ws elpnTat, TAVvTaT Act dug LEVvas 7 pos avTov 7) Tnpifatos EaXe?, oude GAXWS TTAdTLLOS OV TO 790s, GA’ GP OLAROS Kal Ta.padopos. 610 Kal vuUv pev eUnpep@v 6pola Tols TpwTots, viv bE T™poaKpovoy Kab TKopaKtto- PEVOS ovdepuiar epepev EUPEROS petaBornr, drra Kal TUL LEVOS WV eTraxOijs UTO XavvoTnTos, Kab TO Kohovopevov ov TATEWOV ovde novYaioyv, ANAG Tpaxu Kal aryepaxov exe. XX VIF. Hip obv emi mp eyeveTo TO vEavia KM 7 poo KELMEVOS O TypiBafos det Ka éyov OS obdey ovivag y KiTELpLS EOTM@OA TEPL TH Kepary TOUS Ud avtav pn Entovvtas opOotabar Tois Tpay- pact, Kaxeivoy aBéATEpa dpovetv, El, TOU ev aderpou Ska THs yuvatxwvitidos évdvopevou Tois Tpaypact, TOU be TAT POS OUTWS eT kn TOV 700s Kab aBéBavov EYOVTOS, oieTat BéBatov auT@ THY Suadox ny UTapXeEL. O yap “EXAnveKod Xap yuvatou TOV dxpeva tov ev ITépoacs evodpevos vopov ov 61) Tov TiaTOS €oTt TAS TEDL TOY peYyi- oTMY opororyias eumed@aety. ov Travto © elvat To pn Tuxely "Ox@ Kaneivep To otepecOar TIS Baotreias) “OQyov péev yap ovdéva xwruUcELV iOcwTnv Brovv paxapias, éxeivm 8 drrodedevypevep Baoiret Bacireverv avayKny nde Shv eivat. Chap. Sxiiew i. *Cicchap. xxviay 194 ARTAXERXES xxvu. 4—-xxvill. 2 to Teribazus. He kept his promise to the other two, but broke his word to Teribazus and married Amestris himself, betrothing in her stead to Teribazus his youngest daughter, Atossa. But soon he fell enamoured of Atossa also and married her, as has been said, and then Teribazus became a downright foe to him. Teribazus was at no time of a stable disposition, but uneven and precipitate. And so, when he would be at one time in highest favour, and at another would find himself in disgrace and spurned aside, he could not bear either change of fortune with equanimity, but if he was held in honour his vanity made him offensive, and when he fell from favour he was not humble or quiet, but harsh and ferocious. XXVIII. Accordingly, it was adding fire to fire when Teribazus attached himself to the young prince and was forever telling him that the tiara standing upright on the head 2 was of no use to those who did not seek by their own efforts to stand upright in affairs of state, and that he was very foolish if, when his brother was insinuating himself into affairs of state by way of the harem, and his father was of a nature so fickle and insecure, he could suppose that the succession to the throne was securely his. Surely he whom regard for a Greek courtesan had led to violate the inviolable custom of the Persians, could not be trusted to abide by his agreements in the most important matters. Moreover, he said it was not the same thing for Ochus not to get the kingdom and for Dareius to be deprived of it; for no one would hinder Ochus from living happily in private station, but Dareius had been declared king, and must needs be king or not live at all. 195 3 ed) PLUTARCIDS LIVES = ‘ X , KadéXov peév obv Vous, TO Lopoxreoy, Lod \ al ~ e ~ taxela TEL THY KAKO odorTropet’ / 4 € , \ , ? A ‘ Li Aela yap Tls 1) TopEela Kal KATAVTIS ETL TO BovXo- is N e n~ \ la b] pevov. BovrovTat € of WrEtaTOL TA davra 6u a a f amepiay TOV KaX@Y Kal ayvolay: ov pny adr\(a fo a ©: \ N \ 5 To peyeOos TO THS aPXIS Kal TO Tpos TOV "Oyov ~ / a tov Aapeiou déos irobecw TH TnpiBalo map- fol , 1 , b>] , eiye Kumpoyévera 6 ov wapmTav avalTios, 1 a > , , tis “Aotracias apatpeats. ‘ a“ XXIX. EréSwxev obv éautov TO Trp Balto: a 4 fal Kal TOAR@Y ON TUVLTTALEVWY, EVVOU KOS eOnAWCE A a \ \ , Th Bacirel Thy éTiBovrnv Kal Tov TPOTOV, ELOWS an ¢ \ y A axptB@s OTL VUKTOS éypaxacw €v T® Carano A \ , KATAKELLEVOY AVALPELY AUTOV érresoeNOOvTES. AKOU- \ a % , \ ‘\ ral , carte 5é Te Aptoképen Kal To mapidely KivOuvOV TdiKodTOV, amedioavTa Ths .aPBorijs, dei vov w N a \ eddnet, Kal TO TaTEvoaL pydevos eAeyYoU "yEVO- , ¢ a wévov SewvoTepov. oUTwS oUY €rrolen’ TOV je | na ud wn cbvouyoy éxelols exeXevTE TAapeElvat Kal wap- a bere \ a 2 \ Yd axorovbelv, adtos b€ Tov Gadapov Tov Garia Oev a , ~ Ths KAlyns Tolyov éxxoas Kal Gupwoas Kat- if >} , ‘ , 3 , \ wn exddvwev avraia tas Gupas. evoTtacns d€ THS ef a z XN Opas Kal ppacavtos Tov evvovxov Tov KaLpov, A , , f él ths Kruwns Uméuerve Kal OvK éfavéatn Tpo- Tepov i) TOY eT avTov épxXo“evwy Ta TpoTwTa al , a ¢ ¢ katidciy Kab yvwplca. sapas Exactov. as oe \ clSev €omracpevous TA eyxerpiora Kal Tpoopepo- \ uévous, TAXU THY avrAaiav UTrokaBav avexopnoev a 1 fiom an unknown play, Nauck, Trag. Grace. Frag.’, p. dl. 196 1026 ARTAXERXES xxvill. 3-Xx1x. 3 Now, perhaps it is generally true, as Sophocles says,? that— “Swiftly doth persuasion unto evil conduct make its way” 5 tor smooth and downward sloping is the passage to what a man desires, and most men desire the bad through inexperience and ignorance of the good. However, it was the greatness of the empire and the fear which Dareius felt towards Ochus that paved the way for Teribazus although, since Aspasia had been taken away, the Cyprus-born goddess of love was not altogether without influence in the case. XXIX. Accordingly, Dareius put himself in the hands of Teribazus ; and presently, when many were in the conspiracy, an eunuch made known to the king the plot and the manner of it, having accurate knowledge that the conspirators had resolved to enter the king’s chamber by night and kill him in his bed. When Artaxerxes heard the eunuch’s story, he thought it a grave matter to neglect the information and ignore so great a peril, and a graver still to believe it without any proof. He _ there- fore acted on this wise. He charged the eunuch to attend closely upon the conspirators; meanwhile he himself cut away the wall of his chamber behind the bed, put a doorway there, and covered the door with a hanging. Then, when the appointed hour was at hand and the eunuch told him the exact time, he kept his bed and did not rise from it until he saw the faces of his assailants and recognised each man clearly. But when he saw them advancing upon him with drawn swords, he quickly drew aside the 197 PLUTARCH’S LIVES b ] \ > \ v N \ lA > / eis TO é€vTos olknpa Kat tas OBuvpas émnppake . 3 4 4) e aA e bd 3 ~ xkpatov. opOérvtes ovv ot chayets vm auton, / \ , 5 , A \ a modéavres 5é€ nev, atexwpovy puyn dia Oupar, ld 4 A Kal Tous Tept Tov TnpiBaloy éxédevovy arroyYwpety e \ f e \ 9 ? w@s davepous yeyovoTas. ol wey ovV AAXoL dtadv- , iy Gévtes Euyov: 0 dé TyptBalos cvArapBavopevos \ > , A / i A jmoAAous améxreve TOV Baciréws Sopvpopwr Kai poyls axovtim mAnyeEls TOppwHev Erreve. TO SE A 4 4 , \ Aapeiw peta TOY TEexvwy avaybévtt KaBiaas TOUS ? / 3 \ b , > > Bactreiovs Sixactds, ov Tapwy avTos, adr ETéepwy KATNYOPNTAYTOY, ExéNevoEV UTNPETAS THY éxadatou ypawapmevous atopacty ws auTov émave- aA 5 € veyKety. atrodnvayévav dbé tmavray opoiws Kai nw , 4 e \ 4, KaTayvovtwy Tov Aapetov Gavatov, ot pev virnpe- id SpaN bd ” /, > Tat cvdAAaBovTEes avTov Ets OiKNMAa TANOLOV aT- LA e \ tA \ @ \ \ v nyayov, 0 Sé Snuwos KANOEis KE pev Evpov Exar, N A ® Tas Kehadras amrotéuvovct Tov Koralopmevwr, 3 \ \ \ A 3 / \ > , XN idwav dé tov Aapetov éEerrAdyn Kal dveywpet TpOs \ a, > , e 3 f b] \ Tas Ovpas amoBAéTTwv, @; ov Suvnaopevos ovde , ? f / / $4 TOApLNOwWY avTroyerp yevéerOar Bactrews. é€wOev a an , dé Tov dixact@v atethovvtwy Kal dtaKxedevopéevwy 3 / \ A e 'é \ / a) auvacTpewas Kal TH eTEpa xeepe Spa fd pevos THS , > “ \ \ a A KOLNS QUTOU Kal KaTayaywv aTréTeue TO EvP@ TOV TPAYNAOD. , / , "Evioe &€ dact thy Kpiow yevécbat Bactréws a is a avTov TapovTos, Tov 6é Aapetov, ws KateXap- a , a aA Baveto Tots éXeyyxols, Erl oTOMa TrecovTa betabat Kal ixeteverv? tov b€ UT opyis avactavta Kai CTATUPLEVOV TOY AKLVAKNY TUTTTELY EWS AITEKTELVEV’ 198 ARTAXERKXES xxix. 3-7 hanging, retired into the inner chamber, closed the door with a slam, and raised a cry. The murderers, accordingly, having been seen by the king, and having accomplished nothing, fled back through the door by which they bad come, and told Teribazus and his friends to be off since their plot was known. The rest, then, were dispersed and fled; but Teri- bazus slew many of the king’s guards as they sought to arrest him, and at last was smitten by a spear at long range, and fell. Dareius, together with his children, was brought to the king, who consigned him to the royal judges for trial. The king was not present in person at the trial, but others brought in the indictment. However, the king ordered clerks to take down in writing the opinion of each judge and bring them all to him. All the judges were of one opinion and condemned Dareius to death, where- upon the servants of the king seized him and led him away into a chamber near by, whither the executioner was summoned. The executioner came, with a sharp knife in his hand, wherewith the heads of condemned persons are cut off; but when he saw Dareius, he was confounded, and retired towards the door with averted gaze, declaring that he could not and would not take the life of a king. But since the judges outside the door plied him with threats and com- mands, he turned back, and with one hand clutching Dareius by the hair, dragged him to the ground, and cut off his head with the knife. Some say, however, that the trial was held in the presence of the king, and that Dareius, when he was overwhelmed by the proofs, fell upon his face and begged and sued for mercy; but Artaxerxes rose up in anger, drew his scimitar, and smote him till he 199 Li) ce PLUTARCEYS LIVES elTa els THD auany mpoerOovta Tov “TV Atop 7 poo - Kuvhoat Kal elTrety’ “ Evgpatvecde ATLOVTES, a Ilépoau, Ka NévyeTE TOLS arnows 6Tt Tols GOea pa Kat tapdvoua diavonbeiaw o péyas ‘OQpopalns dlenv émitéberkev.” OVO CNEL ice esi emt Boury) TOLOUTOV EayE , TEKOS. 0 dé ‘OXo8 non pev my Tats emia Nap- Tpas vTTro Tis ‘Arocans ETPALpOLEvos, Ere 6€ €fo- Sette Tay ev yynoiwy Tov uToXoTOV AptacTny, “ \ , > / ¢ \ \ > , Ttav 6€ vobwy "Ancaunv. o perv yap Aptaorns ov dua TO mpecButepos civat Tod “Oyov, rpaos \ ‘ e wn \ 4 > ~ Sé xal atrovs Kal diravOpwrros, 7EodTo Bact- e “A a e ‘ a Neverv UTIO Tay Tlepoa@y: o b€ Apoaduns Kat voor a \ exyerv eOoxer Kal pddiota TO waTpi mpocgidrs x 5) ~ Se 5) , $ @y oux éd\dv0ave tov “Qyov. émiBovrevwy ovv ? ¢ a ‘ auporepors Kal Sorepos @v o“ov Kal poviros EXPYTATO TH MeV @MLOTYTL TIS pucews pos TOV ‘Apoauny, ™ 6€ Kaxoupylg ral Sewvornre Tos TOV ‘Apidonny. bmémeprpe yap ™pos avTov eu- vouxous kat pirovs Baotrtéws amrerrds TLVvas uel Kat Aovyous poBepous amayyéXRovTas, @S TOU TAT POS EYVOKOTOS AT OKTIWPUELY avTov OLOS Kal éduBpiatws. ot d€ TadtTa Kad npuépav éexpépery Soxovvtes @S aTroppyta, Kal Ta pev pédrety, TA ¢ , / 6¢ 6cov ow Tpdcoev Baciréa révyorTES, OUTWS gus \ wv \ 4 Iz eCemAn av TOV avO pwrov Kal TosavTny eveBadov TTOLaV auT@ Kal Ta pay ny Kat dua dupiay els TOUS Noyia pos, & Gare papparov axevacayvta tav Bava- Cipwv Kat TiovtTa Tov CHv dvadrAayhvat. mvéo- pevos 5€ 0 Bactrels TOY TpOTOV THS TedrEUTHS, €xelvov péev aTéxAavoe, THY & aitiay UTwTTEvED. > / \ ‘ a 3 le) ‘ a ” éXéyyveuv O€ kai Enteiy éEadvvatav dua ynpas és 200 10 ) ARTAXERXES xxix. 7-Xxx. 4 had killed him; then, going forth into court, he made obeisance to the sun and said: “ Depart in joy and peace, ye Persians, and say to all whom ye meet that those who contrived impious and unlawful things have been punished by great Oromasdes.” XXX. Such, then, was the end of the conspiracy. And now Ochus was sanguine in the hopes with which Atossa inspired him, but he was still afraid of Ariaspes, the only legitimate son of the king remain- ing,and also of Arsames among the illegitimate sons. For Ariaspes, not because he was older than Ochus, but because he was mild and straightforward and humane, was deemed by the Persians worthy to be their king ; Arsames, however, was thought to have wisdom, and the fact that he was especially dear to his father was not unknown to Ochus. Accordingly, he plotted against the lives of both, and being at once wily and bloody-minded, he brought the cruelty of his nature into play against Arsames, but his villainy and craft against Ariaspes. For he secretly sent to Ariaspes eunuchs and friends of the king, who constantly brought him word of sundry threaten- ing and terrifying utterances implying that his father had determined to put him to a cruel and shameful death. Since they pretended that these daily re- ports of theirs were secrets of state, and declared, now that the king was delaying in the matter, and now that he was on the point of acting, they so terrified the prince, and filled his mind with so great trepidation, confusion, and despair, that he drank a deadly poison which he had prepared, and thus rid himself of life. When the king was informed of the manner of his death, he bewailed his son. He also suspected what had caused his death, but being 201 PLUTARCH’S LIVES HadXov nomalero Tov "Apoapny, cal dSHros Hv paddtoTa TioTEVwY éxeivw Kal TappynatalopeEvos. ee ¢€ \ \ 3 b ? td \ ofev ot mept tov “Qyov ovK dveBdrovTo tH mpakiv, ddd’ “Apratny viov Typi8alov tapa- 9 \ TKEVATAVTES ATEKTELVAY OL exeLvou Tov avOpwirov. vy pév ody emt poms pepas ) “A proképéns 61a TO "yhpas non ToTE’ TpoamesovTos 5€ avT@ Tod rept Tov Apodpunv wabovs ovbé OdXyov avTégyev, GAN > \ e \ 3 \ , b] , evdus ume AvTNs Kat EvoOvpias atecBécbn, Biwcas pev éveynxovta xal téscapa étn, Bacr- Aevoas dé dvo Kal efyjxovra, do0Eas 6é ™ pabos eivat Kal PihuT Koos avy Hewora dca tov viov *Oyor @MOTHTL Kal prathovia Tdvtas vEepRaropevov. 202 ARTAXERXES xxx. 4-5 unable by reason of his age to search out and convict the guilty one, he was still more well- affectioned towards Arsames, and clearly made him his chief support and confidant. Wherefore Ochus would not postpone his design, but set Arpates, a son of Teribazus, to the task and by his hand slew the prince. Now Artaxerxes, by reason of his age, was already hovering between life and death; and when the sad fate of Arsames came to his ears, he could not hold out even a little while, but straight- way expired of grief and despair. He had lived ninety-four years, and had been king sixty-two, and had the reputation of being gentle and fond of his subjects; though this was chiefly due to his son Ochus, who surpassed all men in cruelty and blood- guiltiness. 203 PAABA T. ‘O pev ’“A@nvaios Idixpatys tov picbodgo- pov nEtov aTpaTiwTny Kal piromAovtTov eivar Kab piAnoovor, Omws Tals émuOuptats Xopyyiav émritn- TaV ayovitntat mapaBodwrepor, oi O€ ThelaTot, cabanep éppmmévoy capa, TO TTPATLOTLKOD a€tov- aw (ola pnoeTrore Xpomevoy OopLn ouywweraOar Th Tov otpatnyov. do Kat [lavdAov Aipirzsov A€youat THY ev Maxedovia Svvayiv TaparaBovta Aartas Kae TeEpLepyias, otov tas tpatnyovcay, avaTrhewy, _Trapeyyuijoae THY xetpa moveiv ETOL- pny Kal THY payalpav ofeiay ExacTor, auT@ 6é TOV GAXWV HENCE. O be TAdtwv ovdev Epyov op@v dpxovTos ayabov Kat aT paTnyou oTpartias un cw@ppovovens poe ouoTafovens, aNAa THY meOapxtxny d apeTny opotws Th Bacirdtxy voutlov pucews yevvalas Kal TpPOPys prrocogou detoBat, padiara TO TPAw Kab prravOporep TO Oupoeices Kab Spacripiov EMMEROS AVAKEPAVVULELNS, ada te maOn Todda Kal Ta “Pwpaiow cupTecovTa peta tHv Népwvos terevTny Exe paptupia Kal Tapaceiypuata Tov unoev eivat hoBepwrepoy amrat- 1 With Plutarch’s Galba may be compared Suetonius, Gilba ; Dion Cassius, lxiv, 1-9; Tacitus, 7/ist. i. 1-45. 206 1053 GALBA! I. Ipnicrates the Athenian used to think that the mercenary soldier might well be fond of wealth and fond of pleasure, in order that his quest for the means to gratify his desires might lead him to fight with greater recklessness ; but most people think that a body of soldiers, just like a natural body in full vigour, ought to have no initiative of its own, but | should follow that of its commander. Wherefore Paulus Aemilius, as we are told, finding that the army which he had taken over in Macedonia was infected with loquacity and meddlesomeness, as though they were all generals, gave out word that each man was to have his hand ready and his sword sharp, but that he himself would look out for the rest.? Moreover, Plato® sees that a good commander or general can do nothing unless his army is amenable and loyal; and he “thinks that the quality of obedience, like the quality characteristic of a king, requires a noble nature and a philosophic training which, above all things, blends harmoniously the qualities of gentleness and humanity with those of high courage and aggressiveness. Many dire events, and particularly those which befell the Romans after the death of Nero, bear witness to this, and show plainly that an empire has nothing more fearful to 2 See the Aemilius, xiii. 4. 3 Of, c.g. Republic 376 U.. 207 PLUTARCH’S LIVES SEVTOLS Kpwwevns Kai GNoyols opmats ev Hye wovia 4 OTPAT WILKS Suva pews. Anuadns fev yap "AXeEavdpou TENEUTHTAVTOS eixate tHv Maxe- dover oTpariay exTeTUprWLEvp TO Kueiore, TARAS Kevouperny opav KLVIT ELS ATAKTOUS Kal mapapopous” Thy 6€ “Pwpatov nryEwoviay 6.0L, ToS NEYOMEVOLS Teravixots wider Kat Kev} feaal KkaTedapBaverv, els TOAAG Sragmoperny a aya Kat Today olev avers EQuTy oupmimrovcay, oux oUTMS Um purapxias TOV avaryopevopevev avtTo- KPaT Of wV, Os pidorAoutias Kal axoXaaias TOU TT pati@TiKoy oe adhiprwv @oTep ROUS TOUS HryeLovas EXKPOVOVTOS. KALTOL Atovuctos Pepatov apfarta Oetrrarav béxa pivas, eita evOus ap- arpeOevra, Tov TparyeKov AVEKUNEL TUpavvon, ET L- CKWOT TOV 70 TAXOS THS peta Bonfs. n 6€ TOY Katodpov éoTia, TO Tanarcov, eV éeXdo Tove x po- vep Tegoapas aut TOKPATOPAS umedéEaTo, TOV [ev elo aryovTov @aTrEp La TKNVIS, Tov © eLayourwv. arr’ a ye mapapu0ia Tots KAKOS ‘TagxXovat [La To pn de Ojnvae Stens éEvrépas emi Tovs aitious, AAN opav auTous ud éeavtav hovevopevous, tpa@tov ke Kal OtxaloTata TavT@Y TOV dSedXedoavTa Kal O«- da€avta TocovTov eATrivew emi petaBorr Kaica- pos baov autos UTéayeTo, KaAXLCTOY Epyor bia- Barov T@ pu080, THY avo Népwvos atoataciav mTposodiar yEvopmerny. Te Nuppitees yao La Bivos @ OV ET APXOS, OoT Ep ELpnTat, pera TryeXAtvou THs aUrTS, ével Ta Népwvos améyywoto tavtatac. kat dHAros ty 1 An allusion to the proverb HA@ 6 hAos exxpoverat. 208 GALBA 1. 3-1. 1 show than a military force given over to untrained and unreasoning impulses. Demades, indeed, after Alexander had died, likened the Macedonian army to the blinded Cyclops, observing the many random and disorderly movements that it made; but the Roman Empire was a prey to convulsions and dis- asters like those caused by the Titans of mythology, being torn into many fragments, and again in many places collapsing upon itself, not so much through the ambition of those who were proclaimed emperors, as through the greed and licence of the soldiery, which drove out one commander with another as nail drives out nail. And yet the Pheraean * who ruled Thessaly for ten months and was then promptly killed, was called the tragedy-tyrant by Dionysius, with scornful reference to the quickness of the change. But the house of the Caesars, the Palatium, in a shorter time than this received four emperors, the soldiery ushering one in and another out, as in play. But the suffering people had one consolation at least in the fact that they needed no other punishment of the authors of their sufferings, but saw them slain by one another’s hands, and first and most righteously of all, the man who ensnared the soldiery and taught them to expect from the deposition of a Caesar all the good things which he promised them, thus defiling a most noble deed by the pay he offered for it, and turning the revolt from Nero into treachery. II. It was Nymphidius Sabinus, prefect of the court guard along with Tigellinus, as I have already stated,® who, when Nero’s case was altogether desperate, and 2 Alexander, tyrant of Pherae. See the Pelopidas, xxiv.- XX XV. * Probably in the lost Life of Nero. 209 PLUTARCH’S LIVES amrobpag opevos Els Aiyurtop, ETELTE TO oT pPATLO- TLKOD, os UNKETL TA poVvTos, aXr 8m mrepevyoros, avToKpaTopa ParBav dvaryopedaau, wal Swpeav UMET KETO KaT avd pa Tots avALKOLS Kal oTpatn- yiKots 7 poo aryopevopLevous Spay was ETTAKLTXUMAS mevtakoatas, Tois b€ EKTOS TTPATEVOMEVOLS TEVTN- KOVTa Kal dlaKkooias emi XiAlals, Goov apryxXavov nV cuvaryaryety pL TWAELOVA [LUPLAKLS KAKA 7a.pa- TXOVTA 7 Tao avOpw@rrous & av Népov Taper Xe. ToU- TO yap evOvs pev dm wea € Népova, beT odtyov d€ TarBav: tov pev yap ws An ropuevoe TponKavTo, tov 6€ wn AauBavovtes atTéxTEvay. Elta Tov TocovTov dwaovta Entovvtes EfOnoav ev Tats aTootagedt Kal Tpodogiats avadwaavTes auTOUS } TUYOVTES OY HATITaV. Ta pev odVv KAD EKaoTa TOV yevopeveay amayyen ew ax piBas Tis ™ pary- paTiKis (a Toptas éoTly, boa dé a&ta Aoryou TOUS TOV Katoapey Epryous Kal TaGeot TULTETTTMWKE?, ovde €mol MpoonKer TaperOeir. III. TarSas LoudmeKLos OTL prev COLWTNS TAOU- TLwTATOS aT avTwy els TOV Kavodpev mapibev olxov, omoNoyerTar peya dé € EX ov EVYyEVvElas akio- pa Tov Lepoviev olkov, AUTOS eppover petSov ert TH Karhov ouyyevela, TPWTEVTAYTOS avdpos apeTH Kal O0&n Tov nad éauTo?, et Ka TO duva- aOat waddov EX@V ETEPOLS Ta phKev. 7v O€ Tt Kat AiBia 7H Kaicapos yuvarnt KATA Yévos ™ pos ?)- cov o TadBas, cal Sa todto ArBias Tapaa You- 1 Plutarch uses the Greek word drachma for the corre- sponding Roman denarius, a silver coin about equivalent to 210 1054 GALBA 1, 1-1. 2 it was clear that he was going to run away to Egypt, persuaded the soldiery, as though Nero were no longer there but had already fled, to proclaim Galba emperor, and promised as largess seventy-five hundred drachmas apiece for the court, or praetorian, guards, as they were called, and twelve hundred and fifty drachmas! for those in service outside of Rome, a sum which it was impossible to raise without in- flicting ten thousand times more evils upon the world than those inflicted by Nero. This promise was at once the death of Nero, and soon afterwards of Galba: the one the soldiers abandoned to his fate in order to get their reward, the other they killed because they did not get it. Then, in trying to find someone who would give them as high a price, they destroyed themselves in a succession of revolts and treacheries before their expectations were satisfied. Now, the accurate and circumstantial narration of these events belongs to formal history ; but it is my duty also not to omit such incidents as are worthy of mention in the deeds and fates of the Caesars. III. That Sulpicius Galba was the richest private person who ever came to the imperial throne, is generally admitted; moreover, his connection with the noble house of the Servii gave him great prestige, although he prided himself more on his relationship to Catulus, who was the foremost man in his time in virtue and reputation, even if he gladly left to others the exercise of greater power. Galba was also some- how related to Livia, the wife of Augustus Caesar, and therefore, at the instance of Livia, he was made the franc. But a Roman writer would reckon by sestertii, the sestertius being worth about a quarter of the denarius. 2Ii PLUTARCH’S LIVES ? a , ‘ ons wratos é€x Ilaxatiov mponrOe. Réyetar OE , , A U Kalb otpatevpatos €v Vepparia Karas apkat cai te AtBdns avOuTatos yevosmevos cvY OXrjLYOLS éTTatVeE- Onvat. To de EvVKONDY AUTON Tis Staitys Kal det- , , , éwrov é€v daTrdvats Kal aTéptTTOV aitiay éoyev , , A ¢ , AUTOKPATOPOS ‘yevomevov pikporoylas, Vv EwAov , 3 , 4 \ ? twa Oofav evtaktas épepe Kai awdporsivns. ’ / \ se ‘\ NY / 3 , 4 w emTéeuhOn d€ ve Népwvos ‘IBnpias apywv, oro , ~ ‘ 3 b>] , 4 dedtdaypevou hoPeicbat Tous év akimpact peya- Nous! TOV ToAtT@Y. Exeiv@ é Kat Puaer SoKovY- 4 la , TL Tpaw yeyovevat tpoceTiOe miativ evrAaBeias a “A TO YHpas. ’ / a f , cal IV. ’Evet? dé, rOv aditnpiwy emitpoT@Y WLes \ ? ? Kal aypiws Tas eTapxias éxelv@ StadhopovvTwn, 4 \ be > \ “~ 3 “ X “A x ado pev eiyvev ovdev BonOeiv, ait@ 5é TO havepos ELVAL TUVAAYOV KAL TUVAOLKOVLEVOS GL@S Yé THOS / a avaTrvony Tiva Kal TapapuvOiay Tots Katadixalo- \ , , HEVOLS KAL THAOULEVOLS TAapég YE’ Kal ToLnLaTOV els Nepwva yivopévarv rai moAXAayod Trepidhepope- 3 f ld VOV KAL AOOMEVaD, OVK EXWAVEV OVOE TUVNYAVAKTEL a. 3 / 24% ” a ’ a e x Tots ém@eTpoTrots® ep ols ETL “aAXOV HYATATO V7TO ~ ? \ 9 Tov avOpwrrwv. Kai yap hy dn avvnOns, ET 0s Ory Soov 9 a \ bl] A ” 3 e 3 f +7 bd , exetvo Thy apxny Exwv ev O Lovyios Ovivds errave- aT Nepwvt, Varatias @v aotpatnyos. RéyeTat 2 \ a “A pev ovV Kal TPO THs eupavods aToaTdcews ypau- \ \ \ A pata mpos avtov adixécbar Tapa tod Ovivé:xos, , a A wn ols MNTE TLOTEVOAL MITE LNVOTAL Kal KaTELTrELY, 1 weyddous Coraés and Bekker have peydAos, after Reiske. 2 éret Sint.? corrects to éxe? (there). 212 GALBA 111. 2-1¥. 2 consul! by the emperor. We are told also that he commanded an army in Germany with distinction, and that when he was pro-consul of Africa,2 he won such praise as few have done. But his simple and contented way of living, the sparing hand with which he dealt out money, always avoiding excess, were counted unto him, when he became emperor, as parsimony, so that the reputation which he bore for moderation and self-restraint was an insipid sort of thing. By Nero he was sent out as governor of Spain,? before Nero had yet learned to be afraid of citizens who were held in high esteem. Galba, however, was thought to be of a gentle nature, and his great age gave an added confidence that he would always act with caution. IV. But when, as the nefarious agents of Nero savagely and cruelly harried the provinces, Galba could help the people in no other way than by making it plain that he shared in their distress and sense of wrong, this somehow brought relief and comfort to those who were being condemned in court and sold into slavery. And when verses were made about Nero, and men circulated and sang thein freely, he did not put a stop to it nor share in the displeasure of Nero’s agents; wherefore he was still more beloved by the inhabitants. For he was by this time well known to them, since it was in the eighth year of his governorship that Junius Vindex, a general in Gaul, revolted against Nero. It is said, indeed, that even before the open rebellion Galba received letters from Vindex, and that he neither put any trust in them nor gave accusing information Pn 334. D. * In 45 a.D. * In 61 4.D. 213 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ws er epot TOV YE HOV LK OY eTLOTONAS avTots ypaeloas émepypay 7 pos Néepava kal d:épOecpav doov em avtTots THpv T pacuy, 78 VoTEpov peTa- oXOVTES @pohoynaar auT@Y ovdey HTTOV th éxei- vou mpooTar yeyovevar. GX’ érretdy AaMTpPOS TOV TOAELOY EXPIHVAS O Ovivd.é eypaype TH DarSa TApPAKaray avabegac bar THY nyéuoviay Kal Tapacyely éavtoy iayup@ awpate Entovvti Ke- darn, tais Taratias Séka pupiadas avdpov WT ALO LEVOV exovoas aANaS TE TAELOVAS omhicat duvapevais, mpovdnxe Bovrnp Tots irots. @ ov Ol wey Elouv Tre pLLevely kapadoxodvra Tiva Kiyo ry ‘Pwpn Kat popay €£et 1pos Tov VEwT Epta Hav" Tiros dé Ovinios. o TOU oTpatnytKob TAY MATOS NYE MOV autos } elev" 0) anGa, Tiva, Tpomrov Bov- NeveoGe ; sro yap ontety Népovt et mearol [Levov- [Lev, OUK 10 HEvovT@Y éotiv. ws obv UMAPXOVTOS ey Opov Nepevos ov 67 ™ poet cov TV TOU Oviv6e- KOS puriay, 4) kal KaTnyopntéov evdus avrov Kal TONE LNT EOD, OTL oe Bovnrerat “Popaious EVELy apYovra padov 1) Nepwva TUpavvor. V. Ex TOUTOV 7 poy papnpare pev édnAwoev 6 lad Bas aépay ev 7 TAS KaTA pEpos edevJepar- GELS ATOOWOEL TOS Seopévors, Aania 6 Kal Pnuy mpoextrecovaa TANOOS avOpamoy 70 po.ce 7 po- Cupov emt TOV VEWTEPLT LOD. OUK fA yoov pave Epos emt tov Bywatos yevouevos, Kal TAVTES avrov opopavers avToKpatopa 7 poo etmoy. o 6é TAUT NY peev evdvs ov mpoaedéefaro TV 7 poo- nyopiay, KATNYVOPH TAS 6¢ ToD Népevos, Kal TOV avnpnuévoy avopav bm’ avtod Tovs émibaverta- ? abrors suggested by Sint.? for the airds of the MSS. 214 1055 GALBA Iv. 2-v. 2 about them, although other provincial governors sent to Nero the letters written to them, and thus did all they could to ruin the enterprise of Vindex ; and yet they afterwards took part in it, and thus confessed that they had been false to themselves no less than to Vindex. But after Vindex had openly declared war, he wrote to Galba inviting him to assume the imperial power, and thus to serve what was a vigorous body in need of a head, meaning the Gallic provinces, which already had a hundred thousand men under arms, and could arm other thousands besides. ‘Then Galba took counsel with his friends. Some of these thought it best for him to wait and see what move- ment Rome would set on foot in response to the revolution; but Titus Vinius, the captain of the praetorian guard, said to them: “O Galba, what counsels are these? For to ask whether we shal! remain faithful to Nero means that we are already unfaithful. Assuming, then, that Nero is an enemy, we surely must not reject the friendship of Vindex ; or else we must at once denounce him and make war upon him because he wishes the Romans to have thee as their ruler rather than Nero as their tyrant.” V. After this, Galba issued an edict appointing a day on which he would grant individual manu- missions to all who desired them, and gossip and rumour flying all abroad brought together a multi- tude of men who were eager for the revolution. At any rate, no sooner was Galba seen upon the tribunal than all with one voice hailed him as emperor. However, he did not at once accept this appellation, but after denouncing Nero, and bewailing the most illustrious of the men who had been put to 215 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TOUS oho hupapevos, @pohoynoer em LOW ELy TH maT plou THY EavTOU T povolay, OUTE Kaicap ouT avToKpaTwp, TTPATHYOS b€ guyxAnTov Kal Onuou ‘Pwpyatoy dvopafopevos. "Ore & dpOas o Oviwe&E cai Nedoyiopevas éEexaretro tov VarBav émi tH nyEpoviar, eT t- TTWTATO paptupe T@ Népwut. T poo ToLovpevos 14p éxelvou Kara povely Kab Tap. ovdey nryeta Bat 7a Tadatov, dpa TO mba bar Ta Tmepl PadBav (eruxe O€ AeRoupévos Kal apiaTav) aveérpewe THV tpamelav. ou piv adda TVYKANTOV Ynbioapevns Todéu.ov Tov arBav avtos te maifery Kat Opa- guverar Tos TOUS pirous Bovdopevos, ov dav- Any Edn mpoppnawv eMTET TOKEVAL oye Lov d€o- pevep NPNHATOV avT@ Kal ta pev Vararor, € otav UTOXELpLot YEVOVTAL, Lapupaywynced Gat, O€ Targa Td pec Tiy ovela xpha Pas Kal TWAELY ON TorEpiou TEPNVOTOS. OUTOS TE oy Ta Par Ba Tt- mpag Kew exéheve, Kab ParSas axoveas, daa Neé- pwvos nv év ‘TBnpiga KNPUTTWY eUpLaKE TOAAOLS mpobuportepous a @VNTAS. Vi. ‘Agiotapevor d€ TONA@DY TOU Népwvos . Kal muvTwy emietkas TH L'adrBa TpoaTepever, [LGVOS KA@d.os Maxpos ev AtBvn kat Ovepyivios ‘Poidos ev Taratia TOU Deppavixod TT PATEUMATOS mryou- HEVOS avtolt Kal’ EQUTOUS em parton, ov THY avT IY aipeow EXOVTES. GrX’ 0 peep KrAwédcos, év dpruyais T par HAT ov ryeryoves Kal povors avopav ore @pornTa Kal Treovetiar, Sijos hv €v TO pnTE KaTEXEW pyre adtévar THY apxny Sivacbat TEepipEepopevos, Ovepyivios dé TAY MAT OV eTLOTATOV dwaTetator TOAAUKES AUTOV AvayOpEVOVTWY AUTOKpaTOpa Kal 216 GALBA v. 2—v1. 2 death by him, promised to devote his best powers to the service of his country, taking as his title, not Caesar, nor Emperor, but General of the Roman Senate and People. Now, that Vindex acted wisely and well in calling upon Galba to be emperor, was convincingly proved by Nero. For though he pretended to despise Vindex and to regard matters in Gaul as of no moment, as soon as he learned what Galba had done —Nero had just taken his bath and was at breakfast —he overturned his table. However, after the Senate had voted Galba an enemy, Nero, with a desire to jest and put on a bold countenance with his friends, said that an excellent idea had occurred to him in his need of money: the property of the Gauls would not fall to him as spoil of war until after they should be subdued ; but Galba’s estate was ready to be used and sold at once, now that Galba had been declared a public enemy. So he ordered the property of Galba to be sold, and Galba, when he heard of it, put up at public sale all that Nero owned in Spain, and found many readier buvers. VI. Many were now falling away from Nero, and almost all of them attached themselves to Galba; only Clodius Macer in Africa, and Verginius Rufus in saul (where he commanded the German forces), acted on their own account, though each took a different course. Clodius, whose cruelty and greed had led him into robberies and murders, was clearly in a strait where he could neither retain nor give up his command; while Verginius, who commanded the strongest legions and was often saluted by them as emperor and strongly urged to take the title, declared VOL, XI el] PLUTARCH’S LIVES Bralopévwy ovte autos bn AnWeoOas THY HyELo- viav oUTE GAXw TrepLotred Oar SitOopéevny, Ov AV p1) 1) TuyKAITOS EAT AL. TavTa TOV ParBav OU peT- piws eOopuBet To 7 p@TOV" emrel dé Ta Ovepyiviou Kal Ovive.xos TTPATEULATA, Tpomrov Tia Bia TOUS NYELLOVAS, @OTEP VLOXOUS Kpathoae Xardevev Th duvndévtas, els paxny eeveyxovta peyaday ouv- éppakav, kat Ovivosxos éavtov avedovtTos émi diapvplois LTaratav recovat, dundOe oyos ws Bovropévoy Twavtwv ert vikn TooavTn Tov Ovep- yivioy avadé~acbas tiv nyepoviay Tadw, peTvaSaroupéveov Tos Nepova, Tote 6) Tapvta- Tact TEpipoPos yevowevos o VadBas eyparre TO Ovepyuvig, Tapakadow KOLVvOT pay ELV kai Sia- puhaccew a THY nye woviay Kab THY éXevOepiav ‘Pwpatois’ avOis oe pera TOV giro els KnXovviap, ‘TBypexny TOMY, dvaxwpycas ev TO peTavoety mepl TOW yeyovor@r Kat To Gety THY ourydn Kal cUvTpopor dm par woovyny PaAXOV 7) TWpaTTELV TL TOV avaryKaoy d1éT piBev. VI. “Hy 6€ Oépos 70N; cat Bpayd mpo detANns Kev amo Pens’ Txedos avnp amrerevbepos EBdopatos. awu@ouevos 6€ Tov TarSav avaravecOar nad’ cautoy é€Babile ovvtdvas él TO OwWLATLOV AUTON, Kat Bia TeV Garaynrorwy avoiEas Kal mapehOwy cearajryryetnen & OTL Kal SavTos ETL TOU Nepwvos, OuK ovtos 6é€ pavepod, TO oTpaTevpa Tp@TOv, ciTa 0 Opos Kall yy) TUYKANTOS avTOKpaTOpA 7 Tov VarBav cVA*OPEUT ELED, oniryov be bo repov amraryyedein TEOYNKOS Exelvos' ov pV AUTOS ye TlaTEvCAaS Ebn Tols amayyéXXovow, adrAa erecOav TO vexp@ Kal Keievov Oeacapevos, ovTws &EedOeiv. 218 GALBA vi. 2—VvII. 2 that he would neither assume the imperial power himself, nor allow it to be given to anyone else whom the senate did not elect. ‘These things greatly dis- turbed Galba at first; but presently the armies of Verginius and Vindex in a manner forced their leaders, like charioteers who had lost control of the reins, into the crash of a great battle, and Vindex, after the loss of twenty thousand Gauls, died by his own hand, and a report was current that all the soldiers desired Verginius, in view of the great victory he had won, to assume the imperial power, or they would go back again to Nero. Then indeed Galba was all alarm, and wrote to Verginius inviting him to join in efforts for the preservation alike of the empire and the freedom of the Romans. But after this he retired with his friends to Clunia, a city in Spain, and spent his time in repenting of what he had done and in longing for his habitual and wonted freedom from care, rather than in taking any of the steps now made necessary. VII. It was now summer,! and shortly before sun- set there came from Rome a freedman named Icelus, who had made the journey in seven days. Having learned that Galba was reposing by himself, he went in hot haste to his chamber, opened the door in spite of the chamberlains, entered, and announced that while Nero was still alive, but in hiding, that the army first, and then the senate and people, had proclaimed Galba emperor, and that a little while afterwards it was reported that Nero was dead; Icelus himself, however, as he said, had not believed the report, but had gone and seen the dead body where it lay, and then had set outon his journey. This announcement 1 Of 68 a.p. 219 3 PLUTARCH’S LIVES TavTa aTayyeANopeva AaLTpoY pe TOV Vardar, Kai ovvedpape TAHGOS avdpav ert Oupas éxteOap- pnxoTwov um avtov BeBaiws. Kaitot TO TaXOS WW amtaTov. ara Kalb dvaiv nuépats VoTepor } Ovivios Tiras * aro aTpatoméedou pO? (ETepov aixeTo TA bofavta TH TUYEMITO Kal exao Tov amrayyeXhav. ovTOS pev ovy eis TaEwy EvTipov m™ porx On: TO 8 arerevd ep daxtundious TE xpuaods ESeoce Kal Mapetavos o “InedXos On KaNoupevos elye THY TowTHY ev TOS aTrEAEVOEpOLS Suva pv. VIH. ‘Ey d€ ‘Pon Nupdiozos LaPivos, ovK npepa Kal KaTa HLL pov, aXnnra TAR BOnY onod, TavTa mpaywara pépov TepunveryKeey els EAUTOP, os TadSav pev dvta mpecBvtny Kai porss els Pony eEapeécovra popaony Kopia Ojnvat bua yhpas’ hv yap éT@V TpLav Kal éBSopnxovta- Ta be avroou TTPATEVLATA, Kat Taras T pos QUT OV EvvOwS EYOVTA Kal vo év0s eEnpTnweva [LOvov, da To THS bwpeas péyeOos evepyerTny exeivov nyeta Oat, PanrBav dé XpewperreTny. evOus ovv Teyedrivep HEY TH TUVAaPYOVTL mpoceTagev aTroGécbat TO Ethos, vmodoyas 5é trotovpevos éedeimutte Tovs UTAaTLKOUS Kal TOUS NryEpwovtKoUs, ETL TO T'aXBa TpoaTleis dvoua Tais KNHoECLY, Ev TE TO OTPATO- TEOW TONNOUS TAPETKEVATE AE'YVELY WS TrELTTEOD éoTt 7 pos Dada QiTOULEVOUS éTapKXoVv Eioael Nupdidzoy ¢ aveu cuvapXovTos. “A 6€ 4) ouyxAnToS els TINY ErpaTTEy avTOV 1 Jorepov supplied by Coraés, after Amyot. 1056 GALBA vil. 2-vilI. 3 highly elated Galba, and there came running to his door a multitude of men who had gained complete confidence as the result of Icelus’ report. And yet the messenger’s speed was incredible. But two days afterwards Titus Vinius with others came from the camp and reported in detail the decrees of the senate. Vinius, accordingly, was advanced to a position of honour, and as for the freedman, he was allowed to wear the gold ring, received the name of Marcianus instead of Icelus, and had the chief influence among the freedmen. VIII. But at Rome Nymphidius Sabinus was forcing the entire control of affairs into his own hands, not slowly and little by little, but all at once. He thought that Galba was an old man and would hardly have the strength to be carried to Rome on a litter, by reason of his age, for he was in his seventy- third year ; moreover, he knew that the soldiery in the city had long been well disposed towards him and were now devoted to him alone, regarding him as their benefactor because of the large gifts which he promised, but Galba as their debtor. Straight- way, therefore, he ordered his colleague Tigellinus to lay down his sword, gave receptions at which he banqueted men who had been consuls or in high command (although he still affixed the name of Galba to his invitations), and instigated many of the soldiers to declare that a deputation ought to be sent to Galba demanding that Nymphidius be made pre- fect for life without a colleague. Moreover, the senate did much to enhance his 2 Tiros after this name the words woAAa tar, deleted by Coraés and Bekker, are retained by Sint.? with indication of a lacuna (woAAQ .. . TAY). rae S| PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal Ovvamty, dvakarodoa evEepyeTny Kat o UV Tpé- youoa Kal’ ruépav emt Gupas kai TavTos eSapyerv Séryparos afwibca Kal BeBatovy, ETL TEPALTEpw TOAPNS aViyEv avTOr, @aTEe OdtLyOU Xpovou TOUS Oepamevovar pe) povov emipGovor, Gra Kat poBe- pov eval. TOV o UTAT@OV oLKEeTAS Snpoaious T POX ELLE a WEvOY Ta Soypara KoputCovtas TO avTo- Kparopt, Kal Ta kahovupeva OTA opara cern pa omeva Sovtwv, a yveoptfovres Of KATA TON pXOVTES ev Tals TOV ONNBET OV apolBats emita- xUvovet TAS TPOTOMTAS TOV [papuaTnpopor, ov MET PLOWS NYAVaKTHTEY OTL pny Tap avTod Kal adpayioa kal otpatiwtas AaBovtes avérremwar, GANA NéyeTat Kai BovrAeveacOat TEpl THY UTATOY, eiTa THY Opynv atoNoynoapevors Kat denOetowy ave. To O€ Sjuw yaplCopevos OK eExwAVE TOV mapanimrorra TOV Népavos atrotupTravi tery. Larikrov pév ovv Tov povopdyov avdpiaae Néewros EXKOMEVOLS vmoBarovtes év ayopa btéehOerpar, "Atroviov O€ TLva TOV KATNYO pLE@V avatpavaytes apdéas AvBopopous émiyayov, dAXous 6€ beara cav TOAXOUSs, éviouvs pndev abLKodYTAaS, MOTE Kal Mavpixov, avdpa tev apiotwy Kal ovta Kai d0- Kobyta, 7 pos THY TUVYKANTOV EiTrEly OTe HoPeEttar (41) foe Népova Cyto wal. OvtTw 6é Tpocayor o Nupdisdsos é eyyuTépo er eT a éepevye Laiov Kaicapos utos Neyer Bau TOU pera TiBepsov apEavtos. eyvexer yap o Vaios, as éorxe, Ti texotcav avtov ett 1 Caligula. 222 GALBA vil. 3-1x. 1 honour and power, giving him the title of benefactor, assembling daily at his door, and allowing him the privilege of initiating and confirming all their decrees. This raised him to a still higher pitch of boldness, so that within a short time those who paid court to him were filled, not only with jealousy, but also with fear. When the consuls provided public servants to carry the decrees of the senate to the emperor, and gave to these the diplomas, as they were called, sealed with their official seal (in order that the magistrates of the various cities, recognising this, might expedite the supply of fresh vehicles for the journey of the couriers), he was vexed beyond all bounds because the decrees had not been sent under his seal and in charge of his soldiers, nay, it is said that he actually thought of proceeding against the consuls, but put away his wrath when they excused themselves and begged for forgiveness. Again, in his desire to gratify the people, he would not prevent them from beating to death any follower of Nero who fell into their hands. Accordingly, they cast Spiculus the gladiator under statues of Nero that were being dragged about in the forum, and killed him; Aponius, one of Nero’s informers, they threw to the ground and dragged waggons laden with stone over him; and many others, some of whom had done no wrong, they tore in pieces, so that Mauricus, who was justly deemed one of the best men in Rome, told the senate that he was afraid they would soon be searching for a Nero. IX. Thus coming in his hopes nearer and nearer to his goal, Nymphidius was not averse to having it said that he was the son of the Caius Caesar! who succeeded Tiberius. For Caius, as it would appear, while still 222 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , bal b] 3 fal \ lA ? ’ ’ petpaKloy @Y ovK aEelon THY driv ovcar, éx 6 b) f bd & Fe / /, 9 axeatpias émiutcbiov KadrXtote, Kaicapos an- nN @ , , PO 4 € \ ih Fu edevOepo, yeyernuevnyv. adr Hv mpos Vaiov a f A nA 7 évteviis avTis, ws E€orKe, vewtépa THS Nupudsdiov yevérews, aitiay dé éoxev x Maptiavod rod po- a / vomayou yeyovévar, THS Nupdidias épacbeians \ / b] a \ cal 10 7 se , 61a OoEay avtov, Kai waddop éddxet Ka’ opotoTnta al > ? 3 , , > 2 s “A THs leas exeiv@ TpocHKELV. AAN OmoAOYV ye 5 \ a , Nuydidias eivas untpos epyov pév autod povou \ id > “ / ® \ a A tHhv Népwvos étroteito Katadvaw, abra b€ avTis , fa) ov vopiCwy ixava Kaptovabat Tas TL“as Kal Ta \ a Ypripara Kal TO Lwopw Tod Népwvos cuyxabevdey, Ov EevOvs aro THs jWupas ETL KaLtopévou Tov vexpoU MET ATrELWAaMEVOS EKELVOS EV yameThs eye TAEEL KaL 1057 : llormaiay mpoonyopever, érl thy diadoyny Tap- ? wn ¢ EOUETO THS NYEMOVLAS. KaL Ta pev avTOS év “Pwomn an , al dia Tav dirwy vrreipyaleTo, Kal yuvatkKav TiVwY b fal \ al > fal 7 aUuT@ Kal cuyKAnTLKOY avdpav Kpida cvAXapBa- vopevoy, eva dé Trav dirwv, Vedreavov, els 1 Bnpiav emeupey KaTacKkewopevov. X. Toe 6€ VadBa peta tHv Népwvos tereuvtiy / a exwper Tavta. Ovepryivios bé “Potdos audiBoros N ” , a aA fo) @y ETL PpovTioa TAapELYe, M1) TO Ouvadpmews TOAATS KAL MAYLMLOTATHS UpYEly TWpoTELANHwWS TO VEVLKNKE- vat Ovivdica kal KeyertpOcbat méeya pépos TIS ¢ ij e f ’ , , b Pwpatwv NYEMOVLAS, ED cade YEVOMEVNY aTrooTAa- A é & “~ TuK@ Ladatiay atacay, vraxovaat Tols Tapa- KaNOVSW avTOY eT THY aPXV. ovdEvoS yap TV 4 a INN 3 , > \ 4 £ > dvoua pellov, ovde eive Sokav ovdets Gaonv o Ovep- 224 GALBA Ix. 1I-x. 2 a young man, had been intimate with the mother of Nymphidius, a woman of comely appearance and a daughter of Callistus, Caesar’s freedman, by a hired sempstress. But this intimacy, as it would seem, was later than the birth of Nymphidius, and it was believed that he was a son of Martianus, the gladiator (with whom Nymphidia fel] in love on account of his fame), and his resemblance to Martianus was thought to favour this connection. But although he certainly admitted that Nymphidia was his mother, he took to himself sole credit for the overthrow of Nero, and thinking himself insufficiently rewarded for this by the honours and wealth which he enjoyed, and by the company of Sporus, Nero’s favourite (whom he had sent for at once, while Nero’s body was yet burning on its pyre, and treated as his consort, and addressed by the name of Poppaea), he aspired to the succession in the empire. Some secret steps to this end he himself took at Rome through the agency of his friends, and certain women and men of sena- torial rank secretly assisted him, and one of his friends, Gellianus, he sent to Spain to keep an eye upon matters there. X. But everything went well with Galba after the death of Nero. Verginius Rufus, it is true, who was still hesitating, gave him anxiety. [For besides com- manding a large and most efficient army, Verginius had the added prestige of his victory over Vindex and his subjugation of all Gaul, which was a large part of the Roman Empire and had been in the throes of revolt. Galba therefore feared that Ver- ginius might listen to those who invited him to take the supreme power. Forno man’s name was greater than that of Verginius, and no man had a reputation 225 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ylvlos, Ws peyloTn pom) TOLS ‘Pepaiov mpaypace Tupavvibos 000 Nearer ijs kal Tadratixov TONE- pov amadhayy ryevomevos. GAN €kElvOS TOTE TOLS e& apxiis €LpLEvOV hoyeo pots epuratre TH ouy- KANTO THY aipeow TOU aAVTOKPAaTOPOS. KaiTot pa- vepas ye THIS Népavos TENEUTHS YEVOMEVNS TO TE wrHOos evexetto TO Ovdepyvie want, Kat TOV Xeredpyeov TLS To €y TH OKT OTT pEVvOS TO Eios | exeeve TOV Ovepyivov SéyeoOat THY 1YELO- viav ?) Tov otdnpov. émrel O€ Da Bros OvaXrns dipxeov évos TaryHATOS OPKWTE TPOTOS ets ib arBar, Kal ypanpara KEV ATO ‘Poyns mept Ov u) ouy- KANTOS eyngiaato, (XAAET OS lev Kal pores, €TELTE 6 ovy Tous OT PATLOTAS auToKpdTopa Tov ParBav aveiTety’ Kat TéwWavtTos avtod 61dd0Xov Prakcov ‘Opdewvroy edeEaro. Kal ma pa.bovs exelvep THY Sura jue avTos ATHVTNCE TO Parse Tpoaw Xo- povvTt, Kab cuvaréo Tpepen, OUTE opy is ove TLBAS éridijAou TUyYavwv. aiTtLos 5é Tov pev AUTOS 0 VarPas atdovpevos Tov avopa, Tov O€ ot piroe Kai partota Ovivios Tiros, umo pOovov TOV Ovepyi- viov olomevos fev KOAOVELV, ryvoe S€ apa 7 Ouvepytviov 4 XPNTT Satmove TUVEPYO, non TOV advOpa TOAEMWY KAL KAKWI, COU TOUS AdXOUS 1/7E- povas Katéoyev, exTOS ets Blov axvpova Kal ynpas etpnvys Kal navxias peotov virexT: Geneva. XI. Tar Bav 6€ wepi NapBwva, todw Varate- KV, Ol TAaPA THS TvyKANTOV Tpéa Bets evTUYovTES noTalovTo, Kal TapeKddovy eridavivat TO Onuw moOovvTe TaxYéws. oO S€ TAS TE ANAS TApElxer évtevters Kal ovvovatas autos diravOpwrous Kat 226 GALBA x. 2-xI. 1 equal to his, since he had exercised the greatest in- Huence in ridding the Roman state alike of a grievous tyrant and of Gallic wars. But in the present crisis he was true to his original resolves and maintained the senate’s right to choose the emperor. And yet when Nero’s death was known for certain, the mass of his soldiery were insistent again with Verginius, and one of the military tribunes in his tent drew his sword and ordered Verginius to choose between imperial power and the steel. But after Fabius Valens, commander of a legion, had led off in taking the oath of allegiance to Galba, and letters had come from Rome telling of the senate’s decrees, he suc- ceeded at last, though with the greatest difficulty, in persuading his soldiers to declare Galba emperor ; and when Galba sent Flaccus Hordeonius to succeed him, Verginius received that officer, handed over his army to him, and went himself to meet Galba as he advanced, and turned back in his company without re- ceiving any clear mark either of his anger or esteem. This was due, in the one case, to Galba himself, who had a wholesome respect for Verginius, and in the other to Galba’s friends, especially Titus Vinius. Vinius was jealous of Verginius, and thought to block his career ; but without knowing it he was aiding the man’s good genius, which was now removing him from al] the wars and miseries which encompassed the other leaders, and bringing him into a calm haven of life, and an old age full of peace and quiet. XI. At Narbo, a city of Gaul, Galba was met by the deputies from the senate, who greeted him and begged him to gratify speedily the eager desire of the people to see him. In his general interviews and meetings with them he was kind and unassuming, 227 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Snpoticds, Mpos TE TAS ETTLATELS TONIS KATA oKEUTS Kat Jeparetas Bacircxijs Tapovans, hy ex TOV Népwvos 0 Nouppidzos avT@ T poo éTrener, ovderl Ypwpevos éxetvor, inna Tots éavTod Tao, evox ier, peyarog pov avip Kat KpeLT TOV aTreét- poxadtas Parvopevos. TAXY HévTOL Ta yevvaia TadTa Kab arupa Kal TONTLKA Onparyoyiay Oviveos anopaivav Kat KonNpoTnTa peyarov anafvodoav avTnY, emetoe xpnpact Te ypnoGat tois Népwvas Kal Tepl TAS Drodoxas BN petoec Oat TIS Racine KIS TOAUTEAELAS. KAL OAWS aia Onow avTov Kata pexpov v0 TH Ovwviw yevnoopueévov Trapeiyev o m peo BUTS. XI. "Hy dé Ovinos apyupiou ev eoyaTos Kat Tap oVvTevouv TT eV, EVvOX0S be Kal Tots mept yuraikas a papTn Lao wv. éTL yap @y véos Kal OT PATEVOUEVOS v7 KarBioto SaBive tHv Tparny oTpatetay dKohag Tov ovcay THY Yyuraika Tod iyryewovos Taperanyaye VUKTWP ELS TO oT pat omedov ev coOnTL JO TPAT LOT LR Kat duep Gerpev év Tots dpxetors, & mpuyximia Kadovot ‘Popaioc. err TOUT@ O€ Ddios Katoap eonoev auTov: éxeivou bé dmoBavevtas evTvYla NPNTawevos amrervOn. eeL- mvav dé mapa Kravdio Katcape TOT IpLov apyupoov DpetreTo- mudopevos d€ 0 Kaicap Th voTepata TaN avrov ent dei Tvov éxanrecer, edOovre 88 ex éhevo ev éxetv@ pen dev apyupour, Gra Kepauea TavTa mpoopépew eal TapariGévas Tous UT NpeTas. TobTo bev ovv bua THY Katoapos HET pLOTNTA KO [Lt- KWTEPAY YEVOMEVNVY YEXWTOS, OVK Opyhs aELov éb0- Eev: 0 0€ Tov Vdd Bap Ey bp’ abT@, Kai dvvdpevos 228 1058 | | GALBA x1. 1-x1. 3 - and when he entertained them, though there was an abundance of royal furniture and service at his com- mand, which Nymphidius had sent him from Nero’s palace, he used none of it, but only what was his own, thus winning a good repute, and showing him- self a man of large mind who was superior to vulgarity. Vinius, however, by declaring to him that this dignified, simple, and unassuming course was merely a flattery of the people and a refinement of delicacy which thought itself unworthy of great things, soon persuaded him to make use of Nero’s riches, and in his receptions not to shrink from a regal wealth of outlay. And in general the aged man let it be seen little by little that he was going to be under the direction of Vinius. XII. Now Vinius was to the last degree and beyond all compare a slave of money, and was also addicted to loose conduct with women. For when he was still a young man and was serving his first campaign, under Calvisius Sabinus, he brought his commanders wife, an unchaste woman, by night into the camp in the garb of a soldier, and had commerce with her in the general’s quarters (the Romans call them “principia”). For this offence Caius Caesar put him in prison; but on the death of the emperor he had the good fortune to be released. While he was at supper with Claudius Caesar, he purloined a silver drinking-cup, and Caesar, learning of it, invited him to supper again the next day, and when he came, ordered the attendants to set before him no silver plate at all, but only earthenware. This misdeed, it is true, owing to the comic turn which Caesar’s moderation took, was thought worthy of laughter, not of anger; but what he did when he had 229 PLUTARCH'S EIVES peylotov emi Xpnwace, em parte, TpayLKav mabav Kal cuppopeav peydrov Tois pev aitiav, Tots bé Tpopacy Tapeo xev. STIL ‘O yap Nupptovos evOUs émavedfovtos ToU Peddavov 7 pos aAUTOD, OV eT ene TOU TarBa TpoTrov TLWVa KATLoKOTOD, aKovaas THs mev aUANS Kal TOV Sopupoper emrapXov am odebetx Gar Kop- vay Atov Adxwva, To 6€ cturav eivat Tov Ovsviov Kparos, auT@ 6é pnderrore Tou Parga ora Ano tov eyyeryoveva poe évtuxely idta, TaVTOY avTov Upopwpever Kal Suapvrarrovren, é0o- puBiOn: Kal cuvayayov Tous yyewovas TOU oTpa- TEUMATOS Eby Tad Bav fev AUTOD Elval T peo Butay €TLELKT) KAL péTpLov, eAXayYLoTa O€ TOiS avUTOU YpwOuwEevov oylapols vio Ovwwiov xal AdKxwvos oUK 6 dioixeio Bat, amp ou hadetv avToUS iv Eo Xe DuyedaAtvos toxov ev TOUS Tparypact KTNOA- [evous, TE TTT EOV elvat TT pos TOV Hye Hove. T peo Beus amo orpatomésou TOUS Oibafovtas 6 OTL TOV pidov duo [sovous TOUTOUS aoa Kevac dpevos notov Ta.pe- OTA TACl Kal moOevvorepos. érrel O€ TavTa Neyoou OUK emetBev, GAX aToT ov edoxel Kat ANXOKOTOV nryewova. mpeoBuTny, Oo TEp apre "evo pevov €fou- aias peupaxvov, ols XPHTET AL pirors i) Hn, pv0 ut- Ce, érépav odov TParropevos ey pade TO Para OeCrTTOMEVOS, vov fev Os UrovAa Kal peTéwpa TOANA Tis TONEWS EXOvaNS, vov 6€ KAwerov Muaxpov év AtBby Ta ouTnya KATEXEW, a adds dé Tapaxtvels ira Vepuanna Taypara., Kal Tept TOV év Supia kat lovdaia duvapewv Gpora ruvOdvec Oat. GALBA x1. 3-x111. 3 Galba under his control and was most influential with him in financial matters, was partly a cause and partly a pretext for tragic events and great calamities. XIII. For Nymphidius, as soon as Gellianus had come back to him, whom he had sent to be a sort of spy upon Galba, heard that Cornelius Laco had been appointed prefect of the praetorian guard, and that Vinius was all powerful with Galba, while Gellianus had never stood near him or seen him in private, but had been looked upon with suspicion and distrust by everyone. Nymphidius was therefore much disturbed, and calling together the officers of the army, told them that Galba himself was a well-meaning and moderate old man, but did not follow his own counsels in the least, and was badly directed by Vinius and Laco. Therefore, before these men had succeeded in secretly acquiring the power which Tigellinus had held, a deputation should be sent to the emperor from the camp, to inform him that if he would put away from his company of friends only these two men, he would be more acceptable and welcome to all on his arrival. But this speech of Nymphidius did not convince his hearers; nay, they thought it a strange and unnatural thing to dictate to an aged emperor, as if he had been a youth just tasting power, what friends he was to have or not to have. Nymphidius therefore took another course, and wrote to Galba messages in- tended to alarm him—now, that there was much hidden distemper and unrest in the city, now, that Clodius Macer was holding back the grain supplies in Africa; again, that the legions in Germany were mutinous, and that like news came concerning the forces in Syria and Judaea. But since Galba gave 231 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a \ “ , 4 tod 6€ TadrBa py ravu tov vovv tpocEexovtTos a / 4 a / AUTO LNOE TLOTEVOVTOS EYVW TPOETLYELPELY* KALTOL \ Ua wv Kr wédios Kércos Avtioxevs, avnp Euppwv, evvous , / > Nv Sé éxeiva Kal TioTOS, amNyopEevE, A€yWY OVK aD olecOat ptav év ‘Pon cuvorxiav Kaicapa mpoc- rn 7 / \ evreiv Nupdidiov. adda TrOAAOL KATEYEAWY, KAL \ i \ MiOpidatns o Wovtixos émicxwntwr thy para- , Nepee: , a aby / a 4 ‘ KpoTnTa Kal puocotnta Tov VarBa viv edn tiva a ® ¢ / bd / \ a a Soxeiv eivar ‘Pwpyators, opOévta 5é€ havetcbar Tav nuep@v ToUTwY as KadctTat Kaicap, dvetdos. 4S / \ XIV. "EdoEev otv mept pécas vuxtas eis THY TmapeuBornvy tapayayovtas avadekvuety avTo- xpatopa tov Nupdidiov. mpa@tos d€ TaV yId- i / ? apyov "Avrwos “Ovwpatos éomépas yevopevns >] nw , \ Tous Ud’ éavT@ otpatiwotas curayaywv éxaxile \ e , N 3 , ? 9 , uev autov, éxdnite d€ éxeivous év OALyYo Ypovw TpoTas TOTAaUTAaS TpETTOMEVOUS KAT OvdéVA AOYL- \ 2Q\ A b s ’ \ / , TOV Ovde aipecty awELVOVwY, adXra Sai povos TLI'OS autovs ék mpococias eis tpodociav éhavvorTos. 2 Kai Ta wey TpaTAa TMpopaces éxev Ta Né€pwvos / a , , , , eyxAnuata: vov de arPav mpodsdovat, tiva hovov a / , LNTpos eyxadrouvrTas 7) ohayijy yuvatKos, %} Tota > / ~ aidoupévous Oupérny 7) Traywdiayv TOD avTOKpAaTo- eo ’ jes 2 OA us , e , pos; “AXXN ovdé exelvov emt TOUVTOLS UTEMELVALEV éyxatahiteiv, adda Nupdidim merodévtes dre TMparos nuas eyKaTédiTve Kal Tépevyev ets 3 Atyurtov. rotepov ovv Népww VarSav eémi- Ovawpeda, Kal tov éx« Nupdidias éXopevot Kai- aapa Tov éx AtBias avéXwpev, ws Tov @& “Aypit- 232 GALBA xin. 4-XxIv. 3 no heed to him whatever and put no confidence in his reports, he determined not to wait before making his attempt. And yet Clodius Celsus of Antioch, a man of good sense, who was well-dis- posed and faithful to him, tried to dissuade him, saying that in his opinion not a single precinct in Rome would give Nymphidius the title of Caesar. But many ridiculed Galba, and especially Mithridates of Pontus, who scoffed about his bald head and wrinkled face, and said that now the Romans thought him a great personage, but when they saw him they would regard all the days in which he had borne the title of Caesar as a disgrace to them. XIV. It was decided, therefore, to bring Nym- phidius into the camp about midnight and proclaim him emperor. But when it was evening, the lead- ing military tribune, Antonius Honoratus, calling together the soldiers under his command, reviled himself, and reviled them for changing about so often in so short a time, not according to any plan or choice of better things, but because some evil spirit drove them from one treachery to another. In the first instance, he said, they had an excuse in the crimes of Nero; but now, if they were to betray Galba, what charge of murdering his mother or slaying his wife could they bring against him, or what feelings of shame that their emperor should appear in public as musician or tragic actor? “ Nay, not even with these provocations would we consent to abandon a Nero, but we had to be persuaded by Nymphidius that Nero had first abandoned us and fled to Egypt. Shall we, then, sacrifice Galba after Nero, and choosing the son of Nymphidia as our Caesar, shall we slay the scion of the house of Livia, 233 PLUTARCA’S LIVES mivns avetdomev; 1) TovT@ Sixny émiBevtes wv 1059 dé5paxe, TLswpot pev Népwvos, VadBa o€ dvraxes ayabol Kal miaTol pavopev;” Tatra \éyovts TO YLLdpy~@ mpogeHevto TavTEs ol OTPATL@TAL, Kal TOUS AAOUS TpocLOVTES Eupé- VELV TAPEKUAOUY TH TPOS TOV AVTOKPATOPA TLATEL Kal TOUS WrElous peTéaTHaav. apOeians dé Bojs, elite metaOels 0 Nuudicios, &s acu Eviot, Kadelv avtov On TOUS oTpaTLMTas, elTe TpoAABeEiv orrEv- Swv 1d OopvBody éte Kai diotafov, vO pwti TOAA@ TMpone, Aoyov Tia Koullwyv ev BiBrtw yeypampevov vio Kiyywviov Bappwvos, by éxpe- UENETIKEL TPOS TOUS TTpaTLWTAS EiTrEty. LOw@Y bE KekreLamevas TOU oTpaToTédov TAS TUAAS Kal Tept TA TELXYN TOAAOUS TAL MEvOUS EdELTE’ KAL Tpoci@yv npwta Te Bovrovtat Kal Tivos KEedeEvU- gavTos €v OTAOLS yeyovacly. aTravTw@ans 6 avT@ Tapa TavTov pas Povns, LarBav avtoxpatopa YLVMOKELY, KAKELVOS OMOTE YHOPOV EeTTEvgr}LEL Kat TOUS ETOMEVOUS EXEAEVE. TOY O€ TAPA TAS TUAAS TapevTwy avtov eiaedOciy pet GALywY avTos axovrieTat AoyXn’ Kal TavTynY pev edcEaTO TPO avtov Ovpe@ Nemripmos, dArdwv 66 yupvois Eiheow emipepopevwy guyov Kat diwxOels ev olxrpate OTpatiwtov apaTTEeTat. Kal TOY vexpor eis pégoV EXKvoavTes Kal TepiBarovTes KLyKALOa Oéapa Tots Bovropévors pel” uépav Tapéaxov. XV. Otrtw b€ tod Nuydidiou catactpévavtos 0 LarSas rvOdpuevos, kai TOY suvwpoTtayv avtod 234 GALBA xiv. 3-Xv. I as we have slain the son of Agrippina? Or, shall we inflict punishment on Nymphidius for his evil deeds, and thereby show ourselves avengers of Nero, but true and faithful guardians of Galba?”’ So spoke the tribune, and all his soldiers took his side, and visiting their fellow-soldiers, exhorted them to maintain their fidelity to the emperor; and they brought over the greater part of them. But now loud shouts arose, and Nymphidius, either because he was convinced, as some say, that the soldiers were already calling him, or because he was anxious to win over betimes the element that was still unruly and mutinous, came up in a glare of lights, carrying in his hand a speech written out for him by Cingonius Varro ; this he had got by heart to deliver to the soldiers. But when he saw the gate of the camp closed and a great number of men under arms along the walls, he was struck with fear ; and drawing near, he asked what they meant, and by whose command they were under arms. One cry caine to him from the lips of all, and this was that they acknowledged Galba as emperor, whereupon he also, as he joined them, shouted in approval, and bade his followers do the same. But after the soldiers at the gate had permitted him to enter with a few followers, alance was hurled at him. This weapon was received in the shield which Septimius interposed, but others assailed him, with drawn swords, where- upon he fled, was pursued, and was cut down in a soldier’s hut. His dead body was dragged forth, surrounded with a paling, and exposed to public view all day. XV. Such was the violent end of Nymphidius, and when Galba learned of it, he ordered such of his 235 PLUTARCH’S LIVES a 3 “ ef \ bs ¢ ~ > ‘ Kerevoas amobaveiy boot pn bt auTa@v eEvdus amreOavor, ev ois nv Kab Kuyyeveos 0 TOV Aoyou yparpas Kal Mid pedarns o Lovtexos, edofe [1 VO pL LOS, el Kal Otxatws, pene OnMoTLKaS d avnpnKeva ™ po Kpioews avopas OUK don jous. ETE POV yap HY OVLAS XA ja. ™ pog ed€XOVTO TAVTES, efarrato- [LeEVvOL cv Gas UTO TOY €v apx heyomeva. ere d€ paddov Hwlag ev avtous avnp uTaTiKos Kal Népwrt wictos amobavely xedevobets, Letpwvios Tovpmtrtavos. Maxpov' yap év AtBun ota Tpe- Bwriov! cai Povrijiov év Deppavig Ova Ovdrertos avekov mpopactv elyev ev OTAOLS Kal oT PATOTE- dors ¢ ovTas PoOijvat. Touprthavov dé, yépovta yunVvov Kal dvomwAov, Noyou peTtadaBelv ovdev ex@huen, EL ie Nv emayyerdeTau HET PLOTHTA TOES mpdypacty * Epye purdgew Emerre, Taira pev ovy TOLAUTAS EveEL peurpers. émrel O€ 7 POTLwy dmreixe TIS TONEWS Tept TeEVTE Kal elKoot oTadious, éveTUYXavev aKor pbg Kat GopuBa TOV EpETOV THY OOOV TPOKATEX OV TOY Kal TEPLKEX UME vov TavTax oben. ovTOL 6€ Haav ods Els ev Taypa 0 Nepor cudroXioas ATEPNVE oT paTLoTas: Kal TOTE TA POVTES exBeBavwcacbat Thy oTpatetav OUT op Ohya Tots aTravT @aotv ovT axovadhvat Tapiecay TOV avToxpaTopa, arr’ eGopuBouv Bon onmela TO TAYUATL Kau X@pav UCU ES: EKELVOU 8¢ breptiMeuévou Kal Tadw elreiv? KeredoavTos, } Maxpoy (as in xiii. 3), TpeBwvlov, suggested by Sint.? for Maxpova and TpeBwrviavov of the MSS. * rpayuaow Sint.? has ypiuuacw (in his Ictters), after Emporius. 3 add eizetvy Bekker has wapelxew (yield), after Coraés. 2 36 GALBA xv. 1-4 fellow-conspirators as had not at once taken their own lives to be put to death. Among these was Cingonius, who wrote the speech for Nymphidius, and Mithridates of Pontus. But it was held to be illegal and despotic, even though just, to put to death without a trial men who were not without distinction. For everyone expected a different mode © of government, being thoroughly deceived, as is usual, by assurances made in the beginning. And people took it still more amiss when Petronius Turpilianus, a man of consular dignity who was faithful to Nero, was ordered to take his own life. For in having Macer taken off in Africa at the hands of ‘Trebonius, and Fonteius in Germany at the hands of Valens, Galba could excuse himself with the fear they inspired as commanders of armed forces. But there was no reason why Turpilianus, a helpless old man and unarmed, should not have a chance to defend himself, if the emperor was really going to observe that moderation in his dealings which he promised. Such, then, was the censure to which these acts exposed Galba. Moreover, when, in his approach to the city, he was distant from it about five-and- twenty furlongs, he fell in with a disorderly and tumultuous crowd of seamen, who beset his way and encompassed him on all sides. These were men whom Nero had formed into a legion and given the title of soldiers. And now they were there to enforce their just rights as soldiers, and would not suffer the emperor to be seen or heard by those who came to meet him, but with tumultuous shouts demanded standards for their legion and regular quarters. When Galba put off their demand and told them to renew it at another time, they declared 237 PLUTARCH SS. EIVEs ’ 4 an \ 3 x ie J , apyncews aY}wa THY avaBornv eivat PacKovTeEs s \ U “A HYAVAKTOUY KAL TapeLTovTo jA7) Pedouevor Bojjs. / > éviwy d¢ Kal Tas payalpas oTAaTAapEevoeny, Exédevae n lal ral e f e / Tovs (rmeis éuBarety avtois o TadBas. vmectn \ 3 \ >) ? 3 % e \ > ‘ $ i: dé ovdels ExEeivwY, AX’ Of bev EvOUS avaTpaTEVTES, , \ + Q\ of Sé dhevyovtes SuePOapnaoav, ob ypynatov ovdE ra ~ f \ Ni 3 , aictov mo.obrtes TO LarPa Tov olwvov etovovtt A fa) 7 > \ 61a TOAAOD dhovov Kal vexp@v TOTOU’TMY Els THY , 3 b] b] 7 3 A , , TOALY. GAN El KAL TLS AUTOD KaTEPpovet TpOTeE- Tay / , A pov acbevots Kal yépovTos Opwpévov, TOTE TAGt dpixwdns Kal PoPepos éyeveto. rer , A \ \ XVI. Bovaropevos 5é tis wepl tas Swpeds ape- Tpias Kal ToANUTENELas TOU Népwvos aTodetxvuvat peyarny petaBorny, aatoxely edoxer TOV Tpé- - \ > / b ] “A \ Tovtos. Kavov yap avAnoavtos avT@® mapa 1060 ra ’ , \ 4 e rf b] A cetrvov (axpoapa O€ hv Oo Kavos evdoxipovpevor) éraweoas Kal amodeEapevos éxéXevoev AUTO KomaO vat TO yAwWooOKopoY' Kal AaBwY Ypuaods b] / nw Yee & / > A b ] , 3 Tivas eTédwKe TO Kava, dycas ex Tov idiwy, ovK ’ na a , \ \ \ a 2€« Tav Snpociwy yapilecOar. tas 5é Swpeds as Népwy Edwxe Tols TEpl OKNVIVY Kat TANALaTpAa)Y, aTateta Pat cuvTovws KeXEVaAS TAY TOD OEKATOU f ‘ tA pepous, €iTa pixpa Kal yAiaxypa Koprlopevos / \ wn la (aynXwKecav yap ot TreloToL THY AaPovTwr, ? f \ \ ray f wv épynuepot Kat aatupixol ois Piois avOpwtrot) A 7 n 3 ~ TOUS Tplauevous Tap avTwY 7) AaBovTas oTLODY > f a 3. avefnte. Kal Tap éxewwv é&érpatte. Tod &é / e pT TpayLaTos Opov OvK ExXOVTOS, GAAA TopPPH , a # VEMOMEVOU KAL TpolovTOs emt TOAAOUS, AUTOS [eV 238 GALBA xv. 4-xvI. 3 that the postponement was merely a way of refusing their demands, and were incensed, and followed along with unremitted shouts. Some actually drew their swords, and then Galba ordered his horsemen to charge upon them. Not a man of them stood his ground, but some were done to death at once in the rout, and others as they fled, nor was it a happy and auspicious omen that Galba should enter the city through so much slaughter and so many dead bodies. But whereas many had before this despised him and looked upon him as a weak old man, now all regarded him with shudder- ing fear. AVI. And now, in his desire to display a great change from Nero’s immoderate and extravagant manner of giving, he was thought to fall short of what was fitting. For example, after Canus had played on the flute for him at a banquet (now Canus was a performer of high repute), he was loud in his praises and ordered his purse to be brought to him; and taking from it a few gold pieces, he gave them to Canus, with the remark that the gift was made from his own, and not from the public moneys. Again, he ordered that the gifts which Nero had made to people of the theatre and palaestra should be demanded back again with strictness, all but the tenth part; and then, when he got only slight and grudving returns (for most of the recipients had squandered their largess, being men of a loose and improvident way of living), he had a search made for such as had bought or received anything whatsoever from them, and tried to exact it from these. The business had no limits, but was far extended and affected many; it gave the emperor himself a bad 239 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , \ a ? 2 nooker, PUovov dé Kat picos elyey Ovivios, ws a \ # uA > , 4 Tois pev adXOLS ATraciy avEeNevOEpoy TapEeyov f ‘ \ ‘ TOV nYyEMOVa Kal pixpodoyov, avTos Sé Kpwpmevos , \ 4 dag@tTws Kal NapBavov TavTa Kal TiTpdoKey. e \ \ ¢ / o pev yap ‘Hotodos 4 apyouévou te 7iov Kai AnyovTOS Kopéecacbat a e A a \ / dyai dey, o 6é Ovivos op@v acbevn Kat yépovta \ = ed b) , a 2 ¢e LA \ tov adap éevertiptAaTO THS TUXNS, OS apa pe apxopuévns, dua O€ POwovons. a \ XVII. ‘O 6 mpecBirns ndtkeito TA pev a fal A A \ mpata tod Ovwwiov caxws dio.KodvTos, & 5€ avTOS A wn / opO@s mponpeito Sta8ddAovTos 1) KwAVOVTOS: olov Hv TO Tept Tas KOAdoES TOV Nepwriavear. > s \ \ , ’ e 2 ce ATEKTELVE YAP TOUS TrovNpoUS, ev ols HV Oo” AXtos a 7 cat LlodvKdectos kat Ierivos nat IarpdoBtos. € \ a a a o 6€ Ojos expoter, Kal be ayopds a’Ta@v ayo- / bd , \ \ % \ a 4 Hévwv €Boa kadnv pev elvat cat GeoptrAn rouTny, > A \ N \ \ 9 4 x , atraitety 6€ Kai Peovs Kal avOpwrrous Tov bidacKa- Nov Kat tratdaywyov THs Tupavvidos Tuyeddivor. \ e a aA épOaxer b€ 0 yewaios mpoerAndas appaBace , \ cf = \ 4 beyaros tov Ovimov. eita Toupmidsavos péy, e / OTe pty tpoedidov pnde euicee Tov yyeuova a) ” , ” \ Nig ceN UA TOLOUTOY OVTA puLgovpEVOS, AAO SE wHdEe EV péya cuvabixnaas, aTéBavev: o 5€ Kal Toijoas dktov 4 / n Gavatou Népwva Kat yevopevov to.odtov éyKxa- TaXIT@Y Kal Mpodov’s TepiAv, uéya Sidaypya 1 Works and Days, 366. 240 GALBA xvI. 3-xvil. 3 name, and brought envy and hatred upon Vinius as having made the emperor ungenerous and sordid with everybody else, while he himself used money lavishly, taking everything that was offered and selling freely. For Hesiod! bids men to * Drink without stint at the beginning and end ot the cask,” and so Vinius, seeing that Galba was old and feeble, sated himself with the good fortune which he thought was just beginning and at the same time was soon to end. XVII. But the aged emperor suffered injustice not only when Vinius, as at first, administered affairs badly, but also when he brought into odium or pre- vented wise measures set on foot by Galba him- self; as, for instance, in the matter of punishing the adherents of Nero. For Galba set out to kill the bad ones, among whom were Helius and Polycleitus and Petinus and Patrobius. And the people applauded the act, and shouted, as the culprits were dragged through the forum to their doom, that it was a goodly procession indeed, and acceptable tothe gods, but that gods and men alike demanded justice on the tutor and teacher of the tyrant, namely, Tigel- linus. That worthy minister, however, had won the protection of Vinius betimes, by means of large advances, Again, Turpilianus, who was hated merely because he would not betray nor show hatred to Nero in spite of all that emperor's crimes, but apart from this had participated in no one serious offence, was put to death; whereas the man who had made Nero worthy of death, and betrayed and forsook him when he had come to that pass, was left alive — a great 241 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Tov prdey ampaxtov eivas Tapa Ortuviw pndé dvérxmictov toils Sudovcw. ovdevos yap odtw Oedpatos épacbeis o “Pwpatwy Sijpos ws Tov Tiyedr{ivov idety amayopuevov, ovdé Tavodpevos éy waot Gedtpows Kal otadiors aitovpevos éxetvor, eremANYOn Staypaupate Tod avtoxpatopos Tt- yerdivov pev ov modvy ett BiwoecGat pacxov- Tos ypovov wd POiwados vooov Satavwpevor, éxelvous O€ Tapatoupévov pry Stayplaivery 5 unde TUpavviKny Tolely THY Hyenoviav. ayOo- lo pévou 6€ Tod Oijuov Katayed@vTes o pev Tuyer- a , \ Alvos GOuce GwTNpLA Kal TapetKEevacE NAmTpAaY / \ \ a > éatiaciy, o 6€ Ovivios dvactas Tapa Tov avTo- Kpatopos peta Oeltvov exwpacey WS ExELvOr, ayov tiv Ouyatépa yipav ovcav. Kal TpoUTLED Lf a a / o Tiyeddtvos avtn mévte Kal elxoot pupiadas ’ / \ a , \ 3 apyuplov, Kal T@Y TaddAaKidwy THY ayerap- n La , yodoav €KéXEVGE TOV TEpLOépaLovy Koo pov adedo- / pcvynv éxelin mepiarar, mervtexaidexa puptadwv eivat NEyouEvov. rr 3 \ , , AVIIT. Ex 6€ tovtov Kat ta petpims mpat- , \ s e \ \ \ c Topeva S:aRodyy elyev, WS TA Tpds ToVs Taratas Ovivdcne svvapapevous. édoKovv yap ov dtrav- Cpwria Tod avtoxpatopos, GAA wvovpEvot Tapa / a Ovuviov tuyyaverv avécews Te Sacuav Kal , e \ ¢ \ ‘ “a N ToNLTelas. Ol ev ovY TOAXNOL Oia TADTA pds \ / \ THY HYELoViay aTnyOavovTo, TOYS O€ GTPATLWTAS \ \ \ / “ THY OwpEedy p41) KoutComévous ev upyn pev éArris wn \ a e Tapiyev WS, EL KaL pf TOoTOUTOV, AAN écov 242 GALBA xvil. 3-xvitI. 2 object-lesson to show that Vinius could do anything and fulfil any expectation for those who gave him enough. For there was no spectacle on which the Roman people had so set their hearts as that of Tigellinus dragged away to punishment, and in all the theatres and circuses they would not cease demanding him, until they were quelled by an edict of the emperor in which he declared that Tigellinus was wasting away with consumption and had not much longer to live, and advised them not to exasperate the government or force it to be tyrannical. Then, in mockery of the dissatisfied people, ‘Tigel- linus offered sacrifices for his preservation and prepared a splendid feast; and Vinius, rising from beside the emperor, afterwards went to a drinking- bout in Tigellinus’ house, leading his daughter, who was a widow. Tigellinus pledged her health with a gift of twenty-five myriads of money,! and ordered the governess of his concubines to take the necklace from her own neck and put it about hers. The necklace was said to be worth fifteen myriads. XVIII. After this, even the reasonable measures of the emperor fell under censure, as, for instance, his treatment of the Gauls who had conspired with Vindex. For they were thought to have obtained their remission of tribute and their civil rights, not through the kindness of the emperor, but by purchase from Vinius. Such were the reasons, then, why most of the people hated the government; but the soldiers, though they had not received their promised largess, were led on at first by the hope that Galba would give them, if not the whiole of it, at least as much as 1 See the note on Chap. ii. 2. 243 PLUTARCR’S LIVES Népav EOWKED, dr o8@a ov70s. ere bé pempopevous aKkovaas apie peovipy nryewoue peyaro Tpé- movoay, eitr@v elwOevar KaTaheyery oTpaTlwTas, OUK dryopatety, mubopévors ToOTO Oeevov eta Oe picos Kal dyptov 7 pos avuTov. éd0oKker yap ovK autos amoaTepety }Ov0S, GXG vopoberetv Kab ds0doKew TOUS peel? auToVv aUTOKPaTopas. "AAG TO pev ev ‘Pon Tupnov 9} yy éTe Kiva, Kat TIS aldas apa T™ pos. Tapovta TOV Daa Bav apBrutnta Kal pedANoLY éveTroiel TH VEWTEPLT MM, Kal TO pndepiay apxny enpavi} peTaBoniis, opa- aba TUVETTENXAE Kat OuvexpuT Tey apes ryé TOS Ty Ovgpmévetay auTo@v. ot O€ mpoTepoy wird Ovepyiwviw yevopevot, TOTEe 8 dvtTes Vd PraKK@ mept Teppaviav, peyadhov pev aktodvtes avtous Sua Thy paynv iy euayécavto mpos Oviverxa, pn devos dé TuyydvovTes, amapnyopntoe Tos dpXovat Hoav. avtTov be TOV DrdkKxov wo OUVTOVOU moddypas advvatov dvTa TO Topare Kal Tpayparoy aTretpov €vy ovoevt Aorye 70 TapaTay émovovvTo. Kat TOTE Oéas ovaons, Kat TOV Xeded pyeov Kal oyayav TO ‘Peopators ouvnbes evTUYiay eTTEUXOMEVOV TO avToKpaTopt DarBa, CveBopuSnaar ol Toot TO ™p@Tov, elTa Tas evxais émiuevovtTwy €xeivov avtehovouv ‘hi a&tos.” XIX. Totaita éé € Erepa Kal TOV umo A eryehhivep TaypaToV UBpilovtwy TONAGKLS, emt ETO ypap- pata TO Parse Tapa TOV emLTpoTT@D: 0 6€ poBnbeis @S mu) povoy Sta TO yhpas, AXA Kal 1 +o wev Coraés and Bekker have ray piv, the correction of Reiske. 244 106 GALBA xvirt. 2—xIx. 1 Nerv had given. When, however, Galba heard that they were complaining, he spoke out as became a great emperor, and declared that it was his custom to enroll soldiers, not to buy them; whereupon they began to cherish a dire and savage hatred towards him. For they thought that he was not only defrauding them himself, but laying down the law and giving instructions for succeeding emperors. But the agitation at Rome was still smouldering, and at the same time a certain respect for Galba’s presence blunted and delayed the spirit of revolu- tion, and the absence of any manifest occasion for a change repressed and kept under cover, somehow or other, the resentment of the soldiers. But the army which had formerly served under Verginius, and was now serving under Flaccus in Germany, thinking themselves deserving of great rewards on account of the battle they had fonght against Vindex, and getting nothing, could not be appeased by their officers. Of Flaccus himself, who was physically incapacitated by an acute gout, and in- experienced in the conduct of affairs, they made no account whatever. And once at a spectacle, when the military tribunes and centurions, after the Roman custom, invoked health and happiness upon the emperor Galba, the mass of the soldiery raised a storm of dissent at first, and then, when the officers persisted in their invocation, cried out in response, “If he deserves it.” XIX. The legions also that were under the command of Tigellinus frequently behaved with similar insolence, and letters on the subject were sent to Galba by his agents. So the emperor, fear- ing that it was not only his old age but also his 245 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Sia Tv aTadiay Katadpovovpevos, éBovreveTo maida bécba TaY émepavav TWA VEAVLOKOY Kal ° draboNov dmodeifar Tis a PXTS: AW O€ Madpxos "Odwy, avnp yever ev ov« apavns, Tpudh 5é Kat dirnsoviats evO ds € EK TALC € év orLYyOLS Popaiov Step Oappevos. os 6€ Tov ’AnreEardpor * ‘Opnpos G ‘EXevns Tool UKOMOLO, unoev EXOVTG. ™ pos Sofav addo TE MVULOV amo THS YUVALKOS, ovopater TONAGKLS, OUTWS YyEeyovas TeptBonTtos év ‘Pwopn dua Tov llomratas yapov, 5 pa yey O Népov K promive cuvovens, ere 5 aldovpevos thy eauTov yUvatKa. Kal Ty pjTEpa poBovpevos upijxe TOV 3 O8wva TELpovTa THY llowmacav. die dé TO ‘Oveove Kal oupBLoTh oud Ty dowTav EY P1TO, Kal CKOTTOLEVOS UT AUTOU TOANGKIS ELS MLKPO- Noylav weal dvedevOepiav Exatpe. AeyeTar b¢ Tove puppy TOV TorUTENOY Xploajevou TOU Nésawvos cat tov Obwva KataBpegavros, EKELVOS Tad 7H varepaig Se XO LEV05 QUTOV Gua TOdAa- yoblev apyvupoos Kal Xpvaovs m™poBanetv ave owas, MoTeEp bowp 70 pLupov EXXEOVTAS Kal 4 KavaKulovras. ara THY ye Llomwmatav 7 po jL0t- xevras TO Népwvt, kat SsapGetpas Tats ets éxeivow édmiow, mercer aToTTHVvat TOU avopos. éAGovans d€ Tap’ AUTOV WS YamETsS OvK HyaTa HETEX OD, ann’ HOXANNE eTaSiOovs, Ovde aUTIS a tx Goperns, 6 os fact, TH CydoTunta TiS llowraias. Sai yap amoxhetoat Tov Népova NEYETAL [1 TU POVvT OS TOU ‘OPavoes, ELTE THS ndovhs apatpovoa TO Wrrjopioy, elite, WS hac éviol, Bapvvouern 246 GALBA xix. 1-5 childlessness that brought him into contempt, planned to adopt some young man of illustrious tamily and appoint him his successor. Marcus Otho, now, was a man of good lineage, but from his very childhood corrupted by luxury and the pursuit of pleasure as few Romans were. And as Homer often calls Paris “the husband of fair-haired Helen,” giving him a dignity borrowed from his wife, since he had no other title to fame, so Otho was celebrated at Rome for his marriage with Poppaea. With Poppaea Nero was enamoured while she was the wife of Crispinus, but since he respected his own wife still and feared his mother, he put Otho up to soliciting her favours for him. For because of . Otho’s lavish prodigality Nero made an intimate friend of him, and was well pleased to be rallied by him often for parsimony and meanness. Thus, we are told that Nero once anointed himself with a costly ointment and sprinkled a little of it upon Otho; whereupon Otho, entertaining the emperor in his turn on the following day, suddenly brought into play gold and silver pipes on all sides of the room, out of which the ointment gushed freely, like so much water. But as for Poppaea, Otho corrupted her with hopes of Nero’s favour and seduced her first himself, and persuaded her to leave her husband. However, after she had come to live with him as his wife, he was not content to have only a share in her favours, and was loth to give Nero a share, while Poppaea herself, as we are told, was not displeased at the rivalry between them. For it is said that she would shut out Nero although Otho was not at home; whether it was that she sought to keep his pleasure in her from cloying, or whethcr, as some 247 PLUTARCH’S LIVES x ¥. f a ’ lal \ \ if tov Katoapos yapov, épastn O€ pn hevyouvca xpHabac dua TO prhaxodac ov. éxivduvevoev ov 0 “Odwy am oBaveiy: Kat Taparoryov 7 ore TH yuvatia, Kab ade pny atroxteivas 1a TOV Hommacas yapov epeicato TOU "OBwvos. XX. Levéwav dé etXev evvoUY" KAKELVOU TOV Népwva reicavtos Kat TapawveravTos eLem eu pon Avo.tavav oT paTryos ert tov ’“Oxeavov. Kai Taper Xev EAUTOV OVK axapw ovoe€e emax On Tots UTNKOOLS, elows Pvyas: UToKOpta pa Kal TapaKa- 2AuEpA THY UpXHY aUT@ Cedopevny. aTroagTavTos dé Parpa TpP@TOS AUTO * TposexXwpnoe TOV YE MOVOD, Kal pépwv ¢ doov elev éy eKTOPATL Kal Tparretacs dpryupov Kal xpucov EOWKE KazaKxorral TOLOU LEV VOomIoMa, Kal TOV oLkeTa@V edwpijcaro tous elOtapévous mept Startay nyepove empedas vroupyelV. Kal Ta aha TIT OS ay avT@, Kab OLOovs 7 meicav ovdevos NT TOV edoxer Tparywarov EMT ELPOS evar Kai BadilovTt Tay odoy dmacap ep’ Typepas ToNAS TUVOXOUBLEVOS OueTéhece. 3ev 5€ 7H cuvodia Kal TH ouvndeta tov Oviviov eEeeparevoer épiréa Kat Sapous, padiora d€ TOV TPWTELOV dprepevos avT@ TO YE per” éxeivov dvvacbat &v éxetrov _€iXe BeBaios. TO O€ apv- emihOova Tepeny’, TpoiKa CULT Pat Tov mavra Tots deomevos, Kal TAapeX@v EaUTOV eUT poo 1yyopov Kab pirrdvpwrov aract. Trelota o€ Tois oTpaTIW- TLKOLS oUVEAapBave Kal Tpotye moddouvs ed ' aire Coraés and Bekker, after Du Soul: airtds. 1 Cf. Tacitus, Annals, xiii. 45 f, 248 1062 GALBA \XIx. 5-xx. 3 say, she recoiled from a marriage with the emperor, but was not averse to having him as a lover, out of mere wantonness. Otho, accordingly, came into peril of his life; and it was strange that although his own wife and sister were put to death by Nero on account of his marriage with Poppaea, Otho himself was spared.! XX. But Otho had the good will of Seneca, by whose advice and persuasion Nero sent him out as governor of Lusitania to the shores of the western ocean. Here he made himself acceptable and pleasing to his subjects, although he knew that his office had been given him to disguise and mitigate his banishment. When Galba revolted, Otho was the first of the provincial governors to go over to him, and bringing all the gold and silver that he had in the shape of drinking-cups and tables, he gave it to him for conversion into coin, presenting him also with those of his servants who were qualified to give suitable service for the table of an emperor. In other ways he was trusted by Galba, and when put to the test was thought to be inferior to none as a man of affairs; and during the entire journey of the emperor he would travel in the same carriage with him for many days together. Moreover, amid the intimacies of the common journey he paid court to Vinius, both in person and by means of gifts, and, above all else, by yielding to him the first place, he got his aid in holding securely the place of influence next to him. But in avoiding envy he was superior to Vinius, for he gave his petitioners every aid with- out any reward, and showed himself easy of access and kindly to all men. But it was the soldiers whom he was most ready to help, and he advanced many of 2 VOL. XI. I +2 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Hyewovias, TA wey AlTOUpEVOS ATO TOD aUvTOKpA- 4 topos, Ta 5é Tov Ovdimoy Kat Tods amedevOépous nmapakahov “Ikedov cal “Acwatixov? obTor yap Hoa év Suvdmer pwadiota TaYV Tepl THY avrAND. ocak dé Tov TadBav etotia, thy tapadunat- Tovaav det omeipay édéxale Ypucovuy exdoTo Stavéuwv, ols Tusay avTov éddxet KaTAaTOALTEVO- wevos Kal Snuwaywy@v TO OTPATLWTLKOV. XXI. 7A’ oby Bovrevopévov ye tov TarBa wept Siaboyou Tov "OPwva tapeciyyev 6 Ovinios, ovde ToOUTO Tpolka Tpdaowr, arr eri yao Tis PuyaTtpos, oporoyias yevouéevns yapuety avi Tov "OOwva waiéa tod VadBa cai diddoyov azrodet- yOévta THs nyepovias. o 6€ TarBas dei pev tv dros Wo TOV Ldlou TO KoLVOY TLOEwEevos Kal EnTav ovy avT@ OécOar Tov Hdiotov, addrAa ‘Popaiols 2 Tov wdhedAyuwtatov. Soxed d€ pnd av éme Tots Ldious Xpynuact movov éErXéa0ar Tov "OPwva KANpoO- VOMOV, AKOAATTOY Eld@s Kal TOAUTENT Kal TeVTA- KtoxXthiwy pupiddov odrnuact BeBatticpévov. d0ev axovaas Tod Ovdiviov ciwTh Kal Tpaws uTepeOeto tiv Oiabectv. atrodeiEas 8 avuTov vTatov Kat cuvapyovta tov Ovimov éridokos ty étous apy tov diddoxov avayopevcev: Kai TO TTPATIWTLKOD NOEWS ELYE TOV "OOwva Tap ovTLVOvY adXov avayopevO hvar. XXIV. KatadtapBaver 8 adbtov te pédXovta 1 See the note on Chap. ii. 2. 250 GALBA xx. 3-XXII. I them to places of command, sometimes asking the appointment from the emperor, and sometimes getting the support of Vinius, and of the freedmen Icelus and Asiaticus; for these were the most influential men at court. And as often as he entertained Galba, he would compliment the cohort. on duty for the day by giving each man a gold piece, thus showing honour to the emperor, as it was thought, while really scheming for the support and favour of the soldiery. XXI. So, then, while Galba was deliberating upon a successor, Vinius suggested Otho. And yet not even this was done for nothing, but as a return for the marriage of his daughter. For it had been agreed that Otho should marry her when he had been adopted by Galba and declared his successor. But Galba always showed clearly that he placed the public good before his private interests, and in the present case that he aimed to adopt, not the man who was most agreeable to himself, but the one who would be most serviceable to the Romans. And it does not seem that he would have chosen Otho merely as the heir of his own private fortune,’since he knew that he was unrestrained and extravagant und immersed in debts amounting to five millions.! Wherefore, after listening to Vinius calmly and without a word, he postponed his decision. But he appointed himself and Vinius consuls for the follow- ing year, and it was expected that on their accession to office he would declare his successor. And the soldiery would have been glad that Otho, rather than anyone else, should be so declared. XXII. But while the emperor was hesitating and deliberating, he was overtaken by the dis- 251 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kal Bourevopevor € exparyevTa. Ta Deppaved. Kow? yap admavTes ot oTpaTEevopevor tov |" dr Bay € éuioouv ovK aTrodloovTa T1)V Sw pedy, idtas 6€ éxetvot Tpo- paces | €7r OLOVYTO Ovepyivioy te Povdov a aTrepptfe- pévov aTLiuLws Kal Dararov TOUS TORUS AVTAS avtois Swpeov TuyNxavovTas, doot dé ey Tpoa- éBevTo Ovivdsee Koralouevors, @ @ OVW TOV ParBav yap elOevar Kat Toma reOvncoTa Kal ‘yepaipecy dnpoaioss évaryio pois, os vt’ exetvou “Pw patwv dro deSeury wévov avToKpaTopa. TOLOUTWY davadav- dov 707 Lovyov év TO oTpaTon ede Tepuepomeveov émnrdev 1) voupnvia TOU TpwrTou MNV0s; Ny Ka- Aavéas “Javovapias Kxadovat tot dé DrdKKov ouvayayovtos avtous ért tov Spxov dv EBos éativ Ouvuew vUTép TOV avTOKPaTOPOS, TAS meV ELKOVAS tov TadBa mpocedOovtes dvétpeyav Kal Kat- éoTacap, avutol 5€ OuocayTes UTép TUYKANTOVU Kal Orjwou ‘Popator dtervOnoav. eita Tois Hye LOVe- Kois TapiaTaTo dedorkévau THY dvapxiav @s dnoaTacw. ever € Tes ev avrois” 2 Te Tao XO- ev, A) TvaTpAaTOTat, nT addor Tyyepova. TOLOU~ pevoe pyre Tov vov ovTa pudarrovtes, @OTEP OV TarBav, adr ors apxovra KQL TO dpxeoOat pevyovres ; PraxKov pev ovv Opdedvioy ovdev adro i) oxtay ovta Larsa Kat elOwrov éatéor, nmEépas 6¢ pias odov apeotnKer LOY Ovitedrx0s, 0 THS eTEpas Deppantas HYOUMEVOS, TAT pos TE TLULNTOU Kal Tpis UTATOV yEvomevouU Kal Kravdio Katcapt tpoToy twa avvapEavtos, avtos Te TV 1 See Chap. iv. 3 252 103 GALBA xxu. 1-5 orders which broke out among the trvops in Germany. For the soldiers in all parts of the empire had a common hatred of Galba because he had not given them their usual largess, but those in Germany made special excuses for them- selves out of the fact that Verginius Rufus had been cast off in dishonour; that the Gauls who had fought against them were getting rewards, while all those who had not joined Vindex were being punished; and that to Vindex alone Galba showed gratitude by honouring him when he was dead and giving him the distinction of public obsequies, on the ground that Vindex had proclaimed him emperor of the Romans.! Such arguments as these were already circulating openly in the camp, when the first day of the first month came, which the Romans call the Calends of January. On this day Flaccus assembled the soldiers that they might take the customary oath of allegiance to the emperor; but they overturned and pulled down all the statues of Galba which they could find, and after swearing allegiance to the senate and people of Rome, went to their quarters. Then their officers began to fear that their lawless spirit might issue in revolt, and one of them made this speech : “What is wrong with us, my fellow soldiers? We are neither supporting the present emperor nor setting up another. It is as though we were averse, not to Galba, but to all rule and obedience. Flaccus Hordeonius, indeed, who is nothing but a shadow and image of Galba, we must ignore, but there is Vitellius, who is only a day’s march distant from us, and commands the forces in the other Germany. His father was censor, thrice consul, and in a manner the colleague of Claudius Caesar, and 253 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Aovdopoupevny um evioy meviay deiypa Nap poy EXOD XPIsTOTHTOS Kat peyarog poovvns. pepe, TOUTOV ERopevot detEw ev avO par ots meow WS ‘TBnpev kat Avowtavov apeivous éopev avto- KpaTopa aipeto bat.” Tatra TOV pev HON Wpogleperwv, TOV o ou Tpoclewevov, els vTEeEEAO@Y onpatodopos amny- yetre TO OviterAALw VUKTOS, EGTLOMEVWY TOAA@Y Tap avtT@. Tod o€ AOyou SvaTecoVTOS els TA OT PATEvLATA T POT OS DaPros Ovdanrns, Hyepwov EVOS TAY MATOS, TH voTEpaia META (TT EW cUXVOY éAdoas avToKpatopa TOV Ovirerdsoy T POO ELTED. 0 6 TAS [ev eum poo bev » npépas edoxet diwmbeicbar Kal avadved Gat, TO peyeBos THS APXAS. do Bou- HevOS, Tote 6€ hac olvov Ord AEwy KaL Tpopiys 6vTa peonpBpwhs 7 poehGeip Kal vTaKovcat Pepparvexor 6 dvopa Cenéevwv avTe, TO dé Kaicapos ov m poo defdpevov. evO0s Ge Kal 70 peta DrdKKoV oT paTeEvLa, TOUS Kadous € €KELVOUS want LOnMOKPATLKOUS eis oUry KANT OV épKous apertes @ {LOO AV Ovitedrin T@ AUTOKpAaTopl Town ey TO T pod Taga opevor. XXUT. Ottw pev avyyopevOn Oditérd105 avToKpaTwp év Deppavia. Trudopevos 6¢ TOV éxel VEWTEPITLOV O TadPas OUKETL THD elo Troinow aveBarrero. yevooKeov b€ TOY pirov | €vlous Mev UT Ep AoroBérxXa, TOUS d€ TAELT TOUS UTEP “Od wvos dapxatpeoialovtas, ov ovdéTepov édoxipaler avTos, ave pundev TpoerT@v peTeTeU aro Hetcova, Kpaoaov Kal 2KpiBovias Ext/ovoy, avs Nepov UN PHKEL, veaviay év TH Tpos Taoay apeTiy evdvia TO Kooplov Kal avoTnpov éudavectata 254 GALBA xxl. 5-xx11. 2 Vitellius himself, in the poverty with which some reproach him, affords a splendid proof of probity and magnanimity. Come, let us choose him, and so show the world that we know how to select an emperor better than Iberians and Lusitanians.” While some of the soldiers were already for adopt- ing this proposal and others for rejecting it, one standard-bearer stole away and brought tidings of the matter by night to Vitellius, as he was entertain- ing many guests. The news spread swiftly to the troops, and first Fabius Valens, commander of a legion, rode up next day with a large body of horse- men and saluted Vitellius as emperor. Hitherto Vitellius had seemed to decline and avoid the office, fearing the magnitude of it; but on this day, as they say, being fortified with wine and a midday meal, he came out to the soldiers and accepted the title of Germanicus which they conferred upon him, though he rejected that of Caesar. And straightway the army with Flaccus also, casting aside those fine and democratic oaths of theirs to support the senate, took oath that they would obey the orders of Vitellius the emperor. XXIII. Thus was Vitellius proclaimed emperor in Germany ; and when Galba learned of the revolution there he no longer deferred his act of adoption. Knowing that some of his friends favoured the selec- tion of Dolabella, and most of them that of Otho, neither of whom was approved by himself, he suddenly, and without any previous notice of his intention, sent for Piso (whose parents, Crassus and Scribonia, had been put to death by Nero), a young man in whose predisposition to every virtue the traits of gravity and decorum were most conspicuous ; then 255 PLUTARCH’S LIVES éyovta’ Kali kaTéBaivev els TO oTPAaTOTECOY ExeEl- vov amoseiEwv Kaicapa nai d:ddoyov. Kattor peyarat pev evOds éFrovte Stoonpiar TapnKodov- Gouv, apEapévou 5€ TA prev éyety Ev TH TTPATO- Téd@, TA OE AvaylvoaKELV, TOTaUTUKLs EBpovTnaeE Kal KatyoTpawe, Kal TocodTos buBpos Kai Sopos éEeyu0n els TO oTpaToOTESov Kal THY TOALY, ws KATAOSNAOY ELVAL J) TPOTLELEVOY LNdE ETTALVODY TO Saipoviov yivopevnv ovK« er ayab@ Thy elotroin- aw. hv O€ Kal TA TOY GTPATLWTaYV UTOVAG Kal oxvOpwra punodé Tote Swpeas avtois do0eans. Tod dé Ieicwvos ot mapovtes eOavpacav TH TE PWV TEKMALPOMEVOL KAL TO TPOTHTW TO TNAL- KAUTNVY Yaply avEeuTARKTWS, OV pHV avatcOnTas dexopuevov, @oTEp av Tod "Obwvos émedaireto ToAAa oONpEela TH mophyn TeKpa@s Kal atv apy7 TIS €ATriOOS THY aTroTevELY hépovTos, Is TWPOTOS akiwbeis Kai TOU TUXElY eyyuTAaTw YyEvosEvOS TO un TUYXElV ETroLELTO Gnpuetov ExOous aya Kal KaKo- voias Tov T'arBa mpos avtov. dev ovbé ahoBos Hv Tept TOU péAXOVTOS, GAXA Kal Tov Ileiowva dedi@s Kat Tov TdrBav mpoBadrrX.opevos Kai TO Odwio yaretaivor ane ToNNOY TAD OY TAINS. ovde yap TO éATiCov exdALTELY OVE ATTayOpEedaaL TAVTATAGLY ELWY OL TEPL AUTOV OvTES del MaVTELS Kat Xaddaio, eis ta pddrwota bé [ItoXenatos iayuptlopevos TH WpoeTEly TOANAKLS WS OVK atroxtevet Népwr avtov, dAXa TOV EET AL TPOTEpOS, avros d€ mepléotar kal apfer‘ Pwualwy (éxeivo yap 256 GALBA xxim. 2-4 he went down to the camp to declare him Caesar and heir to the throne. And yet as soon as he set out, great signs from heaven accompanied him on his way, and after he had begun to pronounce and read his address to the soldiers, there were many peals of thunder and flashes of lightning, and much dark- ness and rain pervaded both the camp and the city, so that it was plain that the act of adoption was inauspicious and was not favoured or approved by the heavenly powers. The soldiers also were secretly disloyal and sullen, since not even then was their largess given to them. As for Piso, those who were present at the scene and observed his voice and countenance were amazed to see him receive so great a favour without great emotion, though not without appreciation ; whereas in the outward aspect of Otho there were many clear signs of the bitterness and anger with which he took the disappointment of his hopes. He had been the first to be thought worthy of the prize, and had come very near attaining it, and his not attain- ing it was regarded by him as a sign of ill-will and hatred on Galba’s part towards him. Wherefore he was not without apprehension for the future, and fearing Piso, blaming Galba, and angry with Vinius, he went away full of various passions. For the soothsayers and Chaldaeans who were always about him would not suffer him to abandon his hopes or give up altogether, particularly Ptolemaeus, who dwelt much upon his frequent prediction that Nero would not kill Otho, but would die first himself, and that Otho would survive him and be emperor of the Romans (for now that he could point to the first part of the prediction as true, he thought that Otho 251 PLUTARCH’S LIVES arnbes atrodetEas nEiouv pnde TauTa anehmigew): ovy Kora 8° ot ouvaydépevor Kpupa Kal oup- eT La TEVOVTES ws axaplioTa memovOor1. TAELT TOL dé TOV mept Tuyeddivov Kal Nupgidcov év TUL ryeyovoT@y dTrEeppluprevor TOTE Kal TAaTrEva Tpat- TOVTES épOeipovto mpos avTOV Kai GUPNYaAVvUaKTOUD Kal Tapw€Evvov. XXIV. ‘Ey be TOUTOLS Oderoupios: kal BapBtos, O mev omtion, o 6€ Teao Epaplos” oUTm yap Ka- AodVTaL OF Searyryehov Kat Siom Tn pov Umnperias TedovrTes. pe?” ov "Odwvos amehevGepos Ovopa- oTos émiporta@y TOUS pev apyupte, tous 6€ éArriot drepOerpev on aabpous ¢ ovTas Kab Seopevous 7 po- pucews. ov yap Ty nmepav Tecoapav epyov bytaivovTos oTpaTtoTrédou peTactijoat TLE TU, Ocal peraty THs ELOTOLNT EWS EYEvOVTO Kat THS opayys. ExTN yap avnpeOnoay, Hy dryouat ‘Pwpatot po SexaoKr@ Karavdav PeSpovapior. Exetvn yap Ewfev evOus o pev Dar Bas eOuev év adatio tap pirwov TapovT@y, o 6€ Guts ‘Op Bpixvos dpa TO Aa Belv els TAS Xetpas TOU tepelou Ta amhdyxva Kat mpoatoely ov ov aivuy- Lov, aXX’ AV TUK PUS éby onpera peyanrns Tapaxys, Kal peta 6ddou Kivduvov ék Keparns emi KEL LEVOY TO avToKpatopl, fovovovyt Tov "Odava Tov Oeov xespl ANTTOV Tapac.OovTos. Tapiy yep oma Gev tov TadBa, Kat T pooelyé Tols Neyouevors Kal Cecxvupévors UTO ToD ’OpuBpixiov. OopuBovpéev@ * January 15th (a.p. xviii. Cal, Feb.), 68 a.p. 10 0 GALBA xxiIl. 4-xxIv. 3 should not despair of the second part). Above all, Otho was encouraged by those who secretly shared his resentment and chagrin on the ground that he had been thanklessly treated. Moreover, most ot the adherents of Tigellinus and Nymphidius, men who had once been in high honour, but were now cast aside and of no account, treacherously went over to Otho, shared his resentment, and spurred him on to action. XXIV. Among these were Veturius and Barbius, the one an “optio,” the other a“ tesserarius ” (these are the Roman names for scout and messenger). In company with these Onomastus, a freedman of Otho’s, went round corrupting the soldiers, some with money, and others with fair promises. The soldiers were already disaffected and wanted only a pretext for treachery. For four days would not have sufficed to change the allegiance of a loyal army, and only so many days intervened between the act of adoption and the murder, since on the sixth day after the adoption (the Romans call it the eighteenth before the Calends of February 1), Galba and Piso were slain. On that day, shortly after dawn, Galba was sacrificing in the Palatium in the presence of his friends; and as soon as Umbricius, the officiating priest, had taken the entrails of the victim in his hands and inspected them, he declared not am- biguously, but in so many words, that there were sigus of a great commotion, and that peril mixed with treachery hung over the emperor's head. Thus the god all but delivered Otho over to arrest. For Otho was standing behind Galba, and noted what was said and pointed out by Umbricius. But 299 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ~ , , \ X dé aUT@ Kal ypoas apetBovtt Tavtobamas UT ¢ déovs tapactas ‘Ovopactos amerevOepos Hee » , x , EDN KAL TEPLLEVELY AUTO OLKOL TOUS GPYLTEKTOVAS. a Nv A a nv b€ cupBorov Katpod, pos ov be aTavTncat ov o~ 6 tov ‘O8wva tots ctpati@tats. elt@y ovv, Tt \ > / eed / \ ef Taratav ewynpévos oikiay BovreTtar Ta UroTTa - ~ “ A \ “ detEat Tots TwANTAIs, aTHAGE, Kal da THS TeBe- t / Div nl \ > > piov KaXovpevns otxias KataBas éBadadifev eis “ e , € ayopav, o0 Ypucois ElaTnKEL Kiwy, eis SY al , ol , e al val TeTunmevat THS ItadXias ob0l Tacat TeXNEUT@OLY. b a , XXV. ’Evtatéa tovs mpwtous éxdeEapevous \ ‘ , \ aUTOV Kab TpocetTOVvTas avToKpaTtopa dact py , A , TELoUS TpLO@V Kal elKoot yeveoOat. 610, KatTEp ’ \ \ “~ - , f OU KATA THY TOU TWLAaTOS paraKktiav Kat OnruUTHTA ~ A , b] \ > \ A N Th Woy StateOpuppevos, ddAdXa iTapos WY TpOS \ \ \ / Ta Selva Kab atpeTrtos, atredetdiacev. of Sé U 3 by ts \ ~ , “~ TAPOVTES OUK ElwY, adrAA TOIs Etheat yumvots af A \ “A ’ MeptiovTes avTov TO hopetov éxéXevov aipecOat, / f v , \ LY wapadbeyyopuévou TOAAGKLS ATOAWAEVAL KAL TOUS , c \ 4 popetadhopous émitayuvovtos. é&nKovov yap éviot ¢ a \ \ Oavpalovtes parrov 4 tapattopevo. Sia THY bf uf aA / \ ONLYOTNTA TMV aTroTETOAUNMEVwWY. HhEepomwevm Se ef b “” “A \ oUTw Ov ayopas amnyTncav ETEpoL TOTODTOL, Kal f \ “ , TAAL KATA TPES KaL TETTAPAS AAXOL TPOTETE- = 4 Aaflov. eita cuvaveotpehov amavTes avakandov- ~ , o , pevot Katcapa cai yupva ta Eihbn wpoioxopevot. “a \ aA TOV O€ yikidpywv o THY duraKkivy exwv TOD l , “of ‘ , aotpatoTédov Maptiadts, > dact, pi) svverdws, extrAayels 6€ 1H ampocbdoKi7m Kai dhoBnbei ey, f POCOOKIT® Kat 7] S 260 GALBA xxiv. 3-Xxv. 3 as he stood there in confusion and with a countenance changing to all sorts of colours through fear, Ono- mastus his freedman came up and told him that the builders were come and were waiting for him at his house. Now, this was a token that the time was at hand when Otho was to meet the soldiers. With the remark, then, that he had bought an old house and wished to show its defects to the vendors, he went away, and passing through what was called the house of Tiberius, went down into the forum, to where a gilded column stood, at which all the roads that intersect Italy terminate. XXV. Here, as we are told, the soldiers who first welcomed him and saluted him as emperor were no more than twenty-three. Therefore, although he was not sunken in spirit to match the weakness and effeminacy of his body, but was bold and adventurous in presence of danger, he began to be afraid. The soldiers who were there, however, would not suffer him to desist, but surrounding his litter with their swords drawn, ordered it to be taken up, while Otho urged the bearers to hasten, saving to himself many times that he wasalost man. For he was overheard by some of the bystanders, and they were astonished rather than disturbed, owing to the small number of those who had ventured upon the deed. But as he was thus borne through the forum, he was met by as many more soldiers, and others again kept joining the party by threes and fours. ‘Then all crowded around the litter, saluting Otho as emperor and brandishing their drawn swords. At the camp, Martialis, the military tribune in charge of the watch at the time, who was not privy to the plot, as they say, but was confounded by their unexpected 261 PLUTARCH Seriv ers épnxey eiaedOeiv. yevomevm 6é ev TOs oveels 3 , ¢ \ ? al , ayTémecev. Ol yap ayvoouvTes TA TpaTTOMEvA Tots eldoae Kal cuvEerT@o éx TaparKeuhs EMLTTE- plex opevor cal’ éva Kai dvo otopddes, Ud Sdéous TO TpPOTOY, eita meta OeVvTes emnxorov na av. Kis 6d¢ 70 Hardteov evdus ey ann yyErn TO Parse TApoVvTos ETL TOU Gurou Kat TOV Lepov ev Nepaly OVTWY, WOTE Kal TOUS Wavy ™ pos Ta ToLaUTA ova meO as Kal ATEVOS eXovTAs EXT ANTTE- gai Kat Cavpaterv To Oetov: dyXov 6é TavToéda- Tov cuppeovTos e& uyopas, avT@ péev Ovivios Kal Adkwv kal Tov aTedevOépwy Eviot yuuva Ta Eibn T pola X opEvor Tapert ar, o 6€ L[leicwy ™ poe rO ery TOUS puratrovat THY avhay Sopudopors eveTUYXAVE. tov © “IdAuptxod tTaypatos ev TH Kaouperyy TacTaol Bupavia otparomedevovTos ameotddyn Madpios Keédoos, avnp ayalos, mpo- KaTAANWOMEVOS. XXXVI. Bovrevopévou d€ Tod TarBa wpoerOeiv, kat Oviviou péev ove é@vtos, Kédoov bé cai Aad- KWVOS TAPOPLOVTWY Kal a bod porepov TOU Ovsviou Kaban Topevor, Opods Ou Oe TOUS WS avnpn- pévou tov "Odwvos év TO oTpAaToT ede" Kal pera _ptK pov oO “lovudtos “Arricos TOV OUK on wov EV TOLS Sopudopots OTPATEVOMEVOS YUBV@ TO Eides T poo PpEpopevos: Kat Bowv aunpnxevat tov Kaica- pos TONE MLOD® @oupEvos O€ O0a TOV T POET TMT OV eéder~e TO DarBa TO Eidos nay LEVOD. O 6é Breas m pos autor, “ Tis oe, elmrev, “exédeuge ; ; tov O€ avOpwmmov THY TiotTL eiTOVTOS Kal Tov 262 106% GALBA xxv. 3-XXVI. 2 appearance and terrified, permitted them to enter. And after Otho was inside the camp, no one opposed him. For those who were ignorant of what was going on, scattered about as they were by ones and twos, were designedly enveloped by those who knew and were privy to the plot, and so gave in their adherence, at first through fear, and then under persuasion. News of this was carried at once to Galba in the Palatium and the priest was still standing there with the entrails in his hands, so that even men who were altogether indifferent and sceptical about such matters were confounded and filled with wonder at the divine portent. And now a motley crowd came streaming ont from the forum; Vinius and Laco and some of the freedmen stood at Galba’s side brandishing their naked swords ; Piso went out and held conference with the guards on duty in the court; and Marius Celsus, a man of worth, was sent off to secure the allegiance of the Illyrian legion encamped in what was called the Vipsanian portico. XXVI. And now, as Galba purposed to go forth, and Vinius would not permit it, while Celsus and Laco urged it and vehemently chided Vinius, a rumour spread insistently that Otho had been slain in the camp; and after a little, Julius Atticus, a soldier of distinction among the guards, was seen rushing up with his sword drawn, and crying out that he had slain the enemy of Caesar; and forcing his way through the crowd about Galba, he showed him his sword all stained with blood. Then Galba fixed his eyes upon him and said, ‘‘Who gave thee thy orders?’’ Whereupon the man replied that it was his fidelity and the oath that he had sworn, at 263 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ~ > lal] Spxov Ov wuoge, KaL TOD TANGOUS eTLBOwVTOS ws a \ >] KS A / ev, Kal KpoToUVTOS, éuBas eis TO Popetov exop- “ le a nw wn , teto TO Te Aut Oicat Kat havivar Tots TortTals , > s \ 3 N 3 / Bovdopmevos. éuBarovtos 6€ ets THY ayopar, va , r ee / , WOTED TPOTALa TLEVMATOS, aTHVTNTE Pnun Kpa- a a) 4 Tey Tov "OGwva tod otpatevmatos. ola dé év an > J, n mAnOEL TOTOUTW, TOV pEev avacTpedev, TOY Oe . a \ a A \ a mpoiévat, TaV bé Oappeiv, Tov 6é€ amtaTety Bowr- Twy, Kal TOU hopelov, Kabatrep ev KAVOwWML, devpo Kukel OLahepomerov Kal TUKVOV aTrovEevOVTOS, épai- nA e A e A \ n VOVTO TPWTOY ines, EiTAa OTATAL OLA TIS Hav- hov BacidtiKns m poo pepouevot, pad pwvn peya Bodytes éxtrobwy iatacbat tov iotwTny. TaDVv Bev ODV TOANHY Spomos av, OV huyn TKLOVvaLEVWY, > \ ~ na GX él Tas oTOaS Kal TA pEeTéwpa THS ayopas, waomep Oéav xatadayBavovtwy. "AtirrAlov &é f Bepyediwvos ecxova LadBa rpocovdicartos, ap- \ a / Xnv TOU ToAgu“ou ToLtnadpevolr TEpinKOVTicayY TO a > a a dopetovy ws 6 ovK étvyov avdtov, mpoanyov > / a id 4 \ > N > ‘ éomracpévols Tots Eipeow. uve d€ ovdEls ovdE e s \ Caen A Nee a , o > com UTETTN WANHVY EVOS AVOPOS, OY ovoY HALOS émrEtdeV n € €y puptact Tocavtals a&tov THs “Pwpaiwy ye- f is n povias' Leutpwvios rv Atvoos éxatovtapyns, \ / \ a ovoev idia ypnaotov b7d TddAB8a rerovOes, T@ Oé a ‘ A / A / A / KAXN@ Kal T® vouw Bonfav mpoéatn Tod dopeiou. \ ‘ wn al ’ Kal TO KAHA TPwTOV, @ KoNaCovalY ExaTOVTap- \ wn A Yat Tovs mANy@v dEeopévous, erapdpevos Tois 3 , / a emrimepomevors €Boa Kai duexedeveTo phetdeaOat Tov > id 4 aA AUTOKPATOpOS. ETELTA TUUTTAEKOMEVWY AUTO 4 264 GALBA xxvi. 2-5 which the multitude cried out that he had done well, and gave him their applause. Then Galba got into his litter and was carried forth, wishing to sacrifice to Jupiter and show himself to the citizens. But when he was come into the forum, there met him, like a change of wind, a report that Otho was master of the army. Then, as might be expected in so great a crowd, some cried out to him to turn back, others to go forward ; some bade him to be of good courage, others urged him to be cautious ; and so, while his litter was swept hither and thither, as in a surging sea, and often threatened to capsize, there came into view, first horsemen, and then men-at- arms, charging through the basilica of Paulus, and with one voice loudly ordering all private citizens out of their way. The multitude, accordingly, took to their heels, not scattering in flight, but seeking the porticoes and eminences of the forum, as if to get a view of a spectacle. Hostilities began with the overthrow of a statue of Galba by Attilius Vergilio, and then the soldiers hurled javelins at the litter; and since they failed to strike it, they advanced upon it with their swords drawn. No one opposed them or tried to defend the emperor, except one man, and he was the only one, among all the thousands there on whom the sun looked down, who was worthy of the Roman empire. This was Sem- pronius Densus, a centurion, and though he had received no special favours from Galba, yet in defence of honour and the law he took his stand in front of the litter. And first, lifting up the switch with which centurions punish soldiers deserving of stripes, he cried out to the assailants and ordered them to spare the emperor. Then, as they came to 205 >» od PLUTARCH’S LIVES 4 \ , ’ , \ 4 ‘oTagapEVOS TO Eidos NHUVATO TONUY Ypovor, ews TU Beis Tas iyvuas Emece. SO a ‘ov Se LadtBayv, daroxkrOévtos Tov dhopeiou mept Tov Kouptiou Kaoupevov NaKKOY, exkuhio Berta TeOwpaxta pevov € ETUTTOV em 16 papov- TES. o 6€ THY opayny 7 pOTeLvas, “Apate,” elev, ‘Eb TOTO a) Speco ‘Popaiwv Gpervov €oTt. TONGS pev ovv EXaBe TANYAaS els Te Ta oKehn KL TOUS Bpaxtovas, ites page dé avon, OS OL TELA TOL héyouer, Kapovptos TLS €K TOU mevTeKau- SexaTou TUYHATOS. éviot 6€ Tepévtior, oi dé Aeka- pLov iaTopovaty, ol o¢€ PaBrov DuaBovrov, ov Kat pac aToKOWaVTa THV ceparny Kopivey TO imatio ouvrafovra, da THY Werornta Suomepi- Ant Tov ovoay' éTELTa TOY GUY avT@ KpuT Tey ouK €wvtTwv, AX éxdavhn waot Tovey Tv av- ‘ tf dpayaliav, Tepimreipavta ‘rept hoy Kat avaTAavTa mpeo BuTou T porwmToy, apxYovros U4 \ f TE Koo plou Kal apylepews Kal vTaTov, Opop NYowpev, Oo TED at Baxxat, TONAGKLS peTaatpepo- _HEVOY, Kal Kpadatvov7a ai AOYNKY alwate KaTAp- peomevny. Tov 6 "O@wva, tis ceparis Kopic Beans, a ava- Kparyely heyouaw” “ Ovdev €ott TODTO, @ ovoTpa- TLOTAL, Ty Ileicwvos feo Kepanny SetEate.” eT oniyov bé HKe KopeSopern: T poets yap epevyev 0 VEAVLTKOS, Kal KaTac.ox Geis v umo Moupxov Tivos ane payn 7 pos TO Lep@ THS ‘Eotias. ama part- TETO O€ eal Odiveos OLONOY OV KOWOVOS yeyorevat Ths él tov LVarBav avvwpocias: éB8oa yap avroOvnaKkev tapa tiv “OPwvos yuounv. dadrra 266 GALBA xxvi. 5—XXVII. 4 close quarters with him, he drew his sword, and fought them off a long time, until he fell with a wound in the groin. XXVII. The litter was upset at the place called Lacus Curtius, and there Galba tumbled out and lay in his corselet, while the soldiers ran up and struck at him. But he merely presented his neck to their swords, saying: “Do your work, if this is better for the Roman people.” So, then, after receiving many wounds in his legs and arms, he was slain, as most writers state, by a certain Camurius, of the fifteenth legion. Some, however, ascribe his death to Teren- tius, others to Lecanius, and others still to Fabius Fabulus, who, they say, cut off Galba’s head and was carrying it wrapped in his cloak, since its baldness made it difficult to grasp; then, since his companions would not suffer him to hide his deed of valour, but insisted on his displaying it to all eyes, he impaled on his spear and thrust on high the head of an aged man, who had been a temperate ruler, a high priest, and a consul, and ran with it, like a bacchanal,! whirling about often, and brandishing the spear all dripping with blood. But Otho, as they say, when the head was brought to him, cried out: “This is nothing, fellow-soldiers ; show me the head of Piso.” And after a little it was brought to him; for the young man had been wounded and tried to escape, and a certain Murcus ran him down and slew him at the temple of Vesta Vinius also was slain, and he admitted himself a party to the conspiracy against Galba by crying out that he was put to death contrary to the wishes of 1 So the Bacchanals with the head of Pentheus (Euripides, Bacchae, 1153 ff.). ; 267 1 PLUTARCH’S LIVES yap Kal TOUTOU THY Keparny dTOTELOVTES Kal Aaxwvos ex oma ay ™ pos Tov “OPwva Swpeas ai- rouvtes. ws 6€ dnow Apxiroyos, a , > , émTa yap vexpov TecovTwy, ods éeuaprraper Tooty, f gu A / ViALoL Hovnes Eo MeV, oUTwWS TOTe TOAAOL TOU hovov pH cuvedaya- pevol, xetpas Sé Kal Eign Kadaipaccovres émre- deixvuvto Kal Smpeas qTouy BuBria dsdovtTes TO “Obert. eixoot ‘your Kal éxaTov eipeOnaav UYotepov eK TOV YPappatiov, os oO OviTerdtos avalntnaas amavras GTEKTELVEV. KE b€ Kar Mdpuos Kédoos els thy mapenBordyv. Kat ToA- NOY av’TOD KaTNYyopovYTwWY OTL TOUS TTPATLOTAS émeBe TP ParBa Bonbeiv, Kal Tov mAnOous amoxtivvverv Bowvros, "OOwv od« éBovreTOo- po- Bovpevos dé ay Tiheyery Ov | oUTWS edn TAXES AT OKTEVEL avrov elvat yap a& Set ™ poTepov éxTru- OécOat mapa Tov avopos. éxédXevoev obv Sjoavtas duAdttTev, Kal TapédwKe Tos waddLoTA TLOTEU- OMEVOLS. XXVIII. Evéus 6€ Bovrn ocuvexaretto. Kat kadatep addrXot yeyovotes 7) Je@v AXNwV Yeryovo- TOY cuverovres @HyvoV OpKov Umep TOU “Obwvos, OV AUTOS omoaas OuUK eTnpyoe Kal Kaicapa Kal LeBacrov a avnyopevov, ETL TOV vex pov axepddov év tais vmatixais éobjow Epplupwev av emt TiS ayopas. Tals 6e Kedarais ws ovdey elyov ért XpiaGar, tHvy per Ovwviov 7H Ovyarpi diayiriwv 1 Bergk, Lyr. Gr. Frag. ii.“ p. 398. 268 106 GALBA xxvil. 4-Xxvull. 2 Otho. However, they cut off his head, and Laco’s too, and brought them to Otho, of whom they demanded largess. And as Archilochus says? that, “Only seven lay dead on the ground, where we trod their bodies under foot. But we who slew are a thousand,” so in this case, many who had no part in the murder smeared their hands and swords with blood and showed them to Otho, as they presented him with written petitions for largess. At any rate, a hundred and twenty were afterwards discovered by means of these petitions, all of whom were sought out and put to death by Vitellius. Marius Celsus also came into the camp. There many denounced him for trying to persuade the soldiers to defend Galba, and the majority clamoured for his death, but Otho did not wish it; however, since he was afraid to oppose them, he said he would not put Celsus to death so quickly, since there were matters about which he must first question him. He therefore ordered that he be fettered and kept under guard, and handed over to those in whom he put most trust. XXVIII. A senate was at once convened. And as if they were now other men, or had other gods to swear by, they united in swearing an oath to support Otho—an oath which he himself had sworn in support of Galba, but had not kept. Moreover, they gave him the titles of Caesar and Augustus, while the dead bodies, all headless in their consular robes, were still strewn over the forum. And as for the heads, when they had no further use for them, that of Vinius they sold to his daughter for twenty- 269 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Kai TEVTAKOT LOD épax per amébovTo, THV be Iletamvos 7 yyy éExaBev Ovepavia benbcioa, Thy 6é Tara Tots Tat poBtov Sovhois eowpicarro. ha Bovres dé éxelvot Kal TavTa TpoTrov alka d- HEVOL KAL cab uBpicavtes Eppipav 7 TOUS UT Tov Kavodpov Koalopevous Gavatovow: o 6€ TOTOS Lec oapiov KanretTal. TO 6é Tapa TOU TarBa Il pioKos “EA Btds0s5 QVELNETO, Tov “Odwvos émt- tTpewavtos: aie 5é€ vuxtos ‘Apyetos ameXev- Gepos. XXIX. Totatdra ra xata tov TddBav, avopa pte yéver nte TAOUTM TOAN@Y aTroAEpbEevTa ‘Pwpaiwv, opod € mAOUTM Kal yévEer TmpwTeE- gavta Tavtwyv Tov Kal’ avTov, TévTEe avToKpa- TOpwy nyenoviats éuSiwmoavTa peta Tuyns Kal d0€ns, wate TH S0En pwadrov TH duvaper Kaf- erety Népwrva. tav yap! cuvemitiOepévwy Tote TOUS pev ovdels HEiwoE THS Hryemovias, ot 6’ éav- tous amnkiwoav, TarBas 6€ nat KrnPeis Kat UTaKOUO as avTOKPATWP Kat TH Ovivdzcos euTra- pacXxev ovopeat TOAMM, Kirn pa Kal VEewTE pia Lov avTov AEyoLevny THY amoatactw eTroine Toe pov eu purion, dvb pos 7 nryE“oVviKoD TUyovcay. Obey ovY cauT@ Ta Tpayphata Aap Bavew, arnra HaNXov EQUTOV old pevos ddovae Tots mpaypacw, apyetv nEiov TOV UTO Teyeddivou Kab Nouppsdiov TeTWOa- FEVLEVOV WS Lanrvov PXE Kal DaPpixsos Kab Kapirros tTav ToTE Pwpaiwv. UT EPELTFO{LEVOS 6¢ TO Y1P@, ax pe Tov Om hov Kab TOY TTpAaTEUpA- TWY AaKpaTos hv Kat a4pyatos avtoxpatwp, Ovivio 1 Kader civ Népwva. tav yap Ker,A, Bekker, after Coraés : KadeXav Népwva TOY K.T.A. 270 GALBA xxvill. 2-XXIxX. 4 five hundred drachmas; that of Piso was given to his wife Verania in answer to her prayers; and that of Galba was bestowed upon the servants of Patrobius. They took it, and after heaping all manner of insult and outrage upon it, cast it into a place called Sessorium, where those under condemnation of the emperors are put to death. The body of Galba was taken up by Priscus Helvidius, with the permission of Otho; and it was buried at night by Argivus, a freedman. XXIX. Such were the fortunes of Galba, a man surpassed by few Romans in lineage and wealth, and both in wealth and lineage the foremost of his time. During the reigns of five emperors he lived with honour and high repute, so that it was by his high repute, rather than by his military power, that he overthrew Nero. For of his partners in the task, some were by all men deemed unworthy of the imperial dignity, and others deemed them- selves unworthy. But to Galba the imperial title was offered and by him it was accepted; and by simply lending his name to the bold measures of Vindex, he gave to his revolt (as his rebellious agitation was called) the character of a civil war, because it had acquired a man who was worthy to rule. Wherefore, in the belief that he was not seizing the conduct of affairs for himself, but rather giving himself for the conduct of affairs, he set out with the idea of commanding the petted creatures of Tigellinus and Nymphidius as Scipio and Fabricius and Camillus used to command the Romans of their time. But being gradually weighed down by his years, in arms and camps, indeed, he was an “imperator” of a severe and ancient type; but 271 PLUTARCH’S LIVES \ \ , \ a b , , \ dé cat Aakwvt Kal tois ameXevOépots TavtTa Ta ~ , £ , La , Tpaypata TwAovVGL Tapeywy eauTov, olov Népwv A a : , “~ Taperye TOS amAnoToTAaTOLS, ovdeva TrOOodYTA \ ’ , ’ , \ ‘i \ \ THY apxny, oixteLoavtas S€ TOUS TroAXOUS TOV Odvatov amrénuTev. 272 GALBA xxix. 4 just as Nero put himself in the hands of his most insatiate favourites, so Galba put himself in the hands of Vinius and Laco and their freedmen, and they made merchandise of everything, so that he left behind him no one who wished him still in power, but very many who were moved to pity at his death, 273 OTHO OGOQN , ee: , I. ‘O &€ vewtepos avToKpaTwp ay nepa Tpo- \ a , i, \ 4 erddwv eis to Kamit@dtov éOvae Kat KeXevoas f / ’ a \ e N ’ , Maptov KéXcov axOhvat mpos avtov notacaTo N , a cat duedkéyOn piravOpoeTws, Kal wapexadece THs al A a , aitias émridkabécOar wadrXov h THs abécews pyn- las X , ° a poveverv. Tov de KéXcov pnt ayevvas amroxpt- , Uiseoe ’ , b) \ f > N vauevov pnt avatcOntws, adrAa dyoavtTos avT7o ~ , f , A TOU Tpowov Sidaval TO EYKANMLA TOT, EyKEKAI- e , \ Li aBat yap 671 VddABa BéBatov éavtov Tapecyxey, c f bd / bd ’ , e ‘ @ Yap oveeniav aherev, nyag@noav ou TapovTes / 5 / ALPOTEPWY Kal TO TTPATLWTLKOY EmnvEeteVv. EV OE , \ TVYKANTM TOAXA SnpoTika Kal PiravOpara b.a- , ral \ b] \ ¢ A / 4 AeKGels, OV pev AUTOS UTaTEvEeLY ypovoy TLEdXe, 4 , y¥ 5) Us € f a \ TovTou mepos evetpmev Ovepyiviw “Povd@, Tots de J, N a amrodeberyevors UTO Népwvos 7 TddXBSa maou b] , x 4 7 ETNPNTE TAS UTTATELAS. lepwavvais b€ TOUS Kal’ , ‘4 t a“ nAtKLav mponKkovTas 1) doEav éxoapunae. Tots be \ , a a emt Nepwvos duyova: xai cateOovaryr émi 'adrBa Tal a’ 4 , OUYKANTLKOLS TATLY UTédwWKEV BOG [I TET pAapLEva nw ‘4 e , id TOV KTHMaTwMY EexdoTtouv! é£evpicKev. OOev ot “a 5 / £ TPOTOL KAL KPATLOTOL TEPPLKOTES TPOTEPOY WS 1 éxadotov Coraés and Bekker, after Stephanus, for the éxaotov of the MSS. : éxdorwr. 276 1067 OTHO! I. Ar daybreak the new emperor went forth to the Capitol and sacrificed; then, having ordered Marius Celsus to be brought to him, he greeted that officer, conversed with him kindly, and urged him to forget the cause of his imprisonment rather than to remember his release. Celsus replied in a manner that was neither ignoble nor ungrateful, saying that the very charge made against him afforded proof of his character, for the charge was that he had been loyal to Galba, from whom he had received no special favours. Both speakers were admired by those who were present, and the soldiery gave their approval. In the senate Otho spoke at length in a kindly strain and like a popular leader. For part of the time during which he himself was to have been consul, he assigned the office to Verginius Rufus, and all those who had been designated as future consuls by Nero or Galba he confirmed in their appointment. To the priesthoods he promoted those who were preeminent in age or reputation. More- over, to all the men of senatorial rank who had been exiled under Nero and restored under Galba, he restored whatever portions of each man’s property he found to be unsold. Wherefore the citizens of highest birth and greatest influence, who before this 1 With Plutarch’s Otho may be compared Suetonius, Otho ; Dion Cassius, Ixiv. 10—15; Tacitus, Hist. i. 46—ii. 49. SB | PLUTARCH’S LIVES ovK avopos, adrXa Tivos 7) Llowwns ) TWaXapvaiov Saiuovos dpya roils mpdypacw émimeTt@xKétos, nodlous éyévovto Tals édrriat Tpos THY ryEwoviay wotep Stapeciacay. II. ‘Ouod 6é ‘Pwpaious wavras ovdev etppaver oUTWS Ode WKELWOATO TPOS AUTOV ws TA TrEpt TiyerXivov. érednOer perv yap 70n Koralopevos avTa TO POBw THs KoAaTEws HY ws ypéos ATHTEL Snuoctov 7 TONS, Kal voonmacity avynKéoTots TWLATOS, AUTAS TE TAS AvoTLoUS Kal appHToUs év yuvarél mopvais Kal axadaptos éyxuruvdijoess, als étt wpocéotratpe SvaPavatovvTos avtTov Td aKkoNacTov émidpaTToMEevov, éoyaTnv Tipwpiav érolovvTo Kal ToAAov avTakia Oavatov oi cwhpovodvTes. nvia d€ TOUS TOAXOUS Suws TOP NALOV OpwY jEeTa TOTOvVTOUS Kal ToLoUToUS bi aUuTOY OVX opwrTas. émeu er ovv én avTOoV 6 "OOwy eis Tovs Tepl Luvdeccav dypovs: éxel yap Sintato, TAOiwY TapoppLovYTaY, ws hevEopmevos uT@OTEpwW. Kal TOY ye TEuhOevTA ypUTiw TOAN® mevOerv éemreveipnoe tmapetvar un rewcGévtr Se dopa wey EOwKev ovdev HTTOV, GenOn Sé Vrropetvar éws dv atotupntat To yévetov’ Kal NaBwv avTos éauToy éhatpoTrounaev. III. Odtw 6€ 76 Syuw thy Stxatotadtny 7Soviyy avodous 0 Katcap, avros idias éyOpas ovdevi TOTapaTaV EuvnoltKaKknoe, Tos O€ TOANOIS Yapt- Couevos ovK Epevye TO TpaTov év Tols OedTpors Népwy tpocayopeverOar xai tier eixdvas Né- 278 OTMO 1,301. 7 had felt a shuddering fear that it was not a man, but some genius of retribution or avenging spirit, that had suddenly fallen upon the state, became more cheerful in their hopes for a government which wore a face so smiling. II. But nothing so gladdened all Romans alike, and won their allegiance to the new emperor so much, as his treatment of Tigellinus. Men were not aware that Tigellinus was already punished by his very fear of that punishment which the city was demanding as a debt due to the public, and also by incurable bodily diseases ; and besides, there were those unhallowed and unspeakable grovellings of his among the vilest harlots, for which his lustful nature still panted, clutching after them as his life painfully ebbed away; these were looked upon by reasonable men as extremest punishment and an equivalent of many deaths. Nevertheless it vexed the common people that he should see the light of day after so many good men had been robbed of that light by him, Accordingly, Otho sent a messenger to fetch him from his country estate at Sinuessa ; for he was staying there, where vessels lay at anchor, that he might fly to more distant parts. He tried to bribe the messenger with a large sum of money to let him go, but failing in this, he made him gifts neverthe- less, and begged him to wait till he had shaved; and taking the razor he cut his own throat. III. And now that the emperor had given the people this most righteous gratification, he did not remember his own private grievances against any man soever, and in his desire to please the multitude did not refuse at first to be hailed in the theatres by the name of Nero, and when statues of Nero 279 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pwvos €bS ToUpPaves mpobepevov OUK éxwAUCE. KnrovBtos dé‘ Povdos ets "[Bnpiav gnat Kouta Onvat OLTA@pLATA, ols éxméutovat TOUS ypauLpatn- popovs, TO TOU Népwvos Petrov évopa, T poarye- YPappevov EXOvTA | T@ TOV’ OBwvos. ov pny andra TOUS WpwToOUVs Kal KpatiaTous aicOopmevos én TOUT® dvaxepaivortas € émavoaro. Towadtny dé THs HYEMOViAS KATAGTAGLY AUT@ LapBavovons, OL pea Gopopor Xarerrous mapeixov EaUTOUS, ama rety TApaKehEvouevoe Kal oud at- TeaQat Kal KoNovElv Tors aELorOYoUS, elt AANOOS hoBovpevor dt: evvoray, elite Tpopaces Ypwpmevot TAVTH TOD Taparrew Kal ToAEwomTrotely. K pio ti- vov Sé TEUWAVTOS auTou THY em TAKALOEKAT HY otretpay ‘Qaotias andafovra, KAKELVOU VUKTOS ETL aovaKxevalopévov Kai Ta baa Tails apakats érete- Devos, ot Opacutatos mavTes €Bowv ovdev byees TOV Kpvorivoy 7 ipeew dsavoovpevor, aN hig oy- KAnTove emexerpelv mpaypact vewTépots, Kal Ta OTA kata Kaicapos, ov Kaicapt wapaxopilverbar. Tov dé NOyou TOAAGY ATTOLEVOU Kal TapoEVVOYTOS, Ot [ev emehapBavovto TOV apator, ot dé Tovs év- oTapEvous EKATOVTUPXAS dvo Kal Tov Kpeorrivoy avTov aTréxTetvay, TavTes b€ StacKEevacdpevot Kal Tapakanréoavtes dAAnAOUs Kaicape BonOetv nrav- vov eis thy ‘Pwpnv: Kal tvdomevot Tap avT@ Sertrvety GydonKovTa avyYKANTLKOUS, epEpovTO pds Ta Bacirea, viv keaepov elvat NeyouTes év TAUT@ mdvras avedetv TOUS Kaicapos movepiovs. 7 bev obv Tos ws avtixa Staptaynoopevn OopuBov 1 Of. Chap. viii 4 280 OTHO i. 1-5 were produced in public, he did not prevent it. Moreover, Cluvius Rufus tells us that “ diplomas,” ! such as couriers are provided with, were sent to Spain, in which the cognomen of Nero was added to the name of Otho. However, perceiving that the men of highest birth and greatest influence were displeased at this, Otho gave up the practice. But while he was placing his government on this basis, the paid soldiers began to make themselves troublesome by urging him not to trust the influential citizens, but to be on his guard against them and restrict their power. It is uncertain whether their goodwill led them to be really apprehensive for him, or whether they used this pretext for raising dis- turbance and war. And so, when the emperor sent Crispinus to bring back the seventeenth legion from Ostia, and while that officer was still getting the baggage together at night and loading the arms upon the waggons, the boldest of the soldiers all began to cry out that Crispinus was come on no good errand, and that the senate was attempting to bring about a revolution, and that the transportation of the arms was an act of hostility, not of service, to the emperor. The notion prevailed with great numbers and exasperated them; some attacked the waggons, others killed two centurions who opposed them, as well as Crispinus himself; and then the whole body, putting themselves in array and exhort- ing one another to go to the help of the emperor, marched to Rome. Here, learning that eighty senators were at supper with Otho, they rushed to the palace, declaring that now was a good time to take off all the emperor’s enemies at one stroke. Accordingly, the city was in great commotion, VOL, XI, K 281 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , a , = , ciye moAup, ev 6€ Tois Baciretors Hoa Sradpopat, \ id > 4 cai Tov Obwva Serv catedapPavev arropia. do- 7 A ¢ ‘ ~ b>] “ b] \ = \ Bovpevos yap Urép THY avdpav avTos HY hoBepos N / e 7 A é€xe(vous, Kal Mpos aUTOV avNpTNMévoUS éEWPA TaAis ’ Lal / Ovreciv avavdouvs Kai Teptdecls, Evious Kal peTa A \ \ a 7 \ \ yUVvalK@Vv HKovtas émi TO Seltvov. apa b€ Tovs b] ? b] , “ / 4 émapyous amtéaTedre TOS TTpaTLMTaLs drahéye- \ of, / ef \ \ coOat Kal wpaivew Kerevoas, dua 6€ TOUS KEKAY- ’ f ’ , 4 pévous avopas avactycas kal étépas Ovpas XR \ \ ov e ' \ apne Kal yuxpov EbOnoav vrexduvyortes, bia tov ptcOodopav wOovpéver els TOY avdpava Kat f / a muvGavomévwy Te yeyovaci ot Kaicapos mone- t N @ > 4 ’ \ aA , N puiot. TOTE ev OvY OPOOS aTrO TIS KALYNS TrOAXA i? \ 6 Q \ \ de } , Tapnyopnaas Kai denels Kai undé Saxpvworv de- / f 5 / ) 7 a Jane ts TUPEVOS MONLS amemeupen avTous 7H © voTEpata 4 ei 3. b Swpnodpevos &tavtas Kat avdpa xtAtats Kai dsa- Kocials Kal TevTnKoVTAa Spaxpats eLanAOEV Els TO f \ \ \ el , aoTpatoTwesov, Kal TO pev TWAHOos érnvecev, ws ‘ \ \ Ul / T™pos aUTOV EUVOUY Kat TPOOLMOD, Gdityous Sé TLVAS ’ b] 2 ’ “A / ¢ Cal / ovK ew ayad@ dyoas Uroixoupeiv, duaBddrovTas QUTOU TI)V METPLOTNTA Kab THY éxEivVOY EvoTA- / A Gevav, nov cuvayavakteiv Kat auyKordbev. ETAaLWOUVTM@Y b€ TavTwY Kal KeNEeVOYTWDY, bVO [LO- vous maparkaBewv, ols ovdeis Ewerrev aybecbas lal 3 4 Kov\ag beta, amndr\rXayn. IV. Tatta ot peéev ayan@vrTes 76n Kab Te- , 3 4 XN f e + Pe | aoTevovtes COavualoyv Thy petaBorrv, ot & avay- KAta TWONTEVUATA TPOS TOV Katpov NyouvTo, 282 1068, OTHO 1. 5-1v. 1 expecting to be plundered at once; in the palace there were runnings to and fro; and a dire per- plexity fell upon Otho. For while he had fears about the safety of his guests, he himself was an object of fear to them, and he saw that they kept their eyes fixed upon him in speechless terror, some of them having even brought their wives with them to the supper. But he sent the prefects of the guard with orders to explain matters to the soldiers and appease them, while at the same time he dismissed his guests by another door; and they barely succeeded in making their escape as the soldiers, forcing their way through the guards into the great hall, asked what was become of the enemies of Caesar. In this crisis, then, Otho stood up on his couch, and after many exhortations, and entreaties, and not without plentiful tears, at last succeeded in sending them away; but on the follow- ing day, after making a gift of twelve hundred and fifty drachmas to every man, he went into the camp. There he commended the great body of the soldiers for their goodwill and zeal in his service, but said that there were a few of them who were intriguing to no good purpose, thereby bringing his moderation and their fidelity into disrepute, and he demanded that they share his resentment against these and assist him in punishing them. All his hearers approving of this and bidding him to do as he wished, he took two men only, at whose punishment no one was likely to be distressed, and went away. IV. Those who were already fond of Otho and put confidence in him admired this change in his behaviour, but others thought it a policy forced upon him by the situation, wherein he courted popular 283 PLUTARCH’S LIVES aA an \ \ uu v \ Snuaywyoodvtos avtov Sia Tov TOAEHOV. dy yap nyryéedreTo BeBatws OvitérXos aktwpua Kai dvva- , \ ¥ pty avtToxpaTopos avetknpws' Kal mrTepopopot cuvexas ehoitwy ael TL TeOTXwpEtV Exelvo Hpa- \ Covtes, Erepot 6€1 ta Tlavvovna nat ta Aadua- Tika Kal Ta Tept Muciay orpatevpata dnrobvtes Cc a \ a e , 4 \ \ 2 nphoba. peta Tov nyeuovav “Ofwva. tayv 6é \ a abixeto kat Tapa Movxiavod ypaupata Kai Tapa Oveotrectavod piria, Tod ev év Xupia, Tod bé év "lovéaia weyaras duvadpues éyovtav. td wv érrat- a peydras Suvdpets éxdvTmv. , lg bo / as popevos éyparper OdvitedrAim Tapalwav oTpaTio- Q a Fd , aA TUKA PPOVELY, WS VpnpaTa TOAAA SWGOVTOS avTOU \ , bd 2 , ean G4 Kal Todw, év 4 Blwcetar paotov Kal Hototoy , 9 ¢ / bd , \ b a SA 3 Biov we Haovyias. avTéypawe 5€ Kaxeivos avT@ , a A KATELPWVEVOMEVOS TUX TO@Tov: €x Oe TOUTOU SzE- peO.Copevor TOANA BrYAcdynpua Kal dcenyh) yrEvC- Covres adAnXrars Eypagov, ov wrevda@s Mev, GVONTWS dé Kai yedoiws Oatépov tov Erepov & mpoahy b) , al appoTéepols oveidn AoLvdopodyTos. agwTias yap \ f J , A Kat parakias Kal ametpias TroAkguwv Kal Tav , > eae , “ / f a mpooOev emi Evia KpEewv TANnOoUS Epyov Ty et TreElv bs / a 9 aA OTOTEDM [ELOY AUT@Y [LETECTL. / a 4 Lnyeiwov b€ xal davtacuatwy ToAAwY eyo- 4 \ \ ” /, b , \ 3 HEVOV, TA [eV AKA Hyas adeaTOTOVS Kal apdi- , ” ad Borous eiver, év 5€ Katritwrio Nixns épertoons e \ e - , 3 ra) Apart Tas nvias mavtes eidov ademévas ex TAV a“ ed a YVELPOV, WoTEP KpaTety un SuvaLEevNsS, Kal TOV év pecotroTauia vitwm Vaiov Kaicapos avéptavta 284 OTHO iv. 1-4 favour because of the war. For already there were sure tidings that Vitellius had assumed the dignity and power of emperor; and swift couriers were continually coming with accounts of ever new accessions to him, although others made it clear that the armies in Pannonia, Dalmatia, and Mysia, with their leaders, adhered to Otho. And quickly there came also friendly letters from Mucianus and Vespasian, who were at the head of large forces, the one in Syria, the other in Judaea. Otho was elated by these, and wrote to Vitellius advising him not to have more than a soldier’s ambitions, in which case he should be rewarded with a large sum of money, and a city, where he could live in the utmost ease and pleasure and be undisturbed. Vitellius also wrote to Otho in reply, at first in a somewhat dissembling manner; but afterwards both got excited and wrote one another abusive letters filled with shameful insults; not that either brought false charges, but it was foolish and ridiculous for one to storm the other with reproaches applicable to both. For as regards prodigality, effeminacy, inexperience in war, and multiplicity of debts incurred in a previous state of poverty, it were hard to say which of them had the advantage. There were many reports of signs and apparitions, most of which were of uncertain and dubious origin ; but everybody saw that a Victory standing in a chariot on the Capitol had dropped the reins from her hands, as if she had not power to hold them, and that the statue of Caius Caesar on the island in 1 8% supplied by Sint.?, after Schaefer; Bekker assumes a lacuna before évepau. 285 PLUTARCH’S LIVES pajre GET [LOU r/eyoveTos fajre TVEUMATOS ap éa- Tépas peraoTpadevta T pos Tas avatonras ) ) pace ovpShvar Tept TAS Nmepas exelvas ev als ot mept Oveomeotavov eupavars 76n TOV TPayWaTwv avre- NapPavorTo. Kal TO mepl TOV OvpSpw d€ TUp- TT Co fLcL onpetov em ovodvTo Ot TOXol poxOnpov. Ty pev yap apa Tepl Hv padiora ot ToTa pol TN- Povo, arr ovTw ToaodT0s npOn mpotepov, ovde aTWNETE TOTAUTA Kal | SuepGerpev, viepyulels Kal kaTaxdvoas TONY He pos THS TrONEwS, meta Tov dé év @ TOV emt T pacet SsaT@Novat cirov, @S Sewvny aTroptav pepo TUXVOV KaTao xetv. V. "Emel 688 Tas "A Marees KATEVOVTES 7) TpooryyENRovTo | Kexivas cal Ovddns Ovitedrio oT paTnyouvTes, ev “Pon AoroBernas, EVTATpt- ons avnp, browiay mapelXe Tots pia Dod opors ve@repa ppovety. EXELVOV LEV OUD, ELTE AUTOV ETE (iNXOV O€60LKWS, Eis TOALY AKUVLOY Taper eure Ta- pabappuvas. KaTareyov d€ TOV ev TEéNEL ouverdn- jeous éTakev € ev Toutows Kal Aevxtov TOV Ovireddiou adehpov, oure Tm poa Geis oudey ouUTE ader@v nS ele TEMS. ioxupas dé Kal THS pT pos ere pe- ARON Tod Oviterriov cal THs YUvALKos, 6T ws ponder poBnoovrat TepL avtav. THS dé “Pwomns puraka Praowwov daBivov, aden gov Over recta vou, KaTéo TNGED, ere Kal TOUTO mpatas emt TULH Népwvos (Tap éxeivou yap eth pet THY apynv O 2aBivos, apetreto 6€ Taras avtov), ele panr- Aov evvotay évedcixvuto Ovectreciav@ nal wiotiv avewy 2aSivov. Autos wey ovv év BorkiNXN@, trodes THs ItaXias 286 OTHO iv. 4-v. is the Tiber, without the occurrence of earthquake or wind, had turned from west to east, which is said to have happened during the time when Vespasian was at last openly trying to seize the supreme power. The behaviour of the Tiber, too, was regarded by most people as a baleful sign. It was a time, to be sure, when rivers are at their fullest, but the Tiber had never before risen so high, nor caused so great ruin and destruction. It overflowed its banks and submerged a great part of the city, and especially the grain-market, so that dire scarcity of food prevailed for many days together. V. And now, when word was brought to Rome that Caecina and Valens, who were in command with Vitellius, were in possession of the Alps, Dola- bella, a man of noble family, was suspected by the praetorian soldiers of revolutionary designs. Otho therefore sent him away (through fear of him or of someone else) to the town of Aquinum, with words of encouragement. And in his selection of the men in authority who were to accompany him on his expedition he included also Lucius, the brother of Vitellius, without either increasing or diminishing his honours. He also took strong measures for the safety of the wife and mother of Vitellius, that they might have no fear for themselves. Moreover, he appointed Flavius Sabinus, a brother of Vespasian, prefect of the city, either because in this way also he could honour the memory of Nero (for Nero had bestowed the office upon Sabinus, but Galba had deprived him of it), or rather because, by advancing Sabinus, he could show how he favoured and trusted Vespasian. Well, then, Otho himself tarried behind at Brixil- 287 or PLUTARCH’S LIVES mept tov “Hosdavov ameheipOn), o7parnyous 6é TOV Suvdpeor eféreprpe Mapzév te Kédocov xa Younrawviov UavaAtvoy érs te Vardov kal Sroupt- vay, avopas évdo£fous, xpncacbac dé py Suunbevtas emi TOV T pary par ov @S TponpovvTo Tols €av- TOV oye pots be dragiav Kal Opacutnta TOY OT PATLO TOD. ov yap n&louv é éTépeov axovel, @S Tap’ avTav Tod avTox paTopos TO dipxew EXOVTOS. mW pey ovv ovbe TA TOV Tonepiey bryvatvovra, TavTdTacw ovde xetponn Tots YE WOOLY, ann CHT AIKT A Kal coBapa bua THY aT IY aitiav. ov pay arr enewoss eptrerpia rye Taphy TOU paxeo bar Kal TO Kapeverv * €Oabes ovtes OUK epevyoy, oUTOL dé paraxol pev hoav bro cords Kal diairns aTrOhEemov, TAELa TOV YpoVvoy év OedTpots Kal TaVN- yupeot Kal Tapa oxnyny BeBiwxKores, UBpe. Sé Kal KouT@ errapréxe éBovrNovTO, TpoTTrOLnCa- afat Tas NerToupyias ws KpeiTTOVes aTrakiodrTes, ovyY ws advvaTot Pépev. 066é Xaroupivas TpodBta- Fopevos. avTous exOuvevoe pxpov éd\Oovtas ay- eXety avtov. vBpews bé xal Pracdnpias OVOEMLAS epeloarto, mpoooryy Kal Aupedva TOY Kaicapos KalpOVv Kal Tpaypatwv AéyovTtes. Evior 5€ Kal peOvabevres 70 vUKTOS ip Bor én Tay cKNVHY epbodrov aitobyTes: elvan yap avrots mpos Kaicapa Badtoréop, ¢ OT WS exeivou KATIYOPTOTLW. Va. ‘Ovyce 6é€ Ta mpaypara Kal Lmoupivay ép T@ TAPAUTLKA Aowdopia mept LXaxevtiav ryevopmevn) TOV TTPATLWTOV. OL yep OvitedALov TOLS TeLyeot mpoaBarrovtes éyrevatov tors "OOwvos Extras 1 +b xduvery Bekker, after Coraés: rod cduverv. 288 1069 OTHO v. 3-v1. 1 lum, a town of Italy on the river Po, but sent his forces on under the command of Marius Celsus and Suetonius Paulinus, besides Gallus and Spurina. These were men of distinction, but were unable to conduct the campaign according to their own plans and wishes, owing to the disorderly and arrogant spirit of their soldiers. For these would not deign to obey other officers, since, as they said, they had made the emperor their commander. It is true that the enemy’s troops also were not altogether in condition, nor under the control ot their officers, but fierce and haughty, and for the same reason. Nevertheless, they were certainly experienced in fighting, and being accustomed to hard labour, they did not shun it; whereas Otho’s men were soft, owing to their lack of employment and their unwarlike mode of life, having spent most of their time at spectacles and festivals and plays, and they wished to cloak their weakness with in- solence and boasting, disdaining to perform the services laid upon them because they were above the work, not because they were unable to do it. When Spurina tried to force them into obedience, he came near being killed by them. They spared him no abuse nor insolence, declaring that he was betraying and ruining the opportunities and the cause of Caesar. Nay, some of them who were drunk came at night to his tent and demanded money for a journey, for they must go, they said, to Caesar, in order to denounce their commander, VI. But Spurina and the emperor’s cause were helped for the time by the abuse which his soldiers received at Placentia. For when the troops of Vitellius assaulted the walls, they railed at the 289 PLUTARCE Seely ics At > fi 4 \ \ mapa Tas ewudrkels, TKNVIKOUS KAL Tuppixia Tas \ , Ar a3 , Q@ iA \ cat WvOiwy cal ’OdXvptriwy Gewpovs, TorNEuou Oe > lal Kal oTpateias aTELpoUs Kai aeadTOUS ATTOKAaNODY- al \ A / b Tes, Kab pléya PpovovvTas el T@® yépovtos av- , N Xx > lal) \ BS ir XE omdou Keparny atrotepev, Tov L'arPav XEyovTes, wn , nn 3 > a eis 6€ ayava Kal payny avdpov ovK av exhavas ¢ \ , e SS 4 cataBavtas. ovTw yap érapayOnoav vo Tov- A A \ id “A TWY TOV OVELOWY Kal StEKaNTAaY WATE TpoaTrEcEL lal , fa) \ , T@ , \ oa , \ ” \ Kal Or@Tais’ éxelvwy O€ Kexivas pév ote hovay ” a , 9 2 9 \ \ 9 ’ oUTE TXHwa OnuoTiKoS, GAN étaxOns Kal adddo- , , a , KOTOS, TwuaTOS peyarov, Taratixws avakupian la , / Kal XElplow éverKevac wEVvos, anpelots Kal Apyou- os n , \ ~ at ‘Pwpaixots dsareyouevos. Kal tiv yuvaixa / fal / e a TApPeTELTOY aUT@® Aoyadnv imrels GYoupévynv ch / 3 al ue ‘ tee iTT@ Kexoopnuerny exipavas. DaBrov dé Oda- NevTAa TOV ETEPOY OTPATHYOY OUTE UpTrayal ToAE- , ‘ a LLw@Y OUTE KAOTAL Kal OwpPOdoKial Tapa GVELaYXov / a eveTipTrAacay ypnpyaTiCouevov, aArXa Kal eddxet \ nw f e id A a) dua TovTO Bpadéws odevwv vaTEepnaas Ths TpoTe- U e is A pas wayns. ov d€ Tov Kexivar aiti@vtat, omev- , “ “A Sovta THv viKnv éavtovd yevécOar tpl éxeivor 290 OTHO vr. 1-5 soldiers of Otho who manned the ramparts, calling them actors, dancers, spectators at Pythian and Olympian games, men who had never known or seen a campaign or fighting, and thought highly of themselves because they had cut off the head of a defenceless old man (meaning Galba), but would not openly enter a conflict and battle of men. Otho’s soldiers were so disturbed by these reproaches, and so inflamed, that they threw themselves at the feet of Spurina, begging him to use them and command them, and pleading excuse from no danger or toil. And so, when a fierce assault was made upon the walls and many siege-engines were brought to bear upon them, Spurina’s men prevailed, repulsed their opponents with great slaughter, and held safe a city which was famous and more flourishing than any in Italy. In other ways, too, the generals of Vitellius were more vexatious than those of Otho in their dealings with both cities and private persons. One of them, Caecina, had neither the speech nor the outward appearance ofa Roman citizen, but was offensive and strange, a man of huge stature, who wore Gaulish trousers and long sleeves, and conversed by signs even with Roman officials. His wife, too, accompanied him, with an escort of picked horsemen; she rode a horse, and was conspicuously adorned. Fabius Valens, the other general, was so rapacious that neither what he plundered from the enemy nor what he stole or received as gifts from the allies could satisfy him. Indeed, it was thought that this rapacity of his had delayed his march, so that he was too late for the battle at Placentia. But some blame Caecina, who, they say, was eager to win the 291 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ee, ddrous Te Hux poTepous Te pTreo ety apapty- pact Kat waxny ov KATA KaLpov ovde YEvvaiws cuvayrat, pLKpov qTavTa Ta tTpaypata Ssapbei- pacav avtots. VIL ‘Enrel yap amoxpovabels THS Traxevtias 0 Kexivas emt Kpexouny Oppunaen, érépay ONLY evoaipova Kal peyddny, TP@TOS Lev "Avytos Dadnros 1 pos Wraxevtiav Lrroupivg Bonbav, os nKovaoe Ka’ OdoY TOUS [D\axevrivous Teptryeryove- vat, xevduvevery dé TOUS év Kpepovn, peTnyaryev éxel TO OTpaTEevLAa Kal KaTecTpaTOTédEVTE TAI- ciov TOV TOdELioV: ETerTA Kal THY aAwY éxaatos €Bonber TO aTpatny@. Tod dé Kexiva hoxtaavtos els Adova Ywpia Kat vrwdy ToANOUS OTNLTAS, immets dé mpoebedaoat KeheVoaVTOS, Kav cuvdyoow ol Tohe poe Kara pK pov avaxwpelv Kal avaperyery, aX pe av UmayovTes oUTwWS euBa- Awa aUTOS Ets THY evédpay, EENyyEetNay avTo- porto. T@ KédXow. Kal ovtos pep immedow ayabots dyreEehacas, mepuraypevas Oé X por pevos TH O.wFer Kal TH évédpav TEplaX ov Kal cuvrapagas, éxadnet TOUS oTAiTas €x TOU oTparo- médov. Kal doxodow av émedOovtes év Kaip@ pa- déva humreiy TOV TrONELLWY, anna Tav TO peta Kexiva otpdtevpa cuvtpiwat Kal averely ériomo- Mévot TOUS LTTEVGL’ VvuUvL bé ) Ilaviivos owe Kal oXOAH TpoaBonOnaas aitiav éayev ease THS 60fns oTpATHYHT aL bu evraBeray. be TOAAOL TOV OTPATLWTAY Kal mpodoatav évexa- Nouv avT@, Kal tapwEvvoy tov "Odwva, peyadn- 292 1070 OTHO vi. 5—vit. 4 victory himself before Valens came, and so not only made other minor mistakes, but also joined battle inopportunely and without much spirit, thereby almost ruining their whole enterprise. VII. For when Caecina, repulsed from Placentia, had set out to attack Cremona, another large and prosperous city, first Annius Gallus, who was coming to the help of Spurina at Placentia, hearing upon the march that Placentia was safe, but that Cremona was in peril, changed his course and led his army to Cremona, where he encamped near the enemy; then his colleagues! came one by one to his aid. Caecina now placed a large body of men-at-arms in ambush where the ground was rough and woody, and then ordered his horsemen to ride towards the enemy, and if they were attacked, to withdraw little by little and retreat, until they had in this way drawn their pursuers into the ambush. But deserters brought word of all this to Celsus, who rode out with good horsemen to meet the enemy, followed up his pursuit with caution, surrounded the men in ambush, and threw them into confusion. Then he summoned his men-at-arms from the camp. And apparently, if these had come up in time to the support of the cavalry, not a man of the enemy would have been left alive, but the whole army with Caecina would have been crushed and slain. As it was, however, Paulinus came to their aid too slowly and too late, and incurred the charge of sullying his reputation as a commander through excessive caution. But most of the soldiers actually accused him of treachery, and tried to incense Otho against him, 1 Celsus, Paulinus, and Spurina (v. 3), although Spurina is not mentioned further. 293 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ‘yopouvres @S VEVLKNKOTOV AUTO, Ths Se viKns OUK emt wav TpoerGovans KaKba TeV oTpATHY OV. 0 6é’ Odwy ouNx oUTM@S emia TEVEV avTois w@s éBov- AeTO pe) Soxety ama Tely. evreprbev ouv Tereavov emt 7a, oTpaTevpata TOV adedpov Kab II poxdov TOV émapxov, os elev Epy? THY 7 Gio av PX T porxXnpa 6€ FV O Tittavés. of 83 mept Tov Kéd- cov Kab IlavAtvov arArXWS epetAxovTo ovp.Povrov dvopa Kal piron, eLovotay Kal Ouvapuv év Tots Tpay pac pen depiay eXovTEs. my O€ GopuBadn Kal TA Tapa Tots TOE HLLOLS, padiora d€ Tots uTo TO Ovdarevre xat THIS Tept THY evédpav paxns dmayyeNBeions eX ANETTALVOY Ort jt) TapEryévovTo pon oe Twuvav avepav TOTOUTWY arrobavovTwy. poris b€ TWELTaS Kal TAPALTNOdMEVvOS WP_NLEVOUS autous Badrrav avélevEe cai cuvirfe trois arepi Kexivav. VILE. ‘O 6€"Odwy rapayevopevos eis Bntptaxov eis TO oTparomedoy (are dé Tory ™Anotov K pepouns 70 Bytpraxor) eBouvreveTo Wepl THS waxns. Kab Il pore prev €doKEL Kab Titiavo, TOV TTPATEV LATED OVTOV Tpodvpov Kal Tpooba- Tov THs viens, draywvicac Bar Kal hn Kaba Gas THY aK ILnV apBrvvovTa Tis Suvdpews Kal Tepe- [LEVOVTG OviTerrcov avtov é« Taxatias emeOetv™ IlavAivos O€ Tots pev Troheplous épn mavtTa ped yy paxobvrat Ta pewat, Kal pn dev évoety, Obwrt b€ THS HON mapovans OUK éNaT Tova 7 po OoKtjLov Elvat Suva poy eK Muoias Kab Mavvovias, ay TOV avTou TE plpLery KaLpor, anna Ln oTpATHYH ™ pos TOV TOV TOK LLWY. Ov yap apSruUTEpots ye YPN 294 OTHO vu. 4-vin. 3 loudly boasting that they had been victorious, but that their victory was made incomplete by the cowardice of their commanders. Otho did not believe them, and yet wished to avoid the appear- ance of disbelieving them. He therefore sent to the armies his brother Titianus, and Proculus, the prefect of the guards; of these two men Proculus had the entire authority in reality, and Titianus only in appearance. Celsus and Paulinus, too, enjoyed the empty title of friends and counsellors, but had no power or influence in the conduct of affairs. There were disturbances also among the enemy, and especially among the troops of Valens ; for when these were told about the battle at the ambuscade, they were enraged because they were not present and had given no aid where so many men had lost their lives. They actually began to stone Valens, but he finally succeeded in pacifying them, and then broke camp and joined Caecina. VIII. Otho now came to the camp at Bedricum (a little village near Cremona) and held a council of war. Proculus and Titianus were of the opinion that he ought to fight a decisive battle while his armies were flushed with their recent victory, and not sit there dulling the efficiency of his troops and waiting for Vitellius to come in person from Gaul. Paulinus, on the contrary, said that the enemy already had all the resources with which they would give battle, and lacked nothing, whereas, in the case of Otho, a force as large as the one he already had might be expected from Mysia and Pannonia, if he would only wait for his own best opportunity and conduct the campaign to suit that of the enemy. For his men were now confident of success in spite 295 PLUTARCH’S LIVES , a A a ’ be a) L ceaGat tote TOs viv Oappovow am édaTTOVYD, P ’ , dv mdelovas Tous aywvilomevous mpocdafhwoup, b] > b , 3 a @ A \ \ be GAX €xK TEptovalas aywyielaVaLr’ Kat Kwpis o€ , \ \ % By bf aA > b Ao TovTou THy laTpiAny elvat Tpos avTa@v év apGo- “~ $ , \ \ / 3 , VOLS TATLY OVTWV, éxELvoLs OE TOV Kpovoy atropiay A f Trapéte TaV avayKator év Trorenla KabeCopévots. A , / Tabdta réyovtt LlavAivw Madptos Keédoos éyévero i lo / aupwndos. “Avuos b6€ Taddos ov raphy per, 9 x 9 , \ b] > , GXN eGepaTreveTo TETTMKWS ah lou, ypayap- A \ tos 6¢”"OOwvos adt@ cuveBovreEvae pn oTrEVOELD, GANG THY ex Mucias Teptpévew dvvapmuy 1)5n Kal’ raN 5 ’ \ > r , 9 \ 9 , 050v ovoav. ov mnv eTreiGeTO TOUTOLS, AANA Expa- THTAY Ol THOS THV MAYNY TAPOPL@VTES. 3 IX. Aérias 6€ wAeloves ANNat UI aANN@V RE- yovtat’ mpodnrws O€ Ol OTpPATHYLKOL TPoTayo- , $ /, f pevomevot Kai tafiv éyovtes Sopudopwv, Tote ~ A , MAXAOY adNOwWHs yevomevot oTpaTElas Kal Tas EV e , \ \ / > , NV Pawn diatpiBas Kai dtaitas aToXemous Kal TaVn- \ ~ ryuptxas ToOoUrTES, OUK Haayv KaOEKTOL OT EVOOVTES b] ‘ \ , ~ , emi THY payny, ws evOus éF értdpouns avapTado- \ 2 id a X\ \ SENT Co, pevot Tovs évayvttous. Soxet d€ unde avtos “Obwv b) f aor \ \ > U \ e efavapepe ETL’ Tpos THY AdNNOTHTA pNdE UTFO- , 3 , \ , im peévetv andeia Kal waraxoTntt Tovs eps TaV Set- a f , a vov Noytapous, ExTrovoupevos S€ Tats PpovTict f b] A oTevoew €yKaduWapevos, W@oTED ATO Kpnuvot, a \ pcGeivat Ta TpdyuaTa Tpos TO GuYTUYXOY. Kal ca ‘ “ cand Ces: ol TOUTO jev OinyetTo Sexovvdos o pytwp él Tav b] ~ , fa) emia TON@V Yyevouevos TOU” OOwvos. étépwy O€ Hv 296 107) OTHO vir, 3-1xe 3 of their inferior numbers, and he would not find them less keen after they had received reinforcements, nay, their superiority would lead them to fight all the better. And besides, delay was to their advantage, since they had everything in abundance, while to the enemy time would bring a scarcity of supplies, since they were occupying a hostile country. So Paulinus argued, and Marius Celsus voted with him. Annius Gallus was not present, being under treatment for a fall from his horse, but Otho asked his advice by letter, and his counsel was not to hasten the battle, but to await the forces from Mysia, which were already on the march. Nevertheless, Otho would not listen to these counsels, and the day was carried by those who urged immediate battle. IX. Various other reasons for this are given by various writers; but manifestly the praetorian soldiers, as they were called, who served as the emperor's guards, since they were now getting a more generous taste of real military service and longed for their accustomed life of diversion at Rome in which festivals abounded and war was unknown, could not be restrained, but were eager for the battle, feeling sure that at the very first onset they would overwhelm their opponents. Moreover, it would seem that Otho himself could not longer bear up against the uncertainty of the issue, nor endure (so effeminate was he and so unused to command) his own thoughts of the dire peril con- fronting him ; but worn out by his anxieties, he veiled his eyes, like one about to leap froin a precipice, and hastened to commit his cause to fortune. And this is the account given by Secundus the rhetorician, who was Otho’s secretary. But others would tell us 297 or PLUTARCH’S LIVES akovely OTL Tots TT PATEVLAT LY dpporéepous Tm a.pi- oTAVTO oppat modal ws els TAVTO cuvendeiv: Kal HadaTa [LEV AUTOUS omoppovijcavtas EK TOV 7a povTwy HryEewovix@y érX€cOaL TOV apLoToV, Et SE fn, Thy auUyKAnTOV opovd KabicavTas édelvat THY aipeoww éxelvyn Tov avTOKPdTOpPOS. Kal OUK aTret- KOs eoTl, pndeTepov TOTE TOV T POT AYOPEVOMEVOY AUTOKPAaTOpwY evoKipLovvTos, ememiT TE TOLOU- TOUS dradoyia povs Tots yng toes Kal StaTrovois Kal cwppovoial THY oTpaTLWTa@Y, ws EXOioTOV Ein Kal Oeivov, & Tarat da / > 3 , unde “Obwvos, eimrep avyp ayabos eat, eOed1- “A “a , - \ 4 govTos étt Tepdo Oat THS TUXNS, STOV Kai Kdtov \ , K , “A \ @ , Xx Kal Sentiov, Kaicape cpatodytt peta Papoadov F ‘\ 4 es » e \ ei£ar pn) OeXnoaYTES, ALTLAY EXOVTLY WS TOAXOUS \ b] \ v DJ 14 , kai ayaovs avdpas év A: Bun Tapavadwcartes v , \ a ovK avayKkaiws, KaiTep ayavetopevor Tepl Tis ¢ , b , 4, N ” \ e Pwpaiwy édevOepias. Ta yap adAXNa KoLWHY 2) pink \ ra) pb) > a TUY) TApeéYovea TAaGW EAUTHY EV OVK adatperTat A nw , a) N Tov ayabav, TO KaV TTALTWaLY EvNOYLOTELY TPOS TAQ TUVTUYXavovTa. a , ¥ \ e - > X Tadta Néywr Erere tous yeupovexovs. érrel N , a ? dé TEeip@pEevot TOUS oTpaTLMOTAS EWPwY eipnYNS \ \ , ? deopérous Kal Tetoavos éxéXeve trpecBevey wmép 3 f , \ omovoias, é60Fe Kétow xal Tadao Badifev cal , Q “a 4, \ , ‘ vente dtaréyesOat Tois Tmept Tov Kexivav cal Ovarerta. Badifovat b€ avtots amivTnoay éExaTovTapyat THY a 7 in , / pev OUvapLy ON KExivNLEevyVY NEyoVTES epyomerny ‘ u a n emt TO Byntptaxov, adtol 6€ Uo TOY oTpaTNYaV ¢ , a amecTtadOat TEpl Opovoias. érratvécavTes ovv ot \ \ ang 3 A bd \ b] f Tept Tov KedXcopr éxéXevoav avTovs avactpéyav- Tas Tat amtavTay pet avTay Tols aept Tov i / ? \ be by \ 9 9 50 € exlvav. émel O€ eyyvs Hoav, éexivduvEevaeEV O Ké ” \ ¢ \ ‘ dead e eXaos. éTUXov yap ot Teplt THY évédpay HTTH- f , e An , févot TpoTEpov immets TpoeEENAUVOYTES. WS OUD s A Ké n ? \ dg mpoavovta tov KédXoov xatetoor, evOus Boncartes 14 ? opuncay em avTov. ot dé ExaTovTapyYat Tpo- a bf 4 \ na “a eoTHTaY avEelpyovTES’ Kal TOV AXNWY AOKYaYyaoV 306 OTHO xu. 2-5 moreover, assembled the officers and urged them to consult the public good. In view of so great a calamity, he said, and the slaughter of so many citizens, not even Otho himself, if he were a good man, would wish to make further trial of his fortune, since even Cato and Scipio, by refusing to yield to a victorious Caesar after Pharsalus, had incurred the charge of needlessly squandering the lives of many brave men in Africa, although their struggle was in behalf of Roman freedom. For in general all men alike are subject to the decrees of fortune, but of one thing she cannot rob a good man, and that is the privilege, in case of adversity, of taking reasonable measures to correct the situation that confronts him. By this speech Celsus won over the officers. And after they had sounded the soldiers and found them desirous of peace, and when Titianus urged that an embassy be sent in the interest of concord, Celsus and Gallus decided to go and confer with Caecina and Valens. But as they were on the way they were met by some centurions of the enemy, who said that their army was already in motion and was on its way to Bedriacum, and that they themselves had been sent out by their generals to treat for concord. Accordingly, Celsus commended them, and bade them turn back with him and go to meet Caecina. But when they were near the army of Caecina, Celsus ran risk of his life. For it chanced that the horsemen who had formerly been worsted by him at the ambush were riding on in advance. So when they saw Celsus coming up, they forthwith raised a shout and dashed against him. But the centurions stood in front of him and kept them of; SV PLUTARCH’S LIVES peiderbar Bowvtwy ot Tepl TOV Kexivay mv0o- pevoe Kal \TpocehdoarTes THD KO [Lay TAXD TOV imméewy éravoay, TOV be Kedoov doTad auevor prroppovas éBads Sov pet auTay eis TO Bytpeaxov. év bé TOUTW peTdvoua Titeavor é éo yer exe wpavta TOUS mpéo Bes Kal TOV GTPATIWTOY TOUS PpacuD- omévous avOis aveBiBatev eri ta Tetyn Kal TOUS aXrous Taper are Boneiv. TOU dé Kexiva T™poo- eX igavTos TO immw Kal TY befvav OpeyovTos ovdels aVTETXED, GN’ ot pev amo TOV TELN OV nomacovTo TOUS TTPATLWOTAS, of 6€ Tas WUAaS avol~avtes eEnecav Kal aveuiyvuvto toils wpos- KOUTLY. noiker O€ oveeis, arXrxa Kat prro ppo- ouvat Kal deEraoers noaV, Opmog av dé mavtes Tepl Tod OviteAXiov Kat TpoceXmpnaay. XIV. Ovtw pev ot TrElo TOL TOV Ta paryevope- Yov at ayyédovat yevéeoOat Tipp bax, ovee avtol capas omohoyodvres etdévat Ta Kad éxaora dia TH atakiav Kal TI avopariayv. éuolt oe Uorepov odevovTe Ola TOU mebtou Meo tpros PrABpos, aviip UTATLKOS TOV TOTE [41) KATA yepny, GX’ avayKy peta tov "Obwyvos yevomeveoy, veo bvTa maNnaov émtidetEas Ounyetto ETA THD pany éemehOwy idety vEexpav c@pov THK ODTOV adore Tov; émuToAns anrecOat TOV deTav. Kal TY aitiav éhn C$nrav ovTEe avTos evpetv ove Tap" dou tov mvlécOat. Ovnjo Kev ev yap Tapa TOUS eupurious TONEMOUS, OTav TpoTrn yévnrat, TreLovas (KOS éoTL, TO pndéva. Corypeiv, xphadas yap ovx ote trois ddtcKopévots, % 8 él tocodTo 308 1073 OTHO xi. 5-x1v. 2 the other officers also shouted to the horsemen to spare Celsus, and Caecina, hearing their cries, rode up and speedily brought his horsemen to order. Then he greeted Celsus in a friendly manner and went on with him to Bedriacum. But meanwhile Titianus had repented of having sent the embassy, and after ordering the more resolute of the soldiers back again upon the walls, he exhorted the rest to go to their support. However, when Caecina rode up on his horse and stretched out his hand to them, not a man resisted further, but some greeted his soldiers from the walls, while others, throwing open the gates, went forth and mingled with the advancing troops. ‘There were no _ hostilities, on the part of Otho’s men, but only friendly salutations and greetings, and all took oath to support Vitellius and went over to his side. XIV. This is the account which most of the participants give of the battle, although they them- selves confess that they were ignorant of its details, owing to the disorder and the unequal fortunes of the several groups. Ata later time, when I was travelling through the plain, Mestrius Florus, one of the men of consular rank who were at that time with Otho (by constraint, and not of their own will), pointed out to me an ancient temple, and told me how, as he came up to it after the battle, he saw a heap of dead bodies so high that those on top of it touched the gable of the temple. The reason for this he said he could neither discover himself nor learn from anyone else. I[t is natural, indeed, that in civil wars, when a rout takes place, more men should be killed, because no quarter is given (there being no use for prisoners); but why the dead 3°99 PLUTARCH’S LIVES ow pela Kal oupdopnots ovk exer THY attiay evovAAOYLO TOV. XV. Ta 6¢”"O0@M mpwtov pev acadns, w@oTreEp ele ep TOV THALKOUTOD, Tpooerere oryos" émel O€ Kal TET PwfLevor TWWeS KO ex THS paxns ATAYYENROVTES, TOUS pev pirous HTTOV av Us eCOavpacey ovK é@vtTas aTayopevery, AAA Oappetv TAapaKeNEVOpEvOUS, TO S€ THY oTPaTIWTa@Y TaO0S inacav UTepeBare Tiativ. ws ovdels arnrOer, ovdé meTécTN TMpos Tovs KpaTodYTas, OVO whOn 70 Kal’ autor (nT@v aTeyvwopmévou TOU 177yELOVOS, mavtes & oparas emi Ovpas ArAGov, éxddrovy avToxpatopa, TpoedOovtos éyivovto mpoaTpo- Tator, peta Bons Kal ixesias yYetpav Hrtovto, TPOTETLT TOV, édaxpvor, €S€0VTO p11) o pas eyKaTa- Aerrely, fe mpodobvat Tots Trorepiors, adra XpioFac expt av ELTVEDTL Kab puxais Kal TOLAT Umep auToD. TavTa opiod TAvTEs LKETEVOD. els 6€ TOV apaverTépov avareivas To Eihos Kal €lTov, ‘ToGe, Kaicap, oUTwWS UTép aod mapateTay- juevous aravtas,” amea pakev éauTov. "ANG TOUTO@Y ovoev eTrék hace TOV ‘Odeva, parop@p dé kal xabeotare Tpoowome TAaVTAX OE TAS ayers Tepiaryary wr, “ 'Tauvrny,” elTev, “oe TVITPATLATAL, THY 7) HE pay éxelvns, év 7 pe ™ p@Tov eTToingare avTOKpatopa, paKaplorépav NYyOULAL, TOLOUTOUS op@y ULaS Kal THALKOUT OD a&tovpevos. adda ia) jet fovos aT-0G TEpElTe, TOU KAXOS am obavety UTEP TOTOUT@Y Kal TOLOUT@Y TOALTOV. él THs ‘Popator 1} nyEnovias aEvos yéyova, de? pe THiS Euans Wuxiys t vmeép TIS mar pioos apevoety. oida THY rixny Tots évavtiots oUTE BeBaiay ovTE 310 PHONY, 2=NVa4 bodies should be collected and heaped up in such a manner is not easy to determine. XV. To Otho there came at first, as is usual in such catastrophes, an indistinct rumour of the result ; but presently some of his soldiers who had been wounded came with direct tidings of the battle. Here one cannot so much wonder that his friends would not let him give up all for lost, and exhorted him to be of good cheer; but the feelings of his soldiers towards him passed al} belief. Nota man of them left him, or went over to the victorious side, or was seen to despair of the emperor’s cause and seek his own safety, but all alike came to his door, called upon him as emperor, became his humble suppliants when he appeared before them, seized his hands with cries and prayers, fell down before him, wept, begged him not to abandon them, and not to betray them to their enemies, but to use their lives and persons in his service as long as they had breath. Such were their united supplications. And one obscure soldier held up his sword, and with the words “ Know, O Caesar, that all of us stand in this fashion at thy side,” slew himself. None of these things, however, broke Otho down, but looking all around with a countenance composed and cheerful, he said : ‘‘ This day, my fellow-soldiers, I deem more blessed than that on which ye first made me emperor, since I see you so devoted to me and am judged worthy of so high honour at your hands. But do not rob me of a greater blessed- ness—that of dying nobly in behalf of fellow-citizens so many and so good. If 1 was worthy to be Roman emperor, I ought to give my life freely for my country. I know that the victory of our adversaries 311 PLUTARCH’S LIVES bd f ‘ > i“ ia xupav ovcav. arrayyéAdovat THY €K Mvotas nav Suvapuv ov TON OY NEEpOv odoy are Xe, 18" xataBatvovoay € em TOV "Adptav. “Acia kat Nupia Kal Alyumrtos Kal Ta TrohewoovTa ‘Lovdaious TTpaTevpaTa pe? NELOV, 1) TE TUyKANTOS Tap 7D Kat TeKVGL TOV évavTiwy Kal yuvaiKes. adr OUK éort 7 pos “Avvi Bay ovee Tvppov ovde Kip- Bpous o TONE LOS U vmép THS ‘Tradias, aNXG ‘Popaiors TOAE{LOUVTES GpePorEpor THY marpioa Kal VIKOVTES LOLKOD pEV Kal VIK@ {EVOL Kal yap TO dryadov TOU rpaTouvTos éKElVN KAKOV OTL. TLoTEVTATE TOX- Lakes, Ort _Ovvapar KadXAOoV aTroCavety h apyet’. ov yap ope Th THALKOUTOV ‘Papaiors _ Operos Er opear KpaTnoas, ALKOV em 6ovs épauToy vmrép elonvns Kal omovoias, Kal TOD pn TddLy Huépay TotavuTny éemideiy THY ItaXiav.” XVI. Toratra drarex Ges, Kal Tos TOUS €vt- orac0at Kat (TapaKanrelv emexerpoovTas ama XUpL- TAMEVOS, Tous Te pirous exENEUEV aTarrarred Gat Kat TOV TUYKANTIKOY TOUS mapovTas® TOLS. b€ pn Tapovaw emEGTEANE KAL ypaupata ™ pos Tas TOAELS, OTTWS TapaKoptab aa evTip@s Kal peta acparelas. mpocayouevos 5é€ Tov aderdiOody Koxkyiov, ¢ ETL pelpaKlov OvTa, Gappel TAPEKANEL Kal en deduevar OdirerALov, ov Kal baTéepa Kal yeveay Kal yuvatka avros, Oonep oiketoy Knd0- prevos, OtadvrdeEa. Sta TodTO yap ovde OécOar maida, Bovdopevos avutTov, adn dvaBanréo bat THY elorroinaty, OT WS ovvapxor Kpariaavros avrod, ey TpoTamonrotTo TT ALT AYTOS" “Exeivo 6é,” eimev, “G) Tat, wapeyyu@pual oot TedevTaioD, 312 107 OTHO xv. 4-xvi. 2 is neither decisive nor assured. I have word that our forces from Mysia are already approaching the Adriatic, and are only a few days distant from us. Asia, Syria, Egypt, and the armies fighting against the Jews, are on our side; the senate, too, is with us, as well as the wives and children of our adversaries, Still, it is not to defend Italy against Hannibal, or Pyrrhus, or the Cimbri, that our war is waged, but both parties are waging war against Romans, and we sin against our country whether we conquer or are conquered. For the victor’s gain is our country’s loss. Believe me when I insist that I can die more honourably than I can reign. For I do not see how my victory can be of so great advantage to the Romans as my offering up my life to secure peace and concord, and to prevent Italy from beholding such a day again.” XVI. So he spake, and after resisting firmly those who tried to oppose and dissuade him, he ordered his friends to depart, as well as the men of senatorial rank who were present; to those who were absent he sent the same command, and wrote to the cities urging them to escort the travellers on their way with honour and in safety. Then he sent for his nephew Cocceius, who was still a youth, and bade him be of good cheer and not fear Vitellius, whose mother and wife and children he had kept safe and cared for as though they were his own. He had desired, he said, to make him his son, but had put off the adoption, in order that the youth might share his power after he had prevailed, and not perish with him after he had failed. ‘And now, my boy,” he said, “this is my last charge to thee; do not alto- VOL. XI. L 313 PLUTARCH’S LIVES MATE éemdabeabar ravTdnact pate ayav pvn- povevely OTe Kaicapa Getov EaXES. Devopevos 6€ a0 TOUTMY pera jeux pov HKOUTE GopvBov kai Bons emi Oupais. of yap oTpati@rtat TOV TVYKANTLKMY TOS aTLovaL StnTretNouy atro- adatewv, ef pn Tapapevovaw, Gra oOLyoovTat TOV QUTOKPATOPA KaTadLTOVTES. TWAaALY OY TpO- nrGev vTép Tov avdpov PhoBnbeis, Kal Tovs oT paTiaras, OvKETE SenTLKos ovee mpdos, anra TPAax vs opOets, kal pet’ opy iis els to OopuBovv padiora dia Bras, amreOetv évroincer etEavras Kal Stat pécavtas. XVII. "Hdn dé éorrépas ovans edie, Kai Tiwv oArtyov Udatos, dSvety dvtTwv avT@ Erhov, ExaTépov KaTEepavOave TO oTUGUAa TOAVY YpovoOY, Kal TO ETepov aTrédwxe, OaTEpov Cé Els TAS wyKdAAS avaraBav Tous olKkétas TPooeKanreiTo. Kal ge- Loppovovpevos Siéve pe TOV NPNLAT OY TO pev wrEov, TO O€ EXATTOV, ovx HoT Ep dd2or plow aderday, GANG TO KaT afiav Kai TO /ET prov eT MEADS purarrov. arom éuyras: dé TOUTOUS Hon TO Aovrrov GVETAUVETO THS VUKTOS, BATE TOUS Katevvagtas atcbavec@at Babéws adtov Kad- evdovTos. op0 pou dé Kad€éoas amehevOepov a) cUSLMOKNTE TA TEPL TOUS TvyKANTLKOUS, pabedy m poo erage: Kal Tv omevos yeyovevat TOiS ame p- Xomevors QV ExaaTos expn cer, “"TOe toivuy, én, ‘ov, Kal Troiet ToLs TT PATLOT ALS éeupavy ceavTor, et or) OéreEus KaKas UT avtay amobavely ws enol cguutpatas tov Oavatov.” é£eXOovtos bé Tov av0 pwtrou TO Eidos w UTOGTHGAS opGov dappotéepats Tats YEpol, Kal TeptTecwOV avwOev, bcov aTak 314 OTHO xvi. 2-xvil. 3 gether forget, and do not too well remember, that thou hadst a Caesar for an uncle.” This done, after a little he heard tumult and shouting at his door. For as the men of senatorial rank were departing, the soldiers threatened to kill them if they did not remain, instead of forsaking their emperor. Once more, then, he went forth, since he feared for the men’s safety. He was no longer gentle and suppliant, however, but stern of countenance, and looking angrily round upon the most turbulent of the soldiers, he made them go away submissively and in fear. XVII. It was now evening, and being thirsty, he drank a little water. He had two swords, and after examining the blade of each for a long time, he laid one of them aside, but put the other under his arm, and then called his servants. ‘These he addressed kindly, and distributed money to them, -more to one and less to another, not as though lavish with what was no longer to be his, but with strict regard to moderation and the claims of merit. After sending the servants away, he betook himself to rest for the remainder of the night, and slept so soundly that his chamberlains heard his heavy breath- ing. Just before dawn he called a freedman with whom he had arranged for the departure of the senators, and bade him learn how they fared. And when he was told that all of them had what was needful for their journey, “ Go thou, then,” he said to the freedman, “and show thyself to the soldiers, unless thou wishest them to put thee to a miserable death for helping me to die.” Then, when the man had gone out, with both hands he held his sword upright beneath him, and fell upon it, giving but a 315 PLUTARCH’S LIVES Ms ” a , \ a bd \ atevakat “ovoyv nadeTto Tov Tovey Kal Tols ExTOS by \ La us alcOnow rapecyev. apapévoy b€ TOV Taldwy \ e \ \ otpwyiy evdus Grav TO oTpatoTEdov Kal THV f a / \ \ an e rol érretye KNavO MOS’ Kal weTa Bons ot cTpaTi- rat f , @Tat eoeTecov ext Tas OvUpas Kal wrohvporTo, A \ a e \ \ , TepiTadovvtes Kat NocdopovvTes EavToUs pm hurAC- ‘\ Eavtas Tov avtToxpatopa pndé KwAVCAVTAS aToO- Gavety uUTéep avT@y. améaTn Sé ovdels TOV KAT Cee 5) \ M4 i a , ’ x / QUTOV, EYYUS OVTWY TOV TONEMLIWV, ANAA KOT [L7)- X\ a TAVTES TO COUA Kal TUpay KaTAagKEeVacaPTES >] ” “ > a) ee e ? ¢ A éEexoutlov év tois brrA0Ls of HOadcaytes UToddvat \ 4 ‘ , al Kat Bactagat TO déyos eriyaupovpevot. Tov dé wv e \ \ a A A / UXXwY OL Mev TO TPALVUA TOU VEexpoD KaTEdhidovY id \ A A e \ TPOTTLTTOVTES, OL O€ HTTOVTO TOV YEerpav, oi O€ - / ~ ral Tpocexvvouy TroppwOev. Evioe O€ TH TUpa Nam G- € / \ / \ , das Udévtes éauTovs avéahakav, ovdev &xd7)AWS dA / A is ouTte werrovOoTes ypnotov wd Tod TEeOvNKOTOS v ‘a \ nw aA if ovte TetcedOar Servov LTO TOV KpaToUPTOS SEbLC- 3 9 , A TES, GAN EOLKE uNoEVt TOY TwTOTE TUPaVYYwY h f \ e Baciréwv Sevos ovtws pws éyyevéaOat Kai \ A 7 A A ¥ TEPL“LAYNS TOU apyeEV, ws exeivot TOD ApyerOat ‘ e / v > , ef > Kat vrraxovew “Odwvos ipdcOncay: ots ye pnd ’ @ t é , ” 3 x f aTtoVavovTos 0 TOOos TpovALTEV, ANAA TApEpELvEV 3 > / v a ELS avykertov ExOos OviTeAN w TeXEUTHOAS. \ a) XVIII. Ta per ody addXa Katpov otxeiov Eyer a / \ a “ “ AeXOhvar xpvrravtes 56 TH yh TA Aeirtvava TOD "Od ” LQ , vs > eS @Vvos ovTe peyéHer anuatos ovT émiypadhs v \ / 3 / u oyx@ tov taghov étoincay éripOovov. eidov dé 3 , , la ev BprkiAXw yevoueros Kal pviwa pétproy Kal 316 1075 OTHO xvi. 3-xvut. 1 single groan as he felt the pang. The servants outside heard his groan and raised a wailing cry, and at once the whole camp and the city were filled with lamentation. The soldiers, with loud cries, burst in at the door, and then bewailed their emperor, full of anguish, and reviling themselves because they had not watched over him and pre- vented him from dying in their behalf. Not one of his followers went away, although the enemy were near, but after attiring the body and preparing a funeral pyre for it, they escorted it thither with military honours, and full of exultation were those who won the privilege of carrying the bier. Of the rest, some embraced the emperor’s body and kissed his wound, others grasped his hands, and others still made him their obeisance at a distance. There were some, too, who first put their torches to the pyre and then slew themselves, not, so far as could be known, because they were either indebted to the dead for favours, or fearful of punishment at the hands of the victor. Nay, it would seem that no king or tyrant was ever possessed by so dire and frenzied a passion for ruling as was that of these soldiers for being ruled and commanded by Otho; not even after his death did their yearn- ing for him leave them, uay, it abode with them until it finally changed into an incurable hatred for Vitellius. AVIII. Well, then, the rest of the story is now in place. They buried the remains of Otho, and made a tomb for them which neither by the great size of its mound nor by the boastfulness of its inscription could awaken jealousy. I saw it when I was at Brixillum. It is a modest memorial and the inscrip- 317 to PLUTARCH’S LIVES THY ereypadny oUTws Exovaay, ei petappacbetn’ “ Andwoet? Mapxov ‘Odavos. Amébave 6é”"Obwn €é ern pev émta Kat TptdKovTa Biwcas, aptas Se Tpels pivas, ATOM TDD 6 pn Xetpovas pend €XatTous Tov tov PBiov avTov Yeyoutay TOUS ematvobvTas Tov Oavator. Biocas yap ovdev ériecxéatepov Népwvos amréBavev evye- véaTepor. Oc dé TTPATLOTAL Tloddtwvos Tov éTépov TOV erapYov opvvety evOus els. cov OvirédXLov KErEV- TAVTOS edva xepawwov" Kat mv opevor TOY ouy- KANTLK@Y Evlouvs ETL mapetva TOUS pev addovs apnKay, Ovepyurip 5é ‘Povdeo mpaywara mapet- yov dpa tots oot eaves € él THY olxtay wa KATAKANODYTES adds Kal KEeAEVOVTES dpxev n mpeo Beveww UTép avTov. o 6é€ THY ye moviay HTTOMEVOY maparaBeiv, verenKoTor ™ pOTEpOV fa) OeAnoas, paviKxoy HyeEtTor mpeo Bevery dé T pos tous Leppavous bedims, ToAAa BeBidoGar mapa yoounyv um avtov Soxovyvtas, dade be ETépwy Oupav éxrod@v Totijcas éavtov. ws 6€ TovTO éeyvooar ol OTPATLOT aL, TOUS TE OPKOUS edéEavro Kat Tots Tepl tov Kexivav mpocébevto suyyvapuns TUYOVTES. ' AndAeoe Bekker adopts Aalxoo:, the correction of Lobeck. OTHO xvii. 1-4 tion on it, in translation, runs thus: “To the memory of Marcus Otho.” Otho died at the age of thirty-seven years, but he had ruled only three months, and when he was gone, those who applauded his death were no fewer or less illustrious than those who blamed his life. For though he lived no more decently than Nero, he died more nobly. As for his soldiers, when Pollio, their remaining prefect,! ordered them to swear allegiance at once to Vitellius, they were incensed; and when they learned that some of the senators were still there, they let all of them go except Verginius Rufus, and him they annoyed by going to his house in military array and inviting him again,? and even urging him, to assume the imperial power, or to go on an embassy in their behalf. But Verginius thought it would be madness for him to accept the imperial dignity now, when they were defeated, after refusing it before, when they were victorious, and as for goiug on an embassy to the Germans, he feared to do so, since they felt that he had often done them violence beyond all reason; and so he stole away unobserved by another door. When the soldiers learned of this, they consented to take the oaths, and joined the forces of Caecina, thus obtaining pardon. 1 The other was Proculus, (vii. 4; sili. 1). 2 See The Galba, vi. 3; x, 2 ff, 379 GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’ The Roman numerals refer to the volume, the Arabic to the page. Numbers marked off by semicolons belong to lemmata omitted for the sake of brevity. A name without a namber following two or more with numbers indicates uncertainty as to the identity of the person referred to. Bergk is used for Bergk, Poetae Lyrici Graeci, 4th ed.; Kock for Kock, Comicorum